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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 EMIGRATION TO CANADA. NARRATIVE or A AND JOURNEY FROM THENCE TV NEW LANARK, - * . • : w ■ UPPER CANADA. DETAILING THE H/ 1DSHIPS AND DIFFICULTIES WHICH AN EMIGBANT HAS TO ENCOUNTEB, BEFORE AND AFTER HIS settlement; :«.' ■; i' AS IT REGARDS ITS CLIMATE, SOIL, AND THE ACTUAL CONDITION OF ITS INHABITANTS. •MMMIIMMM«MVM«MM>MIMIMM«MWVWMM>« By JOHN M«DONALD. 94**0Mlt00MWi00it*^»00iMi0^*i FIFTH ElflTION, i ■%. EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, BY ANDRSW JACK, 134, HIGH STREET. INTRODUCTION. I I f: r. ,y An emigrant to Upper Canada, who went out in the ship David of London, in company with other pas- sengers^estined for the same country, having kept a diary or journal of the voyage across the Atlantic, up the St Laurence, and of his journey into the interior, after leaving the banks of the river, considers it his duty to give every anxious (and he knows there are tnan)') inquirer an accurate and faithful statement of such tacts as came within the sphere of his own ob- servation, as well as what he could learn from the in- formation of such settlers as had lately arrived. In this sliort narrative the reader will find a faithful and impartial account of the hardships through which our unhappy and deluded countrymen are doomed to pass, the privations they must undergo, the sufferings they must endure, with the deplorable consequences re- sulting from these, before they can be settled in their cold, comfortless, and solitary log-house. The reader will see both sides of the picture — the advantages and disadvantages ; and that although eventually the spe- culation may turn out, in some degree, according to the hopes and wishes of those who emigrate, and who are endowed with perseverance and fortitude, as well as physical strength of constitution, to overcome the dimculties incidental to a new settlement, yet still it is by no means that ideal paradise which it is repre- sented to be, of which it is to be feared too many are by this time sadly convinced ; and justifying the observation of an intelligent fellow countryman, " that all the truth which had both been written and printed respecting Upper Canada, would not cover one-half of the lies which have been told.*" Glasgow, Nooember, 1821. * the pas- ;pt a |c,up jrior, lit his NARRATIVE, H. WING, with many of my countrymen, determin- ed to embark for Canada, httle dreaming, from the flattering accounts which had been so industiiously pubhshed respecting that country, of the hardships at- tendingsuchan undertaking, I left Glasgow for Green- ock, to embark on board the ship David of Londor\. for Quebec, alongst with nearly 400 other passengers, where, having gone through the necessary steps- at the custom-house, we left the quay on the 19th of May 1821. A steam bo&t dragged the ship to the tail of the bank, and the wind being favourable we imme- diately sailed, and in 28 hours lost sight of land. Having a fair wind for this space of time, with fine a- greeable weather, we enjoyed the pleasure of walking on deck, and beholding the calm unruffled face of the deep, which, combined with the bold, rugged, and ro- mantic appearance of the coasls bordering on both sides of the frith, presented scenes that were truly delightful. But alas ! the picture was soon reversed. The wind rose, a heavy gale commenced, and the waves rolled mountains high, and made a mighty noise. To see a ship making her way in the midst of a storm, over these lofty billows, is both grand and awful. We now became like drunken men, reeling and staggering to and fro. To walk on deck was impossible, and the E laces where the pots were erected for cooking, tum- led down, so that we could not get any victuals made ready, and some of our associates were compelled to mix a little meal and molasses, and use this composi- tion as a substitute for better fare. The comparative want of food, and the storm together, rendered us very weak. This storm continued nine days. The cap- tain affirmed, that he had never witnessed a tempest •M 4 of such long continuance at that season of tlie year. During the rest of our voyage, we had stormy days now and then, but none to be compared to the former, either in degree or duration. Several times many of our company got themselves drenched with the waves of a heavy rolling sea breaking over the deck, and which also entering the hatch-hole, wetted us very much. On this account, we were completely shut up in the hold. At the commencement of the storm the weather became very cold. This circumstance, pro- videntially, was greatly in our favour, from our being so much crowdea together, which in several respects was very disagreeable to our feelings. This cold state of the weather continued till we approached the mouth of the St Laurence, when it became so warm, that I was neaHy suffocated from the smell and heat below deck. I was consequently compelled to sleep on deck, together with many others, who were in a similar si- tuation. Every favourable day the Captain ordered all his passengers to bring up their clothes, and air them. ThesicK passengcrswcre also all ordered above, those who were unable, being assisted. The Captain was much afraid lest an infectious fever should get in amongst us, and he himself, after landing at Quebec, was confined for some time by severe indisposition. Four births took place during our passage, but three of the children died, and a boy of four years old ; ano- ther fell from the deck into the hold, and broke his arm ; and had not he fallen upon some persons who were providentially at that time in that place, the event would probably have been much more serious. Having entered the Gulph of St Laurence, we found it necessary to obtain a pilot. The weather now be- came warmer, and as the wind was a-head of us, our rate of sailing became slower, and we had to cast an- chor several times. This change in our rate of sail- 3^h- ■■ ., ■4rfV*-";: 5 ^ear. [days fmer, ly of ^aves and very It up the : I jng, was greatly in the favour of such passengers as were sick, as they all recovered auickly. This was a very happy circumstance, there being no impediment to prevent our landing ; the surgeon having declared that there was no fever amongst us. We consequent- ly got all in at once, and having anchored, the Captain and several of the passengers went ashore, having or- dered the Mate not to suffer any ardent spirits to be brought on board. Nevertheless, some of the passen- gers who had gone ashore, returned with some rum, which was taken from them and thrown over board. This circumstance caused no small disturbance, and produced blows between the sailorsand the passengers, and even also amongst the sailors themselves ; and till the scuffle terminated, it was indeed a very disor- derly night. We arrived at Quebec on the 25th of June, wlien we were all inspected by the surgeon, and then passed through the custom-house. We all slept that night on board, and by 6 o'clock in the morning the steam boat was laid along side of us, when we all set to work to get our luggage on board of it We continued all that day at^uebec, and then went ofi' in the steam boat at 1 1 o'clock at night. As we were setting out, a tremendous storm of thunder and lightning came on, the most dreadful that ever I ei- ther saw or heard ; the rain was also uncommonly heavy. There were nearly 400 people onboard of the steam boat, the greater part of whom were obliged to sit on deck all that night. Reader, you may easily guess our situation. I can assure you, I myself and the greater'part of all who were on deck were as thorough- ly drenched as water could make us, and we all had to remain, drenched as we were, in our wet clothes, till they dried on our backs. We had no alternative, access to our chests being impossible, as they were all locked up in the hold ; and m this state we continueci till we reached Montreal ! A 2 ilerc we ai rived iii .i\ Itourn, u ili<«uiu(' ol PN) iiiiifN. Having tttutctl n\^^ (iitfii'ulth H on tlu' )Nt»HU^i' ii«)iii (^lu • bee to Montreal, 1 iiuiv mid, iliut iIiih \«iih (Iu> Hr%t o( our thuU in guin^ up tlu- i-ttiiiitrv ; mid I luii Hulfly liver, to my ciTtain kiiowlcd^i', liial it wuh ilir mhiihi* and cftUtttM)!' tlioir troiil)li> uliouiv now im ninri; lu this world. Nav, to sliow \oti tiirdu'i- our (Ii^iIi'vhm, the bedH of tlioHL' oaNHcn^iT^ wlm won* ttalioiicd on the Ice side oC the iHuit, heiwrcii tlu> fii^iiie-hoiiic and the paddles were made literally tonwuii \«ilh ihr ram I water. F.very tiling wiin >i|)4Mlfd, our vorv iiicul and I bread being reduced to a state <»i dou^li VW- now he- gan to carry our luggage tioni tlifHtrtiin I)«m(. (towrn. I ment having provideuwuggoii!* in ubundaneo. Wc mutually asnisted each ot!;er in loading them uith the women and children ; and all who were unahic to walk I «rot on the top of them as lar a> the villugi' «)t Lu C hinc, ten nules up the St Laurence from Montreal. Here we arrivelMiitonietl hontsi. 1 Our number amounted to 3ti run with such a force, that we were conifK'lled to get 'i horses to haul every boat. None but those who have experienced it, can conceive the difficulty of a.scending these rapids. To me it seems wonderful how they can surmount them. Many ot our unhappy country- itMi truuly «>t (li«( rivvr wiiu rivi'i Wlirii iii||li( (fMnv, wt' rciimiiiiNl tm liiu nwr tail . l^iMHtiui«^ «« f t(iii iitHivM to iariii littiiMttt, aihi <«iim*liiiit'« m»i 4Hh«i • liiv ni ()u' w(mmU ttii iiimIii, wlivrvi tmviiig ktntlUnl « Hrv, tlivy s^uitlit Iinvi* itMikiHl l)t«ir Miiifiir ii> lUv im^K wtiy tliuy iHuiMt Miui i«|>r«Hic| »u«)h i Uiim^* umlvi iImtiii .tH lliuy Imd, ior u Ih-uI. In whit'li «ilUNlMni I \%m\^ touiid III the lll«lrlllll^ my iiik)i|.4MI|i, bUnki^it* .tiiil iiu(, Ml 'MHtkiHl uitli (Ivsi, OmiI Uivy itiiuhl )i«vv Iimu wruii^ (Mio iiiiiv v-M«iiy uiuctfivii thai thu wa« yh^f |ircjutlitial ti* 4n »•! ih^in liKigcii«i(i( Ml tbi* liuliU lor «ix iiijibu, in ^rbuh »ii«k« tiiiu' w«> iiukK' our loiiriiuy Iroiik I. a Cbtiu- u> Vt% >(i ^vliicli iH |>h) unlit. TbtMv wi« bm) li* |Mhboiit lent ill ibi' bi*Ml Wii> Ht* itMiid, in llu* oiirn ii« id— > ^vlvli'bi*ti liHi'llnigt iniiivd ! ( bu* inuy iii»ilv luJ^vul our Hitimiioti, Iroiii ibn i*iit'iini)»uiut', UimI lr«4|u«iilif wi! wen* uiulcr lbi< ni-ti»)«ii>, iiiuny oi n<«« u| «iiviiti 111^ tbe wbolu ingbi in luviii^ ibf wulii witii Uubv* trcni urouiui our tunU, wiiitli bltniily rMit Ik low out wry Ik'iIk. lleri> wc liu^un •ition to bn*! tbv vHWt* •»! our river {ounivy, un«l ot our ivuig out in tbc li«bi». Tberc were none, 1 believe, but telt tlt«»e in a tfr««l. er ur leaH degree. Maav weri> aHlitfliNl willi tbt bloudy Hux, iiotiie aImi t(M)k levera, timl imiiiy tlivtl ul a tew ilayH illtivM. Our ftiitiatioii now tmctutw tmty •larnung, tbe jieople geiitimlty coiiijiliuning of iiidik r 8 position. I continued here three weeks. This was the end of our water conveyance. The cause of our delay here arose from the great multitude that were lying at this place, before our arrival. Here we found one half of the passengers of the Earl of Buckinghamshire, all those of tlie ship Commerce, and including us, the passengers of the ship David of London, the whole exceeded 1000 people ; and it took a long time to carry their baggage alone a road ot 74 miles to New Lanark. We all had, eacii society, to wait its turn in getting away. Many were oblig- ed to remain here on account of sickness, and many died. William Furdie, agent for the Trongate Society, died here, and two families were left or- phans ; the one belonged to Bridgeton, the other to Bath^^ate, of the name of Dick. This man was bathing m the St Laurence, where he first stopped at La Chine. He had gone beyond his depth into the stream, and the velocity of the current swept him away. He left 9 or 10 children. The former family consisted of two children, whose mother died rm the passage in the ship Commerce. Prescot is a fine little town, and daily increasing— it is A military station. Two churches are building hrre, the one an episcopal chapel, the other a presby- fprian meeting-house. The only place of worship, as fftr rt« I couldlearn, which previously existed, was a <«chool-house, the master of which gave a discourse in tl»p fnrpnoofl to the few who attended. It is, how- <*fer, seriously to be lamented, that the Sabbath, the •inly rttid honourable of the Lord, is so little respect- pfl thefp. Many were employed in singing, in p.'av- •t

^. ,^^ i^ ill 10 up early next morning, expected to have departed di- rectly, but weiv detained till breakfast, when we a- gain set out, having still the same horse, but provid- ed with another driver. This man was very atten- tive in avoiding every bad place of the road, to pre- vent his waggon from overturning, in which he was completely successful, as it never once overset. But this was not the case with many waggons, which were overturned with men, women, and children. One boy was killed on the spot, several were very much hurt ; one man got his arm broken, and our own waggoner, in spite of all his care and skill, was baffled, his horse havmg laired in a miry part of the road, where he stuck fast, and even after he was loosed from the yoke the poor animal strove so much to no purpose, that he fell down in a state of complete exhaustion three times in the mire. The mire was so tenacious, being . a tough clay, that we were compelled to disengage his feet from the clay with hand spokes, before we got him freed, and yet still he struggled long to get our waggon out of the mire, but in vam ; when fortunate- ly a team of oxen came forward, which the owner loosed from the yoke, and fastened to our waggon. With these, and the horse together, the waggon was at 'ength pulled out, and then we got on. Soon after this misfortune a great quantity of rain fell, which wetted us very much, and made us glad to creep away to the first farm-house we could get. There we obtainec' lodging, but our bed-clothes were all so wet that we were obliged to dry them before a fire which we obtained, and to lie at the fire-side all night. Next morning, we got up early, and again set for- ward, hrstening to the end of our journey. Wh'^n we came again to the road, it appeared so veiy bad, that it put us to a complete stand, seeing no way of getting through it. We at last concluded, that the only al- i 'ted di- n we a- provid- f atten- to pre- hc was t. But ch were )ne boy 1 hurt ; .^goner, is horse here he the yoke , that he ee times being , a gage his ) we got } get our »rtunate- B owner waggon. [gon was )on after Ij which to creep There re all so re a fire i\\ night. 1 set for- Vh'in we >ad, that f getting only al- ii ternative left us, was to pull up the farmers^ fences, which we did in two places, and thus got through, and then closed them up again. This was a new mode of travelling to us, out the only one by which we could at all hope to set through. Every now and then we were compelled to cut dovfn the fences, as it was wholly a region of woods through which we had to pass, except some places occupied by farm-houses ; spots cleared here ana there in the midst of this im- mense forest. Wherever there was a spot cleared, there was commonly a farm-house near it, the one in- dicating the other, and what was still more fortunate, a house or inn. As we approached New Perth, the road gradually improved, and the driver of course, de- sired some of'^us to so up into the waggon, and get a ride, which I accordingly did, being much fatigued. But as I was standing in the waggon, the horses ad- vanced a step, and I fell out of the vehicle on my back, and broke one of my ribs, by lighting on a small stone. By this accident I wa^ very much bruised, and it was a sreat mercy that I was not killed on the spot, the road being stony. In such a piteous plight, I arrived at Perth, and immediately applied to a surgeon for medical aid, who advised me to bathe the injured part with vinegar, and bind it close and hard, which I did, and slept all night in a stable, the only conve- nience we could procure for that purpose. A great many of my fellow travellers to this land of promise, remained here, some on account of sickness and fa- tigue, and others because the horse being knocked up could go no farther. Perth is a thriving place, and daily increasing in po- pulation. Here are two churches, the one a Presbyte- rian meeting house, and the other a Roman Catholic chapel. There are also two bakers, several store-keep- ers, two or three smiths, and a post-office. I read a % »: 12 very long list of names affixed to the door of the office, mentioning those for whom letters were lying there. The post goes no farther than this place, but a simi- lar list, for the same purpose, is also affixed to the door of the King^s store at New Lanark. In such a thinly peopled district, and where other means of communi- cation are so difficult, such a practice is absolutely necessary. We left Perth next morning, which is 14* miles from New Lanark, and came to a large stream, called the Little Mississippi, over which we had to ferry. I then saw a tent, the people of which told us, that the reason why they were stopping there, was the superior salubrity of the situation, it being on the river side, and thus enjoying a freer air. Havins advanced within two miles of New Lanark, on the 4 called), usie and loose. I I boat in oied that I confess, ound are le woods 19 without seeing many, and the few which I saw shot by a good marksman, were so lean, that they were scarce worth shooting. There are also wild geese and ducks, but they do not abound as in our country. Black birds are to be seen in the woods, but they have no song like those of Scotland. Indeed there are no feathered u^ugsters of the groves, as at home, nor is the lark ever l^held warbling delightful melody as it ascends to the sky.— Your ears are never saluted whilst traversing the Ca- nadian woods, with the delightful and varied notes of the winffcd choristers. No sound of music is ever heard there, but a melancholy death-like stillness reigns through the forests, except when they are agi- tated by the tempest or the storm. It is dull travelling through the woods; nature seems as if dead ; there are no signs of animated life. All these circumstances throw a damp and gloom over the mind of the traveller. What then must it be to dwell in these lifeless forests, where the early mntins of the feathered choirs are never heard hymning their Crea- tor's praise. There are stags, and some bears, but we never heard of the latter hurting any person, nor did I ever see any of these latter, but one at Quebec. None need therefore be under any alarming apprehensions for their personal safety, whilst travelling through the woods during the day, as it is in the night season only that the bear leaves his den.— -When travellers are overtaken with the shades of night, they generally kin- dle a fire, which keeps them at a distance, and some- times travellers climb up into a tree, and rest there ail night, (if unable to kindle a fire,) for fear of the wild beasts- Cases of this nature frequently happen, when they have to travel far, particularly if they miss their way,-— the only direction which a traveller has, being a cut in trees here and there. A young tree cut down i« 11.!^ ^'\ ilpi' % '1 i 20 in this way, guides a traveller from one farm house to another ; and if there are settlers remaining there, they shew you the road. But if you come to a cleared place, and where the road, such as it is, ends, one is at a great loss to know where it recommences at the other end of the cleared land, from the inhabitants, in some cases, having deserted their stations. I have been consequently puzzled in this state to determine how to proceed, and have actually taken a wrong di- rection, and been obliged to retrace my steps for seve- ral miles, and stop at the first house I could find on my road, all night. After sitting some time, the good man of the house would desire a girl to give me some of their bush tea, as they term it, which they drink without sugar ; but I had generally that article with me, which rendered this substitute pretty agreeable. — The settlers here have a mean appearance, very poor in their dress, their food, and their dwellings. Their method of building their huts, or log-houses, is the following : They take the small logs, and cut them to certain lengths and breadths, and lay them one above another, notching them into each other at the four corners of angles. In this way they proceed till this substitute for a house is finished. The front wall is commonly made highest.— >The method of roofing houses is this : They take the hollow trees, as there are many of these rotten internally, and split them through the midst, and lay them close together, one is laid on every joint, with its mouth down, which is the hollow side, and the rain is thus received into the hollow of each side. They proceed thus till the roof is finished. Many of them are very roughly con- structed, but a tradesman could make a very good job of the same materials, by jointing them together. — Others again cover their roofs with the bark of trees, but in my judgment the other method is preferable. / house to ng there, a cleared |ds, one is ces at the |bitant§, in I have determine wrong di- s for seve> Id find on >, the good e me some hey drink rticle with ^recable. — , very poor igs. log-houscs, :s, and cut I Jay them :h other at ey proceed The front method of »w trees, as I and split e together, ►wn, which eived into us till the ughly con- y good job Dgethcr.— •k of trees, preferable. 4 ^1 The gaps in the walls must be closed or filled up with pieces of wood and clay. This liowever does not stand lovg, and they are not at all nice as to the me- thod. The only light which many of them have, is by the door and a wide chimney. But whenever a farm* er has it in his power, he builds one more durable and substantial, the logs being squared and laid one upon another. But the mode now most prevalent, both in town and country, is to build frame houses, and roof them the same way as we do at home, first sarking it, and then in place of slates, take cutting! of clean nr, eighteen inches lon^, and split them up to the thickness of 3-8ths of an inch in the one end, and very thin and tapering in the other ; these they call shingles. Some dress them well with the plane, and others with a drawing knife ; but they are nailed on in the same manner as slates, and when properly done and painted blue, they look like slates. They finish the walls of their houses, by dressing boards of wood six or seven inches broad, and 3'4ths thick, and thus covering the walls with them, the one over-lapping the other. All their window frames are fixed before they put on this dressing. Their houses are generally {)ainted white, their window shutters green. They ook well when finished and painted as above descril)- ed. i- 1^-- '>•■ The trees of the forests are of different (iiameters, varying from four inches to four feet. The under wood is easily cut down. Like young trees, a stroke or two with the axe will do the business. A man can level an acre of them in eight or ten days. After this is done, the trees are again cut in lengths of 13 feet each ; other trees, of a larger size, and greater di- ameter, must be cut in shorter lengths, in order to make them lighter, as this is the heaviest part of the toil, in rolling them together, and burning them ; this requires the aid of neighbours, if you have any. < # MPlw|k 4i»Mtv>N Hintufiltjr Itrlp each other, • ♦ .nitl, tt filn f)^^ ftHf'iit flnyii to fire the wood, tu. It. #»i^M ti )« «¥Mli«(«|if Hi ih^»«t< M^rtfi! Ii»f\ utandlnji in the C.itti«*. HiMl iH^i |Hf ^%t,».r^ fhry trt dijt them up, *f fniM tiMiMt. i|(M *HMi |» hrlti^ ^nerflly a light ^>md i lin iirMMMt) M».»^H« IMMt' ftlnilghlng the first M inHHii Mttlli tPMf n<^ \Up pwtpmf^ rtffiowing or l*Ut4«teg, il iHfi mf^m^ II nUiihMf t rtiipd. Thr plottghs ^f >♦.♦ tt* Hl^r^Mi IHHH fMJN { Mti** rtf thpttl has a m^ M«t^« kitii if)M*«f< !• » MiHlnyi»i| it^ more con- «p««riH hit d^imni mm4 iht* nwih of »hp trees j the mkmt km i#*i •n km 4 tip <4ttM. #^ a »MH>iHftii mT t^ innhes, mmw imm m iMMililt I hi» 4)lHaMi thnw to raise the wm^ libii i ii i*i« tMi**^*. *»iuh ti^K r»«^t itmng anH tall, mtk *^m^mm ipHMMf I m9, m ihi« IntlfaM mirn npringn mmm ^ Ii*^a««mi «i| Hm mi% mi r^^vn^t ^(*^f ii^Mt* atttvo ilMi *«*»«ii»^% *4 iii» ammmi I iiit Mlani t-f^t^nit-r'^ a great If kmi^% bi k»»^ mm* ** ^»a». f ',«#• ♦^rt. ft |^tit< rrv. lit AMI ^^inM #4M«( ^ H«t »»t4i**^f • tif^^nf^ntl^r (rtdp thr ItMlia «Wi WMMi *t !• t«pt, ami lii*• «i« ««4 tm mail •nil im ^mwt» Hilt i *acli other, the wood, ly over the ire«. The ^nerally to [litiff in the ff them up. Illy alight Iff the first r flowing or *hr ploughs thrm has a I more con- trees { the »r fire much u this man- he pntitnes It httme, «l. Mfrt Issowti Mhtr in the t^ itiehes, tn rulse the HgAtlHtfltl, ir« 4pirt^« H»Mf» filmvr Mr»*^ rt ijrpftt ti*Hfli»f rttid ♦i»it Jipfwnr iHy trtln»thp 1 lit rtufurnl I It HI it lirnt thti #11^4 is f< ttfrnt^ Hut 23 apply themselves to gardening, and they are by no means, even the best of them, to be compared to our Scottish gardens. They are chiefly kitcnen gardens. All who wish to go there, must take with them a larse quantity of all the various kinds of such garden seeds as are used in our country, as they [are not to be ffot there, and there is little reason to doubt of their thriv. ing in that climate, if the art of horticulture is pro. perly understood and applied, and the ground skilrully chosen and prepared tor that purpose. Flowers of various and beautiful colours abound in the forests, and many of these exotics have been transplanted to nur own country, and naturalized to the soil. Pump- kins grow to a large size. The branch protrudes a good way from the stalk, rests on the ground, and is very beautiful. They resemble turnips in taste. Some make pies of them, and feed their swine with them also. Large water melons, of a fine quality, and affording to the thirsty traveller a cool and de- . lightful beyerage, along with cucumbers, and a great many fruits of a similar kind, grow here. Tnose who obtain fldod lots, and are industrious in cultivating them, wilfbe amply rewarded for their tdil, and enjoy all the necessaries of subsistence within their own grounds. But still the great drawback to all tbeae prospective blessings, is the want of cbthes ; and none ottgnt to come here but such as are well able to supply themselves with a sufficiency of that necessary article, for 4 or 5 years at least In the course of tnat time, they may raise flax and breed sheep^ which will pro- (htee wool that may be manufactured for fiimily use, and thus their difficulties in that respect may be greats ly remoted. But a family going thither, poor, nakedy and unfurnished with necessary clothing suited to that rigorous climate, and without the means of ob« tuintng it, are really to be pitied indeed. Proyisioni '■l;M I I 't S4 are dear, and as long as they are obliged to buy, it will take all the money they nave to support them. A barrel of flour is not less than 7 dollars at New Lanark ; pork 6d. beef 4vd. and dd. per pound, mut- toii nearly the same, all English weight. Butter is Is. per pound, same standard. Eggs Is. per dozen, a hen 15d. a chicken 7d. a good cow 20 or 22 dollars, and a farm house from L.7 to L.IO sterling. The quartern loaf is lid. There are two bakers at New Lanark, who are kept constantly baking, to supply the wants of the great number of emigrants daily passing those places to their intended settlements. Temporary huts must be built by them, in order ^o shelter their families, (as it is impossible during the summer season to transport their baggage, from the total want of made roads) until the frost and snow comt on, when the surface of the ground being quite hard and dry, they are then enabled to transport them on sledges, which run with great velocity over the snow. Till then, they must carry all their provisions and other necessaries on their back. This is a very hard task indeed, one to which the great body of emi- grants are totally unaccustomed, of which they have had hitherto no experience, and which many of them are wholly inadequate to perform, and one which I could not undertake. I have seen the settlers of the preceding year coming to New Lanark, for their pro- visions, and carrying them to their distant homes in the way above mentioned, and this all of them will have to do till the means of subsistence are wholly within themselves. The only houses, or what have the appearance of them, in New Lanark, arc those belonging to store keepers. The river runs through the centre of the town, and has a bridge across it Its banks are high and slopping, and at a small dis- tance back, is very hilly ancl stony. ^ • n i- «!».* There are many here who have not as yet got any ?d to buy, it }ort them, lars at New pound, mut- Butteris Is. )er dozen, a r 22 dollars, •ling. The kers at New to supply grants daily tlements. em, in order e during the ;e, from the St and snow being quite nsport them >ver the snow, ovisions and a very hard >ody of emi- ch they have lany of them one which I ittlers of the for their pro- mt homes in of them will i are wholly »r what have k, arr those uns through ge across it a small dis- ; yet got any I t 26 land. But it is in contemplation to mfeaiure out new townships. Government gives them every encour- agement Many art lying here sick, and have few cordials to support them. They want one great cordial,— rone of inestimable value in the time of distress,— and that is the gospel. But I am sorry to say, that this is a cordial which few seem to relish or desire. Few care for the gos- pel here. To them it is an unknown sound. Many who come here know not its value, and cannot there- fore be expected to give it a hearty welcome. There ak-e, however, many wlio have come here, who both know its power and consolation. I hope their chris- tian brethren will feel it to be their duty to send iheLi ministers. Many of them are serious people, and settled together, as far as circumstances would permit, in one place. But they who went out last, could not obtain this privilege so easily, as there were so many bad lots. Hence th(py were necessita ted to take such lots as su;^ed them, here and there, in the best way they could. All this inconveniency may be nevertheless overruled for good to those a- round them. By their constancy in conduct and pro- fession, they may eventually become a blessing to their irreligious and careless neighbours. It is cer- tainly desirable to have a pious neighbour, to remind one of the weekly return of the Christian Sabbath, for iiome here forget its recurrence. I met with one on Sabbath day, and we began to converse about it, when to his no small surprise he was informed that it was the Sabbath day. Is this the Sabbath ? he exclaimed, and acknowledged he had forgotten it^ He said that it was not at all like a Sabbath wfih them, for they Ctnne in with th^r waggons full, and transact all their business on the Lord's clay. When journeying, they will neither rest themselves C f A 'I^IPPH 'fUh' S6 nor allow their beasts to rest. I am sorry to say, that so little respect is paid to the Sabbath here, and must state an accident which happened in the course of my journey. Sailing a little late on a Saturday night in a steam boat, J landed at the end of my voyage, and stopped all the next day, till Monday morning.— i;omething having gone wrong with the boiler, the engineer and others began to mend it, and continued repairing it all Sabbath day, and, after finishing their job, went ashore, and commenced hard drinking, which they contmued till they got quite intoxicated. Thus one sin leads the way to another. As the en- (vineer was returning to the boat, he fell into the river and was drowned. I saw his corpse got on Monday morning. His name was Bruce. The price of provisions varies in different towns. In Prescot, the quartern loaf is 7^d. ; the butter Is. ; beef 4d. ; pork 6d. ; barrel of fl(^ur 17s. 6d. : At Montreal the quartern loaf is 6d. ; barrel of flour 19s. ; (the fine flour is inspected) 20s. superfine ; butter Is. beef 5d. and 6d. ; mutton much the same. Less of lamb vary from 16d, to 2s. cheese T^d. per pound, all English weight ; eggs Is. per dozen ; beef is very cheap here in winter. The Americans from the northern States bordering on Canada, bring it in hard frozen, and sell it as l^d. per pound, and 2d. the very best of it. They bring in their milk frozen like cheese in bags, and come in here as I am told, on sledges, from a distance of 150 miles. They run with great velocity. Money is said to be very scarce in the United States, and that may perhaps be the caus( why they sell their beef so cheap. Every kind of liquor is cheap. At Montreal, rum brings 3s. 6d., 4s., 4s. Od., and 5s. per gallon. Hollands or the very best qualify 6s. per gallon ; wine made in the United I I , ,'ji*rs«?i:f yViX J : / "villi a. ui^f v>ni ,i*Mt f -^iViU'j' uf.i *? say, that and must irse of my |r night in yage, and orning.— ■ boiler, the continued ling their drinking, itoxicated. Ls the en- to the river n Monday ent towns, butter Is. ; 6d. : At flour 19s. ; ; butter Is. me. Legs per pound, >eef IS very from the g it in hard Jd. the very frozen like im told, on They run very scarce aps be the Every kind ngs 3s. Gd., of the very the United %1 States lO^d. and Is. per bottle; port wine 23, 3d. and 2s, 6d. per bottle. iR bu& /.oj^j onif?; jfirjn bioi In Quebec, the price of spirituous liquors and provisions is much the same as at Montreal. As to other articles there is very little difference. The quartern loaf is 64d. A market is held every day of the week in Mon- treal. There are two market places there, and two also in Quebec, one in the lower town, and one in the upper town, each fronting a Roman Catholic cha- pel. The market people disperse on Sabbath at ele- ven o''clock, just at*the time when the people are going to church, and on the week days they are over by mid-day. The beef stands then all shut up.— The farmers arrive here in great numbers very early in the morning, many of them from a considerable distance. Their horses are but small, yet very spirit- ed. It is the practice to fix a number of bells to the harness ; and wishing to learn the reason of this cus- tom, I was informed, that they were obliged to use them, because they run so furiously with their sledges when the country is covered with snow, that passen gers may be warned of their danger, particularly a- bout towns. a M ou* vd n*»Vv>iVX' i Both in Quebec and Montreal trade is very dull. Having had occasion to converse with several mer- chants and master tailors, I was informed that their work was very badly paid, and the wages of the jour neymen tailors very low, being below a dollar per day. Journeymen wrights are also very ill paid. I knew two who wrought in Montreal for twelve months, and at the end of that period, had L.20 ster- ling due to each of them, and could not get a farth- ing of it. Having also conversed with several mas- ter bakers, who had resided there for six years, they said that business was much worse than it h^d been 28 for some time previous. The journeymen bakers told me the same tale, and all of them wished to re- turn to their own country, as soon as possible. They do not Hke the long cold winter which reigns, and which is the more dull, as there is little business transacted in that season. .1 o f nio During my stay in Montreal, I was informed by a settler, who had taken land in a new settlement 30 miles alx)ve Montredf, named New Glasgow,— -that the land here appeared very good and void of stones. At this place settlers possess great advantages, in be- ing near to a market ; and any person can get land here, for a very small sum yearly. I have seen good land round about Montreal, and down the river St. Laurence to Quebec ; also some very fine green fields —the most pleasant I ever beheld. On the opposite side of Quebec, the north-wcst^side of the St Lau- rence, it has a fine appearance, being rising ground and all cleared for a great distance back. This place is closely inhabited, and has all the houses painted white. Opposite to tliia on the south side or the ri- ver, it is also rising ground, about 2 miles back, and is cleared about a quarter of a mile : It is also cleared a good distance down by the St Laurence. The hous- es here are also very close to one another, as also the churches. The inhabitants, chiefly French, profess the Roman Catholic religion. The houses along the banks of the river have a fine appearance, beinj? ttM painted white. This far down the river there is lit- tle of it cleared ; on the nortb-side, spots here and there are cleared. Here are different islands, and the ground appears not so good. I will now proceed to give an account to the read- er of Prince £dward'S Island, according to informa- tion ; and I think it is good ; and I wish to point out the different bays ; to make the reader acquainted rmen bakers wished to re- Isible. They reigns, and btle business infornied by ttlement 30 3ffOw,— that lid of stones, tages, in be- :an get land ve seen good the river St. ^ green fields the opposite the St Lan- sing ground This place uses painted de of the ri- es back, and I also cleared The hous- r, as also the nch, profess es along the 36, being all there is lit- is here and islands, and to the read- to informa- to point out acquainted I n9 with the situation, extent, general appearance, as well as the particular places worth mentioning upon the island. It lies near the southern boundaries of the I Gulph of St Lawrence, between 46 and 47 deg. north J latitude, and 61 and 64 west longitude ; surrounded I by that gulph on all sides, with Newfoundland to the I north east. Cape Breton on the east. Nova Scotia on I the South, New Brunswick and Mirimachi to the west, I and the Bay of Chaleur and Lower Canada to the I north west. It is between 117 and 120 miles long; the average breadth may be about 30 miles, but in this respect it is very irregular ; it is narrow at both ends. The soil of the whole island has been thrown up by water, it is therefore very fine, and nearly all of one kind and quality, and is laid upon a bottom of red soft freestone, which, in some parts on the shores, rise& no higher than the level of the sea, and in other parts not so high ; but where it does rise to a consi> ilerable height on the shores it is so soft and loose in its contexture, that the frost and tide are wasting it in exposed situations considerably. The soil is 3 or 4 feet deep, to be observed in the banks round the shores, and in many parts it is 10 or 12 feet deep. The land is in seneral low and level, but there is lit- tle of it a dead level, except the marshes on the shores or in the interior : these are all moss, and where the salt water does not come near them, it is believed, they will furnish excellent peat or turf for the fire, when the wood is all burnt. I said, the land is in general low, yet there are gentle rising grounds, but no high hill»*-Hione of it so steep as to render plough- ing inconvenient, boCh up bank as well as down. From this you will learn that the whole island might be cultivated if the wood were destroyed. Except the marshes, the land is generally dry, with no rock near the surface, and in few parts even loose stones. On ^•'•^•'•'mm m ill I 1 1 ii i 1 i 1 1 i ! ' ' i m 30 the south-east side of the island the sea has receded from the land a good way, where a large sand ridge is thrown up, and a long lake is formed upon the back of it, where the tide comes and goes by an en- trance a considerable way to the south-west. This is called East Lake ; another lake to the west of this, supplied with the flowing tide at the same inlet, is called West Lake. The land bordering on these lakes is good, and lately settled. From Perth-shire the scene is beautiful and romantic, but it lies far from market ; the roads are ill opened up, and there is no good harbour for shipping. ri^ - f i ii '.)Mtl'" After we leave these lakes, the land is thinly set- tled. The next place is called Colville Bay ; tl)e French are settlers here. The next bay to this is Rollo Bay, also settled with French. The next is Fortune Bay, a beautiful settlement with a good deal of clear land on it, and a number of schooners belonging to it that trade to Newfoundland, Halifax, &c. There are several other bays along the coast here, called Eglinton Cove, Howe Bay, Spry Cove, Broughton Bay, and River or Grand River. They are mostly settled with Roman Catholics. There is excellent herring fishing in the month of May here, and the people attend from considerable distances with their nets to .utch them. The next place we come to is Cardigan Bay or Three Rivers ; this is the best har- bour upon the island ; it has the greatest depth of water, easiest of entrance, the best shelter, earliest open in the spring, and latest in shutting in the fall or winter. One of the three principal towns projected by Government, called George Town, is intended to stand here, but no man of property and enterprise has yet pitched his tent here, so as to give the town and trade of the port a beginning, although it is cer- tainly the most eligible situation upon the island ; a small house or two is ail that it can yet boast of. To i has receded sand ridge upon the Is bv an en- 'est. This 'est of tliis, [me inlet, is ig on these Perth-shire it it lies far and there 5 thinly set- 5 Bay ; tlie this is Kollo t is Fortune deal of clear belonging to &c. There here, called , firoughton y are mostly is excellent ere, and the es with their e come to is the best har- test depth of ^Iter, earliest in the fall or rns projected } intended to d enterprise ;ive the town ugh it is cer- he island ; a joast of. To i % 31 the west of this, about 13 miles, is Murray Harbour, which may be entered, it is said, by vessels of nearly 300 tons burthen, at high water. This is a very plea- sant, thriving, and comfortable settlement. We nave now arrived at the broadest part of the island, so that from the shore, a little west from Murray Harbour, at a placecailed white sands, across the island to Savaee Harbour on the north shore, it is about 35 miles wine or more. The next place we arrive at is Wood's Island. There are several miles of excellent front land unset- tled. Passing Wood's Island, we come to Belle Creek, Flat River, Jenyn's River or Pinnet, that runs out in- to the gulph in a westerly direction, called Point Prim. On the north side of this, a large bay, called Orueli Bay, runs into the land a long way. On the south side of It lies the settlement of Belfast, the settlers High- landers, and mostly protestants. With this Bay, Pou- nal and Hillsborough Bay all connect. At the head of Hillsborough Bay, we enter the river of the same name and the Harbour of Charlotte Town. The tide flows up this river in a north-easterly direction for nearly twenty four miles. On the north-west side of this river, al}out four miles above its junction with the bay of the same name, stands the beautiful town of Charlotte Town, with its streets all regularly laid out. The principal streets running from the river side are eighty, and the cross streets forty feet in breadth, there is a large square in the middle of the town, where the court house, the High Church, and market house stand with plenty of open ground. The houses are all of wood and those that are well done up and pdnted look very elegant. Brick would be much better to build with. Here is an opening for brick-makers, for there is only one on the island. There are few settlers till we come to a place called Disabble, then to Crappo, 32 where small vessels load with timber. These are both new settlements, but likely to improve rapidly, as the proprietor is said to be liberal, and the agent active and anxious to make great improvements. A little to the west of this is Tryon River, a very small river, but the nrettiest settlement upon the bland. There arc excellent marshes on each side of it ; a long way tlie clearances are large and regular, the arable land rising ffentlv behind the marshes, and both dry and coven- lent ror all the purposes of agriculture. The island is beginning to narrow much as we proceed a little mrther to the west A large bay, called Halifax Bay intersects the island, on the southern side, and Ricbmosd Bay on the north, so that the island is not more than fi>ur or five miles in breadth ; West Cape half way down it, and Cape Wolf at the bottom. But it is all unsettled here, as it is all round the west end of the island. We next come to Holland Bay, the next is Richmond Bay, which is very large and spa- cious, with good anchorage for ships of heavy burthen, but the water is often far from the shore ; on the east- ern side of this bay lies Malpeque or Prince Town, intended as the,, third county town on the island, though not a single house of it has hitherto been built. The lands round it were long since settled. The next liarbour we arrive at is New London, where schooners can enter. The land here is good, and there are large clearances. The next is Great Rastico, or Harris Bay, wbicb is said to admit only small fishing schooners. The next settlements are Braddy Point,, and Little Rastico, or Cove Head, which are old settlements. The harbour will admit only small schooners. To the east of this a little way we oome to Tracady, or Bedford Bay. This is also an old settlement, mostly peopled with Roman Cath- olics. No large vessels can enter here, and the bay are both idly, as the active and little to the river, but There are ig way the land rising nd coven- be island proceed a led Halifax n side, and sland is not West Cape torn. But e west end Bay, the ;e and spa- vy burthen, on the east- mce Town, the island, tberto been ;e settled, w London, re is good, Lt is Great admit only ements are love Head, : will admit a little way rhis 18 also Nuan Cath- id the bay 33 uns so far in land as to reach within three or four iles of Hillsborough river, jvhich empties itself be« ow Charlotte Town on the south side of the island. We have now arrived at the broadest part of the sland. On the northern shore, a little to the west, e come to the bottom of St Peter^s Bay, which runs n a slanting easterly direction, about ten miles into he country. This was the principal sea-port at the ime the French were masters of tne island ; but the ntrance has now become shallow and difiScult, and |will only admit small craft From the entrance of i^thls bay, to Surveyor's Inlet, or North Lake, it is very |near East Point, a distance of from 35 to 40 miles.^— ^it There is no place of shelter for vessels of any kind I whatever. The shore is settled all the way, and the I land cleared back to a considerable distance. The I settlers here are Highlanders; from Long Island, I Roman Catholics. This quarter of the isUmd has no I market near it in the interior, and no harbour to load i their produce for exportation. i I have now given to the reader a glance round the :i whole island. The above inlet is very near £aat ; Point, from whence I set out round its shores. It I may be useful to intending emigrants, in enabling I them to take their passage to the right port, when I they have previously fixed on the spot where they in- '" tend to settle. To be well advised in tliis point may save much expense and trouble, after lanaing upon the island. -* ;' They have no green feeding for their cattle in win- ter, for they never think of giving them a service of potatoes ; and from the poor way in which their cat- tie are fed during winter, some of them die of weak- ness. New settlers, unless they get marsh hay along with their farms at first, get slowly on, in keeping '1^ m ii^ ,1 . ill 34 stock. The only next is upland hay, and mown till it is entirely done out. It may be asked, how shall we get clothing? Those who bring a bad supply with them, find this a very difficult malier for seve. ral years after settling here. They may have plenty of flax immediately, but wool they cannot command. They must have upland hay to feed their sheep over winter, before they can keep ftny, and the old settlers are wearing home-spun clotn, both men and women, and excellent cloth it is. The rents in general are only from five pounds to seven pounds ten shillings per hundred acres, and it is only at the end of six or seven years after entry that they arrive at so much.— About the first of November drizzling rains come on, and then the cold winds begin to blow, with sleety showers. About the beginning of December the frost becomes more serious, very cold and penetrating —the snow now begins to descend until it measures 2 and 3 feet in depth. The atmosphere then became clear and calm, but on the calmest day the trees were cracking with the strength of the frost. The ears are in danger of being frost-bitten, if not covered over, and even sometimes the nose and cheeks. Per- sons have been known to lose their toes, by riding on horseback, or walking through the snow with wet feet. The frost here strikes upon the skin like fire, and causes a painful sensation, like that felt upon ap- plication of a blistering plaster,— yet it does not eo through the body nor affect the lungs like the cold in Britain. The air is so pure, so dry, and bracing, that if the body is kept in motion, the skin covered, and the feet dry, there is little to be dreaded from the greatest frost here. 7 "'• r^ it ';»;.. I.; i ■(,'• m- mown till I, huw shall Ibad supply er for seve- |have plenty commandf. sheep over old settlers nd women, general are en shillings ;nd of six or so much. — ns come on, with sleety icember the I penetrating t measures 2 then became le trees were ►'" The ears not covered leeks. Per- by riding on w with wet :in like fire, elt upon ap- does not so 3 the cold in nd bracing, :in covered, readed from > • •• ' ' ' . >< ' ■ . 35 ^ I stopt nine days in Quebec, and attended divine ;^or8hip in the Scots church on the first Sabbath, and jpn the second I visited the Enslish church in the af. |ernoon. I was much surprised to see so few people |tten(ling the English service ; but was highly gratifi- ed to find so many of my contrymen attending public |irorship in the Scots church, which was well filled, !ind made me almost forget that I was in a foreicn and. The people esteem their pastor very highly, '|ind he, I think, preaches the gospel. Their collec- tions are made after the old plan in this country ; the elders going along the pews to receive the offerings t>f the people before dismission. There are also in .^Quebec, a methodist chapel and several Roman ^Catholic churches. The roofs of the churches, and most of the principal houses are covered with tin, cut into pieces about the size of our slates, the edges of which are very neatly folded into each other, and when fthe suh shines, the glittering roofs have a very fine ^effect. There are no town clocks, but they have large bells, and no less than four in one steeple- There are several nunneries in the town, the inmates iof which are very decently dressed with a long wide black gown. Dunng the summer season, a considerable number , of Indians are to be seen in Montreal. Some of them f come from a considerable distance up the country, and place their tents on the river side. They are very >f ingenious, and their women especially very neat-hand- j ed. They have for sale a variety of fancy articles, ' such as bags indented around the bottom with pieces of bark, and otherwise ornamented with sewing, or ■> the figure of an Indian, as well as shoes, the leather .^ of which they tan and ornament with sewing also on £ the upper part of the foot. rouml WtlWr m ^4 ftw -*-*^ ^^^ I ^_ |£|^^^ 1^^ ^^ I iHIW DMH tL MMMPIf^ I VUllMMi tWI MHMllipi ^^ my fcUow tttfiliiiti mi mm^i¥im4 illil H vwi «u duty to jNiliHill wiM t WW Mii IMI In Wjiiiif tint wnhum tnit WMC It Mft lNiMi% IM^ WWtv w^ meant of taving mMij lltvt ami wmtk ff^jm^s FINIS ««4 &* W^ 14 H