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ROCH L'ACHIGAN. 0^ MONTREAL }R SALE BY ALL THE PRINCIPAL BOOK SELLERS 1857 jM from cago, charg 000* ti It has be 1 13 well as lenities of I I becoming i I teosation a and in the Ihappy resi not to rems get acquaii |towhom ju The sent [resisted as lAnne Ohui [with him. (of a free ai In Canada lin favour oj of the effort [him. A cri£ hoped that [will aid the Ifhioh they [ml liberti omething lithe En ought) al: T' f'ather Chiniquy has been deposed from the ministry by the Presbytery of Chi- eago, for lefasing to submit to a trial on the charge of « unminis^rial and unchristian oon>tuot." S^iS^tJUi, c^ Xt^', ^jA*^^it INTRODUCTION. It has been thought very desirable that the English public, [as well as the French, should be conver^sant with the diffi- culties of Father Chiniquy with his Bishop. This affair i^^ becoming more and more important ; it is creating a great lensation among the French Canadian population in Canada [and in the United States, and may be followed with very happy results. Such being the case, Protestants ought not to remain indifferent in regard to it : their duty is to get acquainted with the facts of the case and award justice I to whom justice is due. The sentence of excommunication, Father Chiniquy has [resisted as unjust ; and has been elected pastor of the St. I Anne Church by his parishioners, who nearly all sympathise [with him. His position is peculiar : he is in fact the pastor of a free and independent Catholic Church. ; ^^'^ In Canada more than half of the French Canadian people are linfavour of the late Apostle of Temperance, and that in spite oMe efforts of the Hierarchy to prejudice the people against lium. A crisis, therefore, may not be far distant and it is to be [hoped that all liberally minded men will not stand aloof, but rill aid the Canadians to shake off the tyrannical yoke, under iioh they have been crushed. If the Protestants are fond of }pil liberty for themselves, they ought to be willing to do omething to procure this boon for others. Let it not be said lithe English population cares not (as it has been top often raght) about th« spiritual emancipation of th« French, ,4 m .X<: 7.\ CHiNiau¥:s ,,^ «••• ^,' ]:hiini\\) if '.' r tr.' to ME. KRASSilRD; \Ol\.'.'.y {',')?.' • !I(IU fPifo •-•,1 !■• 1 1;'< 'II: ^MI-JH'n Ai);j(>:l ...■,?. ;$f^ ulnne, Kankflkee Co, Illinj^y^A md April 1867. •;t;i!:j7ao^ Oii':' a{y DEAR Mr. Brassard. . r , • .- i V I have received ydur letter of the 6th iristarit : but,! lip, IwiUnQtcallit a letter, thatwritijig sigii€d;by| your hand — it wpuld. be Ijejtter ealjed 'Vthat, bittei and sorrowful tear of a heart, as good as it is noblel and generous;'*' '•'^■^•y^'^ ^;:;;"H/.ir:!i ^■rf:ia'm.ni-i:b.:in,KUrn I !• You were a witness of the treacherv which Mr.l D6saulniers practised against the pc^ople ; and mi$-| sionary of St* Anne ; you were bieside me, .as.wyl fpriend and father, ^v'hen that perfidious . n^^i^ ^j|( Mm^y as ^€|i]i aji to my hfjcetjiren : . '^, Si^gn tW^ji^Pt of submissibh to the Bishop of Chicago ; tfiat ad is suf&cjieht to oblige hiin to remove the censure whose bonds make the heart dfyour l^iejlids iii Canada uneasy. If the Biishdp Will hotb of you t^ pi^k ap your things and return immediately to Canada?" — c — / / Weil! iny ilrnr INIr. Hraward, Mr. Dei^nulnien (kvnies all ihesn lads with an impudence of which he aiom; is capable — you are my only witness before Canada which desiren positively and which has a right, to know th(» truth on this subject. I summon you as my witness. And you reply in several of I your letters that you cannot speak the truth on this matter without compromisin£if yourself ! Ah ! is there not in that a confession, tlial we, priests of Je- sus-Christ, are under the feet of the most frightful tyranny ? Yes ; we, priests of the Gospel, we are here under the power of men who threaten to take away our honour and our life if we speak the truth in behalf of an opprossed brother ! And this system is the great, divine and ineflfable news, which was the burden of the Messiah's, mess- age to this world ! And this abominable oppression, this inconceivable denial of justice, this system of cunning and cheatery is attempted to be made the basis of the religion which the Eternal Son of the God of truth, of justice and mercy, came to establish for the salvation of the world ! These are the foun- dation stonf*-supon which the Hierarchy, which one cannot touch without sacrilege, is supported. No, you do not believe that, my dear Mr. Brassard— nor I either — I have never believed it — I do not believe it now — I will never believe it. They tell us it is for the greatiest good to the church that they act tlius ; that it is to maintain the respect which is due to the holy Catholic Hierarchy that they prosecute these extreme measures against the people of St. Anne and me, and against a people regenerated ? by baptism. But I have studied with attention the laws of the Church on these great questions, and I see that it tells us quite the contrary from that whkdi they are fontinuall the Catho iBt. In 2nd. C have bee been full) Sd. Ne which ca 4th. If ned ough God and hurt any appeal to 5th. U before G aware of whom it Spirit ca ei it. You V onical p had beei have be( not beer how coi] pronoun against Buty to stop ] in the v that an i known from ex who ki] Perh taken i it evid< 7 — continually sounding in our ears. I perceive that tbe Catholic Church tells us : let. In the Church there is no arbitrary power. 2nd. Censures are absolutely void when they have been published for faults which have not been fully proved. 3d. Never receive an accusation against a priest which cannot be proved by two or three witnesses. 4th. If a sentence is visibly unjust, the condem oed ought not to feel any anxiety about it. as before God and his Church an unjust sentence cannot hart any one : and he ought not even to desire to appeal to any one. 5th. Unjust excommunication is neither binding before God, or the people, (when the people are aware of the injustice or it) towards those against whom it has been pronounced, because the Holy Spirit cannot abandon those who have not deserv- ea it. You wish that I should place myself in the can- onical point of view. I nave already said : if I had been interdicted on the 19th August, I should have been able to break that sentence — but I have not been interdicted-—! had 15 days given me — how could I break a sentence which had not been pronounced? And what testimony could I bring against an event, which, I knew, did not exist ? But you will say : ought not the excommunication to stop you and make you uneasy ? Not the least in the world. Because St. Thomas says positively that an excommunication, the injustice ot which is known to the people, ought not to hinder a priest from exercising his ministry in the midst of a people who know his innocence. Perhaps you will say, but when have the people taken upon themselves to judge of these affairs ? It it evident St. Thomas believed that the people had t: he right sinc'e he »aya ^•iyv;j4?^^,T5^i;3^to ana^usvpiPToiraTive v/iucn josus t/iinsi naa con. attention the histoiv of the Church^ in me'hrJsi^afiSB?' nouncea and whieli the Gospel ol Jesuw-C^ttifl, designs, thay, shoald alvf avs. «ni/oy, , , . , ■, wf 4ff 'i5..?ftft#'« iPTOJfeftn tm<'^,m. m\n- ounced anc esigns. thay, whicn the Church itself has passed. ,(• xioi^iirjj fliinfino^x.ii ijov JuH had eAtrasted to the apt)s^lM,JKBfg :»i|iWHfil|ej»^ insolent words which the people receive now a days — 9 — J0 .% tl^q^fiand places from certain dignitaiie» ? u you are pply the laity, that does not concern you?" No, they heard the complaints of the peo- nje; they found thjBm just, and they commanded tSeiii to choose from aiiiongst themselves those they ifipire^ to see at the head of the business of admi- nistering those religious benefits. The people then f (Bre regarded as something worthy of attention 11)1(1 ^respect. The people were not then, as they m now, fastened to the sole of the shoe of a digni- ty, ana obliged to go to the right or left, according ^ the; pleasure of their master. They had not theik ouizzled the people. The people were not then |(^Iva,pre(pious machine to pay tithes, build {)alace9, aindf riaise cathedrals — they were not then withered, degraded, denioralized ^s they are to-day by mak- ing thtm believe that they ou|jht not tb rteasott. The {fustian people w^re not then ais they are now in rmpusalid {jilaces, a poor beast of burden that they t^ii,' ' where tbev will, with a bridle— and whose iiii^y duty is to listeii to its masters!, its oiily viittiie, ib^obey. The \vaiits of the people, their deeiri^d, tS'^ir wislies, Wenre 0bnstilt^d, tneir voice had weight lii the; ' sinctiiialy . They h^d not theii in thoiie Afly, ahc^ finest day$ or th^: diutch, the ikiW^lite S64, that the Hdiy Spirit ought only to ^nlighteii a haih caist of triei^, and thsit the rest pt mankixiili consigned to igitorarice, Wifere only on the earth fdr ifc^ purpose of \\^alking by thfe tight df^me lighted cties : -eofeh' Christiati wai^ called *♦ the Tempte the^tt* i^ii^yi^ o^iW hdn ' • ;l*:niiu!.) Bui^ where do wie 'find that spint of wiisdbn(i, of iilfettity, ()f tblerahce^ that res^pect for the lyiil dnd (fe&es of the pcfoji)l6 ho^ a days ? 1^-?^'^ .u? n^ '^Whatist^^ccki^ecp^ peWaxy' r^si^anc^sl ^ ' 'YMj ^iife^es^ary; r^^isfaicea, Sriife'tiiey are c^%e ekpr^^sibti'of a liaw ctf Whiijh — 10 — the God of all wisdom is the author. That law is moral Resistance at first, and then physical resis- tance afterwards against oppression and the abuse of power. Let them put then in juxta-position, the tolerant conduct of the apostles, who listened with so much goodness and humility to the complaints and the wishes of the first Christians, and that of Bishop O'Regan, who, when questioned by the French and ihe Canadians of Chicago, as to the right he had to take away their church and give it to another con- gregation, brutally showed them the door, say- ing : '' You don't know your religion then : I have the right to sell your church, and the lands belong- ing to it, to put the money in my pocket, and go arid eat and drink it where I please." That is what Bishop O'Regjjn has said and done, and it is that which the Bishops of Canada approve and sanction in the name of the Gospel ! And they try to make us believe that it is the doctrine of Jesus Christ which these high dignitaries preach and practise ! Let the poor and good people of Ca- nada believe that if they can ; as for us at St. Anne, we will never believe it until they shall have destroyed the Gospels which have been left to us by St. Matthew, St. Mark, St. Luke and St. John, and they shall have made us receive, instead, the Gospels of Mahomet and Joe Smith. But these are the very men who cry to us wi\h so much clamour : " respect the canons of the Church ; " and who tread in the most public man- ner the holy laws of the Church under their feet. r.;How easy it would be to me to put iu all these great, high and almighty personages some ques- tions, which they would certainly consider imper- linent, but the solution of which would throw some light into the midst of the profound darkness in — 11 — which a c^. rtain comer of the world i? enveloped ! Bat as it is before the people I speak, I wish to show more moderation than those who attack me without pity. There are enough of them, who by the daily tbuse of the holy authority of which they are the depositaries, weaken and cause to be hated the holy deposit which Jesus Christ has entrusted to them. I will only ask them two questions : Ist. Answer, you who overpower us with ana- themas and devote us to hell, if we are not ready to say Amen to all your words : What have you done with the Canon of the holy Council of Nice, which forbids you to change the residence of a priest without his permission ? 2nd. Which is the Canon of a general Council which permits bishops to add the words ^^ usque ad revocationem " (until revocation) in the powers they give to priests, whilst one of the Canons of the Church says '' It is the authority of the canons and a just examination of the conduct of the priests which ought to give or take away ecclesiastical dignities, and not the will of the prelates ?" History has preserved for us the names of certain tyrants who compelled the fainting hani of a father to put the torch to the executionary pile which wa to consume his own child. Ah ! why have the Bishops of Canada desirec to recall to our recollection that lamentable pass^ age of past ages, by commanding your hand to tnrow burning fire brands upon the pile to which they hold me bound? You are more than my friend ; I ought to call you my father. When, yet very young, the misfort- unes of my family compelled me to go and seek my bread in a strange land, you tendered me your hand ; although very poor yourself, you shared your bread with the poor orphan ; you opened to me the -_ rr --- — It — time, when heeiym'■simm4^^f^ W1^;iy^M.mftr>%;?c^ to tlie work oi the sa^a;^^^.Qt.^fe 6t I leil upon my heau,l said to myseli : " \ have -m »pe»k«imore strongly thatf^^f aM'&lW'^6«jlfV love ci" God and ypujself4ikew^ise„ I acccMfl*^WH I mis^M But, without knowing it, you had with you a traitor — 'fr/'"»>'nu ill'//' y0), S^fR^ 1 19 i igi^y^ ?^^ P99PiG . ^^^^ paslpr of St, ^e,. a Ju^afi' kiss, and ^"i^iglit to dclj^yer U3 ti^(|y Jjiif vc. jordqred ypu to unite your eftorlst tO; those ^,i{|at, t^pjijoj ,t9 l)uxit inq dtiwn,, tliey wish to majie X9H',^4^'t^v^>y thorn, to ihijit c^owj;i. of ignominy which thq,,,bis(iopphuvo nailed to niy forehead and to that of the generous people by whom lam siir- "'^Ji'l Mi". "^i'd^^ak!' =hp\\^^^ari we be- jiVuiify' of ha:v^ liig* 6atled' ybu' ds a Avithes.^ ' to the iniquif^ of mjf diipriiies ? If^ it because' you h&ve forgotten \^ith what ^ilceltiijf ; ^nd' c^arj^'rlless I,- as' w6ll as . niy brettofeii of Sti ' i^tine^ ' sigh^(^ the; act of Submission to thej tmnp^al ^pd un^ju^t w4ll pf bishop O'Uegan ? Have XQiv f9^5gpl,teii)t]^e, a^^ .your^i^art and l^\i;^9.; , )Vhei[\,(unde?i' th^ conditions of wjiicli you -> Ahi! mnfce^ t^3Q bij5h;o|)s of Canada, comnfuwd jqijL {©^peak,) m Ahq naroio ,of the iGod of t^utfi a^nd jitiiStiiIq 1 of £ iinad a ; by, (What i un wovihy t r^ ojc 'Mb P^- #nikier^)i ba$. ij^pcjemved, J;,he . igejie^ipus ;ppopJe;. mho §«SyrQiJnd ,)ij^i'afelk]j Yte^, m'ake.yoiii; :astanisJi;ment, your, ju^ ilid^grtafen^yo-ur.bilJft^r j^rro.^y ,>\#^n;ilVfr.! P^s9,vrt^^ IH^^orelu^edi. i^t/CIIIiid^go, tf>. fvdfiH tfe s^c^:^4,,PW which have served ?4^|)!j)a^i3(^p QurjrpspH^tiofi.tcp.giye sacrecl * ' Tell them the nature ol the new wntms: which — 14 — was presented to mc for signature at CLicago— declare with that frankness and honoar, which has won the esteem and respect of all those who know you, that after having read that writing and con- sulted the most competent men respecting its pur- port you said to me : " My poor child, you cannot sign that act, without giving the lie to the evidence and without deshonouring yourself for ever." Since tlie bishops of Canada command you to speak, yes, raise your voice, and tell the Canadian people, what you wrote to Dr. Letourneux : " They do not want to know the truth any more in Ca- nada than at Chicago, about the unworthy conduct of Mr. Desaulniers in all that business." Yes, speak, since they command you ; tell my dear Canada the answer the bishop of Chicago gave you, when you asked him : " have you any canon- ical accusation against the morals of Mr. Chini- quy?" he answered you: "No ; I have nothing against Mr. Chiniquy on that account." — I need your tes- timony now to this, for lo ! the bishop of Chicago, forgetful of this confession to you, is now circula- ting under his own hand, through his emissaries, a thousand frightful calumnies against me, and is diligently seconded in this infamous work by the bishop of Montreal. Say, then, to Canada, that the bishop of Chicago assured you that he only struck me with suspens,• \Q the pppu }a,r tribtijil^ls f e ady, prepared Iq . strike, , . Weli J ,4cM Mr. B?a5ij3Hr(l,: that] , is wfe^X 1 did.^ Lcton^ji re yolLag ainsl^tlAe cliarch jjf; Ji^i^us C jimt>->. I .resist ,tlie insolence, 9,nd. oiilragt^s 1,hat l)H?y vvisji to ccHWi^it afld; irjaKo a ,.>vlial(3, pcQpb of bf^ihren sublimit ; to^ i\nd^r i tlie lua^si pf . jceligipn. Witli ,St, jetomf;^ I aclfg g\ vl^dg.e jlie rights .Qf.bi-^jiQi^, lj;e^. pectthieir aut&onty. , .."The Catfipirc hier^rcliv U tjq me a. hQlv and yepex^ble ingt UutlPn. , ^m \yhen mejf^ ,§)iejttifi. ,t'|ie;,^i«ei,ye^ beWn,d .^.liipK/hply i^|f;t.itl^- tipnsjfp trample un4.er fpot that sentiment of jp^u^ce, triit]!, aiid honqur wjiich Dod lia^ placed irj the l^exirt oif man, 1 will combat with my poor e.mi^^ the preservation of their rights to ihe endi J ." * ^ It oil, say ; that aT>oy,e al.i we fflus.t be | yankfa ' ani smoejrefe '^ eathoHcs, ", f " answer, '^ Vesi .^ Bm \!^heQ one shall lose, that glortous naine beiore mqn lor .^eiii^ 'opposed ^S I hfi vVj been tp the brigandage of i^'bisliOp l^ljiQ believes liim'self at Ubei^ty to dp ^hjat'-hp.pl^as^is^^^ \yhen I sTiall; Ipse that fine iiame h^toi^e men fpr KaviPff talien under 0|m\ prdtectioh a g^jrierous people li lie 'that, of , CTricafi^o^ of Si. Xririei 01 Kankakee and ot Manteno, we' may be content and jsay as St. Paul did : "• It does not concern me xtittiAi -Wiitd nfieil- sar Pi: thnili^ of m^:" ; "' ' '■ ;' ' I . fp be anatlleftiat^^^ fpf haying cQnsecraie(.l-r^^^ seirasireely a^ r have done all' my life to, tlie ,w . , -> > . , I The iavour tor wnieh the Apostle ol the Gejitiles sjffhed has* be^n srranten to me .... J can not, then complam ..... Besides has not Jesus-Christ told those who labour to sow the seeds oi justice and — 17 — t(^|}) fipp^/efii-th, tli,^t.t}iey dughl not tpe,\pect to be JiAe^S'B, ' yott k!iio\v, from the day in which the- J«iris|rPHo!«;t'S'(.»rtii^d th(5' Wood of ihfe great vfctim toiflow itpoii' Calvary^; when they op bron an imm^niHe rf^vohitiort inf'Dhe' hninati hc^art. It \\^as not only the rocks \ifhkk weif^ ' ' rent, on that orgeat dav on which the sivn-remsCKlM'o enli tii:|| ■ ^iwn^ ' ikTder • than k'' s^toniVy the > heart o'f ■ msuiy ikliti'efrent to tlie condition of MS' fd].(l>ws,A^^ti^ ' dpehdd ds'-Avbll as tlio rocks of Golgotha: oiio drop' (tf'tite i^bod' 'Divine d(*fe(^.endcd ililo fiis heart and s^ft^fiekl- and ' dmngtid it. And from thai; tiitie^ fonvard; ma^n 'by a natni-al instinct, leans towards tli6:!oi)j>l-efi^t^d 5 htt nktitrally feels for the oppresscid' Mlrhpfn 'Jestis Ikis k)v^d so lYinch ; h^ assists therri liv^his ppayefs 'WKen '■■ h(^: ha«^ no ot]u>r arms to resist \SftH= ■ag;a'sn'jijt theii* 'Op]>r(*i=ision-^lie ,eiicoura!*es thcrti,' byithb'^W'Oi^d: of a' ' brothei^ to: stragisfle, like; G^nist,' dte to des^'th^ iagainst 'all' iniquity y no niai;!enindet> whtttl. doak it-{!^:^«ottts itself. And that gives'a^ |«5V^epef W'Mfeh 'many 4l five* n6t any- idea. I^'r^ih' ail' 'pai-itsi of Cjiiiada aftdi tliti -United' States iniluen^ ti^ tjien: do ttot-ceaise to cry^^ conrage." A gt&&V lii&'fly^prOnoanee artathem^s heckH^e they aye com* ^diedJ t6";d8. like that m Heaven based \ipon Jiistice .j.,Jjv,b^;,^J^e ,pies{t3, of jC^p|a4^; G,(|xntjja^ (J iJiino.w;). ^'jl^iTi ?LY(Ej.alvpady gjvcn ii>s pno J^'i).i>i»,i'UU ili.ey, wmit ihi^Jin iw ai^Jjrpit to.-,. )i; :;'.!■ -i •; - ::.i*i! <;;/;•>, !!:." ' -....i:-., / In sjMte of the cUiniourH tlicv mise about us, ^ve are convinced that .W(i can lie Ciitiiolies, without sub. mhting- to . siudii degrackt'idn twice. ; ! And if the bishops of Canada perriist too- long in abusing tho credulity of the people on this subject, thv^y \vjll oriiyibp'sje'by it • already ^ tH^m^^lS^es te te vfeih; b\^^r : 'in ' Ihis ' rieiijbbputlibpa, dfive vislb*!^ sitos df. sliJlme uiid reimret. "" '•' ' , , Trfte m issiiph of Sfcj^srs. Deaanlni^rs aijd Mailloiix 1^5,4! eoiftpl^tq ; Xuilu^^A 'ttif^v liave' only g;ained 12 ianiilies in St. AnUe. Alinp^t a|U.thtV^O the town of Kankalcce are on bur'slae ; Ditanteno and Mom^nce are- entifely oik'!<0 completely' otii our' skfo that ^Mes^*?^^ 'Dei^aulniei.^ and' Maiitoux \v0rhA[hiqJi )iat^. mi^^4 m the bishop of Chicago commanded me to s,igJ&.,j^Sj |tl?p. only condition of reconciliation, did you nOt say your- 21 - To jelf to me : " My dear child, you cannot sign ^ich ' ' ft Kwitittg^ without lying and dcRhonouring ' And yet ndw,' you cr)- to my brcthtei;! to beti*£iy and abandon me, when you know the posffion 1 ^r^py, ife ooly tlw^ remilt bF my refusal to sign an mtm insult khddfegradalionagainfit the gcnierous ftetieh and Canadians of Chicngo and Sti Anne ,! tidpojiir^ j/oii iti thfe flanfije of fhe people \y ho wlsfh now, arid' wlvd hav^ a iiglit to' know tlic thrih is to what passed hnd is how passing at St. Atiiie, to tell them that truth and to tell it tliem op'eiily. Ib it not tmci that the biishop of Chicago acknowledged itoyou that h*3 had no ean^nic^l accusation proved i^inst my morals before him ?..;. And that mnr sequently, what he had insinuated, and wht«t the bishop of Montreal had petriiitted ^ to be insl naat^d against m^ on that account, wa^ Only a sadtilegioUB ,Oalumny ?:',!;• v-;',!!-w ■.M-!:ir ':••': ;.;-..r;.:t T-'"'! !!/, i ' Iii^ the jiamKiJ of the God of jjtisticie and truth, I |sk jm6n b^fhyf of the people -of Gatiada aridpostcinty, ivihfo want io regi^ei* ht the annals of the • Cibxxritjry tbi$ aiftt of perfidy : " Was is riot ' agreed i betwiseh Mti D6siatiliiiers atid' I that the 'aict ' Whidh the jfnebpy and pastor of St. Ailne werd to isigny^how'14 ^ei void; if the. bishop rvvoisld be content to i-emovie the |>retended excommunicatiort ? Ajid the evening lihk you left mey ai couple hours at Chidago, to go 10 the'feishop^s hdu^e, 'did yoti not tell in?e positi- vely ^: ^'Sihce the- bishop will not bereconoiled lijiou i '\ '.".::'j f!!!:l"i';') 'vtorif 'i-^ f; ■■■\i ■■Ain /)r?ff/:. J>I '-() -fo ,(>M'>iariT/i '^<> /i'-AnAiir,'A ')7r;!i -^of? AiUi>^ V')/'i^i -i/r.il | f').iJ'fr)!!''/. .bir;-: yhii'n »n:: O;,: ;?'^v [■>{{< •■''.'V V'i ■■■'•; ;!'>v/ -u /'inofff li:> i^:!!';'')-;/ /(" •^■■' !')ii;-': ^)7.r:!i ■m;;" ',7';!! ,' !:b :;"':'!!j,.':^M jf!' 'lf> ;[;ii:{! :iov Irjfv/ :'■::■ •• .'rife Jyi?:^;::f:'5M .-; t^^ Ti.' • • .:;''>r'^ ,.ii«77 ol /fy* Hiv; ''ft 'j'MK!!^ 'fuf »i.i;rt>: jftiir :;nr !i;' x?nii^ /iff! "^.