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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planchos, tableaux, etc., peuvent 6tre filmis d des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 A partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche A droits, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. rata teiure, Id J 32X 1 2 3 1 t 3 4 1 i 6 i BRITISH COLUMBIA. REPORT OF TRB HON. E L LANGEVIN, C.B., MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS. PRINTED BY ORDER OF PARLIAMENT. '■? if ^! f. *? - ■'^i ■ -M OTTAWA: FRninD BT I. B. TA7L0R, 29, SI A^D 33, RIDEAU STRBET, im. s-js. /^7o CONTENTS. REPORT. Introduction Climate •u;k. I Ter:itorial ChiiracteristiM Advantages offered to Settlers ForeBt Lands and Timber Auriferous Regions ,, Yield of Gold Mines ,, Ominica Mines „ Official Report of Gold Commissioner. ,, Exportation of Gold for 10 years Silver and (!opper Mines Coal Mines ,, Anthracite Coal ,, Quantity of Coal exported since 1807 , , Sales at Mines for 10 years Agricultural Produce Cattle. Horses, Sheep Fisheries , „ Whaling Grounds „ Various descriptioiia of fi.sli found in the Province. Products of the Chn.ie— Fur bearing Animals Birds and Feathered Tribe Stone QuaiTies Ship-building, and Navigation JIanufacturcs Exports Population Chinese Indiana Probable number of System of Government of The practicability of m.aklna; a^eements with , Value of, i>^ InhabitiUits Training Schools for Treatment of. Present and Futiuv Character of Progress towards Civilization of Reserves of Land belongiiii.r to Sale of Liquor to !) 10 10 11 12 13 K! U U 1.-. 1.-. 17 1« 111 lit I'.i 21 '."I »•» •Jo •JH 2:1 .'HI f*'1 4- r' w PAGE. IndiaiM Lan^ages 30 ,, TreatioH concluded ^^ ith 31 Public Wiirku, Buildings, nnd Undertakings, List of 31 Race Rock Li^'hthouHc 32 Fisgard Lighthouse 32 Fraser River liightship 32 N'tw Lighthouses dumanded 33 Buoys 34 Dredge 34 Kteamer ' ' Sir James Douglas " 34 Post Office and Custom House ut Victoria 34 „ ,, New Westminster 35 Mint and Acsay Office 36 Marine Hospital 36 Court Houses 35 Jails 36 Penitentiary 36 Legislative Building, Victoria 36 dovernors' Residences ;,. 37 Telegraph Lines ." 37 Victoria Harbour 40 Es<]uimalt , 41 Xanalrao , 41 Barclay Sound as a Harbour 42 Burrard Inlet „ , 42 Howe Sound ,, 43 Butelnlet „ 43 MilbankSound ,, 43 River Skeena „ 44 River NasR ,, 44 (iraving Dock at Esquimalt 44 Fraser River, Improvement of 46 f !aribie M „ B.— do Effect of Climate on Harboun, Hnowfnll, Temperature, Ac. ; Vancouver laland as compared with mainland 58 „ C. — do Meteorologioal Observationi taken by Captain Moody, at New Weitt- miniter, 1862 59 „ D.— do If •teerological Regiiter kept at Fisgard LiKhthouse 62 „ E.— do Prevailing Direction of Wind, 1870-71 03 „ F.— d* Extract from " Colonization Circular," 1870, on Climate of B.C 64 „ O. — do Extract from Mr. Groot'8 pamphlet on ,, 67 „ H. — do Extract from Dr. Chad. Forbes' work on ,, 69 „ L— do Extract from Mr. J. T>. Pembertun'a work on ,, 74 „ J. — do Extract and Table from Dr. Rattray'H work on ,, 77 „ K.— Timber :— Extract from Mr. J. D. PembertonV work, referrinfr to the Timber of British Columbia 82 „ L. — do Extract from Dr. Battray'H work on Britinh Columbia 84 „ M. — Coal : — Cool Minini; on Vancouver Iglaml. Letter from Mr. R. DuuHmuir 86 ,, N. — Gold :— Gold Mining ot Germansen Creek. Extract from a Letter 88 * O. — do Ordinance in reference to Gold Mining, of 18«>7 89 „ P.— MiMKRAL Lands :— Ordinance relating to Mineral Landn, of 1«69 108 „ Q. -Crown La.jd8 :— Ordinance in rcHpect to Crown Landi, of 1870 118 „ B. — Coal :— Extract from Dr. RattrayV Work, on the Coal of BritiHh Columbiiv. 129 „ S.— Joi.NT Stock C'ohpanies :— Ordinance relating to Joint Stock Companies, of 18C0 . . 132 „ T.— Produce AND Stock Return, extracted from Blue Book of 1870 1:14 „ U.—FlHH:— Extract from Rev. Mr. Brown's Pamphlet on the Fish of British Columbia . 136 ,, v.— Fauna :— Extract from Dr. Forbes' Work, giving the Names of the Animals found in the Province 138 „ W.— Game :— Extract from Mr. J. D. Pemberton's Work, on the (iame of British Columbia 141 „ X.— Movement of Shippinvj :— Particulars of ^'ess«ls entered at British Columbian Ports, 1870, and Countries whence arrived. Extracted from Blue Book 144 „ „ Particulars of Vessels cleared at British Columbian Ports, 1870, and Countries to which departed 145 „ „ Nationality of Vessels entered and cleared at British iJolumbian Ports, 1870 146 ,, ,, Vessels entered and cleared from and to Ports in the Province for 1870 147 „ Y.— ExPORTB :— General Exixirts from British Columbia for 1870. Extract from Blue Book 148 „ Z.— Population :— Return of Population of Biitinh Columbia for 1870. Extracted from Blue Book .' 152 „ AA. — Indians : — Memorandum by Hon. Mr. Trutcli, in reference tn Treatment of Indians by Colonial Government, 1870 153 „ BB. — do Letter from his Lordship the Biiihoii of Milutopolis on the Treatment of the Indian Population 159 „ CC. — do A Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, or Indian Trade Language, of the North Pocific Coast. Published at Victoria 161 „ DD. — do Si)e«imen Treaties concluded with Indian Tribes of ■\''an«ouver Island 183 „ EE. — do Memorandum of Treaties made with Indian Tribes for purchase of their Lands 185 „ FF. — Lighthouse Staff :— Names, Ages, Salaries, and dates of Appointment of Light- house Staff, British Colvmbia 188 „ GO.— Dbbooi :— Memorandum on the Victoi i,\ Harbor dredge 1^9 .it , \ r PAOI, i^ppeadix HH.— Stkamir 8iit Jambh DoirotA-s ;— Rnport by Captain lOR „ II.— Tkleorapii Line :— Copy of LcaBc to BritiMli ColuinWa ({overnment of We»tern Union Telegraph Company's Line in that Province 201 ,• J J. — Harboub Impbotkhent :— SiiggeHtioni made to Culonial Government in 1868 by the Honorable Mr. Tnitch, in reference to tlie building' of an rinbankment at Jameii Bay, Victoria 204 „ KK.— Oravimo Dock :— Official correspondence in reference to the coMtniction of a Graving Dock at Kmiuinialt 20.') • It LL.— Coach Road over Rocky Mountains :— Minute by Honorable Mr. Trutoh, when CommiiMioner of Lands and Works, on tlie anbject of a through coach road from the Pacific Coast to Canada, comparing the merits of the different paMes through the Rocky Mountains 209 „ MM. -Tides :— Extract from " Vancouver Island Pilot," by Captain Richards, R.N., in reference to tides on the coast of British Columbia 217 I, NN.— Statement op Iuports into British Columbia Kince 1867. Extract from Blue Book 219 „ OO. — ^Taxes, Ac. -Schedule of Taxes, Duties, Fees, and oth«r sources of Revenue 220 „ PP, — InlandRgvenui:, including Customs Duties, and Port & Harlwr D>-,)», for ten years 227 „ QQ.— ExcHB Ordinance of 1807 228 „ RR.— Savings Banks anu Coirhe of Kxchanoe :— Extract from Blue Book 234 „ SS.-GAME Ordinance of 1870 23ft „ TT.— Title to Vancouver Island :— Copy of Indenture niwle between Her Majesty The Queen, and the Hudson's Bay Company, on the relinquishment by the latter of their rights on Vancouver I'x.Iand, 1867 237 M UIT.— Oregon Bocnuarv :— Copy of Treaty Ijctween Her Majesty .\nd the United States Settlement of the Oregon Boundary, 1840 241 „ VV.— Form op Sale op Public Lands in British Columbia 2^.1 , WVf. —Magistrates :— List of Stipendiary Magistrates in British Columbia, with date of Appointment, Salary, &c 241 „ XX. — Joint Stock Companies :— Statement of Joint Stock Companies registered under the Act. and in existence in September, 1871 24r> ,, YY, — Assay Office : — Statement of the cost of establishing the Assay Department of British Columbia, and remarks by Su))erintendent 216 ■r. 4.r I ''vi 1 BRITISH COLUMBIA. ■Mi f1 REPORT BY THE HON. H. L. LANGEVIN, C.B, ailNISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS. 4 To His E.vcdlcncy the Rigid Honovohle Julin, Baron /-/- mentsof that distant Province, and to a.sc(utain personally wiiat jiul'lii- woiks ar^.^ necessary for it. To fulfil uiy mission, it was requisite tliat I .shoidd extend my observations to n point beyond that to wliicli llic atli utioii of the Minister of Public Work.s, when ho visits thi; works uinlor the control of his department, is ordinarily conlincd. It is for tin's iccon that tbis reiMjrt necessarily includes matters whidi ai-e not gciii'raily iountl in the reports which I have the liotior to submit to Your HxwiliMU'V. On my Journey to British Oohimbia, I travelled from I'liiin.,'! to Sau Rout*. Francisco by the American Pacific Ivailway, and at San l-'iiuicisco, I (Mubarkcd on the iron steamer " Prince Alfred," of DOt) Umn, whicli iimviys tbi- Canadian mails to Victoria, th) Capitixl of British Columbia. ■■ U Divisiox OK BiiiTisn CoLi'.MniA. This new Province of Canada is divided into two pnfectly diiiiiiot parts Vancouver Island aud the main land. Tiiey were coMilituled (clonics, tlie Britib' firat in 1849, and the second in 1858 ; they wei-o then united in KSiJO mider ^"•"" the name of British Columbia, and so continued until tlie LMmIi .Inly last, at which date that largo aud beautiful colony becRmo/>ne of the l*nj\ inows of tin- Doniinion -"f Canada. 10-1 Divi-iciii of ,1; uuil la. ir. 2 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Climate. « CUia»t«. The climate of British Colombia varies according to the locality whether this be in the lower parts of the country near the sea and in Vancouver Island, or in the centml tracts of the Province, which differ entirely the one from the other. In the lower parts and on the island the climate is extremely agreeable during the summer. The thermometer seldom rises above eighty degrees Fahrenheit, and in wintar it seldom falls below fifteen degrees. It may in fact be said of this region, that it possesses the climate of England, but without its extreme humidity. On the other hand, in the central portion of the Province the drought, the heat and the cold are greater. The heat there is someiimes very intense. However, in the region which 1 visited, the cattle remain out during the whole year, and it is only when the winter is very severe, that it is found requisite to supplement the nutriment which they continue to find in the open field. As to horses, I was assured that they could find their food out of doors during the whole twelve months of the year. •I requested the Honorable Chief Justice Begbio, who knows the Province Memorandum well, to communicate tome the result of his experience ; this he has done in a Chief Justice memorandum, which I attach with pleasure to this report, and which will be found in Appendix A. I also refer Your Excellency to Appendix B, which is another short memorandum furnished by tlis officials at Victoria, to Appendix C, containing meteorological observations taken at New Westminister, by order of Colonel Moody, of the Royal Engineers ; to Appen- dix D and E, being meteorological observations taken at the u)outh of the Fraser River, and at the Fisgard lighthouse in the Strait of Fuca; to Appendix F, which is an extract from the Colonhation Circular issued in 1870 by Her ]\Iajesty's Colonial I and and Emigration Commissionei-s ; to Appendix G, being an extraj;t from a pamphlet by Henry de Groot upon British Columbia; to Appendix H, being an extract from a pamphlet on Vancouver Island by Dr. Chai-les Forbes, jjublished in 1862 ; to Appendix I, being a chapter from Mr. J. Despard Pemberton's work on Vancouver Island and British Columbia, published in 1800; and to Appendix J, being an extract from a work on that Province by Dr. Alexander Rattrav, published in 1862. Begbie on the climate. Territory. Arable land. Irrigatitn. TERRiTORiAii Characteristics. British Columbia contains very extensive tracts of arable land. There is also a vast region fitted for grazing purposes, another covered with fine forests, and lastly that part of the country in which gold, silver and coal mining is carried on. Tlie arable land is of two classes — that which is naturally well watered, and that whieJi requires ai-tificial irrigation. I ascertained that this artificial irrigation was for the n\ost ])art not more costly than the clearing of our wooded land. The works consist generally of a dyke which retains the waters of a lake, or of a river, in such a way as to form a reservoir. In timcB of drought once or twice during the siunnior, this water is allowed to run through a conduit or ditch which discharges into anotlier ditch dug at the upper part of the fields which it is desired to irrigate. From this latter ditch proceed a large number of trenches, dug at regular disUinces along the fields, so that by allowing the water to remain tor i'rom twenty to twenty-four hours, the land between the trenches is moistened, and vegetation progresses as lapidly as if a grateful shower bad watered tiie fields. I observed this result in several places, and among others in the interior of Columbia; upon the farms of Messrs. Calbreath and Hawks, at an altitude of seventeen hundrsd feet above the level of the sea. On these farms I saw, adjacent to each other, fields that had been artificially irrigated, and others which had not. The former this year yielded foi-ty bushels of wheat to the acre, while the latter prmluced but ten. rich. J%-M REPORT. The tracts of lanrl adapted for the raising of cattle, horses and sheep, are Lukds for of wonderful extent, and offer great advantages to those who ai-e desirous of ^"JJ^f and turning their attention to that bi-anch of industry. The climate is very favor- sheep, able, admitting of the animals living in the o])en air, and thus diminishing the cost of shelter, which is genemlly only required for sheep, and then only during exceptional seasons. From the top of Mount Bcgbie, fifteen miles from Bridge Creek, on the Cariboo Road, ma7 be seen an immense plain more than one hundred and fifty miles long, and from sixty to eighty miles wide. On the other hand, from Cache Creek to the United States frontier, between the Thompson and Fraser Rivers, there is an immense and magnificent tract adapted for cultivation, grazing, &c. In these parts the plains and the hills are covered with a herb called bunch yrass, "Bunchgraii" which possesses highly nutritious qualities, and the importance of which has called forth from one of the editors of the Alta California, of San Francisco, who was trtivelling in the country last summer, the following tribute of appreciation : — " In winter, he says, this herb (bunch grass) keeps " the cattle in excellent condition, and as in general but little snow falls, " cattle feed upon it during the whole winter. The snow rarely exceeds from " twelve to fifteen inches in depth. It is from this region of the District of " Okannagan that the beef, with which the Victoria markets are supplied, is " obtained. Dii'ectly the winter is over the bunch grass grows with great " luxuriance, and I am assured that the nutritive qualities of this bunch grass " excel those of the celebrated blue gi-ass and clover of Virginia and Mary- Large herd*. " land." In Columbia it is no rare thing to find farmers owning from two hundred to a thousand head of cattle, and the number must increase, directly the works on the Canadian Pacific Railway are comftienced in Columbia, and still more when the railway is opened ; tor in the first case the local demand will be largely increased, and subsequently by the opening of the road new outlets for trade will be providod for sheep and cattle breedere, as well as for farmers ibr the produce of their land. Advantages for Settlement. It is therefore evident that this country offers consiiu.rable advantages to ff"''?^^ f any one who is desirous of cultivating the soil, or of Ijreeding cattle, horses or offerer! by sheep. These advantages are more particularly set forth in a short memo- Columbia, randum, comnmnicated to me by a gentleman of experionct>, who has resided in the Province for a number of years. It is as follows : — " These advantages are : — 1st. A mild and not very variable climate. " 2nd. Immense tracts of land for the maintenance of cattle, situated to the " east of the Cascade Mountains, and producing princijwlly bunch grass. 3rd. " The pre-emption right to 320 acres of land, the prico of which, one dollar * " an acre, the purchaser may not be called on to pay for many years, and in " no case vmtil eight years have elapsed. 4th. The i)re-einption right to 160 " acres of land if the settler prefers to establish himself to the west of the " Cascade Mountains. 5th. The existence ot a good system of roads, which " excite the astonislmifnt of every stranger, when tlie scanty population of " the Province is considered. 6th. Gooil lucal markets for farm produce, and " for the increase of henls. 7th. .Security against incursions and de})i'edations " by the Indians. 8tli. The i)rotecti(m granted to person and proi)ertv. IHh. " Immense forests containing timber of all kinds. lOiL. Inexhaustible " fisheries. 11th. Mines of gold, silver, iron, copper, coal, ikc. iLHIi. Fito " institutions." FoiiEST Lands and Timbeu. The forest lands of Bi-itish Columbia are of great extent, and are very Forest lands; rich. They are not confined to one part of the Province, but are found 'ti , ':,. El ■ ■.''^1 - (' ■■»" 'i . * .>or. i::'M BRITISH COLUMBIA. Timlnir l>i)itf(l TimVi'i tfi't'i'. A'.h"io fouml. ■pniiftlfts pine, throiigliont nenrly ifs wliole extent. The Douglas pine is one of the most valuable trees in Cuhmiliia, iiml is found in great abundance. It yields spars from ninety to KK) fort in length, and from twenty to twenty-four inches in diameter. The tree is very often from 150 to 175 feet long without , knots or branches, and of a dinmeter varying from si.v to ten feet. I have myself seen several logs fnmi sixty to eighty feet long, and six feet in dianeter, in Messrs. Moody, Dii-lz it N<'!son's booms at Burrard Inlet. From that jilaco — that is, from tlio mills 'oolonging to those gentlemen, and to the company called the "Hastings Mil) (,'oiiipany" — there were this year exported from twenty to twenty-ilve million I'eot of timber, which must have furnished lading for thirty ships of 1.000 tons. It is a fact that an order for 750,000 feet of timber was this year icceixcd from Valparaiso at BuiTard Inlet, it having been found impossible to till tlic order at the American Sound, where wood of the recpiired dimensicms could not be found. The order was in course of execu- tion during my visit to Colunibi.?, and the timber so exported was a subject of admiration to those win* visiicd Burrard Inlet at that time. The short menioranduiii which follows was prepared at my x-cquest by a gentleman who is in a ]>osition to give exact information as to the timber of the country. '• The timbt'i' troes fur which the Province of British Columbia is chiefly " remarkable, are as follow s : — Douglas pine, spruce or Menzies fir, yellow " tir, Itidsam, hendock, wliite pine, yellow pine or Scotch fir, cedar, yellow " cypress, arbor \ itn', yew, oak, white niaple, arbutus, alder,/logwood, aspen, " cherry, crab apple, willow, cottonwood. *' Tlu'se trei\s abound in almost all parts of the Province, and are all of " mor^ or le^-s value, ll .' i impossible to give any exact area or describe the " exact position. But in a gener d way, in all the numerous indentations of " the coa.st of British (Ji>lmiibia and Vancouver Island, the Douglas and Menzies " |)inn, the ecdar, and (he maple, may lie found in exhaustlcss quantities. The " coast of British ('olund)ia is wonderfidly adapted, from its conformation and " growth of timber, for ImnbeririL;, possessing as it does deep and safe harbors, " and unrivall(>d v.ater pewer. '•■ Tlio ]V/ii/r riif is a \aliiablo timber for carriage laiilding or furniture, " and is pleniiful, but not so generally scattered through the country. " The MtiiiJi' is universal on the island and coast range. '■ The Scot'-h Fir is e]ii<>tly found with the willow and cottonwood on the " l)Ottom lands. " The Cn/'ir aliouiids in almost all parts of the country. It attains an '' enormous fjrowth. and is v most important. Its facility for splitting " ronilers it Aery Aainable to the farmer for fencing purposes. " But tiie m:)st \ aluablo species is the Douglas lir. It is almost univei-sally " found on the sea coast, and up to the Cascade range. It grows to an enor- '■ moiis size, and is ene of tli(> best woods for largo sjmrs known. It can bo " obtained l.''iO feet in length fr:;e from knots, and has squared fort^'-five inches " for ninety feet. Us extraordinary size, straightness, and uniform thickness, " its strength and tiexibility, the rejofidarity of the grain, the durability of the " timber, and its frei'iic-.s from knots, places this timber almost beyond com- " petition. •' The lund)oring trade of British Cohnnbia is carried tm entirely on salt " water. Tlie logs are drawn through the woodf, by oxen, and rolled into the " water on ways eonvlrueted for the j)urpose, and are sawn in the mills situated" " at the water's edge, wlienr.' they are ship])ed direct. The timber of British " Columbia has been b.irely tapped ; hardly enough has been cut to make an " impi-ession on these vast forests. The yearly export amounts to about " $250,000. \''liili: \>'\n<'. .N'.ai)!,'. S 'otili fir. ( '.mIiu-. l»'Hi:_;lii'' Iliac, Lumlu'viag. REPORT. r " In Vancouver Island coal and wood are used for fuel ; oak, pine, and Fuel. " poplar ai-e the woods chiefly in use. On tiie mainland pine and poplar are " almost exclusively used, at a cost of $2 50 to $3 50 a cord (1-8 cubic feet) " in the low country, but at the mines wood is very dear — .*7 50 a cord." The Arbutus mentioned above, is found on the Island of San Juan, and Arbutiw. on the coast of Columl.'ia. It is an evergreen, and shinls its bark in the autumn. It is a very hard wood, and is manufactured into mallets, ikc. For further infoi'mation respecting the timber of Columbia, I i-ofer to Appendix K., which is an extract from Mr. J'emberton's work on Columbia, and to Appendix L., an extract from Dr. Rattray's book. • •'^ -» •;;■' Facilities for thk Conveyance of Timber. Having enquired what facilities the rivers of Columbia afforded for the Facilities for transportation of timber, I was told in reply : — **»«. trananor- ** Timber is at present chiefly procured in the vicinity of, the harbors, ber.*"*" "" " and towed to the diff'erent mills. Little or no v,ood is just now brought " from the interior. " The Columbia River affords a natural outlet for the the tunber grow- " ing on the slopes and hills bordering the Columbia llivor Valley ; but the " navigation of the Columbia River from the 49th parallel to the sea, is not " open to British subjects as it should be. " The Fraser River may also be made the means of conveyance of the " timber of the immense forests along its upper waters, by the construction " of timber slides at different places." QiANTiTv OF Timber E.xported. I considered that a statement of the quantity of timber exported from Columbia during the last ten years would be a subjcot of interest, and iu consequence, Mr. Hamley, the excellent Collector of Customs at Victoria, has furnished the required statement, with the addition of some remarks which are of use to explain it. It is as follows : — ■.■«•■ ';•■.. ^ Statement of the various descriptions of I/umbcr exported from the Statement of Colony or Province of British Columbia during tlii tt-n yeai-s ending ."rted'durinj? Slst December, 1870. pa-st ten jean Year. riatik. Shiiigli'H. Laths ami PickftH. Biuidlcs or M. Si)arM. MUcellaneous. Value, Ro\ii,'h. DreRsed. 1861 Feet. 2a8,«50 205.«;00 322.700 2,687,4(10 2,1J0,410 1,271,611 ' 4,1411000 15,637,:!03 18,814.381 7,544.073 l'\-et. Knees. liOKS, ki.\ 13 cordM. 1 Flti- polo. 3 3,416 2,729 18(52 3,000 3,200 430,194 21)7,24(1 342,931 122,000 696 922 1,427.126 2,312,903 878 9.-)l 679 1 .^>0 90S 835 1,035 841 18(>3 9 885 1864 1805 1866 55 42 1 175 r.12 1,433 200 25i' 257 1,421 8 790 8.12 3,562 43,4'.M) 80.195 re, 807 1867 18t!8 ]8(i9 1870 175 piecH.-i. 21 vmU, \ 92 M piU's ) 420 Imndle.s. 86,691 184,1.35 252,154 128,257 Totals 63,038,188 .5,661,322 6,078 2,424 ?802,05U BBITISH COLUMBIA. " In this statoment, the exports from 1861 to the end of 1866, are from " the mainland portion of British Columbia only ; from 1867 to 1870, they " are from the United Colony. " In 1861, 1862 and 1863, the exports were solely to the then separate " colony of Vancouver Island. " In 1864, the first lumber was sent beyond the limits of the present " Province, to the Australian Colonies. " In 1870, one of the mills at Burtard Inlet was shut for the greater por- " tion of tl* year, which accounts for the falling oflf in the quantity exported. " This year (1871), the exports will probably be greater than ever before. " British ships carry more than one-half. Tho remainder is carried " principally by Americans." Auriferous landi. AuEiPERous Regions. The auriferous lands of British Columbia do not appear to be confined to any single district of that great Province. They extend all along the Fraser and Thompson Rivers, and are particularly rich in the district of Cariboo. Then again there are the new gold mines of the district of Ominica in the nortb >f Columbia, which would appear to extend over a very large tract of country, as they are found along the shores of the Peace and Ominica Rivers, of Germansen Creek and of a number of other rivers and streams. Gold has also Ijeen found on Vancouver Island, but in small quantity. It is pro- bable that we are but beginning to discover the richness of these mines, which have not yet been systematically worked. Causes of Tardy Development. CauBMof The first reqiusite in that i-egion was a geological survey, which by mptJi °P" giving gentral information as to the geology of the country, would serve as a guide to miners and diggers by shewing them at what places they might hope to find the precious metal, and in what other spots they were pretty sure not to find it. That survey is now Ijeing made, and gives promise of the happiest results. In the meantime it is established that from the United St;ites frontier to the 53rd degree of north latitude, and to a width of from one to two hundred miles, gold is found nearly everywhere ; and the Honor- able Mr. Gootl, in his report for 1869, declares that the yield of the gold- mines in 1869 was quite proportionate to the population, and that the exports of gold dust hud been ascertained to be $2,417,873, to which amount must be added about $1,000,000 exported by individuals, giving a total of $3,417,873. In the second place, there are required for the working of these mines, roads to reach them and capital to carry on the works. The Government of Columbia has ali-endy done much towards the opening of routes of com- munication, and it is very prol)ablo that now that it is no longer burdened with a debt too heavy for the limited population of the Province, it will bo in a position to facilitate access to these auriterous regions by the openhig of new roads and trails. As to capital, that will be forthcoming the moment easy access to the mines exists, and will follow the opening of the Pacific Railway, which is destined to effect a great change in the aspect not only of that Province, but of two-thirds of the Confederation. One thing which has retarded the working of the mines of the rich dis- trict of Cariboo is the cost of freight from the Lower Fnxser to Barkerville. Not only are the distances long, and the cost of transport considerable, but the articles so transported are subjec'^ to the payment of heavy duties to meet BEPORT. the cost of the Cariboo road, a road which would be a credit to a rich and prosperous country. It is desirable that these duties should be repealed, or at least considerablj diminished. ■'■ l-i ■> If Produce of the Mines. To give Your Excellency an idea of the richness of these mines, I will Produce of tha here state what those which I visited produced this summer. The " South ™"'*- Wales " mine at Vanwinckle, twelv* miles from Barkerville, which is the ex- tremity of the Cariboo Koad, produced during the last three weeks of the month of August, 328, 215 and 256 ounces of gold respectively. The " Forest Rose" mine on William's Creek, produced in one week 203 ounces, and in another 245 ounces. The " Ballarat " mine yielded 72 ounces one week, and 95 ounces the following week. Some of these mines are at a depth of from 100 to 150 feet under ground, and the shafts leading to them communicate with galleries, each of which is more than 200 feet long. The " Lane and Kui-tz " mine gives promise of very great results. It is in the centre of what is called the Meadows ; it is in the hands of an American Company, with a capital of .^500,000. It had been abandoned, although it yielded a large quantity of gold ; but the subten-anean water came in so rapidly, that the company which was working it was unable to continue its operations for want of means. If the present American Company succeeds in pumping out the water by means of the powerful machinery which it has conveyed COO miles into the interior of Columbia, it is cei'tain that numerous companies will be at once established at the Meadows, who will follow the example of that company, and will bo rewarded for their sacrifices by a rich harvest of gold, similar to that which was obtained by the old company, when its oi>erations were stopped by subteiTanean inundation. The Blue Book of 1876, contains the following statements respecting these mines : — " Cariboo : — These mines have been steadily worked during fhe year, Cariboo. " and with satisfactory results to those employed. Many of the old mining " creeks that have been diminishing in importance for the past year or two, " have this year recovered somewhat of their former prospei'ity, and have " yieluBc' ffi great advantage. " Lillouet and Clinton : — The gold mines in this district are principally Lilloueti " worked by Chinese, who are satisfied with small earnings in return for their " labor. " Columbia and Kootenay ; — This mining district has not come up to KootenaVi " the hopes entertained of it in previous years ; the country has not been " thoroughly prospected, the greater number of the miners having left it, " being tempted by brighter j)ros[)ects in tlie newly discovered gold fields of " Ominica, and othei-s having left the country to try their fortunes at new " discoveries in California. Those, however, who remained seem to be con- " tent with what they have realized, and are engaged in carrying on works " of sluicing and tunnelling with vigor. " Hope, Yale, and Lytton : — The gold mining in this district is priuci- " pally carried on by Chinese on the banks of the Fraser River, who make " from $1 to $5 a day per man. v " The yield of gold for the year has been as follows : — Cariboo $1,047,245 00 Lillouet 15,000 00 Columbia, "J ^dwtrict basis. There was but little money or gold dust in circulatior. Flour was '^ Belling at from thirty-five to forty cents a pound, and beans fo,' a little more. Smoked pork was one dollar a pound, sugar eighty cents a i)ound, and beef from twenty-five to tliirty cents a pound. Wages were eight dollars a day. of OminioM. 'I I \ Report op the Comjiissioner op Gold Mines. , Since the foregoing was written, the Commissioner of Gold Mines in that district has made a report, of whicli a copy has been sent to me ; it gives a correct idea of the state of affairs, and I consil'.^r it important that it should not be omitted. It is as follows : — " Gbrmansen Creek, Ominica, " 23rd October, 1871. " Sir, — I have the honor to report for the information of His Excellency Official F«port "the Lieutenant Governor, that the mines on Gei'manscn Creek have failed to ontheOinM- " realize the e pectations formed f)f thcin in the early part of the season ; and "* Mine*. " at present there are but few companies taking out pay. Several are, how- " ever, prepaiing to test the liills on the upper ])ortion of the creek during the " coming winter ; and, should they be successful, it is in contemplation to con- " struct large ditches, which will greatly facilitate the working of the benches " and hills on either side of tlie creuk. " I am, however, enabled to report more favorably of Manson River and " its tributaries, which have, notwitlistanding tho difficulties attendant on tho " Oldening of the mines, in many instances, paid the miners handsomely. " Several ditches are now being constructed with a view of conveying " water to the benches and hills of Manson RiAer and Slate Creek, where a " very considerable amount of gold has idroady been obtained ; and I have no " hesitJition fn saying that the diggings, in this portion of the district, are " sufficiently established to justify the belief that they will afford profitable " employment to a large number of men for years to come. " On Manson River, the greater poiiion of the season has been spent in " working tlie surfneo diggings in tlie bed of the stream, wliicli have barely paid " expenses ; but it is now ap]tarent that a deep channnl exists, im was the case " in Williams' Creek, and the most experienced miners in the district are of the 10-2 ^:* r " !! 40 BRITISH COLUMBIA. " opinion that the channel contivins the lode for which they have been search- " ing ; and from tlie prospects obtained by the only two companies who have " snecpetled in sinking to the bed rock, it would nppeiu- that these opinions •' well founded. " It is lUfU'Milt to ivscert liii, with any degree of accuracy, the amount of " gold taken from the Ominica mines, during the present season ; but the " returns that havd boen furnished to me by the foremen of the principal com- " pnnies, shew a yield of over $300,000, and to this may bo fairly added not " less than $100,000 more, tak'^n away in the hands of miners, of which there " is no return, making in all ^400,000. " At the retjuost of a number of minei-s, I have reserved a jdot of land, " on the north bank of Mansou llivor, at the mouth of Slate Creek, for a town " site, and have had it marked off into thirty lots; since which, several tradera " have built substantial houses and commenced business there. " (Signed) O'RllLLV, Gold Commissioner. Exi'ORTATlON OF GoLU. . £inortftti«no{ I received from the Honorable Mr. Gooil, the following statement of Gold. ^jjg official exportation of gold. The note at tlie bottom shews that, to arrive nt the amount of gold i-eally yielded by the auriferous territory, 33 per cent must be added. " Statement of the Gold shipped from British Columbia by Banks, from 1862 to 1870, and iis far as can be ascertained for 1871. Year. Bank of Britif.li N. Americii, (actuiil sbip- ineulK), Rank of Britinh CoiumM.a, (actual NliipinentH). Well«, Fargo & Co., (actual sbipments 1807, '(!8, '09 and '70, estimated for 1802, '(;3, ' i.i 'J Mr 19 nnirwn cotrMnu. coal on board H.M.S. " Boxor," the Allowing ithuU was ascertained by th» Chief Engineer : — . " H. M. S. " BoxKit." •' IVial of DoughvH, Newcastle, and Dunsmuir Coala on the 24th, 27th, and 29th of September, 1870. Houra fire* have been lighted ,, ■teaming' Height of litt'iiii *tuHO(« Total (|unuti t \' of L'uals uaed in ll>ii Quantity iiitiil wliilu Steaming lbs Kevohitiimb |)i'r minute Hone jMjwvr, iuilicated Coaki i/er imlic^vtod Horse power i)er hour, MileH i^iu during trial Quantity of io;U8 used por ndle Uonsity of Sen water ,, of water in Boilers , Direction of wind Force of wind Total ([uantity of AbHcs in \hi> „ ,, C'linlendod $80,000 in cariying on their works. The coal was worth $10 at the fljouth of the .shaft. Biit for w;\ut of means the company had to abandon both REI'ORT. IS Coal. its mines and itn capital. Ooal has been fonnd not only on Vanoonrer lalaml, but also in the iiitcrior of Colmiibiii, 160 miles from the Hea, near the Nicola River, ii tributary of tlio Tliompsou. It is said to be superior to that on the N(':v ruast. Mr. Hamley, the collector of Cu.stoms at Victoria, at my i-equest furnished Exportstiono the following? statoment of coal exported 1 was further informed that the paces of labor, in relation to coal mines, Price of labor, are as follows : — Miner $3.00 to $4.00 a day Mechanic 3.75 Engineer 2.00 Blacksmith 2.00 Laborer 1.75 Chinese or Indian 1.00 to 3.50 to 3-25 to 2 00 to 1-25 i- .t.» Having thus spoken of the arable, grazinj^, forest and mining lands of British Coliimbiti, I annex as appendices tho following documents : Apjjcndix M, letter from tho proprietor of the Dunsmuir mine, giving interesting details on tho subject ; Appendix N, letter giving important details in relation to the mines of the Distriit of Ominica ; Appendix O, law respecting gold mines; Appendix P, law respecting mineral lands, other than auriferous lands ; Appendix Q, the Columbia huid law ; Appendix R, an extract from Dr. 4 '■ i 14 RniT:SH COLUMBIA. Agrioulturftl produce. Rattray's work on the Columbia coal ; Appendix S, the la.v respecting joint stock companies^ AoRicvLTURAr, Prodite, &c. Besides the produce of the mine, there is agricultural produce, and that obtained from cattle breeding, the fisheries and the chase. Wheat, barley, oats, potiitoes, peas, vegetiibles, and fruits, such as apples, plums, cherries, «kc., grow and flourish in Columbia. At Cariboo, however, the frequent frosts do not allow of tlie cultivation of grain ; and what little cultivation there is there, is confined to vegetables which do not require a long season to bring them to a degree of nuiturity at which they can be used. But it would be erroneous to suppose, that, in the interior of Columbia, the cultivation of gi'ain cannot be carried on. I saw in the interior, at the mouth of the Quesnel River, land farmed by a C;inadiau of the name of Brousseau, and he had a magnificent crop of all sorts of grain. !More than this, at a distance of thirteen and a half miles from the Quesnel River, towards the interior of Columbia, I saw at a level of 2,700 feet above the sea, cabbages, caiTots, turnips, and i)otatoes, which woUld have done credit to any part of Canada whatever. And elsewhere, at almost as great a height, I found fields of wheat, barley, and oats, presenting tlie finest possible appe-irance, and in their mute language pi-oclaiming that those who believed that rtolumbia was a land of mountains, unfit for cultivation, and destined to ]>rove but a source of expense to the Confederation, had made a great mistake. The ^.ict is, that, at Clinton, I was shewn a mill, among others, that this year turned out four hundred tons of flour, and the ^^■)leat brought to this mill is entirely the pro- duce of the country There are, I think, eight mills of that description. Last year, barley and oats were sold at frou) two to three cents a pound ; tliLs year they .are selling at from three to five cents. Wheat was sold at three cents last year, and this year it is selling at three and three-quart«r cents a pound. For details respecting agricultural ])rotluce, I reter to Appendix T, which is an extract from the Blue Book for 1870. It also con- tains a list of the prices of c(>rtain articles of consumption. , lUiiing of cnttle, &c. Cattle. Dr. Rattray, whom I have already quoted as a man who is generally well informed as to our new Pacific Province, after having spoken of Vancouver Island as not being highly susceptible of cultivation, exeept in its southern partr, adds : — " This colony, ho^v ever, has British Columbia on her right to fall back " upon to supply her markets, a country in every way adapted, by its climate, " soil, fine pastures, and an abundance of arable land, for agricultural and " pastoral development, and capable of becoming a Htorohouso of animal and " vegetable produce, able to supply, not onlv this i.slaud, but the entire Pacific." The author is right. Columbia not only yields abundance of agricultural produce (and will yield mon^ when the i)0|)ulation is greater, aiul the demand increases), but the country is specially adapted for the raising of cattle, horses, and sheep. 1 saw oxen, six years of age — which had never been under any shelter otlier than tlie vault of hearen - in very good condition, and as fat OS th(! finest cattle which are brought to the markets in our I'Jastern Pro- vinces. I do not mean to say that a prudent cattle-breeiler ought not to provide shelter for his oattl?, and ought not to lay in at least one month's forage, in case of accident, a thing he can easily do, for tlie plain is covered with the succulent grass of wliich I have already spoken above. BEPORT. u What I have just said iu rehition to cattle applies eiinully to horses, with this difference, that the liorse finds his food more easily, in the event of a fall of snow, than the ox does. His foot easily penetrates through from ten to twelve inches of snow, and roaches the grass, which, in that country, consti- tutes his favorite nourishment. With respect to sheep, there is no part of Canada better adapted for rais- ing them than Columbia. Thi y here continue in good condition, fatten rapidly, and the brtcdr.i' limls a ready sale both for tlie mutton and for the wool. It is needless to .say that the jiorcine i-ace is represented here, and multi- plies to an astonishing extent. During the fine season they only need the roots, fruits, ca6tus, and iierlis, which are so abundant in all paits of Columbia; but, like shee]), they require more care during the v>inter. The pig, however, is an animal for which there is always a market in a muiing country like Columbia, and which is always sure to bring a fair profit to the breeder. Fisheries. The fisheries of Columbia are probably the ricliest in the world, but they Fiaheriw. have been but very little worked. Tlie gold fever draws innnigrants towards the auriferous tracts, causing them to neglect what to manj' of them would prove to be a nnich riciicr mine, and one yielding nuich more certain results than that, to seek which they go so far, and undergo so much labor and fatigue. At the present time thingy arc bi^ginning to wear a didorent aspect; .some attention is being turned to tlic fisheries, without, however, the auriferous lands being in consequence neglected ; however, the tisiierie." require fresh arrivals to Utvelopo their full resources. The present popidation has its ordi- nary avocations, and can devote to this new brancli of industry but an unimportant part of its tinn . Inferences may bim, in Deep Bay. She was an English brig, commanded by Captain Calhoun, and on board of her was Captain Roys, the inventor of an explosive ball, which is used in tlu! whale fishery, and which, on pen tratin;; the marine monster, explodes, and throws out a har- poon. The first whale, ngainst which this ju )j°ctile wiis used, was killed in 18C8. In 18G9 and 1870, the company made use of a small steam vessel ; and their success last yeur induced them to devote to the trade a brig of 179 tons, manned with twent}' luuids. Captain Calhoun comi)li',iued of having to pay heavy duties on nearly all the articles i'e(iuired for the fishery. This obstacle to the success of this branch of industry, will sho? iy be removed by the subntitution of the Canadian tariff for the tarill" of liritish Columl)ia. I yv!ifi assured that, if tliat (expedition proved a success, there is room in our Pacific waters for at least lifty undertakings of a similar character. I observe that, since my rotuini, th(^ whaling schooner fiuhistri/ lias arrived at • Victorir. with 300 barrels, or aliout 10,000 gallons of oil, after an absence of only fivL> weeks. One of the whales killed iluring the eX[ioditiou w.ns sixty feet long, and would certainly yield nearly seventy barrels of oil. Oi) this sul)ject the Blue Book of 1870 contains the following : - " During the year there were three whaling conqianies in existence (one " of tiles'^ ''as since bi-oken down). Thirty-two whales were killed, yielding " 35,800 gallons of oil, worth 50 cents per gallon. There was one vessel with " boats, and there were two stations with boats,employing altogether forty-nine " hands. The capital invested in this interest amounted U> about $20,000." " The dog-fish catch exceed.s in importance that of the whales. 90,000 ,:f ,16 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Whaling com- paniei. Salmon. Different varieties fiah. of No restrict! »^e law* in (orco. " gallons of dog-fish oil was rendceil, worth forty cents per gallon. This '' branch of industry is steadily ])rogressing." Fi'ora another source I have obtained the following information respect- ing 1871. " There are three whaling expeditions now in action in the waters oi " British Columbia, viz. : " 1st. The British Columbia Whaling Company, witli the " Kate," a " schooner of seventy tons, outlay $15,000. TJioy have already secured " 20,000 gallons ; they o.xiiect 10,000 more. The value of oil here is 37 " cents a gallon. In England it is worth £35 a. ton of 25 :i gallons. This " company have in addition sscured already 30,000 gallons r,f rlog-fish oil, " worth 37 cents here per gallon, 55 cents in Cn.lifornia, and £35 a ton in " England. "2nd. The brig "Byzantium," 179 tons, expenditure $20,000, Their " take for the year is not known. "3rd. Steamer "Emma" and scow "Industry," expenditure $10,000 " estimated take 15,000 gallons. "This coast is considered by an old whaler from Providence to be one of " the best fields in the world from whence to start whaling enterprizes. " Particular attention is called to the value and facility of the dog-fish oil " fishery, which is even a more paying undertaking, at present, than the " whaling." In Columbia salmon is most abundant, and constitutes one of the prin- cipal sources of wealth in the country. It is sold at a very low price — five cents a pound — at Victoi-ia, and constitut«s an important part of the food of the Indians. Tliero ai'e five species, a description of which is contained in Appendix XJ., which is an extract from the Reverend Dr. Brown's pamphlet on British Columbia. Details hkspecting the Fisheries. As tliis branch of industry, the fisheries, was so littlo developed, I obtained from a gentleman who is, from his studies, " a position to give me correct information on this subject, a memorandum ^\llich, though short, gives more details than it was possible for me to obtain from official documents. It is as follows : — '• In speaking of the fisheries of British Columbia, one may almost be " said to be speaking of somethiiig wliich has no existence. With the excep- " tion of a small attempt at putting up salmon in tins on the Eraser River, " and one or two whaling enterprizes of a few years standing, no attempt " whatever has been made to develojio the actually marvellous resources of " this Province in the way of fish. I will, therefore, proceed to give a list of " the fish that are to be found in quantities that would warrant the establish- " ment of fisheries, and then a brief 'lescrij)tion of the habits, locality, and " commercial utility of each class of fish, with any remarks that may occur " that would bo of interest or value. " Description of fish found in British Columbia and Vancouver Island: — - " Whale, sturgeon, salmon, oulaclian or lioulican, cod, herring, halibut, sardine, " anchovy, oysters, haddock, and dog-*ish. " There is no law governing fisheries in British Columbia. Fishing is " carried on throui;hout the year without any restrictions. This state of " things is well suited to a new and thinly populated country. The restric- " tions of a close season would be very injurious to the Province at present, " and for many years to come. " It is quite impossiblo to give even an ai)proximati! oslimate of the " produce of tlio fislieries during the last tiMi years, there being no datii from " which it could be computed. wm HEPORT. ir "There is no local law preventing Americans from fishing in our, waters. " W/iale. — 1 am unable to say whether the whales are sperm, or of wiiat WhAle«. species, but an undertaking, now some three years old, seems from ail accounts (it has Ijeen found impossible to obtain any official return from the company) to have been very successful. That it is a [H-otitable speculation there can be no doubt, or it would have been long ago abandoned ; and that the company have no difficulty in obtaining whales is also demonstrated by ' the amount of oil secured. I have little doubt that if this branch of in- dustry were followed up by men well vei-sed in the i-cquiiute knowledge, a vast amount of wealth niiglit be added to this Province by whalo fisheries. " The Slmyeoii abounds in the rivers ami estuaries of British Columbia. Sturgesn. This fish is caught with little or no dyficulty. It attjiins a gigantic siz«', over 500 lbs. in weight. The fiesh is excellent, both fresh and smoked. No attempt, thiit I am aware of, has ever been made to put the fish up for market. Its commercial value is derived from the isinghuss and ca\iare " which are made from it. I am not awaro of there having been any attempt to manufacture isinglass in this country. Caviare of excellent (juality lias l)cen produced. At jiresent I should be inclined to believe tliat there is no person in the Province capable of making isinglass, which is, therefore, a resource entirely undeveloiied as yet. " Salmon. — The salmon in the watcra of liritish Columbia are excellent Salm.in. in quality, varied in species, and most abundant. In the livers which tliey penetrate up to their head waters, they are caught by a drag-net in the deep waters, and by a bag-net in the i-apids. In the sea they are generally caught with hook and line ; a canoe at ceitain seasons oan be filled in a day by tVio latter method. The Eraser lliver salmon is justly famous, it is « used fresh, salted, pickled, smokid, and kip))ered, and for export is put up salted in barrels, and fresh in one ur two pound tins ; the latter i)ractico has only been commenced during the past three years. Tiie article pro- duced is of a most excellent description, and will doubtless ))rove a source of considerable export trade when it becomes known in suitable markets. Thex'o would appear to be no limit to the catch of salmon. " Oulachans or Iloulicans.- — This small fish, something about tlui size of a Oniaihau^. sprat, appears in the rivers of British Columbia and about certain estuaries on the coast towards the end of April. Their run lasts about three weeks, during which time they may bo captured ir. countless myriads. Katen fresli they ai'o most delicious, and they are most excellent packed in a salted or smoked form. This fish produces oil abundantly, which is of a pure and excellent quality, and which, as held by sonic, will eventually supersfd" cod liver •il. This fish is caught with a jiole of about ten feet in length, along which are arranged, for ti\it) feet at the enil, nails like the teeth of a comb, only aljout an inch and a half a))art. The comb is thrust smartly into the water, brought up with a backward sweep of the hands, and is rarely found without i\\\-M (irfonrlisli imiialed on the nails. 1 have seen a canoe filled with them in two hours by a couple of hands. " Cod. — Several species of cod are found in the waters of I'ritisli (lod. Columbia, which are excellent both fresli and cured. It has Ix'on often inserted, I cannot say with what truth, that the true cod is found on this north-west coaiit. That, however, remains io be proved. " llerrimj. — This fish also abounds during the winter months, and is of H'lr n,'. goo, and are ca'.ight 10-3 ■m'k ^m I,;: 18 SardinM. Anchovy. Ha U'iOck. Doi-fish. Oyster*. BBITIBH COLUMBIA. by deep-sea-lines. They are only used in the Provir ce at jnesent. They ai-e of first rate quality, and an excellent article of food. " Sardines. — Are always found among hen'iiigs. I cannot fitate if they are precisely the fish known to commerce under that design iiti on, or in what quantity they exist; but they are firm in flesh and excellent in flavor. " Anchovy. — ^I'his fish is only second to the oulachan or liotilicrt,n in it.s abu;dance. During the autumn it abounds in the harbors and inlets, and may bo taken with great ease in any quantity. EattMi frcsli, tlioy have rather a bitter flavor. " Iluddock. — This fish, called in the country ' mackerel,' to wliiih liow- ever it has no resemblance, is a great favorite both fresh and cured. It is caught in the winter months, and when smoked forms a luxurious addition to the breakfast table. I am of opinion that a very large trade will bn f BEPORT. 19 Ermine 50 Sea Lion 00 Fur Seal 10 00 Mountain Goat 2 00 do Sheep 3 00 At Cariboo. Silver Fox 50 00 to $70 BlackFox 100 00 Until tho year 1860 the fur ti-ade was entirely monopolizotl by the Fur trade. Hudson's Bay Company ; but since that date the trade has ceased to 1h» exclusively in the hands of that Company, and there are now a large iiunibev of persons who have invested their capital in it. In general, the trado is carried on by coasting vessels, which exchange goods for peltry. It is rather diflicult to arrive at a just estimate of the value of the fura exported. I was however a.ssured that it amounted to $210,000, in 1808, anil to $233,000 in 18G9. Birds and Aniuals op Columbia. There are also in British Columbia large numl)ers of waterfowls, snijM?, Bjnk ixml j^'eese, swans, pheasants, partridges, prairie chickens, gi'oiuse and ducks, without a"''"'"^."' taking into account- -says one wxiter — the eagle, sparrow-hawk, mosquito-liawk, owl, wood-pecker, humming-bii'd, king-fisher, swallow, robin, ciow, jjigoou, plover, crane, magpie, thrush, jay and blue-bird. In Appendix V will be found a list of the animals and birds of Yaii LOuver Island, furnished by Dr. Forbes. I add to it, in Appendix AV, au extract from Mr. Pemberton's v jrk, giving some further details respeotiii;; the animals and birds of Columbi . , \ Stone Quauuies. After having jwinted out the i»rincipal products of Columbia, I perceive Qnarriei. that I have omitted to mention tho fine stone quarries at Newcastle Island (two miles from Nana'imo) in Departure Bay. A sandstone of very line quality is obtained from them. From the upper part of the (juarry cim be quarried blocks 50 feet long by 8 in diameter. I sjiw columns 30 feel long, by 4 feet and two inches in diameter, intended for tlie San Franciscn Mint. Tho lower part of the quarry, which is very considerable, is roiuposeil of strata from inches to 4 feet in tliicknoss. The agent of the company, which is working this quarry, told me that 8,000 tons of this stone would be required for the San Francisco Mint, and I understood that tlie stone eost S3 a ton on board the vesse jiriee. I ; liuge blocks however eosLing double that SlIIPBUlLDlXO AND NAVIGATION. T now come to the subject of shipbuilding and the navigation of the Sliii)- Provine(>. The mnuber of vessels built during the last ten years is not cr minster... I 1^^^ Victoria 1866 ... 2 Steariiors 1867 ... 1 Sooke 1867 1 Brigantine Victoria 1868 2 Schooners 1869 ... 1870 ... Victoria 1871 2 1 Barsre 1 Light Ship Soda Crct'k 1 Steamer M: Total 9 Steamers 19 Schooners 1 Brigantine 1 Barge 1 Light Ship Arrivalti and The number of vessels which arrived in tlio Ports of the New Province. d-pai-turea of and whicli sailed i'loni tliem during the last ten veai"s, is as follows : — Entered. 186U... "27 1862 ... 276 1863 ..: 243 1864 ... 23 5 1865 ... 289 1866 ... 220 Previous to t Cleared. Of these a good number were canoes with | freight and passengers for the mines, !• whicli did not return ; j 178 25.') 235 235 277 219 to the Union of British Columbia and Vancouver Island in 1866, the only port of entry then in British Columbia, was New Westminster. 1867 ...1089 * 1066 1868 ... 921 951 1869 ... 864 896 1870 ... 814 835 After the Union, the Ports of Victoria, Nanaimo, New Westminster, an0 Ihs. each — can cnish 4 tons a day. 1 Flour Mill, 20 horse power — can grind 50 barrels of flour per day. 1 Flour Mill, Soda Creek, water power — can grind 40 liarrels of flour per day. • I Saw Mill, Qiiesnol, water ))ower — can cut 2,.')00 feet of lumber jier day. 1 Saw Mill. 1 Iron Foundry. 2 Sash Factories. Gas Works. 4 Brewei'ies. 2 Distilleries. 1 Soap Factory. 2 Tanneries. 1 Ship Yard. 2 Lumber Yard.s. Nuiuiimu. Viclor'm. Exponrs. Exports. Before jKUisiug on to the population of British Columbia, and after the fitatemeut of the jiroduce and manufactories of tiie Piovince, 1 think it is exjiedient to state that in 1870, the exports auiounted to $208,304, exclusive of the gold, the amount of which is giv«>n above. The details of the exj^rts will ))e found in Appendix Y. ropuLATiox. Population. The j^opulation of Briti li Columbia was greater some years ago tiian it is now. That was when the gold fever was at its lieight. According to the puumerafcion made, I think, in the month of March or April 1871, the population of Columbia was 8,57G wliites, 402 negroes, and 1,.548 Chinese, giving a total of 10,580, the distribution whereof throughout the territoiy is given in Appendix Z. The total of 10,580 does not include the Indians, of whom I shall speak shortly. Increase of The white and Chinese population increased by immigration during the the popula- year 1871 by from 1,500 to 2,000. This immigration is to be attributed to *'""• the discovery of the new gold mines of Peace River, district of Ominica; and, to judge by appearances, it is likely to continue during the coming season. In this popr'ation is observable the usual disproportion between the two sexes, which was remarked from the lirst in California and Australia. Thus, the number of wi'm is 7,574 and of women 3,012. The j)opulation is remarkable for its spirit of order and submission to the laws. This state of things is to be attributed, in the first place, to the fact that the white popidation is composed iu great part of men of education, many of whom have seen better days, and who are consequently less disposed than the majority of ordinary populations, in tliese distant regions, to avail themselves of every favorable opportunity of violating the law. It is also to Digparity between the sexes. Submission to the laws. REPORT. 28 he attributed to the firm administration of the hiws \>y the Chief Justice, whose nnmo alone, at the time of the great imniigration during the gohi- digging excitement, was the terror of ilelinquents. Although the magistrates entnistod with the census fultilled the duty Nomadic confided to tln-m with care, it is undeniable tliat in so vast a country as population. (,'ohin\biii, with sueli a scatteied pnpulation, it is hardly possible to take a correct census. The names of many traders, niinei-s, and fishermen were not registered, and consequontly not iiichulod in the totiil number given as the res>dt of tlie cen.sus. The wliito i>oi»uIaii()n of Columbia is intelligent and industrious} and may unhesitatingly be compared with the j>opidation of any other part of Canada. If the progi-uss of the Trovince has not been rapid, it is to be attributed much less to a want of energy on its part than to other causes. Of there causes the |)aucity of population is perhaps the principal for it has spirit of liceu found impossible, under existing circumstances, to obtain a C9naiderable enterprise jovenue, and so to be ]>laced in a ]iosition to carry out great undcu'takings. "^''wn. I'liis small |»!>puIation, however, did not he.sit.ite to submit to great sacrifices to open that great highwa}'^ from Yalo to Cariboo, which gave, and still gives, conipai-atively easy access to the rich mines of the District of Carilxjo, and which, for boldness of cnteiprise and solidity of construction at many points, is worthy cf a great people. Suffice it to add, that this great Cariboo road, which in many places is cut out of the mountain side, at a height of from COO to 1,000 feet above the Frascr or the Thompson Itiver, which run at the base of the precipice, cost nearly a million and a artH of the Province, Probable num- bers of coast and interior Indiann. •Memorandum by Ciiiek Justk-k IJeouie. " Indian tribes are found everywhere, all over the Province. The main divisions, in one sen.se, may be taken to be the coast Indians, and the inland tribes. On Vancouver Island, I apprehend thoy ar(! all coast Indiana. There are apparently no interior [larts fit for settlement by Indians. They may and do go inland for himting deer, and lake lishing ; but in most parts, the deer are to be found in sutlicient quantity not far from the sea ; and the sea fishing is much superior in quantity and nutriti"o quality to the lake fishing. On the mainland tho conditions are reversed in great measure. The upper country is far superior for settlement and hunting purposes to tho coast, and the large rivers abound Avith salmon, which run up to the Rocky Mountains. The lakes ahso afford abundant food during the season when tho salmon are not inirming, and the wild berries which grow in great profusion and excellence are (especially the ' service berry ') a staple article of food, being dried and stored for food and trade. " I cannot judge at all, of my own aiithority, of tho number of the coast Indians. To tha north of British Columbia, they are said to be in consider- able niunbers. In the parts of the Province, of which I have any per- sonal knowledge, the Indians are exceedingly sparse, and annually diminish- ing (this includes all the country east of Frasor River). I should guess — but it is a mere guess, — .that there are not 5,000 in the viist triangle between Now Westminster, Kootenay, and Cariboo — 400 miles from oivst to west, and 350 miles from North to South. But it is proper to state that '\i a recent report to the Bishop of the Diocese (Anglican), the Rev. J. B. Good says, (Lytton, 3rd JMay, 1870): * I estimato^the number of tho dis- ' ciples i!,t large [Anglicans, at Lytton] young and old to bo at least 2,000, * Mr. Holmes having imder him, in the Yale district, nearly as many more.' Yale and Lytton are fifty-seven miles apart. Tlie latter attracts probably Indians from Lillouet, Nichola, and even from the Okanagan. Yalo probably collects Indians on the Fraser River for thirty or forty miles downwards. But at least half of the Fraser River native population lies belov/ that, and is probably attracted wholly by the Roman Catholic missions at St. Mary's, and at New Westminster ; and there are two other thriving Roman Catholic missions, one on the east side of Okanagan Lake, and one to the north, near William's Lake. I shoidd really think that these four stations influence as many discijjles, as the two central Anglican stations ; but I should bo surprised if the four claimed 4,000 disciples. Mr. Good's whole report, however, is not before me, and it may not be intended to bear the sense hoi*e j)ut. This is nevertheless the idea conveyed in the pamphlet from which I quote, which states 4,000 Indians under instruction. '• Refemng to the continual entries in an old journal of tho Hudson's Bay Comi>ftny, preserved at Fort Langlcy, from the foundation of that first I: ABPORT. 3i " fort oil the Lower Frasor River, iu 1826-7, one would Hiippose that the " coast Indians, tempted to frequent the Fraser for fisliing, or for war, wei-e " at least three times us numerous fifty or sixty years ago as they av now. " In the interior, whole tribal families have (lisajipeared within the last few " years, and it is probable tliat in cert tin districts e.ij., Lillouet and Okanagan, " not one tenth, perhaps even not one twentieth, survive. In 184G, Mr. " A. C. Anderson of the Hudson's Bay Coni]iany, advised against the Lillou«t- " Douglas Route for the Hudson's lliy Corai)any's brigades, on account of the " very gi-eat number of Indians they would have to pass through, estimating " the number, at and about the Fountains (8 miles from Lillouet), at 4000 to • 5000. I have never seen (1858-69) on the greatest occasions at Lillouet •' more than 100 or 500 — many of whom had come fortv or fifty miles — some " 100 miles. •' One tribal family of about sixty iudividunls on Canoo Creek was, in CautM o( " 1862 or 1863, entirely destroyed by small-pox, with the exception of a single *^''"''''?*J'*_ .i " man. In the same epidemic, the Williiins Lake families were reduced indiwii. " from 200 to below 100 individuals. Their wai-s are occasionally equally de- " structive. On more than one successful onslaught, every man has been " killed, and only the unwcunded women and children preserved as slaves — " almost always, every man the victors could reach, was killed. At Comox, " several years ago, on such an occasion, every man, woman and child was " killed, except one woman, who fied to the bush. She was enceinte, and her " child, a son, still survives ; I have seen him. Of cour.se his tribe was ex- " tiuguished. They rear small families and the children often die. Accidents " do much in such small adventurous societies ; private quarrels do much ; " whisky and dissipation wear them to an early death, and sap the jtowers of '•reproduction; but the great devastators have been their cniel tribal wars, " and, much worse, small-pox and measles. Vaccination has made a stand to " secure them against the former; but measles are nearly as deadly, and even •' vaccination is as severe a malady with them :i.s measles among Europeans. " Eruptive disorders seem to overpower tlioii- constitutions. Wars have im- " mensely diminished of late ; there are deadly jirivate quarrels ; few tribal " war expeditions. Indeed, I don't remember to have known of one. " The habits of the Indians are exceedingly sim])le ; probably such as The ludiana' " are common to almost all societies in a low degree of organization. They •yrtem of " appear to live very miicli on che " village community " system, as described K"^'™™*" • " in " Mayne's Ancient Law," at least as regards land and its produce, and " their fishing giounds. The chiefs owe tlieir pre-eminence partly to birth " or family connections, partly to ])orsonal attriliutcs and the choice of tlie " tribal famil}' or tribe. The chiefs appear to acquire their predominance of " wealth .by voluntary contributions, or " benevolences," from those who ad- " mit their authority, offered sometimes fiom fear, sometimes from flattery, " sometimes perhaps from motives of attachment. Thoy preserve their influence " by measures of recklessness and severity, or of wisdom, but principally perhaps " by the genei'osity or lavishness with which they re-distribute the wealth "they have acquired; in fact all this part of their polity very much " resembles that of the Plantaa;enet Kings of England. " The houses of the coast Indians are more roomy and substantial, being Dwellingt of " a sort of one story card ca.stlo (only firmly fastened), of axo-hewn Ivunber, f''""* !«»"»»•• " diviiled into p.e\oial comjiartments, of which one is occvipied 'oy each family. " In the interior, the hoii.ses, or wigwams, are made of skins more or less " dressed, old teat cloths, mats, »to. In severe weather, they take shelter " in underground iiouses — circular pits, from 20 to 40 feet in diameter, and " 8 or 10 feet deep, covered over with a substantial caithed roof, with a 3 " feet circular aperture in tlio centre^ which is the only ingre.ss for the inhabi- " tauts aud provisions, and the only egress for the inhabitants and the smoke, 10-1 ') >>«: r 26 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Indians' vlcill in bo.itbiiild- ing and man- agement. Polygamy. The Indian*' want of_ relig- ious notions. Slavery. Conipaut!) witli Indi.viK; what theyhave been and what could be done in that diivo tion. Tbfir ..axiftv about their re- servefi of land. I tloii't believe auytliiiij; else leaves the cave until it in finally abaiuloned in tiio spring. It ■iiy hn inmgined what havoc measles or Minall-])OX will cause in such a pit. I do not rcineniber any of these pits uoarer the sea than at lf(iii(\ I have known at least oni! Indian, however, (St. I'aul, near Kaniloops, dicl !S(>7;, who livtMl in a comfortable squared-log house, with three or four rooms, cows, chickens, pigs, and a decent garden ; living in infinitely mon; comfort and jtretensions than the otticers of the Pludson Bay Company, in tlw'iv fort, on tlin opposite side tf the Thompson River. Like most savages, they possess enormous powers of appetite, and enormous powei-si of abstinence fi-oni food. " Evervwhen-. abnost, the hidinns ha\e great skill in the manufacture and management of canoes. Those on tli.- coast and the lower I'raser are |M>rft;ct mixlel-i oi" n.ival anliitccture on the wavf-iinc principle. On the <'oluml)ia, they are built of the bark of tim white l)'ne, with the most modern bow, viz. : -on tlin iihsntieal principle of ' rtriffith's Patent,' only with a siniil:\r projecting snout at the stern. " Polygamy prevails among them, as among most non-L'hristian jmople, liniitt'd only by considrrationH of finance. " Alone among all intelligent savages of whom I have read, (for there is no doubt these are very intelligent, and witii viust natural power of obser- vation,) they .seem to have no religion whatever, nor any idea of any God, except what has beon imported. They have, however, some notion of spirits, restricted, I think, iilmost entirely to spiiits of dead men, though tiicro is on(> much spoken of, ' Hhay,' or wind sjiirit, supposed to haunt a certain jioint on Harrison l/ike. T have nev(;r heard of an Indian language which possessed in its vocabulary a word e.xpre.ssive of an abstract id^a. " Slavery is univer.s:illy known : among tribes under European influence it is much retrograding. Slaves were almost all derived from wars ; and, since wars have died orit. the source of slavery is stoi>ped. They are all of course devoted to whiskey, and to gambling. As a logical consequence from the ;vbsence of all indigenous religion, there are no iiuligenous forms of cui-sing and swearing. The nativ(!3 have V(^i'y leadily adopted the habit, but they u:;e, to our disgrace, none but Engli.sh oaths and terms of abuse. Of these, of cours;', they have first leaint, and best remend>er, the lowest and the most obscene. Many of the northern Indians display considerable aptitude for carving, and others for handling metals. The astonishing accuracy of their eye may be seen in any canoe, for which they never have a model, nor do they ever ensure accuracy by a single measurement. '' 1 am not aware of any treaty having been made with any tribe ou the mainland. I believe that some sor*, of arrangement, as binding in honor as a treaty, has been made at diffeiert 'imes, with different tribes in Vancouxcr Island. I am not aware iliat il li.i.s been reduced to writing ; I believe it has generally (where it e.\istsl 'le ,n in the form of a declaration of intentions liy the local governmeni. '' Reserves have been laid out both here and on the mainland, in the ■v icinity of trilxil families, of land reserved for their use ; but I am not aware of anytliiug in the nature of a treaty. No general treaty would be possible, for there are a vast number of tribes, mutually more jealous and unintelligiijle than are the whites to them. " They are in that state of powerlessness and respect for the superior power, nundiers, and acquirements of the governing race, that any arrange- ments wlilcii I'.iat rriLC would, conr,istt^ntly with self-retipect and humanity, think proijcr, v.ould icadily be adopted by tho native. " Their thief aii.xi';ty always is about their reserves of land which, per- haps neces.sarily, have not always been made in accordance with their REPOK'I. 17 to to " wiHhes. The mannur in which tliey hohl nml (K-cupy iiiml (viUn^p coin- " lounitica frenuently oct'iipyiug ami enUiviitin^ irrcguimly (Ictiiclied jiiotM) " is u tenure scurnoly intelli.tjiblo to Kn^iisii notions of iiropoily in hmd at " all ; and they have .m atloction iov particular Jitllo hits of lanil, (wliich " seems a foelinj^ common to Inimanity, .s:i\!i:^u or civilizeil), which, prohuMy, " is exceedingly inconvenient to a survey m-, antl is not always, in our view, " very reasonalds. It is, in fact, prejudice. " Wiiat wonld proliably l)e most useful for them, and tend to pie-^'M-ve Sui{K'cKtionii " the numbers and improv* the position of these v«ry valuable inhabitants off'"" iniiirovin({ " the Province, would bo to teach them settled habits, and. al)ove all, agvieul- I'l'ijiftni" " " ture. Mr. Duncan, at M'.'tlahkatlah, seems one of the most successful of " all wlio have attempted this ; but he is a man of rare gifts. " I Oall the Indians very vahmblr" inhabitants, Itecause, 1st— they uro y»lu« of In- " admirably adapted for opening np a ilitlicult country. Witiiout them, it '.l'*"'""' ""''a^- " may be said, the country could not have been entsred nor supplied in liS."i8- country. " 00. Until roads were made, no supplies were takan in except by Indians. " 2nd — they ni-e large consumers, in proportion to their means, of ctistoinable " articles. IJrd — thoy are our best tools for obtaining one great prodtict of " the country — furs. "But these qualities are exactly those wliich make it voiy ditilcult to Difficulty of "civilize them. The Indian apreciates (uir comforts, confomi "both of clothes, and food, and dwellings. But his inboi'u cajiacity for haliits of " enduring haidshi]is, /. c, fy. enaliling him to do without our novelties, the civilizt'd " very qualities which render him so useful as a jtioneer or huntei, make him " tire of steady industry, and less influenced by its residts. Accordingly, » " after years of cultivation, he constantly relapses, for a time at least, into u " painted savage, and goes liunting and fishing— or starving — as a relaxation. " These influences will, no doubt, piove to be hereditaiy, liut there is more " hope with the next generation than with this. " It might be possible to establish, under adequate superintendence, small In reference "establishments to which anv Indians niitrht have access for one or more "^ »,'■', „.„4. year or years, and wliero, duruig n sulence, they nnglit be trauu.'d m speak- of ti-aining " ing English, and in useful labor, receiving at the end of the year their due "jcheolafor " share, according to such a scale as might bt eslal)lished. of the surplus " profit, after maintaining the estiiltlishment ; or o\-en, if no net profit was " made, receiving something. It might not be d(;emed necessaiy that these " establishments sho(dd be self supjiorting entirely. They should be limited " to receive only a certai.i number, so that tlu' Indians might perceive admis- " sion to be a favor. They should be bound for a fixed i)eriod, l)Ut not for too " long, — say one yeai", subject to re-engagement. Whatever the method to be " adopted, it should be under the SMperint;Midence of a practical man, not too " lavish, and cautiou.sly gradual. "There has never, since 1858, been any trouble with Indians except Trouule* with " once, in 180-i, known .m the ycai' of the Chilcotin Expedition. In that Jy.^i'V"*,- " ca.se, some white men had, under color of tiie iire-cmption act, tak'^n posses- have beua^ " sion of some Indian lands (not, I b.dieve, reserved as such, — the whole " matter arose on the west of Eraser River, where no wagistratn ov wliite " ])opulation had ever been, — but de/io'to Indian lands, their old accustomed " camping place, and including a nnieh-valiied spring of water), and even " after this, continued to treat tlie luitivcs with great contumely, an.l breach of " faith. The natives were few in numliei-, but very warlike anil groat hunters. " They had no idea of the number of rhe whites, whom they had not seen. " They shot down every white whom they did see, twenty-one i think, " including a trail party of Mr. WadiUngton's — one or two escaped their " notice. Six Indians were induced to siu-render, and were lunig. The ludianfc. . \ I" 2S BiMTISU COLtlMBIA. " expense to the colony was inordinato. Except in snch case , wliicli cannot " affect the progress of society for good or ovil, no trouble is to be nppre- " heuded. Occasional isolated murders will bo committed, and the arrest of " tlie mniderers will be difficult and expensive. Imnr ''ability " But for any tjcneral danger, the scattered itosition of the tribes, their Indian" " " ^■^'"i'^®'*'' of population, their mutual enmity — even now, there is nothh\g " better, among strange tribes, than an armed peace — and their variety of " languages, making union for a common purpose impossible, — these consid- " erations alone, make any danger from them inconsiderable, even if they " were as hostile to the Government and to the authorities, as they are, in " gerieral, exceedinglv well disposed. "Victoria, 5th September, 1871." Treatment of the Indiai». Their Treatment, Present and FuTur^ii. To coraplute the information as to the manner in which the Indians are treated, anil also with a view to aid in deciding upon a plan for their future treatment, 1 bog to refer Your Excellency to Ai)])endix AA, which is a memo- randum ])reiiarcd in Junuaiy, 1870, by His Honor Lieutenant Governor Trntch, tiien Oomuiissioner of Lands and Works of Columbia, an I to Ap- jiendix IJB, which is a letter adihvs.-cd to me by His Lordship Bishop d'lterbomez, Vicar Apostolic of British Cohuubia. Yoin* Exc«llency will observe, by the foimer document, what has been tho treatment of the Indians by the Government of tho Province, and by the second as well as by the hrst, what are the suggestions which nre oU'ered as to their i)rotection and treatment in the futiu'e. I do not here, myself, express any opinion on this subject, ])referriug to leave to my codeague, who is more esitecially charged with tho protection of the Indians, die initiation of the measuirs to be taken in regard thtu-eto. Indian*! an Important Population. Importance of the Indians. Thair charF.c- ter. The Indians, as the Chief Justice has remarked, have been, and still are, and will long conti-U'C, an important population for Columbia, in the capacity of guides, porters, and laborci-s. They have learned, at least in the southern parts, and in thoot places wliich are inhabited by tho whites, to regard authority with respect and fear. To tliem, the person of tho British subject — *' King George Man " -as they call him. is sacred, but such is not tho case with the American from the United States. For one reason or for another, whether because they believe that the Indiiui races have been iiltreated in tho American Union, or because they aro impelled by some other motive, the Indians of Colundda aro not partial to Americans. They do not however attack them, iov they know that tho arm of the law would be able to reach them even iu the depths of tlicir forests. The Indians, throughout the whole of tb.at part of Cohniibia which I visited, aro faithl'id and trnstworthy. If you entrust a message or a letter to them, you may be certain that they will at once convey it to its destination. Tliey are not equally induBtrit 'is In the hunting or fishing seasons, however, they are seen to work — tho men in laying up a stock of meat, tish, furs, itc. ; and the women in gathering fruits, which they dry. These provisions aif stored by the Indians, 30, 10, and oO feet above the ground, in the tops of tiven, wiiero^hey construct a description of storehouse, the sanctity of which is invariably rospected, mm REPORT. Their Progress towards Civilization. Some triljc.H have been induced to collect together in villages, au;T CirilizAtion ol l)i'ogresR liMS in this way been made toward tlieir civilization. Mi-. Begbie *^^ Indiang. speaks oi tlie establishment founded by Mr. Duncan at Methilikatlah, and which I regret not to have l)cen alile to visit, being sitvuitsd in the north of Cohmibia, where I was not able to go. But I saw at Victoria, the Convent of the Ladies of St. Anne, where a number of young female Indians and half- breeds receive an education which is as solid and as complete, as is obtainable in man} establishments of the sania 'lass in other parts of Canada. I also remarked that at St. Mary, on tlie Fraser, between Now Westminster and Yale, there was an important estuMishment founded by His Lordship Bishop d'Herbomez, comprising a college and a convent for young Indians and half- breeds, male and female. It was on the day of the re-opening of the chisses, and it was a pleasant thing to see hundreds of canoes and pirogues, manned by Indians who came from a distance of 100 and even 200 miles to bring their children to the.so educational establishments. They now a))preciate the advantages which their children derive from the education which they receive. I was also not astonished to learn that at the periods of missions more than 2,000 would be assembled together at one time. There is also at Caowchan a convent founded by the llev. Mr. Rondeau, of Montreal, and intended for the education of young female Indians and half-breeds. As in tlie case of the Victoria and St. Mary Convents, otlucation is here also imparted to the young girls by the Sisters of St. Anne. On the other hand in certain other villages, for instance near Nanauno, where in one are found the Nana'imos, in another the Euclatorcs, and on the main land the Seychelles, but a very small number of the Indians are Chris- tians, and their morals are excessively lax. They soil their wives and daugliters to the first comer. In Barclay Sound and its vicinity are found the Opitsiishahts, the Sishahts, the Ohiahts, the Ucluclets, the Toquahts, and the Aiichuklesetts. In ai>pearance tliey do not differ from the other Indians of the south of Columbia, but they are idolaters, jmictice polygamy and only abstain from thieving when there is nothing to their taste. . * Indiax Tombs. < i # The Indians a}\pear to hoUl tlicir deal in great respect. They erect Tomba of tomb:;, which generally consist of a wooden penthouse, under which is a canoe the Indiani. containing tlie ashes of the dccea- I. Tli>i canoo contiiius, in addition, cook- ing utensils, itc, and carved on wood may be seen rude re[treseutations of Indians with paddles, (fee. Above the iient-hoase, floating in the wind are standards in the case of a chief ; and if the deceased has been a great warrior, guns are hung upon it ; if ho has lit'en a great hunter, the skins of wild animals are placed there j and if lie lias b;'en an exoL'rt liorsem.an, the skins of two or three horses bear testimony to liis prowess. Tlio;;c tonilis are placed at some distance from the main road, often upon an eminence; tiiev are respected bv all. Costume and Appearance of the Indians. ./'... The Indians whom T sav, , and they wore imvny, were generally well Coitume. clothed. They must, as has been si'd, contribute largely to the })ublic revenue by their purchiuses of merchandise, such lus clotli, blankets, tfec. When they set out to engage in fishing they arc less )>articulai' r.bout their dress, [ saw ■pppitll 10 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Appearance of tne Indians, Indians on honeback. numbers without any clothes at all, haudKng their jiivdllos with great dexterity, and seeming to believe that clotlip.^ impeded their movements, and were injurious to the success of their fishr^y. The Indians of the south of Colnn-'.iia aie generally of a dark tint. They wear their hair long, and do not app jar to be particularly clean. In this they differ from the northern Indians, whom I saw when going to Seymour's Nar- rows. The latter are of a clea*- tint, and are larger, stronger and more cleanly ; in short they are a fine race. The Indians of the lower Fraser, and those of Vancouver Island, move about either in canoes or on foot. Those of the interior, on the main land, travel on horseback, and in many cases raise horses, eitlier for sale, or to carry merchandise from Yale to the mouth of the Quesuel, or to Barkerville. Indian reserves. Money belonging to the Indians. Indian Reserves. The Indian iriljrg do not appear to receive any presents from the Gov- ernment of Columbia. The Government luis, liowevcr, established i-eserves of land for their benefit ; some of these reserves are well situated, and might, if sold, produce an im[»ortant fund foi- certain tribes. And there can be^no doubt that, as several of these reserves are situated in the immediate ','icinity of Victoria, and of other centres of wliite population, it vould be for the advantage of the Indians that those reserves should bo sold, and that they should be removed to a distance from the towns, and induced to devote themselves to agriculture and to certain manufacturing arts. I undei-stood that there was in the Bank of British Columbia a sum of $1,984 belonging of right to the tribe of the Songhees, oi)posite Victoria. It was the produce of certain leases, which the Government conceded to white men, of a part of the reserve belonging to that tribe. Except in special cases, such as that just mentioned, the whites cannot settle on the lands of the Indians. They are forbidden to do so by proclamations, acts and ordinances respe;ting the public lands. t Sale of intoxi- cating liquors. Indian languages. Sale op Liquor to the Indians. The whites are also forbidden to sell intoxicating liquors to the Indians, but unfortunataly illicit trafiic in this resi)ect is carried on upon a large scale. From cases that have come to light it is known that sc^ )ouers and large canoes are engaged in this nefarious business. From Victoria the vessel proceeds to the upper p;irt of tlio country, in the northern portion of the Gulf of Georgia, in ord'"' io be less liable to detection, and there confederates, either whites or Indians, are at hand to take charge of the casks of brandy or whiskey and convey them to tlie places where the Indians ai'e encamped. The stipendiary magistrates infiict severe punishment wlieno\er a trader is caught in the act, but unfortunately many of the guilty escape. This subject will not fail. I am certain, to receive the speciid attention of the Indian Department. Indian Lanouaoes. Before concluding this ohai)ter in lelation to the Indians, I must add a few words respecting tiieir languages or dialects, which are very numeroirs. I need not say that during the five weeks that I passed in Columljia it was not possible for me to study these, so as to be able to speak of them from personal knowledge. I was, nevertheless, enabled to ascertain, from conver- sation with educated men, who have passed several years in Biitish Columbia, and esjifcially with Gilbert Malcolm Sproat, t)s(|., that their langua^Pfc ai'e tlEPORT. difficult and as numerous as their tribes. In addition to all these, from the inonient the whites arrived in British Columbia, another medium o*" con- versation was established, partly French, partly English, and partly Indian. Tliis singular tongue, which is called the *' Chinook jargon," has as its basis, Chinook besides the Engliwh and French languages, the language of the Haidahs jj^J^JJ^" *" (Northern Indians), which includes the Hygany, Massett, Skittgetts, Hanega, and Cumshewas tribes, and the language of tlu; Chiheelis and Chinooks, who are southern Indianf. The jargon is the languajfe of commerce, and a knowledge of it is indispensable to all who trade with the Indians, or have dealings with them. And as our territory now extends to the Pacific, I consider it ex- pedient to give with this report a dictionary of this Chinook jargon, which will be of use to those who go to Columbia, and is interesting as showing what transfonnations the Indian, English, and French languages have under- gone on the Pacific Coast in consequence of the relations of the whites with the Indians. That dictionary constitutes Appendix CC. . .»'<}¥?♦ i Mr. Sproat's Work on the India>9. I cannot leave the subject of the Indians withoiit calling Your Excellency's Mr. Spioat's attention to a work published by Mr. Gilbert Malcolm Si)roat, which I have J^"'!' *"* *^* already quoted. The title of this work, which is published by Smith, " '*""' ?lder & Co., of London, England, is "Scenes and Studies of Savage Life;" and although it does not treat of all the Indian tribes, as far as those of Vancouver Island aie concerned, it gives in elegant language and in a highly interesting manner, valuable details as to their mode of life, their intelligence, industry, language, «tc. These details are the more important from being the result of observations made by Mr. Sproat in the course of several years which he passed in the midst of the Indians, and from their being communicated by one who was perfectly in position to bring to bear a sound jvidgment in .such matters. . , ., Trkatiks with the Inijia!?s. Appendix 1)1). contains two treaties with Indian triltes which are Treaties with given as? siKJcimens of the treaties which have been made with the Indians on *^« Inilians. Vancouver f^sland. It does not appear that any have been made with the Indians <^. tjie main land. Appendix EE. is a list of all the treaties which have br '. nude. PUBLIC WORKS. pui'h on to the public works, buildings, and underUikings of Public work». i. . • Columbia. They comprise: 1. }. ighthou.se., .tud buoys. 2. A dredge and a steamer. 3. Tost offices. 4. Custom houses. 5. The Mint. 6. A Marine Hospital. 7. Court houses and jails. S. A Penitentiary. '>. Legislative buildings. ' a. I/'Cjiartmental buildings. 1 1 . Governors' residences. 12. A telegraph line. 1'^ ■ IP ts BRITISH COLVMBIA. ' ■ 13. Hiirbox's. 1 4. A graving clock. 15. Improvement of the navigation of the Fraser. IG. The great Cariboo Eoad. 17. The Pacific Railway. 18. The conveyance of the mails. Lighthouses and Buoys. Lighthouneii. The lighthouses are three in number, two fixed and one floating, two fixed lights are those of Eaco Rock and Fisgard. The floating lig'i that at the mouth of tlie Fraser River. The iL is Race Rock Light. Race Rock Race Rock lighthouse is nine miles from Esquimalt Harbor, and is Lighthouse, situated on nearly the extreme southern point of Vancouver Island, in the Strait of St. J. > dp. Fuca. This lighthouse, which was built 'r. 18G1, is provided with a i < optric light. It is about 118 feet above the level of the sea. Itshoi. . hite revolving light, appearing every ten seconds, and may be seen, in . ijar weather, from a distance of twenty-five miles. It is built of stone upon a little island about 300 yards across. It is painted black and white, in horizontal bnmls. It r utains an alarm bell for use in fogs. Tlie lighthouse is solid, but needs some i-epairs ; on the out- side the joints of the stone require pointing, and the keei)er's residence also needs I'epair. A new lightning conductor should be put up, and the appamtus of the light and of the alarm bell both i-equire improvement. At this light- house there are a principal keeper (Mr. Argyle), two assistants, and the keeper's wife. Fiagard Light- hoHse, Fisgard Light. Fisgard lighthouse is situated on the western point of the entrance to Esquimalt Harbor, which is three miles from Victoria. It was built in 18G0, and is white; the liglit is a stationary one, of the fourth class, and in clear weather may be seen from a distance of ten miles. It is seventy feet above the level of the sea. The lighthouse, which is of brick, requires repaii' on the outside. The joints will have to be pointed, and the whole painted. The stairs leading from the water's edge to the lighthouse should be entirely re- built. A keeper (Mr. Bevis) and his wife reside here ; this keeper was appointed in March, 1861 ; he is intelligent and industrious. He should be pi-ovided with a good self-indicating thermometer to continue the tables, which he keeps with greot care. Fraser River Light. FrM«r River. The Fraser River floating liglit is situated at the mouth of that river. fcating Ughf It was ronstructed in 18G5. It lias a lixed white liglit, which can l)e dis- cerned in ?lear wealhor from a distance of fifttien miles. Thu light is about forty feet bove the level of tho sea, and is composed of eight lamps. It is useful not only for craft entering the FrasL'r River, but also for ^•essels sailing along a part of tlie eastern coast of Vancouver Island. Tiiis liglit stood in need of some sliglit repairs at the tiino I was in Columbia. It is atlendod l)y a chief keeper, tiiree assistants, and tho keeper's wife, who prepares meals for all. • if-y bEPOM*. S3 ng. The ; ligul is ir, and is id, in the . 1801, is the level n seconds, &ve miles. I'OSS. It ilarm bell >n the out- denco also appamtiis this light - 5, and the ntrance to it in I860, id in clear feet above repaii* on ited. The itirely rc- leeper was 'should be the tables, lliat river. Ml 1)0 dis- is about |ps. It is sis sailing stood in atlond(Hl res meals Lighthouses asked for. In addition to the foregoing, it has been suggested that lighthouses should be constructed at the following points, viz. : — 1. At Cape Beale on the western coast of Vancouver Island. This lighthouse, which should be provided with a first class light and powerful fog whistle, would serve in the fii-st place as a guide to navigators desirous of entering the Strait of Fuca, anl pi-event their being cast away on the coast; it would also serve to mark the entrance to Barclay Sound, which is a very deep harbor, and which, I have not the slightest doubt, will hereafter become one of the most important places on the Island. Indeed, from its outlet as iar as the head of the Alberni Canal, for a distance of thii-ty-five miles Barclay Sound is navigable. It almost entirely cros.ses the whole breadth of Vancouver, being at its head only fourteen miles from the eastern coast of the island. Some years ago, considerable lumbering opera- tions were carried on there, and so far as scenery is concerned, few parts of the world can present anything more worthy of observation. 2. A lighthouse with a fourth class light at the entrance of Victoria Harbor; that harbor being difhcult of access in the night time, and being also the principal port of entry in the Province. 3. On Lighthouse or Entrance Island, outside the entrance to Nanaimo Harbor on the eastern side of Vancouver Island. The light placed here should be visible at a distance of iiftcen miles. This lighthouse would be extremely useful, for at present navigatoi-s cannot enter that i)ort during tho night, and are compelled to anclior. TJiis is the port resorted to in order to obtain coal from the two mines of which I have already si)oken. Now, apart from the floating light at the entrance of the Fraser, there is no light, e ^:u^ Lighthouse on Stewart's Island. Lighthouse at Kurrard Inlet. Reserves for Lighthouses. Buoys, 84 BRITISH COLUMBIA. constant attention. Those on the Fraser Kiver ai-e si)ecially liable to change their position, and this year they had to be repaii-ed and restored to their respective places, complaints being ])refeiTed by the trade that they no longer indicated either the channel or the locks. Names, &c. of In ji^ ppendix FF are given the names, rank, ages, salaries, and dates of istinff" LiKlit- ''^rpo"it''ient, of the pei-sons employed at the existing lighthouses, houses. DUKDGE. Dredge. I visited the dredge which is lying in the Harbor of Victoria, and has become the property of Canada. It is strong, and in good condition. It has not been used for several years, and consequently will require ti be thoroughly overhaiiled before being employed again ; an expenditure of from $6,000 to $7,000 will probably be necessary. I shall not here enter upon the history of this machine. I procured from the Government of the Province ample details respecting this dredge, which will be f6und in Api)endix GG. By it, Your Excellency will i>erceive that the dredge with its four lighters or scows, and the steamer " Sir James Douglas," which belongs to Canada, cost $92,000. The lighters or scows are considered to be too large and clumsy, audit is snggested thatj four smaller ones should bo substituted for them ; these would cost about $2,000. The Honorable Mr. Pearse estimates the annual outlay entailed by this machine and the steamer " Sir James Douglas," at $24,000. For my part I am satisfied that that outlay could be greatly diminished by allowing the steamer " Sir James Douglas " to continue in her present service, and by making use of a small tug when required. las. Steamer "Sir James Douglas." Steamer "Sir The steaiiuT " Sir Jaincs Douglas " performs the postal aorvico between James Doug- Victoria, Nanainio and Oonio.K , and serves the intei'mediate ports. She has a nominal strength of 40 horHe-i)ower; she meaiiures a little more than 153 tons, 110 feet keel, tvnd 18 feet S inches beam. She is built of wood with copper bolts aiul iron knees. She is very strong, and may be considered oqtml to the service of the inner waters of Columbia, but could never be used for service on the Pacific ; her speed is from 8 to 9 knots an hour. She is commanded by Ca[)tain "7illiam Clarke, an excellent sailor, highly deserving of the confidence which is reposed in him. He has under his command an engineer, two firemen, three other sailors and an Indian. The vessel carries passengers and freight. The receipts and expemliture riii. Post Offices anu Custom Houses. The post offices and custom houses belonging to Canada in Columbia, are situated at Victoria, and at New Westminster. Be iLDiNG AT Victoria. The building in which the post ollico and custom house at Victoria are located in a wretched woodun oiu', entirely unfit for the purposes to KEPOrtT. 35 which it is devoted. The lot on which it is situated is 90 feet by 67, and belongs to tha Govemment. It will be necessary to erect a suitable building, proportionate not only to the present, but also to the future requii-eracnts of the capital of the Pi-ovince. JBuiLDiXG AT New Westminster. The cotresponding building at Now Westminster is sufficient for the At New West, requirements of that section. It requires some slight i-epuirs, which will niinnter. make it still more fit for the purposes to which it is ajjplied. The Mint and Assay Office. Some yeai-8 ago a Mint was establislied at New Westminster. All tlie The Mint, necessary machinery or a])paratus was imirorted by the Government of Columbia and put in operation ; the total cost being $8,609. Some gold pieces were then coined ; of these I saw two of the denomination of $10, and two of $20, each. The establishment was very soon closed, as it was found that it did not pay exjienses. The machinery or apparatus is however carefully preserved. It appeared to me to be in very good order. It is under tlie care of Mi\ Claudet, who luvs also charge of the Gold Assaying Office at New Aggaying Westminster, of which there is a l)ranch at Barkerville in the District '^"'*'•• of Cariboo. If the mines of Cariboo and of the District of Ominica continue to yield as rich results as is expected ; and if, as is generally Imlieved, the gold-bearing i-egion on the esistern side of the Rocky Mountjiins is ag rich and extensive as it is said to be, the question will arise whether it would not be for the interest of Canada to strike coin instead of allowing all that gold dust to be exported to San Francisco, there to swell the United Stjxtes currency. Ajjpendix YY contains further information in regard to these buildings. ■'• v-vr k Marine Hcspital. There is no Mainne Hospital in Columbia ; but one of the conditions of Marine Hog- the Act uniting that Province with Canada, is that there shall be one located !*'**'• at Victoria. Such an establishment is absolutely necessary. Hitherto, sick leamen have been received into the Royal Hospital at Victoria, and into that at New Westminster, which are pui-ely local liospitals, intended foi' tlie necessi- ties of the inhabitants of Victoria and of New Westminster and tlieir vicinity. The outlay occasioned by the attendance which it is necessary to bestow upon .sick sailoi-s, is considerable, and should, as soon as jjossible. cease to be &i tlic cost of the Province. Court Houses, I visited the principal court-houses of Colun:bia, and satisfied myself that Courts of they are sufficient for the requirements of the Province. At Victoria, the Justicu. courts are held in one of the public buildings, of which I shall sliorlly speak. The building is partly of brick and partly of wood. Home trifling ad- ditions, chargeable to the provincial treasury, will obviate the necessity of a now building for a number of years. At New Westminster and at Nana'imo tht buildings used for the same purpose, without being models of architecture, are sufficient for the present. v: 36 ISIUTISH C'OLUMniA. 4 J .MLS. Jails. The Jailsi of Victoria and New Westminstor, us well as the local Jails of Nann'imo and Yule, {ippear to have been built with care, the three former of wood and that at Yale of stone. These jails, without being, as secure or as Htrongly built as those in certain other Pi'ovinees of the (Junfederation, do not appear to allow of the escape of the delinquents confined in them more frequently than is the ca.so in the older Provinces. They are managed with cai-e and economy, and presentetl, at the time of my visit, tn appearance of remarkable cleanlin«ss. Penitentiary. Penitentiary. lliere is no Penitentiary in Columbia ; but in virtue of the Act for the union of that Province with Canada, the latter took upon herself the erection of one. At the present time, prisoners who have been condemned to im- prisonment with hard labor are confined in the jails of Victoria and New Westmin.iter, and duiing the day they are chained and employed, at New Westminster and its vicinity, in working on the streets and highways, and at Victoria in improving the property on which the residence of the Lieutenant Governor is situated. At one time it was the practice for them to work also on the streets of Victoria, but public sentiment was opposed to it, and has been respected by the Government, which has ceased to employ them in that manner. The accommodation afforded by the present jails is becoming too scanty even to contain the prisoners, much more to admit of their being put to any occupation within the prison walls. If prisoners sentenced tt) more than two years' confinement could, as in the other Provinces, be sont to a i)enitentiary, the existing jails might suffice for delinquents sentenced to a shorter tei'm of imjirLsonment ; and the punishment would be x'eg.irded by the convicts, when they were aware that they woidd be sent to the penitentiary, as moi-e severe, and it would, moreover,be possible in such an institution to classify and reform them. The question now is, at what place the penitentiary should be erected. Sit 3 of the For my part, I have no htditation in recommending New Westminster as the leutentiary. j,,oj,{. guitaWe site. There is there, at what is called the Camp, some few minutes' walk from the centre of the town, and on the bank of the Fraser River, a considerable piece of laud, which is public property, and which * is, in my opinion, the most desirable site. Prisoners from Victoria might easily, and in a few hours, be conveyed thither by steamer, and those from the mainland could be brought from the interior, by the Cariboo road, as far as Yale, and thence by steamer to New Westminster. Should the land on that side of the Fraser not bo sufficient, there is, on the other s'de of the river, immediately opposite, another very lai-ge reserve, which might be utilized for convict labor. LixiisLATiVE Building. Lagislative The Legislative building, though not a palace, is a very good edifice of B.uliling. brick and wood, sufficient for the requiiemeuts of the local Legislature. It is situated at Victoria, close to the centre of business ; and upon the same lot of land, which is about seven acres in extent, are the buildings for the use of the law courts, and for tlie offices of the Lieutenant-Governor and the public departments of the Province. All these buildings and this land are evidently neceg.^ary for the Government and Legislature of Columbia, and an Order iu Council should hereafter, in conformity with the Act of Confedwa' TT^^^FI REPOHT. Sl^ tion, foimally tippropriate tliem for those jmrposes, simiiui .uuiou being also taken in respect to court-houses ami jails. Governors' Residf.nces. There are two Governor's residences in Cohimbia, that at Victoria and Qovcmors' thai at New Wef.tminster. Tliis is to be attributed to the fact that, at no very Residences, i-eniot* period, the present ProA'ince constituted two distinct colonies, with separate governments. Those two colonies having been merged some time previous to Confederation, into the existing Province of Britisli Columbia, the Mat of government of the new Province \y&h fixed at Victoria, and the pleasant residence at New Westminster, which, through the splendid hospi- tality of certain Governors, had become highly popular, was abandoned and placed in charge of a keeper, William Loudon, who receives for his services ^40 a month. Tliis residence at New Westminster is of wood, and is in tolerably good Residence order. It might be utilized, as well as other wooden buildings which are in at New the vicinity, as a residence for the Director of Penitentiaries, if tlie penal ^^ oatmiiuter, institution be erected at the Camji, which adjoins this property. The build- ing contains most of the furnituio used by the last Governor of the colony. The remainder was removed to Victoria when the seat of government of the new Province was fixed there. The official residence of the present Lieutenant-Governor of British Residence Columbia is situated on an elevated site, in the immediate vicinity of Victoria. *' Victoria. The edifice, which is spacious, is built partly of stone and partly of wood. It is in ft tolerable state of lepair, and is surrounded by large and beautiful gardens, the land attached to it being rather more than twenty-seven acres in extent. There is a ground-rent of ten pounds sterling on the property. The furniture in use by the last Governor of Columbia before Confederation remained in the residence, which wiui not, at the time of my departure from Columbia, occupied by His Honor the Lieuten mt-Governor ; it will, howevei", doubtless be so before long. The site, although the prospect is ^ very fine, was not selected with a view to the present position of aflairs. Theupper portion of itis a rock, almost ba-ien, upon which earthhasbeen carted, which does not, however, everywhere conceal its arid nature. There is no water, which has therefore to lie brought from considerable distances. Thus, the outlay of a Lieutenant-Governor there would necessarily bo very large. This consideration was evidently not taken into account at the time when the Governor of the country had a high salary. Now that the salary only amounts to $7,000, it follows that to enable the Lieutenant-Governor to reside there, he must be provided with a house easily supplied with water and fuel, and I have leasoii to believe that public opinion in Columbia tends in this direction. This property; like tlie others which I have already mentioned, should be transferred by Order in Council. • TELEGRArH Lines. . By the Act completing the union of Columbia with Canada, the telegraph Telegraph lines of that Province became the i)roperty of the Dominion, and are a charge lines, upon it. Tlie.so tclegrapli lines extend from Swiuouiish, in Washington Territory (United States) to L'arkerville, at the extremity of the Carilioo Road. There is, besides, a brancii from Matsqui to Burrard Inlet vid New AVestminstei", in addition to a telegraphic right of way over the line belonging to the Western Union Telerjraph Company, from Swino- mish to Victoria, which comprises two submarine cables. This line of telegraph is 569 miles long, in addition to the submarine portion, which is -1 ^ :• ^:. ■.U -.:< ■lil ^>: St IIHITISH COUIMBTA. Title. Cortof Main' t«B»RC«Mld Rsremne. a mile and a quarter in length; it orifinally cost $170,000. Besides this line, there is that from the mouth of the Quesnel to the h'abine, but the has not been kept tip, and is abandoned. The title, in virtue of which the GoTernment of British Columbia held this line of telegmph, constitutes Appem'H 1 1, of this Report. This line of telegi-aph, nearly the whole of which I saw, appeared to me to be generally in good condition, only standing in need of ordinary current repairs ; the instruments and batteries are good ; the wire is No. 9 gal- vanized. Your Excellency will observe by the title in Appendix I.I. that the line is under our control in virtue of a lease for 999 years, to which the Govern- ment may put an end by giving a month's notice. Tlie telegi-aph line is a charge upon the Government, which has t.*) maintain in a good state of repair, and at its own expense, the portion uvder water; and in considera- tion of this, all messages between Victoria aud Swinomish are to be trans- mitted by the Western Union Company without charge. Th« cost of the maintenance of this line from the 1st January, 1871, to the 1st July follo>«ing, including salaries of superintendents, travelling expenses, wages of operators, and cost of repairs to the cables, was $5,287, making the total for the year §10,574. On the other hand, the revenue during the same period was only $2,394, or $4,788 for the whole year. But the line to Barkerville having been oi)eneo C'hilukweyuk •50 Hope .•Tfr !•< 100 100 •50 •75 •75 100 •CO •50 •60 •75 ■50 •50 •50 "75 ■75 100 100 1 '1") ■50 •50 •60 •75 Yale •50 •50 •75 Lytton Silence's Bridge Clinton •60 •75 •50 1-25 1-25 100 100 •75 •76 •75 •76 125 1-25 •75 •75 •76 •75 •75 •75 •50 •75 •50 ■75 • • * . 83- Mil* House •50 Soda Gretk 150 1-50 150 150 100 150 100 l^SO 100 1-50 100 l-oO 100 1^50 1.00 150 100 150 100 100 100 100 i-66 100 Queanel •76 harliMTille 200 200 1.60 1-60 150 150 1-50 150 1.50 125 125 100 100 •7o mmm BEPOBT. S9 i i 10 1 ■•7i Staff. The following is a statement of the names of the telegmph operatoi-s, Teltgraph and of their respective stations. I add to the list their ages, salaries Op«'**<"'' and date of appointment, and I point out whether they ai-e operators only, or whether it is theii- duty at the same time to see to the repaira of the line. Stations. NaniM of Operators. Ag«t. Monthly Salary. Date of Appointment. Bemarka. Victoria Sehome W. T.... F. H. Laaib, Supt . W. Larman 29 39 40 33 31 2f» 50 17 34 35 44 31 39 .35 20 tioo 65 90 30 nil. 40 30 40 nil. nil. 25 40 80 ao 80 1st June 1870. ist Sept. „ Ist Aug. „ Ist Sept. „ 1st June ,, 1st Hept. „ 1st Sept. „ 1st Feb. 1871. Ist Sept. 1870. 1st April 1871. Ist Oct. 1870. 1st Oct. „ 1st Oct. „ Ist May 1871. 1st June ,, Operator ftrepairer Mafaiqui JohnMacIure Geo. B. Murray. .... C. M. Chambers . . . Ju: McCutcheon. . . J. G. Wirth John Nicholles T R. Buie New Westminster Biirrard Inlet.... Chilukweyuk .... Hope Yale Lytton Spence's Bridge. . Cliaton 83 Mile House . . . Soda Creek Quesnel Jno. Murray J. L.S.Hughes Murdo Ross Henry Yeates A. Barlow M Barkerville J. B. Leighton . * The o^Teratora at Burrard Inlet, Lytton, and Spence's Bridge do not ap))ear in this list as receiving any salary, and the following is the i-eason : — The branch from New Westminister to Burrai*d Inlet, was built by Messrs. Moody and Co. , for their use, the Western Union Company furnishing the materials and Messra. Moody and Co. l»aying the cost of construction. That arrangement was then made, it would appear, because the other estab- . lishments engaged in the lumber business refused to contribute their share. Messra. Mooidy and Co. pay the operator and have, I am told, a right to send their despatches over that branch without paying, the line nevertheless belonging to the Government. I am satisfied that arrangements might easily be made with that respectable firm for placing this part of the telegraphic system on the same footing as the principal line. The operator at Lytton has the right of sending his own messages without chai-ge, in consideration of which he performs the duties of operator without salary. The operator at Spence's Bridge performs the duty, it would appear, as a relaxation and receives no pay. Mr. Lamb, the superintendent is an American citizen. He is an able Supcrintea- and very efficient officer, and has had great experience in telegraphy. He' -i'ftbe also acts as the superintendent of tlie American line from Victoria to Portland, ' -"*"' *P"' Washington Territory, and under an understanding with that company he divides his time and his services between that section of their line and the telegraph belonging to British Columbia, receiving $100 a month for each of those lines. Mr. Lamb's services are valuable, not only on accotnit of his experience in the superintendence of a telegraph line, but also, and more especially, on account of his practical knowledge of the locality and of the mel hod of con- « Btructing and repairing that line of telegraph. It would be desirable, how- ever, that the time and services of the existing su))crintendent, or of nn equally competent person should be excluMvely devoted to our line ; but ijj ■K 40 BRITISH COLUMBIA. ^1 thnt case, if I am to roly ui)on the information which I rwciverl, the whole salary would have to bo iusurod to tho person employed, that is to say ^200 a month. Maintenance and liEPAiRa. Maintenftnee The telogrnph lino is at tlio present time kept in n pood stivte of repair UlMTAph line ^y ^'"* ^^^ under tho provisional direction of the local department of Lands " and Works. Tlie local (iovernment allows Mr. Lamb the assistance of its officera and employes to maintain and repair the line ; and this is the more easy from the fact that the telegi'aph line, throughout nearly its whole extent follows the course of the great Cariboo road. I was informed in Columbia that it had been the intention to insert, in any new conti-act for the conveyance of the mails between Yale and Cariboo, acondition providing for tho gratuitous conveyanceof ])ersons charged with the duty of repairing the line ; a;vl in that case, all telegraphic despatches necessary for the postal service, and required by po.st oilice oflicinls in connection with that service, -would have been transmitted free of charge. New telegraph The ojjening of a telegiivph office at Cache Creek is suggested. Such an <>**•• office would bo veiy u.«eful for the maintenance and repair of the line, and Avould serve the already considerable and gi-owing establishments on the east and south-west in the direction of Kamloops, tho Thompson River, tho Okanagan Valley &c. It would be almost absolutcl}' necessary in order to communicate witii the surveying parties, and for the constiiiction of the rail- way. The monthly outlay would be ^TH, but if the operator were also the postmaster of the district, the revenue of the office would be increased, and would probably, before long, considerably diminish the expenditure, if it did not entirely meet it. By Whom the Line should be Administered. By whom the The question now arises whether the Canadian Government should con telegraph should be ad- ministered. tinue to retain this line of telegi'aph under its management, or whether it would not be better to replace the whole in the hands of the local Government of Columbia, an annual sum being paid to that Government until such time as, in consequence of uie country liaving becomo sufficiently populous, the telegraph line shall become self-supporting. My own opinion is that if the Federal Government contiimes to manage tho line itself, tlie cost of working will be much greater than it would be to the local Government, which has already on the Cariboo road its superintendents, officers and em- ployes charged with the duty of keeping that great medium of communication in a good state of repair ; while the Federal Government would have to employ new hands, or convey the permanent employ<5s over considerable distances, whenever repairs to tho line became necessary. I am therefore inclined to think that it would be more satisfactory to the Government of Canada and to that of the Province, to leave the management in the hands of the local Gov- ernment, who should receive an annual lixed sum from Ottawa. Harbori of Vaneouver Iiland. Harbor of Victoria. Harbors op Vancouvsr Island. The principal havboi-s of Vancouver Island are :- malt ; 3. Nanaimo ; 4. Barclay Sound. Victoria. -I.Victoria; 2. Esqui- 1. The harbor of Victoria derives its importance from the fact that Victoria, the capital, is built at its head. It would appear that it would have been much more i-easouablo, and advantageous ior the future of the REPORT. 41 capital, that itshodlfl havo been liiiilt at EMq\iiinalt liaihor in th»* imioetliatf vicinity, wliicli is a ooumiodious anil beautiful port, while that of Victoria is small and ditficult of accesH. However, private interostH without doubt originally dotermined the selection of Victoria, and as it is the principal port of entry, and that at which the customs duties of the entire Pi ovinco are in •Teat jiart received, it is important that the approach to it should be made safe. In 1802 a commission drew up a report suggesting a plan for the inij.rovenient of this harbor (vide A[ipendix G.ii.), and it was in consequence of that report that the CJovernnient procured a dredge, with scows and a tug-boat ; but as T havo already slated the scheme fell through in conse- quence of tho excessive expenditure \vhi«h its e.vccution would have entailed on the Provincial (Tovernment, and the entrance of the harbor is therefore still obstructed by a bar of sand u[)on which vessels frequently ground, and which it will be necessary to nnnove in whole or in part. There are alsv> soino rocks opposite Deadman's Point, which should be blasted. On tliis subject Captain G. H. Richards, of the Royal Navy, says : — " Tho entrance to Victoria Harbor is shoal, narrow and intricate?, and " with S.W. or S.E. gales, a heavy rolling sea sots on the coast, wJiich renders " tho anchorage outside unsafe, while vessels of burthen cuintt run in for " shelter unless at or near high water. Vessels drawing fourteen or fifteen feet. " water may, under ordinary circumstances, enter at such times of tide, and " shijis drawing seventeen feet havo entered, through only at the lop of spring " tides." Tliero are besides deposits of mud in tho haibor which must be removed unless the harbor is to cease to be frequented by any vessels except small coasting craft. Should the Canadiiin (Jovernment cause tl:' . woik to W; c.irried out, the mud and stones removed in dredging the harbor might bo deposited in that part of it which is called James' Bay, which has a super- ficial extent of some ten acres, and wliich might thou become a valuable property. Tho local Government .should transfer that property to the Federal Government, or should contribute to the cost of the dredging in consideration of James' Bay being made the place of deposit of tho material dredged uji, and acquiring thereby a considerable value. Appendix JJ. is an extract frorr. a report made in Novembor 18G8, by the Honorable Mr. Trutch sn this subject. . '< . Esqui- act that would of the ESQJIMALT. 2. Tho harbor of Esquimalt is considered the best harbor on iho Pacific Esquimalt, coast, north of San Francisco. It is well lighted and may be entered with facility either by day or by night, in line or in sloriny weather. It is the Canadian harbor at which tho Pacific Squadron of the British Navy is sta- tioned. It has an almost even depth of thirty-six feet, the bottom is excel- lent, and the harbor is perfectly safe and sheltered. Here fifty vessels of the line might anchor with sase. Free water communication between tho two hfibors of Victoria and Esquimalt is only prevented by a tongue of land about 730 feet wide. It is a question whether at some later date it will not be necessary to cut a ciuial through that tongue of land, and thus connect the navigable waters of the two harbors. Esquimalt would then become, without question, the entrance to Victoria, as nature would appear to Lave intended. This is a subject for future consideration. Nanaimo. 3. The uax'bor of Nana'imo is situated on the eastorn coast of Vancouver Nanaiino Island, about sixty-five miles from Victoria. It is the poi-t of that coast. 10— C f." * • ...■ :p ■ A s^ , ) 42 BBITISH COLUMBIA. i 'I The coal mines, now being worked, ai-e tuere situated, and in its neighborhood also lie the fine quarries cf Departure Bay. Further importance attaches to this harbor in view of the fisheries, and especially of the whale iifiherv. As I liave already pointed out. the harbor requires a lisjhthouso and one or two V)uoy3 to indicate the f«osition of a submerged rock. Tonuin up, it i.s well situated, large and safe. Barclay Sound. Il»rclay Soiuul 4 Barclay sound is the nincipal h irbor ou the western Cdast of Van couver Island. It is but litth known in Columbia at the present day, bi'cau.se tlie lumber tra ot record, for at the |>resent time the harbor ia one Hmnul. ut no inipoiLance. Still, if the gold mines of the Peace River continue to yield well, and to attract the gold-miuiug population, as a|>i)t!ars likely to be the case, ont) of the routen followed by the tniners being that by the Straits uf Georgia and Johnstone, Milbank Sotuul may become valuable as a harbor of refuge, and perhaps also an a point of departure for the interior. f \-' 1 '►] 44 RiTer Skecna. BRITISH COLUMBIA. RlVEU Skeexa. 5. Steam vessels from Nanaimo now ascend the River Skeena. It is one of the roiUes selected by miners in oi-dcr to reach the District of Ominica (Peace River). This river is acquiring importance, and will probably require some lighthouses and buoys. It will be necessary to establish over this route a regular postal service for the miners. RiVEU Nass. River Na^s. c. -Tiie Rive- Nass is a little further to the north than the Skeena, and derives a certain amount of importance from its giving access to a more northern region thnn that near the Skeena, and from there being reason to believe that that region is also ricli in gold mines. Botii are valuable also in respect of the fisheries ; they are navigable over a coiisiderable part of their course. They receive the waters from the I^ake, or from the vicinity of the Lake Alal, which is on the high lands. The River Nass is quite close to the frontier of Alaska, which by no means detracts from its importance. The steamer " Union " ascended it in 18G5 to a distance of more than 25 miles • from its mouth. Gravlug (lock. Site of th? dock. Necesnity for its construc- tion. Graving Do(;k. The gi-aving dock is one of the public works to which the highest impor- tance is attached in Columbia, at leawt in Vancouver Island. That work is specially mentioned in the conditions ol' union between that Province and (Janada. It is there said : — " The Dominion Government shall guarantee the interest for ie.i years " from the date of the completion of the works, at the rate of fire per centum " ])er annum on such sum not exceeding X100,000 sterling, as may be required *' for the construction of a first-class graving dock at Fsquimalt." The site of that dock having been thus designated, I made it my duty posonally to examine the liarbor of Esquimalt, and to ascertain for myself what ])lao« was considered the most suitable by scientific men. Admiral Farqnhar, witiiout whose kind assistance, most courteously rendered, in (•lacing his gunl)oats at my disposal, I plunihl have found it quite imprac- ticable to visit many points of interest in tlio Province, was good enough to point out to me liimself the site of the future graving dock. The place would ajipear to have been made expressly for tlie purpose ; it is called Lang or Constance Cove, and is situate inside the harbor. The bay or cove is perfectly sheltered, and is not exposed to be attacked by an enemy. A commission composed of naval olliocns, appointed in 180 7 by Admiral Hastings, made a minute examination of the spot. That commission reported that the soundip;s shewed that there were no stones or rock to bli\st. At flood- tide there are twenty-four feet of water, and the bhtfuni is excellent and hard, consisting of sand and shells. The construction of this dock is absolutely nooesKar;.' for the navy as well as for the merchant service. British fi'igatos station el on the Pacific, are at present obliged to proceed to the United States (Sai. Prancisco), to be docked. The coat of the docking tliere is very great. Not less than £30,000 sterling has been expended in two years in these repairs The oxpenditure of that enornous sum at Esquimalt, supposing there hud been a dock in exist- ance, would have yielded to the English (Jovernnient ruicli more satisfactory results, for it would liave sufficed for a much moi'e thorough refitting than the vessels actually underwent. Moreover the necessity for going to San '■ f REPORT. 4> Francisco to dock vessels, must, as a natural result, cause the docking to DC less frequent, and thereby render the Uritish naval service less effective in that part of the globe. ^ It may perhaps I)0 asked -XTliy Esquimalt was selected as the site of the graving dock, in i)referc'nco to Nana'imo, ov Eurrard Inlet. In reply to this question, I was told that the hist fcur British admirals on the station had strongly recommended that course to be adopted, and that Esquimalt should be the rendezvous of the British navy on the Pacific. It was stated, in addition, that this place atfordcd gresit advantages for building, apart from the fact that it is the first harbor reached by vessels from the Pacific, after their entrance into the Strnit of San Juan de Fuca. It is also believed that, Esquimalt being easy of access, vessels from Washington territory would find it advantageous to go into dock there. It is true that, at Nanai'nio, tides rising very high (18 feet in the Wliy Esimi- spiing), and stone being found in tlie vicinity, a graving dock could have been ^"^l^t^j^ constructed with tolerable ease, but, on the other hfaid, it is stated, that locality would not have been as convenient for the navj', or for vessels fVeqneuting Puget Hound. Since my departure from British Columbia, the Provincial Government Tenders for in has called for tenders for the construction of the dock in the following construction, terms : — " The Government of British Columbia invite tenders to be sent in to " the Lands and Works Otlice, Victoria, up to noon of the 20th day of March, . * '• 1872, for the construction of a graving dock at Esquimalt^ British " Columbia, imder the guarantee provided in the twelfth section of the terms " of union of this Province with tin? Dominion of Canada, which section is " in tho following words : " Tho Dominion Government shall guarantee tho interest for ten ycai's " from the date of the com[)letion of tho works, at the rate of five per cent. " I)er annum, on surh sum not exceeding .£100,000 sterling, as may be re- " quired for the construction of a first-class graving dock .n ' i|uiiii!dt. " The dock is to be of a clear length of not less thai. frrf, a cle:ir "breadth of 90 ffset at top and 50 at bottom, and aflbrdi. . lepth of " water,. at ordinary high tide, of not less than 2i feet on the sill aid " to be substantially built upon a site to bo selected, and jirovided by the " l)arty or parties tendering, subject to the ai)proval of the Government, " Parties tendering aro roquirfd to specify the time within which they pro])oso " to complete tho dock. ~ " Tendei"S aro to be sealed, superscril)ed " Tenders foi' E.squimalt Graving " Dock," and addressed to the Chief Commissioner t)f Jjunds and Works, " Victoria, British Columbia, and to be accomiwiuied l)y })lnns and drawings, " shewing the exact dimensions of tiie dock proposed to be built, the mode of " construction and materials to be used therein. " Parties desirous of tendering, liut who may decline to do so under the " guarantee above named, as insullicient, aro invited to tender on the basis " of such suj)plemental guarantee by the Provincial Government or otlier " financial inducement as tliey may suggest." Fears appeared to be eiitei-tained tbat Lhe guarj'ntee ufTordcd l)y the Ciriailiau Governmeut would not lie sufficient, l)ut on the other hand the iin- liortance of having tiie duck, not only to Canada generally, but especially to tlie Province and to the finjierial Naval Service, was tlioroughly a])preciated. And then* ;qi|ieart'd -to lie a convietinn tliat the Kugli;di Government would assistj in its construi tioii, and that the local liegislatin-o would not fail to , nuuutest, by substantial tokens, the interest that it felt in the matter. ' ■• •. V 7m- ■i Id BRITISH COLVMBIA. Appendix KK contains the correspondence wliich lias passed on tlie subject between tlie Admirals and the Governors of Columbia since 1867. The " Two Siatera." Improvement of the Fraseu River. In the Frase.r River bet'wecn Hope and Yale, that is to say, about three or four miles from Hope, and about eleven miles from Yale, there are two rocks known as " Tho Two Sisters." These rocks are a great impediment to navigation, and one of them should bo removed. Hon. Mr. Pearse made a memorandum respecting them in 18GS, and i-econmiended tliat the one called the " Port Sister " sJiould be blasted. He says : " This survey shows that there would require 3,7C2 cubic yards of " blasting to bo done to bring the rock to the level of tho water on 9th October. " The v/atcr has never been known to be so low at the same time of year. 1 f " the blasting were down three feet below this level, there would be no impc'di- " ment, except from ice, to the navigation of the river by the present class of ■' steamers throughout the year. To effect this object, there would rerpiire to " be blasted 092 yards, (cubic) making a total of iyilii cubic yard.s. There " could be no better time for undertaking this work than the present, owing to " the low stage of water. The three feet referred to could be got out between " this and March next, during Avliich month the water in the river is at its veiy " lowest. . . . The rock is very hard, but is throughout more or less " rent by atmosjdieric agency. The water in the main channel is very deep -- " sixty-two feet in tho middle. Tiiat in the western chaniud averages about " four feet six inches ; whilst below the Port Sister, there is a shoal for about " one hundred yards, with al)out five feet of water over it, and immediately " beyond the dep*.h is sixty feet. These conditions are very much in favor of " the work in my opinion, because a very great deal of the rock taken out might " be left, either on the shoal, or in the western channel, — without any deti-i- " ment to the river." Mr. Pearso, in Soi)tember, 1871, estimated tho cost of this work at $n,000 ''according to the jiresent jn-ice of labor, powder, itc." It is |)robable tliat the improvement in (juestion could be effected for that sum, or for a sum of $7,000. CARinoo Road. Cariboo Roatl. The Cariboo Road, to which I have alluded above, is one of the public works for whicii the iiew Province of British Columbia deserves the highest honor. It is a road which may be travelled in carriages and leads from Yale, on the Fraser, to Barkervillo, its terminus. Without pereonal inspection, no idea can be formed of tho difficulties which had to be surmounted in the construction of this road. It was built in great part on the scarp of the " mouitains which border on tho Fraser and Thompson Rivers, and on many sections of the route the.se piccijiices are so abiui)t, and offer so little facility . . for cutting out a road except at the cost of an enormous sum of money, that it has been found necessary to form the substructure of the road of crib work, which has been attached to tho almost perpendicular sides of thr mountains. 'J'he plan ado[)ted having been to follow the rivers, it is thought that 'the road is longer than it should be. It is, however, this only road esUiblishing communication between the Lower Fraser and the interior of the country, and although it is very much tiavellcd, and i« but from fifteen to twenty-five feet wide, it is geneu-ally in good oiiler, and a idenl.s rarely occur. This is the more astonishing when one remembers tiiat liie road, for a great part of its course, presents either on the right hand or nu the left, precipices from 500 to 1,000 feet in depth. Probablo c"wt of tli« work. 'lf*<' REPORT. 4r ■'-'■^ Over this road, which cost inoro thnn a million of dollars, is conveyed Cost of the everything which is requii-ed at the mines, or which is brought from them. '"'"* Tlin mode of conveyance i^, for passengers, by stages ilrawn l)y four or Mode of con- six hoi-ses, and for merchandise, by |tackod trains of two, three or fonr gieat veyancc. wa<'<^onM, drawn by ten or twelve mules, or by sixteen or eiglitoen oxen. There are i)acked trains composed exc'usively of mules, csicli of which carries a certain weiglit, the goods or morcliandiso being strongly bound on the back of tlir animal. The packed trains travel at a foot's pace, .some few miles a day, ii'iil at four or live o'clock in the evening, the muleteers out vehicles, all engaged in *°®'"1'*'J'' conveying goous and merchandise. BuiUGE ON Tin: Quksxel Kiveu. At the Qucsnel Ilivcr the road is interrupted, the crossing being effected Bridge neces- \)y means of a scow. The crossing is costly, slow and often diHicult^ ^\^ aary across the bridge is absolutely necessary here, and as tho Cariljoo Koad is, of necessity, "'.iidcr the control of, and a charge upon, the Provincial Clovernnicnt, 1 only luention this want that it may be of record. I have, however, re;-. son to believe that the Provincial authorities are fully aware of the nec«ssity of this bridge, which, moreover, is demanded by the press. Tho bridge would prob- ably cost $15,000. .<>:■;*.■; CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. The Canadian Pacific Railway is tke most extensive public undertaking, Tacific Rail in connection with I'.ritish Columbia, that Canada has promised to see carried ^'''-'" into effect, .and it is also that from which we may expect to reap tlu! greatest advantage, for liy it all the Provinces of the iJominion will l)o vmited, and form one and the same nation, in tho true Sv^nse of tho word. The trade of Europe and Asia must necessarily be attracUnl to that road, and moreover, in making accessible the vast ai d beautiful territories of t North-West and Columbia, the emigration of Europe, and, it may l)e, Asia, will see thrown open to it an easy route by which to reach those valuable prairies and rich mineral lands, bringing in its train th;it reinforcement of population and riches of which wo stand in need. Tho clause relating to this work, in tho terms of Confederation, is as What it i« lo follows : — ^''• " The Government of the Dominion undertake to secure tho commencc- " ment, simultaneously, within two years from the date of the Union, of the " construction of a railway from the Pacific towards the Hooky Jlountains, " and from such point as may be selected Enst of the Roclcy Mountains " towards the Pacific, to connect the seaboard of ]?rifish Columbia wi!h the " railway system of Canada ; and further to secure the completion of such " railway within ten years from the date of tho Union." 48 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Whatii thouzht of our North-West Territory. What is the nature of the Pacific Terri- tory. I »hall not repeat here the reasons which decided, and justly decided, tlio Canadian Parliament to undertake this Railway. Those reasons are perfectly well known ; but I find in a pamphlet pubiislied under the auspices of an American Company, which has begun the construction of the "Northern Pivcific Railway," a detailed account of some of the sources of tlie roveuuo which it liopes to obtain, of which 1 tliiuk it worth while to embody in thia report tlie following extr.acts : — " Where the road crosses tho Red River of the North, it tnjis l,r)00 miles " of inlaiul navij^ation, down tho Red River, through Lake Winnipeg, and up " tho Saskiitchewan to the foot hills of tho Rocky Mountnins. liijjht draft " steamers have long navigated this route. Ak)ng the greater part of this " water-way tho soil is gooil, the cliuiato like that of Minnesota, and th(; '' settlements numerous. The tiade of tliis vast region beyond the national " lioundary, including tho transportation of supplies for the lliulson's P.ay " Company, will at once and pcrmaucntly form part of tho buninesa of tho " Northern Pacific Road." After so outspoken and true a eulogy on tlie North-West Territories, it is interesting to hear what the Company says about the Pacific territ«rif!s : — " The summer isothermal line of 70 dsgreos, which in Europe passes " through southern France, Lombardy, and tho wluiat-giowing region of " southern Russia, strikes the Atlantic coast of the United States at tlie ea,st " end of Long Island, and, passing through central Pennsylvania, Northern " Ohio and Indiana, diverges north-westerly, and rinin iip into the British " Posscssimis to latittide 52, at least 360 viiles north of thits road, " The fact of this mildness of climate is abundantly established. " Nowhere between the Lakes and the Pacific is the climate colder than in " ]\linnesota, and this great State is not surpassed as a grain-growing region, " or in hcalthfulness of atmosphere. Tho seasons of Dakota are very " similar to those of Iowa, and from Dakota westward th« climate steadily " modifies until in Oregon and W^ashingtou territory there is almost no " winter at all, aside from a rainy season as in California. " This remarkable modification of climate, tho existence of wliich no " well-informed per.son now questions, is duo to several natural causas, chief " among -which are probably these : First. The mountain country lying " betv/eon tlie 44th »nd 50th parallels is lower by some 3,000 feet than tho " Itelt lying iminodiatoly south. Tho highest point on the lines of the " Northern Pacific Road is 3,300 feet lower than tho corresjionding summit " of the Union and Centr.xl Lino. Both the Rocky and the Cascide ranges, " where they are crossed by tho Northern Pacific I'outo, are broken down tu " low elevations, compared with tlieir height four hundred miles southward. " This diff jnce in altitude would in itself account for much of tho diflerence " in climate, as three degrees of temperature are allowed for a thousand feet " of elevation. But, second, tho warm winds from the South Pacific, which " prevail in winter, and (aided by the warm ocean current corresponding to *' our Atlantic (julf Stream) produce the genial climate of our Pacific Coast, " jiass over the low mountain ridges to tho north of latitude 44", and carry " their softening effect far inland, giving to Washington territory the climate " of Virginia, and to Montana tho mildness of southern Oliio." Superior »d- vaiitages which our territory aifordi for » rail\r»y. Superior Advaxtaoes in favor of a Canada Line. Similar causes produce similar results at Vancouver Island and in a groat pari, of Continental British Columbia. There is, liowever, a difTorence in favor of our country — it is this : — on the Union and Central Pacific Railway the highest elevation i.s 8,240 feet above the level of the sea, and on the pro- posed Northern Pacific Railway the highest elovr.tion would bo a little less BXPORT. 4» than 5,000 feet, whereas on the Canadian Pacific Railway the Rocky Moun- tains may be crossed at Tete Jaune Cache or lioather Pass at an elevation of only 3,760 feet, or at Howse's Pass at aa elevation of a little more than 4 000 feet above the level of the sea. Survey. So soon as Columbia was united to Canada, in the month of July last. Survey, parties of engineers sent out by my d(!partinent, under the control of Sandford Fleming, Esq., as Chief Engineer, coiiiraenced operations not only on the Pacific side, but also from Lake Nipissing to the Rocky Mountains. As the Chief Engineer will submit a I'ejjort of his proceedings, and of the result of the examination made by the engineers acting under him, with a view of placing him in a position to indicate the general line which the Canadian Pacifio Railway should follow, I shall refrain from entering here into any details on the subject. Passes in the Rockv Mountains. It is, however, understood that the Ruilway must necessarily pass either Passes in the by Tete Jaune Cache, in latitude 52 degrees 48 minutes north, or by J^?^^^ ^^•'*"" Howse's Pass in latitude r)2 degrees 20 minutes north, those being considered to be tlie two passes which arc the most i)racticable and the least elevated. The Honorable Mr. Trutch, tlio Lieutenant-Governor of British Hon. Mn Columbia, iiupiired into the subject in 18G8, and his re])ort to the government i^gport* of the day is roplete with so mucli ^■aluable information, that 1 consider I cannot do better than attach it hereto as A))pendix LL. By one or other of the passes named the Canadian Railway must be carried towards the Piicilic, so as to connect the seaboard of British Columbia with the railway system of Canada. Terminus of Canadian Pacific Railway in Brituh Columbia. With regard to the question of tlie location of the western terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, I shall confine myself to u reference to the various localities that have been pointed out as well adapted for the purpose : Proposed Terminus on the Mainland. — Burrard Inlet. [f it were found impi-acticable for the Railway to cross from the mainland Terminus on to Vancouver Island, or il it were decided not to adopt that course, it might t^e mainland, be that Bun-ard Inlet or Howe Sound should 'oe tlio point selected. Burrard Inlet Those two harboris, as I havo stated elHcwlicro, are close to each other, or Howe and if the Railway were not to have its terminus on Vancouver Island, I Soucd. incline to the opinion that Burrard Tnlot should liave the preference. Tt is a magnificent harbor, the centre of the timber trade of Continental Columbia, and the most accessible port from the val'cy of the Fraser. The location of the terminus at that place would of necessity give a great impulse to New Westminster, the former capital of Columbia. Burrard Inlet would also be jmrfectly accessible from tiie district situated between Howe Sound and Lillouet ; for, if I am correctly infonnod, there is easy communication between Howe Sound and Burrard Inlet by means of a pau.* known to be in existence hy numy persons at Burrard Inlet. The harbor of Burrard Inlet would bo easy of access for vesselt from the Pacific, and would be subject only to tlie following disadvantages : — 1. Being at a distance of 152 miles from the entrance of the Strait of Fuca ; 2. Compelling British vessels to pass beneath American batteries, shouhl the question of the Island of San Juan not bo decided in our favor ; 3. Not being on Vancouver Island. 10—7 i'^ •0 BRITISH COLUMBIA. \( Terminus at But« Inlet. Tarminut at Stquimalt. Bute Inlet. I simply mention Bute Inlet, for I do not imagine that the line of the Railway would terminate there, supposing it were not to be continued to Vancouyer Island. If however, as some suggest, a crossing should be estab- lished here by which powerful vessels could take railway cars across the Strait, Bute Inlet would probably serve as a terminus ; although I must say that if the cars could be convoyed to Vancourer Island, the Pacific Ocean shipping would prefer the Vancouver Island terminus, as they would thus be spared a long voyage in the inland watera of Columbia. Terminus on Vancouver Island.— Esquimalt. If the terminus is to be on Vancouver Island, Esquimalt Harbor affords very great advantages which none will deny. In the first place the harbor is only sixty-five miles from the entrance of the Strait of f uca, and although the shox'e of the strait opposite Vancouver Island is United States territory, yet the width of water (16 miles) renders the navigation quite secure. Esqui- malt is besides a perfectly safe hai bor and of sufficient extent to serve as the terminus of our Pacific Railway. It would be easy to defend in case of trouble, and vessels frequenting it might easily reach the Pacific, where they would receive the protection of the Imperial fleets. It is true that to get to it from Bute Inlet, the line of Railway would have to be longer than if the terminus were fixed at Bai-clay Sound, but the advantages afforded by Esqui- malt are so superior that it would be false economy not to carry the line there. And it must not be forgotten that besides the advantages which I have enumerated, the immediate vicinity of the capital should tend to the selection of Esquimalt if the Railway is to be continued to Vancouver Island. * Barclay Sound. It would be well however, in locating the line, not to lose sight of the fact that the traffic over the Pacific Railway, must necessarily become very considerable if, as we expect, the road is used to transport the produce of China and Japan to a great part of North America and to Europe. And why should that trade escape us, when we see that tlie pi-omotei-s of the Northern Pacific Railway of the United States count on that traffic, because their road will be shorter than the other lines terminating at San Francisco, and because • Puget Sound, their Pacific terminus, is further north than San Francisco, and from that very fact the distance between Puget Sound, and China being much loss than the distance between San Francisco and China ? Now, as to geographical position, Esquimalt and Puget Sound are exactly the same, and Ave shall besides have the advantage of having a Railway which will be shorter, less costly as to construction, and less costly as to maintenance and working, as the altitudes to be surmounted will be less formidable, and as we shall not have to cross the great American desert. We may therefore reason- ably count upon a large portion of that immense trade, and it may be that we shall then find that it will be well not to rely on a single port of entry. T«nBinu8 at Barclay Sound, at the eastern extremity of the Alberni Canal, if it could bo re ay ou ^g^jg accessible to the railway, Avould, under these circumstances, be possessed of great importance, for it could afford accommodation for many hundreds of vessels. River Skeena. T«nninM at I am aware that the entrance of the River Skeena has also been men- Skeena tioned as a possible terminus for the Canadian Railway. It is perhaps possible, "' but it is not probable, that it will be chosen. Such a tenuinus would be REPORT. 01 much too far north and would subject vessels to a long and expensive course of inland navigation. For another reason, it would, in my opinion be a bad selection, for if the American Northern Pacific Railway is to terminate at Puget Sound, the latter .spot would naturally have the preference; for when vessels reached th« latitude of the Strait of Fuca, they would most certainly shape their course for the Strait in which the navigation is easy and safe, instead of sailing five or six degrees to the north to reach the mouth of the Skeena. This location therefore is not to be thought of. Railway Bridge at Seymouk Narrows. In the event of the terminus being fixed on Vancouver Island, an im- Bridge at Sey- portant work would have to be carried into execution ; chat is, a bridge at mour Nurrow « Seymour Narrows (Johnstone Strait). Being awai'e of the importance which Jj'!"*'"**""* was attached to this question, I considered it advisable that I should visit the spot and be able to give more certain information on the subject, than was already available. I proceeded thither accordingly on board the Sir Jamea Doughts in company with the Lieutenant Governor, Hon. Mr. Trutch. The strait is from 1800 to 2(jOO feet in width, with a eurrent running from six to eight knots an hour. The depth varies from seventeen to sixty fathoms, and the tide rises about thirteen feet. At a distance of from 600 to 800 feet (one- third of the entire distance between the two shores) from Valdds Island which, with Vancouver Island forms the strait at this point, there is a rock which is said only to have be«n discovered two years ago. At low water there is eighteen feet of water over this rock. It is needless to say that I was not able to measure tlie rock, or to ascertain if it was adai)ted to serve as the foundation of the pier of a bridge over which the trains of the Pacific Railway might pass. If after examination it is found that that rock may serve as the foundation of such a pier it is likely that the problem ot a bridge at thia point will ha* jeen favorably solvec. The cliffs at this part of the strait appear to be fi 1 100 to 125 feet high. ; ^.^y land) 100 „ To Esquimalt (by land) " 62 „ To the head of Barclay Sound 14 „ ».*:■. ;t. f 52 BRITISH OOLUUBIA. Conveyance or thk Mails. Hull. Mails from Canada to British Columbia and vice vertd are conveyed between San Francisco and Victoria by tlie Steamer Prince Alfred, an iron steam ship of 900 tons. The servico is performed twice a month. Some mails ara also conveyed by land to Poilland or Olympia auij tlience reach Victoria by another steamer. Foitol servjc* This service in guaranteed by one of the conditions of union of Columbia Francisco an" ^^^*^* Canada, viz. :— Victoria. " The Dominion will provide; an cfScient mail service fortnightly by " steam communication between Victoria and San Francisco, and twice a week " betw(;en Victoria and Olympia, the vessel to bo adapted for the conveyance " of freight and passengers." Fl'ture Postal Service. Fature serric* When the American Ilailway shall have been completed as far as Olympia, it will he a question whether the interests of Columbia will not require a modification of this article, and whetlier it would not be better, in the interest of all parties, to do away with the line from San Francisco, and to substitute for it a daily line between Olympia and Victoria. In fact from the instant that the American "Railway shall have been completed to Olympia, travellers will prefer a twenty liours voyage only, the I'est of the journey being made by rail, to running the risk of an extended voyage on the ^ Pacific Ocean, which in those latuudes is ^•ery often anything but what its name implies. The cost to the Canadian Government would be the same or nearly so, but this service would have the advantage of reducing the journey between Victoria and San Francisco to less than two days, and of sparing travellers a sea voyage of from three to five dnys. Mails for Vancouver Island, Vancouver The Vancouver Island postal service is performed from Victoria by the Mland maiU-. steamer tS"??' JV(??ies 7->ow_r/^««, which conveys the mails along the eastern coast as far as Comox, 130 miles from Victoria, stopping at Cowichan, Maple Bay, Chemainus, Nanaimo and Comox. Cowichan is a flourishing place. It possesses good schools, a convent at which the Nuns (who are Canadians) teach trades to ludinn and Imlf-brced girls, and the only stone church in the Province. Nanaimo is also a fiourishing town, with bright prospects for tlie future. There are liardly .any settlements on the western coast, and there is in consequence no postal service. Tlie service to Coaiox is efficient and I'egular, and is performed with every i)ossible regard to economy. Mails fou the Mainland. Mftils for the The mails for the m.iinland are despatched from Victoria. Some, of but main lanrl. Httlo importance, are conveyed by the Sir JaniPS Donylas, as far as Nanaimo, where the steamer Otter, belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, receives tke mails for tlie River Skeena. This service will have to be increased if the mines of the District of Ominica continue, during the coming season, to be as rich and as much resorted to as they were last year. Cariboo mai)g. The other mails, wliich aro by far the mobt important, are conveyed froni Victoria to Now Westminster, thonco to Yale, and from Yale to Baikerville. Tht) service from Vicioria to New Westminster, is performed by the From Victoria to New Wef-tminitw. to New steamer Enterprise, belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company. The vessel is very well adapted for the service. She has an excellent commander in B£POKT. •I onvevance Captain Swanson, who peraonally, as well as in the name of the company, shewed me every possible attention. From New Westminator to Yale, on the Fraser, the mails are convoyed, Fom N»w in summer, l»y the steamer lAUonet, commanded by Captain Paraons, who is WertmiMter deserving in every respect of the position which he holds. This service * '" should be independent of that from Victoria to New Westminster, and arrangements should be made by which these steamers should wait for each other in case of delay. By this means alone, can the conveyance of the mails for the interior of the country, be rendered eflicient. Otherwise, the mails airive at Yale from the u[)por country, and if the steamera start without a previous understanding, the mails have to wait either at Yale or New West- minster. In fact, in any new post office contract entered into in that region, provision should be mado for more speedy service, and for ensuring More spetdy connections between the different modes of transport along tlie line. strvice. From Yale to Barkervillc, the seivice is ptrformed by meaiis of stages From Yale to drawn by four or six horses. Until last year the contractor was Mr. Francis Barkerville. Jones Barnard, who owned excellent vehicles ami horses, and fulfilled his contract to the satisfaction of all. A year ago, a contract was entei-ed into with other contractors — Messrs. Gerow cfe Johnston — who have started a new line, and have taken the contract at a lower price. Numerous complaints are made as to the manner in which the service is now performed. It is important that, let the contractor be who lie may, he should bo held strictly to fulfil his conti-act ; otherwise, all continental Columbia will be ill served, or deprived entirely of its mails. ■■ • Additional Steamboat Sbrvice. Upon the Cariboo route, between Soda Creek and the mouth of the From Soda Quesnel, the Fraser is navigable, and the contractor, Mr. Gustavus Blin Creek to Wright, has put on a steamer, the Victoria, which makes the trip promptly Fr^M is and safely, and affoi-ds to travellers every comfort than can be desired. navigable. This is the same Mr. Wright, who has recently placed a steamboat on F°*tu ' fy'^J' ♦ Lake Tatla, to ])rovide miners with facilities for reaching Ihe mines of the of Ominica. District of Ominica more speedily, more safely, and with less fatigue. I understood that, from the month of the Quesnel, ho look his steamer up the Fraser River as far as Fort George, then by the River Nechago, Lake Stewart, the River Tach6, Lake Tremble, or Traverse, and Middle River, as far as Lake Tatla, where is found the trail leading totlie River Ominica. This will pi'obably be the -oute followed in the conveyance of one of the mails intended for that pr A of the country. Necessity of a Post < >ffice Inspector. The presence of a good post office inspector is absolutely necessary in Post Office Columbia. There should be on the spot, some person with authority to act J"(\^f/gj"^ in an emergency, and one who, at the same tiuio, would superintend the working of the system, and prevent fraud, abuses, and delay. ' Island of San Juan. Tlie Island of San Juan, with the other islands in the archipelago of The Island o£ which it forms part, is situated between the Haro Strait and the Rosario San Juan. Strait. If the arbitratoi- should decide that the treaty which determined the boundary line between the United States and the British possessions in North America, is to be interjtretcd as fixing the boundary in the Rosario Strait, . ■ then, as Your Excellency is aware, San Juan, and 'he other important islands, *' f I ': u BRITISH COLUMBIA. It* •zt«nt. Ifilitory CMopa. such ai Lojjez, Shaw, Blakely, Decatur, Orcas, 1" . BRITISH COLUMBIA. APPENDICES ALLUDED TO IX THE FOREGOING REPORT. ■ ,ii APPENDIX A. Various descriptiuns of climate ; the probable cause of the diSer- Climate near sea coast (low- lying landJs) ^nd Van- couver Island Climate in Central Columbia. MEMORANDUM BY THE HON. CHIEF JUSTICE BEGBIE. There are laany difterent climates in British Columbia, apparently influ- enced in a great degree by ibuv operative causes, each, probably, very important : First, the soil, which in the lower ountry, and again north of Quesnel River, and generally in the Cascade and Selkirk ranges, is moist, well wooded, and mixed with, i)erhaps mainly constituted oF, decomposed organic sub- stances. In the middle of the Province, the middle Eraser, Thompson and Okanagan Distiicts, the soil is light, genei-ally a sandy loam, of uo groat depth usually immediately superimposed ou gravel beds (northern drift) occasionally of very great thickness, and always affording perfect drainage — comparatively destitute of trees or underbrush, covei-ed with a thin but very nutritious grxss (buncli grass.) As the great diflferencein the quantity and nature of the vege- table growth is an effect of the climat- . so also it probably reacts power- fully upon it. The second important consid?ration is, the very groat diflerence of level ; the open country round Okanagan varies from 1,5 00 feet above the sea level ; round Nicola LaKC; from 2,000 feet upwards ; round Lake Lahaohe, from 2,500 feet \ipwards, while the plateau between Clinton and the Bridge Creek, is nearly level at 3,500 to 4,000 feet. I give these figures from memory and u» round numbere. The third and fourth considerations are, in a great degree, intermixed, being the geographical i^un-jiJeiations arising from tlu^ greater or less distance from the sea, and the direction and vicinity of the mountain ranges, by which the equalizing cun-ents of air f;-oni the o^ean, or the intensifying currents from the arctic regions, or the superheated [dains to the south of British Columbia, are checked or invited. The range of climate, therefore, is extremely great. Generally speaking the low portioi>s near the sea and Vancouver Island have a moderate thermometrical range, rarely exceeding 80" Fahrenheit in the sliade on the hottest day in summer, and rarely falling to 20" Fahrenheit in winter. The summers ai'e generally dry, altho\ij,h with occasional showeis; the winters generally bring much rain or snow ; although l have knowr. brilliant weather in winter for a month at a time. There is generally a good deal of wind, not however, of exceeding violence. In the middle districts, both summers and winters are very dry, not so as to destroy vegetation I\v any means, for the country is covere \ with grass ; but at most of the farms artificial irrigation is found desirable. Tlie summer heat is intense, and in winter, mercury commonly freezes. In the winter of 186f*, a tolerable thermometer at Quesnel Mouth was reportetl to me to have marked— 57° F. ^ 89° F. below freezing point. WT' APPENDIX. fr As to the effect of winter iu freezing up liarljors, 1 win onlv speak of State of har- three : Victoria (and Esquimalt), Eraser llivei- and Biurard Inlet. The {hfwteS '"ormer and probably all the ink-ts to the S. and W. of the island, are quite open. Fraser River is generally open all winter ; but in the course of thirteen winters, I have known it nipped early in November (in November, 18.59 or 1860), and once continuously from January to March (abo>it 7th January to about 21st March, 1862), during which time cattle were habitually driven across the ice to be butchered at New Westminster. Fraser River is generally closed for a few days ouly. On the other hand, in the majority of winters it is so obstructed. At lUirrard Inlet (iibie mih.s from New Westminster) there is in many winters a thin film of ice, liiit nothing, I should think, to impede naviv vtion. Nauai'mo, I believe, is more seriously frozen, but probably never so as to obstruct steamers much. The winds up the country are not important, nor generally strong ; Force and althou£;li, of course, there are occasional oiit'oursts. Ui)on the sea coast, of 'l'r^';*'°" °^ xi • ..J. • II I! i-i i xi wmdB and lea course, they ai-e very important, esncciaily :« luce the cui-rents, they vary very ^^^ river cur- suddenly both in strength and direction. But as to this, both winds and sea rents. currents will probably be found most fully described in Admiral Richai'd's sailing directions. There in nothing especial about the inland rivers except, Ist, their swift- ness ; 2nd (for the most part) their unnavigability ; 3rd, the absence of all valley ; they generally run in a men groove, with but a small portion of alluvial soil. In the upper country my expeiience is limited to the six travelling Direction of months — from jVlav to November. During those months, the wind is almost ^'""'' *".„._ nlways from the W. or N. W., ami tliis iiccomiianies dry weather. Owing to the confoimation of the country, probably, and the vicinity of mountains in many parts, the surface wind may be in a very dift'erent direction from that in the upper strata. It is of com-.se almost or (piite impossible to observe this when the sky is perfectly clear, or uniformly o.L.cast. The existence of fliese dilt'erent dirocLluiis is v.-ell established at New Direction of Westmin.stt'i', aiK^ at v'ictori:i, for certain winds and states of the weather. ^^^^ m low At New Westminster, from N.>vc!iiber to IShiy, much rain falls ; nine-tenths *^""'' ""^^ of it with a siniace wind fm;)! W. J'L to N. 10. Yi't whenever during rain the motion of the clouds is visible, I havo^always noticed them to be driving from the S. or S. W. ; which current (perhaps oj)ei-ated on by the mountains northward from Pitt Laki'), ai)peais t(j engender the counter current fi'om the ea.st, along which the rain seems to be bm-ne, tliougli it evidently comes in fact from the ti. or S. W., /. c, from the Pacific Ocean. When at Isew Westmin- ster the rain comes on a sui'face current from the west (as it does occasionally), this surface curi'cnt is a true wind, gemraliy of censidcraljle force (()-8) and almost always clearing up lint- iu four oi" live hours. At "N'ictoria, in like manner (where the j'.revailing winds r.re S. W. and S. Iv — the latter the only stormy wind), a S. W. wind in the summer (^specially is well known to be generally a sort of counter euirent to a N. W. wind blowing outside the straits. « * ' September 5th, 1871. M. B. B. 10 8 I" i 58 BBITISH COLUMBIA. APPENDIX B. Climate. Its effect on harbors. Snowfall. Temperature of Vancouver Island, MEMORANDUM FROM THE PROVINCIAL SECRETARY'S DEPARTMENT. Q. Are harWoi'.s open tlie year round % Wlieii closed ? A. Hai'bors open throughout the yenr, except New Westminster, (fifteen miles lip Fraser River,— fr&sli wdtei") ; floating ice kere makes harbor dangerous for shipping from Januiiry to March. Q. Is there snow ? Where ? How mucli ? Where does it fall ! How long does it remain ] A. Vary little snow in Victoria. One fall in 1870, about an inch ; little more at Nanainio and Comox, but does not remaiu long oa the ground. At New Westmiusber, snow commences about January, and is all gone by March — not coutiiuious. In the higher altitudes, more snow falls ; but, in the open country, it seldom exceeds two feet in depth. In all tlie pastoral districts throughout the Province, cattle, as a rule, can obtain feed at any season of the year. Some unusually severe winters, farmers have had to depend on provender for their aattle, that had been stored up previously. A farmer who provides one month's forage, is considered a very careful, safe man. Q. Is there any diffcience on Vancouver Island, and whati A. The temperatui'e on Vancouver Island in summer, is lower thau on the mainland, owing to the prevailing soutderly winds blowing from the direction of the snow-capped mountains, on tlu^ American side, and across the Sound. The waters of the sound are peculiarly cold, at this seaion, caused, it is supi)osed, by the currents running from the north, and by the melted snow finding its way into the Sound from the mountain tops. APPENDIX 5» APPENDIX C. ABSTRACT OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, Taken at the Royal Engineer Camp, during the year 1862, by order of Col. R. C. Sloody, R.E., commanding the troops. Njw Westminster, British Columbia. Latitude, 49" 12' 47.5' N. ; Longitude, 122^ 53' 19" W. The highest reading of the barometer, corrected for tern- In. peratui-e, was 30,517 Feb. 9. The mean height'of the barometer, corrected at 9.30 a.m., was -. 29,983 The mean height do do at 3.30 p.m., was 29,963 Thelowest do 29,071 Jan. 22. Degi'ees. Maximum tempeniture, in sun's rays (black bulb) was 1 04.0 Aug. 29. do do of air, in .shade, was 88.5 „ do do do at 9.30 a.m., was 73.9 July 23. do do do at 3.;'.i/ p.m. „ 86.0 Aug. 28. Mean temperature of air, in shade at 9.30 a.m. ,, 46.8 do do do at3..30p.m. „ 51.2 Minimum do do at 9.30 a.m. ,, 2.0 1 t ir ' " ( Jan. 15. do do do at 3.:K) p.m. ., 6.0 „ 1 1 ii 1 K A f belowzero, 00 do on tlie gra.ss ,, 15.0 < j ,/, ' Greatest amount of humidity ,. 1.000 Mean do do ut 9.30 a.m. „ .842 do do cl6 at 3. .30 p.m. ,. .772 Least do do „ .320 Jan. 3. The cistern of the barometer is about 54 feet above tlie level of the sea. All the observations were made at 9.30 ii.m. and 3.30 p.m. daily throughout the year. There were slight frosts nearly every uiglit in the month of April, .Mid once in May (16th) ; tkey did not re-comnionce until the Otli of October. The severe frosts of Jamiary and February, have been unknown for many years. Thunder and lightning occurred on the 24th May, 24th Julv, and 22nd, 29th, and 30th August. T I Barometer. Temperature. ^;-: r--^. t '. Bain fall. niKTISII rOMJMBIA, Ox.)ne, Table shewing the depth of rain, the r.-'inbti- of days on which it fell, the mean humidity, (9.30 a.m., and ;).30 p.m..) mean temperature of the air in shade, and tin; lowest temperature on the grass in each month. Inches. D.iys, Humiditj'. 9.30 a.m. ,S.30p.m. Thermometer. Min. on Grass. Januarv 3.480 5.727 5.830 2.345 3.415 2.700 2.709 2.930 l,(i25 4.005 4.0.-.0 7.990 9 8 17 14 13 10 12 8 9 10 8 17 .855 .815 .802 .707 .718 .713 .713 .787 .751 .809 .9:38 .948 19.0 30.3 38.0 45.5 51.1 02.7 03.2 03.5 ,58.4 49.3 37.9 30.7 23.0 3-'-,2 41.7 51.3 02.1 07.1 07.7 69.8 02.7 .52.9 41.7 39.7 15 February. March 2.0 23.0 April 20.0 M^y June July 31.5 40.0 44.0 1 Auciist 43.0 SeDteniber ;!3.5 October 23.0 NovemliiT December 22.0 18.5 47.400 135 Rain fell on 8 dav.s when the wv.id was south, 4 — S.W., 3— W., 5 N.-W., 8— N.E., 43 -K, 20— S.E., and 38 wlien calm. The gre;itest fall of rain in twciitv i'our liouvrt, measured 2'2GO inches, and wa,s on the 2l)th j\Iarch. The averugs fall for every day of the year, was C,130 inches, and, for each wet day, it was O.SjS. The amount of ozone tiu.s year was very small : its mean daily number would be represented l>y 3 on tlio scale, and it seldom exceeded (!. During the greater part of October. November, and December, there was little indi- cation of its presence. For November, and the early jiart of December, there were heavy fogs, during v.'iiich there was no ozone. OnmparUon of three years. Comparison of Mean llosnlts for Three Years. Years. IJain. .^[eanTen- poratnre. Miu. on Grass. Humidity. Mean liei^'ht of Barometer. Inches. Days. 151 104 lo5 9.30 ft.ni. 49.9 48.8 40. R 3.30 p.m. 9.30 a.m. 3,30 p.m. 9.30 a.m. 3.30 p.m. 800.... 1801.... 1802.. . . 54.420 CO. 485 47.400 .54.0 .52.2 51. 2| .52.5 15.5 10.0 15.0 Ik'Iow .847 .704 \ .812 f .700 .8,54 .772 29.942 29.948 20.083 29.919 29.889 29.903 Means . 54.124 150 48.5 .818 .797 1 29.956 !. 29.924 Eain was more equally distributed throughout all the months this year, than in ISGO or 1801. In the wintei- mouths, .Tivnuiirv to March, and October to December^ 31,082 inches of rain f'll, in IS'',.: ;' -11,230, in 1801 ; and 13,831, in 1800. APPENDIX. solute liniitin;,' nights of frost, in the three years, was •'"'°"' nearly the sani(>. Year. Highest Level. Lowest Level. D'";terence of Level. Remarks. ;_ 18C0 12th June . . 8th June . . 14th June . 4th Marc'... 17th March. 19th A'.ril.. 10.,') feet... 9.5 feet... 10..'-) feet... From 22nd May to 1 2tli Aug. , ships did not swing to the Hood tide. Froin lyth May to 10th A\v^. , ships dill not Bwing to the flo(jd tide. From 1st May to 2nd Sept., ships did not swing to the ilood tide. 1801 1862 Ice appeared on the Ist of January, 1SG2 ; and tue river at New AVest- Formation of minster was unnavigable on the 4th ; it was corripletely fi-ozon over on the >ce« 9th, and the ice attained a tliicknes.s of thirteen inciics in tixe cliannel, oppo- site the II. E. Ciunp, on the 12th of February. Slfighrs were running from Langley, to several luiles below !\.\v Westuuiistei-; and [)er.sonri walked from Hope to the latter place, a distance of eighty miles, on the ice, at the end of * January. Lake Harri.sou anil the other lakes were frozen. Navigation from New Westminster wasojien to tiio mouth of the river, on the 11th jiarch ; and fi'om Yale, on the iL'th April. Again, o]i the uth Decombtr, there was ice in the river at New \Vestmin.,ter for one day. In -January, lf<>]\, there was ice at New Westminster, b\it the navigation to the mouth of tlie river was not impeded. In 1800 tliere v.as no ice. The observations were taken by .second Corporal P. J. Leech, and Lauce Corpoi-al J. Conroy, R.E. (Si.gned) E. ]\r. Tausons, Captain, R.Ji. hei!,'ht of rometer. 3.30 p.m. 29.919 29.889 29.903 29.924 this j'ear, )ecember lin 18C0. 68 BRITISH COLUMBIA. ' w CO CO O M Pi Hi o M o o o o H ■qon; m }0 JO jaqoiin^ H s .p4 !/■>■« SJd^cdWcaaiW t>.nm © 00 1» oo b- <»• o> lo la-^^ Cl O -"f 0> «5 esi rH 1-4 ee'«'i-i ooowoooMf-ii-i 'qoni nv }o 'UOHTU0d«A0 no a • • o a o o ja^amoouaqx JO a8«J9AV •ni'Ti 9 VI ja)atnouu3t{j, JO aSusAy " www ■«m^'««»5w«jK> con'V-'iiawcsco •in'd 8 v* j»)aaiojsg[ jo a8«j»AY 'm-v 9 ;« ja;9nioj«({ JO aSvHAy ■♦Str oaoSSo>ooO «rtS Sn?- I- "rrt-r «>- « in in <-H w 6< ?< WMMP5M S«M ■a • sMo ss a" • • — • • • ■ -a I SS? 88 .o d eg 1^ SS 88 O o c U > oo» •0 00 il c« 13 . : i : : 1.5 : : : : 1 8 : : : : -aS • ■ ' ' s-^ a Bs || .§a •a* '.^ ^ & APPENDIX. N APPENDIX E. K'Xi PREVAIL7.NG DIRECTION OF WIND. Taken from Returns furnished by Lighthouse Keepers. Month. September October, 1870 >» November, December, » )> January, 1871 February, „ March, „ April, May, June, July, August At mouth of Fraser River. Variable. N.E. to S.E. N.E.,E.andS.E. S.E. andE.N.E. S.E. and E. S.E. and E.N.E. S.E Variable. W. and S.E. Race Rock. W. toN. N.N.E and W. N. and N.E. N. N. to S.W. W. II » Dircntinn of wind. n l:'l. u. / ^■- i BniTlSU COIiUUBIA. APPENDIX F. Climate Variations of climate. Winter. Meteorologi- cal observa- tions. EXlTvACT FROM COLONIZATION CIKCULAR 1870. British Columbia and Vancouver Island. The climate of the Western Colonitis is stated to bo excellent, and has been compared to the climate of the milder parts of England, oi- to that in the south of France. Indeed, it is said to bo preferable to that of England, as it liaa more fine steady weather, is far lcs3 changeable, and on the whole milder. The days in summer are warm, but not oppressive, and free fiom glare; the evenings are cool, with a jjentle sea breeze. Heavy rains generally fall in December or January. The winter is a little cold, but not severe. There are occasional frosts and falls of snow, but they rarely last long. The climate of British Columbia may compare favorably with most colonies, more particularly with those on the American Continent, in similar latitudes. It is remarkably healthy both in summer and winter, tliere being nothing like malaria or ague, either in the hottest summer weather, or the dampest localities. The climate varies considerably siccording to the height from the level of the sea. On the western and eiistern side of the Cascade Ilange the climate is quite different. The western is heavil}^ timbered, and subject to heavy rains in spring and autumn, while on the eastern side the country consists of rolling grassy plains lightly timbered, the siunnier heat more intense, the rain light. Tomatoes and melons iii)en readily in the open air, and the wintei"s are comparatively mild. Again, at William's Creek, Cariboo District, situate in latitude 53^', or 5 ""^ north of New Westminster, the site of our most extensive gold mines, and at an altitude of 4,200 fset above the level of the sea, the weather of all seasons is most variabl", subject to violent storms of rain and thunder, both in summer and winter. The winter begins in October and lasts till April, the thermometer varying from ten above to twenty below zero ; snow generally falling iu Januaiy and Feliruary to a depth of seven to ten feet. The present meteorological observations may l)e taken to represent chiefly the features of the climate of that portion of the Colony occupying the southern corner of the Cascade Range. Snow not exceeding a foot in dei)th except in extraordinary wintera ; aiTCi the sumuKu- season very much like that of England, with less rain in June, Julj and August. Extract of meteorolcgical observations taken at the Government House, New Westminister. B. C, during the year 1865 : — Latitude, 49" 12' 47" N. Longitude, 122" 53' 19* W. ' . r-.iwrKTTffKT»j«w»To«wg»,iaw-37 70 9 69 8 58^5 53 '7 40 • 7 ;uo e 24 9 February March 24-1 25 4 April 31-7 May • 41 June v.... 430 July 40-9 August Sentember 47-2 44*8 October 40'5 November :v>-3 21 Total 40 84 182 ■.■"?■ The day on wliich most ralu fell, and whicli measured 1 -04 inclies, was on the 28th November. , The prevailing '*• Beyond this wet section of country, the northern limits of which cross the Lillouet route in the vicinity of Anderson's l^ike, and the Fraser l)etween the Upper Canon and the Forks, lies a district of abovit equal Iji-eadth characterized by gi-eater heat and aridity, and which tliough situate further north, and generally more elevated, is .scarcely any colder in the winter, and has even less snow than the country further south along the lower Fraser. North of this, again, is anotlier belt having a more humid climate, showers being frequent in the svnnmer, and the winters somewhat more rigorous. Taken altogether then, the climate of British Columbia, though subject to much fluctuation, and varying with locality, cannot be consid«red one of great severity ; neither the haat of summer nor the colil of winter reaching such extremes as in Canada, or the Northern States of the Union. As evidence on this point, it may be stated that the snow along tlio valleys of the Upper Fraser and its tributaries, rarely ever exceeds eighteen inches in depth, and for tlie most part does not even reach six inches, while a great portion of the time there is none at all on the ground during winter. ■ Tiie larger lakes never freeze over, nor do the Fraser or other large streams ever close entirely uj). Stock is able to s\ibsist on the binieh grass throughout the winter, and Food of Cattl« 1^ ! i \-:\ ^ 1:!:'.TIS1I rOLUMBIX. oven work animals keep in tolemblo roiulltion on tlie rushes tliat gi-ow in the IwttomB wit)iout otlicr feed. On the divides and more' elevated places, the depth of »now as well as the dcgi-ee of cold, depends of course ou the height of the locality ; the traveller encountering snow in somu places he may have to pass, twice as deep US that found in the valleys. Climate of the T here was no snow or frost of any conserjuencc on the Upper Fraser Vvv*f Fraser. liver huit your, until about the fiixt of Decoml>er, when the weather suddenly liecame cold, tlie snow falling to a depth of live or six inches, and •vexx a foot, on the lower pait of tho river. Tlic snuiller streams and the ditches at the same time IxKJame covered with ice, and the gi'ound froze to the depth of seveml inches, interfering seriously with, and for the most part putting a stop to, miuiug o}>erations. Tiiin woather after continuing for two or three weeks, moderated, and for the u'jxl five weeks, hut little snow fell, while the theimometer in two or three in.st.uices only, went below twenty degree.s, fluctuating between that point and forty-live degrees. • After this mild period came another spoil of cold and varying weather, which hel I for three or four weeks, when the snow and ice mostly disappeared, and the Indians leaving their winter houses, declared that season at an end. The miners also get to work in their claims, and have not since been interrupted. This was early in the month of Mai-ch, since wliich time the weatherhas been constantly growing warmer, the thermometer having fallen but a few times below the freezing point. During Mai-ch the weather was showery, with some slight frosts and falls of snow in the early part of the month. Much the same kiud of climate as above descril)cd, prevails throughout tlie i-egiens lying between and bordering on the Kamloops and Gieat Okanagan Lukes, as well a» the extensive districts to the north and east. ■■Iw*. APPRNDU. 09 APPENDIX H. EXTKACT FROIH PA^IPHLET BY DR. CHARLES FORBES, M.R.C.S. ENGLAND, SURGEON ROYAL NAVY. Published by tli« Colonial Government, Vancouver Island, 1862. The following meteorologicivl observationH having reference to the tables CauHes of dif- appended, will show the clianvcter of the seasons which have prevailed on the f^rence of cli- coast generally, for the last fifteen years, and will further elucidate the subject by jtoiuting out the causca of the dili'eronce observable between the littornl and inland iusulai climates. On the western side of the North American Continent, the summer heats are moflified by the boreal currents and melting snows of the watersheds, while the severity of winter is not increiised by a sweeping Arctic current such as washes the eastern shores. Arotic currents do sweep down, however, and in summer are felt far south, below the latitude of San Francisco, but, more diffuseil, they do not lower the temperature in a corresponding degree, and the coast, open to the warm mys of the western sun, and the moist westerly winds, pre-senta to equal latitudes on the eastern side, very unequal isothermal conditions. A more extended series of observations is ncedetl, before any general deductions can be made whereby to recognize the existence of any cycle, or pi-edicate tlie jwssible recurrence of any particular season. Enough, however, is known to give the geneml character already assigned to the climate of Vancouver, viz. : — a diy, warm summer, a bright and beautiful autumn, an open, wet winter, and spring. Severe and exceiv tional seasons occumng at irregular intervals. The winter of 1846 was remarkably severe, the cold setting in on the Winten, 5th of January, and continuing with severity ivatil the middle of March, during which time the Columbia River was frozen, the thermometer ranging five degrees b slow zero. 1847. — ^'^ery mild throughout. 1848. — The cold weather began on the 17th December, the Columbia River froze over, but the ice broke up before New Year's Day, the river remaining open. 1849. — The cold weather set in on the 27th November, when the moon was at full; clear days and sharp frosty nights continued till the 10th December, when the Columbia was covered with floating ice, and snow began to fall heavily. This continued till the 18th (seven inches of snow on the ground), when it became mild, with S.E. winds and rain, and open weather continued to the end of the month. These remarks apply to the coast generally ; the following have reference specially to Vancouver : — The year 1850, as shewn by a thermometric register, kept at Fort The year 1850, Victoria, (see tabular statement, page 71), was fine throughout. It shows that 2? ^' ^' . there were in that year 201 (iuo days, 90 overcast and foggy, 97 rainy, and 17 and weather, days on which snow fell. This, however, is not critically coi-rect, as respects doing justice to the BRITISH rOtUMBIA. OthiT years. fine weather, for nnder the two last lieids are inchuled all ihy on winch rain or snow fell, although the amount might he trifling. Maximum temperatuio of air in .shade At 8 a.m., GS* Fahr., on 20th June, 1850. At 2 p.m., 84° „ 26th „ At 8 p.m., 73^ „ 28th July Muiimum temperature of air in Shade At 3 a.m., 14^^ Fahr., on 4th December, 1850. >» At p.m. 24"^ '■ At 8 p.m., 16^^ Mean daily temp(>raturcs given in Abstract Ai)pendix No. 1 (see page 72.) Snow began to fall on the otli January. On the 24th there "vere \7 inchi^s on the ijround, whii-li, howpvo!-, was all goiu? by vhe 28th. The maximum temperatuie for damiarv wns 47"^ Fain-. The minimum tempera- ture .^1^ Fahr., on the L'3rd. February was open and mild. On the 12th gooseberry bud.s were opening ; some hail showers and '""O.-^t towards the (jnd of the month. Maximum temperature 58"^. Minimum ti>uiporature 2(5"^ Fahr. March. — Variable weather, sli':;ht snow stoims in early part, but so partial; that on the 2nd, early pliuits wr Imsh putting out leaves. On the 7th, the catkins of the j)alm willow in full blooin. On the 29th there WiiS still snow on the groinid, and buttercujis in flower. Maximum temperature GO". Mininnmi 35^^ Fahr. Api'il. — High winds,, altering with calms. Strawberries coming iiito bloom on 18th. INLiximum temperature 09". Minimum 3r)° Fahr. May — Fifteen fine clear ilays, twelve overcast, four rainy. On the Ist, ])lains covered with verdure, the turn-cup lily, heartsease, crowsfoot, jonqinl, and many oiiier flowers in full bloom, camass flowering, spring wheat and peas rising, early potatoes above groimd. On the 4th, campaniola and lupin coming into flowei-, wild cherry and seiviceberry coming into blossom, and wild vetch flowering in warm places. On the Gth, ajjple tree in blossom, strawberries forming. 7th, potatoes planted in March and April coming up. 12th, early beans in bloom. 18th, wild I'oso coming into bloom. 25tli, strav-berries ripening. 31&t, wild gooseberries ripening. iSIaximum temper- atura 79«. Minimtun 39''^ Fahr. June. — Twenty-three flne clear days, .seven overciuit and foggy. On the 14th, queen of the niendow and golden rod in bloom. 17th, potatoes flowering. Maxinuim temperature 84"^. Mininuim 47"' Fahr. July. — Twent3'-two fint» ilays, nins overcast. jNIaximum temperature 82°. Minimum 52'' Fahr. 11th, barberiy and nispberries ripe. On the 17th, first dcmble rose on A'ancouver Island came into flower. August. — Twenty-six fine days, five overcast. STajtimum temperature 79°. Minimum 53^ Fahr. On the Kith, distant thuude •, high wind, N.E. Se))tember., — Tweuty-four fine days, six overcast. Maximum temporatxu"0 74°. Mininnuu 4iJ° Fahr. On the 7tli, heavy dew,, October. — Twenty fine lays, ten overcast. Maximum temperature 70*. Mininuun 38^' Fahr. November. — Thirteen fine days, fourteen overcast, three rainy. On the 19th, a heavy gale of wind, felt simultaneously along the whole coast. Maximum temperature 55'"'. Mininnuu 32" Fahr. December. — Ten fine days, sixteen overcivst, four rainy, one snowy. Fraser Uiver frozen on the 4th, ice tpiicklv broke up. rdaxiunun temperature 48'\ Minimum 141" Fahr. The above gives the general charactei' of the year 1850, and may be taken as a good type of a season, intermediate between the severity of 1810, Datti. 'Tan , . . , Feb.. .. March . . April. . . May. . . . Nov.... ill) 52 Dec 43- Total. "■' APPENDIX. n and the mild open wintcis, which pieviviled until 1850-00; wlieu the cold set in in ]f ovenibcr, and continued for some months with lieavy falls of snow. From MaicJi, 1860, the weather wa.s mild throughout, and continued so through the winter, and into the si^'ing of 18G1. The summer of this latter year was very hot and dry, the early autumn was very line and clear, with occasional cold, south-easterly winds, heavy niins in Novemoei-, and early i)art of December. The tabulated statement at jiage 72, for the year 1860-61, sho^vs the ranges of the barometer, thermometer, (wet and dry Indbs), imtuber of days fine, niiny, Jic., and furnishes a good comparative estimate of climatorial variation. Care nuist be taken, however, to bear in mind, that in consequence ofSpeciaHn- its insular position, washed by an ocean having a remarkably lovi' temperature, ^^ the littoral climate of Vancouver, dift'ors materially from that of the inland " plains and valleys, therefore the register No. 2, for 18G0-61, kept on board one of ll.M. ships, is peculiarly interesting, as showing wliat range the thermometer tjikes in the shade, when removed from r. i jssible influences «f radiated or reflected heat. To this cause is to be assigned the difl'erences in the moan daily tenipei- atm'cs, observable on comparison of the difierent months in the two years, both ashoi-e and afloat, and not simply to change or variation of climate. flueucea in V AusTKACT of Thermometrical Oliservations, from a llegister kept at Fort Tfiinnerattira Victoria, Vancouver Islaifd, for 1850, showuig Ma.viuium and Minimum a^?*"rt Vic- Temperatures, ite., A'c. Thermometer. Weather. Date. 1850. High'st LoweHt. Nu uber of Dayn. No of Days. No. of Day*, nd. No. of l)fty». a 00 43 44 40 .54 (l.'i it') (i4 (12 55 52 43 S IN o 47 58 GO 69 E d 40 47 51 .1') 00 • 22 2ii 27 3!) 45 50 52 53 45 33 32 14i B 01 31 30 ;« ,«» 4(> 51) (iO f.:! 50 4S .38 24 ._ S 00 2i 29 28 35 39 47 .5.3 53 49 38 32 10 _ S C tr-fti S 10 24 15 • >'? *>'> 2ii 24 20 13 10 201 Wind. 0^ Wind. 1 11 11 8 4 W c Wind. ,T»n.. .. N. &;X. bvE. N. A, N. E.,.. N. .fe W N.W. toS.W.. N.W. toN.E, liitflit and \"a- ri.'il)li' N.W., S.W... N W.,N.E... .S.iS.W., N.W. N„N.E.,S.W. Calms, Li^lit EiiMt winds . Calms Eit,'ht North windiH a.w K.W S.E . S E ft W ,S.E. 7 9 N. k N.E. Feb. . . . Mareh , . 8 2 12 7 9 ."> (i 10 14 10 90 N.E H.\\'.,H.E. S.E S. toS.W. x.i:.,s E. N.'t h.e! April. . . May. . . . June . . . 70! 57 S4Jti4 82I7;! 79 tiO 74 iVA 70 .5'i '■'' July . . . AuK' s.,s.w... S'jpt.... Oet ("nis Et S 53 40 51 44 &S.E.w'ds S.W.,S.W Culm. ... Nov.... Dec 3 4 50 S.E. H.W. 1 ir a.K ToUl. ./ .. %i BRITISH COLtMBIA. Mean .temper ature. No. 1. — Mean Daily Temperatuke in tbo shade, for the year 1850, Register kept on shore at Fort Victoria. 8 A.M., DEO. January 32 February 3G March 37 April 46 May 54 Juno 57i July or 'J, P.M., DEC. . 38 . 44i . 4G . 57 . G9 . 69.V . 74- August 59i 72 September 5l| 64.V October 46i 57| November 39i 4G December 35 40 8 P.M., DEC. 32i 38" 37 44 51 53^ 60 57.V 55" 46A 40" 36 No. 2. — Mean Maximum and Minimum Daily Temperature in shade, for the year 1860-61. Register kept on board ship. 1860. DEO. 54 59 62 64 DEC. 49 63i 57" 58 April May June July August 65^ 59i September 60 55 J October 55i^ 54| November 50 ... 5l| December 4G 44 1861. January i^ 401 Februnry 43i 40" March 40" 50 Barometer. Meteorologi- cal observa- tions. In the quarter ending 30th June, 1860, the highe.st Ijarometric mnge was in April, 30-33 ; tlie lowest 29'25. In the same montli, there were seven- teen fine days, seven rainj', imd six overcast, with variable and light winds from east and south. Sea wat(!r 50" Fain-., tlie liygrometiic observations show an average difference of 3" 7-10 Fahr., between the wet and dry bulbs. Average temperature 51^'"^ FaLr. In May the bai'ometer liad an avei-age range of 30-04. There were eighteen fine day'i, nine rainy, and four OAcrcast, with variable winds, chiefly from south-west. Sea water 51" Falir. Tlie thermometer average 55^*^' with 4°1-10 Fahr., difference between wet and dry bidbs. Jinio. — Twenty fine clear days, six rainy, and four overcast. Barometric range, average 30-02. Average of theriiiometer 01", and difference of bulbs 4°7-10. Sea water 55" Falir. July. — Sixteen fine days, six foggy, seven rainy. Average range of baro- meter 2i»-93, therutonietp.' "(JO^'l-lo' Kabi-., liygronieter 'M/ Fain-. Sea water 58^,'"' Fahr. Prevailing wiutls, Huutli and Houth-east, with calms. August. — Twenty-four fine days, seven rainy. Average mnge of l)aro- meter 30-01, thermometer 63^° Fahr., hygromet(!r 1". Sea water 581^" Fahr, Winds S.W., S. and S.S.E. SeptemlK?r. -Eighteen fine days, seven rainy, iivo overcast. Avorngo range of barometer, 30-12, thcrniomoter 57/.' Fahr., liygronieter 1". Sea water 55 Fahr. Prevailing winds S. and S.S.E. APPENDIX. TS (!)ctober. — Thirteen tine dayH, eleven niiny, seven ovorcaHt. Average mnge of biirometer oOOl", thennometei* 54*^ Fahr., liygronieter 103-155. Sea water 50" Fahr. Winds N.E., variohle, calms. November. — Ten fine days, twelve lainy, eigiit overcast. Average range of barometer 30-18, thormoineter 49.1" Fahr., hygrometer l^l-SO Falir. Sea water -17 i"" Falir. Prevailing winds N. and S.'W., to E.S.E. December. — Fifteen tine days, nine rainy, seven overcast. Average range of barometer 29-90, thermometer, [2° Fahr., hygrometer, 1"5'G Fahr. Sea water ISi" Falir. AVinds N. and N.E., varial)lc, fretiiient calms. January. — Ten fine days, eleveii nuny, ten overcast. Average range of liarometer 30*01, thermometer 38" Fahr.. hygrometer 3^ Fahr. Sea water 43.', '^ Fahr. Winds variable, frequent calms. Februai'v. — Nine fine clear days, seven rainy, eleven overcast, one snowy. Average range of barometer, 29*91, thermometer 44i" Fahr., hygrometer 3" Fahr. Sea water 43i'^ Fahr. Winds light, variable, frequent calms. March. — Fifteen fine days, four rainy, nineteen overcast, three snowy. Average range of barometer 2502, thermometer 4G"-' Fahr., hygrometer ^h" Fidir. Sea water 44^" Fahr. Winds, light, variable. The importance of a knowledge of the remarkable difl'erences obsei-vable in these I'egisters, kept one on shore, the other afloat, is obvious both in a sanitary and agricultural point of view. The humidity of the atmosphere can be only estimated by the above average difference beoween the wet and dry bulbs. The absence of thnnderstorms is a remai'kable fact. Distant thunder is heard at times, but very rarely does the electrical discharge take place OTer Vancouver, 10- 10 74 ISRiXmU COLUMBIA. APPENDIX I. Tn'.rc.isp nf t('iin)cniturt> towardn tliu west. EXTRACT FROM WOllK ON VANCOIjN'KR J.SI.AND AND JiRTTlSH ('OLITMI)IA, r>v .1. lJe.si)iiril remix'vloii, K.s(|., Pulilisilied in 18GU. I'ropomy/ liv'>'is!i Einhji-nihl ou.J I'osOd ronle fioiii Ccudda to the Pucijlc lliVDVtjh I'lri/inh (Joliunhia. Climate. -^•"' «omo very crroaoous iiiijii-essions, regiinliug tlie climate of tlie diflVu-cut localities tluou^li wliicli the j)roj)(.)sucl Hue imist puss, itrovtiil, I may lie cxcitscil for nuilcin,^ tlio tbllo\viiii; reiii.u-hs. It is coinmoiily tsaid tiiat in jioiiit of toiapor.iture, in North America, the Inline eiVect is cxpriiciici'd !iy triiM'liiiig tJuougli 1'"' of longitude westward, as by travt'lling tlu-oui;li l" of liitituiK^ sontiiward. Thia is niiuiifostly iui cxi'.gger.-jtion ; still it is ii fact thsit, as we move westward, the climate l.'ocomos niildi.-r, and tiio average annuiil temparaturc is increas( d. Tius increase oi teniperaL;Ui% in tlie region we are speaking of, on tlio siinie latitude, amotnits proltalily from .side to side of the continent, to 1.")'' Fahr., ini eH'ecl, perlnqis, jirodiiceil liy tiie summer winds of the Pacific, which hlow almost constantly from Mcst or north-west, w.'ifting warmth and ndoisture through tiio pulses of th. rocky cliain. Butwiiatevor the cause, the fact is cei'tain ; tli;' south [lart oi' \'aiicuu\ ci- Isliiiid, i'or instance, luning a climate niucli milder iliau in ivisJand, Is a huiidi'cd iniU's north of (.^)u('h('e. An istitlicrmal liui' dra\\u aci'o:-s Iho contiueut would, of course, )>e far iVom straight, hut the ge;i(.M-al oMiquity of such .t line may lie judgtid i)f in 'his way ;- If such a line wen- di-awn from New York it would [lass through Lake Winuepeg to Fort Simpson : in other words, if New York were with res))ecl to latitude, siuularly placed on the ^Yest Coast, Fort Simpson, a thousand miles north of it, would <'njoy a temjierature equally favorable witli it. !Mr. IJlodget, w!io has publislii'd an exten.u\e wc.rk on the Climatology of tile I'nited States, renr'.rks tliat nine-tenlhs of I'hiropeaii Russia, — i\w main f^at of population and I'esourci^s- is farllirr norMi Ihan S\. I'aul ; that, in fact, I'c'mbina is the climate equivalent of Aloscow. ami for that of St, Petersburg (wiiich is in Ctiy north) avc may reasomdiiy go to latitude .55" on the American eontineut. Like l']uro])eau Russi.a, al.so, the Sascatchewau liistrict has a e'imate -., whili! Cumlierland House, in latitude .") I'', longitude 102''', on the Hascatidiewan, exe;>cds, in this respect, I'lussels and Paris. Tiie I'nited States Anny 7'[etcorol",''eal JJ.egister lias aseertaimid that tlio liiuj of 70"^ me;in summer heat, envs,:;, the Hud.soii River at \Ve.,t Point, tU.'Uce dcjc'cinly to th.! latilu Ic uf Pittiibuig, but WLstward is traced tlirough C'onip.ariKoii with Ilii.isia. AIM'FNPIX, 75 %'J' Sandusky, Oliicago, Fort Snelling, ami Foit Union, into Britisli Anieriea. " It is warmei'," he Hays, '• at Fort Bentoii on tlio Missouri, in long. llOi" " west, and lat. 17)," north for every suasou, than at St. Paul, Minnesota. " The mean winter teniporalnic at Fort Benton is 25'^, and the same " as that of Cliicago, Toronto, Albany, and Portland, Maine. "At St. Paul it is Init 15", or lO'' less. It is not .=.o cold as this on the " main (south) l.)ranch of the Sascatchewan." Allowing the 15° Fahr. before mentioned ; considering 1 '^ latitude south equal to l'^ Fahr. ; also as usnul, ."JUO feet of altitude erjual to \^ Fahr. ; the average climate of the V(;rmilion Pass would ]>robably re.seml)1ethat of Moose or York factories, in the soutlirrn jiart of iludson's Pay, of which JJr Kae says the sinnmer there extends from early in .fune to early in November, — tive months. Mr. A. C Anderson's opinion on ti)is subject, from his long resi- dence in the country, is entitled to iittention: of tlie I'liju.-r Fr;iser he .says :-— " The regular freshets begin at tlie latter enil of Api'il, and last during Freshetn. " May and June. " About the loth of June may be regarded as the culminating point ; and " by the middle of July th0'^ ('lini.-\tic " of cold below zero of Fahr. : but sucli severe cold seldom lasts on the up]'r wuiivtinn. " parts of Fraser's lliver for more than thi'ce days; the t]i(^rnioi:u'(er will " then continue to (luctuate between zero and tlie freezing point, until " possibly-, another inter\al of cold ai-rives. " But the winters are e.\trenu;ly eiii)rioifius throughout these regions, and " no two n.'semble each other ^■ely closely. " In general the snow does not not iail deep enough along thc^ banks of " main streams to ])reclmle winter travelling with pack animals. The (piality " of the pasture is such (a kind of bunch grass in most places) that animals " feed well at all seasons. "There are many spots between the Similik.imeen Valley and < )kanagan " that are specially favorable fur Avinter ranches. " In some the snow never lies, however dt-ep it may be around." Mr. John Miles, on ^Vfiiy Ist, f(Hiiid the Saseati'hewan cuiniti'v e(implet lie ca]>ricious, whether wv fin\\\Y\vo seasoiis ur localities, it is of course im)iossib]e to speak with ceriainty : init. we have evidence enough til ju^tify tbe inference tliat \'erniilinn Pass would be ()|r snn\y peaks, tlie air is oiten not oidy v.arni hut ijultry. Even at \'ictoria, '>\'hf"rr> snow sehiom exceeds a few inches, or Laugloy, we have evidence of tliis every day. Tltt^ huov.- itwif is not ot the damp, com])aet nattirf we ai'e •vreustomed to. 't is light. esc()Hie to thaw, it ^li^aJ 'pears n-itli .istouishiiig rapid !♦ \ . The annexed ilatit extracied from i he reiiorts oi the Secretary of Wur, i'*''"'"'^'^;'** r. S., liS.')3-l8r)-l, reconl souk' particrlarly interestinsi facts on this point. Wur, mSirisH (OMJMIIIA. !► h " Mr. Pinklmni oroKsed tlio nK)iiii<::iis from Wulla- Walla to Smttlo, l)y " the Yakiiim imirb, the Huininit of which he crossi'd on the 21st of January. " For ahoiit six miles on the suniniit, the Know was found to vary from foiir " feet to six feet in depth, occasionally seven feet. " Th(! area covered hy snow exceeding twc^lvo inches in depth, was sonic- " what less than seventy niili^s ; of this forty five tnilcs were two feet, and " upwards ; twenty miles were four feet, and upwaitls ; ami live miles were '• six feet and upwards. " All the snow was lisriit and drv ; it was the accumidated snows of the " winter to January 21st ; deposited in successive lavers of two inches to two " feflt, which have generally lain undisturbed since thnir fall; and they jiresent " little obstruction to removal in coi!i)»arison with the compact drifted snows " of the Atlantic Ktates. The winter and spring temperatures of the Yakima " pass, .'}0(>() to 1000 feet elevation, are given as follows ; — Novcniber, 3G'^; " Deeemijcr, L'8'-'; January, 28"; February, 30"; March, IM"-'; Ajiril, ,38"^. " The mean temperature at Puget Sound, from oiiscrvations extending " over four years, is exactly 10'' highitr than these; at the Sound the winter " rain is 20.0 inches, and since more rain usually falls in the neighborhood of " mountains than on j)laius, and snow occupies from ten to twelvti times the " bulk of an e(pui) (piantity of rain, it is probabh^ that the accumulated snows " of winter, in the Vermilion Pass, would exceed twenty oi- t\v(!nty-one feet, " but that the Pass would frequently be open in Deeeinljer. and passable " in Mav." API'RXDIX. tf X I— I Q w Oh < I— I o o W 03 « o Ph H -^ H CO I o X 03 H "^ -*-» G 'X) (h « - ^ -^^(5 H-i Sfo ^ ;. s ; ^ o u ^ f; c« S a i-H ;^ ," p^W r^ tq r ■^-i ^Q 'rt g^„ '3 O >. rr y, 2 tr. w >^ 1 gl H w g -< K Ji H (/3 o <; n l> J 'tl o « o u H u n J, .-I 5 J3 •oftiiiu XltnuojV •iimipai^ COC. MCIO © i-l •-< i-l*lr-l -II! "uminiiiij^ ■HI1'IIIIX1!|^ oo--"-^ ec i-i C5 {ic-irs s •aSiuM .Ciicjuiijy •o o irt o o 1/^ o in i/j o 3 o ->. <0 irt iW t- 'C o o o ■•/.--< o f-H r-li-lrHr-li-l r-t M CO II CI 0-1 ir> 5? •uinip.Ti^- •mnuitutu -r Q'^^or. r-( .■; m o o ir. ic c i-H n cc -jc CI in Q r* ^ 1-1 Q r^ •J •* -2 31-0 3 io o 1.-5 is If: -i< oc f I in 7. lo I- in (- ^;cio o ciciriji-r ei in CI c. •n- -r ri bbbbo bob o>'s o i-i-Ki-r. o in rH Sjin>-c O 00000 O 1-H rH O r-l f-l CI 00>-iOO O 1-1 5 — lOO k kkk?.^ ?i k ?i ^.kk x toi-.. 'i-r ^i CI T ti-H-f •:i ci?ici?^i?i ci ii ci Jififi «S r I-. p t-j ci in to n; ci S) o b bbobo b =» b bbb C -J C^ CO ' . J^ cc . . CI to CO CO ^ e 5? s s i1 J |I ii ,-. - ^> S, 4S o r n 3 C ^ - J2 5^ ?«r " o S § vJS 7« ni.lTISH COLUMBIA. rS I C CO 00 u .o ^ ii c to c 1 43 >5 IS a o 5 JO MOUH l{3ll{Ai UO 8X«p JO 'DllJ o-« Ji);dUI0UU3t{) q^iAV sXiip JO 'ovj •.tlJUIlIjH JO 'azoMij Siioj^H m\-*. ^iv.\t JO •Oj\^ OO O OOOOOJ^X fH •— Tl Jl 1- 1 O M © f ri t- ?? puo XSfloj jo" -CI nj •sAlip XjaMoi[H JO 'o^j OO O M«i-iMT4»JO rH ,^--J 4) !U tt) rt « t« - - -*^ ,^ .5 "^ 2 S •tv-g tJ 3 « « ■8.<«p '4aM JO -ojij c, o 'J X •* oc i-H cv v; ■>) IN ;o i-l rH 1-1 rH O O O O O "rHTc 'f^n i5 in" S ! ■s.tup auij JO "ovj c o ■^ lyi I— f 05 o ^^ o t- cj I t- rHW I-l iril^r-l r-lrH rH OC- •sSmua.vauiTO 5JS ;::^-SS?53SSS S 3 •BSuiujomtuiiio S;- ^ S^^£:jg2« i:; S 5 1») »< rt 1^ >» 2 2 a CO !? :2 I ^ >« •w « 3 „■-• is c £>0 b o a ?;• -l-OrH a l- M^ i-x. ■•£ -45 -r 1" 1^ irt V2 X H»> CI o V3 •Avy ti CJ O 1-31 <»< C^ « rHrH "i C,-l ^i) Vl CS cc M O I- O • rH IfJ O -^ O f CI rH • 3 '^ •ji's'a •« -^'i 'a I '51 •-M H "d •N ~-a JVVlXfN l_: J. '\ 2 1 -^1 O "ft Cl t S"' ^ C-. rHdrt'^ CI rn M ir: © rHCl "I S9 1^ S i:-li5> a S^ £ r 3 = <;;:5 tj C V '=.£'««»« rH I "" en CB- »" « J r 5 r 11111 Totais APFEMOIX. In the table on the two preccecling pages will be foiiml a statement of the Weather at prevaiUng weather, at Esquiinnlt, for one year, viz., from the 1st April, 1860, ^»*1""°»1*- to the 1st April, 1861, inclusive, wliich may be tjiken as «•■ fair ai^ecimen from which to foiin an average conclusion. This goes far to prove that we, enjoy, as a rule, Kne weather. Of the 365 days of the year, no fewer than 187, or T)! per cent., were tine, the reniaimler being dull, showery, rainy, Ac. During the winter months, lino weather accompanying frost in by no nieans uncommon, or of siiort (hiiation. Rain fell on 118 day.s, or onco every .",', days ; most heavily aiul fre- Rain, qucntly during the winter nioiitlis, from Oetolxsr to February. Snow fell on - twelve days only, and tluMi neitlier heavily nor for any length of time. The thermometer fell only tiieven times; below freezing, during the year, a good indication of the miiclness of the winter. Heavy and prolonged fogs ])rcvail during October and November. In the summer, mists arc usually rare, yiartial, and transitory. The highest summer ttnnperature shown in the table was 72*^ (9th Temperature. Aug\ist); June, July, any no means great, a goo> V a _5^ 3 to < s 1 O 4-3 u c o £ J 3 J5 Southerly (chieflvS.W) Northerly Easterly . 11 "i" 1 1 G 4 (5 2 l- 2 2 1 1 1 "Z 5 3 "s" 4 '2' ' i' r 6 1 1 1 11 Westerly . . . Variftblc 1 13 t; 1 G :i .... .1 11 Tot-UH 4 8 Total an • ■ 1' 2 2 "2 "'/ 2 2 5 3 ■I 291 14 8 8W ... 1 1 — 2 i- Southerly, 59. S.E 2 I 1 .... .... 2 8 s !•; 4 N.E 1 ;{ 2 "i' 2 "2 "2' "i' "2" 4) N 1 5 "2 1 3 "3' 1 1 2 2 N.W 5 i. Northerly, 28. "J "^Easterly, 12. K.N.W E .... "i' .... "i* K.S.E W.S W 2 1 8 2 Westerly, 2. 1. ■V»ncouy«r Columbia.... 2 9 1 10 1 C 2 8 4 1 9 3 14 1 13 2 10 2 13 1 14 16. ToUl.*. . 118. C4 The above table shows that tlie Avinda which most frequently accompany rain are southeily or sea breezes, principally S.W. These almost invariably accompany the showers of spring and summer, and often occur with the heavier and moi-e prolonged winter rains — although northerly and easterly winds, both land breezes, are those which usually follow the latter, and together form about one-third of the winds which succeed rain. The following are the usual characteristics of the different seasons: — The spring is short, and last.s from the beginning or middle of March to the end of April or Ijtginning of May. In early March the weather under- goes a marked change, and a diier and milder atuios[)here forms a decided contrast to that of the cold and wet winter mouths that precede it. Ti*ees bud and come into leaf, and. towards its close various wild plantSjC.jr., the Colvuia IhiHium, (kc, are in flower. The prevailing weather is characterized by fine mild days, still alternated, howe\er, with occasional rain and squalls. Towards the latter end of April, fine weather has fairly set in, with mild dry south and south-wert winds, but farming operations may usually be com- menced with the utmost safety in the beginning or middle of Manih, as the keen biting " March winds " of the English climate, ao dctiimcntal to the APPEKDIX. ii and blow nt. of the rly winds unusually lur in the .stern, and •ound, and iithern ex- :l\tring the cry rarely, lied Ruin. iinmary. )utlierly, 59. orthsrly, 28. lasterly, 12. sterly, 2. budding fruit and vogetiition generally, are Htliloni, and never Hevcrely, felt here. Our beautiful and more protracted summer begins with May, and ends with Summer. September. During these glorious months we are cheered by a bright sun, a clear and often cloudless sky, lasting frequently for days together, with gentle sea and land breeze.s. llain falls seldom, and never heavily ; fofs and mists are rare; the season is delightful. Sometimes, indeed, the power of the sun becomes excessive, and t!ie soil ve;y Jirid from the want of rain; but these drawbacks are but trifling, and d;j not interiore, to any appreciable extent, either with individual arrangements, or agricultural or horticultural ojierations. The heavy English " harvest rains" of Au.'.(ust and i-'cptonibcr are unknown in Vancouver Island, and tlie crops are u.sually sown, i-eared, cut, and housed with fine weather. The autumn, which lasts during October and Xovember, presents a Autiunn. marked change. Cold and moist northerly v.inds succeed the dry southerly breezes of Sunuiior ; fogs b'Pgin in October, and occasionally during the latter end of Sci'temlicr, with a moist atmo:;ph!U'o and frecpient rains. These, howevei, alternate with periods of fine mild weather, sometimes lasting for ten days or a fortnight, and forming what, in the aggregate, is termed the "Indian summer." So mild, however, is the temperatuic, comparatively si>eHking, even at the latter end of November, tliat wild strawberries may occasionally be seen in bloom. During the winter, which lasts from the beginning of December to the Winte.-. end of February, cold moist northerly aiul southeily winds pre^ail, with ficquent rains and occasional fogs, the latter, however, less common than m the autumn. This state of things is often pleasantly %arie' ^\ «- o'^ ^*/* I/. ^ 82 MITISH CuLUMBIA. APPENDIX K. EXTRACT FROM J. I). PEMBERTON'S WORK ON VANCOUVEK ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. TlMBEtt. Tiiub«r. ii: The liirRest trees yet disfovfrod on the Pacific coast resemble cedar, but lu-e of tiie cypress kind. They are fuiiiul at Mariposa and Calaveras, and measure upwards of 30 feet in diameter, and nearly 400 feet in height. No pines have been met with as large as these. Near Humboldt, 1 noticed a forest of fii-s (which resembled the Douglas, but had smaller foliage and cones), in which a diameter of fi-om 14 to ITi feet, and a corres- Dougla* pinu. {tonding lieigljt, was not uncommon. A few trees of the Douglas kind, of similar size, are found on the banks of the Columbia. In the British (?oIor,«;s, trees exceeding 9 or 10 feet in diameter, and 270 or 300 feet iu height, uiv iiuely met with. Iu the very largo trees, alluded to as being ' found south of 49*", the annual rings are large and soft, and the tiralier comjtaratively weak. In this' respect, the timber north of 49" being of more moderate r'timensions, has decidedly an advantage. There the Douglas fir, which, witli the silver fir (ijrandis), is the most abundant on the coast, will, I should think, jirove, on being properly tested, to bo. the strongest fir or puie in existence. Broken in a gale, the stem is splintered to a height of 20 feet at least, and when lieing hewn down, it is astonishing to observe how small a portion of the trunk will withstand the levemge of the whole tree. On account of the quantity of resin it contains, the timlHJr is exceedingly durable. The bark resembles cork, is often 8 or 9 inches thick, and make.s a capital fire. H. M. S. 77»ef the Nitinat Inlet and elscwhoro, forests of the Menzies pine occur, very suitable in point of size for firetclass spars. This wowl api)etti"s to work beautifully. Hemlock spruce {Canadnimn), from whicli laths are uuido, is very common. The banks of the Columbia, near Colville, a])pear to grow ponderota almost exclusively. A small pine (ivop$), ft portion of the bark of which Indians cat, is constantly met with near water, whether in the lowest swamps, or basins on nioimtain tops. Tin* Weymouth pine {iS( rolniji), in common e\erywhere. The ". yootkatentis I have not met with. Tiiese are but a few of the fii-s or pines which nw generally met witli. A series of exjjcrimeuts to test their physical properties has been commenced, but is as yet too incomplete for publication. Although spar-timber is common everywhere, the trees giow larger luid straighter in the still vallera bordering on the Qnlf of Georgia, than where more exposed on the const. There are two occasions on which touring in a nine forest is far from entertaihing, viz. : — In a storm ; when tree after tree, with a noise lik" thunder, comes crashing to the ground ; and, secondly, when the foi-est i« on fire. It is difficult to conceive anything more dismal than the appearance gf chaired and branchless forests where fires have swept. It is nnt uft* | Menziiti and other pine. u AI'PEM>IX. 83 eointuon in autumn to sett the country in tliiH way illuminated by a blazt extending for miles in every ilii*ection. Of oak there are two kinds ; th* timber is weak, and the trees usually Oak. show symptoms of decay. If curled maplo is ia England valuable for furniture, as I am told it is, M»pl«»nd it may be of service to some one to know that it grows in abundance on »'l'"tun. the banks of the rivera in theso Colonies. The truuks of the Arbutus grow very large, and the wood in color and texture so much resembles box, that for many purposes it might supply the uses of the lattor. It is, however, specifically lighter. The country also produces cedar, or rather cypress (Cuprestua thyoidet), other timber, juniper, yew, birch, iwplar, sorbis, die, but I never noticed ash, beech or elm. I W- \ ■ V '>:■ i i k « li 84 ItKITIKII COLfMlilA. APPENDIX L EXTRACT FROM DR. A. RATTRAY'S WORK OX VANCOUVER ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1802. Timber Produce. Timber: ito The tiinlicr produce of Vancouver lukiul and Britisli Columl)ia, will soon Tahitandiuen. j^. ^f g,.pu^ valut! in tlio colonieH themselves, esiwcially in the former, likely to possess ;i l,uj;-buildiiiy[ countries like Great Britain. Both colonies are, for the most part, forest-clad, and much fine timber exists. The ]tine, or cone-bearing family, ] -redoniinatcs throughout, and forms a marked feature in the scenery. Vari'ticH. Tlu» following list coiii[)riseH tho most useful and inijiortant trees : — 1. Coitijtrer is plentiful, esijeclally the lofty Doiiflas i»ine, admirably adapted for mast and spar-making. Messrs. Stttinn y the smaller strcams, and those numerous arms of tho sea, which are found in that direction, e.;/. : — Bcntinck Arm, Howe Sound, Bute Inlet, ttc, where saw mills may easily be established for the manufac- tni-e of spai"s and timbei-, similar to that now in operation at Barclay Sound. The timber fuunil in British Cohimbia, though more varied than that of Vancouver Island, is even le«s used, except foi* fuel and house-building. Several mai-kets may l»o found for tho mantifactured timber of Van- Mark«ta for couver Island and British Columbia ; in England, spai-s, oak, and other timber, woods are nuich rocpiired for ship-building ; in Austmlia and South A merica, timber is scarce ; and iu Cliina, esjiecially in the .south, who.se teeming popu- lation are compelled to sacrifice everything to agriculture, and -here wood is therefore scai-co, valuable, and in great demand for house, junk, and boat building, the soft wootls of Vancouver Island will find a rejuly sale ; and also charcoal, the principal fuel used by the Chines(5 for culinary and general domestic purposes. The collection of turpfentine, an exudation from various s])ecies of ))ine. Turpentine, might l)e profitable iu these colonies. Tlie Douglas pine yields it in consider- able quantities, though pi'obably not so abviudantly as the ('arolina pine, the oi-dinary source of tho tiu'pentine of English couimerc(\ The manufactiu'e of tar, invaliuible to Vancouver Island as a commercial Tar ami pitch, and fishing colony with a numerous sliipplni;, has not yet been attemp*-ed in either colony. In the S(nithern states of America, it is made from the heart-wowl of dead pines, whicli liccomes (charged with rcsiuous juice long after the tree has died, from wliich it is extractml by an easy process, usually carried on in the forest. From tar thus obtained, j)ito!i may be procured by distillation. The manufactiu'e of potash, or poailasli, (tho l)lack-s salts of commerce,) Potaahand now extensivf'iy carried out in tho forests of Canada, might be attemptetl • •*''^'*' in those of Britisli Columbia and \'ancouver Island with their surplus wood. In Canada, the hard woods yield it in gi-eatest abundance, es]iecially elm, ash, liirch, beech, ojid mapli*; and the suit is made by dissolving ami evaporating the ashes left on Imrning the trees. 1'hissnlt will l»e usefid in the colony for soap, catulle, anil other manufaatnres. );)tlTI8H OOKUMDIA. APPENDIX M. ; 4 i i J. ■i DitcoTery of mine. 1 (« Trial of the coal. '3tm' i| COPY OF LETTER FROM ROBERT DUNSMl^IB, Ebq. Nana'imo, B. C, September 20, 1871. The Honorable H. L. Langevin, C. B. Minister of Public Works. Co^Mininir SiR, — Being iufonned by Captain Spalding that you wished to have a few Iiii»nd"*""'^*' remarks from me relative to the seam of coal which we are about to work on Vancouver Island, and not knowing the exact points on which you woiUd ^ feel most interested, as very little has been done ho far towards its develope- ment, I have considered it not amiss to state in the first place how it was discovered. When I was in the bush about three miles from the sea, in the month of Ootolier 1869, not exactly for the purpose of prospecting for coal, but being thoroughly acquainted from past experience with all the coal formation in this country, I came across a ridge of rock, which I knew to be the strata over- lying tiie lowest seam that had as yet been discovered here. A short time afterwards, I sent two men to prosi)ect, and in three days dis- covered a seam of coal 3^ feet in thickness, 30 feet below the tops of the ridge, dipping S.K, one foot in six. After procuring from government a inght to further prospect, I sunk a slope d7^ yunls in the seam, and minetl therefrom about 500 tons, twenty -five tons of which were taken on board of H. M. S. Boxer, for trial. The same quantities wore taken from the Vancouver Coal Company's Douglas' Pit and Newcastle Mine. A copy of the re|K>rt of said trial, I herewith enclose. While working tlie slope, I hiid a ])arty of men prosjiiecting in the same ridge, about Imlf u uiile nearer the sea, and found the same seam about 27 feet from the suiface. I afterwards had a bore put down about ^ of a mile from t]ie beacli, and struck the seam 8 feat in thickness, at a depth of 132 feet This place was as far to the dip of tlie field, as the grant from Govern- ment allowed me to go. Hence you will observe that the distance between where I first discovei-ed the coal, and the bore is 2^ miles, with an average width of it mile, which I believe contains coal, although there may be a few " faults " met with, as is the case' in all coal fields, but considering the depth of the bore in such f\ distance from the " out crop " they cannot be of nmch consequence. It was my intention to have worked, for the present, the second place where the coal was found, merely because it would have shortened the length of the tram road ; l)ut as I was again strolling through the bv.sh about ten weeks ago, about 200 yaixis from the place 1 had determined to work, I chanced to come upon tlie root of a fallen tree, which I thought l^ad a peculiar appeamnce. On extvmiaation I found coal sticking on the upturned root, and digging a little under it, I saw that coal had been there, but was now removed by the action of fire. [ then sent for two of the workmen, who brought picks and shovels, and in half-auhour, we discovered a seam of coal l^l 3 feet thick, the top of course having been consiuned. I set the men to work about 80 yards furtlier to the dip, and 9 feet below the siu-face found the seam of 9 feet in thickness. For a distance of 54 yarda by 2 yards wide, I have had the surface removed, and from the cut intend to " open cast " some acres to the rise, where the sur- face to be removed will only average about 4 J feet. 1 expect to find a rock roof to the dip of tliis, in which case the coal will have to be mined, this I may remark is rather a remarkable discovery, no machinery being required for a considerable time. The quality of the coal appears to myself and othera to be superior to the other. It is my opinion that the average yield of this field, per aci-e, will be AnticipaUd about 7,000 tons ; but shonlu the thickness of 9 feet continue, it will be much y>«W *>' *•>• more. H. M. ships have been supplied with most of the coal procured from "**' the first opening, and under considerable difficulties, as the coal had to be teamed to the beach and put alongside in lighters. At present I am constructing a tram-road to, and building a whai'f at, Departure Bay (one of the finest harbors on the coast, where vessels of any draught can enter), and intend to be able to supply coal within two months. There are about forty men employed at present, twenty-five whites, seven Chinese, and the remainder Indian. Should you wish infotmatiou regarding coal or coal mining in this Pro- vince at any future time, I shall always feel it an honor to do what I can in supplying it to the best of my ability, I liave the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient seri'ant, (Signed) Robert Dvnsuuib. « ♦ K BRITIiiH COLOMBIA. APPENDIX N. EXTRACT FROM LETTER ON GOLD MINING AT GEK31ANSEN CREEK. Germanskx CnKEK, Aiigiist IGtli, 187 L Kkture and yinld of gold diggings. I ManMD Biver Black Duck Gulch. * * * I did not think the country sufficiently prospectetl to justify me in writing definitely aliout th« mines before this. There are two and a hnlf miles of this stream thnt will pay from ^10 to $7.') iier day to the hand ; tlie diggings are shallow, and will lie speedily Avorkcd out. Of course there may be some few claims that will ))rove blanks, but they cannot be many, as prospects have been obtained in a majority. South-east fi-om tliis place there has been a stream called Mansen River discovered. So far the stream, with few exceptions, has proved a blank, but on both sides of the creek there are many benches and joints of bare i-ock and gravel, that i>ay well ; in some instances they pay as high as $75 per day to the man. I think if there was water to be had to wash the flats, the yield of gold from that section would be very heavy indeed. There are several small creeks antl gulches putting into Mansen Creek that prospect well, two of which pay i-emark- ably. Lost Creek, for five days' work, with five men, cleaned up 192 oz. of gold dust. The new company below them consider their ground equally as good. The companies above them have not got their claims ojiened, but think the pay will be found as good there as below. The next is Black Duck Gulch. The best pay is from .^40 to $I»0 per day to the man, four companies working. Tliere are some of the oldest and best miners in the mountains prospecting. One of them, who came in for a fresh supply of jirovisions, thinks they are going to develop some rich mines fifty miles north-west from here. I think there is a lively future for this section of British Columbia. I consider there are mines enough found at present to justify a population of 2,000 in risking the ccunti-y. The only drawback to tiie old route will be the road tolls. If they can be removed I have no doubt the Proposal pack travel and merchandise will come that way. Tlie trail cut by the packer can be made a splendid road for pack animals at a little exi)ense ; at least, all who have travelled over the route say so. From this town to Stewart's Lake the distance will not exceed 115 miles; from thence to Quesnel 175 miles. Good feed can bo had all the way. There is some talk. of gold .quartz being found. I cannot traco the report to reliable men. Next week almost every company, for a distance of two miles, will be washing. I cannot give you an idea as to how many men there are here. There are quite a number leaving, and of courae they will give the country a bad name, but I feel certaiji time will prove this to bo a great mining region. We need a weekly mail to the place. Cannot something be done to induce the new Government to send us a mail twice a month in winter, and as often as it is Bent to Cariboo in the summer 1 There are about twenty houses ei*ccted here, many of which compare favorably with the mercantile houses in Barker- ▼ill©. About three miles of this creek are abandoned by the miners, but many contend the pay will be found in the flats where it is not in the Btream. I believe the largest pieces found in Mansen River district weigh $80 and $100. Nothing so heavv has been found in this creek this season. • ••••• roM. NeccMity for a mail. cons APfENOllC. di APPENDIX O. prospecteil to riiere are two [ler clay to the it. Of coiirse ley cannot be east from this i\. So far the I sides of the •avcl, that \wy \u. I think if nn that section i anil gulches 1 pay i-emark- l up 192 oz. of round equally 1)8 oiiened, but is Black Duck "oui" companies ;he mountains of provisions, es north-west Ion of British it to justify a ,ck to ti>e old no doubt the the packet's [use ; at least, to Stewart's Quesnel 175 talk. of gold Next week ig. I cannot are quite a id name, but We need a ice the new >ften as it is luses ei"cct«d fS in Barker- miners, but not in the [btrict weigh is season. AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND THE LAWS RELATING TO GOLD MINING. [2nd April, 186?.] "YJ^HEREAS it is expedient to amend and assimilate the laws relating to PreambU. Gold Mining in this Colony : vv Be it enacted by the Governor of British Columbia, wiih the advice and consent ot the IjCgislative Council thereof, as follows : — 1 . From and after the passing of this Cfrdinajico " The Gold Mining Repeals for- " Ortlinance. 1865," and the pi-oclamations, ndes and regulations and oixH- mtr Act*, nances repealed thereby, are hereby repealoei-ty or claim, interest in any mine : and in the term " Mining Property " shall be included Mining every claim. diUdi, or water privih-ge used foi- mining junposes, and all other P'''l'*'*>' matters and things thereto Itelonging, or use 1 in th«* working thereof ; " Bar Diggings " shall mean every mine over which a river extends Bar diggings, vhen in its flooded state ; " Dry Diggings " shall mean any mine over which a river never extends ; Drj- (liggings. The mines on benches shall bo known as " Iknih Diggings," and shall Beuchdiggings for the purpose of ascertaining the size of claims therein be excepted out of the class of " Dry Diggings ;" " Streair.s and Ravines " shall inchuk- water com-ses, whether usually Streams and containing water or not, and all rivei-s, creeka and gulches ; Ravinw. " Hill Claims" shall include all claims located on the suiface of any hill ; Hill claims. " Ditch " shall include a flume or race, or other artificial means for Ditdi. conducting water by its own weiglit, in bo iisi'd for mining purix'.ses ; " Ditch Head" shall moan tho point in a natural watei-cour.w or lake Ditch h9.nd. wliei-c water is fii"st taken into a ditcii ; " Free Miner" shall mean a ]ir'r;,on named in, and I.i'a fully po?;£6.ssed of Ytet Mimr. »Aalid oxirji.in': Fito Miners (^Vvlilicatc, and ni^ oth>'V , \0~U (■ DRITISU COLUMBIA. Beconl, &c. Ordinance divided into twelve partK. And wunU in the Kingular nuniWr bIihII inuludu tlic plural, and the mnNcnline gender shnll include the feminine gender ; The words " Record,'' " Kegister," and " RegiHtrution," ob hereinafter UHetl, shall i)«! HynonynioiiK. 3. This OitlinMncf nIiuII hr divided into twelve )>artN : — The first i>art rehiting to the a]i|iointnK>nt of CJold Comniissioneiii and (lu'ir jiiriKdictioii ; 'i'he second imrl to free Miners find their jirivileges; The thii-d juut to the registriition of chiiuiH nnd Free Miners* genenil rightH ; T le fourth psirl to tin- nature and size of clHinih ; The fifth part to Ited-rock JkmK.s ; The sixth ])art to the dminuge of mincH ; The Kevcnth part to niining ixirtnerships and limited liability ; The eighth purl to adnnniHtiation ; llio ninth part to leases ; Tlie tenth part to ditchns ; Tlie eleventh ]>urt to' [Mining Uoai'db and their constitution ; The tM-elfth i«irt to tlie penal and saving clauses. Gold Com- miMioner to be appointed by the Gover- nor. Mininfc Court ineachDiHtrict Jurixdiotiuii of Gold Com- niiiwiouc-r. Same powem aKJudt;eofth« Supremo Court in en- foR-in(f decision. Prescrilx?il fomiH iiii- neceiii'ir\-. Jnriidictirn beyond dis- trict in ciitidn P.MIT I. ApjiotiUtnent of Gold CommlsnionerH niui (heir JnrMictiou. 4. The Ciovernor may from time to time appoint such ]M;rsonsa8 he .shall think jiroper t») be Chief Gold Commissioner and Gold Commissioners either for the whole Colony or for any particular Districts therein, and from time to time in like manner fix and vary the limits of, and subdivide such Districts, and nuik(! and revoke all such .')|)p<)intmeiits. ."). Within every such iJistiiet or Districts there shall be a CoOrt to In- called the " Alining t'ourt," in which the Gohl Commissioner of the District shall preslile as judge thereof. r». 8uch " Mining Court " siiall have original jurisdiction as a Court of T.:iw niul Equity t«> hear and determine all niining dis])uteH aiising within its Distiict, and shall be a C.)Hrt of Record with a sjiecific seal ; and in determining suits or actions brought therein, the Gold Commissioner may render such judgment, or make such order or ilecrce as he shall deem just, nnd for the pnrpos«-s thereof, and for enforcing the same ho shall have tnd exercise, save as heieinafter excepted, the same powers and authoritj', legnl and ey both parties to a cause in cases of licpiidateu danuiges, or if desii-ed by either jiarty to a cause in ease of unlirjuidatiMl damages, stimnion a jury of from three to live Fire Minei-s to assess tlu" amount of such dann\ges. | 7. No prescribed forms shall Ik- necessary, jiroAided that the substanet' of the matter conifilaincd of be projM'ily expn.-bsed in \\riting and embodied in a summons to bx issued from the Coint, and served on the opjtositc jMrty, oi as nn\y be directed, .and suth summons may, by leave of the Gold Comuiiv siouer, be amended, if i>;'iui.silc. by either party, upon such terras as ho may impoKC, nnd the sum of ten dollai-s shall bo charged for every summons so issued. 8. Wliere disputes aviso conccrniu;; mining property, portions whereof are situated in adjoin in/:; or diflereut districts, the Gold Oomniis.sioner.s of | either of such diffti'iuts beforo whom tliu dLs-}mtc is firslt Lroxight shall deter- mine it iPTT API'KNIMX. 91 {). Tlie Gold (JoniiuiNsioiier nmy, in chhos of (liHput«il houiuliirii'K t»i' Mining lur- nieasuremeiitx, employ a surveyor to ui:ul: nnd dorttiP tho Hanio, iiiid cnusetho ^«y"'. reiwonable expenso tUoreof to bo paid by ciihor or both of the parties in- terested therein. 10. Ho shall also hnvo the power to lay over any or all cl:iini.s within liayiDi? ov« hi« district, for Hvich poriod and undor such circiinistances as he may think claims, proper. 11. He shall have power to order any mining works to Ix? so cirrriodon Protection as to ensure the safety of the public, i.r protect the interests of claim holders *(?"•"•* or bed rock drains ; and any abandoned works may by his order I»o either worC. filled up or guarded t4> his satisfaction, at tlie cost of the parties who may kive coastnictod the same, or in their Hbs»nco then upon s\ich terms as he shall deem expedient. 12. It shall be lawful for him, upon iK'ing so refpiested, to mark oat Ploufor for business purposes or gardens, ou or near any mining grou!id, a plot of l™*^"" "'*'^ )(round of such size as he sliail deem ndvisable ; subject, however, to all the '" existing rights of Five Mim-rs then lawfully holding such mining ground, ami iheir a.ssignees. And any building erected, or imj)i*ovemnnts mode thereon for any such purposes, shall in every such case bo erwted and made at tlie risk of tho iKJraons eiwtin<^ and making the siime ; and they shall not lie entitled to any comi)ensatii)n for damnge don«' thereto by such Fi-ee Minei^t HO entitled in working their clainis boim fiilc. 13. It shall be lawful for him, upon being so requested, to ma.k o>it dtrnpenrotion for business purposes or gardens, on oi- near any mining ground not previously »ilottwt. jtre-empted, a )»lot of land of such size us he shall deem advisable, to be held subject to all the rights of Free Minei-s to enter upon and use such lands for mining purpo.ses, upon i-easonuble notice to «piit being given to the ocpujtier, such notice to lie subject to the approval of tlu* (Juld Con.missioner ; and, further, \v^\\ tho payment of due compensation for any crojis thereon, and for the buildings and imjirovements erected <>n such plots ; such compensation to be assessed by the Gold Connnissioner pie\ions to entry, with or without a jury of not less than three. A monthly ivnt of five dollars shall in every such case be payable by Rent fortam*, the gmntees of such plot, or their nssigiHjes. to the tirdd fiommissioner. 1-t. Any judge of tlie Supreme Court ot Civil Justice of British ForniR of Columbia may, with the advice and consent of the Gold Commissioner of any l"^*^"* IMirticular district, from time to time make. icjH^al, and alter any rides and ' ivgulations for the conduct of the business befoio such Gold (commissioner, iind for the costs incident thereto. lii. Where any mining catise, Avlier»iu the sum of dti mages sought to CauMs umkr be recoveivd shall be less than two huudied and lifty dollars, is bi-ouglit in '^-•*"- the first instance before the Supremo Court of Civil Justice of I'ritish Columbia, it shall be lawful for the court, aftwr issue joined, to direct the cause to be tried before any particular llold Cdnimissioner, upon such terms its the court shall think fit. IG. All juroi's and witnesses summoned inuler aud In* virtue of tli« .Tiiront' »n(l powers containeil in this Ordinance, shall lie entitlerl for their attendan«e to witnewies' few. I. ceive such comjiensation as the court may direct, 17. When in civil cases, the subject inuttor in any ujining disjiute is Ap]>eal in oivil ia value more than two hundred ami fifty dolhu-s. an a|>peal shall, ^^^ "*"''" Siive as hereinafter oxcopte;!, lie from thu decision, ruling, judgment, oiih'r, or '" ilecree of the Gold Commissioner, to the Supreme t.'ourt of Civil Justice of Ih-itish Columbia ; provided, however, that the decision of the (iold Commis- sioner, orof a jury summoned under the provisions of this ordinance, upon all matters of fivct, shall be final and conclusive, nnd no appeal shall lie thei-efrom. Xo appeal shall Ije allowed in any cau'^p. unless notice tJieivof lie given .:f: 1 • . > i . ■i ; i.^r« ci>l, and tlio amount (if any) {inyahle umler I ho judgment Ati'l tlif said Couft of Api'twl may nrnke such ordor an it nhali think fit Huch apj>eal may l»e in the t'orni erty and liabilities contracted iu connexion the»e- with, !»'« tr.itoil lis adults. li). K\ cry (told Commisriour-r, ujion paym(>iit of the sums heix'inafter niontioncil, shall deliver to any pei.soH applyiajr for the same, a certificate, to be called a Free ^Miner's CVrtificate, ivliitl; may bo in tho following form :- BRTTISir C'OI.ITMBIA. Frea Miner's Crrlljlrnte, not Trunmferable. Date,— Valid for This i.s to certify that A. 1 5., of ■ No.— veaiM. - liius i>aid me this day the sum of and is entitled to till the rights and i>!ivilegos of a Ki-eo Miner, for year from the date thei-eof. (Sigufd) G. IJ. Vhlof (lit'u^ (.'oiintiinsloiii'r, or (luld donimiinionfr (f* Ihe o'Jir' moi/ lie.) Certificate for oue or three vears. 20. Such Fi-ee Miner's Certificate shall, at the renuest of th« applicant, Ije granted and continue in foire for a period of one year, or three years, from the date thereof, upon payment l)y sitch applicant, to tho use of Her Majesty, of the sum of live <(ollars for one year, and lifteen dollars for three yeai-s. Such certificate shall not l)e transferable, and only one ])ei-sou shall be Three daya' named thcreir,. .'Vnd every holder of a certiilcato shall have three clear days cerUficat*"*^ "^**^' *''" expiration thereof, and no lonj.;er, to renew the same. liOitcertifi- 21. If any Fivp Miner'.s Certiticate .sliall bo accMentally destroyed or •"*'*• lost, tlie same may, upon ovi'leiice thereof aud upon payment liy tho appli- cant of two dollars and fifty eent.s, be replaced by a true copy thereof, signed by the Gold Commissioner of the di.strict wherein the orijjinal certificate was issued. Every such new Certificate .shall be nmrked "Substituteil Certificate-." And unless some material irregiilaiity bo siiewn i» resfwct thereof every origin d or substituted Five iliuer'a Certificato shall be evidence of all the mattcif? tlierein contained. Rifhttotiut.r 22. Every Free Miner shall during the continuance of his certificate, and mine. ^^^^ ^^^ longer, htive the right to enter and miiio upon any of the Wiv.sto lands of tho Crown, not foi- tlie time being oi-ciipied by any other person. 23. in the event of such entry being mailo upon lands alreaily lawfully occupied for other than mining i)urpoHe3, previous to entry full compensation shall be made to tho occupant t)r owner for any loss or damages he may sus- tain by reason of any such entry ; such conii)cn.sation to be determined by the nearest stipendiary magistrate or (.iold C'ommi.ssionor, with or without a jury of not less than five. mSi- iii*^"-* "■*' ^° l>erson shall bo weognized as having any right or interest in or ^^ .';.ites. to any mining claim or ditch, or any^ of the gold therein, unless Ue shall be, Com^iMtion to pnor occu- panta. AfrKNUIN'. or ilk case ofiliHixitfil uwnoi-Bliip, uuleHd liu blmll Liive Liceit at tliu time of tlie dUpiite urisintr, si l''ivp jMiiicr. 'oiumitnloner Re-rfgistr»- tiuu. crest m or Part JIT. lieijittrcition. of CUiiina ami Free Mlnera (ienr.t'ul liiyhls, i^. Every Free -Jiner locating a claim must record tlio same at the RegiHtration office of tlio Gold Conuuiasioiicr of the di-strict witliiu .vhich the suuie is "' *^'*«««- situated, within three days after the lucation thereof, if located within ten miles of the tavX office. One additional day shall bu allowed for such rocotd for every additional t<'n miles, or fraction tlioivof. Such record shall I'C nmdo in a hook to lut kept for tliu )>urpose, in which sliall he inserted tlie name o.'" the claim, the name of each locator, the numlxr of his certifi- cate, tiie locality of the mine, the date of his ri-cordiny the same, and such other mattor.s and things as may he deemed retjuisite hy the Gold ('on\:iii.s- sioner. 2G. All chiims must he roivccmlcd annvvilly, hut any Froe il.j,'?r shall, upon applieatioji, be cntithni to record his claim for a period of two or more years, upon payment of the sum of two dollars and fifty cent." fur ench and every year included in such record; and such record sir' witlioat i-enewal, and for and during Ih'.' time therein mentioned, but for no furHser I>eriod, Lave the same *"-rco and effect as if iho same had l>een recoi'df^l nunually. 'J7. It sliall Imj lawful for the Cold C'ommi.ssiom'r to (h-mant' froin any Mimu", applu.iji to record a claim, the production of Iiis certilicati , and upon his neglect or refusal to produce the same, to refuse to record such claim or jutercst therein. 28. In case of any dispute, the ticle to claims will be recognized according to the priority of registration, sultject to any cjuestion which may lie iiiiseil as to the validity of the record itself, and, subject further to the terms, conditions and privileges contained i'l Clause 2.">. 2'.*. No transfer of any cl.nim, or of any interest tlierein, shall \te enforceable, uidess the same or some memorandum thereof shall be in writing, signed liy the transferrer, or by his lawfully authoriacd agent, and registeix'd with the Gold Commissioner. 30. For every i-ecord made, and leave of absence granted, or any other matt<.'r or thing v/hatover relating to mining, for which a 8i)ecial fee sliall nob have been provided, the Gold Cummissioncr shall charge a registra- tion fee of two dollars and lift y cents as Iicrein defined. 31. The books of record .sliall, during reasonable houi-s, be o]>en to jaiblic ins|)ection, and tlie sum of one dolh\r, and no more, shall be charged for every ss'arch maile therein. j2. Every copy of, or extract from, any record or register kept under this ordinance, and certified to be a true i-opy or extract, under the hand of the Gold Connnission.r or other person entrristed to take and keep such record or register, shall, in the absence of the original register, bc> receivable i'l any judicial proceeding us e\ idenee of the iiiattem ami things therpin contained ; and the sum of one dollar and twenty-fivo ceuta shall be charged for each copy of a reconl so certi ied. 33. Every Fiee Miner shall bo allowed to hold, at the same time, any nuDiber of claims acquired by purchase, but only two claims by pi'^-.'aption in tiie same locality, save as heieafter j>rovidcd, viz. .■ — one tjuartz claim, and one other claim ; subject, howe\er, to the laws iw to record, occupation, and otherwi.sc, for the time being in force. And every Free Miner may sell mortgage, or dispose of the snme. He sliall also be entitled, in addition to Production of certiftcAte prior to regis- tration. Priority of ri).')itii rccoif- nizeil occonl- ing to |>riefinitioa of a miners' right in a claim. Right of entry to adjauent claim - holder.;. One reconl covers not only the claim but n fair Hharv of the water necessary to work it. Claims record- ed in close season when laid over. Claims when deemed aban- donee!. Full-sized claims must 1>o worked. In prospecting leave granted to work with less than full comnlemeut. Forfeiture ahiiolute. Undivided interest in a company when not re|)resent- «<<, ('omitany musteitlier— Admit claim- ant as li niuuibcr ; Or stake off claim for him. Company to pay ci»4ts ex- cept othfrM'ise ordfrcil. above, to hold a pi-e-emptioii claim on each (but not on (!ic Rame) hill, creek, ravine, or bench. 34. The intf rast which a Free Miner has in a claim shall be deemed and taken to be a chattel interest equivalent to a lease, for such period as the same may have been recorded. reuewal>lo at the end thereof, and subject to the conditions as to forfeitura, working, i-epresentatiou, registration, and otlierwise, for the time being in force with respect to such claim. 35. Every Free Miner shall, during the continuance of his certificate, have the exclusive right of entry «iwn his own claim, for the minerlike working thereof, and the construction of a residence thereon, and shall be entitled exclusively to all tlio proceeds realized therefrom ; provided that his claim be duly i-egistei-ed, and faithfully and not colorably worked, but he shall have no surfuee rights therein. Provideil also that the Gold Commissioner may, upon application made to him, allow adjacent claim-lioKUn's such right of entry thereon as may be absolutely necos.Hary for the working of their claims, and upon such terras as iiuiy to him seem it-iv-sonable. 30. In iuldition to the above rights, cv«ry registei-od Free Miner shall be entitled tefore, or at any time after the claims therein shall have been laid over to the ensuing season or otlier speciKc date, shall be deemed to be so laid over, unless so much woi-k shall have been ^o»rt^il mining ^interest iu a Company shall Iw claimed by any Free jNIiuer, by reason of any defect in the title or I'c'presen- tation thereof, which defect slinl! be fii-st estaldished to the satisfaction of the Gold Commissioner, the Coniptuiy shall bo ))ound — Eitlier to admit the cliiimant as a member of the Company to the extent of such defective interest, Or, to stake ott", to the sepai-atc use of the claimant, any jwrtion of ground in the joint groun0' d>b'g»ngi. 45. " Creek claims " shall be 100 feet long, uieasiiretl in the direction Creek claims, of the general course uf the stream, and extending in width from base to base of the hill on each side. Where the bed of the stream or yalley is moi-e than 300 feet in width, each claim shall be only 50 feet in length, extending GOO feet in widtli. Whei-c the valley is not 100 feet wide, the claims shall be 100 feet square. 46. " Bench claims " shall bo 100 feet square. Bench dig- 47. The Gold Commissioner shall have authority, in cases whei-e benches sinK*- are uarraw, to mark the claims in such manner as he shall think tit, so as to include an adequate claim. 48. Every claim situated on the face of any hill, and fronting on any Hill elainiB. natural stream or ravine, shall have a bass line or frontage of 100 feet, dmwn parallel to the main direction thereof. Pundlel lines drawn fi-om each end of the base line at right angles thereto, and running to the summit of the hill, shall constitute the side lines thereof. Posts of the legal size shall be planted, 100 feet apart, on both the base line and the side lines. The whole ui-ea included within such boundary lines shall form a " Hill Chiim." 49. In tunnelling under hills, on the frontage of which angles occur, or Tunnelling which maybe of an oldong or elliptical form, no party shall he allowetl " " '" • to tunnel from any of the sjiid angles, nor from either end of such hills, so as to interfere with |)arties tunnelling from the main frontage. 50. The Gold Coumiissioner shall have power to refuse to record any ^f "W conmiin- hill or tunnel claim on any creek, which claim, or any part thereof, shall {'^e''to"m-f)ni include or come within 100 feet of any gulch or tribut^iry of .such creek. certain tunnel 51. Tunnels and shafts sliall bo cor.sidered as appurtenant to the claim •{"•"^l?' to which they are annexed, and l»o alwudoned or forfeited by the abandon- daim inve chiimunt shall leave JlcKulation fur three feet unworked. t- form a Iwundary wall betAveon his claim and that of ^vrkitig. the last previous claimant, and shall stake off his claim accordingly, not com- mencing at the boundary )H;g of the last previous claim, but throo feet further ou. If any pori^ou shall take out his claim contrary to this riUe, the Gold Commissioner shall have the power to remove the first bouudoiy peg of such wrong-doer three feet further on, notwithstanding that oth';r claims may then be staked out beyond him, so that such wrong-door shall then have but 147 feet. Aiul, if such wrong-dorr shall have commenced work immediately at the l>oundary iH>g of the Inst previous claim, the Gold Commissioner may remove his hbundal^' <>eg six fed furthlir on thiiH thb opDn W(n*k of sytoh WfOdgKloer, ( ^ I ■ ill ! Pi I Diicoveier'd cUim. Claima how marked. Measurement Deposit of learingB. BRITISH COLUMBIA. and all such open work, und also the next three feet of such space of six feet, shall belong to and fonii pai't of the last previous claim, and the i-esiduc of such space of six feet "shall be left as a boundary wall Every such boun- dary shall be deemed the joint proiJerty of the owners of the two claims between which it standd, and may not be worked or injured, save by the consent of both owners. 55. If any Free Miner, or party of Free Minera, shall discover a new mine, and such discovery shall be established to the satisfaction of the Gold Comrausioner, the first discoverer, or party of discoverers, if not more than two in number, sliall he entitled to a claim double the established size of claims in the nearest mines of the same description (i.e., dry, bar, or quartz diggings). If such party consist of three men, they shall collectively be entitled to five claims of the estjiblished size on such neai-est mine ; and if of four or more men, such party shall be entitled to a claim and a half per man, in addition to any other claims legally held by preemption or otherwise. •A new stratum of auriferous earth or rock, situated in a locality where the claims are abandoned, shall, for this purpose, be deemed a new mine, although the same locality shall have been previously worked at a difiei'ent level. And dry diggings .discovered in the vicinity of bar diggings, shall be deemed a new mine, and vice versa. A discoverer's claim shall, for all pur- poses, be reckoned as one ordinary claim. 56. All claims shall be >us nearly as possible in rectangular forais, and marked by four pegs, at least four inches square, standing not less than four feet above the surface, and firmly fixed in the ground. No boundary peg shall b« concealed, moved, or injured without the previous permission of the Gold Commissioner. Any tree may be xis^d as a stake, provided that it be cut down to at least the legal height, and the stump squared as above. 57. In defining the size of claims, the same shall bo me:i.sured horizon- tally, irrespective of inequalities on the surface of the ground. 58. The Gold Commissioner maj', M'horo deemed advisable, mark out a space in the vicinity for deposits of leavings and deads from any tunnel, claim, or mining ground whatsoever, upon such terms and conditions as he may impose. Part V. i: years. Three or more coiiBtitute a company. ' ' Bfd-rocJc Fbnnes. Grant for not 69. It shall be lawful for the Golil f'omniissioner, upon the application HI"" " *'^'' hereinafter mentioned, to grant to any Bed-rock Flume Company, for any term not exceeding five years, '.'Xclusive rights of way through and entry upon any mining ground in his district, for the purpose of constructing, lay- ing, and maintaining bed-rcck flumes. 60. Three or more Free Minera may constitute themselves into a Bed- rock Flume Company, and every application by them for such grant shall be in writing, and shall state the names of tlie applicants, and the nature and extent of the privileges Koviglit to lie acqiiircd. Ten clenr days' notice thereof shall be given between the months of June and November ; and between tlie winter montlLs of November and Jinie, one month's notice shall be given, by alVixing the same to some conspicuous jiart of the groimd, and u copy thereof upon the walls of tlie Gold Commissioner's office of the district. Prior to such application, the groun Except other- wise exprewed in thin Ord- inance. Applications must be in du- X)lioate. Ground must be marked out and notices posted up. Depo8ito{|12ii 102 BRITira COLUMBIA. 101. Save wliero the contrary hi expressed in this Ordinance, the following clausas shall apiily ; — Applicationa for leases, accompanied by a plan of the proposed undcrhiking, are U) he sent in duplicate to the Gold Com- missioner of the district wherein the gi'ound desired to be taken is situated, who shall immediately forward it, with his report, to the Governor for his sanction, excepting in cases where the lease does not exceed five years ; but the ground shall bo sacurcd to the ap|>lic:int until the Governor's decision has been received. Prior to such application, the ground applied for shall be marked out by posts of the legal size, and written notice of application, signed by the applicant, shall bo fixed to any post nearest to mining claims then being worked. A copy of such notice shall also be jjut up at the Gold Commis- sioner's oflice. 102. Every api>lication for a lease shall be accompanied by a deposit of of one hundi-ed and twenty-five dollai-s, which shall be refunded if the application be refused ; and if it be entertained, such sum of one hundred and twenty-five dollars shall be retained and paid into the treasury of the Colony, for tiio use of Her Majesty, whether the application be afterwards abandoned or not. 103. Leases will not in general be granted for a longer tern an ten years, or for a qviautity of ground greater than that herein pi'es' ad, that is to say : — In Dry Diggings, ten acres. In Bar Diggings, un worked, half a mile in length along the high watermark. In Bar diggings worked and abandoned, one mile and-a-half in length along the high Avater mark. In Quartz Reefs, unworked, half a mile in length. In Quartz Reefs, worked and abandoneil, one mile and a half in length. Witli liberty in the two last cases to follow the spurs, dip?, and angles on and wi. lin the surface for two hundred feet on each side of the main lead or seam. 104. Leases as above will not in general be granted of any land, alluvium or quartz, which shall be considered to be immediately arailable for being worked by Free Miners as holders of individual claims. Nor will such a lease be granted in any case where individual Free Minera are in previous actual occupation of any part of the [tremises unless by their consent. 105. Every such lease shall, without expressing the same, be understood to contain a reservation of all rights of the Crown, and all reasonable pro- visions for securing to the public, rights of way and water, save in so far as shall be necessary for the minerlike working of tlie [)remises thereby demised. The premises demised shall be granted for mining purposes only, and it .shall not be competent to the lessee to assign or sub-let the same or any part thereof, without the previous licence in writing of the Gold Com- by missioner. I'iVery such lease shall contain a covenant by the lessee to mine the said premises in a minerliko way, and also, if it shall be thought fit, to ])erform tlie works therein defined within a time therein limited. And it shall also contain a clause by virtue whereof the said lease may bo avoided, pro- vided that the lessee shall refuse or neglect to observe and perform all or any of th« covenants thercii. contained. « Paut X. Ditches. Gold Com- lOG. It shall be lawful for the Gold Comnussioner, upon the application nrantditchpr^ hereinafter mentioned, to grant to any person for any term not exceeding five vileges for ten years, the right to tlivert and use the water from any creekf stream, or lake, years. ^^ any particular part thereof, and the rights of way through and entry upon TiCaseB for ten years. Dry Diggings. Bar Diggings, Quartz Reefa unworked. Quartz Reefs abandoned. Reservation of rights of the Crown under- stood, also pub- lic ways, &.C. Grant to mine only. Covenants lessee. an) flu4 son Goll F« not I /,. APPENDIX. 1*3 linance, the iecl by a plan Gold Com- is »ituatecl, •nor for his years ; but decision has for sliall Ite itioti, signed s then being >ld Commis- a deposit of fided if the liimdred and ' the Colony, s abandoned an ten 3d, that I watermark, nlf in length f in length. and angles e main lead any land, irailable for or will such in previous sent. understood onalile pro- in so far as 3es thereby )oses only, le sume or Gold Com- soo to mine ght fit, to nd it shall oided, pro- form all or application eeding five or lake, sntry upon any mining gi-ound in his district, lor the purpose of constructing ditches and flumes to convey such water. 107. Ten days' notice thereof shall be given, by affixing the same to some conspicuous part of the ground, and a copy tliereof upon the walls of the Gold Commissioner's office of the District, and it shall bo comi>otcnt to any Free Miner to protest before the Gold Commissioner within such ten days, but not afterwards, against such application being wholly or partially granted. 108. Every application for a grant of water e.xeeeding 300 inches shall be accompanied l)y a deposit of one hundred and twenty-five dollars which shall l)e lefunded in case the application shall bo refused i)y tbe Government ; and if the application be entertained, then such sum of one himdred and twenty -five dollara shall be retaiuud anil i)aid into the Colonial Treasury, for the use of Her Majesty, whether the application be afterwards abandoned or not. 109. Every application for such rights shall bo in writing, and shall state the names of the applicants, the name of die stream or lake to be divei'ted, the point of diversion, or ditch head, the quantity of water to be taken, the locality for its distribution, and the price (if any) to be cliaiged to Free Miners or oth jrs for the use of sucli water, and the time necessary for the completion of the ditch. 110. The Gold Commissioner, upon protest being entered, vi for rea- sonable cause, shall have ])ower to refuse or modify su:h applicaticn or grant. 111. Every grant of a ditch or water privilege in occupied creeks, shall be subject to the right of sucli registered Free Miners as shall at the time of such grant be working on the stream above or below the ditch head, and of any other person or persons wliatsoevor who are then in any way lawfully using such water, for any purpose whatsoevei-. 112. If, after the grant aforesaid has been made, any Free Minor locate and bo)ui fid» work any mining claim below the ditch head, on any sti-eam so diverted, he shall, upon paying to the owner of the ditch, and all other persons, compensation equal to tlie amount of damago sustained, be entitled to such quantity of water to work his claim, as he may require. And in com- puting such damages, the expense of the construction of tlie ditch, the loss or damage sustained by any claim or clainiH tlien using and doi)ending upon the water conveyed in the faid ditch, and all other losses reasonably sustained shall be considei'ed. 113. No person shall bo entitled to any grant of the water of any stream nmied for the purpose of selling the watcsr to pi-esent or future claim-holders on any part of such stream. 'The Gold Commissioner may, however, in his discretion grant such [irivileges as ho may deem just, wiien such ditch is intended to work Viench or hill claims fronting on any such stream, provided that the rights of Free Miners then using the water so applied for be in all such cases protected. 114. "The Gold Gi)nnnissioner shall have power, whenever he may deem it advisable, to order the enlargemuiit or alteration of any ditch or ditches, and to fix what (if any) compensation shall be paid by the parties to be benefited by such alteration or oulargemont. 115. Every owner of a ditch or wattT privilege sliall be bound to take all reasonable means for utilizing the water granted and taken by him. And if any sudi owner shall wilfully take and waste any unreasonable quantity of water he shall bo cliarged with the full i-cut as if he had sold tlie same at a full price. And it shall be lawful for the Gold Commissioner, if such offence is persisted in, to declare all rights to the water forfeited. 116. It shall be lawful for the owner of any ditch or water privilege to distribute for use tlie water conveyed by hitn to suoh persons, and on such terms as ho may deem advisable, within the limits mentioned in their ajipli- cation : Provided always that the owners of any ditch or water privil Notice to b« given. Dei>oiiitof$125 to be paid. Application to !}« in writin;;. Gold Com- inisiiioner may refute or motl- ify giant. Grants to be subject to Free Miners' rii^htti. DamaguHwhen to be paid. Granta not to be made in cer- tain cases. Gold_ Com- missioner m.ay regulate size 4e., of ditches. Waste of water not per- mitted. Water how to be distributed by grantee. • 104 W 11: Ilent uf |3 por »nnum on fifty inches of Wkter. General r«Kulatioiii. BuIm for nieMimni; water. Notice of emtering regis- tered claim to be giren. Itnles for diverting or crosHing ditcliea. Gold Goinmii' siouer to settle compeBsatiuu therefor, and to give certificate of authority. to bu recorded, and to be ■ufiicient in law courts. ORITISH COLUMBIA. shall bo bound to supi)ly water to all applicants being Free Minera, in a fair propoi'tion, and shall not diMnand more from one jieraon than another, except where the dilficulty of supply is enhanced. 117. Unless otherwise specially arranged, an annual rent of five dollars shall be paid for every fifty inches of water used for mining purposes, when not sold, and when sohl, the rent to be paid for any water privilege shall bo in ouch month one average day's receipts from the sale thereof, to be ef>timated by the Gold Commissioner, with the assistance, if he shall so think fit, of a j ury. 118. Any jierson desiring to bridge acioss any sti-eam, or claim, or other place, for any purpose, or to mine under or through any ditch or flume, or to carry water through or over any land already occuf>ied by any other person, may, in projier cases, do so with the sanction of the Gold Commissioner. In all such ciuses the right of the jtarty first in possession, whether of the mine or of the water privilege, is to jjrevail, so as to entitle him to compensa- tion and indemnity, if the same be just. 119. In measuring water in any ditch or sluice, the following rules shall be observed : — The water taken into a ditch shall be measured at the ditch head, with a pressure of seven inches. No water shall be taken into a ditch except in a trougli placed horizontally at the place at which the water entera it. Tlie aperture through which the \v.;ter passes shall not be more than ten inches high. The same mode of mo.isuremeut shall be applied toascertiiin the quan- tity of water running out of any ditch into any other ditch or flume. 120. Whenever it .sliall !>■ intended in founing or upholding any ditch, to enter upon and occupy any i)art of a registered claim, or to dig or loosen any earth or rock, within four feet of any ditch not belonging solely to the registered owner of such claim, three days notice in wri*^^ing of such intention shall be given before entering or approaching within four feet of such other property. 121. Any person heretofore or hereafter engaged in the construction of any road or work may, with the sanction of the Gold Commissioner, ci-oss, '"l«g|»od by mine, all damages which may he occasioned by or through any parts of the works of such ditch, water privilege, or right, giving way as aforesaid, and tho same may be recovered before a magistiute in a summary manner. 131. Tho publication of any written notice to tlie party intended to be Notic* to be affected thereby, in two consecutive numbei-s of the (Jovcrnment Gazette, or ^'*'®" '" any newspajier circulating in the Colony, or by affixing the same for ten days Gitants of the district, ""^ •I'cHoM, who are Free Minor.s at the time of tin; ekclion. 10- H 106 ■ . . '■'•' '' ' ■.'il i % Ifember'H qUftUfickUoB. Voter's qu»li- ActXim. k Gold Commii sioner tu h* r« turning offlucr i' V Vacancy of membershiii. I \ '^. n AbBcnce fiom Meeting. Vacancies in the liuanl. Power to make by-lawR, &e., which must be ftpiirovetl by the Governor. Majoritie!'. Mining Board Meeting!. Vote* Oral. Mtxle of coH' ducting tho procfeoiing.:. Power tf) the Oovemor to difiolve any Mlalng Board BRITISH COLUMBIA. 135. No Free Miner or other (tcrHoii slmll be eligible m a candidate, unless he uhall have lieon a registered owner of a mining interest in the district, for at least three months |*revious to the election. 136. Kiich vot<*r shall have nine votes, but shall not be allowed to give more than oiio vote to oach caiidiilat*'. 137. The vot«« of tiio i'hftoi-s shall l>o given in i^erson by the voter, and tlio Oold C'onuniHsioncr of th« district shall act as the retnming officer, and shall decide all questions as to <|iialiticatioii and disqualitication of the members el'jct. The first election shall take place on such ilay as the Oold Commissioner may apiraint. 136. If any member shall cease to be a registered Fi*ee Miner in the district, or shall be coiivictetl of any misdemeanor, or felony, or of any wilful and malicious contmvention of this Ordinance, or of any by-law in force in the district, ho shall ip$o facto vacate his seat in each case, and not be re- eligible, save that a member vacntini; his seat, only by reason of censing to bo a registered Free Miner, shall be again eligible at any tinie upon his Ixjcoming a registered Fi-ee Miner. i39. Whenever any mcmlier shall akscnt himself frem three or more consecutive meetings of the l>oard, whether regular or adjourned meetings, ho .shall, upon a resohition passed by the Board to thiit efloct, bo coniiidered to have vacated his seat therein. 110. The Gold Coumiissioner shall till by ajtpointment ail vacancies which may arise in the said Board, when the same may occur, and such appointees siiall hold office until the ne.xt general election. 141. The Mining Board shall, subject to the previous provisions hereof, have power by resolution to make by-laws, which shall Ije submittefl for the approval of the Gold Commissioner, (any by-laws so aj)proved by the Gold Commissioner, sliall be immediately posted in the (rold Commissioner's Office), a;id also from time to time to suggest any altemtion or repeal of existing laws for regubiting the size of claims and sluices, the mode in which claims may be worked, held, and forfeited, and all other matters relating to mining in the district ; and any l)v-laws so made shall bo binding in such district, until the same shall have been disapprosed by the Governor. 142. Any n'solution of such Mining Board may bo ])asse«l by a bare majoritv of the inembers of su^h Board. The (Jold Commissioner shall, within sevt'u days aft<'r the reooipt of the copy of any such resolution, signed by the tJhairman of the Board, concerning any by-law or general regulation which he shall on any gi-ounds deem exi)edient to lay before the Governor, make and send a fair copy thereof signed by such Gold ^Commissioner, with his opinion thereon. 1 43. The Mining Boaid shall meet at such times as a majority of the said Boai-d shall decide, and one-half of the membei's of the said Boanl shall constitute a quorum. Provided, nevertheless, that it shall be lawful for the Gold Oommissioner, and so often as in his opinion occasion shall require, to call together such Mining Board. 144. Tlio votes on all resolutions of the Mining Boai-d shall be given by the monibors iHsrsonally, and by word of mouth. 145. Ail y the voter, iiing officer, ation of the an the Gold ^Ilner in the f any wilful in force in [1 not be re- cunsing to be his becoming ree or more ed meetings, conflideml lii vacancies ir, and such iRions hereof, litterl for the by the Gold muiissioner'H or repeal of dc in which relating to ing in such nioi-. by a bfire ioner shall, lesolution, or general lay before such Gold |ority of the Boanl shall t^ful for the require, to |l be given I conducting meeting jf the said I'isc, or by I tho Public ly district be therein Part XII. Ptiuit Clauses atul Clatues of Iiulcnmilt/. 147. Any person wilfully or unlawfully acting in contravention of this Ordinance, or of any by-law, rule, or i-cgulation, to be established by virtue of this Ordinance, or refusing to olwy any lawful order ry such costs as shall be by such last mentionecl court awarded. And the co.i- victing Gold Commissioner may bind over any witness or informai.c under sufficient recognizances to attend and give evidence at the hciiiing of sucli npi)eal. 151. On any such api)eal, no objections shall be allowed to the con- viction on any mat v of form or insufticiency of statement, provided it shall ai>pear to the said .Supreme Court, that tlie defendant has lieen sutliciontly iiiforuicd of the charge made against him, and that the conviction Wiis proper on the merits of tho case. 132. Any ikji-sou who shall wilfully damage, destroy, or alter any Free Miners' Certificate, or who shall falsely pretend that he is tho per.son named therein, or who shall wilfully destroy or falsify any of the records and registers hei-oby directed to be kept, shall be guilty of felony, and being duly convicted tliei-eof, shall be liable, at the discretion of tho Supreme Court of Civil Justice, to penal servitude for not more than ten yeai-s. 153. Any pei-son who shall steal, or sever with intent to steal, any gold or gold dust from any claim, or from any ground comprised in any lease granted under this Ordinance, shall be guilty of felony, and being convicted thereof, shiUl be liable to be punished in the same manner as in case of larceny. 154. Any person who shall with intent to defmud his co-partner (or in cases of agency, hi? principal) in any claim, secrete, keep back, or conceal any gold found in jach claim, shall l>e guilty of felony, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished in tho same manner as if hs lial feloniously stolen the same. 155. Nothing heroin contained shall, save where such intention is expressly stated, be so construed as to aftect prejudicially any mining rights and interests acquired prior to the passing of this Oi-dinance ; and all rights and privileges heretofore and hereunder accpiiied shall, without the same being expressly stateil, be deemed to be taken and held subject to the rights of llei- Majesty, Hsr Heirs and Siiccessoi's, and to the public rights of way and water of this Colony. 15G. This Ordinance may ba cited for all purposes as " Tiie Gold Mining Oi-dinance, 1867." Riinim*ry power in caiM oMisnhedienc* PenAltiM how recovereJ. All fiiietf and feeH t<> he paid into the Treasury. Appeal to the HupremeCourt in Criminal and Siiinniar/ Xo merely funual objec* tion allowrH. Certain olTenceii. Felony. Stualin^' gold (lust from claim felony. Defraudinj{ co-partner ur felony. >Savei existing mining rights. Short Title, 108 i.iiiTisH rcM'MnrA. APPENDIX P. r Freunble. After Queen's AN ORDINANCE TO FACILITATE THE WORKING OF MINERAL LANDS. [lOlh March, 1869.] "VXTHEREAS it is expedient to clevelopo the resources of the colony by '" affording facilities for the effectual working of silver, l«ad, tin, copper, coal, and otlicr minerals, other than gold : Bo it t^nactf'd by the Governor of British Columbia, with the advice and consent oC the Legislative Council tliercof, as follows : — 1. Vvum and after the proclamation in tins Colony of Her Majesty's laud office. AMcnt to Act, jus.sent to this Ordinauce, every person, or association, or company of persons iiind«'o^n for whomsosvc-r, shall be free to enter and explore for silver and all the baser iniuing. metals and minerals, including coal, in and under the mineral lands herein- after denned, subjoct nevertheless totlio provisions and conditions of this Ordi- nance, and any other regulations atl'e^ting the acquisition and tenure thereof, which may froni time to time hereafter lie prescribed by law. Prospecting 2. Every person, association of p:'rsonK, or comnauy desirous of acquir- lictfha* for two ing a mine or mining claim under this Ordinance, shall, before entering into years. possession of the partioihu' part of the said mineral lands he or they may wish to jicquire and work for minerals, make aj)plication in writing to the Assistant (.'omniisbiouer of liunds and Works for the district within which the land recpiired is situate, for a prospecting license over such land, for any ter.u not exceeding two ycai-s from the date of such application. An r nt to ^' ^^'*'^"y ^"^"'^ applicant shall give to such Assistant Commissioner the ttenC place and host practicable written description of tlie plot of land over which the privilege deHcriiJtion to ig sought, after ]la^ ing located the same, together with a ])roper plan or diagram thereof shewing the position of the boundary posts to be sot u]) by the appli- cant in and upon the laiid, and by stating in the description any other land marks of a noticeable character ; and such apjjlication and plans shall be in duplicate, one of which shall bo filed of record in the office of the said Assistant Commisisioner at tlio time of its being i-eceived by him, and the other transmitted forthwith by the said Assistant Connnissioner to the Chief Com- missioner of Lands and Works, and retained by him tor general reference. 4. Every piece of land sought to be acquired iindcr the provisions of this Ordinance shall, save as hereinafter mentioned, bo of a rectangular shajie, and tl'.e shortest Ii;..c ^hereof sliall be at least tsvo-thirds the length of the longest line. 5. Where the land sought to be acipiired is in whole or in part bounded by mountains, rocks, hil-es, swamps, or the margin of a river, or by other natural boundaries, then such natural boundaries may be adorted as the boundaries of the laud sought to bo acquired, and in such case it shall be sufficient for tha claimant to show to the satisfaction of tho Assistant Com- missioner of the district that tho said form conforms as nearly as circumstances permit tu the provisions of this Ordinance. G. If the land sought to be acquired bo bounded by land already held under this Ordinance, the line of such land may be adopted by the person so seeking to acquire, notwitlistunding any irregularity in such lino, which may have been occasioned by the adoption of a natural boundaiy by the claimant 9f the adjacent land. Sh-ipe of land. Natural boun- daries may be ' adopted in certain cases. Lines of adja- cent claims may be adopted. APPEXniV. 109 3 advice and 7. Where a piece of land is piu-ljally or entirely encluHcd between two Enclosed or more claims, tlie claimant maj acquire sucli enclosed piece, notwithstand- JJS^'ted!' m>t- ing any irregularity of form or disproportion in length of any of the sides. withsUnding 8. N() applicant shall be entitled to receive a iirospecting license until *"Y '"^^" he shall have pi-ovcd to the satisfaction of the said Assistant Commissioner, AppUcntion that before making such application ha has caused a written or printed noticafor progyxje- of his intention to apply for such a Ucense to be posted on some conspicuous *•"'? license, part of the land applied for by Iiim, and of any adjacent (if any) sett «r mining claim, and on *be Ct»uri House of the district (if any) for fourteen clear days, or if the ground applied for, or any part thereof, has been pre- viously recorded, then for one calendar month previous to his application, and that no valid opposition to liis claim has been substantiated before the said Assistant Commissioner, as hereinafter mentioned. 9. S>ich Assistant Commissioner is hereby empowered and required, Wn proof of upon receiving satisfactory proof of the said applicant having complied with p^Mctfng the pr«limmary requirements in that behalf hereinbefore contained, to grant license tciisue. to such applicant a i^rospecting license as aforesaid. 10. Every applicant, upon proving to the satisfaction of such Assistant Extension Oommissionor that lie has bona ftdc e.xplored or worked for coal (or other th«r«<»f. minei'als, as the case may lio) during the said term of two years, shall be en- titled to an extension of th? said term for a second period of one year, and such further time as the Governor shall think fit. 11. A prospecting license may include within the general limits Quantity of therein defined, the following quantities of mineral land, that is to sny : — !*",4 included (1.) In the case of a prospecting license for coal alone, not exceeding 500 acres to ejxch indiviilual applicant, or 2,500 acres to any Association or Com- pany consisting of not less than ten persons. (2.) In the case of a ju'ospecting license for any other minerals than coal or gold, not exceeduig 100 sicros to each individual ai>[)licant, or 500 acres to any association or company consisiing of not less than ten persons. Out of the above lands the licensee nuiy, at or before the expiration of Licensee may such license, or of any prolongation thereof, select for purchase the portion of q^I^^^}^ mineral land to be included in a Crown Grant, as hereinafter mentioned. 1 2. Such license nn\y bo in the form marked A. or B. (as the case may Powers of be) in the schedule hereto (which schedule is hereby made part of tins license. Ordinance), and shall include full and exclusive jKDwer and authority to search for, raise, get, make ^nerchantable, and sell for the use of the licensee, all metals and minerals in sucli license specified, and n');:e other, within the pre- scribed limits, to make and erei't tho necessaiy roads, works and buildings, for profitably or conveniently carrying on the mining operations therein ; with a power to the licensee, at or before the expiration of such license, or any jwolongation thereof, upon compliance with the terms and conditions in » this Ordinance contained, to claim a Crown Grant of such po. oion of the mineral land included in his license, as is hereinafter in that behalf more par- ticularly desci ibod. 13. The interest of every licensee under this Ordinance shall be deemed On expiry to liave absolutely cea.ed and (lot'^mined on the expiration or' other sooner °^ license land determination of his license, or any prolongation thereof, unless he shall have oonierfc"*^* prior to such expiration or determination made application for a Crown Grant, as herein provdcnl ; and on such expiration or determination a new prospect- ing license over the saniB mineral land, or any part thereof, may be made to any new applicant entering into possession, and complying with the require- ments of tins Ordinance, 14. Every perav/n, Ass(x;iaticn, or Company, lawfully holding a proaiiect- Licensee majr ing license under this Ordinance, and complying with its provisions, shall, ,M"***'"^**"''» until the determination of such his or their Iiolding, and for the purpose of timber. ■ ■.■'■'*l' .'•(:■ ^Uf!; 110 Priority of racord, priority of riitht. Quantity of land in Crown Orant. Coal. Prospecting ticenne to inclado right of road or i-ailwRv toHea. Compensation to parties affected. Amount how determined. Commiuion- er's certificate of amount final. Having of ri|{ht to make any public roailt over lands derived from the Crown. Other mineral!. liillTISH COLUMBIA. more efTectually caiTying on mining opemtions on th« preinis:^s. lie entitled to the free use, without com|>ensation, of a i-easonable quantity of any unoccu- pied and unappropriated stone, Baud, lime, and timber which may be on the premises included in such license, and may erect such buildings and machinery, and make and use such roads and works, within such limits, as ho shall find necessary for the profitable conduct of his or their mining operations. IT). In case of any dispute, the right or title to or in a prospecting ing license, and the possession of any claim or privilege under this Ordinance, will be recognized according to the priority of record or registration with the Assistant CJommissioner, subject to any question which may be raised as to tlie validity of the record itself. 1 6. The quantity of minend land for coal mining to be granted to any licensee duly aj)plying for a Crown Grant, and fulfilling the conditions herein- after in that belialf more particularly mentioned, will be for each AASociation or Company of ten or niore persons not exceeding 1,000 acres, selected out of tlie premises included in such license. 17. It shall be lawful for the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works and Surveyor General, \ipon proof to his satisfaction of the necessity of such grant, and upon approval by him of the plan and sections of the pi-oposed works, whicli must be submitted to Jiim, and with tlie sanction of the Governor, to give to any person, association, or company holding a pros- pecting license or Crown grant luider this Oi-dinance, by any writing under the hand of such Conunissioner, a right of way for a road, canal, or railway, from his mining claim to the sea shore, or other line of commu- nication, . for any piirpose connected with such licensee's or grantee's mining operations, with full power, by himself or themselves, his or their agents, servants, and workmen, and with and without lioi-ses, cattle, boats, waggons, carriages, or other conveyances, to enter upon, ncro.ss, and into any lands or watera between tlie pi-emises included in such license or Crown grant, and such shore, river, or other line of communication, upon paying reasonable compensation to Ihe ownei* of such iutermediat*' land for the portions so taken, or for the use so made. 18. The amount, time, and manner of such comp.nsation, and tlie mode of distribution thereof among the parties claiming to be entitled thereto, shall, upon the application of either party, be fixed by the Assistant Commis- sioner of the district, and at his discretion, either with or without a jury, consisting of not less than three, nor more than five, peraons, which he is hereby ein|)owered to summon for the purpose. 19. Tlie decision of such Assistant Commissioner or jury (as the case may be), certified under the hand and seal of such Commissioner, shall be final, and without appeal ; and every such certificate shall bo prima /acie evidence, for all purjioses whatsoever, of all the matters and things therein contained, in all courts of the Colony. 20. Provided that nothing herein contained shall be deemed or taken to limit or affect the riglit of the said Cliief CoiumissLoner acting on behalf of the Crown, to lay out and make public highways in or over such intermediate lands or niAttoi-s aforesaid, or other lands, wh3never it sliall be deemed for the public intarest to create, alter, or maintain i)ublic highways, or to vary the same, through lands derived from the Crown. 21. The quantity of mineral land to be granted for mining for all metals and minerals, other than coal and gold, to any licensee duly ajiplying for a Crown grant, ami fulfilling the conditions hereinafter in that Ijelialf more particularly mentioned, shall, for each individual applicant, not exceed thi-ee chains long )>y two chains wide ; and for each Association or Company of ton jiei-sons shall not exceed thirty chains long by six chains vride. APPENDIX. Ill 22. Before any such Crown grant shall issue, the licensee applying for Prdiminmries the same shall :- ^^"^ (a.) Leave with the said Assistant Commissioner of Lands and Works, and post on a conspicuous part of tlie premises sought for, and on the Coui*t House of the said district, if any, for at least two calendar months previous to the record of his application for such Crown grant, and prior to the expira- tion of the terra included in his licen'^e, or any prolongation thereof, a notice of his intention to apply for such Crown grant, ^ith a diagram of tho premises ; and shall, for the same si)ace, publish such notice in the Govern- ment Gazette, and a newspaper published nearest to the said mine and premises. (6.) The said Assistant Commissioner shall tbereuiwn jwst such notice in his office, for a period of two calendar months. (c.) The said Assistant Commissioner shall (if no advei-sc claim be filed with him, or if filed, shall have been finally decided), give a certificate to such licensee to that effect. {(I.) \J\toii the application of the licensee, and delivery of such certificate, the Chief Commissioner of Lands an> . Works and Surveyor General, shall upon payment to him by the said applicant of such amounts as the said Chief , Commissioner may estimate as the probable cost of surveying such premises, cause a survey and plan thereof to"be made, to bo endor.sed with his approval, designating such land by its number on tlie official records, with the estimated value of the improvements and labor expended on the said land. 23. U[ion proof, satisfactory to the said (Jhief Commissioner, of com- Icsue of pliance with the aforegoing provisions, and payment of tfie amounts next Crown grant, hereinafter in that behalf prescribed, together with the Vmlance (if *iuy) remaining unpnid of the actual cost of survey, a Crown grant siiall be issued by the said Chief Commissioner to the licensee applying for the same. 24. For coal lands the price shall be as follows : — Price of and For any quantity* up to and including one thousand acres, at the rate of ^^^f*'"'"^ five dollars per acre ; provided that on proof, to the satisfaction of Govern- ment, that 10,000 dollars has been Ijeueticially expended on any land held under prosj)ectiiig license for coal, a grant of 1 ,000 acres of tho land included in such pi-ospocting license, shall Ikj issued to the company holding such pros- l)ecting license, without payment of the upset price of such land. 25. For mineral laniUt contairiing other than coal and gold, the price Otlier shall be as follows :— minerals. For any quantity of land not exceeding three chaiu'i long by two chains , wide, the sum of $100, together with the costs of .urvey ; for any quantity of land not exceeding thirty chains long by six chains wide, in the ciiso of a . ^ company of not less than ten persons, the sum of .1250, together with the costs of survey. 2G. iTpon proof satisfactory to tlie Chief Commissioner of Lands and Il«iui»Hii)n of Works and Surveyor General, or other the person appointed for the time being ^p^g "? ^^'^^ in that behalf by the Governor, and a certificate in writing from such CommLs- »ork for b»««r sioner, or other pei-son, to the effect that any licensee or licensees applying for mlneraln. a Crown grant, has cxjHsnded in bona fide mining for minerals, other than coal and gold in and under the sett or mining claim for a grant of which h« is ajtplying, to the extent of not less in any case than $1,000, or (if an associ- ation or company of three or more persons) of not less than $5,000, it shall bo lawful for a Crown grant to issuo to such person, association, or company, without tho payment of any, or of only a portioc, of the upset price herein fixed for the laud to be included in such grant, should tho Governor in his discretion so determine. 27. Ujion tho said survey, or at any time before the actual issue of any lUctifirition Crown grant under this Ordinance, it shall be lawful for the Chief Commis- "* l"»««>i»ri<»' Ill li ■H: Adrene clMmants. Crown cnuit anindefeMible 14 - i .i'ili^ titie. < '■ .\B8ist«lt CommisBinner , may decide dispute . Hia jurisdic- tion and l)oweni. Forms for proccudings. Notice. Injunction. Jury. Appeal to Supreme Court. BRITISH COLUMBIA. tiioner of Lands an J Works an! Surveyor General, or liis agent, or olher person specially authorized by the Governor, in writing, in that behalf, ujmn payment of the actual expenses connected therewith, to rectify boundaries, and to settle finally, on the spot, any dispute which may from time to time arise, as to the actual or proper l)oundarie3 between ailjaceut or coudicting mining claims under this Ordinance. Every such decision, expressed in writing, and filed of record in the Head Lands and Works Office, with a plan or diafrrani of the proper boundaries as i-ectified, shall be iinal and without appeui, any rule of law or equity to the contrary notwithstanding, and shal' be evidence in all courts in the Colony, of the several mattei-s and thin^^; tljerein continued. 28. Whenever any advei-se claimants to a mine or mining claim, under this Ordinance as afoi'esaid (in any otlier respect than as to boundaries, as next hei-einbefore mentioned), shall ap})ear bef re the appi-oval of the suiTcy by the Lands and Works, as hereinbefore mentioned, all proceedings shall he stayed until a final settlement and adjudication in the courts of competeut juiisdiction, of the rights of possession to such mine or claim has been obtained, when a Crown grant may issue as in other cases. 29. The issue of a Crown gnint to any applicant imder this Ordinance, save where obtained by fraud or wilful misrepresentation, shall confer and be deemed to confer on the person or persons iiumed therein, an indefeasible and incontestable title in fee simple absolute to all the land specified in such grant, save as hereinafter excepted. 30. The Assistant Commissioner in every district, sliall have jurisdic- tion to hear and determine all cases of dispute between udvei-se claimant, to prospecting licenses and Crown gi-ants \mder this Ordinance (subject, however, as to i-ectification and settlement of boundaries, to clause 27 of this Ordinance) ; and it shall bo lawful for such Assistaiit Commissioner, and he is hereby required, on the written application of either, party to a dispute, to summon a jvny, to consist of not less than three, nor more than live, persons, to decide all questions of fact ; and the said Commissioner may award such costs (includuig the costs of such jiu-y) as he sliall deem just and reasonable, and in case of default, enforco his judgment by warrant of distress of tho goods and chattels of the i)erson so making default. For the purposes of this Ordinance, and to enforce his orders and decisions, the Assistiuit Com- missioner, in addition to the jurisdiction hereby conferred, shall have all the powers, authority, and jurisdiction now by law possessed by County Court Judges in tho Colony. 31. In cases of dispute as to the right of possession to any mineral lands, the institution of proceedings therein may be commenced by a claim in the Form marked D, in the schedule to this Ordinance ; and upon the service of such claim on the opposite party, the Assistant Commissioner shall have pow3r to decide thereon (subject to appeal as hereinafter mentioned), with full power to place the party who shall be found entitled into possession of the land in question ; and upon proper cause shewn to issue and enforce an injunction to abate any intrusion or otherwise pending any proceedings, and to appoint a receiver if necessary. Provided always, tliat either party to any such proceedings may require a jury to bo summoned to try any question of fact (other than disputed boundary as hereinbefore mentioned) as in the last clause provided. 32. Provided always, that any person dissatisfied with tho decision of such Assistant Commissioner, on matter of law only and not on matter of fact, may appeal therefrom to tho Supremo Court, and no appeal shall bo allowed in any case unless notice thereof be given in writing to tho opposite part}', his counsel or attorney, within four days after the decision comjjlained of, and also security bo given, to the approval of tho Assistant Commissionoi', APPENDIX. 113 a Crow!i grant nn in for the costB of tlio appeal, and ths amount (if atiy) paya'jlo un(l«r the judgment, and to abide l)y any decision undci* fjucli judgnu^nt ; and the said Supreme Court may make suuh order as it sluill tliink fit ; and snch appeal may be in tlie form of a case settle 1 a:id signed l>y the i)artiea, their counsel, or attorncyK. 33. A certificate of every decision of an Aasistant Coinniissioncr .sliall On certificate be filed by him in his ntllce, and a duplicate thereuf transmitted to the !ip;vd ()j,',i,',to diiLi office of the Lir.ids and Works ; and ti'.o service of the fiiud judgment or order fr,-,- Crown of the Assistant Cornniis.sioner or ih" iinpvemc Court (as tlie case may be; in S'''>"''i "'■'/ any case of disputed ch.iitn to a Cnnvn t.'rant, or an ctlif-'o copy of sucli judg- ment or order, s)i;dl auliiorizo such Commissioner i.ud, otlier the proper autliorities in lliat bolialf to proc( e ! Avith llic issue of ordinary casits. 34. No proceedings, })rocyss, noli«.'c, deei;sIon or judgment nnder tliis Ameiulinent Ordinance shall bo called in question or invalidat<'d by reauou only of any of procceilnigH. informality or irregularity a}>pearing therein or connected therewith ; and every As-iistant ComniLssioner and Judge of the bupreme Court shall have full power to make any amendments in any such proceeding (subjec't to such costs and terms as he shall think fit) as may be deemed neces.iary to prevent the failure of justice, hy rei\sou of mistakes and objections of form. 35. Nothing in this Ordinance contained shall be deemed or taken in Rights of any way to limit or aflect the rights of Her Majesty, Her Heirs and Sue- <^'r<>wn ce3Sor.s in or to the Crown Lands of the Colony, other than is herein particn- '■^*'^''^'^'- larly expressed, or to limit or affect the right of the Crown to grant or lease tracts of land for mining purposes, as heretofore, on any special ai)])lication made in that behalf or special ca\ise shewn, or m;vke reserves for Governmei\t purposes or Indian settlements, or roads, bridges, buddings, or other public purposes ; or to limit or ali'ect the operation of the " Gold Minmg Ordinance, lf$67," other than is herein expressed. 3G. No person, Association or Jompany sliali be .allowed to record No person to more than one mining claim at one \.me, but ho or they may, b}' written F'-''^'"'^^ '"'""" notice filed with the said Assistant Commissioner, withdi'aw from any chiim. claim for which lie or they may have applied ; provided always, that nothing herein contained shall prevent any person being a member of more than one Comi>any or Association at the same time. 37. If any person, Asrsociation or Company shall apjdy for and record Forfeiture, more than one mining claim hereunder, at tiie same time, the filing of the last of such applications shall ijiso facto forfeit all mining claims, previously recorded by the same parties, of which Ci'own grants had not been obtained, and all improvehients thereon without compensation. Every forfeiture under this Ordinance shall bo absolute, any law or rule to the contrary notwith- standing. 3y. In any minei-al lands not included in any particular district of any Where no Assistant Commissioner of Lauds and Works imder this ()ruinanc(>, the Chief foniniissioner Commissioner o. Lands .and Works and Hurveyor (teneral shall have all the Chief Coin- powers and authorities over such hinds for all the ]iurposes of this Ordinance '"issioaer to as an Assistant (Joiumissioner of Lands and Works would have had here- ' under over such lands, had they been specially included in the particular district of such Assistant Commls uoucr. 31). It shall be lawful for the (lovornor f.'Oiu ii;ne to time, by notice v'owcr to piibiislied in the Govnrmitr.id Gdzetic, to iii\ide the mineral lauds into districts, .(("[nre MiHng fur the purpose of this Oi'diuance, and to dcllno the same, and i'rom time to Districts, time, after the like notic.», to r;;voIce, alter, or vaiy the same, as circun:stanc'es may ap[iear to requiro. 40. The several foes mentioned in tlic schedule hereto, shall be tiiken Feei. upon the several niattcjs and things :iet opposite the respective umovita In, 10-1.-; ''T ^•» , J 114 Existin^c leases may come in under this Ordi- nance. Suspending clause. Inteipretation clause. ■!■- ( AM.- Short title. BBITISU COLUMBIA. such scbeduls pai-ticularly mentioned, and shall be deemed, recovered and accountetl for as part of the general revenue. 41. Nothing herein contained shall be constmed to affect the rights of any penion or Company holding mineral lands under lease, restrvation or grant from tho Crown already made, but every such person or Company may surrender such rights, and may at once come under the provisions of this Ordinance, and hold such land or such portion thereof as shall not e.'cceed the quantity allowed by tliis Ordinance, together with all the other privileges secured by such Oi-dinance. 42. Provided, that this Ordinance shall not take effect until Her Majesty's api)roval tlioreof shall liave boon duly published in this Colony. 43. In the construction of tliis Ordinance, the following expressions shall have the following interpretations respectively, unless thei-e be some- thing inconsistent or repugnant thereto in the context : — The words " Her Bfajesty " or " tho Crown " shall mean Her Majesty, Her Heirs and Successoi-s : The word " Goveiuior" shall mean and include any peraon admmistering the Government of this Colony : Tho terms " Assistant Commissioner," " Chief Commissioner," shall mean Assistant Conunissioner of Lands and Works, and Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works and Surveyor General respectively, and shall also include any other I'ei-sons appointed by the Governor to act in lieu of those officers respectively for the purposes of this Ordinance : Tho word " Mine " shall mean any locality in which any vein, lode, or stratum, or natural bed of silver or otlier mineral than gold, including coal, shall be mined ; and the vei'b " to mine" shall include any mode or method whatsoever of working the same for the purpose of obtaining the oi"e, mineral or metal therefrom : " Mining Claim " shall mean and include the inteiest acquired or sought to be acquired, in .any mineral lands under this Ordinance. " Mineral Lands," for the purpose of this Ordinance, shall mean and include all waste lands of the Crown in the mainland of tlie Colony of British Columbia, including Queeii Charlotte's Island, and such other portion or l)ortions of the said Col«ny as shall hereafter be biought under the provisions of this Ordinance, by anj' proclamation or jiroclamations by the Governor in that behalf, and which lands shall be available for purposes, and whether surveyed or unsurveyed, in which lodes, veins, beds or strata of silver, tin, copixjr, lead, coal, iron, cinnabar, or other metal or mineral other than gf^ld, and whether discovered or liidden, are now or hereafter shall be foiuid in place, and not for the time being occupied by any other person or in any way i-eserved, or the site of an existent or i)roposed town, or within one hundred yards of any messuage, ox'chard, garden or ornamental grounds, 4t. This Ordinance may be cited for all purposes as the "Mineral Ordinance, 18C9." SCHEDULE TO WHICH THE FOREGOING ACT REFERS. [FonM A.] BRITISH COLUMBIA. jVIining License issued under the "Mineral Ordinance, 18C9," District. Date This is to certify that of , has by this License exclusive authority to enter, prospect, search for, and work for coal (but no other metal APPEXniX. 115 covered and or mineral), uiwn, in, and under all that piece or parcel of mineral land in this District, within the following boundaries : — not exceeding in the whole statute oci-es, together with all the rights and privileges granted under the •'* Mineral Ordinance, 1869 ;" and iilso a right to claim a Crown Oraut of so mucli of the said mineral lands, as is prescribed in that behalf under or by virtue of the said Ordinance, and sub- ject and according to the provisions thereof. This License will continue in force for two years from the date thereof. Given under my hand, at , this day of Assistant (or Chief, aa the case may be). Commissioner of Lands and Works. [Form B.] BRITISH COLUMBIA. Mining License issued under the " Mineral Ordinance, 1869," District. Date This is to certify that of has by this License exclusive authority to eutei-, prospect, search for, and work, for silver, tin, copi)er, cinnabar, lead, iron, and all other metals and minerals other than coal and gohl, upon, in, and under all that piece or parcel of mineral land in this District, within the following boundaries : — not exceeding in the whole statute acres, together v.ith all the rights and privileges granted imder the " Mineial Ordinance, 1869 ;" and also a riglit to claim a Crown Grant of so much of the said mineral lands as is ])rescribed in that behalf under or by virtue of the said Ordinance, and sub- ject and according to the provisions thereof. This License will contuiue in force for two years from the date hereof. Given under my hand at , this day of 18 Assistant (or Chief, as the case may be), Commissioner of Lands and Works. {us.} [FouM C] MINERAL ORDINANCE, 1869. } Colony of British Columbia. No. Victoria, by the grace of God of the United Kinc,'dom of Groat Britain and Ireland, '«.nd of the Colonies and Dependencies thereof in Europe, Asia, Africa, Aiiiorica, and Australnaia, Quoon, Dofender of tlie Faith, and so forth. To all to whom those presents ahall come, greeting : Know ye that Wo do by these presents, for Us, Our Heirs and Successors, in consideration of give and grant unto and assigns, all tliat parcel U1 U'.ITTSII COI.CMniA. or 't of laud situate unti nniu^crod on tlio official plan or suiTe^ of the said in tlie Colony of British Columbia, to have and to hold tho Raid parcel or lot of land, and all and singular the preraLses hereby granted, with tlieir appinieiiaiices unto the s»nd and atiaigns for fiver, subject nevertheless to the provisions of tho " Mineral Ordinance, 1809 ." Provided nevertlielcbs that it shall at all times be lawful for Us,ourITcirs andSucces!5ors,or for any person or j)erKon!i acthig in that behalf by Our or Their authority, to resume any part of tlie said lands which it may be deemed necessary to resume for making ro:ids, canals, bridges, towijig-paths, or other works of public utility or convenience, so nevertheless that the lands so to bo resumed shall not exceed one-twentieth part of tlie whole of the lands aforesaid, and that no such resumption shall be made of any lands on which any buildings may have been erected, or which may be in use as gardens or otherwise for the more convenient occu])rvtion of any such buildings : Provided nevcrtlu '.CSS that it shall at all times be lawful for Us, our Heirs and Successors, or for any person or i)ersons acting mider Our or Their authority, to enter into or upon any part of the said lands, and to raise and get tliereout any gold, or ore of gold, which may bo thereupon or thercmuler situate, and to use and enjoy any and evei-y part of the same laud, and of the easements and privileges thereunto belonging, for the piupose of raising and getting, and every other purjx>se connected tlierewith, paying in respect of such raising, getting, and iiso, reiisonable compensation. Provided nevertheless that it Khali be lawful for any jxji-son duly author- ized in that behalf by Us, Our Heii-s and Successoi-s, to take and occupy such water privileges, and to have and enjoy such rights of carrying water over, through, or under any parts of the hereditaments hereby granted, as may be reasonably required for mining or agricultxn-al purposes in the vicinity of the said hereditaments, paying therefor a reasonable compensation to the afore- said, heirs or (successors or) In testimony whereof, we have caused these Our letters to be made patent, and the great seal of Our Colony of British Columbia, to be hereunto affixed. Witness Our right, trusty, and well beloved Governor of Our Colony of British Columbia, and Vice- Admiral of the same, &c., tkc, at Our Government House at in Our Colony of British Columbia, this day of in tho year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and , and in the year of Our reign. By command. [Form D.] ViCTOniA, by the grace of God of tho United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and tho Colonies and Dependencies tliercunto belonging. Queen, Defender of the Faith. To and all persons entitled to defend the possession of to tlie possession of which some or one of them cl.-.im to lie entitled under tho " Mineral Ordinance, 1869." Those arc to will and command you, or such of you as deny the alleged claim, within thirty days after service hereof, to apfjcar at to defend the said claim or sucli part thereof as you may be advitjed. In default wliereof judgment may be sigr.ed and you turned out of possession. Witness, at the day of A.D., 18 Assi^.tant (or Chief, as the case may be), Commissioner of Lands and Works. oil tho official sli Columbia, to d singular tho id f the " Mineml :iuies be lawful >g in that behalf 1 which it may i, towing-paths, I that the lands 3le of the lands lands on whicJi e as gardens or ngs: Provided and Snccessore, y, to enter into It any gold, or md to use and ! and privileges id every other , getting, and II duly atithor- id occupy such g water over, ed, as may be acinity of the 1 to the afore- APPENDIX. Fees. 117 tJpon the i-ecord of every application for a Mining L cense, or for a renewal thereof """^ I pen the record of every grant of Mininc r'i ' a prolongation thereof ^ ^'''""«' "'■ Upon the reooi-d of every Crovvn G.-a'ut $ 5 00 5 25 00 00 50 ■ made patent, ■eunto affixed. 1 of the same, ny of British ousand eight ..If. ■ Britain and ging, Queen, possession of ance, 1869." ^ the alleged part thereof red and you , 18 Vorks. 118 imiTIBH COtUMBIA, APPENDIX O. . I AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND AND CONSOLIDATE THE LAWS AFFECTING CROWN LANDS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. Preunble. ^ Interpretation "I i^ Repeals former Act. 41 [ht June, 1870.] "ITT HERE AS it is expedient to amend and consolidate the Laws affecting ^ ' Crown Lands in British Cohinibia. Be it enacted by the Governor of British Columbia, with the advice and consent of the Legislative Coimcil thereof, as follows : — 1. In the construction and for the purj)0ses of this Ordinance (if not inconsistent with the context or subject matter), the following terms shall have tlie respective meanings hereinafter assigned to them : — " The Governor " shall moan tlie Governor of British Columbia or any pei-son for the time lieing lawfully exercising the authority of a Governor of Biitish Columbia. " Cliief Commissioner of Lands and Works ami Stu-veyor General," shall mean and include the Chief Cominissioner of Lands and Woi-ks and Surveyor General, and any pei-son foi- the time being lawfully acting in that capacity. " Commissioner " shall mean the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works and Surveyor General of tliis Colony, or the person acting as such for the time beuig, and shall include every stipendiary magistrate for the time being in charge of any district, and every pei-son duly authorized by the Governor to act as and for the Chief Commissioner of Lauds and Works and Surveyor General, as Assistant Commissioner of Lands and Wcrks in any «Ustiict in which the land that may be referred to lies, other than that in which the chief office of the Lands and Works Department is situated, and any other district or districts for which no such Assistant Commissioner of Lands and Works as aforesaid has been appointed. " Supreme Court " shall mean tlie Supreme Court of British Columbia. " The Crown " shall mean Her Majesty, Her Heirs and Successoi-s. " Crown Lands " shall mean all lands of this Colony held by the Crown in fee simple. " Act " shall mean any proclamation or Ordinance having the foi-ce of law in this Colony. Words importing the singular number shall include more i)ersons, parties, or things, than one, and the converse. 2. The following Acts, Ordinances, and Proclamations relating to the disposal and regul'tion of the Crown Lands of the Colony are hereby repealed: An Act dated February 14th, 1859 ; An Act dated January 4th, 1860 ; An Act dated January 20th, 18G0 ; The "Pre-emption Amendment Act, 18G1 ;" The " Country Land Act, 18G1 ; " The "Pre-emption Purchase Act, 18G1 ;" The " Pre-emption Consolidation Act, 18GI ;" The " Mining District Act, 18G3 ; " The " Land Ordinance, 1865 ; " The " P^e-cmption Orduiance, 18GG ;" The " Pre-emption Payment Ordinance, 1869 ;" and, The "Vancouver Island Land Proclamation, 1862;" APPENDIX. 119 but such repeal shall not prejudice or affect any rightK acquired op jKiymcnts Saving exUt- due, or forfeitures or ^lenalties incuiTcd prior to the passing of tliis Ordinance '°* ^8^^ in respect of any land in this Colony. e advice and Pre-emption. 3. From and after the date of the proclamation in this Colony of Her Majesty's assent to tliis Ordinance, any male [jfrson, being a British subject, of the age of eighteen years or over, may actpiiro the light to pre-empt any tract of unoccupied, unsurveyed, and unreserved Crown liands (not being an Indian settlement), not exceeding 320 acres in extent in that portion of tlie Colony situate to the northward and castv,-ard of tlie Civseade or Coast Range of Mountains, and 160 acres in extent in the rest of the Colony. Provided that such right of pre-emption shall not be held to extend to any of the Aborigines of tliis continent, except to such as shall liave obtained the Governoi-'s special i)ermission in writing to that effect. 4. Any chai-tered or incorjwrated company may acquire such i-ight by obtiiining a special permission in writing from the Governor to that effect, but not otherwise ; and the Governor may grant or refuse such })erinission at his discretion. 5. Any person desiring to pre-empt iis aforesaid, shall first apply to and obtiiin from the Commissioner permission in writing to cuter upon such land, which must be fully described in writing by tlio ajjplicant, and a plan thereof must be deposited with tlie Commissioner, and such description and plan shall be in duplicate. 6. After such permission has been obtivined, and within such time, not exceeding thirty days thereafter, tvs shall be specified by the Commissioner in such permission, such person shall enter into possession of the land so described, and place at each corner thereof a ])ost marked with his name, or other distinguishing sign, and thereupon shall apply in writing to tlie said Commissioner to have his claim recorded to such tract of land, not exceeding 320 acres, or 160 acres, as the case may be, as hereinbefore provided. 7. If such land has not been previously recorded, the Commissioner shall, upon the fulftlfnent by the applicant of the preceding requirements, and upon payment by him of a fee of two dollartj, record such land in liLs favor as a pre-emption claim, and give him a certificate of such pre-emiition record, in the Form A. in the schedule hereto, and such record shall be made by the Commissioner in triplicate, the original to be handed to the pre-emptor, a duplicate to be retained by the Commissioner for local reference, and the triplicate to be forwarded forthwith to the head office of the IjUnds and Works Department, to be there examined, and if found ina!l resi)ecti'' (or if necessary after having lK;en amended by the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works and Surveyor General, so as to be) in accordance with the provisions of this Ordmance, to be finally registered in the Land Office Pre-emption Register. 8. Every piece of land sought to be acquired as a pre-em[>tion claim, under the provisions of this Ordinance, shall, Sii\e as liereiiuifter excepted, be of a rectangular shape, and the shoi'test line thereof shall be at least two-thirds of the length of the longest line. Such line shall run as nearly as possible north and south, and east and west. 9. Where such land is in whole or in part bounded by any mountain, rock, lake, river, swamp, or other natural boundary, or by any public highway, or by any preempted or surveyed laud, such natural boundary, public high- way, pre-empted or surveyed land, may be at' opted as the boundary of such land, and it shall be sufficient for the claimant to show to the Commissioner that the form of the land conforms as nearly as circumstances permit to the provisions of this Ordinance. Who may pre- cnii)t as of right. How mach. And who by siwcial per- mission. Ap])Iicatiun to locate. Entiy and application to record. Pre-emption record. Form A. Rectangular 8ha;i«uf claim. Matnral boundariei. ISO Keotlflcfttton of Survey. Certificate of improvement, FormD. li Declaration. FormC. Bight may be transferred. Mode of transfer. Form D. Cessation of occupation cancels claim. BBITISn COLUMBIA. 10. Tlio Chief CommiHsloHer of Lands and Works .ind Sni-veyor Goneml may, however, in carrying out any government Hurvey, if in his opinion circumstances require it, survey jirc-eniption claims or purchased landM recorded previous to the date of this Ordinance, liy sucli motes imd bounds as ho may think jJrojK-r, and every survey so made and certified liy bini in writing shall he binding upon all parties affected thereby, and the survey so certified shall be deemed, in any court of this Colony, to have been done in compliance with the provisions of this Ordinance. 11. A pro emptor shall bo entitled to receive from the Commissioner a certificate, tu bo callere-emption record, which must l)e produced to him at the time of applying foj* the certificate by the pre-emptor, and on the duplicate thereof retained in the Commissioner's office. 12. Every such declanvtion shall be subscribed by the person making the same, and shall be filed with tlie Commi8sit)ner, who is liereby fully authorized and empowered to take the same, and such declaration shall be in the Form C. in the schedtile, and shall he made before such Commissioner, under and subject to the provisions and penalties of the " Oaths Ordinance, 1869." 18. After the gi'ant of the certificate of improvement, but not before, the pre-emption right in the land referred to in such certificate may be trans- ferred to any person entitled to hold a pre-emption claim under this Ordinance, subject, however, to the continuance of all the provisions of this Ordinance as to occupation, forfeiture, and payment of purchase money due or to become due to the Crown. 14. Eveiy such transfer must be made in writing, signed by the person making the same, or his attorney in fact, in the form D. in the Schedule, or in words to that effect, and in the presence of the commissioner, and if not sc made shall be void, and such transfer shall be in triplicate, the original to be retivined by the peraon in whose fovor the transfer is made, the duplicate to be retained as a record in the office of the Commissioner, and the triplicate forwarded forthwith to be registered in the head office of the Lands and Works. Upon the examination of such transfer in the manner and form so pre- scribed, and on payment of the fee of two ao'lai-s, the Commissioner shall cancel the previous record of such pie-emptioii right, and record the same anew, in the manner prescribed in seclioi; 7. in the name of the person in favor of whom such transfer shall liave '.! ..ii niatle, subject to the completion of the period of occupation required by this Ordinance, and to all other the terms, and conditions thereof. 15. Whenever any pre-emptor shall jiermanently cease to occupy his pre-emption claim, save as hereinafter provided, the Commissioner may in a summary way, upon being fuilLsfied of such permanent cessation of occupa- pation, cancel the claim of the pie-euiptor so itcrmauently ceasing to occupy the same, and all deposits paid, and all improvements and buildings miule and erected on such land, shall be absolutely forfeited to the Ciov.u, and the said land shall be open to pre-emption and may bo recorded anew by the Commis- sioner as a pre-emption claim, in the name of any peraon satisfying the re- quireraents in that behalf of this Ordinance. APPENDIX. 131 10. The occupation heroin reciuirod shall nu>:in ii continuouH botui fide perBouul residence of the prf-cmptor on liis prc-i'iiiiition claim. Provided, how- ever, that tlio requirement of Huch ])eraoniil occn|>iitiou shall ceaso and detei'- niine after a period of four years of such continuous occupation shall have been fulfilled. 17. Evory holder of a pre-emption claim shall be entitled to be absent from his claim for any one period not exceeding two months during any one year. An an ordinary rule he shsdl be deemed to have peruuinently ceased to occupy his claim when he shall have lieen absent continuously, for a lr)ngor jieriod than two months, unless leave of absence have been granted by the Commissioner, a.s hereinafter provided. 18. If any pre-emptor shall show good cause to the satisfaction of the (Commissioner, such Commissioner may grant to the said pi-e-emptor leave of alwcnce for any jieriofl of time, not exceeation required by this Ordinance has been duly ful- filled, be entitled to purchase the said laud at such rate, not exceeding one dollar per acre, as may be determined upon by the Covernor for the time being, payable by fom- equal annual instalments, the first instalment to be paid to the Commissioner, at his office, within three calendar months froiik the date of the service on tlie snid jtre-emptor of a notice from the Chief Com- missioner of Lands and Works and Surveyor General requiring payment for the said land, or within sLx calendar months after the insertion of a notice to such effect, to be publishetl for and dming such period in the Government Gazette, or in such other newspaper, published in the Colony, as the Commis- sioner may direct. Jf the pui'chasu money for such land be not paid, according to the terms of such notice, the pre-emption clai^pover such land may, at the discretion of the Commissioner, bo cancelled, and all such land, and the improvements thereon, and any instalments of the purchase money pail thereon, may bu forfoited abbolutcly to the Crown. 10-ia .MiMiiiii!:; of uccuiMitiou. L;ave of a')4ence for two montha. Special leave for four months. FormE. License to ■ubstitute. Form F. One claim to be held at a time. PuixhaHe of claim when surveyid. 120 BRITliiU COIiUUBIA. Notice of intention to apply for Cfroww Grant. r i»ficat« of l«yment. From G. Crown Grant may issue. Form H. Reservation to the Crowi. Heirs of i>r»^- emptor en- titled to Crown Grant. Extent nf claim K. ami K. of Ciwciul* range. 22. The (Ji-own Gi-uut to a [ti-e-emptiou claim will not bo issued unless it shall have been proved to the Connuissioner that wiitten or | u-inted notices of the inteudnd application for such grant have been {xrated fur a period of sixty days prior to such application, upon some nonspicuous part of the siaid pre- emption clnim, and upon the tidjiiceut claims (if any), and upon the Court House of the district wherein tlie land lie.s. £3. Uj)on pjiynient of the wliole of the purchase money for such land, and upon ))roduction to the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works and Surveyor General of a certificate in Form G. in the Schedule hereto, from the Commissioner of the district in wliich such laud is situated, that the notices of intended a^jplication for a Ci-own Grant of such land have been duly jiosted as i-equired in the previous section, without any objection to tlie issue oif such gnuit having been substantiated, a Crown Grant or Conveyance, in the FoiTu H. of the Schedule hereto, of the fee simple of the said land shall be exe- cuted in favor of the purchaser. Provided, that every such Crown Grant shall be de''!r'»'l to include, among the reservations therein contained, a reserve in <'a,vor of tiis> Crown, its assignees, and licensees, of the right to take from a,ny such land, without compenwation, any gnivcl, sand, stone, lime, timber, or other material which may be requirod in the construction, maintenance, or reimir of any road.s, ferries, bridges, or other public works. 24. In the event of the death of any pre-emptor under this Oixliuanco, his heiiB "r de\isoen (us the ciiae may bo) if resident in the Colony, shall bo entitled to a Crown Grant of the laud included in such pre-emption claim, if lawfully held and occupied by such pre-emptor at the time of his decease, but subject to payment of the full amount of purchase money f«r such land then due or to become due ; but if such heii-s or devisees be absent from the Colony at the time of such decease, the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works and Surveyor General is hereby authorized and empowei-ed to make such disjiosi- tion of the pre-emj>tion claim, ana such provision for the person (if any) entitled theroto, or interested therein, as he may deem just and proper. 2r). Every pei-son lan'*".iily occupying a pre-emption claim situated to the northward and eastward oi the ('ascade or Coast nuigo of mountains, ai the date of the passing of this Ordinance, if less than 320 acres, may, with the permission of the C'ommissioner, pie-empt land liable to pre-emption, and immediately contiguous to or abutting on his said existing claim, so as to make up the total amount of his claiiu to 320 acre.s, and thereuix)u such total uluim shall be «lcoined to have bcoti and to be taken uj) and held under the provisions oi" thif* Ordinance. Lease.H for IHWtoral pur- plMCN. Hay loa?eK. Leases. 2G. Loasosof any extent of unpre-eniptedandunsurvcyedlandmaybegrauted for pastoral purposes by the Goveri\or in Council, to any jMsraon or personn whomsoever, being hondjide pro-emptors or purchasers of land in the vicinity of the land sought to be leaseil, at such rent as such Governor in Coimoil shall deem cxpetlient ; but every such lease of p;istoral land shall, among othci' tilings, ouutaiu a condition making such land liable to pro-emption, i-e.^orve for public )iur}K)scs, and purchase by any {lersona whomsoever, at any time during the term tliei-cof, without coinponsation, save by a proportionato deduction of rent ; and to a further condition that tho lessee shall, within six mouths from tlie date of such leass, stock the property demised in such proportion of animals to the 100 acvos, as shall bo specified »y the Commissioner. 27. Lciisea of uuoccupied and ;msurvoycd land, not exceediivg 600 acres ill e.\teut, uuiy If granted by the Governo:* iu Council, for the .pui'iKtae of cutting hay thereot^ fo aitj' peitiou or perbous whomifoerwr, being 6ort« ^'« APPKNIIIX. 123 pre-emptors or puivhasei-s ot laml, at siicli lont as sucli Governor in Council shall deem expedient. The term of such lease gliull not exceeerson, persons, or corjioration duly !i\ithorizetl in that behalf, for the purpose of cutting spai-s, timber or lumber, and actuaiiy engaged in those pursuits, subject to such i-ent, terms, and ]»i-o- visions oh shall seem exi»edient to the Govenior in Council : Provided, how- over, that any person nuij' hereaftse of clewing the said land, he shall absolutely foi-feit all interest in the land acquired by him, and the Commissioner shall cancel his claim thereto. 29. The application for any such letise must be in writing, in duplicate, ApnlicationB addressed to the Commissioner, who shall retain the original in his ofllcc, and ^>r leweB. transmit the duplicate, thi'ough the head otBce of the Lands and Works, to the Governor in Council, who shall alone decide on any such lease. Watei'. 30. Every per.son lawfully entitlee of two dollai's ; and no jjerson shall have any exclusive right to the use cf such water, whether the same flow naturally through or over his land, except such record shall have been made. 31. Previovis to such authority being given, the applicant shall, if the parties airect«.d thereby refuse to coriseut thereto, post uj) in a conspicuous place on each person's land through wlacli it is i»ioposed that the water shouhl pass, and on the District Court Hou.se, notices in writing, stating his intentions to enter such land, and through and over tlie same take and carry such watt >r, ppecifying all particulars relating ther'to, iuohuUng direction, ipumtity, pur- pose, and term. 32. Priority of right to any such water jirivih^ge, iH ca-so of dispute, sliall depend on priority of record. 33. The right of entry ou and through the lauds of others, for currying water for any lawful purpose ni)on, over, or iindcr th(> said land, nuiy be claimed an.i taken by any person lawfully occupying and /«)//■/./»(/« cidtivating lus aforesaid, and (pi-evions to entry) upon paying or securiiig payment of compensation, as aforesaid, for the waste or danuigeso o'vasiom^d. to the pei-son whose land may be wast«»d or da'iuage.l by such entry or cii-rying of watei-. 34. In case of dispute, such compensation or any other question con- nected with such water pri^^lege, entry, or can'ving, nuiy he ascertainetl by Pi-e-eniptrtm may titilix* water. Notice to bs ({iveu. Priurity of right. (.'oiii|ienBatioii for dainaij'e. May he oHsetwed hy jur>-. p 124 hKI.Tlf«H COLUMBIA. If it ■ I- Wftter for mining or other purposes Transfer of pre-emption right transfers water. Not to waste water. - •>, the ComniiMsioner of tlie Distiict iit a sniiininry innMicr, wiliioiit a jury, or if desired by either party, .vith a jury of ti\o men. 38. Water privile,s;e for mining or other ^/uriioses, not otliorwise lawfully apj)! opriated, may bo claimed, and the said water may be taken ii]>ou, under, or over any land ko ))re-cmpted or purchi>:iod as afore.said, by obtaining a grant or license from the CouimiHsioncr of th.) Dialriet ; and, inwious* to taking tho Karao, paying reasonable compenstiiion for waste or damage to the person whose land nuiy bo wast<'d or du.iiagwl by sucli water [>rivilegc, or carriage of water. 36. All assignments, < vansfei-s, or conveyances of any )>re-emptiun right, heretofore or hereafter acquiretl, shall be construed to have conveywl and tmnsferi-ed, any and all recordetl water privileges in any manner att:ached to or used in the working of tho lind pre-empted. 37. Every owner of a ditch or water privilege shall be Iwiuid to ttiko all i-easonable means fur utilizing the water ti\ken by him; and if he shall wilfully tidci^ and waste any uni-wisonable quantity of water, it shall be lawful for the OommiHsioner to Meclare all rights to the water forfeited. Ejectment by summary process. Jury. .Jury how Buninioned. Appeal to Supreme Court. Security to be given. neserves. EJertmenf. .^8. Any person awfully occupying a pre-emption claim, or holding a lea.se imder this Ordinance may, in resj)c.t thereof, institute and obtain i-etlress in an action of ejectment or of trespass in the same maimer and to the same extent as if he were seized of the legal estate in the laiul covered by svich claims ; but either party thereto may refer the cause; of action to the Stipendiary Magistrate of the District wherein the land lies, who is hereby authorized to proceed summarily, and make such order as he shall deem just. Provided, however, that if .re([uested by either party, he shall iirst summon a jury of tive persons to hoar the cause, and their verdict or award on all niattei's of fact shall be final. Jury. 39. It shall be lawftd for any Magistrate, by ai\ order imder liis hand, to summon a jury of liv«^ prisons for any purpose under this Oixlinance, and in the event of non-attendance of any persons so summoned, he shall have th« power to impose a line not exceetling twenty-five dollai-s. 40. Any })erson affected by any decision of a ^Magistrate o> Commissioner under this Ordinance, may, vithin on;; calendar month after such decision, b\it not afterwards, appeal to the Supreme Court in a sunnnary manner, and s\ich appeal shall be in the form of a petition, verified by aflidavit, to any Judge of such court, setting out tlie points relied upon ; and a copy of sucli petition shall be served upon the Connnissiouer whose decision \v appealed from, and such time shall be allowed for his answer to the said petition, as to tilt! Judge of tlie Sujtreme Court may seem advisable ; but no such appeal shall be allowed, e,vcei)t from decisions on points of law. 41. Any jK'i'son desirous .of appealing in manner afores;>id, may be required, liefon? such a|ipeJil lie heard, to find such security as may be deter- mined by the Comni'ssiouei' whose decision is appealed from, and such a])peal shall not be heai'd until after security to the satisfaction of tho Commissioner Rhi'11 have been given for tlie due prosecution of such api^'al and submission thereto. Siirrei/ed LmnU, 42. The Governor shall at any ti\ne, and for such luirjKjses as he mny deora advisable, reserve, by notice published y of sueli appealed ition, as to ch appeal may be be dctpr- udi a))peal nnussioner uilniiissiou IS he mny iazotto, or Price of laud. Laud offitred for Mle by public coinvetition. Unoold land* by privata contract. Land aold, subject to roads, &c. ill any newspaper of the Colony, any lands that may ji>)t hn\\: lit-en either sold or legally i>re-empted. 43. The upset price of surveyed lands, not being reserved for the sites of towns, or the suburbs thereof, and not being reputed to be mineral lands, .shall be oiu! dollar pev acre ; and the upset price of town and suburban lots shall be sueli as tlie Governor may in each case s|>ecially determine. 41. Except us aforesaid, all the land in British Columbia will be exposed in lots for sale by public competition, at the up.set price above lueutioned, after tho same shall luu e been sui-veyed, and made ready for sale. Due notice shall be given of all such sales ; notice at the same time shall 1)6 given of the upset price, and terms of payment, when they vary from those above stated, and also of the rights specially re.served (if any) for public convenience. 45. All Lands which shall lemain imsold at any such auction, may l>e .sold by private contract at the upset price, and on the terms and conditions herein mentioned, on application to the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works and Surveyor General, or other peraon for the lime lieing, duly authorized by the Governor in that bt^half. 4G. Unless otherwise specially notified at tlie time uf Kale, all Crown Tjands sold shall be subject to such pnl>lic rights of way as may at any time .if'tor such sale be s[>ecifie(l by the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works ' Surveyor General, and to tho riglit of the Crown to take therefram, '■ !'jut compensation, any stoue, gravel, or other material to be u.sed in ■ epairing the public roads, and to sncli private rights of way, and of leading or using water for animals, and for mining and engineering purposes, as may at the time of such Side be existing. 47. Unless otherwise specially announced at the time of sale, the con- veyance of the land shall include, except as provided in section 23, all ti-ees, and all mines, and minerals within and under the same (except mines of gold and silver). Free Miners' Rights. 48. Nothing herein contained shall exclude Free Miners from entering upon any land in this Colony, and searching for and working minerals ; Provided, that such Free Miner ])rior to so doing shall give full .satisfaction or adequati- security to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, to the pre- eniptor or tc na^^t in fee simple, for any loss or damage he may sustain by reason there " If the amount of compensation (if any) cannot be agreed u|)on, the -(i.vadiary Magistrate or Gold Commissioner of the district wherein *''•.■:• Inn't I-s, with the assistance, if desired by either party, of a jury of live \ rfi :U;, v/> !,5 summoned by him, shall decide the amount thereof, and such dec :io I ii,,i .-^ward shall be final. If thei-e bo no such Stipendiary Magistrate o.- ti Id {Commissioner in the said District, the Supreme Court shall have jun.-i «' .on in tho matter. Fret Grants. 49. It shall be lawful for theOoveinor in Council to make such si)eoial J''w« grants free - partially free grants of the unoccupied and unapi)ropriated Crown 4,;. ' ' '^'"' Lauds ot the Colony, for tlr^ encouragement of immigration or other purposes of public advantage, with and undor sunh provisions, restrictions, and privi- leges, as to the CJovernor in Council may socni most advisable for tho eiicoun J. -nr-iit luul permanent settlement of immigrants, or for such other public J" » 'aS*'s as aforesaid. 50 ' ^'.'iig in this Onlinanoe contained, shall be construed so as to Savos Minera' in tr fere j>. judicially with the rights granted to Free Minei-s under the ""'f " " Gold Miuing Oniinancc, 1867." Conveyanc* incIudcM treei, minefl, Ac. Fi-ee Miners may search for minerals. 1^ imiTIHH COLrMRU. i •# ^fMk;. '3ign. By uutiuuund. AITEXPIX. 129 APPENDIX R. treat Britain iuroiie, Asia, and 80 forth. r ye that We station of tbo survey of tbo e and to lioU niises hereby h heirs and il for Us, our ihat behalf by lich it may be towing paths, slesB, that the ' the wliole of e of any bvuJs ^ be in use as iuch biuldings. )ur Heirs and leir authority, ,and get there- ir situate, and he easements and getting, fepect of such Illy authorized Ipy such water »ver, through, I be reasonably 0^ the said Aie aforesaid person duly take from or to tak'e from lime, timber, Imaintenaucti, to be mado be hereunto , Goveruor |d its Depen- day tliuiulred and iund. EXTRACT FUOiM DU. IIATTKAY'S WOKK UN VANCOUVER . ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUMBIA, 18G2. Tlie fr(H|ueut occurrence of iron in connection with coal in other iron, countries, and thu probable prevalence of tliccoal fonaatlon over a large part, jicrliaps the greater portion of Vancouver iHbiud, apjiear to indicate that this, the most useful of all tiie metals, which is saiil to havu been lately discovered along the west coast, will bo found in abundance. It is to her insular jjosition, her coal fields, and her ;Ty;(, that England owes much of her grcatu(!ss. Two of these this colony iios.sc sses ; the third she may, aad probably does possess, and it ought therefore to be well fu^arched for. "With iron for machinery, coal to work it, and eminent commercial capabilities, Vancouver Lsland might l)ecome second only to England in manufacturing and conmiercial prosi)erity. Coal, unquestionably the most im[iortant of tht; known minerals of this Where coal ib colony, crops out at various parts, e.r/., at Cape Bonilla, near Port Sau Juan, '°"'^"- at Nespod, to the north of Nootka Sound, both on tim west coast ; at Fort Rupert, and at Nana'imo, on its north-east and east coa.sts ; and these indica- tions of its presence near the north and south (jxtreniitics of the Island, and on her east and west coasts, render it probable that this fossil is very centrally distributed, e.specially along its east coast, wliere tlio seams are apparently extensive and valuable, although Nauaimo is the only jilace wliere it has been ascertained, as yet, that mines can be readily, profitably,andextcnsivelyworked. The coal of A^'ancoxiver Island is of fair quality, decidedly superior to Comparative some of the Scotch coal, but cannot ba compared with tiiac of the North of ^^Ja^ England, or more eH[)ecially with the Welsh. The following is an analysis and comparison of it with other varieties : — Table 19. — Analysis of Vancouver Island, and other varieties of coal. , Variety. r. fb I w Welsh (CIraiKola) I 1 ■ -W NewcuHtle (Can's Hartly) Scotch (Fovdel Splint) Borneo (Labuau) t!hili (Conception Bay) . . . »i . . . . Hydiiey Vancouver Ifilaud 1-25 ILT) 1-28 .S4-87 ruos 70-."> Kit) -93 a r.s4 .-■11 r)-7-i i-)-7(i 5 92 to fc^ x oil 117 o'.r. l-2:i 102 o-i.-) 0-82 1 -Iti 1 • ir, It In 7-li> 7-Sfi s:« 20 •7.") 1!)S li:!o-l 0-70 2-20 s:;2 8- 70 < fe"^ ;'.-2t 5-21 •1(10 774 7 -.-.2 2 04 15-83 ()0(i;i 52 03 i;5'(";3' It is a bituminous coal, lighter than Welsh coal by about ten ])er cent., Nature and consumes nipidly, and answers well for steaming purposes, esp.icially v.ith 'i"*l'ty of the tires and V»oilers made to suit it. Although a good gas coal, it is apt to form '^ clinker, leave a largo ash, and does not coke well for smelting purposes, or foundries. Tho large portion of suli)]mr it contains is a disadvantage ; that of Fort Rui)ert, wiicre the coal Avas tirst discovered, is .said to contain less. All hitherto raised, however, tif whicli the above is an analysis, is little else, than surface coal, and cannot be fairly taken .is a criterion of this Nana'imo coid, which is perceptibly improving as tho mines deepen. An exteusivo 10—17 w > '•• , 1 i ^ .*»■;■■, %. ISO Advantages resulting from It. Ex| COI xpoi rtation of BRITISH COLUMBIA. seam has lately been discovered of 8ui)erior quality. Unfoi'tunately no general survey of the coal formations of the island has yet been made. • For developing the manufactures, commerce, and mines of the colony, the importance of an unlimited 8ui)ply of cheap coal must be obvious. Machinery may be generally introduced, and many manufactures and processes in the arts originated, which would otherwise be impossible. Instead of tedious sailing craft, the colony may have steaniera, railways, and greatly facilitated land and water carriage, machinery for cotton spinning, saw and ilour mills, and many manufactures. • Her mmerals, both native and imported, may be smelted and made available on the spot, instead of being sent in the rough state to a foreign market, and sold at a gi-eat disadvantage ; while by these means her commerce will receive an impulse, and the traffic of her merchant steamers will be greatly increased. The exportation of Vancouver Island coal is increasing, and will soon be valuable in itself, besides aiding thq developement of« commerce and shipping by its carriage. Nana'imo fortunately possesses a commodious, safe and easily accessible harbor, in which vessels of 1,500 tons can lie close to the mines, and load with facility, and will soon become an impoi-tant coal-e.x.porang depot — the Newcastle of the colony. Energetic measures are now in progi-ess to develope the resources of its mines. The export of coals fram Nanaimo will be immensely increased when a supply can be furnished commensurate with the demand, and the price be somewhat reduced. The following statement of the imports of coal into San Francisco, will show that the quantity of Nanaimo coal imported during the first three months of 1862, nearly equalled that for the whole of the previous year : — * Table 20. — Statement of coals transirorted into San Francisco. Variety. English CumWIimd Chili Sydney Japan Coos and Bellingham Hay (imiwrted free of duty) Anthracite, (New York) Vancouver Island (Nana'imo) Jan. Ist to Dec, 16th, 1861. Tons. 24,895 2.U02 12,254 12,;W4 25 16,183 26,291 5,204 Jan. 1st, to March 15th, 1862 Tons. 5,036 2,876 3,942 12-. 2,535 5,176 4,235 Advantages to '^^^ following tabic will show the advantage as to price, which the coal accrue when of N anaimo will have in the San Francisco and other markets in the Pacific, when its first cost at the mines, which is now so very high, can be reduced : — price IS rC' daced. Table 21. — Prices of difierent varieties of Coal at Vancouver Island, San Fi-ancisco, (fee. Variety. Nanaimo Coal . Chilian ,, . English ,, . Price at the Mines. Dollars. 6 to 7 Price at Victoria. Dollars. OtolO Price at San Francisco, Dollars. 12 to 15 12 to 15 16 to 20 Price in China. Dollars. 15 to .20 APPENDIX. 181 Her proximity to the markets of the Pacific, and the ultimate cheapness Prospect of an of hei coal, will enable Vancouver Island to compete successfully in supplying fn^^ *" the greater jiart of that ocean, in many jjarts of which colonies are springing. China, and Eastern Asia generally, are being opened up to commerce ; steamers now ply frequently across its previously little ti-averaed waters, and the con- sumption of coal is daily increasing. The demand has hitherto been sup- plied at high prices by the coal-fields of the Pacific itself, but principally by England. The more important coal-fields of the Pacific are those of Panama, Chili, Australia, and New Zealand, Labuan, and the more recently discovered mines of Nanaimo. The Labuan coal is of inferior quality; moreover, the climate being unhealthy, the mines are imperfectly worked, and are not likely ever to rival tiiose of this colony. The coal of Panama, Chili, New Zealand, and Australia, is good, but the many obvious advantages which this island possesses for exiK>rting coal, together with it abundance, cheapness, and quality, will ultimately enable it in a great measure to supplant the English, Chilian, and other coals now sold in the San Emncisco, and other markets, and Vancouver Island will thus become the chief source of supply, if not for the entire Pacific, at least for all but the countries in the more immediate neiglibonrhood of these other mines. The Coos Bay coal is a lignite or brown tertiary coal, similar to that found in a thin seam on the south bank of the Eraser River, near its mouth ; and the Bellingham Bay coal, now imported into San Francisco in consider- able quantities, is inferior to that of Nanaimo, so that neither of these can prevent the latter from monopolising the siipply. One of the principal markets for the coal of Nanaimo, will be the coast Market for of Eastern Asia, and the large and rapidly increasing steam fleets, naval and coid in Ewtein mercantile, which ply along that coast, which now draw their supply prin- cijially from England at high prices. (On the 31st August, 18G1, ^the British Fleet in China consisted of eleven gun-boats and nineteen of larger size, making a total of thirty vessels and G,340 horse power.) Asia. 132 BRITJSH COHMIUA. APPENDIX S. 3 ■ , 1 ••. i.r/j AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND THE LAW RELATING! TO JOINT STOCK COMPANIES. [6th March, 18G6.] Preamble. "VXTHEREAS it is expedient tliat the laws i*elating to tlie Incorporation, ^ ' Regulation, and Windiiig-iip of Trading Companies and other Asso- ciations should be consolidated and anienJed ; Be it therefore enacted by the Cove -nor of British Columbia, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative CoJincil thereof, as follows : — RepealofB.C. 1. Tlie ' " Britisli Columbia Joint Stock Companies' Act," and the Joint Stock (( Mining Joint Stock Companies' Ordinance, 1804," are hereby repealed. Mining j'. S. 2. An Act of the Imperial Parliament, passed in tlie Session of Ordinance, Parliament, holdfn in "the 25th and 2Gth years of the reign of Her Imperial Act ^^^j^^^y Q"een Victoria, ch.ap. 89, intituled "The Companies' Act, 18G2," The Compa- shall, from and after the ])a3sing of the Ordinance, be and have, as far as Dies' Act,1862, itnicticable, and save as hereinafter altered and modi lied, the force of law in >»^°'««- this Colony. The exjires- sion " The Court," shall mean the Su- preme Conrt of Civil Jus 3. The expression "the Court," a.s used therein, shall, instead of the interpretation given thereto in clause 81 of such Act, mean the Supreme Court of Civil Justice of British Columbia, and any judge of such last men- tioned court shall have and exercise all the powers in and by the said Act ot civn JUS conferred niK)n the Lord Chancellor and A ice Chancellor. tice of BntiHh i mi • , • . . i ■ Columliia. •*. Iho power given to companu's to empower any pei-son as tiieir Judge thereof attorney, to execute deeds in their behalf, in any place not situate in tins of Wl'cW United Kingdom, shall apply to t!ie execution of deeds in this Colony, and cellor. such authority shall include a power to companies in this Colony to empower Power to exe- jm attornov to execute deeds on their behalf in the United Kingdom. i). All fees ]»ayable under tins Ordinance shall be the samo as those j)ayablo under "The Com])anie,s' Act, 1802," provided, however, that such shall lie collected in the imiinary way, and not by stamps, and be paid into the Treasury of this Colony to the use of Her Majesty, her Heii-s and Successors. G. Until some other pei-son or persons shall be appointed in that behalf by the Covernor, the Colonial Secretary of British Columbia shall have and exercise all the powers and duties of the Board of Trade, in the said Act mentioned. The Official Lirpiidator theivin mentioned shall be appointed by the said Supreme Court of Civil Justice. 7. Notices, by the .said Act required to be published in the gazettes and newspapei-s therein mentioned^ shall, instead thereof, be published in the (rovertiiiiotf (iaxeltd, and in such other newspapers as may l)e ordeied. 8. When companies are formed in this Colony for mining purposes, all papers and documents lequired to bo registered imder the said Act with tli(i Registrar of Joint Stoelc ('ompanies may, instead thereof, be i-egistered with any Ciold (Jomn'.issionor or Assistant Cold Commissioner ; provided, that in such cases, every such di)cument shall bo delivered to him in duplicate, and ui)on receipt of the same, and of the fees for registration, and upon the reipiirements of the Act being fullilled, such company shall receive from the said Gold Commissioner the 'usual Certihcate of Registration, and upon such certilicato being granted, the company shall l)e deemed to be duly incoii;o- cute deeds out of the United Kin(,'dom. Fees payalile the same as those in England . Colonial Secretary to be substituted for Board of Trade. Public noticen, how given. Mining Com- )ianioB foiiiied here may be incorporated by obtaining' Certificate of Kegistratioii fnim a Gold Commis- sioiier. APPENDIX. I8S Nd TO [arch, 18G6.] ncorporntion, I other Afiso- ubia, by ond s follows : — t," and the repealed. f! Hession of iigu of Her Act, 18G2," ve, i\>\ far as rcu of law iu [latead of the the { supreme HcFi la.st men- the said Act mt«d, and the duplicate of all such documenis above mentioned, and of the Certificate of Registration shall bo forthwith transmitted by such Gold ('ommissioner to the Registi-ar of Joint Stock Companies, and such Certifi- rate of Registration shall have the same force and effect as if it had beun jjmnted by such Registrar, and shall bo i-eceived in any court as ovidencc, in like manner as the Oertilicato of Registratioii of such I'egistrar. 9. All the ivquirements of the said Act as to Registration thereunder, of comjianies already registered, shall apply as well to mining comj)anies now formed in this Colony under the " Mining Joint Stock Companies' Ordiimncc, 18G4," as to all other Joint Stock Companies formed under the Joint Stock Companies' Act hereby repealed ; and all the provisions of Part IX. of t'.ie said Act, save us hereinbefore altered, shall apply to all Mining companio.=< heretofore or hereafter incorporated. 10. Nothing heiein contained shall in any way be construed to inter- fere with the provisions of the "Gold Mining Ordinance, 180,5 ;" Imt all the provisions for windinj; uj) companies under this Ordinance sliall be extended and ajiplied to Mining Companies registered under the provisions of Part VII. of the said " Gold Mining Ordinance, 18G.5." 11. The General Ordei-s and Rules for regulating the practice and mode of procedui"8 under this Ordinance in this Colony, shall bo those of the High Couit of Chancery of England, bearing date the 2'^i\\ day of Novcmbci-, 18G2 ; provided, that it shall be lawful for the Judge of the Supreme ( !ourt of Civil Justice of British Columbia, with the sanction of the (Icvernor, to modify or alter the same when expedient. Kerinirt'int'iitH ns to lit iriK- triitioii of ( 'omp.atiien' Acts, \m'i, and Part IX. Klmll apply to all incorporati'il ronipauie:). Except to coni|>anie)i re- tfistfi-t'il uiuler the Gold Miniiii; Onli- imiioe, ISCi.j. (ieneral Or- (It'W and Rules of 2.">th No- v'luher, 1802, in force liere. 12. 18GG." This Ordinance shall be cited as "The Companies' Ordinance, Shmt Title bn as their lituatc in th(! Colony, and to empower lom. imo as those that such be paid into Heii-s and ■r, ted in that urabia shall >ade, in the led shall be Ithe gazettes |)ublished iu jrdeied. Ig purposes, lid Act with registered J ; provided, In iluplicato, Id upon the \c froni the upon such kly incoi-jo- 134 DRITI8H COLUMBIA. ■•?*. iii; ■s ."■t,«'' i H o . PQ M X! ^ 1— t hA Q p; Z S W O 01 Ph Ph (1h <: H O <^ M H >1 W s n d o 1^ QQ o o o sP^ V 3 a n ' " t^ •tin»u«A o Si C 01 a c a O ? ^ g"^ ;^< ijiUS najuflo •H*)}B^l),T ■»i«o ( •Aoijua 1 J •(([ aad 'ivaij^ j ssgs tc © ^ c >n r-li-lrH » ■* «> 4 IM 06 « i-> rH « W WUIWW*^ i i J Oi r-t ■^ rH as i •sdiiunj, •F»?S u^l'Jivn \%%%t •BSO^B'JOJ S ri o C X O -.-l ■-: in •S1WJ gig •»?«() ^ C^ ^ O X <¥ ® 9 O V 9 [awa: fl t^ i-C ■nXi a o H 8? •?b31,jvy "FJ •1 Q Q 0fc(NC2^f 00©'^Wl>.ift t" 1^ ^ ft. ^ r^_ "? 2 S"© -^ !?> 1-1 O 1" 53 o » «; o © 1-1 'M iM •-c Cl iHrH ©f'Mji.-i lit- lis?* -^3 'O CI t>. Ji © it an © im © ■KllOI.II!^ •jBmg uapjBf) •M0?«!JOJ ■KBa,]^ •B^BQ •xai-itja ■?«31AV V f, .c r ■n l-H C3 d >>l4 t'. 1 :S : :S t-©©ocio-»<© ©lS»-l WIN II 1H (M iH Jl ©©©©I-IOC tH te 5i r-i i< xc S>exo< rr 4q « ?i ' X t- ift ^ .-t C-l ^^ o *»• 5-1 f. 'M t~ t^ m P ? : : SteiHiig. Wiieaten Flour, i>er Iniri-el of 190 Iba 2 Wheat, per lb Wheaton Bread, per lb Hornoi'f! abundantly suj)pliftd v ith fish tlmn t':o.so of British Columbia. I^be.-,-- are so numerous and so varied that to become tlioroughly .ic.juaintev, with tlieir habit.s wovdd alnioat involve the study of n life-time, ' -aking them in tii^ir orclt>r, the tii"st tish that visit our shores are the herrings, tiiat come in shoals into the luirbore in the month of Marjii. The herring caught in Burrard Inlet is small, but good. There are larger and finer fish, equal indeed to those of our own seas, in the Gulf of Clftoi-gia were there only skilful fisliermen to catch them. Ne.\t, in the month of April, come the famous h'julicans. They enter the liver in millions, iuul their ])resence h- at once made known by the .sea-gulls which wheel above the shoals, and dart about among them for their ])rey, startling the usually still Eraser with their shrill cries. The houlican is somewhat larger than tlie sprat, and is a very delicate and delicious fish, so full of oil that it is said tiiose caught in the north will burn like a candle. There can be little doubt that they would make excellent sardines ; they could bo preserved in their own oil. The salmon begin to enter the liver in ^laich, and si)ecies alter species continue to arrive until October, the successors mixing for a time with the Ifi-st of their forerunners. There is a greater degree of certainty in jieriodical arrivals of each kind in this stream, than at the coast and islands. The most valuable kind, the Silver or Spring Salmon, is sure to make his appearance. It is impossil)le to say how many species there are. During the summer of 18(11, five or six diHerent kinds passed up the Eraser to >> greater or lessei' distance from the mouth. A considerable portion of then' (chieHy those of the silver and hook-bill species), make their way up the river to a distance of a thousand miles, even forcing themselves up the streams on the sides of the Rocky IMountains. With such rapidity do they travel, that they have been known to reach Lillouet within ten days of their arrival at the mouth of the river. Many perish on their toilsome jom'ney ; fiunt and weary they >vill not pause nor turn back, l)ut press onward and upward, battling still with the mighty current, until at length exhausted with the contest, they are driven ashore to 'lie. TL^ii' grand object is to [tropagate their 8i)ecies, andean instinct impels them to deposit their si)a\vn in the very head waters of the stream; whereby they fulfil the design of Providence, supplying food on their way to thousands of human beings in the interior. The spring or silver salmon l)egiiis to arrive in the river in March, or early in April ; it is most plentiful in June, and by the early part of July has mostly i)a.ssed up the river. It is a remarkably fine fish, weis^hing four to twenty-five pounds ; it has been known to reach a.s high lus seventy-two poiTlids. The fish ^:ent to tlie exhilntion of 18G2 weighed forty pounds. -*.v; • APPENDIX. 1^ VIPHLET lan those of to bocouve J study of a t our shoves h of Miu':;h. i )U"e larger ; of Georgia 10 month of lillious, ami wheel above ; the usually larger than liat it is said i little doubt •ved in their [after species le with the n periodical pro to make Ji-p. Dui-ing iFraser to ■■• lion of then' Lvay \\\} the ves up the lity do they lays of their liey will not 11 with the are driven fuct impels whereby thousands March, or pf July has Lg four to pventy-two luds. Of thase that arrive fust, the greater })ortion are rcil, the next are red and white (the flesh of the back above tlie side lines red, belly white), the last are principally white. This fish is easily cui-ed, and stands well at maiket. The second kind arrives in June, continuing till August, a small hand- some fish, back green, belly white, flesh red, averagp size five to six ])ouni!s, easily cure from lier roo. A female sturgeon contains groat ipiantities. From one killed in the Fra.scr recently, a bushel was taken. Tho flcsli also of tlie sturgeon is by some considered good, when properly cooked. It i.i believed tliat there are e\tensi\ e cod-ljanks in the (iulf of Georgia, po,!^ Whalee, In the northern seas whales and seals abound. Indeed, tiio extent and »nd SealH. variety of the ilsheries of Britisli C'ohunbia are immense. Oysters abound in Uurrard Iidet, good, but small — tliey only rocpiire a Oystero. little care — transplantation, feeding, — to etpial those for which Britain has so long beer famous. It ia evident that in thesv tisheries British Columbia |)ossesses a source Value of the of immense wealth. Her countless salmon (to speak of tiiem alone) must ^'inheries. form one day a very important article of export. Unfortunately no one has as yet taken up this branch of trade. Here, as elsewhere, it is caji .il that fiiils. Tlie process of curing is a work of care and time. But tlvre must come ere lon-^ uo these shores men of practical kiujwleilgo and capita suthcient to give this business a start, and there is no fear that a market will bo wanting. In California there is a good market, for her own rivers do not supply all tho salmon she needs ; so too eventually, no doubt, the colony will be able to export its fish to tho Sandwich Islands, Australia, and New Zealand, perhaps even to England. 10— IS *• 139 s m Animals of Columbia, Bird! of Columbia. BRITISH COLUMBIA. APPENDIX V. EXTRACT FROM PAMPHLET BY DR. C. FORBES, M.R.C.S.ENG. LIST OF AXIMALS FOUND IN VANCOUVEE ISLAND. American Panther, or Cougar Felis coucoloi*. Wild Cat Lynx fasciatus. Gray Cat Canis occidentalis. Dusky Wolf Canis (lupuu) occidentalis. Red Fox Vulpes maci-ouniH. Fisher, Black Cat Mustela Pennantii. Mink, or Mine Putorius vison. Amcrict n Sable, or Pine Mai-tin Mustela Amerieauu. Racoon, black footed Pi-oceon Hemandezii. Beaver Castor Canadensis. Black Bear Ursus Americanus. Brown Bear do do Wolverine Gulo luscus. Common Otter Lutra Califoniica. Sea Otter Enhydra marina. Red, or Pine Squin-el Sciurus Douglasii. Red Deer Elk Cei-vus Canatlensis. Black Tailed Deer Cervus Columbianus, Ermine Mustela erminea. Musquash, or Musk Rat Fiber zibethecus. Sea Lion Platyrhynchus Iconinus. Hair and fur Seals Phoca,vitulina,&Arctocephalusursinu8 Mountain Goat A ] ilocprus luontanus. LIST or BIKDS FOUND IN VANCOUVER ISLAND. Pigeon Hawk Falco columbarius. Sparrow Hawk Falco sj>arverius. Goshawk Astur atricapillus. Shaq) shin Hawk Accipiter f nscus. Western Red Tail Hawk Buteo montanus. White-headed Eagle Haliajtus leucoceijhalus. Great Horned Owl Bubo Virginianus. Snowy Owl Nyct^a nivea. Saw Whet Owl Nyctale Acadica. Pigmy Owl.., Glaucidium gnoma. Harris's Woodpecker Picus Harrisii. Gairdner's Woodpecker Picus Gaii"dneri. Red breasted Woodpecker Sphyi'opicus i-uber. Pileated Woodpecker, or Log Cock . . . Ilylatomus pileatus. Red Shafted Flicker Colaptes Mcxicanus. Rod backed Humming Bird Seliuiphorus rufus. Night Hank Chordeiles |K»petuc. Belted Kinglibher Coryle alo) on. APPKMUX. 140 [.B.C.S.ENG. >hnlusurainuB Olive sidod Flycatcher C'ontopus borealis. American Robiii, Migi-utory Thrush . .' Tiirdiis migratorius. Varied Thrush Turdus neevius. Western Blue Bird Sialia Mexicana. Ruby Crowned Wren Begulua calendula. Golden Crested Wren Reguhis Satrapa. American Titlark Anthus Ludovicianus. Macgillivray's Warbler . , Geothlypis Macgillivrayi. Orange Crowned Warbler Helminthophaga celata. Audubon's Warbler Dendi-oica Audubonii. Yellow Warbler Dendroica sestiva. Louisiana Tanag«r Pyranga Ludoviciana. Barn Swallow Hirundo horreorum. White bellied Swallow Hiruudo bicolor. Violet green Swallow Hirundo thalassina. Warbling Flycatcher Vireo gil vus. Blue-headed do Vireo solitarius. Winter Wren Troglodytes hyeraalis. Rock Wren Sal pine tes obsoletus. Slender bill Nuthatch Sitta aculeata. Chesnut backed Tit Parus nifcscens. Western purple Finch Carpodacus Californicus. Pine Finch ; Cluysonutris pinus. Western wliite crowned Sparrow Zouoti'ichia Gambelli. Golden crowned Sparrow do coi onata. Oregon Snowbird Junco Oregonus. Chipping Sparrow Spizella socialis. Western song Sparrow Melospiza rufina. Townsend's fox Sparrow Passarella Townsendii. Blackheaded Grosbeak Guiraca melanocephala. Oregon gi'ound Robin Pipilo ( )regonus. Western meadow Lurk Sturnelhi neglecta. Brewer's Blackbird Scolecopliagus cyaiioceph'ilus. Redwing do Agelaius plireniceus. American Raven Corvus carnivorus. Northwestern Fish '^ Vow do caurimis. Steller's Jay Cyauura Stellerii. Band-tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata. Dusky Grouse Tetrao obscurus. Ruffed Oregon Grouse, or "Partridge," Bonasa Sabinii. Sandhill Crane Gr us Canadensis. Great Blue Heron A rdea Herodias. Surf Bird Apliriza virguta. Bachman's Oyster Catcher Hannatopus iiigcr. Black Turnstone Strcpsilas meUvnocephalus. Wilson's Snipe : English Snipe Gallinago Wilsonii. Telltale Tattler Gauibetta uielunoleuca. American Coot or M\id Hen Fulica Americana. The Swan Cyguus Americamis. Canada Goose JJcniiclii Cauiuldiisis. White cheeked Gooso do Loucopareia. Hutchins' Gooso do Hutcliinsii. Snow Goose Anser hy i)erborea. Mallard or Stock Duck Anas boschas. Gi-een winged Teal Nettion Carolincusis. Baldpate or American Widgeon Mnreca Amerit-ana, ;:J> uo ItRITISH C'OMIMnrA. : i'.' I>Ig blnckhoail or Sciiup Duck Fnlix nmrilla. Canvas-back Duck Ay tliyiv vallisneria. Golden eye Duck Buooplinla Americiina. Bufflehead Duck do albeola. Harlequin Duck Histi-ionicus torquatus. Longtftiled Duck or South-southerly Harelda glaciulia. Velvet Duck Melanetttv velvetina. Surf Duck Pelionetta perspicillata. Goosander Mergus Americanus. Redbreasted Merganser do serrator. Hooded do Lo])hody tea cucullatus. Violet-green Cormoiunt Graculus violaceus. Short-tailed Albatross Dioniedea brachyura. Glaucous winged Gull Larus glaucescens. Suckley'.s Gull do Suckleyi. Great northern Diver Colymbus torquatus. Bli ickth loated Diver do arcticus. R'jdthroated Diver do soptentrionalis. rtednecked Cirr(>be Podiceps gi"i«eigena. Western do do occidentalis Horned do do cornutus. Western Guilleniot Uria coluniba. Marbled Auk l^racliy vhanipnus marnioratus. APrKNDIX, 141 APPEl-DIX W. I EXTRACT FROM J. D. PEMBERTON'S WORK ON VANCOUVER ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. Game. Foremost among the inducements to the middle classes to emigrate to Gkine in these colonies, is the consideration that they can there enjoy many recreations, Columbi*. such as horse exercise, shooting, fishing, &o., which at home are attended witli so much ejfpense. All the pleasures that can be derived from renting a moor, or owning a deer park in Scotland, from supporting game keepers, resisting poachers, or incurring licenc \s, from tipjiiug whii)s, or feeing ostlers, are trivial, compared with the sport witliin the reacli of a settler with moderate means on the Pacific Coast ; to say nothing of game being there, in an economical point of view, a very important item. For simplification sake, lot us omit the buffalo as too distant, grizzlies or brown liears as too fierce, and mountain goats and sheei» &h too wild luid vnac^sssiblo in their retreats among tlie mountains. Jf large game is an attriit-tioii, oik, the sizo of a Kem' cow, can i-eadily j;ik. lie I'let with on the coast. Keeping to windward of them, they are not (iiificult to approach, and once within the baud, and a shot fired, they become confused, and an easy prey to the hunter. The antlei-s are five feet or so in width, and weigh ujjwards of thiity pounds ; the meat is excellent. Like all tlie deer tribe, they are found in winter in valleys near the coast, and in the lieat of summer prefej- central lakes and hill tops, where :hey can catch the breeze, and avoid the flies, which would otherwise torment them. Deer, being capital swimmers, prefer the groups of small islands to the mainland, and a party of half a dozen hunters will, after an absence of a fortnight or three weeks, occasionally bring back to Victoria as many as thirty or forty, weighing 100 pounds, to 150 pounds each. The Indians snare them in pitfalls, and kill them in traps. But the slaughter is greatest in snow crusted over with ice, strong enough to bear a man . but which the pointed foot of the deer, aided b^ its spring, too readily pe* rates, and the animal is soon overtaken. The venison is seldom so good as that of the parks of England. The black bear too is easily met with, and is never known to attack Black Bear. till wounded, or in defence of cubs; some are very large. If young, the tlesli is excellent, but ratlier too like [lork ; but old bear is tough, and the sti-ong smoU, whieli no amount of cookuig can neutralise, is far from enticing. 'fliey are goueraliy seen where lierries are abundant, or among charred stumps of tiieir own colour, and usually stand up to look at an intruder i before decamping, presenting a cajjital mark to fire at. They ai-e difficult ^ to kill, anil even when shot througli the heart, are active for some time after. To see one of these animals Ktpej)lec)ui9ing over the fallen timber of the ; ; ;»•■■ US :^.-;.^ 1 .''( '•.•fr.. ^; Puma. Wolvn. Duck ahoot- intf. Gcew. Bwana. Duiky Oroua* Willow UrouM. Sziipe. Crtmea, BRITISH COMTjfBIA. foretit, or gpriug up a trco iu its native state, it is Uillioiilt to conceive it9 being similar to that we have seen so tame and spiritless in the menagerie, and conclude that there, though the body was living, " the heart must have been dead." The puma, formidable as it looks, is far from courageous ; it will dart up a tree from the smallest dog. To sheep, it is very destructive ; once within the fold it seizes them successively by the throat, and rapidly sucka the blood ; even a man would be in danger if asleep in the vicinity of one. The wolves are of different colours, and larger than a Newfoundland dog ; they are excessively shy. To meet with any large game, the sportsman has now, as might be ex- pected, to go several mile^ from the settlement. His equipment for this purpose should consist of a double rifle with one sight, adjusted for point blank shooting only, with strong charge, up to one hundred yards, a hunting knife, and ammunition, and oil skin and blanket, and an Indian or two, to carry the game and keep the track, retracing, if required, in which department they excel. Dogs, unless remarkably well trained, are better disi>entied with. Of feathered game the duck shooting is decidedly the best sport upon the coust. Of these, there are fifteen or more different kinds ; the best are found at river deltas, and in swamps, where, as you walk, they continue to rise straight up, often at the sportsman's feet. Away from the settlement a good shot has killed thirty and forty in a day. A good retriever is indis- {)ensable, and I may add that there is nothing like an Eley cartridge and large bore for taking them down. Geese of several sorts ai-e also abundant, so much so, that in places I have seen Indian boys stalk, and kill them with bows and arrows. At night too they sometimes steal upon n flock, rush light in hand, and wring the necks of a considerable number. But the greatest numbers of wild fowl ai-e killed iu this curious way : The Indians observe the path in air, at the entrance of a river or elsewhere, through which dense flocks of wild fowl )>ass. While the biixls are at i-est or feeding, a net is fixetl vertically at the pro[)er level, being attached to ix)les planted some hundreds of feet apart. The birds are suddenly startled, and fly against the net with such rapidity, that they fall stupefied, and are easily clubbed by Indians, who rush upon them from an ambush close by. A punt, gun, and swivel, with which to supply the market, would even as a speculation succeed. Swans are veiy wary and difficult to bag ; they ai-e found sometimes on the lakes, sometimes on salt water. At the head of A.lberni Canal, I saw five together. The ooo? shooting has this great advantage over the grouse shooting, that the inoonveiiience of struggling through the bush is avoided. The dusky grouse is large, two and a half pounds weight, sits all day drumming in a pine top, or cleft in a rock, and at night and morning comes down to feed. The willow gi-ouse is smaller, of a brown colour, and is generally found in the neighbourhood of water. Both are scai'ce near the settlements, being very easily shot, as if missed on rising, they settle in the nearest tree. Of either, even far from the settlement, is difficult to bag more than five to ten bmce. A good pointer is indispensable, as they lie very close. Snipe, on the contrary, increase with cultivation ; in one field I put up forty or fifty. Besides the above, tall buff cranes, standing four or five feet high, are stalked in the plains, and make goo rush iipon ith which to S^lS'aw^^"^''''" "" '""" '' P"^' ""^^ '' •'"g^^"' l'*-H kites, Ac, In this way flocks of wild pigeons, doves of two kinds, three varieti«« of thrush, meadow larks, several kinds of sparrows wrens h^JS^lTJ tomtite. and a bird that sings at night. ^evXiy p^'r Z^^nJa^": homestead, to a precarious subsistence in the wildemeJs ^ iir 'IS I.I -t' IS ?;:• ametimes on il, I saw five lU so shooting, sits all day nd morning erally found as if missed ir from the d pointer is crease with above, tall plains, and It Is near the IH BRlTtSU COtUHBIA. ». .', ■' 1 'I ,. <■: '^^ ao M • o X o X »4 t5 HH ^ Q n Z s W o CL. P^ Ph 124 < ^ H 1 =3 i C3 S I r O o o ■*> » a> o O tM i H •I o Q n at I 1 'SAajQ •TOOJt pq 'aiM89^ 'BJiMQ •BUOX ■8lat)B8^ •8A9J3 •HUOJ, 00 I o ! 'A S8 i JlA>t>£NDtX. Ui 1^ 1 1 63448 i t- i '1 i 1 i 1-M » ■ 1 > 1 c • 1 52207 5? g •♦ ' i 1 O 3 of I -S I o CO 00 O h ■§ ^ 2^ 3 d <■ to g CQ s O 0} 2 o § Eh I I 6 o Eh o M M O I B OB s •BMajQ ssssfesas* ^ ^ I =3 I •niox ■Jiasss^ i.ttaag •suox '^[sna^ a if O J3 O Eh -a a O •BAVajQ 5 s ^ t- lO t- 3 S 5 5? '' (0 iHNe^«o«o«t-i-tt- 94 SJ i-H (N 2 I 1-1 o t- •snox '■IMBa^ 'BMdJQ BUOX •Biassa^ 'BAiajQ •8U0X "siagsa^ c';Q09>'q O 3 i 8 So O O (H o f« r-l N IH ■» ■f OO .. - tx tf t> «0 ec i-i iH 91 iH S 8 O F- So t- c» •>>• 00 CO c» i^ to t- 00 a s ; ■^ t 1 s M ^ ■It ti Tl o "C IS c *i r/: ^' S ?5 CO 1^ O 00 00 A iH t- 91 3 s s SCO •* «0 IH O J8 5 CO 5 o ; ".'[-i U6 iBBITISn COLVMBXA. Table No. 3. — Number, Tonnage, and Crews of Vessels of each Nation entered at Ports in the Colony of British Columbia, in the year 1870. . r ■ Nktioulity of VeBsela. With Cart ;oea. In Ballast. Total. 1 M 1 1 1 J3 1 O United Kingdom 7 403 4,070 50,893 121 2,819 3 185 2 1 2,406 32,606 1,011 428 56 1,736 26 10 10 587 2 1 1 203 ' 6481 83,499 1,011 428 681 78,624 177 British PoBBewions 4,664 26 frenoh North Gcrmui 10 Norwegian 1 135 681 51,626 ie 2,311 16 UnitedStates 68 26,998 1,096 3,407 Total 545 107,176 5,267 259 63,448 2,922 804 170,624 8,189 „5- i ■•t . '■III' ^■-^.m r Table No. 4. — Number, Tonnage, and Crews of Vessels of each Nation cleared at Ports in the Colony of British Columbia, in the year 1870. Nationality of Vessels. With Cargoes. In Ballast. Totol. 1 > 10 168 2 1 1 79 1 i 4 > 2 447 1 1,484 49,917 i £ > 1 £ United Kingdom British Possessions Krenoh ..... 550 35,723 1,011 428 681 39,624 145 1,848 25 10 15 1,613 44 2,834 12 615 2 1 1 204 7,037 83,640 1,011 428 681 80,412 189 4,682 25 North German 10 ICorweffinn 15 UnitedStates 125 5T4 40,788 1,841 3,454 Total 261 83,020 3,650 90,189 4,719 835 173,209 8,375 ach Nation in the year Total. i i ^ o ' 64»1 177 83,490 4,554 1,011 25 428 10 681 16 73,624 3,407 170,624 8,189 ch Nation the year Total. ^ § o H O 7,037 189 B3,640 4,682 1,011 25 428 10 681 15 !0,412 3,454 3,209 8,375 .a s O .1 •c a o i-H o O o w ee :> CS tJ . a; ^ ^ kTI -is « C rH ;>^ Cm O 03 O I" a o Eh t: '-*. §3?^?? 1 i .3 a a -5 ;4 pq o >> c o rC o ,£: o ■1.3 « p o L-L:* O 03 n o •a I )»— < o 6 12; Ip2|i w gr if' -^-lll «• TtniTIflH COLUMBIA. it r. ■VlJ^l^fc ■ ■4,4 .V 1 '/-t^f^i ■|3 w 05 •J :i •c. Cm O a o -3 O (O a to o Ph :^ Ph t I ■f ^ •o«jnn«j^ pun annpojj \vwo\ -Of) jnif^o pu« ■.tuojoo am JO ■ajn^ovjnanif pu» oanpojj ■I -"■ s c a a •3 1-5 d 1) s u a e5 a. go© ••o»ir>.» ?3'g ii ?x c \^ in >l 1.3 1*4 .3 u £, lOOCS 55© MCO s S5S i Eh P§ 03 O 5 3 : isi^ u> i? SS2 I a: ^ •&« © S2N % ' I cf * •c o H^§ J. >-> <«< (g 93 i APPBSPIX. 140 gjs g • i -S s o" i i ii o • ^ ^ 5 I •c o l?f (§ 41 i 1 0. S^SIl «1A r< «■! ^ rt « ?5 S o «' l>.iHiH W 51 m S 1-1 lH in •• OS » ■♦ aou; I i- ::^, %, "/'i 3 o S SI muMmumMl wm. m BRITISH COLUMBIA. lit I'#^ i' 00 w O O n pq !^ o o CO I i ed Q CO' -i a s •c PQ o 3 o Oh 0) o a; « a O a H a M SB o M O o O u ■M9n;iraj<[ I n '^uiu!i\[ •auip«jx 'B9jn}o«jnii«i\[ 'ajn^inouSy 'saiviuaj 'i»|«pi IS ;©*» -w^o* S l.Oi-l C5CI s gSS'^^Sg IS CI ■ Q IQ «0 005 •oO«N 00 to •i«l«ra3j CO a t>. CO e>i o L-t LI in ■«< •* © la t *(S«iSWCJ •<»" M A « 06 1-t S ■89l«l^ •sa^Buitj •89l«J^ 'B3I0ai9J •i9l«J^ 06 iH rH3i-l e^-*0»i-li-l^ s ■* rH .00 *1 f M iH • N s OS in fe S OOfSoCAoCOJ VM©Ot^rHS&> 00 I- 1 >-, J 1-2 S S » H 1:^ llliiljjilllll Cl It •c-c u s APPfiMblX. m g| gs§ s 3 :§'' 1 S u .-tJ.S '- •C'C APPENDIX AA. MEMORANDUM BY THE HON. J. W. TRUTCH, Commissioner of Land nml Works, in reply to a letter, treating on the condition of the Indians in Vancouver Island, addressed to the Secre- tary of the Aborigines Protection Society, by jSlr. William S. Sebright Gnien. Mr. Green's letter contains a series of allegations against the Govern- Reply to Mr. ment, most of whicli ai-e so entirely inconsistent with facts, and in the l«reen'» L-tter. remainder of which the truth is so strangely distorted, that liis statements in this niatier, and the deductions drawn by him therefrom, urgently require to be met with the most distinct and positive refutation. It is not true, as he avers, that in this Colony we have " no Indian Policy whatever," that "there are no Indian Agents," and that the only friends the Indians have in the Colony, are the Missionaries. On the contrary, for the past ten years at least, during which I have -poVex of the resided in this Colony, the Government ajipears to me to have striven to the Gowrnuu-nt extent of its power, to protect and befriend the native race ; and its declai-etl in r^»P«^t of policy has been that the Aborigines should ir. all material respects be on the same footing in the eye of the law as peoi)le. of European descent, and that they should be encouraged to live amongst the white settlers in the country, and so, by their example, be induced to adopt hsibit.s of civilization. In tlvt! more settled districts, the Indians do now reside mostly in the settlements, working for the wh'te settlers, eating similar food, and wearing similar clotliing, and having, to a great extent, relinquished their former wild primitive mode of live. In these respects the native race has undoubtedly derived very material benefit from their contact with white people, whilst it is luihappily equally certain that it has thence contracted a largij share of the vices, and attendant disease, which have ever been inevitiibly entaihid by the Euro[)eau races on the Indians of this continent, amongst whom they have settled. This policy towards the Indians has been consistently carried out, so far as I am aware, by successive Governors, and under it the Indians have a8.suredly, as Mr. Green states, " been made mnenuble to English laws," but it is somewhat more than exaggeration to write, as he has done, that tho Indians have been sufForcd to shoot and kill one another within rifle shot of the city, without interference. It ma .' Ik', and I believe is a fact, that during the jiiist ten years there have been instmces of Indians having siiot and killed one another in the outskirts of Victoria, without having been apprehended, but they certainly have not been snffctrd to do so. On the contrary, had they been detected in the commission of such prinips, they would most assuredly have been tried and punished acconling to English law. In fact, Inilians have been tried for this very crime in Victoria, and hanged. At the trial of all siidi otfi/uders couTisrl have beon assigned l)y the Iml'.n. nm- Judge fur tlieir detVuce, unless! Hpot-ially jirovided by themselves or tlicM t^'^t * »'i"'» friends, prociselv as though they had been whit,' m-n. "" ' ' 10— -JO m bUITIUU COLUMBIA. ,!:*■ .n ■ «l ■ '. '-) Duties of Magistrates. Titles to liiiid. Ajrreeiiients with Indiiiiiti. Clowitbiiii StttloiK'Ill." ,',fe For it um.st ha pointed out, tbut Mr. Green is again jtortitively incorrect in Htating, hs he has clone, that the defonco of Indians " is a mere matter of chance." There is no more of the element of chance in this resiiect as regards an Indian on his trial, tlian \vtMild afl'ccta white man similaily oirctimstanced. Money mu. t of coinso always ha\ti its etl'cct in socnring the .services of al>lo cuunsi'l, and in otlier ways, wlien a m.-in in under trial foi' r.ny offence against the law ; Init in this resjioct a jioor Indian is no worse off than a poor white man ; indeed, he is ))robably_ not so friendless, as the Judges in this '.'olony have always made it iluiir tpecial care that Indians on trial should l)t! at least at no disadvantage on account of their Iieing Indians. The Magistrates too, throughout the Colony, are the specially constituted pio- tectora of the Indians against injustice. Th'-y are in fact " Indian Agents " ill all but the name ; and I ;im conlident that tht-y have .so performed this well understood branch of their duty, that: as full a measure of protection and gener.d advantage has bum bo.jtowcd on th(! Indians, through their agency, by (.iovernment, out of the ])ecuniary means at its disposal for this jairjiose, as could hav(^ Vieen afforded to them through the medium of a special Indian Dei)artment. The Indians have in fact ln^en held to be the .speciid wards of the CVown, and in the exerci.se of this guardianship Govern- ment has, in all cases where it has licen considered desirable for the interests of the Indians, set apart such portions of the crown lands as were deemed ])roportionate to, and anij)ly sutiiciont for the reiiuirements of each tribe; and these Indian reserves are held ))y the Government, in trust, for th(^ exclusi\ e use and benetit of the Indians resident thereon. lUit the title of the Indians in the fee of the jiublic lauds, or any portion thereof, hius never been acknowledged by Government, but, on the contrary, is distinctly denied. [u no caso lias any special agreement been made with any of the tribes of tho mainland, for the extinction of their claims of possession. Kut thene claims ha\(. been held to have been fully satisfied by securing to each tiibe, as the progress of tin- settlement of the country seemed to retjuire, the use of sr.tiiciejit tracts of land for their wauls, for agricultural and jiiistoral purposes. fn 1S."»0 and 18."»l. shortly after the lir.st settlement of Victoria, by the Hudson's Hay t'ompany, at that time grantees from the Grown of the whole of V'aucou\er Island, with full executive powers of Goveiiuaent, their agent, Governor Douglas, nuule agreements with the various families of Indians then occupying the soiith-eastern ])oi-tion of the Island for the reliutpiishment of their possessory claims in the district of country aroiuid Fort Victoiia, in consideration of certain l)lankets ami other goods jiresentcd to them. But thes(> ](resents wire, as I und(ustand, made ibr the jinrpose of securing friendly rtlations between these Indians, and the settlenuiut of Victoria, then in its infancy, and ceit.'iiidr not in acknowledgement of any genei-al titk; of the Indians to the lands they occn|iy. In i-eferencc to the Gowichan settlement, it a|)pears from the I'ecords, foi' I cannot speak of this matter from [ler.sonal knowletlge, as I hatl no oflicial eon)iection with A'anconver Island until the year before last, that portions of the Gowichan A'alley were surveyed by Goveriunent, imd sold in 1855). The setthnient dates therefore from that year, although the unoccupied lands in this district weio not thrown open for pi-e-emption until 1802. When these lanJs wer(! surveyed certain sections, contiiinlng in all 4, 1)35 acres, Mere set iijiart as reserves for tlic use of the Gowichan Imlians, and are now held in tnist by Government, for that ]»urpo.se, with the p.xception of about noo acres, which have been .since with(lia\\i» from this reservatiim with the consent, as appears fiom the iccordcd co. icspondence in this olVicc*, of the iDtliane interested therein. 1. ,..|-] APPKXniX. !.'r) ¥' y iuconect ! matter of as regards unistanced. services of !uy otieiicu hail a pool' i/es ill tins rial shoiikl iaiis. Tlio titutwl J>rt>- n Agents " ormed this protection •ougli their )r:i1 for this Klinm of a I to 1)0 the lip Govern- 10 iuteresits ere deemed . tribe ; and 10 oxclusi\c ids, or any but, on the f the tribes |ty securing seemed to agricultural a, by the the whole nt, their families of ud for the try around presented jmrpose of ;t lenient of cut of any •ecords, for no otticial [lortions of 8f){). The il lands ill hen these ■were set iw held ill about flOd with tiie ke, of the I can find no reconl of any jiromise liaving been made to these Indians Xo promise of that they should lie paid for the lands in the Cowiehau A'alley, which they onTcord.''°" may have laid claim to, nor can I learn that any such promise has ever been made, l)ut it is probable that the Cowicliuu Irdiaus, wluMi tlie white]teo])le began to settle amongst them, may liav(f exjiectfi!, and consideretl themselves entitled to receive for the lands which they h'iii to l)e theirs, similar doiialions to tlioso which had been {nx-seutiHl to their neighbours, the- Saanich Indians years previously, as before mention d, on their reliiujuisliiiig ttieir claims to the lands around their villages. It i* further \i-i-y likeU" that it was (iovornor Douglas' intention that such gratuities should be besto\ven made, and, in etVect, jiresonts of agricultiiial implemonts and tools were authorized to bi; made to them throug'i this Department last year, although no demand.s for payment for their lands had to my knowledge been made by these Indians from Government. It is unfortunately onl}' too true that the law forbidding the sale of Sale of liquor, liquor to Indians, although efficacious in the country districts, especially on the mainland, is virtually inoperative in Victoria and its neighljourhootl, us its jirovisiona, strict .is they are, are evaded by an organized system between white men, who make the vile liquor for this trade, and the Indian traders, who purchase it in quantities to be I'elniled to theii- ladiau customers on the reserves. (Jovernmeiit has eiuleaNDured to su]>press tins most lianeful traffic, l)ut the profits are .so considerable, that tlmse engaged in it in a whole- sale way cannot be tempted to become informers, and it is only occasionally that even the minor agents are appivliendi'd and punished, whilst the principal offenders, some of wlnuii it is hinted are '■' most lespectaljlc " persons, cannot bo traced. It is easy for Mr. Green to say " lie could point out at least a dozen men known to be ensjaged in this nefarious traffic, Imt it w.iuiJ no doubt have li-eu difficult for him to liiive [irov-il this wliicii he ass'.M-ts as a known fact, otherwia? he would surely have e\idenccd Jiis earnostness in the cans.' of '*■ ' r those on whose belialf he writes, jjy giving such infoi-niation to the police as might have led to tlu; punislmieat of tiiese oilenders. Prostitution is .another acknowledged evil prevailing, to almost an Prostitution, unlimited extent among the Iiulian woiiKii, in the neighbourhood of Victoria ; but the prevention of this vice is at least as difhcult to elVect here as in more civilized communities, and the only diret-c step towards tliis result tliat ap[)ears open to tlie (jo\'ernmeiit to take, would be to reiiio\e the entir(^ Indian [jopnlation to a distance of some miles from Victoria : a coujse against which both the Indians thcuiselves, and the majority of the whito inlialiitants would most strenuously |)rotest for a variety of reasons. Hut this I'ourse must lie ado[tted bf'fSr<> any mensurcs for tlic iuiproveuieiit, in this resjiect, of the moral and social condition of the Indi in |>opulatiou can l)e carried into effect vvith any hope of success. In direct refutation of the charges of utter neglect and iiiliuman tn-nt- 'IVoatuietit of nieiit of the Indians at Victoria, dm'ing the lu-cvah'ucc of small nox ju lii<*i'UJ'<''uff«''; , . , 1 • 1 ■«. .< 1 • . 1 , > Ml , .. • , iriL' f loiu sraall l8(jiS, which Mr. Green makes iiuaiust the (jovenimcut, it will be snihcicnt j,o\. for me to recount what ennn> under my own observation iu ri'fereiice to this subject. iSomo time during the autumn of that year, whii.l this disease was at its height, Mr. Young, at that tiiiu- \cliiig Colonial Secretary, called my atten- tion to a leading article in that morning's " Rrili^h (Jolonist," of which Mr. (ireen was then Editor, which ciiiitained most exaggerated representations of th(? horrible condition i.>f tin- liidiuns on the reserve ecially a,s a small pox hosjjj.al, and unlcr medical treatment, also provided by Gover:unent. Those who had died on the reserve, and in the town of Victorii'.. had been decently buiied, to tlie number of abotit fifty, that being the numl>ev of newly made graves. We could not verify whether thest! rei)rescnted all the deaths uj* to that time from small-pox, aim :g the Indians, but we cortaiidy saw no dead bodies of Indians left unburied on the reserve, or elsewhere in the neighbourhood of the town, nor did wo leai-n that even one such dead body had been found " on the rocks outside the hai-bor,"' whore Mr. Crreen says " hundreds of bodies were left unburied." The .slianties which had been occupied Tby the small-jx)x patients, together with their clothes and bedding, had been carefidly burnt, and from all that wo saw on tlie reserve, and from tlie information furnished to us by the Rev. Mr. Uwens, Mr. Pemberton, and others, wo were satisfied that all practicable measures were being taken for the proper care of the Ineen entrusted, and especially by Sergeant Rowden, the Inspector of Police, whose services in this respect he solicited the Government to acknowletlge by some complimentary gratuity ; and the rest of the Council having joined in this representation, after a discussion, in which the treatment of tlie Indians duiing th« prevalence of the small-pox was fully debated and approved of— the Governor was pleased to comjily with their request. I have since ascertained that the deaths from small-pox among the Indians in 1808, as reported by the Police Magistrate, amounted, including children, to eighty-eight (88), and that about §2,000 were expended by Government, in the care of, and medical attendance on these sufferers, and iii the burial of the dead. Unhappily indeed, the disease was fatal enough in reality to the white AH well as tho Indian population, to need no such imaginative exaggera- tion as Mr. (ireen, from motives wliich I will not underlako to determine, altliough they are, I Iw^lieve. sutticiently apparent in the coticluaion of his letter, lias aUowed his pen to jiiduio. APPEXniX. 197 MoBt of the Indians from the outlying districts iiluag the coiint fled from Communica' the city in their canoes, by the advice of the autliorities, but under no eom- 1!.°" "' *'""*' pulsion, at the; first outbreak of the eoiitagioii, but unfortunately not in time " to escii]ip its ravages, for tliey carriful it« infection with theia, and those attiickt'il w ith the dreaded disease on their way homeward, were left by their friends on the shore to ])eriHh unteuded. Many Indians died in this way, in addition to those wjjose deaths at Victoria were regiatci'ed, but 1 am unable to i>ciceive what measures it was in the power of tlie Government to take, other than those which wei-e adopted, for the protection and siicoour of the white and Indian population alike. I will only i-eniark further on the general subject of the condition of the Viewg of the Indians in this Colony, that it is unhesitatingly acknowledged to bo the ^;'i' ■^ \ *.■-,;# ■..fr. ^^'; APPHNDIX BB. Oi>inion8 divided as to treatment of Indiana, BiBadvantagea of American system. Cost of the American system. LKTTEll FROM HIS LUllDS KIP THE BISHOP OF MILETOPOLIS AND VICAll APOSTOLIC OF HIUTISH COLUMlilA. To TUK HOXORAULK H . L. L.VX(iKVlN, ZiIinistLT of rublic Works, Ottawa. Sir, — Yonr visit to this distant liirid lias shown us what a lively interest the Feder.il Ooveinment takes in tlie Province of British Columbia, which, though the last annexed to the Dominion of Canada, will not, we hope, be the lea.st productive of good results. You came to this Province to fulfil an honorable and important inissiftn, and with that oLject in view you were pleased to see for yourself, and to exa- mine everything attentively in order to acquire a ]>etter knowledge of indi- viduals ami to obtain correct ideas as to the coiuitrv. I belie\x' that I shall meet your wishes and perform a duty by submitting to you my lunuble ojiinion as to the most advantageous system to l)e adopted l»y the Fedend CJovenunent in its relations with the Indians in this Province; I shall then addi-ess you on the subject of certain projects, which have doubt- less not failed to attract the attention of the Federal Government. With regard to the system which might be adopted by the Government in connection with the Aborigines, opinion is divided ; some persons speak of compelling the Indians of this Province, to collect on certain general resefvea which would be set apart fur them ad hoc ; if I do not mistake, that is the system which the Americans have adoi)ted in their dealings with the Indians who inhabit the territory bordering upon this I'rovince. I am astonished, Sir, that those who know, or who have been in a posi- tion to know the deplorable consequences of such a system, can be desirous ; it adopted and cai'ried into ojieration in British Columbia. It to me that experience has sufiieicntly proved : 1st. That if it is dirticult to com)iel wandering tribes, who livt; in tents, to leave the land of their ancestors, to reside upon distant reserves, it is almost impossible to induce Indians who live in permanent villages to consent to leave their houses, their fields and their burning places to which they are as attached as to life itself. L'ml. That to endeavour to compel these Indians, against their will, to leave the land of their birth would be, at the least, impnulent and impolitic ; such a ftystom might entail misfortune upon the settlers as well u])f)n the Indians ; who can say that the latter, considering themselves molested, would not seek to avenge themselves, as h:is already occurred in the case of the Americans! It is true that tlie Indians would inevitably ultimately succumb, they l)eing the weaker, but it is no less true that a war with them would entail immense exjienditure upon the Federal Government, and would r(H.ard for years tlie ])rogress of this Province. It is an historical fact that the system adopted by the Americans in their relationr, >vlt1i the Indians has cost tliem millions of dollars, and has been productive of barely a single good result. Who does not know that after the t'rightful wars w hieli cost so much blood and so much moiiey, the Americans were compelled, at least in the adjoining territory, to conform to (he wishes of the Indians and leave them upon the land which they had demanded] I take pleasiu'O in believing. Sir, that the Federal Government would be un- of appears JifVaSDlJi, 169. .ETOPOLIS BIA. Ively interest irabia, which, , we hope, be ■tant luission, f, and to exa- edgo of indi- l)y submitting to be adopted ;his Province ; h have donbt- nt. (Tovcrnment i-sons speak of nei-al resetves Ice, that is the 1 the Indians ■en in a posi- be desirous lolnmbia. It Tliafc if it is the land of nipossible to leave their e as attached lians, against It, imprudent ! settlers us themselves occurred in kl inevitably that a war fTOvernment, cans in their id has been |uit after the Americans I he wishes [Handed '• I voxM be un- willing to iniitatu our Yankee neighboi-s and to take as their rule tho law of the strongest, a law which in our day is Ijut too much in vogue ; I am satis fiod that it will proftu' to tulopt a system which will prove more favorable, less ccitly and less prodvictivo of iiiconv(;nience, and which will at the same time have the advantage of seciu'ing for the Government the contidencc of the Indians and in that way ensiu'iiig for it jiowcrful auxiliaries in case of war. To attain this most desirable end, it would be sutlioieut, it ai^ioars to me: — 1st. That the Federal Government should set a])art in each Indian village, a reserve of laud iiroportionate to the nuuil^er of tlie inhabitants. '2nd. Tliat a treaty should l>e made with tho Indians for the extinction at the earliest possible period of their titles to their lands, ord. That the sum of uioney to be allowed to the Ijidians by the Government, siiould be a\iplied to supplying them, annually, either with agricultural imj)lements and others such as axes, large saws, phuies, ic, or with clothing and blankets as they may i-equii-e and select. If fears are eutert^iined tiiat certain Indians who still follow the oUl customs of savage life, would abuse such gifts, we are in a })ositiou to assert that a large majority of those who arc under our iuUuence, far from nmking a bad use of them, would derive the greatest advantages from them. The progress which a large number of them have already made in civilization, loft as they were, so to speak, to themselves, i)roves wliat might be expected from them if the Government came to their assistance and took their interests to heart. It is the intention of the Kedei-al Gl)^ crnment, I believe, to appoint iigents whose special duty it will lie to ;ittoud to the interests of the Aborigines. As an immense majoiity of tho (Jhristian Indians profess the Catholic faith, would it not be expedient that tho local superintendent with whom 'they will have to communicate, should be a Catholic, a similar advan- tage being granted to the Proti'stants ( The Federal ( Jovernment will, I trust, be i)leased to take into consideration the wish exjiressed by about 20,000 Indians, who are either Catholics or uninstructed, to have a Catholic superintendent with whom they may treat respecting their aftairs. You will readily observe, Sir, that by complying with their earnest desire, a way will l)e found for acijiiiring their entire confidence. It is also, without doubt, the intention of the Federal Government to take some ste))s for the education of the Aborigines. On this subject I nuiy here be allowed to remaik tliat, for the present, day-schools for the Indians would entail gieat expense without producing satisfactoi-y results. The fact is that the Indians have been in contact with the whites for too short a time to enable them to understand or appreciate the advantagt?s of purely elementary education ; besides, being compelled to go upon hunting and fishing exi)editions to pi-ovick; fond and sustenance for their families, they has e not yet entirely abandoned tJieir slightly nomadic way of life, so that it is ditlicult, not to say impossible, to exact from each child that regular attendance at a day-.sehool which is necessary to enable him to derive real benefit from it; the parents also are not disposed to ."send their children to the schools and the ehildren are too fund of liberty not to pi-efer accompanyingtheir parents on theirhunting and tishing expeditions to attending tu receive instruction. The American Government have established day-s«liools for the Indians in the adjacent teriitoiy, and not one of them has jtroved a success. Experience has sliown that the schools which are best adapted to the wants of the Indians and to their wny of life, are industrial and agricul- tural schools, where the children are lodged, boarded and clothed, and at which they spend several years in aecpiiring regular habits of order and dis- cipline and a taste and liking for work, while; they receive elementary instruc- tion at tho same time. It is a school or establishment of this deacription' that for the treat- ment (if the luJianM. ApiHiiiitment of Ageivts. Kducatiun of Indiana. Day Schoob. Industrial and AKricultural Scnocile. 1 ■ ^ Co., Victoria,'D.('. Paut T. Chinook — Kiifffisfi, A t Ah-ha, adv. Yt's. Alin-kut tc, or Alm-kot-tif. Foniierly ; before now. Willi tin' iu.eiit pro- longed on the first Byllable — A long time nsjo. Kk. Alinkutte lakit 8un, four clays ago ; Tena.s alinkutte, a little while since. Al-nh. Expression of sur{)rise. Ex. Alah mika chahko ! Ah I you've luiuc 1 Al-kie. Presently ; in a little while ; hold on ; not so fast. Al-ta. Now ; at the pros 'ut time. A-mo-te. The strawberry. An-ali, t?ii, tlip tido rises or falls ; Saghilli and knolcwillio chuck, high and low tide. C'hukkin. To kick. rio8«>. Hee KIosc. ( ly, V. To cry. Colo, rtc//'. Cold. Cole iliahii*, wialcr ; loht. cole, a yiar ; Culc sirk watim sick, tbo fever and ague. Comb. A comb. Mamook comb, to comb ; Maiiiook comb iliuhic (o harrow. Coo-ley. To run. Cooloy kiuatau, a rnce-hoi-w; ; Y.ihka hyus kunituks cooloy, ho can, i.e. knows how to run well Coop-coop, n. Shell money. See Hykwa. <'o-8ho, n. A hog ; pork. Siwash cosho, a »eai. < 'ultus, Iktiih niika tikogh. wliat di> you ^vant ( !.ktah, Well, what now t Ik-tahs. Goods, 'norclnindise. Hyiu iktali'<. a grout many goo Is or mei- chandise. Ilia-hie, u. The ground ; the o^arth ; dirt. Tipso illahio, prairie : Siighallie illahie, mountains or high land ; hoaToii. Jlyiu illahio kopa, dirty (literally, much dirt upon.) lu-apoo. A lonse. Sopen inapoo, a tleu. In-a-ti. Across; opposit steal off; Ipsoot wau-wau, to whisper, fs-ick, n. A paddle. Mamook isick, to paddle. Fw-ick stick, v. The a.sli. Literally, paddle wood, Is-kum, V. To take ; take liold of ; hold ; got. Iskum okook lope, hold ou to that rop« ; Mika na iskum \ did you got it ( Tt-lan, 71. A fathom. It-lo-kum, n, Th« game of " hand." Mamook itlokum, to gamble. IGl ItniTISH collmbia. f '■','' - Itl-wil-lie, n. The tlchh ; meat of aiiv aniiual. Koiiaway iiika itwillie sick' all ttiy flesh ia sore. Tts-woot. A black bear. Itswoot ]«iseefiie, tliick tlavk clotli oi- blankets. K. Kiib. Wh«ro, wLitbov, whence. Kali niikn initlite ? where do you live ! Konaw^uy kah, everywhere ; Kabkab, here and there. Kah-kah. A crow. Kab-kwn, adc. liike ; similar to ; equal with, E.v. Kahkwa iiika tvnutuin, Ko I think ; kahkwa hyas nika, a.s larj/e as I ; kahkwa spose, as if ; kloshe kahkwa, that is ri^it ; good so. Kah-na-way, v. Acorns. Kahnaway stick, the oak. Kahi)-!io. Brother, sister, or cou.siii. Kah-ta. How ; why. Kahta iiika luauiook okook ( why do you do that \ kal ta mika ohahko'! bow did you come f kabtn mika ? what is the matter with you ] pe Kahta ? and wliy si> .' Kal-ak-adah-nia, n. A f,'oose. Kala-kwab-tie, v!. The inner baik of the eed.'ir ; the petticoat or skirt formerly worn by women, and often uiado of .itiandji of bark. Fval«- kwahtie stick, the cedar tree. Ka-li-tan, -ii. An arrow; shot ; •< b\dlel. I\alitan le siae, a r(ui\ei' ■. a shot pouch. Kal-lak-ada. A binl. Ka-mas. A bulboiis root used for food. Kavn-ooks, ?). A dog. Kahkwa kamooks, liko a dog: lieastly. Ka mo-suk, )i. IJeads. Tyee kamosuk (chief beads), the large blue gluKs beads. Kap-swal-la. To steal. KajKswalla klatawa, to steal away ; kapHWulln mamook, "^o do secretly. Kat-suk. The middh" or centre of aiivtliiii^. Kau-py. Coffee. Ka-\vak, r. To liy. Kaw-ka-wak. Yellow or pale gieen. Kee-kwildio. J.ow ; below ; under ; beneath ; down. jNIamook keokwillie, to lowei-. ISIitlite keekwillie, to set down ; put under. Keep-wot. A needle : the stint,' of an insect ; a thorn. Shoes keejiwot, an awl. Keb loke, ,i. A swan. Iveb-see. An !i]uon. . ' , Keb-wa. Because. Kel-a-pi, c. To turn ; return ; uverturii ; upset. Kolupi canim, to upset a canoe ; b\'ak k'dapi, come back (]uickly ; kelapi kopa house, go back to the hou.so ; Uianiook kelapi, to bring, send or carry back ; kelapi tumtum, to charge one's mind. Ke.schi. NotwitLstandint'. although. Ketding, A kettle, can, basin, tc. Kil-it-sut, //. Flint, a bottle, glass. Kini-tah. Behind, after, afterwi.rds, last, since. Klatawa kirituh, go be- hind ; nika elip pe yahka kinitah, I first and bo afterwards ; okook kimtnh, the one behind ; kimtah nika nannitsh mika, since T saw you. Kinj^ (icoi-ge. English. King Cioorge nuui, an Knglishman. Kinootl. Tobacco. Kish-kish, i\ To drivty, as cattle or horses. ICiu-a-tnn, n. A horse. Slone kiuatan, a stallion. ^ Ivi'Wa. Crooked. \rPENDIX. 110 willie skk' lanketK. > vou in'e ! ta tuintuiu, lose, as it' ; on do tlmt I diixt is till' at or ski ft U'k. Kiiln- v«»r ; a sliol a blue alass ; kai)HWulln ioekwillif, kppjiwot, 1, to upset ise, go back lek ; kelupi ah, go be- •ds ; okook saw you. Ki-yali, n. Kiitniils. Kliih, adj. Free or clear from ; iu sight. Ex. Ciiee yahka klali, now be is ill sight. Klatawa klah, to escape. Chahko kluli (of seed) to oouie \\]t ; (of the woods) to o»ien out ; (of the weather) to clear up ; luaniook klah, to uncover. Klah-lianie. Out of door.s, out, without. E.v. Mamook klaghauio okook, put that O'lt ; klatawa klaghauie, to go out. Klii-how-ya. }Io\v do you do"? good-bye. Ex. Klaliowya sikhs, good-l>y«", friend. Kla-how-yuni. Poor, miserable, wretched, compa.ssioii. Hyas klahowyum iiika, T am very pooi- ; mamook klidiowyum, to take pity on ; give alms ; be generou.s. Klah-wa, adv. Slow, slowly. Klatawa klahwa, go slowly. Klak, adv. Off. Ex. Mamook klak stone kiuatan, to castrate a horse ; mamook klak rassiette, take off the plates ; khik kopa ivayhut, get out of the road. Klaks-ta. Wlio. Klaksia nuimook okook f wlu) n i or did tlmt ( halo klaksta, no one. Rlak-wun or Kleh-kwaii. To wipe or lick. Kiakwyn l'assiett<', to wipe a plate. Klalo or T'klale. Black, or dark blue or green. Klap, V. To fnid. Ex. Mika na klaj) mika kin;>t:»ii f did yoti lind ymir liorso f klap tonaa, to be with chi'.(. Kla-pite, v. Threail, twine. Klas-ka or Klu8-ka. They, thine, them. * Klat-a-wa, r. Togo. Klatawa teawhit, to walk; go on foot. Klatawa kopa kiuatan, to ride. Klatawa kopa Itoat, to sail. Mamook klatawn, to send. Kla-whap. A hole. Mamook klawlia|), to dig a hole. Ivlem-a-hun, t\ To stab, to wound to jlart, to cast as a speur, to liocik oi' gore as an ox. Nika klemahun samuu. [ spear saluioii. Klihl or Klilt, adj. Bittei-. Klik-a-muks, n. Blackberries, ov more pioju'rly dewlieriies. Klik-wal-lie. Brass. Klim-in-a-whit, 7S. r. A lie; to lie. Ifyivs kumtuks klimiM.Twhit, he is a great liar. Klim-min. Soft; line in substance. Ex. Klimmin aapoleel, Hour. Klim- miu illahie, mud ; marshy ground. ^lamook klimmin, to soften as by dressing a skin. Klip. Deep ; sunken. Klip rliuck, ,i niika, take that home with you. (Jultus kopa nika, it is nothing to me. Ko-pet. To stop ; leave off ; enough. Kopetwau-wau, stop talking. Ko])('t ikt, only one. Kopet okook, that's all. Wnke »•' ih kopet, nemiy finished. Kopet tomalla, day after to-morrow. Kow. To tie; to fasten. Kow niika kinatan, tie youi' horse. Ikt a bundle. K\il-lagh. A fence, corral or enclosure. Kullagh stick, fence raii.s. Kull. Hardin substance; difHcnlt. Chahko kviU, to becomo hard, niook kull, to harden ; to cause to become hard. Ifyas kull mamook, it is very hard to do so. Kull stick, oak or any hard wood K\ini-tnks. "To know; understand ; be acquainted with ; imagine; believe. Mamook kumtuks, to explain. Kopet kumtuks, to forget. Halo kiimtuks, stupid; without understuudiug. Kumtuks klimin.iwliit, {■< be a liar. Nika kumtuks okook type, T know that chief. Nika kiiiu tuks Klikatat wau-wau, I xuidorstand the Klikatat language. ICbn-a-way moxt. Both ; together. Konaway moxt kahkwa, both aiik Kun-sih. How nniny ; when ; ever. Kunsih tiliknm initlitt! people are there f Kunsih mika klatawa ? wlieu do you kunsih, never. Mamook ktiiislli. (o couiii. Kusli-is. Stockiug.s. ' Kwah-ne-Hum. Alway.s; forfixci'. , Kwah-nice. A whale. Kwah-ta. The quarter of a (IdIImi'. Kwah-tiu. See Va!v\vahtiu. Kweest. Nine. Kwa-lal. TogaHoji. Kwal'h. An aiuit. Kwan-kwun. (Had. Kwa.sh. Fear ; afraid ; ta\nf Kwatos. (Soui-. Kwoh-kweh. A nuiUard duck. ^ Kwek-wi-ens. A pin. ' Kweo-kweo. A ring ; a circle, Kwetlh. Prouiidle. l/a-boos, 1'hu mouth rivsr. the mouth of a river. M )xt labjo-t, tlio forks of « APPENDIX. 167 r,a boo-ti. A bottle. tia-ca-lat. A canot. l^a-CM-sct. A box, trniik or clipst. La-clo-ii. A crosK. Lagh. 'J'o lean ; to tip as a bout ; to stoop ; to bend ovpi as a troe. Wak« mika la-jh kupa ojfook Iiouhp, don't loan against that Louse. Lii-f,'onK'. Pitch; g\yw. L:\ ^'onm stick, light-wood ; tho pitch-pinp. La-gwin. A saw. lia-bal. See .Slulial. L'\hb. TJic arlmtus. F-a-hasIi. An axo or liat(OH't. Lik-it. Four; four tiuK-s. Lukit litlnlcluni. finly. Laklos. I"'at ; oil. l/i-Inh. To cheat ; fool ; to inaetisc jokes. Maiuook Inlab, to mnkc fun. La-luhin. An oar. Maniook lalahm, to row. La-IanjEj. The tongue ; n language, i-a-leein. .V file. f/ji-mossc. Th« cpi-emony of thf niavs. fja-mes-tiii. Medicine. i.ain-mi-oh. ^n old woman, lia-mon-ti. A. mountain. La-pecp. A tobacco pine. l, Tiice. Kice. Lik-pu-hu. An elder sister. Lip-lip. To boil. Mamook liplip, to make or cause to boil. Lo-lo. To carry ; to load. Lolo kopa chikchik, to carry in a cart. Ma- mook lolo kopa caniui, to load into a canoo. Lo-\vul-lo. Round; whole; the entire of any thing. LowuUo sajelcel, whole wheat. IMamook lowuUo, to roll up. Lope. A rope. Tenas lope, a cord. Skin lojic, a rawhide. Lum. Rum. Mamook lewjiot, to wliiji M. ]Mah-kook. To buy or sell. Kah mika niahkook okook calipean t whore did you buy that rifio ? Hyas mahkook, dear. Tenas mahkook, clicap. ^Mah-kook-house. A trading house or a store. Mah-lie. To forget. ISIahfth. To leave ; to turn out ; to throw away ; to part witli ; remove. FjX. ]\Iahsh chuck kojta boat, bail tho boat out. Mahsh okook salmon, throw away that fish. Mahsh mika capo, take off your coat. Yaka mahsh tum-tum kopa nika, he has given me his orders. ISIuh-sie. Thank you. Rf aht-lin-nie. Off shore. ]\Iaht-wil-lie. In shore ; shoreward ; keep in. Ma-lah. Tinware ; crockery ; earthenware. To marry. A mother. To make ; to tlo ; to work. Man. A man. Ex. Tenas man, a youuj. Mel-a-kwa. A moscpiito. Mel-ass. INlolasses. Mal-i-eh. Ma-ma. Mamook .m or bov. APPENDIX. 169 Bd or winter i. Po'.laUli Mem-a-loost. To die ; dead. JVIamook memaloost, to kill. Me-sali-cLie. Bad ; wicked. IVIensi-ka. Yoii ; your ; yours. Mi-ka. Thou ; tliy ; thine. Mi-mie. Down stream. Mistrchi-mas. A slave. Mit-ass. Leggings. Mit-lito. To sit ; sit down ; stay at ; reside ; remain. Ex. Mitlito nika hyiu salmon kopa, sit down 1 have you plenty of salmon. Mitlito keek- willie, to p\it down. Mit-whit. To stand ; stand u[). Mitwhit stick, a standing tree ; a mast. Mokst, Two ; twice. Moo-la. A mill. Moo-lock. An elk. Moon. Tlie moon. Ikt moon, a month. Sick moon, the wane or old moon. Moos-moos. Buffalo ; horned cattle. Moo-sum. To sleep ; sleep, Nika hyas luoosum, I slept very sound. Mow-itsh. A deer ; venison. Muck-a-muck. To eat ; to bite ; food. Muckamuck chuck, to drink water. Musket. A gun or musket. Stick musket, a bow. N. Na. The interrogative particle. Ex. Mika na klatawa okook sun 1 do you go to-day 1 Interrogation is, however, often conveyed by intonation only. Nah. Look here ! I say ! Nah sikhs, halloo, friend ! Nan-itsh. To see ; look ; look for ; seek. Nanitsh yalika, look there. Kloshe nanitsh, look out ; take care. Cultus nanitsh, to look roimd idi^ or from curiosity only. Mamook nanitsh, to show. Nau-its. The sea beach. Na-wit-ka. Yes; certainly; yes indeed; to be sure. Nawitka wako nika kumtuks, indeed I don't know. Wake mika nanitsh ? did vou not see [it] ? Nawitka, I did not. Neni. A name. Mamook neni, to name or call bv name. Ne-nam-ooks. The land otter. "* Ne-si-ka. We ; us ; our. Ne-whah. Hither ; come, or bring it hither. Ex. Newhah nika nanitsh, here, let me see it. Ni-ka. I ; me ; my ; mine. Nose. The nose ; also, a promontory. Boat nose, the bow of a boat. 0-koke. This; that ; it. Iktah okook? what is that ] Okook sun, to-day. Okook kiaksta, he who. Okook kliiska, they (bting present.) 0-la-pita-ki. Fire. 0-le-man. Old man. Au old uiaa j old ; worn out. Hyas oleman kiuatan, a very old horse. OMiy-iu. A setil. O-lil-lie. Berries. Hliot olillie. huckleberries. Siahpult olillic, ra.sj»berrieii. Salmon olillie. salmon berries. OIo. Hungry. Olo cUuek, thirsty ; olo nic )xiim. sleepy. O-luk. A snake. Oos-kan. A enj) ; a bow I. O-jie-kwan. A basket ; tin kettle, 0-pitl-k«gh. A bow. 10— 2j iH BRITISH COLUUBIA. O-pit-sali. A knii'u. Opitsah yahka sikhs (the knife's frieud), a fork O-poots. The posterior, the tail of an animal. Boat opoots, the mdder* Opoots-sill, a brooch clout. Otc-Iagh. Tlic sun. Ow. A brothel- younger than the speaker. Vahtl. Full. Puhtl luui or palit-Ium, drunk. Pahtl chuck, wet Paint. Paint. ]Mamook paint, to paint. Papa. A father. Pa-scc-sie. A blanket ; woollen cloth. Par.si-ook.s. A Frenchman. Pchih or Pit-chih. Thin in dinionsions. Pe-chugh. (treen. Pee. Then ; besides ; and ; or ; but. Pee wpght, and also ; besidt's which. Pec nika wauwau wako, but I say, No. Peh-pah. Paper ; a letter ; any writing. Mauiook pehpah, to write. Pel-ton. A fool ; foolish ; crazy. Kahkwa pelton, like a fool. Hyas i)clton mika, you are very silly. Po-shak. Pad. Pe-what-tie. Tliin, like paper. Pi-ah. Fire; ripe; cooked. Maniook piali, to cook ; to burn. Piah ship, n steamer. Piah ollille, ripe berries. Piah sapolil, baked bread. Piah sick, the venereal disease. Saghillie piah, lightning. Pil. Red ; of a reddish color. Pil illahie, red clay or vernallion. Pil dolla, gold. Pil chikamin, cojtjter. Pil kiuatan, a bay or chesnut horse. Pil-pil. Blood. Maliwh [>ilpil, to bleed. Pish. Fish. Pit-lilh. Thick in consistence, as molasses. Piu-piu. To stink ; a skunk. Poh. To blow. Mamook i)oh, to V)low out or extinguish, an a candle. Po-lak-lie. Night; darkness; dark. Tcnas jwlaklie, evening, llyas polaklie, late at night ; very dark. Hit-kum jtolaklie, midnight. Pol-lal-lie. Gunpowder ; dust ; sand. Polallio illahie, sandy ground. Poo. The sound of a gun. Alamook poo, to shoot. Moxt poo, a double barrelled gun. Tohimi poo, a six .shooter. Poo-lie. Rotten. Pot-latch. A gift ; to give. Cultus potlatch, a present or free gift. Pow-itsh. A crab .ipplc. Puk-puk. A blow with tlie fist ; a list light. Mamook pukpuk, to box ; to light with the fists. Pukjtuk sollcks. to figlit in anger. Puss-puss. A cat. s. Sagha-lic. Up : above ; high. Kaghalie tyee (litemliy the chief above) God. Sflil. A sail ; any cotton or linen goods. Mamook sail, to make .sail. Mamook keekwillie sail, to take in sail. Tzum sail, printed cloth or calico. Sa-kol-eks. I^eggings ; trowsers ; pantaloons. Keekwillie sakoleks, drawers. Sal-lal. The sallal berry. Halmon. The salmon. Tyee salmon, i.e., chief salmon, the spring salmon. Salt. Salt or a salt tast<.'. Salt chuck, the sea. San-de-lio. Ash colored ; a roan horse ; roan colored. Sa)»-o-lill. Wheat ; Hour or meal. Piah sajwlill, baked bread. Lolo sajwlill, whole wheat. ."if. AfPllNDIX 171 si(U's which. He-ah-host. The fuce ; tlie eyes. Halo scahhoat, bliml. T(^ht sejihho.st, one- eyed. Se-ah-po. A hat or cup. Seahpo olillie, the raspbei'ry. Shame or Sheni. Shame. Halo sheni inika ? arn't you ashamed of yourself * Shan-tie. To sinj;. Shc-lok-uu). A looking glass ; gluas. Ship. Ship or vessel. Stick ship, a s.iiliug vc.isel. Piah ship, a stoanjov. Shij) man, a sailor. Shoes. Shoes. Stick shoos, hoots aud shoes made of leather. Shot. Shot ; lead. Shot olillie, hueklebevries. Shu-gah. Sugar. Shugh. A rattle. Shugh opoots, a rattlesnake. Shut. A .shirt. Shwah-kuk. A frog. Si-ah. Far ; far oft". Compsirativt; disitiiuee is expres.sod by intonation or repetition ; as siah-siiih, very far. Wake siah, near, not far. Si-am. The grizzly bear. Sick. Sick. Cole sick, the ague. Sick Uimtum, grieved ; sorry ; jealous ; unhappy. Sikhs. A friend. Sin-a-moxt. Seven. ' Si-pah. Straight, like a ramrod. Sis-ki-you. A bob-tailed hoi-se. Sit-ku. .. A half; a part. Sitkum dolla, half a dollar. Sitkum sun, noon. Teuas sitkum, a quarter or a small part. Sit-lay. t^'tirrups. Sit-shum. To swim. Si-wash. An Indian. Skin. Skin. Skin shoes, mocassins. Stick skin, the bark of a tree. Skoo-kum. Strong; strength; a ghost; an avil si)irit or demon, f^kookum tumtum, brave. Skookum chuck, a rapid. Skwak-wal. A lamprey eel. Skwiu-kwis. A squirrel. Sla-hal. A game played with ten small disks, one of which is marked. Smoke. Smoke ; clouds ; fog ; steam. Snass. Rain. Colo anasw. snow. Snow. Snow. Soap. Soap. ' So-le-mie. The cranberry. Sol-leks. Anger ; angry. Mamook .soUeks, to llglit. Tikegh aolleks. to be hostile. Kumtuks sollek.i, to lie pussionato. So-pe-na. To jump; to leap. Spo-oh. Faded ; any light color. p.s pale blue, drab, itc. Cluthko sjiooh, to fade. Spoon. A spoon. Spose. Suppose; if; supposing; provided that ; in order that. Spose mika nanitsh nika canim, if you see my canoe. Spose Jiika klatawa kojia Victoria, if or when I go to Victoria. Kalikwa si)osp, as if. Stick. A stick ; a tree ; wood ; wooden. Stick skin, bark. Ship stick, a mast. Mitwhit stick, a standing tree. leht stick, a yard measure. Stick shoes, leather shoes or boots, isick .stick, the ash. Stock-en. Stockings or socles. Stoh. Loo.se. ^lamook stoh, to untie ; uuloo.sp. Stone. A rock or stone ; bone ; horn ; the testicles. Stone kiuatan, « stallion. Malish stone, to castrate, Stoto-kin. Ei^fht. na JIRITISH COU'MP.IA. Stutchuu. Tlie sturgeon. Sun. The sun ; a day. Tenas sun, earl}-. .Sitkura sun, noon. Klip sun, sunset. Sunday. Sunday. Iclit Sunday, a week. Hyos Sunday, a boliilay. Ex. Icht, mokst, kloae sun kopet Sunday, one, two, or thi'ec days after Sunday. T. Tugh-um. Six. Tahl-kie. Yesterday. Icht tahlkie, day before yesterday. Tah-nini. To measure. Taht-le-lum. Ten. Moxt, klone, ic, tahtlelum, signifying twenty, thirty, ito. Tiihtleum pe ickt, tto. eleven, twelve. Tal-a-pus. The coyote or prairie wolf ; a sort of deity or sui ernatiiral being, pi'oiuinrnt in Indian mythology ; a sneak. Ta-uiah -no-US. Magic; luck; fortune; anything supernatural. Ta-mo-liish. A tub ; barrel; bucket. Icht tamolitah, a bushel measure. Tanse. To dance. Ten. Tea. Te-ah-wit. The leg ; the foot. Klatawa t^^ahwit, to go on foot, to walk. Klook teahwit, lame. T«h-teh. To trot as a horse. Ten-ns. Small ; few ; little ; a child ; the young of any tinimal. ]Mokst nika tenas, I have two children. Tenus hyiu, a {ow. Tonns sun, early. Te-peh. Quills ; the wings of a bird. Tik-egh. To want ; wish ; love ; like. TTyastikegh, to longfor. Jkta mika tikegh ? what tlo vou want ? Tik-tik. A watch. Til-i-kum. People. Cultus tilikum, common or insignificant persons. Huloima tilikmn, strangers. Nika tilikum, my relations. Til-i-kum-ma-ma, .A father. 'J'ill. Tircil ; heavy ; weight ; a weight. Hyas till nika, I am very tired. Kansih till okook, how uuich does that weigh. Mamook till, to weigh. Tin-tin.' A bell ; a musical instrument i'amook tintin, to ring a bell. T'kope. White ; light colored. Trko}to. To cut ; hew ; chop. Toh. Spit Mamook toh, to spit. Toke-tie. Pretty. To-lo. To earn ; to win at a game ; to gain. Kansih doUa nika tolo spose mamook 1 how many dollars will I eai-n if I work. To-mol-la. To-morrow. Ikt tomoUa, the day after. Tot An uncle. ' '*'• To-to. To shake ; sift anything ; winnow. To-toosh. The breasts of a female ; milk. Totoosh lakles, butter. To-wagh. Bright ; shining ; light. Tsce. Sweet. Tsee-pie, To miss a mark ; to make a blunder. Tsoopie wayhut, to take the wrong road. Tilii-kc. Dirt'ctly ; soon. ".-l-sit-ko, A nocturnal 'k-uiuu, muel! f^art-'l by ihc Tr.ili.ins. i'chik-tchik. A wagon ; a cart ; a wiieel. Tchik-tchik wayhut, a waguu-roau. Tsil-tsil or Chil-chil. Buttons ; the stars. TsLsh. Sharpen. Momook tsish, to sharpen. Tsole-pat. A shot-pouch. Tso-lo, To wander iu th? dai'k ; to lose one's way. AI»PBM»IX. 173 Klip sun, lllay, Ex. UayH after 9nty, thirty, itural being, measure. ot, to walk. ^Nfokst nika early. Ikta mika nt persons. very tired. I, to weigh, a boll. tolo spose lut, to take k'agou-roau. Tsugh. A crack or split. Mamook tsugh, to «plu. t'hahko tsugh, to become split or oracked. Tuk-a-nio mile. A hnudred. It is, like ten, combined with the digits ; aa icht, muxt, klone tukanionuk, one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, &c. Tnk-wil-hi. The hazel nut ; nuts in genenil. Tum-tuni. The heart ; the will ; opinion. Mahsli tuiotnm, to give ordei-s. Mamook tumtum, to niako up one's mind. Mamook kloslie tumtum, to make friends or peace. Sick tumtum, grief ; Jealousy. Moxt tumtuffi nika, I am undecided. Q. Kah nesika klatawa ? wjiere shall we go ? Mika tnmtum I wherever you please ; as yo>i will. Ikta mika tumtnm I what do you think 1 Tum-wa-ta. A waterfall, cascade or cataract. Tup-shin. A needle. Maniuok tupshin, to sew ; to mend ; to patch. Tip-so. Grass ; leaves ; fringe ; feathers ; fur. Tipso illahie, ]irairie. Dely tipso, liay. Ty-ee. A chief. Haghalie tyce, the Deity. Tyee .vdnion, the spring salmon. Tzum. Mi.\(Ml culors ; spots or stripes ; a mark or Ggure ; writing ; paint, painted. Tzuni sill, printed calico. Tzum pehj)ah, writing. Mamook tzum, to wi-ite. w to spill ; to vomit. ^Mnmook wagh chuck, pour out Wagh. To pour some water. ,Wake. No ; not. Wa-ki. To-morrow. • ■ ' Wap-pa-too. A jiotato. Wash. Wash. 3Iauiook wash, to wash. Wanm. Warm. Hya.s tvanm, hot. Wamn illahie, sunnner. Mamook waum, to heat. Waura-sick-cole-sick, fever and ague. Wau-wau. To talk ; speak ; call ; ask ; tell ; answer ; talk or conversation. Cultus wauwau, idle talk ; stuflf ; nonsense. Hya.s wauwau, to shout. Way-hut. A load or tiail. C'hikchik wayhut, a wagon-road. Weght. Again ; also ; more. Pe nika weght, and I too. I'otlatch weght, give me some more. Tenas weght, a little more yet. Whim, To fell. Whim stick, a fallen tree. Mamook whim okook stick, fell tiiat tree. Win-a-pie. By-and-bve ; presently ; wait. Wind. Wind. ' " , - . Y. Yah-hul. A name. Yah-ka. Ho; is; him; she; it. Sic. ■' Yah-kis-ilth. Sharp. Yah-wa. There ; thither ; thence ; beyond. Yak-.so. The hair of the head ; haii' generally. ' Yak-wa. Here ; hitlier ; this side of; this way. Yakwa kopa okook house, this side of that house. Ya-kw>ih-tin. The Kelly ; the entrails. Yi-em. To relate ; to tell a b'ory ; to co.ifess to a prie.t ; a story or tale. Youtl. Glad ; pleased ; proud. Hyas youtl yahka tumtum, his heart is very glad. Youtl-knt. liong ; length. Yoiit-sk\it. Short (in dimension). 174 Above, Kagli-a-lie. Absolve, inam-ook stoli. Acorns, kah-na-way. Across, in-a-ti. Admiration, hwah. Afraid, kwaaa. After, Afterwardn, kim-ta. Again, weglit. All, kon-a-way. Alms, ela-hau or e-lann. Also, wcght. AltliOHgli, kegh-tchie. Always, kwan-e-aum. American, Boston. And, pee. Anger, Angry, sol-lek?. Another, aallymn. Ants, knckwalla. Apple, lo pome. Apron, keli-sii or ki-su. Arbutus uva urgi, lahb. Arrive at, ko. Arrow, ka-li-tan. Ash, isick stick. Assistance, e-la-han. As if, kah-kwa spose. At, ko-pa. Aunt, kwal'h. Awl, shoes keep-wot. Axe, la-hash. B. Bad, mesalichie or peshack. Bag, Ic sak. Ball, le bal. Bargain, mahkook ; huyluiy. Bark, stick skin. Barley, la reh. Barrel, tamolit.sh. Basin, ketling. Basket, opekwan. Beads, kamosuk. BRITISH POM-MRU. Part II. £)igliih — Chinook. Bell, tintin. Belly, yakwahtin. Below, koekwillie. Belt, la sanjel. Berries, olillio ; olallie. Best, clip, kloshe. Between, patsuck. Beyond, yahwa. Bird, kulakula. Biscuit, lebiskwec. Bit or Dime, hit. Bitter, klihl. Black, klale. Blackberries, klikainucks. Blanket, ])aseesie. Blind, halo seahhost. Blood, pilpil. Blow out, mamook poh. Blue (light) s}woh. (dark) klale. Blunder to, tsce-pie. Board, la plash. Boat, boat. Bob-tailed ; a bob-tailed horse, siskiyout Boil to, lip-lip. Bone, stone. Borrow to, ayahwhul. Bosom (female), totoosh. Both, Lunamoxt. Bottle, labooti. ' Bow, opitlkegh. Bowl, ooskan. Box, lacasett. Bracelet, klikwallie. Brass, klikwallie. Bravo, skookum tunituni. Broad, piah sapolill. Break to, kokshut. Breasts, totoosh. Breech clout, opoots sill. Bridle, la bleed. Bright, towagh. Bring hither, mamook chahko. Broad, klukulh. Broken, klook. Bear(black)chet-woot; itswoot(gi'izzly) Broom, bloom. siam. Brother, kahpho, if elder than tho Beat to, kokshut. speaker ; ow, i' younger. Male Beaver, ee-na. cousins the sf me. Because kehwa. Brother-in-law, ek-keli. Become, to, chahko. Bucket, tamolitsh. Bed, l)cd. Buflalo, moosuioos. Before, e-lip or el-ip. Bullet, le bal ; kalitao, Behind, kimta. Bundle, kow. AmiTDIX. m pse, siskiyout than the |r. Mal« But, pee. Butter, totoofih laklcs. Buttons, tsil tsil. Buy to, mahkook. By-and-by, winapie. c Candle, la sLandel. Calf, tenaas moosmoos. Calico, tzum sail. Canoe, canim. Carrot, la calat. Carry to, lolo. Cart, talk tsik ; chickohick. Cascade, tumwater. Castrate to, mahsh stone. Cat, pusspuss. Cataract, tumwater. Cattle, raoosmooH. Cedar, la plash stick. Certainly, nawitka. Chain, la shen ; chikauiin lope. Chair, la shasc. Change to, huy Imy. Christmas day, hya.s Sunday. Cheat to, la lah. Chicken, la pool. Chief, ty-ee. Child, tenas. Clams, ona ; lukutchee ; lakwitchec. Clams, the lai-ge kind, smetocks. Clear up, chahko klah. Cloth, (cotton) sail. ,, ., Clouds, smoke. Coal, coal. Coat, capo. Coffee, kaupy. Cold, cole ; tshis. Colors, mixed, tzum. Comb, comb. Comb to, mamook comb. Come to, chahko. Conceal to, mamook ipsoot. , , Confess to, yiem. Conjuring, tamahnous. Cook to, mamook piah. Copper, pil chikamiu. Cord, tena.s lope. " Corn, esalth or yesalth. Corral, kuUagh. Cotton goods, sail. Cougar, hyas puss puss. Cough, hohhoh. Count to, mamook kwunnun. Cousin,— see brother and sister. Cow, moo-s moos. Coyote, talapuH. Crab apple, powitsb. Cranberry, solemie. Crazy, pol-ton. Cream-colored, le clem. Crockeiy, piiih lah. Crooked, kiwa. f/'ross, la cloa. Crow, kahkali. Cry to, cly. Cup, ooskan. Curly, hunlkili. Cut to tl'kope. • ' ». Dance to, tansc. Dark, darkness, polaklio. Day, sun. Dead, memaloost. Deaf, ikpooie kwillan. Dear, hyas mahkook. Deep, klip. Deer, mowitsh. Demon, skookum. Devil, diaub ; yaub ; lejaub. Different, huloima. Difficult, kull. Dig to, mamook illahie. Dime, bit or mil. Directly, tshike. Dirty, paht illahie. Displeasure, anali. Do to, mamook. Doctor, doctin. Dog, kamooks. Dollar, dolla or tahla. Door, la pote. , Doubtful, klona-s. DoAVu stream, mi-mie. Drawers, keekwillie sakoleks. Drink to, muckamuck chuck. Drive to, kish kish. Drunk, pahthun. Dry, delj-. Duck. (Mallard), kweh kweh. Dust, polallic. E. 1 1 Eagle, chak chak. Ear, kwolann. Early, tenas s'ln. Earn to, tolo. Earth, illahie. East, sun cliahko. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) t ak^ 1.0 I.I 2.5 «i^ 1^ 12.2 " 1^ iio 1.8 1.25 U 1 1.6 ^ 6" ► V] <^ /^ -> ^ ^yw'# ^1 Photographic Sciences Coiporation 23 WeST M«.!N STREET WEBSTER, K) l<^ l^" (716) 872-45 J3 m ■BITUH UOLVMBU i^i m' m |i '^M tali* » ifl J'** m 1^ >^^R H'* uM »)' ^ p Eat to, muckamuck. Egg, le sap ; le zep. Eiglit, Btotekin. Elk, moolock. Enclosure, kullagb. Enough, biyu, kopet. Entrails, kiyagh. Evening, tenns polaklie. Every, konaway. Ezchangp, huyhuy. Extinguish, mamnok poh. Eyes, seahhosfc. F. Face, seahhost* Faded, spooh. Falsehood, kliminawbit. Far, siah. Fast (quick), hyak. Fast (tight) kwutl. Fasten to, kow. Fat, gloase. Father, \yapsi. Fathom, itlan. Fear, kwass. Fell to, (as a true), mamook whim. Fence, kullagh. Fetch to, mamook chahko. Fever, waum sick. Few, t<'na8. Field, klackan. Fight to, mumook solleks. Fight with fists, mamook pukpuk. Figured (as calico), tzum. File, la leem. Fill to, mamook pahtl. Find to, klap. Fingers, le doo. Finish, kopet. Fire, piah olapitski. First, e-lip or el-ip. Fish, pish. Fish-hook, ikkik. Five, kwinnum. Flea,,80pen enapoo ; chotub. Flesh, itlwillie. Flint, kilitsut. Flour, sapolill. Fly to, kawftk. Fog, smoke. Food, muckamuck. Fool, pelton. Foolisli, pelton. Foot, lo pee. «ft Forever, kwaLuesum. Forget to, niahlie. Fork, la pooshet. Formerly, ahnkutte ; ahnkottie. Four, lakit or lokit. Fowl, la |K>ol. French, Frenchman, passiooks. Friend, sikiis or shikhs. Frog, shwahkuk. Fry to, mamook lapoel. Full, pahil. Fundament, o^HMts. G. Ctallop to, kwalal. Gamble, mamook itiokum. Gather to hokumelh. Get to, iskura. Get out, roahsh. Get up, get up or ketop. Ghost, skookum. Gift, cultus potlatch. Girl, tenas klootchman. Give to, potlatch. (i^Iad, kwnnn. Go to, klatawa. God, soghalie tyce. Gold, pil chikamiu. Good, klosbe. Good-bye, klahowya. Goods, iktah. Goose, whuywlmy ; ktilukula. Gmndfathcr, chope. Gmndmotber, cbitsh. Grass, tupso. Grease, lakles ; glease. Green, i)echugh. Grey, a grey horse, le gloy. Grieved, sick tumtum. Grizzly Itear, siam. Ground, illahie. Grouse, siwf sh la pool. Gun, musket, sukwalal. Gunpowder, i)oh-lallie. H. Hair, yaksu. Half, sitkuui. Hammer, lemahto. Hand, le mah. Hand (game of), itlokuni. Handkerchief, ImkutMhum. Hard, kuU. Hare, kwitshadie. Harrow to, mamook comb illahi^ APPENDIX* hn Uat, seiiliiK) ; seuhpult. Haul, liiiul. Hawk, sbak-Hliak. Hay, del J tui>Ho. Ho, Lis, yahka. Head, la tot. Heart tum-tum. Heaven, saghillie illahie. Heavy, till. Help to, mamook elann. Hen, la pool. Here, yakwa. Hermaphrodite, burdasli. Hide to, ipsoot. High, sp,ghalie. Hit to, kwul'h. Hoe, la peosli. Hog, cosho. Hole, klawhap. Holiday, Sunday. Horn, stono. Horse, kiuatun. Hoi-se shoes, chikamin shons. House, hou»e. How, kahta. How arc you, klahowya. How many, kunsih ; ktmjnk. Hundrei.!, tukamouiik. Hungry, olo. Huckleberries, shot uliilic Hurry, howh ; hynk. I. I, nika. If, spose. In, kopa. Inability, howkwutl. Indeed, whaah. Indian, siwash. In shore, mahtwallio. Iron, chikamin. Island, Htaetjay. It, yahka. J. Jealous, sick tumtum. Jump to, Bopeua. K. Kamoss-ruot, lokamnsN. Kettlo, ketling. Key, lay kloy. Kick to, chukkin. KiftH, to kiss. bebo. Knii'c, opitwili. Knock tu, kuku. Iviiutty, huiil-kili. Know to, kunituks. li. Lame, klook teahwit Lamprey eel, skwakwal. Land, illahee. Language, la lang. Lai'ge, hyas. Lately, clioe. Laughter, heehee. Lazy, lazy. Lead, kalitan. Leaf, tupso or tipso. Leap to, sopena. Lean to, lagh. ' Leave to, mahsli. Leave off, to, kopot. Log, teahwit. Leggings, mitass. licnd to, apahwhul. Lick to, klakwun. Lie to, kliminawhit. Light, towagh. Lightning, sughallie |>iali. I^ikc, kabkwa. Tjke to, tik('i:;li. Little, triias. TjOiig, youtlkut. Ijung ago, ahnkutto or abnkottie. Look t«, nunitsh.' Look here ! nah. Look out! kloshe nauitsh. Looking-glass, shelokum. Loosu, stoh. IjOso the way, to, tsolo ; tscepie wayhut. Louse, enapoo or i napoo. Love to, tikegh. M. Magic, tauuihnouH. Make to, mamook. Man, man. Many, l.yiu. Marry to, malieh. Moss (ceremony of), la mease. Mast, ship stick. Mat, kliskwiss. Mattock,, la {mosh. Moasui-o to, ttiimiin. Meat, itlwillio. Mcdii'inc, la merlin. Mcnrl (o, maiiiouk (ipbliiii. ns^ k WA • •• ^ ' m BBITMU COLUMDIA. Meiuitruatv to, uiahtih pilpil. Metal, Metallic, chikamin. Middle the, katsuk or kotsuk. Midnight, sitkum polaklie. Milk, totoosh. Mill, moolii. Mind the, tumtum. Mi8s to, tseepie. Mistake to, tseepie. MoccaHinN, skin shooa. Moliuises, melass. Money, chikamin. Month, moon. Moon, moon. Mole, skail. More, weght. Morning, tenau sun. Mosquito, melukwH. Mother, mama ; na-ah. Mountaii', himonti. Mouse, hoolhool. Mouth, la Iwos. Much, hyiu. Mule, lo nicl. Musical instrument, tintin. Musket, musket. Mussels, toluks. My, mine, nika. N. Nails, Ij cluo. Name, ncm ; yalihul* Near, wake siah. Neck, le oou. Needle, keepwot. Never, wake kunsik. New, chee. Night, ]K)laklic. Nine, kwaist or kweest. No, not, wake. Noise, la tlah. None, halo. Nonsense, cultus wauwau. Noon, sitkum sun. North, stowbelow. Nose, nose. Nothing, cultus. Notwithstanding, keghtobie. Now, alta. Numemls — 1, ikt. 2, mokst. 3, klonc. t, lakit. b, kwinnum. r>, tiighum. 7, sinnamokst. 8, stotekin. 9, kwaist. 10, tahtleluui. 11, tuhtlelum {>& ikt. 20, mokst tahtlelum. 100, ikt tukamonuk. Nuts, tukwilla. o. Uak, kuU stick. Oar, la lahm ; la lum. Oats, la wen. Off, klak. Off shorty nuihflinuio. Oil, gloase. Old, olcmun. Old man, oleman. Old woman, lam-mieh. One, ikt. Ono-eycd, ikt scahhost. Onion, la onion. Ojien, hahlakl. Opinion, tumtum. Opposite to, inati. Or, 1)6. Onler to, mahsh tumtum. Other, huloima. (Jttor (land) nemamooks. Our, nesika. Out dooi-s, klnghauie. Owl, waugh waugh. Ox, moosmoos. Oyster, ohotlo or Jetlo ; kloghklogh. P. Paddle a, isick. Paddle to, mamook isick. Paint, i)ent. Paint to, mam«ok \)cnl. Paper, pehpali. Pantaloons, sakoleks. Part, sitkum. Panther, swaawa. Peas, le pwau. People, tilikum. Perhaps, klonas. Petticoat, kalakwatie. Piebald, le kyo. Pin, kwekwiens. Pine, la gome stick. I'ijH., la peep. Pistol, tonaa muskit. Pitch, lu gome. AFPRN1HX. m Pkak, la iilosli. Plate, la siet. Pleased, youtl. Plough, le shalloo. Plough t«, klugh illahie. Pole, la pebsh. Poor, klahowyum ; balo ikt«. Fork, cosho. Porpoise, tuiceco. Posteriors, opoots. Potatoes, wappatoo. Pour to, wagh. Pot, ketling. Powder, polallie. Prairie wolf, talapus. Presently, alkie ; winapio. Pretty, toketie. Priest, la plet. Proud, youtl j kwetl'h. Provideid that, spose. Pull, haul. Quai-ter, tenas sitkutn. Quarter (of a dollar) kwahta. Quick, hyak. Quills, tc|)eh. R. Ralibit, kwitshadi«\ RacehorHo. ooolie kiuntaii. Rain, bumss. Rospbenii's, si';ili|>iilt dlillio. Rat, hyas hoolboul. Rattle, shugh. l^ttlesnake, shughoiKratH. Razor-fiah, oun. Reach, ko. Red, pil. Relate to, yiem. Remain, mitlite. Remove, mahsb. Return to, kelipi. Ribbon, lo loba. Ribs, etlinwill. Rice, lice. Rifle, calipeen. Ring a, kweokweo. Ripe, piab. Ripe l»emes, piali olillie. Rivor, chuck. Rooster, la ikmI. Road, wayhut. Roan colored, sandelie. Ronst, niamook la )ic1Ih1i. Itock, sttiue. I'ope, lope. Uotten, poolic. Round, lolo. Rudder, boat opoots. Rum, Inm. Run, coolio. s. Sack, le sak. Raddle, la sell. Saddle housings, lo pisbemo. Hail, sail. Sailor, ship-man. Salmon berries, snlmou olillie. Salt, salt. Sand, polallie. Sandwich Islander, Oibee. Sash, la sanjel. Saw, la gwin ; la scie. Say to, wauwau. Scissora, la seezo. Sea, salt chuck. Seal, olhiyu siwash cosho. See to, nanitsh. Sell to, niahkook. Seven, sinnmoxt. Sow to, niamook tipsbin. Shake to, toto ; huUol. Sbanio, Hbem. Sharp, yiibkisilt'b. Sbari)en to, mahmook t«iHb. She, her, yahkn. Sbeei), la niooto. Shell money (tlie sniull size), coopcoop ; (the large) hykwa. Sliingle, lobabdo. Sliining, towagli. Ship, ship. Shirt, shut. Shoos, shoes. Shoot to, mamook pob. Short, yuteskut. Shot pouch, kalitan le sac ; tsolepat. Shot, shot ; tenas le bal. Shout to, hyas wauwau. Shovel, la pell. Shut to, ikiK)oie. Sick, sick. Sift to, toto. Si^ht in, kbvii. Silk, la sway. Silver, t'kojH? cbikauiiii. Similar, kahkwii. Sinoo, kimtii. 180 liiitTiw roM'MniA, M h !;: 1 Sl^ V tt9HlR( '^ !-■ ^^HVr'' k i^HHi .'1 Slug to, iiliuntLe. Sister, kahpho, if oltler than (In; npoaker ; ats, if younger. Sit to, initlite. Six, taghum. Skin, skin. Skunk, hum opoots ; pitipiu ; sku- beyou. Sky, koosagh. Slave, eletie ; mistshimus. Sleep, moosum. Slowly, klahwa. Small, tenas. Smell a, humm. Smoke, smoke. Snake, oluk. Snow, snow ; cole snass. Soap, soap. Soft, klimmin. Sorrel-colored, a sorrel horse, le blaii. Sorry, sick tumtum. Sour, kwates. South, stegwaah. SiMide, la pell. Speak to, wauwnu. Spill to, wagh. Spirits, lum. Split, tsugh. Split to, mamook tsugh. Spectacles, dolla seahliost, or lakit seahhost. Spit to, mnmook toh. Split to become, cliahko tsuffh. Spoon, spoon. Spotteil, le kyo ; tzniu. Hpurs, le seoblo. Squirrel, skwiskwis. Stab to, klemohun. Stand to, mitwhit. Stars, tsiltsil. Stay to, mitlite. Steal to, kappuallu. Steam, smoke. Steamer, piah ship. Stick a, stick. Stink a, piupiu ; humiu. Stirrup, sitlay. Stockings, stocken ; kushis. Stone, stone. Stop to, kopet. Storo, mahkook houRe. Story, ehkahnam. Straight, delate or delet ; sipali. Strawberries, amotee. Strong, skookuni. , Sturgeon, stutchiii. Sl'ihltoin. Iiowkikult. .-Migar, In K.iok ; shugah j shnkwa. Huiunitr, MMum illnhic. Sun, sun ; otclagh. Sunday, Sunday. Sunset, klip sun. Suppose, sposo. Surprise, hwah. Swan, kahloke. Sweep to, mamook bloom. Sweet, tsee. Swim, sitshum. T. Table, la tahb. Tail opoots. Take to, iskuni. Take cai-e ! kloshe nanitsh ! Take off or out, mamook klak ; malish* Talo or story, yiera ; ehkahnam. 'I'alk to, wauwau. Tame, kwa.s8. Tea, tea. Teach to, mamook kumtuks. Tear to, klugli. • Tell to, wauwau. Ten, tahtlelum. Testicles, stone. Thank you, mahsio. That, okook. Tlint way. yahwa. Tliei'P, vahwa : kopah. 'I'lioy, klaska. Tiiivk (as molassoK), pitlilh. Thin (as a hoiml), pVIiili : pewiiatie. Thiuj5, iktuli. Think, pittuck. This, okook. Tills w.ay, yukwa. Thou, thy, thine, uiikti. Thread, klapile. Three, klone. Throw away, mahsh. Tide, see chuck. Tie to, kow. Tight, kwutl. 'j'iuware, nialah. Tip to, lagh. Tii-od, till. To, towards, kopa. Tobacco, kinootl ; kinoos. To-morrow, tomoUa. Tongue, la lang. Tough, kuU. Trail, wayhuf. AfPKMMX. ISl Tmp, la piegc. Ti-oe, stick. Tree fallen, wiiiiu utick. Trot to, tohteh. Trout, tzum salmon. Trowsers, aakoleks. True, delate. Trunk, daesset. Truth, delate, wauwau. Tub, tamolitsh. ^ Turnips, la moo-ow. Twine, tenaa lope ; klapite. Two, twice, mokst. U. Uncle, tot. Under, keekwillie. Understand to, kuratuks. Unhappy, sick tumtum. Untamed, le molo. Untie to, raamook stoli ; mahsli kow. Up, saghalie. Upset to, kelipi. Us, nesika. Venereal the, imih sick. Venison, raowitsh. Very, hyns. Vessel, ship. Vest, la west. Vomit to. wnjfh. w. Wagon, tsiktsik ; chickchick. Wait, winapie. Wander to, tsolo. Want to, tikegh. Warm, waum. Wash to, niamook wash. Watch a, tiktik. Water, chuck. Waterfall, tumwater. We, nesika. Weigh to, mamook till. Wet, pahtl chuck. Week, ikt yuiuLty. Well then, abba.' West, sun mitlite. Whale, eh-ko-lie; kwah-nice ; kwaddis. What, iktah. Wheat, sapolill. Wheel, tsik-tsik ; chikchik. When, kansih ] kunjuk. Where, kah. Whip, le whet. White, fkope. Who, klaksta. Whole, lolo. Why, kahta. Wicked, mesahcie. Wide, klukulh. Wild, le molo. Will the, tumtnm. Willow, eenastick. Win to, tolo. Wind, wind. Window, glasfl. Winter, cole illahie. Wipe to, klakwun. Wire, chikamin lope. Wish to, tikegh. With, kopa. Witchcraft, tamahnous. Without, halo. Wolf, leloo. Woman, klootshmau. Woman (old), lammieh. Woman's gown, coat. Wood, wooden, stick. Work to, mamook. Worn out, oleman. Worthless, cultus. Wound to, klemahmi. Write to, mam-nok peh-pnh ; mamook t7.um. Wi'itiug, tzum. Yai'd, ikt stick. Year, ikt cole. Yellow, kawkawak. Yes, nawitka ; ah-ha ; e-eh. Yes, indeed, nawitka. Yesterday, tahlkie ; tahl-kie sun. You, your, yours, meaika. Young, tenas. m • .in 1;^ nRITIflR COLVMIIIA. THK LORD'S PRAYER IN JARGON. Neaika [lapa klakita mitlite kopa mghalie, klmhe koi>a iieaika lumtum Our f»th*r who staytith in the above good in our hearU luika nem ; klosho inika tyoe ko\n konoway tiiikum ; kloshe tnika tumtum [be] thy name; good thou eUef antong all people; good thy will kopa illhhie, kahkwa kopa aaghalie. Potlatch konaway tun nesika muoka- upoa earth ae in theabore. Give every day our food. muck. Spoae nesika mamook maBahcIiie, wake mika hyaa aoUeks, pe spoae If we do 111. [be] not thou very angry, and if klakata maaabchie kopa nesika, wake nesika soUeks kopa klaska. Itfahah anyone evil toward* ua, not wo angiy towards them. Send away aiah kopa nesilca konaway niasahchie. far from un all evil. Klorhb Kahkwa. 18 1 thi P< ex Ai is \m ih( th( wh Ian For who day Dou that Ram< intl ArPKMDIX. m ka tumtum hesrU ka tumtum ly wiU ika muoka- ur food. M, pe apoM r, and if ■A. Mahflh . S«nd AWftjr HKWA. !Wlf; APPENDIX DD. rSVO OF THE TREATIES CONCLUDED WITH INDIAN TRIBES. Know all men, — We, the chiefH and people of the " Tc«ohamitM" Tribe, TrMty with who have signed our namev and made our marks to this deed, on the 29th day mf2!|^*°*^*** of April, 1830, do consent to surrender entirely and for ever to James "*■'•• Douglas, the agent of the Huds«u's Bay Company in Vancouver Island, that is to say, for the Governor, Deputy Governor and Committee of the same, the whole of the lands situate and lyiug between Esquimalt Harbor and Point Albert, including the latter, on the Straits of Juan do Fuca, and extending backward from thence to the range of mountains or the Saanich Arm, about ten miles distant. The condition of or understanding of this sale is this : That our village sites and enclosed fields arc to be kept for our own use, for the use of our children, and for those who may follow after us, and the land shall be properly surveyed hereafter. It is understood, however, that the land itself, with these small nxi%ptions, becomes the entire property of the white people for ever. It is also understood that wc aro at libetty to hunt over tlie unoccupied lands, and to carry on our fisheries as formerly. We have receivetl us ]^>aymeut twenty-seven pounds ten shillings sterling. In token whei-eof, we have signed Fort Victoria, 29th April, 1850. nr names and made our marks at Done in tho pi-csence of- (Signed), (Signed), 1. Lkk Sachasis. + 2. Havlay Kane, + 3. Pek Skaymoot, + 4. Kalsatxit, + 5. HoociiAPs, + g. thi.anm1e, + 7. Chamutstim, + 8. tsatsullui, + y. HOOMYNUKT, + 10. Kambtj^tchel, + 11. MiNAYILTEN, + IlODEBICU FiNLATION, Joseph Wm. McKay. Know all men, — We, the chiefs and people of the Kosampsom Tribe, Tnaty with who have signed our names and made our marks to this deed, on the 30th feb^**"" day of April, 1850, do conecut to surrender entirely and forever to James Douglas, the agent of the Hudson's Bay Company, in Vancouver Island — that is to say, for the Governor, Deputy Governor and Committee of the same, tho whole of the land situate and lying between tho Island of the Dead, in the ann or inlet of Camoson, and the head of the said inlet embracing the m BBITIVH COLUMBIA. lands on the wuat Hidu uitil uoi-th of that line to Ksqiiiiimlt, beyuiid the inlvt. three miles of the ColquiU Valley, and the land on the cast nido of the arm enclosing Ckristmas Hill and Lake, and the lands weut of those objects. The condition of or understanding of this sale is this : — That our village sites and enelosed fields are to bo kept for our own use, for the use of our children, aul for those who may follow after us, and the lands shall be properly sun'eyed hereafter. It is understood, however, that the land itself, with Uiese small exceptions, becomes the entire property of the white people for ever. It in also understood that we are at Uberty to hunt over the unoccupied laud, and to carry on our fisheries as formerly. We have received as payment £52 lOs. sterling. In token whereof, we have signed our names and mf.de our marks at Fort Yiotoria, on the 30th day of April, 1850. Cob Cob Wibz, + hotapahtmam, + Bpaa, + and others. Ai. Ap Api APPENDIX. 186 id the inliit, of tliu arm bjects. The ge sites and hildren, hue l.inds situate auri lying Spe-Snchasix imd ten! iK-twt-cn Kxiiuinmlt lliirlMir ami l'«iiiit Albtrt, inchidin!,' tlm latter, on the Straits of .luan «lc J'^ii^a, iukI extend- ing li:icl\ward from thcnco to tlir r.uiuo of niiiuntaiuH on the .Sunnii-li Ann. iihout ten mileH dixtiint The \vhole of the liimlM nitnntu nud lyin^ between tiie inlund of thi^ Duiul on the Arm or Inlet of t'anuwon and the head of tiaid inlet, embracing' the land on tho west Hide and north of that line to Krtiiuimalt lieyond the inlet, three miles of the (.'ohiuitu Valley and the land on the east Hide of the nmi enulosing ('hriHtmaa Hill and Lake, and the lamU wettt of those ollJ!-Ot-< The whole of the lands situate andlyiiiL' JMitwecn the Island of tho Dead and tlie Arm or Inlft of Camosrm, where the Kosnmpson lands tttrminate, ox- tending' east to the Kountiun Kid),'(' and foliowin;; it to its temnnati(m on the Straits of Ftica. in the buy inime diatoly en^tof 'Mover I'oint, im-ludin^ all the rfiunlrv lielwrMi that line and Ilia Inlet <•( l.'iinv \V)a | Ih Ul)„ d. " Swenywhunj;,'" Kigned by Suaw ilick and twenty -nine othera. 52 10 00 166 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Return of Theatiem made by Hiultion Bay Coui|Nuiy with Inilinn Tribes, &c.. — Canlinuecl. April 30, I84SO. I April 30, 1800. April 36, 1859, ll*y 1, 1850. May 1,1850. May 1, 1850. February (5, 1852. >Vliruary 11, 1852. Cliilcowith," itigueil l)y|The whole of tlielaiulH ititHnte ami Ipng Qiia-Bim and eleven ))etwe«n the xandy liay, cuiit of Clover Point, at th» tenniiintiou of the Hwenuwhung line tu Point OonxaleH, nnd thence north to a line of equal extent jtaminK throngh the north side of Minie'H Plain The whole of the land Hitimte and lyin^ between the north-west comer of Kw|iiimalt, wy from the i»Iand incln- Kivu at the month of the Sawmill Stream, and the niuuntains 1} ing due wx>Ht_ and north of th:kt |Hiint. Thin diHtrict iNiin); on the one side iNiunde.'' by the landit of the Teeulmmitsa, and| ftn the other l>y the lands of the K(HtamrMd Ki.'sanipHon families. T!ie Canal de Haro and the Straits o; Juan de Fuua, east •■>{ Point (Junxales The whole of the lands hituate ant.' lying lietwecn Point Alliert and the Inlet of Whoyung, on the Straits of Juan de l<')icu, ana the snow covered mou:itains in the interior of the Island, so as to embrace the whole tract or district uf Metohosin, from the coast to these Hiiid mountains The whole of the lands situate and lying l)etween the Inlet of Whoyung unci the Bay of Synsung, known us §o»>ku Inlet, and the snow covered mountains in the interior of the Island The whole of the lands situate and lyin;. lint ween the liny of Synsung or Sooke Inlet t«> the Thru*'' Kivers Ijeyond Tliloweeckitr, I'oint ShirvinKhaiix, on the Straits cf J uun de Fuet nnd tljo snow covered mountains in the in- terior of Vancouver Island by. The whole of the lands situate and lying and! between Mount Douglas and (Jow- I ichan Headj on the Canal de Haro, and extending thence to the line nmning through the centre of Van- couver Island, north and south. , . . The whole of the lauds situate and lying as follows, viz. :— ('jmnnencing at Co\vichan Ueiul and following the coaut of the Canal de Haro, nofth- west nearly to Saanich Point or Qua- na-Kung, from thence following the course of the Saanich Arm to the point where it terminates, and from t'.ience bv a line across country to said Cfowicimn Head, the point of com- mencement, so OS t(U'.y witli Indian TriboH, A'c— CoiUtnued. D«te. Februarr 1851. February 1851. necember 1WV4. 8. 2:«, 43 6 8 fin\ !i MllH i'iiiK Inke liind on [tlir in- |>ng f)W- hro, line Ian Ithe th- 4.1 10 00 Iho 48 « 8 41 13 4 Naniu of Tribo, &c. iX'Hcription of Iorti, and ex- teudini; two niileH into the interior of the [Hland Country extendrt frnni Comipercial Inlet twelve mileM up Xanafmo River "Sarlwinun," ni^icd by Siiuoniitt'jn and Di't otlient. Price paid. * £ B. d. Gt 00 00 8r. 00 00 3.')0 00 t*> i .'!H r.RiTlsii f'm.WMni\. APPENDIX FF. W" '% m JSt* ^jRI f^,'- .t-ii tI' 'M aju ^H ly ■1 d * \2- NAMES, AGES, SALARIES. AND DATE« OF APPOINTMENT OF LIGHTHOUSE STAFF, BRITISH COLUMBIA. Staff. — — — — Lfghthoivo or Ship. Names. Rank. Age. Annu.l1 Salnry. iJate of Appointment. St ct«. liftc'c Tl'tck l is. . l.i.:ht !vi-ei)or. n „ 700 0!) MaroliUl.l.SGl. Mm. lSrvi..i :i.-t AssiKt,.v.it. . 4S ., M 00 i\riiichl(i.l«til. l.isliUliii), I'lUHtT Uivi-r. .IlDUl-H .fdllv . . . |I.i};llt KiM'JHT. 4:t ,, l.'.;oo 00 Xov. 10, 18Im . .. .Tolin Kli'tt list Ai^Mintniit. . CO ., INO 00 Nov. Hi, l«Gri. If M 1'unc.T.u AFclifaii •.'n.l ., . 1 40 ., i ■ISO (Kt .March 1. ISC.!). AfPKNlMX. 189 APPENDIX GCx. MEMORANDUM ON THK VICTORIA IfARBOn DREDGE, liy tli'j Chief Oojiimisiiunor of l/imls and ^V^J!■!:;^ ami hJiirveyor Gtlicral of r>:-itibli CoUiiiri>iii. ]':ih September, IS; f. Ill the autumn of I8G1, ii conuni.ssion wa's a]i])oIiite(l uiulcrtliojiroviHions Commiaxion of tlie "Victoria Harbor Act, 1800," conslslin',' of tlio followiurr itoutloineii : apl'ointed. Georgo Heiuy Richardu, C'ajitaiu, ll.N., Joseph J.)L'.s[)aril ri'inhi'i-ton, I'^sij., Surveyor General, V. I., Joseph William Truteli, Esq., C. E., John Gastin- eau, Esf|.. ('. ]']., Wm. Ali'.\a;n!<'r Mouati'. (.' iptain, llrnhjou Bay Conijjany S"rvic(\ John James (;< via auc. ! '.sij., ('. K., whoso ihity coii.sist':il of a thorough i'xauiitiatiuu of tlie harbor of Victoria, its ch'pth of water, wholher it was slioalinj; or siltiuiC "]'• ^''" "'■i""'^' of the bottoiu, a nl olhcr jioints hearing on the question of tlie itnj.roviiii'^nt of tlio naviL,'ati'>n of the liarhor, nn;id;ject. and e.-pecially to save thi^ time '' which must elapse before a d.ieiiging machim; could be obtained from Scot- " land, the conindssion reconiDiend the executive to obtain the same from " San Erancisco. and that a competent and reliable engineei- be sent down to •' (j)rder and superintend its construction. "' On ll'tli Septi'udicr. LSiil, Captain Richards, th'n in San Francisco, in- Kstininti-d formed the Surveyoi' Geneml, that the cost of all the gear and engines-for a '•''"**• dredger with sixi'cn buckets, two (>ngines of si\l;>(Mi horse power each (one Knglish hoi'we power — two American), would Ik; ."rSKI.iiOO. On L'7th Deetniber. 1801, t( .ders weie calhd for, for tlie machinery for A^i'iil i*«.'nt to a dre;liiuil. Surveyor General to the Colonial St:« were taken from liOth lA-brnary, [irii'2, until iird A mil, 1803, wIimi the lato Surveyor General Mr. J. D. J'emberton. was instructed to proceed to England anle forge, also a diving dress and air pump. She would i-erjuire an expenditure of ai)out .'*!!l,500 to put her into working order, as the bu(!kets an3,1.3G 00 Oil and waste, tallow, &c GOO 00 Kcpairs 2,500 00 !^7,G05 00 .SG,2r)G 00 Total amount of expense J:<13,8G1 00 TUO. Pi.y of master !:'1,440 00 " engineer 1,440 00 •* 1 sailor and 4 tor punts 1 ,800 00 Piovisions for 7 men 1,100 00 Coal 1 h tons per working day, say 2,367 00 Oil, taflow, waste, «S:c 500 00 Repairs, . .' 1,500 00 $10,147 00 Cost per annum of dredger and tug vessel !i'24,00S 00 Supposing that the dredger removed and plact;,.»ifc that Beaver Hock should 1)6 Vi'mo%(' 1. 1 Iiuve n\;\.d^' no ostlmalo of this bccausa I liave no data to go u[ion, and the filiortnass of time will not allow jf a thorough survey. By aid of tho diving dress which bu'longs to the dredge, however, I can safely say that the cost should not exceed .$2,500 -^j^j. The v.'hole (juestion of th- harboi- improvement works would require in my opinioii to bo well Ci.iusid.ncd. There is a grout natural scourhig pov/er to be obtained at a comparatively small cost, by digging a small canal througli the portage, and using the water in Escpumalt har))our, which is higli an hour or two earlier th.in it is in the Victoria .side of the portage. The difl'erence of level is about 18 inches, quite sufficient to create a good current downwards to Victoria. I forbear to enlarge upon this point, as I liavo only made a ])rcliniinary survey and given it a small consideration many years ago. Tiiis would involve some blasting at tho gorge, possibly amounting to 100 or 500 cubic yards, which wouhl represent an adlitional expenditure of about .•?2,000 to $2,500. (Signed,) B. W. PEARSE, / Uhiif Commissioner of Lands and Works and Surveyor General, Lands and Works Department, ) Victoria. B. C. IGth September, 1871. j SCHEDULE A. ' * 'KISS'S^' ' Report of Victoria HarlH)r L'oiu- mimion. CoLoxiAi. Sitretauy's Office, ) Vktoria, 18th February, 1865, f Jlis EACclUncy the tlovcmor dincL; llr," publii.'ation, for genera' infor- mation, of the following report of the Victoria Harbour Commission. By His Excellency's command, (Signed) JIENRV WAKEEUJID, Aitina Colonial Secrdary. m^ i,.. ,«'. \ iCiORlA, 28th February, 18G2. SiK, — The Victoria liaj-bour C'i>;!i mission having brought their labours to a conclusion. I have the liouor to enclose the following report, whicli I request you will be good enough to lay before His Excellency the (Jovernoi'. I have, etc. (Signe 1) GEORGE HENRY RICHARDS, Cliulnnan. ■ W. A. 0. Vorxri, Esq, Colonial Secretary, 'wucu.i. ^r Ir.i.nd. APPBMDIX. 193 k, it would "" Tliis Iffff- ■'•'"'' any ncky itiniutod at ihiit Beaver anso I have a tliorougli , however, I tl require in )ini)aratively ig the water 11 it is in the inches, quite I forbear to ey and given lOnie Wasting which wouhl Is and Worh \icral, VicTOHiA, 28th Fobruary, 1862. In pui-suance of the coinuiiiUiion issued by your E.:celleney, cousti- Procetdlnga of •FICE, ( Iv, 1865. f Lanera' infor- >ion. 11). Lry, 1862. Lhcir hibours |ort, which F (Jovcvnor, tltuii'hian. a Board with ])Ower to enquire into the defects and impediments ,jj*„ o»nn"»- SlR,- tuting ua which exist in Victoria lIarl)our, and to report on the most desivabh* means to be adopted for x-eiiicdying and permanently removing the same ; we have callel before us such persons as we considered most competent to aflbrd infor- mation on the subject, and have likewise carelully compared the Admiralty charts of former dales with those more recently constructed, and personally examined the harbour by taking soundings and borings of the bed of the channel, and the different rocks which obstruct and limit the accommodation for shipping, and we have now the honor to submit for your consideration the following report : 1. The harbour in its present condition will only admit of the entrance Present itate of vessels of eighteen feet draught at tlie highest stage of the water, while of l^wbof. more coinnioniy those of fifteen feet encounter delay as well as risk of grounding. The rise and fall of the tide rarely exceeds ten feet, and is more fi-equently less. 2. The entrance is naiTow and turns a sharp angle, which renders it Entranct. difficult for a long ship to enter at the highest tide without getting on shore, and across the narrowest part a bar extends for a considerable distance, with as little as eight feet on it at low water. 3. The accommodation for shipping within tlie harbour and alongside the Accoramcda- wharves is very limited, owing to the western half of the pool between*'^***''''*''" Songhies point and the old bridge, Iiaving a bed of rocks, the tops of which in several instances are uncovered at low tides, or nearly so, as also to the general shallowness of the water, whicli obliges ships to lie on the ground during certain stages of the tide, a circumstance very detrimental to merchant vessels with heavy cargoes. 4. By a comparison of the old with more recent surveys, the depth of Water on tha water on the bar appears to have decreased bpt\v;;ca two and three feet during ^•''• the last fifteen years, while at tho anchonc''! ami alongside the wharves there ha.s boon a tilling up to a much great-sr extent ; this may probably be atttibuted to tho throwing overboard of rubbish, ashes, ic, from tho numerous vessels which have Irnquciited the port during the h-uit few j-ears, — to the drainage of a largo and iuoreasiug town, as well as to natural causes. 5. As regards the means desirable to be adopted for the removal of these Removal of imi>edinients, we are of opinion that although it may not be practicable to '''''P«w on('s,eithor above or below the bridge, the projection should bo limited to tho smallest extent consistent witii a duo i-egard to a sufiicient depth, either existing or to ]v obtjtiuod by dredging, and should moreover exhibit one uniform lino of water frontage, closed in by otrong planking or masonry from high water mark to the i-ock bed of tho harbor, and this latter i-ocommendation shoidd bo a)iplicd to all wharves, whether now in existence or to bo hereafter constructed. 1 1 . To cany out the iinpi'ovements thus K])eoified, or iiideed, with the rapidly increasing trattic, to preserve tho harbor in its present state, it will lie necessjiry to procure a dredging machine ; and taking into consideration tho extensive nature of tho work to be jHjrformed wo recommend that it should be constnicted on the best ami most ajtproved princij)le, viz : that generally adojited in the harbors of the United Kingdom — a series of buckets on an endless chain. 12. Forthc! removal of rocks by blastiug.[u iliving-bell isajx indispensable aid, arid is also actually necessary iu conjunction with the dredging machine. A small tug 3teamer would be required Ui tow the punts with the soil removed by the dredge, in order to deposit ic at a sufficient distance outside the harbor ; this would bo far more economical than landing it on any part of the shore. 1 3. Before concluding this part of the subject, wo would desire to impress on your Excellency the extensive natui-e of tho undertaking hero proposed, and to guard against the expectation, that any permanent results can be looked for under a scries of years. To effectually remove the bar at the enti-ance, to deejjen tho channel to tho extent necessary, to scoop out the whole Iwisin of the anchorage, as proposed, and to remove the rocks scattered over it, would doubtless involve a very considerable outlay, and would require the undivided attention and sui)erintendence of an engineer, experienced in such oi)erations, and it does not seem to us probable that such a work could be completed, under favourable circumstances, with one dredging machine within a period of si.x or seven years ; but whether it is decided to undertake the greater opei-ation of permanently enlarging and deepening the harbor, or whether it will be deemed sufiicient. so far to improve it by (leepening the bar so as to allow vessels of fourteen feet draught to enter at all times of tide, or even to jireserve it in its present state of efficiency, the dredging maehin« and diving- bell will be equally necessai-y ; indeed undei either of tli» eirou instances con- Bidcved, they will be intliRpeusabli.\ ty^^^ f! APPENDIX. 195 lil 14. In oilier to moke lliis sUitement the uioi-e plaui, and to give n mora •ixiujt idea of the work contemplated, we nppend a tracing of the harbor with the differentf portions of the work requii'ed, marked in sections, showing the numbei' of cubic yards to be dredged in each to reduce the bottom to the uniform depth of fourteen feet on tlie bar, anil sixteen feet within the harbor at low water, together with an iipi)ro.\imate entimate, of the first outlay to obtain the necessaiy plant.Jwith tlio probably annual expense of working the same.* Wo ai.so append an extract from*a report of a work of a similar character now carrying out in the river Clyde in Scotland, wbnie li\-o dredging machines are coustjintly employed ; from^which it will be seen that during a peridd of four yuarH the average; am >unt of soil removed was 57,200 cubic yarils per annum for oacli mivchine, at an avoiagc cost of k'upence per cubic yard. 15. It will be obst-rved tiiat in tlio accompanying estinmtes, no provision has been made for the removal of rocks, an operation in itself entirely distinct from"the dredging. lO.fiThere are a'few^otherjpoints,' which though"not involving any con- siderable outlay of money, are only|second in imporUmcn to the essential ones just enumerated, and will go far to maintain the efficiency and convenionco of Victeria*as a commercial port whnn once so established ; there are likewise some matters of detail, wliich,'though perhaps not generally included in a re- port of this nature, may not bo cnnsipointcd in some part ot the harbor, above high water mark, for its final recejition. 19. The want of a public landing place is severely felt, and we stronjjly recommend that one be established at an early i)criod in such a position that boats may land at all times of the tide, and that no vessels or boats be per- mitted to lie alongside of it, or to impede the landing of passengers, &c. 20. We have made ourselves acquainted with the Harbor Prochimation of 1868, and we consider that it i)rovides, in almost every respect, for the proiier regulation of all matters falling within tlio province of the harbour master ; but its jn-ovisions appear to have been totally disregarded, and mo cannot learn that any penalty has ever been enforced or conviction taken place for a breach of the laws therein laid down. Finally, we are of opinion that the appointment of the harbor master, as it at present exists in conjunction with another office, is totally incompatible with the due perfonnance of the important functions which sliould devolve on him in the foi-mer capacity, viz ; the rigid enforcement of the regulations beforo alluded to, as well us the general direction of the improvements recommended, in conjunction with the Superintending Engineer ; and we recommend that he should have at his dis- posal a boat and crew in ordei- that he may keejt himself personally acquainted Tracini;, rthewing work to b« don«. » 1 Kemoviil of rocks. Harbor light. Throw fng rubbiith into harljor. Public land- iuif-placv. Nou compli- anctj with harbor regu- lations. I i Ill P • See note on page 190. 19G n :iTiRH rotrjiiiiA. with the depth of the luu-bor, auu p?i-.''orn» his v.irioiiH duties aflont in an efficient manner. We have the honor to be your Excellency's obedient servantn, (Signc50 £ 8. d. Oil 10} do B3 1843 8 do 21 1844... 8 AYPKfPIX. m Tlie abuve Hteam di-eUgOH wet-e fitted witL euguiet. i'luia :v.\ l\j to twenty- two hone i)ower and consumed from 15^ to 181b8. of coal per horse power, per hour. 'J he whole cost of the five dredges, a steam tug, two diving bells, and 160 puals wu8 £39,000. • . (Signed) B. W. Pearse, Acting Surveyor General. Slat January, 1865. 198 KKITISH rOr.UM1IIAa APPENDiX HH. ' Sir James Douglas." GENERAL REPORT OF THE STEA-'IER "SIR JAMES DOUGLAS," THE PROPERTY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DOMI- NION OF CANADA, RUNNING IN THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Description of Tho Stoaraer was built in Victoria Harhor, in 18(>4, by Robert Ewing, the Steamer Govornmout Contractoi", iu coiiuoction witli * sclienio for the purpose of dredging Victoria Haibor. DlitienmoHS. — Length of kool, 110 fuot ; cxtromo Icugtb, 130 foot; extronio beam, 18 foot 8 inche!» ; depth of hold, 10 feet ; drauglit of water, 10 feet 6 inches ; uieasuremont iu tons, ISSJJ. Material ^ Hull. — Tho best Douglas pine, with the exception of alter- nate floor timbers, wliich are of natural crooks of Vancouver Island oak, coppered to 10 feet 9 inches with 20 ounce copper, Fattenings. — Copper and iron, also locust treenails. Stern /'(;*<.'».— Secured below with Jieavy gun-uietal shoe and through copper bolts, and above with iion knees, and a wooden transom, natural crook. Deck. — Flush for 90 fcot, from tlience a poop deck, raised 2 feet high to taffruil, to give cabin room. Accommodation. — -Cabin 14 feet long hy 15 feet wide, abaft this is a »'abin on each side, with double berths and steward's pantry amidships, with storerooms right abaft. Captain and engineer's cabins 4 feet by beam of ship, forward of the main cabin. Forecastle to berth eight hands. Engines.: — X \yx\v of diagonal, condensing, direct-acting; diameter of cylinder 27 inches, length of stroke of piston, 10 inches, average revolutions 95 per minute, nominal power 40 horses. lioiler. — Tubulai", length 9 feet 4 inches, breadth 10 feet, and height 13 feet, fitted with three furnaces and 190 three inch tubes, 5 feet 6 inches long ; extreme working pressure 20 lbs. to tho square inch, and average pressure If) lbs. ; built for and placed in vessel by Messrs. Spratt and Kriemler, of Victoria, July, 1870. Bankers.— li'ow, capable of holding 22 tons of coal. Consumption per hour 9 cwt. Propeller. — Composition, two bladed, 11 feet pitch and 7 feet diameter. Speed. — Average from 8 to 9 knots. Spare parts of Engines. — One piston and rod complete, one connecting rotl, and one air-pump bucket. Maata. — Two in number. Tai)er spars, 50 feet from deck to trutk. Rigging. — Hemp. Sails. — Gaff fore and mainsail, and stay foresail. Anchors. — Two bower, two stream, and •no kedge. Chain Cables. — Two three-quarter inch, GO fathoms each, not studded. Boats. — Two in number, one four oared and 22 feet iong, and one two oared 16 feet long. Pumps. — One Downton's patent deck pump. Kmiiloyment Employment of Vessel.— Vvom January, 1885, to January, 1866, towing of vt'Hsel. punts and attending on dredge, lighthouses, lightships, ifec. From Januaiy, 1866, to present date, carrying mails, passengers and APPKMOIX. IM SLAS," DOMI- CE OF ; Ewing, rpoBe of 20 foot; )f water, of alter- md oak, through , nfttui-ftl Feet high this is a lips, with beam of meter of Ivolutions height 1 6 inches average Ipatt and ption per ameter. [meeting ik. jdded. Ine two |towing rs and fi-eight along the cast coaut of Vuncouve'- iMhmil fruia ^'i<.•toriu to Con»ox. calling at the following settlements, viz. : Cowiclmn, Mnple Bay, Admiral Island, ChernainnH, and Nuniumo, weekly, and to t'omox fortnightly. The Pawenger rates of fare arc as follows : From Victoiia to — Cowichan, Ma[>!o i»iiy, anny, liy the said Government of British Columbia in as good order and condition as the siirae were in when the said Government received the same — reasonable wear aiul tear excepted : And it was also agreed by and between the said parties hereto that the said Wostein Union Telegnipii Company, would execute such instru- ments or ivssurance.i as niigiit be de«'med iiecessaiT to eifectmite tho ugrecimeut now being recited : And whereas since the date of the said agi'eement the terms thereof have baen faithfully observed by botli parties thereto : And whereas it li:is l)cun considered od-visablu that the tiaid Western 10- U6 3m bRITlUU COLUMBIA. m m Formal lease granted. CrtiTeriunentto maintain Suit- marine Cable in repair. Power to Gov- emnient to ter- minate luatic. liines to 1'5 de- livered in good ortler. Union Telegiii|>b Cumi>auy, should gi-ant a formal leuse to tlie uaid Govern- ment of British Cohimbia, of the telegraphic line above mentioned : Now this Indenture Witnesseth that in i)erformanue of the said agree- ment and for th« consideration < aforesaid, the said Western Union Telegraph Company, dcth hfrehv demise! and lease unto the said Government of British Colunabia, tlieir successor;, and assigns, all their telegiivphic lines, instruments and ap|)ui'tenances for working the sjiiue, from the Town of tjwinomish, in Wellington Territory, to the Town of Quesnel in Britisli Golumbia, and to all other points iu British Columbia, in extonsiou of the said line, to have and to hold tlio same inito the said Government of British Columbia for the tenn of nine hundred and ninety nine years from the sivid twentieth day of May, iu the year of our Loi-d One thousand eight hundi-ed and seventy. Provided always and these iii-csents ai-e made upon this express condition tliat the Slid Govermuent of British Columbia their successors or assigns shall, during the continuance of the t«rm hereinbefore created, or intended so to bo, maintain and keep in rejiair, and in good w^orking order at the proper cost and ex[)ense of the said Government of British Columbia, their successore or assigns, the submerged or cable portions of the telegraphic lines lielonging to tlio said Westei'n Union Telegraph Company, between the City of Victoria in Vancouver Island, and the Town of Swinomlsh, in Washington Territory ; and it is hereby agreetl by and between the said parties hereto that durinsr the continuance of the term hei-eby created, or intended so to be, all messages offered by the said Government of British Columbia, whether on Government business or othciwise, for any points noi-th of the said Town of Swinomish, shall bo tiwnsmittli Company, from the said City of Victoria, to the said Town of Swinomish, free of any cost or charge to the said Government of British Columbia. .\nd it is hereby also agreed and declared by and between the said parties hereto, that the obligation assumed l.>y the said Government of British Col- umbia, as aforesaiil, us a consideration for tho grant of the tenn hereby created, or intended so to be, to pay the cost of keeping the said cable lines in repair between the said City of Victoria and the said Town of Swinomish, may be terminated by the said Government of British Columbia, their success'" r or assigns, on giving one month's ]>revious notice in writing to tho said Western Union Telegi aph Comiiany, by leaving the same nt or sending t!ie sauve to Hie oftice of tlic said Company, in the City of San Fnincisco, in the State of California, at the expiration of v.jiicli notice these jHt-'Scnts, and the torm hereby created, and all tho rights and ))rivileges liereby granted, and all the liabiiiil. :< of both parties hereto, or their or either of their successors or assigns, shall al)solutely cease and determino. Provided neNei-thfltss, and it is hereby declared, that ujvni the ex- piration, or other sooner determinat'.ou of the term hereby creatotl, the said telegraph lines, so demised and leased as hereinbefore mentioned, by the said Wofitvrn Union Telegraph Company, to tho said Government of British Columbia, shall be delivered uj) by the said Government of British Columbia their successoi-s or assigns, to the said Western Union Telegrajih Company, their successors or assigns, in !>.s good order and condition as the same were in when handed o> (jr by the said Wcitern Union Tehigraph Company, to tho said Government cf British CJolumbia, reasonable wear and tear excepted. In witness whereof llio said. Western Union 'J'elegraph Company, have caused their corporat<^ seal to be hereunto allixed and Anthony Musgravo, Esq., the Governor of the Colony of Britislii Columbia, has hereunto set his hand on iK^half of the Government of British Columbia, and has caused tho public ueal of tho Colony to be hereunto atlixed. «^^-..>»-i*' Sr%J-iK.: ■ said Gfovern- ined : lie said agree- non Telegraph lent of BiitisJi w, instruments ^winouiish, in nibia, and to Hue, to have Cohunbia for aid twentietii hundred and I'ess condition assigns shall, iido(l so to be, proper cost snccessore or belonging to of Victoria >n 'i'«rosppctive advantages in connection with the general scheme then advised for tlie improvement of the harbor. By it the wharf and harlior accommodation would be considerably increased, whilst the head of James IJay, ten acres in extent, now at low water a bank of offensive mud, a nui.sance to the neighborhood, and injmious to the general health, would be converted into a valuable piece of land available either for busine.ss j>urpo.ses or as a public square. But the cost of this em\>ankment alone, irrespective of the filling necessary for reclaiming the !and, would not be less than ^ir),000 (fifteen thousand dollai-s), and as the benefits of tho proposed plan could only be fully realized in connection with the resumption of tlio expensive peration of dredging the harbor, I am of oj)inion that this work should be, deferred until the colony can better afford the outlay necessary to carry tho project into execution, and the value of the laiul to be reclftimod has increased so as to more amply counterbalance such outlay. 2ith November, 1868. The Colonial Secretary. (Signed,) JOSKPII \V. TUUTCII. Ai»rRxmx. 301 APPENDIX KK. M' CORRESPONDENCE ON THE SUBJECT OF A GRAVING DOCK, AT ESQUIMALT. Ii'ear Admiral Hastings to Gueernor Sei/>m>in: ' - Zkai-ois, in Ekc^lmmalt, i2(ltli August, 18G7. - •Sir, — Hiiviug received instniutious from tlie Lords C*omuussiouers of From Admiral tlio Admiralty to ri>i)ort upon tlie fucilitifs ailbvdLMl on llii.s station tor t/wtinga *« docking vessels the size of luy flag ship, I beg to acquaint Your Excellency mour!"'^*"" ' that having failed to find such, T have directed a Board of oflicevs to select the most eligible sit?> in this harbor for the construction of a dock. I now enclose for Your ENcellency's information, the reiunt I have received from them, and the services of ?irr. Pearse, Assistant Sui'veyor- (leneral, liaving been kindly rendered in conseciuence of my application to the Coionial Secretary, during your Excellency's absence, I am glad to be enabled to inform you that so far as the borings have yet licen carried, the uatiu'e of the liottom is most favorable for such a work. ■ ; Before making my rejxirt to their lordships, T sh:;!! comnunucate further with Your Excellency. (Signed.) Gko. F. Hastixcis. Picar-Admiral, Commander-in-Chief. His Excellency Oovernor Seymour, &.c.. A-c. liepoH on the most convenient site for erecting n Dock at Esquimnlt, for the Report a.s to aceommodation ofiShips of the Somnlrun. i^l°}^^}}^ ** (No. 53.) ■ J-H* '<:'- Rear- Admiral HoMtingg to Governor Seymour. Jifiur-Admiral IlasHiu/s to Govei'nor Seymour. His Excellency Governor Seymour, dtc, &c., British Columbia. Zealous," at Esquimalt, IGth October, 1867. Sir, — Referrmg to former con-espondencc and communications which liave passed between Your Excellency and myself respecting the construction of a dock in this colony, I beg to acquaint you that having visited lately the Port of Naniiimo and also Burrard Inlet, both of which localities have l^een ]iointed out as offering the best sites tor such a work, I am still more con- lii'med in my opinion that in Esquimalt Hai-bor is to be found the most eligible situation for ii dock. The geographical position of this harbor, the facilities of ingress and egress at any time of the day or night for sailing vessels, and the depth of water and natiu'o of the Ijottom in Lang Cove — the best site therein — give it such indisputable advantages over every other })ort in this colony with which I am acquainted, that I have strongly urged ui)on the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty the importance of such a work being therein undertaken by tho Imperial Government. Tho benefit that would thereby accrue to tho colony under Your Excellency's Govenimont must be so apparent as not to require comment from me, and I trust you may find yourself in a [tosition to make such representation thereon to the Colonial Secretary of State as may tend t© strengthen those which I have already made to the Admiralty. I have, Jkc, (Signed,) Geo. F. Hastings, Rear- Admiral, Comraandev-iq-Chief. labor would in to offer as our 11 Francisco for ng dock would n the ei-ection le " Zealous ") felucca." 'ealoics." tider, 'ealous." mander, ealous." " Heaver." er, falmt^." APPtNDi^ ""'"""' ^^''''-'-^-^.'-wyw,,,.. New Westmixstek, ^Ist October, 186 Rear-Adniiml tha IshuII bo hai.py o\vdte o ^K '^'''^°^«^y ^^'vantag^o.L t ^b^ , advice vou bnv^ „ii: ,**'"« to the Secretarv- of «* 6\""» to Uie colony, profes«Cl™,;^^«;^<=^ to the lS of nt a'?'"^'^^"''* "^ *1^« apainst yom-s bu M ' ^""' ^ «^'«» »ot Cture tot. '''""■'^^'>'- ^^ a I have, Jic., £07 ^vernor Seymour to HastingB, ■llj. r, 1867. itions which construction 3d lately the Js have been 11 more con- id the most ingress and le depth of Rin— give it with which nmissioners undertaken ider Your e comment make such ay tend tp luiralj [Copy. No. 7.1 The RigJit Hononiblo TheDukeofKuekinghan, andChandos. Nejv Westminster, Cth February, IS^iQ, trovcnior Hej-niour to Secretary of State. Mv Lord Duke 1 1 ymg outside might shdl * ,,'■,•''* 'V'"'^ '^^'ce««arv to n„f ~^^ "' "•?^»* fleet 11, rSjU^ii""- '^H-- to believe in the s ^ " l'«hmentofudock^ n nnott'T'" *^^ I^'»- "'ost iesii,, u' ^ '\''""^'""''^' of our being M'orsted T "^ consider, on the otl.,^ v l 1"' *^'® ^«tab- advantagos,^i„asm.S ^" .'."•^^' '^ ^"^^e. « u-rartl In W "/ ' f^'" Po««iWli< " i»l«t, haWng " cSn? '^V'" "»^'^'* »'"» Seen o .•'?"''' ^'•■^^'^ '"'«'™«<^ -e hundred and'eti twT sol" f T.". '^'- ^'- 'tUier^Le" uf "'' f'^' "hanne . In Burr«,.,t t i \ ' ^''^'t ^»k1i luns in,,., )•.,'' ^^^'^^''^ » ^ 11 1 have, jtc ' 308 Colonial Secretary to Governor Seymour. BKIJISU COLUMBIA. [Copy. No. 27.J The Colonial Secretari/ to Governor Seymour. Downing Street. Governor Seymour, «kc., «fec. 15th May, 1868. Sir, — I have tho honor to transmit to you, for your information, and iii reply to your despatch of tho Gth February, No. 7, a copy of a letter from the Admiraltv euclobiug coi)y of one from tho hydrograplier, in which ho expresses his opinion that Escpiimalt is the fittest i;)laco in tho colony for a naval dock. I have, (fee, (Signed,) Buckingham and Chandos. TheAdjjiralty to Under- Secrttvy ol StaU'. [CopyJ Mr. fiomaine to the Under Secretary of State. Tho Under Secretary of State, Colonial Office. Admiralty, 9th May, 1868. Sir, — I am commanded by my Lords Commissioners of tho AdmiraUy to ackirowledge the receipt of your letter of the 27th ultimo, transmitting tlie copy of a despateli from Governor Seymour respecting the construction of a dock in British Cohimbia. Tn reply, I am comniande;! by my Lords Commissionei-s to transmit to you, for tlio information of the Secretary of State for tlie Colonies, the copy of a report from the hydrograplier on this subject, and I am to recpiest that you will inform the Duke of Buckingham that my Ijords Commissioners entirely concur in tho hydrographer's viev.y of the advantages of Esquimalt Harbor over Burrard Inlet. I am, itc, (Signed,) W. G. Ro>Haine. Memorandum by Captain llichards. Memorandum by the ITjdro'jrapher. 29th April, 1868. I have considei-cd this question so maturely, and so often expressed an opinion on it, after a personal experience of the positions extending over many years, that I have no hesitation in rejjeating my opinion that Esquimalt Harbor is tho littest place fur a na\iil dock, and that the spot recommended by Admiral Hastings is the best that could be selected. Esquimalt is and always must be the priucii)al seaport in these colonies. What naval works we have are there. Esquimalt is easy of defence, and a/i enemy could not injure a dock there unless he got ))o.ssession of the |)lace-— and there is no reason why he could not get possession of Burrard Inlet as e.isily as Es<|uimalt. A vessel arriving at Esquimalt damaged would have to be towed one hundred (100) miles before she would reach Burrard Inlet. Unless Esquimalt is abandoned as the naval head quarters, and all the establishments removed to B\u'rard Inlet, which I do not contemplate as possible, then J do not think it possible to entertain tho question of a Government dock at Burrard Inlet. (Signed,) Geouoe Henry Eicuauds, Hydrographer. APPENDIX 201 APPENDIX LL. :m D Chandos. 'r. Ro'^lAINE. be towed one MINUTE OF THE CHIEF COMMISSIONER OF LANDS AND WORKS, Oil the subject of an Overland Coach Road througli British Territory, between the Pacific Const and Canada, comparing the merits of the various Passes through the Rocky Mountains, and shewing the extent of this Road already built in British Columbia, and what remairs to be done to complete it beyond the eastern boundary of the Colony to the head of steamboat navigation on the Saskatchewan. Little has hitherto been done towjiids the construction of trails or roads across the Rocky Mountains, north of the 49th parallel. The primitive paths through the various passes of this mountain range, onginally tracked out by Indians, and only kept open, year by yoar, by their travel along them, are still the sole means of communication between British Columbia ami the North West Territory. Some little work was indeed done, years ago, by the Hudson's Bay Com- 2>any in opening trails through tlie Leather and Athabasca Passes to facilitate the passage of their brigades, which at that time carried supplies from the depots east of tlie Rocky INIountains to Jasper's House, and thence westwards, by the T$te Jauue Cache, down the Fraser River to the various posts in the region of country now included in British Columbia ; or southwards, by the Athabasca Pass, to the Boat Encampment, and down the Columbia to the posts iu Washington and Oregon. But soon after the company established posts at Fort Vancouver and Victoria, supplied by ships direct from Eng- landj communication by these passes was discontinued, and the trails through them lapsed into disu.se, and were soon in no better condition than before they were improved by the Hudson Bay Company's emj)loy6s. At present, except when travelled over by occasional parties of prospectors or scientific explorers, these, as well as all the other Rocky IMountain passes in Britisii Territory, are made use of by Indians only. Many of these passes are, however, even in their primitive condition, so easy of passage that horses cai"ry heavy loads over them with facility, and through the Vermilion Pass loaded carts have been driven on the natural roadway unimproved by labor. But although the work of building a road over the Rocky ]Vrountains has yet to bo commenced, much luia already Ijeen eficcted by this colony to- wards the consummation of the much desired line of road communication, through British Territory, between the Sea Coast of British Columbia and Canada. In fact more than one-half (in cost) of this work within the limits of the colony is now complete. The Cascade Range of Mountains, the gnnxi barrier between the sea coast of this colony and it interior districts, which presented a far more difficult engineering obstacle to road-making, ami one more expensive to overcome, than the Rocky Mountains themselves, has been pierced by two lines of coach road, which, commencing at Yale and Douglas resi)ectively, the limits of steam-boat navigation on the Lower Fraser and its tributary Harrison Lake, unite at Clinton, 136 miles from Yale, on the high rolling plateau iu the interior of the colony, from which junction point the load extends 242 miles further north- 10—27 Present condi- tion of trulls across the Rocky Moun- tains. If«l Work already done by the Colony. Two linen of road through CaHcadeKanL'e him' '.I M>1 *;■■ 'Svr .;■ !, ■■■ ■'..■^.» ■ -' »a»* !"■. ) 210 Branch road from Yala to S&vona's. Natmr* aud cost of the roadf. Variety of route* for se- lection. ]*.i»8es through the Rocky Mountains. BRITISH COLUMBIA. wards to Caineronton, in the heart of the Cariboo District, distnnt altogether 378 miles from Yale. Abranchroiid twe.ity-tbreemileslong, has also been built from the main lino, at a point on the Buona|)arte River 110 miles from Yale, to Savona's at the lower (western) end ot Kauilooi>3 Lake, from which place uninternipted steamboat navigation extends through Kamloops I..ake, and up the ic'outh Thompson River to the upper (eastern) end of Great Shuswap Lake, a distance of 115 miles, and also up the North Branch of Thompson River, which joins the South Thomp- son at Fort Kamloops, to a distance of eighty-five miles from the latter post. These roads, consti-ucted at a total cost of .*1,339,915 (about £275,000), of which amount the sottion from Yale to Savona's cost $830,000 (about £166,000), are of a chai-acter very superior to that of public roads in most young countries. They are eighteen feet ride, the sui-face being covei-etl with broken stone, where (as in most {mrts along the Fraser and Thompson Rivers) such material is at hand, or with gravel well cambei-ed up iu the centre, with ditches on one or both sides where i-equii^. With the exception of some short pitches as steep as one foot in ten, the sharpest inclines throughout this i-oad ai"e of one foot in twelve, the curves being easy, and the bridges and culverts substantially built of timber. Loads of seven and eight tons are hauled along them by mules or oxen, at an average draught load of l,200Ib3. or 1,300B)S. to each team animal ; and the mail coach drawn by six hoi-ses travels between Yale and Caiiboo at the rate of nine miles an hour. From the Cariboo t«vrainus of this road, and from Savona's, as well as from intei-mediate points along the road, various routes may be ti-aced to the different passes of the Rocky Mountains. But before a judicious selection can be made of the line for a waggon road to the territory east of the Rocky Mountains, it will be necessary to determine by more* exact and detailed engineering explorations and surveys than have yet been made, which of these passes presents the least obstacles to the construction and maintenance of a I'oad through it, as well *as the gi-eatest advantages in its approaches, not only as regards engineei-ing fiujilities, but with re-spect also to the chai-acter of the countiy to be passed through on either side of the mountains, its soil, climate, freedom from inroads of hostile Indians, and general capabilities for settle- ment, and especially in relation to its accessibility from the existing lines of communication in this colony and to the tastwai-d. The following remarks emlKxlv the most reliable information extant on this subject ; and the accompanying opinions and estimates based thereon arc advanced in anticipation of the results of such a detailed survey as has just been suggested. The passes through the Rl < 2>2 Distance and C!o«t. Fraser Kiver, Ttfte Jaime (^aehe to Ca- iiiprsnton. Most practic- able route. nniTiaB coivmbia. of travel is about 250 miles, through a rolling country gradually descending to the east, but in great part swampy, very deficient in grass or other feed for stock, and offering but little inducement for settlement. The distance from Jasper's House to the navigable water of the Saskatchewan may, however, bo reduced to about 160 miles, by adoptin;^' a lino intersecting that river at its junction witii the Brazeau River. This lino would pass through a country materially the same as that between Jasper's House and Edmonton, and on ■which the chief road-making difficulties would bo the great extent of swamps to be passed through. The whole distance from Tete Jaune C!ache to steamboat navigation on the Saskatchewan thus appears to lie 280 miles, and the cost of constructing this length of road, of the chaiacter of tiiose above described already built in this colony, may be approximately estimated at $6r»0,000. From Tcte Jaune Cache the Fraser River is stated to be navigable for steamei-s with some three or four interruptions where falls and rapids occur, necessitating portages at these points, to Quesnel Mouth, 320 miles from Yale, uu the coach road between Yale and Cameronton. The information obtained from persons who have travelled along this portion of the Fraser in canoes is too incomplete and wanting in detail to form the basis of any just estimate of its facilities for steamboat navigation ; enough Ls known, however, to warrant the conclusion that the impediments to na\ngation will on practical investigation be found far more numerous and serious than they are now supj)osed to be by those who favor this line of route. At all events it is certain that this long line of water carriage, even if practicable at any time, can be made available only fur a short period during the summer and autumn ; and as the construction of a road along the Fraser from Quesnel Mouth to 'Tete Jaune Cache is out of the question, not only on account of the distance between these points (330 miles), but especially be- cause of the numerous steep and rugged bluffs which opi)ose the passage of a road along the banks of the river, it is evident that the Upper Fraser camiot be depended on as a i)ermanent route of communication across the continent. "The distance from Tete Jaune Cache to Camei-onton (nearly due west) the terminus of the coach road fiom Yale, is not more than eighty miles as the crow flies, and it would therefore ajjpear at first glance a matter of course that an overland route through the Leather Pass should be built by this route. But i;he intervening space is a sea of high rugged mountains, so broken uj) into deep valleys and steep ridges that from ])resent information it seems impossible to connect the two points by a road of practical curves and gradients, and we have therefore to seek in some other direction for a line of road be' ween Tete Jaune Cache and the Lower Fraser. The most practicable route for such a road appears to be by a line running due south from the " the Cache," across the upper waters of Canoe River (which falls into the Columbia at the Boat Encampment), over the divide (about 2,800 feet above the sea level), between that stream and the North Thompson,' and down the valley of the latter river by Fort Kamloops, to a junction with the present terminus of the coach road at Savona's. The distance from Teie Jaune Cache to Savona's by this route is 235 miles, the last 130 miles of which run through an open or lightly timbered bunch grass country along the banks of the North Thompson River and Kamloops Lake, which are navigable for steamers throughout this distance, and on which waters in fact a substantial and powerful steamboat of 200 tons burden, built by the Hudson's Bay Company, is now ])lying. The upper portion of this road between the Cache and the open country on the Lower Thompson (a distance of 105 miles), would pass through a dense forest most of the way, but no high or steep summits have to be crossed, nor are there any serious engineering obstacles to be encountered. I :jm Appiiroix. 21S The cost of a road between T^te Jaime Cache and Savona's runy thwelbre Cost, be safely estimated at not more tlian 8400,000. There may exist routes (as some persDns have stiilnd) l)ranoIiinj? from the Other ront<». line just desciilied, by way of the Wentworth or the Clearwater tril)utarie3 of the Thompson, and intei-sectin;; the present coach road somewhere about Lake La Hache (210 miles from Yale). IJut the advant:;. pasi 20' north, longitude 115*^ 10' west, and sixty miles up stre;nn from the mouth ''°"*''' of Brazeau River, may be taken an virtually the eastern terminus of the rout« by way of Howse's Pass, as from that point the Saskatchewan is navig- able for stern wheel steamers of light draught throughout its entire course to the Great Rapids, twelve miles froni its embouchure into Lake Winnipeg ; and from thence also the country eastv/ard is so open, and descends in so gradual and even a plain to Fort Garry, that a roac. may be led aci'oss it in any direction, with but little expense. The line of this route would follow up the Saskatchewan to its soui-ce, Iloute by tbia and cross the watershed 145 miles from Rocky ]Mountain House, at an eleva- P*"- tion of 4,500 feet (740 feet higher than the summit of the Leather Pass). In this distance the only material engineering difficulties occur in the last lU BRITISH fWLUMBU. I ;l I'. ■ i'^'V'^ fv ■;^^'^a: S ;:,J>" ? ■-'•.-Vi'.i' Nature uf tli« paM. Diatance nnd cost. Report of Mr. Moberley. Columbia River. Eagle pass. Route, twenty niileH, alon^ pni-ts of which tlio road v oultl requii-e to be jji-otecteil from the force of tho moiintnin torrents, wliicl at cerUiin seuHOus inundato tho rivpi viilh^y. Tlif cioasirii^ of the dividoby this pass in hi'itiulo 51° 00' north, instated by Dr. HtM-tor to bo v<>ry oiisy, indeed almost iiupoi'cuptible, and ho had b\it litth' diHicidty in taking his loaded pack-hoi'scs tluongh to tho Columbia, although no trail now exists through this pass, that formerly used by the North West Fur Company having long since Inicome overgrown and obliterated. The descent towards tlie Columi)ia, although less gradual than the ascent on the eastern slop(\ is described ns by no means precipitous or broken, but quite practicable for a road. Tho distance from the summit to the Columbia at the mouth of Blaeberry River is about thirty miles, and the only obstnictions noted by Dr. Hector in this section were the heavy forest trees and dense undergrowth and fallen timber which rendered tho passage of his hoi-scs very tedious. Tho entire distanco front Rocky Mountain House to the ('olumbia is 175 miles, and tho cost of consti'ucting this section of road may be set down at 83GO,000. « The distance from Blaeberry River down the Columbia to The Eddy, (in latitude 51° 00' N., longitude about 118'' 30' west), at the eastern end of the Eagle Pass thronj^li the (iold Range, which divides the Columbui Valley from Great Shuswap Lake, is 165 miles. TJiis section was carefully examined in 1866 by Mr. Moberley, Assistant Surveyor General of this colony, with a special view to the construction of a coach road, and his report established the fact that such a road may be built without great expense along either bank of the Columbia ; no extensive bluffs occur to oppose the passage of a road, and at several points the river is so contracted that it may l)e spanned by a bridge of not more than 150 feet in length. The cost of such a road from Blaeberry River to the Eagle Pass has been estimated at 8412,000. Mr. Moberley reports however that this portion of the Columbia River did not at the season when he examined it (September) appear to him so available for steamboat navigation as had been supposed. The steamer " Forty-nine " now plies between Colville, in Washington Territory, and Death Rapids, forty miles above the Eagle Pass ; and above Death Rapids tho ri vov is again navigable to the neighborhood of Tho Boat Encampment, a distance of forty miles more. But above this point there are several rapids which Mr. Moberley con- sidered quite impassable by steamers, and which would therefore render further continuous navigation below the mouth of Blaeberry River imprac- ticable. The Eagle Pass was discovered iu 18G5 by Mv. M'.berley, and has been snbsequoiatly surveyed by Government, and a lino out seventy miles from tho Columbia. Tlieucc leaving th« Sliuswaji it would run through a district of open prairie and spurst-ly timbered land, abounding in rich pasturage, and along which are scattere*! several faruiing settlements, by a couine about west, twenty-five miles to the head of Okanagan Lake, and then forty-five miles northwest to tho South Thom[)son, ami down tho southern banks of that river, and of Kamluops Lake, forty miles througli an open grass country, very easy to make a road over, to Savona's. Tho distances by this route, and the estimated cost of constructing a roud Dintiinces and by it, are therefore as follows; — '^*"'*" Yale to Savona'a Savona's to the Columbia River at "The Eddy" Along the "Valley of the Columbia River to the moutn of the Blaeberry River From the Columbia River at the mouth of Blaeberry River, to the Rdcky Mountain liouse, head of naviga- tion on North Sankatchewan •> Total from Yale to Rocky Mountain House Diiitance, ViS miles. 180 miles. Itj5 mii:>i. 175 miles. 053 miles. Of which are navigable by steomei-s. None. 110 miles. 80 miles. None. 190 miles. Cost of constructing a road. Already made at a cost of $830,000. $240,000. 412,000. 300,000. .51,012,000. Comparison of two routes. Possible exten- sion of the road Of this line 375 miles lie within tlie limits of this colony, a i-oad for which distance would cost $722,000. It thus appears that there is very little difference in the distances by these two route* between the head of navigation on the Lower Frasur, and the navigable waters of tlie North Saskatchewan, and that tho e.xpeuse of connecting these two points by road is materially the same by either route. The choice between them must therefore depend on more general considera- tions, in respect of which their rival merits can only be determined after more e.xact enquiry has been made, and fuller information obtained, and as to which it would therefore be premature to hazard any conjectufe at present. Although in the foregoing remarks the head of navigation on the Lower Fraser has been treated as tho western terminus of an overland route, thei'e is nothing to prevent the line of road being continued, whenever tlie require- ments of traflfic call for its construction, from Yale down either bank of tho river to New Westminster (a distance of ninety-five miles), whieh town is already connected by a road nine miles in lengtli with Bunard Inlet, a liar bor of great extent and ample depth of water, accessible at all times by vessels of the largest class. A narrow I'oad has in fact been built along the line of telegiapli on the left bank of the Fraser River for about thirty miles from Yale, and this line of road is partially opened the rest of the way to New Westminster. It is only necessary in concluding these observations to refer to the routes Other routes, through the Cascade Range, from Bentinck Arm and Bute Inlet, l>y which it has been proposed to establish more direct communication between the sea coast and the Upper Fraser, in the neighborhood of Alexandria and Quesnel Mouth. These lines have as yet been but imperfectly surveyed, and are therefore only partially known. It is however certain that the dist.ince from Quesinel llemarks as to other ruutus. ai6 BBIT18R COLUHBU. Objections to such routes. Mouth to the coast is less by either of these lines than by way of tLo Fraser River. There is also but little doubt that either line is practicable for a road, although presenting obstacles to road making, the difficulties and cost of which have been greatly u.ider eritimated, especially in the case of the Bute Inlet route. But when it i* taken into consideration that the construction of this latter road from Bute Inlet to Quesnel Mouth, a distance of 230 miles, is advocated as a competing line to the coach road already built from that point to Yale, the character and capacity of which have been above described, it can hardly be b«lieved that in the present state and prospect of business in this colony, such an undertaking can be seriously contemplated, nor is it rea- sonable to suppose that so unnecessary a section of new road from Quesnel Mouth, running through wild tracts of land without a single white inhabi- tant, to a harbor of inferior character at the mouth of a narrow valley, affording hardly space for the site of a town, and but little land fit for culti- vation, should, in place of the well established lino to Yale, be maf'j part of a scheme for connecting the sea coast of British Columbia with the (Janadas, or that this latter most important object should be weighted down with the super- fluous cost of its construction. Th' various lines of route above referred to, are shown on the accom- panying sketch map.* JOSEPH W. TRUTCH. Lands and Works Office, New Westminster, B. C, 19th February, 1808. *'rhe sketch map here luentioned.is not printed with this report, but ii of record in the Department of Public Worki. -I't'V ' of the Eraser able for a road, s and cost of 36 of the Bute Jonstruction of of 230 miles, uilt from that ove described, of business in , nor is it rea- from Quesnel white inhabi- irrow valley, i fit for culti- mar' J part of ic (Janadas, or ith the super- 311 the accom* mUTCH. record in the APPEXDIX. m APPENDIX MM. ''"""To'- '™.-, ^^^^^ % Captain G.H.Kichards,K.N. ■lu ijie outer uart f t of islands, whid, eS ^°''^'''' ^<''-«»gthenPd tnd .f ^'fK^^' «f the pent eddies, races, and t^'/V'' ««"*^ie"» eX "e ?/ V'^ *'*« '"•^^^""«' fmming laws Xh ^v "T' r''" ^^'^^'^ ni nos't ba^r "'''^''''"'^ «'«* i-esult, however oJ of^ "* i"'*''*^^- «n»l>amass tC ... • * .v"^' ""^'"l>t '^t Duncan and Dunt^^ V.^ velocity, sometimes ti„.„„ ';* '"''I'^' *^'ittery. ::eJ"wtyof the through the vS.f /*''^^' i* «'en turns X-J-.*"' ^"'' '^"^t^- over "'^*''- flood from the noSn? f 'V" '"'^^''^ of Ca, ^V .i ''^T' '" " *^'" ''^^^•'"t of Johnstone Strait aii.l /»: ' ''''"^''' «o»tlic::v tlow., f ' ^'^ northern *'uca Sti-ait, a-K r^ , ^^'T'^^'y P'^«««ge, meetini H, . ' 'T''''' ^^""*o=« of exti-emes of V,u ': ' 7?""* ""J^vav'betM^en ?J.e ? .' " '''"^'' ^"^-^''^ bv of the Strai. of Ge !•,':""'' ^ ^'l-^e to tl^o s;^? l W [r", ""', ■^""*''-- flood and ebb nF.; i ""^ *''« island the H, ^"'"'"'l^ adjoining it. " any niarkprl i... , ^. "*^'"" noon— the Lnp..f„.f ** <-hnniieJ, vaiyinir I«'a"d. I*a«8age, exS tZ'^" ""^^^ observable h l^',!f ^'"r' ^''^'teen feet;^nof « distaDco of 150 ,„ , "' "' ''"':•. nwir tlieH,,™ / "'e;«fiJM Ik b„/,| i„ j,^ .p, . Vim 218 UKlTiSU COIUMKA* ▲tikuinn. Winter. Spring. for two hours ou either side of high or low water, unl> M affected hj strong winds outside. During August, September, and October, th<:ro are two high and low watere in twenty-four Iiours — n suiierior and ar inferior tide ; the high water of the superior vaiving between one hour aud three hours A.M., the range dui-ing these months being from three to f.ve feet, the night tide the highest. During winter almost a revei-sal of these rules ap]>ears to take place ; thus, in November, Deccmlwr, and January, the twelvo-ho«r tides again occur, but the time of high water h at or about noon, instead of midnight. in February, March, and April, there are two tides — the superior high water occurring from one hour to three hours P.M. Thus it may be said that in the summer months the water is low during the day, and in winter low during the night. Tlie ebb stream has always been found to run southward through the Haro Archii^lago, and out of Fuca iStrait, for two and a half hours after it is low water by the shoi-e, tho water rising during that time ; the ebb is stronger than the flood, and genemlly of two hours longer duration. The tides duiiug those montlis when two high and two low waters occur in twenty-four hours, are far more ii-regular than when there is only one twelve-hour tide ; and another anomaly exists, viz., the greatest range not unfrequently occurs at the first and lust quarters, instead of vt the full and change of the moon. f z X Q z APPKXDIX. 219 7 Btroug and low igh wat6i' ihe rang* ) highest. Le place ; los again inight. rior high f be said in winter rough the after it is g stronger ters occur only on« range not I full and X Q Z W Oh g U> WOO 4> ^fc!? •»e> 38 fS9. il o ■a 13 o s •a • 2. '^■^ao :8 «« s si I o o «ei-* ^1 r-IO s 8 I c o -3-3 on 1-1 i-i« iHl-l o o o ot>-o iii ill- l-ililjlil I 1 a e e to '.*• IS. ^ •'1 •VlJ ->, ii»s. m nmTisn rotirMBTA. APPENDIX OO. Specific dutiei SCHEDULE OF TAXES, DUTIES, FEES, AND ALL OTHER SOUKCES OF REVENUE, Specified under the Respective Laws or Authoi-ities under which derived. [Levied under Customs Ordinance, 25th March, 18G7.] SCHEDULI A. Specijic Duties. $cts. Ale and Porter (in wood) L5 per gall. do (in b' tt'e) 30 per dozen (quarts). Bacon and Hams . . ..04 per lb. Barley, Oats, Malt, and Peas.. 30 per 100 lbs. Beans and Split Peas 1 per lb. Bitters 150 per gall. Butter ^ 10 per lb. Candles .') „ Cheeso ."> ., Cider 015 por gal. Cigars 2 00 ])er 100 (2 cts. each). r!oal 1 25 per ton. Coffee (rmv) .". per 11). Coffeo (mauufiintiircd) ,, Eggs ■ 121 i)cr dozen. Flour 1 50 poi" ban-el. Fresh Fruits, viz.: — Apjdcs, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Currants, Raspberries, Strawberi-ies, and Gooseberries . . 1 per lb. Gunpowder (sporting) 6 „ Gunpowder (blasting) 3 „ Hay 4 00 per ton. Lard 5 per lb. Lime 50 per barrel. Lumber : — Rough Fir and Cedar 3 00 per 1 ,000 feet. Dressed do 5 00 „ Shingles 1 00 per 1,000. Fence Pickets 2 00 „ Laths 1 00 „ Live Stock : — Horses and Mules 2 00 per head. Beef Cattle . . . . 3 00 Milch Cows 2 00 Slieep and C.jnts 75 „ Hogs 2 00 „ Potatoes OOOiperlb. Rice 1?, ., Sugar (raw) 2,, Sugar (i-efined) .. .. .. ,.. 2i „ « Spirits :— Brandy 2 00 per gall, (according to proof). Gin, Whiskey, and Rum .... 2 00 „ „ All other kinds 2 00 „ „ Tea 12^ per lb. Tobacco .. .. 25 „ Vegetables, viz. : — Onions 5 „ Other kinds (fresh) 1 „ "Wheat 35 per 100 lbs. Wines, viz. : — Champagne and Moselle . . . . . . 3 00 per dozen (quarts). China Medicated 1 50 per gall. California (red and white) . . . . 25 ., Claret ' .. . . 20 „ Port, Sheny, and all other descrip- tions 75 „ Bran and Shorts 25 per 100 lbs. Buckwheat 1 per lb. Oatmeal 1 „ Cornmeal OOJ „ Hops 10 „ Shot 2 ScHROI LE B. Ail Val and from "'•?Cl^rffl~alon/tr^^^^^ For every Head of ctitTe'^"" « I I-or every Head of Cattle "* • 1 25 fioad toUi. Land Saibs, jjpset Price of Land per acre ^etiviceofa^^XtJlSauai)-::::::::::::: ,,;ioo f«c«, i,s;^ft .100 00 AiMStflMd. fi4 BKlTlaU COLUMBIA. Ifiniagro- e«ipts. f u u m Em m si Ui'M •*?''' m MiNiNo Reckipts, Levied under Gold Mining OrdiTiance, 1867. Free Minera' Certificate, 1 year 6 00 do do 3 do 16 00 Record of Claim, or any other mining matter 2 50 Seai'cli of Records 1 00 Copy of Records 1 25 Grant of Flume Privileges 125 00 Registration of Flume 25 00 Rent of Grant for Flume, for each quai-ter mile • per annum 12 60 Grant of Drain Privileges 125 00 Registiation of Drain 5 00 Registration where tolls are collected by Drain Co. 25 00 Rent of Grant when tolls are collected, each quar- ter mile per annum 25 00 Filing Declaratoi-y Statement (Joint Stock) 2 50 Notice of Abandonment 1 00 lioase of Mining Groimd 125 00 Grant of Water-ditch exceeding 300 inches 125 00 Rent of Water for every 50 inches jier annum (if sold, an avei-age day's receipt once a month).. . 5 00 Inspecting Certificate in re Water Privileges 1 00 m 6'*tjf»( Licensei. Licenses, Collected unde^i' atithoritif of Licennet Ordinance, 1S67. (a) By each Pei"son vending Spirituous or Fer- mented Liquors, by rp*.uil ; for each House or Place in the colony where such vending is car- ried on, if in a town of not less than fifty inhabitiUits (for every six months) 100 00 (b^ Where such retail vending is carried on in a niral district not forming part of a town (for eveiy six months) 30 00 (c) By each Person not having a Retail License as above, and vending spirituous and fermented liquors by wholesale ; that is to say, in quan- tities of not less than two gallons, fdr each house or place in the colony (for every six months) 25 00 (d) By each Person keeping a Saloon or Building where a Billiarrl Table is used for hire or pro- fit (for each toble for eveiy six months) 5 00 (e) By each Pei-son keepiiig and letting for hire any Bowling Alley or Rifle Gallery ; for cacli bowling alley or I'ifle gallery (for eveiy six months) 5 00 (f) By every jiei-son keeping a Dance House (for every six months) 100 00 ArPXKDIX. ^26 (g) By every person selling Opium, except chem- ists and druggists using the same in the pre- paration of prescriptions of medical prac- titioners (for every six months) 60 00 (h) For every j)er8on carrying on the business of a wholesale, or of a wholesale and a retail Merchant or Trader (for every six months)... 60 00 For every retail Trader (for every six months) 5 00 Sueh two last mentioned licenses to enable the person paying the same to change his place of abode or business at pleasure, but not to carry on business at two places at a tim» under one license. (i) By every jierson, not having a Free Miner's Certificate, engaged in Mining for Gold, whe- ther on his own account or for hire ; such pay- ment to include a Free Miner's Certificate (for one year) 5 00 (j) By every person owning a Pack Train of more than six animals. Freight Waggon, Stage Coach or Omnibus, used in tmnsporting goods for profit or hire, a distance beyond ten miles from any town, and not paying a Merchant's or Ti-ader's License (for every six months) 5 Jl 2. By every person owning a Pack Train of less than six animals. Dray, Waggon, or Omnibus used in transporting goods and passengers, for prafit or hire, witliin a distance of ten miles from any town, and not paying a Merchant's or Trader's License (for every siss months) ... 2 50 3. By every Livery Stable Keeper not paying Trad- ing License (for every six months) 10 00 4. By every person following the calling of Cattle Drover in the colony (for every six month.xor. Assay of Gold at New Westminster, J of 1%. do Cariboo, ^ of 1%. Assay of Quai-tz Specimen 10 00 Mineral Analysis 10 00 Medical regis- tration fees. Land mIcb and Fees. Medical Registration Fees, Levied under " Medical Registration Ordinance, 1867. Registering a Practitioner 10 00 Mineral Land Sales and Fees. Coal Lands, price of (under authority of Mineral Ordinance, 1869). Up to 1,000 acres, per acre 5 00 If, however, $10,000 has been beneficially expended on a mine, free grant of 100 aci-es may be made by the Government to the company. Mineral Lands, price of. 3 chains by 2 chains, with cost of surrey 100 00 30 do 6 do (Company of not less than ten persons) 250 00 Upset price may be remitted if licensee or company have expended respectively $1,000 or $5,000 on their grant. Fees. Record of application for a Mining License, or for a renewal thereof .5 00 Recoi-d of every grant of a Mining Lic«nse, or pro- longation thereof 5 00 Record of every crown grant 25 00 Record of every other matter under the oi-dinance 2 50 186 186 186 18& 186f 186i 1867 1868 1869 1870 Tates paid into public treasury. The whole of the above fees, taxes, &c., are paid by the respective recipi- ents into the public treasury for the use of the colony. APPIKOIX, 2if 00 00 APPENDIX PP. INLAND BEVENUE OP BRITISH COLUMBIA, including? Cu Harbor Dues. )0 )0 Year. 1861. 1863. 1864. 1865. f869). 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870, Receipts from _, Customs. Total Revenue £39,280 10 7 £61,489 4 10 , £76,039 2 11 £73,.358 2 £74,093 13 6 8224,2.39 61 «258,3r)4 27 8369,447''45 8344,577 34 8314,028 18 £60,656 6 11 £89,359 8 3 £111,11110 £104,866 4 1 £121,968 9 9 8434,018 39 8486,821 46 < 8585,610 66 8528,494 23 8495,352 61 e reci]»i. ftl BBlTItR COLVmU. ■■:l'*: ■^■^^^- J' >'(' »;> i. ;i % ■ •£ '^* '.'"', •■ 1-13 APPENDIX QQ. Preamble. Ile|>eals former Actc, Distillen to take out » «euse. Definition of a distiller}'. Licenie to be AN ORDINANCE TO REGULATE EXCISE IN ALL PARTS OF TUB COLONY. [2nd April, 1867,] Whereas it is expedient to assimilate tlie Law of Excise in all parts of the Colony ; Be it enacted by the Governor of British Columbia, with the advioe and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, as follows : I. The British Columbian "Distillers' Excise Act, 1861," and "The DistilleiV Ordinance, 1865," are hereby repealed, but such repeal shall not affect any rights acquired or penalties or liabilities incurred under such Act or Ordinance, but the same shall bo respectively held enforceable and i-ecov- erable as if such repeal had not taken place. II. No pei-son, other than a ])erson licensed in the manner hereinafter provided, shall act as a Distiller in British Columbia, or shall distil, manufac- ture, rectify, or make therein aiiy Spirits from vegetable or saccharine matter, under a penalty of Fifty DoUai-s "for each day on which any such offence is committed, and on pain also of forfeiting, over and above the jjenalty afore- said, all Spirits distilled, brewed, maniifactured, or made in contravention to this Ordinance, and every still, mash-tub, fermentingtim, or other ves.sel, machinery, or utensil of any kind used by him or in his po.ssession, or on his [iremises. III. Any establishment or place used for the rectifying of Spirits, by any process, shall be deemed a Distillery within the meaning of this Ordinance. IV. Every Stipendiary Magistrate in British Columbia may iasue a for one year at License to act as a Distiller in so:..e certain premises situate at some certain apftcece in. pjjy,g^ ^^ ^^ approved by such Magistrate, within such Magistrate'* District, and to be desci'ibed in the license, to any person or partnership of persons requiring the same, and being residents or having his or their place of business in such district, and having previously complied with the requirements of this Ordinance in that behalf ; and each such license shall remain in force for one year from the date thereof, and no longer. V. The party in whose favor a license to act as Distiller is granted shall, on requiring such license, pay to tl-e Magistrate issuing the same the sum of Twenty-five Dollars as a duty to Her Majesty upon such license. VI. No license to act as a Distiller shall be granted to any party except on a written requisition addressed to the Magistrate and signed by the party requiring such license, or, if it be required by a partnership, then by one of the partners. VII. No such license shall be gi-anted to any party until such party has jointly and severally, with two good and sufficient sureties to the satisfaction taken by bond of the Magistrate issuing the license, entered into a bond to Her Majesty, with suretie*. jjej. Heirs and Successors, in the sum of One Tliousand Dollars, and such bond shall be taken before the said Magistrate, and shall be conditioned for the rendering of all accounts, and the payment of all duties and penalties which the party to whom the licenKo is to be granted will l)ecome liable to render or pay under the provisions of this Ordinance, and that such jwirty will License fe« Application for license to be xigned by applicant. Security to tke extent of 91,000 to be AWEWDIX. SS9 PARTS OP "il, 18G7.] all parts of > advioe and and "The tl shall not r such Act I and i-ecov- hereinafter 1, nianufac- ine matter, I offence is lalty afore- tvention to ber vessel, , or on his '^> by any linance. y except he party y one of arty has isfaction Majesty, id such )ned for enalties iable to rty will faithfully coninlv xr\¥h *\,^ ^ • by the MaKistrntfii i .''®''°'"« ^O'^l from the timlfr ^' '" '^"y of ^«V°'»"«k- Vy Wn. into ttc |'T.,T ■>* V«»""''« P^i'icHon o, „tL '""'.''V '» '1''^ *"""*■"• «eiMrate Se tf ,L*f r""' T "»<'». ^''""'inK the , LTf" '"J- »f SpiriJ by ««<». "S^llhinZ^"', '^" "'V • »' ""' XIV P.r" aio«-esaid, then on tho nrpm.v ' ^^^etable induction «? the nearest wSmt • ' '^^ °' "»* °f '!■• mont^^ hf^"*, "^ ™* « Wl, Aoc„„„^ ,„ 'lie boots to be S ht'f.J"'" ""J '™ account in wri„ T"' »n,•« <• ?■ -;' ■f* ' \' : '. .'• t li'- {■;' »: ■ , 1 r * /"■..'-( ■ t ■ P» K>'-' • ,^^'-'. i'b ■■:*"• Affidavit to b« made befora the magistrate who may in- terrogate on affidavit. Wilfully false Htateinent to be perjury. Sums due to be p^id in to the magis- trate. Penalty for neglect. Bonded and certified ware- houses. Certified Wdrehouae. Magistrate to have the key and may enter at all hours. Magistrate or ^«;r8on by hira nominated to be present at 2. The quantity produced at each separate time, if there have been any distinct set or sets of o])emtions, by reason of which duty became payable. 3. The quantities of each kind of gi-ain or other vegetable production or sub.stance used by such party in his business as a Distiller. 4. And such account shall be attested by the person signing the same by an affidavit in the following form : "I, , do solemnly swear that the account above written, to "which I have also subscribed my name, contains a true rocoup*'i of the •' total quantity of every kind of Spiiits or Strong Waters, or Spirituous " Liquors, distilled, manufactured, or made by me (or by as the caae " maj'^ be) within the time mentioned ' a the same account, and on which " duty is pa;,able, and of the quantities of each kind respectively, and the " strength thereof; and also of the quantities produced at each reparate time " therein meuiioned bj' a distir'ct iet of operations, and also jf the <5|uan- " tities of all grain or Jther vegetable production or substance consumed by " m.e (or by the sai J ) during the same time. So help me God." XV. Such affidavit shall be made before the said Magistrate, and shall be delivered with such account to the said Magistrate, who may put to the pei-son making it such questions as he may deem necessary to the elucidation and full undei-standiug of the account, and for iisceii;aining whether such per- son has had the means of knowing the same to be correct, and may require his answers to be sworn to before him, and may reject the account if such account or the answers so given are insufficient according to the true intent and mean- ing of this Ordinance. XVI. And any wilfully false statement in any affidavit or answer to a question voqui.od by tliis Ordinance, shall be deemed wilful and corrupt perjury, and punishable f.ccordingly. XVII. Every licensed Distiller shall, at the time of rendering such account as aforesaid to the Magistrate, pay over to that officer the amount of duties which by such account appear to be payable, other than such duties which may be payable in respect of Spirits deposited in a bonded or certified warehouse as hereinafter mentioned. XVIII. If any licensed Distiller refuses or neglects to render such account or to pay over such duties a.s aforesaid, according to the true intent and meaning of this Ordinance, he shall by sucli refusal or neglect in either case incur a penalty not excneding Two Hundred anu Fifty Dollars, and the Magistrate may also at his discretion cuise a notice to be inserted in one or more of the local papers, or the Government Gazette, declaring the party so refusing or neglecting to have forfeited his license as a Distiller, and such license shall be forfeited accordingly, and shall be null and void from and after the date of sucli notice, nor shall any new license be granted to the defaulter until after the debt and penalty aforesaid have been paid and satisfied. XIX. Any Spirits subject to duty under this Ordinance may be deposited in a bonded or certified warehouse as hereinafter mentioned. \ X. ik certifier', wareho.iso shall ba some place approved by the Magis- trate within his district for the storage of Spirits on Avhich the duty is unpaid. XXI. The key to the certilied warehouse shall be kept by the said Magistrate, and he or his agents may nt any time, either in the day or night, enter therein and inspect the Spirits therein contained, and may test and examine the same, and take such other sto[)s for the protection of the Revenue as in h'-i absolute discretion he may think proper. XXII. No S[)irits shall be removed from a certified warehouse after having been placed therein without the presence either of th« Magistrate or of some peraon nominated by him in that behalf, and the amount of duty ) been any «yable. duction or e same by written, to ixr>*-. of the Spirituous IS the ca^^e on which y, and the arate time the (^uan- isumed by fJod." , and shall put to the (lucidation ■ such per- •equire his jh account and mean- iswer to a d corrupt sring such amount ol' Lich duties r certified ider such ue intent in either and the n one or party so and such rora and d to the paid and lleposited |e Magis- duty is the said br night, test and levenue se after Itrate or of duty Ammix. 211 after the mte aforesaid shall be payable on the Spirits so removed on the next the removal monthly settlement of account. ° certtfied '*"" XXIII. Any person entering into a certified warehouse without the wai-ettoiise. consent of the Magistrate shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding Two Penalty on Hundred and Fifty Dollar's, and any person removing any Spirits from a cer- InKTcert^eT tified warehouse except in the presence of the Magistrate or peraon nominated warehouse by him shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding Five Hundred Dollars. ^nsent o^^tlie XXIV. The Collector of Customs may, with the approval of the Gov- magistrate. ernor, make such i-egulations as to him may seem necessary relative to the CoUectorof warehousing of Spirits uader this Ordinance. mak^^^a?' XXV. Every licensed Distiller shall, on being thereunto -equired by a tione with Magistrate or by any person authorized by a Magistrate, produce to him at regard to ware- any seasonable time and hour, and eh.all allow him to take copies and exti-acts M^jgtrate from such books and accounts as are lequisite to enable him to verify any may inspect account rendered sis aforesaid, and shall at all times and hoiu-s allow the ^o^- Magiutrate, or any person employed by him, free access to the buildings and premises in \vhich such Distiller exercises his calling as such, under a penalty of Twenty-five Dollars for each n«glftct or refusal to comply with tlie require- ments of this Section. XXVI. Excej)t that no Magistrate or other person shall require any Place of pro- such book or account to be produced to him elsewhere than at the place where on the'biwi- such Distiller carries on his business as such. ness premises. XXVII. No Distiller shall work his Distillery at any time unless he has Notice to given at least twenty-four hours j)revious notice in writing to the nearest ™*°j^,y"jyj,, Magistrate of his intention to work the same at such time, and such notice working the shall not extend to a longer i)eriod tlian thirty days from the delivery thei"eof •listiUery. to the said Magisti-ate. XXVIII. Any use made of any still, mnsli-tub, or fermenting-tun, for Meaning o( the purpose of distillation, mashmg, or fermentation, shall "be deemed to be a working a du- working of the Distillery and an acting as a Distiller within the meaning of this Oi-dinance. XXIX. If any Distiller works his Distillery at any time for which he Penalty for lias not given notice of his intention to work the same, lie shall for each day "i?,?^!^* "^'i.,^!l 1 • 1 1 ^ 1 T-v- -11 • 1 1 , n ,. . out a notice. on which he so works such Distillery incur tlie same r-cnalty and foriflituro as if he liad worked the same without a license. XXX. Every licensed Distiller sliall at all times furnish th(! Magistiate Distiller to or his assistant, or other authorized person, with lights, ladders, measures, l^'ddenl 'I'nea-"' and otlier things requisite to enable him properly to examine, insjject, gures, \-c.. for measure, or gauge any still, auxiliary vessel, mash-tub, fermenting-tun, or *!"= purpose of other vessel, or any grain, vegeti ' 'e, or other substance or matter as afore.said '"''I"^°*'°"- on the premises of such Distiller or any jiart of such premises, under a penalty of Twenty-five Dollars for any refusal or neglect to comply with the ieirits manu- Spirita may factured under this Ordinance in this Colony, and to export the same in l)ond k^ bond«d m from the Colony, nevertlieless with, under, mid subject to all such regulations cxported^i'n*'' and restrictions for the protection of t!ie Revenue, as shall from time to time bond under be prescribed by tlie Collector of Customs in that behalf strk b^ XXXIII. Any duties payable u ider this Ordinance shall be recoverable Recovery ot at any time after the same ought to have been accouHted for and paid, duties. ut BRITMH OOIiVMBIA. Mt'**;' Fajrment of penalty not to affect the pay- ment of dutien. Stock in trade and utensiln, &c., to be liable for duties. Summary procedure. General jurisdiction. Saving of per- Hons who may ■eize with probable •auBe. Penalty on witnesses re- fusing to ap- pear and MiBwer, whether an account of the quantity of Spirits as aforesaid on which they are payiblo has or has not been rendered as aforesaid ; but in the case last men- tioned the party by whom such duties are payable shall incur a penalty not exceeding the sum of Two Hundred and Fifty Dollars and the amount of duties, for his neglect to render the accounts relative to the same as herein- before required, in addition to any other penalty incurred by him by luch neglect ; and all such duties shall be recoverable with full costs of suit in favor of Her Majosty. XXXIV. The payment of any penalty imijosed by this Ordinance shall not discharge the party paying the same, or his sureties, from the obligation to pay all duties due by such parties, and the same shall be paid and may be recovered a.s if such jienalty had not been paid or incurred, and all such duties shall be recoverable with full costs of suit, as a debt due to Her Majesty. XXXV. And without any prejudice to the liability of any other property of the debtor or his sureties, the stock in trade, stills and mash-tubs, ferment- ing-tuns, and other machinery and utensils, whether so fixed as to form part of the real or immovable property or not, which are on the premises mentioned in the license at the time any such duties become due, shall be liable for such duties and for any jjenalty incurred by the Distiller on whose premises they are, by special privilege and lien in favor of the Crown ; and may be seizes and sold in satisfaction of tho same imder any Wari-ant of Distress or Writ of Execution and removed by the purchaser, to whomsoever the same might otherwise belong, or into or in whose lands or possession soever the same have passed or are found, and notwithstanding any claim to the same, or piivilege, or lien thereon in favor of any other person or party whomsoever ; and if the same be forfeited under the provisions of this Ordinance for any contravention thereof, they may be seized by the Magistrate or any person acting under his authority, at any Mme after the commission of the offence for which they are forfeited, and marked, detained, or secured until condemned or released by competent authoi-ity, and shall not, while under seizure, be used by the offenders, and if condenmed they shall be removed or sold or otherwise dealt with in such manner as the Magistrate shall direct. XXXVI. The penalty or forfeiture incurred for any offence against the provisions of this Ordinance, and the duties payable hereunder may be sued for and recovered before the Magistrate of the District in which the offence was committed or the premises used as a Distillery is situate ; and any such penalty or duty may, if not forthwith paid, be levied by distress and sale of the goods and chattels of tho offender, under tiie warrant of such Magistrate ; or the said Magistrate may in his discretion commit the offender to Gaol, until the penalty with the costs of prosecution shall be paid. XXXVII. Provided always that any pecuniaiy penalty or any forfeiture imposed by this Ordinance, whatever may be the amount thereof, may be sueollar8, ;a.»o iU BBITISH COLUMBIA. i ..'J^ APPENDIX RR. I'l. Sa ings banks EXTRACT FROM BLUE BOOK, 1870. Savings Banks. County, Distri ]^arish. No. of Banks. No. of DejMisitors ill Savings Banko. 1 Freeholders. j .3S il i 1 Victoria 1 1 1 1 26.-) f.() 10 2;! lOoO 1413 22 New AVeHtiiViistor 180 100 10 23t (i4 ^n^rviino , , • . 88 112 Yale 1 'J ('ourse of exchange Coin in circUj 1 .tion. Course of Exchangk. 0)1 J'JiKjlaiul. Bills at Sight .$5 15 per „ 30 (liiys 5 10 „ GO days 5 00 Cm yeio York. ■1 to 5 pof cent, prcmimu. On San Francinco. 1 per cent, pr«iiiiiun. Coins. SterlliKj Coinn in Circulation. Tlio Sovereign current at $ I Hiilf SoAereign „ i^ Half Crown „ Florin ,, Sixi)cnce ,, 3(1. piece * „ .£1. 85 •12,l- 37! 25" 12,', OG" United States Coins in Circnlution. Gold §20 piece at •) Eagle liar. Silver >) $5 $2.', 81" $1 Dime. » »> » 1 } i 112 APPE^fDIX 235 APPEMDxX SS. AN ORDINANCE ENTITLED THE " GAME ORDINANCE, 1870." [20th April, 1870.] "VXTHEREAS it is expedient to protect Game of various descriptions from Prcimhle. ' ^ being killed out of sesison, and to a-ssimilate the Law afl'ecting sucli matters in all parts of the Colony of British Columbia; Ee it enacted by the Governor of British Columbia, with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, .as follows :— 1. The " Game Ordinance, 18G9," is hereby repealed ; but such repeal Repeals Ordi- shall not cause to i >^':ve any Ordinance or Act repealed by the Ordiaance nance of 1889. licreby rejwaled. 2. From and after the passiige of this Ordinance, it shall be unlawful When unlaw- for any person or persons to have Game in his, her, or their possession in the f;'l *". •»»^'« City of Victoria, or of Now Westminster, or in the Town of Nauaimo, or •f i^esslon.'" '""'" Esquimau, or within the distance of one mile from any of the said Cities or Towns, or on board of any Steam-boat, between the First day of March and the Tenth day of August, in any year, or Venison between the first day of Februj 1 V and the first day of August in any year ; or to collect or destroy tlie Eggs of any Gronse, Quail, Prairio-fowl, Pheasant, or Partridge. 3. It shall be lawful for any Justice of the Peace, upon information on Empowers oath, that there is probable cause to suspect that a breach of the provisions Ji'stio^** "f of this Oi lluance has been eonnnittod, or that Game, Venison, or the Eggs search. of Grouse, Quail, Prairie-fowl, Pheasant, or Partridge be or is likely to be on any premises, or on or about any person or persons within the City of Victoria, or of New Westminster, or within the Town of Nanaimo, or of Esquimalt, or within the distance of one mile from anj' of the said Cities or Towns, or on Itoard of any Hteamboat in the Harbor of Victoria, Fsquimalt, or Nana'i'mo, by warrant under his hand and seal, to authorize aiul emi)ower any Constable or Police Officer to enter and search such premises aiul to search such person or i)ersons, at any time and to seize all Game, Venison, and Eggs aforssaid, whc evf r found ; ])rovideil, tha' o such warrant shall continue in force aftei- the ninth day of August in the year in which it sliall have been issued. 4. In the construction of this Oi'dinance, or of any information to be inttrpretation laid, or any wai'rant to Ijo issnt^l under the ]ir()visions herein contained, the term " Game" shall be held to mean dead (Jrouse, Quail, Prairi«-fowl, Pheasant, Partridge, Robin, J.ark, Thrusli, or Wild Pigeon ; and the term " Venison" shall 1)0 held to moan the car(;ass or any part of a dead Deer or Elk, or of the young tlieruof rcspo'jtivcly. .'). Every infraction or evasion of this Ordinance shall lie punishable, Dcclarps upon conviction, in a summary manner, before any Justice of the Peace iu l^'naltiec. British Columbia, by a fini! not exceeding Fifty Dollais, for each separate offence, to be levied by distrt'ss, or iu dsfividt of ])ayment by iuiprisonment for any term not exceeding ono month, at the direction of the Justice of the Peace convicting. m BRITISH COLUMBIA. information. Conviction not to Ijb invalid. Limits av)i)H- catiou of Ordi- nance. Short Title. 6. Any person giving information leading to the conviction of any p«raon under this Oi'dinance, shall be entitled to receive one half of any pecuniary penalty inflicted under this Oidinance. 7. Ill case of any summary conviction under tliis Ordinance, no warrant of commitment upon a conviction shall be held to be invalid by reason of any defect therein, if it be therein alleged that the person oflending has been convicted, and there be a good and v hundred jnipany as respect of shind and (Tects now Patent, of ty-nine, in ; and their unto Her ailed Vau- lts tiiercof, ^rliatsoover )nvoyed or .•tuo of the ' January, Dover, and i thousand tore.st ami : premises; y made as ontaining icre, and 1 by the mrposes. been sold and eight between n-ovided 1)efore two, but APPENDIX. 239 y ihousand Colonial out four plan. itu'b and .section to the known kind yet llio fort, but not including the several lots marked respectively. IT, Harbor Master's Lot No. 15, Itlock 70, situated at tlie foot of Ib-uughtoii Street; V, Police Bar- racks, and Nos. 1,003,. 1,005 and 1,007, Post Ollicc colored green, on the said last mentioned plan, on which lots the Harl)ur Jlastei-'s olHcc, the Police Bar- racks and the Post office, are res]tectively situated, and which lots are hereby (among othei- things) gr'inted and conveyed to Her said jMiijesty and Her Successors. G. Eight lots or parcels of land numbered on the said last mentioned ])lan Beckley or 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 14, 17 and 20, containing in the whole tifty acres, more or less, Uutnells recently selected ijy the said Company, out of a certain farm lying to the south *'*■ and west of James Bay, and heretofore; known as " Beckley " or " Dutnells " Farm : All which said excepted lands (save the lauds comprised under the fii'st head of exceptions), are and are to remain the absolute property of the said Comijany, and their successors, freed and discharged from any rent, trusts or conditions contained in the said Letters Patent, of the thirteentli day of January, one thousand eight luuidred and forty-nine, and, as resjards tlie laiuls comprised inider the foregoing heads of exceptions, mnnbered 4, 5 and G, are colored pink and marked on the several blocks and lots into which the same are divided with the letters H. B. C. on the maj) or [jinn thereof hereunto annexed.* To have and to hold the said Vancouver Island, and all and singular Lands con- other, the hereditaments and premises hereinbefore gi'anted, conveyed and yj^?*^.*** ^""^ surrendered or intended so to be with their ai)iiurtenancos (except as afore- saitl; unto Her said Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors, as of Her former estate and Dominion, therein freed and absolutel}" discharged from any title, rights or claims of the said Company and their successors and the said Comjiau}' do hereby for themselves and their successors covenant with Her said Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors in manner following, that is to say : — that they the said Company have not at any time heretofore made, done, committed, or executed, or willingly suffered any act, deed, matter or thing whatsoever whereby the said hei-editaments and premises hei'cby granted, conveyed and st jndered, or intended so to l)o, or any pavt thereof, aio or is in any wise chaiyid, atfected or incumljered, or by reasoit whereof the said Company are in anywise prevented from granting the said hereditaments and jn-emises in manner aforesaid. And further that they the said Company and their successors will at any time or times hereafter upon the request and at the cost of Her said Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors, make, do and execute or cause to be made done and executed all such further and other lawful acts, deeds and assurances for more perfectly and absolutely conveying the said Island, hereditaments and premises with their appurtenances (except as aforesaid) luiLo Her said Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors, as Her said Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors shall require. In witness whereof the said Governor and (Company of Adventurers of Eng- land trading into Hudson's Bay have caused their corporate seal to bo hereunto allixed, and Thomas William Clinton Murdoch, and Stephen Walcott, Es(juire.s, Her Majesty's Emigration (^onnais- sionors, have hereunto set their hands and seals, on behalf of Her Majesty, the day and year lirst above written. By order of the Covernor, Dejjuty Govt!rnor, and Connnittee of the said Company. (Signed,) W. G. SMITH, Secretary. [LS.] ' T. W. C. MITBDOCH. [L.S.J S. WALCOTT. * Thirf map or pLinis not piiutod with this roimrt, but i.s of record la tiio Dciiartmeu «f Public Works. w 240 BRITISH COLUMBIA. The corpoi-ate seal of the within named company waa hereunto aliixed in the presence of * (Signed,) W. ARNIT, Of Hudson's Bay House, London, Gentleman. ;f5 &M^ ?,^!;,i!l mm '; ''-'iiih''^'" Signed, sealed and delivered by the within named Thomas William Clinton Murdoch, and Stephen Walcott, as such Emigration Commissioners, as within mentioned, in the pi-esence of (Signed,) CHRISTOPHER SIMNER CARTWRIGHT, Clerk at the Government Emigi'ation Board, 8 Park Street, "Westminster, ■■-m: APPENDIX. S41 APPENDIX UU. COPY OF THE TREATY BETWEEN HER MAJESTY AND THE UNITED STATES CF AMERICA, For the Settlement of th'i Oregon, Boumlarif, sirpied at Washhujlou, Jane loth, 18^6. Ratified tioiiH exchniiged at London, Jiifi/ 17th, IS//!. Presented to both Houses of I'arliaincnt bi/ Command of Her Mnjesfi/, 18^0. Her Majesty the Queou of the United Kingdom of GiCiit Britain and Boundary Ireland, and the United States of America, deoming it to be desirable for the *""**>'• future welfare of both Countries, that the state of doubt and uncertainty wliich has hitherto prevailed res]>ecting the Sovereignty and Government of the Territory on the Nortli-West Coast of America, lying westward of the Rocky or Stony Mountains, should be finally terminated by an amicable compromise of the rights mutually asserted l)y tlie two parties over the said Territory, have respectively named Plenipotentiaries to treat and agree con- cerning the terms of such sattlcment, that is to say : — Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, has, on Her part, appointed the Riglit Honorable Richard Pakenham a Member of Her Majesty's Most HonoraVilc Privy Council, and Her jMajesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Miuisttjr Plenipotentiary to the United States ; and the President of the United States of America, has, on his part, furnished with full powers, Jjimes Bujhau; i. Secretary of State of the United States; who, after having comminicated to each other their rcsiiec- tivo full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles ; — ARTicLt; I. From the point on the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, wliore the Bmindary of boundary laid down in existing Treaties and Conventions between Great *{** Strait of Britain and the United States terminates, the lino of bonndary Ijetwetin the territories of Her Britai.^'c Majesty and those of the United States, shall b ', Property of Puget Sound Agricultural Society. AUTICLK IV. The farms, lands, and other property of every descrijition, belonging to the Puget's Sound Agricultural Company, on tho north side of tho Columbia River, shall be confirmed to the said company. In case, however, the situ- ation of those farms and lands should be considered by the United States to be of public and political importance, and tho United States' Government should signify a desire to obtain possession of the whole or of any part thereof, the property so required shall be transferred to tho said Government at a proper valuation, to be agreed upon between tho parties. Ratificatious to bo ex- changed. AllTlCLE V. The present treaty shall bo ratified by Ilor Britannic Majesty, and by the President of the United States, by and with the 'advice and consent of tho Senate thereof; and the ratifications sliall be exchanged at London at the expiration of six montlis from the date hereof, or sooner if possible. In witness whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed thereto tho Seals of their Arms. .*« Dono at Washington, tlie fifteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-six. RICHARD^ PAKENAM. {1.8,} JAMES BUCHANAN. {L.8.} 56* >i porUges along ith their goods of the United in tliis Article Government of naTigation of aty. ' the forty-ninth this Treaty, the British Rubject« •oporty, lawluUy on, belonging to of the Columbia )wever, the situ- United States to ,te.s' Government any part thereof, Grovernmcnt at a Majesty, and by and consent of ,t London at the ssiblo. signed the same, .rear of our Lord NAM. {L.8.J APrRNDIX 34S APPENDIX VV. FORM OF SALE OF PUBLIC LANDS. (Coat of Arms.) Form of sale. Province of ) British Columbia, j No. Victoria, by the Grace of God, of tlio United Kinj;dom of Cfreat Britain and Ireland, and of tin* Colonies and Depondoncies tlK-recf, in Europe, Asia, Africa, Ammica, and Australasia, Queen, Defender of the Faith, and so forth. To all to whom these presents shall come — Greeting : Know ye, that we do by these presents for us. Our Heirs and Successoi-s, in consideration of the sum of to us paid, give and ^rant nnto h lieirs and assi<,'ns all that parcel or lot of laud situate and numbered on tlie Official Plan or Survey of the said , in the Province of British Columbia ; To havo .liid to hold the said parcel or lot of land, and all and sin,:j;ulai" the* pi-emises hereby granted with their appurtcnanccis uuto t!io s;iid ii hciis and assigns for ever. Provided, nevertheless, that it shall at all times be lawful for Us, Our Condition!.. Heirs and Successors, or for any person or persons acting in that behalf l»y Our o; Their authority, to resume nuy part of the said lands which it may be deemed necessary to resume, for midciuf; roads, canals, bridges, towing ])atha, or other works of public utility or convenience, so, nc% ertlu-lcss, liiat the lands so to Ijo resumed shall not exceed one-'..wontieth jiart of t'.ie who'o of the lauds si^'oresaid, and that no such resumption shall l.>e made of my lands on wbieli any buildings may have bejn erected, or which may lie in use as gai ! ir otherwisi', for the more convenient occupation of any such . buildings. Provided, in .ii! I) I.'ss, that it .shall at all times be lawful for Us, Our Heirs and Successors, or for any )ier.son or jjcrsons acting under Our or Tiieir authority, to enter into and upon any part of the said lands, and to rai.se and get thereout any gold or silver ore which may bo thereupon or thereunder situate, and to use and enjoy any and every part of the same land, and of the eastiments and jirivileges thereto belonging, for the jmipose of siu'li raising and getting, and every other purpose connected therewith, paying in respect of such raising and getting, and use, reasonable compensation. Provided, nevertheless, that it shall bo lawful for any ])erson duly authorized in that behalf by Us, Our Heirs and Successors, to take and occupy such water privileges, and to have and enjoy such rights of carrving water over, through, or under any parts of the hereditaments herol>y granted as may bo reasonably required for mining purposes in t]\e vicinity of tlie said hereditaments, paying therefor a reasonable compensation to tho aforesaid h heirs or assigns. In testimony whereof, we have caused these Our Letters to be nuido patent, and the Great Seal of Our Province of Bi'itish Columbia to bo here- unto alKxed. Witness Ifis Honor .Joseph AVilliam Trutrh, Lieutenant Governor of Our Pi'ovince of British Columbia and its Dependencies, at Our Government Hou.se, in Our City of Victoria, this day of , in tho year of Our Lord One thousand (tight hundred and , and in tho Thirty year of Our Reign. By Command, 244 iiiiiTir^n cni.i-MniA. >, I j;p; I, • '*\' :,' ..^, 'S L ■ •ifV*, ?. i Jl '. ^^W I- ■fi^-:. > C 00 *-* Oj i-« ^ •S*^ X '^-'-a HH S c> Q :?; a ® L^j ^ ■w'.S 2 S &H B 3 < 1.^ I I 3 a = a pa ^r'. > r, ♦" "^ _. H V if •a ^ 0^ g'-QT3"5 o U ^ :S C ^ ^ O - CO *^ 2 '^- »-2 g-a 8.a I K^ £'~) =-a-S ~ 1/ - !> §« "o - O u * ^i Tr. C3 1) -ji " 3 •; c a B i; o o c 5 .>*< ■a -5 |^^ ■It I- O g C3 M-i is = ''•3 3 f^ ^ :,» « c c a &I C 1» -n y. P.5 B c3 toS H::li^l .-5 .-i.iir t/: K ■S5 8 3 -■ 3 '3- ^ ■5c • tT to ." i! 2 • ■¥3 ;1b;2 ^ W CO ^ n i- T) *J -H « L. 0.A a X '^i ^ ^ ;i >> 1 M -H f^* r^ a a '*' "s a 5 "3 -a ■0 1-; AfPRNDIX. 345 o o o W !*> I -2 APPENDIX XX. STATEMENT OP JOINT STOCK COMPANIES Registered under tlio Joint Stock Companies' Ordinauce 18G9 and in existence at the present time. imauce, i»i,y, and m „T^ , . [September, 1871]. IlegistSnh £:^: wo' ''"'"^ '^""^""^- ^^""*^'^'' ^^P'*^' ^50.000. Sjnt St^ Augult'i'?86t ^'"^""'^''' ^^"^^«^™^^"^ "-"'1 ^^'^''^'^ S°"ety." Registered 30th gisterlust Mav^l«7^'"'^ ^""^""^■' '^^"^'"'•" ^"P^*'^^ ^'^^'^00. Re- Regili^S^oLlfenrr^^'^ ^^"^™ ^-"*«^-" C''Ft«l ^20,000. tered'TSr;;^:;^::; "^^^ "^'^^^^'^y' ^™-^«^'-" Capital S150.000. Eegis- 27tli'N^;:Sr/i^a""'""^' '''"^*"^-" ^^'J^^*^^ ^^'^'««^- R^S-terod tered iS A;|^:'!8^"*" ''""^""^^'' ^''""^''^'•" ^''^1''*^'' ^^^'OOO. Regis- ii ■ ^^s ' ^ : '■■■'a ■ ';.fe^ X^■. it' CoHt of Assay Office. BIUTISII COLUMBIA. APPENDIX YY. EHtablinhment of II Mint. ('sins struck. Feea, RETURN SHOWING THE COST OF ESTABLISHING THE ASSAY DEPARTMENT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. T, ., ,. / Offices t4,543 00 B"^ld^"g« I Quarters 2,291 00 6,834 00 Plant and Ai)paratu3 10,000 00 Mint Machinery 8,609 00 Total New Westminster Assay Office and Mint "5,443 00 f]3tablishing Cariboo Branch, including pur- chase of Lot and Building 6,000 00 Total 31,443 00 Amount cf gold assayed from the opening of the Office up to the present time— 431,680 oz. =--$7,300,000 value. Reiiarks. — The desirability of establishing a Mint in this Colony was brought before the Government in an Address from the House of Assembly of Vancouver Island to Governor Douglas, dated 31st day of March, 1859. The officers were appointed in October by the Master of the Mint, and left England in December, arriving in the Colony in I'ebruary, 1860, about the same time as the ])lant and apparatus for the Assay Office, which had been jnirchased under their supervision. The coining apparatus was obtained in San Franci.sco, at the latter end of 1861, and was put up at New West- minster, in working condition, in the spring of 1862. Part of it was subse- quently taken to pieces and stowed away. The cost of cleaning it and replacing it into working condition would bo about JipSOO. It is in good order. The whole of the ajjparatus is worked by steam power, with the exeoptioB of the coining press, which is turned by hand. If the Mint were to be again used, it would bo advisable to connect this machine with the other apparatus, and work it by steam power also, which could be done at a moderate cost. The macliinery is a fac-simile of that used by the South American Government Mints. The coins struck were 8'-0 and $10 pieces, of the same diameter as those of the United States, and ot the same value in gold. They were of unrefined gold, of a fineness of 850, and tha $20 piece weighed 546J- grains, and co^t^ined about 20 cents worth of silver. Thv Jniteu Rtates coins are made from refined gold, alloyed with copp«r, the weight of tlio i*20 ])iece bein;, .">16 grains, and the fineness 900; refining, however, can only be carried on profitably when tho operations are on a large scale. The assay fees arc ^ per cent., and it was proposed to chai-ge }, per cent, for coining. The buildings are situated on Lots 1, 2 and 3, Block XIV. on tho official map of N«w Westminster. C. J. CLAUDET, Superintendrnt ofths Asioy Office. .-.»._■».'- WNO THE ASSAY MBIA. 6,834 00 10,000 00 8,609 00 "5,443 00 6,000 GO 31,443 00 ce up to the present in this Colony was House of Assembly ay of March, 1859 the Mint, and left y, I860, about the oe, which had been us M-as obtained in up at l^ew West- rt of it was subse- Jondition would bo power, with the If tlie Mint were macliine with the could be done at sed by tijo South lamo diameter as J. Tliey were of lied 546^r grains, >yed with copptr, is 900; refining, •ations are on a mrge h per cent. ■k XIV. on tho ET, ««2/ OJke.