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 HV 
 
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 SALEM, MASS. 
 
 N A T i; 11 A L I S T S ' AGENCY, 
 
 1874. 
 
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 ortJic Crxft I^ortnaUon in Ohio . 
 
 SCALE 20 MILES TO AN INCH 
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 1 
 
 i'T 
 
 
 ^"""'■^Sil AIL M 0. AD MAJP ^ 
 
 Slio\dJi^ the relation of the 
 
 to the Markets of the North muiAfest 
 
 i& accompany a Report hv 
 
 T.Sterry Hunt LL.D. F.R.S, 
 
 V \ \ 
 
 •I 
 
 ewesfeni liinlf 
 I Ohio. 
 
 vrogj't'ss ...——. 
 
 
 39 
 
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 /*! 
 
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 r 
 
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 Til 
 
 
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 Ft 
 
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 M 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON OF SOUTHERN OHIO 
 
 rONSIDEHED WITH UEI.ATrON TO 
 
 THE HOCKING VALLEY COAL FIELD 
 
 AND 
 
 ITS IRON ORES, 
 
 WITH NOTICES OF 
 
 FURIS^ACE COALS AND YSiO^ SMELTmCI, 
 
 FOLLOWED nv A VIEW OP 
 
 THE COAL TKADE OF THE WEST. 
 
 nv 
 
 T. STERRY HUNT, LL.D., F.R.S. 
 
 SALEM, MASS. 
 
 NATURALISTS' AGENCY. 
 
 1874. 
 
rniNTED AT 
 THE SALKM PKESS, 
 
 F. W. PUTNAM & CO., 
 ProprUUrt. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Ix preparing the following sketch of a portion of the coal and iron re- 
 gion of southern Ohio, I have brought together the principal facts with 
 regard to it from all available sources. These have been in the first 
 place the detailed observations of Professor E. B. Andrews, charged 
 with the survey of this part of Ohio, which will be found in the oflicial 
 reports of the geological survey of the state published in 18G9 and 1870. 
 The first' volume of the final report entitled "The Geology of Ohio," 
 which appeared In 1873, contains, of the region here Included, an account 
 only of Athens county. The later observations of Professor Andrews in 
 the other counties of the region are as yet unpublished, with the excep- 
 tion of some which are to be found in a private report by him on certain 
 coal lands In Perry county. From the last mentioned volume and from 
 this report, as also from a private report and a printed section by Mr. M, 
 C. Read of the geological survey, and another report by Mr. Isaac B. Riley, 
 C. E., of Newark, Ohio, all upon this coal region and all published In 1873, 
 I have gathered a large additional amount of valuable material. 
 
 For the general account of the coal measures of Ohio Ip ,he Introduc- 
 tion, I am largely indebted to the descriptions of Dr. J. S. Newberry of 
 New York, the director of the geological survey of Ohio, which will be 
 found in tlie above mentioned volumes. Dr. Newberry has also kindly 
 furnished me yet unpublished notes, made by his assistant, Mr. Henry 
 Newton, M. E., of New York, and has otherwise aided me. Valuable 
 information has been derived from several small pamphlets on this coal 
 region by Col. Charles Whittlesey of Cleveland, Ohio, who in addition 
 to these has furnished me with private Information. The chemical anal- 
 yses of the coals and the iron ores are, with few exceptions, taken from 
 the elaborate and valuable report of Prof. T. G. Wormley, of Columbus, 
 chemist to the geological survey, which appeared In the volume for 1870. 
 To these are added some more recent aualyscs taken from that for 1873, 
 
 (lU) 
 
iv 
 
 PIIEFACE. 
 
 and still more recently of materials collected by myself and analyzed by 
 Dr. Drown of Pliiladelphia, and Mr. Stafl'ord of the Massachusetts In- 
 stitute of Technology. 
 
 To the above sources of information I must add the results of my own 
 observations made during two short visits to portions of this region 
 within the last six months, by which I have been enabled to extend con- 
 siderably our knowledge of the distribution of the coal, and the nature 
 and distribution of the iron ores. For valuable information relating to 
 the manufacture of iron, I have to thank Mr. T. S. Blair of Pittsburgh, 
 Mr. W. A. Hooker of Cleveland, Mr. S. IJaird of Columbus and Mr. 
 Harvey Wells and Mr. Cobb of Milton. My personal acknowledgments 
 are also due to several gentlemen at Columbus and Newark and in various 
 parts of the coal region for kind attentions and courtesies. 
 
 For the statistics of the coal trade I am nmch indebted to a recent val- 
 uable little work by Mr. Fred. E. Saward of New York entitled, " The 
 Coal Trade," and also to notes, both printed and in manuscript, furnished 
 by Mr. E. D. Manslleld of Cincinnati. The information about the rail- 
 way system of the region has been gathered in part during my visits to 
 these regions, but chiefly from the recent reports of Messrs. IJiley and 
 Andrews, noticed above. In a compilation like the present it is not easy 
 to avoid falling into some errors, for which, in advance, I ask indulgence, 
 feeling that I have done my best to avoid them. 
 
 Two maps accompany this publication, one a general railway map, 
 showing the relation of the coal region of Ohio to the markets of the 
 north and west; the other a map of some of the southern counties in 
 the coal region, on a scale of two miles to an inch, compiled for the occa- 
 sion by Mr. Isaac B. Kiley, C. E., drawn by Mr. D. W. Curlin and en- 
 graved by G. W. & C. B. Colton &, Co. of New York. 
 
 T. S. H. 
 
 Institutk of Tkciinology, 
 
 Boston, Mass., May 1, 1874. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Intkoduction 
 
 The Appalachian Coal Basin 
 
 Lower Coal Series In Ohio ; the Pittsburgh Scam ' .' 
 Limestone; Buhrstone; Iron Ores; Petroleum; Salt . 
 Arrangement and Dip of the Coal Measures 
 The Hocking Valley Coalfield 
 Coal 6, or the Great Vein 
 
 Brown; Waterloo; Athens; York; Xelsonville 
 
 Dover; Green; Ward; Trim.,le; Snow Fork; Sunday Creek 
 
 Monday Creek; Salt Lick; Straitsville; Shawnee; Munroe 
 
 Ferrara; Pike; Bearfleld; Pleasant; Moxahala . 
 
 Extent of the Great Vein ; Area of the Coalfield . 
 
 Coal 6, or Lower New Lexington Seam 
 
 Coal Ga, Norris or Middle Seam 
 
 Coal 7, StallsmithorBayley's Run Seam; Carbondale' Coal 
 
 Elevation and Dip of the Great Vein 
 
 The Coals of the Hockixg Valley 
 
 Dry, Splint or Block Coals ... 
 
 Coal of the Great Vein ; a Dry Coal ; Consumption andUses 
 
 Gas Coal ; Furnace Coal for Iron Smelting . 
 
 Blast Furnaces of Columbus, Zanesville ami Cleveland 
 
 Market Value of the Hocking or Straitsville Coal 
 
 Analyses of Coal; Determination of Sulphur 
 
 Coals from Nelsonvillc and Haydenville 
 
 Coals from Ward, Straitsville and Munroe 
 
 Coals from Dover and Trimble ; Variations ; Choice of Coals 
 
 Coal of Norris Seam; Analyses ;.Carbondale Coal 
 
 Coal of Stallsmith or Bayley's Run Seam; Analyseo 
 
 Sulphur in various coals; in tliose of Northern Ohio 
 
 Briar Hill, or Mahoning Valley Coal 
 
 Block Coal of Indiana; Analyses 
 
 Page. 
 
 1 
 
 8-7 
 
 7-9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 11-13 
 14-15 
 15-lG 
 17-18 
 18-19 
 20 
 
 21-22 
 
 23-24 
 
 28 
 27 
 
 28-29 
 
 29-31 
 31 
 
 32-33 
 34 
 
 35-38 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44-45 
 
• 
 
 VI CONTENTS. 
 
 Coals of Jackson county; Ashland Coal; Analyses . . 4C-48 
 
 Mining in the Hocking Valley field; its facilities and cost . 49 
 
 Calculations of the yield of coal soams; Working results . 60 
 
 Iron Ores and Iron Smelting in Ohio. 
 
 Hanging Rock region ; Nature and composition of ores . 52 
 
 Limestone-ore, cost of mining, yield and prices ... 53 
 
 Red hematite ore ; its characters and analyses ... 54 
 
 Ores of Salt Lick, York, Brown, Tike and rieasant . . 65-50 
 
 Ores of Sunday Creek Valley ; Trimble, Dover . . . 56-57 
 
 Cost of charcoal ; Smelting with mineral coal . . . 58-5J) 
 
 Analyses of pig iron from native ores CO 
 
 Ores from Lake Superior and Missouri .... 60 
 
 Connellsville coke ; its cost and importance ; Analysis . 61 
 
 Coal Trade of the North and West. 
 
 Coal supply of Chicago, its sources and its increase . . 63 
 
 Milwaukee, Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo .... 64-G5 
 
 Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Ohio River, Cincinnati .... 06-67 
 
 Cost of coal at Cincinnati ; Supply from the Hocking Valley 68-69 
 
 Bailroad communications of the Hocking Valley. 
 
 Columbus and Hocking Valley Railroad .... 69 
 
 Newark, Somerset and Straitsville Railroad ... 70 
 
 Atlantic & Lake Erie Railroad 70 
 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Company, its extensions ... 70 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, its extensions . 71 
 
 Other projected or unfinished Railroad lines ... 72 
 
 Distances from the Hocking Valley field to markets . . 72 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 Present and future coal-demand of the west ... 73 
 
 Annual increase, sources of supply 74 
 
 Relations of the southern Ohio coals to the west . . 75 
 
 Future of the Hocking Valley region 76 
 
 Appendix; Costs of Iron Smelting. 
 
 Iron smelting at Pittsburgh and at Cleveland ... 77 
 
 Smelting in the Haufring Rock and Hocking Valley regions 78 
 
ox THE 
 
 COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 OF 
 
 SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 1. The coal-bearing rocks of eastern Ohio constitute 
 
 do ac.he<I l,a.„„ yieWi„g .en,i.|,itumin„„. eo„l, nn k o^' 
 as ho Cu„, ,orla„d of Ma,,lan,l, the Broad Top an 1 . ^ 
 to .ho northeast those of Snowsl.oe, I'hillipshn-,. ( 
 To anch, anJ Blosshnrg of Ponn.ylv,„„-a ; Lie 5 11 f ^ 
 ■ n tlic sa,no (1,,-eotion are the anthvaeito field. All r.f I 
 donhtles., once forn.od part, of the ^reat A L.if '"■"-' 
 
 "T'l" Tr.Trt ' ™" ' ^'^^^^^^::^" """• 
 
 § 2. Iho length of this vast hasin of i.itunmmus co.I 
 fton> northeast to sonthwest is 875 „,,os, and l^ZlZl 
 
w^ 
 
 2 
 
 THE COAL AND lUON REGION 
 
 Hi 
 
 breadth across Pennsylvania and Ohio about 180 miles, 
 while its total area is estimated at about 58,000 square miles, 
 of which al)out 10,000 square miles are included in the state 
 of Ohio. The western limit of the coal formation in this 
 state is defined by a line beginning on the Pennsylvania 
 boundary in Trumbull county and extending westward, with 
 an irregular course, through Portage, Summit and tlie south- 
 west part of Medina county, thence turning southward 
 through the east part of Wayne and the west part of Holmes 
 and Coshocton counties, along the eastern limits of Licking 
 and Fairfield, and through Hocking, Vinton, Jackson and 
 Scioto counties to the Ohio River near the mouth of the 
 Scioto. 
 
 § 3. The strata of the great Appalachian coal basin 
 are divided, in accordance with the classification long since 
 adopted by the geological survey of Pennsylvania, into a 
 Lower and an Upper Coal Scries. This latter division, which 
 occupies but a comparatively small area in Ohio, includes at 
 its base the great Pittsburgh seam, which crosses the Ohio 
 River a little north of Steubenville, and, according to H. D. 
 Rogers, pursues a general southwest course to McConnels- 
 villc on the Muskingum River, thence more southward, pass- 
 ing a little east of the town of Athens, through Meigs and 
 Gallia counties towards the Ohio River, which it reaches 
 again a short distance above Burlington in Lawrence county. 
 The whole of the coal basin in Ohio, to the north and west of 
 the line thus traced, belongs to the Lower Coal scries. 
 This generally rests upon a considerable thickness of con- 
 glomerate (which is however in some cases wanting), and 
 was in Pennsylvania divided into the Productive Measures, 
 which are below, and the Barren Measures, which are above ; 
 a similar twofold division being also recognized in the L'pper 
 Coal scries. 
 
 § 4. The productive measures of the Lower Coal series, 
 including several important coal seams, are overlaid by 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 d 
 
 the so-called Mahoning sandstone, followed by a series of 
 strata, which, though they have been found to contain in 
 some parts of their distribution workable seams of coal, still 
 retain their name of the barren measures. The thickness of 
 the productive measures to the base of the Mahoning sand- 
 stone in Holmes county, Ohio, is about 300 feet, and in 
 northwestern Pennsylvania about 400 feet, while the overly- 
 ing barren measures are there somewhat greater in amount. 
 The whole series of the Lower Coal measures, includin*? 
 these two divisions, is, however, subject to considerable va- 
 riations from the local thickening or thinning of individual 
 members, and their occasional absence, but in southern Ohio 
 will not probably be far from 700 feet. 
 
 § 5. The various coal seams found in the Lower Coal 
 series (including the so-called barren measures), as de- 
 duced by Dr. Newberry from his studies in northern Ohio, 
 are given below in descending order. The letters and names 
 by which the principal seams were originally designated in 
 the Pennsylvania survey being in brackets. 
 
 The Coal No. 8 [II. Pittsburgh], with its underlying flre-chiy, 
 belongs to the Uppeu Coal Seuies, but rests directly upon the 
 Barren Measures of the Lowku Coal Sekies. These, cousistliig 
 of sandstones and shales, with two small limestoue formations 
 in the upper part, include 
 
 Coal 7b. — [G.] i— 4 feet. 
 
 Coal 7a. — [F.] 1—6 " 
 
 Coal 7 — 0—5 •' 
 
 Beneath this last lies another limestone bed, followed by the 
 Mahoning sandstone, which is in some localities from forty to 
 sixty feet in thickness, and in others is in part replaced by 
 shales. Below it are the Productive Measures including 
 
 Coal G — [E. Upper Freeport] . . . 4—7 feet. 
 Coal 5 — [D. Lower Freeport] . . . 2—4 «' 
 
 Coal 4 — [C. Kittanningj 2—6 " 
 
 Coal 3a. — local 2—3 " 
 
 Coal 3 — [B.] 2—4 " 
 
 Coal 2 — gem rally thin 1—6 " 
 
 Coal 1 — [A. Briar Hill or Block Coal] 3—4 " 
 
THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 ! h 
 
 § 0. The intervals between these clillereut coals, as 
 seen in the northeastern part of Ohio, vary greatly in dif- 
 ferent localities. Thns between Coals 7 and G, the inter- 
 posed strata measnre from fifty to one hnndred feet, and 
 those between 6 and 5 (where both of these are present) 
 from twenty to sixty feet; while along the western margin, 
 (where 5 is generally absent) the interval between G and 
 4, which equals 100 feet farther ea-stward, is reduced to 
 twenty-five feet. Between 4 and 3 the interval varies from 
 twenty to eighty feet ; 3a (and sometimes another thin 
 seam not indicated in the above list,) intervenes where the 
 distance is greatest. The interval between 3 and 2 is more 
 constant, being from eighty to ninety feet, while that 
 between 2 and 1 is extremely irregular, sometimes vary- 
 ing fifty feet within a few hundred yards ; this variation 
 being mainly due to waves or undulations in the lower 
 seam, which generally reposes upon a conglomerate, some- 
 times with the intervention of a varial)le amount of shale. 
 This conglomerate, in some places one hundred feet or more 
 in thickness, is in other cases almost or altogether wanting, 
 and the coal measures then repose directly upon the Waver- 
 ley sandstone of the Lower Carboniferous. 
 
 § 7. It will be seen from the above account that the 
 Lower Coal series in northern Ohio offers considerable varia- 
 tions not only in the thickness of the coal seams and of the 
 intervening strata, but also in the occasional absence of some 
 of the members, and, it may be added, in the quality of the 
 same seam of coal in different parts of its distribution. 
 These various irregularities are equally noticeable in other 
 parts of the great Appalachian basin, and, as long since re- 
 marked by Lesley, are much more marked in the Lower 
 than in the Upper Coal series. 
 
 § 8. When we come to study the Lower Coal measures 
 in the southern part of Ohio we find that there have been 
 some differences of opinion as to the precise equivalence 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 of the individual beds with tliosc in the north. It is not 
 easy to prove tliat the lowest coal seam of Jacltson county 
 is a continuation of the lowest seam of Mahoning county, 
 yet if we reckon downward from the Pittsburgh seam there 
 appears such a general correspondence as leads us to con- 
 clude that the lower measures of the two regions arc, if 
 not identical, very similar. 
 
 § 9. Tiie characteristic seam of the Lower Coal series 
 in the southern region is the Xclsonville or Straitsville scam, 
 which lies, according to Prof. Andrews, about 420 feet below 
 the Pittsburgh or Pomeroy seam, and is, with great reason, 
 regarded by Xewberry as Coal 6 of his scries, the equivalent 
 of the Upper Freeport of Pennsylvania. This coal is, to the 
 southwest, in Jackson and Vinton counties, overlaid by an 
 ore-bearing limestone, and is there known as the Limestone 
 coal. Beneath this there arc several workable coal seams ; 
 near the town of Jackson in Lick township arc found, ac- 
 cording to Prof. Andrews, not less than three seams of dr}'- 
 burning coal from three to four feet in thickness, above which 
 is a seam of cannel. A canncl coal, probably the same, ap- 
 pears in several sections in this region about seventy-five 
 feet below the Limestone coal. According to data furnished 
 me by Mr. XL Wells, there are in Milton township within a 
 vertical distance of 275 feet beneath the last named coal, 
 four and probably five coal scams, one of which lies about 
 twenty-five feet below the Limestone coal. Beneath this is 
 the cannel, which is from one and a half to four feet in 
 thickness, which has been mined to some extent as a gas- 
 coal, while the lowest seam, now mined at Wellston in Mil- 
 ton, is a dry-burning coal from four to nearly five feet in 
 thickness. It is supposed to I)e the same with the lower or 
 shaft-coal mined at Jackson, and both are used with irreat 
 success as furnace-coals, as is also a hiirhcr seam from two 
 and a half to throe and a half feet thick mined at Jackson 
 and known as the hill-coal. 
 
6 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 § 10. Tho Nelsoiiville coal, as we go northeast into Vin- 
 ton, Hocking, Athens and Perry counties, is no longer 
 overlaid by the limestone band to which it owes its name to 
 the southward, but assumes a greater importance, and from 
 a thickness of four feet rises to six and seven, and finally in 
 parts of Perry county attains eleven and even thirteen feet. 
 From its superior quality and its great development it be- 
 comes tiie most important coal seam in Ohio. Through- 
 out this region it is known as the Nelsonville or Straitsville 
 seam or tho Great Vein, but farther northward, where it 
 becomes tliinner, as the Upper New Lexington coal. 
 
 § 11. At a distance of from forty to fifty feet above the 
 great vein there is found in some parts of this 
 
 region 
 
 another seam of coal which generally attains a thickness of 
 four feet or more, and is described by Prof. Andrews as the 
 Norris or Middle scam, from the fact tliat it is intermediate 
 between tho Nelsonville and a still higher one known as the 
 Baylcy's Hun or Stallsmith coal, which lies from eiglity to 
 one hundred feet al)ove the Nelsonville, and is a highly bit- 
 uminous coking coal, attaining a thickness of four and five 
 feet. In some parts; of this region there are apparently ir- 
 regularities in the strata immediately above the great vein, 
 the intervals between the coals varying ; while occasionally 
 the middle seam appears to be absent. Tliis latter may be 
 provisionally designated as Coal Ga, while the upper seam 
 is regarded as Coal 7. 
 
 § 12. It is not easy in this region to fix upon the rep- 
 resentative of the Mahoning sandstone of the north, or to 
 say whether one or both of the seams just named belong to 
 the so-called barren measures. They are however succeeded 
 by a considerable thickness of strata nearly destitute of coal, 
 which are well seen along the Hue of the Marietta and Cin- 
 cinnati railroad to the east of Athens station. These in- 
 clude two considerable deposits of limestone, the first of 
 which, according to Andrews, is two hundred feet above 
 
or SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 the Nelsonvillo coal, and the second eighty feet above the 
 hist ; while one hundred and forty feet higher, or four hun- 
 dred and twenty foot above the Nelsonvllle seam, we find the 
 Federal Creek or Ponieroy coal, which is the Pittsburgh 
 seam, already mentioned as forming the base of the Upper 
 Coal series. This seam attains a remarkable development in 
 some of the tributaries of Federal Creek in lierne and Komo 
 in Atheiis coimty, not far from Big Run station on the M. 
 & C. railroad, exhibiting in some parts not less than nine 
 feet of coking coal of superior quality. Above this seam 
 are several others of less importance which need not now 
 occupy our attention. 
 
 § 13. Small formations of limestone are found at several 
 horizons interstratificd with the sandstones and shales of the 
 coal measures above described, but are often local and in- 
 terrupted. They are frequently associated with a flinty 
 quartz or chert, which in some localities yields excellent mill- 
 stones. This material, known as buhrstone, was formerly 
 supposed to be confined to the vicinity of a single lime- 
 stone band which, to the northward, overlies Coal 3, and this, 
 according to Newberry, led to some mistakes in the identifi- 
 cation of coal seams. There are in reality layers of buhr- 
 stone with limestone at several horizons in the coal measures. 
 
 § 14. The iron ores which are interstratificd with the coal 
 measures in Ohio are of great importance, and are smelted 
 extensively in various parts of the state. These ores, which 
 are found at several horizons in both the lower and upper 
 series, are most frequently carbonates, sometimes in sheets, 
 and at other times nodular, while they occasionally assimic the 
 form of black-band. At and near their outcrops these carl)on- 
 ated ores are frequently changed into limonitcs. More rarely 
 a compact red hematite, very hard and dense, is met with. In 
 the northern part of the state a stratum of ore is found be- 
 neath the lowest coal ; this is sometimes a black-band ore, as 
 in Mahoning county, where it has long been smelted. Passing 
 
8 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REOION 
 
 over scvei'iil layers of ore above this, we note in the nortii a 
 band of nodular ore just above Coal 5 (which possibly cor- 
 responds to a layer of kidney ore below the <!:rcat vein in the 
 south) and u still hi<,dior layer which occurs iuiinodiately 
 over Coal 7, and is in parts of Tuscarawas and Stark counties, 
 a black-band from sixteen to twenty feet in thickness ; while 
 elsewhere it is Avholly or in part a nodular carbonate ore, and 
 is sometimes associated with a limestone, often itself fer- 
 
 ruf^inous. 
 
 § 15. It is however in the southern counties that these 
 ores are best known, where, in the Hanging Ilock region, 
 they have long been mined and smelted on a great scale. 
 Beneath the Limestone coal are several layers of ore of 
 considerable importance, including, in Jackso'.^ county, two 
 or more of the so-called block ores; while in Milton, about 
 thirty feet above what is considered the lowest coal, is a layer 
 of nodular red nematite of great hardness and density', said 
 by Mr. Wells to be about twenty inches in thickness. From 
 twenty-five to thirty feet below the Limestone coal is a layer 
 of kidney or nodular carbonate ore varying from six inches 
 to more than a foot in thickness, while immediately above 
 the limestone which overlies the coal just named, the 
 equivalent of the great vein, is the so-called limestone-ore, 
 the most important deposit in the region, which varies from 
 a few inches to three feet, and even six feet in thickness. 
 
 § 1(5. As we go northeastward this limestone, as already 
 said, is no longer found above the great vein or Nelsonvillo 
 seam, an<l the accompanying ore is also absent. In the 
 valley of the Hocking River, and to the northward, the layer 
 of kidney ore, frequently a foot or more iji thickness, is 
 found beneath the great seam, sometimes at a distance of 
 ten or twelve feet, but elsewhere separated from the coal 
 only by two or three feet of fire-clay. Another and an 
 important band of ore, associated with u thin layer of lime- 
 stone, lies a little above the Norris or middle scam, and 
 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 9 
 
 aomotinips attains a thiokness, accord in*:^ to Mr. Road of the 
 geological .survey, of four aud a half feet. Little attention 
 has been paid to the iron ores in these higher portions of the 
 coal measures, since the existing furnaces have hitherto got 
 their supplies from the lower layers already noticed. Ac- 
 cording to the statements of the llev. J. P. Wethee, cited by 
 Prof. Andrews, there are in Dover and Trimble townships 
 and their vicinity, between the Bayley's Kun and Federal 
 Creek or Pomero}' coal seams, not less than seven workable 
 layers of iron ore, the most, if not all of which, are equal in 
 thickness aud in richness to the great limestone ore stratmn 
 of the southern counties. These various ores will be noticed 
 farther on. 
 
 § 17. The sandstones which lie beneath the coal measures 
 in southern Ohio, atFord in many parts jw'troleum, and abomid 
 in brines, which arc obtained by Ijoring. ui<l are used for the 
 manufacture of salt. At Pomeroy, whert uo wells are sunk 
 through the whole of the Lower Coal '<>s, the brine is 
 reached at a depth of about 1000 feet, but to the north- 
 westward and in the Hocking valley it is found at 700 feet. 
 The seat of these brines is in the Lower Carboniferous rocks, 
 known in Ohio as the Waverley and Logan sandstones. Ac- 
 cording to Prof. Andrews, however, good brines are, in Noble 
 and Washington counties, obtained from the higher sand- 
 stones interstratified with the coal measures, and consequent- 
 ly at a less depth. The value of the salt made in Ohio, in 
 1870, was estimated at a little over three-quarters of a mil- 
 lion of dollars, of which two-thirds was produced in INIeigs 
 county. There arc however salt-wells in Guernsey, iMuskin- 
 gum, Tuscarawas, Morgan, Perry and Athens counties. 
 
 § 18. The strata of the coal formation in eastern Ohio 
 are very slightly inclined, and are usually described as 
 having a uniform dip to the south of east. It has, however, 
 been shown by Newberry that they form several troughs 
 with a general northeast and southwest direction, the strata 
 
10 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 on the eastern side of these having a slight dip to the north- 
 westward. By these gentle undulations the beds are kept near 
 the surf;;ce, so that the section on the east line of Columbiant^ 
 county is the same with that 100 miles farther eastward 
 near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; the average dip across this 
 region not exceeding three feet in a mile. Farther to the 
 southwest the inclination of the strata is grer jr, but rarely, 
 according to Andrews, exceeds thirty fecc ':j the mile, its 
 direction l)eing stated at from 10° to 20° south of east. These 
 slight undulations of the strata are seldom or never accompa- 
 nied by faults, and are the feeble representatives of the great 
 flexures which have so much disturbed the eastern part of 
 the coal basin. 
 
 § 19. Having thus given a general notion of the Lower 
 Coal measures of Ohio, we shall now proceed to a more 
 detailed description of Coal No. G, being the Nelsonville or 
 Straitsville seam, locally known as the great vein, which 
 from its thickness, position and valuable qualities is the most 
 important coal in the state. Its distribution, its variations in 
 thickness, its character and uses will bo described, to be 
 followed by a similar description of Coals 5, Ga and 7. An 
 account of the nature, character and uses of all of these coals 
 will then be given, with numerous analysed by Prof. T. G. 
 "VVormle}'', the chemist of the Ohio geological survey. These 
 will be followed by observations on the value of the coal of 
 the great vein for iron-making, as a furnace-coal, in which 
 connection some facts will be given with regard to the iMitivo 
 iron ores, their extent, their importance and the cost of 
 mining and smelting them, the importation of foreign ores, 
 and the future of the iron-industry in Ohio, to be followed 
 with some details with regard to the other furnace-coals. 
 To this will I)e added considerations on the commercial im- 
 portance of the coals of the Hocking Valley in relation to 
 the markets of the north and west, with statistics of the coal 
 trade of these rcjjions. 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 n 
 
 THE HOCKING VALLEY COAL FIELD. 
 
 § 20. The seam of coal which -vve have referred to No. 6 
 of Dr. Newberry's series, or the L^^pper Frceport of Penn- 
 sylvania, is, as we have seer, known in some paits of 
 southern Ohio as the Limestone coal, from the layer of 
 limestone (bearing iron ore) which there rests upon it. The 
 limestone is found in this position in Jackson county, and as 
 far northward as Elk and Madison in Vinton county, beycnd 
 which it is not known. The underlying coal in the town- 
 ships just named, and in Milton, Jackson county, is from 
 3' to 4' in thickness, and is described as a good dry- 
 burning coal, Avhich is mined in some localities. Towards 
 the Ohio Kiver it becomes thinner, and in some places only 
 a trace of the seam is found, but in Kentucky it again be- 
 comes of some importance. 
 
 § 2L Passing northwards we leave the overlying lime- 
 stone in Elk and Madison, when the coal becomes thicker, and 
 is known as the great vein. On the Marietta and Cincinnati 
 railroad, a little west of Hope station, this seam is exposed 
 in the valley of Raccoon Creek, in section 19 of Brown town- 
 ship, but its thickness there cannot be determined. Aliout 
 four miles to the northward, after passing over the hills, 
 the great vein is exposed in section 29 of the same township, 
 in the valley of Two-Mile Kun, where I found exposed a 
 thickness of 6' 8", with two thin clay partings. About 
 three miles to the northeast of this, it again appears in sec- 
 tion 7 of the townshii) of Starr, Hocking count}', on the 
 land of Mr. Simms, where the coal is mined for local use, 
 and measures G' G". Both in Starr and in Brown it was 
 seen to be underlaid at a depth of about twenty-five feet by 
 a seam of coal, and overlaid by two others, all of which will 
 be noticed in their place. 
 
 § 22. To the eastward of Brown, lie the townships of 
 
' 
 
 12 
 
 THE COAL AND lUON REGION 
 
 :'i 
 
 Waterloo and Athens in Athens county. These, there is 
 every reason to believe, are underlaid by the great vein, 
 which dips with the strata to the south of east, at a slight 
 angle. A boring made last winter in section 32 of Water- 
 loo, not far from the western border of the township, and 
 a few rods north of the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, 
 showed, according to the record furnished me by J. M. 
 Welch, Esq., of Athens, at a distance of seventy feet below 
 the valley, a seam of coal probably not less than G' thick. 
 It had been penetrated some inches before the coal was de- 
 tected, after which 5' 4" Avere passed through. Farther to 
 the northeast it is reported to have been found in fin-mer 
 borings for oil, in section 16 of Waterloo, at a depth of 
 seventy-six feet, and in section 4 at one hundred and eight 
 feet, with a thickness of iV. 
 
 § 23. In Athens township, and near the town of that 
 name, the coal of the great vein was reached some years 
 ago by a shaft at a depth of two hundred feet, but the scam 
 was found to be irregular, though in parts 5' G", and the 
 workiu": was abandoned. Prof. Andrews sujrgests that it 
 mav be only a local irreiridaritv since, in a borini; for salt, 
 three miles to the west, the coal was found at one hundred 
 and forty feet, and also in another boring two miles to the 
 north, in both with a thickness of G'. Nothing is known of 
 it in the eastern part of the township of Athens. 
 
 § 24. Taking the townships in successive ranges from 
 west to east, we have to the north of Brown, Waterloo and 
 Athens, the townships (;f Starr in Hocking county, and 
 York and Dover in Athens county. A large part of Hrowi., 
 Starr and York, consists of bold, elevated land, beloiiging 
 to what are known as the Hocking Hills, and it is only 
 in the valleys that the great vein of coal is exposed. Wo 
 have already, in § 21, noticed its occurrence in the south- 
 eastern part of Starr, in section 7, with a thickness of G' G", 
 and it is said in the vicinity to have a thickness of 7'. It is 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 13 
 
 not known how far to the westward in Starr this vein may 
 extend, but tlie strata in the western part of the township 
 appear to hek)ng to a lower liorizon. 
 
 § 25. Passing eastward into York, in the nortliern part of 
 which, m section 24, is situated Nelsonville, we tind the 
 great vein hirgely mined at various points along the line 
 of the Columhus and Hocking Valley railroad, which fol- 
 
 lows the valley of the Hocking R 
 
 which the coal 
 
 iver, along both sides of 
 
 of the township, where the 
 
 s exposed, nearly to the southeastern cor 
 
 ncr 
 
 vein siidcs beneath the water-level. 
 
 At Lick Run mine in fraction 18, and 
 
 section 2\), the coal has a thickness of 0' G" and iV 5" 
 
 it lirooks's mine 
 
 two clay partings, and yields six feet of cl 
 the general yield of the workings alon«' ti 
 thi.> 
 
 in 
 
 with 
 
 can coal, which is 
 le river vallev in 
 
 vicinity. In the valley of Spring Branch, in section 32 
 ot lork, J found the seam exposed with a thickness of 0' G", 
 and again a1)out two and a half miles to the northeast it 
 ippears in the valley of Meeker's Run, with a thickness of 
 
 *J', including a foot of shal 
 
 Bessemer, in section 12, of York, th 
 
 e near the upper i)art. Ne 
 
 ir 
 
 Mr. M. C. Read as 1 
 
 e seam is described by 
 
 th 
 
 lavmg a thickness of [}' 7", includ 
 
 roe clay partings with an aggregate thicki 
 
 stead of two, as f 
 
 less o 
 
 f 1, 
 
 n 
 
 ener 
 
 ■ally 
 
 ing 
 in- 
 
 seen. 
 
 §2G. We find, in fact, at Nel 
 
 sonville. Lick Run and el.* 
 
 where in this vicinity, that the shale which forms tl 
 the 
 
 sometimes very thin and at other tin 
 
 ic roo 
 
 seam often carries above it a layer of coal, which 
 
 f of 
 
 IS 
 
 les measures a foot or 
 
 more. The shale parting which divides this from the body 
 
 of the vei 
 sidt 
 
 n, may also be thin, as at Bessemer, or of 
 
 ral)le thickness. In the hill behind Nelsonvill 
 ing to Andrews, there is found a layer of from G' 
 
 con- 
 
 coal, separated from the mass oC tl 
 
 le 
 
 c, accord- 
 to 24" of 
 great vein by 3' [)" 
 of shale. This upper coal, when present, is alwa>s lelt be- 
 hind in mining, as being of inferior quality. The six feet of 
 good coal in this vicinity are from the lower three layers. 
 
14 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 This coal is also mined at tlie mouth of Flooclwood Creek, 
 where its thickness is in some parts reduced to 5' 2". This 
 diminution is local, and farther on in the drift the scam attains 
 6' 2", while to the northeast, in section 4, it measures 9'. 
 
 § 27. In the township of Dover, which adjoins York 
 on the east, the great vein has sunk below water-level and 
 is reached by shafts. On the line of the railroad in the 
 southwest part of the township, near the mouth of Ilamley's 
 Run, the coal is extensively mined by a shaft of sixty-nine 
 feet. I was informed that 6' were extracted, leaving 2' of 
 inferior quality in the upper part of the seam. At Chauncey, 
 in section 20 of Dover, and in Salina a little farther to the 
 southwest, the coal is mined for the manufacture of salt, at 
 a depth of one hundred feet, and has a thickness of G' and 
 upwards. Nothing is known of this coal in the eastern part 
 of Dover, and it is not improbable, from the observations at 
 Athens, that it may thin out to the southeast. 
 
 § 28. Coming now to the next range of townships to 
 the north, we have Green and Ward in Hocking county, 
 and Trimble in Athens county. The trend of the outcrop 
 of the coal strata being to the east of north, the great vein 
 is contined to the southeast part of Green, where it is found 
 in the hills and is largely miiicd at Ilaydenville, with a 
 
 rJ ril 
 
 thickness of 6' 4". Elsewhere in this vicinit}- it is 5' 7 
 
 § 2i). The high lands of Ward everywhere contain the 
 great vein. This township is traversed oI)li(picly in its 
 Avestern part by Monday Creek, and along its eastern border 
 by Snow Fork, a tributary of the latter. In the southern 
 part of the township the coal is G' or a little more, but its 
 thickness augments to the northward, and in section 24, near 
 the northwest corner, on Lost Run it is described as being 
 10' G". In the valley of Snow Fork, on the eastern border 
 of the township, the coal is seen at various points measur- 
 ing 7', d' and 10'. 
 
 § 30. Trimble township, which lies to tho eastward of 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 15 
 
 Ward, is traversed in its eastern part from north to south by 
 Sunday Creek, which passes thence nearly through the mid- 
 dle of Dover and falls into the Hocking in the southern part 
 of this township. The great vein in the western part of 
 Trimble is exposed along the valley of the Snow Fork, where 
 in section 31 it measures 10', but to the eastward sinks be- 
 neath water-level, dipping to the south of east at the rate of 
 about thirty feet in a mile. In the southeastern part of tho 
 township in Sunday Creek valley a recent boring in section 
 7, showed the vein Mith a thickness of 8' 4" at eighty-four 
 feet below the surface. In the southern part of tho town- 
 ship borings have lately been made on Green's Run and Bay- 
 ley's Run, showing the great vein 7', 8' 2" and 10' at depths 
 of from eighty to ninety feet below the surface i»i the lower 
 valleys. Some of these borings are in the northern part 
 of Dover, but I have not the means of giving their exact lo- 
 calities. Various borings to the northward, along the valley 
 of Sunday Creek in Trimble, show tho great vein to be from 
 8' 6" to 12' 2". 
 
 § 31. The next line of townships to the north includes, 
 beginning at the west, Monday Creek township in Perry 
 county with the narrow Gore of Falls to tho south of it. 
 To the east of these lies Salt Lick, followed by Muuroe, 
 both also in Perry county. In the tirst named of these 
 townships the great vein appears in the hills in the eastern 
 part, two and a half miles east of Maxville, with a thickness 
 of 7' 4" to 7' 8". It is also said to be mined in the Gore. 
 
 § 32. In Salt Lick, the great vein is largely mined, this 
 township and York being as yet the only portions of tho 
 Hocking valley Held in which important mining operations 
 arc carried on. A branch of the Columbus and Hocking 
 Valley railroad from Logan, entering Salt Lick from the west, 
 has its terminus at New Straitsville, while from the north 
 comes tho Newark, Somerset and Straitsville railroad, tho 
 present terminus of which is at Shawuec. Both of these 
 
10 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 points are in the western part of the township, where the coal 
 is found only in the hills, and is advantageously mined by 
 drifting. The vein in this vicinity measures from 9' to 11', 
 and includes two cla}^ partings. In various other parts of the 
 township its thickness varies from a little over 0' to I)' and 
 10'. The mines of the Straitsville Cannel Company of New 
 York, in the eastern part of the township on the head-waters 
 of the west branch of Sunday Creek, are said to have 10' of 
 coal on an average. In some parts of this township the coal 
 for one or two feet in the upper part of the seam is slaty and 
 pyritous, and this having been injudiciously mixed with the 
 lower i)ortions, gave for a time a bad repute to the Straits- 
 ville coal. This upper part is now in these cases rejected. 
 
 § 33. A process of erosion during the deposition of the 
 coal measures, and prior to the formation of the overlying 
 coal scams has, according to Andrews, locally aH'ccted the 
 great vein in the eastern part of Salt Lick township and the 
 western part of jNlunroe on the tributaries of Sunday Creek. 
 The shale, which usually forms the roof, is cut away, and 
 in some cases, the coal itself, the seam being reduced to 
 three or four feet, or entirely wanting, as in one locality in 
 section 2-1 of Salt Lick. Andrews describes a case where 
 the coal, Avith a thickness of 10', has been cut sharply off. 
 This work appears to have been done by currents flowing in 
 channels which were subsequently tilled up by sand. I have 
 seen in York an irregular cavity in the ui)[)er part of the coal 
 tilled in this manner by sandstone, and similar cavities are 
 also occasionally occupied by clay. The strata inuncdiately 
 above the great vein seem in many parts to have been con- 
 siderably disturbed by this ancient erosion, but the breaks 
 in the continuity of the coal seam itself are, according to 
 Andrews, rare and of very limited extent. 
 
 § 31. To the east of Salt Lick township lies iMunroc, 
 which is traversed from north to south by Sunday Creek. 
 In the western part the coal occurs above water-level, and in 
 
OF SOUTIIEItX OHIO. 
 
 17 
 
 section 18, wliorc it 
 
 with two partiiio-.s moa 
 
 is exposed in ii vallov, shows 12' G' 
 
 tl 
 
 •IS, ,11 section 7, it is 12', wiiile in sect 
 
 curing togctiioi- 6". To the north of 
 
 velopment of i:V 2", with 4" of ,.hal 
 
 ion 8 it attains a d( 
 
 section 9 is an outcrop where it has iono- 1 
 
 e in two partiiiirs. Ii 
 
 use, and shows a thickness of 11'. In tiie east 
 township it is reached l)v I 
 
 )een mined tor local 
 ern part of the 
 
 it was 11' G" at a depth of twenty-nine feet, whil 
 23, at a depth of (ifty-tliree feet, the coal 
 
 )orings; in section 15, nearFerrara, 
 
 e in section 
 
 and 
 
 measured 10' 10' 
 
 in section 27 at sixty feet its thickness was [)' ( 
 
 § 35. To the nortli of the hist 
 
 lind Jackson, and to tl 
 
 10 east of tiiese P'\h 
 
 range of townsjiips we 
 
 e and IJear/iekl. 
 
 lil in Perry connty, together with the small townshiu of 
 easant interposed, consistinj^ of sixteen sect 
 
 PI 
 
 1> 
 ions which arc 
 
 taken from the surrounding townships of Salt Lick, .M„., 
 Pike and Bearlield. The great vein of coal is traced a'l 
 its western outcrop into the hills in the southeast., 
 of Jackson, hut is there reduced to a thickness of I 
 
 nnroe. 
 
 onir 
 
 ern corner 
 
 In Pike, near tl 
 
 ess til; 
 
 ui 
 
 le villa-xe of IJiistoI i 
 
 u section 30, and 
 
 igain to the northeast in section IG, it is found in the liilh 
 ivith a thickness of only 4'. In both id 
 
 places it shows the 
 
 d partings, and the upper portion is inferior. 15evond tl 
 
 US- 
 
 it is known in tl 
 
 on the Cincinnati and Musk 
 
 le northern [)art of Pike at New I 
 
 us 
 
 ■ex in '.'•(on 
 
 also it has a thickness of about 4'. It is her 
 
 ingum Valley railroad, Avh 
 
 ere 
 
 siderahle extent, and is I 
 
 e mined to a con- 
 
 coal, to distiiuniish it f 
 
 known as the Upper Xcw Lexlnirt 
 
 on 
 
 it, which is al 
 
 roni another si'ani tweiitv-tliree helo 
 
 so miiuM 
 
 1 at tl 
 
 \Y 
 
 u^ place. 
 
 § 3G. The rpper Xew Lexin^t 
 
 ^'toii coal, the diminished 
 
 representative of the great vein, is traced through tl 
 ern part of Bearlield, wUh a thickness of 4' and 1 
 to the northward, at McLunev's station, in II 
 
 le west- 
 
 ' G' 
 
 nd 
 
 C. & M. V. R. K. is mined, where it has a thicl 
 
 4' 8' 
 
 of York, Morira 
 
 irrison, on the 
 
 kness ot 
 
 of which the upper 13" are rejected. In the town,.| 
 
 )M 
 
 n county, which joins Harrison on (he 
 
 east, 
 
18 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 this coal is also seen Avith a thickness of 4' 2", and with the 
 usual partings, and it has been traced farther nortlnvard into 
 jNIuskinguni county. Hero it is mined in Newton, wliere, like 
 the underlying seam, it is a caking coal. To the northeastward 
 the Coal No. G is, according to Newberry, smooth, bright, 
 very adhesive in the Hrc, and generally highly sulpluu'ous. 
 
 § 37. In the northeast part of Pleasant township the 
 great vein is found with a thickness of 5' to i)' 0", and as 
 we follow to the southeast the valley of the Moxahala in- 
 creases to G' and 7', and tinally, in the southeast part of the 
 township, on the confines of Munroe, attains its full develop- 
 ment of 11' and 12'. 
 
 § 38. Wo have thus followed the Upper Frecport, or 
 Nelsonville coal, from the southward, where it is thin and 
 unimportant, up to the townships of Brown, Waterloo and 
 Athens, in which it has a thickness of G' or more, and thence 
 northeastward along its western outcrop, through Starr, Green 
 and Monday Creek, where it attains the same, or greater 
 thickness, until in Pike or Harrison we have found it dimin- 
 ished to 4', and deteriorated in quality, at least in the ui)per 
 portion of the seam. Proceeding to the southeastward 
 from the outcrop, we have seen it in York, Dover, AVard, 
 Trimble, Salt Lick, ^Nlunroc and Pleasant townships, rang- 
 ing from iV to 7', 10' and even 12' and 13' in thickness. We 
 have found that in the southeast part of jNInnroe, in the 
 greater part of Trimble, throughout Dover and Athens, and 
 in parts of York and Waterloo, the southeastern dip of the 
 strata carries the great vein beneath tiio water-level ; while 
 farther to the northwest it lies in the hills and has been re- 
 moved from the lower levels. To the south and east of the 
 townships named, nothing is kno\Vn of this seam of coal, 
 but it will probably be found to thin out in this as in all 
 other directions. 
 
 § 39. It will bo noticed that this great development to 
 the north and east of the Hocking is confined to tlie region 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 19 
 
 drained hy tho tributarir'S of this river, and the same is true 
 of tho portion to the south except Brown and small portions 
 of Starr, York and Waterloo, from which the waters flow 
 southwest to the liaccoon Itivcr. Wo are thus justiticd in 
 applying to this region the name frequently given to it of 
 tho Hocking valley coal lield. 
 
 § 40. In estimating tho area of this field, or rather that 
 over which the coal of the great vein is to be found with 
 a thickness of (5' and upwards, it must be remembered that 
 excei)t in these parts in the southeast whore it lies beneath 
 the water-level, more or less of the coal has been removed 
 in the erosion of tho valleys. Without a careful tojx)- 
 graphical survey of the region, any attempt to detcrmino 
 tho amount thus removed must be but a guess. It is, I 
 think, probable that the areas of tho coal lying in tho hills 
 of Starr, Green and Monday Creek townships, along tho 
 western border of the tield, are not more than equal to 
 tho portions which have been cut away from tho valleys of 
 the townships to the eastward. Kegarding these then as 
 compensated for by the hills of tho western townsliii)s, we 
 may reckon as entire the townships of Brown, AV'aterloo, 
 Athens, York, Dover, Ward, TrimI)lo, Salt Lick and 
 Munroe, including the southern part of Pleasant, which is, 
 as it wore, cut out from tho last two named. We have thus 
 an area of nine townships of thirty-six square miles each, 
 equal to three hundred and twenty-four scpiaro miles. If 
 from this, for the eastern part of the township of Athens, 
 in which the groat vein is not known, and its development 
 doubtful, and also tho southeastern part ot Dover, of which 
 tho same may be said, we deduct twenty-four miles, wo shall 
 have three hundred square miles, as tho area over which 
 the great vein is known to extend, with its develoi)nient of 
 G' an<l more. This, though confessedly but an approxima- 
 tion, from tho difficulty of estimating the amount removed 
 by erosion, is probably rather over than under the truth. 
 
20 
 
 TIIR COAL AXI> IIIOX ItKOlON 
 
 §41. Along the westcni hordor of the Hocking Vallo}^ 
 cojil fii'Ul, it i.s known that the lower coal scams of rlackson 
 county, with Iheii" accompanying iron ores, arc found. 
 These lower coals appear in some i)art,s at least, to be thin, 
 and they have hitherto received hut little attention, on ac- 
 count of their proximity to the great vein. The accompany- 
 ing strata yield large quantities of iron ore, and it is not 
 improl)ahlo that some of these lower coal seams may, as in 
 Jackson county, I)e found valnal)le. There arc, however, 
 iis we have already noticed in § .'], seams of coal in close 
 proximity to the great vein, which re(|uire more particular 
 notice. The lirst of these, being below it, we have desig- 
 nated as Coal No. 5. It is found to the southward, in Mad- 
 ison and Elk, Vinton county, from twenty-tivc to thirty' feet 
 beneath the Jjimcstone coal, with a thickness of from 2' to 
 3', and in some places [)'. It was again seen in the same 
 position beneath the outcrop (;f the great vein in the north- 
 ern part of lirown, and in the southern part of Starr, where 
 
 it appear 
 
 s in the bed of a creek, at an estimated distance of 
 
 twentv-live feet below the <n'eat seam. 1 was informed 
 that two wells, sunk in this part of Starr, had each passed 
 through -i' of this coal. From its position it is of course 
 soon concealed to the eastward, but is seen at several points 
 along the Hocking Kivcr, and was ex[)osed several years 
 since in digging the Hocking Canal, near Nelsonville, whei'o 
 it was said to be from IV to 4' thick, and was found a good 
 smith's coal. Near Lick liun, in fraction 18 of York, it was 
 found l)y Andrews to have a thickness of o', and to lie twenty- 
 seven feet below the great vein. 
 
 It is also seen in Green and Salt Lick townships twenty- 
 five and thirty feet below the groat vein, and occasional l}' 
 shows marks of erosion before the dei)osilion of the latter, 
 as a result of which it is [)artially replaced by sandstone. To 
 the northeastward, near Xew Lexington, its position is 
 twenty-two feet below the great vein, and it measures 4', 
 
OF SOUTIIEUN OHIO. 
 
 21 
 
 with ii tliin day pavVmcr ,ioar the mi.ldlo. It is hero known 
 as the L,.u-or Xrw Lcxin-ton coal, and hotli it and tho 
 overly. n^r seam are extensively mined (§ •]^). Still farther 
 to the northeast the lower .seam, or Coal a, is mine.l in Xcmv- 
 ton, Miiskingnm eounty, with u thickness of ;}' W and is 
 |i caking coal. Tho soft shales uhr.ve this lower coal allord 
 111 some cases a line clay for pottery, which is extensividy 
 made from it at lioseville, in Clay township, in the county 
 just named. "^ 
 
 § 12. Within a distance of about 100 feet al.ove the ^reat 
 vein there are found the two seams of coal already noticed 
 in § 11 as Coals Ga and 7, which are of consi<leraI,le im- 
 portance in various parts of the Hocking ^^lIlev re-ion. 
 lliey wdl be best understood by beoinnin- their studv in 
 the northeast part of the Held, where these ui.per seams'are 
 more known than elsewhere. On the west branch of Sun- 
 day Creek, in section 24 of Salt Lick township, a seam of 
 coal, here 2' G", is seen forty-seven feet al)ove the ^n-eat 
 vein and another 100 feet above, which is 4' in thickness. 
 Iho lower of these is the Coal Ga or middle seam, which is 
 mmed a few miles eastward at the Xorris hank in section 21 
 of Munroe, where it is G' in thickness and is known as tho 
 W,s coal. It is also mined farther northward in section 9 
 of the same townshii), where it is iifty feel above the -re-,t 
 vein, and has a thickness of 4', and is again seen near the vil- 
 lage of Moxahala in section 29 of Pleasant township. Its 
 place in this vicinity is from forty to forty-five feet above tho 
 great vein, and its thickness in one localitv is 4' 2" Flsc 
 where it is reduced to 2', and in the hills f^ the northwest- 
 ward, towards Xew Lexington, it is ffenerallv wantin-.- At 
 Ferrara also, in section 22 of M.mroe, it is only a few'inches 
 lu thickness, and farther south, from a boring made in the 
 southern part of Trimble, it appears to be absent. 
 
 § 43 To tho southwcsfward, at Lick lUm in fraction 18 
 of lork, the Coal Ga again appears forty-seven feet al) 
 
 hove 
 
:r 
 
 .! 
 
 22 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 H 
 
 
 the great vein. It has here a thickness, according to An- 
 drews, of only 9", hnt a mile and a half to the sonthwcst 
 ajjpears with a tliickness of 4', and with a hand of limestono 
 eighteen feet above it. In several otiier localities in York 
 this coal is seen wit' Miickness of abont 4', and is mined 
 for local nse. In s ii 10 the same coal was fonnd in two 
 openings to bo 3' li" and 4' G". The position of tliis is 
 here supposed to be forty or fifty feet above the great vein, 
 and a still higher seam of 3', representing Coal 7, was seen 
 in some localities in this township. 
 
 § 44. In the eastern part of York, and farther north in 
 Ward, there appear to l)e some irregnlarities in these ui)per 
 coals. Near the nionth of ^Meeker's linn, in section 10 of 
 York, the two seams above the great vein arc fonnd, accord- 
 ing to Andrews, the tirst of 3', at twenty-five feet al)ovc, and 
 the second of 4', seventy-six feet above the great vein, while 
 near liessemer, in s- "tion 12, the first seam is fonnd in its 
 place, and the sec( 'onld appear, from the description by 
 
 Mr. Read, to be wai. g. Again in the northeastern part of 
 Ward, on Snow Fork, there is fonnd, according to Andrews, 
 a seam of 3' twenty-five feet above the top of the great vein, 
 followed, after twenty-seven feet, by abont two feet of lime- 
 stone, flinty at the top and carrying some iron ore. At sixty 
 feet above the same horizon is a second seam of coal 4' 3", 
 while still a third seam of 3' 6" occnrs at ninety feet aI)ove 
 the great vein. Lower down on Snow Fork, however, a 
 seam of 4' occnrs forty-five feet above the great vein, and 
 the outcrop of another is seen forty-five feet higher np, these 
 measiu'cments coinciding with those to the northeast in Mnn- 
 roe. These local difierences are not improbably connected 
 with the erosion which occiuTcd near this part of the field 
 during the deposition of the coal measures, as already de- 
 scribed in § 33. 
 
 § 45. The upper seam or Coal 7 which, as we have seen, 
 occnrs in the eastern part of York at seventy-six feet, and 
 
OF SOUTIIEKN OHIO. 
 
 23 
 
 111, 
 
 ty 
 
 a 
 
 in tlio western part of Salt Lick at one hundiTd foot nbovo 
 tho j^roat vein, li;i.s l)C('n mined in the latter vieinity lor local 
 use by Mr. Stallsinith for several year;*, and is known as 
 the Stidlsmitii coal. It is seen in nnmerons outcrops in the 
 hills horderliifj: the upper Sunday Creek valU'y, at from 
 twcnty-tive to forty-tive feet above tho middle seam. In 
 section 10 of Muiiroo it measures 'd' (!" ; in section 4 of 
 Pleasant 4', and in one locality in section 33 of the same 
 township it is said to bo 5'. The same seam is seen aloiis^ tho 
 valley of Sunday Creek and its tributaries on the west side, 
 from the northern part of Trimble to the mouth of the creek 
 in Dover, where it is only live feet above low water. It has 
 long been mined in this reijion, and from the opeuiuirs on tho 
 stream of that name, is here known as the Bayley's Iviiu coal. 
 It is very regular and persistent, with a thickness of from 
 4' 6' to fy 3", sometimes including a parting of 2". Tho po- 
 sition of this seam above the floor of the great vein, is here, 
 as appears from recent borings, from eightj'-two to ninety- 
 seven feet. From the al)sence of any notice of a seam of 
 coal in these l)oriiigs between the Bayley's Kun coal and tho 
 great vein, the middle or Xorris seam would here seem to 
 be wanting. An irregular coal seam, varying from 10'' to 4' 
 in thickness, is described as occurring in this vicinity about 
 thirty feet above the liayley's Run or Stallsmith coal. * 
 
 S 40. The Bavlev's Kun, Avhich we luive desiirnated as Coal 
 7, is, according to Andrews, the same with the Alexander 
 seam of Muskinirum couiitv, and with the Lower Waterloo 
 or Sheridan coal of Gallia and Lawrence counties, where its 
 position is about seventy-live feet above the top of the Liuie- 
 stoiic coal, the representative of the great vein. The inter- 
 mediate seam, Coal Ga, appears in some parts about thirty 
 feet above the same base, and is known as the Newctistlo 
 coal. We have already traced these two coals from tho 
 northern part of tho Hocking valley field into York. They 
 are both seen in the outcrops above the great vein in Starr, 
 
I 
 
 24 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON UEGION 
 
 iiiid in the northern part of Brown, antl the lower one of 
 these is supposed to ho the seani which lias l)een tlesci'ihed ns 
 api)oaring with a thickness of 4', above the great vein in 
 several parts of Yoric. 
 
 § 47. To )ne of these nnist pr()l)al)ly he refcrreil tlie 
 C( 'i which is found at Carl)()nilale in tiie northwest sec- 
 tion of Waterloo, and which measures i' 2", with two part- 
 ings, yielding '6' 10" of coal. This seam is extensively 
 mined and .shipi)ed by the Carbondale branch of the ^Marietta 
 and Cincinnati railroad. The same seam, according to An- 
 drews, is traced a little east of south to Mineral City station 
 on the railroad just named, where it measures 2' &', and 
 farther st)utliwest to King's Switch, where also it is mined to 
 a considerable extent, and is 2' 1". Still farther westward 
 at Moonville, and again at lIoi)c Furnace station and beyond, 
 what is regarded b}' him as the same seam of coal, is seen 
 with a thickness of o' G". The S(>am which is mined at these 
 localities in the western i)art of Waterloo has been regarded 
 by Andrews as the great vein, but this, along the line of 
 the railroad near the western liorder of Waterloo, accordinji 
 to the result of the boring given in vj 22, is lound, with its 
 usual thickness, seventy feet below the level of the valley, 
 so that the Carbondale coal nnist be one of the higher seams. 
 The^oulcro[)s of one, and in some places two, of these higher 
 seams, ai'e seen in various jxiinls in the township of lirown, 
 ami Judging frou) tlu^ valual)le (pialities of ti. •; Carbondale 
 coal, dcseive a careful examination. 
 
 § ItS. The elevation of the great vein at its western 
 outcrop at Ilaydenville is, according to Mr. \\ . II. den- 
 ninirs, the eu'dneer of the Columbus and Hocking \'allev 
 railroad, three hundred and seventeen feet above I^ako 
 Eiie ; at Ib'ooks's Mine, near Xelsonville, one hundri'd and 
 ninety-seven feet above ; at Salina, in the southwest corner 
 of Hover, in a shaft of one hundred an<l ten feet, tifteen (ect 
 below Lake Erie ; while at Athens in a shaft two hundred 
 
OF SOUTIiy,IiX OHIO. 
 
 25 
 
 itceii feet l)el()\v tlio 
 
 feet deep it is one limidrcd ami cirri 
 same zero point. This position is tilteen miles S. 50° E. 
 
 vein is thus 
 to th( 
 
 from Ilay(l('nvilh3, and the descent of the great 
 
 four hundred and thirty-tivc feet, or twenty-nine feet 
 
 mde. From these and other levels as data, Col. Wliittlese^- 
 has determined the dip of this eoal sean 
 parts of the Hocking valley field. Some of 
 as f< 
 
 seam over various 
 
 hi 
 
 s rcsu 
 
 Its 
 
 are 
 
 ollows 
 
 A triangle connecting Ilayde.iville, Old Straitsvillo and 
 Buckingham, gave a dip to the great vein of 
 
 25:^ feet t(j the mile ; t,' 
 lip near Sti'aitsville. 
 
 S. 77= E., 
 lero are some local undulations in the 
 
 Straitsville, CI 
 
 Another triangle connect inir N 
 
 e\v 
 
 G-10 feet to tl 
 
 launcey, and Fcrrara, gave S. 74° E., 32 
 
 le mile. A third connecting Old Strait 
 
 svilh 
 
 McCunevillo and Buckingham gave S. ci'jp E., 30 feet 
 "le mile. A tburth connecting MeC 
 
 tl 
 
 Bristol T 
 
 to 
 uneville, Moxahala and 
 
 iinnel on the Xewark, Somerset and Straitsvillo 
 railroad gave S. 67° E., 21 feet to the mile; while a fifth 
 between the last mentioned tunnel, Moxahala and K 
 Tunnel near Xew I 
 the mile. 
 
 oon 8 
 
 .exington gave S. 60^° E., 21;^ feet to 
 
 § VJ. To the soutl 
 
 connecting Brooks's min 
 
 iward two triangle 
 
 and Athens, whicl 
 
 e near Nelsonville, Mineral C 
 
 s arc given : one 
 
 ity 
 
 1 gives S. 7!)3 E., 3(i 4-10 feet to the mile 
 
 ions with Chaun- 
 
 while another connecting the first two stat 
 
 cey gives S. 78^ E., 32 feet to the mile. If howcvcri 
 
 right, as I endeavored to show al 
 
 at Mineral City to h 
 
 am 
 
 these hist two determination 
 
 )ove, in supposing the coal 
 iini the great vein, hut an upper seam, 
 
 s are erroneous, and the dip 
 
 to the southward augments more rapidly than has bee 
 posed. 
 
 n sup- 
 
1— ^ 
 
 I. 
 
 i 
 
 26 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 THE COALS OF THE HOCKING VALLEY. 
 
 § 50. Although, {IS wo have seen, the Hocking Vallo}' 
 coal field contains not less than four workable seams within 
 a thickness of less than one hundred and tifty feet, com- 
 paratively little is known of the coal of any of these but 
 the great vein, or No. G. It is true that on the northern 
 border of the field the coal No. 5, which has alreadv been 
 noticed in § 41, is mined to a considcral)le extent near New 
 Lexington, and in addition to these. No. Ga and No. 7 are 
 mined for local use in some parts of the field, and will be 
 noticed farther on. It is, however, the coal of the great 
 vein, whioh from its thickness, its purity and its many uses, 
 is the characteristic coal of the field, and it is this alone 
 which in the markets of the west is known as the Hocking 
 coal, a name given to that mined near the banks of the 
 Hocking. From the more northern part of the field the 
 coal of the same vein is known by the names of Straitsville, 
 Shawnee, Sunday Creek and Lyonsdale coal. ^Mining opera- 
 tions for exportation are as yet confined to the township of 
 Salt Lick in the north, and in the south to openings along the 
 lino of the Cohnnbus and Hocking Valley railroad in York, 
 and adjacent points in (ireon, AVard and Dover townships. 
 
 § 51. The Hocking coal, under which name we may con- 
 veniently designate the coal of the great vein throughout the 
 Hocking valley field, belongs to the class known as dry, 
 free-burning or non-caking coals, which do not soften and run 
 together in burninir. These coals are very distinct from 
 those which become soft and agglutinate when heated ; tlio 
 latter are prized for blacksmiths' use, as they make what is 
 called a hollow fire, and also are nuich esteemed for gener- 
 ating steam, especially on the Ohio steamboats, where the 
 draft in the furnaces '<« so strong that an adhesive coal is 
 preferred. Certain varieties of free-burning coals, mined 
 
OF SOUTIIERX OHIO. 
 
 27 
 
 in nortliern Ohio nnd the acljaccnt parts of Pennsylvania, 
 and also in Indiana, are locally known by the name of block 
 coals, from the readiness with which, from the presence of 
 joints at right angles to the bed, they divide into rectangular 
 blocks. These coals arc laminated in structure, and are 
 seen to be made up of thin alternate layers of a bright and 
 shining coal with others which are less lustrous. They 
 often split readiiv in the direction of these lavers, which 
 are parallel to the bedding of the coal and have their sur- 
 faces covered with a soft black til)rous substance known as 
 mineral charcoal. On the other hand, it is ditticult to break 
 them across the layers, and this fracture, as well described 
 by Prof. E. T. Cox, in his account of the block coals of 
 Indiana, "exhibits a splinty structure marked l)y alternate 
 layers of dull and shining black coal." For this reason, ap- 
 l)arcutly, the name of splint coal is given to this class of 
 coals in Scotland. Tiieir aspect is very dilVereut from that 
 of fat caking coals, which gencrallv break irre<ndarlv with 
 broad, smooth, black and shining surfaces, although some 
 caking coals are laminated. 
 
 § 52. The Hocking coal is, like those just described, 
 lami.iated in structure, with the characters of a splint coal, 
 and burns with a bright tlame, which is however less volum- 
 inous and smoky than that of cannel. It swells slightly, but 
 instead of forniinir a cohcrintr mass, breaks uj) and aives a 
 body of glowing cf)als, which rosemljlc those produced in 
 the combustion of hard wood. 
 
 Numerous analyses of this coal from various parts of 
 the field, show it to be unusually free from sulphur, with 
 a proportion of fixed carbon varying from iift\'-five to sixty 
 per cent., and a comparatively small amount of ash. Its 
 consumption, in 1873, amounted to considerably over a 
 million of tons, and it is largely used as a steam-coal, both 
 in locomotives and steamboats. It is also very favorably 
 known as a fuel for puddling-furnaccs and rolling-mills, and 
 
I i 
 
 iii I 
 
 28 
 
 THE COAL AND IKON EEOIOX 
 
 in fact for all ordinary pnr[)(»SGS. F<jr househokl use it is 
 nnicli cstccmod, not only in the west, but also in New York 
 cit}', where it lias been introdueed within the last yesu- or 
 two under the nai of Straitsviile eannel. It is liardly 
 necessary to sa}- that it differs from caiuicl coal not only in 
 its structure and its lustre, but in containiiis: nim-h less 
 volatile matter and nu)re lixed carbon, which nive it a 
 greater heating power than canuel. For household purposes 
 it is perhaps best burned in deep grates such as are used 
 for anthracite. 
 
 § 53. The Hocking coal From the vicinity of Straitsviile 
 is also cm})loyed as a gas-coal in Columbus, Lancaster 
 and Newark, Ohio, where it has replaced the Youghiog- 
 licny coal of Pennsjdvania, formerl\' used for the i)urp()se. 
 According to a report of the superintendent of the Co- 
 lumbus gas-works, the gas made from the latter was e(iual 
 in ilhuninating power to fourteen candles, while that fnjm 
 the Straitsviile coal equals eighteen candles. This agrees 
 closely Avith the photometric determinations of Prof.\\'orndey, 
 the state inspector of gas, who gives from seventeen to niue- 
 tocn candles. It was at tirst thought that the fact that a 
 large part of the sulphur present in the coal goes otf in the 
 gas would be an objection to its use, l)ut it is declared that 
 the superior illuminating power of the gas more than com- 
 pensates for the larger amount of lime recpiired in its puri- 
 fication. According to one statenuuit two thoustuid pounds 
 of this coal yield eight thousand feet of |)urilied gas, but 
 from a report hy Mv. W. Kol)bins, the president of tlu; 
 Newark Gas Company, the result of a trial of over eight 
 tons of the coal from New Straitsviile showed a product of 
 nine thousand cubic feet to the ton of two thousand pounds. 
 In ease of working, the coal compares favoraI)ly with canuel, 
 giving olf its gas at a moderate heat, while the coke is of 
 superior quality. 
 
 § 54. One of the most Important a[)i)lications of dry or 
 
 I 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 29 
 
 splint coal is for (he iniimit'idiire of iron in the hlast-fnrnaeo. 
 The ordinary hituniinons or eakin<r coals cannot he used in the 
 raw state for iron-smelting, hut require to he tirst made into 
 coke, while the dry or non-eaking coals, provided they arc 
 sutiiciently hard and strong to hear without crushing the 
 hurden of the furnace, may he used directly in their raw 
 state, like anthracite. The hlock or splint coal mentioned 
 ahove is largely mined for tills purpose in the Chenango 
 valley in Mercer Co., Pennsylvania, and also in the valley 
 of the .Mahoning in northeastern Ohio, in hoth of which are 
 laig(! numhers of furnaces for smelling the rich iron ores 
 hronght from Lake Superior. This coal from near Voungs- 
 town in the Mahoning valley, known as IJriar Ililj coai^is 
 also ixsvi]^ for this pmpo^e at Cleveland and at Newhurgli 
 m Its vicinity, where Lake Superior ores are smelted hv iTs 
 aid. and yield an iron used for the manufacture of Bessemer 
 steel. The JJriar Hill coa' is here used without any admix- 
 
 ture of other fuel, hut at V 
 Ji small amount of coke 
 
 oungstown it is often mixed with 
 
 u.). 
 
 'Jl 
 
 le (irv-i)urnin 
 
 g coal of the Hocking valley field 
 
 losely resemhics in comi)osition and i)roperties that of 
 
 Mahoning vallev, and h 
 
 the 
 IS now heeii successfully used lur 
 
 some years in hlast-furnaces at Colmnhus and at Zanesvill 
 in Ohio. The former of those, the furnace of the ColumI 
 Iron Company, which has now hceu smelling since 1»71, 
 asures sixty-one feet in height, aii<l Ibuitcdi and a half 
 
 • us 
 
 me 
 
 feet at the hoshes ; its cap uity is thirty tons a day 
 ores used are a nn'xture of ahout one-third of native car- 
 honates and linionites with two-thirds of the rich hematites 
 •f Missouri or Lake Superior. The fuel is the coal 1 
 
 th 
 
 e great vein, mined at New Straitsvilh 
 
 am 
 
 I tl 
 
 thickness of the seam is used. This coal has I 
 
 rom 
 
 10 wliole 
 
 without 
 
 >een usee 
 
 1 
 
 admixtuns re(juiring seventy-live l)n>hels t 
 
 o 
 
 cluce a ton ot iron, hut with the ahove im.portions of ,._.. 
 the hest results are ohtaincd with an addition of one-third 
 
 pro- 
 ores 
 
Ill I 
 
 r 
 
 I ^ 
 
 30 
 
 THE COAL AND UIOS KEOIOX 
 
 of Conncllsvillc coke. The amount of iron prodncocl in 
 1873 AViis 8,40(3 tons. Tlio product, in part foundry and in 
 part mill iron, is declared to be equal in all respects to that 
 made with Briar Hill or with Indiana block coal. These 
 details are partly from the report of the <;e()l()gical ,.rvey 
 of Ohio and [)artly from a recent private letter from the late 
 president of the company, S. Baird, Esq., who is now about 
 erecting a furnace in Monday Creek t()wnshi[), to smelt the 
 ores found in that vicinity with the coal of the great vein 
 mined near its western outcrop. A second l)last-fiu-nace 
 using the New Straitsvillo coal has lately been bnilt at 
 Columbus, and went into blast last autumn. Its production 
 for November and December, 1873, is stated at laOO tons. 
 
 § .')(). A third blast-furnace, that of Zanesville, Ohio, 
 originally using charcoal, has, for the last two years or 
 more, emi)loyed the Straitsville coal as a fuel. The ores 
 here smelted are chietiy the native carbonates and limon- 
 ites, yielding on an average, forty per cent, of metal, but in 
 some cases an admixture of foreiijn ores is used, as at Colum- 
 bus. The furnace is sixtv-two feet hi<2;h, and sixteen feet 
 across the boshes, and its capacity is stated at lifty tons a 
 day. These details are taken from a printed letter of Gen- 
 eral Sanuiel Thomas, the president of the com[)an3' (the 
 Columbus Rolling Mill Company), who further says ''The 
 coal works as Avell in the blast-furnace as any coal 1 ever saw 
 used fiU' the purpose. We make a soft strong iron, excel- 
 lent for castings, and when the furnace is proi)erly burdened, 
 an equally good iron for merchant-bar or rails. ^Vhen a 
 very large production from the furnace is needed we use 
 about one-third of coke." Its production in 1872 is stated 
 at 14,000 tons. 
 
 § 57. The coal from the great vein has also been 
 used to a considerable extent in the blast-furnace of the 
 Cleveland Iron Company, at Cleveland. A late [)rivato 
 letter from the manager, ^Ir. W. A. Hooker, states that 
 
 
 ' 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 31 
 
 they have several times used it when the supply of coal from 
 tlic Mahoning valley has failctl, and that in the spring of 1873, 
 the furnace was run for three months with StraitsviUe coal.' 
 It is, he says, "desirable to use part coke — from one-seventh 
 to one-fourth — the former ratio gives good residts ; whereas 
 the IJriar Hill coal does not require any coke, and is ^Gen- 
 erally used alone." The latter, he remarks, contains a so'^ne- 
 what larger proportion of Hxed carbon, and bears better the 
 burden of the furnace. It is, however, clear that if not quite 
 equal to tiic standard coal of the xMahoning valley, the 
 StraitsviUe coal is capable of successfullv rei)^lacing it' with 
 a small admixture of coke. Prof. M. C. Kead of "the oeo- 
 logical survey of Ohio, declares, after comparative trials, that 
 the Hocking valley coal burns drier and is harder than' that 
 of Briar Hill, and therefore .stands less in need of an admix- 
 ture of coke. There are doubtless variations in the quality 
 of the coal in both of these regions, as will be shown for 
 that of the Hocking valley in § 68. Its heating power, as 
 might be inferred from the results of analysis, is a little less 
 than that of the Mahoning coal, and consequently somewhat 
 mure of it is required to make a ton of iron. Accordin<>- to 
 Col. Whittlesey of Cleveland, the average consumption of^ix 
 furnaces, at Youngstown, smelting Lake Superior ores, is 
 from two and a cpiartcr to two and a half tons of Briar I'liU 
 coal to a ton of iron, and he estimates that from two and a 
 half to three tons of the StraitsviUe coal are required to 
 produce the same result. 
 
 §58. The value placed upon the coal of the Hock- 
 ing valley Held may be judged from its prices in the 
 markets. At Chicag(,, to which it is largely shipped both 
 from lork and Salt Lick townships, the wholesale price of 
 "Brooks's" Hocking coal, which is mined near Xelsonville 
 has been for some time past ^8.00 per ton. Briar Hill and 
 Erie coals being quoted at §8.00 and $8.aO, while Indian-i 
 block coal is $G.oO, and Illinois coal $5.00. In Indianapolis 
 
32 
 
 THE COAL AM) IKON HEOIOX 
 
 tht! wliolcsalc price of Hocking coal, of late, lias ranged from 
 $4.20 to $4.40, wliilc that of Indiana block, or Brazil coal, 
 is from $'6.65 to $4.20. In Cleveland, Ohio, where the 
 Briar Hill has long been the favorite coal, and is now (jnotcd 
 at $4.00, Hocking valley is $3.75. The above tignres are 
 taken from the market reports in the nMml)ers of "The Engi- 
 neering and Mining Jonrnal" of >>ew York, for March and 
 A[)ril. A recent i)rivate Ictti'r from Cleveland, in repl}' to 
 an incjniry as to the comparative prices of the tv.'o coal^;, 
 states Ihtit "while Briar Hill ranges from $4.10 (which is 
 said to be the lowest), to $4.50 and $4.75, Straitsville is 
 from $3.'J5 to $4.25." In New York city the wholesale 
 price for the coal from the great vi'in, mined in Salt Lick 
 townshi[), and known ;is L3'onsdale coal, is quoted at $12. 0'*, 
 while the so-called Straitsville cannel is retailed at $1(!.00 
 per ton. 
 
 § L)\). We have next to consider the chemical composition 
 of the coal of the aicat vein, as shown bv the nnmer- 
 ous analyses of Prof. T. (J. Worndey, the chemist to the 
 ij'eolo'rical survev of Ohio. Some of these arc to be found 
 in the reports of the survey for 1801) and 1870, and a few 
 later ones in the olHcial report for 1S73, and in two special 
 reporfs by Prof. Andrews, also published in 187."). The 
 ffreater number of these analvses are <>;iven below, but in 
 some cases 1 have contented myself with giving the average 
 of several. From a description givi'U l>v Prof. Worndey in 
 the report for 1870, we learn that the determinations were 
 made as follows : the loss of weight in drying a portion of tlio 
 powdered coal at 212° F. is regai'ded as water, and the loss 
 by heating another portion of the coal to redness out of cour 
 tact of air being ascertained, this, less the amount of water, 
 is set down as c()m))Ustil)le volatile matter ; while the solid 
 resiilue, U'ss the weight of the ash lett by com[)lete combus- 
 tion, is the tixed carbon. The weight of the coke may be got 
 from the tables by additiir toirether the asii an<l the lixed 
 
OF SOUTHERN OlilO. 
 
 83 
 
 carbon. Prof. Wormley has also, in many cases, given the 
 amount of gas from the coal, calculated for a pound avoir- 
 dupois, from the results of treatment of five grains. These 
 numl)ers are, however, as he has himself shown, below those 
 obtained in the large way, and seldom exceed 3.5 cubic 
 feet, wliile the same coals at the gas-works ^acld four feet and 
 upwards. These determinations are therefore omitted in the 
 following tables. 
 
 § 60. The determinations of the amount of sulphur in coals 
 are very important. We shall find given under this head, 
 in many of the analyses below, first, the total amount of 
 sulphur in 100 parts of the coal ; second, the amount of this 
 which remains fixed in the coke, and third, the quantity of 
 sulphur which 100 parts of the coke will contain, marked 
 "Sulphur, per cent, in coke." The color of the ash and the text- 
 ure of the coke are also in most cases given. The amount of 
 iron in the ash, as shown by its more or less red color, is 
 generally supposed to be an indication of the proportion of 
 sulphur in a coal, it being imagined that the sulphur exists 
 in combination with iron as pyrites. That such is not always 
 the case had already been in some instances shown, but Prof. 
 Wormley has pointed out many examples of this. He de- 
 termined in certain coals both the sulphur and the iron pres- 
 ent, and in the case of coal No. 10, in table II, found the iron 
 to amount to 0.38 parts, sufficient to combine with only 
 0.43, or less than one-third of the 1.42 parts of sulphur; 
 while coal No. 12 of the same table contains only O.OSJ of 
 iron and 1.01 of sulphur. 
 
 § 61. In some cases nearly the whole of the sulphur is 
 given off at a red heat, while in other cases the greater 
 part of it is retained in the coke ; a distinction of much im- 
 portance. For gas-making, those coals which retain the 
 greatest amount of sulphur will yield the purest gas, while 
 for iron-smelting, on the contrary, those coals which give otf 
 by heat the greater part of their suli)hur are to be preferred. 
 
w! 
 
 34 
 
 THK COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 since, even wlien used in their raw state, tills ingredient is 
 expelled in the upper part of the I'urnacc, so that the coke, 
 "vvhieh, lower down, atlects the rednction and the melting, is 
 eoniparativel^ free from snipluir. 
 
 § G2. The following tables ot analyses show the variation 
 in comp(»sition from the bottom to the top of the great vein, 
 and also the diversities in various localities. Table I in- 
 cludes the analyses of coals from Xelsonville in York, and 
 JiaydenvlUe In (ireen. In both of these the coal Is from 
 C 0" to G' G'' in thickness, and Is divided, as elsewhere, by 
 two thin clay partings, into three benches. The lowest of 
 these measures from 1' 3'' to V 1", the middle from 2' 4" to 
 2'b"y and the upper from 2' 0'' to 2' ^". Nos. 1-4 are 
 from Brooks's mine at Nelsonville. 1 is an average sami)le of 
 the coal, 2 the coal of the lower, 3 that of the middle, and 4 
 that of the upper bench. Nos. 5-7 are from llayden's mine 
 at Ilaydcnvllle, 5 being from the lower, G from the middle, 
 and 7 from the upper l)ench. In both cases It will be seen 
 that the upper part contains the most ash. 
 
 I. COALS FROM NELSONVILLE AND HAYDENVILLE. 
 
 
 No 1. 
 
 NO. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 NO. 0. 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 Specific gniTity, 
 
 1.259 
 
 1.285 
 
 1.272 
 
 1.284 
 
 1.271 
 
 1.258 
 
 1.310 
 
 Water, 
 
 G.80 
 
 0.20 
 
 6.G5 
 
 5.00 
 
 G.45 
 
 5..30 
 
 5.45 
 
 Volatile matter, 
 
 33.27 
 
 31.30 
 
 33.05 
 
 32.80 
 
 32.74 
 
 30.12 
 
 29.88 
 
 Fixed carbon, 
 
 57.10 
 
 50.80 
 
 58.40 
 
 53.15 
 
 68..50 
 
 03.49 
 
 55.31 
 
 Ash, 
 
 2.47 
 
 2.70 
 
 1.90 
 
 9.05 
 
 2.25 
 
 1.09 
 
 9.36 
 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 Suli>hur, 
 
 0.74 
 
 0.07 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.94 
 
 1.19 
 
 0.04 
 
 1.03 
 
 Color of ash, 
 
 Dull 
 
 Ucildish. 
 
 White. 
 
 Yellowish 
 
 Grayish. 
 
 White. 
 
 Reddish. 
 
 Nature of coke. 
 
 wliite. 
 Compact. 
 
 Pulver- 
 ulent. 
 
 Pulver- 
 ulent. 
 
 Pulver- 
 ulent. 
 
 Pulver- 
 ulent. 
 
 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 35 
 
 5 C3 Going r„„(l,w.rd from Nels„nvillc. a1,„ut six n.iloa, 
 hZ '" T'";. " "'■ "■'"■''• "'" S'-°"' "•'" i» <"""J 
 
 f . t u» loca ,t,-, taken „t rognla,- intervals Con, the l,oltom 
 to tl,c op of ,|,e seam, as l.cfore. It will l,o seen hero also, 
 that he ni.,,er portnms, Nos. 12 and 13, contain the „,„s 
 ash, wlMle the lower eight feet, whieh, according to An.lrews 
 
 Z """"""''' ''^ -^"^- **-"• ="- '»" -- i ™.o„nts :;■ 
 
 ir. COALS FUOM LOST liUN' LV WARD. 
 
 Specific gnivit}-, 
 
 Wiiter, 
 
 Volatile matter, 
 Fixed carbon, 
 Ash, 
 
 Sulpluir, 
 
 Sulpluir left in coke, 
 
 Siilpliur, i)er cent, in coke, 
 
 Color of asli, 
 
 Nature of coke, 
 
 No- II. \o. 12. I No. 13. 
 
 1.28( 
 
 1-287 1.274 
 
 "-15 j :,.:-:i j 3.03 
 
 3'i-22 I X,A-2 I 38.39 
 
 5">-". j 51.15 i 47.51 
 
 *-88 7.G3 i 11.05 
 
 Compart. Compact. Compact. 
 
 IftO.OO 
 1.88 
 1.00 
 1.50 
 
 Gray. 
 Compact. 
 
 100.00 
 
 1.01 
 
 0.50 
 
 0.81 
 
 Cream. 
 
 100.00 
 4.01 
 2.02 
 3.35 
 
 Gray. 
 
 Very Aery 
 
 .^r^paot Compact. 
 
 64 farther north, at the McGinnis coal hank at Straits- 
 ville, the great vein niea.siire.s IV, with two paitino-s The 
 owe-st bench is here 2^ the nii.ldle V 8^ and the^^upper 6' 
 10 , the partings being from 2'' to 4^' each. In table III Xos 
 14 and 15 are from the lower beneh, Xo. 10 from the middle 
 bene , and Xos. 7 18 and ID respectively from the bottom, 
 middle and top of the upper bench. 
 
3() 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 III. COALS FROM OLD STRAIT8VILLE. 
 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 No. 1(5. 
 
 No. 18. 
 
 NO. 17. 
 
 No. 18. 
 
 No. 10. 
 
 Speciflc grnvity, 
 
 1.201 
 
 1.211 
 
 1.230 
 
 1..307 
 
 1.217 
 
 1.248 
 
 Water, 
 
 7.1)0 
 
 8.1.5 
 
 7.20 
 
 7.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.85 
 
 Volatile matter. 
 
 31.0.3 
 
 27.40 
 
 32.20 
 
 20.05 
 
 82.15 
 
 30.48 
 
 Fixed carbon, 
 
 ■51 .'29 
 
 01.73 
 
 50.41 
 
 62.77 
 
 60.41 
 
 57.21 
 
 Aah, 
 
 3.18 
 
 2.60 
 
 1.07 
 
 0.08 
 
 2.44 
 
 COO 
 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 Sulpliiir, 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.78 
 
 0.73 
 
 0.08 
 
 0..50 
 
 1.22 
 
 Color of ash, 
 Nature of coke. 
 
 Dull 
 wliite. 
 
 CottlDlLCt. 
 
 UeildUh. 
 
 Kedilish. 
 
 Pulver- 
 ulent. 
 
 White. 
 
 Pulver- 
 ulent. 
 
 Yellowish 
 Kray. 
 Pulver- 
 ulent. 
 
 Grayish. 
 Pulver- 
 
 
 
 
 ulent. 
 
 § 05. From New Stniitsville, where the seam has about 
 the same thickness as at the hist h)cality, we have four 
 analyses of different portions of the seam from the bottom to 
 the top. These are given in taldo IV under Nos. 20-2;^, 
 counting from beh)W upwards. Nos. 24 and 25, in the same 
 table, are from tlio Benjamin Saunders coal-bank, in section 
 19 of Munroe. There also, the vein is over 10' thick, the 
 lower bench being 3', the middle 5' i)'\ and the upper bench 
 1' IP'. Of this, two analyses arc given, one of the middle 
 bench Xo. 24, and one of the upper l^ench Xo. 25 (this lat- 
 ter had been deprived of its water by drying at 212^ F. 
 before analysis). Of the coal of the middle bcncli, here so 
 remarkably developed. Prof, \inlrcws remarks, (hat it is 
 highly laminated, espo ^ lower 12" and the upper 
 
 18", charged wiHi mh 
 
 its large anion 
 
 a.\ 
 
 . and eminentlv fitted, from 
 rbo lor iron-smcltiu!;. 
 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 37 
 
 IV. COALS FROM NEW STRAITSVILLE AND FROM MUNROE. 
 
 H'ntor, 
 
 Volatile matter 
 Fixed carbon, 
 Ash 
 
 Sulplmr 
 
 Siiliihiir lert in coko 
 
 Sulphur, per cent, in coke, 
 
 § fiG Besides the last two, we have many more analyses 
 of coals from the great vei.i ii, Mtmroe, on the waters of 
 Sunday Creek. From these analyses we take a series of 
 five from the Welsh hank, in sectio.i 8 of Mnnroe, where 
 the sea,n measures 13' 2", from which o.ily ^" are to l,o 
 dedue tecl for the two clay partings. The lower bench is 
 here 2' 9-, and the middle 5' i)", while the upper is 3' 11- 
 and here, as elsewhere in Munroc and Salt Lick, i. some-^ 
 what like canncl in its aspect. In table V, No. 2fi is from 
 the middle ot the lower bench, Nos. 27-29 from the lower 
 middle and upper parts of the middle bench, and Ko. 30 
 from the middle of the upper bench. To these we add 
 No. 31, the average of seven analyses from the bottom to 
 the top of the Sands coal-bank in section 9 of Munroe, which 
 measures IP ?,". Deducting from these the analvsis of the 
 top portion which gives 11.26 per cent, of ash, the average 
 of ash would be much less than above given. No. 32 ac- 
 cording to Andrews, gives the average of not less than 
 twenty-seven analyses which have been made of the coal of 
 
«!' 
 
 38 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 the upper part of the Sunday Creek region, including those 
 ah'eady given from Xo. 24. 
 
 V. COALS FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF MUNIIOF.' 
 
 
 No. 26. 
 
 No. 27. 
 
 No. 28. 
 
 No. 20. 
 
 No. 30. 
 
 No. 31. 
 
 No. 32. 
 
 Specific Kravity, 
 
 1..312 
 
 1.38,') 
 
 1.300 
 
 1.31(i 
 
 1.302 
 
 L.-iOO 
 G.42 
 
 
 Water, 
 
 4.40 
 
 4.M 
 
 4.30 
 
 5.20 
 
 4.00 
 
 5.34 
 
 Volatile matter, 
 
 30.00 
 
 28.30 
 
 32.70 
 
 31.40 
 
 33.40 
 
 33.87 
 
 31.40 
 
 Fixed carbon, 
 
 G2.30 
 
 53.50 
 
 58.80 
 
 58.40 
 
 57.30 
 
 5t.l7 
 
 58.17 
 
 Ash, 
 
 2.70 
 
 l.'j.SO 
 
 4.20 
 
 5.00 
 
 4.70 
 
 5.54 
 
 6.09 
 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 Sulphur, 
 
 0.00 
 
 0.79 
 
 0.71 
 
 0.74 
 
 0.71 
 
 0.88 
 
 0.88 
 
 Sulphur left in coke, 
 
 0.43 
 
 Dull 
 
 white. 
 
 Compact. 
 
 Dull 
 white. 
 Pulver- 
 ulent. 
 
 0.3.J 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Compact. 
 
 0.38 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Comi)act. 
 
 0..35 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Compact. 
 
 
 
 Color of ai^h, 
 
 
 
 Nature of coke, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 § G7. For the h)\vcr part of Sunday Creek, where the 
 great vein lies beneath the wuter-level, we have only a few 
 analyses of the coal taken from recent borings. Three of 
 these, Xos. 33-35 in tilhle VI, are on Green's Knn and 
 Bayley's Knn, on the conHnes of Dover and Trimble (see 
 § 45), while a fourth, No. 3G, is from section 7 in the latter 
 township. 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 39 
 
 VI. COALS FHOM BORINGS IN DOVER AND TRIMBLE. 
 
 
 No. 33. 
 
 No. 3t. 
 
 No. 35. 
 
 No. 30. 
 
 Specific gravity, 
 
 
 
 
 1..303 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water 
 
 4.70 
 20.30 
 50.00 
 10.00 
 
 2.10 
 38.80 
 52.90 
 
 6.20 
 
 4.85 
 33.95 
 52.80 
 
 8.40 
 
 4.10 
 32.90 
 57..')0 
 
 Volatile matter 
 
 Fixed carbon 
 
 Ash 
 
 
 b.i)0 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 100.00 
 O.fiO 
 0.0.54 
 0.08 
 
 100.00 
 0.77 
 0.22 
 0.37 
 
 iOO.OO 
 
 O.eo 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.;!4 
 
 100.00 
 
 0.79 
 
 0.49 
 
 0.77 
 
 Dull white. 
 
 Compact. 
 
 Sulphur left in coke 
 
 Sulphur percent, in coke 
 
 Color of asli 
 
 Nature of coke 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 § G8. It is much to l)e rogrotted that wc Iiavo, as yet, no 
 analyses of the coal of the great vein to the south aiul 
 southwest of Xelsonville and Haydenville. By c()ini)aring 
 the analyses of the tables I -IV, the important fact is seen, 
 that while the coal of Slraitsville and its vieinity is rich in 
 fixed carhon, and eontains but little sulphur, the coal a few 
 miles south at Lost Kun (tai)le II) becomes rather more 
 sulphurous, and contains more volatile matter, so that while 
 equally good as a steam or ga.s-coal, it should be less suited 
 for iron-smelting. Such, as I am told by the late president 
 of the Columbus Iron Company, has been found to be the 
 case in trials made at the Columbus furnace with the coal 
 from this vicinity. Hence the prevailing notion that the coal 
 to the south of Straitsville is not adapted to the smelting of 
 iron. If, however, we proceed as far south as Xelsonville 
 and Haydenville, we shall tind that the coal of these localities 
 contains as little sulphur and ash, less water, and at least as 
 
w.r 
 
 
 40 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 much fixed carbon as the coals of Straitsville and New 
 Straitsville ; and, it may be confidently predicted, will be 
 found equal to those in the blast-furnace. The dry-burning 
 character of the coal of the great vein mined in Starr and at 
 Lick Kun in the western part of York is very marked. The 
 coal from the latter mine when coked in a crucible shows no 
 tendency to cohere, and its laminated structure is still seen 
 on the charred frairments. 
 
 § 09. The study of these very instructive tables of analy- 
 ses makes it clear that there is a choice in the coal of ditfer- 
 ent sections, according as it is wanted for steam, for gas- 
 making or for iron-smelting, and shows moreover, the 
 importance, i i many cases, of making a selection in taking 
 down the coal of the frreat vein. Hitherto in mininfjcoal at 
 Straitsville for tiie iron-furnaces the whole seam has been 
 used, although there are, as we have seen, considerable 
 differences in the benches. There is little doubt that by 
 careful selection, it will be possible to get from the great 
 vein of the Hocking valley a furnace-coal even better than 
 any yet obtained. 
 
 § 70. Little is known of the Norris or middle seam of 
 coal to the north of the Hocki'ig River. It is, however, 
 mined for local use in parts of Munroe, whore it has a thick- 
 ness of 4', and even ()'. Two analyses of this coal from sec- 
 tion D of this township, are given by Prof. Wormley. One 
 of these afforded water 3.80, volatile matter 38.80, fixed 
 carbon 52.80, and sulphur 3.59 ; the other was somewhat 
 more suli)hurous. This coal in Mum'oe is described as 
 dry-burning, though less markedly so than that of the great 
 vein. The coal of this middh; seam is also mined for local 
 use in severa' localities in York, where its thickness is 
 from 4' to 4' C>". That from one of these openings in 
 section 19, showed, when burned in an open fire, no tendency 
 to soften, and was in fact a dry-burning coal. An analysis 
 of it made for me by Mr. Stafford, gave, water 3.49, 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 41 
 
 volatile matter 39.50, fixed carbon 51.85, ash 5.10, ami 
 sulphur 2.09. 
 
 The coal miueil at Carbondale and its vicinity, as described 
 in § 47, is probably the same, and is, according to AndrcAvfe, 
 a dry-burning coal, which is used for the locomotives on the 
 Marietta and Cincinnati railroad, and for consumption at va- 
 rious points along the line, and is well esteemed. 
 
 § 71. The upper seam, or Coal 7, is, unlike the great and 
 the middle seams, a coking coal. It is bright and com- 
 pact, softens and cements in the tire, and as it burns with 
 a brilliant ilame, is by the country people in many places 
 preferred to the dry coal of the great vein. It is mined for 
 local use in parts of Salt Lick, Munroe, Trimble and Dover, 
 especially in the latter two townships, where the seam is 
 opened at many points, and supplies with coal the whole of 
 lower part of Sunday Creek valley. From this region it was 
 shii)ped in boats by the Hocking and Ohio rivers to Cincin- 
 nati more than tiftv vears since. 
 
 In table VIT arc given analyses of this upper seam ; the 
 Stallsmith or liayloy's Kun coal. No. 37 is from the Stall- 
 smith bank, on section 19 of Munroe. The thickness of the 
 coal at this opening is not given, but elsewhere in the same 
 section it measures 4' 8", and has a thin pyritous layer 8" 
 from the top. Nos. 38 and 39 are from section 10 of Trim- 
 ble (where also the seam is 4' 8"), and represent the lower 
 and middle portions ; the upper part gave 2.96 per cent, 
 of sulphur, and 3.40 of red ash. Nos. 40 and 41 arc from 
 section 7 of Trimble, and arc taken from the lower and upper 
 parts of the seam, while No. 42 is from Dover, section 34. 
 In the vicinity of these last, as already stated in § 45, the 
 thickness of this upper seam varies from 4' 0' to 5' 3". 
 According to Prof. Wormlcy, the coal from this vein gives 
 a very hard compact brilliant coke, which will probably bo 
 found well suited for metallurgical purposes. It may also bo 
 expected to prove a good gas-coal. 
 
 I 
 
 ■» 1 
 
 it 
 
'II' 
 
 42 
 
 THE COAL AND IROX REGIOX 
 
 VII. ANALYSES OF COAL 7 FROM MUNUOE, TRIMBLE AND 
 
 DOVER. 
 
 Specific gravity. 
 
 Water 
 
 Volatile matter. 
 Fi.\ed carbon... 
 Ash 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Sulphur in coke 
 
 Sulphur; percent, in coke 
 Color of ash 
 
 No. 37. No. 38. I Xo. .S9. No. 40. 
 
 1.-251 
 
 1.301 
 
 1.264 
 
 3.80 
 
 .'i.OO 
 
 4.80 
 
 40.21 
 
 32.30 
 
 33.20 
 
 51.8.* 
 
 65.30 
 
 50.00 
 
 4.14 
 
 7.10 
 
 3.40 
 
 4.30 
 33.19 
 59.00 
 
 3.00 
 
 100.00 
 2.C2 
 
 100.00 
 1.85 
 0.42 
 
 100.00 
 1.20 
 0.09 
 
 Fawn. 
 
 Iteililisli. 
 
 100.00 
 1.20 
 0.40 
 0.73 
 
 Grav. 
 
 No. 41. 
 
 No. 42. 
 
 i.r>o 
 
 31.30 
 
 57.80 
 
 G.40 
 
 4.20 
 35.20 
 58.00 
 
 2.no 
 
 100.00 
 
 1.13 
 
 0..52 
 
 0.80 
 
 Whitish. 
 
 100.00 
 
 l.Ol 
 
 O.tl 
 
 0.07 
 
 Gray. 
 
 § 72. The proportion of sulphur in Coal 7, though sonic- 
 whiit larger than that of the great vein, is not large when 
 compared with mo.st other coals in Ohio and elsewhere. 
 From the analyses of Oluo coals published by Prof. Wonnley, 
 I select a few examples. The average amount of sulphur in 
 seven samples of the coal mined at Cambridge, in Guernsey 
 county, is 1.98 per cent ; that of nine from Coshocton county, 
 2.21 ; of nine from Stark county, l.Dt; of ten from Holmes 
 county 2.15, and of seven from Columbiana county 1.9o. 
 Of the coals of Great Britain, as ai)pears from an extended 
 series of analyses made a few years since for the liritish 
 Admiralty, the average amount of sulphur in thirty-seven 
 Welsh coals was 1.42 per cent; of twenty-eight from Lanca- 
 shire 1.42, of eight Scotch coals 1.45, and of seventeen from 
 Newcastle 0.04. The coke of Durham, esteemed in England 
 as the best fuel for Iron-smelting, retains from 0.()0 to 0.80 
 of sulphur, and the Connellsville coke al)out the same (§98). 
 
OF SOUTHEKN OHIO. 
 
 43 
 
 So that it will be seen that the coal of the -reat vein of tlie 
 Hockui- valley, and even that of the upper seam, is more 
 than ortlinarily free from sulphur. 
 
 §73. On the contrary, the greater part of the coals in 
 Ohio to the northward are unusually sulphurous. In the 
 words of Dr. Newberry, "with the exception of the Briar 
 ilill coal, there is probably no seam, which along its outcrop 
 north of the National Koad (which extends from Whcclin- 
 on the Ohio to Columl,us) can supply a first-class furnace! 
 tuel. Ihe other c(,als of this region are, he tells us, usually 
 cak.ng m character, and only fit for the furnace after coking, 
 Ihey generally, moreover, contain so large a quantity of 
 sulphur that they cannot be used for gas coals, and he adds : 
 It will bo necessary that some process should be adopted 
 for riddmg our coals of the sulphur with which they are so 
 generally contaminated, before they will become available 
 for the most important uses." To this end he suggests that 
 a process of washing and coking the crushed coal be resorted 
 to (lieport of Geol(,gical Survey for 1870, parses 13-44) 
 It IS hardly necessary to remark that this larg^e proportion 
 of sulphur detracts greatly from their value for all other 
 puri)oses for which coal is employed, such as generating 
 steam, puddling iron and household use. 
 
 § 74. Some notice of the IJriarllill coal, as the only fuel in 
 OlHo to t ,e north of the Hocking valley coal which can be 
 compared with it, will not be out of place. This name h 
 given to a splint (,r dry-burning coal, which is No. 1 of the 
 sencs, and is found at the base of the coal measures in por- 
 tions of Afahoning, Trumbull, Colmnbiana a.id the adjacent 
 counties to the west. It lies in small irregular basins, which 
 were deposited on an uneven floor, and are separated bv 
 AV.de intervals. Prof. M. C. Head states that the average of 
 workable coal in the districts over which this coal is sup- 
 posed to extend will not exceed one-third of the area An 
 account of these irregularities will be found in his report nn 
 
44 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 Tniml)iill county (Geology of Ohio, vol. I, pages 494, 409). 
 This coal is mincrl hy shafts of from fifty to two lunuli-ecl 
 feet, and from the large amount of water in the mines the 
 cost of extraction is considerably augmented. Lands hold- 
 ing this coal with a thickness of from 3' to 5' readily com- 
 mand from $500 to $1000 an acre, or a royalty of from thirty 
 to seventy cents a ton for the coal mined, according to the 
 locality and the facilities for shipment. It now costs, ac- 
 cording to Col. Whittlesey, from $1.00 to $1.80 per ton when 
 brought to the mouth of the shaft. The excellence of this 
 coal and its superior fitness not only for iron-smelting but for 
 most other purposes, not less than the prospect of the ex- 
 haustion of the deposits at no distant day, have combined 
 to give to it the very highest value in the markets of the 
 west as we have already seen in § 58. Both in northeast- 
 ern Ohio and in the adjacent part of Pennsylvania, where 
 also this coal is found, it is largely used as a furnace-coal. 
 Some notion of the composition of this Briar Hill or block 
 coal, as it is often called in the Mahoning vallej', may be got 
 from the analyses given on page 46 in table VIII. 
 
 § 75. The name of block coal, suggested by the shape of 
 the masses into which it breaks in mining, has been applied 
 to a similar dry-burning or splint coal, which within the last 
 few years has been mined in the western part of Indiana, on 
 the eastern border of the great Illinois coal field, and as a 
 fuel for iron-smelting is nearly equal to the coal of the Ma- 
 honing valley. It is, however, like this last, irregular in 
 its distribution and interrupted by frequent intervals of bar- 
 ren ground. The latest details respecting this coal field will 
 be found in a recent editorial from the pen of Mr. Eilers in 
 "The Engineering and Mining Journal" for January 31, 
 1874. At Brazil, in Clay county, which is the part of the field 
 as yet best known, there are, according to him, two seams of 
 block-coal twenty-eight feet apart, and from three to four 
 feet in thickness. The lower, being the firmer of the two, is 
 
 ^ 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 4fi 
 
 ■ 
 
 preferred for iron-snieltiiig, but for this purpose, although it 
 was at tirst used alone, it is now found advantageous to mix 
 it with one-third of coke for the treatment of the ^lissouri 
 ores, which are there smelted. 
 
 The cost of mining this block coal, including the stow- 
 ing away of six inches of the roof, which falls of itself, 
 was at the end of 1873, from $1.35 to $1.75 per ton deliv- 
 ered iu the railway cars. This is exclusive of royalty or 
 iuterest on capital, but includes all other expenses. The 
 chief drawback to the successful working of this field accord- 
 ing to the above writer, "is the great irregularity of the 
 seams, which are in some parts of the field often wanting 
 entirely, or so often interrui)ted by horsebacks that mining 
 becomes too expensive to be [)rotitable. Nothing but great 
 numi)ers of bore-holes put down before mining in a certain 
 tract is conunenced can assure the miner in this field that his 
 land actually contains the coal." Notwithstanding the appa- 
 rent regularity of the strata, as a whole, "one or more coal 
 veins may be present in full size on one farm wliilo iu the 
 adjoining one not a trace of either may exist." The gcueral 
 composition of the block coal of Indiana may be seen from 
 the anal^'ses given ou page 4(> in table VHI. 
 
 § 76. In the following table the first four analyses are 
 of the coal of the Mahoning valley. No. 43 is a sami)le of 
 Briar Hill coal from Chestuut Ividge ; No. 44 from Veatch's 
 mine, Youngstown ; No. 45 from Walworth's mine, Malion- 
 ina: county; while No. 4G is the averaije of six analyses of 
 the block coal from Trumbull county. Xo. 47 is of a sample 
 of the block coal from Brazil, Clay county, Indiana, while 
 No. 48 is the average of seven analyses of the same coal 
 from six different mines iu Chi}' county, the extremes iu the 
 amouut of fixed carbon iu these beiug 61.5 and 53.0. These 
 analyses, which are given by Prof. E. T. Cox in the "Report 
 of the Geological Survey of ludiaua for 1869," are incom- 
 plete, as they give us no indication of the proportion of sul- 
 
46 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON' REGIOX 
 
 phur pi'osent. The other analyses in this table are all by 
 Prof. Worniley. 
 
 
 i *i 
 
 VIII. BLOCK COALS OF TIIK MAHONING VALLEY AND OF 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 No. 43. 
 
 Specific gravity 1.28t 
 
 Water. 
 
 S.CO 
 
 No. 44. 
 
 1.200 
 
 2.47 
 31.83 
 
 Volatile iiinttor..... ! 32.5S 
 
 i j 
 
 Fixed carbon | Oi.fiO | C4.2.5 
 
 Ash. 
 
 MO 
 
 1.4.5 
 
 j lOO.CO 
 
 Suliihur I 0.8.) 
 
 Siiliiliur ill coko ' 
 
 ! 
 
 Suli)liiir; percent, in coke 
 
 100.00 
 0.5!i 
 0.48 
 
 No. 45. 
 
 1..T23 
 
 3.90 
 29.10 
 G0.40 
 
 O.CO 
 
 NO. 40. 
 
 3.05 
 30.10 
 (U.30 
 
 1.05 
 
 No. 47. 
 
 1.173 
 
 5.40 
 38.70 
 53.99 
 
 1.80 
 
 100.00 
 0.82 
 O.CO 
 
 100.00 
 1.02 
 0.01 
 0.94 
 
 No. 48. 
 
 1.232 
 
 0.10 
 34.80 
 57.20 
 
 i.ao 
 
 100.00 I 100.00 
 0.75 I 
 
 § 77. In this connection should be noticed the coals of 
 Jackson county, which have already been mentioned in §9. 
 There are in Lick Township, according to Andrews, not less 
 than three seams of dry-burning furnace-coals. The lowest 
 of these, known as the Jackson Shaft-coal, is the equivalent 
 of the Briar Ilill of the Mahoniuir, and occupies the same 
 position, being coal No. 1. Like this it lies somewhat irreg- 
 ularly, apparently conforming to the undulations of the un- 
 derlying sandstone. Its thickness is from ?>' to 4', and it is 
 used for smelting in several furnaces in the vicinity. About 
 thirty-six feet above is Coal 2, known as the Anthony or 
 Sells coal, which also varies from 3' to 4' in thitkncss. 
 Sixty feet higher is Coal 3 or the Hill-coal, as it is called in 
 the vicinity of the town of cJackson, where it is used in ad- 
 mi.xture with Coal 1 in the blast-furnaces, and is from 2' (]" 
 to 3' 2" in thickness. A seam of cannel is found about thirty 
 
 I 
 
 mt 
 
OF SOUTIIERX OHIO. 
 
 47 
 
 i>y 
 
 l\ 
 
 feet iihovc the Ilill-coal, niul at seventy feet ahove Coal 3 is 
 the blue or riitiiain Hill limestone, whieh itself lies about 
 eighty feet below the Liniestone-eoal, the representative of 
 the great vein or Xo. 0, which would thus be about 250 feet, 
 according to this estimate, above the Coal 1. From the 
 • irregularity' of this last, however, the distance in some cases 
 nijpears to be greater. It is worthy of note that the Lime- 
 stone-coal, which in section 21 of Milton, has a thickness of 
 3' 11'', with two clay partings of V and 4" has, according to 
 Andrews, l)een used tor iron-smelting in the Latrobe furnace. 
 
 § 78. We give in tal)le IX the analyses of some of the 
 above coals. X"os. 41) and ")0 are of the Coal 1, which, as it 
 is mined by a shaft at the town of Jackson, is known locally 
 as the Shaft-coal. Xo. 51 is a coal mined i)y shafting at 
 Wellston, in section (5 of Milton, where it is said to have a 
 thickness of 4' D", without a parting, and has l)een used with 
 very satisfactory results, witluiut admixtiu'e, in a blast-furnace 
 at Jackson. This analysis is by Mr. E. K. Taylor of Cleve- 
 land. It is not certain whether this is Coal 1 or Coal 2. 
 Otiier analyses of it have given 02.0 and ()3.() i)er cent, of fixed 
 carlton. Xo. 52 irives the avera<re of three analyses from 
 the bottom, middle and top of Coal 2 in section So of Wash- 
 ington township, where it is 3' 2". Another analysis of the 
 same coal from the land of Mr. Anthony, in section 7 of 
 Lick, where it is 3' 6" thick and known as the Anthony coal, 
 gave not less than 63.5 per cent, of fixed carlmn and only 
 1.50 of ash, besides 0.*J8 of sulphur, »,'.' which the larger 
 part was volatile, leaving 0.57 in the coke. Xos. 53 and 54 
 are two analyses of the Coal 3 or Mill-coal of Jackson, where 
 it is extensively mined. 
 
 § 79. The value of furnace-coals, other circumstances bein<>- 
 equal, depends upon their proportion of fixed carbon, and 
 in this respect these remarkable coals, which are known over 
 a considerable area in Milton, Lick and Washington town- 
 ships, much exceed the block coals of Indiana, and equal the 
 
48 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON KKGION 
 
 best of that of the lioekiiig viiUoy Held. For the sake of 
 comparison we subjoin an analysis of the Ashland coal, 
 ■which is mined at Coalton in Kentucky, and is not only used 
 for iron-smelting there, but is brought over to Ironton in 
 Ohio for the same puri)ose. This is, according to Prof. 
 Andrews, the Limestone-coal, the equivalent of the great 
 vein of the Hocking valley, which though much reduced 
 in thickness retains, as in Milton, its valuahlo properties. 
 Its analysis gave to Wormley, water (>.(),'), volatile matter 
 3(5.54, fixed carbon r)4.28, ash 4.53, and sulphur 1.07. A 
 mean of this with three other analyses gives for the amount 
 of fixed carbon of the Ashland coal, 54.90, which is consider- 
 ably below the Hocking and Jackson furnace-coals. 
 
 IX. FURNACE-COALS OF JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 Specidc gravity. 
 
 Water 
 
 Volatile matter. 
 Fixotl carbon... 
 Ash 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Sulphur In coke 
 
 Sulphur; per cent, in coke. 
 
 No. 40. 
 
 l.'iS-i 
 
 T.75 
 3I/J7 
 SS.IIi) 
 
 2.03 
 
 100.00 
 0.53 
 
 No. 50. 
 
 1.2U7 
 
 No. 61. 
 
 7.50 
 
 •MM 30.14 
 
 57.00 I 69.26 
 
 4.10 I 1.60 
 
 100.00 
 
 0.74 
 
 0.22 
 
 0.34 
 
 I 
 
 100.00 
 0.40 
 
 No. 62. 1 No. 53. 
 
 1.292 I 1.330 
 
 8.77 
 28.33 
 01.78 
 
 1.12 
 
 100.00 
 0.73 
 
 7.60 
 30.iHi 
 67-(a 
 
 3.70 
 
 100.00 
 0.40 
 
 NO. .H. 
 
 1.281 
 
 8.70 
 28.30 
 01.60 
 
 1.50 
 
 100.00 
 0.57 
 0.43 
 (I.(i8 
 
 §80. We have now given a description of the Hocking 
 valley coal field, and of the nature of its coal, and have, 
 moreover, furnished the means of comparing this with some 
 of the other coals of the west, which, in qualltj', may com- 
 pete with it. In the case of those of the Mahoning valley 
 and of Indiana, we have seen that their mining is effected 
 
OF SOUTIIEKX OHIO. 
 
 49 
 
 uiulor ii:.s!ulviuit:ig(M)n.s conditions; the irroguliiritios of the 
 .seams, their thiiine^ss aiul, in the first region, the pres- 
 ence of water, unite to augment their cost. U now we h)ok 
 to the Hocking valley we «hall lind, on the contrary, all the 
 conditions favorable to the ciicap and protitahle extraction 
 of its coal. Over hy far the larger part of this field of 
 three hundred square miles the coal of the great vein lies 
 above water-level, while the nppcr vein is everywhere so. 
 With the exception of a few points in the southea.stern 
 part of the field the coal is everywhere got hy driflin"-, 
 which, if done against the dip, affords a ready drainage! 
 From the nature of the country, however, the surface-drain- 
 age is such that the mines are always dry. The thickness 
 of the seam, from six feet upwards, is such as to allow great 
 ease in working, and there is no exi)enditure necessary for 
 cutting away the floor as in thinner seams. The roof of 
 the great vein is a strong slate, and the rooms in mining the 
 coal near Nelsonvillo are opened with a breadth of thirty 
 and even thirty-five feet. The country, moreover, abounds 
 in forest trees, and excellent hard wood for timbering the 
 mines may everywhere be had on the land for the cost of 
 cutting. The n^g.darity of the (lour, which is hard and dry, 
 and the absence of rolls or undulations are also noticeal)lo'. 
 The great vein is found with remarkable regularity, and only 
 in two or three very limited localities has It been fonnd in- 
 terrupted for short distances (§33). 
 
 § 81. The cost of opening a mine nnder th< 
 
 IS very small, since neither pumps nor hoistinir- 
 
 neco? 
 
 conditions 
 engines are 
 
 iry, although in many cases it will probably be fonnd 
 
 more advantageous to .shaft for the coal and 
 
 hill-t( 
 
 )ps, allow it to descend by gravitv, than to d 
 
 out over tramways for long distances to the 
 
 i-aising it to the 
 
 raw it 
 
 the valleys. The cost of the coal del 
 
 openings in 
 
 cars at the present workings is not 
 
 ivered in the rail 
 
 w 
 
 •y 
 
 it is, as we have seen, from §1.35 to $1.80 
 
 over $0.f)0 a ton, whih 
 
 in the other 
 
50 
 
 THE COAL AND IKON REGION 
 
 * 
 I' I. 
 
 Ill* 
 
 l)loek coal regions. Tlio price now paid for mining the 
 coal in the Hocking valley is $0.(K} a bushel or $0.75 a 
 ton, and the miners hero earn double the wages of those 
 in the mines of northern Ohio and Indiana. When the 
 wages of labor arc reduced to the same scale as in these 
 districts, the cost of producing coal in the Hocking valley 
 will be con8ideral)ly diminished. Brown's coal-cutter, lately 
 introduced l)y Messrs. Niblack, Ziunnerman & Alexander at 
 their mines in Clay county, Indiana, promises to oilect a 
 great reduction in the cost of coal mining. 
 
 § 82. In estimating the yield of these mines it will be 
 well to give some data familiar to mining-engineers, which 
 serve as the basis of calculations. The specific gravity of 
 coal may be taken at 1.25, or one and a quarter times that 
 of water, and a layer of such coal one foot in thickness 
 will contain in an acre of superficies (4,840 square yards), 
 1,511) tons of 2,240 pounds or 1,690 tons of 2,000 pounds 
 of coal. It is to bo noted that while along the sea-board, 
 coal is sold by the ton of twenty hundred-weight, to the 
 west of tide-water in the United States the ton is reckoned 
 at 2,000 pounds, and the bushel is estimated to contain 
 eighty pounds, twenty-live bushels making a ton. It is at 
 this rate that the miners, who work Ijy the bushel, are paid, 
 but the average weight of a bushel of most coals is less. 
 Thus at Cincinnati a ton of Pittsburgh coal, which is there 
 the standard, is supposed to measure twenty-eight bushels, 
 while a ton of Hocking valley coal at Columbus is reckoned 
 at twenty-seven bushels. 
 
 § 83. The actual yield of coal in working a vein varies 
 considerably. Thus in the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania, 
 not more than two-thirds of the vein is got out in the con- 
 dition of merchantable coal. In the Mahoning valley also 
 the loss is estimated by Col. Whittlesey to be at least as 
 great, so that from a vein of three feet in that region, 3,000 
 tons of coal to an acre is considered a good return. Much 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 51 
 
 better results than this arc got by judicious workini^ in 
 t'iivorablc ground, and \Varrin<;ton Smyth estimates that in 
 Great Hiltain, on an average, about eighty i)er cent, of the 
 coal Is extracted. This, In case of long-wall mining, is <»f 
 course exceeded, while in other mines the loss is as great as 
 in the cases already mentioned. In the extensive workinijs 
 of Mr. Brooks near Xelsonville in the Hocking valley, where 
 the great vein, deducting the partings, gives six feet of coal, 
 I am informed that his returns are at the rate of 7,2UU tons 
 per acre, ecjual to 1,200 tons of 2,000 pounds for each foot in 
 thickness of coal. This, which is for merchantable coal, ex- 
 cluding nut-coal and slack, must be pronounced a fair result, 
 though under the excepti(mai)ly favorable conditions offered 
 by the great vein, there is no doubt that more skilful mining 
 would increase this large production. 
 
 IRON ORES AND IRON SMELTING IN OHIO. 
 
 § 84. Mention has been made in § 14 of the abundant 
 iron ores which are interstratitied in the coal measures 
 throughout Ohio. It is, however, in the southern part of 
 the state that they are l)est known and have been most de- 
 veloped. The first blast-furnace in this region was put 
 iu operation in 1827, near the village of Hanging Rock in 
 Lawrence county, and from this, the industry having spread, 
 the name of the Hanging Rock district has been extended 
 to the whole iron-smelting reirion south of the Ilockini; 
 valley, including parts of Vinton, Jackson, Scioto, (Jallia 
 and Lawrence counties. The number of blast-furnaces in 
 this region in 18()9 was forty-nine, of which live were using 
 raw mineral coal and the others charcoal, and mostly of 
 small size. Their production for that year is given at 
 106,000 tons of pig iron. I have not been able to get any 
 authentic statements of a later date, the returns of the census 
 for 1870 being very imperfect. I am, however, informed 
 
\ 
 
 \ i 
 
 ) I 
 
 52 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON llEGION 
 
 that there arc in the HnuiriiiG: Rock reijion in 1874 sixtv-five 
 fiiniace.s, l)iiilt or building, including Hve now ui construc- 
 tion tor the use of niineral coal. 
 
 § (S"). These furnaces are almost entirely supi)licd with 
 native ores, though sonic of those alorig the Ohio lliver use 
 an admixture of ore from Missouri. V>y far the greater part 
 of these native ores are from the bed known as the limestone- 
 ore, from the fact that it rests upon the limestone whieli in 
 this southern part of Ohio overlies the Coal 6 (^ 20). The 
 thickness of this oro-depofjit varies from a few inches to two 
 feet or more. Where exposed to atmospheric action it has 
 oecn converted into a hydrous peroxide or limonite, a red- 
 dish or brownish ore, but away from the outcrop it is still 
 in the form of carbonate and is known as blue or gray 
 ore. The so-called block ores of this region are also limo- 
 nitcs. The carbonates contain, on an average, about forty 
 per cent, of iron and the limonites from iifty to tifly-tive per 
 cent. The spccilic gravity of the limonite ores, as deduced 
 from the examination of twenty-nine s[)eciniens from diller- 
 ent localities, averages 2.1)0, and that of the carbonate ores, 
 as a mean of forty-two specimens, is 3.37. These are cal- 
 culated from the tal»les of analyses by Prof. )Vorndey, the 
 greater part from the Hanging Kock district. It is usual 
 before smelting these ores U) roast tiiem in hea[)s, by means 
 of burning wood underneath, so that the volatile matters 
 arc driven olf and the percentage of iron in the ore is in- 
 creased. This is sometimi's done before taking them to the 
 furnace. 
 
 § <S(). Those ores are got in some cases l)y strii)[)ing, as it 
 is called, that is by removing the earth or the soft overlying 
 rock from the layer of ore, when it lies near the surface. 
 In other cases drifting into the rock is resorted to, and is ex- 
 tensively practised in parts of liawrence ccnmty, where ilio 
 limestone-ore is from six to eighteen inches in thickness. 
 Twelve inches of ore can, it is said, be thus mined with 
 
 /I 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 53 
 
 jM-ofit in hard sandstono, and ovon six inches in soft shales. 
 If wo take the spccilie •jnivity of the ore at an average of 
 3.125, or two and a half times the specific gravity of coal, 
 it is clear that a continuous layer of ore one foot in thick- 
 ness will contain as much as a scam of coal two and a 
 half feet thick, or 4,250 gross tons. As the small broken 
 ore is, unlike the slack of coal, not wasted, we may deduct 
 for loss ten per cent., making thus, the yield of a foot of 
 ore 8,900 tons to the acre. But the thickness of the vein 
 and the yield of ore are in some cases much greater than 
 wo have calculated. In section 22 of Elk township, in Vin- 
 ton county, as stated in the geological report for 1870, the 
 liniostono-oro attains a thickness of from two and a half to 
 three feet, and has been largely mined by drifting. Iloro 
 10,800 tons of ore were taken from less than two acres, and 
 in another locality in this region, the yield of three acres 
 is said to have been 23,000 tons of ore. Those who are 
 obliged to purchase their ore pay from $3.00 to $5.00 a ton 
 at the furnace, according to quality aifd locality (the linjo- 
 iiitcs and block ores being richer than the carbonates) or 
 $1.00 a ton for the ore in the bank, while those iron- 
 smelters who own ore-lands get their ores much cheaper. 
 The books of the Latrobe furnace in Milton showed for 
 1872, as the average cost of the ore mined upon IIk^ lands, 
 and delivered at the furnace, and yielding forty [)er cent, 
 of iron, $2.71 the ton of 2,240 pounds; in 1874 from ^1.50 
 to $2.25 is there paid I)y contract for the mining of the 
 ore. At some i■urnace^ in (Jallia county, the average cost 
 of mining and delivering the ore at the furnace is staled at 
 $2.50 per ton. The above data as to prices of ore and costs 
 of mining are in great part furnished me by the kindnes.s of 
 Dr. Newberry, from unpublished notes, but in part also 
 from data to which I am indebted to the proprietors of the 
 1/itrobo furnace. It will be seen from t!ie above ealcida- 
 tions that the value of a layer of ores like these, one foot in 
 
.1 
 
 54 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON KEGIOX 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 thickness, in the vicinity of furnaces and of fuel for smelt- 
 ing it, is equal to that of a vein of coal of six feet. 
 
 § 87. Besides the two kinds of iron ore already noticed, 
 namely the carbonate or siderite, and hj'drous peroxide or 
 limonite, I have observed in this region a third species, hot 
 recognized in the reports of the geological survey. This is 
 the anhydrous red oxide or red hematite, the same species as 
 the Iron Mountain ore of Missouri, though not so pure. In 
 my last visit to southern Ohio, I found this ore in nodular 
 masses, scattered on the surface at Big liim in Kome, 
 Athens county, and saw similar specimens from a few miles 
 to the east, where I was informed it was in large quantities ; 
 its place being apparently above Coal 8. I sul)sequently re- 
 ceived a mass of the same ore from section 13 of Brown, a 
 little south of Hope Station, where it is said to be so abund- 
 ant in large blocks, as to prevent the ploughing of the soil. 
 The place of this would be between Coals (5 and 7. I was 
 next shown the same ore from AVcllston, in ^Nlilton town- 
 ship, where in sinking a shaft, a stratum of about two feet 
 charged with nodules of it, was found, according to Mr. 
 Ilarvoy Wells, about thirty feet above Coal 1. The ore 
 from these throe localities is in rounded concretionary 
 masses, which are dark purplish-red in color, giving a red 
 powder, and so hard, in parts, as not to be scratched with a 
 knife. In these respects, and also in its much greater 
 weight, is very uidike the ores commonly mined in this region. 
 A portion of the ore from Brown had a specific gravity of 
 4.47.'), and yielded by assay (51.00 per cent, of metallic iron, 
 with only 2.0 per cent, of volatile matter. The similar 
 ores from Milton and Home have not yet bee; . so far as I 
 know, assayed. Among the seventy or eighty published 
 analyses of iron ores from the coal measures of Ohio given 
 us by Prof. Wormley, I find Included with the limonites 
 a single specimen of an ore from jNTaxburg, Washington 
 county, which :ipi)arently belongs to this species. It had a 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 55 
 
 specific gravity of 4.544, and yielded only 1.20 per cent, of 
 water and 55.00 per cent, of metallic iron, besides some 
 18.00 per cent, of earthy matters, with no phosphorns. It 
 wonld seem probable that from its nnlikeness to the ordi- 
 nary ores, this red hematite has l)een neglected by the miners. 
 It is, however, even richer than the limonite ores, and nnich 
 heavier, weighing al)ont one and a half times as much as 
 these, and if abundant, will prove a very important ore of 
 iron. 
 
 § 88. In the Hocking valley' coal field, as already noticed, 
 the limestone-ore of the more southern townshi[)s is no 
 longer met with above the jfreat vein of coal. The lower 
 Oi.s of the series arc, however, found abundantly along its 
 whole western border, and are extensively mined for the 
 supi)ly of the furnaces of Logan, Columbus and Zanesville. 
 In Salt Lick township a layer of ore of considerable im- 
 portance is found about thirty feet ))elow the great vein ; and 
 a laver of nodular or kidnev ore, found ci";ht or ten feet be- 
 low this coal, is very persistent throughout the region. To 
 the west of Straitsville, where it lies in the hills, this ore 
 is mined to a large extent l)y stripping, and sent to Logan 
 and Columbus. Its price at Gore Station, on the railroad, is 
 stated from $3.00 to $3.25 the ton. Considerable (|uantities 
 of it have been got in like manner from near the mouth 
 of Meeker's Kun, in York, where it could. perha[)s, be profit- 
 ably mined by drifting. An average which I obtained by 
 breakin^r several of the larire nodular masses of the carbon- 
 ate ore found here, atlbrdcd by analysis, metallic iron, 
 3(5.81); insoluble, 11.87; ahnnina, 2.82; lime, 3.50 ; mag- 
 nesia, 2.4!1 ; phosphorus, 0.25 ; and volatile, chiefly carbonic 
 acid, 27.82. This ore, after roasting, would contain 51.00 
 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 § 81). At a height of fifteen or twenty feet above tho 
 middle or Norris seam of coal is a layer of ore associated 
 with a thin band of limc.-5tone (already mentioned in § 44) 
 
56 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 0^ 
 
 which is very well marked throughout the Hocking valley 
 coal field, and according to Andrews, varies from (V to 14" 
 in thickness. I was, however, assured that in some parts of 
 York it attains 20", while near Bessemer, in section 12 of 
 that township, according to Prof. M. C. Read, it measures 
 not less than 4' V. It has been mined to a considerable 
 extent by stripping in parts of Brown, and to the northward 
 in section 24 of Pike, appears in nodules disseminated 
 through about three feet of shale and e(jual to from 10" to 
 14" of ore. Vast quantities of ore, according to Andrews, 
 can be g(jt from this seam in the northern part of the coal 
 field. A specimen from section 4, in Pleasant, gave to 
 Wormley 41.3 per cent, of iron, and a sam[)Ie which I 
 got frcan the hills a little south of Nelsonville, where it 
 was a foot or more in thickness, gave metallic iron, 57.08; 
 insoluble, 1.90; alumina, 0.33 ; ph()si)horus, 0.2U ; volatile, 
 12.2!). It is a very pure limonite, and when roastCv"", would 
 contain ()').0 per cent, of iron. 
 
 § DO. In the u[)i)er part of Sunday Creek valley, in the 
 townshi[)s of IMeasant :ind Miinroo, is a marked horizon of 
 iron ore about fifteen feet above Coal 7. Large blocks of 
 carbonate, often of more than a ton weight, are ibund 
 arranged in layers in the shales, and the sup|)ly is abundant, 
 but the propcrtion of iron in it is small, amounting in two 
 analyses by \\'ormley, to 23.8 and 2(1.1 per cent. Fai-ther 
 to the southward, however, the developments of iron ore 
 lately mnde known by the oljservations of P of. A]idrews 
 and the Ifcv. J. P. Wethee, are remarkable. As described 
 in a recent re[)ort by the former, there are in the southeastein 
 part of this coal field, not less than seven important horizons 
 of iron ore between Coal 7 and Coal 8. The first, or lowest 
 of thrsc, is found in layers of large nodules in the shales 
 from two to ten feet above the Bayley's Pun coal, and is 
 perhaps the same with that noticed above. It is principally 
 in three layers, whicli in one place were estimated at 2(5", 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 57 
 
 but in section 17 of Dover, are described as equal to over 
 five feet of ore in a tliickness of twenty feet of shales. 
 A single specimen from tliis horizon, a carbonate partly 
 changed into limonito, gave 33.7 per cent, of iron. 
 
 § 91. About ten feet above the last occurs the second of 
 these horizons of ore, which seems to be of much impor- 
 tance. It has been traced all over the western tributaries of 
 Sunday Creek, in Trimble and Dover, and opened at twelve 
 points for examination. It is described as more or less 
 nodular, in from three to six layers which are imbedded 
 in about six feet of red and yellow clays, and us yielding 
 blocks often of several hundred pounds weight. In section 
 7 of Trimble, the aggregate of tliese layers is stated to be 
 equal to a bed of 4' 2", and in three other localities to 2' A", 
 to 3' 2" and to '6' 4'^ The ore is a carbonate, partly changed 
 into limonite, and gave in three analyses 41.57, 29.36 and 
 31.90 per cent, of metallic iron. These, like many others 
 of the carbonates, contain considerable [)ortions of lime and 
 magnesia, which are useful as a flux for the silicious matters 
 also present. 
 
 § 92. A third layer of similar ore is just above tlie little 
 seam of coal found thirty feet above Coal 7, and is said to 
 occur like the last in several layers, equal to 3' in the aggre- 
 gate Its analysis gave 28.97 per cent, of iron. A fourth 
 layer of ore is sixty feet above tli«> last and twelve feet 
 above the so-called Cambridge limestone (§ 12). As seen 
 in section 7 of Trimble this ore is a carbonate 12' in thick- 
 ness, and is associated with a layer of ferriiirinous limestone. 
 
 Thirty-tive feet above the last is the fifth hor 
 
 izon of ore, 
 
 descrii)ed as ccmsisting of two massive layers having a 
 united thickness of 3'. The sixtl 
 
 1 ore is about fifty feet 
 above the Ames limestone, and is a layer of about 15", 
 while the seventh is ten feet hiirh 
 below the horizon of the P^ 
 
 er, and about sixty feet 
 omeroy coal. It is seen in the 
 
 highest hills in the southwestern part of the field "and 
 
 ap- 
 
I": 
 
 « • 
 
 58 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 pears to be several feet in thickness," though no openings 
 have been made. The ore is described as "a brown hematite 
 in nod'.des in ferruginous chiy, and is apparently richer than 
 any of the other ores found in this neighborhood." These 
 last four ores have, however, not been assayed, and are but 
 little known. 
 
 § 93. It will be seen from the statements which have 
 been given, that the quantity of iron ore in this region is 
 very great, and that the supply within the limits of the 
 Hocking valley coal field and along its borders will proba- 
 bly last as long as the coal itself, since each ton of these 
 ores requires about a ton of coal to convert it into pig iron. 
 The resources of this region for the production of iron are 
 immense. There are no iron furnaces as yet in the Hock- 
 ing valley coal field, the nearest being those of Zanesville, 
 Colum1)Us and Logan on the north and west, and those of 
 Hanging Rock region to the southward. We have already 
 described the furnaces of Columl)us and Zanesville (§55). 
 That at Logan is a charcoal furnace, which smelts ores got 
 chiefly from the western part of Salt Lick and its neighbor- 
 hood. These ores, l)rouglit by teams, cost in the raw state 
 at the furnace, from $4.00 to $4.75 the ton. Two and a half 
 tons of the raw ore or two tons of roasted ore make a ton 
 of iron. Charcoal is also the fuel chiefly used in the furnaces 
 of the Hanging Kock region, but the supply of Avood is 
 failing and the cost of charcoal is now, on an average, eight 
 cents a bushel. It costs seven and a half cents at Logan, 
 and, as I am informed from another source, varies in the 
 Hanging Kock region from seven to ten cents, the lesser price 
 being the cost to the smelters who make their charcoal. 
 The ordinar}' consumption being here one hundred and fifty 
 bushels to the ton of iron, the average cost of the fuel is 
 $12.00 per ton. The time is not far distant when mineral 
 coal will take the place of charcoal in this region. 
 
 § 94. As already mentioned, five blast-furnaces, using 
 

 or SOUTHERN OHIO. 59 
 
 exclusively mineriil coal, hiive been for some years in oper- 
 ation in the Ilanirinjir Kock re<>ion. Those about Jackson 
 are of small size. The Orange furnace, built in 18G4, is 
 forty feet high, and produces about ten tons of iron dally. 
 The more recent ones, nsing the Ashland coal from Ken- 
 tucky, are large" and the Ashland furnace on the Kentucky 
 shore is sixty-tive feet high, and makes thirty-five tons of 
 iron daily, with a consumption of two and two-thirds of tons 
 of 2,000 pounds, or 5,332 pounds of coal, to a ton of 2,208 
 pounds of iron. The above figures are from the report of the 
 geological survey for 1870. In the Jackson furnaces the con- 
 sumption of coal is stated at from seventy to eighty bushels 
 to the ton of iron, and I was informed, that in some late trials 
 with the coal from Milton (§ 78), during some weeks in the 
 Orange furnace, sixty bushels ouly were used, while the 
 product was declared in the Cincinnati mai'ket to be equal to 
 charcoal iron. A double furnace for the use of this coal 
 is now building at Wellston, where it is estimated that the 
 cost of iron-making will be as follows : 
 
 Two find !i half tons of ore at .«i2.75 $().88 
 
 Sixty busliols of coal at ih cents 2.70 
 
 Tluoo-qiiarters of a ton of limi'stone 75 
 
 Labor 3.00 
 
 Interest and expenses 2.00 
 
 Sir,. 33 
 
 With a consumption of 150 bushels of charcoal at eight 
 cents a l)ushel, the cost of fuel alone for the ton of iron will 
 be $12.00, raisiiiii' its cost to about $25.00, which must be 
 considerably exceeded where charcoal is higher, or where, 
 as appears from the figiu-es of many furnaces in liawronce 
 county, the consumption is equal to 170 bushels of charcoal 
 to the ton of iron. If, however, as we have good reason to 
 belirve, the coals of Jackson countv and of the Hocking 
 valley are the equals of that of the Mahoning valley for iron- 
 smelting, the future of the iron-industry of southern Ohio is 
 
60 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REOION 
 
 assured for generations to come, juul the cost of protlucing 
 iron, will, from the abinuliuit and cheap supply of both ore 
 and fuel, be less there than in any other equally accessible 
 part of the country. 
 
 § 9'). The iron from these native ores has long been highly 
 esteemed for foundry i)uri)oscs, while the cold-blast charcoal- 
 made iron is especially i)rized for car-wheels, and commands 
 a very high price. 1'he ores of this region contain a valua- 
 ble amount of phos[)li()rus, but so far as examined, in such 
 a proportion as would .untit them for the manufacture of 
 steel. I have had made by Dr. Drown of Philadelphia, 
 determinations of the phosphorus and sulphur in tM'o speci- 
 mens of gray pig-iron, the one from the charcoal furnace at 
 Logan, and the other from the Globe furnace at Jackson, 
 with mineral coal. The results are as follows : 
 
 riiosphonts. Suliilmr. 
 
 Loijan furnace 0.44 O.IOO 
 
 Globe furnace 0.81 0.058 
 
 The proportion of [jhosphorus is not greater than might 
 bo expected from such ores, and it is noticeable that the 
 sniidler amount of sul[)hur is in the iron melted with 
 mineral coal. The pig irons made from these ores of south- 
 ern Ohio, though of superior quality for foundry purposes, 
 and yielding excellent l»ar iron for all ordinary uses in the 
 arts, are not titted for the manufacture of steel for rails by 
 the Bessemer process, for which, with some partial excep- 
 tions, the rich ores of northern Michiiran and ^Missouri fur- 
 iiish our only native supply. 
 
 § D(j. The amount of iron ore mined in the northci'n pen- 
 insula of Michigan, and known as Lake Sui)eri()r ore, is 
 very great. Besides about 100,000 tons which are now 
 smelted in the vicinity of the mines, there were shipped 
 in 1872, diJ2,y)3i), and in 1873 not less than 1,178, 871) gross 
 tons, yielding on an average GO.O per cent, of iron. This 
 latter amount of ore was. however, in excess of the deuuuid. 
 
 
OF SOUTIIERX OHIO. 
 
 61 
 
 
 /b^ 
 
 Its price iit Clovelant!, Ohio, was? $12.()() a ton in the hro;in- 
 nin.g of 1873, hnt fell to $10.00 before its do^c, and will 
 proI)al>iy be $9.00 for 1874. This ore, which is shipped to 
 varions ports on the great lakes, is smelted, with small 
 exceptions, by the coals of Pennsylvania and Ohio, and a 
 very larirc proportion of it finds its way to Pittsl)nrirh, to the 
 Chenaiiiifo valley in northwestern Pennsylvania, and to the 
 vallcv of the Mahoninii; in northeastern Ohio. It is also 
 smelted at Cleveland and, as we have seen, is carried to 
 Zanesville and Coluinl)Us. The receipts of this ore at Cleve- 
 land, in 1873, are stated at 339,000 tons. The freight from 
 thence to Pittsburgh, 150 miles, is $2.2.5 per ton. 
 
 § !*7. An iron ore equal in richness to that of Lake 
 Superior, is mined in Missouri, chiefly at the Iron .Moun- 
 tain. There are no published returns from this region, but 
 the production Is very large. The i)rice of the Iron Moun- 
 tain-ore, which was $10.00 in 1873, i« fixed for 1874 at $8.00 
 a ton at St. Louis. The ores of this region n)ust be shipped 
 to points where cheap fuel can be had for smelting them, and 
 naturally find their way up the Ohi<; River as a return-freight 
 on the numerous vessels employed in bringing down coal. 
 Aa a result of this large quantities of these ores are brought 
 to Pittsburgh to be smelted. 
 
 § 98. Iron is smelted at Pittsburgh with Connellsville c(jke, 
 of which 80 bushels or 3,200 pounds, with Ig tons of Lake 
 Superior ore are required to make a ton of iron. In order 
 to show the imi)()rtance of this coke or a similar fuel for the 
 metallurgy (jf (he west it may be well to give some few fiicts 
 with regard to it. The coal of ihe great Pittsbuigh seam, 
 which in the vicinity of Comiellsville attains a thickness of 
 from 9' to 12', is mined very chcai)ly. As there is no ob- 
 ject in getting out large coal the vein is taken down at a 
 cost of al)out IJ cents a bushel. This coal yields (J5 per 
 cent, of coke, 100 bushels of it producing 125 bushels of 
 coke, which weighs forty pounds to the bushel. Its com- 
 
62 
 
 THE COAL ANL lUON REGION 
 
 position, as iippcars from iiii iiiiah'sis of an average sample 
 made from forty-nine pieces was as follows : carbon, 87.450 ; 
 ash, 11.382; moisture, 0.490 ; snli)linr, 0.(51)3 ; ph()Si)liorus, 
 0.029 = 100.000. The ash contained 47.0 per cent, of silica, 
 and 47.0 of alumina.* This coke is brought tifty-Hve miles 
 by rail to Pittsburgh, and is there sold to western consumers 
 for eight cents a bushel or $4.00 a ton. Its freight from thence 
 to Cleveland, 150 miles, costs $2.25 per ton. The Con- 
 ncllsville coke, from its great density and its acknowledged 
 excellence, supplies almost the whole market of the west, 
 going as far as Chicago and St. Louis, and even to Utah, 
 where it is used for smelting the silver-lead ores of that re- 
 gion. Some account of the magnitude of this conmierce in 
 coke will be given in speaking of the western coal trade 
 (§105). Very little coke is now made in Ohio, and that 
 chiefly at Steubenville, though the same Pittsburgh seam has 
 been found to yield an excellent coke at Big Run, in Athens 
 county, and, as we have shown in §71, the Coal 7 or 
 Bayley's Run seam in the Hocking valley field gives, accord- 
 ing to Prof. Wormley, a coke of superior quality. 
 
 THE COAL TRADE OF THE NORTH AND WEST. 
 
 § 99. A knowledge of the coal markets of the north and 
 west, their sources of supply and their growing demands is 
 most important in relation to the Hocking valley coal tield, 
 and we accordingly give here some figures which help to 
 throw light on this subject, gathered in [)art from data given 
 in the recent valuable compilation by Mr. F. E. Saward of 
 New York, entitled "The Coal Trade," and in part also from 
 notes furnished by Mr. E. D. Manstield of Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 We will beu'iu with Chica<>'o, where the trade in coal has don- 
 bled within the last tive years. The importations in 1869 
 
 * I flud this nnnlyais iu Sawnrd'e lunuual eutitled " The Coal Trade," wUere the uanio 
 of the aualyct is uot given. 
 
m 
 
 OP SOUTIIEHX OlflO. ,,o 
 
 were 790,000 tons, and in 1873 anmnntod to 1 420 000 f 
 (o{ which 177 i\>i'\ t I 1,4^(^(H)0 tons 
 
 COALS KECEIVEU AT CIIICAOO ly 1873. 
 
 In vessels l)y the lake T„n,. 
 
 By ;;;"^|>'"'Ki.. cindnnati a.ui ^i'LoX'v>:ii^;a:.::: T-'"' 
 
 lilt-l.uiKhan.l FoitWa.vne railroail... '''"■'"" 
 
 Lake .Shore railroad w»,4«l 
 
 t'liicago ami Alton railroad. . .'.".'.'..*.'.*" •'"'••"!> 
 
 ChiffiKo and Vincennes railroad".'.".'.' 2()ii.7hO 
 
 lllinoKs Central railroad ..'.''. ail.T.Vi 
 
 Chicago and Xortii western railroad' ''''''''^ 
 
 Chicagoand ISnrlington railroad.. •'"•'"7 
 
 Chicago and Kock Island niilrond".. -'^■'^•'■■J 
 
 Illinois Canal I5.;U({ 
 
 Total -1— J:i!f 
 
 lal-VuoO^i' /'" """"".'•''^ '"'' '''"'"^ '" Chi™rC the 
 I. ko, J0,i.l»2 tons were bituminous coal, and 4')', 7(tr, ., ., 
 
 etc. These which togcthe. with the ^^ !, et 'i;!" t;" 
 three raiiroiuls namej, make ni) 840 SI", /„„. ■ 
 "u."l.e.., three-mths of the whL l', i n o ^J u'lfT.'' 
 cugo, co,„e wholly f..„n. the'states of Ohio a ,c P , L", ...^ " 
 Ihc ,,ncesot coal iu Chicago are much atleetecl v i " 
 0;n.g cost of lake.trau.,,ortation. The frei^htlf ,f , , T' 
 whciice most of tl,„ „„M , , . ° "° """' ""iralo. 
 
 ot the tinthnicite ti.ul til.so the Blossbui 
 
 sliippetl, reached in 1672 as hi^di 
 
 which time the average price of anti 
 $11.00 the ton; Avhile in 1873 the 
 
 lis $2.50 i^er ton, d 
 
 ■g eoal IS 
 
 tiracite in Chi 
 
 > ciiirin<r 
 cn<Tfo was 
 
 $1.00, rose to $1.18, and tlien rapidly d 
 financial tronbles of the autnnin, wh 
 
 ont charge as ballast. The result of tl 
 and other coal by the lakes during the 
 usually low, the average 
 
 $y.aO while that of all othe 
 by mil, has been reduced 
 
 nite of freight opened at 
 
 eclined during the 
 
 ^n coal was taken with- 
 
 not only the anthracite and the 
 
 !"s is that anthracite 
 past year has been 
 
 M?,'f ...''"."° "'■ :"';'"-"<^"<' ''-"g "bout 
 
 come 
 are received 
 
 r coals, including those which 
 accordingly. By hike 
 
 Blossb 
 
 ui-g coals, but the 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 m 11^ 
 
 ', 5 
 
 •^ IIIIM 
 
 36 
 
 4;.' J 
 
 iO 
 
 1.4 
 
 ||M 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 ^/ 
 
 Y 
 
 # 
 
 <? 
 
 /; 
 
 /. 
 
 .^^ 
 
 
 c 
 
 / 
 
 s 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY 14S80 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

G4 
 
 THE COAL AND IROX REGIOX 
 
 Briar Hill coal from Mahoning valley, and the similar coal 
 from Mercer county, Pennsylvania, which from the place of 
 its shipment, is known as Eric coal. The Pittsburgh, Cin- 
 cinnati and St. Louis railroad, and the Pittsburg and Fort 
 ^Vilyne railroad, Itring to Chicago the coals of the Hocking 
 valley, and also coal from Walnut Hill and Midway, I'enn- 
 sylvania ; while the remainder, equal to two-fifths of the coal- 
 su[)ply, comes from the adjacent coal field of Illinois and 
 western Indiana. We have seen from tlie fijjures given in 
 § 58 that these latter coals arc less esteenied than others, 
 since, while Briar Hill, Erie and Hocking valley are (juoted 
 at $8.00 to $8.50, the l)lock coal of Indiana is $0.50, and the 
 coal of Illinois $5.00. The reasons why Chicago gets the 
 greater part of her coal-supply from the east are thus two- 
 fold ; first, the advantages offered by return-freights, both l)y 
 lake and by rail, and second, the superior quality of the coals 
 which are furnisheil by Ohio and Penuf^ylvania. The two 
 gas-companies of Chicago now consiime 110,000 tons of coal 
 annually, and the four principal iron-works 12<!,000 tons. 
 
 § 101. Milwaukee, which receives the wIkjIc of its coal- 
 supi)ly by the lake, imported, in 18(>1), 87,D(iO tons, and in 
 1873 not less than 210,li)l tons, showing an increase at the 
 rate of M) per cent, per annum. A consideral)le iron-industry 
 is springing up here. There were imported into Milwaukee 
 in 18(51), 12,180 tons of iron, and this rose last year to 4i),(K)0 
 tons; while there were produced in Wisconsin, in large part 
 it is believed, with mineral (.'oal, about 100,000 tons of iion 
 against (57,600 in 1872. For Detroit the importation, alto- 
 gether by the lake, for 18G9, is estimated at 200,000, but 
 amounted in 1873 to 370,500 tons, a yearly increase of over 
 20 per cent. Details of the coal imported into various parts 
 of Ontario, such as Sarnia, Windsor and Port Stanley, are 
 wanting, but the amount is consideral)le, anti the demand in 
 that county for coal is rapidly increasing with the great de- 
 velopment of railways and of manufactures. 
 
 /I 
 
 '.C 
 

 } 
 
 OF Southern oiiio. 
 
 65 
 
 § 102. Cleveland receives a great amount of coal, and is 
 at the same time the seat of large manufactures, and a centre 
 for the distribution of coal by the lake. Here come the 
 coals from the Mahoning valley, from the Hocking valley, 
 Massillon and other points in Ohio, and to some extent coal 
 and coke from the Pittsburgh region. The fi^fures of the coal 
 trade of Cleveland, compiled from the returns of various 
 transportation-companies, show a constant and regular in- 
 crease bo h in the consumption and shipment of coal at this 
 city. From the table given by Savvard, we extract the 
 following as the number of tons of coal received, shipped 
 and used at Cleveland : — 
 
 
 KeceivL'd. 
 
 Shipped. 
 
 Consumed. 
 
 1865 . 
 
 . . 405,555 . 
 
 . . 230,000 . 
 
 . . 229,550 
 
 18G9 . 
 
 . . 922,757 . 
 
 . . 495,800 . 
 
 . . 420,957 
 
 1873 . 
 
 . 1,599,212 . 
 
 . . 854,862 . 
 
 . . 744,350 
 
 The amount of coal received has thus more than trebled 
 since 18G5, the average annual increase in receipts since 
 that date being at the rate of 31 per cent, while it has doub- 
 led since 1868, when 759,104 tons were received. 
 
 § 103. Sandusky is destined to become an important port 
 for the shipment of coal, being as will be seen, the nearest lake- 
 port to the Hocking valley region. It began in 1872 with 
 the shipment of 20,450 tons, which was increased in 1873 to 
 77,157 tons. Preparations for 1874 are made on a greatly 
 extended scale for the shli)mcnt of coal, and for the reception 
 of Lake Superior iron ore, of which 29,500 tons were brought 
 to this port in 1873. There is little doubt that Avith proper 
 railway and shipping facilities, a great trade, l)olh in coal and 
 ore, will here be built up in connection with the Hocking 
 valley region. The same may be said of Toledo, when the 
 railroads now in progress shall have opened more direct com- 
 munications I)etween this port and the coal Held. It received, 
 in 1809, 21,457 tons and in 1873, 37,868 tons of coal. 
 
 § 104. liufl'alo is a point of importance in relation to the 
 coal trade in the northwest, and receives, besides large quan- 
 G 
 

 I '•'■■'. 
 
 66 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 V ' • 
 
 ii '■■''': 
 
 ■I 
 
 titles of coal from the eastward both by rail and canal, a very 
 considerable amount from the west, partly by the Lake Shore 
 railroad, and partly b}-^ vessels from ports in Lake Erie. 
 Besides that required for the consumption of the city and 
 its vicinity, amounting now to about 600,000 tons a year, a 
 great quantity of coal is reshipped to Chicago, Milwaukee 
 and other western ports as a return-freight in the vessels 
 which bring grain to this port. Besides this, 67,210 tons 
 were, in 1873, shipped eastward through the Erie canal, and 
 by this route the coal of Ohio is beginning to find its way to 
 New York. The returns of the coal trade of Buffalo for 
 1873 are as follows : 
 
 COAL TRADE OF BUFFALO FOB 1873. 
 
 Tom. 
 
 Anthracite from the east by canal 254,044 
 
 Anthracite from the east by rail 470,885 
 
 Bituminous from the east by canal 125,000 
 
 Bituminous from the west by rail 190,000 
 
 Bituminous from the west by lake 85,139 
 
 Total 1,133,0(J8 
 
 § 105. We may now notice the coal trade of the Ohio, 
 beginning however at Pittsburgh, which is the centre cf a 
 traffic which now equals about 160,000,000 bushels yearly, 
 including the coal and coke which are mined and manufac- 
 tured in its vicinity, and either consumed there or sent to 
 various points, not only down the Ohio River, but eastward 
 and westward by rail. There were shipped over the west- 
 ern end of the Pennsylvania railroad in 1872, 17,770,104 
 bushels of coal and 12,900,000 bushels of coke ; the latter 
 going west, while the greater part of the coal went east. 
 Twenty-five years ago the entire annual production of the 
 region was only about 4,500,000 bushels. The amounts of 
 coal and coke received at Pittsburgh during three years are 
 as follows : 
 
 1670., 
 1871. 
 1872. 
 
 COAL AND COKE RECEIVED AT PITTSBURGH. 
 
 Buthcli Coal. Buihcli Coke, 
 
 67,388,725 11,504,000 
 
 9<i,786,635 23,357,400 
 
 115,0(»,146 43,027,766 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 67 
 
 f 
 
 The increase in the production of coal for these years is 
 at the rate of 35 per cent, and that of the coke has doubled 
 each year. We have already described the Connellsville 
 coke and its extended use, in § 98. 
 
 § 106. The receipts of coal at Cincinnati are given below 
 from the returns of the Chamber of Commerce, and to these 
 are added the prices of the coal as delivered for the last 
 five years, the price of the coal afloat being about four 
 cents less. Coal on the Ohio River is bought and sold by 
 the bushel, and although Pittsburgh coal is calculated to 
 weigh about seventy-six pounds to the bushel, twenty-eight 
 bushels are reckoned the equivalent of a ton at Cincinnati. 
 
 COAL RECEIVED AT CINCINNATI. 
 
 Bushelt. Average price. 
 
 l»®-«* 15,975.306 
 
 1884-65 16,467,023 
 
 1805-66 18,(>22,!)!tO 
 
 1806-67 18,440,266 
 
 ^^'-<'^ 17,500.000 22.1^ cents. 
 
 1808-69 25,500,000 10.(59 » 
 
 1869-70 30.300,000 15.37 « 
 
 18"0-7I 22,972,000 1.5.82 •< 
 
 1871-72 30,770,796 22.08 « 
 
 1872-73 37,274,497 20.72 • 
 
 The annual increase in the receipts of coal for the last 
 five years has been at the rate of over 22.0 per cent. The 
 various coals received for the year ending September 1, 1873 
 (amounting to 1,380,537 tons), are classified in the returns 
 as follows : 
 
 „ .. . , Bushels, 
 
 Youghiogheny coal 24,062„373 
 
 Ohio River Rod Kanawha coal 11 0-5 072 
 
 "i^T^-- '.'^^'''::::.:A,mm 
 
 ^"""•'«="« 76,000 
 
 37,274,497 
 
 § 107. The coal designated as Youghiogheny is that which 
 is brought down from Pittsburgh, amounting to over two- 
 thirds of the whole. A great part of the remainder comes 
 from Pomeroy in Meigs county, and its vicinity. The an- 
 nual coal-production of this county, according to Professor 
 Andrews, is now estimated at 9,000,000 bushels. The coke 
 
,, s 
 
 68 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 sold at Cincinnati in 1872-73 amounted to 3,594,820 
 bushels, some of which comes from Pittsburgh, while some 
 more is made at Cincinnati. Of the coal received a consid- 
 erable proportion is redistributed, being sent northward into 
 the interior of the state, to various points within a radius 
 of one hundred miles and more, to supply the increasing 
 demand for coal in the country districts. This amounted in 
 1872-73 to 4,472,400 bushels, or 165,644 tons. The iron- 
 manufacturing industries of this city, which consume a large 
 quantity of coal, are of large and growing importance. In 
 the absence of any other data it may be mentioned that the 
 receipts of pig-iron at Cincinnati show a steady increase 
 from 41,093 tons in 1869 to 130,795 tons in 1873. 
 
 § 108. The price of coal at Cincinnati is subject to great 
 fluctuations, as shown in the above table, where, however, 
 the average for six years is 18.59 cents per bushel. Neither 
 this nor the j^earjy averages serve to give a correct notion of 
 the average cost of coal to the consumers, to determine 
 which it would be necessary to know the amounts sold at 
 each price. On September 1, 1872, the cost of Youghi- 
 ogheny coal, delivered, was twenty cents the bushel. It 
 rose, hovevcr, in October to twenty-seven cents, and reached 
 in December twent^'-eight cents, falling gradually from this 
 time until in May it was sold at seventeen and eighteen 
 cents, after which it rose again to twenty cents, which price 
 it maintained with little change till September 1, 1873. 
 These variations depend in great part on the state of the 
 navigation of the Ohio, whicli is liable to be interrupted by 
 ice in winter and by low water in summer. The unusually 
 open navigation, coupled with the business depression has 
 reduced the price of coal at Cincinnati, duiing the winter 
 and spring of 1874, to a point seldom reached, Youghi- 
 ogheny coal being from twelve to fourteen cents, delivered. 
 Great fluctuations like these in the price of coal are obviously 
 injurious to the manufacturing and commercial interests of a 
 
 /ft 
 
 
 i:i 
 
OP SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 69 
 
 business centre like Cincinnati, and a regular supply of coal 
 not dependent upon the caprices of the river-navigation 
 would be a great advantage. During the last year or two 
 the Hocking coal has been to some extent brought to Cin- 
 cinnati, though the railway connections with the mines 
 opened in that region are far from direct. By the Marietta 
 and Cincinnati railroad, the southern parts of the Hocking 
 valley Held are less than one hundred and sixty miles from 
 Cincinnati, and the freight for this distance, at one cent and 
 a quarter a ton per mile, the ordinary rate of freight for coal 
 on the Ohio railroads, would be less than $2.00, while the 
 coal can, as we have seen, be put on the cars in the Hocking 
 valley for $0.00 the ton, so that it would be possible with 
 proper means of transportation to lay down at all seasons, in 
 Cincinnati, the superior coals of this region, at prices consid- 
 erably below the average cost of the coals brought by river. 
 
 RAILWAY COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE 
 HOCKING VALLEY. 
 
 § 109. As yet the means of exporting coal from the Hock- 
 ing valley are very inadequate. Previous to 18G9, it was 
 accessible only by the Hocking Canal, which runs from 
 Columbus to Athens. The Columbus and Hocking Valley 
 railroad, between the same i)()ints, was opened in that year, 
 and has since shown a steadily growing coal trade, so that it 
 is now in contem[)lution to lay down a double track with steel 
 rails. The receipts of coal at Columbus, by this road, have 
 been as follows, reckoning as is there done, twenty-seven 
 bushels to the ton. 
 
 Tona. 
 
 1870 50,000 
 
 1871 2.)0,0()0 
 
 l>il-i (iOO.OOO 
 
 1873 80J.000 
 
 Columbus consumes a considerable proportion of this coal 
 
r 
 
 70 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 n 
 
 ii 
 
 •1 
 
 ■ *f 
 
 ■■• t 
 
 iu munufactures, and the remainder is sent by rail to various 
 points and largely to Chicago. The Newark, Somerset and 
 Straitsville railroad, opened in 1872 to Shawnee, carried to 
 Newark in 1873, 300,000 tons of this coal, of which a large 
 portion went to the lake-ports. 
 
 § 110. These aro as yet the only two outlets from the 
 Hocking valley coal tield, but the importance of the region 
 has led to several new lines which are in process of construc- 
 tion, while others are projected. Of the former we may 
 mention trst the Atlantic and Lake Erie railroad, destined 
 to connect Toledo on Lake Erie, with Pomeroy on the Ohio 
 River, which will pass through the eastern part of the coal 
 field down the valley of Sunday Creek, by New Lexington, 
 MoxaLala and Ferrara, thus connecting this part of the field 
 directly both with the lakes and the river. By this route, now 
 building, the distance from Toledo to Ferrara will bo 174 
 miles; while by the present connections it is 198 miles from 
 Toledo to Shawnee by the way of Newark, and from Toledo 
 to Straitsville by the way of Columbus, 183 and 190J miles 
 by two diflferent lines. 
 
 § 111. Another railroad is now being built by the Penn- 
 sylvania railroad company from McLuney, a station five 
 miles east of New Lexington on the Cincinnati, Wilmington 
 and Zanesville railroad (which is controlled by that company) 
 to Moxahala and thence to McCuneville near Shawnee on 
 the Newark, Somerset & Straitsville railroad, thus giving a 
 direct communication from the coal field to Zanesville. In 
 connection with this a short portion of road between Dres- 
 den and Oxford will give the Pennsylvania railroad com- 
 pany a direct line from the coal field, by the way of Zanes- 
 ville, to Cleveland. The coal from this field has hitherto 
 reached Cleveland through Shelby on the Cleveland, Co- 
 lumbus & Cincinnati railroad, either by the way of Newark, 
 from Shawnee, a distance of 181 miles, or from New Straits- 
 ville, by Columbus, 197 miles. By the new route through 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 71 
 
 I 
 
 Zanesville the distance from Fcrrara, in the centre of the 
 Sunday Creek valley, to Cleveland, will be but 164 miles. 
 It is also proposed to build a few miles of road from Oxford 
 to Loudonville on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago 
 railroad, which will effect a good connection with the lines 
 of that company to Sandusky, Toledo, Chicago and the north- 
 west. 
 
 § 112. The Newark, Somerset and Straltsville railroad is 
 now leased to the Baltimore and Ohio railroad company, 
 which also controls the Marietta and Cincinnati railroad. 
 From the Carbondale branch on this latter an extension is 
 about to be built a distance of twenty-two miles through 
 York and Ward, passing up Monday Creek and Snow Fork 
 valleys, to Shawnee, the present terminus of the N. S. and 
 S. R. R., from which point a road is projected eastward by 
 Buckingham to Ferrara. From Newark to Sandusky, a 
 direct lino is now opened by the way of Mansfield. The 
 Baltimore and Obio company is also constructing an inde- 
 pendent line from Newark to Chicago, passing through 
 Fostoria, and now built nearly as far as Defiance, thus 
 giving a direct connection between Chicago and the coal 
 field, independent of the Pittsburgh and Fort Wayne rail- 
 road over Avhich a largo amount of coal from it is now 
 sent, passing by an indirect route from Columbus to Crest- 
 line. A projected road from Columbus, by Bellefontaine, 
 joining the Pittsburgh and Fort Wayne railroad at Lima, 
 will make the communication between this coal field and 
 Chicago, still more direct, while another projected line pass- 
 ing by Marion and Fostoria, will also give a direct connec- 
 tion between Columbus and Toledo. This latter city will 
 become important for the coal trade, both as a shipping-port 
 and as a point whence coal can be sent by the railways 
 diverging northward and northwestward to Detroit and 
 throughout the state of Michigan. 
 
 § 113. Columbus will also serve as a centre for the distri- 
 
M' 
 
 72 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 m* 
 
 '1 
 
 , f4 : " 
 
 . i: 
 
 {I'm 
 ^5r 
 
 
 bution of this coal to some of the western and southwestern 
 parts of Ohio and Indiana. The distance by rail from New 
 Straitsvillo to Dayton, via Columbus, is 134 miles. From 
 Dayton to Ferrara by the Cincinnati, AVihnington and Zanes- 
 ville railroad (also known as the Cincinnati and Miiskini^um 
 Valley railroad) and an incompleted link from Washington 
 on this road, to Xenia, will however bo but 118 miles. 
 
 § 114. From Logan on the Columbiis and Hocking Valley 
 railroad, another line is now partly graded, passing south- 
 ward, through Starr, along the western border of the coal 
 field to the Marietta and Cincinnati railroad, which it will 
 intersect at Vinton. It is destined to reach the Ohio River 
 at Gallipolis ; while from Hampden on the M. and C. R. R., 
 a line now runs to Portsmouth on the Ohio. The M. and C. 
 R. R. crosses the southern, and as yet unopened part of this 
 coal Held in Brown and AVaterloo, not more than 150 miles 
 from Cincinnati, while b}' the extension of the Carbondalo 
 branch of this road through York to Shawnee, the present 
 mines on the banks of the Hocking River will be about 160 
 miles from Cincinnati. From this city to Ferrara by the Cin- 
 cinnati and Zanesville railroad, the distance will be 157 
 miles. 
 
 § 115. These railway lines, as Col. I. B. Riley, of 
 Newark lias well said, "place all the principal coal-markets 
 of Ohio nearly equidistant from this field, making the dis- 
 tance to Sandusky and Cincinnati about 160 miles each, and 
 to Cleveland and Toledo about 170 miles, and furnishing 
 competing routes to each place." The usual rate of charge 
 for coal over the Ohio roads is one and a quarter cents per 
 mile, per ton, so that the carriage to these points will not 
 vary much from $2.00 per ton. Adding to this $0.90, 
 the average estimated cost of mining the coal of the ufreat 
 vein, including the expenses at the coal bank, this coal will 
 then cost, delivered at the principal points of consumption 
 and of the shipment in Ohio, about $3.00 per ton. 
 
 %_ 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 73 
 
 CONCLUSIOX. 
 
 § IIG. Iliiving shown the present and the prospective 
 fiicilltios for eomniunication with the west and northwest 
 from all parts of the Hocking valley coal field, it now only 
 remains to make, in conclnsion, some remarks on its impor- 
 tance in a near future as a source of coal. By recapitulating 
 the results of the inquiry made in previous pages into the 
 coal trade of the west, it will l)o seen that excluding Buffalo 
 and Pittsburgh, for the reason that they are furnishers of 
 coal to the more western points, we have for the amount of 
 coal received at the cities named below in 1873, and for its 
 annual rate of increase for the five years up to that date, the 
 
 following figures 
 
 Tons in 1873. 
 
 Cincinnati l.-WCSS?. 
 
 Cleveland l,59!),21-2 
 
 ^'Mi-'itio l.ViO.OO,-). ..." 
 
 Mil wnnlvee 210, 191 ... . 
 
 I'ctroit -m.rm.... 
 
 Sandusky 77.ir)7 
 
 Toledo ;{7.()88. 
 
 Annual increase. 
 ....22 per cent. 
 .....'11 percent. 
 — 20 per cent. 
 — tin per cent. 
 . . . .20 per cent. 
 
 o,0!,r),2i)0 
 
 Of the above amount, some small part, having been shipped 
 from ports on Lake J^rie to thyse farther westward, is reck- 
 oned twice, but this is far more than compensated for by the 
 consumption of the inland cities and towns of this rich and 
 populous region as far west as Indianapolis and beyond, so 
 that it will, I think, be no exaggeration to take the whole coal- 
 consumption of the region thus supplied at (5,000,000 tons. 
 From the figures above given, it will ])o seen that the average 
 annual increase of the receipts at the three great centres wa's, 
 for the last five years, over twenty-five per cent., and with the 
 rapid growth of the west in manufacturing industries of all 
 kinds, its railways and its steamboats, it may bo confidently 
 expected that this rate of increase will continue for many 
 years to come. If, however, we put for ihe whole of the reo-ion 
 
74 
 
 THE COAL AND IRON REGION 
 
 '' ' 
 
 to bo supplied the annual increase at only twenty instead 
 of twenty-five per cent., we shall find that in place of the 
 6,000,000 of tons consumed in 1873, there will be required 
 in 1880, or seve*^ years hence, 14,400,000 tons of coal. 
 
 § 117. When . is this great supply of coal to come? 
 A largo proportion Avill continue to be sent from Pennsyl- 
 vania and northern Ohio, and doubtless the Illinois and'ln- 
 diana coal fields, notwithstanding the drawbacks as to quality 
 of coal and to difficulties and costs of mining, will yield an 
 increasing contingent, but Ohio, from its geographical posi- 
 tion, and from tho course of trade, must continue to furnish 
 an increasing proportion. It has, however, been shown that 
 the coal formation of this state in its northern half has, with 
 the exception of tho Mahoning valley region, with its single 
 thin and interrupted vein of Briar Hill coal, yielded little 
 except coals of inferior quality, and that it is only in tho 
 Hocking valley region that we have, in the great vein, an 
 abundant supply of good coal free from sulphur and fit alike 
 for all ordinary manufacturing and household purposes and 
 for the smelting of iron. When we take into consideration 
 all these circumstances it seems difficult to overestimate tho 
 importance of the Hocking valley coal field, from which a 
 great portion of tho west and northwest must draw the chief 
 part of its coal-supply for generations to come. If the views 
 of Mansfield and of others, who have carefully studied tho 
 coal trade of Cincinnati, be true, this city can be better and 
 more cheaply supplied with coal from tho Hocking valley 
 than from Pittsburgh, and thus bo rendered independent 
 of the long and uncertain navigation of tho upper Ohio ; 
 while it is probable that tho lower portion of this river and 
 the Mississippi may get from the Hocking valley field, by the 
 way of Portsmouth and Gallipolis, a large part of its coal- 
 supply. 
 
 § 118. Tho coal of Ohio may, in its geographical, com- 
 mercial and industrial relations, be compared to the anthracite 
 
 A 
 
OF SOUTHERN OHIO. 
 
 75 
 
 'A 
 
 of Pennsylvania. The latter, occupying an area of about 
 four hundred and seventy scjuare miles, placed on the eastern 
 border of the broad Appalachian basin, has before it to the 
 north and east the great, rich and populous, but coalless states 
 of New York, New Jersey and New England, which look to 
 it for their chief supply of fuel. Moreover, in New York, 
 in New Jersey and in eastern Pennsylvania are immense de- 
 posits of rich iron ores, which find in the anthracite the fuel 
 necessary for their reduction and manufacture. As a re- 
 sult of this wo find that the amount of anthracite mined in 
 1872 was 19,000,000 tons, or nearly one-half the whole coal- 
 production of the United States, which amounted to 41,000,- 
 000 tons. 
 
 If now we turn to the west we find on the opposite border 
 of the Appalachian basin the coal region of eastern Ohio, 
 and particularly the Hocking valley coal field, with its three 
 hundred square miles of superior and easily mined coal, sus- 
 taining similar relations to the rich and populous but coalless 
 states to the north and west, which must in time to come 
 look to it for the supply of a great portion of their fuel. In 
 addition to this we have, as a further resemblance, the vast 
 supplies of iron ores, not only those of southern Ohio itself, 
 but those of Lake Superior and of Missouri, which, with the 
 development of an export-trade in coal from this region, will 
 find their way thither in increasing quantities to be smelted 
 and manufactured. In view of all these facts we may with 
 confidence expect to see this coal field and its vicinity the seat 
 of a metallurgical industry comparable to that of the Lehigh 
 valley and of Pittsburgh. 
 
 \1 
 
w 
 
 
 ■I 
 
 } 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 
 ON THE COSTS OF lUON-SMELTING. 
 
 In § 04 wo have given .an estimate by Mr. Harvey Wells, making 
 the cost of producing pig irun at tiie furnace now building in 
 Milton, where the ores and coal will both be mined on the furnace- 
 lands, less than $10.00 per ton. In this estimate, besides $0.75 
 for limi'stone to be used as tlux, the cos^ts of labor and wear and 
 tear, etc., are counted at $5.00. This latter figure will vary con- 
 siderably according to locality, iuid is the same as that given by 
 Messrs. Cooper, Hewitt & Co., for Ringwood, New Jersey, where 
 the magnetic ores of the region are smelted with anthracite and 
 iron is made very cheaply. At Pittsburgh, IVni'sylvania, accord- 
 ing to high authority', the estimate for these expenses (including 
 limestone for Hux) is S'S.OO, instead of $5.75, as given for Milton. 
 The price of Lake Sui)erior ore being $1>.00 a* ton at Cleveland, 
 and $2.25 added for freight thence to l'ittsbur"ii, making $11.25, 
 the cost of 1-^ tons of ore, recinired to produce a ton of iron, will 
 be $18.75. Adding to this the cost of Ul tons, or eighty bushels 
 of Connellsville coke at eight cents, or $(!. 10, and $8.00, as above, 
 for other expenses, we have $30.15 as the cost of a ton of i)ig iron 
 at Pittsburgh. Tiie iron masters of this region, however, making 
 their own coke at Connellsville,* get it delivered at Pittsl)urgh for 
 al)out six and a half cents, which would reduce the ton of iron 
 to about $;32.00. 
 
 At Cleveland, the same amount of ore Iteing $15.00, the coke 
 from Connellsville costs in addition to eight cents a bushel or $ 1.00 
 a ton at Pittsburgh, the freight of $2.25 the ton or $<1.25, making 
 
 * The coke wlilcli is uiaile from (lie coal of riltsl»iiry;li is larfiely used 
 for louiuh-y purposes. Il wciylis iilK)Ut tliirty-tlircc poiiiKis to the Ixislicl, 
 ami for iroii-siiioltiiiii; tlic coko from tlif (.'oiiiicllsvillf coal, wliicli woi^lis 
 forty i)onii(ls to ti'c Itnslicl. is urcatly prcfcrrotl. lU'ccnt trials imido at 
 the .loliot Stcfl Works to purify, by wasliiiifr, tlu' sulpliiiroiis coals of 
 nortlicni Illinois, and convert tliem into a coke (it for nietalinr^jieal piu'- 
 poses, liave l)et'n iMisnccessfui. 'I'lie resnitinu; coke was too porous for 
 tlie l)last-furnacc, and the amonnl of snlpiiur could not, he not l)clow 1.70 
 percent, (ferhune, Knyineering and ^iining Journal, April 2."), 1S74.) 
 
 C"7) 
 
I .4 
 
 il 
 
 - *v' 
 
 ■ v.' 
 
 
 '•'V, 
 
 >' 
 
 78 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 for If tons, 89.75, which with the addition of $8.00, as before, 
 would bring the cost of the ton of iron made from Lake Superior 
 ores with Connellsville coke at Cleveland, to 832.75. Substitut- 
 ing 2] tons of Briar Hill coal, at an average price of $4.25, we 
 have $9.56, which is nearly the same as for coke. 
 
 To points within the Hocking Valley coal-fleld distant 160 miles 
 from Cleveland or from Sandusky, the ores of Lake Superior can be 
 brought from these ports, at the ordinary rates of freight for coal 
 over the Ohio roads, for $2.00 per ton, making the ore $11.00, or 
 for 1§ tons $18.33. If now we take three tons of coal at $1.50 a 
 ton, we shall have, with the addition of $8.00 as before, $30.83. 
 But to the iron-master, mining his own coal and building his 
 furnace at the coal bank, the cost of the coal will be $1.00 a 
 ton or less, which will reduce the cost of iron made from Lake 
 Superior ores in the coal field, to $29.33 the ton. Substituting 
 for the ores of Lake Superior the native ores, which mined on 
 the land, will cost in some cases, as we have seen, not more than 
 $2.50 to $2.75, and may be estimated at $3.00 the ton, we shall 
 have for 2^ tons of these ores, $7.50, which, with $3.00 for coal, 
 and the addition of $8.00, as before, will give $18.50 for the ton 
 of iron made in the coal-field with native ores. Comparing this 
 with the lower estimate given at Milton, we may conclude that the 
 price of iron thus manufactured in this region, will range from 
 $16.00 to $18.00 the ton, and may, in many places, be still lower. 
 
 The coke, an admixture of which with the raw coal is in some 
 cases found advantageous both in the Mahoning Valley and at 
 Zanesville and Columbus, is now supplied from Connellsville. As 
 already i-emarked. hpwever. the Coal 7 of the Hocking Valley field 
 promises to yield a good coke, while the lower four feet of the great 
 Pittsburgh seam, so finely developed on Big Run (§ 12), has lately 
 been found to give a coke of superior appearance, which is said to 
 have been tried with excellent results at a furnace in Jackson 
 county. 
 
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MAP OF A PART OF THE 
 
 CO^L AND IROjN REGION 
 
 OUTHERN OHIO 
 
 Showinphe Railroads completed, in progress and projected. 
 
 COMPILED FROM THE MOST BECENT AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES 
 
 BY ISAAC B.RILETC.E.I^E\VARK,OinO. 
 
 dra\v:n btj).w.curtix 
 
 to accoTi\pany st report by 
 
 T. STERRYHUNT LLD.rR S 
 

i. k5 11!ilVlVl lll_ -LI A AJU.J-.., I- »••'-• 
 
 1874. 
 
 
 SCALE TWO MILES TO ONE INCH 
 
 :Notes. 
 
 Mail Roads complUed^ 
 
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