121.1 uxrtnnjTTULTirLnnxiJuinjinn/uiJuuuTJUinjxrinjTJ^^ THE LOUISBOURG MEDALS. R. W. McLACHLAN. x\Jls\J\J\JlJnJ\J\JnJv^inJ\^u\^L^is^J^rirlJ^J^ iTLrtrumnnj • * • »'• •• • ♦ • , • • • • • • * • . • « • • • •. • • • • • ■ « <• 4 • • • « • • • •• • • • • • • TIIK LOUlSHOURCi MKDALS. CELEBRATKI) ^coloirjcal writer adopted the phra.sc, •' Medals of Creation, " as a title for one of his works, tluis acknowled^in": the im- portant place that numismatics occupies in histt)ry. For, since the invention of coined money, most tjjreat events have been commemorated and radical clian^es chronicled by this medium. And, while older America has had few, if any, medallists, like those of the mother continent, ever ready to indelibly grave the records of passing events, enough has been done in this direction by which, were our written history blotted out, we might build up a skeleton of the past that could be clothed with flesh by those who tell of deeds of valor in the "Old times in the Colonies." Every medallic memento of this past has been sought out and treasured up with great care and, from time to time, made to yield up stories of how the savage continent was reduced to law and order. The most interesting, to us, are those which relate to the struggles for the mastery and the final victory of one of the two diverse forms by which two races attempted to work out this problem. The object of this paper is, therefore, to givt .1, history of the numismatic mementoes of the first decided success in this grand victory ( f free institutions on this continent. After the capture of Acadia and its final cession in 1713, to (ireat Ikitain, the French felt the necessity for a better tlcfence (A their frontier. \ chain of forts was therefore begun that fi nail \' extended from the island of Cape Breton to the Ohio river. I'iiese guarded every accessible avenue leading into the country ; atid around each of them one or more battles were Anight and deeds of valor enacted worthy to be recorded in the most brilliant pages of history. 58935 As the treaty that ceded Nova Scotia to the English, permitted the French to retain pose.ssion of Cape Breton they chose, for the site of their Fort, one of its harbours called Havre aux Anglaise, because in earlier times when the Island was not appropriated by any power, the Fnglish fishermen were vvont to resort to it to dry their fish ; as did the Spaniards to what is now called Sydney Harbour. There the French built and fortified a town calling it Louisbourg in honour of their King. It was to be a strong place where the fleet engaged in the Gulf fisheries could resort in times of danger ; and which would be an outward bulwark to protect the St. Lawrence shipping trade from the raids and encroachments from New England. Vast sums were expended on masonry and earthworks ; and so strong did the fortifications appear that the town was con- sidered impregnable. When, in 1720, it was completed it was a proud day for the inhabitants of New France. A medal was struck in commemoration of the event the obverse of which bears the bust of the child King with the long hair so fashionable at that time and the reverse a tolerably good view of the town and harb.iur. Two or three vessels are represented as lying at the wharves in the harbour, one or two others sailing out to sea and some fishing bo.its making for the port. The whole view, when compared with old plans, seems very accurate, shewing as it does, the pond or marsh near the entrance of the harbour and the bastions of the fortifications. Thanks to the care with which the French Government has guarded the dies, prepared under its authority, restrikes of this medal can easily be had from the Musee Monetaire, specimens may therefore be found in many collections of medals relating to America. Two other varieties besides the one described above have come under my notice ; both, apparently, the result of care- lessness in the handling of the dies. One has, for an obverst-, an older head of the King, apparently much older than he could have been when Louisbourg was built. The other has the reverse of the medal struck in commemoration of the treaty of 1763. I'eace is r«;|)resenteci as standing with an olive branch in her hand wliile war. as a naked male fij^ure, is seated bound on a oatterinj^ ram. A curious medal when we consider that one sitlc represents the founding of the place which was ceded to the nation a«;ainst whose encroachments it was built, by the treaty commemorated on the other side. The mistake that produced this medal occurred under my own knowlde{^c, for liavin^ ordered two or three of each of these two medals to be struck at the medal mint at Paris, what was my suri)risc, on ex- amining my purchase, to find the two obverses and the two reverses muled toturned to France. On regaining possession of the town, work was immediately begun by the French, in the repairing, enlarging and improving of the fcirtifications. Although much of this money was diverted from the purpose for which it was intended to the pockets of a peculating governor and dislionest contractors the work was at length completed ; and so strong was Loui.n- bourg believed to be that it was called the "Dunkirk of America " and was considered to be the greatest fortress on the continent. And yet, from the use of salt-water in mix- in^ also by an unknown medalist and is perhaps, the rarest. 1 he workmanship although not of the highest order, lacking as it does in finer finish and ths more delicate touches of the true artist, is bold and original. The obverse has a rather expressionless head of Britannia with a trident, the emblem of supremacy at sea, behind it, and the words "O fair Britannia, hail". The reverse represents a winged Victory standing on the prow of an ancient war vessel ; in her right hand she holds a wreath and in her left a palm branch. The dies, especially that of the reverse, seem to have given way before many impressions were struck. All of the few specimens, that have come under my notice, shew a deep indented break on the left of the reverse. This pro- bably accounts for its scarcity. A medal much after the same design and apparently by the same person, was struck on the capture of Goree, off the coast of Africa, in the same year. The next is by Kirk, a well known medallist and one whose works are still cherished, apart from the subject which they treat. The art displayed is of a higher order than any other of the series. The obverse is like that of the last but 1 the face of Rritannin h.is an expression of sadness. A lib- erty cap, which with the trident acconipnny the head, indi- cates that freedom as well as Britannia triumphed throu^rh this sucess. The reverse represents Victory running with a palm branch, a shield ami an ancient cuirass on a pole over her left shoulder. In her ri^ht hand she carries a iar^^er fish and a number of sm.iller ones above it, while, the battle trophies represent sucess in war, the ^reat and smaller fish represent the capture and seem to arLjuc for the retention of the important Island of Cape Breton and the smaller islands dependent thereon. The medal by l'inj,fO is by far the most original in desi^rp and in execution, and little, if anythinj^, behind that of Kirk. The central object on the obverse is a large globe showing a map of the eastern part of North America which is in- scribed " Canada" ami "America." The latter is intended to indicate the iMiglish Colonies; a term still used in Kng- gland for these colonies as rei)resented by the United States. This globe seems to be crushing a naked female figure who lies prostrate on a rock and who is pointing to an inverted flcur-dc-lisy or, rather, the Jhur-de lis has just dropped from her grasp. This represents the crushing out of I*Vench rule in the New World and the loss of the great colony. To the right of the globe is a sailor, representative of New England with his hat raised, apparently cheering ; and on the left is a British soldier who is pointing to Canada on the map to tell the colonist that Canada his enemy will soon be captured and that the danger that has so long menaced his existence will be removed, The inscription '■^Paritur in bello'^ tells that, although in the days of the Newcastle regime, the English soldier despised the colonial militiaman, that, in these latter days of success, they were equal in war. Fame blowing a trumpet and the Union Jack fill up the balance of the space on the obverse. The reverse gives a view, and a very good one too, of the harbour during the last days of the siege. A shell from the 8 battery in the foreground has set fire to the French ship Prudent and the sailors are out in a number of small boats towing her away from the battery where she was likely to strand and cause damage. A ball from the battery is about to strike in the town. Part of the British fleet appears anchored at the entrance of the harbour and to the left is Lighthouse Point shewing the lighthouse. The whole scene is vivid and full of life and action. The remaining six medals seem to be the work of one man or by those who were close imitators of his work. All but one are similar in design although differing considerably in detail and are of a low order of workmanship, much in- ferior in execution to any of the rest of the series. They are said to have been issued by a man named Christopher Pinchbeck who commenced business in London in the early part of the eighteenth century, as a watchmaker and jeweller. His name still lives in the language in the word pinchbeck which means in slang anything inferior or deterior- ated as used by Anthony TroUope in Framly Parsonage, "Where, in these pinchbeck days, can we hope to find the old agricultural virtue in all its purity." In ordinary Eng- lish it designates an alloy of copper and zinc in which con- siderably more of the latter metal is used than in making brass. This invention of Pinchbeck is thus described in a manuscript written about 1725 : — "Mr. Xtopher Pinchbeck has a curious secret of a new metal w^h so naturally resembles gold (as not to be distinguished by ye most experienced eye) in color, smell and ductibility, yc secret is communicated to his son." This alloy before it has become tarnished has all the appearance of colored gold ; and so popular was it in those days that Pinchbeck made vast quantities of cheap jewellery, watch cases and ornamental articles from it. He also made a musical clock which was much admired and which he sold to the King of France in 1729, for j^ 1 500. Pinchbeck was a well-known character in London. He invented a pair of snuffers which he made of his favorite metal and presented them to the king. This "event," a local poet, named McGregor celebrated in an ode in which he thus addressed his hero : ■I •'Illustrioui Pinchbeck ! condescend, Thou well-beloved, and \>e*t King's friend. These lyric lines to vie*v ; Or may they prompt thee, e'er too late, To snuff the candle of the State, That burns a little blue I " Pinchbeck wrote a poetical reply ; and the two pamphlets were so popular that they reached their eighth edition. He seems to have gone extremely ii.t^ the medal business as many of the Admiral Vernon medals, glorifying the capture of Carthagena in 1741, some, relating to the suppression of the rising of the Highlanders in favor of the Stuarts in 1745, and others, commemorating memorable events in the eighteenth century, were struck by him. Pinchbeck seems to have given up the meilal business shortly after the Louis- bourg medals were struck as I have come across nothing of a later issue which can be classed as his work. Had he continued to issue medals he would not have neglected such an important event as the taking of Quebec. All the medals issued by Pinchbeck, are rude in design and poorly executed. They have a worn or old and dirty appearance shewing that the metal pinchbeck from which many of them seem to have been made, although so like gold when fresh and new, became, with wear more unsightly even than old brass. Five of these medals bear a figure, not by any means a likeness, of Boscawen on the obverse with the inscription "Adml Boscawen took Cape Breton"; lauding the General or Admiral in command of the expedi- tion as do all the Pinchbeck medals. The reverses have a view intended to represent the siege of Louisbourg but as unlike Louisbourg as it is unlike anything else in nature or art. They all differ in detail, some have one hill, others two, and one three. The ships, are what a Chinese junk would be ashamed of, differ in number and position while to men appear as great wedges with caps on. Perspective is so outraged as to make one wonder if a blacksmith would not have done better. A town, consisting of one large house and five or six smaller ones, clusters at the foot of a hill upon which is a tower from which a flag is drooping, in one variety a ball just fired from a mortar, is about to crash through the tower, in another Louisbourg is spelled without the last " u " ; and in still another the date is pushed for- ward ten years, reading 1768. The inscription reads in four "Louisbourg lul 26 1758" while one has "Louisbourg harbour lul 26 1758." The sixth is totally different in de- sign having, on the obverse, the usu.d figure of lioscawen with the inscription " To lirave Adml Hoscawn" and the reverse "I surrender prisoner 1758 " Drucour is represented on one knee surrendering his sword to Boscawen who is standing with his sword stretched over his prisoner's head. These, then, remind us of a town that is no more. Her fortifications are dismantled and sheep peacefully graze on the mounds that mark her battlements. No merchant vessel enters the harbour and only once in a while does a fishing boat visit the hamlet of impoverished fishermen that clusters on the opposite shore. Here it was, that one hun- dred and thirty years ago. four thousand people cowered and hid from the hissing bombs and thudding balls that spread desolation and made the wild and uninhabited waste that now remains. Here freedom and self-dependence fought against absolutism and dependence and here the first vantage in this final struggle in America, was gained for the former. Shall we then not cherish in thes momentoes the names and memory of the dead heroes whose triumph has made this continent a land of liberty. LIST OF MEDALS RELATING TO LOUISBOURG. All these medals, but two, are in my own collection and those I have had by me while writing this paper. Thus every variety has been verified and carefully prepared. I II am unaware of the existence of any other varieties ; although Sandham describes two others. These, after carefully examining every collection accessible to me, and after writ- ing to owners of collections that I have had no opportunity to inspect, I have come to the conclusion do not exist. 1. (9^7V— I^UDOVICUS XV. IJ. G. FR. ET NAV. REX. Youthful bust of the king, with long hair. Under the bust which faces to right l)U VIVIKR. /?^7';— LUDOVICOIJURGUM FUNDATUM ET MUXITUM. Ex : M. Dec. XX. A view of the town and harbour of Louisbourg. Bronze; size, 41 milliinctrcs. 2. (9/w.-— LUDOVicus XV. REX ciiRisTiANissiMUs. Laure- ated older head of the King to the right. Rev: — Same as last. Bronze, size 41 ;;/. 3. Obv:—VAX UBIQUE VICTRIX iVl :— GALLORUM ET BRIT- AxVORUM I COxVCORDL\ | MDCCLXIII. Peace to the right standing with an olive branch in her extended right hand, and a caduceus in her left. At her feet, seated on a battering ram is War as a nade male figure bound, surrounding them are flags, battle-axes, and other implements of ancient warfare. Bronze ; size, 41 JH. 4. Obv :—G]LOKG\m IJ. REX. Laureated bust of the king to the left. Rev: — SEXIGAE MAE 2. MARSH .NFASON. ST. MAEOS lUN. 16. ALVREBORO. CHERBOURG AUG. 1 6. HOWE. LOUISBOURG. lUE. 27. BOSCAWEX. AMHERST. FRONT. AUG. 27. BRAUSTREET. DUQUESNE NOV. 24 FORBES. GOREE. DEC. 29. KEPPEE. Britannia in a chariot drawn by a lion over ground strewn with Fkurs-de-li'^ by her right walks Justice, and on her left Liberty. Above is a scroll inscribed FCEDUS- INVICTUM. and underneath the date MDCCLVlii. Brass ; size 43 m. 12 5. (9/;7^:— GUADALOUPK baringn moork. may I. NIAGARA JOHNSON lULY. 2$. QUKHKC WOLFE MONCKN TOWNS'.> SEP. 1 3 and 18 CROWN POINT AMII1:RST AUG. 4. LAGOS UOSCAWEN AUG. I9. HAWKE QUEBERON NOV. 20. MINDEN FERDINAND AUG. I. A shield witli a Jlcur-de-lis reversed, supporters a lion to the left and a unicorn to the right. Garter inscribed perfidia EVERSa and rib- bons with w. PITT. AUSP. GEO. II PR. MI. underneath is the date MDCCLIX. Brass ; size 43 m. 6. (9/^z^:—0. FAIR BRITANNIA HAIL. A nude female bust to the left. From behind tlie bust appears the top of a trident. Rev .•— LOVISBOVRG TAKEN. MDCCLVIII. Victory to the right standing on ]jro\v the of an ancient war vessel. In her right hand she holds a wreath and in her left a palm branch. Copper ; size 39 m. 7. Obv .•— O • FAIR • BRITANNIA • HAIL. A nude female bust to the left, with a liberty cap before and a trident behind, underneath is L KIRK. Rev : — LOVISBOVRG • TAKEN ' MDCCL VIII. EX:— I -KIRK- F. Victory to the right running, in her hand is a large fish with a numberof smaller fish, es above it, and in her left a palm branch on a pole with a shield bearing a fleur-de-lis and an ancient cuirass. Bronze, size 41 ?«. 8 Obv .—A globe inscribed CANADA AMERICA, resting on a nude female figure which is prostrate on a rock, and is pointing to an inverted fleur-de-lis, on the left of the globe is a soldier with musket and bayonet pointing to Canada on the globe, and to the left is a sailor waving his hat. Over the globe is a scroll inscribed PARITER -IN • BELLA, behind it the Union Jack, and above. Fame with a wreath in her left hand blowing a trumpet. In the distance are five small boats and a high rock. To the left on the rock is T. PINGO • F. Bronze, 44 fn. 13 Rev: — LOVISHOVRG'TAKKN* MDCCL VIII. View of Louisbourg liarbor. In the foreground is a battery firing on two war vessels one of which is burning, to the right is the town and in the distance are six vessels, on the left is Lighthouse Point, 9 Obv : — ADML. HOSCAWKN • TOOK ' CAl'E ' HRKTON. Half length figure of Boscawen in mailed armour to the right. Rev: — LoviSHOVRG. Ex'.—\\5\. 26 1758. A rude view, intended for, but altogether unlike the town and harbor of Louisbourg. To the right is a hill surmounted by a tower. A ball from a mortar is about to strike the tower, and the flag seems to be about to drop or is being lowered. The town is clustered at the foot of the hill. To the left is a small tower with six men around it. In the harbor in front of the town are five vessels, three small and two large ones. Brass, or better. Pinchbeck, size40 ;«. 10 Odv : — Same as last. Rm: — LOVISHOVRG Bx: — lUL 26 1758. Similar view but the hill is larger and the mortar and ball are wanting there are only two men beside the tower. To the right two small and two laiger vessels. Copper, or dark mixed metal, size 41 ;«. I I Odv : — ADML. BOSCAWEN TOOK CAPE BRETON. Three quarters figure of Boscawen to the right in naval uniform. In his right hand he holds a baton. Rev:—LO\\is]iQy,R(:. jF;r.;-rTlUt..:£6,.j;i68,.. Similar view but th4 C"^vy<»l";on;fh^ tiS'J^tG^thfc idPt. There are five small N^^s.^elli* dh*d two* laVger ones! Brass, size 37 m. 12 Odv. — Si^itlif. tit 'JasC ba.vf»tIifer&jare.?cj\Ver 'buttons on the coat anca tKe'lDaton is'sWttr* * ** "' Rev. — LOUISBURG HARBOUR. £x. lUL 26 1758. Sim- ilar view. There are three hills with the tower on the one to the left. The other hills are each sur- mounted with a small building. Ir the harbour are four small vessels and one large one. Brass, size 37 m. 14 13. Obv. — Similar to No. 1 1. Rev\ — LOVISBOVRG Ex\ lUL. 26. 1758. Similar view. Tower on rising ground to the left, other buil- dings scattered over the field. There are no men standing beside the smaller tower to the right. In the harbour, there are five small vessels and two large ones. Brass size 23;«. 14. Obv: — TO BRAVE ADML BOSCAVVEN. Figure of Bos- cawen as in No. 9. Rev. — 1 SURRENDER PRISONER Ex, 1758. Drucour to the right on one knee handing his sword to Boscaweni "■'ITll Copper size 26 ;;/. R. W. McLachlan. . : ; .= '• ':•;:'.•-, • .•" •:^ • '. •: •• • : • : I'.:.. ' •' • ;.;■..' •..• •• " •.