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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'imoges nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 ' 4 5 6 r-.'". t' ^ ■'■;■:.':'', ^ >.:m i TORONTO PUBUC UBRARIES ,5^.; ^hf-i ■:^f «»>-ij, M^ ^ REFERENClS LIBRARY J' , J.r . -.1, ■ ■;, -r - ^ii;i':;rtT urv' "'*«- I I Residena of L. II. Packakd, Esq., Rosemount Avenue, W'estmount. A. J. CooKF,, Architect. V. s: MONTREAL HOMES: Hints to Intending Builders. BY ARTHUR J. COOKE, Architect. When we mean to build, We first survey the plot, then draw the model ; And when we see the figure of the house, Then must we rate the cost of the erection. — Shakespeare, First Edition. MONTREAL: Witness pRiNTiNci House. 1898. -T D .Css INTRODUCTION. Punch's advice to those about to marry — ''Don't" — has often been ? usly given to persons intending to build a home ; id this, too, by some who have been through the mill, and believe their disappointing experience to be the general or inevitable result. To mention to a friend that one proposes to build is sometimes met by the rather facetious question — Are you looking for trouble ? or familiar quotations, such as " Fools build houses, for wise men to live in," etc. Undoubtedly there are often failures in building — many snares and pitfalls abound to entrap the unwary, as, indeed, in any venture—but these may easily be circumvented with a little care and forethought, such as good business people exercise in all their undertakings. Fruitful sources of faiuire consist in lightly entering upon operations without first sitting down and count- ing the cost, or in not sufficiently instructing the Architect ?is to the requirements. Hovv very often, too, prospective builders buy everything in sight of the books alluringly advertised in American magazines giving plans of houses alleged to cost from $500.00 upwards, and by which they are told Architects' ser- vices can be dispensed with. As well might we try to wear all the year round such garments as are used by people in more equable climes as to dwell in such houses in Canada. In spite of the clamorous outcry against Rudyard Kipling for writing " Our Lady of the Snows,'' we know only too well that we have the bugbear of a rigorous climate to contend with, ranging from 30 degrees below zero to 95 above, which naturally neces- sitates special planning and construction in our dwell- ings. What is ^considered cold weather in the South- ern or Middle States, where the plans in the above- mentioned books would be suitable, is regarded as mild here, for has not the irrepressible Kipling sarcas- tically written of a precocious Canadian youth : There was once a small boy in Quebec, Who was buried in snow to the neck ; When they said, "Are you friz ? " He replied : *' Yes, I is ; But we don't call this cold in Quebec." ** In a multitude of councillors there is wisdom " may l)e a perfectly true proverl), but hardly good advice to the intending house builder ; that is, if he con ass( atic flic froi of the pazines 5CO.OO s' ser- try to sed by 1 such idyard 5,'' we r of a )m 30 neces- dwell- 5outh- ibove- ed as ircas- >> om good if he consults every Tom, Dick and Harry who have been associated in a more or less degree with building oper- ations, it being next to impossible, with so many con- flicting opinions, to separate and assimilate the wheat from the chaff. Much information can be obtained from old-estab- lished contractors, and especially so from them as to the choice of an Architect, although a keen observer should have no difficulLy in selecting one from looking around amongst the many and varied styles of resi- dences to be seen in our beautiful city. " By their works ye shall know them " is very applicable to show the degree of ability amongst the members of that profession. The following chapters of this little book are written to give information in a concise form to enable anyone contemplating building to be somewhat conversant with what is needed in house-planning and construc- tion sufficiently to lay before the* Architect their re- quirements intelligently. .'! I ■ ■ ■ inc eas act the no al) Hi Ca th« (111 Sli pc atl hi re ck is SI I ON THE SELECTION OF A SITE. The selection of a site for a residence which will increase in value and desirability, is anything but an easy matter. A very little study of the mutable char- acter ot residential districts will convince anyone that the qualities almost of a seer are requisite. Old residents of Montreal will remember that the north side of St. James Street was once the fashion- able quarter, later St. Antoine Street, Beaver Hall Hill and Phillips Square, and again Dorchester, St. Catherine and Sherbrooke Streets. More recently the finest modern residences have been erected in the quieter ard more secluded streets running north from Sherbrooke Street, whilst WcStmount, with its open ]>osition and model municipal government is now attracting a large share of the better class of dwellings. The advent of the Electric Railway system has revo- lutionized the old order of things, making formerly remote districts accessible for home-seekers, although deteriorating streets along its route for .residential purposes. The trend has steadily been north and west, and it is believed will naturally continue. In selecting a sparsely-built locality, the purchaser of a lot ia some- 8 what handicapped, and the increase in the value of his investment an uncertainty compared to that, of a pro- perty in an assured and built-up neighborhood of a go vd class of dv^ellings. But in the former case the danger w^ould be lessened by choosing a corner site. The lot in the rear of a deep corner one is, as a rule, one to be avoided, the possibility of a stable being built on the end of the neighboring lot would be a deterrent factor. Again, pioneers on new streets, with their houses well built back from the street line, are often troubled by new-comers building in front of them. Too little thought is generally given to the aspect of a site. A home into which the sun's rays rarely penetrate cannot be anything but gloomy, and will exercise its influence upon the inmates. The charac- ter of the subsoil. of the site for a foundation should always be ascertained before purchasing by digging test holes, for if quicksands or soft blue clay is found, necessitating piling, the value of a lot is very much decreased. The cost of piling for a residence under ordinary conditions would be $5.00 per lineal foot of wall to be supported, thus a lot uponi which it is pro- posed to erect a building of 200 feet in girth would be lessened in value $1,000. And similarly, if rock is fotmd, and it is necessary to blast for the cellar walls, the extra cost would also have, to be considered. . If a strata of well-drained sand at least two feet in thickness isi found over blue clay at the depth desired to build, it is generally sufficient to carry a three-story residence without any fear of subsidence, although such a proceeding is unscriptural. Tlie foot of a hill is sometimes poor building land, the wash of the sur- face from the higher ground being often deposited in a pocket at the bottom, and a house built upon it is likely to be damp and liable to settlement. ON PLANNING A HOME. Nothing, is more likely to lead to failure than the inability of the client to give general ideas of his re- quirements , to the Architect, yet with a very little study, and in visiting and comparing houses already bu'lt, the internal arrangements could be easily sug- gested for the latter to work ,out harmoniously. There are some people who possess a natural aptitude for planning, and can produce a fairly good floor plan. The approximate dimensions required should be ob- tained by measuring suitable rooms, and a general rough plan can then be made. The ladies should be especially consulted, being, as a rule, much more pro- ficient in the laying out of a home than men, and it is only right and proper that they, having to pass the greater part of their time in the house, should be accorded every opportunity to arrange it conveniently. The great object to be sought in planning a house is compactness and accessibility, long passages being a bane both from an artistic and economical standpoint. Harsh lines and rigid uniformity should he guarded against by the liberal use .of such feat res as ingle- nooks or cosy corners, bay windows, arched openings and recessed fire-places. Now that electric-lighting is so cheap and much in vogue, low ceilings are prac- ticable and add much to an idea of breadth and cosi- ness, besides saving fuel, and allowing of the easy extraction of vitiated air from the rooms. The entrance features should have much thought bestowed upon them, as nothing adds more to the appearance of a home than a well-arranged front door anrl porch, vestibule, entrance hall and staircase. Above all things, do not adopt ,tlie stereotyped straight flight of precipitous stairs directly facing the front door. A brick mantel in an entrance hall gives a very cheery and homelike look, and, unless very ela- borate, is not costly. Where .possible, the following conditions should be observed : The dining-room, if used as a breakfast room, should have an eastern aspect, the parlour facing south to west, whilst the culinary department would be preferable north or east. The best method to be followed in making a plan for oneself, is to use Engineers' section paper, which may be obtained at most stores selling draughting material. The entire surface of this paper is divided into squares of one-eighth of an inch, and for the purpose required will be supposed to represent one foot each way. The points of the compass should be ascertained in relation to position of site and marked at the head of paper. It will not always be possible, and probably in the majo- rity of cases impossible, to meet the above suggestions of aspect, other conditions being often inexorable. As a rule, when clients draw plans themselves for Oie Architect to put into shape, only ti single line diagram •trie-lighting g"s are prac- th and cosi- of the easy ch thought lore to the front door rcase. stereotyped facing the hall gives s very ela- fol lowing ^-rooni, if " eastern whilst the th or east. 1 plan for hich may material. 5 squares required ly. The relation per. It le niajo- S'estions Mo. As for Uie iagrani is made, and often without a staircase. Neat mea- surements, too, are given of the rooms without taking into account thickness of walls and partitions, and not being made to scale, arc almost certain to be out of proportion,and therefore useless. The plan as illus- trated shows the first floor of a modern residence pro- perly laid out on section paper. (A photograph of the house is given on frontispiece.) The outer walls are of brick, twelve inches thick, and take up the space of one square. If the walls were of solid stone, two squares would be taken up, or if veneered with a brick backing, one and a-half squares ; ordinary lath and plaster partitions take up half a square, double parti- tions for sliding door pockets one square, stair treads 'three-quarters of a square or a trifle more, and so on. To calculate the space required for stairs, divide the proposed height, in inches, from floor to floor by seven inches, representing the average height of rise to each step or tread, and in the drawing each line will repre- sent a " riser." In planning the rooms, always arrange for the abso- lutely essential articles of furniture, especially so in the case of bedrooms, where the bed, bureau and wash- stand should be shown. Unless this is done, even a large apartment will often be found devoid of appro- priate spaces for its bare requirements. It is ndvisable, if the plan will allow it, to group the various sanitary offices in the same part of the build- ing on each flat ; this will admit of the use of one stack of soli pipe, and afford easy access to the plumb- ing arrangements. ,, 12 If it is proposed to build on the mitoyen or division line between properties, ten inches of the neighboring lot should be taken for the masonry of foundation wall, exclusive of the footing stones, and six inches for brick, if the thickness of wall is twelve inches or a brick and a-half thick. Should the wall be already built as a mitoyen wall, notice m/ust be given of the intention to use it in common, and half of its value paid to the adjoining owner. In case the wall is not sufficiently high for the proposed building, a sur- charge of' one-sixth of the cost of the added wall must also be paid. Sidelights directly ov^erlooking an ad- joining property are not permissible at a less distance than six feet, French measure, equal to six feet four, English measure, from division line. The law also provides that oblique views must not be less than two feet from same line. Although a legal decision was once .given defining a view from an oblique sidelight of a bay window to come under the six-feet provision, the law as thus interpreted has been more honored in the breach than in the observance, and there are very few bay windows that do not offend in this require- ment. The above conditions and suggestions, if carefully followed, should lielp a client to prepare tolerably fair floor plans, which will materially assist the Architect. The latter most likely will find a great deal to rear- range, and may point out many defects, but no doubt his finished plan will be much better appreciated by the client having gone over the ground himself, and thus satisfaction will be gained by all concerned. FOUNDATIONS, MASONRY AND CUT STONE. It would be superfluous to dilate on the imperative need of building on a sure foundation ; a glance at many of Montreal's buildings will show the dire re- sults which have attended neglect in this important particular. Quicksands and soft blue clay are largely responsible for this, and although piling is the best and cheapest means of treating such subsoil, stability cannot be absolutely* assured ; there may still be places where a subsidence in the foundation will set in .suffi- cient to cause ugly cracks in the superstructure. Sticks of young spruce about seven to nine inches in diameter are commonly used for piling ; but tamarac is by far the best material, being tougher and less liable to decay. The piles should be driven down to rock or into a sufficiently heavy hard pan, often some ten to thirty feet below surface. AftCi cutting ofif the heads to a level six inches above the bottom of trench, a foot of concrete should be thrown in to form one homogeneous bed and to keep the plies from spreading. The foundation is then ready for footings and masonry in the usual way. Sometimes for the foundation of stone steps, dwarf walls or where the super-structure is intended to be light and subsoil not altogether bad, planking is resorted to — three-inch tamarac, cedar, spruce or hemlock planks are laid diagonally in two thicknesses in opposite directions, six to eight feet long and well spiked together. This, too, should be covered with a bed of concrete, although not usually u done. If shelving rock is met with, level stepped beds must be cut in same to receive the, masonry. It often happens that only a small portion of the sub- soil of a, site is bad, or one portion is rock and the other fairly good hard pan. These conditions are very likely to cause unequal settlement in the masonry unless carefully taken into account and prepared for. Ordinary foundations, where the subsoil is a good stiff bottom of hard pan, are built of limestone and mortar masonry two feet thick on a single bed of footing stone at least three feet wide and eight inches thick. All the joints of the masonry are flushed up with mortar, but it is always advisable to cover the whole outside surface, from footings to ground line, with half-an-inch of pure Portland cement, the extra cost over lime mortar being a mere bagatelle. If the basement or cellar has been space obtained by blasting out the rock, the fissures in the cross-cut surface will weep in the spring and fall,, in some cases continually, and if not provided against when building, there will be the mischief to pay afterwards through the flooding of cellar. The best means by which this can be prevented when the foundations are being put in, is to leave a clear two feet of space all around the out- side of wall from the bed of the footings to the surface. The bottotii should then be dished and graded in cement to a fall to a drain, and the trench filled loosely with broken stone. Two rows of the porous farm tiles first laid under the stone would make a still better job. The quesiion of what kind of stone to use for the front of the residence resolves itself to one of taste el stepped sonry. It f the sub- k and the itJons are e masonry pared for. good stiff id mortar ing stone lick. All h mortar, e outside If-an-inch )ver lime obtained cross-cut me cases building, ough the this can ■ put in, the out- surface, ided in loosely rm tiles ter job. for the if taste and price. Until the last ten years limestone held almost undisputed sway, since then many varieties of sand md other free stones have been employed in some of the best buildings. Limestone from our local quar- ries is, of course, far cheaper than sandstones, but is harder to work, and on that account, if required with much carving and mouldings, would be more expen- sive in the end than the easily-worked sandstones, whcse initial cost in the rough, with added freight, is considerably higher. The most common form of limestone front usually consists of the basement above the ground, of rock- faced twelve-inch ashlar courses, finished with a chis- elled base course. From the basement to roof, rock- faced shoddy courses of varying thicknesses, two courses to the foot are employed, relieved with trim- mings o? chiselled bands, lintels, sills, quoins, etc. It is owing to the quality of the shoddy courses that limestone fronts are in such disfavor. When quarried, they are of a deep bluish slate color, but this in a very short time, owing to the presence of oxides, gives place to a rusty appearance, intensified with age, till the front assumes the shabby depressing look we are all so familiar with. The only reason for using such shoddies is on account of their cheapness, for, lying in beds of vary- ing thicknesses, none over seven inches, and at the top of quarries, they are easily obtained. The pure gray unfading limestone, cut down to these same thicknesses, cost only 75c. per yard superficial more than this bastard stuff. Anyone examining fronts 16 'I where the rusty colored stone is in evidence, will notice that the same appearance is never present in the twelve inch courses, in the basement of the same building, except in a very few rare cases where shoddies are used as a veneer turned on ends and not on their natural quarry beds. To. hide discoloration in the shoddy courses some stain the surface with a wash of lamp-black, but the funereal appearance produced can scarcely be called an improvement. Limestone from Terrebonne is sometimes used for residences, although principally for engineering works and large buildings, where heavy blocks are required. The Ogilvy Dry Goods Store on St. Catherine Street, is built of ,this stone. Limestone from Deschambault, a district a few miles west of Quebec City, also competes with the stone from the Montreal quarries, and is of a much lighter shade. The dwelling belonging to Hugh Graham, Esq., at the corner of Sherbrooke and Stanley Streets, is a good example of this stone. Sandstone fronts afiford a pleasant relief, and break in the monotomy of residences. The best effects are often obtained by employing together two kinds, the contrast produced by dressed work against rock-face stone of the same color not being so striking as simi- lar treatment in limestone, and therefore two colors are preferred. Some varieties of sandstones being of a very porous nature, take up a great deal of moisture and are easily streaked with soot stains, washed from sills and string courses. Many of the coarser kinds even become •'?. 3 mos| prei ciesi attel to had! run will notice the twelve building, oddies are t on their rses some k, but the be called ebonne is principally gs, where >ry Goods his stone, few miles the stone ch lighter Graham, 7 Streets, iud break ffects are :inds, the rock-face ■ as simi- ^o colors y porous re easily id string become - 17 moss coated after a few years. The subject of the prevention of staining from rainwater and soot agen- cies to the fronts of buildings is one to which very little attention is paid, and although it would be invidious to particularize any prominent buildings as having had little, thought bestowed upon their drips, " he who runs may read," there being multitudes of offenders. The ordinary way to throw the water clear from a moulding or sill is to cut a chase or ** throat " along the bottom. This, however, is very seldom cut suffi- ciently wide and deep enough to do its duty, and cap- illary attraction being then stronger than gravity, the water flows across the shallow groove and down the face of wall. The best means to prevent this, and one very efficacious, is to cover the whole top of projec- tion or moulding with tinned copper turned over, and leaving a good sharp drip, one inch or more away from stone. Where motives of false economy will not allow of this small extra cost, a short drip of the same material should be made on the lower bed of stone. The following notes on stones may be helpful to those undecided as to a choice of stone ,to use in a front. Sandstones vary from comparatively soft and easy to cut to some that are very hard and difficult to work. Those used in Montreal come from Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Ohio, Connecticut, New York, England and Scotland. The principal sand- stones from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are those known as olive green, varying in color from a greenish gray, to yellowish green, examples being a residence 18 corner Elm Avenue and Sherbrooke Street, stores of A. Joyce and Henry Birks & Sons on Phillips Square, R. J. Tooke's, corner St. Catherine and Peel Streets, and residence of the late Duncan Mclntyre, Esq., Drummond Street. Among some good blue stones are those from Wallace, N.Y., a specimen of which is the building on St. Catherine Street occupied by Chas. Lindsay. There are also red and brown sand- stones, such as the Amherst red and Woodpoint brown. Of the Ontario sandstones, the purplish brown from the Credit Valley is best known. This is a fine grained hard stone, and is largely used in; St. James Methodist Church and Lord Strathcona's resi- dence on Dorchester Street. Another stone is that from Perth, Ont., a quartzite of the Potsdam forma- tion, the first story of the J. C. Wilson's Co.'s ware- house, Craig Street, and the residence, 265 Bishop Street, are built of this stone. Of sandstones from the United States, the Connec- ticut brown stone is used in the Standard Life Build- ing on St. James Street. The Ohio buff sandstone has stood the test of forty years' exposure to the wea- ther in the trimmings and fine carved work of the Parliament Buildings at Ottawa. That from the Grafton quarries has been used, among other build- ings, in St. George's Church tower. Dr. Campbell's two houses, corner Sherbrooke and Crescent Streets, and, the Montreal Diocesan Theological College. The store occupied by Chas. Alexander on St. Catherine Street is built of the Grafton blue sandstone. A handsome blue stone, but unfortunately very expen- siv< buil con s^m eet, stores of ilHps Square, Peel Streets, Intyre, Esq.. I blue stones len of which occupied by brown sand- Woodpoint the purplish nown. This y used ini St. hcona's resi- ■tone is that ;dam fornia- Co.'s ware- 265 Bishop the Connec- Life Build- ¥ sandstone to the wea- ^ork of the t from the >ther build- Campbell's ^nt Streets, Hege. The Catherine stone. A -ry expen- ■B !.5 iHlf z:^ '''■■: , 19 sive, is that used in the Canada Life Assurance Co.'s building, corner St. Peter and St. James Streets, and comes from New York State, south of Rochester. The English and Scotch red sandstone all work more or less freely, and are of a rich warm red color. They have been used for the following, among other buildings, New York Life (Gatelaw Bridge), Board of Trade (Moat), Temple Building (Ballochmyle) and Henry Morgan's store (Corsehill). A Scotch buff sandstone has been used in a few buildings, among them the trimming of the Nurses' Home in connec- tion with the Montreal General Hospital. A recent importation of Bathstone of the oolite formation, and cream in color, is employed in two buildings at the foot of Argyle Avenue, Westmount, and trimmings to a store on Phillips Square. Granites are not much used here for buildings, the principal examples of the red being basement of Board of Trade Building, Nordheimer's Building, a residence corner Dorchester and Aqueduct Streets. A very durable and cheap granite from Argenteuil, Que., is used in a block of stores on Notre Dame Street, west of Seigneurs Street ; and there is also a very line grey granite from Stanstead, Que., used in the basement of the Merchants Bank of Halifax, corner of Seign- eurs and Notre Dame Streets. The approximate prices of stones in rough blocks on wharf or cars, Montreal, freight and duty paid, are as follows : — English and Scotch red sandstones — English and Scotch 65 to 70c. per cub. ft. Puff 65 to 70c. 20 • Nova Scotia and New Brunswick olive green . . 60 to 80c. per cub. ft Blue stones 60 to 75c. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick brown stones . 80c. to $1 Grafton (Ohio) buf¥ stones 85 to 90c. Grafton (Ohio) blue 70 to 75c. Credit Valley, Ont., brown stones 70 to 75c. '* Portage (NJ.) blue stones. . $1.00 to $1.25 '' Connecticut (R.I.) brown.. $1.30 to $r.5o " BRICKWORK. The use of brickwork of an ornamental character has received a wonderful impetus since the establish- ment of pressed brick yards in the immediate vicinity of Montreal and in various other parts of Canada within easy reach of the commercial Metropolis. A large amount of capital has been spent in experiment- ing, and now, with the possession of the most im- proved machinery for making, and down-draught kilns for burning, tlie yards arc capable of turning out im- mense quantities of bricks in all shades, and as near perfection as any made on this continent. Pressed brick is a material which lends itself pecu- liarly well to pictures(|ue effects, both in form and color, and with the further desideratum of cheapness, leaves no doubt of its steadily increasing in popular favour. Its use, however, in this climate should be the Iroil €OU| soo| in i«g) fori 8oc. per cub. ft, 75c. ) $1 90c. (( 75c. to $1.25 '^ to $r.5o - »tal character the establish- ^cliate vicinity ts of Canada ^'troi)olis. A ' experinient- hc most ini- ^^raiight kilns nj"g out inl- and as near itself pccu- '1 ^orni and ^ cheapness, J" popular ate should 4- 21 be restricted to plain surfaces. Some Architects, in Ihe exuberance of their fancy, have built up whole fronts with bands, ledges and projections every few courses, quite forgetting the fact that rain, snow and soot, without mentioning the ubiquitous sparrow, will, in the space of a few short months, cause the build- ing to be anything but " a thing of beauty and a joy forever." Terra cotta in all forms, and notably in panels mod- elled in various reliefs, is very much in demand for use with brickwork, and also such stones as Miramichi olive green and the purplish brown Credit Valley. All stone, however, where used with brick, should be well washed and brushed, as the line dust on their face made in cutting is invariably washed down the surface of the brickwork. Especially is this the case with the Miramichi stone. The remarks in the pre- vious chapter, recommending the tinned copper lip being placed under stone sills, etc., will apply very forcibly when such sills are used with brick, more especially with the buff brick fronts, the soot stains being particularly noticeable in some of the few erec- tions in that material in Montreal. A matter which militates somewhat against the use of brickwork is the appearance of a white efflorescence on the brick, which has bafifled all the skill of the brickmakers to prevent. This, however, wears off in time. The practice of coloring the surface of bricks after laying, and *' tuckpointing " or raising a false joint to the work, is now conmion in this country, but can- not be said to be in accord with the true canons of i II II,! li:!|l V 11 22 Art. It may be in a degree permissable to use siicli artifices in renovating old work, but must be con- demned when used in new. A ruled joint, or one struck with the trowel, as the bricks are being laid, in red, white or black mortar, is the only correct method, and one giving the natural soft color of the brick. It may not be generally known that a brick wall is not wind-proof, and too much care cannot be taken in " pargetting ' with mortar the inside face of the hard brick veneer while building and in back plastering the walls before ,thei furrings are put on to insure a warm job. The incorporation in the wall between the veneer and the rough brick backing of tarred felt is a still better protection. In building chinuiey flues in exposed positions, crushed mica or asbestos mortar well filled in around the tile lining will go far to insure a good draught to a chimney. In all cases chimneys should be taken up at least three feet alcove the highest point of roof. If the adojining l)uildings arc loftier, the chinmey must be taken up the same distance above them. Where the house is at the end ot a row or street corner, and lial)le to wind Hurries and eddies, a stoneware wind l)arner sliould be placed on top of the chinmey, which in most cases proves efficacious. CARPl^NTh:U AND JOTNRK'S WORK. qual fran a tr bare Upon the manner of carrying out the carpenter's work, is determined, in a large degree, the wearing 23 qualities of the house, unseasoned hnn1)er and poor framing of the skeleton structure inevitable bringing a train of evils. Now that steel is so cheap, costing barely $40.00 per ton delivered on site, its use is com- ing more and more into favor, and instead of the cum- bersome v^ooden run beams and posts, v>/hich were so liable to shrinkage and dry rot, we now have the smaller and lighter steel work. Too little thought is usually given to the subject of the shrinkage of wood- work when erecting the framing of the building. The joists and studding are often put up of material which has had little if any seasoning, with the result that when the house is finished and occupied, and the fur- nace commences its work, the timbers shrink and the plaster inevitably sufifers ; in fact, the new house is practically a wreck after the first winter. It has l)een ascertained by experiment that wood in its green state is scarcely more than one-half the strength at- tained when seasoned. A bearing partition coming upon the middle of a moderate span of joists, will cause an appreciable and permanent deflection that would not occur on seasoned joists of the same span. The amount of the shrinkage to wood in length in seasoning is infinitesimal, so that in practic* may be disregarded, but in its transverse direction is very considerable. A pine joist, twelve inches in depth, by the process of seasoning, will shrink from one-half to five-eights of an inch. Anyone visiting a building in process of erection, and examining the tier on tier of partitions, resting on rails and joists, will readily see the elements Ihal are loo often responsible for :i; 1 24 l)roken plaster ; in some cases as niiicli as three feet of joists and rails in a green condition have to he accounted for ,in transverse shrinking, which would mean a settlement of something like two inches when dry. It is almost out of the question to obtain thoroughly seasoned joists and studding, and the damp incidental to building operations must always be reckoned with to swell the dry material. Every expedient must, therefore, be employed to counteract this condition of things. Where a stud partition comes immediately over another bearing partition, the feel of the studs should rest on the rail of the lower one in common, and not on a separate rail laid on the joists, thus saving a half-inch of shrinkage. At the same time, it will not do to make one partition prac- tically non-shrinkable, and a parallel one in an unfav- orable position shrinkable. As soon as ithe bearing partitions are up, it is advis- able for the proprietor to, go over the arrangement of rooms with the Architect, as slight alterations at this stage can be easily effected. After the. plastering is finished, plenty of time should be given to drying it out, which' must not be too fast. Too much stress cannot l)e laid on the necessity of delaying putting on the finished joinery work to the house till the plaster is bone dry. To hurry the plac- ing of the woodwork before this stage is fatal to ob- taining a first- class job. The finished floors should be laid over the rough Moor with tarred or plain felt between. Some do not care for the tarred felt on account of its odor when the house, is heated, and the ■"¥' dans niixil € ceiUi I ^elt A- motl i a v( > as three fe-^t n have to he which would ) inches when on to obtain i"g, and the "Hist always crial. Every l;o counteract rtition comes ion, the feel le lower one laid on the i§"e. At the irtition prac- in an unfav- 5> it is advis- angement of tions at this time should be too fast, necessity of vork to the ry the plac- fatal to ob- )ors should r plain felt i*ed felt on id, and the 25 lldanger, too, of a chance leak from hot water pipes mixing with it, causing a yellow disfigurement to the ^ ceiling impossible to remove ; but by others the tarred felt is preferred, being considered a preventive of moths attacking the carpets. Maple or birch makes a very durable floor ; the former should always be used in the kitchen and places where there is nuich traffic: If the expense is considered t^^^v great to put down hardwood floors throughout the house or to the ground floor, hardwood borders composed of one and a-half inch strips might be used for one or more of the principal rooms, the cost not being a great item. Always nail to the floors at foot of skirting or base boards an angle bead to hide any shrinkage of the floor ; the concave angle-beads as used in hospitals are preferred, being more easily swept. The quality of wood finish will make or mar the impression of a well-built house. Doors with split panels, architraves with ( pen mitres, shrunken and ill-fitting windows, etc., go far to give a general sense of dilapidation hard to remove, however well executed the other trades may be. The kind of wood most connnonly employed in the finishing is pine, either for painting or left natural. Whitewood or Cottonwood costs very little more than Pine, is close grained and almost devoid of knots, and used very extensively in medium-class houses. Cypress is another close- grained wood and a favorite finish in l)Oston. lUitternut a few years back was very popular in Montreal, but has now few friends, its good qualities not being connnensurate with its cost. hii I W>r nm 26 Quarter-cut sycamore is a very beautiful wood, and makes a rich finish, but on account of its warping and twisting prochvities, should never be used solid for doors, the stiles and rails of which should be built up of sycamore veneer on pine or cottonwood. Oak and cherry are always in demand for first-class houses, and so well known as to need no comment. Birch is a fair finishing wood, and generally used in the hand- rail, balusters and newel posts of staircases. Cedar makes a good panelling for wood ceilings, but is too treacherous for the finishing of a home ; it cannot be carved and is easily " shaked " and slivered on the " arrises " or angles of the work. Ash is very open- grained and beautifully figured, but very liable to warp ; it, however, makes an admirable wainscotting in places exposed to hard usage, such as kitchens, nurseries and back-stairs. It is always money well invested to spend some fifty or seventy-five dollars extra over the cost of Pine to finish the ground flat in hardwood. On no account have anything trashy, such as composition ornament stuck upon the woodwork and grained over to imitate carved wcod. If you cannot afford real carving, do not perpetuate a fraud ; what little you have of any- thing let it be genuine. It is always advisable l)eforc building to jot down notes of anything special that you want done in this trade, and have them incorpor- ated in the specification, this will obviate irritating extras afterwards. Such things as the number of shelves and drawers wanted in the linen closets and presses, medicine closet (if required) in bathroom wood, and arping and 1 solid fol- ic built up ood. Oak iss houses, Birch is the hand- cs. Cedar but is too cannot be ed on the ^ery open- liable to unscotting kitchens, )end some )st of Pine lo account ornament to imitate irving, do vc of any- ble before >ecial that incorpor- irritating umber of osets and bathroom 27 style of kitchen and pantry cupboards, if spaces for a barrel of floor or sugar are to be provided in same or marble slab for pastry, or if fly-screens are wanted for windows, clothes-line pulleys and posts, etc. As a rule, Architects specify the quality and price of all the hardware required; but such is not a practice to be commended. A much better plan is to state that the proprietor will provide all door and window furniture of a selected character, in the nature of locks, bolts, window fasteners and lifts, hat and coat hooks, brass or bronze hinges, if any, etc., etc., the Contractor to fix same and to provide the rest of the hardware, such as nails, screws, straps, hinges, staples, sash weights and cords, sliding doors hangers, etc. In this way there can be no dispute as to the value of the arti- cles, the proprietor having freedom in the selection and not hampered by specified prices, lie sure and choose first-class hardware, it is a " penny wise and pound foolish " policy to buy cheap stuff. At this stage it may not be considered out of place to give a little advice for the prevention of that insidious disease affecting wood — dry rot. Probably twenty- five per cent, of the old basement houses of Montreal and indeed quite a few of those built within the last ten years have been gripped in the octopus clutches of this fibre-destroying fungus. The conditions obtained in the old style cf houses without concrete floors insure a perfct hot-bed for the growth of dry i'ot. The floors are laid on half-buried sleepers with no ventilation between, and being damp, causes the growth whose fell work sooner or later is apparent. The delicate 28 tendrils of the fungus once getting a foothold, spread through the fibres of the woodwork attacked with remarkable rapidity, and what was sound material is scon sapped of all strength, although to the eye no change can be detected. The writer has lately been called to examine a number of cases. In one instance the house had been built four years, sleeping beams under the basement floor had started the trouble, nearly the whole of the beams and floor were des- troyed and the ash wainscotting to the walls of the kitchen could be broken by the mere tap of the hand. Another house had been built five years, the spaces between the half-buried beams were filled with cement, thus further aggravating the trouble. In this case the whole three flats of the house were sinking, the ends of the stud-bearing partitions in basement having been eaten away by the rot. In another place a new floor had been laid on an old one which had shewn signs of decay, and one short year had been sufficient to des- troy it. In all cases there was no ventilation beneath the floors, and linoleum coverings had formed a her- mttical seal. Sawdust between roofs which periodi- cally leak is another fruitful source of this trouble. When once a house is attacked, the only remedy is the surgeon's knife, or rather, the carpenter's axe and saw. The whole of the woodwork of floor and parti- tions showing the slightest taint and the apparently sound for some distance around must be rooted out and the conditions changed. Basements must first have the whole floor surface covered with concrete and I I i I 1 29 Id, spread :ked with material he eye no .tely been e instance ig beams I trouble, vere des- 11s of the the hand. lie spaces h cement, s case the the ends ving been new floor n signs of it to des- 1 beneath ed a her- 1 periodi- J trouble, emedy is 5 axe and md parti- pparcntly :)otcd out nust first :rete and cement, and when dry, tarred or covered with tarred felt, then two by one-inch strips or furrings should be spaced at intervals of about two feet, and the floor nailed to same. , Through ventilation can then be effected from the outer air by introducing small iron piping directly through walls of house, both front and rear. '' Vulcanite " or asphalt would do even better than cement for the flooring, and need not be tarred or covered with felt before the wooden floor is put down. ROOFING. The importance of a perfect weather-proof covering to the home is well understood by the Montreal house- holder. In no other part of the world are more severe conditions met than we have to provide for in this climate. \\ I '' The best form of a roof to a city residence is unques- tionably the dished or " hopper " roof. The ceiling joists are first covered with tongued and grooved boarding, and afterwards with 2 or 3 ply of felt ; the " hopper " roof is then formed with 4in. x 3in. scant- ling and roofing boards with a fall to a branch of soil ])ipe. Felt of seven or ten ounces to the yard and lapped to make three or four thicknesses, is then laid, each ply being well swabbed with resin cement before its successor is applied, and well turned up to height of firewall and round skylights, chimneys, etc. A copper-flanged tube four inches in diameter is then inserted in the branch from soil pipe and the flanges m ! Ill ill i 30 well nailed to roof. The whole is then covered with a flowing coat of resin cement and the gravel laid. To prevent the stones and debris being washed into soil pipe, a globe-shaped galvanized wire guard is fixed into the mouth of the copper tube. The felt must not be cemented to the roofing, in order to allow of free expansion and contraction. A difference of opinion exists as to the propriety of ventilating the space between the ceiling lining and the roof. Some prefer no ventilation, so that there being no circulation of air, the dead air space would afford a good non-conductor of heat, which in both summer and winter is a desideratum. The little heat that passes from house to roof, even if sufficient to melt the snow, w^ould do no harm, as it would drain to soil pipe. Others believe in thorough ventilation from front to rear of the space, and leave several openings for that purpose. In that way they claim the snow will not melt and the wind will carry it off. Even if this were so,, it would not compensate for the loss of heat to the house by the current of cold air passing over the ceiling covering. The quality of the resin used varies considerably, some roofers displaying great ignorance in its making, incorporating with the pure resin large quantities of pitch, the result being that the modicum of oil in the pitch is soon evaported, leaving the whole mixture in a brittle and crumbly condition. Black oil or tar with a sufficient proportion of resin to prevent the summer heat melting and thinning the mixture alone should be employed. W. wh^ sar^ the! roc ov( laicl edj rcc 31 covered with ravel laid. To shed into soil "ard is fixed le roofing, in titraction. the propriety ng lining and so that there space would hich in both he little heat icient to melt drain to soil -ilation from ral openings ni the snow )ff. Even if r the loss of I air passins '« onsiderably, its making, [itantities of >f oil in the mixture in ion of resin liinning the Plastic asphalte roofing, patented by Messrs. George W. Reed & Co., makes a very good roof for places ^ where no gravel is required. The best form of man- ■f sard and pitched roofs to prevent icicles forming at * the eaves is known as the *' double roof." The first ) roof is covered with two or three ply of felt cemented y. over with resin and made perfectly tight. On this is I laid another roof formed of scantlings laid on their } edge, boarded over and covered with slate, galvanized ;! iron, etc., as the case may be. The air space between the scantlings is left open at the foot of roof, and at the ridge ventilators are placed to allow of free circu- lation. The heat of the house is thus prevented from reaching the upper roof and rrielting the snov;, which is easily blown off the slope of roof, so that there are no conditions to form the dangerous icicles, r Slate makes the most durable roof covering when properlv laid for Mansard fronts and high-pitched rocfs. Some roofs of this material in Montreal have been in existence over forty years. The black slate obtained from the quarries at Rockland and other places in the Province of Quebec is most commonly used, and for strength and toughness is not excelled by any imported slate. Red slates, as used on the residence of R. Stanley Bagg, Esq., corner Sherbrooke Street and Cote de Neiges Rard, and the green slates on the front of Alderman Sadler's residence, Crescent Street, make very effective roofs for sandstone houses, but it is very poor taste to use them, as some do, in chequered or other alternating patterns and devices, with the 3 M m ;i i 32 dark slate. To make a really first-class job, the upper corners of slates should be trimmed for even laying, but this method, although costing only fifty cents per square of loo ft. more, is very seldom adopted now. Galvanized Canada Plate laid diagonally block seamed (no solder being used) is now becoming much in de- mand, and is really a very fine roof for this Province, and not requiring, to be painted, is much superior to the ordinary Canada plate roof. Aluminum sheets laid in the same style as Canada plate is also bidding for popular favor. It makes an exceedingly light covering, but its wearing quali- ties are an unknown quantity. Copper roofing, as used on the residence of the late Duncan Mclntyre, Esq., and resM'^nce on corner of Dorchester and Mat- thew Streets, has an extremely rich effect even when tarnished, and there is no doubt of its everlasting dur- ability. Copper at the present time is very low in price, and although too expensive for medium class houses, as a roof covering should be used extensively for flashing purposes in the place of galvanized iron. No argimients can be too strongly urged against the revolting practice of erecting false wood fronts and packing box towers propped up and stayed from be- hind, and covered with galvanized iron fearfully and wonderfully made into wedding cake ornamentation which the disordered fancy of the speculative builder fiend so much delights in. The following current prices of roofing are given to show the relative values of the different coverings : — Resin cement, 4-ply, 7-oz. felt, $3.50 per sq. of 100 sup. ft. job, the upper r even laying, fifty cents per adopted now. block seamed : much, in de- his Province, h superior to le as Canada it makes earing quali- ' roofing, as n Mclntyre, er and Mat- : even when lasting dur- ^ery low in -dium class extensively nized iron, against the fronts and i from be- -rfully and mentation ve builder e given to erings : — iq. of 100 Resin cement, 4-ply, lo-oz. felt, $4.50 per sq. of 100 sup. ft. Plastic Asphalt, 4-ply, 7-oz. felt, $4.00 per sq. of 100 sup. ft. Plastic Asphalt, 4-ply, lo-oz. felt, $5.00 per sq. of 100 sup. ft. Galvanized Canada Plate laid diagonally, $6.50 per sq. of 100 sup. ft. Aluminum laid diagonally, $15.00 per sq. of 100 sup. ft. Galvanized iron, $9.50 per sq. of 100 sup, ft. Copper, $24.00 per sq. of 100 sup. ft. Rockland Slate, ist quality, $7.00 per sq. of loo sup. ft. Rockland Slate, 2nd quality, $6.00 per sq. of 100 sup. ft. Green Slate, imported, $10.50 per sq. of 100 sup. ft. Red Slate, imported, $14.00 per sq. of 100 sup. ft. PLUMBING, HEATING, ETC. When we consider that more than two-thirds of the lifetime of a city resident is spent under a roof, the importance of pure air and hygienic conditions is ap- parent, and there should be no need to impress further the very obvious necessity of good sanitary arrange- ment in our homes. Although at the present time, it is a debatable question whether sewer gas — the com- ponent parts of which are carbon dioxide, marsh gas and sulphuretted hydrogen — generates the disease 34 germs of diphtheria, typhoid fever, etc., there can bt no doubt that if not the direct cause it predisposes to disease by lowering the vitahty, and therefore it be- hooves us to fight and keep it out of our homes as we would our arch enemy. The system generally adopted in Montreal is to lay the soil pipe from the sewer in street to two feet outside the front wall of house in glazed stoneware socketed pipe, and from thence of cast-iron pipe without any trap through the house, and carried two feet above the roof. This in- sures free ventilation of the main sewerage system, the gases generated in the sewers being carried of¥ above the dwelling. The various fixtures, such as w.c, sink, bath, wash basin, etc., etc., are each trapped and con- nected to the soil pipe by separate fittings, all the traps being back vented by from two to four-inch pipes to prevent syphonage, and therefore the loss of the water seal. The Old Country system of putting a trap between the house drain and sewer is also allowed by the Board of Health, conditionally, " that such trap shall have a hand hole for cleaning purposes and a fresh-air inlet pipe." This has been adopted some- what extensively, and although well enough in its way ill summer, is positively dangerous in the winter. Anyone passing along St. Antoine Street will notice on examination, where this system is adopted, that nine out of ten of the bends to the fresh air inlet ])ipe in winter are stuffed with paper to keep the frost from freezing up the drain. The result of such abuse of their functions must he disastrous to the fixtures on the lower fiats, the back pressure from the air dis- p its inl j„.i— , there can hi predisposes to lerefore it be- our homes as tern generally pipe from the front wall of pe, and from ) through the )of. This in- :e system, the icd ofif above as W.C., sink, 3ed and con- all the traps r-inch pipes loss of the -itting a tra]) allowed by ■t such trap OSes and a pted some- HiRh in its the winter. will notice tM>tc'd, that inlet pipe frost from 1 abuse of ixtures on ic air dis- 35 ])laced, by discharges of water from above would of itself be sufficient to break their seal. So much for an innovation introduced without tak- ing into account the nature of the climate. The city by-laws only provide for a peppermint, smoke or air test to prove the tightness of the joints and freedom from airholes to the soil pipes and fit- tings. These are not sufficient, and a clause should always be inserted in the specification recptiring a water test, which is effected as follows : the ends of all fittings and at the lowermost cleaning eye are plugged and the whole extent of piping filled with water from roof level. It should then be allowed to stand at least twenty-four hours. The pressure of water will insure the discovery of air holes and cracks in the soil pipes covered over with the tarred coating and any defective joints. The writer recently water tested the soil pipes of a dwelling, not being satisfied with the smoke test previously given, and found only some five or six joints in the whole system from which water did not percolate. Although the requirements of the by-laws are met by the placing of one cleaning eye for access to clear any obstruction in the drain in basement, an additional one should be put at the back of each branch connec- tion and one near to the base of vertical soil pipe stack and another just inside wall where drain enters ))uilding. riiey should be formed of upright Y branches or fittings arising in the ot)p()site direction to fall of drain for easy entrance of a cleaning rod ; a 36 brass ferrule, with screwed eve to take off, beim^ caulked and leaded into the open end. In laying the tile drain from outside wall to sewer, the joint of each pipe should be made with Portland cement and scraped clean on the inside, unless the latter is done, the cement will protrude on the inside as the spigot of each tile is inserted into the socket of the other, and form a solid ridge, sometimes diminish- ing the area of the pipe one-half. Such, indeed, was the condition of affairs found recently when taking up the drain of a newly-built residence, to connect a yard guUey. Although the city authorities will allow " other ap- proved devices " instead of back-air vent pipes to pre- vent syphonage of traps to fixtures, it is inadvisable to do so, and especially in the case of kitchen sinks, where patent traps are sometimes used. The arrangement of such traps sooner or later clogs up with grease, and the passage gradually assumes the shape of a common " S " trap, and not being back- vented, is useless. Sink traps, however, should be cleared of grease periodically, but this is seldom done unless for an actual stoppage. Many basements are provided with ''bell-traps," to allow the draining of any surface water from the floor. This arrangement can- not be too strongly condemned, it is against the law and little less than crimined folly, the seal of the trap being most of the time dry and affording free entrance for sewer gas. 1 before deciding t)n the phunbing fixtures, a few of the show rooms of plumbers' supply h( b^ f( ake off, bein wall to sewer, with Portland (le, unless the on the inside ) the socket of mes diminish- 1, indeed, was when taking to connect a w " other ap- pipes to pre- s inadvisable itchen sinks, ised. The er clogs up assumes the L>eing back- sliould be eldoni done 'Cnients are ning of any tMuent can- I'^t the law ^>f the trap <^' entrance plnnibing '*«' supply 37 houses, where the fixtures can be seen set up, should be visited and a selection can then be made. For hot and cold water service, only two kinds of pipes had better be used, lead for cold water and copper for hot water. Lead pipe is most commonly used for hot water, but is a source of endless expense, especi- ally in localities where the water pressure is high, the expansion and contraction to the pipe from hot water under pressure weakens the pipe, and bursts become common. Galvanized wrought iron pipe has been tried, but has one very serious failing, the expansion of the pipe causes the coating to peel ofif and exposes the plain iron. Clothes washed with water from the pipe become *' iron-moulded." The kitchen boiler is generally connected up with the furnace, range or gas generator with wrought iron pipe, both plain and galvanized, but sometimes be- comes choked up with rust settling at the bottom. It is, therefore, advisable to use copper for this pur- pose also. In some localities the water pressure is very high, and causes lots of trouble. This can be regulated by the use of a " Governor," which will very soon pay its cost by the saving of repairs. The illness from lead poisoning of a whole family who had just moved into a new house in the spring was recently investigated, and very useful and inter- esting facts brought to light. Some water from the lead service pipe, which was about one luuidred feet in length, was analyzed, and found to contain con- siderable traces of a poisonous salt of lead caused by !-i 38 the action on new lead pipes of carbonic acid in solu- tion. This acid is known to exist in the water of the Ottawa River, and very strongly in the early spring-. In the winter a dam of ice is formed at the head of the Island of Montreal below St. Ann's ; this, and the great cold in the north reducing the flow of the Ottawa River, causes the larger part of the water to find its channel at the back of the Island. The St. Lawrence River water then forms the bulk of the supply at the intake for domestic use, and the presence of sulphates in solution in that water acts on the lead, and forms a coating of an insoluble salt of lead, thereby protecting the pipe, and no trouble is experienced afterwards. It is advisable, therefore, for some time after entering a new house, especially in the months of April and May, to run of¥ every morning the water standing in the pipes over night. Where practicable, plumbing pipes should be ex- posed or boxed with movable cover for easy access, and where the soil pipes in basement or cellar are below the j^round, the Architect should supply the proprie- tor with an accurate plan of same for future reference. It is desirable, even if it be proposed to use elec*ii- city for lighting purposes, to pipe the house for gas in case of accidents to the lighting plant, at the present time so conunon. The locations of the outlets should be arranged with great care. A good rule to be ob- served for the brackets in bedrooms or where only one light is used, is to place them near the window ; the natural and artificial light is then obtained from one direction. The arrangement of the coils or radia- te 1 lie acid in solu- he water of the le early spring, the head of the this, and the r of the Ottawa Iter to find its ' St. Lawrence ■ supply at the :e of sulphates 1, and forms a ^by protecting afterwards. It ter entering a pril and May, nding in the lould be ex- easy access, lar are below the proprie- re reference. > use elec^ii- >usc for gas : the present itlets should e to be ob- vvhere only c window ; aincd from Is or radia- 39 tors for hot water heating apparatus must be well con- sidered and laid down on plan, so as not to clash with the positions assigned for the necessary articles of furniture. The places most likely to be cold in the rooms, on outside walls or underneath windows, should be generally chosen. There is no difference in cost between wall coils, box coils, or standard size radiators, but " low down " radiators, suitable for placing under windows, are considerably dearer. The seat of box coil covers must be made slatted, and never solid, and the fronts fitted with brass wire or wood lattice. Some Architects specify the number of feet of pipe equivalent required for the radiators and coils of each room, so that the contractors are placed on the same footing when tendering. It is better, however, to state that such figures are the minimum, and that con- tractor must guarantee to heat all parts of the house simultaneously to, say, 65 degrees when the thermo- meter registers 20 degrees below zero, dtherwise should the house be too cold in some rooms, the con- tractor could submit that he had put in the amount of pipe his contract called for and was not further respon- sible. • . A badly-carried out or bungled scheme, giving a poor circulation, cannot be anything else but a failure, whatever the amount of piping may be used, success in heating and quick circulation being only obtained by the skilful laying out and execution of the work according to scientific rules. , For the economical running of a hot water system 40 it is always best to use a size larger furnace than is actually required, a thinner bed of coals giving more perfect combustion than a thick one of smaller area. ON WIRING THE HOME FOR ELECTRICITY. Until qi ie recently the iwiring of houses has been done in a very slip-shod manner, and in many cases being the cause of incipient fires. The Canadian Fire Underwriters' Association are now strictly enforcing a thorough inspection of all installations, and require a Certificate from Mr. Badger, the City Electrician, that work is done according to their rules. The main points to -be observed in wiring are as follows : the wires immediately on entering the house must have a safety cut-out and double Dole knife switch, both mounted on non-flammable bases, .such as slate or porcelain. After passing through the meter the wires should run to a centre of distribution (generally a -cupboard, if conveniently situated) which supplies a bank of safety branch cut-outs. From these cut- outs are taken circuits necessary to feed the outlets for fixtures, a cut-out being required for about every six lights. The cut-outs are for fire protection, and in the event of any wires on the main or branch cir- cuits coming in contact with each other, called "short circuiting," the fuse in the cut-out would melt and shut off the current from that section before the wires could get darcnt : C T. WILLIAMS. GEORGE J. SHEPPARD. Directors : PETER LYALL, AMOS COWEN, JOHN McLEAN, F. FOURNIER, W. P. SCOTT. MEMBERS OF THE BUILDERS' EXCHANGE. Montreal, January, 1898. Amiot & Lemay Masons Biilmer, J. E Carpenter Bremner, Alex Cements, tiles and fire brick Bnlmer, Jno. A., & Co Lumber Briggs, W. M Plumber Beckham & Scott Carpenters Brunet, J. W. R Bricklayer Babcock & Wllcock, T^td Boilers Bartholomew, R. H Painter Ballantyne, Jas Plumber Beaudry, L Carpenter Boon, W. I Bricklayer Cowen, Amofl Bricklayer Cochrane, James Asphalt and cement (Castle & Son Painters (U)wan, G. A Bricks Cook. W. J TIaHtoror Campbell & Gilday Hoofers f\9 Carroll Bros Plumbers Cadieux, Hector Carpenter Callard, S Bricklayer Collins, Isaac Carpenter Cunningham, Wm Marble DeGuise, Oliver Bricklayer Dominion Bridge Company Iron work Dartnell, B. F Bricks, stone, etc. Dodds, P. D., & Co Paints and oils Forde, Thow Carpenter Fournier, F., & Son Masons Forsythe Granite and Marble Company Marble Grier, G. A Lumber Garth & Co Gas and steamfitters Grothe Freres Carpenter Grier, J. & B Lumber Gervais & Son Lime Heggie & Stewart Masons Hughes, J. W Plumber Hutchison, J. H Mason Hickey, J. N Asbestos Houghton, E. T Painter Hendersuii, J. T Carpenter Hyde, F., & Co Cement, tiles and fire brick Horton, F Plumber Ives, H. R., & Co Heaters and iron work Knott & Gardner Plasterers Kimber, G. S Painter King, Warden, & Son Heaters and iron work Lewis, Isaac Bricklayer Lyall, Peter, & Sons Masons Locker, G. R., & Co. Mantles and tiles Laprairie Brick Company Bricks Lidstone, Jno Carpenter Lemay, E. H Lumber Lamarcho, .Tos Plumber Lambert, Jos Carpenter Luxfer Prism Comiiany, litd Prisms Lockerby & McComb Roofing materials Morrison, .Ino., & Son Plasterers Murphy, John Painter Moiit real Hoofing Company Roofers Morrison. T. A.. & Cn HrlcivS Miller. MroH. & IMioms lObwators and Iron work Montreal I^^UMliic Company lOleclricians Montreal Terra Cotta C'onipany Terra Cotta 53 Malleable Iron Company iron work Massey, Fred. (Gurney-Massey Co.) Heaters Montreal Quarry Company Stone Martineau & Fils, O Masons Montreal Lime Company Lime Montreal Lumber Company Lumber McLean, John Plasterer McLaurin, A. P Lumber McLaurin Bros Lumber Mc Arthur & Co Paints and oils McNally, Wm., & Co Cement, tiles and fire brick McArthur, Wm., & Sons Bricklayers McLaren & Co Plumbers' supplies Ness, McLaren & Bate Electricians Nicholson, Geo. W. T Mason Paton, Laird & Son Carpenters Paterson Manufacturing Co Building paper Pyke, J. W., ^ Co Iron work Pallascio, A Hardware Rutherford, W., & Sons Lumber, sash and doors Reid, Robt Marble, tiles and mantles Rodden, Wm., & Co Iron work Roberts, Geo Carpenter Royal Electric Light Company Electric lighting Sheppard, Chas Bricks Sheppard, Geo. J Bricks Simpson & Peel Carpenters Scott, W. W., & Co Carpenters Scott, W. P Painter Shearei' Co., The James Lumber, sash and doors Stephenson, W. A., & Co Plumbers Swan, Wm , Carpenter Standard Drain Pipe Co. (St. Johns) Drain pipes St. Loulrr, Em Contractor Wighton & Morison & Co Masons Wand, P. C Bricklayer Wliliams, C. T. (Geo. W. Reed & Co.) Roofers Walker, Jas., & Co Hardware Wand, A. E Bricklayer Watson, John Plumber Wilson Bros Masons ,^^ ji Is V ^ — . «l k t^ ,- _■■■ Jii^ ^nw jTj ^^X-^HI^ ^^HWWP lis ^ -^^ ,1 j] ^ ^^ai- ^it it" ] L $ Iem: _ _ i-r 1 ^ /-i^W^: =9- W\ ftLRU ifrrr^M 4wnTmitrt1 1 Er=_=.. - ^ 4 1 1 F " ' J ^ ll 5 "5 "^ n I lA '" — «^ I ^■iL / ^ "^ ■ . r §Sl^ vr 1 D — ■ ■■■ WW - I — ^ 1 j J .-,-4 > 2 I! Jl J^ s J - — *» J 1 J j — i ■ §M 4 , ♦• ^y — 1 ,- ^t. ■ ^r - Ill ^m ^^^ I^^L H ^^H ^M ■ ^M H Hk^H^HIIIHI 1 I- \ W 1 1 1 11 - - 1=^ ■" t — -\^' 8Baag-"r ' ii ii ■iiiiini iii i iiiiii iiii iii ii i jHMg °?"llffimi''ir 1^'i^Hri i?i i t i Aii ■{■■■■■■■(■■■■■■■■■■■■I iniiHiiiSr .^B888Sn3r ■■■■■■ ... . 1 _^- JU-L-i M ' JLJt JJ. IT . i jfV^ ± jt|-±'' 6 y^ ^.§ IE j| ^r'V B^wpffwpwrww 1 ? M ^ ^ ii"Tiiir^ i X * J— ?^-lr^^ L^'^^ ' i ^ ij J 1 ■ m IH — bfetrl 1 Hj ^Sr^^ TTT n^ 1 ™ aS T^ ::;;;il-IL;l: ._ f ^ ^ - - -JI^m]- ^ _i_ ■PU I — ^' iniBsdsB m-\ -kr! --v- ^- ^+f- ^F~"=F=-H HHHi ~ ~ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ~ aHBI ., „_ . . , ,. ff V, 1 Is ' ' ■ ■■ ■" ■ ■ ■ -jjr " ■^ '*'• " - JXjr -^ S^ ~~f J f" _l ' Jl "^1^ H .,, , ^1 r"~" — ^^1 ^^^ n ' 1' ^h Hi 1 1 i ^ 1 JT k ■"■ my iti- --h ' . ^^ ■wTl ■MHB^l ( ^1^ ■■KIUbWbH- _UMi — ■■■[. — ■■■K- n^^vir ^ — ■HHH^nfllB| vl ^.^ ^^RdC " T" TbT. IH 1 IP 1 P^^ ^^ V "^H^«v 1,1 I J '1 N ^afc "^ '^H ' 1 !■ > HI ! il 111 \i TT 1 Tlirll 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 IT Imjp j[| 1 Iriffl^ lltl-t-ltJ"-HJ 1 Li l=H4i| tTmr 11 U 1 1 IlL^fl^llr^S^ 1^™"*'^ A V Wf 6 ^ )l ^^^ bB '^ ^ \i \ LjLmpiBiHH ^p — }j s ! 1 S J Li fc '4 4, tt r 4 S 1- - . |». 1 ,i< _.. , _ _ ^-jj^ K t S bhbhU *5 ' • 8 5 ^ « n ^n ■■■■■ ^M li-l; J 1 mk. ^^ T ■■essBSB ■■■ ^v^y T- ■^■■■■■■■■^ ■■■ -■ I- ^5lI ■f 1 m S •■ 5! J ^ , ■ — * -ft - in _J ^AJ^ ^ ^ Hi X ■ ^ ^ I jWf H. »- -^^ \mmi/ Jm^ JbM |i_ |AJ ^^P nil III HIIIII III mill IIIIIH^HIIIII^I^ i 1 Til cr: % e Selli The Daisy Hot Water Heaters Have all the latest improvements to be obtained in a Hot "Water Heater. Ash-Sifiing Grate» Drop Elbow for Heating on its own level. Attachment for sup- plying Hot "Water for Household Purposes. Leads all other heaters in the market for: — Efficiency Economy figrabiiity. ■y ^: , =1^*1^11: : "l <^ *<5*' $S^ ^'-^Absolutcly Dust ProoL WARDEN KING & SON, Selling Agents for Ontario : Toronto Radiator Mig. Co.^ Ltd./Toronto. The Cl^OWH PRESSED BW CO. LIMITED. Yards and Works, (S>rinstOWn» Que. Head Office, Ottawa, ®nt. TRADE MARK. Fine Freasod Bricks, Onamental and Monlaed Bricks, etc. . Our Itricks are unsurpassed in quality, of a rich, warm, daric red, with the fine velvety finish so mucli sought after by the leading architects. The No. 1 are sorted into six distinct shades. E. F. DARTNELL, Sales Agont, 180 St. James Street, MONTREAL. l)wellins ami Water IClevators. Coniell's yelt'-Closii.'g Basin Faneets. Giepol's Pa-tent Steam Ti-aps. Fellow's liittle Giant and Twin Comet I.awn Sininkiers. National Meter Co.'s Water Meters. linckeyo Hell Koiimlry Co's Bells. Watson's Pressure Ilegnlators Jenkin's Bros.' Valves. Wilhelmi Copper Boilers. Curtis' Pressure Begiilators. Pieree, Butler i^ Pierce's Non-Driji Air Valves. Faiilmnks' Asbestos Packed Cocks. McPaniel's Exliaust Heads, Steam Traps and Suction Tees. Bernard k Flank's Buth and B(>droom Trimmings. MoncrielT's (lauge (JlaHaes. 536 to 642 Oraiff Street, MONTREAL. WHEN YOU WANT MantelsJUes or Fireplace Trlnnnlngs COME AND SEE US. ANDREW F. MURRAY & CO. 40 Bleupy Stfcet. The Latest Designs in Brick, Tile and Wood Mantelpieces. Enamelled^ Glazed^ Unglazed and Vitreous Tiles for every de- scription of work carried ' Stock; up to date designs in Mosaics* ALSO GAS FIRES, GAS GRATES, GAS LOGS* Brass and Wrought Iron Andirons, Fenders, Etc* ALL. QOOD8 ARE PIR8T-CLA88 QUALITY. Estimates Furnished. Prices Moderate. Arohiteots' designs faithfully carried out. All work entruHtf (I to \\b is «loiio in the latest aiul most approved stylo by ooinpetont and skilful workmen, and is carried out under the superintendeneo of our Mr. Muiihay ; he having had sevontoen years pituttioal oxperienoe working at the trade, is our guaruiiteu that all work will bo satisfactorily cai'ried out. BtLL Telefhone 2331. M lA IP » If Established 1859. " The Buffalo " Hot Water Heater Patented and Manufactured in Asents Hamilton Radiators. MONTREAL, V>'as the only Canadian Exhibit of Hot Water Boilers awarded Medal and Diploma of Highest Merit at World's Exposition, Chicago. It consumes least Coal. It gives the greatest amount of heat. It is the easiest managed of any Heater now on the market. It is in use at Rideau Hall, Ottawa. In Public Buildings throughout the Dominion. In Banks, Warehouses, Green- houses, Private Dwellings, etc. Satisfaction Guaranteed* Catalogues and Copies of TestimonialH on Application. H. R. IVES &i CO. MANUFACTURERS. Queen Street^ MONTREAL, RQ. Mcti CAN. 1 PC t^ Full 11 #^ Asphalting OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. Metal Cornices and Skylights^ Cement and Tile Floofs^ Cement Wash Tubs* CANADIAN AGENTS FOR ■ The Boston Hot Blast Heating AND Pneamatic System of Conveying Mill Stock* GEO. W. REED & CO. 785 Craig Street. poRCEUAiN mmtiuo baths, " STANDARD " are the best. Every Standard Bath is fully Guaranteed. Standard Enamolled is Puro White. Full liuo of Sa.ui.les on \ unv at cur ) ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ iWIOKTREAL. tfactovicfl : Pittsburifh, Pa. The Whe Th Tele The Largest Radiator Manufaciiirers UNDER THE BRITISH FLAG. When you want Radir .o s, buy the ' SRFf OHO Patent Screwed Nipple HflDIftTOHS V For Hot Water and Steam Heatingf* They don't need repairs, they never leak, and will last forever* MADE ONLY BY The Toronto Radiator fttf g. Go. Limited TORONTO. ONT. Branch— 706 Craig Street, MontreaL Telephone 6002i Long Distance Telephone 5007. ] Plui Cha H( BcII Telephone 4422* M F. HORTAN, Contractor. Plumbing, Steam and Hot Water Heating. IMPORTER OF Chandeliers, Gas Brackets, Globes, Electric Combinations, Improved W. C. Wash Basins, Laundry Tubs, Electric Lighting and Bells^ ■> ^ . ^ Hechanical ^ Electric Bell Hanglnj ^^i \^ F. HORTAN, 55 METCALFE STREET, MONTREAL. WOOD & CO. Get Prices for Art Glass, for Private and Public Buildings. Rent, Bevelled, Chipped, Silvered, Embossed and Leaded Glass. 35 B eaver Hall Hill, MONTREAL. J. C. SRENCE dB SONS, Brtists in Stained ©lass, ESTABLISHED 1856. 37^ BLEURY ST., MONTREAL. Ecclesiastical and Domestic Leaded and Painted Glass, Transomes, Door Panel, Etc. in all styles. £0timates anb SI;etcbes submitted fvee of cbar^e. SAtJD STONE QUARR/ES. MOAT, Red— is of a wanu pleasing colour, a capital weather stone, taking a fine .arras; largely built in Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto. BLACK PASTURE, BufF- is of a fine Buft' Colour, very durable, used in the famous " Roman Wall.'" BATH, Cream — is of a rich Cream Colour, easily worked but hardens qii>C_ MANUFAGTURERS OF. WOOD AND BRICK MANTELS,,^^*,^,^ FIREPLACES, MOSAIC PAVEMENTS, ^ WROUGHT IRON FIREPLACE GOODS. IMFORTERS OF. FLOOR and WALL UlLYSy^SJ'J'J'J'J'^ IRON AND BRASS J^J'J-.^J'J'^d^J'^J' FIREPLACE FURNITURE, Etc, Etc^^e^^ SOLC AQmNTS FOR THE United Asbestos ** Salamander ** Fireproof Decorations, and Charles Emmel's Papier Mache Relief Ornaments* 228 St. James Street, MONTREAL. C. J. BROWN, Real Estate, Insurance and Financial Agent. Office : 4226 St. Catherine Street, Telephone 4994. House : 4484 Sherbrooke Street, Telephone 4933. HUGH BECKHAM, Real Estate and Insurance Agent* loana on Cit^ an5 ilClestmoimt ipropcvt^. ROOM 40, TEMPLE BUILDING. iSND FLOOR.) Telephone 1413. J35 St. Jamcs Street, MONTREAL. 232 Metcalfe Avenue* Westmount, WM. DARLING. ^Real Estate Bought and Sold*^ INSURANCE AND LOANS EFFECTED. Municipal Bonds and other Securities Neg;otiated« 1698 NOTEE DAME STREET, MONTREAL. BBLL TaUEfHONK 18SO. JAMES BAILLIE, Real Estate Aoent. '^estmount Property a Speciality. Insurance, Loans, etc* Hotise: 5^ Latisdowne Ave.,Westmount,---^»'-?l?^L*L06j Office : Room J. Board of Trade Building, '»•»**>"• ^^^*'