.1^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ 1.0 I.I ■^ ^ 12.2 :!; no 12.0 U£ L25|l.4|^ < 6" » p% w. ^S. o Fhotograidiic Sciences Carporation 33 WIST ^ WnSTIR (714) MAN sunt 'T ,N.Y, 14SM •72-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. ^i CIHJVl/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Inatituta for Historical IMicroraproductiont Inatitut Canadian da microraproductiont hiatoriquaa 1 Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tachniqua* at bibliographiquaa Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua. ¥vhlch may altar any of tha Imagaa In tha raproduction, or which may algnlficantiy changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chaclcad balow. 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Meps. pistes, cherts, etc.. mey be filmed et different reduction retios. Those too lerge to be entirely included in one exposure ere filmed beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to right end top to bottom, es meny fremes es required. The following diegrems illustrete the method: Les certes. plenches, tebleeux, etc., pouvent Aire filmto i doe teux do rMuction diffAronts. Lorsque le document est trop grend pour Atro reproduit en un soul clichA, 11 est fllir.t A pertir do Tengio supArieur geuche. do gauche A droite, et do heut en bas. en prenent le nombre d'imeges nAcesseire. Les diegremmes suivents illustrent le mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 B!i"!'i;':i:»;"(]twm;!i: ^u '»% i m ;;;.„,>; .;r,,;,i(|tWin!!!i:"ya IT S y<- Z. British Columbia 1900 -£^v wm^immm^m^i^mim ^. BRITISH COLUMBIA TIE MST WESTEILY PtOYINCe OF CAMAIA ITS AND Position, Advantages, Resources Climate NEW FIELDS FOR MININfi, FARMING, FRUIT CROWING AND RANCHING ALONG THE LINES OP THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY INFORMATION FOR PR05PBCT0R5, MINERS AND INTENDING SETTLERS. INDEX TO CONTENTS. PAOB. Introduction 8 Coast and Harbours 4 Rivers and Jjakes The Kootenay District 7 Bast Kootenay , 7 West Kootenay 12 Yale District 21 Boundary Country 22 Okanagan Valley 23 Nicola and Thompson Valleys 20 Lillooet District 80 Cariboo District 31 Ccssiar District 33 Omineca and Peace River 33 Atlin Lake 34 Westminster District 35 Vancouver Island 42 Minerals of British Columbia 4C Synopsis of B. O. Mining Laws 49 Timber 52 Fisheries 58 Lands 64 Climate 67 Trade 61 Education 82 Sport 08 How to Reach British Columbia 64 BRITISH COLUIHBU V Canada'* iP^*p»roys «^Vwv/ji0# om ik0 ^atifie Ocean, British Columbia is one of the richest and most resourceful pro- vinces of the Dominion of Canada. It occupies a large portion of the western part of the continent of North America, lying imuieaiately to the north of the American States of Washington, Idaho, and part of Montana, the 49th nortu parallel forming the international boundary, and with the summit of the Rocky Mountains separating it from the district of Alberta Ih the North-West Territories on the east The province extends northerly to the 55° of north latitude (where a narrow strip of Alaskan territory protrudes between it and the Pacific Ocean) and stretching inland to the 60", in this northern portion longitude 120" forming its eastern boundary. Included within its limits are Van- couver Island and Queen Charlotte Islands and a large portion of the archipelago of the Pacific. The province has a length of about 700 miles, with an average width of 400, embracing an estimated area of 883,300 square miles. The high commercial and political importance the province has attained is permanently assured by its commanding geographical l>osition which bears a somewhat similar relation to a large portion of the North American continent that Great Britain does to Burope for the trade of the world. British Columbia is Canada's great western outlet to Japan, China and the other countries of the Orient, to Hawaii, Fiji, New Zealand and Australia, to the whole North Pacific Coast and to the famed gold basin of the Yukon which lies directly to the north of it. Its trade is yearly increasing by leaps and bounds, and, through its excellent means of communication with all parts of the globe, has already reached astonishing dimensions. The wealth of its mines, forests, waters and soil, Is practically illimitable, each succeeding year demonstrating the marvellous richness of its varied resources. Speaking generally, British Columbia is a highly mineralized mountainous country with intervening valleys of splendid arable and pasture lands, magnificent forests and incomparable waterways. Its timber is unequalled in quality, quantity and variety; its numerous gold, copper, silver-lead and coal mines already working and under process of development, and the wide extent of partly unexplored territory denote vast areas of mineral wealth; its twtile valleys BRITISH COLUMBIA. Indicate wonderful asrioultural, horticultural and fruit growlnf powl- bllitlee; and Its waters contain untold quantities of the most raluable flsh. These, combined, give British Columbia a wealth, the Taatness of which Is almost beyond human comprehension. While large tracts, especially In the northern part, are practically unexplored, the southern, central, and coast portions of the province are entering upon a new and prosperous era through the rapid development of their boundless resources which Is now rendered easily possible by the In- creased transportation facilities afforded for land and water travel by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. No other country has shown greater progress during the past iwo years than British Columbia, and It is now offering unsurpassed Inducements to the settler in search of a farm, the stockman seeking a ranch, the fruit-grower In want f car ferries is also in operation by which freight cars are taken through to their destination from the place of shipment without breaking bulk, thus enabling the handling of goods, etc., at compn': Ivcly low charRes. i i . . 1 ; I Local Distrlcta The province is divided lato the Kootenay, Yale, Llllooet, West- minster, SB s 14 BRITISH OOLUBIBIA. not yet prospected, wbich will doubtless yield even more phenomenal returns of precious ores. It is a country of illimitable pouibilities, but only few parts of it. wben the rast area of hidden wealth is con- sidered, have passed beyond the early stages of development. Oreat strides, however, have already been made, notably in the Trail Creek, Nelson, Kaslo-Slocan and Ainsworth districts, where many prop^'ties are completely equipped with costly modem plant for mining opera- tions. In the Lardo, Big Bend and other portions of this rich region, mining is also being profitably carried on, and as capital is acquired through the working of the properties, or is brought in, the output of ore will be immensely increased. West Kootenay contributes over 95 per cent, of the product of the lode mines, the shipments of ore from the Rossland mines, in the Trail Greek district, especially showing p. much greater output than ever before. Capitalists and practical miners have shown their unbounded confidence in West Kootenay by investing millions of dollars in developing properties, equipping mines, erecting smelters, building tramways, constructing roads, etc. The past two years saw the addition of a large number to the population, and witnessed the permanent establishment of minihg camps which have astonished the world with their phenomenal grovth and continued prosperity. So rapid has been the recent development of this district and encour- aging the prospects for even greater expansion that an eminent American mining authority speaks of it as "the coming mining empire of the North-West." 'I'he increased output of ore, combined with the supply of cheap coke, has led to the wonderful expansion of the smelting industry. Smelters are already erected at Trail and Nelson, and there is every prospect that there will be others in operation in the Immediate future. At Trail, where $200,000 was recently spent by the Canadian Smelting Works Co. in modernizing its extensive plant, the capacity of the smelter is about 700 tons daily. The cost of treatment has already been largely reduced, the aim being to materially increase the quantity of ore stripped and make possible the treatment of the low grade ores of which there is a large quantity in the contiguous cbuntry. The rates are lower for treatment charges on ores than pre- vail in the great smelting centres of the United States where there ia competition. The Trail smelter is absolutely modem in every respect for the treatment of lead, silver, copper and gold ores, and being located at a central point for the East Kootenay, West Kootenay and Boundary Country will probably be the principal of a series oT smaller smelters scattered through the mineral region. At Nelson, the smelter with a capacity of 370 tons per day, is also a thoroughly equipped insti- tution, and gives employment to a large number of men. WB8T KOOTBNAY. 16 There are valuable timber limits In different parts of the country, and numerous snwmills are in operation. West Kootenajr is a fine field for the sportsman— the angler and the hunter— game and fish abounding in nearly every section. Its rivers and lakes give easy means of communication, and the Canadian Pacific Railway Co. has established a magnificent steamboat service on them, besides constructing and operating numerous branch lines of railway which make all parts of the country easily accessible through- out the entire year. The mining regions are reached from the east by the Crow's Nest Pass Railway, which branches off from the main line of the Canadian Pacific at Medicine Hat, on the prairies east of the Rocftles, through East Kootenay to Kootenay Landing at the head of Kootenay Lake, and thence (for the present) by steamer to Nelson, from which there is railway and steamboat connection with all parts of the country. Steamers ply daily to all the towns on Kootenay Lake— Ainsworth, Pilot Bay, Kaslo, Kootenay Landing, etc., and weekly Co Lardo, in the Lardo country, from which rail communication is being established with the Columbia River at Arrowhead. The Slocan mining region can also be reached by rail and steamboat on Slocan Lake daily. Rossland, the centre of the Trail Creek district, is connected with Nelson by the Canadian Pacific Railway system, which has also been extended into the Boundary Country to the west, on which there is a daily service. From the west these regions are most easily reached from Revel- stoke on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, about mid- way between the eastern slope of the Rockies and the Pacific Coast. From this point a branch line runs south twenty-eight miles to Arrowhead, at the head of Upper Arrow Lake, from which the fine new steamers of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company run to Nakusp, near the foot of the lake, from which there is rail communication with the towns of the Slocan, the principal of which are New Denver and Sandon, the centre of a rich mining region, and to Robson, near the mouth of the Lower Kootenay River, where the Canadian Pacific Railway's branches reach to Trail and Rossland, (o Nelson, and to the Boundary Country. Prom Arrowhead, the Trout Lake district is reached by snail steamer. CHIEF TOWNS. Rbvblstokb, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, at the Junction with the Arrowhead branch, is one of the chief towns of West Kootenay, and has shown great progress during the past three years, when a large number of buildings were erected. It is a mining town between the Gold and Selkirk ranges, and is the chief source of supply for the Big Bend counti,, to the north. Population about 2.600. u BRITISH COLUMBIA. Arrowhead, at the head of Upper Arrow Lake, where transfer is made from rail to steamer by those intending to visit the West Kootenay camps, is a small town containing hotels, stores, etc. Fbrouscn and Trout Lake Citt are new towns in the Trout Lake district, reached by steamer and stage from Arrowhead, and in their brief existence have shown considerable growth. Halcyon Hot Sprinob, on Upper Arrow Lake, twelve miles from Arrowhead, is a health resort, the waters of the springs having peculiar curative properties. A fine hotel and cottages for visitors are erected here. Nakusp, near the foot of Upper Arrow Lake, is the initial point of the Nakusp & Slocan branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is prettily situated, and has a shipyard, at which the fine steamers plying on the Columbia River and Arrow Lakes were constructed. New Denver, on the east side of Slocan Lake, at the mouth of Carpenter's Creek, is a growing town, with a population of 400 or 500. It is the seat of government of the Slocan district There Is daily steamboat communication between New Denver, Rosebery, Silverton, Slocan City, and other points on Slocan Lake, and the town has excellert hotel accommodation, etc. RosEBERT is a distributing point on the N. & S. Railway, at the head of Slocan Lake, and the starting point for steamers on Slocan Lake. Silverton, four miles south of New Denver, on Slocan Lake, is a growing town (with a population of 500), from which large shipments of ore are made. Slocvn City and Brandon, which are practically one town, are situated together at the foot of Slocan Lake, near which are some rich mining properties. Threo Forks is situated at the confluence of Seiaton Creek and the north and south branches of Carpenter's Creek, on the Nakusp & Slocan Railway. Large concentrating works are erected near the town, with a daily capacity of 100 tons. A number of very rich mines are being operated within a short distance of Three Forks. Sandon, the terminus of the Nakusp & Slocan Railway, and from which Kaslo is also reached by railway, is a new mining town, around which are several groups of the most valuable silver-lead mines. It is the centre of what is known as the wet ore belt of the Slocan, the ore being chiefly galena and carbonates. It has waterworks, electric light system, churches, schools, etc. It has a population of 2,000, and possesses all the adjuncts of modern towns. GoDT la one mile above Sandon, and is in the cmitre of a group of very rich silver-lead and galena mines. WarrBWATBR, between Kaslo and Sandon, is a base of supplies for a number of mines in process of development to which an extrasion ot H > s w 18 BRITISH COLUMBIA. thfl Nakiisp ft Slocan branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway is projected. Nblhon, with a population of 7,000, is situated on the west arm of Kootenay I^lce wliere the Lower Kootenay River begins, twenty-eight miles east of Robson, and from it points on the lake are reached daily by steamer. It is on the direct route of the Crow's Nest Pass Railway. A smelter with a daily capacity of 370 tons is erected here, and an aerial tramway connects it with the celebrated Hall mines, four and a half miles distant. Nelson is tite Judicial centre for Southern Kootenay where the offices of the Oold Commissioner and Government agent, customs, etc., are located. It is an important business town, with hospital, chartered banks, well-stocked stores, electric street rail- way, and is unsurpassed as a residential place. During the past two years it has made wonderful progress, and building operations arc being extensively carried on and its trade greatly extended. Lardo, at the head of winter navigation, and the eastern terminus of the Arrowhead ft Kootenay branch of the Canadian Paciflc Rail- way now under consti r.ctlon, is a new town with about 300 population. Duncan City, 12 miles up the Lardo-Duncan River, has a popula- tion of about 600. Kasi.0, on the west side of Kootenay Lake, is one of the bases of supplies for mines on the eastern slope of the Slocan district. Popu- lation 2,500. Every branch of business is represented in Kaslo, which has also ore sampling works, public offices, sawmills, planing factory, banks, brewery, electric light works, waterworlcs, schools, hospital, etc. AiNswoRTTH, on Kootcnay Lake, is the centre of the Hot Springs mining district, from which considerable ore is annually shipped to the smelters. Hot sulphur springs are in the Immediate locality. Pilot Bat, also on Kootenay Lake, Is the site of smelting W&rks which have a capacity of 150 tons daily, and in which $600,000 have been invested. Ymir is a flourishing mining town in the Salmon River country which sprang into existence recently. TRAiii, on the Columbia River, a town without an existence in 1894, has the most extensive smelting works in Canada, and the town boasts of flrst-class hotels, newspapers, breweries, general stores, etc. It is an important station on the Roesland brancn of the Canadian Paciflc Railway, and has a population of 1,500. RossLARD is the largest town in the West Kootenay, its growth having been phenomenal. From a small mining camp in 1894 it has grown to the proportions of a thriving bustling city with a population of 8,000, which is increasing rapidly. At Rossland are the celebrated Le Roi, War Eagle, Centre Star, and other mines, whose illimitable richness brought this region into prominence. The city, which is eight miles from the United States boundary line, has excellent hotels. X X X re M BRITISH COLUMBIA. well-furnisbed storea, public and private achoola. boapitals, several chartered banks, cburcbea. tbeatre. breweries, is lighted by electricity and has a system of waterworks. Soma of the mines are operated and lighted by electricity, from power derived from the falls of the Kootenay River, near Nelson. MINING LOCALITIBB. There are numerous mines at work in different sections of the district, chiefly in the Lower Kootenay country, in the north of which are the Kaslo-Slocan mines; in the centre, those around Nelson and Alnsworth. and in the south, those of tte Qoat River and Trail Creek dietricts. There are no richer gold fields than those of the latter- mentioned district, of which Rossland is the centre. Several mines are already operated extensively and are paying large monthly dividends, while new discoveries indicate that the full richness of this region cannot yet be even approximately estimated. Large shipmenls of ore are being made from I^e Roi, War EJagle, Josie, Centre Star, Columbia and Kootenay, Iron Mask and other leading mines, while other properties have large quantities on the dump ready for shipment. With increased home smelting facilities the output of the camp is being immensely increased, that of 1899 being a great deal larger than that of any previous year. The most notable silver-lead mines are in the famed Slocan district, from which large shipments of ore have been and are being made. Tho general character of the ore is high grade galena, often carrying 600 ounces of silver to the ton. and averaging 100 ounces and over, and 60 per cent. lead. Amongst the principal mines are the Payne, Slocan Star, Reco, Bnterpriae, White- water, Alamo, Ruth, Washington, Idaho, Last Chance, Queen Bess, Vancouver, Wakefield, Ivanhoe. Bosun, etc. The Slocan is admitted to be the richest silver-lead mining region in America to-day, and has the advantage of excellent transportation facilities. It has a large number of shipping mines, and several regular dividend payers. On The east side of Slocan Lake and river are valuable silver-lead properties and gold-bearing propositions undergoing development. On Kootenay Lake are ihe well-known Alnsworth group, which are large shippers of ore. The Toad Mountain district around Nelson, and south of it, has a distinct gold, silver and copper belt, the ore being of that char- acter known as bornite. There are a numberof rich mining properties in this section, amongst others the Silver King, purchased for $1,600,000 by an Ehiglish company, which has constructed an aerial tramway to connect the mines with its own smelter at Neison, wnich is said lo have one of the largest copper furnaces in America. A number of free milling gold claims, equipped with stamp mills, are now being pro- fitably operated near Nelson, amongst them being the Poorman, Fern, and Athabasca, etc. Hydraullcing is also carried on at Forty-Nine Creek with profitable results. Some rich discoveries have been found THKYAfiB DISTRICT. 11 near Ymir In the Salmon River country, between the Lower Kootenay River and the International boundary. In the north, In the niicUll- waet. FlBh Creek and Trout Lake districts are rich properties which are being worked, and around Lardeau some valuable placer gold mines and extensive deposits of galena are being developed. Between the Gold Range and the Selkirks is the west side of the Big iBend of the Columbia River, that extends north to the 52nd parallel. This bend drains a gold region yet awaiting complete exploration, but which has every indication of great mineral richness. Throughout the whole Kootenay country new discoveries are made ev^ry year, so that which is the richest claim of a district during one sebson may be surpassed by a dozen others in the following year. HOXNINOTON K.VI.hH, Lt»WRH KOOTENAY HIVEK, l».C. The wages paid labourers are from $2.50 to $3.00 per day; $3.00 to $3.50 for miners; $3.00 to $4.00 for mechanics. Board is from $6.00 to $7.00 per week at mine boarding houses; from $6.00 to $10.00 at private boarding houses, and transient rates at hotels ar'; $2.00 to $3.00 per day. Yale District This district lies to the west of tho Kootenays from which it is separated by the Gold Range, and to the south and east of Lillooet dis- trict, and east of Westminster district, extending southwards to the international boundary line. Yale, which has an area of 15,850 square miles, lies entirely within the dry belt of the province, although it 22 BRITISH COLUMBIA. hae, naturally, from its extent, a variety of soil and climate. Within its limits are great stretches of mining, pastoral, agricultural and forested lands, which afford excellent openings for the miner, rancher, farmer and lumberman, and particularly in the portions now on the eve of development, unequalled chances for investment by capitalists. This development is made possible by the construction of railways by the Canadian Pacific Railway Co. in the south-eastern part, which furnish adequate facilities for transport, the lack of which has hitherto hindered that marked progress which its boundless resources render possible. Yale contains the valleys of the Kettle River and Boundary Creek — now spoken of together as the Boundary Country from the proximity to the international boundary line — the Okanagan, the Nicola and the Thompson valleys. The Boundary Country This region, which is becoming one of the wealthiest portions of the province, forma the extreme southern part of the Yale dis- trict. In it are four distinct mineral basins — that around the Christina Lake on the east; that adjacent to the north fork of the Kettle River; of the Boundary Creek; and that ot the main Kettle River with Rock Creek and other triDutarles. The whole area covers a distance of about 40 miles east and west, and extends about 50 miles northwards. There have been numerous flnds of ore in all these basins, but a good deal of unexplored territory is still open to the prospector, while further north is a region that is practically a virgin field for the gold-seeker. The ore bodies in the Boundary Country are very large and carry good values in gold and copper or gold and silver. A good deal of the Dreliminary development work has been done on numerous claims, and on some properties costly plants have been placed. The output, however, has hitherto not been large, owing to the heavy expense in shipping the ore by wagon road, but this obstacle in the progress of the country has now been overcome by the extension of the (Canadian Pacific system through this region. Not only does a great trunk line traverse the entire district, but the railway company is building short branch lines to the principal mining camps to facilitate the shipment of ore, an un- precedented departure from the usual course pursueu by railway companies. Smelters are In course of erection at different points for the treatment of ores of the district. The Boundary Country possesses other resources besides its latent mineral wealth. It has fertile valleys with great capabilities fur grain growing, and grassy hillsides which afford splendid ranging ground for stock. Fruit growing has shown splendid results, the apples of the Kettle River Valley being as fine as grown anywhere. Pears, cherries, plum . and prunes can also be grown in abund- ance, the trees In th^j valley being laid to be twice as produc- THE OKANAGAN VALLEY. 23 live as, those of California and other States of the Union; and small fruits of different varieties are plentiful. For all these fruits, there iB a steady home market at good prices. Vegetables are also a prolific crop, potatoes yielding from 10 to 12 tons per acre, and garden truck generally and roots, for which there i?. a constant demand, bring large returns to the producer. Wheat of a fine quality is said to yield as high as 50 bushels to the acre, and oats as hi«;h as 100 bushels, while hay, which averages from two to two-and-a- half tons to the acre, like oats, always commands a lucrative price. Spring work commences in April and there is generally no frost until the middle of October. The land can be cleared at a very small cost, and it is calculated that a farm .>f 20 acres in fruit will return the owner $2,000 per annum on a conservative estimate. Divided up into smaller sections, as it is bovnd to be, say, of from 5 to 10 acres, the valley would prove equal to sustaining a population of from 15,000 to 20,000 people. Irrigation worka in some sections have already been inaugurated, and with the enlargement of the system a large area will be brought under cultivation, the products of which will find a readv market at home. All over the district there is an unlimited supply of flue timber comprising pine, fir and tamarack, stretching right up the North Fork. For building, mining and other industrial purposes, the value of this timber bounty will be very evident. There are already several mills in the district working at their utmost capacity, and a large business will be dor\e now that railway facilitiee are afforded. The lumber can be economically handled, as it has the ad- vantage of water carrif^e right from the logging camps down to the mill. There are besides fltBt-class clay beds for brick-making, besides lime and building sU>ne quarries. The climate of this section is mild, extremes of heat or cold being seldom felt, and the rainfall is light. Na part of British Columbia has brighter prospects than the Boundary Country, and at no time will there be greater opportunities offering the poor man than during the present year. The Okanagan Valley West and north of the Boundary Country and south of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway is one of the finest sections in the whole province for agricultural and stock-raising pursuits. In this part are to bd found the most extensive farms in the province, as well as the largest cattle ranges. Many can count their herds by the thousands of head, and their 6road fields by thousands of acres. The district is an extensive one anfl within its borders are to be found large lakes, the principal one being Okanagan, whilst such streams as the Spallumcheen and other large rivers flow through the district. 24 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Okanagan Is famous as a grain-growing country. Prom three- quarters to a ton of wheat is grown per acre, the best quality fetch- ing |28 per ton. Wheat sometimes runs 68 lbs. to the bushel (there being 33 1-3 bushels to the ton), and a field near Enderby averaged 72 bushels to the acre, although this was an exceptional yield. Samples of wheat raised in Okanagan, sent to the Vienna Bxposi- tipn, were awarded the highest premiums and bronze medals. One of the best flouring mills in the Dominion is now in operation at Enderby, twenty-four miles south of Sicamous, and connected with It by rail. The flour manufactured at these mills from Okanagan- grown wheat is equal to any other to be found on the continent. AIM LK OHCHAUI), VKHNOX, B.C. There is another mill at Vernon and one at Armstrong managed by the farmers of the vicinity. Though Okanagan is an excellent wheat-producing country, considerable attention is now being given to the various kinds of fruit culture, and an important move- ment is on foot looking to the conversion of the grain flelds into orchards and hop flelds. Attention has been more particularly turn- ed to the production of Kentish hops, and during several years past hops from this section have brought the highest prices in the Eng- lish market, competing successfully with the English, the con- tinental, and those grown in other parts of America. The Earl of THB OKANAOAN VALLEY. 26 Aberdeen, late Governor-General of Canada, has over 18,000 acres near Vernon, In the Coldstream Valley, where general farming, hop- growing, and fruit-raising are carried on. His orchard of about 200 acres is the point of attraction for visitors to Vernon, being one of the largest orchards in the Dominion. He has also a dairy farm near Kelowna, on the east side of the lake. An excellent quality of tobacco is grown about Kelowna, where a cigar factory has been established. The cultivation of this plant is as yet only on a small scale, but there are indications that it will become an important source of wealth to the country. There are still to be taken up immense stretches of the very best land, which are but lightly timbered and easily brought under cultivation. Water is abundant in many sections, whilst in some it is scarce, rendering irrigation by artesian wells a neceosity, although not every year, Okanagan is also a very rich mineral district, and in different parts valuable gold, silver, platinum, copper and iron deposits have been discovered, and are being developed. The Shuswap & Okanagan Railway to Vernon, the chief town of the district, from Sicamous on the main line of the Canadian Pacific, a distance of forty-six miles, has proved an immense impetus to this splendid section of the country. There are magnificent grazing lands, and the valleys that intersect them are of the most fertile character. The Coldstream or White Valley is one of these, the Similkameen is another, and the country round about Kelowna is a rich and valuable section. Crops grow luxuriantly, but the dry climate necessitates irrigation. There is, however, ample water in the hills, and no difiiculty presents itself on. this score. From Okanagan Landing, near Vernon, a fine steamer, the Aberdeen, owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, plies to Kelowna (formerly called the Mission), to Peachland, a new and thriving town on the west shore of the lake, which is the landing place for some valuable mines a few miles in the Interior, and to Pentlcton, at the south end of the lake (which is seventy miles in length), and the Provincial Government has constructed roads to the minine country south of it, and to the Similkameen Valley, the latter a famous hunting ground for sheep and goat. The Okanagan Valley, in fact, is one of the best hunting grounds known to the world- caribou, deor, bear, mountain sheep and goat being plentiful in many sections. The country tributary to Lake Okanagan is pre-eminently suit- able for settlement and will shortly become thickly populated. The climate of the Okanagan country is mild and dry, irrigation being necessary for farming and fruit growing. There is only a slight snowfall in winter, and the summers are warm and pleasant. ■"■W W **--** 1 ^ ' i tt/ im f^mtmimtitm 26 BRITISH COLUMBIA. The Nicola Valley. in the western part of the Yale district, while specially adapted to pastoral pursuits, is well fitted for agriculture and the growth of all classes of cereals. The crops already grown are excellent in quality and the yield exceptionally large. There is greater tendency now to mixed farming than in the past, and the Nicola Valley is becoming as famous for its grain, roots, vegetables and fruits A all kinds as It has been for its bunch-grass-fed cattle. For climate, see page 58, southern zone. The valley is also rich in its mineral deposits. The principal mines for the precious metals are in the Similkameen section, where hydraulic companies are operating. There is a large area of bitu- minous and good coking coal at Coldwater, where magnetic iron ore is likewise found. The richest platinum mines on the continent have been discovered on Tulameen and Slate Creeks. A railway is pro- jected from Spence's Bridge, which, when completed, will largely aid in the development of the mines in this valley. Tho Thompson Valleys To the north of these valleys are the valleys of the North and South Thompson, where there are extensive grazing and fertile agri- cultural areas. The cattle ranges around and about Kamloops give pasturage from year to year to about 40,000 head of cattle. Agri- culture in the immediate vicinity of the town, and around Ashcroft, 47 miles further west. Is carried on by irrigation, with the result that fine crops of grain, hops, fruit, vegetables, etc., are raised, which realize good prices to the growers. Valuable mining properties —iron, gold, silver, lead and copper and large deposits of mica— from which shipments of ore have been made, are in this locality. Here also is a large deposit of cinnabar, said to be the only one in the British Emoire. CHIEF TOWNS. Kamloops is 224 miles east of Vancouver, and is situated at the confluence of the North and South Thompson rivers, both of which are navigable for a great distance. It la a railway divisional point, and a thriving town of 2,000 population, doing a good trade with the farmers, ranchmen and miners of the district. Steamboats ply on Kamloops Lake, and there are sawmills in constant operation. The town is supplied by waterworks and lighted by electridty. It was originally merely a Hudson's Bay Company's trading post, but has now become a town of some size and Importance, and Is destined to be one of the great health resorts of the West on account of the dryness and equability of its climate and lU possession of all the TOWNS IN YALE. 27 conditions necessary for the cure of lung troubles. Placer mining has been successfully carried on north of Kamloops for twenty- five years, and rich mineral discoveries have been made within three miles of the town, carrying gold and copper, and some bein ; free milling. AsHCROFT, on ti^e Thompson River, is 204 miles east of Van- couver. It is the starting point of the stage line for Clinton, Lillooet, T50-Mi]e House, Horsefly, Quesnelle Forks, Quesnelle Mouth, Stanley, Soda Creek, Barkerville, and other points in th? Lillooet and Cariboo districts. It is a busy place, where consider- able f^-eighting business is done, and where supplies of all kinds can be obtained. Yale is at the head of navigation on the Praser River — 103 miles east of Vancouver, and is the eastern gateway to the famed Fraser River Valley. Vernon is a well-built town of 1,200 population. There are stores of all kinds, good hotels, flour and sawmills and two banks. Having a flrst-rate farming and ranching country in its immediate vicinity, besides vast tracts of valuable timber, a large and flourish- ing business is done at this centre. Enderby and AKMbTRONo are smaller, but rising towns, wh?re there are good hotel accommodation and a variety of stores ami other business establishments, and each having a large grist and sawmill. Okknaoan Lanimnq, at the foot of Okanagan Lake, has a store, sawmill, church, school and hotel. Kelowna, on Okanagan Lake, thirty-three miles south of Vernou, is a prcsperdus village, to which is tributary the trade of the greater part of the Mission Valley and the Sunnyside district. It has a hotel, good stores, saw and planing mill, cigar factory, and the Kelowna Shippers' Union has erected a large warehouse for storage of fruit anLUMBIA. wood camp, west of which again is the Oopper camp. Smith's c^p lying to the south-west. West of Midway is Graham's camp. At some of the mines in these camps, costly plants have been installed, and the work of development is proceeding steadily, the results of which will shortly be apparent. At Rock Creek', there are several good claims, anci at Camp McKinney there is free milling gold. The Cariboo mine has paid about |350,000 in dividends in four years, working with a ten-stamp mill, which is now increased to twenty stamps, and is to be further increased to forty stamps during the year. The ore averages |20 to the ton. Other prooerties are now being developed in the vicinity, and five incorporated companies ave working with large capital. Further west, and directly south of Okanagan Lake, is Fairview, where there are a number of properties under development, and a twenty stamp mill in operation. West of I^ake Okanagan is the Similkameen mining section, at which consider- able progress has been made. The mines at Glen Robinson, and in the ( ountry further west on Granite and other creeks, as well as around Kamloops to the north, are properties which are said to contain large deposits. In a country so vast, and of such recent discovery, there are grand opportunities for prospecting and for investment in developing mines. New discoveries are always possible, for there is a larga tract which is as yet unexplored, and the possibilities of the mines now commencing operations can scarcely be estimated. Lillooet District Lillooet lies between Yale on the south and Cariboo on the north, and is bisected by the Fraser River, and is traversed by the famed Cariboo road. The country is as yet only sparsely settled, the prin- cipal settlements being in the vicinity of the Fraser River, though there are other settlements at Clinton, Lillooet and elsewhere, which, when the projected Cariboo Railway is built, will rapidly be- come of more importance. Considerable free milling gold is found near the town of Lillooet, where a number of mines are being operated. Several promising quartz-bearing locations are being developed in this district, and as machinery capable of treating the refractory ores are of the most improved methods, the results already attained are attracting miners and mining men in numbers. There is a large area of the finest grazing land in this district, and cattle thrive well. The district is well adapted for dairying, and by irrigation farming can be carried on profitably. The valleys are wonderfully rich, and fruit of an excellent quality, chiefly apples, is grown; peaches, pears, and plums are also cultivated, and smaller fruits arow in profusion. See page 59, middle zone, for climat*. CARIBOO DISTRICT. 31 Cariboo District This district lies between Gassiar on the west and the Canadian Not thwest on the east, the southern boundary being the 52nd parallel. The famed Cariboo mines, from which sixty millions of dollars of gold have been taken, are in this district. This Is still a promising fleld for the miner, the immense output of the placer diggings being the result of explorations and operations necessarily confined to the surface, the enormous cost and almost Insuperable difficulties of trangporting heavy machinery necessitating the employment of the most primitive appliances in mining. These obstacles to the full development of the marvellously rich gold fields of Cariboo have UYDHArUC MI.N'ING IN CARIHOO. been largely overcome by the construction of the Canadian Pacific, and the improvement of the great highway from that railway to northern British Columbia, with the result that the work of develop- ment has recently been vigorously and extensively prosecuted. During the past few years several costly hydraulic plants have been introduced by different wealthy mining companies which are now operating well-known claims with the most gratifying results, and there is every prospect of a second golden harvest which in its immensity and value will completely overshadow that which made Cariboo famous forty years ago. Among the numerous Cariboo BRITISH COLUMBIA. onterprlBM Is the Cariboo Hydraulic Mining Co.. with a capital of 1600.000. actively prosecuting work on its claims on the south fork of the Quesnelle River, on extensive ground exceptionally rich in gold deposits, the company, for Its hydraulic purposes, conveying water by thirty-two miles of ditching, which supplies a capacity of 3,000 miner's Inches over a course of two feet deep, with a top width of eleven feet, and a bottom of seven, feeding four hydraulic " giants," or monitors, carrying a 300 feet head of hydraulic pressure that wili easily disintegrate gravelly conglomerate wherein the gold of the mine is coutained. The Qolden River Quesnelle Company is laying bare the bottom of the South Fork River, and the Montreal Hydraulic Gold Mining Company Is developing its claims rapidly and with excellent results. At Slough Creek, Willow River, Antler, Cunning- ham, Big Valley, Lightning, and other creeks, and at BarkervlUe, on the Williams, the richest of all known creeks in the world, from which 125,000,000 were taken in two miles' distance in early days (and now being at enormous expense opened up to work by the Cariboo Gold Fields Company, with a hydraulic elevator), the results speak well for the future prosperity of Cariboo. In addition to the properties of these companies, there arc numerous other large gravel deposits, many of which are now being prepared for working by companies with ample capital, and which only require properly directed exertions to insure large returns. Amongst these are the Miocene Gold Mining Co.. of Horsefly, and the Lightning Cieek Gold, Gravels and Drainage Co., who are running a tunnel to drain the old iKorkings of Lightning Creek which pro- duced $14,000,000 in the early days. Dredging opeiations are also carried on with varying success In the upper waters of the Praser. The development wcrk for the past four seasons served to materially advance the interests of the district, and the season of 1900 will doubtless see the opening up of some vast mines. Many hundreds of men found employment last year in this region, and none who really desired work at a fair wage failed to secure It. Capitalists will here And advantages which no other part of the world offers for invest- ments. The quartz mines have not as yet been exploited only in a very superflcial way. but the rich surface showing on Bums, Island and Bald Mountains all tend to prove that further research and fair use of capital will make the quartz mines of the Cariboo district among the great producers and dividend payers of the world. Gold abounds in every valley and In every stream that empties into it, and there is no estimating the unusual activity in the Cariboo mining circles, some of the richest places merely awaiting the advent of capital for that development which the new condition of affairs has rendered easily possible. Cariboo Is not without agricultural re- sources, and there Is a limited area In scattered localities in which CASSIAR AND OMINBCA. S8 farming and ranching are carried on; but this region will always prove more attractive to the miner than to the settler. The early ccDStructloM of a railway from a point on the main line of the Canadian Pacific, through the district, which is now proposed, when completed will open up many desirable locations and largely aaslst in developing the Immense mineral wealth already known to exist. At present communication Is by semi-weekly stage line from A'ah- croft (with steamer from Soda Creek to Quesnelle during navigation), but on application in advance, arrangements can be made at any time for the transportation of large or small parties by special convey- ances. The roads are excellent, the stopping places convenient, and the trip is not an uncomfortable one. The chief places en route are Clinton, Lac la Hache, 150-Mile House, Soda Creek, Quesnelle Mouth, Horsefly, Quesnelle Forks, Stanley and Barkervllle. This district covers such a large area that it contains more tCan one climate, which subject, however, is dealt with on page 59, middle zone. Ca59iar District occupies the whole western portion of the province north of the Westminster district and west of Cariboo. In former years, old i'aesiar was the scene of mining excitement, and about |5,000,000 were taken from its mines. In latter years, however, it has lain prac- tically dormant, but recently interest in the country has revived, and during the past year a large number of prospectors explored parts of the district and located good claims. The district contains some of the richest mines yet discovered in the province, but its distance from a base of supplies, with want of roads. Las greatly retarded its progress. As the wealth of Cdssiar its becoming more widely known, however, it is anticipated that it will share In the development which is noticeable throughout every part of British Columbia. The country H generally wooded and m«)uutaiuoiis, and difficult to travel through. Dease Lake is the central point of the district and about it mining oserations are carried on. Omineca and Peace River The Omineca (a sub-division of the Cassiar district) and the Peace River countries, the former of which is reached by the Cariboo road from Ashcroft, and the latter by way of Calgary and Edmonton on the eai^teru side of the Rockies are attracting much attention, as there is a large and alniost practically unexplored section of country that is known to be rich in gold, copper and silver. The gold-bearing tract thus far discovered Is on the Arctic slope and the streams tributary to the Peace River. The difficulty of access, the uncertainly of food supplies, and the great expense of transportation have, in spite of the richness of the country almost entirely defeated all attempts at mining operations on an extensive scale until within the BRITISH COLUMBIA. last few years, when several wealthy companies commenced opera- tions on Manson, Oermenson, Evans and Slate creeks. Beside placer, there has been quite a little excitement in Omlneca In quartz mining, and the opening up of several hydraulic mines on a large scale is giving that country a well deserved prominence. The ore is copper, carrying gold and silver, assays of many ledges showing an average value of $60 to the ton. About the headwaters of the Peace River, which is formed by the Findlay and Parsnip Rivers, there have been large finds of gold re- ported, and when this section is more fully explored and secures better means of access it will doubtless be the scene of active oneia- tions. The nearest railway point to the Omlneca mines is about 570 miles; the first lOO miles are over a Kood waggon road; the remain- der of the way is over a trail, part oi' it being the famed Telegraph trail. There is plenty of feed for pack horses along the trail. Boatn lould also be used, it is stated, from Soda Creek on the Fraser River to within 60 miles of the mines. In summer the Omineca can also be reached from the coast by steamer to Hazleton on the Skeena River, and thence 150 miles by trail. Atlin Lake District This newly formed division is in the extreme north-western part of the province, just within the boundary line which separates British Columbia from the Yukon Territory. Although the first dis- coveries of placer gold were only made in the summer of 1898, a great deal of development work has been done, and the richness and extent of the gold-bearing area has been confirmed. The country, it is claim- ed, will eventually be one of the largest hydraulic camps in the world, and quartz claimB, many of which have been purchased by British capitalists, promise to rival the famous Treadwell mine of Alaska. The principal claims are on Pine, Spruce, Wright, McKee and Boulder Creeks, and the results of their working have proven •"■ery ::trofi table. Atlin is about 85 miles north of east of Skagway, Alaska, with an extended and lofty mountain range intervening. Tin? country is comparatively easy for exploration, and old miners any that it is prospecteu with less difficulty than any other gold district which they have ever visited. The entire region is traversed by dozens of small streams, through the valleys of which is easy travelling, and along all the gold-bearing creeks now known are good trails, and almost anywhere a good waggon road could be constructed with- out great difficulty. The climate is a pleasant one, there is a plenty of water and fuel; and game, especially feathered, can be found at no great distance from the camps, while the streams abound in fish. WESTMINSTER DISTRICT. 86 a- ?r, tz Ko Is in le B- l- 1- h s r I The two priiKipal towns are Atlln City aud Discovery City (al«o known as Pine City), wbich are seven miles apart. Both are thriv- ing, with good hotels, stores, banks, sawmills, etc. These towns are reached from Virttria and Vancouver by steamer to SkaRway, and rail to Bennett, therco by a sixteen hour steamer sail to Taku, wuere a two niilr portage, covered by tramway, leads to Atlln Lake, acroKs which, five miles distant, is Atlln City. In winter the rout«t Is froni Log Cabin, near Bennett, from which there is a Government road to Otter Lake and Taku— 52 miles — the trip occupying two days. HTIIKKT IN VANCi.lVICK. Westminster District extends from the international boundary line on the south, to 60 degs. 16 mins. on the north. Its eastern boundary is the 122 deg. longitude, and its western the 124 deg., where it strikes the head of Janris Inlet and the Straits of Georgia. In this district there is a good deal of excellent ftirmlng land, particularly in the Eraser River Valley and in its delta. The soil is rich and strong, the climate mild, but in the winter months of the year there Is considerable rain, which comes instead of snow, in those parts of the district nearest the coast. Lire ca X •< U 5 Hi WESTMINSTER DISTRICT. 37 stock are often allowed to shift for themselves the year around. Heavy yields of grain are obtained without much labour. Very large returns of wheat have been got from land in this localtiy— las much as 62 bushels from a measured acre, 110 bushels of oats per acre, and hay ^Lat yielded three and a half to five tons to the acre, and fre- quently two crops, totalling six tons. Fruit growing is extensively carried on, with the most satisfactory results— apples, plums, pears, cherries, almonds, prunes, and all the smaller fruits being grown in profusion, and at the Experimental Farm at Agnssiz, figs in small quantities have been successfully produced. This part is fairly well settled, but there is still ample room for new comers. Those having a little money to use, and desirous of obtaining a ready-made farm, may find many to choose from. These settlements are not all on the Fraser; some are at a distance from it on other streams. There is considerable good timber in the western and south-western portions. The Canadian Pacific Railway crosses the southern portion of this district to Vancouver, and rail communication is e&tablished with the cities situated on Puget Sound with Portland, Oregon, San Fran- cisco and the American lailway system generally. CHIEF TOWNS. Vancouver. — On a peninsula having Burraru Inlet on the east, one of the finest harbours in the world, and English Bay on the west, is the marvellous young city of Vancouver. It is surrounded by a coun- try of rare beauty, and the climate is milder and less varying than that of Devonshire, and more pleasant than that of Delaware. Backed in the far distance by the Olympian range, sheltered on the north by the mountains of the coast, and sheltered from the ocean by the high- lands of Vancouver Island, it is protected on every side, while enjoy- ing the sea breeze from the Straits of Georgia, whoe'^ tianquil waters bound the city on two sides. The inlet affords unlimited space for sea-going ships, the land falls gradually to the sea rendering draiu age easy, and the situation permits of indefinite expansion of the city in two directions. It has a splendid and inexhaustible water supj;iy, brought across the inlet from a river in a ravine of one of the nel^h- bourirg heights. The Canadian Pacific Railway was completed to Vancouver in May, 1887, when the first through train arrived in that city fron. Montreal, Port Moody having been the western terminus from .T of the preceding year. In 1887 also the Canadian Pacific Railway Company put a line of steamships on the route between Vancouver and Japan and China, and In 1893 an excellent service was established between Vancouver and Victoria and Australia. These *^it'e important projects have given an impetus to the growth of the city, by placing its advantages entirely beyond the realm of specula- tion, and the advancement made is truly marvellous. as BRITISH COLUMBIA. In addition' to the great transportation lines of the Canadian Paci- fic Railway and the steamship lines to Japan and China, the Hawaiian Islands, and Aus^tralia, the city has collection with all important points along the Pacific coast and with the interior. The boats em- ployed in the mail service between Vancouver and Japan and China are three magnificent steel twin-screw steamships, specially designed for that trade— the Empress of India, the Empress of Japan and tne Empress of China— which are the dnest ships afloat on the Pacific oce"Ji, and make the fastest time across. The Canadian-Australian Lino gives a service to Australia via Honolulu, H.I., every four weeks- There are regular and frequent sailings to Skagway, Alaska, by which the Klondike gold fields are reached, and to i$t. Michaels, in Behring Sea, and up the Yukon, and it is expected direct communication will be established with the newly discovered gold fields at Cape Nome. Steamers ply between Vancouver and Victoria and Nanaimo daily, and connection is also made at Victoria for all Alaskan and Puget Sound ports, and San Francisco. The Seattle & International Railway gives close railway connection, via Mission Junction, 43 miles east of Van- couver, with the different cities and towns of Washington, Oregon and California. A great conflagration in June, 1886, wiped the young wooden city out of existence, leaving but one solitary building, but G"efore the embers died, material for rebuilding were on their way, and where small wooden structures were before, there arose grand ediflces oi stone, brick and iron. Under the influence of the large transportation interests, which were established there the next year, the building of the city progressed rapidly, and now it is not only a great trade and outfltting centre for the interior mining regions of British Columbia and the Klondike, and for the shipping, fishing and lumbering dis- tricts, but has several extensive industries — the British Columbia Iron Works, sugar refinery, cement works, canneries, soap works, etc. The city is the centre of the lumber trade of the province, and within its limits are several large sawmills. The population Is over 26,000. Electric cars run on the principal streets, which are paved with as- phalt, and there is a service of electric cars to and from New West- minster, on the Fraser River, a distance of about twelve miles. The C P. R. Hotel, the Vancouver, recently enlarged to meet increasing wants, in comfort, luxury, and refinement of service is equal to any hotel on the continent, and in the vicinity of this hotel Is an opera house admitted to be unsurpassed In elegance by any outside of New York. The new C. P. R. station is a magnificent building on the water front. The city is laid out on a magnificent scale, and It is being built up in a style fully in accord with the plan. Its private residences, business blocks, hotels, clubs, and public buildings of all classes, s 58 o r 40 BRITISH COLUMBIA. several of which were erected in 1899, would be creditable to any city, and Stanley Park is a dream of beauty to all tourists. It is unsur- passed by any other in the world. The following table of distances will be useful for reference: Miles. Vancouver to Montreal 2,906 Vancouver to New York, via Brockville 3,163 Vancouver to Boston, via Montreal 3,248 Vancouver, to Liverpool, via Montreal 5,713 San Francisco to New York 3,266 San Francisco to Boston 3.370 Yokohama, Japan, to Liverpool, via San Fran- cisco 11,281 Yokohama, Japan, to Liverpi j Vancouver. 10,047 Sydney to Liverpool, via Vancot 1?*,673 Sydney to Liverpool, via San Francisco — ; . . • 13,032 Liverpool to Hong Kong, via Vancouver ...... 11,649 Liverpool to Hong Kong, via San Francisco. . . . 12,883 Vancouver to Yokohama 4,283 Vancouver to Hong Kong 6,936 Vancouver to Calcutta 8,987 Vancouver to London, via Suez Canal 15,736 Vancouver to Honolulu, H.I 2,410 Vancouver to Sydney, N. S. W 6,960 New Westminster. — This city, founded by Colonel Moody during the Fraser River gold excitement in 1858, is situated on the north bank of the Fraser River, sixteen miles from its mouth, is accessible for deep water shipping, and lies in the centre of a tract of country of rich and varied resources. It is connected with the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway by a branch line from Westminster Junction, and with Vancouver by an electric railway. New West- minster is chiefly known abroad for its salmon trade and its lumber business, but the agricultural interests of the district are now coming into prominence, and giving the city additional stability, particularly as it is the market town of the Fraser River Valley and the delta. There are four large salmon cf^neries within the city's limits, and cold storage establishments, this being one of the most important industries of the region, and has led to the establishment of an auto- matic can factory, which manufactures over nine millions of cans annually. Lumbering operations ar6 also extensive and profitable, the three mills in the city alone cutting about 40,000,000 feet annually, besides turning out salmon and other cases, and large quantities of shingles. There are also an oatmeal mill, condensed milk factory, sash and door factories, machine shops. There is a magnificent eys- tem of water works. At the New WffttPiQStf r Ro^f^l l^f^rk an annual WESTMINSTER DISTRICT. 41 exhibition is held, which is amongst the best in Canada. The Provin- cial Penitentiary, Asylum for the Insane, and other public buildings are located here. The city has two colleges, high school, three public schools, three hospitals, and fourteen churches. In September, 1898, the business portion of the town was entirely destroyed by fire, but is being rapidly rebuilt by the e..ergetic citizens. Stbvbston. — ^A town at the mouth of the Fraser where a number of large fish canneries are located. Ladnbr's, a rising town on the delta of the Fraser, has several fish canneries, sawmill, creamery, etc., and is surrounded by a prairie region ot great fertility, a considerable area having been reclaimed by dyking. Ghilliwack, an important town, with a population of 700, is in the centre of a large agricultural and fruit-growing district, known as the garden of British Columbia. The valley has about 3,700 inhabitants. It has a fruit cannery, cheese factories, creameries, several saw and shingle mills, grist mill, lime kiln, brick yard, etc., besides many fine public buildings, such as the court house, bank, etc. Steamers run daily between Chilliwack and New Westminster. Mission City is a C. P. R. junction point, with its Mission branch connecting with the American system. It is 43 miles from Vancouver, on the north side of the Fraser, and has a large area of farming lands tributary to it which are well adapted tor fruit growing. The Pitt Meadows, which include 40,000 acres of bottom lands being reclaimed by dyking, are contiguous to the town. AoAssiz, on the main line of the C. P. R., 71 miles east of Van- couver, is the site of the Dominion Government Experimental Farm, which has proved of great benefit to the farmers and fruit growers of the province. Besides many cereals, roots, fodder and plants that are under test, 1,200 varieties of apples, 400 of pears, 200 of plums, 80 of cherries, 220 of peaches, 25 of nectarines, 27 of apricots, 100 of grapes, and all varieties of smaller fruits are under cultivation. Almonds, walnuts, filberts and chestnuts are also grown. Attention is paid to the raising of live stock at the farm, and in the district hop growing is extensively carried on. This industry Is being rapidly developed, the average crop being 1,100 lbs. to the acre. Harrison Hot Springs, a noted health resort for people on the coast from Southern California to Alaska, is five miles distant on Harrison Lake, and is reached from Agassiz by stage dally. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Vancouver Island Vancouver iHland, which is separated from the mainland by the Straits of Georgia, is the largest on the west coast of America, being about three hundred miles long, and with an average breadth of about fifty miles, and contains an estimated area of about 15,000 square miles. The coast line, more particularly on the west side, is broken by numerous inlets of the sea, some of w&lch run up to the Interior of the island for many miles between precipitous cliffs, backed by high and rugged mountains, which are clothed in fir, hemlock and cedar. At some points are sheltered bays which receive small streams, water- ing an open gladed country, having a growth of wild flowers and grasses — the white clover, sweet grass, cowslip, wild timothy, and a profusion of berries. The two ends of Vancouver Island are, com- paratively speaking, flat, but there are mountains in the interior rang- ing from 6,000 to 8,000 feet on the highest ridges. The interior of the island, still unsettled at any distance from the sea coast, is largely interspersed with lakes and small streams. The surface is beautifully diversified by mountains, hills and rich valleys, and on the east coast the soil is so good that great encouragement is offered to agricultural settlement and fruit growing. In other parts the soil is light and of little depth, but it is heavily wooded. In the inland lakes and in the indentations of the coast theie is a plentiful supply of flsh, and a fair variety of game on shore. The scenery is picturesque and varied. The island is rich in mineral wealth, besides the great coal mines of Nanaimo, whose output amounts to 1,000,000 tons annually, there being discoveries of gold and other valuable metals in several districts. ''• V i region about Alberni has recently cotqo into prominence owing to the rich " flnds," and it is expected that this district will rank high among the gold-producing centres of ttie north, as development, al- ready well unuer way, progresses. Some of the rocks of the island furnish excellent building material, the gray granite being equal to the Scotch and English granites. The principal harbour is that at Esquimau, which has long been the rendezvous of the British squadron in the North Paciflc. It is situated at the south end of the island, on the eastern sluo There are, however, numerous good harbours both on the east and west coasts of the Island, notably Nanaimo and Departure Bay on the former, and Alberni Canal and Quatsimo Sound on the latter. Victoria (pop. over 25,000), is the capital of British Columbia, and the chief city of Vancouver Island. It was formerly a stockaded post of the Hudson's Bay Company, and was then called Fort Victoria. It is delightfully situated on a small arm of the sea, commanding a superb view of the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, the Olympian range - "^^^M^iii ^f ^ S ■mMM^^m }\- ^B ■i»&.^.iBLii Lr i^a^^^^^ - » ^iri.'f^yi T-f"- 1 J :;a^ ' /.*'c^'\%.|#lvi 1^- ■ .' '^n<^^M '■* • • ■•:>»/ JffiMi': '■!'>^.'rt>'J?''**' •■^ • y r > >" •■.^'•'■■": :;,••■'. '.. '■ ♦' 1 - SB r . ".'/.^•'i:Q^Vi$)j(^ M'-'%^*- i NN -i ■-' !■ ".V - '. . •", ri > '.!as*..W,i»k? ,■'">•■ ■>*i?..'.:?ftH 1 s '' •5?V'T5*^"'Vv *. ^ '■■■■x ■ ^^^ K .'iW^*i^?tv;^***^<^ ri. , ■ -^^j' ^^P 'A ^ ''^- ••'/;■.:.' ' .- H -■'■ /;o/'.'..''' ,^j- Bk^ s .., ,' ^^^^^^^^ c ^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^■^g^L r , ^ '.■■'' 1 ' . ^^^^^^^^^^^^^r^^ NN 2 ?■ ■ '^^i 'A ' ',.' ^^^H^^^^ C • "■,. r'.l' , i ...■ i^^^^ s ■■ 'r'KfX '. ' ' ^-' •< ■ ;.:''0. -«, .' f 1 2 - > 1 J . 1 1 * • ■MMM BRITISH COLUMBIA. in Washington, the mountains of the mainland, and snow-capped Mount Baker in the distance, The city's age may date from 1858, when the discovery of gold on the mainland brought a rush of miners from the south. It is now a wealthy, well-built and a very English city, with business and shipping interests of great importance. Vic- toria is pre-eminently a place to delight tourists, and has ample ac- commodation for a large floating population, having several comfort- able hotels, one or two of which are noted tor the excellence of their tables. Beacon Park and other resorts are interesting places. Var- ious public buildings are also worthy of more than passing notice, the new Government buildings, costing about |1,000,000, and covering over an acre of ground, especially being an imposing structure. Many of the manufacturing and commercial interests of the province are centred at Victoria, which is one of the great outfitting points on the coast for mining parties destined for the Klondike, Cassiar, and other mining regions. It has one of the largest iroh works on the Pacific coast outside of San Francisco, and several smaller foundries and machine shops, and many factories. The city is amply provided with educational facilities, both public and private. Victoria has the advantage of being a port of call of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company's Royal Mail Steamship Line of steamers to and from Japan and China; the Canadian-Australian R. M. Line to Honolulu, H.I., and Brisbane, and Sydney, Australia, and several other lines. Steamers run daily between Victoria and Vancouver, and the '.rip from city to city through the clustered isles of the Straits of Georgia is very pleasant. Boats ply to all important Puget Sound ports, and to points nortl ward on the island and mainland, and all regular San Francisco and Alaska steamers call at Victoria. The country for some miles about the city supports a scattered farming population, and furnishes a portion of the supplies of the city, but it is particularly adapted to fruit culture. Here every variety of fruit grown in a temperate climate attains peculiar excellence, and fruit culture promises to become a leading industry in the near future. EJeQuiMALtT. — Thare is a small town at the northern corner of ths harbr ir of Esquimau. The nucleus of it is sdme British Government builaings, consisting of a naval hospital, an arsenal and other dock- yard buildings. In the immediate Vicinity of these the town has arisen. There are two churches, a public school, hotels or inns, ana a number of residences and buiin^sa buildings. Esquimau is only three and a half miles from Victoria by land, and is connected with it by an excellent macadamized road and an electric car service. Nanaimo.— Situated on rising ground and overlooking a fine har- bour on the east coast of Vancouver Island is the thriving city of Nanaimo, with a population of 6,000, but taking in the mining districts VANCOUVER ISLAND. 46 Immediately tributary to it the population would probably be between 9,000 and 10.000. Nanaimo ranks next to Victoria in importance. It is seventy miles north of Victoria, and depends chiefly on its coaling interest and shipping business for support. Nanaimo harbour is con- nected by a deep channel with Departure Bay, where the largest craft find safe anchorage. Vancouver Island bituminous coal is now ac- knowledged to be superior for all practical purposes to any coal on the Pacific coast. Four companies operate the mines in the vicinity of Nanaimo. Large quantities are sent to San Francisco, to the Hawaiian Islands and China, being shipped from either Nanaimo or Departure Bay. Nanaimo is also the coaling station for the British squadron in the Pacific. A large number of men find employment in the mines and about the dooks, and the town, for its size, is well supplied with the requirements of a growing population. It has churches, schools, hotels, water works, telephone, and several manufacturing industries, and daily and semi-weekly newspapers. Much of the land is excel- lent for agricultural purposes. There is a week-day train service be- tween Nanaimo dud Victoria, and connections by steamer with Van- couver. These three places. Victoria, Nanaimo, and Esquimalt. all on the south-eastern corner of Vancouver Island, are the principal centres. There are smaller communities on the island, mainly on the south- east corner, and at no great distances from the three principal plac:B already spoken of. Such is Cowichan, a settlement on the east coast, about midway between Victoria and Nanaimo, where the quality of the soil permits farming tc be carried on to great advantage. Saanict)> is another farming settlement at the extreme south-east; Maple Bay, Chemainus, Somenos, all in the neighborhood of Cowichan; Comox, some sixty miles north of Nanaimo, in the vicinity of which are eome of the principal logging camps; Union, where large coke ovens are in constant operation, and Sooke, a short distance south-west of Esquimalt. Alberni, on the west coast, where gold in quantities has recently been discovered, is attracting attention and promises to be- come a great mining region, with one or two towns of importance. The Soil of Vancouver Island The soil of Vancouver Island varies considerably. In seme parts are deposits of clay, sand and gravel, sometimes partially mixed, and frequently with a thick topsoil of vegetable mould of varying depth. At other places towards the north of the island, on the eastern shore, are some rich loams, immediately available for cultivation. The mixed soil, with proper treatment, bears heavy crops of wheat; the sand and gravelly loams do well for oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, roots, etc., and where the soil Is a deep loamy one, fruit grows well. The following average of the yield of a properly cultivated farm in the 49 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Comox district is given by a member of the Canadian Geological Survey; this is from the beat land in Comox, but there are other parts of the island not much inferior: Wheat, from 30 to 45 bushels per acre; barley, 30 to 35 bushels; oats. 50 to 60 bushels; peas. 40 to 45 bushels; potatoes, 150 to 200 bushels; turnips, 20 to 25 tons per acre. Minerals of British Columbia It would be difficult to indicate any defined section of British Columbia in which gold or silver has not been or will not be found. The first mines discovered were on the Thompson River; then on the Fraser and Hope, and continued up the Fraser to the Cariboo district. Gold has been found on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, on Queen Charlotte Islands at the extreme west, and on every range of mountains that intervenes between these two extreme points. Until a comparatively recent date, the work has been practically placer mining, a mere scratching of the surface, yet over fifty millions of dollars have been scraped out of the rivers and creeks. Bars have been washed out and abandoned, without sufficient effort being made to discover the quartz vein from which the streams received their gol.iensively worked for many years past at^Nanalmo, on Vancouver Island, at which place there are large deposits, and indlcr.ticns of coal have been found at several other places on that Island. Several seams of bituminous coal have been discovered on the mainland in the New Westminster and Nicola districts, and other indications of coal hav 3 been found in mans> parts. The same forma- tion exists on the mainland as on the Island, and the New Westmin- ster and Nicola coal beds are probably small portions only of a large are>i. The coal fields of the Crow's Nest Pass in East Kootenay, said to be the largest in the world In extent, are already referred to in pre- vious pages. There are other vast coal deposits known to exist in other portions of south-east Kootenay which will have a remarkable .alue now that the Crow's Nest Pars Railway is completed to West Kootenay. Anthracite coal is now being extensively mined at " Anthracite," on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, just outside British Columbia, and some comparing favorably with that of Pennsylvania has been found In seams of six feet and three feet in Queen Charlotte Island. Fragments of anthracite have been picked up on several parts of Vancouver Island, and this would seem to Indicate that the seams found In Queen Charlotte Island will be traced to Vancouver. The exploration of the province, says a mining authority, has proved that great opportunities exist for those who may wish to mine THB MINING LAWS. 49 the baser metalg and rarer minerala used in the arte, sclencea and ordinary commerce. There exist in abundance magnificent iron ores. Then there are Icnown to be substances as tin, plumbago, slate, gypsum, antimony, aluminum, pumice stone and other abrasives, manganese, mercury, cement, alum, asphaltum, borax, magnesium, soiiium, kaolin, arsenic, marble, barytes, chalk, and the like. Again there are the rare elements, such as barium, cobalt, germanium, thallium, palladium, zirconium and the high-priced minerals. 5ynopsis of British Columbia ftinlnK Laws (Subject to alteration, and not applicable to the Yukon.) Every British subject over eighteen years of age, and every Joint stock company shall be entitled to all the privileges of a free miner, on taking out a free miner's certificate, the cost of which is $5 a year for an individual, and from |60 to $100 a year for a company, according to capital, and is procurable from any Gold Commissioner or any Mining Recorder. A free miner can locate and hold mineral and placer claims, under the mining laws in force at the time, during the continuance of his certificate, but no longer. A mineral claim must not exceed 1,600 feet long by 1,500 feet wide, and must be marked by two legal posts, numbered 1 and 2, placed as nearly as possible on the line of the lode or vein, and not more than 1,500 feet apart. The line from 1 to 2 is the location line, tind the claim may extend any number of feet to the right and to t)iurveyor, whose licld notes antl plan must be immediately forwarded to the Lands and Works Department; posted notice on claim and In Mining Uecorder'tf office f>r pixty days; filed copy of surveyor's field notes and plan with Mining Recorder; inserted copy of notice In " British Columbia Gazette " and in some provincial newspaper circulated in the dimrict for sixty days after posting notice on claim; and filed with Mining Recorder affidavit of himself, or his agent . in the required form and to the effect that the abcve conditions have been complied with. Applications for Crown grants must be made to Gold Commis- sioner within three months from daLc of certificate of improvements. The holder of a certificate of improvements, on making application for Crown grant, must enclose certificate of Improvements and the Crown grant fee of $5. Tl e holder of a certificate of improvements, which has l)een duly recorded in respect of a minetui claim outside the railway belt, is entitled to a Crown grant of such claim on payment of Crown grant fee ($5) and making application as anove; but in respect of a claim within the railway belt, a further payment of $5 an acre is re- quired. Or, any lawful holder of a mineral clai:n can obtain a Crown grant by paying to the Government of Uritlsh Columbia $500 in lieu of expenditure on claim, after having complied with all tlie provisions re- lating to certificates of improvements, except such as have respect solely to work required to be done on the claim The following clauses are given in full: — 112. (/.s\%', c. S5, s. 5.) It shall be lawful for the Gold Oommisslonor, with the sanction of the Llout.enant-Governor-ln-('ouncil to grant a lease of any unoccupied and unreserved Crown land for placer mining purposes or for precioiis stone diggings for any term not exceeding twenty years, on such terras and conditions as he shall think fit; and any free miner desiring to obtain a lease of any placer mining ground bhall mark out such ground by placing a legal post at each corner, and shall post a notice on the post nearest to the placer raining claims then being worked in the inimoiliate locality, and also i i the office of the Mining Recorder, which notice shall set out — (1) The name of each applicant: (2) The locality of the ground to be acquired: (3) The quantity of ground: (4) The term for which such lease is to be applied for. 116. (1H96, c. SS, H. It.) Applications shall not be for greater than the following areas or distnncca: — In creek diggings on abandoned or unworked creeks, half a 'jille in length : Any other placer mining ground, eighty acres; but in no raae shall any base extend along any creek or river more than Ave hi.ndred vards; creek diggings excepted: iWIWlltM 62 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Precious stone diggings, ten acres; but the right to mine tor precious stones shall not include the right to mine tor gold or other precious metals, unless the ground be held also tor that purpose separately, under the provisions of this Act: Provided, always, that nothing in this Act shall be deemed to affect the right of any holder of a lease of placer mining ground to a renewal thereof, it such holder has substantially made and performed upon the ground the labour, work, and expenditure required by such lease as a condition of renewal thereof. Provincial flinins: Bureau By the establishment of a mining bureau in British Columbia by the Provincial Government, under the superintendency of Mr. W. T. Robertson, M.B., valuable information regarding mineral formations and deposits and mining properties is authentically disseminated throughout the country by means of official reports made after actual personal inspection. Reports, bulletins, etc., or any information obtained by the Bureau will be promptly sent on application. In the new Provincial Government buildings at Victoria, a large collection of ores, minerals, etc., from the different mines is arranged in the miner- alogical museum. Tiiniier No other province of Canada, no country in Europe, and no state in North America, compares with British Columbia in respect to its timber. There are prairies her'.^ and there, valleys free from wood, and many openings iu the thickest country, which in the aggregate make many hundred thousand acres of land on which no clearing is required, but near each open spot is a luxuriant growth of wood. The wooded area is estimated at 286,000 square miles, and includes forty kinds of timber; over 760,000 acres of timber land are leased, and even with a large number of sawmills with a great daily capacity there is little danger of the depletion of the forest lands to any appreciable extent. The finest growth is on the coast and Vancouver Island, and in the Gold and Selkirk ranges. Millions on millions of feet of timber, locked for centuries past, have now become available for commerce. In 1898, the export of lumber amounted to 62,631,458 feet. The Canadian Pacific Railway passes through a part of this timbered area, and crosses streams that will bring untold quantities to the mills and railway stations. The Government Department of Agriculture has published a catalogue and authoritative description of the trees of British Columbia, including: Douglas Spruce (otherwise called " Douglas Fir," " Douglas Pine," and commercially " Oregon Pine "). A well-known tree. It is straight, though coarse-grained, exceedingly tough, rigid, and bears great transverse strain. For lumber of all sizes and planks, it is in great demand. Few woods equal it for frames, bridges, ties, and strong work generally, and for shipbuilding, its length, straightness and strength specially fit it for masts and spars. The White Pine, resembling the White Pine of the Eastern Pro- vinces, making the most valuable lumber in their markets; the Black Pine, the Bull Pine, the Yellow Cypress (commonly called the Yellow Cedar), the Western Larch (sometimes called Tamarack), EIngleman'a THE FISHEIRIES. 68 Spruce. Manzie's Spruce, the Great Silver Fir. Balsam Spruce, besides Oak. Elm, Maple. Aspen, and other deciduous treea These several growths are found more or less throughout the province, both on the mainland and the adjacent islands. The Douglas Spruce, the largest and most valuable, attains its greatest size in the neighborhood of the Coast, but is found elsewhere. Owing to the variety of climates in British Columbia the several classes of trees named are to some ex- tent localized. Fisheries An important part of the trade of British Columbia is the wealth of fish in the waters of her coast. Of these the most valuable at present is the salmon. They literally teem in the Fraser and Columbia Rivers, and frequently passengers on the Canadian Pacific Railway are astounded during the spawning season by the sight of broad ex- panses of river, or deep pools, packed almost solid with wriggling masses of splendid fish making their way to the spawning grounds, their motions being distinctly visible from the platforms or car win- dows, as the trains pass by. The salmon make their way for great distances up the rivers. The salmon of the Columbia fill the streams of the Kootenay; those of the Fraser are found six hundred miles in the interior. There are five different kinds of this fish: the spring or tyhee, sockeye, cohoe, dog and humpback, the two latter being of no commercial value, and they arrive from the sea at different times. There are sixty-eight canneries in the province, employing 21,000 men during the season. This is exclusive of those employed in sealing and deep-sea fishing. Ea^^d t^t ^^^ " -^ years after a„;^*®'' ^^r not less i^ ^'^^ ^ust not Jf ® ^orth-west ^^^ oy the BrltleJi five cents per [•om the land. I- on timber under Land ave recorded to become a the Crown 640 acres. oO per acre; o^ such land *e the first T Ist claas; ^ may be Piration cf exceeding hay, for a iblic com- to the 60 ■•ental. in >• aawmlii ?ay of 12 mil shall ken for e up to tels are h " are each >rty of Pf the water pnt df s and -west sided ;hree one ' be for the this tish 0. P. R. CO.'S RAILWAY LANDS. 07 Canadian Pacific Railway Lands The Canadian Pacific Railway Company controls a large area of the choicest farming and ranching lands in the Kootenay District. The prices range from $1.00 (four shillings) an acre to $6.00 (twenty shillings) an acre, the latter being for first-class agricultural lands. These lands are now readily accessible by the Crow's Nest Pass Railway, which has recently been constructed through the district For the convenience of purchasers, the Company has adopted the following terms of payment: The aggregate amount of principal and interest is divided into ten instalments as shown in the table below; the Urst to be paid at the time of purchase, the second one year from the date of the pur- chase, the third in two years and so on. The following table shows the amount of the annual instalments on 160 acres at different prices under the above conditions: 100 acres at {3.00 per acre, Ist instalment 171.90 and nine equal instalmenta at |00.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 6.00 6.K0 600 83.90 95.85 107.85 119.85 131.80 1U80 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 Discount for Cash. If the land is paid for in full at time of purchase, a reduction from price will be allowed equal to ten per cent, on the amount paid in excess of the usual cash instalment. Purchasers paying any instalment, or more, one full year before the date of maturity, will be allowed a discount on the amount of the instalment or instalments so paid, at the rate of six per cent, per annum. Interest at six per cent, will be charged on overdue instalments. The Company has also lots for sale in the following town sites: Fernie, Elko, Cranbrook, Swansea, Moyelle, Kitchener, Creston, in East Kootenay; Nelson, Robson, Trail, Nakusp, Arrowhead and RevelfLoke in West Kootenay; Gladstone, Cascade City, Columbia, Eholt, Greenwood, Midway and Kamloops in Yale District, and at Vancouver on the coast. The terms of payment are one-third cash, and the balance in six and twelve months. Maps showing the Company's lands can be secured on application to L. A. Hamilton, C. P. R. Land Commissioner, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Climate No general description will serve the purpose in speaking of the climate of British Columbia. On the coast it varies considerably, while in the interior the variations are yet more plainly marked. It may be divided into the southern, middle, an^". northern zones, in the interior, and the coast climate. Tlie Soutiiern Zone This area, including that between the International boundary, 49 and 51 degrees N. lat., comprises several distinct districts — the Bast Kootenay, the West Kootenay, and the Okanagan and Kamloops country, or that lying between the Gold range and the Coast range. ffwrj^T-.., R,^...i:j„.n ^jit^^^^^^,,,.^^! M BRITISH COLUMBIA. Tbe East Kooteoay, to the west of the Crow's Nest Pass, is now being ofened to the world by the Canadian Pacific Railway to Ross- land and West Kootenay. The climate is so mild that " hops can be successfully cultivated and fruits give a fair yield, considering that the little orchards were only planted a few years ago." The West Kootenay lies between the Purcell range and the Gold range proper, and Includes the bsautiful Arrowhead lakes, leading down from Revelstoke by the Columbia river to Rossland. This, while a great mining couotry. has, as the agricultural report already quoted states, areas from 60 to 1,000 acres in extent, here and there, available for agriculture. "About Revelstoke the red clover and vegetable and root crops giow luxuriantly." Fruit trees, when planted, have done well. The sirall tracts which have heen cultivated about Nelson and Kaslo have produced splendid small fruits. On the shores of Kootenay Lake apple, pear, plum, cherry, and fruit trees are all found doing well on a ranch, with fruit of excellent quality. Large reclamation works are going on on lands in the Kootenay River, where 40,000 acres of bottom lands have been dyked. The manager of the works states, " We have found the soil and climate of the Lower Kootenay meadows almost phenomenally favorable for cereals, root crops, garden vegetables, and small fruits. The climate is both healthful and pleasant." The Okanagan valley, from Kettle River, on the boundary, to the Thompson, " is the great country of the Okanagan," says Dr. Bryce In the " Climates of Canada," " consisting of lower valleys and undulating plains and bench lands westward to the slopes of the Coast range, which, of all British Columbia, has that climate which will go far to give it claims as the great Canadian sanatorium. Of a width of 100 miles or more and 150 from north to south, this country has running northward to the Thompson the series of river and lake expansions known as the Okanagan Laices. The general level of the bench lands lies between 1,000 and 2,000 feet. Vernon being 1,200. To describe it would be to follow up an endless series of valleys, as of the Kettle River, of the Similkameen River and Osoyoos Lake, having the lowest average temperature in January, only 22.6 degrees, and highest average, 76 degrees in July; of the Princeton and Granite Creek valleys, extending to Nicola, near the railway, lying to the northward, and having a rainfall in 1890 of 6.4 inches and ve:7 limited snowfall, not exceeding five inches as rain; of the Penticton and Trout Creek valley, at an altitude of 1,100 feet, with the bottoms for hay-cutting and the ranges for cattle, rising hundreds of feet as bench lands. Hillsides here are of a rich sandy loam, and clothed in many places with p..^ ■-. ,«..,^.^^v. ^^.,— „, ■-!— ^|Hff^j|-|j -1 ■■' -NV" -S' u > Pi H 00 ? » B o 04 flu H O P>l M < '-,mKn:i!( ITS CLIMATE. 61 severe cold In winter, has in otlier respects tlie peculiar lightness and dryness characteristic of the whole country within the Coast range from the international boundary northwards. In fact, it may be said, it is only the gradually increasing north latitude which affects the length of the day, by which the winters are lengthened and the summers shortened. The long summer days malce vegetation so rapid that cattle-grazing on the bunch grass is possible up to Oc- tober, and even later in some seasons. The Pacific Coast Climate Mr. Stupart, director of the Dominion Meteorological Observatory at Toronto, says: " 1'he annual rainfall along the exposed western coast of the Island (Vancouver Island), and thence northward to Alaska, is very great, generally exceeding 100 inches. In the south- eastern part of the Island, between Victoria and Nanaimo, the clim- ate does not difller greatly from that found in the North of Eneland; not only does the annual mean temperature agree very closely with that of parts of England, but the mean average of corresponding months is nearly the same." Dr. Bryce, in " The Climates and Health Resorts of Canada," again says: "Extremes of temperature, and especially of daily ex- tremes-Hthe lowest temperature in two years being 8 degs. F., the lowest monthly average being 20 degs. F., and the highest in sum- mer being 82 degs. F. — to that as above Alberni on the west coast, to Queen Charlotte Island, even to the 54th parallel. In all this coun- try the fruits of temperate climates grow well and farm animals live outdoors the yeaf round. The rich bottoms of the Fraser delta have long been famous for their great hay crops and pasture lands; but here the extreme of rainfall Is met, the mean for six years being 59.66 inches at New Westminster. The climate of the great Island of Vancouver, running northwest across two degrees of longitude and two degrees of latitude, presents every variety from that at the sea coast, with, as at Esquimalt, a very low daily range, and no annual extremes— the lowest temperature in two years being 8 degs. F., the lowest monthly average being 20 degs. F., and the high- est in summer being 82 degs. F. — to that as above Alberni on the west coast, where the Vancouver range rises first into a plateau to 4,000 feet and even to 7,500 feet in Victoria Peak." Apart from the mineral wealth of the island, its climate, with every variation possible, becomes most attractive. Its sea-shore climate is milder than many parts of E^ngland, with less rain and less seasonal variations. The west slope of the Coast range has a rank vegetation, owing to the excessive rainfalls, and the lower grounds, if mild, have, as a climate for residence, attractions rather for the pursuit of agriculture than as health resorts for the invalid. Trade Though the trade of British Columbia is still unimportant when compared with the extent, resources and Immense future oossibilitles of the province, still it has improved and developed wonderfully dur- ing the past few years, showing an increase in the last decade that speaks volumes for the progress and enterprise of the people. It MiTitfliiiXiniiii^ii iu 62 BRITISH COLUMBIA. i! now the largest In the world per head of population except Hol- land. In 1871, the Imports were $1,789,283, ind the exports |1,858,050, which increased in 1899 to 18,714,733 Imports, and $14,748,023 exports— a total of 123,162,758. Prominent exports are fish, coal, gold, silver-lead, timber, masts and spars, furs and skins, fish, oil, and hops. A large portion of the salmon, canned and pickled, goes to Great Britain, Eastern Canada, the United States and Australia; the States and Hawaiian Islands consume a large share of the exported coal, an'd great quantities of timber are shipped to Great Britain, Africa, Russia, China, Japan, India, Australia and ports in South America. To Great Britain and the United States are sent the valuable furs and peltries of land animals and the much-prized seal and otter, etc. China also receives a considerable amount of lumber, timber and furs. Valuable shipments of fish oil, principally obtained from dog-fish at the Queen Charlotte Islands, are consigned to the United States annually, and also to the Hawaiian Islands. Gold and silver-ore, valued in the millions, has been shipped annually to the smelters in the United States, but with the establishment of numerous smelters within the province these shipments are decreasing, and the ore is being treated within the province. These industries, though already of consider- able importance, are destined to become very large as well as very profltbble enterprises in the near futura A large inter-provincial trade with Eastern Canada, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories is rapidly developing. With the shipping facilities offered by the Canadian Pacific Railway and the magnificent steamship lines to Japan, China, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands, backed by her natural advantages of climate and geographical position, and im- mense resources in timber and minerals, British Columbia is gradu- ally obtu^ning her proper share of the commerce of the world. There is no other country ^n the globe more richly endowed with varied re- sources of wealth, as fisheries, timber, minerals, pasture and arable lands, etc., and all are open to those who choose to avail themselvee of these new and attractive fields for enterprise. Education British Columbia's school system is free and non-sectarian, and is equally as efflcient as that of any other province in the Dominion. The Government's expenditure for educational purposes amounts to over $300,000 annually. It builds a school-house, makes a grant for incidental expenses, and pays a teacher in every district where twenty children between the ages of six and sixteen can be brought together. High schools are also established in cities, where classics and higher mathematics are taught. Several British Columbia cities also now have charge of their own public and high schools, and these receive a very liberal per capita grant in aid from the Provincial Govern- ment. The minimum salary paid to teachers is $60.00 per month In rural districts, up to $135.00 in city and high schools. Attendance in public schools is compulsory. The Education Department is prfEided over by a minister of the Crown. There are also a super- intendent and three inspectors in the province, also boards of trus- tees in each district. According to the last educational report there are 213 school districts with 261 schools, of which 4 are high, 25 graded, 228 common and 4 ward schools. The number of pupils en- rolled are 17,648, an increase of 1,850 over the previous year. SPORT. BTC. M Sport In addition to its many advantages already referred tu, British Oolumbia offers great attractions to tlie 1 >ver of sport, both on the mainland and on Vancouver Island, some of the districts, lilie the Oltanagan, having a world-wide reputation for the excellent snort they afford. Of game, large and small, there is a great varietv, grizzly, black and brown bears, panthers, lynx, caribou, deer, moun- tain sheep and goat, heads and skins of which are the finest trophies of a sportsman's rifle. Water fowl, geese, duck, etc., are very abun- dant on che larger lakes, and these and several varieties of grouse are the principal feathered game, and can always be found in season. In the lakes and rivers are to be found a great variety of flsh. How to Send Money to British Columbia The colonist from Great Britain is recommended not to take English coin to British Columbia. In Great Britain he should pay that portion of his money not wanted on the passage to the Dominion Express Company's offices in London. Liverpool or Glasgow, and get a money order for it payable in Vancouver or Victoria, or at any other point in British Columbia, this system furnishing purchasers a receipt, giving absolute security in case orders are lost or de- stroyed; or he may pay his money either to any bank in London hav- ing an agency in British Columbia, such as the Bank of Montreal. Bank of British Columbia. Bank of British North America. Imperial Bank, etc. This will avoid risk from loss on the way. UnU.od States currency is taken at par in businees circles. On Arriving In British Columbia It is sometimes better foe an intending farmer of moderate means to place his money on first arrival in the Government Savings Bank (which allows interest), to take lodgings and to work for wages for some lime in order to gain a knowledge of colonial life and modes of manaccement. The Government or Canadian Pacific Railway agent at point of arrival will furnish information as to demand for labour, rates of wages, routes of travel, distances, expenses of conveyances, etc. The colonist should be careful oi his cash capital, and not put it into investments hastily. There are Canadian Government Savings Banks in the province. Price of Board and Lodging Very erroneous ideas prevail in some quarters as to the actual expense of Kving in the province. In old days, during the mining boom and prior to the opening of the Canadian Pacific Railway, rates were undeniably high. But at present the increased shipping facili- ties and livelier competition have lowered prices all round, and necessaries of life cost no more than in the adjacent United States territory, and can be purchased at a reasonable advance upon ruling prices in Ontario and the provinces of Eastern Canada. Good board and lodging at boarding houses costs from about fS.OO to |6.50 per week, or 20b. to 26s. sterling, and upwards, and at hotels from $1.50 rnths (about 1st May to 12th November) steamers land passengers at Quebec, and thcTice the continent is crossed to Vancouver via the Cauadian Pacific Railway. When landed ct New York the route thence is via Montreal. The Atlantic passage usually takes from eight to ten days, and the railway trip from Montreal four days. A passenger can usually go through to British Columbia from Ehigland in less than a fortnight by crossing the continent on the Canadian Pacific Line. It is advisable to book through to Vancouver or Victoria, the tickets being exchanged at the port of landing— Halifax, St. John, Quebec, Boston, or New York. Efforts may be made to induce pas- sengers to purchase tickets by round-about routes through the Uni- ted States, which oftentimes necessitate expensive stoppages, trouble- some cuf«toms inspections, and inconvenient transfers on the way. A passenger should insist on having a ticket by the Canadian Pacific Railway, which is the only direct and continuous route. While passing through Eastern Canada colonists for British Columbia should apply, in case of need, to the local immigrra-tion officers of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, or of the Oovem- ment of the Dominioii of Canada, who will give honest advice and Information. Intending passengers can obtain tickets through to all points in British Columb'a, together with the fullest information relative tu the most desirabk. places of location for farming, cattle raising, fruit growing, mining and trading, by applying to agents of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Liondon, Liverpool and Glasgow. From thh United States. — From Oregon, Washington, Nevada, and Calfornia, via Sumas, at the international boundary, Nelson, Rossland, or Vancouver. From the Dakotas, Minnesota, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri, via the Soo-Paciflc xine, entering Canada at Portal, In the Canadian Northwest, and connecting with the Canadipn Pacific Railway. From Eastern States, via Montreal, P.Q., or Prescott, Ontario, or via Niagara Falls, Hamilton and Toronto and North Bay. F^oM EiASTERN CANADA. — By Canadian Pacific Railway from Halifax, St. John, N.B., Quebec, Montreal, or Ottawa, and by rail from Toronto and other points .a Central and Western Ontario to North Bay, on Lake Niplssing, where connection is made with the transcontinental trains of the Canadian Pacific. During the season of navigation there is an alternative lake route through Lakes Huron and Superior, via Owen Sound, on Georgian Bay, to Fort William, at the western extremity of Lake Suparlor, and thence by the Canadian Pacific main. line. >4 1 (■ ^&i«lljii ttBUOTHtCA Ottavlo^ 93 y^& ^ %, S) iTJ/ i^iaitil' ojjik i V^i*^ -**-■. '-.V m< "Sttk " \ V\J \ \ 'Whit* -^.Tb«v^ \m\i A^j*«*rtiar 1' i. >l. ^Il W^ement ^ \KS ^ uK0ii(i6N^^y^^«Q«j^L W^ * *: I M r^lBB 0"*^!^^ ^^*^"T^^» n ^ '• n ^^0*W*(lWF^Jik»Hy^P^ ll.B.Co-cr f \ I ■ ^\ J Bi<£y ^■'S^rT u^«« "*»tU-'^^ ^ SettIMn"' /^. ^i ii»j> «' P(f«»«» BatH*!^* th; & i0ifi» iwi B sidi 9 Frtfw % «»i S.B.4 L.%, KftildB IKK A«(*l eobold <|M«( *«• 4 rt*- ^ jfe^ '^M^ 'k"^ ^5Br.^.'^T||j{ffKH ^ '^:-:-;''<^\ k^HW ^'{uaiilBH wmfm^ ifflsf*r^A' lllilk'" ^H^^ ^5 ' ' jjt KfSr lf»-' '-'X «,«■»"-■ ;■./ ,1' •»»-« >#^ o. -^ • ••< t.Bonapartt T ; )»! ^Lake kChelan ttmlt • ^ I'*) Weatfleld yjp IToorhees o " worth ffOrondo Wenatchce^ Rocc ItKlUd Roslyn Coulee Git AlmirA ,^'^ laointee A^ BIiMLalwff r Wilson C r e e te^> Epiirat* .*»>'\ •-iMii' Sorthpoi Ittte iarcus Hapreyi N Che we-laU^ Caliapell &i(e*««NL. "«p^ Hjinters Itla fid liOOV Sherman /Morse Parrott o Davenf oi HarringtoHj Odess* '•ar BiflvtM L. Cr. PAC. ^Hauser Ja I- ■ 'llprler,pi*tf^'^elrdontVyr '^o'^^^^rteldV^.. B Santa o .Wlnon^iJci LOMQlTUDi 121° W£ST 120° FROM QREENWICH 118° 117" ■ ■ ■ «r rwokf » wl kNB9 t1 ^?^ V h\ Jay ww-ufte* i>«t Or. Burl Jelknap ^■^Jfhoinppon BiOHr i\»<^llul Main* 1' "v\v. r'^^^- iBantao :^n %pf lobdoo ViNHCSJ IB*';;, -OotB- ^ \ ^ MAI BRITISH ( ^ PART OF WES 1^ SHOWINa 1 CANADIAN PA SCALE OP SI fie° » i%' ^ MAP OF ISH COLUMBIA AND RT OF WESTERN CANADA, W7« •Howina TNK UMU or DIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY SCALE OP STATUTE MILES. 9 11*0 ri2« 1110 t .'.V Y ^ % ,.». ., «».. __«.^jjp^,— -—,— — ~y»- '•■;■&.' I ,H">.i. /? * >/■■ '■"■.•.^^ ' V r"N t'j i Qi' s Y i«W»PW¥»*«SiI!«*-' A ■rji- CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY CO'S ROYAL MAIL STEAMSHIP LINE To JapaniGhina Consisting of tlie Magnificent TWiN-SCREW Steamsiiips "Empress of india" " Empress of Japan " " Empress of Cliina " Sailing every fciiir wci-ks in winter anj i-vcry lliici- weeks in summer bctwirn Vancouver and Victoria, B.C., andVoicohama, Kolx; and Na^^aHaki. Japan, Shanghai, China, and I long Kongf. These steamships an' (.f B,0(H) tons rrffistcr, with a speed ol 11( knots, and arc the only twjn-screw vessels on the I'acitic. The shortest ard smoothest route across the North Pacific is followed, and with the superior speed ot' the Empresses enaliles the voyag-e to he made in quiclicr lime^ than by other routes. 'TJ^ .iWyfSf'^. -:^'--» •■ s ■■ ■'j"S.*. ^ ■'* ■n-:* '■■■■ . .*|A; CANADIAN-AUSTRALIAN ROYAL MAIL S.S. LINE The Royal Mail Steamships WABBZMOO, MtOWERA ami AORANOI give a service every four weeks between N'ancouvor and Victoria, H.C., and Sydney, N.S.W., vi.-i ifonoluhi, Hawaiian Islands, and Mrishane Pas> .ngers bcoked from Itondon or Zilvarpool, New Tork, Bolton, Montreal, Toronto, or any of the principal cities of Canada and ilu- United States. These vessels carry an experienced medical man and .i stewardess on each \oyagfc, :ind trc in every respect superior to any othi r ships thai have as yet sailed the Pacific Ocean. For passage, handbooks of information or Trans-PaciHc or Japanese Guide, apply to Archer Bakkk, 07 and ♦^X King William St., K.C... and 30 C.Kkspur St., S.W., London, ICng. ; 7 James .St,, Liverpool ; 67 -St. Vincent St., Glasgow. II. J. CoLViN, District Passenger A(jcnt 197 Washington St., Boston E. V. Skinnrr, General Kasteri; Agent H.YA Kroadway, New York A. E. EnMONDS, City Passenger Agent U Fort Nt. West, Detroit, Mich J. F. Lbk General Agent, Pa^senger Dcpt '.'28 South Clark St., Chicago, III, M. M. .Stkkn, District Passenger Agent Chronicle Huilding, San Francisco, Cal. W, R. Cai.LAWAV, General Passenger .\gent, Soo Line Minneapolis, Minn . W. S. TllOKN, Asst. General Passenger Agent, Soo Line St. Paul, Minn . C. G. OsBURN, Freight and I'assengef Agent IL*!* E. Baltimon St., Baltimore. H. McMurtrih, Freight and Passenger Agent ft2!HS3I ( Wstnut St., Phil.ideiphta. W. W. Mkkki.k, City Agent I"i2l) Penn»» Ivania Ave., Washington. G. W. HiBBARl), General Passenger Atrcnt, D.S.S. & A. Line Marquette. Mich. A. H. NoTMAN, Asst. General Passenger Agent I King St. East, Toronto K . J. CoYl.B, Asst. General Passenger Agent Vancouv rr, B.C. A. J. I Jka ru. District Passenger Agent St. John, N. B. 1). E. Brown, General Agent Hong Kong C. E. E. U8SHER, C. C. MCPHERSON, POST. KEKR, Gen. Passenger .Agent, Gen. Passenger Agent, Passr. Traffic Manager, Lines Hiisl of Lake Superior, Liiles NN'est of Lake Superior M( ntrkai.. MONTREAt.. WiNNIPIili. ■?''.''% A SENSIBLE ROAD Canadian Pacific Railwa « OPKRATINO ITS OWN STEAMSHIP, HOTEL. SLEEPERJ TCLCGRAPH EXPRESS AND NEWS SERVICES Is tlic Most Substantial and Perfectly Built RcilwAy on the ContinenI America, and is superbly eauipped with the finest tolling stock modern s] can produce. CMChM* Dlll(llg MDMl Sleeplag Cftrs are triumphs of i uriouY elegance, and excel in Stability and Beauty of Finish any other in [ world. i TOURISTS j Will find the New Route through Canada from the Atlantic (o the Pacific |^ approached for mtqpiificence and variety uf scenery by any other line of tra' lite niffied wilderness of the North Shore of Liuce Superior, the pictures lAke oTthe Woods r^on, the Billowy Prairies of the Ccnadita North- W< the stately grandeur of the R6ckies, the marvels of the Selkirks and G< Kange, the wtrnditous beauty of .the Pacific Coast lUre traversed by The On UlMmM ttoilto* Being, entijrely controlled and managed by one Compaii the OlttMamttpBafifi R«lwAy offers special advantnges to transcontinen travellers that cannot be granted I^ any other liiie. It is the Best, the Safd the Fastest and the Only Continuous Route from Ocean to Oce>n. The Ca ]»ny has spared no expense id proviain^for the wants and' comfort of its patroj as its line of Dining Cars and Mountain Hotels will at all times testify, be^ supplied with all that the most fastidious can desire. TRANSCONTINCNTAi SLEEPING CAR 1 W'\ ■■ Are provided with fiofa, Sections, Smoking Compartment x, etc., and oiTer i the comfort and convenience of First-class I loteU. They are specially cc structed to admit of the Sc^ery being viewed in all directions. Through Tickets from Hcttffsx, 5t. John, N.B., Quebec, Moatret Ottawa, PreMott. Brorkvllie, Toronto, Hamilton, Lopidon and.s Kints in Eastern Canada; also from New York, Boston, Chicago^ S nil, Minneapolis and all the principal points in the United Stated, Vancouver, Victoria, and all vioints in British Columbia, and to POrtlani Or^., PKiet Bound Ports, New Whatcom, Seattle, Tacoma. St Fraaciaco, etc., ^d also to points in Alaska, this being the shortest a^ l)est rbv.te to the Yukon and AtUn Lake Oold Fields. i Ihsist on getting your tickets via the Canadian Pacific Railway. ' Colonists receive special attention by this nfutc, Free Colonist Sleepir Cars being supplied for their accommodation. Frei^ Shippers can have their gtwds trans]iorted without the vexatioi delays and damage incidental to the frequent transfers necessary by oth^ routes, aqd without the expense ami annoyance of customs rerjuirements. tvt B«»lM «r. Mv jmM>tl« gfwr. ttewwh lUktitt tem Stmpt yik mum' QMfcw, .MmtrtiA'VB&x. Vtw 1^ W liNrtoit, mmI Mf Duttw I >l w f«4ttiM4, tlVir M PMiSKNaKR .OfPARTMKNT, eAMAOIAM PACIPIO RAILWAY CO., •T «^«». KIN» a(l|.MaM ST., LONOON BAIPOK, K.O., I toMoon. VMiics •Tiwar* umtaMOi. «Vr#4 iraNiliY nmwttt eiMM*. -}■'■■< #:. g.»-4Jiii>''/ M ti r l n ». aaAw, tmmmuu '■' ■ ■■■*■■ «^_» ''V ljp[:!I'/>':> TJ,,',:- ' ^vtfjfr -•fi &'7lptt '■' ;i f ft'l'mlj]. \l&-- iii^jl^ t Tl>ilT(-V 1 ^ IT MBfe'v I » :g'iMfciii..-'Ji5ia""" ' lis uto— ..—Wfc-mtr^ .. / ^J FC CANADIAN PACIFIC KAiL-AY CJMHANY BRITISH CULUMBlAt TML MUST Ct I a39003 F-- if made in Can3d.i