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The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^(meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film^ fut rep.oduit grice h la g^ncford -tJO to .12 u Mill! '-^12 to 214 Middlesex *215 to '216 Iluuitrations — Insects injurious to the squash. •' apple. pear, clierry. " " phim and peach. " " " small fruits. l(j() APPENDIX D-EviDKNCK kklatino to Guape Culture and Wine Uuving:- Eviden.ce of Wm. Haskins, of Hamilton-Grape culture and wiue makin,-The Vine- yard-rhe crop-Varieties-Markets-Tr.afment of the vine-Insect pc.ts- bituation-Wme making-Peach growing on Navy Island y ^ Evideiiee of J. C Toll, of Raleigh-Grape culture in Keut-Frost:;-ihe"c;;Uwbr — Planting— i\nidew—T'isects—Birds Evidence of T^Girardot. of Hand.ich-Win;:;;;;:!!:;;;::",;;';;;;;:::;;^;;;,-;:;,; Frauce-Planting-Pruning and cullivatiou-Wine making-Choice of varieties — »oii — Cost ol a vineyard Evidence of John Hoskin, Q.C, Toronto— Gr 12 to ape culture in Toronto— Preferable 11 12 15 varieties of grapes-Management of the vin..yard-Process of wine making Strength of native wine— Prospects of a tr;.,do in wine Extracts relating to grape culture from evidence on fruit growin.V*,',f' D. W. Beadle ° P. C. Dempsey Thos. Beall __" ('has. Arnold r. E. Bueke !'!!!!!!!"!"!!!"!! A. MclX Allan ___ Illustrations — Insects injurious to the grape. .Kito 18 19 22 28 2i{ 24 VI. ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION. Paq . APPENDIX E — Evidence o.v Insects and Insectivorous Birds: — Evitleuoe of Win. E. Saunders, of London — Insectivorous birds — Varieties — Habiti — Classification 3 to 15 Evidence ot Wm. Brodie, Toronto — Insectivorous birds — Value of beneficial insects — Parasites — Recommendations — Natural History Society of Toronto 15 to 21 Evidence of C. J. S. Bethune, of Port Hope (with illustrations) — The Entomological Society— Insects injurious to grain crops and grasses — Parasites — The Colorado beetle — Its enemies — Tlie locust and gr'asshoppor — The phylloxera — Insects attack- ing the hop — The pea weevil (or bug) — Enemies of the cabbage — Insects injurious to forest trees 22 to 61 Evidence of Wm. Saunders, of London (with illustrations) — Entomological Society — Insects injurious to the apple, the pear, the plum, the peach, the grape, and other fruits — Insects attacking tlie squash tribe — Tlie bee moth — Reports of the Entomo- logical Society — Books on Entomology — Beneficial insects — Birds as insect destroyers ...61 to 96 Evidence of James Donald, of Dalhousie — Ravages of grasshoppers in Lanark 97 Answers to questions relating to insectivorous birds ; — By Rev. Vincent Clementi, of Peterboro' 97 By John H. Gai-aier, M.D., of Lucknow 99 Extracts from evidence on fruit growing, relating to insectivorous birds, of : — D, W. Beadle, P. C. Dempsey, Chas. Arnold, P. E. Bucke, A. McD AUan, H. W. Westland, James Dougall, W. MoK. Ross, J. Hagaman, W. S. ChapUn ...101 to 104 APPENDIX F — Evidence relating to Bee Farming : — Evidence of D. A. Jones, Beeton — Varieties of bees — Long3vity — Bee-keeping in Canada — Management — Importation of bees — Demand for lioney — Manual of Bee Culture ^..l to Evidence on bee-keeping, of: — P. C. Dempsey, Tiiomas Beall, James Maitland, S. T. Pettit, Hon. Louis Wall- bridge 6 to 16 Index. VOLUME IV. APPENDIX G — Evidence relating to General Farming : — Evidence of John Clay, jr., of Bow Park — Bow Park stock farm — Management of thoroughbred stock — Sliortliorns — Advantages of Ontario for stock (arming 1 — 11 Evidence of John I. Hobson, of Mossborough — Stock farming in Wellington — Farm management 11 — 18 Evidenco of John Miller, of Brougham — The Shorthorn and other breeds — Stock management — Herd Book — Importations — Buildings — Weeds — Drainage 18 — 24 Evidence of Charles Drury, of Crown Hill — General farm management — Stock feed- ing — Cropping — Under-draining 24 — 37 Evidence of James Dickson, of Tuokersmith — Farming in the 0,)anty of Huron 88 — 42 APENDIX CONTENTS OF VOLS. III., IV. AND V. vu. Paq . 15 21 61 96 97 97 99 la 16 Paqe. Evidence of W. T. Benson, of Cardinal— Extensive stock farm— Thoroughbred Dur- hams— Preference for the Durham— Feeding — Manure— Bedding 43-51 Evidence of C. A. Matheson, Perth— Breeding— System of feeding— Preservation of manure— Butter— Weeds— Eoots— Agricultural societies 51—56 Evidence of Stephen White, Charing Cross— General farming in the County of Kent.. .57—67 Evidence ofAlansonEliiott (68—75), J. C. Her (75— 84), and Wm. McCuin (84-88;, on general farming in the County of Essex 63 gg Evidence of James Macfarlane (88 -9) and T. L. Pardo (89-90) on farming in Kent.88— 90 Evidence of John Gibson, Markham— Eotation of crops— Manurine-Undsr-drainiug — Farm accounts g^ y^j Evidence of Richard Eeunelson (96—100) and Andrew E liott (100—102), both of Gait, on farming in Waterloo qq iq^ Evidence on general farming in Lanark by Reuben Stedman, Drummond 103-106 " " John Motherwell, Baihurst 100 — 108 " " " Peter Clark, Montague 108—109 " " James Black, Ramsay Ho — 111 " '* Andrew Cochran, Ramsay 112— 118 " Robert Macfarlane, Ramsay 113 — 115 Evidence by J. P. Wiser, M.P., on management of the Rysdyk stock farm 116—124 Evidence of Ketcham Graham, Sidney— Rotations— Barley growing in the Bay of Quinte district — Salt — Cheese — Farm accountp 124—127 Evidence of Professor James T. Bell, BeUeviUe— Manures- Cattle feeds— Gypsum- Salt— Draiuage—Farm accounts— Cheese as an article of diet 128—129 Evidence of Walter Riddell, Cobourg— Statistics of farm operations for tliirty-nine y"'^" 180-136 Evidence of W. Noble on farming in Norlhumberland 136—137 " H. Middleton, on farming in Dui-ham I37 jyo Evidence of James Thomson, of Broo! fertihzers — Subsoiling — Under-dr . Evidence of D. Smeliie, Vauglian — G — Wheat crops — Pea bug — Under . Evidence of John Douglas (146 — 149) t farming in Grey Evidence of Professor Buckland, Toronto- ' •' wheat— Wild-goose wheat— Use of 139—141 ''i\istles — Fallowing — Manming anting 141—145 arane (150—154) on general 146—154 -Progress of agriculture in Ontario— Defi- cient cultm-e-Thistles-Wild oats— Wild mustard-Grain raising— Dra-.iage- Exhausted soils— Manure— Forestry— Agricultural education -Agricultural asso- ciations ,,- ,,.. 165 — 165 Evidence of Professor Brown, Guelph- Wheat crops— Rotations— Estimates of cost of farm work, and cost of crops and profits-Manures— Merits of various breeds of cattle— Experiments in milk production— Grasses and clovers— Forestry— The soiling system ^gg_^y^^ Evidence ot Francis Malcolm, Innerkip— Practical information on .ae subject of Under-draining jg^_jy^ Evidence of D. Caldwell, Gait— Subsoiling 194-196 APENDIX H— Evidence relating xo Various Bkekds of Cattle and Sheep: Evidence of P. H. «=!tone, Guelph, on Hcrefords— Sheep .1—8 VUl, ONTARIO AGKICULTTJRAL COMMISSION. Evidence of T. MeCrae, Guelpb-Gallowaya-Sheep g^^S George Eudd, Eramosa— Devons— Cotswolda ......!........ 13-16 George Hood, Guelph— Herefords— Southdowns ."."....!!!""!!!!. .17— -23 .Tames Hunter, Alma— Diirhams ,,, .,„ Johu S. Armstrong', Eramosa— Darli;;:as— CaUlo feeding ....'......".'..'.".!!...<28-3-i Jamer Anderson, Puslinch— Southdowns 33—35 •John Watt, Salem— Durhams—Cotswolds 36—38 L. Parkinson, Eramcsa— Leicesters ' 39—47 John C. Snell. Edmonton— Cotswolds and Berkshire hogs .".'..".'.".'."47—52 Hugh Clarke, Brampton- Jerseys 5'>_';5 J. W. Jardiue, Saltfleet— Ayrshires 55- 59 James Russell, Richmond Hill-Shorthorns and Cotswolds. .".'l.".."'..'.'.."."".".".'.'.'*'"V,^)_,'^ James Lawre, iVIalvern -Ayrshires-ClyJesdale horses '."... '.t32-(;6 James Yuill, Ramsay— Ayrshires (j«_C7 Donald Douglass, Percy— Cotswolds and Leicesters .".."."...,.".. 68-69 \Vm. Courtice, Darlington— Devous .'..'."..".'. ".r.", 69 -"0 Information from various sources as to Holstein cattle ^''.''^''^''.70—76 " Polled Angus cattle 7-80 Memorandum of vain .to., of various breeds of Sheep, by Professor Brown .....".'.'."."80- -81 Evidence of Johu Kallam, Toronto, on wool 82— S(i Andrew Elliott, Almonte, on wool "" 'gG— 87 Letter from Bennett Rosamond on v;ool 8" -' 8 Evidence of Wm. Davies, Toronto, on pork packing .".'."."."..'.'..".'.."."."."."...88—94 " John Beattie, Seaforth, " 94—95 Illustrations. APPEND Evide Evide tn Evide] di Evidei te Evidei SL Evidei fac Extract Statemi Inuex 1 APPENDIX I-EVIDENCE RELATING TO GRAZING, PeKDING AND SHIPPING CaTTLE AND Sheep : — Evidence on Cattle Shipping Trade, E. B. Morgan, Odiawa 3_6 " James Biitton, Toronto 7—11 A. J. Thompson, Toronto n iq " Grazing by C. L. Simmons, Lobo ,n .,, ,, lo — 25 James McArtUur, Ailsa Craig 25—27 " Feeding by John Geary, London [ 28-32 " John Peters, London .... „. Grazing and Feeding by John Smith, Harwich q^_~^q " Distillery Feeding by Hiram Walker, WalkerviUe ." 39_4o " Oil-cake Feeding by R W. Elliott, of Toronto "..".".".!!!!41~44 Grazin- and Feeding by Thomaa Govenlock, Seaforth .".".".44—40 " «tall Feeding by Peter Reunie, Fergus 45—48 Evidence of John Elaok, Fergus, on shipments of cattle to France" "a"nd" Belgium """48-49 Robert Blacl " 50 Evidence of R.ouard Hall, Liverpool, England, on shipments of sheep and cattle t'o" Great Britain Evidence of James Donald, Dalhousie, on export trade in lambs.".'.".".".'.'.'.'."..' .**. ' ~r^g Evidence of Albin Rawlings, Forest, on grazing and shipping 6o_66 Statement from J. P. Wiser, M.P., on distiUery feeding and th,- shipping trade" ".!'.".".".65-68 APPENDIJ Evideuc in ( of p Evidenc Evidenc pos( — T Evidenc — P] Evidenci t( Evidenc( culti -A, Evidence cattl Evidence How 2 Page. ....8—13 ..13-16 .17— -23 ..24 27 ..2a— 32 ..33—35 ..36—38 .39—47 .47—52 .52—55 .55—59 .59—62 .62—66 .66—67 .68—69 .69 -70 .70—76 .7 -80 .80- -81 82— !i6 .86—87 87—88 88—94 94—95 '4 I If % CONTENTS OF VOLS. III., IV. AND V. APPENDIX J— EVIDBNCE RBLATINO TO DAIRYING.— iz. PiOB. Evidence of John IngUs, Chicao;o— Creameiies— The Fah-lambproces.';— x*ui ox making — The butter trade „ ,., Evidence of D. M. Maopheison,. Lancaster— Cheese factories-Cheese manuactiir«— Organization and arrangements— Treatment of mUk— Concentration of manage- "'"'^* 12-21 Evidence of A. Broder, M.P.P., West Winchester -The butter trade— D.ifects in Cana- dian butter— Suggestions for improvement— High quahty of Eastern butter 21—26 Evidence of Thomas Ballantyno, M.F.P.-The cheese trade-Origin of factory sys- tem—Suggestions—Dairymen's meetings— Cows for dairy purposes 27— 3a Evidence of W. S. Kobertson, Seaforth— The butter trade ..33—34 i' Edward Cash, Seafn-th, John Hettle, Teeswater- Ski^med milk cheese „^ .,„ ■ 36 — 37 Evidence of Robert Meighan, Perth— The butter trade in Lanark 37—39 " Joseph Yuill— A private creamery 39-40 Peter R. Daly, Thuilow— The cheese trade m the Belleville district 40—41 Thomas Myers, Bastard— Management of a farm— Cheese factory 42—44 John v^iie, Bcstard— Working of a farm butter and cheese (combined) ^ *^°'°^y 44-46 Extracts from a Lecture by Rev. Canon Bagot, Dublin (Irelai •:) -^ butter making... 46-49 Statement on Praatical dauy farming by Francis Malcolm, Innei-yp 50—54 Index and list of illustrations. 35—36 -Management of a creamery— Butter trade— TTLE AND 3—6 7—11 ....11-16 ....16—25 ....25—27 ....28-32 ....33—34 ...34—39 ...39—40 ...41—44 ...44—45 ...4.'5— 48 ...48—49 50 le to ...50—58 ...... .59 ...60-65 ...6.5—68 VOLUME V. APPEKDIX K- Evidence relating to Horse Breeding:- Evidence of Dr. McMonagle, Prescott-Theory of breeding-Several breed, of horse« in Canada— History of thoroughbreds— Messenger-Hambletonian family— A race of ponies-The park horse-Stud and herd books-Management of horses 3-39 Evidencfl of G. C. Tumhn, Toronto— Export trade in horses 40-49 Evidence of J. P. Wiser, M.P. , Prescott- Foreign demand-Roadsters-General pu •- posehorse-T he Hambletonian family-Royal Georges-Breeding-Siock registers —The Rysdyk stock farm 42_fiO Evidence of Major John Peters, London-Breeding carriage"horserand"hnnters- — Prises- Markets Evidence of Hiram Walker, Walkerville— The Percherons ...'."........'..."......62—64 George A. Houghton, Seaforth-Foreign Irade in draught horses.!.. .64— 65 Evidence of T. C. Pattesou, Toronto-Hon-e breeding-Shipments to Europe-Agri- cultural horses-Roadsters-Bide-and-drive horse-Suggestions-Thcroughbreds -Age of breeding-" Services "-Various breeds-A stud book wanted .. 65- ^9 Evidence of Dr. Andrew Smith, Torouto-Dis.ases of horses-Glanders-No contagious cattle diseases in Canada— Various hor.M-s— Breeding 79-87 Evidence of W. H. Williams, Toronto-The hoi„es and horse brecders'of Ontario- How to improve-General purpose horse-Tlje Snffolk-Needfor rsgistration... 87-94 ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION. Page. Evidence of George Cockburn, Baltimore, Ont. — Breeding and exporting draught horses 95--96 Evidence of Robert Beith, Bowmanville — Importatiou of Clydesdales'— Breeding and exporting draught horses 1)7 — 98 Memorandum relating to French cavalry horses 89 APPENDI Meteor agi Keport Eviden APPENDIX L — Evidence relating to Poultry and Eggs: — Evidence of W. H. Doel, J. P., Doncaster, (3 — 7), Jcuies Anderson, Puslinch, (7 — 8), John Pluuimer, London, Ont., (8 — 10), and David D. Wilson, on various breeds of poultry and the egg trade. (With illustrations.; 3 — 13 APPENDi: Sound ArPENDi: APPENDIX M — Evidence relating to Salt in Connection with Agriculture: — Evidence of sundry persons on comparison of Canadian with English or American salt — Salt in cheese manufacture — Salt in butter making — Salt as a fertilizer... 3 — 31 APPENDi: SaUND!' APPENDE APPENDIX N — Evidence relating to the Vsb of Gypsum, Phosphates and Bone Dust : — Evidence relating to use of gypsum as a fertilizer 3 — 17 ; 27 — 33 Evidence regarding animal and mineral superphosphates and bone dust i7 — 27 APPENDIX — Evidence relating to Special Crops: — Evidence respecting tobacco culture 3 — 4 " beau " 4 — li " dax " 6--10 APPENDD Ma APPENDD Index. APPENDIX P— Evidence relating to Agricultural Education and Farm Accounts :— Evidence of James Mills, M.A., Guelph— The Agricultural College— What it is doing — What it needs — Means of extending agricultiirul education — Keviow of agricul- tural education abroad 3 — 14 Jilvidonce of \Vm. Johnston, M.A., Toronto — WiiiiL a;;riculliU':il education is — llela- tions of tiio Stall! to agricultural t'diicatiou — Plans and methods — History and present condition — European and the United States Schools ami Colleges — What an Agricultural College should be — Agrioultnriil Experiment stations 14 — HO i'jvidenco ot Professor Brown, Guelph — Instruction ilopartment at College — Text books needed — Suggestions — Farm accounts 80—82 Evidence of J. \V. Johnson, Belleville — System of agiicullural accounts with forms 83- i»8 ]^,,,„^ ,,s nf TTni;h I\!e!)ia! u.id, Lodi, on ALTic'iltiirn! Edn.catiou and Faru! Aoc(>uutH 09—100 Memorandum by A. A. iMactavish, Guelph, on a plain method of farm book-keeping with sprcinien iorms 101-113 HiA'^tf CONTENTS OF VOLS. III., IV. AND V XI. APPENDIX Q— Evidence relating to Meteorology in Connection with Agriculture : Meteorological map— Evidence of T. H. Monk, Toronto— Meteorology as applicable to Page. agriculture .3-17 Report to Commissioners by T. H. Monk, with table 17-20 Evidence of " Moses Gates " 20-23 APPENDIX R 1.— Report of Commissioners Deputed to Visit Muskoka and Parry Sound District, with map 1— ••}•? APPENDIX R '2.— Evidence taken in Muskoka and Parry Sound District 1- -47 APPENDIX S 1— Report on Manitoulin and Sault Ste. Marie District by Wm Saundkks 3—16 APPENDIX S 2.— Report on Visit to Great Britain by Richard Gibson 3—6 APPENDIX S 3. — Report on Agricultural Education in Tennishsee, and otui^r Matters BY H. H. Hilboun g_4 APPENDIX S 4— Report on Productions of the County of Essex by Wm. McGregor 3—7 Index. i.,\-«^^^ FEU ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION. APPENDIX C. RELATING TO 1?EOTT GKOWmo AND FOEESTKY. I k'U FRUl Sitting William S Brown, E. ] D. W. : To tlie i I suppose it but more pai familiarizing of the fruits the exceptior especially \vi and Horticu (luring all tli Association. The clas wliich are rec — in fact all porato zone, berries, etc. plums will coi About six y( return ; souk would be abo Duchess of C attains cons Id little idea of other small fr piitchos of on of I know c large vlucyarc \Mr. Bea ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION. APPENDIX C. E'VIZDElSrOEl RELATING TO FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Sitting to take oral evidence, held at Toronto, June 10th, 1880. Present — Mr. William Saundeks (Chairman), Hon. S. 0. Wood, and Messrs. J. B. Aylsworth, W. Brown, E. Byrne, A. H. Dymond and John Watson. MR. BEADLE'S EVIDENCE. D. W. Beadle, St. Catherines, was called and examined. To the Chairman. — I represent hero to-day what is known as the Niagara District. I suppose it embraces the peninsula between the two lakes, from Hamilton to the river, but more particularly the area lying below the mountain. I have had opportunities of familiarizing myself with the fruit-growing capabilities of that district, and the character of the fruits grown in it. I have had experience in fruit growing nearly all my life with the exception of a few years that I have not resided there ; but my experience has been especially within the last twenty -five years. I have been connected witli our Agricultural and Horticultural Societies, and Fruit Growers' Associations in som(\ capacity or other during all the time I have mentioned. I am Secretary of the Ontario Fruit Urowers* Association. I have been in that office about twenty years. The Fruits of the District. The class of i'ruits that has particularly claimed my attention is that embracing those which are readily cultivated in our district, such as apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, —in fact all those that are cultivated in our climate, or all those that flourish in the tem- p(>rate zone. In addition to tlieso I may .'mention grapes, strawberries, currants, rasp- berries, etc. Apples are the fruit by far the most cultivated; peaches will rank next, and plums will come third. Not more than one-third the trees in our district are in full bearing. About six years after apple trees leave the nursery we begin to find them make somo even earlier — but the return; somo will boar a little in throe years, some would be about six years. Some varieties are exceptional ; the Rod Astrachan and the Duchess of Oldenburg will bear in two years. The Northern Spy is quite late, and attains considerable size befoi'o it bears — about ten years I should say. I can give very little idea of the proportion of land occupied by strawberries, raspberries, grapes and other small fruits, in our district — but it is not very large. There are a number of small piitohes of ono or two acres each, cultivated by individuals, and those are all I can speak of I know of no extonsivo plantations of five or ten acres. There are not very many large vliicyards~onG or two of perliapa five acroa in extent— iu our uoighbourhood. Aa [Mr. Beadle.} FRUIT GROWING AXD FORESTRY. to the quantity of apples produced in cur district, we would require to have a Statistical Bureau of some kind or other, in order to give a reasonably accurate answer, for at presoni we have no means of knowing. The sliippers are scattered ;>.ll over the country. I suppose the owners of the boats at St. Catharines, and the railway agents, could account for a good many, but there is no way of obtaining anything like correct statistics. I could not give you an approximate idea, but I know there is a considerable quantity, and that in the autumn it is dillieult for men who are shipping fruit to get it off as fast as they wish. Apple and Peach Culture. There are a good many apples of both winter, summer and fall sorts grown in rur district. Those who grow for market purposes, or make that their special aim, Iiave fotmd that the winter apples are most profitable, and are confining themselves mainly to winter varieties. To some extent the older oi'chards, embracing the summer varieties, have been grafted, but not very generally. The old orchards of the country were largely seedlings and they have given Avay to grafted fruit. Apples will succeed in any soil, so far as the surface is concerned, but they require a well-drained sub- soil. A porous sub-soil is essential ; they will not thrive in a cold, wet sub-soil, comin" at all near the surface. We are not troubled in our district with the question of the most favourable aspect. If I were planting a peach orchard I should prefer u northern aspect, because it is sheltered from the j^revailing winter winds and retarded in spring, for if the blossoms are not prevented from coming out too early in the .spring they are apt to be caught by the late frosts. I liave noticed that peach orchards growing on the north side of buildings, forests, etc., and sheltered so as to have their growth retarded in the spring, are much more likely to give us a good crop of fruit. One cause of the destruction of the peach crop is that the warm suns of early spring start the sap. then comes a cold night, and the blossom bud is killed before it opens at all. I therefore prefer an aspect by which the trees are sheltered from the rays of the sun in the early spring. Apple trees in our district are planted thirty feet apart ; some plant them thirty tlu'ee and one-half. Many of our orchardists who have a suitable soil will plant out a young apple orchard with peach trees in the intervening spaces, a .a thus get several good crops of peaches before the apple trees become suiFiciently large to interfere with one another or with the peach trees. Peach trees are short lived compared with apple trees, and they give a sufficient return to pay before the .apple trees come in, Standard pears are planted about twenty feet apart ; cherries and plums about the same. Peach trees are planted about twenty feet apart, though they may be planted fifteen feet apart when thoi-e are none but peach trees in the orchard, and when they are properly pruneil and well kept back. Twenty feet is, however, the usual space. 2'o Mr. Brown. — I should hardly say that apj)le trees would bear profitably two years after being planted in the orchard, though certain varieties make some return at that a^e. The lied Astrachan, the Duchess of Oldenburg, the Keswick Codlin, and the Wagener will boar at three years. There are some varieties that bear early, and yet are not very generally planted for market purposes. I have no data upon which I could give the Commission an idea of the average product per acre of the average varioti(.'s of apples. The inoc.e by which I could make anything like an cstimat(; would be this • -At thirty feet apart there are so many trees planted ujion an acre, and from what I know, the average yield of apple trees, after being planted seven or eight years would be about two barrels to the tree. I could not give you the estimate from practical experience in liandling an orchard, as that has not been in my line. I .should think it would be a poor orchard that would not give an average yield, annually, of 81 per tree. Taking tln' average price for the last ten years, SI per barrel, that would only be one barrel per tree. What I liave said as to the question of aspect being of no importance to an apple orchard does not apply to the Province over, but to my district. To Mr. Ayfuworlh. — My remarks as to the age at which apple trees begin to bear fruit are based' upon the consideration, t!iat the average age of planting is about four years from the graft. Some trees will reach a good size for transplanting at three, others at [Mr, Beadle.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. to bear five years but the average, I think, could be safely put at four years from the ^r^ti Fruit Growing in Ontario. ToMrBy^nond.— To some extent my knowledge of fruit-ffrowing extends tn fJ,„ Jhole Province though chiefly confined to the capabilifies of the STct ! represent As JrZ'' ^ '^""^'^ '"^ '1 "'" ^^^° *° «^-«^ any fruits that are grown in thrtemLat zone We can grow some fruits in our district that cannot be grown hi some oh™ s of the Province; for instance, we can grow the peach to perfection TV^lr^ along the shore of Lake Erie ; but it cannot be grown hi 5 County of HastinT'S i^rlT/ofTf"''rr''' T*^ '^' r'^''''' °^ - circumscribed IfstrLtin Neigh- bourhood of Meaford, the peach cannot be grown. My remark thit nnf nvov n^l +t!- i « Statistics of Fruit Culture needed. quant-tylff^uif^e'd" M^^^pt^^^^^ ''T V'"" ^^^^^^^^ ^' *^- of land under fruit culture The E P t^^f^o information is sought of the area the attention of hTDomron Goven mltT' ^'r''''''''. ^^^ ''""''^^ **"^«^ ^^"^^ The President of our Arciaiior^en^^^^^^^^^ in Ottawa, that he had haraTSrvT w 1 tlS of^A ""T.'^' last exhibition and that he liad assured him fbnt Jw 7 1 1 u ^^Y ! °^ Agriculture on the subject, in the next census enulSonTtT/^^ ' -^f '^ '''"'''^' ^^""^^S '^'^ ^tatistic^ would be better trCTthernioi^ Jr^^^^^^^ 'T^^ ^ °^ some value, it unless they were made yeariy T thiSu h «; /• ' ''^ "T^^ ''''^ ^" ^"^^« satisfactory trouble or expense by theTffic;rs of 2niHntliH^^^^^^^^ ^'' ^^^'^"^^'^ ^^t'^^"* ^^'^^ obtain the hiForniatio'n ^ ^^S:^^:^^^^::^ :t iST'"^' ^''^ ^^'^ Advantages of Under-Draining -eK\t:;^[ ^ t^T^^eSrallr S^l!; ^LSSnt^T^ ^^^ ^^• 77.'' //o.^zcn^^»m Jand Jonnerly of the fru t Ion Jf ' .'^ ^^nder^lraiuage. A. editor of cahed the attcutioA of farmers and f nn ^^Pai't^^fnt of the Canada Farmer, I have Given an orchard Znan^'iuvourafLl^^^^ i.nportance of under-drainage. result from proper d^anagewo^^^^^^ je prq.ortion of increase which would Just for the tinie being it'lS probaWv m^l . , ^^1^'^^^''''''!' ^J^^^^^n profit and loss, orchard on unfavourable soTllur.Sa^vIn^ ''Tf "', *^° ^'''^^' ^^''^^ ^^^^t an properly drained, would ^017^^5 hi (X""' ''' '^'^^ ^'^ ''^^^^''^^'^^ ^°"' Summer, Fall and Winter Apples. To the Chairman. — Thn Rod A.of,.nf.ln,- -.^ j t? , tt profitable of early summer aoDloa" I thint +„l ^'^ ^' ^^'^''^■^'' '^PPl«3 are the most [Mr. Beadle.] ^^ *""" '''''°" '"'"'^ "''°*^^^''*' ^^ 1^^'^ ^'^'•''el i:r FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. are the Dnchess of Oldcntari f„r3t 1 . '»'- ''PPlf» most prottaUe to the grower will come the Caj„ySS tV h J XSi oL^r'SS'/""" ° •"?'' ""'' mand the highest crice I }invf> «nl.i +T,r^-n u J^??" /^o^^ four varieties ccm- barrel. Taklig one S with another I do noTthLk tSTh''^'^ " ^"^^^-^^^ ^'^ ^* P^^ more than 81 per barrel for the frnTt S. • .^ tT* *^^ ^''^''^»^ ?"'='' would be to hardiness anTprXcfeiveness iLJt^ T^\T ^ ^T "^'"^'^ ""^'^ '"^^'^''^ '^««fc a^ the saleability of the frut. Tf I were "L^^^^^^ productive quality of the tree and I would prefe'r the Duchess of otdliTuSh feta Retor'S^f"." ■' "T'^' :^ss^tJ:^s:;i^,r---wS^^ demand. There i. a taM ouantilvrf S i °'''''°' *': '°rP'? ''»'"«'=«»> "f «■<> year, and 1 have ol^^^JlrTZ^'Jl c!^r^r:^£TnTZlX^\f Z^ 'T {he Dominion a"d (Tthe UnitedXter tL^ f"""?! 'i". f?™'"* 'o "*'"" !»•«» <=' would not recommend, t^re is firsi cultivated in our district which^I badly by discoloration: Se Holland ^^^ST " cousS TZ FaT&r' ^'^7 '''''r be very popular, but it is found that it fa nnr^ll„;^i * «* *^e.J^all Pippni, and used to with t^otLrsi have named The Lwe^^^^^^^ '^^'T"^ °' ™^''^^*' ^"^P^^^^ to grow in our section of the count^ T^ R^?^^^'' ^^u'^^^ It is a large showy apple. lutrelSi is^'o^^^dlfprS ol"'™^ P^f-'^ consideration the varieties of wJn+o^ „^^: "■"";" P^™"es soon, lakmg all points into Baldwin, which is E and houTders a'bte aT'L" Sr' !? °" ^'''''^' ''' ""'''' *^« other variety. Next to it tCr^uZ % • l\ J^t\ ^^^ ^^ ™°'"® planted tlian any Roxbury Ru set The reason t£JS^^^^ '^'V^^- ^1°'^" ^'^^""^ ^^^«'^^"S. ^'^^ ^bo known varieties the peZ have beclT.Z'^'f J m the district is that they are well they have good qualitie's trrecomnie^^^^^^^^^ ^The eTl^T "" ^^P^^'^' ^'^^'^ much esteemed by those well acquainted wlhit-the Pommr oSsf V,T''^ *^".' '^ varieties of it — the Swav^ie Vnmryo. r<^;c„ j xi. tTt •^o™™^ tirise. There are two Blightly different from IhToher rcolou^rdla^^^^^ '^'^T^ P?.^"*^^ ^^**- been popular and is popular still wT.nL! * -i • ^^^ ^''"T ^PP^^ (Fameuse) has uecade it has spotted so^Sv^mTilZ '^"^ ^f^ \* ''' perfection, but during tlie last cannot get it to market ^' '"^''^ ^'^'' *''^* ^^ ^^^^°* ^^^ ^'^J'thing with it- it does btr L notatti^LlT;"' '?-'r' "^l^ "^^ """ " ""I"'"' =» ™°* '"«« Ur to our meotin„.m in « ^i n •., temperature ju.H above freezing. When tL thermom X be^in? to risl Tn^L ""' ? * andtheweatheriscooleroutdoors open the window -nWT^!- , '^ *^° *'''^^"' ture so low that water will freeze I head tlTem rTT-^lV^nfl 'T^T' ^ W^' ^''^P^^*' sound if they have been property sefected and kep^t S I hoK:' ^^^^ %'''"•' T' Apple Blight.— Insect Pests. ^* tiiiies the apple trees suffer from a blieht at the pndqnffliABTi^^fc w i. j tlmt thp hie- -i>;ni. ha other about the tree, that the insectl may be^carght! as they wdl creep between them in search of a hiding place. Some people accomnlish the same object by putting bits of .ag at the foot of the^tree on the groCl By some or .11 fffn ^l^'T' ^,.^^^r!,*heir numbers could be greatly reduced,1f there waL crnbTned the'nlloilZl^^^^ f '*• ^^'' ^'tT'' °^ *^^ ^°'"^^ ^'«™ ^« ^ «^"°"« detriment to. the pale of the fruit Any person putting up apples for Europe will find that a single apple containing codhn larva, will spoil the sale of the barrel in which it is fc^ nd Fruit St'motht it' *Ther""'T "^?^^^* ^^^if" \' '^ P^^^'^*' ^"^ ^ ^PP^^ - Perfect wh that moth in it. There are two insects, other than these I have named, which injure the foliage of he trees. One is a little web-weaving worm, called the fall web worm It s not very abundant, though sometimes trees are injured considerably by it. Then we have the red humped cateipillar it usually destroys only the foliage of one limb unless the tree off bvXm tT^' "' "^'-^ *'?• ""■ '''''''''' '''''^ ''''^^y '-^- «- loaves aleatei ^re tL n. . f' T'u' '' ''""^ '""*'"' P^'^*- T^^^ ^'""^ caterpillar and the codlin moth. are the insects from which we suffer most. Cultivation op Orchard^. ,> ; Y^''!\ *^^^f,.*''^, growing, and before they have obtained their full size I think 1 IS best cultivate the ground under the trees and keep it loose. ThS c;iHvat on should continue until the tree has attained mature size, which will perhaps be on an aver(.go five or six years After that the orchard ma; be safely eed down If there is to be any value obtained from the grass by gazing, i[ would requL to [.)//'. I)eaiU''.\ ^ FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. be broken np occasionally and resperlprl Imf T ,i„^>i i ., -, . do it. I think I should kt tL ^a Ixke are oAler"/^ f*^™P* *° before seeding i. down I should flanVitwJthpotatt J cultivating the ground of any kind. I have grown Indian corn in in ornlfniu!' t f",^' ^^''*^' °'" ^o^'^ crops enough for the trees aSd for the co n To I arstnn '?"' I '''^ .^'"'^ '^'^ '^ ^^"^^ ^ood grain crops such as oats, barley, wheat or" rye iHsSy If •^'"'T^ '^'^' ^°^^^"=' °^ ^"^ I have seen young orchards o two yearrpWr. S^^^ .ye absorbed the moisture which the tre^ret^^J^VrtC^it^.^^y^ tS SrTugH* '^ Apples as " FEED."-CiDEa Vinegar. known'some nfer"r7t\e^rpV'Tnrthe' oZV]^'^'^ \ ''"' '"'"^ «*°°^-' ^"^ ^ ^^ve cider is niade in our dis" Cyond wLt ^ch '1 ^n^f rn"^ ''V'^'^l''- ^^"^ ""^^ ^PP^« vinegar. Sometimes they boil ft to fli our Tu t S Tv °' ''' °''" "'"^ «" *« '"^^^ paid to the question of what apples aTe the best ffr .n '' ''?°" "^^ ^**'"*^°" ^'^^ ^^^" going to plaAt an orchard for cider so far as n! iL ^f ' ^^^aking purposes. If I were should prefer the Siberian Crab flmily Street ^ "^ ''^ °^ '''^'' '' concerned, I Longevity of Apple Trees. ard aSleteef S£i7?n bTthlrt^arf ^^ *^ average longevity of our stand- cold, which is probably what yot; rn^an bv un Irn n l"' V'^tV, • f }'' ^"^^ *'^'^* ^« ''^^ o^ orchard might be placed at fifteen year^ fn\oo^? ^nS ' ' ^ '""^ *?'. ''''''^^' "^^^ «* ^^ but it is fifty years at least. ^ ^ ^°°'^ ""'^ P^P""^^ ''^'•^'l ^^^ I hardly know, after^: if^rem'^rd tmS: n'urstr abfutZr''^'' *T' ^'^^J '^^ ^^^^ -*« ^-ing six years. I have had no expelTceTf the U^^v S^^^^^^ ''■°'''''' "' ^"' °^ source, and have not sufficient knoSele^ie matted L 17 *^'^V' "^"''° ^''"^ *^^^* cultivation of these trees would be protiHble as TJit ^^ enable ma to say whether the large scale. prohtable as a means of manufacturing vinegar on a tion o^f th':>:eTpplr;hiht"urd 'tz '^ar:Hr'?' 'r^^'^^'^ *« *^^ --^- far as the Niagara district L concer^ec ^do not C T^'' "^ ^"^^""^^ ^ ^- ^o not grow there: but I have nnr^nnl! 7 -^ °^ '^"^ ^''^"^ty that would growth of cider-making appes ^^'1^1-11?;"'^^*^°"/^, '^' ^™^*^«^^ «f *h« gard to some parts of ^thrTtate of Ve"^ ^ers v 1' 1 ^r '^ '^'' ^^^f^""" ^« ^^^*^ ^^- ' which is sent to New York to be manufr.fv,r!H ^' 7 1 ^^''^ ^'""^ ^PP'^« *° "^^-^^^ cider pagneavowedlymadefrl thatLu^4 I We. 1^ champagne. I have tasted cham- manufacture of this cider profitable J dlZ ^^^^^^ fo believe that orchardists find the it is made. It is one of trsmJlll; varietrof "pi ot "'"1°' 'f '^^'' ''^"^ ^^^^'^ not any of the crabs that we cultivSe here iff- °^*'^".«P''.^'''^ ^f as a crab, but it is ^ve grow for market here, are very poo' oiS^ ap^ir^''''^'" '' ''"'' '^'' '^PP^°^' '""'^ ^^ Limits op Apple Culture. Prov^crS'STtTrS ^s rno^JthtSelrp-;:? ->-T.been speaking-that is the apple could not be cultivated? ye there a^e s^me nnrf i::'" Vlu^^ be ieve some variety of varieties cannot be cultivate 1 WcessfuHv '\^! f^*^°^«,<^f he Province in which certain which can be grown at the north^th^succTss The C / ^''fk^'^, '' ^^^ '^^PP^^^ where any apple will crow and a^far^^^hlu-^ Duchess of Oldenburg will grow varieties which I would rrjonnneTds^^^^^^^^^ ^f'^^^' ^^*^"'^«- ^' ^« «'^« ^^ the Ben Davis will not ,row :^r^:^^Zl^:::^S^ T '^Vf M^^^^ *° *^>^- « FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 1'^ M Oldenburg, the Wcolthy, the Peewaukee, and possibly the Mann Apple. The Duchess of far as we have got the varieties it would be chiefly the fa\. arples which I would reconi- hai btntlakl^^^^^^^ rtW^ l^^^™'^^^'^ ""'^ S^°'^ ^^^ "P *°--^' tho Lit wl SLbuii and in"no w„?' ^'*f ^J '' % *%'* ^P?^*'' ^ ^^^g ^^7 ^^1^^"^ the Duchess of XntThe f etofskv Z7Z ^ ■ ■^^^ ^U ^'"^ ^oing to plant trees for ciderl would S^? fW«n ^'r '* ^^°"":^^ ? J";°«- My sources of information lead me to believe that the fa ilm-e m the Snow Apple of which I spoke is general and not local. I thSk there are districts more favourable than ours for the cultivation of the Snow Apple I Hurin ^^liVwhorf r TY'^'f '^' '^^.' ^^r ^°« "^«^' ^^ ^''^S the shoretSfLk; spot It ht^ W. „1 f' T''*°''' '°'^' '^ ^"^ ^ ^^^^' fl'^^^"'-' ^^d i« 1^«« likely to th,°nL- ,-f I grown largely in our most easterly counties in past years, but I don't S Glen^arfv aTd'^.n'"'^ ?"' i^^f ' ^''"^ ^^ '^'"'^^ ^ «^°^ld say ^that the CountL ot Glengarry and Stormont would be particularly favourable to its growth We have not yet been able to trace the source of the spottin- ^ FruitiitroTvTrs' A Zw^^'^'^'^y ""^"'^ "P*?" ^* ^ ^- ^^- "^"1*. °"« ^^ ^^^ ^^irectors of the SexcXnttr.f r''\^ communication in The Horticulturist, says that he has .wT.wi • 1[ "' """f H^''^' "''^ y«* *^« f '•"i* ^as spotted so badly that he was periLt M.^'^ ^ "' ""' '^ ^'' neighbours who took no ca?e of his, had a fine crop of Export Trade in Apples. to ScSkn? T^LblnT '" r\ ^^'^" ■* ^^'' ^^^PP''^ ^PP^^^ *^ ^""Shnd, and some to Scotland. Mr. Kobert Ball sends his entire crop to Scotland. He ships his to a con- sigree in Glasgow. In some parts of England the Canadian apple is dS^Shed from ttv "erTTecided "'•' T *^' T"''^ °' comparisons of prSs, and in somelnstances StClead Thl-'' ^^^°"^ of our apples, though in some cases the Americans ^lled tL Gr;er N.W. ^ T '^^ °^ '^P-P " ^^'^ ^"^^ ^' ^'^^'^ "'^ *^^« Hudson River. As a r^i?'m?f ""T'T^?'"? '' ",P' ^^''^ ^^"" S^°^^ '^ '' of a beautiful golden colour. ThXf!l ^ ^""^'^ t^°",*^ "'^ *PP^"" ^^^"g *1^^ best for the English market, is true The Newtown Pippin has been sent from the Hudson to England fSr many years Mr Pell, the oN7ner of one of the orchards, sends his whole crop to England He packs them pa Lts ''TlZlfTS •'"\^?^^^ ^" ^^^^'^^ P^P^^' '^^ P^"-g them inS S pacico 'es. ±ie lias succeeded in getting up a reputation for his apples. f,«.n 1 ^ Dymond.-\ think the extreme care which is taken in packing the apples has a good aeal to do with the price. I don't think there is any reason in the appl Ftsdf that It should be preferred by the epicure. There are other apjles which, irmfopinion I'kS^llSSit ^^'' 'rr '' ^"-^^"^ "^ ""^^^^^ ^^' is taking spe'faSo; Sons J tKnf 1^ v^^f *°i T^S "P ^ ^""^^^ ^*^ ^^gl^'^d. There are poi- to th L!^^.! P °^^^'^ ^1"? "f '^ Michigan which are equally favourable with OntS^rio I?eat T^t ?^ ^P^r ' T'f^^ l""' ^^^ .^'■•'^-■^^^ '^^^'^^*' b'^* ^'^^ *t« e^^^Ption of those Canada Ihoniw""' ' " ""^ ""PP^^ f""^'"' ' •"''"''^''y- "^^^"^^ ^^ ^^ ^«^«on whatever why Oanada should .B second as ar .f ^ le groving country to any country I am acquainted would ^ vp th«' i ' ""PP. ^ *^^V^«y ta^e in England or can possibly grow there. I would give the preference to Canada in comparison with England as an apple erowine country, having regard also to the cost of raising. There is nothing to preveS ouf Zlef from competing successfully with the EngUsh apples Englandr if they are properly Bent We have beaten them in their own market with o Ribstone Pippin It seflsJ England at £3 sterling, or $15 a barrel. I could not givo the cost of shfpSg a ba rel oi Atknt?; ^TZT^ """^'nt . ?f ^^^^^*y ^^ ^f ^^'y ^^^S^^y g™-- oiSslde Sihe itdp. f .\ •? . ''7^.^^^ *•"** ^^ ^''^ g"""® °'''* of f^^o""" «i*lier here or in England. In order to have it sent there in season it must be shipped by steamer. The apples should tenflt :: /•* uT ^-^'i*^*^ ^T"- '^ O'^tober-usSally iot later than theKof Sep tember, as it lould be in the market not later tV^n the middlp nf Ont^K^r t^ i- .ti{I [Mr. Beadle.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 9 TiLK Drains Preferred. ™Sr'lfk?! ^°'"'- ■„' *r" "T"' *' »ameot apple trees, though they do noT.e°fc the The Commission adjourned until 2.30 p.m. Upon resuming, D. W. Beadle was recalled. COMPARioON OF VARIETIES OF ApPLES. rru ^^ i^^'O^^ciirman —The Keswick Codlin is valuable chiefly as a cookiu^ annlp 2l Tlf ^""'"'''K^''^ ^'.^ ^^^'^^^ are valuable for dessert, but a e goodScoofit SU- ^r^' ^ I^"^*y ^^i'^l^ i« ^uch esteemed for dessert, but is^not wolth S for cooking. The Sweet Bough is the best of the sweet apples, and it is good for desert kLS"''^ '''',rr'*^PP'- .^^ *^^ ^^" ^PPl«« the Gra;enstein s&nds Ld and shoulders above all other apples for dessert. The Twenty Ounce (Cayuga RedstreakHs largely used by our people in towns for cooking. The Duchess of Olrlnh^fl i^ the Fall Pippia was very popular as a cooking apple, but its popularity has faE awfv of late years as it is subject to the spotting of which I spoke with regard to the slw apples. Taking the Province as a whole, I class the Snow^ras a Tntr ap^^^ oui section of the country it is a very early winter apple, and does not kZmul beyond Chr stmas. I presume that further north it is found to keep pretty well o^S sS O the winter sorts, the Rhode Island Greening is, on the whole for the country S' aUy the best cooking apple for home consumption and the local markets Mv nef.n3 preference IS in favour of the Esopus Spitzenberg. as the best S S theti .7vS?es Above all tne rest of that season for a dessert apple I place the SwaVzirPommrGrLe S2 /r.'''T' ^^'*.°^?, ^^"^"-^ '' ^ g°°d 'I™* ^^^PPle. but it isS very a^^danr iWd for'both^^ 'r '''' ^'T' Spi*^?b«''g -^« -l«o good'dcssert apples. ThfB^ldwt ^tZZC^r' nV^°*^^-^ tLg to^Si^^pSt^s. 'Trp^s^y ^^.T^'i .ff :f_ -\^ ^yf Thf S°/t^*« ^ '"-'^ket and an apple that looks showv will S — - '-• vn ir it 13 uiuy oi socoud or third quality. " " [Mr. Beadle.] ^ ^ 10 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Care in Packing Neoessahy. that ^v^^^::^Tsi:^^:i:r'i ^:.\ttirf "'r/ ^°'^- section of the country to the foreign nark?t and hate^eporr^^^^^^ 7' thev ;r T' 't :^'^V T^ '} ^"'i"'- I found tLtTere was ^verf^ they were not packed and selected with care Tn +)io firot ,^io^ veiy ooci reason— prime apples, all well grown specimen Wh;n Is^wol 217/1 tf^ ^""^ T* may do for the home market, but for the forei-^n market t},PrA ^ w ^ i ' , • , New Varieties. the vai^B of new ^ortslhSltTother p^Sri" .l^dt' '" '"*" "'"'' ""'*" "> Pear Culture— Variett of Pears. anywhorfelf^n'Zerl^r'^r ^" "' «"«°^?«^"y ^^Jtivated in the Niagara District as wifi. egard to tl.o sub oil as t^ aS trf^ ^"* ^' ' ''"' '°^^' ^* ^^ "«* «« P^^t-^'^r was a clay loam vitirtlotiffes kind of blue o^ 'T T' wl' ^'''^'"S "^ ^'^'^ ^^^^'^^ apoaking o£ .mnnlor p„„,4Z ZoC (,, "„,n» f t M.","' ', ''"™ ""'"';''■ ' ""' """ tlio Windsor liolle, much lar..cr tliaua v S fh ,„ . ? '" ","f"'' '"'»'' """'■'" season. I don't .ZlLl^ZtTCZ':,:^^^!:^ .' ° S'l" J'"",',",°^ I""" "' "" i buy som pear. I from biij if I were appearan Our sum Xext in will proi Eartlett. trorae col than its j decayed s it in poin fruit. I other. Ii been redu to the inc and Canac Eartlett, ] into Nove: been told it would r than that, be grown i markably . seen quite of that vai a piece on i of fair flav pear when it M'ould pi and colour generally. The fr long on the should be p sheet or son until they i ripen into a titable varic which is a V pie out of 61 and the resu For ami a sufferer frc of our finest of mine as tin and cxposun can bo grown climate. Its for market p [Mr. Be, FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. It buy something better. I find that the Bloodgood makes a m^tv (.nnri «nm,v,.- i . pear. It bears liberally with us and seems to^be a very healthv frTo w ?' ?^?'^ from blight yet much more so than either of those' o?her7intThL?n\red\'Sh^i' if I were planting early summer pears I would plant it largely It sellsWl ha, n. il^. appearance when it is ripe, frequently with little russet upo/ t, and it iT^'itra'c! rxch It m point of time in ripening is the Bartlett, whichCs a grLt^epltfo^L a m^^^^^^^ TIZhT ^' "'^ ', '" ^"^ ."^ ^'^'' '^^^^ ^''^ Pl^'^ted in Canada at ah FoHoTi J the -bartlett, I suppose the next best variety would be the BeurrP d'Anm,, • +w , "^P^^^^^M « *^® » piece oT&STp\ fr„* New YoTZSr 'S 1™^" "-""f ^° "1' '"" '*«'^ of fair flavour though not the high" STof fruir Kin ^^ ^Zf"""''"''"" P="'> Gathering and Packing. Amateur Varieties. ami exposure. The I ourre Boso is a poar which is much e8.oemed wlioro it can bo Jrow l7 lor„,a..Hp„^o.. fftreato;,i„'jhVllSlt;HhX^^^ [Jlr. lieadle.J ' 12 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. i geau It will ripon up m a surprising manner. I have not spoken of the White Doyenne, which sells we 1 where it is grown, and is a first-class variety. It is, however, so subject ^irff ' ^l i^2 recommend anybody to cultivate it. The Gray Doyenke is not so subject to the same difficulty but it has a feeble tree. The Beurre Hardy is a good des Bert fruit for the fall, for the average Canadian climate. It has a tree of more than "vprl3p' n°"'4'*">°r? """^ V';^i^e'.«. ?nd the fruit, in pomological parlance, ranks { T: 1 .?'"' ?'^'* Growers' Association are endeavouring to have it more thor- oughly tested throughout the Province. The Beurre Superfin is not of so high a qnaS Mnfu ' ^rfZ ' '' T^' °^ "e°°^-" I d^'^'t tl^ink the Buffum would^ sucLd in Canada as a profitable market sort. It will succeed on sandy soil better than most other var eties, but there is not much money in it as a market pear. So far as my experience enables me to speak, our winter pears are n„t worth much. The varieties for early win- ter do very well, but those varieties that we can keep over to spring are not very well flavoured fruit. I would sooner have some of the apples I have named than any of the Srif mv «1T '^^^ 1 '^'""'^F;, ^Pi*' '^"'' *™« ^ *^^"k *^« ^^^'^^^^ woJd stand fiis lu my selection. In a well drained, warm clay soil the Beurre d'Aremberg would be a good pear to plant, and the amateur will enjoy it very much. The Beurre Diel is a woll-kno^vn pear On clay soil it is of good quality, but on sandy soil it is almost worth- less because It has no flavour. The Beurre Easter is the best of the very late pears which I have tried. The Josephine de Malines ripens about the middle of January i? kept in a cool place and is a pear of very fine quality, though it does not bear to any ex- tent until It IS about twelve years old. The Vicar is one of the most variable pears I have lut Zl'^^rr'° ^'^^{ ^r '" * l""» *™" y°" ^^^^^ ^^t a crop that is really good, but probably for a number of years after you will have nothing eatable. However, my experience^ has been largely in sandy soil, and I think that in a warm clay soil, w"Jh great care in thinning out, better results might be obtained. The fruit should be al owed to develop to its natural dimensions. Most Profitable Varieties. So far as I know the Bartlefct is the most profitable pear we have: next is the Duche«se d'Angoulome ; third the Beurre d'Anjou, and fourth the Lawrence. Thei'o are some varieties of pear trees which will not grow on the quince at all. Quince and Peak Stocks. In some varieties I would give the preference to those grown on the quince o^•cr those winch are grown as standards. If I were planting an orchar.l of thf Duchesse d Angou leme, I would plant them on the quince root. It |rows well, and comes into full bearing three to five years sooner than the standard. If it overloads it can be Thhined out so that the fruit will be perfect. If I were planting the Bartlett 1 would sooner aJe it on the pear stock, so that one cannot give a categorical answer as to which is the bette? plan. Taking pear culture as a whole, I would sooner plant on the pear si. .k, especiaHv taking into account the present knowledge of the art. The pear crof s of our diXct are The Blight— The Pear Slug. f.i 7^-?v.''^'^''* '' ^^'"^ ^l"^ drawback to poar culture. Remedies for it have not been Ini'l 'J»y.«'^°f ««• .,l'h° niost that ha. been tried is the incorporation of iron ilin™ charcoal, etc in the soil as a manure. When I xvus quite a lad my father thought that iron filings and charcoal were a specific against the b ight. but ho lived lonronolt ?. give up that Idea, fo.- ho found that the bl?ght would cofne knd kiU t I trecB ?,po" "J^ich or i-nLs. n... ,n.,oct vhivh i= uiyst dcacructive or the leaves is the pear slug, a small [Mr, Beadle.'] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 13 creature resemblinsr a slui them skeletons, dry dust. Tf- •- -r ^^^""^ ^**^, ^^ *^° ^^^"^ portions of the leaves and leaves It IS easily overcame by sprinkling the trees ^rith ashes, or even with Picking thk Fecit. The blanketing process is necessary with some varieties of neara but nnf r.■i^u „ii The best time to gather them is when they separate readUy from the T'eJ"' « Vhfn vl Slid; M'^^fK^^t'/i' ^""* ?"^ "^' '' ^P' *'^« «*<^™ ««P^'''t^^ readily romtl7etree^ 5 a bS/in^ 'V^.?- *^ P'^"*'f ^ "y" ^^" ^^°^ ^* by tJ^^ <=olo"r of the fruit, as there s a little change. I think most of our varieties don't require the blanketin.. process. The fruit should just be put into tight boxes or barrels; I prefer half barrels for°p?rr3 In the full-size barrel the weight of the fruit presses upon the lower tiers too much When shipping for market they must be shipped hard enough to reach their desSion before tt BaXf • T,^ T^Zr^' ,^1*^^^*°" ^^'^^^ '^owVt past that difficultr 1 shipping the Bartlett. The Bartlett should be picked before it separates readily from the tree It may be gathered when about two-thirds grown, and even then it will rfpen up in the barrel with a fair flavour, and become altogether a nice fruit, though I prefer it at^f uU size American Blioht. To Mr. I>ymond.—FoaT culture in America is attended with difficulties which are not experienced m he Channel Islands. We have a diseaso here known in Europe as cuUifr^rZf ^^''f' ""' "^V. '^^ ^''' ^"g^^- ^"^ '''^ J^^^ b^«» «° long used by frui culturists that we know what we mean by it, bat after all the word only expresses our Ignorance, for we don't know what it is nor what causes it. It usually makes ts appearance in July, and from that on to the end of the summer. It sometimes firal appears m the end shoot of a summer's growth. They are noticed o becoZblack and they dry up. Some imes this blight will only extend tJ the growth of theTesent season trunk nfir'V* """^ take two or three years' growth; occasLaUy it will appear on th^ JT- f 1 i! *''t' ^"^, ""^^ ** ^""^^ '^ '« "«»ally death to the whole tree. The near is cultivated throughout the State of New York. It is cultivated in VirgiirPennsvFvanil States. The peach m those States takec its place because the climate and soilTre so w.n adapted to its cultivation. There : . a disease which appears on the quince and S^beSa Crab so ana ogous to the one I have described that it seems to be one and the same disease ^^ft tS":?h'« f °^'^ "°lrT? "" E^/-d-d the Channel Islands, becaueleyjrk Tbl fS-f f«:^merican Wight, yet I presume it is seen there only to a limited extent countrv '^« this blight seriously impairs the whole of America as a pear g^oS country We are not particularly liable to it as a disease in Canada. My impreS f that it has not appeared in the Channel Islands sufficiently to make ii a source of serious trouble. As to districts near the sea, I am not sufficiently acquainted wTth them ZZl a decided opinion; but I should say that where the climati is such that pear tre"s caf bo f';^^^^j:^^^}^''otU BO likely to be troubled with the blight as we arrbecause I ^llto^V\Z'S^i:,' Boston there is a small section o"f country nearly or"" t' Use of Meteobological Obsbbvation3. or a/mo^cnZr' f'^ B^fficient attention, in a scientific sense, to the effect of rain fall resultrt thTnk telnf^^'r^'^'^S'^^""^^ \'^'' *""^'^*'-y ^ ««^*Wish any scientiL results. 1 think the introduction of a system of careful meteorolo-'ioal obse/vations in connection with fruit growing woul.l be very desirable. A knowCo TatmosphoiS phnomona circulated amongst fruit growers would materially assist Sem in thei^voi- iir.rittnrwbtr^^^^ ^f treatme^nn;.:;. hands of Uiinking fruit growerslt might bVof^mVtSilStnlfir" '" '" '' "^^ '" ^'' [Mr. JSeadle.] 14 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Limits op Pear Culturb. ,'n ■P.S'' l''''!^' °^ ^'""'^ Which we grow here, pears, peaches, etc., are similar to those srown in England, and some are identical. Nearly all of the English pears c^row here I ES hmk that not over one-half of Ontario would be favourable to pSVabl ^ear ouW is to he geographical hmit I should take a belt along the northern shore of Lake Ontario fn Vot 1 iv^'- ^™^°«' °f "f ^^-t-i" ^-iJth to me, but well known to those who Z in those localities. When you get back from the river I think pear trees could no^- be" rown at a profit, for this reason that although there might be a good crop raised some years'thrre bTclmtTV ir r'"^ tUy^vonld suffertomuchiomthe'^^old thatTerop\vou d reorSS \'l^ '"' ' ^""^r.^^^ to compete with the more favourable districts. On the Georgian Bay there are modifying influences which ought to make it a good pear growing country, the severity of the winter's cold being tempered by the lake." With hf except rZ t'^l'^^'^^'.^^r' '^''''V^' ^'^'r^' "°* ^ "^«^^« ^^'^^'^^^ «rop than apples S rule pear trees yield an annual crop : they are not so uniformly biennial as apples. Some varieties of apples yield only in altonate years. I do not know anything^of CanadTn pears .avmg been sent to England. I think our pear crop is fully 2 umed TJhe Province Pear culture may be said to be comparatively in its infancy It is for leUnl apple culture Owing to the pear blight-which is the sole serious difficulty with he fruit-its culture is not as profitable as that of the apple. Efforts have been made to discover the cause of the pear blight. These efforts have been made largely uiSer the direction of Mr. Meehan o Philadelphia, and Mr. Saunders, of Washington ^S atter has made up his mind that it is of fungous origin. I don't think anything has been done by the Government to ascertain its cause. We don't look to the Government at the present time to interfere directly in matf^rs of this kind. Anything in the way of united effort has been made by our Association, and the only thini the Government has iZcJation' "'^ ° '" ''" '"''"'"'^''^ '^ ^'"'* has been to give a grant ?o the Plum Culture— The Curculio. To the Chairman.-Plnm culture has not been profitably pursued in our district, but I know of no reason why it should not be. The reason why it"^ has not been prSble is that plum growers have been contented to let the insects destroy the fruit without taking any pains to combat tiie evil. But a person planting an orchai/of plum tr^a^d ak n| care to destroy the curculios could grow an abundant crop, and get very remunerative prices. Many people have been deterred from growing plums extensivel/on account of the curcu 10 They are a scarce article in our market most years. Cky soils aie best adapted to their growth, but some varieties will thrive in sand. I don't know that we have been growing plums enoug^i in our section to enable me to tell you what varieties a.-e esteemed. Head and shoulders in point of quality above all plums of good size stands the Jefferson. It is one ot the highest, if not the liighest flavoured kindlf plum' I ranks side by side with the Green Gage, which has almSst gone out of cultivation h^ tlis country for two reasons : The first is, that the fruit is so small, and the second, thJ? obtahefJI S;?'*'^''^'/ *''^i-^' nurseryman can afford to gro^ it for the price' that IS obtained for the trees. An ordinary plum tree will be fit for sale in from two to three ^ears from the bud but the Green Gage will not grow in less than five years, and then i? plums the Yellow Gage might be named. The McLaughlin is a plum of fine nualitv-of finer quality than the Yellow Gage, though the latter ripens firL it BradsCis a eought for If brought into the market. Smith's Orleans is a very productive variety. The Lombard IS probably the most productive of all varieties. The Lombard would b^ the most profitable to grow for market in our section. Generally speaking the darker^ coloured plums are the most profitable for market. I think what we caliche common blue plum will come as near to the Lombard in point of profit as any. Thoigh T wiS [M'!\ Beadle.J FRUIT GROWIiNG AND FORESTRY. 15 not sell at so high a price per bushel as some of the finer nl„m= .r.^ +1, • tj • that it more than compensates for the difference It 7..^;-^ V'?*^. '' '° S''^^* plum, but nurserymen would think if the Damson Jas ordered that'^hp'' r^t ^r'"'' that name was meant, but it is another variety Thr&iilTvare^^^^ °-f f'""' °^ has green flesh, while the other is not so acid a,irl jfnf^f 1 ^^ f "^J" ^°'^ P^'^'" ^"d no plums exported from our distr/if exceTt to"r^v^lSfrete"n^^^^^^^ '''"^ ^^« tiou IS merely a matter of accident. The usual nricP rpo W.1 f ) ^ •*^^''" ^^P°rta- $3 per bushel. The curculio is very troublesome ^ iJe rf ^hn ' ^\T' '' -^^'^'^ ^"^ ** Of recent years it has not suffered m'chfCbKck fit ZT 'f'''\ ''''''^' *^^°"^^^- .uffer from the rot, but tluck-sldnned varietie'ar L^Tl^j^ tT'T ""'■'''''' ^arit-^^su:sai:^p^l^'r:t^r;ft^ partly because the fruit seems to be^exlpt f" „ he ro Eve^n'Z'"" '^^''' '''"' tlnn It more than enough to benefit the crLTdon^ think hat T T'""^'" ^"'^ '''' present. It originated in the nei-hbourhno,l nf l ? 1 , '* ^'^^ ^"^ "^""^ at, Moyer of that place that he sLuti-cSlr^t 1 e"''^^ f^^^ ^^ .Mr- seedling, because sprouts from the parent tree inva rkblv Si H *">.'^Ji«v« it is a aware that anybody has propagated'it by g St ^ ^if ^£re a TbiH".. / '" 't S^Upinion that salt ^s^^^^hL tEiSr^l-S^t^!^- ^I lllf ^J; damp';;ff a d^'alMmtTt rpotbrlfc'^'T ,''f '^^^^ '"^'^* ^« ^^^ P^^^^^ "^ '-^ I sh8uld expect so from tie fact that ntf • f "' observation would prove that it is. fogs two-thirds of tt year_c n nf dowf at"nT^ I"?""' 1 ^°^*°"' "^'^^« '^^y ^^^-- the trees do not suffer to any extent fromfhl n 1 and enveloping the whole country- humid state of the atmosyerrhrsorthtgWo wlthl"^""^' *° *'^^^ ^^^^ '^« How TO Destroy the Curculio. nursery,nen and fruit erowtrs Th.Tli .^ . • '^' ^""K *^''- P^°'''^«« ^« q"ito familiar to is withi the reac of everTbodv fs to IT 'f contrivance which I could recommend, and it to which eacli end of t^Hlo^lolfa^tZ'^^^^^^ '° n ^ "^''f ''''^ '7' ^^"P« ^^ ^^'^' the ground at the foot of the t^ee iust at thota.l^ .f ''' '^''*' '''°"^^ ^^ ^^^^ 0° fallen and the fruit is bpvoeks. i don't thi Uc t ^at e v hi Zt timn'tll^^f *° T""""-" '^^^ "P^™"«" ''^""^ ^^^ree turity tluvt it can defy the curculio lut ZJi. 7.^' '''"^^^ '^^ «"°^' '^ ^^^-^^^ of ma- course the soanon for lay ng tl e-^^l, s oas i,?^ f,? K *''' aT"* '' *° ^^^ *^« ««g«. "^"^ of ture with its proboscis a'nd" Z^l^::^t^i^^:tu::'!i. 31°."^°^ "-"^^ ^l^'.^l^ ?""<- '■*'' fl [i/r. /iertf^/ti.] egg in this cavity, the egg hatches out aud the young 16 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. curcuho larva irakes its way to the centre of the phim, causing a premature droppine of £tn Z ' "^'"\ 't ""^rl '■ Z^f''' ^/°""^'' '' ^'''''' *« '^^''P to tho earth beforeTpafs^a Stent h^t?/' ! f^'^'^'^^i th^t the perfect insect feeds upon the plum to^son e ;:g:tion ^f t :poZ! °' '^"^^^ '^^^ ^^ ''''' ^^^ '^ ''''''- ^^^ ^-agel in the pro- Method op Pruning Fruit Trees. .hnS''.'^''' f^^*^'*— I 'i^e to prune an apple tree into a sort of inverted umbrella shape as nearly as may be, having some reference of course to the habits of Te tree Sometimes however I make a second storey of limbs-a small set in the centre I doS Ijir'Tr' ,*'"* *; ''™ 'V' '''^ ''''''''^^ '^ l°"g -« ^« keep the topsufficien y he Teatr W 7 u'"" 'T^''-'''' 'l "^^ "'^^ ^^•'"S^ °* *^« sun's warr^.th to come S fr,n- fc n.V ^^'^!?^^ guard against allowing the tree to become too dense, so that the mL! Z sufficiently exposed to the sun-light and air-perhaps mostly the air, because I «ni Wl f ^TJ"'-^' ^/\ ^^"'« «""'''^'^<^- 'i^he leaves are the organs that develop the 172TI I ' ?".'J '''^^ *^'' *'■'"• ^^" '^"''^^ "^^'^ g^^'-d '^g^i^st 'S'xposin-^ the bare hor^ scTh thrhff V° *•*' '^^'■''' 'T ^^, *'^^ «""• ^^'^'^"^^ ««^«ti°^^« tho heat is sufficTent to to iot . .;v^, 1 ;^ /1,'^P°'"^-. ,^'^' °"^^ ^^J^''* ^ have in pruning an orchard t. ee is to get a circulation of the air and let in th., light. The cup form of tree is probably not n^ Than^Wth r T 7.P"'- ■^"*"" • '" '^''''^ *^^ ^^^ ^ — «* -"<=h ^cre tn'sam mer than with ua, and there is proportionately less sunlight. Peach Culture. — Varieties. +..„/^ '^' C'A«^'7nan.-The peach tree can be profitably cultivated in our district ; the trees stand the winter perfectly well. The fruit buds are occasionally injured by V W temperature Some of the newer varieties of peach will ripen very eirly One of t' e^ IS a ua ive of our se^ction, and is called the Early Canada. It originated li Jor Jan a very few miles from St. Catharines. I believe if, to be a seedling of Halo's Early It ^1110 truit of several of the trees, and the time of ripening was very close together This one .W ,•! fi" ^he Waterloo is another new variety which ripens very early. The Alexan- der IS another. It has been longer known than the Waterloo. Amsdcn's Peach or Ams- St'a^rd'^oTs'^^: sometimes called-though it does not ripen with us in JunelTs':; eaHy tru t and so is the Wikler These early varieties are very much alike ; the flesh of them tll7l """■"" f/"^ "\^' ''T- '^^'^ ^^''^^' °f the character of k.le's Early which rin't fhinkTh • T^r'y^' had. but they are earlier than Hale's and of better^qulnty section otl/ production of the early peaches will stiumlato peach cultured ou ket r Sut 1 doX ?■ 1. > ""-n ^"'^hlo the peach-grower to have a longer season of mar- section. .ALp • '* T-" r^''"^ ^^'^ '•^'•"^ «'■ ^'"'^S^- It is possible that in some sec ions of the Province, particulary up near the margin of Georgian Bay, the soason may be too short to ripen some varieties of peaches. I think the EaHy Crawford is X moTt t'l e «1 ^Tt' y^S'^"".^-; . The local demand in our district is n^ot sufficient to cnsTme Kin'2; O ^'^m' ? ''I'PP'? *°. T^'"'^"*^' ^"^'Ph. Goderich, Berlin, Waterloo, Gait, Kingston Ottawa, Montreal, and other places. I cannot give you any dea of the quan The Yellows— Insect Pests— Soil. but S'di^T'th''''^' *ho yellows is known in the district. There is no remedy, I don't tllk^th? ^. 7^ ^™ '^ ,T''" ^'""'^ '^"'^ »"* «"«■«»• from the curculio the e.li onl nf .1 '"^"' ^'T '^'^ ^°''^^' ^"* '^ *hoy do it is altogether owing to S the trf boW T TT-'- '^ TT^ °* "^'^^ '' «^'"^ ^•'^'•"^ P"t round the collar ot the tree before tho frost is out of the ground in tho spring, and allowed to remain [Jlr. Bi>ndh,'\ ; RXnT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 17 UBtil late in the summer will exclude them perfectly. I would n-^t aUow it to remain all summer, but would take it away after the seas, of laying the eggs ha. arrived-aZt end of July say. I thmk the moiha are more abundant during thfmonth of July The peach tree is sometimes troubled with the Uttle leaf roller, but so far as I have had any experience it does but very slight injury. The peach thrives best on a wLm Lht sol It will not thrive on a heavy clay or damp soil ' ^ Seedling Varieties op tue Peach. i. „ The/nost promnient seedling peach in our locaUty is the Early Canada I<: s a white freshed peach. As yet I have but a Umited knowledge of its har^ini! m other sections of the country ; but I am persuaded that seeding peShe iSseStr^ country will be hardier than the average of foreign varieties-in o^thei words that S our people will take the pains to raise seedling trees they will cradull v S TLL f peaches that ^vill be hardier than trees from southern couiTtries Tht J if. „ IT ^ in Beamsville, Mr. KUborne, who has planted quTe TnumW ofsSngsCuy" the Crawford type. I went and examined his orchard, and found he had a numbS of very fine peaches-all of them, or nearly ail of them, yel ow fleshed pelles and T ehinU amongst those there will probably be found some worthy of propagation I tlkp fl, = granted : that if you select the seed of a tree that is iowinras^neTits northt^ 1 f oi t^:^ b'' r'vi' '^r'^'^* ^^^ ''''' p^^"* *h^* -^^' and ;ru%Tii7ifau;t^^^^^^ Mv f^w'^''' ^.^A *^! P"'"^*- ^ demonstrated that in the case of Chine.i?rbl Vite My father imported a tree years ago ; he succeeded in getting it to live by proteJtt; te p:rtiy1iard7 ' "''''' '^' ' '^^'^ "^"' ^^""'"'^^^^ ^^""^ I'^eTlZ Apricots and Nectarines. Apricots and nectarines are cultivated in our district to a very limited extent Tinf l, these fruits are sulyect to the curculio, and that is the reason thTyh^ve bS* ^e^lecte 1 rhe rees fruit regularly, x think the apricot is in a measure hardier than tKich- the blossom buds will stand a lower degree of temperature without beinrkilled^TL' o^lv o2 ^T''"" ^T" '' T^ ^T^^- T^^ ^^''y G^-'lden and the Brefe a^e atutihe ThJf Tpl^^'^'i'^S".^^^^ been raised, but no names have been giv^n to them The fruit of these seedlings is beginning to be brought into market qu1t?frellv and fc inclined to believe that if the same care were taken with aprSsTs LrWn ". f ^ Wher fruits we might raise a race that would do ^dl ?Se foliage of Sie aprilotls pecuiarly free from msect depredations. ** apricot is Peach Growing in Canada Profitable, the JowX''nf^r'T'^"~J.r^'''** ■,^''^i°: P*'*^" ''* ^^^^^^ *« particularly favourable fo- the growth of peaches, both in soil and in climate. The limits of peach culturflm^J h^ said to be the peninsula between the lakes, the northeru ahoHf like Erie and a l.U I hav7 inpntl^Zl „„ 2en>--antl quick warm summers. Within the limited area LTl ^^°T °™°'' '" ""^ '"''» *» ""''et owing to the 1«» eosjof tr^spo^tS I iMr, Jjeadle,] 18 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. '•i 4 they can mature them better than we can I rPffa.vl t,»o.k • • ^ *rea I have mentioned, as a profitable fndustry!^ ^ ^'"'^'''^ '"^ ^*'^*^*' within the Cherry Culture-Uncertain Condition o> he Fruit. To the Chairman. — I am inclinpfl tn tlilnb- +i,„* au i-- been a profitable industry in our dfs tiet thou^l thV / °.f '^''"^ «^ "berries has not realized is not remunerative when all theoonHnf "'* T"" ^« S''«^^"- The price very difficult fruit to handle You raav ni^r.^^ ? !'' **^'^ "^*« ^*'°°""*- It >« a parontly good condition, and b^ tL tL^ the^rrh?^'/";'' ''""^ ^"^ --"^^^ '^^ -P" may have decayed spots in them-enouTto Strnt ?., destination one-half of them the orchardist may look at a cher/y t ?e to ,lt -.n^ « 7.^'^ ^""^ '^-^'^'^^- ^hcn again He concludes to pick them ttn onw Wt whl^ o^^ *'"'' "? '''^'^"'^'"^ ^^'^"^'^<^'«"- that one-half of them have these sD^ts owin^?. ^''"^''Z «r^' '^^ ^^'" probably find ticularly true of our larger and ITe So wycf dries'' wH^^^^^ "T"': '''''' ^' P^ to-day, and they seemed'to have come to ma ket with^f f '"T '^'"'T' ^* ^'^'^ *^^'« , was that they were picked before they weix^ half rine Tlt^'l T^f ' ^"* ^^'^ '"^^''^^^ as ink if they had been ripe, but these^were mt yTd or^al 7 If'r "^-^r I ''"^■^'^ m that condition you can get them to mnvW.f vS u ' , ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ cherries These remarks do not apply" so mu^h to the hnk^ T ^ ^f^'n ' ^l'^ ^'"^"^ «'• «** *hem ? good deal of what I have said applies to the?nTr °''"° '^''''''''' ^"* ^^ere is a abundant over almost the whole S y r 'ioii fflesi liabrrr.'" '^'''•7' "^"'^^ '« ^ variety I know of. I am not vorv fam lin • v.Vh T x^ k . .l^'"" ''^'^^>' ^'^'^'^ '^>-y other to such varieties as the May Duke' and he Rp n *r ^^g^^^^Morello. When you come aot so badly as some otheS ^''""^ ^""*'"'" *^«^ ^^^^ to some extent, but Varieties of CnERRiEs, Of the tart cherries the one that succeeds bp«f ;« +1,^ «„ , r^ It can be grown wherever any cherrv wT^rnvv ; • i "°'' red Kentish cherry, it is an excellent variety ^orclXZZZLf.lU .V ""^^ T "^"'"''^'^'^ ^'^'''' ^'^d ries are used. It is a g^at deal betted- foi.n.^ ^^'P.'"' ^"^ ^'""'^ ''°°'^"^S ^"^er- English Morello, I believe is ai other of h. ^""V" *\'" °"'" ''"''^ ^^"''"^^ The bearer. It is vk-y acid ai;^''^: .I'^S: t^v^ ^eVT ^"' ^" f T^^^^ Richmond and the Montmorency ^jut I shnnlri =„l ?u wu" ■ ^^'^ *'''''''' '^'"'^ ^^e Early among fruit growers even, as t7t,TJ:^:TfZ:^ll'r^^^^^^^ '^JT' TT'-'' ally. They are the mo t Ifirble to c7l kt" "f ^°"* '^' ^''^'' ""''^ "^ ^"'^"-'"^ 8^"^- and the Bigarroaus I have no Li'h ^^a nfi Xl/"™ Vf '^^'^ ^^'^'^ '^''«rries to rot Of -the Bigarreaus I think the N^^ t? L^et^b sTl7*'^'^"-f -^^ ''^^'' everything into account. In point of deli...,^v 7fa s"«ceeds best in our district, taking Wood is the best. It is tL finest we htve Jf' ^"'^ ^""""T ^ ^'"'^'^ ^^"^ ^^^^^''^''^o^ Tmdescant's Black Heart ofElkhSn wl ichi, 1 '' ""'"^ T^l' ^«-^* ^ ^^^^^^ Pla«« The Black Tartarian is anothl^ li^'sl wy L^rvlf 'thf nt^ T'"'^'' 1'""^ '^*^'-- body hkes. Til* home market consumes allVe cWrifs we rahe Vh ' "'Vf 'r^' -eight cents a quart. The Moivllos and DnL-^. ^""'^^/es we raise They are sold at about the best by far They shouirennr.tr.-,. *^ '"''* '"'''■''«* «0'-t«. and they carry ages should be the Ze as l^e ?u vti h Ttlwb'e'rr^""" "^"^ ?!, ^^^"^ on-the^ack^ put up in cases the same arstr^wbemes. '''^''^''''''' "-'^ P^-^k^d, and they should be Insects— Slugs— Birds. FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 19 .loe, not co„pa„ ^th the cherry b Jf„ hil deJ^iS^" Jt tS rrSfl^t tl i.% or mtj, .nd a.t dowa on the trees and stay until they eat op aU theTruit Suitable Soils. .veil pleased with a clay soil-theHrefL^a Ster s-il h,^? f^. ^T"'^""'- ^'^ "°* '"^ l.y working them on the Mahaleb^stCk l^e£hllULs^^^^^ '' '^T'""^ and there is nothing gained hy .:^,t:t,i:^tl SZ^ZZ. '""" "°°'' The Cedar Bird. rd^,ra,,-L-S'r£tF5??£^^^^^ crop is gone, in the month of j!lv T Hnn f T' f^^, ^'"^ .^^out the time the cherry the year: ^^ ^ '^°''* *^^'^^' ^^^^ ''aise more than one brood hi Quince Culture. To the Chairman.—Qninces are grown in our di\tr,Vf «r,A „ii The most common variety is the Orafc^e Qu nee w oh k 'tV. f. ?"f*''' """''"^^ ^^U' trees bear regular crops. The demanilx^^ fru t s fu^^^tau fl o ^h *''. '''*t ^^^« izes about $2 a bushel. "«""" is luiiy equ a1 to the supply. It real- To Mr. Dymond—Only a small quantity of the fruit is ^rown T i • i .v. IS some increase in the demand as T bpp +l,of • gi^o^^"- I ^-'nnk there market from the United sltes.' mJ Imp Ts onTs' ZT7 '^^ '^P°^*^' "'^'^ «- flavouring. The quince is subject to he™K Sh ^^W 7t ^'', ^^'"^'^^ "'^^'^ f"'' the apple. '' ^"^'2 blight, of which I spoke with regard to averaS y relfof " a'^'uinTrt^T^s a^ttVratslV'^Jr^'^ \'T''''^ ''^^^- '^'^^ apart They are long-lived trees but ar^ slow n! • !^ '^ "°* P^^"*^^ "^'^^ «i^ f«et to think that that is%,he reasoTWe W nlfc^^^^^^^ I am inclined ally stuck in amongst the fence corners but T S^ ^^?u ^ ^^"' '''^''•^'- ^hey are gen.r- taken care of they^ould aTtain" lei ^Xro^^^^^^^^ t7u7r E'P"^^ f "^*^^^*^^ ^"^^ they do now. From conversation witb Ir. ^ ! , »'" *" ''^^^ "i^c^i earlier il n nients, I should jud^Zul^r^ireftrerwrn^^^^^^^^^ "'' '^"'^ ''''''' ««^« -P-'^^ any other tree we have. ^ " '^'^""'^ *° generous treatment as much as Grape Culture— Varieties. Grapes are very generally cultivated in our districf ^- • r,„f * any one person. Any variety that will rinen in m r ' -5? * ^^'^^ •'^*°='* ^y haps the Concord is the variety which lill . ! fbTi V T^ '"" """^^^^^ '^^'^^"- ^ei' tion and labour, but of course the ^e is i^hiii tT ''"^'^ ''''^^ ""''y ""''^ "^"en- There is a variety of grape known by us as the ^lL^ ^P> ° "i^^"* *^^' ^^"*^ '^ P°»»d. of the Tallman. ^At U I believe'thrit i'r:^:;'^^" ^t" '' f' ^'^"f [il/r. Jieadle.] ' " ° '^'' °"°" '^^' ^ disputed. 20 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. I It 18 a very early ripening grape; it ripens with us in August, and on that account it that tS irii w ^r^*''^' ^'"P'- y^'^ ' '^'^' ''^ ^^« ^«^t« - PO^'^d I meant ro rnia. ^ "* America, but I believe they do in some parts of Wine Grapes. /rape f'or the ZnSaZlf^Twine^ZouXfhZ T^ ''''''l'^''^^^on to the cultivation of a tnct. The grapes 1 have mentioned StaJw^^^^^^^^ "^ '''^* --^ done in our dis profitable for wine so far is chiefly the CliSon w'th ' -. T^ F^^"'- The grape most say that the wine grapes are hardL tLn ot Ws The ciinl^'h'r' °'' ''^'''- ^^^"^"^^t grapes, both are A merican, but botanists place them in ^wn ^^ ff *° ^°°*^^'- ^^^«« ^i grapes are juicy, acid, but not very palataWe for ^W * distinct classes. The Clinton perhaps to make them valuable foJ wfne purposes Th T^T'"' ^^''' ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ding are all out-door grapes. They are no laFd down and rov '.^"P'? ^ ^"^« ''^'^'^'^ t^ H 18 a very great advantage not to have to coveTthem up '"^ "'^*'' ^ '''' ^^^rict. The Grape Indiqenoi's. Wpi" jWiZ:t:^ZS% ZS^SZ l: '''- r ^-^-they are native Viose I have mentioned, the Cham^Dion thp Pn 5^ T?^ ^^^ '^^^ of native grapes \en raised from seeds grown 13 countrvf""'^' ^^^ *^' ^^'^^^^^ Prolific hf ve^ali the Massasoit, which\re a ^oss Ltween [hHo?*^ grapes. There are others, such ^r grapes I have mentioned arrdesclndants of wL!?A' '"^ '^' ^<^^°" ^r^P^' The ton IS quite distinct in its habits and character T b^vT" ^! S"J°^ ^^'^P^- The «coka that they cannot find the wild grape there at all T^ *u? ^^ ^ gentleman in of grape can be carried on in almSt all 3= p '^ The cultivation of the hardy ^ at present is almost entirely fortablepurCses^^ ^-^^ consumption of V the infancy of grape culture [ we have not vet S I'^Pr'^'V' *^^<^^« ^^e fable or wme grapes. The best kind of "ranes L w ''"'^ f-^P^'*^ '""''''^ ^ith \derivatives. °^ grapes for wine-making are the Clinton Method of Cultivation. &^^^enZ^\,t^^ "lthinttf^''*^?'i>^^^^«« *^« -binary Jplanted in the rows is about twelve feet and t' "'"'^ t'^""'^ ^^^'' ^' ^'"«h 4 I don't know that I can tell vou the aver! T' °^ ^^""« "^^out sixteen itwentyor twenty-five pounds of JraJs-?^'"^ ^""^ ^ '^°"^^ t^ted so closely. \ shoSldthink St f ^b/'"'' /' f ^°"* '^^ '^^^^S^' ^hen Tbe danger of impairing the SnXftfe vine! "* "^ '""^^ '^^°"^ *^-^ nidle. ] ' 8 I ■■ i :li 22 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. W I To Mr. Dymond. — In Canada we grow the vines eitlier trained to a polt or trellised. In California they do as in France — grow them to a stump. I don't see anj particular advantage in the latter mode. The vine grown in France is an entirely diflfermt kind of grape from ours, and I am inclined to think they are more reac "ly grown in -.hat form. I think they naturally grow more stocky and treo-like than ours. In Califor.ia it is foreign grapes — which can be grown there with success — that are grown in \hat way. They are not subject to mildew there, but it is amongst those vines that the phyloxera is working so much havoc in California. Amateur Varieties of Grapes. To the Chairman. — For amateur growth I would take the Delaware. I shoui also like to grow some of the Creveling. It requires to be grown with some care. It hould be planted where it will get abundance of pollen from other varieties. The grapeis of fine quality ard ripens early. I also like the Massasoit for an early variety. The Wilder is another, a black grape. The Agawam is a favourite of mine, because f its peculiar musky flavour. It comes the nearest to the Muscat of any of our grapes. We cannot usually ripen the Catawba here. I know of a large number of seedling gipes that are not in general cultivation, and some of them promise to be good. There is -jie • known as Moore's Early, which was originated by John B. Moore, of Concord, MassaiJtvv setts, from seed of the Concord grape. It promises to be a valuable early grape. Ho^ hardy it will prove can only be known when it has been tried. There are two or three white grapes which promise to be of value. One is called the 'Prentiss, another the Niagara, another the Duchess, and another the Pocklington. They are all > ..ndidates for popular favour. As to preparing the ground for planting the grape, I would do it as for a field of corn — have it in good heart and see that it is well drained. Fektilizers. To Mr Brown. — I have little faith in special fertilizers. Grapes should be fed very little with the rank manures : bone-dust is better. If manures are used they should be well decayed. Bone-dust is an excellent fertilizer for fruits of any kind, and especially small fruits. To Mr. Dymond. — I don't think the exportation of our grapes to foreign countries has bee.- atteirpted. I doubt if the Concord grapes, if they could be exported, could compete with the European grapes. It is possible that we could export them with our quick steam transit. Raspberry Culture. To the Chairman. — We have no great difiiculty in our district in growing any of tb varieties of raspberries. The Antwerp class sufter a good deal from the cold of oi winters, or rather from the extremes of our climate. I don't think I would make ar cpecial difference between the varieties for amateur culture and those for general pi poses. SouiHiaes the leaves are covered on the under side with a yellow powder, a after a time the whole bush dies. 1 don't think it is caused by an insect, but by a f gus, similar to the rust on grain. It affects blackberries occasionally. When I discc that the plants are affected by it I pull them out root and branch. I believe the fur will spread from one plant to another when it finds conditions suited to its growth, that it will not generate rapidly upon strong, healthy plants, but upon those that hav ready been weakened from some other cause. The plant is long-lived in comparison tlie strawberrry, if properly treated, but I think after six or eight years it shou ploughed up. I don't think that raspberries should be planted again, but that some crop should intervene before the land is again cropped with raspberries. [Mr. Beadle.} FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Varieties of Raspberry, coJ'ip:^::^:^^^ ^it^^iT^^-^/ ^ ^-^ -^-^ ^^ pome of n.or.productive than the Clark.\ut 1^010^ s not lo'ir^^^'^^rf- ^^« Ptilade^hial; Clurkand will carry to a near market very well jMi ^^^""i- '* '" *^°"* a« «"" as the 19 notof the highest but it is very fair-1 Tm of .n ^'"'"^T ^^ productive. The quaUtr Theras another variety, the HigLand Hardy' wh ?h co^f^^" '^"^^^^ °^ *^« ''^ berr^^ red r,pbernes ; it ripens aboutls soon as the slmwberH.? "" T°°^'* *^« «"li««* ^^ the link etween them and the raspberries. Its qSHtierfn Tk'^"''"' *"^ ^« ^^^'''^ble as* Brmdes Orange is one of the Lre tender of the Anfwl f"" '"'P'^*^ ^''^ "^^''i^'^. with n orange cast. There is a French varietv tL w ? ""^T ' ^* ^« ^-ellow in colour berrjuf good flavour, though it is Tl Utle teX ^^^^^^^^ * ^''''' ^'^'^^"°^" Brarjwine and Clark are the hardiest in my exoerient ^^^^1*^';:^?'^^^' Highland Hardy, variy, which has been cultivated a good Zl fj," ?? , ^he Franconia is another red It raks between the Hornet and the^Clark T^n cent^t' "'^^ '' '^. ^''^ 8°°^ quality reaJfed for raspberries. I know of no insect whtT^ F^- ^''''^^ '^ *^«' Price usually Sc^ insects feed upon the leaves b^tW^vert^b^ ^"J"'-^^ *^^ to^lcsome. ' "^^^ "a^e not been so numerous as to be very I 1^1 bewX' -eTll dt'nZtlf^^hJS; *'? "^T^"' *^^* '« ''- ^Po^ted sort I LT'^'J'^ ^^^ '-'"^^'^ I have made that whtr^ ^^""^y- ^ ^''^^ "P^^ them as inus-' I Mil gradually become valuable by ada^n At n^l^^T*' "^^^ ^« ^^^^^er, the sSdZ I / if- ^ ^^^ ''''"*^^' but these varieties th J «^f?i , ^^"""^ Antwerp was frequentlv V ct:"' tT 'r {• *f ^^^"^ "- ^"-^e There tlXTn °V'^ ^"*"'''P ^^ ^-""^5 I Caps, liie Doohttle Black Cap is a crood br rrl f !i °'' ^°"'' varieties of the Black for. If a person is growing plants afd fruS'S Tv. """'^ P'-.^ductive when properly carej the fi^it though he may sufceed Sth the ^Lnts iT ''""' t T^ ^^^« ^^-^1^" of and taking root in the ground, and this serCS' fr?.^!" T ^^ *^« *°Ps reaching over , offttT' \l' '^ ^ P^'-^^^ ""1 persistent rpreventtht^^ ^"'.* 1^-''°'^'^"^-" 'l"*^^^^-^ of ott the tr.ps the crop of fruit will be lar^P L J • • ? ^''°°' **^"ig root by pinching ^fitable. The Davi«onV Th.„„i„" .•!^':, '^^^ ?."^ J"iey, and will be also nnr„.o.„l-P„?^^'°^ I off the tr.ps the crop of ' fruit wiirbeirrrLT-'^'"' '"'^ ^'"""^ '^^^S root^Vpin^W \fitable. The Daviso'n's Thornless^s thXfi sVo^fc alsoUpariv'erpro' ^eand productiveness and bu. the aJvanS *^%^^^^^ L +T r. • y*'^«ons xnornlessis the earliest nf ihL^i , >7 ^" comparatively pro- fco the Doohttle in size and productiveness and t fU f ^^^'' *^^ ^^''^3^ i« about equal Ir 4 ri:^'''- ^* ^^ ^'"*^ ^« '^"^Jy afthe Dool Se 7?f;^"^^''. «f,"P«^i"g early Ld |r which has a very thorny plant. It isl n.nl '''' ^^^''^ '^ *he Mammoth Clus- V a larger berry, though it is not peihapsll moJl^"''''"' ^'"^^'^ *^^" *^« Doolittle and Ipr than any of the others. It is iSv ^showv ^ f °"' ''°PP'"- ^' "P^°« decided v ^tab e as any. There is a new cTmpid or /tf ^fi 1^ ""l^'P disseminated, and fs 2 > of It otherwise than by hearsay. Experimen if '^ *^ ^^^S' h«t I cannS I * ^'lew of crossing the Antwerp and tb?^i ^ n ^^^^ '"^<^^' ^ think with success I results vill be I ^cannot sa^ The clS Jntf, ?P ^^^^^^^ ^"* how profitable ^m much favour in the market. ^' °"* * P^<^^^^^^ maroon colour which Blackberries, i special attention was the New RophSL t^ "'^ *''^™- ^^^e first berry which or _ When it is allowed to f^l^tttyZ^-Zl:!^^^ ^ 'T ^'^^^"^^^ ^'^ -^ *d the fruit very acid in its earlier .Jta^es 7t ^^ H..^ u- *' ^"*^ *h« P^^*^* being bas coma the Kitlatinny, which sve,Vn« . ' f"'^^^^ted at present. 1:1 Then there is the Snyder v^iluh!-^ T/ V' '^'^'^ ^ berry as the New ters I have named, CHhltt; is sSlt^^ bardy_i,eh more so W into market in small quantSes at^bm,^? ^1'™? ^'''- Blackberries bat materially injure them ' ^"'^ ^^"^ '^^*' P^^ l^^rt. I know of 24 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Currants. Of red currants, the most popular -with us just now is the Red Cherry Cirrant There is a variety called La Versailles, which I have grown alongside the Red Cherry Currant. I can see no difference between them, but some say there is. The best white currant is the White Grape. It is larger than the White Dutch, fully as prolific, and its appearn ice is in every way better. The black currant most estemed is the Black Naples. Ine Black English is not so large. There is another com- petitor, Lee's Prolific, which is not so large a berry, but may prove to be more pjlific. The drawback with the Black Naples is, that it is not as productive as the va eties of red and white currants. What we require is a black currant that will compare with them in that respect. The culture of currants is very limited in our sttion of the country, but I think that those who do grow currants get good prices. The reason that its culture is so limited is that attention has not been given to it, thoug the prevalence of the currant- vrorm has had some effect. The currant- worm is easily masred with a little hellebore. I don't think we ship any currants, but they are bought d at home, at about eight or ten cents a quart. The proper distance apart to plant cuant bushes is about four feet each way. Black currants will prefer a little more room,y>r- haps six feet, as they grow larger bushes than the others. Any soil which will proM^ good corn or potatoes is suitable for the growth of currants, but of course the better tb soil the better will be the crop. The currant borer has not been serious with us. The saw fly has been very troublesome to us, and a serious drawback to currant culture. Farmei3 and cultivators almost gave up in despair, but there has grown up a class of men who look to fruit culture as a business, and they have planted currants, and by systematically caring for them they are keeping insects down with good results. My remarks with re- gard to soil, apply to black currants as well as to red and white. To Mr. Dyvmnd. — There is no part of Canada where currant culture is carried on to any great extent, or which I would recommend as being especially adapted to their growth. Practically we can grow them anywhere within the limits we have been speaking of. 1 don't think we have any worse enemies to contend against in currant culture here than in any other country. The Commission then adjourned until 7.30 p.m. i The Commission met at 9 o'clock a.m. D. W. Beadle was recalled and examined. Friday, June 11th, 18S0. Insectivorous Birds. 7^ tlie Chairman. — I don't know of any bird tliat feeds on the codlin worm. I hav sometimes thought that the hairy or downy woodpecker was searching after the larvi but I cannot be sure. The fly-catcher tribe, I presume, feed wholly on insects but tl robin does not ; the blackbirds, I think, feed mostly on insects though they may eat boj grain. The woodpeckers do most in the way of devouring borerx I have soraetin thought that those small birds like the chickadee seem to bo seeking for the eggs insects, but I have iio posioive evidence upon the point, The robin is sometimes v injurious to grapes ; when they como in large fl^^cks they will sometimes ruin a small v yard. The depredations of the woodpecker are not very serious ; the meadow lark chiefly on insects I think, but the cat-bird eats fruit as well as insects. Wi^ have beer porting p. bird which I think will yet prove >o be a great post — that is the English spai I know of no bird that injures the buds of fruit trees so much as it. I think the < occasionally feeds on the blossoms of fruit trees. The birds most destructive to frui the cedar bird, the robin and the wootlpocker. I doubt if the English sparrow oats i \Afr. Beadle.] To M the Englisl the varietii its infancy seedlings o was thoref( have been will in tim be subject within the injured the as those in and moist e [Mr. I J FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 25 rry Cirrant lie the Red ere is. The Dutch, fully 3st estemed nothercom- aore pslific. the va'eties vill coipare our S!tion prices. The , thoug the lily masred Dought D at lant cuant re room,y>r- svill profli^ le better tb as. The saw 'e. Farmei3 len who look 'stematically irks with re- carried on to their growth, aking of. 1 here than in \ 18S0. orra. I ha\ ber the larvi jects but tl Qiay eat so) ve soraetin r tlie eggs raetiraes v a small v low lark liavo beer glish spai ink tlie < o to frui )w cats i ;. at aU They are always hunting for grain, and in the early spring they look for fV,a TJo':^Te^t^r''- '' '' '^'-'''^ ''^' -^ °^-^^ ^Vb7ti:tvt t the e^stfl'^nt Mrdn wTLtd ^totef^Tfr ^*7^^ ''^ ^^^^ ^-™ . upon the fruit grower. When we sneS ofZLK V"! '^^^^''^'^tages they entail tfey destroy n^only insets ShTl T:t^riZT:ZZ^ltZ tTf T""'^^ ^* also those which benefit him. There are inspoh. ™->.;T „ f .^^ ^'"^'^ grower, but the birds put together. lloJrsZZr:T^tr^7.1Znt t^T'' ""^ '^^"^ ^^i insoctivot-ous birds generally and indiscriminfl.f^v- rna^ -t-arliament for the protection of There are no birds that I know of that cSnt themsJlvr, f'>^ ^a T'^ ?^"™ "^ ^ood. that are prejudicial. That, howeyer can only bas^SISed\y?b^^^^^ '^ >^^*^ of stomacs of many of them, and I W ne^Llrata'tltfmb^^^^^^^^^ ^^*""^*^°^ Gooseberry Culture. profitable or not. There are two yariSU^Ph1ri\ • ^T*!°? °^ whether they are cuKl Smith's Improyed, which irtterT';Vlt\? D^^^^^^^ '''^^ ^^ "^°»" they are found to be praclloally exempt from mildlw jV'"''^- ^^% *y« S'-o^^n because Downing, but not enough to do JnThu m ^nT fd^'e. nn. ' '''" V'*"" '"^'^^^ °" ^^^ in five years. Both varieties are Terv rnlffi. ll T .1 u°°'"' ^''^'^'^P" '"'"'« *han once the English gooseberrTe I d'n't reS^nd theftSb '^''"1' "'' "^^ ^'"^"^^ ^^^^^ climate, because they mildew both in lea^s and fr^ft^ t^^^^^ ^f Pf."^* ^^^ *l»i« they are practically%xempt from mii e" but oX a i2 ^^,7 'r'^'T ""^T exemption ar ses. Sometimes I thu.lr if ;«^,..;J^ T .u ^ .,. ^*'^'*'J' ^^°^ how the I am inclined to believe tirthat tie aslt^t^th;""'^'^ 'J *': atmosphere, and have found that by freely sorinklil « «^.!' T!- ^''! "'^^ ''^ "*^'«'' influences. I i>umidity is kept up^ alAe^^Mew Lddt^^^^^^^^^ t'bo'f ^ *'^ ^^^^' *^^ IS the price realized for gooseberries, and they serreadHv bofl^ '" T^' ?"" I"*'"* who grow for the market generally wait untirthe berr^^^Lfitf Su sS 't^' '^'"? worm must be guarded against bv n tmn ,-,^^ ^t v, u v.^ V . ^^ ^^^®- -^"e currant come just abouf the tini^u't ft istgin in! to t^a'^d i^Ln ?' ""°"v ?^ ^'^^^^^^ and freely it is a perfect cure I have npvll t ' • • ^^^^^o^e ^s applied promptly using helfebore up'on plan^^ln thl^ It ^o^Thtv^ io^KdtV "^" °^ V'^ produce any serious effect ucon thp h„mnn .,1 ^ave to be used m large quantities to that feeds upon the berries Fn our di.S T "' P^V" "°* ^^"'^'1 the fruit-worm hordering onV " I -- ^^^^^^^^^^ t^^^^""' rows .six feet apart, the plants beint aboTfonr W . • 1°"^^^ P"* *^'^ ^"^^es in garden purposes'l wiuld pfant them K feet apart eachTly. " *^' ""• ^'"^ ^^^^^^^^^ Varieties of Goosebeuuy.— Mildew. the En;ifs?gotX";ri;s^rre'rf^^^^ Z' '^'^^m^^'''" ?^ *^°"^'« ''^ P'-^^^-ng them the vadeties^I hlTnZTd ^itlfuvoTZ^^^^ '''^''''' ^-vour than its infancy. Up to wiUiin a short nerC i li F '"^*"''' ''^ *^'' '"""^^-y ^^ being in seedlings of the E^girsh vanetts and tW T ? ^''" *7'"S ''^^ ^"^"^h Varieties !nd was therefore diSe dto tCir^^^^^^^^^ V mildew. Our attention have been the result so far • bS I [Xve S f ' ''"'' ^^f "^^ ^^^eties I have named will in time get varieties which w I rival t V^ P«f'«tent efforts in this direction we be subject to mildew. I kJw ItT.i L TLS" ^1^^'''^ gooseberries in size, and will not within the limits of whiTl have^een «nnL '" ^71^ °^ ^^' gooseberry in Ontario injured the fruit buds. It is possfblo we li f nl"^' / ^*^' T^"" ^^^'^ '^'^' *''« f'-o^* as those in England, because oTclitri^^'lL^r^.f: * «.''°-berry with so thin a skin and moist atmosphere of Great Britain is fav^urabl^'t^urneTslnhe^^^^^^^^^ "°°' [Mr. Beadle.] \ il FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. |! To Mr D!/mond.-Theve is no difference I think in the opinion of botanists between English and American gooseberries, but there is a difference in tlieir adaptability to our climate. The American gooseberry is a native of this country, it is found growing wild Those gooseberries that have succeeded hero, so far, have been developments of the indi- genous plant The amount of salt in the atmosphere of Great Britain— owing to its insular position-holps to keep up the humid state of the atmosphere. I know that in Nova booiia and New Brunswick, within a certain distance of the sea, there is a belt in which the English gooseberry can be raised in perfection. The portions of Canada, where they ol.l f !!! ''"'*'^'^<^«'i y^tJ* «»°°es3, have been very limited. They have always been neaiest the shores of lakes or rivers so far as I know. So far as my knowledge goes attempts to grow the gooseberry inland have been failures. The wild gooseberry grows in dry situations. Practically then the gooseben-ry of America is one that ought to be culti- vatable in every part of the continent. Very little has been done as yet in the way of gooseberry culture. Our Association distributed a plant of the Downing gooseberry to each meinber for trial, owing to its exemption from mildew ; we have reports of results to a limited extent We have failed in the way of getting results of observations, aud our members have been contented to enjoy what they received and keep the knowlcd-e to tnemselves too much. ° Cranberuy Culture. To the CAatVnwn.— Cranberries are not cultivated in our district, but grow wild in great abundance. I could not give you any idea of tie o.vonige yield per acre. There is a ready sale for all that is grown, r nd for all that is imported. The section of country known as the Dunville Marshes is largely covered with wild cranberries. I have no means of know- . „' the quantity collected. Some years of cour.se the crop is large aud other years it 18 small, ihere is ready sale at high prices in all our towns and cities. They run from sixteen to twenty cents per quart. There is a caterpillar which injures the vines. It is not always present, but wl en it does come it is a very serious enemy to the cranberry it seems something like the army worm and other migratory insect.' ; it comes and -roes 1 believe that cranberry cultivation would be a success in this country, under favou?ible circumstances. "^ "utauic dr Ud^'' ^y^'^^°-—^^^ always tind them growing in marshes. They will not grow in a jTu ^^^' .%''"'"'^-— If they were cultivated it world be very desirable to bo abl« to flood them with water. I have tried them thorouglil- in ordinary garden soil, but they will not thrive there ; they might b. cultivated in localities suited to their growth but they need not be tried anywhere else. When cranberry culture comes to bo discussed in this country it will be found that those localities that contain a In ad of water at the con- trol of *he person owning the plantation, so that it can be flooded at pleasure, will have a great advantage over any other. When this worm comes along and threatens to destroy tie crop he can be drowned by submerging the whole plantation, for a few days, and tnub got rul of. You can also protect them in that way from frost, either late or early lli,. Hooding does them no harm, but on the contrary does them good, if you don't keep them under water too long. a > j Forest Thees. There is a very small proportion of our section of country under original forest : there are little patches on almost every farm left for firewood, but they are gradually disappearing, and the land is becoming almost denuded of forest— no attempt is U-ma made to encourage a second growth. The gn-at aim of our people has been to get tiie toresta off our country and keep them off All the trees that have been already men- tioned are common in our section of country. In the swampy places there are larches. lae Avillow 18 not abundant, except along our water courses. There is a considerable quantity ot oak, and elm is common. Ash is abundant, both white and black, at.d U\tr. Jieacl/i:] FBUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 27 The Tulip Tree. wondered why planters of ornamental plantations have 3 «o ittrattontinn r %"^''^ makes a very symmetrical tree on a lawn, and about tLrtl« of tli T " '*• "'•* lii tulip blossoms which have a nlea^.nr f™!!^ ^^nul* "1" °^ *^« ^'^^ '^ «omes out EoovoMicAL Woods. of waf^gons. Ash is used fo^ a var^.t/ nf '"^' of barrels and for the hubs for tool, agriculture S^lUltl ITo'rkilZZlo '"ti"k '" ^'^^^^ ^'^^ ax., lulves, and for handles of tools such as hammpir' W^l ? • ^ J' T^^^ ""^^^^ ^^^ work largely, and as the supply has decrra.eH fhl • * ?"* '" T^^^ ^^*^'' ^«^ ^^^'^inet enhanced" The butternutfs uLd to so^^ *^ ^°'^ ^""^ ^^'^^ materially walnut. It is stained more tSan tie Idnut I thTnrti'' ^"""^'"'r' ^* ""' «« """^^^ as from our section, it is mainly consumed at home Th M ''J' ''"''•'' ^'"^" ^^'"^^ «'"PP«d ties, and the vaHous aanufactm r esLblLhlnJ^nf ''^^' "f ^^^^^ portion of our woods. There L beea ve l iTtt^of ''"'''/^ '""T"^' " ^^'^^^ I»'«- f.)r internal fittings. There are a fevv ri Jfoni " "^"""^^ "^'^'^ ^'^ o"'' '^uiWings walnut and butternut livTbeen u dTo ^me extent i^'T t"' "'"i^ *'\-hestnut, blade wood in its natural colour. I th nk the Cef nf Jl "'''. ^'"''""^' ^"'^^"^S tJ'« direction. When building my own house I fund I .o fl J'Tr^- '"*Z ^'^ ^''"^^'"S "^ ^^'^^ as cheap as, or cheaper than iiiZlsZl and'i used fb^ ^'Vu'*r\""^ "^'^ ^^^^^ .nore hand,some tha.T painted wood woS My irnpresln ^iha J a^!"^ *'"^/'" '"".'i^ UHed in making agricultural implements thoLh T h\ Tr .1 f . i ' '' "^"^^ generally Our paper manufacturers are using rCietv of nnril-fl l^^"'' ?"^' ^"'''^ *« "'^l'^''^- likewise basswood to some extent^ I exnecl tha^t Sor^ll ^' ^.T ''^^}^SJ'^P''-PA>^ and pretty well used up. and then the ba^Zrli U^X rke't?n£ l'^^^ r' ^7''' poplar with us is not large At Dros^.nt iM« . V, ' i ^ *'°- , distribution of the $4 per cord. They don't take anv vervln 1 . 'T'T'^^'h ^^'P'^''^^ ^«'- *''«i'' »«". about exolnpt fron. knot!, LVas buye"s 11? to^lott'l'''' f'^- "^ "''"^ "^ ^''''y ^^^^ ^^^> to give a higher price for it Tl !t in J f * i''""* '"''' I"^""''" ^« *^»«y ^a"* t^^ey liave of Japer wo^ld ifot be wo tii $2 a coTt let" fe^ m^' ^''""'ut "^"P* ''" -anufLture they used to make a srreat deal of II .few men would buy it at all. Years ago uot\een much do^e in' larco^^i^luiJ li.'^^ '^' chestnut chiefly. There hL ally it is burnt, as blacksmiths us^^t^FM a, T ^'?'''' ''"* ^ l'^^'^"™« "^''^'^^ion- oak is largely used for raU vly tZ T^l . t ' !''''"'' '"'^'^^ g°"« «"* "^ "^e. I think upon clay'.^th a cky sub-S UHuklly AVe"l"d\f "'"' ^" ''^? "^'^ ^^''^'^'^ «°*' b'^r^'^^ring than in others, though tLy are not confin Jd ^. ^hera more abundant in liraesto.ie soila Hud them the're is "that aUg h Se^of wh" ^e'ali thn''"'^'^. '" T"\"^'^ ^« running from Nia-^ara to Hainilfnn il , , "^^ we call the mountain— the tab o land ..K„..„ .«...- .. . "V"^'^ *« Hamilton- he wood has not been cut oflT so completely as else- alnut there Tlwi wol^.-i. • -i .' V . . „rK„ -■■■ *"-H'v.cv 1,1, iimuHton — tne wood where; we fand the native black walnut then handled properly in its youth, [J/r. Ileadh'.] The w.alni! is eaaiiy transplanted if When walnut trees are about four or live years old they 28 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. I nmg, with a view to preservation of old or new forest trees. systematic thm T?E-PLANTING THE FoUESTS. will h«T"'"^ recommend for forest planting, the hard maple, particularly as a tree which ^ conS/t t^ ^"r ""7°"r'-y- '^''^^ l''-^"^ ^-'nut is in great demand nowT and will contnme to be m demand. I am now of course speaking with reference to the economic uses of these woods. I believe that plantations of wWte p o i^rev^ntll^ pay when our timber regions to the north have become used up,^or burnt up The Thotl T ^''Vr 'T'"'- '^he.^^h^^t'^^t 'nay also prove to t 1 valuaWo^' wood though I would not say so with any degree of certainty. If the tastes o7 the people continue to go m the direction of having their houses finished Tn hardwood of their wood. I have not the slightest doubt that plantations of hickory will pay i„ he near futui^. O.ie of the greatest pests we have in our country is theTxeielvHi inter \ lu^n a hickory ti-ee gets to be six inches in diameter he will offer tlu farmer so much o It that, he IS induced to sel it. For very poor land I think poplars, birch"s and pines won d be the best. The plan best adapted to secure the planting if forest treelwouf. be Ue dissenimation of information going to shew that such plantations won rbrJaluablo riu3 governing principle in tlio commercial world is dollars and cents, and when you con V ince our farmers that they are going to make money by planting trees th -v wlu pknt nn'l .l''««^Pf'->'r»t-f panting trees on our hillsides' has not^een trieZ bu iFthe smlonMie^eand other locations which cannot be readily cultivated is like a on mo t of our hillsides, any of the forest trees will grow readily ipon it. If tlese hills des were 30 plan ed the whole of our section of the country would be greatly enriched w thin the neartuture. The arms upon which the trees would be pknted woSt increased Jn value. It IS possible that legislation might do something to encourage forest trerplant ,S i;: "nli ^^ '^''"* ^'T''' '' '°°^^*'""^^ °f '^''' '^"'^- No onein our ne g ibSood has planted mu young forest trees. For such planting I would begin with smal" trees because they can be more safely transplanted when four or live feet higT Of cou^^ the dis tance apart would depend on the size and habit of the tree. Hickory t^re^s mLht be planted tun get as large around as a man's arm, because wood of that size would bo valuable for many purposes. Black walnut would require to be planted farther apart bleinsefbij would be of no use until they were about as large ar^ound L a na^'s leg ' Slsttl m her umbrageoua in its style of growth, while tho hickory is upright ^" I wo fd citJ vate plantations of that kind as thoroughly as I woubl a nursery of apple trees keeping Is afpl^tr""^' "''' '"^ ''•'^" ^'^'^ '"^ --^ -*-*. though'perha'p's iiot s^'careTull? DKSIRADIiK VarIETIRS OF TrEKS— CoST. bouiTl^'o^tbr """^ per acre of such forest planting, young black walnut trees can be ftougut of the nurserymen who have been growin-' them at about fl!l')r.n«. 41^ hundred for trees about four feet high. CheLiuts co^ld' b'e'^ltgt a^'tllrthe aa'm" figure. I know of no plantations where the hard maple could be bought aranyiiffTe Nurse ymen have contined themselves mostly to the horse chestnut and mou ntab ash f or [Mr. Beadle.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 20 tree planting Thore has been no large demand for the other varieties. If it were known to persons who are engaged in the business that there would be a demand forTr,! they would be prepared for it no doubt. Persons wowina fLm i , *^''*''"'' having a certain I, steady demand, can XZrj::L^;j:C'::^;:::^',^^^^ small scale and an uncertain demand. Nurservmen would D-afhAr fV.^ i ^ u * and would HOW them immediately-the sowing [.3 Ttt pft off one L«r M^ f"" "^'• experience goes, the greatest success has been attained in that wavsZli i v Y ^' "7 the sun The great danger is in putting these small seeds— such as the nlm ?«« . ^ rf, horse chestnut, black walnut and others of that kiS require to K*^^'''''i '" As to whether they should be planted in drills or beds I^finH ;f^« ^ "°" '^°?P^y them clean when they are planted indriimelm and silver IXSZir""' !? ^"^ e.rly^ Some ripen in September ; others in OctoE3rand N^^Ze^ ^rwo^H late ones just as soon as they were ripe— the same as the others Tf fml *1 V ■ stances I required to keepjhem ove'r. I would^^tx^lm': h soL TndrHoif sTL^to keep them damp through the winter. Most varieties can bo taken up ^hen a ve l old and planted out again-some require to remain two or three years. ^ ' Necessity for Trek Planting. The effect of leaving belts of wood as screens for farms is bonefipml T ™r„„™u winter winds. When the country is denuded of its forests the wind sweeny ov«r it as It does over the western prairies ; and these frost-laden win^ with the thlmometer near zero, are very trying to both animal and vegetable liie. thermometer Methods op Planting. I think if I were planting merely for the sake of sheltering mv orchard I would plant only evergreens, of two or three rows in width, and Tknow of no L Sal .'«%r n''P'^ obtained, and gi-ovs so rapidly and m'akes so cZlete a wh d iv mnHon« T^""^^ "^?'t ^l '\ S"""*" ^y nurserymen both in Europe Ld ArnSa by millions. Ihey can be bought from cne to two feet high for $10 or $15 a hundred fslat vT ir y°""«r/^'^ ^ ''""ght for still less. The^easorf 1 prefer ever^re'n; IS that shelter IS wanted much more in wi' iter than in qmnm«r nr,A ^ f'^*"' «verg.reen8 are very little shelter in winter, and they ^^ nottneS treX^rel's f^^itd 'wTtheT m fact in my opinion they interfere with their dense growth and beauSs a^pltt^e' They grow more rapidly than the evergreens, and areipt to overshadow themTdS.ure their growth. I should certainly prefer not to mix them ^ y. Ihat 18 supposing they are plr.nted very closely. But suppose vou had nlentv of spaco? A. By planting thinly you could not have a screen to b?LTthe wind uffi^ a ong time. I would plant the evergreens about eight feet apart, and i7 they Wan to interfere it might be prudent to cut out a few but I wonlH nnf r^ „ l/i ^ ^.V eight feet apart to sJt with, and in a litri/Sete'bZchest tSltoutrwIld b n," J^n "f ^ '•^"* '^M*^7 ^'' P"' ^"^ «^°"8^ ^P«'^ *« P^^^-^^ the shade oc^^^crduouVw from mterfering with them it would be a long time before you have a shelter ifTwanSi to plant deciduous trees at all I would plant them either in front or behi^randkLnth!^ a good distance off. but I don't see the advantage even of that nlnn T^, if ^ u jcreen eifective I think a shelter belt of Norwa;';™ ptntd^tt the tirlfpt^ your urchara. would be be«L, ^ ifc would protect your orchard ju.st about 'the dme^ tL [Jfr. liendle,] 30 FIUUT (HIOWINC} AND FOKKSTRY. •ri.lr. t,-rrp oftmo info go„nml boariuK. Kor p!«„ti„K an.m..l (in|.i« »,„! on p.ihlio r«ft.|« in suiu o rowH fur „rn,unont,. il„. har.l nmpi- \h M,,- favouritn iron with n»,. I a.n n , f |«.lUM.Inrly ,„u-tnv to tho Hilv.r loa^.l n.aplo. (l.onKh il, i^ „ ,„.mf, popular trnn ^viil, ...o^J n. .>,. hooaoKo ,t. srst of tho nl in throoan.l-a hulf .layn, whi.-h w.,nl.l 1... ahoni *|0 |„r pl.inlin.; ^M^y<^ tivosoan so.noti.noR ho o..onon,i..ally an.l a.lvanta«....nHly ohtnino.l fron. „nr fon-HlT Ihoiv aro sooon.l ^niwlh nnvpl.vs an.l aaln-s whi.-h ini^ht ho uno.1, wh.-n th,. oont of transportntn.n ih not too nnn-h. 1 ( prop.-rly prnno.l -outtinK <'(r tho top hran-'ln-H to oor- rt^spon.l with (h,. mutilation of th.. r.)..lN - tli.-y iiiak.* vory lian.lHomo troon u. faot th.-v •1*0 Noinotiiii..s lAkon up an.l plant..,! as iiioiv bar,, polos." | w.,.!l,l not r .Mun..n.l olin for narr.,v. M.wts ; it W0..I.I l... to., sha.ly. an.l wonl.l I... apt t.. mako tho ground wot an.l inuddy, and koop th,- roots of tho houH,>t< dami) all tho time. 0k\AMK\TAI. THKK8 For su,>h pla.'os 1 wonl.l pivt^-r a moro ,>r,>.>t troo, such an .,lio maplo ..r lii..k..iy Iho horsooli,..stnut niakos a ij.w.l iroo f,>r .ntios, hoing donso an.l cnuimi't in form aiid giving a sha.lo without .spiva.ling too far. Tho tulip (ro,. is also a protiv (iv.. f..r oitips. 1 .lon't kn.)w how tli.>y wonl.l ho at a arn.al..r ag... hut at tw.-nty livo ..r thirty y,.are th..y an> a v,>ry han.ls.>m,. tiw. I wonl.l plant ah..ut tho Han.o .liHtnn..o i»p;u-t in lown« that I wmild .m roa,ls. Th,. Imrso oh.-stnut mak.-s a vory snituhh, .>niani..ntHl tivp for tho noighh.nirhood of dwollings ; it is hoanlifnl in hh.KH.lni, foli.i... an.l torin. an.l is n.>vor t.i\)uhl.>.l with insoot.s. Tho ..Ini is Hom.>(ini..s infosl,.,! wiUi tho small nu.asuring worm, whi.h .-ats oil tho l..av..s. Tho mountain ash ami tJ... tulip tiv,.s ,,rp also livo tr.nn ins.vts. with tho ox.-optioii that tho horor BomotinioH attaoks th.. toim,>». Ihoro aro vari..(i,>sof foivign mapK.s tInUaro v,.rv pr.-ttv plant.-.l aJon^r with our forest maplo suoh f.ir instftnoo as tho Norway mapl... Th,> Mai.l,>irH Hair (r...., ,Sn/isl)„n„ is v.M-y suKnhl.- for sm.all l..t,s ; its foliago is p.vuliar ; it h.oks lik,. th.. l..nv..H ..f tho pin.', wo .1.^1 (ogoth.>r ami tlatt,>n..,l .mt as if th.- trp," won. a o,)nn.>oting link I...|\v.h-u th." i.ino ami th,. largo l,.afod tn^s. Tho out-l,af,.d birch is a vory pr,>tty dro.ming tn-,.. In its oarIi..r givvvth It throws up a tnll. otwt trunk, thirty ,>r forty f,.ot high, and th.-n Ih.. l.ranoh.s bogiu to ,ln-..>p and gn.w dowuwanis in long tap..ring .sirii.'^'s, which aro v.-ry grfi.vl'nl, ami tho foliag,. is n.-ally .-nt an.l Iwiutilnl. Tli.'u lh..n> is a variety both of tho birch an.l tho iHH.ch. with vory ,lark colour,.,! leaves, which an> vory protiv (n.,.s. Th<» Ioav,.saro purnlo, ohangiug in autumn to a purpli.sli groon ; tlu-y an> bt'itli pcri',.ctly liardv. Tli.-n. is lu.tliing to bo sai.! against our native bircli.-s or tlm' !Mir..p..an whit., lurch, b'ut wh.-u wo ,-aii get the dnv,ping birch (lure is no particular ivas,.!! t\.r g.>lting the others unl...ss as a matter of v-ari.>ty ; it has all th,? beauties of tho Europ,.an birch ami a gn>at many inoro. Tho lindens make very pretty trees, but inaivis pn-y upon their tV.li.ag,. sa.lly su,ll,.tinu^.^. A^virt I'nnn that both the Europ,>an and lh>. iialive liml,>ns an. beautiful tn.t.s. 'ilm cut- loafod alder does uot grow as high tis these, but it mak.'s a vory nice tree, and is perfectly FKUrr GROWING AND FORESTRY. ni ^•^Tia lmr.Iy. Wl.nn.vcr our .rntJve Hntnarh will grow ihn llhu, (flahra I^t^iniaU, or fnn.-Inaf j..nna,-l. w.ll thr.vn, H ,« n,„.f,.,.,, y hanly. un.l Ih a vory pn,t,.,y .,rno ; thoy an, aW L lOvKIIOIlRBNS— HrnilTHH. Thorp in ,,nU.. ft li«fc of nvorttn.HiH. ,m,-J. pcm«..HH.„K a pornliar hratily of it,« own ri.n ..h.v,,,w.„t. ,u..l .n.mt, roa.l.ly pron.n.l in thn Norway Hpn,.., ; „oxfc to Uu.fc in ...r- I.npH tl... AnHlr.aii pu.o, Uio Hcotch pi«n, ami M.o Orinr.tal Bpruoo. I ,|„M't. krmw wln.|,h,.r Nonhn.u, H Mr Ih K'»inK (.. prov.. «,„.,M.MHf„| or ,.o«, I am afrairl ifc in (..n.lnr .'X.npt, wl.oro M.n p,.a,-|, t,,Tn will (hriv.-. Th.M, tJ.-To aro «omo of tlin Rocky Moun- aiM pm..H win.., an- giviuK K<""l pn.nii.o of hoin^ valiiablo ; thny H.,om to he ner- U'vUy Imnly. I woul.i plant, our .nvn nntivo wl.ito pinn amoTigst t)u;u ; it m allout MH br-nPtiful ft troe an wo liavo. Tho r-amm ifc in oot planto,! with m m U.afc it i. HO comnmo l,„t wJ.orn ,t i„ aHowo.I („ «,.ow oufc io tho „p,m il, t„ako« a b„»„Ufui i...... Of I „. Htnall..,- Kn.wiM;; varin(,„.« I wouM rccommon.l tl.o junipor triho-tiio (riHh ami Hw... h.h parlu-olarly ; I prnf,.r Mm Sw...liHh. l,o,.a,.Hoifc in J.anlinr.' Thorn aro varioUog of thn (.n.r ItM; whM.I. havo ohararU.r.Ht,™ that makn fchom i„f.,roflting; thoro aro Homo t.ppod W.I. wh.t^ ^>v.„« thm„ a nilvm-y uppoaran.o. an.l olhrnn ^tho koMoo uuT^^ yolUm fulm^o 'iln. l.ox troo „,j..n-« l,a,lly with oh in Mm wioUT, Imt I Hhr.ul.i Hay that in OMawa ,i„.i oto-r parts wlmro M.o hoow oomrn -arly in tho fall and linn hito in the NpnoK. allonliMK protootmn to tho troo from the hravy fronfcH, it mi«htl.o oho.I for o,l;ri,H,« otr. W._ n.o an a Hul,Ht.t.>to tho dwarf Arhor ViUr, nn-h an ilovey'H, tho hoaU, loaforj •ft noty. I H,.„„n„ .|,.W IW, all of whi.h an, vnluahl... Mm„Kh difTorini fn.m o,mh oZ I M.o.rMtylo of «n.wM,. I havo not h-i,.,| tho Amori.an yow foanyoxlont ; f havo ho«„ .( Kn.wM.K aft.;r ranHplantat.on, and it. thrivon woll. Tho Mahmvv A,,,i.'^fulL HufforH fn,m our w.ntn-H . , .H not novo, d w.th ht.ow. It in nr.fc killod, hut tho h-avoH an, hn.waod, and ho boanty of it in also a pink-Howorod varioty, wS bl.,sMo„,H Hon,HhM.K „u, tho apple. Both of thoHo variotios are vory beautiful they ovv..r oarly, bolon, Mm oav.,H come ouf, and n.n, an inton,Hting Hight early in tho HoaHor^ Aftor M.o llowors ,ln,p tho loavoH como out; M.oy an, a bright, gloHHy green, neat clean and nv n-om .nso.tH. In a,.tmnn th., trooH an, la.hm with g^dde,. iu^it, which iii p S o tho H.ght, but very ac.d. I don't know that ifc Ih of any une. The Hlug dooH not Moubloth., h,af w.th UH. AnoM.or claHH of flowering HhruimiH the, S>ir«a, ; there iHagreat • .ety of Ui.,.n U.o moHfc pron,.n.,nt is tho plum-loafod Hpirma« ; the floworHare double J.uro wh.to, a...l .n th., autu.n,. th., foliag., becmu-H j.urple, scarlet and crimson. 'iCrl un, van..t,os ot woop,,^,. .^n.M, hu..]. m Mm Can.pr.nlown elm. They are made by grafting 1 ho ( an.pordown on tho Hcotch ni stan.lard height. There ig alHO Your.g'n weeping birch • y.ni have to gratt ,t at Htandani height, and then it will grow horizontally and downwards torgot ton.ont.o.. th.- WmgolaH, which an, perfectly hanly with ..h, and aro very beau^ titul. Anothoi- ,ulvan(,Mgo which Home of them i^u^acao v^ that thev bloom the aecoud time • {}Ir. JJcadlc] i|{ I 82 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. t,h(»y blossom first in Juno, and thon in August or Hwpfcoinhor. In sonio ORctionn of the country tho Alt/Km makry beautiful, ami niako lim' jilanLs for climbing np pillars or vorandahs. Homo of tho clomatisos dio down in winter, but if thoy aro out down at tho crown tiioy will grow up again next spring and flowor nil Buntmcr long. Thny have boon used in England for bedding purposes by pegging thtnn down and lotting thoni creep over the bod. T'lont aro two or thrtie varieties of thfi /AiHU'ift'ii 2\irtarica, which are very pi-etty ; thoy are very showy when in bloom, and arc easily cultivatod. EnOOUUAUBMRNT of TkKK PLANTtNO NkOESSARY. Nothing has been dono in our district in tho way of preserving our forests or planting forest trees on poor unoultivatetl land. Our municipalities oHbr no oncouragemont for such planting, and if you were to moot such a subject to then) they would think you wore wiKl. If I worn purchasing a farm I would make a diirorouce of at least 20 per contv between one which was well supplied with tn>o shelter and ouewhioh was not, and I wouM nuiko even a greater dirter( would \w such a demand as amply to repay them. The material for axe handles and handles for agricultuml tools is ittpidly diminishing, and it is time stops were taken, by tho Governmcnv if necessary, to supply such a demand. On the average tho iuvostmont would begin to realize in fifteen or twenty years — possibly tiftoen years would be nearer the avenvge than twenty. In certain sections some varieties of wood would be wanted for h(wps, and seedlings would answer admirably for that purpose. I suppose both ash and elm would be suitable for hoops. As a rule it is niore difficult to transplant evergreens than deciduous tree, just because tho foliage is always present in the ovorgreens, whereas you can plant the others when it is not. liut by taking evergreens just in the begiiining of the spring, before they start into growth, if the season is not exceptionally dry, they are easily transplanted. The secret of transplanting them successfully is to transplant thorn when they arc quite young, then lot them stand for two years, take them up and set them further apart, give them two years more and then transplant them again. If evergreens WiiTfi transplanted four times before thoy came into tho bauds .)f tho purchaser they would hanily moot with a death. But most men would sooner pay .i few cents apieco for trees which have been ti-ansplanted once than pay a higher price for trees which have bean fre- quently transplanteen in Europe. I don't know of any plantations of the European linden iu this country to any extent ; I know of some towns in tho United States where they are growing very nicely as a sluule tree. They are very easily transplanted and grown. [Mr. Beadle.] FRUIT GROWINO AND FORESTRY. 83 MrTIIODB of Cut-TIVATIOW. Q, Yon Hpokn o? planting tho poplar and pino on poor lands How loni, nn f J,« .vorag.. would .t he boforo thoy would realize ^profit? \. I.annct "y 0?t,"rHo on poor huulH I wouM expect tho growth to he hIow. But if it wan poor only helu o t wm broken and not muhly arable, there might be sumcient Htrength of Boil to make L tr^^ valuable, nay with.n hfteon or twenty year«, but on very ooor aoiln ifc wm.Ml pori aware of anyone collecting tree aeeds a« a buHinis either f<^ 1 oTuh^o ft expo™ tation. In cultivatmg nhelterod boltH I would keen the trees ..mffv ^l«.„ V A ^ to tlieir old age, the object being to break the wi J ' ^ "" ' '*^"^^'"'' ^^"" Q. Take the area of this room -would you sav that vou wonKl »,« v« r^«^ i u i hood^lnl , /°A «fP«'^ .*''•" '«^"'« «'-"^'''' »f the lateral branchoH all along from baby- (^. Would you recommend in any case— whatever the Hoil or the k,n,I «f f.„„ *i, many parts of this couniy;^" if mg t 'do teH fn Essef Kent "no J iT '"?.?'^ ^""^^" '' thouch even there T rlnnl.f it if ,„,n I i^H«ex, Hent, Norfolk and those count es. to a Umited extent, and l.av« »«.., AvJIo-^ t- i-f w " • • ^ ^^^^ "^"^ '^® berberry tried [Mr. Jieadle.'] " favouraoiy upon it. it docs not grow very 34 FRUIT OROWINO AND FORESTRY. li country, « hich are low spreajing tr,.,.« ; ih„i,^|, the l.ucktliora Im, elm 1„,.„ u.,,,1 lij"!' m«,lo .o„,„ ,.,pe„,„e,„e ,vit , it, a.Kl I fi,„l i, ';„^i,„ „ ,,„.t,j ,„,|„^^ °™ i. V^rTt i, J„ "of ^puo tV^iiiTtt-tCon-^'*' "" " '"" "' "^ ''"' "«"• -"'« "» ■--^ .nrly speaking. thie .shruli with us! We have a good deal of basswoo.J in our district, but it is not used very much for manu- facturing purposes. It is used to some extent by carriage-makers and others wIkmi they want a light article ; it is also used for making barrel-heads, b.-caus,. tlu- wood they have been using heretofore has almost given out. Very little iron-wood grows in our di'strict • with regard to maple for the manufacture of sugar the product of the cane is takin-^ its place largely, because it can be made so much more cheaply ; even the maple wo,„Is that used to be tapped v%-lien I was a boy are no iong.T t.'ipped, for the reason that it costs more to make the sugar than it is worth. When tliey include the labour expen.led in niakino maple sugar, and the fuel they us.>, they tind they can go into the mark.-t for the same money and buy nearly as much again of sugar cane. Eeech, maple and hick<.ry, are the best woods m our district for fuel purposes, hickory beingthe best, maple ne.xt, and beech next, tiiough there 13 not much diHerence between the two latter. There is not much nine in our district. * To Mr. Ihfmond.—Conl is used in our cities an,l towns altogether, you mav say. though there ,s a certain amount of wood used for kindling, it pays the farmer to look to his woods for the purpose of fuel, for many of them have to buy coal just because they are ot paper, I think the best tor that purpose is the I'ofml»s Tremidoidcs ; it is more li' silver pop ar than the Lombardy, and is sometimes called the weeping aspen I belie- silver poplar would answer the purpose, though I have no experimental data upon which to [Mr, Beadle.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 85 pve that op.n on It grows freely with m, and I think it would be likely to «row and thrive on poor land ; it makcH wood very rapidly ar.d growH to a lar^o nize. I c!o noHnow ot any oth.runeit is put to; it nnght ho uHeful iu nutkingcharcml for powder in common With other woo,l. With regard to th., European larch, it I.uh not be.n largely " troZed into tin. country ; i is a fa«t growing tree, anu ;,o far as experiments in Uio Wc t have been .naoe it n.e,u. UMy to prove valuable timber for railway ties ; the/are lookirurlo hat purpose, and plantn.g it in the Western Htates. I do ..ot know of ny 1 Z on in ( an-ida. lo arrive at a size at whieh it would have a merchantable v,!„ J f? .i.s or anything of that sort. I thi.ik it would re,,iire abouTttnty-^ in urope has In^en very successful ; there are large plantations in Lot and t d thev a e found to be prohtal)le invcfstments. I do „„t think there Ih an v ,.nrf ^f tUiu ■ ^ ® it wouhl not grow, for it flourishes 0,1 hilly, rocky an i Sc tland M ^r "T ''u'"''' done in the way of publishing a ba.id-book'of f<'Sry n th ^ u try C ^,^1'^^ I" Government had a large book prepared nn.ier their din., i m wii Tview to d.^ i, , . nothirt" Tv '•'" r".'**^^' ' ' ''^'^'- *" °"« '^' ^'- Uov:r:m „t re^o 1 1 Zw^ol nothing for public circulation among the farmers. w^"'"". 1 Know or I>. W. BEADLE. if MR. DEMPSEY'S EVIDENCE. Upon resuming, Mr. P. C. Dempsev, of Albury. was called and examined Fruit Gkowino in tub Bay op Quinte District. not hesitate on that point if the soil was rX T. ^^^^^d get it ; however, I should Our trees were plantS twenty four feet aS e.^b "''" ^ V? '^r^ '^^ *^°"* «'^^« ^''''' would malce the distance Sty feet itr ear ^^^^^^^^^ was starting again I weU as for cherry trees. ^r^ir^rSl^^Z::::f:!t':^^'^ '^^^^^^^ - Age op Orchards— Prices— Dkmand. 86 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. J quite small, and tboae that aro bearine ara mii«il «...•«*» u i lu ■ uear mo who has au orohara of 100 Oalvorts iuh X^,V..n "l"" \' » .f^Wo^^n own. The trees have boo.i planted about four t^in vilrH l.T .^"'' »« /»™''i« «« niy PROmAULK VARlKTiBH. it IS too lato to ship them. Sumi a.^cs shonr i,^"'''>'l ^^^ ^' '"i^^T*' ""*'' thoy ripen. Of fiill avu)Ios I Vl n-f kL^i^ r •"" l"".""-'^ immedmtely before Oibig. The SL Sliui, tl o'T^^^^ - the DuLss of a httlo. I don't cultivate the GravousLn verv muri tl.« ;r ^■'' r "'^e^^^T^y "i^''*" E.copt for the two varieties I have Tmed we do not 'ns^,!l . '? '"'^'"'? *' ^' *'«"'^«^- as for summer apples. Some years ouTfallAnnlw^ii^^i ^t^ . ^"""^ * I'"°« ^°' f'*" St. Lawrence. I havron^ouo tree oftJiat varlft^ n ^" ""' T'""' ^^*^ ^^"^ ^' *° *^« fifteen years, and though iLX be'is alte-naK/. { ^"''^^".' '* h^^ ^"«" P^*°*«^ about six barrels of the be qS.T of am^^^^^^ '' ^''' ^'^^t. it Produces Wrelsper.an„um. Ifthe^i)uch^.»e:bX'r f It does overbear the fruit is liable to split. If a portic i portion of the crop bear auuuallv. but IS shaken oil the tree when it is too heavy it wUl bear annually rioiL— Manuuk — Cultivation. trees of the forest. There is a great deal of that ki.Sf ^''f' "^t^^^" observmg the wild ing white oak ridges, and wherever the annlotr««W.'^ m Northumberland, on roll- Iamplantmgon''similarBS:roughri«alitt^^^^^^^^^ ^^"^^^ *^«" it iiourisho. ashes^Vs;liTanuS'%Ve1S^^ tS *1^' ^'^^"^^ "^^^^ ' "^ '^ ^^-^^^ apply barn-yard manure to any eSt-^e clnnot 1?^"/' ^' '"If^^P^-T" • ^^ ^^ "«* a loose soil, thoroughly cultivated to an^mam,r«fi^ J ' T ""^ '""'^'^ ''I'l^'y ^*- ^ P^e^^r trees on soxl that we w'ere tddtould nTbrg7g 'oS^To^oTrT'it hYd be"' ^^*"*1 with rye and buckwheat for fortv vears an,1 1,o,i „ ^ ^ ," ^* "*** '^®®" cropped after a bad clearing. We cleared I off ani .^,u ^f 7". *!? ''"^. * «"^*1^ undergrowth growth. Our orchard is prote Ld by a hm f^om'the w J^kT^ •^^' ^^ ^« «°*^ ^'^^ the summer heat. It is only a few of thf v^ry hldv va' ^ni"^^^^^ '.' "m P'°*'°*,^^ ^'^"'^ > »• FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 87 prcpaml for the winter. We cannot drain damp Hoil sufficiently to grow the tender varioties Tlio difforence consistjj iu tho fact that on tljo hght soil the wood ripens oarly in tho sea- floii. Tlio soil 1 refor to I would call a sandy loam, though it varies in spots. Some spots in tho orchard near us, where, as I mnntionod, the Northern Spy is flourishing are drifting sand. Upon our land tho drifting sand gradually changes to a slightly heavier soil, Lko loam, until it runs into a clay loam, where the trees do not flourish so well aa upon tho saud — particularly some varieties. WiNTKR VaKIETIFB. It is very difficult for me to say what varieties of winter apples succeed best in our district. becauMo we have a revere clitrate, and such a variety of soils, that in a f' v'.uirable locaHty we can grow any variety of winter applo. Again, wo have fruit growors who dare not plant the Baldwin and tho Greening, while perhaps they may be grown successfully in another orchard a milo away. Judging by ray own ex- perience, wo have no apple that nan compare with the lion Davis as ^ profitable market applo, if grown upon favourable locations and soil. For rotaili. in Belle- ville, it biings the highest price of any applo wo have. G: ;ors prefer ! ^m to the Northern Spy : 3 a counter apple. The variety which I esteei.. best is the In 1 Canada and eve t market thoy arc the best if properly grown. Thoy require a warm soil and of con- ) have some localities which are not favourable to their growth, and in these they are \ .le to vary in size, and to spot. The Golden Russott does not succeed very well with us, uiid we don't find it profitable. In favourable localiues tho Baldwin and Green- ing succeed well. The Calvert, if properly handled, is a profitable apple, though it does not belong to the winter varieties. It should be picked early in tho season, even when It IS quite green ; if ko picked it is one of the moHt profitable apples for shipment to Europe, as it commands fancy prices. We grow a considerable number of Snow Apples. You will hnd it flounshing in some localities, and perhaps forty rods away it is a failure I could never understand tho cause of this peculiarity. We have no tree that is more hardy, but tha fruit is liable to spot. Wo have not cultivated Grimes' Golden to any groat extent. The Northern Spy is higiily osteomod in some localities, but is eon- demned in others. In the less favourable localities tho Tallman Sweet and the Golden Kussett are about tho only apples that will succeed unless top-grafted. There is no market for the Tallman Sweet in our district. My experience with the Ben Davis ia rather limited. Apples for Exportation. For exportation to Europe, the Baldwin, the Rhode Island Greening, the North- ern Spy, and the Red Canada are the most in demand. The Ribstone Pippin is mentioned in all orders which we receive from Europe. It grows very finel- with us but IS not sufficiently productive to pay us. I have not shipped any to Europe, bui, have tolled local orders. Sometimes I have shipped a dozen barrels in a season to local orders The Golden Russett, the Roxbury Russett, the Northern Spy. the Ben Davis, and the Red Canada keepjthe best in winter. A Choice Apple. T y^}^^7^ ■*? *PP^® "^ °"^ locality to which I think some attention should be called 1 noticed that m quotations from England there is a variety called the Rock Apple' which has commanded a very high price there. It is described as a flat red apple with ' specks, and having a large open calyx. Wo grow an apple exactly of that description. I had some which were rolled out on the first of July, and I found it was not necessary to re-pack them, and sent them to the market. They brought a very good price. We call them the Freckled Mollie, though I am satisfied that it is the same variety which commands so high a price in England. The apple is liable to get a httle one-sided • it 18 a very dark red in colour. It cannot be cooked soft. The reason it brings such a price 18 because of its long keeping, I think that quits recently it commanded for ty- \Mr. Dei7ipsej/.^ ' 1 n? S8 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. eight shillings a barrel in Enr?lftn lo wnat we do the apple. We do not cultivate the pear at all, and we have hac^ no blights since we \Mr. Dempsey.] I m i|! 40 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. bnshel^ to tte'i;^-"'^'" ""'^ """' ^«"= P'"-'''' P«"i™ «" avemga of about rix It would be unfit fo/use tfleft ol^CtlS^rir^t rip^^ "'^ ^"^ °'"'°'"''" "^ "»" Choice of Localities. can ^'^os^ces2n;t^'^^^^^^^ which I represent where pears having seen any bhfht fo^ man^r I spot o„ vTf ^°"*^'*'''- ^^^" ^ «P°^« ^^ "°* Been it on other pear trees. They Tr'e Vrown I^LL?^- ""^ f P^^e'^^e. for I have thoroughly cultivated. I have no tSv to account JiriTf'"" P""^'"' *"^ *^« '^^ w*« more rapidly the tree grows the moreShl/r ^J ^ cultivation encouraging it. The don't regard the cultSon of ^s as beinrLtnfi'f'^/" be to attacks of bhght. I not recommend the encourageinen^f^- ^r! ^ f/^^^^^^^^^^^^ Select Varieties for England. ^^nl'S-stS,'^:^^^^^^^^^ there is any particular sure to be well received there, such as thrjosenhinp d« M^r '"f -T. *'"' ^^'''^ ^^"^^ b« there, just like the RibstonePippb apple it'tL^w^ ""^'^ vf' ^ ^^^^ reputation 18 largely cultivated. It is a shy bea?er and ^U ^ I ^"^ '""""^''y ^^^''« ^^^^ ^PP^e some of our other varieties L aL GW lf«n «? •? ^'^^"^ T""^ *^*° one-tenth of other sorts. I think Cox's Ora4e p2t^. ?^ a ^"'^^^ ^1' ^' ^« P^^^t^^e as many I have not been mucr.nei3 in SSnt ^"^'^^^^i'- Ifr^'^d it for several years^ None of the apples have frSl ve Z ^Lff ^f'fT' *^°,!?^^ ^ ^^""^ ^^'^^d «ome. has been chiefl^^ the ,ro^:^ ^^l^^^^^ ^:L^ SZtll "^^ ^°°*"°" Limits of Peak Culture. To Mr. Ayl8Worth.-q. In speaking of the locality of the Bay of Quinte do voa know of pears being successfully cultivated further back than the fifst or second LIZ Jiidward, and though I have fruits on both sides of the Bav f,f nninfn ^t Ii ^"^^^ side of the countv npxf fn fV.o ioi-«. i,^ ^ . '«'^'"t<'' on the southern have known one particular class of fruits to be cut off. The ™i wTre a fkiW^^^ years ago; very few of them ripened. I have never seen the apff a fXe Plum Culture — Varieties. \Mr. Dampsey.} "rny. FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 41 is rather a slow grower and yet attains a great size. It frequently produces from four to five bushels to a tree. It is very easily cultivated. The curcnlio takes its share of the fruit, still the tree crops abundantly. It may almost be saia to grow wild with us and often grows in the fence corners. They are regularly harvested and marketed and sell well m Montreal. When the tree is not overloaded it is a good dessert plum. The skin is perhaps a little thick, but not enough to make it objectionable. I don't know of these being cultivated in any other section of the country ; I have noticed w hat were called Damsons, but they grow differently from ours. I am not able to say where it came from. It is peculiar to the county of Prince Edward. Of the standard cultivated varieties, I prefer first the Imperial Gage, and then the Lombard, for home use. They are equally prolific. There are some varieties I appreciate on account of their coming in late, such as the prunes. We have fresh -jlums in the winter by simply spreading them out thm in a cool place and excluding the frost from them. I have fruited Glass' Seed- ling and prize it very highly. The Jeflferson grows very slowly compared with the other vaneties I have named. The great trouble with us in raising the finer varieties, such as Pond's Seedling the Washington, the Peach Plum, Smith's Orleans, and others, is that they rot in an unfavourable season. The most profitable for market, outside of the native plum I mentioned, is the Lombard. We have had very few of Glass' Seedlintrs, and the tree has only fruited with us one year. Shipments of plums are chiefly made to Montreal and Ottawa. I could not give you any idea of the quantity we produce Two years ago my brother produced 700 bushels himself. Most of them were blue plums grown m the fence corners. He had also a considerable quantity of Lombards. He has been planting largely this year. To Mr. Dymond.—l have seen a few sprouts of the native plum in different parts of the country. I don't know how they succeed out of our district. Price— Marketing — Insects — Birds — Manures. To the Chairman.— The. average price of plums is from $1 to $2 per bushel, though we sometimes get fancy prices. The blue plum I spoke of cames well, as do almost any of the other varieties if picked on the green side. The Lombard should be picked before it has fairly coloured. The best way of packing them is in crates made of broad slats holding about one-half a bushel. There are no insects, other than the curculio, troublesome to the plum in our district. The trees suffer a good deal from black knot. There is no remedy but amputation, but if it is attended to it can be conquered. The Lombard and most of the other finer varieties are subject to rot. I don't tliink the Lom- bard and Imperial Gage are less liable to rot, but they produce so much more that the effect is less noticeable. I don't remember seeing a blue plum rot at all. I never observed any bfrd injuring the ripening plums. The robins would pick them if they are overripe, but not otherwise. We have tried different manures, but we have found nothing equal to leeched ashes ; we apply it to all our fruit trees. To Mr. Brown.— We apply the leeched ashes especially to the trees if they are small, and if they are larger we apply them to a wider circle around the trees, judging the distance to which the roots extend. * => o Peaches. To the Chairman.— We don't grow peachcu at all Buccessfully. There are just a few trees grown, and they have succeeded the last three or four years, when we have had mild winters. There is one tree in Mr. Penton's grounds, in Belleville, which grew up from seeds accidentally left there, and which attracted a good deal of attention owing to its being so fine. Efforts have been made by allowing the trees to root only on one Bide, so that they could be undermined and bent over for protection during the winter, but they failed because the fruit buds would rot. The only way in which they could be managed at all suooessfuUy was by growing them in pots, setting them in a woodhouse for winter, and setting them out in ttie sprin". from each pot in that way. [Mr. Dempaei/.'] got frnra one to four dosen peashes &. [ : |.' < SI I ■IJ ij^B m 42 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Pruning of Apple Trees. «.n,nS^''" ^uTT^- ^ave paid some attention to the form of apple trees. I have amused myself by trammg them in cordons, by grafting the ends together and also in pyramids and almost every other imaginable shape, by adopting tC system of root prnnmg, but there is nothing pays so well in apple culture a? aSice round head not thmned out too much. I tried to get them in umbreUa form. Apricots — Nectarines — Cherries. To the Chairman.— We grow no apricots or nectarines. We have a few small cherrv orchards. The cherries that are grown profitably are of the KelLh varSy I have grown a few Morellos and Dukes. The Bigarreaus and Hearts are not Suced L our district. We don't require to ship any cherries. In the home markets we sell them at from five to en cents a quart The curculio injures the cherries some seaTons but in others we don t notice any effects from it. No other insects are injurious to the cherry and the fruit ros very httle m our district. The cedar birds, robins and orioles Soy some of the fruit. It is very seldom that the blackbirds do any damage The blue ays eat them, but these birds are so few in number that the damage they do is but sliS We have no good seedlmg cherries in our district, that I am aware of. We grow no Qrape Growing — SuccEssFur. Varieties. },«Bf ,yfv,fn''i """"^ ''^^i^?*' °* ^'^P? ^''y successfully. The variety that succeeds best IS Che Delaware, and it appears to be one of the most profitable for market and for home consumption. We grow the Concord to a considerable extent. The Delaware brings about double the price of the Concord. If I were plantmg a vineyard I would hmit myself to these two variet es. I have planted a good many of Rogers' red varTet^es ^wT^ii .^'^'^''^1:^'%*^'^'°"',^''",^^ ^'^^ ^""^ '"^^^ gr^P«« ^ave commanded about doub e the price of black grapes for the last two years. The first grapes we get ?L«!fT^" ^? the Champion and the Hartford Prolific, and they really destrrytlie taste of the people. Most of them have been accustomed to growing wild grapes Those two varieties are not much in advance upon the wild grape. The Chamuljn grape com mands a good price and sells readily. There have been very few on the market Thev usually bring about twelve and a-half cents. I have not had much experience with thi Brighton, having only fruited it once. I recommend Rogers' Nos. 3, 4, 9, 15 22 and 4-1 I have raised large numbers of seedling grapes of my own from crosses. I have planted l\f iTw h''^ ^°-t^? ^^'^i^\ ?^? ^^"'^" '' * ''^^' g^-'^P^' '^ 1"^1« l^te. l^»t it ripened last year with us. I have fruited about twenty varieties of seedling grapes. W*, de- scribe them as quickly as we ascertain that they are good for anytlimi. Our highest number is 60, but it would not be possible to tell you how many I have fruited as there are some mterveniug numbers that never fruited. In order to test a grape for its fruit It should be fruited more than one year, as sometimes it will be very superior the first year and yet fai the next yeir. They don't generally show their best points at fir.st but may gradual y develop afterwards. In my experience that remark applies to other t!rtlJHi •""!' ^''i?'%xf ?'i-M ^ ^ .7.' "?'' discovered any disease in the roots and rZ . w "/ -^^ '"'i' ^ ,^^, ^^ "^« ^'Idew last year to a considerable extent on some of tlT ,Hy^"ds and Allan's Hybrids, and extended ev< u to a Martha which stood close to Allans Hybrid. I never saw the Juit rot on the vine except a few specimens last year ; indeed it could scarcely be called a rot, it was rather that the fruit seemed to cease growing. Insect enemies do not damage our grapes to any extent worth speaking of ; the robins, however, are very destructive. 1 e The Robin. To Mr. Dyynond.—We do not destroy the robins, but we do what we can to frighten ttiem away, and have often been sorely tempted to resort to their defitruction. T [J// Dempsfiy.'] 1 never FRUIT GROWIiNG AND FORESTRY. 4a observed that the robin was of much benefit to us as an insectivorous bird. I don't think he kiUs enough msects to repay us for the fruit he destroys. I never observed any damage by the sparrows but I have heard other people say that they destroyed some of the currant and gooseberry buds. On the other hand the Hon. Mr. Walbrid^e who 13 a close observer, told me in a conversation the other day that he did not belie°vJ that the sparrows were destructive to the fruit. I have never destroyed any birds— even crows-but I find it a good plan to fire a rifle ball wi%in a few feet of them if they are destroying fruit. I have seen robins feeding on grubs and worms, but to a very limited extent. 1 beheve young robins are more destructive than old ones. Progress in Grape Culture— Wine Making. I don't think we have attained to anything like perfection in grape culture havin? regard to its possibilities. I have not obtained a grape which in all respects I would regard as a choice wme grape. The progress that has been made in that direction leads me to suppose that we may succeed m getting one. The grapes I raise are for table purposes though several gentlemen m my neighbourhood raise grapes to manufacture wine The Clinton 18 almost exclusively used for making wine. I tasted some of the wine, and it seemed ?t Zfitfr? "^"T^ *^' flavour of rhubarb than of grapes. One gentlema^ says he fiTds iirW ?n! f make wme ; he sells it at |2 a gallon, but I don't know where he gets a market for it. It is ten or eleven years since I tasted the wine to which I have referred and It may have been improved since. I do not claim to be a judge of wine. ^"""^^ Stkawberries, To the Chairman.— We grow a great many strawberries in our district— Wilson's variety chiefly, Wc don't ship many. In favourable seasons the usual product of Wil! son strawberries is from 2.000 to 3,000 quarts an acre. The price varies very much- last year It was about five cents per quart. Perhaps the average would be abouTseveT or eight cent. I have never observed that the birds injured the strawberries very mch-probably because we produce enough for ourselves and the birds too. TheJe's a little msect which mterferes with the roots of the plants, but it is easily kept under bv removing the vines, and not planting on the same soil, It is an insectVfch burrows 11 the ground. Then the larva of the May beetle is a serious annoyance to us sometimrs vlZm^Zr W^ °^ »« we !«rm tho Then there ie the king hW Xch hves om^, 12 " ".''"''' '^^ '»'" "" "■« "i"* bee.hive» aud deslroyf ule dr"ne, ""I"""'? on meeots, and eomeUme. visile onr ob.e^:/!no^rre«o;.' """' ""' '" "'" """'' "• i-""™™,, bird, ie generally FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 41^ M a flook of hens would be. I do not know if the cherry bird has any redeeming qual- ities, but I do know that it is not nearly as destructive to our fruit as the robin. The ohorry bird devours a good deal, but the robin oomes and destroys half a dozen bunohet in getting his fill. The robin will also puncture apples and pears. On the whole I con- Bidor the robin an injurious bird, not deserving legal protection. Sparrows are not numerous in our section of country. Tho witness was then examined on the subject of bee farming. Kis evidence on that point will be found olHowhero with other information on the same topic. Ue waa. thou questioned respecting FORBHTRV AND TrKB PlANTINO. To thn Cfiamnan.— It would be very difficult for me to give you the proportion of our district which is in forest, or how much of it is second growth. There is conniderablo ori- ginal foroflt proHorvfid. We have some swampy land near us and tome near Picton in our county. Almost every farmer in our section has preserved a sugar bush varying from ton to thirty or forty acres of original forest. There will probably be altogether about fiftoon per cent, of original forest remaining. I do not know of one farm that is un- cleared. Then there are some farms ofif which the timber has been taken, and a second growth of yonng trees sprung up ; not of offHhoots of the old stumpH, but young trees. rhoro IS one little patch of land, a few acres in extent, that had been cleared about nix years ago, and lately I noticed it was covered with young poplars from three to four inches in diameter. They make wood exceedingly quick. Borne of thj^m aro thirty or more feet high. The soil of our timbered land varies very much. The Woods op tdk Dibtbict — TuEin Uses. The oak is common with us, so is the elm, ash, and hickory. Of walnut wo have none except what has been planted. We have plenty of butternut, cherry maplo, beech, basswood, birch, larch, willow, sumach, and iron wood. We have also,' pine, cedar, etc. There has been a good deal of hardwood shipped from our dis- trict in the form of logs, and there is some remaining yet. The Grand Trunk Company got a good deal of oak from our section for the purpose of manufacturing their cars, etc. It is all white oak. There are a good many ties made of oak and supplied to that and other railways. Pine makes rapid second growth in sec- tions of the country where it flourishes. In fact pine and poplar are two of the most rapid growing of forest trees. Tho hardwoods are considerably used for the pur. pose of making timbers of buildings, and occasionally wo find persons finishing tho inside of their dwellings with hardwood. There seems to be an increasing ten- dency to use our ornamental woods for internal fittings. The woods chiefly used for manufacturing agricultural implements are oak and elm. For fork handles, hoe handles, etc., ash is generally used. In all our agricultural manufactories they use elm consid- erably, though ottk is also used. In carriage making we have a demand for hardwoods, hickory bemg used for most bent stuffs required in carriages. The spokes and all tho finer parts are generally made of hickory. For furniture we use basswood and butter- nut, as well as cherry and maple. Butternut is considered the most valuable for this purpose. Maple is used to some extent, but it is very hard to work. The commercial value of these woods varies from twelve to fifteen and twenty dollars a thousand. I could not tell you at what age these trees become merchantable. I remember a little hickory tree that was growing thirty-nine years ago, not much larger than my finger, and now it is twelve inches in diameter. I have heard the evidence of other witnesses in reference to the manufacture of paper from soft woods, but I do not think there is ,y m»uuf»ofcurmg of that kind going on in our district. Poplar wood is sought for for ^Mr, Dempaejf.] I IHi 46 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. •Sd tffvTave vstiZZZ^^" ^r ^°°15* considerable at three dollars per cord. Planting — Thinning — Preservation. succeed equal to the poplar or pine iFJIZIa }uJ f^J know anything that would Mention to\hrS^bTSii^Sl^J:^LfTlZf "'^ ?"''■<>">!! ^om likoly pay are about tbrce mche, in dhZC Llff,t''l° P'"°""8 "'';Pl<'=. pl«"t «iem wlion Ihey from eight lo ten feet hitrb anTi wo'J,? „° ,i °'" "*, "'""■ ^ """M P'"''-- ">e>n mending kefduous trees/ft airdepSTpo^^ As to recom- only requ red for sumniAr nnrl in fi,af L^ t /ocanty. in bome places a screen is reqiire^omaresrhaeWeeVasIrefertVjT^'^ prefer deciduous trees. The time of the soil. Under tlZS clu2 n^s^^ei;' gt'^^^^^^^^^ t'Ti ^'7"^*^ or seven years. The Norwav snmpp /•»« i^^iJ i /• ^ screen can be obtained ni six dred when they are two feSigk ^^ '" '"' ^'*"'' ** *^^ ^^^^^^'^ * l^"'^- Ornajiental Trees and Shrubs. Some techee elms, and ironwoXe/e Zud t v erv ? «y „°n . JoT'lire'v".? 'm'' planted about tweutv-five fflPt Hnnrf «n^ ,..i. , *^^^ I'^^'^^^'you streets, lliey should be tree nhould bo cut do^n I ^Z d ri ll^^^^ tl^«y a"ain a certain age each alternate crowded together For ornaLZteeBrr^ '^r?^'^'"'^ ^^^' "^'^'^ ^^'''' ^' f«"r already given. The tuliXTL too tendpft. Ti °'^ l^^'" "°*^^"S *^ ^"^'^ '^ *!»« ii«t tree succeed in our diSt T „ ?,? i^ ''", T'^. "'',."°'' '^"^^ *'^" maidenhair I J/r. JJempseij,] " t, *« FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 47 our township towards the planting of trees. On an average I would make a difference of thirty per cent, between the value of a farm of a hundred acres without trees and the same farm with trees, though of course it would depend a little on the locality of the farm, borne farms are naturally more exposed than others. Cutting and Pruning. Jo jlfr Brown.— I think a farmer with care in selection and decent management would be able to re-plant parts of his own farm, either from his own bush or that of his neighbours a very triflmg cost. I agree with Mr. Beadle about the cutting trees very close for shelter, though of course the question is one rather of fancy than of practicd benefit. One row might be removed for instance without injuring the trees at all I havenot had much experience in pruning forest trees, but I think they look very much better when they are pruned. ^ "^uvu T A ^"/^[^- .'^^^^?"'° n^*~-^ ^"^ ^®'y particular as to the time of pruning our fruit trees I do not beheve in allowing a branch to grow where it is not wanted, Jnd if pruning is required I generally do it the last months of winter, say the first of March, before there ^s any appearance of growth. I do it at that time principally because it is a time of leis- ure with farmers but .1 think it is safe to do ."t at any time. I do not think it makes any difference whether the fruit or flo>ver is on the tree or not. • I never prune severely, fL^l^'t > '' r.?'^l' ^!' .'^"f^^'y '^^ *'"" ^y ^"^ ^°'"g- " » fcf «e is allowed to thicken braSes it" "'^ ^^^^^ pruning it than to take off too many Efforts to Encouragb Tree Planting. To Mr. Dytmnd.-Aa a riUe the majority of Irdt trees are not pruned at aU but where they are pruned, there are often more pruned too severely than not suffictntlv rj l\ Jll"" K^^^""''^ '^^ *"'^P K''' ^ ^'''-^''''^ *^^ «f *^««^ during the Tst wS ter. I had them two years growing but they froze to death at last. The situation was a favourable one under ordmary circumstances. I have notcarried out tree p?anthir?o any considerable extent on my own farm. I have done very Httle tree pCS^for S^e'Sf riar^ieZ ""L* h" ""' T ^" '°^^""f ^ '^''^^'^ '' live a farm sitSted a1 the base ol a laige hill, and the protection is perfect in itself. I think if the question of v«fi'°°"''"' l^l^^glit ^for^ *l^e agriculturists of our county somethmg life a systematic movement in its favour might be brought about. Nothing is being done in uit direction now, though the Fruit Growers' Association is taking some interest S ;ho subject of forestry, though very little has been done so far except in the wav of d s cussions. which wiU bo pubUdied in the report. We have tree pe^ars in o^Hocalitv generally strangerB The trees they introduce for sale are alwayfreprLented fs bS Canadian trees, but it is difficult to tell whether they are grown in the^UnUed Stat' s o? Canada. I have seen considerable tree growing on the other side. It is Suit for Z to compete with the Americans m the production of forest and shade trfe; bec«n«« their markets justify them in growing them m .uch large quantfties that the; Jan sell hem cheaper than wo. If we had to buy ten thousand trees for the purpose of nknt CO Icct fores seeds, aad if something in the way of such advice coiUd be pubhshed in the BchooL but the .tuay s loma Du made compulsory ,n order to bo attendedto properly! '■i- m V i 48 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. If made compulsory I think it would be looked upon with favour bv tha a«n.;«„lf. i yaruM aro piautod at the present time wita shade trees or othorwiso T ihiuU i^^^^Tiu P. 0. DEMPSEY. I t MR. BEALL'S EVIDENCE. Mu. TuoMAB Beai-l, of Liudaay, was called and examined. Mu. Aylbwobtu acted as chairnvan j>ro tm., iu the absence of Mn. Saundbbb. Thk Fhuits op the Lindsay District. ^"^ f'*" t'/taiVwan.— I represent electoral division No. 5 in Uie Fruit Growers' Asso- ation, but 1 can speak more particularly for Lindsay and that part adjacent thereto of the country. The ruits cultivated m this district are • apples, pears, plums, strawberries raspberries, red. white, and black currants, gooseberries, and grapes I think there are more apples grown than of all other fruits. Plum-growing is not a success in our imme diate neighbourhood, by which I mean a circle of a few mUes around Lindsay. No peaches are grown as the climate there is not suitable. I should think there was less tlL one- fourth part of the trees m tuU bearing ; the reason why this is the case is that the noi~wn. H^adreds ol burtals are broushUii every yf.r to be winter killed as all, o?nearb aU ^ZT * ^u^ °^'^" ^*"«*^«« ^^^'^^h I have known Lombard has been winter S^ut' I'j 'rthS i'tT^'.' '"l ''^^•'^^" ^"^''^- "le Town on dwarf stock. One gentleman in fbTLjlv. u *? ^'''^^ ^'''''^' ^°ause it was arieties, and I do not think fe hirhX-dozenrees^^^^^^^ ^^^ 'J'""''' °^ twenty-fi^ trouCor-"^^^'^-^^^ P^-'^- ^^^VSe'^I su-'-^^^^^ fifr. ^eaW. FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 61 ill Chebbibs— The Robbkb Robuj. nn^ S^J^* **''.^® profitably grown with us if we Lad ao robins, bat aa the "w now stands respecting insectivorous birds w« An nnf »o„* "'^"^. °^^ fs tne law The finer kinds Sche^i'™t 'be gro^ sutSuUvTthTs dirT'^'? ^^"'"^ varieties of the common Kentish cherrfL^he fruitllinV r . "°'- ^^ ^*^^ *^<» Obape Culture. three^r%uracrr ^Se Clin^ P-?;P«-^«». -?d one now has a vineyard of. perhaps, cannot Vow rrap;s ^otiSv f^V T^ ^'^*^^'" ^^^ Champion succeed best. We with thfsrbfoulh rf^m^h/out'ridf ^'''^Tc' " ^^'.""^'^ ^^^^ incompe^tion early, but people grow themlr th^r otL\se t^^^^ w' ^t "P"'^ ^uj^iently soil with clav subfoil T Z. " ,'^"®^^ own use. ihey grow best with us on a rich loamy poundsltVe^n^MaLTouTfir^rU^'ou':^^^^^ "''^ "^^? grapes; a fe^ disease of root or leaf that I am awar« nf nn i ^^ ^'''•' ^'^ °°* ''^ "'*«•* ^^ ^"7 is troublesome. ^ ''^' °°^ ''*''® ^« ^^^ '°«ect pest j but the robii Strawberribsi. to supply's dir For"*hor ""' "' *"" '\*°^' ^'^^ ^'^^ i^ .ot sufficient are esYeemed the most? bft few of thCnTr"'^*'"'' the Triumph and ^ae Jocunda Wilson TV,o rJl^ f ^ ^°™ *^® grown. Almost everyone erows the TheHre ?old^to Z P' -.^r "^ * f-«"raWe season is about two 7housaS quart* totYe?^Vand-istle"ct^^^^^^^^^^ ''t' T*.^- 7^« ^^^ - de'trSte which serio'usly damages lie or J^^^^^^ """^ '^' "^''^"^^ ^''^' ^ ^^^^"^ ^^^^ ^^ '^^7 insect ExTENsicv OP Strawbebry Culturb. vatior^f'ttra^XeJl^^rn^^t^U"'^^^^ ''r^' Y P^°«*^^^« *« ---« ^^^^ -'-' 8X0W a far better sam^irtha'l'^can'We^ow I W T Hali'^""-. -^ere they ca^ from the front, but ours ripen la^er and tli^f n fi? 'l^ strawberry than those coming but it is stiU l^ter. The ^uVfS i^totmt^^^^^^^^^^^ '^' *^« ^-i' Raspberries— Blackberries. and t?e ntS S^sTe^'l^rVof kTo^T ^'^ ^^?^«^P^-. ^rinckle's Orange, past winter, when the Phnadelphirand Bnnlw T ''^"'*''' ''^^*''* ^"^^^^ ""^^1 this ten cents p^r quart is rea ized£ tS^^^^^ ^''^^^^ T^^ ^''^'^7 *" killed. About which gets int^hc top of trecanef^N^^^^^^^^ V ^T' "•'" ^"^^'^^ °^ '^^^^ ^^^'^ hardy in our district^ WUd Tckbem'es .row „h r^*,'*^ 7''l'''' °^ blackberry are my immediate neighbourhood Thev selff 7 ^^""f^'^ty farther north, but not in and there are but°ferplantswithin'a iSin^ST "^*f''"^ ?^ *^<^ ^*°^*« formation, varieties, one with a veClonVb^rrv an^ A 1 ^''' ""' '' ''^ ^''^'^^y- There are two the same' species, Id thSeTs^carSv anv differ^ "''^f, '""'^^- ^'°*^ "^« ^*"««- °« together, some tim« aft«r the Sck Can7 "^t^ 'T-t-'" *''«''' *^«*«' Their fruit ripens no- fruit: °^ ^^P'- Tlic IvilReuuy will ^row well, but we get [Mr. Beall] Hi 62 FEUTT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Currants— The Boree. Of currants we have the Eed Cherrv anH tha WJ,;+» n ones that I know of. There ufod to ^ TLfii t ^^'^P®' ^^^^^ "^'^ ^^^ only but those who attempt to ^L anything hkeTn^7 /'•.'^ T^'"" ^^ ^ ^^^ ^*™«^«. of these two kinds. They ^rJ proHtable for £ ^'"'^ ^'^^'P* *^^*^^^ "'^^ «' othe^ not for commercial purposL AlLstever^^^^^^^ consumption or family use, but they are sold the/ realize thirtTfive to fiftv l^^""' *^T ^? -J^^^^^^Ives. When imperial measure. The curran Torer is very\ uriol* ^r ' '^ ',^°'^* *^" 'l"^^*^' walk running through my garden where ?ed and Sr T""^ P^^"""- ^ ^*^« ^ nately on both sides. tLso bushTwerf n™ ^ u*'"''^''*' ''"^ P^^"*^*^ indiscrimi- the same age and taken fron^he LL bed ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^7, "myself, and were planted at on the other the bushes are badly deXoved "^ Sn one swS ha''%" ''''''''^. ^ ""''''' '^^^ onions, and I use salt upon them ver7lar Jv TJ . ^ f°^'^'^'''"^^ ^^^''^ g'-o^" tected the currant bushesfl simply meSion thlVt T." '^^ ^^l'''^'' ^^' ""^^ ^^« P''^' damage if people did not'take careTdS b^t^, l.n^.V"''""' ^-orm would do mucli not aware of any other insect injurious t bushed':? fruit ''" "' "''" '''''''''■ ^ ^^ r^^l^ti^^Zl^;^^^^ the growth of cur- wUd currant growing in my immediate nerbboth::d:rho^ri tvo'sS^rl^^^^^^^ Black Currants— The Curra\t Worm to cheir growth, as they wUl ffrow^'nlL!? , ^T / ^^^ '°'^ particularly favourable the measuring ; ' m so^me yearsT^o I Zv. n^f '''^ "^ '"'h • ^^' ^"^'^^^ ^^^^^^-^ ^^om for them is generally f^omtPnM°«f.: ^''^r "°* ^^^" ^^^y tJ"^ year. The price we get crop with J ?XZnl7. thetaZt f" r'\ ^Gooseberries are a profitable the^English White Sm^ThVhet,riil\rgs ZTsltn\r'u ^"^'^"^ ' ^'^^ got twelve cents per quart for the Wh te Smith las vear tL%''* ''•"*' pcT quart. I very green, but the otb^rs I .sell when aey are near Wrine Non.nTr^ ''-^^^^^^ '°^^' by me are subject to mildew, but some ptSons complain that S Dn '^™*- 'u ^f ^"' The currant worm is very destructive to the7eave7buUf 1 1. •? T""j= IV^^ *^"°^- to it in time. We use hellebore and water! applied wt a sS/ t"i "^ ^^ ^u'^'^'^'i a fruit worm which destroys the unrine fruit for ^^I ^ ^t \ ^"''''' ''°*' ^'^^^^ ^^ gooseberries, but it require^s to be v r7rioh "nd weS^^^ V'^^ ^'^^*'^'- apart. I do not think they should be any closer thin th„t ? ^ ^"''''' '^f ^''' l.:rry in my garden of the Whifp SmU^ ,??J . t u •*'•, -^ "®''®'' «^^ * mildewed. Gooseberries— Cranberries— Melons. FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 53 To Mr. To the Chairman. - Grape Ccltork. the Eogers, nu^W; FttTll^^nt^iSr^^^^^^^^ neighbourhood, and have iVuited. They do much bXr fW L .1 ^''"'J"'. '"^ ""'^ I am aware of. The Concord, the DelLare andfl.l Pr ^ ^^ °*?^'" ^""^ties that not like the Champion myself aJ.d wSnotgrowIt I aZ; w^.T '^' '^'^''': ^ '^^ a3 to the pruning of grapes' I'think they should be pruned fnthlfallS^r "'^'T^ in the summer. I agree with the evidence of Mr tv. -.^ ""'^ ^'^^'^ pinched and ra.pterrie8. evidence of Mr. Dempsey with regard to strawberriea h. illl t*T '''' t""" '^'"""'^"'""^ '" '' ^'"^ ^'•■'""^S. His evidence on that subject will *e found elsewhere. He was then examined as to Forestry and Tree Planci.j The Woods of the District. trees growTouVLtrict oak e^martH^'^'f ""f"' ''"''^ growth. The following larchrwillowandSnwood Suma^rj^ ^f*^^' "'^'^'X'^' ^^^<^^' also the pine, hemlock and cedar W«C ! ' • '^ '^^ '^ ""^^ common. We have not much pine TonreharcKood is Ihin^I. ? ^"^^^f, ^T*'*^ "^ ^^''^^' ^'^^^ hemlock, and .lumber. W litt^'r^itdlir^^^^^^^^ P"-^P^"^ - '^^ ^orm of Economical Usas of Woods. wiihifXu^t S vTrs Zt\ow'r°' ""? ^ ,*H '"*^"°^« «f »^-'«^« "«W maple, cherry and birJh T?p?l i ■ i • " "'°1^ '^'8'''^^ ^^"^ ^^""^ P-'rpose, especially been introducing a^aSd a^ £h to ;Z^'"r/"f '^ f^at many persons have cultural implements oik Pi mi!;.iT a T ^''*^"*- * "' *he manufacture of agri- and maple arXmosWdurbbofl^^ T IV^I^ "«°^- ^''^ "'^■^' ^J^"' ^i^^h of vehicles, but t does not crow in onr hV^" T'S' "''"^''^ '' "«^^' ^" *''« manufacture ..sod in J,ug^y making but ft' not Tn?," , ^.''^««^^'7'''.""til lately, has been largely the bodies of buggref Fo cabinet r.^^ "''^V'"^'' *hc introduction of bent wood for pine, maple and aTare al used VCn"^ walnut, oak, *lm, butternut, cheiTy. birch, dollars pSrthousSTIipirio ^ Z°^ ^"'"^''" '■^"*''' ^'"''^ *^el^« to twent^ used so^much perliaps al it ouai; o be ^"vv '^'^ "' ?^ '''^ «^°^" "'*^ "'- ^^t it is not thousand. Nothing^ s being done with tholof tt ^1 % ^"?f sample for fifteen dollars a few years ago there was a f£^ nJl.T !• ^T^^ ^"'' *'"' manufacture of paper. A extent. I fm not aware tSa Toi?.^'''**''"' ^ "^ ,''*''^'^°^* ^^"^^ "^'^'^ ^^ * considerable *nd cedar are both laLelv us^l in^.! T -u °''* ^'l""^'' ^' ^' g^'^^^'^ t^^^^'^- Basswood district, but not mutr ork stavrrr?"''^'"*'\-P°^ " * ""'« ^^''''^^'^l ™»de in our ^.nway tie. cedarXmlocktrtlmaS"^^^^^^^^ For .^jy oeaw, *nd in .ome cases . larger amountfor' e'xtm" good on/s "" ^"^ '^'°°" "" ^1 •+ H FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. nil Flantino thi Black Walnut. I would consider black walnut tho most valuable of all trees for forest plautiug. l know It will grow and succeed m this district. I do not know of any person who Las grown 1 or attemptoJ to do so but myself. I have about fifty very fine trees. Ihavesomfr that will measure from six to seven inches in diameter, and are about twenty feet high I haye grown thorn from nuts planted in 18G6. I know of no tree that will crow so easily so rapidly and with so little trouble. The trees I mention are bearing nifts now, and 1 think I observed nuts on them five years ago. Almost all our native trees can be grown successfully ana ^ith very little trouble. Our poor lands consist of two kinds We have none m the immediate neighbourhood of Lindsay, but in these counties we have swamp land and rocky land. On the rocky land the pine, spruce and cedar can be ■icoesafully grown, and tamarack and black ash can be grown on the marshy land. Thb Spruobs. By spruce I mean the kind that is called the Canadian or black spruce It varies much m colour. I bought a thousand plants of Canadian spruce a fow years •go. I consider it superior to the Norway spruce because it is equally as pretty m shape and it has a better colour. Witli the Canadian spruce we can cet almost ■ every variety of shade, but the Norway is all one shade. I suppose the dilTcrent shades are all of the one variety but thoy diflor during their liie. They can be cultivated Buccoasfully in rows, with the branches interlocking in the way described by Mr. Beadle I have a tine close cut spruce bodge about tive feet high, pyramidal in ahane, and five foet across at the base. It can be pruned beautifully, and we have now every shade and colour from the palest yellow to tho deepest green. It .loos not grow so fast in the open ground as tlie Norway spruce, though I have trees planted twelve years ago, Ml" which I cut the tops five years ago, and they are now eighte.Mi or twenty feet high. I do not know how the Janadiau spruce compares with the Norway spruce in merchantable value. It will grow almost anywhere. I would plant it along with cedar or pine on side hills or rocky places. ' ^ PLAN'S FOR Tree Plantino. To the Chairman.— 1 cannot suggest any plan for the extension of forest tree planting. There will be a dis.iositiou to cultivate it when the farmer finds there is money in it. I have a gjod ma.vv ^r-'^s growing natural in my own grove, that is, 1 did not sow the seeds, they came up a:J I took «are of them. I cannot speak as to the etfects of leaving ')elts of woods as screens on farms, as I do not know that wo have any m our ueiglibourhood. I know of trees being planted for roadside ornament : it is done as private enterprise. To Mr Di/mond.— V:\vmers g.)nerally in my neighbourhood d-nude their land of trees with the exception of a small patch h'ft for firewood. The hardwood in the back country is largely used for timber and cord wood. A MAKKKr /or Hardwood. A good market is being created for Canadian hardwoods. In my younger day* hardwood lumber could not bo sold at any price ; now it can be sold readily at fair prices, about the same as those realized for pine. There is a good deal of hardwood aloiic the line of the Victoria Railway. * Stukkt and Ornamental Tree Planting. To the Ghairinan.--l would recommend trees planted on the streets to bo placed about forty fee^ apart ; they are generally planted too close together. On roads I would plant them still farther apart. One of the best shaded roads 1 know of in Canada is th» concession line a n.ile and a quarter north of Brookiin, County of Ontario, about three [Mr. liiuU.] J'4l« FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 65 nnlea long. It is lined on both sides the whoio way with trees, principally maples. When they were planted, say from ten to forty years ago, they were planted too near together, and since that time many of the trees have been cut out, and still they are too close together. Many persons are planting trees in the fence corners along the roadside. The trees are generally obtained from their own woods which the cattle had been excluded for a few years, he could get trees enough from it to planthalf of a township, and if an arrangement of some kind was made between the farmers and their municipal councils the township roads could be planted at a cost which could scarcely be felt; but trees cannot be planted under present arrangements a^ two or tliroe cents apiece, as mentioned by a former witness. To the Chairman.— U a man plants twenty trees in a day after they are brought to him he will do an exceedingly good day's work. The statement made by Mr Boadle with regard to the number of trees which could be planted in >.. day may be true of his neighbourhood, but it is not of ours, as the soil is different. Wo have only a few inches ^.rf'i ' loam and below it we have hard gravelly clay, so unless the trees were properly p anted they would have hard work to grow. Trees for planting around build- ings ahould correspond with the stylo of the buildings themselves. If a man has a fine gotlac house he should plant a different class of trees from what should be planted near all Italian villa though I should say in the first place that any trees are better than no trees. Any of our native trees will grow readily if properly planted, and if it were thought proper horae-choHtnuts nught be planted. I would have some European varieties, such as the oak, ash and elm, and also the cut-leaved birch. ^ronu^" ^^'•- /^//'«""J-Our soil is ratlior a heavy clay, and generally before planting the trees I would have the ground well pulverized. o ., r b To the Chairman.— I M^ould give a prominent place to the native spruce. We should not forgot our native pine, for there is no mon, beautiful tree wo can have, if taken from the woo.Is when very young. Our townships give no encouragou.ent to the planting of trees. I would give fifty per c.uit. more for a hundred acre farm with s'- '• hcient trees planted upon it for shelter than I would for the same farm without the tr tor screens for orchard purposes I would use a strip of land from ten to twenty feet Wxae.' For a slu^Itcr screen I place first a row of spruces and six feet from that another row. planting the secou. row so that the trees should come intermediate) as regards the first row Just beyond that I would place some of our ordinary trees such as walnuts, maples, iron woods and .;o forth. I think that makes a very effective shelter belt. The hardwood trees do not interfere with the growth of the others. They always keep above them and in my screens they are growing togeth.^r without injuring one another They have been growing for about twelve years and are now abcut twenty feet high, though I cut oil the tops some six years ago. o > o m. r. • .. J- , THOS. BE ALL Ihe Commission then adjourned until 7.30 p.m. MR. CHARLES ARNOLD'S EVIDENCE, TTpon resuming, Mr. Charles Arnold r.f Peris, was called and examined. Fruit Growing in the Paris District. To the Chairman.— Ab far as growiag fruit is concerned ^ am tolerably well »o- quuinted with the section of country tvverty miles west of Paris, ten or fifteen miles ■outb, and ten miles north and east, say an area twenty miles square from Paris. I have been engaged in fruit culture upwards of thirty years. All the ordinary fruits that have been named are grown m the district I represent, though peaches are grown on a small 1... ._r!. ..!,,, ,_,i viiviiica aiiu biackbcmci have not been a buccess. Of the [Mr. Arnold.] 1.1 i . I J- hi ' m r? 1 i 1 ji^ FRUIT OROWINQ AND FORESTRY. If How AND WUKUR TO Pr.ANT OncnAnDs. plMif.nl dio cv3y.ar £ ar ! I ''7?°''^' >'".'"«^". -^t I-vtsf, ono I.„If „f those L so rapidly aHf„L"; nth s^^^^^^^^^ ^';;"^ '" -""'-'."y -''>•«'•'«. t'-onRl. produml in timt .Jinirict each yoTr 1 Should av t .^.,"7,% r" '"""'"'^ "^ ^'^l''"" •ppIo« produood ttR Hutiunor and fall annC Lri ton tunon rh ,„any winter noithor too HtroHK a olay no, k, li l.THand wlfl Jf'''' 'n'""''' ^ •'"■"^'"' "^ """ ^'"^* " tho soil to ho Nvoll dr;inod As t^ ,o dinij. . '. ''""",' *'"' ", '"'"'"'■'' "^ '"'"'"tone; that thoRo who livo o oI.m.r«l k1 uZvhoi^T'" "''^y T"' ?"'*■ "'^"''^ «"" ' '""«' tw.nty.fivo or th"rty f ot u^^^^^^ f ,r .. ' " r"*^ "V^''" "'•'''"^'■"' "'•^"" ' ^•^"'•' P'^nt VaIUKTIKS of Al'I'LES. What Apples to Ship. FRUIT GROWJNO AND FORESTRY. 57 If I wore to «hip to London, England, I wonid «ond fiamplos from which they niisrht rhooHo and ,f 1 w,.r« shipping to H,.otIan.l I wo,dd oxiH,ct to Hond difT.n-nt vari.-tL from ISI n firttl ';7"I'""^'' "\f"t^'1i ^\' '""^ »»°'"" ""^••'^''t the variot,ios n.o«t profit able aro hrnt the WuKu.r and the Nortlu.rn Hpy. For early winter T Hhould have men- tu.nod ■'"' l^'"„,M,Hc. Th« R.lmtone Pippin would bo anothctr. Lator in tho «eaHon tZm won .1 bo rho (lold RuHHot an. tho Ji.,xbury KuHsr^t. I would not like to leave out Z Haldwin, il„.nKh I hmlc ,t .h a poor applo. I would aim. inclu.Jn (irirnoH' Qoldon Thore has boon ,.o donmnd for tho (koornnR latoly. The Hpitz.nbor« m,n.„«dR w„]l in Homo local" ities. I"«'' ^"^^ y«" tho Goldor, RuHHot H«»W TO KkEP ApI'I.KH in WfNTEn. Vi.H othor variotioH are goo tho Royal .Horticultural i ely of I ngland. I ho one which the Fruit (irowors' Association hero pronounced the b^t the Royal ilorticutural Society would not look at, but they Rent me a kin.l of diploma and spoke very highly of tj.o other three, that is, tho Ella, t,he Dora, and Arnold's Boluty Ihey were among the frui s exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition and I received a medll or the best Hories of hybrids. Of the standard varieti. h, which a;e cultivat^.d etowWe bu aro no reliable ,n our district, aro the Baldwin and tho Greening. TW are tender' unless worked on other trees. * ' tonaer, Br,ionT— -Insect Pests. We have a slight blight on our trees in that district, bat it has not been serioa. We have also been troubled with the Oyster Shell Bark Louse, but we have no borer!" We have no insects oa the leaves, and we do n.t allow the tent caterpillar t^ troufaTe [Afr. Arnold.] t' $< 1 m s» FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTEY. moth. V, u„d„g,„ Lr ,x„ riTidT. rd',ri ■ "■" r "'''° "• ""' "'' ■>' ""■ OuoiiARD Cultivation. when it iH growing too slow I iuVmodS oTvdC? , , n ^ ^'"'- «''"'" ^« ^"""^ '^'•"""^'' '"'d to plant a Sew ord,ard -tho»;i; ;1 « ufe K-^i XS^^ ''''' / «''""'^^ ^^ -'•^ Aft«r that tho treatmont would d,.,l, • 1 ^ ^°'^^°"''"'' ''^''y^'araat loast. and richnoss of tho ^ol , it so. H ;?ulTri?rr'-^ an tho d4th, Htrei-Kth un orchard ronuuning in' porn.aZ iruTs or 1 d-v^ " " '^"''" T"'" ^ ^""^ •pple treoH,becauso it ceases KroJnu iif sl.tr h- T"""" V" ' ^'•""' *" ""^ny the fall rains conio on it n.ak.J H rt t.oT ^ '1,7 '"" Z' '''"'\'^* >^''^' ^""' ^^'••'" trees are luully injured. C^idor is o v d« fn .. '''' "^"P'' *" ''»"'" '■ ^ ♦''" particular varieties are cult vate 1 nrZi *' r'?"'P*'°" '" «»'• '^'^Uty. No fyh^g under the trees Le 1 arlto'cd^r '3^^^ ^,^^f '^ "Vf ''^" ?"*^ "''" ^"^^ winter apples, and that is the rea on 1 >y a.l Jrown '> t'T'"' t«V ''^'''^'.^"'"^ '''"^" bo a market for summer and fall u> I f ^ • '"'' "" *"'*^""*- There would to England, iVranitoba or o"' I n Zl 1 oTr'" ''"'""*' "'"'^'' "''«''* »'" ''^1'!-' not think of growing more u m.o s " nl s^ l''' """''" "^^""^'^'-'y «'-«>vn. 1 would •hip. There is nothing in the w v o s i or . \ ^"""V ^"'"\ ""^"y «•' ^'"^^ 1 could to prevent as from growing as 2^ a^we jd:!;;;::^' ' *" '''' '^'^^'^^'^^"*^ «^ ^ «-^ --"^^t. CuoicB Apples. the English, as it is a favourite ■ m ?^L^ ^-ultiyated to suit the taste of men think there is nothin " 1 ike ' T nk ^''^ •^'"''''^^''V^ ''"^^ '"»«* S'-'otch- in those countries. It is m,/ a fil-tt-ch J g t, .' TZT"^ ^ ''^'^ P"'"''^"*^ able apple here if we had a market in E Und \Ve 1 '"'"7" u' " P''*^^'*- Btones than they «in in England owin.^ to nr i • ^ ^^'^"'^ ^'"' ^"*t«'- ^i''" localities tho llibst<,ne Pip h s a shv be 1^ H^'^^^ n •^'""?'; '^''^''"'- ^» ««"^« ties. I have some half-d "en Ribstono P ni ^ "^ "1'*'""^ '^''" «*''»« °">«'- varie- With regard to the Ontario appblvS^^^^^ 'r'-J'T '^''? ^''^^^''^'^ ^••'^««- o the Noithern Spy. On the'^.h;:!;;;. eXt \. :^^ k hXS;? '^ """'i'" ^''T other It has a strong resemblance to the Wagoner Itisabonff P/'.,'""^ "" *^'« flatter and s ghtlv more acid Jt i« „ l.n,...* * i i , , "'^ '^'^ ^'"' "^ *''" Wpv, but wo^ild not be'usea in ^.S:^ f Jr a^d hs" apl" TtTs I'f '°" t'- *° "^'"^ '-• I* apple. I have never shipped apples to E urS .t '. / "T", ^^' '" '^ K""^> •^""^ing the taste of the people, I ha>o not te^ *' n ' ^ '"'^ f ^ '^'^^^ ««"' *» ascertain thereiHonlvo„e^>eLingltirex8t*w^^^ LT^"'M\'^-' ^"«'^^^' ""^'•'''^* l^-^^"^'' quantity I Should think-'it wou be f^";, ttablla^ ! 'if. "' > '"" ^". «"^* "' «"*«--'' which is perhaps the most profitable o'fdJpp.ST^s; 1 Ihl^r^"'' '" *!j' '''^'''"■■"' will compare lavourablv with the very l«4 but 1 13' ♦ i '* '" '^ ^^"'"'^ ''PP'^' '^"J FRUIT QROWINa AND FORESTRY. 59 apples from America, Canadian applos, and all good apples from Canada \mericaD apploH. The Newtown Pippm is an American apple which haH almost gone oi fashion, in England for several reasons. In th« first place you scarcely find two mm who agree as to which is the Nowtown i'ippin. Many are shipi.;d to Englanri under that name which are nothing but Greenings, and you will see the same confusion at all our exhiliilions. Enolibh Tastb. A dessert apple which would take the Englinh market should be of medium sizo very prvUy, ai.«d, at the same time, possoHsing a good fiavour. 1 havo Grimes' Golden 'it is a yellow ivpplo and would lake the English market. The common people of England who buy apples for cooking nurposcs want a red applo. I have not an appio which com. !s exactly up to thn standard I havo described for the English markfit. There is something yet to bo done in order to strike that particular want. Cox's Orange Pippin wl.ioh I mentioned is a very lino apj)lo, of excollont fiavour, and though it is not quite bright enough, is suitable for the English market. Pear Culturb. The most successful variety of There is more satisfaction in growing rcHonibk's tiio Bartlett, and is a little first-class pctar. 1'he l!ourro D'Anjou equal in flavour to tho Seckle, which pear which is likely to become popular. Tho localities. Pears havo to bo shipped from pear, everything considered, is tho Bartlett, it than any other. Clapp's Favourite strongly earlier but not so reliable. Tho Shelden is a for a later pear is very good. Tho Tyson is 18 a very fine pear. The Ooodall is a recent Flemish Beauty succeeds well in some our neighbourhood to pay, and these pears will not carry far. I do not think pear culture has ever been made verv profitable with us, and it la certainly not at all equal to apple culture in that respect I have never grown pear stock myself fit to work, but I have imported wild Scotch pear stock and all poara have succeeded admirably with it. Wo should wr k our pears on •onio wild hardy stock. I would much prefer working it on quince stock, buddinjr low and planting tho pear down below the surface so that the tree begins to bear immediately and yet throws out roots from the pear stock which become standard trees I would rather take such a tree than a pear worked on poor pear stock. By poor stock I mean lack- mg any hardihood Ihey havo not tlio hardy character of the wild Scotch or French pear liiey are not reliable; first, because, of seedlings, no two are alike in robustness of char- acter. You may get one good one and ten bad, while if they are grown from quince stock they are all alike. 1 am satisfied that tho stock exercises a great influence over tho tree that, It is grafted on, and also upon the fruit. If the Duchess D'Ancouleme is worked on pear stock it would .scarcely be known, but if worked on quince stock it is three or four times the size and better in flavour. The Secklo will not crow on auince stock, and the only way to grow it is to graft it on good healthy pear stock. The averace price per bushe rea izcd for pears is about a dollar and a half. All varieties of pears are subject to bhght. Ihe Seckle and the Tyson are less subject to blight than any I have -n my grounds, but I would not like to say that they would resist it. The slue on tho leaf IS occasionally bad but it is not hard to get rid of. Ripening pears should be kept m a cool place, and, if pear growing is made a business of, there should bo a room for the purpose. I would not allow them to ripen on tho tree. I would pick them when they had attained their growth. You can tell when they are full size by lifting them up i,V the finger. If they chng to the branch it is best to let them remain for a while I would keep them in a cool place, but if I wanted to get the highest flavour I would 'put them in a warmer room a few days before I wanted to use them. I do not think it requires any light to koe" thon>. \Mr. Arnold.] 60 FRUIT GPOWING AND FORESTRY. Cause op Blight. .houj;: r ^^ttiirl'uTiri^^^^^^^^^^ V\^,*- , J '^-e 3r "™- on my orchard after a severe or sudden chaLe suoh T! L "^ • '1^' generally comes branches together and breaks thetp vtsefs ' I am satisfied'^hTtl' f i^^^."°f « t»>e cause of it. Pears which grow slowlv in ««,«/.?, -u m ^'^^ ^°°^ " also one as those which grow in a vfryTich soif \wiT^ ^ " r u °''' "^ '^"^ «° -"^''j^^t to i* Sometimes the trees recover frombSt and /olr ^/l^^'"^ *'"''' '^''^ ^^^^ unhealthy, subject to be killed. ° ' ^'"'^ sometimes they do not. Some varieties are Plum Cultur& quest^n"? p'^fit^brpllToW^^^^^^^ * ^'^^^ Pf' -d affects the cuiios from about fifty trees an? of om^r,. if ^"^^ g^* ^^^^ *I"-ec thousand cur- has no shaking to "Vh 'profit wil brg;eate7thTn''i'r ^S ^''/ P'"™ *''''^«' *"^ more every year than the f ruit a,nm n J! tf t ^^''\F''''^' . % plum trees cost me Seedling, tL'^Green Gage and tLc«i^^ ilUhTb H ^'T^r. y«»ow Gage, Pond's the Lombard plum, and althouoj? it fTll.' . T better sorts thrive with us. I have as any. Pon.rs Se^dfiSg . rbl^ t.t^te tL pH^^^^^ than others, it is as profitable duce half the crop. There are verrw nln^ .^ f Lombard, but it ,Iops not pro- dollar to one dolla? and a half for t&Z^mbfdLS^^^^ ^' generally get from ^one plums, such as the Washington o^Pond s SePdlii slf? '^''"r "' ^^"l ^"^^'''^ ^^'^ «"« rot. I think the Washingt^on supers wleS IZXTV ''1 '' ^^^'^ '"•*"'•"> ^^ plums are thick and touch each other wmsuSrom ro^ n ""'• • ^?^ ^'''^ ^" ^^^''^'^ ^he showery weather, followed by warm rnslf e esnecLllv If Z'^-^l^'l^'^" ^^' ? *'""^' ^''^"^ gcther, causes them to bruise and then mortSionTsome Ln 'oT; W ?^ ^^^T *°- know of any plum seedlings which deserve S be betteHcno7n ""^ "''' '^ ^ ^°'^*^* The Robber Robin— The Cherry Bird. destructive from the first rinen,-n.r nf +!,« 1„ M™ying piums. Ihe robins are most steal all the grapes and'thenThTy'fJr out' Twe f S of"^ ElTlr .^'^^ ^-hich IS at this moment literally covered with cWrv T. *' 1^*^^^ ^^^7 cherry flesh on them, .'.e robins and cLrTSs have c eILd ^^ a particle of a'l unmitigated nuisance. I have known the rnhfn fn^!? l^ ''^^"^ ^"^ '^ »!«« knew him to eat the curculio or the^Xgf^o torl^;^^^^^^^^^^ '^ '• "^^^^^ fully protected by law, but in self-defence I am comnellPrUn «?!?. • ^- ^^ '^ *'*''^- With regard to the native plum of wSi Mr BeaH ^noL^^ 1 ™ !? ""^ °'^" S''°""d«- such a fruit and can eetsuner or varTet p« frnm nM ^ !' ^^ ^^^^ '^ ^^"^ ^^^^^0 we have exactly to what we want^ ^'''' countries, we can model the fruit just How TO Obtain New Sort& By taking our wild plum and crossing it with our best varipftnc ^„ -n • culio in our district. M/"r. /l»-no/d:i FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 61 Chjbbky Cultcrb— Vabimies. Tble ""^TfU^^ f'lt^''^ ^^1"''^c 1 '^^"'^' ^^ °" ^"*"°*' »"d fi'^d *hem profit- able. The Elton 18 the variety of cherry which everybody should cultivate as it succeeds well. All varieties, I might almost say, succeed ou the Mahaleb stock TK ir'l r^^'^'^^y ,<;t^* T '^^ ^'' *^y ^^^"y^^ ^^^c^ed on the Mazzai^ stocks TJ,„ Ttr 1 • T , — ^'"^'ijr, wuiuu grows in Ihe Mazzard is, I suppose, the original of the class of that name I do not know whether it belongs to the Bigarreaus or to the Hearts. Mazzards are tender in most places, and are very often unreliable, simply because Mazzard!e?Z2 seldon, turii on.t two ahke. Some will stand the winter and soL will not. The MahaleS are called dwarfs, although they grow cjuite as high and as rapidly on Tas on the Maiatd for a number of years. The Elton is too soft and too good a cherry to sldp-tortS'r in tha losh. It IS a constant bearer, and altogether a "very fine chS^y. The mTv Duke has not been as great a success with me as with some other people. iL Governor Wood IS a fine white-fl...shed cherry. The Black Tartarean is a beautiful eherry, wkh fine flesl hough he tree is tender in some localities. The Black Heart is another^ery fine chSry the liardiest of all except our old Kentish cherry. Knighfs Early Black is anothei S cherry. All tliese varieties succeed with me. The Nap°oleon Bigarreau is a We chfrir There IS no profit at all in the common Canadian cheny, because Everybody hatfhem S there IS no sale For the cherries which I ship to Stratford, London, and so f^rth I tZ. ^r, """ \"r' f « *r r '■',' ^'^^^ ^« ^'•^^'^ '^^^ ^^^^-^^^ ^^^^^'^- '^hey retaTl at about welve cents I do not find that the curculio injures the cherry to anv exto,.t and the fruit 13 troubled with no other insecta We do not find that the^fruit rots much, though that depends a good deal on the sort Some varieties are more subject to it tl2 others Those varieties which hang in large clusters are much more subject ti it than t^ose grow ng singly or nearly so. Occasionally (he woodpecker takes a few, but it is norso^wi h taking any oli I do not like a very warm, sandy, excitable soil for cherries. A sandy Mr Mn"l" f n .'^^^'u" l^'t\ '^^''' "'''' ^ '''^^^S sent to me some years ago by tiLhA ?°'^'"'''' ""^''^ ^"/'"'^ '^' ^« ^1"*^ Ultra. I thought little of it ft the I bo ilv.T- ""^ ''T ^'^^*' '^ft^rwards, and the mo-o I saw of it the better Hiked bnf rLLVVi ""r ? "lost promising one that we have. It does not grow in clusters but grows out of last year's wood in ones and twos. I never knew of any such occurrence Ke'iftir.b: ' •' ^1'-'-r '^^'^ ^^"•^^""y Si-ow on spurs. The cherry which we alUhe HpIv^^™ .1 l''w' ^°^^.^S«"«"« ^'^t imported. The Napoleon Biga/reau and the Black Heart are the best for shipment. The Morello is not much grown. It is a fine cherry xor preserving, though I do not think it is much better than our Kentish cherry. It grows on almost any soil, but it is not generally cultivated. ** best W ibfnl^' ^''' ,?'t'"^r"^*' • ''^"r"'"^ ''^^ preserving the Napoleon Bigarreau is the oest, but the old Kentish cherry is a favourite of mine the w^ld^'ibemis!'''''''''"^ ""'"'' ^""^ ^' ''"''^^ °^ ^^ °^ ^' ^^^ ^^' °" ^^7 <>* Grape Culture, To the Chairman.— I cultivate grapes considerably. For home consumntion and tTLraTumbo: ofTo*'' ?\T'' ^T"' ^r '^^ '^ '-«• Itogers'TuX Fifteen, and each othtr Tb« .^ °!u "i??" '^"'^^'"^s which are very good, all strongly resembling Sttin. aualitr 't'^ ^^^l^^^''^. ^nd the Canada, which is very go?d on account seen of Tin^X r3 '"''%"■ ^^T ^l^^ °P""°'^ ^^ ^""^«*'« grape from what I have maric?; L^. I ^"''^ !*»f " ^ ^^^^^ t^e Concord is perhaps the most profitable for Tapes bvhTrM^L^^^^^^^^ fnd^the BlS St Pr^^ / Brant is one of my hybrids. Its parents are the Clinton ?ami{y.^ ^T^e^rapfstf Jhis '.fi V'JtJ^^r^! HJ^ ^^ ^ « *^« ^-- g-PJ rather^an injured, while Fox grape's a^ In^Jl^ W^' fdo n^tScrhTvt [J/r. Ar7iold.] «s FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. IP •tt»med anything like perfection in the varietie. of grapes which we have now. I am ^ot positive as o whether Canada is likely to be a%u?cessful grape growSgcountry partly owing to the liability to the phylloxera. The ravages of thWueietKo ma£ It rather discouraging. I am satisfied that first-class wine ^ be made from the CanSian ^own grapes with the addition of some saccharine matter. There is nothing ?nlhe Insects, Frosts, Phylloxera, and Blue Flka Beetlb. nr..! if„i?f^f'*' Yif r' ''"'^ drawbacks. Immense vineyards have been planted out and neglected so that grapes can be sold at from three to five cents per pound, and then would not pay for the cost of cultivation. There is another discoumgiL feature, that a man who makes a stuflf which he calls wine will sell his fluid in preference to pure grape juice. There is no demand in our district for the grapes g?oS^ there we could se them readily at from three to five cents a pound, but I never offer to sell mine I make them into wine. At the present prices realized for grapes I do not think their culture IS successfu that is for the sale of the grapes. If they could be made into wine from late spring frosts. I have known the Fox grape family to have the flavour taken oat by autumn frost. _ There is a disease affecting my vines which I think is the phyllox tw T .JnnnT r^r"''**-^^ something early in the fall, but tho insects are so small that I cannot catch them. The young roots look as if the outer skin was all ejvten off I have never endeavoured to find out what the insect was by sending samples of the roots to experts, because I was not suspicious of it before, but I shall do so this fall. There is a sort of rot which affects the fruit, and mildew affects both the leaves and the fru t Sie blue flea beetle, winch is about one-fourth of an inch long, bores right into the centre of Z S^nlr '^^",' ^expand in the spring, and the result of its operations is that the leaves never expand. It spreads over the whole vine laying its eggs. The insect lives a considerable part of the summer. This summer, though we had millions of the beetle, there is not a worm to be seen. I think the heavy And and rain took them all off They have been very destructive this year in our vicinity. The Clinton hS suffered worse than any other. They have been prevalent for yeaVs back S take refuge on the Virginia creepers near my house. The insect is a little steel-blue beetlb Thp S^f *: f/"'"!'^— The beetle burrows into the bud and lays its eggs in the first place. The buds on the vine come out before those on the Virginia creeper. There would h« somehopeof destroying them if everybody would take tfe pains. Thavecomp'rel the accounts of the operations of the Phylloxera elsewhere with my own experiencTand Sv ornTr"'' ^"^^' r *°i ^'^^'1 *'^"* *^" ^'''' *° "'"'^'^ I have referred I that hisect ??wa« Lt S? r'^r ^T "^ '' *^° 1" "''*• ^^° Pl'yUoxera attacks both root and lea It was only last fall when I suspected its presence. Jo say, nine or ten varieties were sent over the country as Arnold's hybrids. One variety, for which I got the gold medal from the Agricultural Board of Ontario, is a very promising wheat. Another variety, called the Victor, is also an excellent wheat. They are both fall grains. When I first began, the midget was very destructive, and there were certain varieties which were midge proof but of miserable quality, and my idea was to get our old Soule's wheat in midge proof chaff, which I believe I accomplished ; but, fortunately for the country, by the time my wheat was ready to introduce, the midge had disappeared everywhere, though I believe it has reappeared since in some localities. I do not know whether my wheat is proof against the rust, as we are not troubled with rust in our vicinity. It has been grown in Canada to a considerable extent and I have received very good reports of it. There is this difficulty in the way, that I never introduced a new grain that there were not a thousand bushels of grain claimed to be mine for every genu- ine bushel sent out by me. One man acted as my agent, taking so many counties, and I heard of his selling over one thousand bushels. He first got from mr samples and cir- culars and canvassed the district, but never bought a kernel of my wheat to fill his orders. One of the two varieties which has been most successful is called Arnold's Victor, and the other Arnold's Gold Medal. T . grain is a fine one, but the ordinary farmer would be able to tell the dirTerence between Soule's wheat and mine if they were placed alongside. It is s very large, fine, plump wheat. A wheat Coramittee was appointed by the Board of Agriculture of Ontario, consisting of Mr. Christie, Mr. Mills of Hamilton, Mr. Cowan of Waterloo, and others. I have their testimonials, and they awarded mo gold medals. I have not a peck of it now. It is completely out of my control. When I first started, many would send directly to me for samples, but you know how gullible people are. I don't know that that wheat is to be had in genuine condition anywhere, and the only way to propagate it extensively would be to begin again with a few heads. Of course I could tell whether they were genuine or not. Hybrid Peas. I have succeeded in crossing peas. I have only made attempts at crossing garden peas. The Champion of England is the highest favourite of all peas, but it requires sticks. McLean's Little Gem is a fine dwarf, and I crossed the two. and I claim to have got r.U the good qualities of the former on the stock of the dwarf. ' Bliss & Son, of New York, {Mr. Amold.\ M ,M li' , \ ' i , 64 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. bought the whole stock of me, and sent it out as Bliss' American Wonder. It is now known by that name all over the continent. I have been offered sixteen dollars a bushd. tilT'7 ir ^!r ^'^\ ""^ Philadelphia. I sold my rights to them with the view o if dl neas" itVas'f "^° ' ^v^""'' ^-Sf^^' "°* ^^^^ '' ^ ^'^^ ?«»• ^' ^^ ^^e earlies ot all peas. It has four qualities especially commending it. First, its earUness • second Its productiveness; third, its dwarf habit; and fourth, its high flavour ' .Tfl] engaged in crossing peas. * "«»uux. . ,„.„ . .uj Strawberry Cdlture. *v. • 1 ^f.^'f^f^^^"^"*""— Strawberries are cultivated considerably in our district. ' . lould think that there is about one-eighth of the land covered with strawberri >s tha* there is with apples. For home consumption i^ is very hard to say which vai-ee-t . ..■« most esteemed, as you cannot get two persons to agree. The Triumph de Gand ai, , Ji. J ucunda rJrrr "? '' '°'"',- ^ ^^^^^^ ^erry called the Mary Fletcher has the highest flavour ^L L wf '° P"°d"'=,^/^«- , The most profitable for the market is Wilson's Albany brH te?t, rwV'^' '1 f *^' ''^'•' "^i'^^ ^^ "'''y P'-^^^^^^^^ ^^d i« - 1-W finer a/d brighter berry Wilson's Albany carries the best of any. Next to it I wotld place one called the Alpha It is a splendid bearer and very early. They should always be picked in pint or quart boxes, then packed away in crates. In favourable seasons the usuS pro busLl/'TT^' ■'• '^•''/'' ^"■'' *''°"8^ ^ ^^""^ g™^" ^« l"gJ^^« three hundred s.vpn Id f 1 fr^ ;' ^Tv^ down every year. I contracted with a man in Seaforth at seven and a half cents, delivered there, which would be about six cents. The robins and the cherry bird ai-e very destructive to the strawberry, and there are several insects which ST^/uTf ^''"f'P-. There is one that burrows into the collar or stock, and you thole bdsThrr^^ and through. It is a little flesh-coloured worm, and it destr^oys, whole beds. The large white grub will sometimes follow a row of new planted straw- berries They are the larv* o the May beetle. There are other insects, but these a7e the only ones that seriously injure the plants. To Mr. Dymond.~YoT the earliest berries sandy soil is preferable but it is objection- able m some respects. It is difficult to keep the berries out of the san-l. They will drv up quicker on dry sand It is an ar^vantage to have two or three different kinds of liyht soil for early berries. The only way to raise strawberries is to cover with straw in the fall and rake them over m the spring. The straw then gets under the stems. I have made experiments m crossing strawberries. I have sent out four this year. At the aC .i • S'"'^?'''"'- °^ ^'^^^"'^g' I ^^^^ "-^'"ed one the Bright Ida, another the to be lat^ ^^^'^ *^°*^^'' ^^"Id's Pride. Arnold's Pride is rather inclined Raspberries. Tl,» M '^ ^^*"'^«— The Philadelphia is the leading market variety of raspberry, rhe Mammoth Cluster is the best of the blackberries ; some hybrids of Mr. Saunders' are quite superior to them all. They are crosses between the red and black, and are very productive and hardy. The flavour is between the two. Mr. Saunders' hybrids are getting to take the lead in that class. The two kinds I have mentioned are the hardiest, though there arc some that are better flavoured, such as Brinkle's Orange, the Antwerp, the Belle de Fontenay and the Diadem. The culture of garden raspberries is not profitable in our section, and never wil be as long as there are so many wild ones brought in from the country We can find a market for a few at about ten cents per quart. There are some insects that bore into the cane, but I think they are not very injurious. The raspberry 8ftw-fly has not done very jmuch damage to us. tf J Hybridizing Raspberries — Currauts. To Mr. Dymond.—l have made some experiments in hybridizing raspberries. I have really only two that are going to amount to anything. One is the Diadem and the other {Mr. Arnold.'] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 65 ain. was to produce over-b.arin"^?aspberrieT Nn?nT 7 ?'^'' *° ™^^"' *"'' "'^ «"^1 fall, but they are of no value fecaS Si f if! n '' ^^^'^ "'^^^"^^ <^»-0P« ^^ t'^e and they seem out of season' fShck ^In of? °'"'''"^ f " abrudanco of otiier fruits. One th/ows out suckers from the roo ra^idThe other't?k!f "°* f ^'^^'^r'^' ^* ^^ ^ ■^'•'^^^l^' The crossing of two distinct species I ca^tyUritir^f^^^^ ^''"- '^'V'P^ "^ *'^« ^'^°^- saTn. species, I call mere crosin.^. The colour of M? i,^ '?'f "^ ?^ "'"'^^^^^'^ «^ ^^e tive, but rather dirty looking, and that mi litTte, f^;. «^;^l"l«" hybrid is not very attrac- cultivated varieties of blackb^rr o aro^ ha Jlv ?' ''°''"f ,'*•? the market. None of the called the Thornless Blackberry o it so far it^I.., 1 '''i? ' ^^T '' ^ "^^^ ^^^^^'y white currants there is notl. ^^^^^'al to «L^ W^^^^^^^ { "™ ^^«««i"g i*- t)^ Currant takes the lead for size°and productTvene f Thovtl ""^ l"''^"*' '^'' ^^''^'y tlio Cherry in point of flavour Cu^a t cZ" - ^ * ^^'^t*?™/« ^ better currant than obtained is usu'ally six cents for tt ;:d ard wlit %ul.^[s Te T, "^^ ^^^P"- much cultivated for the market with us TluX I! '""",'1 .-.. ^^'"^'^ currant is not If the best varieties are poorly culvated tl i^is vS7l / 1 r'^'''''^'? ''' '''' ^^"^*^^«- the common varieties. Lee's Prolific andthe loVr^ cliiTerence between them and Saunders has a cross which is t f S i ow r of ttTt T ^"'^''^^ '^' '''''' *^^°"»'^ ^^'•• size. The culture of this fruit is no p^ ofitable w th us TbJ T^'^'^^""? " ^^''S^ insect enemies than any other currants. ^ ^"'^''- ' '"^"^'" ^^^s from Forestry — Tree Planting. all been cleared. Takin. Tthe £ an resZ.. '^'''^ ^'''''- ^^^' ''^'^^1 ^'^' ^'^'-^Y there migJit be, perhaps, fo^^ac 4 to eoneTm^^^^^^^^ ^'^^'' ^"'^ «« f«»'h, second growth I understand the timbor wH^ '"'''" T*^"'' '^ '^'^'''^ °^ ^^ ""'es. ] ly .hat is lit down, aS:l:LVoS ,s1^^^^^^ 7^^^!' 1 ^^""^"^ °' *'^^ *^^« whole strength ot the root of the tree is thrown f.^^ f i t ? • '^"^'"' ''' ''^'■■'^"''' the has been ant- planted after the remova o h rig na^^^^^^^ "°* ^''/"'^.th-e second growth of the kind which snrinrvc, „„ «nn, f *'"i'^er. Iliereis no re-planting or sooner or later. The ash is a ronirl rrVl^ '/? tJiink it ^vould be wise to plant oaka Maplesmaybeplantodfo Ll Onrv^^^^^ ^ elm is also a |ood tree, abole, would succeed best. lUyill^ra^^^^^ ^^''^' '''^ *^,<: cottonwood, or this tree is used for makin- but or bo^^s nnd 1, M ^^T Jf'^ ',''^'^^y- ^^'^ ^^'"O'i of unproductive for a^n-icu tS;il puriosS I T.tft "^ ^^t ^•'^"'^' ^^^" ^"^"'^ ^^'hicli is soil is at all good I woEdvS tSi Ian th"^^^^^ cottonwood, but if the tioued. The only way in Sb to n,?! ° "" '^^"x * ""'f ^^'"^ °"'*^'^" ^'''^'^s I have men- them that it is Z tl.X LS o do "o rS FS^-'l *' ^ i'^.\ ^«^•^«^t^•^^B i« to convince one Ihave.entiSJe§!-^o!!:ri^'r^]r^^^^ Transplanting Trees. botk.?"'TTierSoXSe';^^^^^^^ *¥ ^^^"^^' "^^5' ^^-^ P^^"to^ tl^e plant the *vpp= ^t Z T;.,"^"^'^te tJie soil the same as for corn or potatoes. I ^-nnld -I! ■^!|| «6 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. !■ t.!j: small trees could be supplied for Aye dollars r.er hundred. The planting would be about five dollars per hundred that is, for nurseryman's trees, about om aS a h^lf feet Sgh I would not recommend the plantmg of such small trees, but I would have them prop? ly prepared to plan when they were two or three feet high. They would thenostaboit twenty dollars a himdrcd when planted. Some varietiel of oaks! S" 1 eto could be ra sed from he seed by farmers if they attended to the matter, but I find it more pr^^^^^ abk for me to send and buy my trees one or two years old from those who make a bus ness of planting hem. The raising of forest trees from seedlings is I busings by itself It would pay better to import some from Fxance and England than to Sow them as ou7n w' f" ^" '^'^'^•i J'^'^St'T ^^°'^^^ ^' g^«^ ^ ^ «'«d bed befSeliJ. prnted TXe%Z:C^l^. '^'^' '' -transplanted eyer, two years until th^te Pkuning and MoyiNG Trees. To Mr. Bymond—WQ prune the roots with a spade. In the case of trPP<, wlnVl, hayenot been transplanted, and trees, say four, fiye^r sixleet l4h,^v?fic Ihayf ^^^^ toTelem fcTbrft •'*/^^\^ *^^ ^^^^"^ '' ^"* ^^ the footTTbout a foo unlV,« hit T^.n. f • ?^ '"^ ^'^^^ ^^'"^ "P y"^ ^1 fi^d abundance of fibres, and unless this .s done it is dangerous to remoyc them at that age. If people transplanting from the forest, would go about this time and cut off the roots a few inc£)s from Se iH W ^^ "'''.* ^il".i "^^ ^'^ '^'^-^^P *^^y ^°'^^ ^""i "° difficulty in Joy ug trees it is better to cut off the tap roots. For instance, m growmg peaches it is the plactS of many to put peach seeds in sand in the greenhouse until they germ nate tC s a long tap root which we pmch off, and when we take .c up afterwards we find a mass of fibres In fact the tap root is not essential to the future ^growth of the tree. To the Chamnan.-As to the branches, I would not touch them until I came to transplant When we dig them up wo haye to cut off a portion of ZToo s and it is necessary to take off about the same proportion of the branches. The root vessefs can not draw sap enough to supply all the leayes unless this is done. The i' ason I woiJd Sye for praning with a spade is, first, that it preyents injury to the root S?o the trefls li2f "^ ^ rnoyed; second it produces large growth of small fibrou ro^ts wi hi^ a limited space, and this adds to the nourishment of the tree. Orchard Screens— SiiArB Trees. For screens for orchards, the Norway spruce is the finest tree for bhelter It will grow on eyery yanety of soil. The width of the belt, or the size of the sciSn wou haye to determine to a cciMn extent what others you wau- to plant. S\t LX a small groimd you wou d not want to take up a rod or two aU around. If it is much largei-, I should say plant two or three rows of trees. A row ^f maiilos insi.S Tr^l of walnuts and a row or two of Norway spruce, or you mill tairarov oi ScoTc pme, a row of spruce, and a row of maples. Each row might be planted two lyo feet apart eyery way It would depend upon the amount of cultiyation 78ay Xt time would be required to make such a screen effectiye. With the Norwiy s^Z Ser the first yeai<'s planing, they will ayerage one foot to eighteen iucheT a year a id Ab to the prcbablo cost of such a screen, I haye riyen you the cosf nf fmn»f n.!, and it would amount to about the sa.uo 'thing. l"i pCtiifg^ZU £ S or on ubho roads I haye supphcd some st..ck growers with tall aj^le trocs to plant "n their fields out of the reach of their cattle, but how thoy succmiod I cannot say b loamiotsoe why tall growing apple trees should not be planted for shr 4r S Ue flame as others. 1 or shade trees in clumps, the maple, the horse-choHtnut t e ba wo d and the elm are all good. ..s to the kind of trees that Hhould be planted for si ado cities, villages and towns, it dopoiuls a great deal on tho soil. A great do 1 of mflT>ln^« planted every year, that is ai-oimd towns and cities. Where thov ' " ^ ' l)ank8 t! ceed on richer, t also a p should 1 and otL mountai cut-leay( greens, J spruce a no re-plr vinced ti a boy ou the quan I hope s( Our towr masters 1 As to th tree sholt its value. To 1 unfortunt. United Si many tre( wild land [Mr. Arnold. aro planted uw s!; P. E, To th I have sor berries, sti cultivated. there are e into orcha are in full any fi ait g the seat of to cultivate supply the demand. ' price for en to consume nro the Ai Astrachan. siderod a fa The proseni apples. Tli « beedling c [Mr. B FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 67 banks they on y last one or two years. The only tree which I know of that would sua. ceed on such land is the Cottonwood, anJ it ought not to be there WheVe tiJf soU is ncher, there is no better ree than the soft or hard maple. The European sycamore s also a pretty tree and it is also often planted. As to the distanceTaTatThrh thev s ould be planted, I could not answer exactly, as it depends on the Sho7the street S^trSn-f r^'T.f f ''• u^°f °«^a^^^t. i" tlie neighbourhood ^f buUdings the mountain ash and the horse-chestnut would grow in almost any part of the cort^v Thl o±nf T ""'if :T \f'\ ^^ ^''^^^^^ *^« ^'''^' ^o'Jd also be suitaWe Of ever greens, I would take the Austrian pine, the native black and white spruce tho No, wnv spruce and the dwarf mountain pine. They would succeed everyXe There has b^ no re-p antmg that has had an effect on the rainfall that I am aware ^f- but I am oo vinced that clearmg he forests has been very detrimental to the rainfall When I was a boy our nvers u:-i to have abundance of water in June, and row they have not iTf the .luantity. I am satisfied that this condition is caused by the cLS Sf X fore ts OnTJZ" "f"^ ^''^^ ^' ^"^' ^'''^'^' second planting for that purpose^for no otlier Our township has given no encouragement towards the planting of trees and nath mas ers keep constantly cut* mg them down e^ ,.ry year in the towLhips of 'our disSct' As to he v-alue, comparatively, of a 100 hundi-ed acre fai-m with or without sSdent S'valuf '' ^ "^""'^ '''*'^^^^ '^^ '^^' ^ ^"^"^^^ ''''' ^^^« plantedrSd enhance To Mr. Dymond.—l do not employ traveUers to sell my trees I have bpor. vo™ unfortunate with them as they have been dishonest to me S the pubUcToo In tK United States they hold out inducements for tree planting, by saying,^" If you* plaSt so SaJt^^^rraTeSl"^^^ ^" '''''''' of yollr U.-^ha^^rin^ttinl CHARLES ARNOLD. i [Hi I MR. P. E. BUCKE'S EVIDENCE. P. E. BucKE, of Oitawa, vas called and examined. Fruit in thk Ottawa District. To the Chairman.— I reside in Ottawa. I am acquamted with the Ottawa d'Hlr^^f I have some knowledge of fruit culture. We cultivate a few varieties of Ses rif * berries straw .erries, gooseberries, and smaU fruits generaUyrinclud ng ^apesa^e 2« «u tivated. There are very few plums. Of the cultivated varieties growf^nmvdTstrc? there are more strawberries than any other fruit cultivated. I know of nVonrwhotoea mto orcharding as a business. I do not think one-half of the appirt?ees plaS are .n fuU bearing. Before the Government was removed to OttaSlierVwlB Sv any n .ut grown at all, in fact the people did not know what Lit cuTture was ^ut when the seat of Govo.ament was fixed at Ottawa there was a demand forTand people h^^^^ to cultivate fruit for home consumption We do not growTear enougrof^an? kind^^ S£d ^%t*""*' ^ '^''\ ^' y^*f *^«" ^^^ ^« ^«'rfy enough s?rVwbr?re^ fo^ the demand. They succued bept on any land where there is good drainage The avm fo con'^umrrtbr^^" '' *'•'? ""'' ^"^"^l" ?« ^^^"^^ "^ '^^'"^ ^^ ^''« thfn suEft to consume . 11 the summer apples grown in the neighbourhood. The varieties3wn rslrachan^''T*;;'''' f ' ^°"'"*'^'^. ^^^«*' *^« ^^^"^'^^ of Senburg and thf S^d s^derod «^«ll ^^^«'«tf'''"'"°'' ^*"'*y '^ *^° ^"°'^°«« «f Oldenburg, whiih is there con- Thrpreao^t sun!; V nf^f^r'^'r-^'""! '"^'^^fd per barrel for fall apples is abour|2 sS. xne proaont supply of faU apples is not equal to the demand. We import onr wintor apples. The average price for winter apni,« i« fmrr, «n *" « q ^a . „^?^P°" o"f„w«»*er « needling call.d tho Gatineau Belle. " It isanVuTum^-applernirt Hr^slXs fLtS [Mr. Bucke.] i-:'M 68 FRUlf GROWING AND FORESTRY. borere are v™y d„»lr„cl v». Ti,o Icul olorpillar would bo injur o,° („ h' So if ™? ArPLKS NOT ALWAYS SUCCKSSFUIi. AloxaiM cr nppoar to oo llio himlicsl, but, I do „ol tliink yon could i;Uk,. a wud ,1 of do^t s ui, ' s" :,;;;;: rci,";;",tLt " £lzi ?"" i'"" "r'^- -v""? ""^ L'itt;?nTS.';rt''-"''V'i''''""v"^^^^^ to tlioo\tont of planting iiboutono or two 1101-08. Mr. Kcofor Ims an mrlinr,! «lf,V. i t" oil™. '■ 'r';'"'£';i';":' "■■■,"'?■"* '"" rr '"« ■■-". »M«"^h' SwrS"" jm hon 01 Ml. Ivo-fors orclmnl is a sandy loan' jn tlio ton of limrstono Tl.o othor 1. a Iu,.,t gravelly soil. Tlio siibsoil of Mr. Kcc-tor's land Al ^'"ti. wil5 sitimtod for di-Minigo, and tbo otlior did not roqiin-o any. Tho most succn.s.sfnl orchard ,1 p • , ■^, ' "■■■^1 v.ui ,i,n, niiiiui) liny. Tl 1 Jcuow of IS planted ou a gravolly hill about two miles" from tl.n oit.r Tf „ i • . boaung. It has boon so far succossfu , but it is onlv a amnll Imnll 'V\l\,l rr red .„d it i, ,.,y rrodnclivo. It i. „,oJol »n c,.?i^ H „V» „ " . tSr%\'.i S' tt5i:Xof\,l:n.frarrsait;;^L''K^ Pears not successpui,. Tfl the Chiirmnu, ^Poars onnnot bo snooossfnlly grown in our diRtrict, m^llior can Cilasa' se 'dling -P'trs w^U stand wo grow snccessfully any of tho cultivated varieties of plums, tlie treo o Plums— PEAcnKs—CiiRiuuEa t .i-^",*)''"" ^,'/»"""'.— We have ajilnnj called tho GreonfiolJ it', -^nid fn », « ...^y H.W '"?;""" '^""f • .i^^ ^^/' «"^ largo piun^liiduic in :.l*f:lij,r5i;''^ Jvnow of. It was raised in liusse Oountv. and so far \^np n.i> -., .,i L "i'. '^i '""'■/ and will I think stand tho climate of the No West 1^ is bourn rich can be P^rto «d 1 l 1 h"'."""""^''-'"" ^''^^ ^' -"'"^^ stand such a prolonged bur 1 as a most sfilV^ J ' S ^"''"^ ^"'^''' ^"'^ ti'-^t will with the peac'h shews ti^^Zl^^Z^S'^J^'' -periments I have n.ade experiments with tho fig. The da , wh ch flu^n n ' ""• "^ ^ ''^ ,"'"'" ""^agod on 25111 Sopto)nber. The men who havi ']J!!n.J 7T^ "'"''' '^ ^'^'^ *^'« ^Oth to thorn on a dark shale sc^S slo, 1 trtluri . M^ ^''^'''^'i^ '" ^'?I'" °"^*"^« ^'"'^^ grown has a southern aspect Wo Wio surX f^/art* '"[; '^ "•'' ^''" '{"' ''^'''''^^^y '^ ^^ grown. The fruit is usuall^ S a frZu Oc^^o^^^^^^^^ '' ^ ""'^^^ ^^'^'f^ *«r -" from IGc. to 20c. per pound I slm 1, It .rnmn ^u ^^°- Px°f f""""^' ^^^^ ^^t'^'' «* grapes soil higbon . red next and the llac f la f ^ W "'" '\ Vroiltahl, with us. White ground. Thc'only disease thabs n K l fi " ""''"•' '""^^ ''"^ J""° f'-''^* «" h'^H insect that porforie t m ?eS 1 ut do S^^^^ ^'""'. '^ '"''•^°^^- '^^^-^^ i« ^" of harm. Th,3 robins are ve VlsLuot t^^ o L I ' '" = i* ! '"" ""^ ^" '^ *'"•«"* '^^^l bird, to tho raspberries ^ '^"«truot,ve to the grapos, and tho wax wing, or cherry tion ^()i^rio?hy't;f;^S SlfZjS^? H '"^"'m ''I^? ^^"'^ «^"--«' ^--•^■ earliest are nol'alvv..^- nCro o" f S^ uJ^lh 'Vo!; f .'"^ *^*^ «^"'^ ^.^ So.tou^^r. The grapes hanging on tiL vines tmtL';^ middli'of OcttZr ''^'- ^''^''''^'' ^« ^'^^^ ^^^ Stuawbeuuies. a good deal. , I hav some of Mr. Arnold's varieties. na excellent borrv, and is Some of thoni ato oxcoe*^'-. Jino. His Number Twenty-throo is going to be ono of 'the aril iii> m(>mhu1w.i.i.i„,. ,..., 1 ._ ii ..... best ovor nrodiM-od Tfi,,.,|.' ti,,,,., ... i ', ~ "■ — .;"•"' ^ *" H<'iiig lo Ottawa Vill,.y w U be i^Ja^^^^^^^^^^^ V '^'' '"'''■ ^ """'^ ^ho lies so well tliat thortMs no^nl Jiuv f "^^^^^^^^ - ^ "^''''"^°- ^^"^"-^'^^ tl^« «»ow fur their .row 1. iC h \" i^^^^^^^ ^'^« l>l'^"t«; ^'"1 ^'^o soil is well adap ed Avhich . .0 Jestrucfivo t. his S T ! M ''*' V^^['^oO aollmg price. Wo have no buds not to any soriois oxtout ' ^^'^ ^''^^' Hometimes attacks tho i.:ants. but j^ .1/ * , /* 'fi'/t'C, I ' 70 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. t: ] Raspberries. theBT:c?t'aps:LT;^slrdt"^^^^^^^ ^Znor ^'^ ""^.^^^'P- ^"-^^^'« Orange, berry, but it is ;ery prolific ^ ^^ *'''^°"' '' ''**^''^ ^S^^'^ Mr. Saunders' yet "^It fa mr;1;;rekn.XVtL'J:u ^-. 8-- ^- J^ytrid any name varieties which areU'Sfdis^^^^^^^^ two are easily recognized in it. I have nlantod snn», cL^ / cnaractenstics of both parent* red and black raspberries. ItTs from the TeLnf^'""^ 'V""^ J^^^« '^'''^ ^^^^ raspberries of Canada will be\rown Tl,« ^Z h 'I'^^P^^^y I expect the future an/cKmate. The fruil of ?L^rd"ing?frorMrTann J-?.^, TT' '^'^ ^"^ «**°* larger than either parent. His raSerrv iHof;! i \^y?7u^ *'•' '°"^^ °^ ^^^^ delphia, but it bears a heavy croj ^ ^^'' ^' ''"' °^ *^' ^^"*- aeedlbU'tufwtrtoTherf The n^fr'^-'^J- ^'""'^"' ^^^"^ raspberry or its- raspber?; saw-SJ perforates' he leaf buTmay be'it Si Sw " '"? 1ft *° ''° ^^^ do nothing with blackberries ^ ^^ "'^ ""^ ^^ "''"S hellebore. We can B^Ja:rs':4CTy%V^^^^ ^- carried on very freely. Mr. of it when it is better known SouglUt is veA diLuft f ^ . '^''° ?^^ ^IJ" ^T^' ^°^*^ myself hit upon a plan for its'propSaM;n, ryTay .TglU thTcSf ;nd^:Vl^T'^ T^ grow we cover the old cane up and the new wood m'luS/ororTE«tJn^^ \^'"'^^'' very commor with us and is sold on large quantiUoron the malet '^'^'^'"^ '' Currants — GoosEnERRiES. To the n esteemed. '" thing is att; •man— Of currants, the rod cheiTy and the white £rrane aro fbA m^of ilturo IS profitable, or rather it has been u. t t Wear b ft bZ Stwoworm. that i„j„,. the c,„a„ti;,,^^^^^^^^^ latter 18 the more dftsttHtitive. uBu/uise JUS tlie linnfpp tn l.;ii 'ni ii i - . — - tivated with us, but is no>, «o iiroat«hln n,H,„ ,„? ii , , ^''° '"'''* "'"■'■'"' '•' "ul- to 160. per nuart The bushes a Zv^T. 1 S°T' ""i"'" P""" """^"l '» '">■" 10c- sre'-euS:i-i-- s^^£?i:^B^p^ «=' i^^TaJl^r/trJ-^s-rjfbTS^^^ plante,! not less than L feet ap..-, auY: I'V Tl. on°.ri„ Si' '" °' """"'' '"' thoi...,tivati„u.\L"r„^^;,tf„-rthi°™?i^Vjas."\?,i°^^^^^^^ L- '^kcl FKUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY . 71 produced by a chance or artificial cross between some English kind and the wild smooth pests could bedestroyed The Whitesmith, thelronmonger.andseLalXSi^^^^^^^ ties have been tried, but none of them will succeed on account of mUdew f ^^^^^ not enough gooseberries grown to supply the local demand. Local Nursebies — Pedlaes. We had a nurseryman in the vicinity of the city but he has moved awav Fn,;f J.'/pr'Fp'*""''^ '""J^' ^'^"'^^^ C<^"*^^1 Railway called TheEenfrew a^mlurTli JX1elf'°T."^6^ t£w ^ ^T ^T^^ fruit farm, Ee\ just beginning't^; Lm"?s^*"tuld''1r^ar%tot^^^^^^^ 'Te IS going mto fruit culture very largely, but has not been very successfuT vet' la StrrSS r^s tafeVL^i-S = to%f£i ^^^^^^ wind breaks or other shelter. The cranberry crows wS wi S II I- ' .^'T^'. ^/ Our fruit trees chiefly come from EocliestrsuX: TppleT nd^^V rS? Iwrat vines, etc. Tree pedlars come over and push business^ No cSafaSnts present «)cmselves Some cultivators get a few trees from Mr. Arnold? Mr SaSd Mr Beadle, but not in large quantities. Canadian fruit tree cultivators do no tresftheS business with the energy of the Americans Thpro i« n rinf„T« 1 not press tae r no advantage to the Americans. Trrgeuerally brin» ovri?lS;i''f\^'**^''!v,'' spring and seU them by auction, anJ leoKet t^lnTery oS^^^ Th rrwaVan American seUing the Champion grape in Ottawa this spring uSt^e name of the Beaconsfield I immediately published a letter in the press saying that the?e ™ea which he sold for fif y cents could be purchased for fifteen. NotUng^was done to Seh him, but the publication of my letter in the local papers put people on Zir guard aSst him. The late Malcolm Cameron showed me a verv fine Balm nf ail„. i £ i ^T"? ho had purchaaed from one of those pedlars for\l7,,rtr^o:'"^^^^^^ a great deal of good by awakening people to the advantage of planting frSttreerTbS trees grown in Roches er are most decidedly unsuitable for oSr regiL Trees ^eaiSa ncclimatizmg. and. besides, people buying from agents do not know S?thev are 3n/ as they put any name :;f,f y„kinlantod thorn rnurscrv . ''^'' T^ ^^'^ "™ "i^^ •aoceodod in rai^^u,,,. a llr", ,,!^i ''''"• '^''O"* six mchGH "tiug. There are^bc^^h 1^1^^ '"i. ^'"^"''^ ^^^«"'g a 3 i"!^ birch could bo ^^s^s^::t^'hz FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 73 grown tbo flwoot oheatont from the seed. It grows wild I bolicvfi T,pnr Qf rn, cLdiu nuiKtrt a veiy KtilMiedgo ; jiotliin-' can L'ofc throuL'h if, Tf1.it.l- «l,« ,.,:ii i • Spaurows. « .ar owH thoy noon naado tl.o grasshoppers scare. I havo ncvcu^fomrdr par w^o.t n^ the buds of trooH, and I caa say nothiug against tho bird. I have not found thorn d-^ 8royn.g auyt ang but thoro aro not a great many yot arourmy place tho vkre", b 'rdi lu:T "' h" *"^'";- ^ "^^ ^^* ^^'^^^^^ "^° »*""«« about theL £rovJt^tior itn oax^J vormr "^ ^^'^^^^ fJ^^^^^^VV^f^ "vor and over again, as well as^ ."e com' mou oailh woxms. iiie chcrxy bird is destructive to raspberries and other fruits. Shade Tuees— Suuuns. <,„ 1 J ^^u\ ^'"' F^"^"t'"« f^*oos along fences of farm grounds, I would select tho hickorv and tlio black waluut, us they are both valuable trees. The hckory is usS short S or spokes, handles, et^. A good many trees, like the maplo,o?Mn, bo worth ^^^^^^^^^ o imbor grown singly along fences, but would do well fo; shelter rom The sun fo catae. l<,,r home decoratiou I would recommend tlie cut-leaved birch Uio cut leavpd niaple- -both being oxceediugly beautiful trees-tho Norway spruce the Austrian S n H . «;,!. f f *' " ""^P^^-'^t'o" "^f"'- ^'Wenty cents a tree for each one planted on tho side uf the s root, growing a certain number .,f years. A popular hand book on iorestry lor circulation amongst farm<.s and others would bo uSl I am fami'iflr ..._i .1.110,,., tiitre w8 sprinklod a littlo whitewash and tl In vi„ ^ ' "/"J ."l"'" ^'""-V ^'''..ioo vinos there the pubho roads. ''"'''^'*'^' '^"^^ ^'^"«« ^''"^^^ '^r" rospoeted by the people who pass along P. E. BUOKE. MH, AV.LANS EVIDENCE. ALEXANnRH Mod. A,,i.ak, of aodorich, was called a.ul oxaminod. FmriT IN TIIR lluilON OlSTUICT. .mp.I!',;J:tC!:r:;;-^ Zt'^'''' "^ ouUivato applon. pears. ph,„,s. poachoB, cherries, -llnpply to parts of VeHb Z^\^^. ''Zr^^fla^Jo'l^^ ''' ^^'"f ' ''T V '"^^^ pu-den in the Oountv. In apples 4 870 • n ml -n. ' «7"« '•"«'"'• '"vhanl ,.nd .V2. We have about M aor ! s( w Im't m:." i T"".' 'T*";'^ '''^ ' •"'^"'""'^' '^'"'"^ «ores of other .sniall fruit. lAiIlv 11 1 «'. f '""'''"'*'' "^ ^"'^'''' '^"'' '^'"^"t HO «l>out one half of the Ippo tree " A nl t. 'l <:l'7'I>orry fves are in I.earinK, and oight to t.-elve vears, Zril I o tlu.' 'aHe 'n.T': " T, P"""^i.f"".V with us i.i fron, inouroountvin ISD, is liM)0,M^^^^^^^ have iHvn la'r^-.^ly fall ^oh/ It , , ""', ''"''^ '"'"" «'''^^^" '" P'^«^' y^-^'-H have ohieilv win er v- r e i.' ^ 'PI '• "'''^ ''";- •' '"''*^' '^''••'" '"aNo fruited, we wilj between wJui:^" and fall \i:;ietiei """"^' ''''' '"""'"« "«^^ "^^ P-^^ -^"'l 'l-ided Thr Soil. Fruit Tkkk Tlantino. ir FRUIT OROWINQ AND FORESTRY. 75 wrf »Hn for both thn liiiliaii of liy HoriHi l)nth conkiiiK and inrirkot, ; KoHwirk mIIi'ti for cooVing ; tho Early .Too find llivrn IJipo for .loHRort.. Tho Tnfofflky jh lunng cultivaM,.! nii.l ih rnnri, U.o.iuht KrowfTH. Upon Honin BnilH it in jimh alioitt an oarly nn Mk, Astrarliari I'liinK OP AriTiKg. Kor oarly aj.plf'H, tho aviiraR.! pricn pnr l.arrol m from 60 to ROcoritH Thoro i'b a Murphm of parly applcR whi<,h Ir tnoHily f,.,| to Hfcdr. Of fall apj-loH, tho „.o«t profltal.lo nrotho Ht. hav.n.iK!.., tlio Alcxniidnr, thn Twonty-O,,,,.!.-, or (!ayi.Ka |{<,T'.?T"'^* ^'^° ^^''^ ^««t™c- caterpillar has not troubled us since 1877 8 but flTZv ''''^'''^' ^^ '^''^- The tent more prevalent in the fruit year by year I find ^L^ "" T™ '' becoming more and growers are in the habit of buildi4 small fires undlrtt^^^'' T'^^r-''^ our largest fruit- is on. and the moths are attracted' to the 61^3 T-f >^ ' ^ "-^ ''^'" *^'' ^'°'^°'" means they can destroy them by hundreds T^ '-^'"l burned. They find that by this in order to collect the W The Remedy for the' 'n^.^' 'n"^' '^ ^^°*^ ^^^^^^ ^^e^trees and destroy them. ^^ ^°'' *''^ caterpillar is to look after the tents Cultivation op Orchards. I believe as truly in cultivacing for fruit a^ T rin f«» It IS profitable to do so until the orchard becomes old wh^ > '• ''r^'*' ?' ''^^'' ^rain, and «oil can be worked around the trees and nTnmraniljl I'K ^^^f '^"^t- Even then, the rmiuing The Apple Market. summer and fail apples, and we don't dfspose of a 1 of nnf ?^^ P"''" ^°' *^>^ •'"t^^e crop of at present the cultikti^n of that class ofTppleJ^^^^^^^^^^ %Z '**'"' P^^"' «° *' "^<> taiaing a home consumption for them. We have not ..n! 7 T^'"'' 'f ''" P^^spect of ob- Vrr Htable it would be to export them to Lnkobaff - ^ i "'' calculation as to how c with that country, bit our idea is th , w^ , J!.-'^^''^ ^^^^ ^'^ g^-<^ ^^P^^ communi- p...table rates. The u^roLablents'of trnTnera^itSTnl '" T ^"'p'"« ^^^^^ ^^ are turning our attention to winter varieties In tb.llinTl^' '' *^^ '' ^^^'^'^ ^^^y ^e strongly, buyers come around and pui^cW the Jrl^? . , f "' ^^°''" ^^'^ ^'ost nets in very deul. The orders come in for so manv WroirV ,' ^"^ ^.°'^^ "^'^ =^'^0 P^^k up a good mostly purchased by Toronto mrfjAl^ltrV^^^^^^ I thinkLrsTro We have not particularly turned our atteSn tn f V. , 7 Provinces and to Europe, iu England, though we a^e beginning to d"o now*' I tn'tl-'^'r '^'^'^ *° ^« P°P"^- in our district favourable to the Eibltcne P ppS The tv. . ^'''" '' ^"^ Peculiarity tion or the fruit will run out. It is a verv Snn„l *\^«/equires very careful cultiva-- with others to that country We don't do muT.oT ''^Pr '" f^^^land, and it goes along we merely put them into barrel. I ?hink x" wouH'be I 'n ^.^ '^'' ^"^'^^^^ "'-^et'] up for direct shipment so that they ^^uld Irbe urth,^^^^^^^^ '^'f \« ^^°"W put them often culled and graded after we pack them. disturbed. I believe they are Mode of Packing. pieoe from elm log, similar to tie commo", So boS, '%h ? n°°"! ' ", " ™' '" ""^ put togothor double and joined at the 8id°"b7Xo a„d „aS^° P;™? (or shav „g) can be cheaply a:' paper. W gather any rel with cl and pack t until the necessary i Theq U8, but opi must be a We hi In 1879 ^ town Pippi for anotlh.r 1879 was ii able fruit-g TotJie «orae sectio Favourite, Bonne de « Doyenne. Vicar of W profitable, i on quince r( bourhood, tl $1.50 to $2 We gei The Bartleti to ripen full doors. We had The use of t some that bl trees in sum affecting the with the blij Thebor very easily g To Mr. no moans cer that after wi [Mr. Ali FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 77 U3 bu^opSnrva'V° rn'F7J'^. W""'- 'r' '^PP^'^^ ^''^ ^"«'^"^ ^^' ^««^ discussed by us, uuiD opinions vary. In England they inclme strongly to hi^'hlv coloured fmii- nnrl /f must be a fine dessert apple, of medium size, and good flavour ^ ' ^ English Favoueites. Tn iZt tr.K ''^ f^^'J for the Green Newtown Pippin, and we are cultivating it now fli P? PP^'^ ^''^t'^"'' Northern Spy, Rhocle Island Grcpnin- Green New or LSr "' T^ ^'?T Spitzenburg, a choice lot to Liverpool, and the same buyer ask 87q wi • ""i '^"°^ l^rser supply, at advanced figures, this year. The Shipment in SSirofvIg'^Sla.'^^^ is a ve^-J^our^ Peae Culture. To the Chairman.— Peara grow well on our general soil. We have a clav ^ub .oH in rv^Sf Tvson'^'LT O r 1' 'T"^'' P^^^r'"'''^ ^^^ esteem are the BartLt^X" favourite, Tyson, and Osband'H Summer. Autumn pears: Flemish Beautv Louise Bonne de Jersey, Sheldon, Seckel, Belle Lucrative, Dmhess d'AnCleme and W lite ViroTwi^'eW 'S7mo7" T^"^^"' ^^Aciairgeau, LawretrBenle^^^^^^^ r.«fo?i -/^ ? ^''V ^r f ?'* popular pear is the Bartlett ; on account of its i,einrr so prohtable, it is far ahead of the others. The standard trees are preferred to tho r"rown ZZZ Z '• . ^^^ '°" ' ^'^P 'r ^ P^^^^- ''"^^ ^''"P i« mosth'c^nsumed in fch S $Zo7okZe^hXl ^""" ^'"P *'^ '^°'^^ ^^^^^ y^"- '^^- --»« Prioe is from Gathering the Fruit. The Me'ttTs'lL^e^d t' ul!"""^ T "T "' ^* ^^'^!. ^"ained its full maturity and bloom, liie iiartlett is picked probably earlier than any other variety. We don't allow the fruit to npen fully on the tree, but gather it while it is still formig, and allow it to ripen "n' Pear Blight. We had some pear blight some years ago, and in some sections it is very bad now The use of tbo knife is supposed to be the only reliable remedy, though it is clahned W some that blight can be prevented by using linseed oil as a wasi , and well LlcS the trees in summer and wintor-light in summer, and L .vy in winW to prl^^ S^^^^^^ affecting the roots. Several orchards in which this ., practised have never been troubled with the blight. The Borers. The borers are not very bad with us; and although the slug attacks the trees it is very easily got nd of by dusting the trees with commo'n dust, plafter, lime,'or ?ry ashes Causes op Blight. r,n rl^r.^''' f ^'"""^•-The causo of blight is supposed to bo atmospheric, but that is by no means certain. It is a good deal worse some years than others, and I have noticed that after winters when there was little or no snow to protect the roo^ wr™any [Mr. Allan.] ^ fff ■ I- ,,.,*>^a. IMAGE EVALUATSON TEST TARGET (MT-3) ''/ m -^ m ,>i "c^l ■I ^% ^^^ > ^ ^i '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^v q V ci>^ :\ \ ** ^ % o o^ ^''«'g«'i by the ring the trees-became thfevZl^^t' . "^X?,*?.'™" ""y *« """l nethod-jar. Srn?at TatXiThr-al^rH^'" '*S' ^^^^^^^^^^ Preferred Varieties. ferref fucZ rCtrt'o" M°d°enT'^°"'j ^' ''""skt-eWd plun,, .re pre- is also' wcU liked ; but Se^t plum fs". S's^rfl l! tS^^ 'k" ''°?'''': ^"'''"8 esteemed. f ^^ ^a »■ locai seedlxng. The Fellenberg is also highly A Local Seedling. althoS 'A-t&S^^^^^^^^^ able to traoe it. plum, something like the General Hand inform It ^L„ ''j.- ^*'«aP"T>le and is about the%ame size as that pkl In odour itTf^^^^^^^^^^^ Englebert. Messrs. Geo Leslie & Son nf +v,^ r I \r ^""^ ^s dark as the Prince larlelyfromit Mr BiWham tt^^nil f'^'L^^''*. ^"^^^"es, are now propagating Favourite, thought htte^^r'e ogS'Z^^^^^ ^^^ 2"t\'' Bingha^Js^l that he found it on a common where a farm ^!5 il^ T" i, i,** ^® ^''"'^^ a^"'^* i* »s, .he land w.a .Uowed to go will"' He" fZd ftl'St^d'Tnspi^S"'''"''"* ""- Profitable Sorts. bard,'t'ar:ro?';jJi'^rd','h°iS .f^s' Vth*v°7T ">? -<■ «- '- sv:i- r ™ '-" •«=• ^' *- «- - rust'\a%e"rwn Sr„;szL^ Mabket foe Plums. Toled?a7d r^inTw^'S yelrZ''^^:.^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^I^*. -^ occasionally to We don't rely 'upon the ToroSo TarfetTery ' Jueh jf i \Tt i^^ *^,^.?^J"^ ^*^*°«- notice. At home, the avorace p-.o for timOnr^^^r, m i ? *? ^^^ 8^""^^ on short Thelarger varieties sen at rTmfl 50 to $22?^^^ '' *- *' ^^'^^ ^'^ '^"«^«^- to $2.25 for shipping purpor,:nd°J:Sfe b ra^gt wreTfromT^r^'/^^^^^ ^'''' ngher m the States. The Common Blue plum carrierbest and tC ilf} ""f '"T "r" !'■! *.. FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 79 tr^!?fr.Jr^'^- r S^g^"^^ J^s* year. The Fellenberg is also asked for in Saginaw. S! o Lfh '•!''' T P'"^'^ ^^'"^ *^.^y "« «°°^^^^^* ^'^^'i- We pack them in boxe^ ^outdftit^boL' * '"""" " *'° "^''^^ '' ^^^' '°" ^^^y avLge twenty-three Insects and Diseases— Black Knot. w.i?^''!^'^ul*'f'^°**?*t.'^®^°°'',"P°'' ^^ *^ e^e-^y *o th« plum except the curculio. We have the black knot, but we don't regard it as a formidable enemy: though we iSi sist upon the people cutting it. I think it is an advantage to cut it earlyf before the kn^t rel'rd tolrb7,^\' Tf "'*^ ''''■ ^^''^"^ ^^^islation has not helped us much t?th regard to the black knot, because we cannot get persons to take hold of it, though the Horticultural Societies sometimes do. We have never had to prosecute. A warning generally is sufficient We just go to the person in whose orchard it is found, anTteU him kindly the harm he is doing to himself and others by allowingit to remain We find Ikble to it as a^ '^ ^^'"^'' *^'°"°^ ^ '^^^' *^' "'^'^"^^^ ^^^« ^ *^°"^ as Seedling Plums. We have had several seedling pi- ms, but none -vhich I could recommend for general in tTe TuC*"^^ """^ ^^'^^"^^ mentioned. We have no trouble with birds attack- Salt as a Fertilizer. We are now beginning to use salt largely as a fertilizer for the plum, and we look llZr\ ''' T f * """'^ profitable fertilizers that we can get. The usual price is about «2 per ton; but farmers are «rilling to pay $2.50 or |3 per ton rather than be without it. Soil fob Plums. .1,.- ^^^^■ ■^y'T"'^— Of 8 is rather a light soil, but some growers say that the plum thrives best on a heavy soil. With us it seems to make little difference. We never fSund that a stiff clay soil had any effect on the curculio, except that upon such a soil you can niid them around the tree. ' Effects op thb Curculio. The curculio came in gradually, or, rather, when it did come it was allowed to have Its way. At present itlooks as if people were going to give up plum culture altogether on account of its ravages, It begins its work the moment the plum sets. Sometimes you will hnd that plums not much larger than a pin-head drop off the tree from its effects. We have not many wild plums except the Blue, which we look upon as a native. The peach does not suffer mu, from the curculio, even w! en the trees are near plum trees affected by it We don't lind that a very severe win r has any effect on the curculio. Some thought last winter would be fatal to the curculio on account of there being very little snow J but such was not the case. Some growers are still making efforts to keep it under, and those who continue to do so find that they can realize verv fair crops. The Common Blue plum which we have is much the same, I think, as the one they have in Prince Edward County In the neighbourhood of Walkerton, in the County of Bruce, thoro IS not a sign of the curculio, but it has appeared in the neighbourhood cf Owen Sound, which 13 u fine plum-growing region. There is a large district through that nor- therft portion of country where plums can be successfully grown. I have tried Ume as a remedy for the curculio, but li has no effect. I believe salt will kill it if used in large enough quantities and plum trees can stand a very large quantity. You can put on enough salt to kill every spear of grass around the tree without irjuring the tree itself. Smith 8 Or eans proves one of our best plums both against the curculio and rot. Lombard u also good m this respect, and the Gorman Prune. [Mr. Allan.] I 80 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 'II ■ The Rot. jarnng the trees and the rot would then set nanSS . «^7,« ^''OP ^om the curculio by IS very infectfous. the slightest touch of a hVaklw r,£ ^ *'r '^''f '"'P' ^he disease disease Some claim it to be an atmosplferic Su^s wM?/ 5'°^'"'^ °"^ ^^^" ""'^^^y «>« from the sting of the curctilio. I incline to the S?.T;n^ °^tl'' 'T'*'"^^ ^'^•'^^ '^ results possible that rot could result from the stin.. of ^, 1^*^ "P^'^'^"' ^^^^<^^Sh I can see how it is full growth and the ripening proLrfli l^foleneed S "t Sr\*'" '"'^ ^^^^ ''''^-'^ plum will incline to rot in a fevdays, and the s«n" nf I • ! ^^""^ ^"^ ^'°""^^ ^^ the to induce rot ^ ' ""* '''^ ^*'"S "^ ^ny insect conains poison enough Peach Cultivation. had no instances of winter killiiig for at least iivJn • ^ .^""^^y y^ars back we have With most growers the Alexander ripleariiet^S ^"^"'^^^ ^^^^^ S« I'^ke «oction. comes in early and is a good peach, bu^t ^aVeTirii Zrl :S^^:::,^, ""'^'''^^ Varieties of Peaches. Amsden's June is in favour with Rnmo ^„f ;„ i. first represented. Crawford's EarMs coked unon ^,1 S«"^^'«"y «°"«idered so early as .t able. AH our finest peaches bring-high pSsfn the S T *n ^^"^"' *^'« »o«t P'ofit- laleV, Early as one of^he best. Som'^e a?i iz'cl nelto a S Vr' ^l""^'' recommen.Is In t^e crop of 1880 Alexander came in first and was nrn^^^^ ^r""'^ ^''^ '^""^^ '^^^""P- best grower < says that he would plant Alexander ^0^1 1 ^ "'J'^'^'P- ^no of our profit before any other three that could be named. ' ^'^^ ^"'^ ^^""^y ^^^^^^^^d for The Market for Peaches. The home demand is sufficient to consume the whole .rnn l^„* because the finest varieties bring more elsewhertTan nf i ^^ * 't""" ^''^ ''"PP«^^ ^''"Ply per bushel for the Louise. Som^'etimes thrScristrsO anT> ^'!f ^^'"'' "« S«'= ^^^^O tue price is iSJ.80, and it goes down even to $1.50 The Yellows— Insect Pests. The Best Soil, for Peaches. Peach trees succeed best with us in light, sandy, gravelly, or loam soils. Seedling Peaches. Wo have a large number of seedlings. Years airo nvA^„ * . , seedlings, but many neglected to roncnv with better vaSfZ^ ™'"' '"^ * ""'"^or of cnt wo are testing a number of seedlincs 1 lo of wbi^K • "'' ''''''' «««l""ff3. At pres- Mr. George Cox. of Goderich towS ^1 ^Tovvn a^^JT ^T""''! "^ "•""""°'^* '■««»lt«. high co.1^ ,uicy and ... one l^^ri^^^^^^^S^^,:;^ ratJIT GROWING AND FORESTKY. It i„B been weS aStr.MT„ T , "'""» ">*»" ^l. ' -"" ""'S good v„ietie. tl..„ the'rr' "„„Tf Su„T\t S"" ""f "=""' " '" '» -"""e expense of t£: t""' ""'^ ^""^ ™ri='i«rbri„f % 1^73%:' , „--—...,. ™.,e expense of the poor variety ia aa m-eat as that nt ^h^u f 1-, ^° ''^^ grower, the «howu by the above figures! ^ °^ *^^ '^^'*' ^^^^^ Profit differs widely, a» Apricots and Nectarines. teursT:r Cerr^ThTre rnolSl^ ""^ ^^*^".*' ^"* *^^3^ ^ ^-^ only by ama- cxtensively, for they succeed we" ThH^r'cuToTo^br t' ^°"^' '°* ^^ ^^^ -ore nectarine ripens very well with us ^"^^^^^^^^'l^ troubles them, but not very much. The districr. fhe Earfy Goljf Breda, ttVoTe'Si'T^TJ" f *"^^? «"^^^«^ -" - - wick are mostly grown. The nectarC stands rbout tt '''*°"' ^u^'""^^' ^'^^ '^' ^'^^■ enemies. They are mostly grown alon^ tS.t i ^^ ?^™® *' *^e P^ach in regard to 1 je apricot ia affected pr'^t^trbadttti bo'rer'bn/'^.?' neighbourhood of Goderich 'Attack it. ^ ^ "'*'"y ^y *'»« borer, but there are no other pests which To Mr. Dymond—Our market for neaehpa is Tn-^ , we have not .sent any to the United States thou.W ^'"'^ "^termediate points, and Chicago. The apricot is cultivated to a ter'vH-?. i '1"^^.°'' """ """^'^ ^^'^'^ ^^^^ to cuho can be kept under with ordinary care ^T aZ!f '''*'"* '^^ P'"^^""*' «° ^^^^^t t^^e ^ur- to figlit the curculio at all There arpnnf nT ° ?'"? ^'■'''^«^' ^on't pretend this year for their income. *""'" *'" '^"^ "^^"^ ^^ho depend upon the growth of plums crop,I: tt^yS W :^^^^^^^^^^ -" -nipare with the peach, as a be an advantage to increase the cultivation nfth ^ '"t^''^*'' *"*°P«- ^ ^^^lieve it would good nmrket for them east. Locany^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^'^Sh I have not tried to find a they might be sought after, but Jhl are frut^^^^^^^ '1 '^' "^"'^'^ ^' '^". ^^ough I fancy npen in July, August, and September accotd n' to If •^^'"1'^^"^ ""'^"«^"- They mce canned or pickled. P^^^oer, according to variety. They are considered very The Commission then adjourned until Wednesday, at 9 o'clock a.m. The Commission met at 9 o'clock a.m. ^°''°°''' ^''^'^'"^''^' "^"^^ ^^' '<^^^- ' fhe examination of Mr. A.ex. McD. Au.an. of Godarich. was continued. Cherry Growing. see that the bulk of the crop brought to marklf ^ ^^ *^"'^ Richmond is also liked. I May Duke and Early RiohlnTvt Itir Th^TomtV^^^^^^^^ P"'^"''^' *- °^ '^^ extent but not very much. We don't jrrow tL F^S^P , ? ""^^^^ " «''^^° ^o some IS chieriy consumed at homo the nrio« ^T^- I ^""^^^ ''^ ^^^^ extent. Our croo ».n ».e^.,,e.4 X^^^^^^^ c «s FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. have a seedling in oar district which is the best cherry for export, called the Ne Plvt* Ultra. It is a large bearer, and has the peculiarity of bearing from the trunk right out to the tops of the limbs. It does not, as a rule, require the wood to be two years old to boar, but will sometimes fruit pretty largely on one year old wood. It is p. bright crimson and yellow when ripe. I think it belongs to the Bigarreau class. It should be packed at maturity, and could be shipped to England, or even farther away, by putting it in small boxes. It is not subject to rot. Enemies of the Cherry. We do not lind the curculio doing the cherry any appreciable harm, and no other insects injure it much. We have a leaf -slug, but it does not cause much trouble. This year we have noticed a long, dark coloured bug attacking the ripe fruit, and, apparently, taking the sweet juice of the cherry. I know the insect to see it, but cannot name it. It is a little larger than a lady bug, nnd of the same shape. I find that some growers are complaining this year of the presence of thousands of common, bluish coloured flies, like the meat fly, attacking the cherry trees. T account for their presence by the fact that when birds take the fruit they generally leave a piece of each berry, and the flies go to the broken fruit The cherry is subject to rot, especially the Heart varieties. The robin is the bird most destructive to the fruit, and the cherry bird is also troublesome. There is no doubt that the robins destroy a large number of insects. I find them on the lawns picking grubs and worms, and if they would only take a limited amount of fruit we would not grudge it to them. As it is, the general impression is in favour of leaving the robin unprotected by law. Cherry Tree Culture, Cherry trees succeed best on light soils, inclined to gravel, and I think our soil is just suited to its growth. The trees make rapid growth, and they are not liable to break to any extent ; but we are in the habit, when v.'e find them growing too rapidly, of cutting them in a little. Cherries do very well either on sod or cultivated, but I prefer cultiva- tion, especially if the soil is very light. Kentish cherries would range at about six to seven cents per quart, in proportion to the Hearts at ten cents. Prospects of Demand. To Mr. Dymond. — I think our district is very favourable to the growth of cherries. I cannot say that there is an increase in culcivatiou for market to any great extent. We could export considerably, and we have exported some, mostly to the east and the County of Perth. We have not shipped any, and we have not looked into the question of the profitableness or Bhi ing them to England. I don't think such a trade could be made profitable at alL ^. have not done anything in the way of canning or preserving the fruit, except for domestic purposes. Extra feed, such as the use of liquid manures is apt to cause the wood to burst, and the fruit to crack. We are not in the habit of uf ing liqiiid manures on cherries. Habits of the Robin. To a limited extent, I think, the robin feeds on insects, but that he ch iefly devours grubs and worms on lawns, and that mostly in the early part of the year. The grubs and worms which he picks up on lawns would not be injurious aft a rule. I have seen him feed on the currant worm, but it was to a very limited extent. We don't find him taking fruit till it is pretty well ripened. Between robins and cherry birds and the rot, many of our cherry growers are becoming discouraged, indeed, it is a rare thing to find a good crop of any of tho finer varieties reach maturity. This season some of the Heart varieties were completely destroyed with rot long before they came to maturity. I have obsorvod tlie rot set in as soon as tho fruit had fairly set from blossom. I believe it to bo an atmospheric fungus. [Mr. Allan.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 83 QUINOBS. perfection, but th::nivoTe:n';ZeSand^^^^^^^ ^'"^ '^^ "^ ^^ to do them jU8tice,and they succW adSbirtt o "" '■ '?™"'' ^''' ^ ^^^roweTS succeed, well, but it isLt ruchlTcemed' ^e t?erfJ' '""'^ ^'°"'" ^"^ *he Angier: of the length of time required to hrilTtht' A nil • v ""• ""^^V^**" '"^P^- Some complain m bad usuaga There il not mucJXand fof tife l^^^^^ ''"V.^^ ^"^* ^« undoubtedly not seem to know anything about the qutce and Z f ''"v'"^'" ^'^^'^ ^"^ P«°Ple ^J consumptioa ^ ^ ^°® "l"^"*'®' ^^^ ^he fmt is chiefly grown for home a iarg^tSefi'^^e;:;!^^' '""^'^^^^ ^'^^^-^^-^ °^ tl^"^ quince would be concurrent with Grape Culture. ».th M, except, of c„„rL thTcatawim Th.T ™i '""?^ ™ ■*«''«» "'«««J P'etty wSll mg 1 1, mort profltobl. tor market p'rli S'r^^" ""^ '"''r"'' "" P^ofe^ed, m b" -. .^... „, ou, g„ve«, .em, ^Zr,b ^SKrriVuZ',fnVS.5"t"S Local Demand. T.ronT^iondoi:td'X'^^^^^^^^^^ but a few are shipped to P und. wholesale. Grape cuCe is d^cLX™^'%ruf "^"S"" ^'•°'" ^^^ ^^ ten cenCS » to on a large seal, with advantage. ^ ^''^'^^^' ^" °"'" ^^«*"«t. ^^d 'night begJne No Spriko or Early Autumn FRosTa «loro.tLughlk!rd%l"e%*rt"^^^^^^^ or autumn frosts along the lake ^.vembe, as a rule, tho^ rsroLCw"' ha?: thr Cfn S^l^ ^"'^^ ^ Effects of Prost on Grapes. *aing^i:^hrirn^^^^^^^ to make them worth any- whjch are descended from the frS g " are im^rtlj* fl " .'T'' ^^ *^« ^-^^^-s Delaware are impaired by it ^ ' ™P™^ed by frost, hut such grapes as the Mildew. Vineyards. '^^^<^'^'^^^^^^ About three acres is the Srape culture largely, but so far we ha el ad ^ fnstntl' t ^r^*^ ^^f^ ""''^ S'^'^S "^to w th a view both of selling the grapes an L,?„f I • ^ ""! *''^ ^^"'^^ They meant to -.no IS made for wholo«ale%urp?T 'tTo .r a fo^tir"^ '^T, ^"*° ^*"''- ^ith uh no ^'oud extend inland for about four milos from'tlL l„i '"".T"'^^^ cultivation of the grape limit our grape growing area to J^.ch a bolt Ts Int^ w t'"* f""'"' '^ ^'°«*- ^ ^olll [Mr. Alfan.] ' ^^' ^"''^ ^'•°«t« that cut off tender i il I 84 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. If |: I ! i I II r 1 vegetables occasionally, but don't hurt grapes. Dusting with sulphur will prevent mildew. 1 have observed traces of rot in some of Rogers' grapes lasi year, but it was not general. As a rule, I prefer a south-eastern exposure lor grapes Insects and Birds. To the Chairman.— We have no insect that does serious damage to the vines. The thnp 18 the only one we have at all, and it does not amount t-^ n>uch as yet. The robins are destructive, but they are not so severe upon grapes as upon cherries. They are the only birds I have noticed at the grapes. Strawberries. We grow strawberries considerably, and we cultivate the Wilson almost exclusively for market purposes. For home consumption we prefer the Trioniphe de Gand, Monarch of the West, Sharpless, Green Prolific, Colonel Cheney, and the Charles Downing, with a preference for the first-named. Arnold's No. 3 is also well thought of. We have not had much experience with the Sharpless, but I don't think it bears out the claims that have been made for it as to its enormous productiveness. I don't think any of these varieties would be likely to take the place of the Wilson, as a market fruit. The Wilson is the only strawberry that is shipped, though some of our growers have been asking for the Triomphe de Gand. Steadily through the season, the finer \arieties command a higher price than the Wilson. Large growers this season sold their fruit at wholesale at first at ten cents per quart, and lower as the season advanced, to eight and seven cents, and a very few sales were made at six cents. Sometimes, for extra early fruit, we get twenty- five cents, but generally they remain a long time at ten cents, and then go down. In favourable seasons, the usual product of the Wilson per acre, taking one year with an- other, would be about five thousand quarts. Amateurs, who give particular attention to the soil and cultivation, get far higher crops than that. The robin is destructive to the fruit, and he always picks the finest quality. We have no insects that seriously dam- age the strawberry crop. Effect of Manure. •1 "^ j^/' j^^ °* *^® ^*^* P*'^ °^ ***® season's crop, can be largely increased by workin<» the soil and feeding with some fine manure and giving abundance of water, this could onfy be done to advantage by amateurs, as the labour of going over a large field would be too great. In a family plot, the season can in this way be prolonged, the yield materially in- creased. I know of no crop that can be grown m a family garden with so much satisfaction as strawberries. Increased Growth of Strawberries. To Mr. Dymond.—Onr people are going into strawberry culture pretty largely and we ship large quantities away. The county is suppled entirely by our home cultivators and we have one who supplies most of the dealer:^ in Stratford, and also ships all the wav down to Toronto. ^ Raspberry Culture. To the CAatmaw— Raspberry culture is not followed very much, because we have so many wild raspberries in our district. The varieties which are successfully grown in our district are the Philadelphia, which is very productive ; the Brinckles Orange, which is fair ; Arnold s Diadem, good ; Franconia, Clark, Kirtland, and Mammoth Cluster We find them all hardy, and not liable to suSer fron winter killing. We are in the habit of cutting back the canes to make them as bushy as possible, cutting them back about mid- summer. No cultivated fruit finds its way to the market to any extent. 'Mr. Allan.] FRUIT GROWING A.ND FORESTRY. 85 Blackberries. All the cultivated varieties of blackberries which we hav^ tvi^ri -, i, j • trict, and we have tested the majority of those generallv «oM h? ^""^^ '"m?' ^"• which is most esteemed is the Kittatinnv Th/I i^^ ,r^ nurserymen. The one berries are sought after in tE: ^rt^nd colrd'a'pr^Hf f^om reftol^' r' t readily. No insects seriously injure the plants. ^ ^ *° ^"^^'"'^ *'®''*^ ro Mr. J)ymo7id.~The supply is not equal to the demand Tho wJM i, • the cultivated vaSeties. ^' *"' * '''*''"'' '^ '^ "^'"'^ ^^'^^^'^ t^an any of Red and White Currants The Currant Worm. Black Currants. and S,^::?ifir"?rBt:xr,t a^sti-eai" tr'L? *:r*f'^!- bearer, and has a somewhat better flavour. ^ ' ^"^^^ '^ *^'° * ^^^^^^'^ Black Currant Culture Profitable. to cent, per quart. For the black currant, iVould " 'iLnT-Ct .kT,"*'''' ''•,°°' for the red, and it should be welLdrained. I would plaTthebu»I,er.l,„,!hr "'l'' t.n».bet„een the row. as the red and white. The^the'st notXt'JI'Lri^st Gooseberries. We grow gooseberries for domestic use, and for the local mftrfc-pf tu^ it u* and Downing Seedlitigs are most esteemed, hough we can grL the kil^^^^^^^^^ Cube fop the Currant Worm. u fi 86 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Bides faellebore unleeched or dry ashes and lime, and we find these remedies effective though the hellebore is the best. I think the gooseberry does best in good stiff cW I! pecudly the English varieties. Our other varietx^es wouldl on a loam sS Some ofthe Eaghsh varieties might be planted closer, but I would plant the Houghton, which spreads considerably, five feet apart, and the others say four. ^ ' SP'^««»8 'I' ^tv^,- ^,J^'^' Cranberries and Meloni We have no cranberries in cultivation, though we have a few wild ones. There is » demand for aU we are growing. Water-melons are grown by amateurs for family use Ihe varieties most esteemed are the Black Spanish, Mountain Sweet, and GoodwinV Im- perial. The Mountain Sweet is the earliest to ripen. The crop would be, on the average. a prohable one for careful growers in field cultivation to supply the local demand. Thfre 18 a ready sale for the fruit. Musk-melons are also cultivated by amateurs, the variety most esteemed being the Nutmeg, which sells best. The borer ia not destructive to the fruit Melons require a rich, warm soil No insects that I know of are injurious to Dessert and Cooking Apples. Of apples that are most esteemed for dessert purposes, there are the Red Astrachan Karly Strawberry the Summer Pearman, Early Joe, the Primate, and the Summer Rose • f.?°n/?^n *^^^««"^°^ f°^l^ 'f^ *^« lied Astrachan. The^e are the s^mer W ties. Of faU apples we prefer for dessert the Fameuse, St. Lawrence, Porter, Melon, and Ihe Gravenstem; and for cooking, the Alexander. Beauty of Kent, and the HkwthomdTiu How TO Pack Choice Varieties. «.», " I ^ere packing choice varieties of apples for a foreign market, I would wrap each apple m tissue or mamlla paper, and I would line the barrels with some good stiff paper, such for instance, as common, spongy, thick, brown paper, used for heavy wrap- ping. I think that the additional price realized would more than compensate 1721 extra care. For general shipment I would pack them in barrels in the usual way. AY Varieties ot Plums. The varieties of plums most esteemed for amateur growth, are Coe's Golden Drop Fellenberg Ponds Seedling, • the Gages, Ruling's Superb, McLaughlin, Washington Peach, Yellow Egg, Jefferson, Smith's Orlean's, Lombard and General Hand We have a few growers of the McLaughlin, but it is not as highly esteemed as it used to be bv some growers. Ihe General Hand is not a very good bearer. Smith's Orleans is 3idered a very heavy and regular bearer. Peach and Cherry Growing. oon- Peaches thrive best on plum stocks. Cherries mahaleb stocks, and they succeed well on both. are grown on both mazzard and Grapes for Amateurs. a 1 ^K^fTP^ o?.'' *™^*®F culture I would prefer the Delaware, Concord, Brighton Salem, Wilder, Clmton (wine), Crevelling and Allan's Hybrid. Some of the newer varied ties promise well, and m a few years I fancy a complete change will take place in ama- teur growmg. Seme mix the Clinton and the Crevelling together for wine purposes. Ihe Hartford Prolific usually comes in the earUest of any, and the Concord also comes im in good time. [Mr. Allan.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 8T Methods of (Jultivation. The sub-soil of the land for grapes should be well drained, and the soil worked the same as for a crop of roots. If the grapes were in rows I would make the rows nearly right feet, and the vines fully twelve feet apart. A less distance would do, especially with some varieties, but nothing is lost by giving them good feeding and breathing room. Generally we grow the vines on trellises, but a few grow them upon poles with p^-is driven through, so that they project about fifteen to eighteeu inches on each side of the pole. Many grow them along fences, on galvanized wire.* Systems of Pbuning Grapes. We have various systems of pruning. Some grow two arms wbile others grow three^ so that one can be cut out, and while two are bearing a third is making, and when this comes in another is cut out, and so on. Others grow arms, and " How the renewal sys- tem by canes grown from these arms. I prefer pruning in the fall, after the fruit is g&bhered ; others prune in March, and advantages are claimed for both systems. Mancbb fob Vines. — Aspect. We have used no special manures for grapes, well rotted stable manure being that chiefly used. Wood ashes gives a strong, clean growth. One of the most essential points is to stir the ground cfteu. I prefer a south-eastern aspect for a vineyard. Age of Bearing Vines. If strong, hardy year-old plants are used some will bring in fruit the third year after planting, but the fourth year is generally soon enough for a good crop. There is not much wine manufactured in our district, only amateurs making it for family use. Cultivation of Strawberries. A good, well cultivated, mellow soil is most suitable for the growth of strawberries, but they will succeed on various qualities of soil p ~ Ion'- 3 it is well worked up. Some small growers increase the last part of their cr ^ng the soil after the first berries have ripened. If it u dry weather the plan -ell watered. The vines may be planted either in the spring (when they w rco next year if well taken care of), or they may be potted from runners bich case tLey will give a fair crop the next year, and a full crop the folic r field cultivation I would leave sufficient space between the rows to permi. v uffler being used. In the rows the plants should be fifteen to twenty inches apo.- ie put them twenty inches and let them renew themselves between the plants, taking out old ones and leaving the new. The chances are, however, that the new crop would not give so good a yield as the old one, the distance being too small to allow the new plant surface food enough ^ > pro- duce a crop equal to the older plants. Strawberries feed from the surface soil only, hence the necessity of a frequent change of the bed. The hill system of culture does very well for amateurs, but when profit is looked to, the row system is best, as it gives a much larger average crop, although not always such large berries. I think the vines should be leuewed after two full crops. BEE-EEEPINfi. Bee-keeping is increasing in our district. It is largely carried on by amateurs, though many of our gardeners and farmers raise their own honey. We have one apiary which has somewhere between 60 to 100 colonies. The owner of this farm has shipped hives down as far as Oharlottetown, Prince Edward Island. He uses the Italian bees ex* [Mr. Allan,] 88 FBUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. }, «! I clusively as he Ihinks tbey pay the beaf TT«. a xi. b«at of hone, «„,„.. b/.LZ^U^:J^:^Z^^^'"" '""" " »»« »' «■» Honey.— Beg MAxiAGEMENT, oo^'^i^TLTX^l^r^^^ honey, and 25 cents for of clover. Italian beec are^rSeJrpH W T '*'";*' ''' ^^ ^ave a very large area faster than black bees irup'on ta"y wS £ trblacn "'. ^^-/. ^'•^y -^k also more gentle to handle and cast hJfti T J^ **''' '^° "°*- Italian bees are A good stock will cast one swarTLd nro ^^^^^^^ ^"'^ ^'' T/' ^'''^^' '^an black bees, found pro6table to use a"iS eol'^Ve use^^^^^^^ ^T'^f ^°->-- ^' " t. any other, as it protects the bees in winter Za tl ^! ^ altogether and prefer it and common ant are the only insects St we finH ^ ^^^^ ^"'T^^^^' '^^^ ^ee moth usually destroy the moths. We have n? b3rnnl •'''"*" ^^^ ^'''' ^"* ^^e Italians doubt, to the Lt that the FisI^'lS;: a^Ldf s2 a^S^LtoSn'"^'^'""^' '^''"''''^ ^° FOKESTRY. h.vot;tlt\;^S,^arThLtSn1ftr«'°'Vri- ^-^ """ >»■- been considered b, farmers. The twraerSo™. V f j ' ? ''^'' *" 1""""™ '■»' "i"' and clears the froL of his ul,l^TZ:tS':^lS:r^Zr'''°'' '" "" ''™"°' Tr Planting. thingtelntnX^TwX^^ *-- -/ 1-ge scale. Nor has any- €ounciI passed a rUXn^^^^Lr^nS teS ^^■"^\ In the Town of Goderich our planted ana successfully g^X f^three vea^rs ' £^^ t^e^tj-five cents for every tree to the trouble we have in^^mals bdn. Sold m .?* ^^''^'^Plished much, owing steps to remedy this evil for fTar of Z"!- Tf '""'' ** ^^'S^' •^°''°^y *^kes decided is immediately raised. XTnfvSsIl exS^et. ? f * ''I °^ " ^^e Poor man's milk " benefited by a%roper scre^ of foresrSs 17 Tt^^ *^'' ^'''^' "" P^'^*-*^'^ --' allow a free passage for air, the cro^t apt to be injured '""" " ""' ''''^' '' ^^"^« *« Wind-Breaks. Of his'^fXTn trte'r^iX'jr/ro!^^^ ?h^*^^? f ^^^''^^"^ ^ *- «^^- likely not to head out properly^ For the Durno.P,f' ^R^'' f?*""'"" ^^ *^° ^^^^^^ i« panting largely of cleciduLLes and LyTS beTi^r'^^ ^ would advise the wxud rather than to prevent the wi^d from pasting through '° '' """"'^^ "^ ""''^^ '^'' Forests in Huron. the P-ii?a,iifhrotTnX,f^^is'Lro:^^^ r°*,'""t ^'»°^ *= "-i- hen. ook, baaswood, birth, cher^, i?o„wood hnSTl'n^''' °I ""P'?' ''™'*' «'"■. «*. specimens of oak, hiokor; and lirch Cedar f„7-' "'"'"' """I ""°»'b, with occasiona better ca. of their ,oodU ofT^e ,e!^'r.h:;l^-51 SeHSertrr' """^ How TO P7.ANT A FoREST. [i^r. ^//a7i.J valuable for manufacturing purposes, and FRUIT GkOWJNG and FCKELrRY. 89 while these are growing, other varie+ipp snoh .^ k;»i, j , twenn them and cut out in about s^xjearJ^'or tLi^VJJv^ '^''''l^ ^' ^'"^'^''^ ^^ of our native trees can be grown from TJi L /oilnJsn ^'^ '?**"/ ^°''P« "'"■ Any seed in leaf-mould, when rine and kpTn ^i j ^^"? °.**"™ *^'o««>y. »"' -K the when it can be t4n.Sni?'^l %?" '"^"^ '^^^f* ^^e Pl*nt is i fe-v ir..A3s high handful of light mois? ZtLZtill be ImpM? sprTnlcTed^t L ^^^i ^^^^^ ---^' » and no more. ^ • " spnnKied, so as jue' to cover the seed Screens or Belts. shade'^r^ ^rZk. ^^^^ h^^ptts" fofthe^ S^ 'n^ '°^^« ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^--. - close screen ; it would suit Cnel| around an tchaifardKr*^ spruce makes the fijest rapid growers, and make boautifulTreens S *^i„^ 1^^^^^^ Maple and elm are planting. I would prefer an assortment of har^S, I *' "^^^ *« «"'**We for road I believe forests have an effect Tporthe rain fin «o /''' ^°' * '""^ °' '''''"^ alternated rain is concerned, at all events. TlOO acTfarm ^'fl "^ '^''" distribution of the fencesand around buildings, would be -th^^arre^nTleK^h'^^^^^^^^^^^ A Stock Law Needed. follow, to% L„d, iTforesf L plLC'r„ld ^^^^^^^^ "'' " """''' "■«■> ="- " BEAUTiFYiNa School Lots. of ^^^t^^ be utn.ed for the purpose county, cattle and sheep are allowed to fun ufrge ^' * ^^°^'*^ '"^^' i" our How TO Encourage Tree Planting. every farm or plot of ground Others rZflr .^ -^ ? ^^^'"^ planting on or about appeal to the "^.^ey falue " woufd'LT ?e mtlTffSiPTthr^ '^'^^^^ *^^* - that more can be done of a permanent nature breducSour .hS ' "P°" ^^^ ^^°^«' thej acquire a proper knowledge of forestry It won?H h°. / ^^i^"" Properly, so that men were thus educated and bv in^ro^, .^' ^. u. ^^ °^ ""^^ ^^^^efit if our youne our school, the matter'CuM b^ eaXS^ir^^ ^°-^' ---^'he subject?2 Local Agricultural Societibs. ohieJy from the town. The aSS SoS.t^r .V''' "'" *'' '"'"•««' « " boios »». in ,„„.„„ „e,p, ,, .fd-'^ra totSiS" tX'f^iii;^-' Drainage of Farms. ^1|! US I :) H I 90 FEUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Thb Tim Drainage Act. It is not «n uncommon thing for farmers to mortgage their farms for the nnmo«A nf carrying on dramagc and I have heard of some of the^ TkLg rvSLge of ^^^^^^^ Drainage Act j but I think most of the drainage is carried on by priyZmfan/ I have more cheaply than .Jliey' could 'othe'llrr^or "^Stl tey'^V th' 'GtetrnHLTvl; per cent, money will cost from .even to eight per cenfc^if o^otaiLd f^mXr soi^e^ Farmers are using both tiles and slabs in draining. sources. Improvements from Drainage. I have noticed marked improvements in a great many farms, especially in the Town- ships of Godench and Colbome during the last few years as the result of drainage Td the owners of thorn say that it has increased thei/ crops largely. They have dr^i^ed ZotherePrt ir^' "^^ n^ ''"^ ^"^^• ^^^^ '-^» y^^^^ largdy whrhat the shows should be held alternately in different leading points in the Ridmg. I a^ certain the advantage accruing from the exhibitions would be very largely Defects in Present Arrangements. Afc present the exhibitions are generally held in one corner of the division, probably in the largest town, and the membership is so large from the town, that it can usually control, at will, the vote of the society, and keep the exhibition in one place from year to year. The result is, that those not immediately within the small circle around to.m take no interest in the society, and don't exhibit. The political and municipal centre of the Riding is not always the geogi-aphical centre, and, therefore, not always the most con- venient place in which to hold an exhibition. The idea should be to give the whole RW- ing the benefit of the grant. The exhibitions in our Riding are now held in GodeHJh jnd by the votes of members we can hold it th«re just about L long as we pleaa^ 1 wo found that combinations were being made outside to out-vote us, we could inTmediately get in/n ™l»*7''-"^°l"ding women and children-to become members of the asaociaUon and thus hold our control over its affairs. I think th. shows should be held in our rS in ^y Clinton, Wuigham and Goderich, in annual rotation. I think Parliament BCld make it compulsory that the Riding exhibitions should be held at such lead ng couVeSnt places withm the Ridui£» as mn <1 mVo tUn. ««f;... tj.j.-...- i.K- i—../.. « .. ^ wu*oiu«;u» places within the Riduig as , 'ould give the ent [Mr. Allaii.] Riding the bftncSfc of the araat. 1^ '^^'- FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 91 UsB OF Phosphatbs— Other Fbrtilizbbs. Some of our farmers have used phosphates from the establishment of •Brockvillo company, as fertilizers. They give various opinions as to their merits, but generally they go back to barn-yard manure. I am familiar with the use of salt asa fertilizer on a largo scale. It ia being largely used by our farmers. We do not look upon it exactly as ^ fertilizer in itseK — that is, as adding any particularly necess-ry elements to the soil — but rather as purifying it, 'and bringing its elements into activity. It helps to bring into activity everything ia the way of vegetable life. Ours is the great salt producing regioa of Canada. Price of Salt. We can buy the 3ommon refuse salt at $2 per ton, though soEaetims |3.25 and $3.50 have been paid by farmers. These prices are the prices at the works, bui- 1 could not say wlis^t it would 30st »t Toronto. I ■ - . .. ■. " " Effects of Salt on Ceops. Good results have been obtained from the free use of salt j those who have had the most experience with it saying that they would not be without it on any consideration, Ifc is claimed that it makes the straw cleaner, while the heads fill better, and the berries are more plump. Others say that in connection with drainage it has a good effect in pre- venting rust. 8o many experiments have been made by our leading agriculturists, and made with such care, that I think they are justified in coming to the conclusions I have stated as to the effect of salt upon land. They do not say that it is an actual preventive of rust, but, rather, that taken along with thorough drainage the chances of rust are lessened. I think it would be a good thing to get the opinion of some of our leading farmers who have made this experiment. mi If Advantages of Salt. In a dry season salt gathers moisture from the atmosphere and retains it well in the surface of the soil where vegetation is benefited mostly. Salt will be found to act upon some soils much the same as a strong tonic does upon a sluggish human system, the ■tronger substances in the noil are dissolved and £^3similated with the other portions, and hence, I have frequently observed, when experimenting upon a field with salt, that the part salted gave a much more evenly distributed crop, stalks being almost all of a uniform height. The joint worm does not prove so destructive where salt is used. I would not recommend the use of salt unless in very small quantities, upon stiff ilay land, as it would have the effect of caking, but on other land it can be used, with vast advantage, at the rate of from 200 to 600 pounds to the .icre. Old pastures can be revived wonderfully by the light application of salt; about 50 to 100 pounds to the acre would be sufficient. The effect of salt upon the boU will bo better understood by taking a small quantity of '• dead " earth from the bottom of a well, or some such depth ; put a little of such earth in two dower pots, and put a tablespooiiful of salt in the one and mix well ; let both stand for a few days, and then sow seeds in both ; the seed in the salted earth will spring up and grow r;ipidly, while the other will either rot in the earth or grow weakly and drag out a sickly existence, giving very little or no results. Salt used in flower beds has a very fine effoct» the colour of the foliage is more clearly green, the bloom is larger and the colours aU deeper and richer. There is no cabbage so delicious as that grown in soil well supplied with salt ; melons show very clearly the advantages of salt, they reach maturity sooner and grow larger. Fruit is much cleaner, richer and clearer iu colouring where sail ia liberally used in the orchard, in fact all vegetation is benefited by the use of salt. \Mr. Allan:\ iii I ,i> FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. flURow Salt von Daihyinu. articio of tho two for thorn- p nu.m ^1 ^ Jon T "\ V^T "" *** ^'"'•'' '" ^'>° «"P«rior oroa.uory tl„.y I.av« „so.l l.oM,. 1,,. k hov IZ »" "'"'"""^ '" ' '"' ''''^""wator •HalarK.. a.uount of l.uttor „ ,.1 , i^ ''^i h^.^ ^^^^^^^ TLoro Wr Imvo „,any oI.ooho factories «,ul Vm,. I v *^ .? "'".T*' """'y ^'roainorios. "'a,n,fao< „,v. TI,«t .h-.us to ho f 1,,, i";;;.;;i co.l^s^^^ *'''" """ "" "^ ''"' •^*'-" ^'^"" *» i^« Salt Manufactuub. iN l,..i„s -.IrawM fro,,, ^h,n-o i,„o ,1,., sal,, «„,a;,,. '" ♦■''^'■" <^""" "'"' "•»'•*■»'. aro att,-ihutod to lottk.«o fron, iJocK Salt. .arK.-^!:,^:t,,z£'^^;:[:,;;;,f''*' i^rr.. :::,n^" -'-tt'" -^ «^^ - * tost, hoi,,,, „,:ul,, .sa; upo„ M ;',,, U Wi , 2^.^ '^'""''* «»•« '•««'"r. English salt, Thoro 1. o.M-Ini , clas i;!,? S ,. , h . '^"'^'""^ *"^' Hyraeuso). a,.< for ,l,oso pnrposos. I |,avo I.oL it sli.l 1,, I '^ u"^ "'f '""" V^"'' "^''''''^'^ oxolusivoly "S0.1 i„ ri,i.:,ijo for pork-.>.,ok ,r ,; J f^ "■":' *'' * '"' ^^"""'' ^"^tatos is larRoly Ahovo o„r salt doposit tJ,oro is s .'r, ,, of .l * "^' ^'"'^^ ''^ .*''" ^'"""^y *„d dlMriot. hrino. ]?,.fo,-.; ru„„i„i th<. lakn I havo !„.,.„ brouKl.t up to fruit growing all o.y li ,., and have »"- namnd are also the most prnfitabi* for th« hom« markat ; thoy soil at. $1 and $1.26 n luirrol, iiioludiiig the picking and packing. Tha gru^ror ia furnishnd with the barrals and he lian to deliver them at the atation. I have no idea what quantitj ia ahipped from thin section. Skkdmngs — Blioht — BouBns — Codling Worm. I don't know of any good seedlings cultivated here that are not generally known. Wo liftvo a slight Might tliis noaaon. We had some troea bligiitod years ago with us. The liliiflit does not ox((niU.ivate so long as there was suiHciont light and air for a hoed crop and then I would Boad down. ENOLisn Markets. To Mr, Dtfntond. — Tho bulk of our apples go east, and I don't think that they find* foreign destination. I don't think any of our fruit growers have taken a"y pains to de- velop a foreign market, though we have been planting what we considered tho best varieties for tlie English mark<«t& I think tho varieties I have named would be tlie best for that market, but Uie question of finding an outlet in Engl n id has not occupied my attention. I know that in the United States certain apphw are selected and carefully paoked for the English market, principally I think the Green Newton Pippin. I think we 0!\!i grow it here. Our neighbourhood is well adapted for growing high-class apples. We grow the llibston Pippin, but it does uot crop welL Pear Coltuhb. To the Chairman. — We grow pears successfully. Tho clay loam is preferrtid for the pear trt^ but it will do well in almost any soil. Not more than fiO per cent, of the trees in tho pear district are in full bearing. "There has been fully more activity displayed in planting pear trees of late than apple trees. crop, ..1 Favourite Fears. The favourites are tho Bartlett, Clapp's Favourite, the Autumn Poar, the Flemish Beauty, the Bonne do Jersey, tho Ducheas d'Angoulemo. I doii't think the birds are worse upon the Duchess than upon the other varieties, — tho FK-mish Beauty suffers a good deal. The Bartlett and t^lapp's Favourite sluniM be picked whilo yet, green, and laid away can>fully, tho result of allowing Clapp's Favourite to ripen oa the tree would bo that it would decay in tho centre. The most protltaVi'e varieties, 1 shouUl say, are tho Bartlett and Clapp's Favourite. Wo succeed best with standard trees. Our pears are all consumed in tJin noishbourhood. The avorasjio price realizod per bushel is iibout Sl.L'Oi [Mr. WciUand.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 05 PiOKiNo — Bmoot— BoRBRa— Tub Slug. I think all poars should bo gathered before they are fully ripe, and allowed to mature indoorB. Tlio tree is not much subject to blight with us, in fact, we hare had no blight worth ■peaking of, if the borers do not attiick our treeH, but wo have been troubled with the Klug ; somotiiuos its attacks on the Jiftrtlett pear have boon quite a drawback, though than Ih no groat difficulty in dealing with it— ashes, hellobore orlimo will kill it, but hoiloboro ii the mopt ofTectivo. 7\) Mr. Di/mond. — I know that tho blight is a sorious enemy to pear culture gener- ally. I have been growing pears for the last twelve yoars. I have no theory as to the ciiuRO of our exemption from tho blight. Our pears grafted upon quince stock, have died out after one or two full crops. 1'ho leaves turn yoUow and drop off. Somotimoa the fruit drops off, but 1 do not look upon that as the blight. Sometimes tho trees will put forth a few loavoa next season, but not always; we have tried mulching, but it does not Huom to be offcotuaL Pldmb — The Curoumo. To tlia Chairmen. — Wo cannot grow plums to any extent on account of the curotilio. Wo have partial crops ovi^y year, but tho crop is not generally regarded as a huccobb. To Mr. D;/mond. — [ think fighting tho curculio would cost more labour than would bo remunerated by tho huccchs of the crop, unless wo had some hope of killing them out altogether. Efforts have boon made for that purpose, and with good success. I think the crop would pay for tho labour of jarring the trees. To tfte Chairman. — I think if the fruitgrowing public wore generally to adopt tbii plan, tho fruit might be secured, and tho growers find it profitable. No Black Knot. To Mr. Dymond. — The district is well adapted to the growth of that froit I h«\'a never seen the black knot. PsAon Qrowino. To th« Chairman. — I grow a good many poaches, and they are grown with profit in unr district; tho troos stand tho winter very well of late years. A number of years ago wo had Homo winter-killed, but not within tho last twelve or fifteen years. Sometimes the fruit budi are injured, oven when tho trees survive; of lato years wo have got very regular crops of peaches. The varieties which ripen earliest are tho Alexander, Halo's Early, and the Canada Early ; the last-named is a now seedling from Qrimaby, which has fruited this year for tie first time. I think tho Alexander is the most profitable of tho early varieties, but the Craw- ford is tho most profitable peach of all. Tho local demand is not sufficient to consume the crop, and we ahip tho surplus east Tho price is usually from $1 to |2 per bushel CuRouLio — Borers — Soil. We have not sufforod at all from the yellows, but the fruit suffers slightly from the curculio ; tho trees have suffered pretty badly from tho borers during the last few yeait. Wo tried to kill them by picking them out, and by applying ashes in a little mouml, at the collar of tho tree. Tliero are no other iuaocts troublosome to the poach. Tho trooi should bo planted in sand or gravelly soil. A Nkw Seedling Pkach. We have one seedling peach in cultivation, but wo have no name for it; it is a yellow peaeh, willi red elu;!.-k and yellow flnsh, and is of tino quaiity. Thf) troo i.s voi'y luugliauii hardy, and generally produces its own kind. I have grown it from tho seed sovercl time*. [Mr. Wesllaitd,] I ^ uo FUUiT (lUOWINU AND F0RK8TRY. i I I It imiDt a lftrK«> juMnli ; it, JN ub.Hit thoHiro of Mm llnlo, mxl Iiuh « v(«i)i (Inn (liivour. I Ihiuk tho «iv.- in «li.. Iiur.li.'nt of ,my viiri.My of ponoh I know of ; tlm foliiigc in hiiwiII luiil ilftik, mill (lie W'joil JN a liiu-k l)lin'k ; wo liuv(> «iiknn no iwMw to |)ro|)iif{(i(t< i(. To Mr. Dtpmiul. Thr |M«()«)lo in nur diHtrlot ftm growinjj tliJN pRrtipular ■.M-.|lii>>r, rtml Uicrn in oni'on-lmnl in whirli (hero iiro .jnito u n\inil)«rof trnt*n, wlii.-li liiiv.« Ixmmi Jmiir' njifoninunilu-rof ynftrH;itonKiiiut.>.l. I fliiuK, wilh Mr, K.lwunl Tylmrnt; no Hl.'jm Iirvo l>on, luit I omuiot my wliollior \w nwulo klio Nooilling known to tlioin or not. To (fi" Chiiinmiu. Tlio frnil n|H>nB uliont ton duvH IrUor tlian tlio KHriy (VawfonJ. To .\f,: Di/iitoixt. \\w\\ ouItiMv in inoroiiHinK in oiirdiNtri.-t ; tlio IniHinoHN in found to iM' i.fotiluMo. m-1 tiio (l<-ol woll, an.l it in not noailv «o liable to tho .-uroulio aw tlu> noolarino in. 1 dont lliink tlio Ii-ooh aiv Huhjoot to any »)thor post. SoniotinioH Hoiiio of tlu> linor variotionan- Killod liai-k in tho winlor. 7\) }ft: Dionoihi. Tho aprioot is not oullivalod on a largo wr.lo. hut I don't, know •ny jviison why it should ivol ho iiioio oxtonsuoly giown. Tlun-o would ho u uood d»Miiand tor Uio fruit. ruKuiiv rt'i.rrHR. To ih,' Cfxuvmon. Wo can grow thoooimnon oliorry profitahly, and wo oi.n nl.sogrow nl> tho w.'U known vanolios. Vory f<«w ai-« grown («x.'(>pl tho ooinnion K not oxtonsivoly grown is that tho troos do not ntnnd I (hi not know wl-.at.stook lias boon uho,1. Tho prio<> wo g,>t for tho ooiiuuon chony ih uhoi i tivo oont.s a tjuart. Tlio onip ia all oonsuiuod at homo. TuK (\!U»'ii.io I'liK, Si.iui Tiiic Hiuns. Tho ounnilio in^juivs all vnri.^tios of tho ohony, and tho Hlug is also doslruotivo Tli.' fruit i« not suhjoot to tho rot. hut tho hirds aro so'niowliat tn)ul.losonu<. Thoa,- most dos truotno ftn» (ho rohiii and oliorry hird. T think, howovor, tho rol.in woll dosorvoa all the ohorrios ho t.>a(s 1 hav,> No.>n ivhins oarrying gnihs to thoir lu-sts. nuoh as out worniH. I v^mld not, of iwu-so, ho .suiv that t hoy oat injurious in.soot,s, hooau.so I did not oxamino thoir stouiaohs. Tho chorry tivo auocoods on ordinary i.oil without any tlitHculty. Wo ha>v no sotnlling ohorrios. To Mr. /)i/m.)»,/,— Tho n>hin has a do.i.lod appotito for fruits in gt>noral,and ho .lovoiirs a givnl many ohornos. I hov.t .saw ih.-ni on tho troos in (looks, hui tli.- old onos tako tho ohorrios to (hoir young. Tlioy al -.o tuko tho strawhorry and tho rusplxTiy, though not to any oxtont, Tlioy dovour a fow grapos. On (ho wliolo tho rohin with us is roasonal.lo in his ravagos, I liavo novor fouiiil thom .'.iinig insocts or oatorpillans, hut my impivssion is aiat ho oat« tho cutworm. I think ho takt>s othi r worms, hut I havo no oyidoiioo of it. QllNOKS. Wo grow a fow .juimvs, prinoip.-iUy tho largo orango varioty. Tin-, aro ohiofly grown by amatours. and not to any oxtont. Tluy (hul thoir way to markot, and" th(>io is a domand far all that ar\> grown. Tho .piiuoo oould ho oultivatod more oxtcnsivoly with prolit. The pric« realitovl is aWmt two dollai-s por buahol. [Mr. Westlan,i.] itln, ORI,. ,) grow . Th.. 1 (1(1 alioi I FRUIT (J(lOWlN(i AND FOUESTHY. VlNRVAUPH, 97 • '-," iH ""<■ a gn.d U of wi.M n ; ; . ; d. : '^^""'""l-K. -"•' '»". OUnton for wi,„.. wlinlo pnMlurfc. Wm|,„,v,. „„ .Mm' .(v """ """' ^''" 'nanufftoturfiH his P"'' "Ml. I ^l.iMlcKra,MM.MU,n/iHnr,l :,^^ ^''T ^•'"'" '» "iK''fc "m.tH K-l '!< nun, U„u, i(, i , witl. , . l";?, . '^'''''T, '""""; '^"•' "»K'»^' »'" "xt,.n,l,.| „ I'umI. Tl.n |„.M.vy f,„H(„r M,.v IM7H , V ' '"'^ ''" """^"' oocuHionally on low '--< -ni :';:\^;r;r;7«^;;;;',;i:i:';i;^';:;;^^^^ -'<■•■ -^^-".t^' Kn,.,.. r .o „o. .now ;-"'-' '•"• ^-I,n for ,,|.„ Hu. II,,rrp Tlw?rri wt'l,^' V^ J'.ic.H oUuinod for Uunn Htkawiikiiiuicb. ■■-■i^rnt!J:^^^^^^^ H^mwhorrioH hut il.oy «r„ no., n.„.l. «rown Tha '^ •'«•• I U.i„l< M„. M..„.i,v|, „•< ImUr ' V '" ^"""'^' •■^'"' •'''" Monarch „f U.e <-"n-.s w,.||. |„ favourai 1. m.am.r.H , "av Z , l I' '"' ',7"' "" '" ^'"-y «"" i ib also '!-• Tho fruil, HollH a(, Iron. 8 , f ; J' ^"^^^ ""''*',"" '^f'^'; "^^ ''"^'-'» '- '''• ^'""-•.■..1 n,l(,ival,ioo. Wo lo , , n.l u.v it •( • '■".'•""";"";' ''"' '''''""'ff'" '>".(;and for ^'^^-^'"^^^^^ ^« - '• "" «-.o. Wo „. .. IfAHI'llKdlillCH. ^^'^rrjl:t2^^^^^^^^^ toanyoxtnnfc; l.nt a« tho .i,d MannuoU. (lluHlor/ Wo a / { u t( n / /^ ''^^^ ThornlniH, and tbo l?K,l> AM. WiriTE OwilHANm •'* '"" t-uiuvut horor iIooh not iniuro tiio LuhIioh. [.Vr. Uentlaiul.] r IS I i SM ■ 08 FIUIIT (;iU)\VIN(l AND FOUESTHY. TriR (lUHKANT WoiUf. Thp ourmnf. worm in inpiiiouH. I)\i(, wo .'iisily .UflpoRn of If, ly „Ri„g |irIJ,.lM,i'rt Wo IiAvo nn( l,i„l (li,. iVuit wnnn o(hx{o y.wH, but it uBcd to alUiuk our «oo8ol,pnie«. I oaiinot Rivount for its iliHupix'ftrnnoc. lU.AOK <1ttUllANT8. »i .'^''^''''^'''^"^"''''""^ ""<''^"'''''«^'-n''l.vonHiv.il.-.l. Tlio vfvHolios nioHt oq|oo,n.. nirtok N»i)l.>«. an.l Ml.. Knulmli lUiiok l^nmiH I fln'i.k tli.. rnlMir.. of Uhh fruit in |pm(i(nl)l.., ri,,. ..rop in nil oo.mntu.Mj nt liou).'. luul rcIIr ,U, iiIm.uI oiglH, .M-iiiH per (lunrt Ihoy will ^.row oo ,il,nl.v>M.ll.vHt,'.lthanh..rotofur('. Nomo of ourf.irnior.mirolM.Kiiminglo .io HmnHhioK in thin .Imvlion, an.i othor-s rvo making a l.URin,.HH of it. Thoro in a ton.h.n.v towar.lH tho ,1,.- vplopm.-nt of tho oultivation of thorn- Hmall fniitH, ami I think thoy will" be suoooHsful. (]008KltRI Downing, nn.l 1 .lon't know that tlioro i. a groat ,loai of diHoivnoo hot w.Vn thou. MiMow ,loos not athvt thorn ; hut wo trio.l tho English vnriotioM ri,.1 it alL^nkH tJ.o.u Wo ITin T r xvl f '"'^'";;,'>" ^"V*l">>''^< aH Roil.~.-lay, gravol, ami Hamly h,am Wo havo no t 10,1 tho W hito .snuth. Iho Amonoftu variotioH have rosiHtocl tho miklow. 'I'lio fruit Bells best when it is grcim. OltANninHIRR. «w ( ranh,M-nos nro not oullivatoa witli ub; thoro used to hoplonty of wild onoB, but. tho amps hav.ng booomo .Irainod. thoro aro vory fow now. It, ban not boon NUgi'.'Mod that, oTth> Unit" ' sf*;" ""' *'''"*^^ '' '" ^•"'' ^'" " '*"'«" '""' •'^"^•^••"-f"! «^-'^l^' m h'»»o I'artH Al utom. 7.) th th,i,rman~Wo do not grow «al,M--m,'lonH to any groat oxtont, but I think 10 crop oouM bo mavlo a suocossful and prolitnblo one. Tiio Mountain Hwoot Huccoods L>5t wuil us. ISlusk-moloiiB aro grown to about tho eamo oxtont as wator-im-lons best HkK KKKVtNO. 7V) Mr. D,r>wnd.—X only koop boos in small numbers. Wo havo somo piolly hiryo Iw farn,s. and tho domand for tho product is inoivasing. Tho tond.mcy of our di.^rio i pnygnvsMvo ,n rospoot to boo farming : ami 1 lind that tho farmers a,v making a m oro mtolhgont application of knowledge upon tli.-so subjects than formerly. There is no i.ro- .mdico against t ho bruit (rowers- Association in our neiohbourhood ; and I think a elisor communication Ivtweon the Association and us would bo a desirable thing. TUKK J'LANTISG Trees have not been plantod much in our district except for ornamental purpogea. [Afr. Westlattd.] ^ * I Farmorn havo alno riiacJH. 'I earriod oi «H»untry. when r'Inn iho difltrii Hittiti (Chainnaii Tho C rH.!ntativ„ oapauty '^ "'^ ''''" "i""'"""' »'"«' ^i" »'" «iv,,n .xt.ll;;j;^tz:;:dr;ilS:';^^^ - our district, th„app,ei, .„ost '»-Hlull thn Hu.all fruiLrHuTarrsr/lrH^M «'/"!"" ?^'''*'""'' '^'""•'•i«". P-^rH, rjuinooH. I should «ay that y() p.?ort of thrwl i n.i^^ ^"'r'"^^' K<>OHo»,errioH. etc UH, owing to tho Jay iu whid. thry h^vn bocul i^at;^ T,"" *'"" " "'"'^' '^ ^*""'-" ^'^'^ us. and tho p,-oplo l.avo not had tho ,.at ..on to a If '"' curcuho ,b vory hmi with "uroulio iH th. only ..hMtacIo w • Imv Uo ^nt "ul i" ^ ."uknown in our Ho.tion, and the that aro plant,,.! I .should nay t^iTt IZn.h 7 ■ "/ '//"i'" «''"^"'«- ^^ '^^ t'"' tree* planting rathnr .,xt.,nHivoly duTing tl« a^ vo or «il" *''."'^-. *'"""'''•" ^"^"^ ^""'•" .0 hoar ph,utifully. or at loant HuSd!;;;t " V^for t o rsHf ci^Kat'"" ""f"^ '^•^'*" husliols a tr.H,, in ton to (iftoon yearH from th« h.,,1 1 %/ '^"'^^^'^^1"". "ay four or tivo f'O". tho nur.sory. Of tho cultiSod 3 i ho county'Tb uro'n^f ^ "'* "'«'^ ^^^^^ huudrod acnfs h ulautod in Htnnvl,„r..w.„ V X^^^v »"out one-half an acre to overv h^t I do not includo ^^p wSct wou d Z L'""" T"^ "S"' "'""^'^ ^'"'*«- I" ^^^1 m.Tyluindr.-ducroa. Itldnkth^BBZnir« 7^ ''."'"^^P" threo-fourth« of an acre to 10.000 barrolH. Tho Sout^^td it S Jfl^^^^ 1'°" '^"h'"'^'"« """'^ ^^ "^bout Inland. TIu, ,,uantity HhippodX, Xtcrei^rn. T^^'^'" "" "'" "^'^"^^^"'^' '^"^ I'«'«o 100 FnuiT auowiNd and forkktiiy. 111 IN •1».u,k,Hy, M..I l,v,. t„ ft irmil-r ag... whiln (h.. fruit! Hornm o Im nohor , n.l In <,, ho„or .lun,.^ t „. wi.,.or. Wo pr.for a «o„,lH.«-,t..rIy a^poot, for otvl.a ' ; - , ' , 35 'r < .mu... Duko a.,.l Mornll., ..lu-rri-. w,. plant, 15 to IS f.-.-t, a.wvrf, • ,„:,; !...« I '• r{.nno,.MaM.t,lwaHp..a.Ha.,.lappl..R. H to 10 fo.-t oaol, way. Tim m.m.n wo „ow plant o,Kapplot,vo, vyi.lor apart tl.a.i l.oloro in thin: onr noil will llnow np hu-I, ,,„ „,Imu U.nl to .H or .>5 »ool^a.>rosH a,ultl.ol.rat,ol„.Hint..rlo,.|<. an.l k.vp (h- ,;ronn.l ron.plotrly Hlm.l,.,| A\.. r.M,m.-oa!l tin; Muni.^hl^ wo ran -..(, .nto our o.vhanlH. a.-.l with h,,,-!, a Hup.-ral.un.lano of top It iH MtipiiHHibio to not jt if tlio trooH am plaiit.>.l only 'M) foot ai-arl Kiiinr AIaukktr. ,« ,.''.', ?"■ '^"" ■"'■• '^'-'-l'^— *;"»'»"'»«•■«''»«"" w., Rhippo.i n„r fniit prinripally to Chi h.»n,l p,..ko,i . wo oan iMul t,o salo for any .>tluMM. Wo h„vo (riod wrai.pinK oxtra lino appU's ui ivapor, ami Inst year (hoao roalizivl g!2 por l«iri-ul. ■ OuOIlAUn I'r.ANTINU. /'.. Mr Ih/inoiU—OnW al.ont ouo-tonth of our fruit ti-ooa aro in full Ix-uino TImf 1.U lu-atos a lari^o nn-rnt a,Uiition to tho laud undor orchard oultivaliou. It m al.out •M^iu. voars snuv wo hoKau (o plant ho oxtonsivoly. Up to that lin.o ll.o .-rowll, of iruit was oomparattvolv .small, and our applo. woro all oouHunn-.l nt honm I d.. not know what ,nduo,-d our funn,M« to go into (ho Imdo unioss it waa a i^rowin.' Kp.ru o. ontorpr.M.. 1 |„s oxlons, vo plautiuy; is Htill «oius .>n. Tho nu.nl.or of old trooH is m>t vory lar,«>-. and tl.o.v is not niuoh o.vasi.u> for tho replanting;- of fruit, Invs Tho in omuso ha« iHvn prinoipally in appio irrowin.u:. Wo .-m-o K-nnvimr s.unn poaoi.os now • hut tho luoroaso ,u poaoh =.row,n,vr was uvuol, alowor until al.out, six y.v.ra a,ro. (J-anos an. ust lH>,,.nn,n,,v ,o ho roplantod^ Ahout tonyoara u^oa groat u,anv of our pooplo\n,nt ox- touMvoly mto ^rapo plautuig. hut f hoy woro doooivoil as to thovariotios which thov should plant and tho oonsoquenoo was that t,h, Nvor.« tho only kinds that would ripon, hut 1„. iV^ wholly una.vpuuntod with tluMr onlt.vatiou. and with tho nuakiuR of wino, thoy luH-auuMlisc-ou • a,od and to.v „p all thou- v.nos : hut rooontly thoy lu.vo boon plantin/n.oro oMon.s v ' y uau ,n-or. On tho wholo. ,n our district thero lias boou » givat and sati.sfaolory uicroaso in tho truit-gr^nvuij: industry. iw/ Mii.ii.vst. Dkaik.^gr WoiJKa n> Ho>,. Mr. ir,.(>,f.--W<. luvo snnu^ townships in whidi la.-o sums havo born ov pomlod m opou dnuns. . On thoso lands wo can now grow «o,uo of tho hardior varioti:..s o aro growini; ot apii.os. such !vs tho Khodo Island t^riHnungand tho Northorn Spy W tlio tamouso, hut not vory oxtonsivoly. " 1 /'* •^^'•■- /V'''<''"'' — ^^> li'^vo a"largo ;vroa of laud adapted (o appio srowini: Or ouards sluniKI bo woll drained, though as a matter of fact many of tll.-m aro not Tl„. d"l!iur"'^"* ''^ ' *'"^'^' '^'"*'"'' *" "^'^ ^"''^ accruing, owing to the absence of numy small ■Mr. Coih/.] ^^ni;iT GIIOWINU AND FORESTRY. 101 Vauiktikh ok y\r'pr,K8. JO fnM ^hdivTTtnti 'I'll i 9 "•;>;- would nol, apply <..>Hu,,nnor a p 1.7:^ L^^^^^^ "^^ "'"/r ^^'""'' ' '-'' '"on- Vni tl.o lK,Hfc for ..triy fall Lo an 1 , T'" "" '""'."'." "'• '"^^'•'•"'•"nnfl M,., Kail I'i , winter UHo. Ti..,Ho Lvo Moh^a «/ r .^ rriuT H "'" '""'"/'"• '""' ^"" ""' '- V rm,.o .H alHo hanly If tl.o Uau.ho Ih o^I i" h aT?'T ^"•"•'"«t'v«- , 'J'^'" H^- Law- l)ut wo (iM(l Uiat If U.oy an, |,n,i,o,lvnnl(,v„ i ' ^^ ^" ^"""^ irro^ju arly uh to hi/p ;»;.ij;;t:*;f;r,u^::-:™^::;;^,--.»pp.™;™., .« , .„, .„„ „„„„„ <>'<' NoM H„..h of MaHHaolH,H„(,t„ ' C v Lri V '-^ '" '''""^•"■" ''^•■"'''•« 'fc iH krumn um m •«Iaok I )H,roit wo doon. unworthy f , tSj, ' r'lf'^ J", -"• '.'-«'• l-urhood ; Ld the "PPl.S oon,..al in Hl.apo, with a ,\L glc HrHk n and w,'. 11 '""■""' '" '^ ''^'•«"' fi"«-lookinK !'/ ;"vmo ,..o..c„. Our |,0Hfc Jcoophir.W.l.lo Ih n ' '"""»"'•",''» "'"'^'' as ten ind.,.^ -I Canada. Wo havo also llnml ioh aro I, h'T"""' ''V'^ *^'^ "''^^ ^^"«t i« tl^a ..m, aa iu-Ht-claHH varioticH for nuM^LliU^^ ''T'"'r '^"^ ^" J« ""t consider HHo ,H a ilno appJc. tho„,d. it in Xr InZl iSv'p/'"' ^?' '^^"''^''^ '^'^« I-on^me f.o Northern Hpy. tho Ualdwin nnuZlLon^^^^ then WH..oiu,r as with uh it in a hard woL7librll f. f/ ^' *'" "« «»" ^u^h for the JiaKly and Btand« tiliipping woll. ^ ^'"'^ fuut-not very pnlatable. though it is TACKiNa AND Kkepinu Apit.k.s. ^i;.-.n^^rt;i:';;;L'r;r,z':oT:i^^^^^^^ li'-T k..,.p lonKPr pankod in that way Than anv n r l'"''^' ''''"'" '"^ ^^''^^t f>ran. l'."K th..m up in paper would bo bottZtil ^ ''''"''• ' '"^^" "^ '^^"'»'t that wrap! / f > ///))* J/i. II'..,. / ■ 1 . • * y^' zM.K ,,„int-in fact that is tlTo fnm? . tomimmturo of ono or two ,Lrc-vH «p.'Hkin, wo liud it HafoHt to havo tl , ban. ^^ •CslfTl^"'''''' /."'' ''""■ ^'-™"y tnvsuntd (ho har.l freezing weather con.eH Tf U i T? '" *''« «'''-'f»*'-'l "'"lor tho « and a pretty hanl freozoAhey wfl be afo oven 3 "'"" ^'"f"^ "/ '" ^''^ ^^''^'^'^ «'"y wSl "c,k. After . he cold weather sets n I would no "nuTir ""■''""f " "" "•^'^^ "^"'J » ''^1? CO lars an, ^onerally too warm. Wo don't thi^k of n ",'" .^'"-' "'^''"'^''' ^''^^■'^"«" "ur potatoes and other ve^^etabloH brcLrif/ "^^ ""^''"^ ''^ ^''^ "'''''''-' •^^ll^'' with .pod the apple. I prefer «a ^ubulkUng oJ an Z'" """^''' ^"^.*^-- '''^''^^^^'^ ^^ - [ifr. Cacii/.] ^ "" ""«^""I»«d room ii. a house, so long as lis' ,:l 102 FRUIT ROWING AND FORESTRY. tho t.ompprftturo does not ^o murh bolow tho froonng point. Tho vlvn of building frult- hoii.scH docs not HCMMi) to li.'ivc people in our county yot. Of tho wliolo nniouut of fruit raisod I aliould judge that iihout oiie-lmlf is cnnsumod at home. Wo havo no g(K)d soc'dlings. Thi' staiitlard varieticH are all perfectly hardy \\ it li uh. Our applo troeH arc not troubled niueh with any di.suasc liko blight. VVo have had a littlo blight, but not onougli to be of niateriul injury. Insect Pksts. Borers do not injiire the trees unless they havo been wounded in sonio way or sun sealded. We liave not many tent i-aterpilliirs, and this year we hav(! fewor than in previous years. The Codlin moth is not very prevalent in cultivated orchards, but in thos(> wiiieh aro seeded down it is a littlo tro>iblesome. W(f havo not tried remedies for any of these peats (>xc;'pt tent caterpillars, and we (ind that strong soap suds will externunate them. We wash the lindis thoroughly two or times in a season, and we find that the larvm are di si roved in that way. We generally apply the suds with a p.'iil and broom. 1 .should i)refer cultivating an orchard and uover seeding it down at all. Cultivation IJf.nkkiciau To Ifoit. ^fr. Woo(f. — T would cTiUivate an orcliard, no matter how old it is ; and i would .also manure it either with ordinary farm manure, or, preferal)ly, a mixture of equal parts of rotte:\ straw manure, and leaves or other loo.se litter. W(< aro not troubled much with tho Codlin moth, nnd I have not noticed that it attacks any kind of apple particu- larly. I would recounnend the construction of outside cellars for tlu* purpose of keeping fruit, so that tho heat might be regulated as re(piired. I slioidd build them wholly above tho surface, and make them with largo dooi-a so that I could drive right through them. By that means not only could the barrels be rolled oil' just whcri* they are re(pured, but if the temperature js too warm the doors could be opened. A stove should be kept in tho cellar, so that the heat may be regulated. I wovdd recommend people with such collars to keep as mudi fruit as possible till the spring, as the price is generally better then. We can always find a ready market in Detroit or Windsor for all the apples we can keep until tlic spring. I have miown apples from our neighbourhood sell at $3 per barrel at De- troit in the spring. Climate op the DisTnicT. can To Mr. D>imoui1. — T. think our climate is very mild when compared witli other parts of Canada. The temperature seldom goes below zero — it very rarely goes as low as z(>ro, though it is sometimes ten or iifteen degrees below zero in exposed situations, but that is considered extremely cold weather, and that only lasts a few hours. In situations where we plant orchards end have the fruit cellars T allud'd to, the temperature is seldom as low as zero. I do not (lunk llii>re would be the lea:-,, dilliculty in jireserving ii))ples as 1 have suggested, in any patt ■ f Canada, as they caa be more easily [ireservcd in cold weather than in v vi'V wing to the ^.e.ater facility with wliicli tlu^ temperature can be regulated. The class of apples wliich we send to (.•r.ic.ago and Omaha are Rhode Island Greenings and Raldwins. The lied Detroit is a tine dessert apple, and 1 think it will be useful for shipment. I do not know that there has been any slu ing of apples from our county to the old country, I should judge that the Red Canada, i Spitzenberg, and tho TJibstone Pippin would suit the old country market. Peck's Pleasant should also bring a good price, as it is much the same as tho Ribstone Pippin in tlavour. We do not grow the Ribstone Pippin to any great extent — the trees do not yield very well. T know it is .a very popular apple in iMigland. We depcMid wholly on nurserymen for our tre(>s, and do not pay much attention to raising new sorts. J?irds are not troublesome to the fruit to [Mr. Cady.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. ^^^ fro.n Iloc-lH..st..r a.o as ^ood as any, d as toJZ, ^ ^'^ ^'■'''•'''■^^'''- ^ho trooH wo got •>"foro wo could get any va, i..f,io„^ hat i " S^^ »"/r,^ '"'««•. '' "''"'•^ ^-^I^" "* J'f«-t'n.o '^•" "ot got tf... ono wo requiivd. f do mf d.i,; ^/"v^.^^''/'''^''^ ^'•"^v a thousand trees mako any (hfr.Tonco. I do not am rovo of " '^.^'^' ^'"' ""^^dlinKs on tho top would trcea-l would rather go fa:;tr'S:ri^lSi::""'''' ''^''"'"' "'"'"' '^'^'^ ^^-h-^- ^^ Babk Lioft i. ..iKt!::r,,rLx™s«°^^/j;x'",;««'' p-ny-H^^ oov„rc,> „ith ,,„k ,io,. Wo have „„v„r tril tic/ ,™„ *„ '^'^ !'£ 1 "■°'"' "'»" "■''«" "-T »« olbs th.t if they do not hkl au ilX nA?"" '"T "l ^T^' ^°" "^^^^ ^°''i«e ^ off, and the rain gets into tho woumi -'I ^ "*' "'''- ""^^ ^"'' *''^ ^^'*^ ^""I'^a desired, so long a^s th"slll nS a;6 Ske"'" "'"''• ''"^"»" "^^ '^ '^"'^ ^« "^^^- ^' Pear Guowino. I have cultivated a few nears A .i^.v^v u^, c • has paid him from $15 to S a year fo ^abouf mT" "^^' K^"' ^ ^'''' '''' ^^ich years of age, and bears abunlntry^ever/year It is a o^^^^^ ^ ^l'\ '''' '' "^'^"^ ^^^'^ pear trees are not much subject to bliXf K' i ., . '"'^'^ ?g' ^"^ has no name. Our To Mr. I>!/mondJpeirtrZsut^^^^^ ^^'^^^'^ ** ^i"l« this year, heavy soil. If -"the soil ifa Lep !rravd t^^^^^^ ^ ^'^^''' ''^'^^>'| P«^°"« ««il than in a t,;| : ii ■• ■• W-- i ^ ^.fc ^ 104 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. bHS aS ase^odo r tI. .r^" '^^"'^ *<> propagate the seedling, but I think it would a member of thP ^rtto 'T '^-^ ^^''^ ^^"^e one-about sixty feet high. I am not distdct ^ Association have taken any steps to look up our as fre?frt SraTthTlt'^ii^elf "' *'^* ^''^"^^ ^'•^'^ *^« *- ^ ^-^--^ --^^ ^^ -we^mv^'notf4ilI!^r/;;;;2."?'°P^' "^^ not e^iWt largely at the Provincial Exhibitions v«X c, ! ^°* •^^'""^ted more Mian two or three times. The seedling pear I snoke of iq vario^pr^S^P^-;^-^^^^^ PtUM Culture— Peaches. «v^r5f.S.^t''^""-~^^''^ ^'^ °^ °"'' ^^^ Pl"°' ^^''^es bear to any extent. We have vI7pSaL fCfT^P'^'^-^T?^^ '^"'^ Sood climate-and we can grow them' very prohtab y. Our trees require a little cutting back to stand the winter well Thpv grow so rapidly that in extremely cold winters they are injured a littL When the shoots iSL Yn Lt wavi ^f rt"" off the young buds, and the laterals which are proauced in that way should also be pinched back. The trees will then e^ert thpir "e7f un 1' T *^ V"''''\t' '^"i*^ '"^^- Tfa^^ P^- «^--l^ b? fdWe^wTh 'young ranidlv^ Tf,p A T T ' ^^''^ '^"^' ^"'^'^' ^^°°"^« ^«™«d, and they do not grow so BcntrW W t '^'V "1"^ t"P^^' '^'"•^'*' ^"^ *^« Alexandra next, and tht Ear y Beatrice^ We have planted the Early Canada, but we have not fruited it. The Early Crawford IS the most profitable variety we have grown yet. The local demand is not sulhc.ont to consume tlie crop, and a few are shipped, principally to Detroit ™Ch las sTpTd^ThTvetef *' I' '^^°"^^- ^""'^ "°' ^*y "h** quantities &e been shipped. The yellows are unknown in our district, and our peaches do not suffer from on. ^r'lr • ?'''? ^f ^°'. ^r^^"^«- ^° ^'^'' i^««<^t« ^^e troublesome. We Z one seed hng whicn has been in bearing for twenty or twenty-one years, and has borne abuiidan ly and regularly The fruit will measure seven and a-half^inches in ctumfTr .,lanf^^ ^^T ^'*' '^^''"f— Fariuers general / grow a few peaches; the trees are usually p anted in fence corners, and the grass allowed to grow around thei. They are generally grown more like a busli than a tree, and when they are fruiting the branches break and 'V.Tf '^/u'' '" *^f ^ '^'y "'^ considered very short-lived, p'each growing is fol^„ore prohtable than apple growing, though the crop is not quite so certain." For fhe list St or ten years our trees have fruited nearly eveJy year. ^ I don't think there would be at danger of overstocking the market if we went largely into peach growing. I think peach e^rs-rtn;:K:rs.^^ -"''' ^' *'^" ^^^^^^^ '--''^' -^'^ wo^drecom.trdt To Mr. Dymond—On the mainland we have only one or two orchardists. or men number Ihe isknd is well adapted to the growth of peaches and grapes. The pips of the Beedling peach which 1 mentioned were planted, and they produced nearly tie same an ui) FEUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 10c I leve if link it would carry well. Nearfv all mTr-'r.l^^^L'"'""^' """ """^V uavourea, and I think it - - ' iTltalr.P'TfrrTS'^.^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^y* - «hip to Detroit and St. Thomas in small quantities. w& consider that the fruit pays, It we get a good crop of peaches every third year Cherries— Quinces. ..arketing. The rkerand^SolX^drve^^ 'J ^h ts S^northe^fT^ 1 Bigarreaus. The Bigarreaus are the best shipSng cherry ."own W. , . begun to grow quinces to some extent. There is a S LSZ,% Tu '''"' J"'* prices, and they might be more lar-ely erown with nrn«f ? S' *'''™ ^* S°°^ Orange quinces. Fo?tho 1p-'. H-ht vpfr« t^ I with profat. I would recommend the Grape Growing. the Dch..a™, the Itatford P?„liiio, Sn'd the S ntrh^aCot^tal" Tto Sf J we now deem almost unworthy of cultivation but tl,» p1„.^ i j^ , ^" "° Hartford market, and the Clinton is a prof tab rwrieOu^^^^^^^^^ Delaware are good for It and the Delaware both prefer ^ lUt sanllTloam wjfb ^'''P' u ^^? ^''''''''^^ The Catawba I think would do belter on Etr soU There IZT "'"^'"'^ f/'"''^^- for grapes, at from three vo five cents per pound Delawat?,- T "" ^""'^ '^'"^^"^ ing five cents, and Concords three cent . wfconsWer SIseTrof .^^^^^^ *^"""*^*r ^"^"S" had a frost to injure the grapes within my ^c JectL eSc-^t tlti^ P"'"'' ^f "'^''" had one in June; and even tLt frost did i fin te Ise ?h cf wr^cS^^^^^^ The'^r There is no disease which in ures the vines or leave-, Tna J. > i! Jx- ? ^ ^^^®- us a little. It is its first appearance 7n our distSt and I hL«"° f ' ^'^' ^""^ ^^"'"^'^ r^It^i-tr -" ^^-^- ^^ - Sw^uJ^rVS-e^^- r&iT/r ^we\irsi? o^^ sIsl-Stt - F^^^^ To. Mr, Dymond.-^Ye have aJreaT mat; Sslfu? wfdrtT ''Z''' '^'' Tr' a. enenues, except the blackbird and%he crow S'faLTof ho Z. T^ 1^^ ^'^''^ ui. grape culture was just owing to their i-norance of the nrol. f. ^A^^t "''}'? ^^^^ Uu. fruit. I don't think that increased drSge has Ite XSnT .*{? "^ cultivating P«lee Island. They are going into the culture of theTanftU "^, *^^ ^'''P° "^^P «" grow the Catawabaf the ^oncrord, Uie Ma and the Z Te "\h p"? 't" ?^-^ principal grape, and it ripens very well, but it docs not nm wttb J \^'^\'' '' *'''."* mainland. Pelce Island 'is in Lake Erie; it t nii e m l^^Ion: h^ TZ tnSl V"' people are going extensively there into fruit .rmwixi,, nn' ""L.^ -"^v "' ''7'^*^ ^^^'^ tha land had been engagcUin general farmiugr ' " ' """ '^''^ ac^Uiioa [Mr. Cadi/.] 100 FRUIT GROWINQ AND FORESTRY. l\' I.'. 1 1 I } ni I I WtNB Making. turo. Mv. hunih, of Peloo Islan.l, nm.lo 8,000 gallons laHfcyear j and about, 15,000 ffallons wero mmlo in tl.o dmtnot last year altogothor. Mr. Hniith was awanlod the, koI.1 -modal at tho Pans Exlubjtum. The Catawba is mostly usod for wino on tho island, and tho Clinton on tli(> mainland. To Afr D!/w.»uf.~Tho avorago yield of tho Concord grapo is about four tons per aero, tliough wo Komotimps roahzn inoro. At tliroo cents por lb. that would bo 8240 uor aero. V f STRAwnBiiRiKs—RABrnRuuiRs— Plums. Souio few people have gone into strawberry growing to tho extent of one acre perhaps, and raspberries, <,to., to tho extent of thnw lo four acres. The culture of these plants has been satisfactory, and a few have been shipped, but generally they are peddled through th(> country. Gooseberries are not grown to any *!xtent, and eranbciicH are not grown at all. Plums are a very tine crop with those who have trees planted. Mr Alanson Whott, of Colchester, brought to Kingsville a limb of tho Lombard variety twelve incli(>s long, which contained fifty-two fully developed Hpocimens. lie says it was not an «'xooptionally well-laden limb, as all of his trees W(.ro alike. Crapes are a Hplendid crop. Mr. Michael W. VViglo, of Kingsville, gave us .some very lino specimens of tno Champion variety, which w.^re fully developed 12th August. Peach trees are breaking down, so great is their load of fruit. EDWIN CADY. ■■■ ■ mi MR. JAMES DOUG ALL'S EVIDENCE. James Douoall, of Windsor, was called and examined. Fruit in tiir Windsor District. To Mr. Diimond.—l have lived in tho neighbourhood of Windsor since 1S30 Lat- terly I gave up (h.^ meivantilo business, in which 1 was ongu.?ed, and becauK, a nursery- man. 1 have been conducting my nursery for tho last tweiily-(>ight years, and mv experience is largely that of a fruit tree grower, tliough I have planted specimen trees of every variety. I was one of the first memb.-rs of the Fruit Growers' Association, and have had a great deal of expcrienc<> in fruit growing. T think Essex is a very favourable fruit growing region, though it was formerly much more so than now. Wluither tho change IS owing to climatic causes or not I eannot say. I should think that the most favourable pari, of the county for fruit growing would be Hk. township of And. vson, alonij the lake shore and along the Detroit River. I would follow the course of (Ik- riv( r and lake in selecting the fruitgrowing district of the county. That region is iulapled to the growth of every kind of fruit that can bi, grown in the teinp(-rate zone. We have be- more subject to ins<>. have also had tho applo and pear blight. The young.-r trees are not touched by the blight, but the ohk-r on(«s are We in-incipally grow very early summer or winter apphis, though wo have, some lato sum- mer and fall apples. Every other year we hav(. an abundant crop of poaches, and as soon as they coiuo in fall apples cannot bo sold at all. VAniKTIES op Al'PIiKS. Of the early summer apples I would recomiuond tho Red Astraehnn tho Early Harvest and the T,>tofsky. They bring about 50 cents a bushel, or -ibout ?l.;iO per barrel, including the barrel. Our winter apples are tho chief varieties for market. Tho favourites are the Baldwin, the Canada Hed, the Gold.Mi Russet, the Northern Spy, the Rhode Islam! Greening, and tlie .Jonathjin. which is allitul to [Mr. Douf/nl!.] iV FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 107 tho Spitznnhnric:, and in a groat bearer tlie DiichdHH of OldonburK, tho Ore Of tho fall apploH tho varintu'H pn^fnrrf.l aro nstoin, arwl tho Maiden's BhiHh. For dcKHort ami t,,..ra™,ho,m()ra„„„. Th„«, varioHm all carry «.„!!. for c™Sb DumZ S ', Or™„,ns„ a. prol ta ,l„ „ „„y, „„,, t|,„ Bl™l„.i„, i,Z„it„ i, al» a fav* S"^ W ,7hi a SlUI'l'INO Afl'LEB— WiNTKlUNO APPLEB. Somo OhicaRo firms havo come down and purchased applos in tho orchards cather Z '^"''J^.'^r'""'^ 'f'-"' -•' t\ki"g ''hom away. 1 do not know what p/.rthev pay Wintor applr.s am worth on tho avorago about $2 per barrel, bu buyer, w.ll not K.VO BO njuch as that for apples on tho tree. sLio^ples Imve •,, Tr J to Montreal, but whether they were afterwards sent to Europe or not I do not k ow No error , has been n.ade towards packing for exportation, ,.. it is .lidicult to "erfn Ihts at 111- ,7""*' ™^' T""''' •'" o"*" "utp'Tt for Hhipping to Europe. 1 don't think wo could ship hem by rail to New York for Europe, as the .listance bf ail in ^.r a C proper metlKHl is to lay down a layer on what is to be the top of Ihe barn^ th b ossom end bemg downwards ; other layers aro packe.l in above thesJ until tho bar •< s alTt b more than full an.l then they should bo pressed down slightly. I agree with M CadS evideuco as to the proper method of keeping apples in tho winter. They St be kept in a oool, dry cellar, but it would not do to have any ro,.ts or vegetables in thrsa L col ar I hey are best whe,i they aro just kept from freezing and no more. lo the Chnirm.(m.~[ would not approve of lottinc the barrfls of nnnlnu Un i« ♦v,» or, ,ard», ,;.,„„. fall w„atl„.r i.^„,HZ. to. hot fo^^l^'i^ ^^ifrt™ h, ° to^ Inckrase op Apple Cultivation— Tjie Buoiv To Mr. Dymond.-'Zh^ve is a ten.Iency to increase the area under cultivation in spite of tho discouraguig experiences of late years. Tho blight I speak of kills U o n es n a few years, but son.etunes the younger ones will recover and grow amin Wo Im^^^ exponence of the bbght until about eight years ago. It comme.fced witl. the quince tees then It wont o tne pear trees, and then it attacked the apples. I havo no theory a« to Its cause It ,s ahnost as serious one season as another, though perhaps dry Lsons a o a httle the worst. Nothuig can be done to prevent it by the treatment of the trer?n tho win tor The hardier trees are more subject to it than others, and tho tab untSo trees nost of all. n.e KaiHsian apples are very much subject to it. though then'are "orno varTe! rtoX^i^tit'^ti;;; tr^^"'--' '''-' ''''■'' '^ -^^ ''- ^^-^^^^^^^^ Local SEEOLiNaa, Tlioro are a large number of seedling apples among tho French orchards and tho people of Detroit come over and buy theni for the purpose of makinSr but i^ IS not a local industry. Apple growing is not considered a distinct industry 'bu" is carriod on by farmers. I think that the farmers aro beginning to cu uS apolcs intolhgontly, but wo wore very much behind for somo time. cultivate apples Tub Codli.v Moth— Birds. nnn ..., ,„ t^lle, and tht-n put bands oi cioili, paper, or straw, around the stem of yar. Bougall.] I 108 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. the trea where the larvse would conceal themselves while they change into the chrysalis torm. The bands should be examined often and the worm destroyed. Still that plan does not nd us of them effectually. I have cattle in my orchard, but they do not seem to make much diflerence, as the worms are too quick for them. You may pick up the apples, and in nme-tenths of them you will find no worms, as they have escaped. I don't think we have any birds or other natural enemies to the moth. Some birds, such as the woodpecker, eat them m the chrysalis state, but we have not many woodpeckers. We have a good many birds, but none of them are destructive to the apple. The Baltimore oriole and the robin are the most injurious to fruit, especially the former, the latter only consumes cHerries and small fruits. We have one local apple which is the best late summer cooking apple that I know of. It is a large, beautiful apple, rather acid. It was found on the tarm of a gentleman named Goyeau. Best Winter Apples. To the Chairman. — I think perhaps that the Jonathan would be the best winter apple for a person to plant for marketable fruit. The Rod Canada is a fine apple, but it is slow m growing. The Northern Spy is very long in coming into bearing except in a warm, gravelly soil. When it does come in it is a very good bearing apple, although it is apt to have a great many small, worthless apples on the tree. I think that a gravelly Sv.il with a porous subsoil is the best for the apple, and orchards should be well drained. There is very little laud that is naturally well drained, unless it is gravelly soil with a porous subsoiL o J r Pear Culture — Blight, To Mr. Di/mond.— The only pears that will sell well with us are the early summer, and the late autumn, and early winter, owing to the peacli crop coming in between these two periods. There are some very old French pear trees in Sandwich township which bear enormous crops, for which they get $1 a bushel. The fruit has to be shaken off the trees. Ihese trees are not subject to blight, and often yield from twenty-five to thirty bushels each. Ihoy could be propagated by suckers (as they all have suckers), but not by graft- ing. I have tried to propagate them by graftmg on the seedling stock, but they never come to anything in that way. By propagating them we would get the same tree with the same characteristics, but they are not propagated to any extent. I have not had any demand for them. I am not able to give you any cause for the bliglit attacking the trees. Sometimes one tree is affected and sometimes another, and sometimes a tree that is attacked this year will escape the next. I used to think that some varieties wore proof against it, but after a few years they were attacked. The leaves and the young shoots get black, and they should be cut off about a foot below the diseased part. When you come into an orchard in the early morning where the trees are suffering from blight, the smell is some- thing like the smell of a field of diseased potatoes. I wrote to Charles Downing, the great pomologist, and he said the blight came periodically— once in twelve or fifteen years— but he could not account for it. The best varieties, given in succcHsion as they ripen, are the Ehot s Early, a new pear raised here. Doyenne d'Eto, Beurre Giffard, Supreme de Quim- per, Clapp's Favourite, Belle Lucrative, Flemish Beauty, Seckel, Louise Bonne de Jorsev, Duchess d'Angoulome, Onondaga, Doyenne do Cornice, Bourre d'Anjou, Graslin, and the Jieurre Glairgeau. The three varioties last named are the most profitable pears that I r-n°ni°-' ^^^ *^^ Beurre Clairgeau is a large and very handsome pear, which will keep till Christmas, Some kinds that are profitable in our locality might not bo so profitable m other places, whilst others that do not suit hero, like the Flemish Beauty, are excellent elsewhere. The Flemish Beauty is a very hardy pear, but it is worthless with us as a profatablo fruit, because it ripens too early, but I believe in the neighbourhood of London, loronto, and Hamilton, it does well. The Seckel is one of the varieties most free from blight. [Mr. Doutjall.] 108 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 10» Effects of Frost. The winters of 1855 and 1857 were very severe, and those years I lost 10,000 pear trees, and as many plum trees. They were young, but very fine trees in tlie nursery. They leafed out, blossomed, and the fruit formed about half its size, and then the trees withered and died, and we found upon examination that they were killed just at the snow hne. Our coldest weather the previous winter was made up of light aunny days and severe frosty nights. The sun melted the snow round the stem in the day time ; it froze up at night, and the trees were killed in that way. Had anything such as felting paper been put round the stems to keep the sun off the bark when frozen, thoy would have been safe. To the Chairman. — Apple and pear trees are very easily protected from severe frost by V f<.uj„g paper. It is the cold winters that make the trees black-hearted. using feltin Belts op Evergreens. To Mr.Dymond.~l advise the planting of a belt of evergeens for the protection of orchards. Deciduous trees do not protect them very well in the winter, because of the absence of leaves. I think a row of trees would be very little use. I would have a belt of young trees of some width, ,uid they should be planted on the sides from which the coldest winds come. As the country gets cleared up trees are needed more and more every year. In Lower Canada they used to raise apples and pears well before the country was cleared off, but they have left wide strips of trees in such a shape along concession lines that the wind sweeps through between them as it would through a largo funnel If i were going into orchard planting I would plant a belt of trees the first thing on ail sides except, perhaps, the south-east and so i h-west. I think that parta of the country were there are plenty of woods. Plum Culture. indispensable unless in I have a large number of plum trees and have a good crop every year I would cultivate the white Magnum Bonum or yellow Egg. The Bradshaw is a tender tree and the Washington is also rather tender. Oullin's Golden Gage is a fine plum but rather tender. The Jefferson is one of the best. The Prince Engelbert and Guthrie's Apricot are both excellent plums. People will not buy the English Green Ga-'e iust now as It 13 too small; they want the large plums. The Brandy Gage is oue^of the hardiest plums, and bears enormously. The Lombard is, without exception, the moat profitable plum we have. r > ou Protection prom the Curculio. The curculio is easily avoided by keeping plenty of hens and chickens. Mv plum trees are loaded down with fruit, and there is not the stins of a curculio to be seen, while just outside of my orchard nearly every plum has b<-en stung. I planted my trees about ten feet apart, and I have good fences, so that the fowis cannot .^et through. There should be enough fowls to keep down the grass and weeds, other- wise the circuhos Would escape. In my plum orchard there is no gi-ass or weeds at all ; in fact, I have to cut grass for my fowls, and I have more plums on my trees than they can bear without support. Shaking the trees is a very good plan but I gave it up after a number of years' experience. My man had shaken the trees every morning for three week';, and then there came three days of constant rainy weather after which the fruit was all stung with curculio. I find that keeping fowls is a perfect pro- tpction against the insect. I have a few plum trees in my luusory, but I cannot get a plum off them, because there are no fowls there. In our part of the country we can always get a high price for spring chickens in the Detroit market. If you have only a few plum trees in your garden, and do not want the chickens to run at large you could put a coop nf yov.n^ ch\c\^,'m under the trees, and they ',vill devour the insects. ' [Mr, DougalL] ^J'l > p h 110 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. The Best Soil for Plums. ha.uV'^ K °'* f '?^,'® "''" ^T P^T ''"•*"''^ ^^ * ^^''^y "^'^y 'oa«i- The trees are not so healthy when planted in sand, as they are liable to attacks of black knot and the curculio The best p an of avoiding insect pests is to keep the trees healthy, as you will always find that the sickly trees are attacked the first. We can sell all the plums we can raise^Tour part of the country, at from $2 to $4 per bushel : $2 for the small ones and U for the ar^e ones The Lombard plum sells at from $2.50 to $3. Plum-growing is profitable if people only attend to it. I think the whole of this western peninsula would be favourable to olum- growmg, except the loose sandy soils. '^ Seedling Plums. I haye raised some very fine seedling plum., and I have one which I think ^ the handsomest plum we have. It is a large plum, nearly as large as the Magnum Bonum, yellow with a pale carmine cheek that just coTnes on when it ripens Uke the peach, it bears on the young wood of the previous ear. It is not well known and I have not disposed of any trees. I have several' other fine seedlines one of which is as large as the Washington and richer than the Green Gage I have been experimenting a great deal on raising new varieties. We have the Wild Goose nlum of which there are two kinds : one purple and the other red. The purple is worthless but Jt V """^ 7r ^'""^K ^^'t'''^ ^'^i^^ ^''"^ '^' ''''' ^' ^'^^^^^ -^«" "Pe. if touched with the fanger. It is a delicious fruit and very hardy. The only one I have that is bear- ing is in my kitchen yard, where the fowls can get at the fruit, so I do not know whether It IS liable to the curcuho or not. I suppose it would be as liable as other varietiee. The earliest plum is the Royal Hative. Peach Growing. Of peaches the Early Louise is a favourite, but is later than the Alexander which IS partial y a clean stone peach. The Alexander is the most profitable pS on account of Its beauty and earhness, because we can always get the highest price fbL ^n I f l^r '' -n'^^ •'"^' "'" °\*'*^'^' ^^''' y""'' ^^^^'< but by planting them m the fall they will gain a year I suppose there would be about one-half I bushel on each tree the first year th.y bear. U to $6 a bushel can easily be gorfor them. The most profitable peaches are the Alexander and Crawford's Early Ou?neach trees are not troubled with insects, and we have not had any sign of the yellows In the second year of bearing the Alexander peach tree would probably bear one bushel, and the maximum m full bearing would be three or four bushels. The trees should be propped up when they are bearing-peach trees more than other trees, because they are so tender In our county one aspect is as good as another for an orchard. What we require is a well ' protected situation -.year the river or lake. Peach culture is increasing in the district especially along the lake shore. The curculio attacks our peaches, especially when there IS a poor crop, • tr j "vi* uui-to Apricots and Nectarines. We do not grow apricots and nectarines, because they are so liable to the curculio but they could be protected the same way as our plum trees are: by chickeim The common way of jarring the trees would not do with the apricot, because the whole of fh^ r ra?d\r^r ^h^e^r^r^y^^^^^^^ jrfiWe tSier ' '''' ''' ^'''' ^'''-''''' whicht' rMlil:^ l^x^s. [Mr. JDoxtgalL] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Ill The Birds. or.r.'^^ ^t!*"'^" ^° ^<^*^attack our cherries very much, or rather when we have a eood 7y.?.f.^T'"71^^l^ ""^"S'^ ^°^ °"^«'^l^e« a-d tli« birds as well The robhi he cat bird and the cherry bird are the most troublesome. The Baltimore orbfe voun. to7hf' "''■'"', ""^ *^' r^'^^* *""^-"^^ ^« sometimes bad. as fhey brTr. the r Jn^L V u^f 'u ^^T '^""^bers. I don't see that there is much use in protect rfnnM /7i^'"?.^"*]H^:°^^" "^*^ ^^"^°«* ^» '^'i'^'l^of insects found on the eround Th. W?! ItV^^' ^'""^ i '"^''f' *^^y ''"'' ^"* I *^""k he picks up a great many rubs' The insects that prey upon fruit he would not be likely to pick from the ground I hav« think tS/.t" mating worms and moths, but what kinds I could not telf But I should th nk that he would be useful except during the cherry season. I have no doubt that he ea s enough insects to compensate for the fruit he destroys. I have Tever stn the roHn StlKSTrobin!^ *'^ ^^'°^^' ' ^''^"^^ "°* '^'''^'^ '^^ '^^°^-S« - thrrStiot^ft: ,-f T.of" <^^, ^^^«^>f«"-— I do not know of any bird that attacks the tent caternillar after eguTaTsoS if is"tt alf '"w "'^ ''' '' "^'^^ '' '^ ^^'^ ^-^S- I detro^y "tsn I»J^K Y t ^ "°^ allowed to propagate its young. In our part of the court- v its. thTll'l^T ^T ""''^ '"^.^'^ ''^''''^ °f ^^*^- «"r t-^t caterpillar is not thelame a the Lower Canadian caterpUIar, which is rather migratory. Cherries — Strawberries — Grapes. >„,t ^^Z'''^^!'u^ ™°''' profitable cherries are the Early Richmond and the Black Tartarian Sk^Tis ruan^;o^''T f'"'",'"7 ■"» boen principally cultivated hitherto, bSI one or tne finest. The Crescent Seedling is more profitable than the W-lson Th^ ^IZ objection to it is that it propagates too fa1t_it has too Iny runners. W^do not Zi very many raspberries. We have no wild ones in our part of the couuirv tH^^Z Red curranraJe nrefer^^^^^^^ ^o th« wfj/' T'^^ *' !f «' *' tlie Cherry and more prolific. them up in 'J^ 'Tt^Ll.^:rl'T.L\TXoi ^ InS tTafth'^l'ed'r'^-^ ^V''^''' *^^^ -ou'ld Jet 1 M;^^ fs'm" ^^^^^^^ and t W . u^*"- ^^''''^ ''""*"*' *f « "o* profitable here. We gi-ow goosc3ies Downing J T w^^' wl^.^^^^''^-^ • '^'^^ P"^"P^1 ^*"«««« «« *te HoughTon and the hav?soma IS- *^^Y^»*« Smith is pretty generally free from mildew with us We havesome seedlings which are crossea botwgca tho Houghtoa and the English ^na^Lr.J^ fill 112 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. ^:LtS.\Satlt:il mlrXS^Uref ^" '"^ f^ neighbourhood of A.- cross be^een them s^nLomeTthTEJl^L^Ss^^^^^ V^'^'^l \ '"^ ^'"'^^ a havel^ytdv^SaroveTthte^t th\^^^^^^^^ P,"^'^ ^'^ *^^ ^^^^^^^^^ -^^ -^ the river mentioued. The foir of Michirn t d^Zpn^f '"^ ^'°T^ ''"^ "^ *^« ^^^^^^ I have soil is sandy, while we have a h'av^ jf lo^m ^ ^^ '''' "'^ "^^ ^<^t'«it t^e theirs iu enabling the fruit trees o^stand ^e W / Thf^'^'P'' ''•T ^^^^^^^e than I prefer are the^Concord and tl.e Cha^ion J^r S Lr^hVS ''^^ grape which r.ct name. The Concord is the king of gCeX p^^^^^^^^ T I.fT''' ^^'n*^^'- V' '^' ''''■ dence given by Mr. Girardot Hn^J^ftFjAv ^ ' ^ ^P^'^^ generally with the evi- subject^toab/ghtof S?LtswhtTefSr?ip:^^^^^^ "^*^ ^^' ^ ^^^^ - JAMES DOUGALL. ME. MACKENZIE ROSS'S EVIDENCE. Sittings at Chatham continued. Julv 24fli Tftsn d . Ti,r (Chairman), and A. H. Dymond. ^ ' ^^°' -P'-««««f-Messrs. F. Malcolm, . W. Mackenzie Eoss, of Harwich, was called and examined. Fbtjit Culture in Kent. neigh?oSooTand'l-i;L bS arorc^rSlnf a' nut ^"""^^ %^ T^ ^-« ^ «- trees for marketing purposes and T rn?.? « / nurseryman. I have 2,000 pear trees just coming Tnt^Cfng ; I have 6 OOQ fr?es aT^i*'"'' ''' ''^'- ^ ^^-« ^^^m varieties. I have between 8,000 and 4!ooO apl tree % o^^^^ ""'"'f'''^ "^ *^^ '^^'"^S are plums, peaches and cherries. lahocSltlthl'i;? P^^^ ^^f «• and the rest tatoes. I have a large crop of sweet nota ^7^^! ^ t f ' P^a^iii's, and Sweet Po- of potatoes, for which I pakl eiOper bSshe ThevS';«l,^ ^T ^]^^^'^ ^''"^ ^^"^^iea and Bromwell's Superior, and manure in 60 days ^Th? Earlv E^^^^^ ^^'"P^^' ^"^y- They come to the sur^'ace more than the EarlTEose ami ^ ^ '^"'^"""'^ ^^ 'l^ys- cannot get a second crop. I have 45 different vfri^fLaf ^\ T ^""^""^ *° ^ee if we great many new varieties. amerent varieties of potatoes, and have tried a Applks— Choice op Varieties. ^^^ptlir^^^^^^^^ the Northern and thick, but the apple teeps we7 For homlonZ *^' ^^^^^'"^ ' *^° «^'^ ^^ coarse r;-commend the Northern Spy ?he Seek No PnS ^^*'?" °' exportation I would Tnero are several varieties of it' We Iwn iffi ^'^',^*^f * ^^^^ 'i''^"'=io"« apple Apples; it is a small apple. Lt vory ^^^^^^ the Bachelor, or King o the Bed ABtrachan, but I woiUrSt recTmmenf if b^'.?'^^^^^^^^ ^"^ ''"^^ P«°PJ« ^^ Duchess of Oldenburg is u ■ ,od apple. ' """'^ '* '' ^ P°°' ^^^aror. The How TO Plakt the Teees-Dbainage. I plant the trees 80 feet apart each wn^r a«,,i. , soil which we have in this part of the To^nf^^^Tf "}'' ''.'^.'°^" °° ^^^^y ^^^^^ oi Some of my trees are in full beSg others a^y^unJ^' ^^"'^ '^°^^ ^^ well^drained. [J/-r. il/biT. i?o^^,] "^ ^' Wefii consumed ) have not se apples, and larger than shaped apj I am going in the fall ^ I have deep. I pr decaying, ai should be k will stand a should not 1 enough for just outside think it is d We sen distant mar] great troubh a man had { on each pac migl tpay t( does not sue I have e adding new ^ pear cultivat it. I have t them, but I ^ eties coming The Flemish be the best, two or three ] land. The h pears, thougl ginning of Ji all Accordi appeared in 1 sects until th our exemptio the winter. ' culio last yea: every dtiv or and I have n< [Mr. Mc, 8 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Market fob Apples. coB8um:d:?hor^''SnrESrt:i^ ^"1' ?V ^^'^^^^ »PPl«« ^ "mostly have not Ber^taaTtiaere The G7/enR^^^^^^ <^o«gb I apples, and I think they will L sSSle C th« FnJr ^^''^^'i\^°^?« ^"«« ^« fi»^ larger than the Golden eT, set! and has a little darkfrL'""^^. -^^^ '?*^' " * «*"^ shaped apple of first quaUtr We ca^raise tKoM '^^^^^^ I am going into Russetl more than X oXr a«S« Wo "'''''5 ^'" '° ^^ ^"^^^ity. in the fall we can keep them over? ^ ^^ ' ^°*'''® "^ ^^ **°^°* ^ell them Cellar Arrangements. deep' "iTitS S SSZ ^StZl ^^'hL'^^^' °"llf T - "■- should be kept iust at the ffe67ina Tminf t i,„. "'^ cnoice appies. Ihe temperature wiU stand a Lit Lai of frost iK-f ^ ^*^ "^ o'^e. aPPle called the Phoenix which Packing Apples. We send our apples to Montreal and not tc the Tlnii-A/l <5fo+»c t i • , distant market I would adopt the same t^lan o« JS!f / -u^^^l®^* J^ packmg for u. great trouble with us hereTsrwe do not sSect or Jack ouTltl ^^ ^'^ ^"^r""- ^^^ a man had a good saleable article and warto nacl LT,>^^^' Properly. I think if on each pack^e, he would sS^n be able trget^hisna^^^^ ^^^^' °"^/ miglt pay to have very choice apples put upm tisLe pape?' The mLTA^T\ ^' does not succeed very well with us. ^^ ^® ^sopus Spitzenberg Pear Varieties — Blight. ?e«r cultivation in this part of ^eoomtrvls S^ blidTf^S^a V"^' ^^^'^ »° ;Ufc-t.»olTnp!Sn.etS^^!^^^^^^ the winter. The peaches trouble is with the curculio and th! borer I got rid ofthe c,^^ culio last year by ,amng the trees. I used to be troubled with the fodlSi moi, h^i s ti:i^Llzi^uf^^at.^^^^^^^^ ^-^ and f^i^^jt^S^'pS! " •'" viiviu oiuuc X lluva nnr. t.riii.-j {,. ,.,.4- -wj „r .1.- [Mr. McK. Rosa.] Since. I have not tried to get rid of the j 1 1 i: ■ i i > i 114 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. coroolio by putting poultry in the orobard. I used to jar one bnndred trees in a quarter of an hour, and kept on until we had the number of carcnlios reduced very small. We kept count of them this spring and caught 1,500 of them in twelve days. The borers are particularly troublesome to the peach trees in this neighbourhood, but the tent cac- «rpillar ia not very troublesome. I prefer the Early Crawford peach, but that variety does not bear very heavy crops. We grow cherries largely. I think the Early Duke is the best for early marketing purposes. Dkstructivb BntDs. We did not get any this year owing to the depredations of the robin, which I am sorry to say is protected by statute. The woodpecker also gives us trouble, but I do not know the cherry bird at all. The blackbird destroys a good many cherries and also devours some corn. I do not think that the robin eats any consiuorable number of in- sects during the fruit season. I think the robin has four broods in the year, and the young aij as lively in going for the fruit as the old. I never saw robins eating insects, though I have seen them carrying the common earth worm after rain. I don't think they eat caterpillars. The robin is very destructive to some varieties of pears, and he is very fond of strawberries. The woodpecker feeds on larva, but I think he does harm by the holes he picks in the bark. I think the fruit trees we get from the United States are as good as any, but people are liable to be imposed upon by agents. Gbafe Gbowino. I am growmg grapes to the extent of about 200 plants. I grow them for the table. I have all of Kogers' Hybrids, and I think his No. 4 and 19 are magnificent grapes. The Concord is a nice grape for wine and table purposes. I am growing the Souvenir de Congress pear, which, according to Mr. Arnold, of Paris, cannot be raised in his lo- cality. All the varieties of fruits which we have stand the winter well. I prune my grape vines in the fall, and in the boginniug of April I take them in an inch or two. If I find any dead shoots I take them off. I don't lay the vines down in the winter. Feabs, Apples and Grapes. The Clapp's Favourite pear is a very fine fruit, and the tree grows very quickly; they sell well here at from $2 to $3 per bushel. No garden should be without Doyenne d'Ete, Beurre Giffard, Bartlett, Clapp's Favourite, Flemish Beauty, Belle Lucrative, and for large pears. Duchess d'Angouieme, and Souvenir de Congress. For apples, a few summer, such as Early Harvest, Tetofsky, Duchess of Oldenburg, Gravenstein, St. Lawrence, Sherwood's Favourite, and Keswick Codlin. For winter apples, the Baldwin, Roxbuiy, and Golden Russets, are very good ; Grime's Golden Pippia is a charming little apple; Lady Apple, a picture of beauty; Northern Spy, Greening; Ribstone Pippin, a lovely apple, it is in season here in the fall ; Spitzenberg iEsopus cannot be surpassed for eating quality, and the Fameuse or Snow Apple is an apple that should be in every collection along witb many other good apples, that time and space will not allow me to mention here. While at the Provincial Fair in Hamilton I saw and tasted a white grape called the Niagara, the very best in my opiuion of the seedlings now before the public. It will not be for sale until the spring of 1882 ; I made arrange- ments to get some of them here by that time. I have all the Rogers' grapes ; they do well here, but Nos. 19, 53, 4, 15, and 1, were very tine with me this year, and I would like to recommend them to others ; they require no protection in this latitude. Soil and Climate of Kent. The soil and temperaluro of the county of Kent caimot be surpassed for fruit growing or for farm purposes. WILLIAM MACKENZIE ROSS. [Mr McK. EossA FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 115 /Vofetu— MesttiL MR. A. H. PETTIT'S EVIDENCE. P«AOH Gbowmjo—A Fbuit Compakt. Mr. A. H. P«TiT. of Grimsby, was caUed and examined. pear/a^^arri^rpioT^^^^^^^ gamaed a Stock ConipLiy for the S of nl t ^ '° ^^^''""SyBi. We have lately or- the district, and havngencLs opened ir^r^nf' ''°"?Pr ^."^ *^« ^^'«°s' g^o^ers in peach industry a profitable one Thlhl^ ^^'^^to and Montreal. I have found the extreme heat at Intervals cau^ed^f^ t> ?'' ""^ """"^^^'onTahh season in some re^ecto abmidant crop, gave us vei^TowpW ^^'° P^«^«^turely. which, together wUh an A Fruit Growebs' Association. of b.^; tee n^^TiinriTp^n^ :ssr on"- • °^ r""!: ^ ""= "■•" «■« '■™°'» m»Dt of the oultnie of £?oil .S^tiil. n^™^.?- *''|°°'"'.»a •■•» m view the advanw- «» be.t method, «f c«i«::^«lxirpStrd'rkr^f.,-"S: ^'"-^ Profitable Varieties o» Peaches. gst. "rL'TollVJirv'^^^^^^^^^ ^',°fi*?^'« --Ic^ include a large Beatrice. Hale's Early CraXdO?dMiSmTl7'^!i' Alexander, Early Canadl, 1 find the most profitableTS; A Deacbi^. ''*'fi'''^' ^•'^°°^- ^bese varieties fiB up the season. The ei°y^and latl ?arie«eTtIt Tai*^ ^ '"''t *" *^««« ^^^'^^'^^ '<> able, and on the average I think S! I?S»1 *k ^^T"" ^^''^ ^««° *^« most profit- Early and Late Crawf^fds are mL proSX^^^^^^^^ C^'^^'^'J ^'^'' ^"^^^ *^^* rnng. Three years out of four we vrMh^l „w I '. I ^^^^ider them better for can- they will be rushed orthe ^rSs a^d^^ol/.n^' ^'"^ ^"S^ *^^ *""« °f ^^^^l varieties, although not so g^od in auaHfv win V ^LT' '^^•^" *^« '^^^^ «arly and late consider the CraWs quftelS^fe^^^ ^"^ ^"'^- ^ P°^' o^^^^^ity I A Canning Faotobt. think there would be no diSy i^ fl„fe tZi^T, "/>,"'° """1 """""^ I '^ «y if there i. . m„let ia EuroS,?or Sf ".rd ™ Si^l^ ""** '""• ' '=°°'' ■"* Thb Market fob Pxaohes days t^^^Tar^'dr^sisLr^^^^^^^^^ jt^'mT/r ^^^- *^"' - «-- - ^-' to Halifax by express this year. MSeal Toront J a^^ t ^°t?^ ^J^^' °^ °'^« shipmenta our principal markets, aionweal. Toronto. Guelpb, HamUton, and London, i^ 9 [Mr. Petlit.] i '« I I ! w If i i 11 lii 116 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Laboe Shipbiknts. As near as I can make oat, about 70,000 basketa have been shipped froxa our station These were grown within an aioa of two miles east, south, and west of the station the lake bemg on the other side. ' The Sou,. Peaches are grown in separated localitieP, smaU districts of clay and sandv soil being interspersed. Between the sandy soU you wiU find strips of clay which are not so well adapted for their growth. H, however, this clay soU is well uuder-drained, it would grow peaches very well, . « luu Thk Yellows. Some of our trees have suffered to a considerable extent from the yellows This diSMse first appears m the fruit, which becomes a bright red colour on the outside and reddens through to the pit, and ripens two weeks earlier than its usual period A por- tion of the tree only will ripen, while the other will not. The frui. itself is insipid, flat and not pleasant although of a bright or spotted appearance on the outside. There is no appearance of disease in the foUage until the latter part of the season or the year fol- lowing. I don t thmk you wiU find any tree recover after it has once been attacked with the disease. The farst appearance of the disease is seen in the fi:ait. I attribute the spreading of it to insects and bees. We have dug around the roots of some trees ud they were apparently very healthy. I hu -e not known any injury to result from people eatmg the diseased fruit. In the locaUties where the frait is groWn it is uotgJS f^*!°; I"® o'lly remedy I can recommend, and which I have carried out tot certain extent, IS to chop the diseased trees down and burn them up at once, fruit and aU I regard the disease as infectious. It has become very much more prevalent of late vea-s Ihree years ago was the first we saw of it. I think it was brought to our localitv bv trees purchased from the other side. We have been cultivating peaches largely about twenty years, but we have grown peaches more or less ever since I can remember Ihere are no means of detecting whether the tree is infected winh the disease when sent" from the nursery. Ifc does not manifest itself the first year either in the wood or roots iue next year after luu disease has made its appearance, or the second year, there ap- pears a discolorr ^du I have only had two trees affected on my place, and these I re- moved at once. Mabket Prices fob Peaches. The average price of peaches in my district was from 30 to 50 cents a basket this year ; a basket oontainmg twelve quarts. This is a fair paymg price, although very low compared with former ytjara, when the profits were lar^e. Kenewai. of Peach Obchaeds. ^ To M^. Dymond.—h. peach orchard requires renewing every fifteen years. Our plan IS to be contmuai-y *dking out old trees and replacing them with new ones. Prevention and Detection op Yellows, I think if the sale of diseased peaches were prohibited it would in a great; measure assist in preventing the spread of the disease. The fruit, ripening as it does two weeks earher than its proper time, brings a better price on the market, and hence there is no inducement to growers to cut down-the trees. If the sale of the fruit were prohibited the diseased trees would necessarily be chopped down. I think an ordinary fruiterer is capable of detectmg the yeUows in peaches. A person not accustomed to the cultm-e of Crut would not detect the disease. I think the redness I sueak of is »n indication of the [ifr, Peiiii.'] I r r. FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 117 the fruit exposed lofsafe wm Zatd iTSS'^V wk''* *^*^ \^''"* *^°-*^^ °' some. I sh^d not eare to eat S myseU.^** *^"^ ^^"^ P^*'^^^^ ""''^ °°^^°»«- Tmi OoRootio. in our section, and it is verv tronhlpanmn «♦♦ i • X • !?^* W® "*'® *^® ^o'M Orchard Managkment. near the ground and consiilor fhi^'U.sT™ *i;^ ^ / . , ^ *°® "^^^ *° branch out very fruit is eouaUv ffooS wShlf i^."*°'?g the fruit preferable to so macu trimminir. The Api;igTopffldbee/pect^^^^^^^^^^^ 'f^''' *^^ «°" «^°»* «^« t'^e^ before that tiL. but not aTajLg crop ^'"' ^^*°*^^' you would have some peaches Seedling Varieties. j4 pricots— Grapes. Apples — Winter V.'.rietie8. most profitable vaneties, uiess you g^inlo rammer^^efe,,"''"'' *°" *"' "^^ *' fcJuMMEB Apples. chanVntE^ly H^rt^t'^^T^^^^^^^^^ i *^f •^' ^'^°^ *^ *^« ^^^ ^«*-- overstocked. *'^®' ''^ ^''"''^'' *PPl«s, however, may easUy become Markets for Winter Apples. .orie, mightroceive . Urgr^tJa'o/lrto^'l^i ?THfA'™ 3';r '^^^^ I have an acre 118 Mr 1 > 1 M •' ill III FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 11 ivi C^ T^^r^ ^^^^^^ •^^'* mentioned, being early winter Spler^e W^sh to di^ooM S thf.^1, ,'?^^^ Cr'mberry Pippin is a good cooking apple and croprvrry weU I don°fc think it IS suitable as a dessert apple. The Kins of Tomlf.n.. rm,„I„ w tT P * good a price M an, appl. ^, .hip" SoMa ^JT^ fuJsSS to ™?.Sj^f w2^'„,^ Prices — Packhjo — SmppiNo. Prioea in England range from 16 to 20 shillin'^s— sav ft4 <« fo»f„ ;-»u^_ :_ xu- _ " . . /'^'h* _ _„ J .^..,.^j. liiuijcis ui uiQ row. i r.niriK yoU [Mr. Pettit.] jroic FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 119 could get plants for $1 a thousand. To set them out would cost about $8 a thousand and It would take 9 000 plants for an acre. One man could cultivate about three acres properly, that is, if ho devoted his whole time to it, from spring to the time of ripenine For the first year you would have to cultivate them till September. After ripening thev are cultivated for the next year. t b "*"/ Gbafe Wine. With regard to grapes, I put them up on three wires. The highest wire is about five feet high, and the lowest fifteen inches. There is considerable w.ie made in our district, but the grapes mostly sell for dessert. The only varieties I have tried for wine are the Catawba Isabella, and Concord. The Catawba ripens about six years out of A. H. PETTIT. MR. H AG AM AN S EVIDENCR Jbbbmiah Haqaman, of Oakville, was called and examined. Strawberry Cdltivation. ' To the Ohairman.—I reside in the centre of the strawberry district, and have been engaged more or less in the cultivation of strawberries. We have had as manv as ten acres under cultivation. There are from 100 to 150 acres under cultivation in my neigh- bourhood. I have not cultivated very many varieties. The Wilson— The Best on the Whole. For home cultivation I consider the Wilson variety the best. It is preferable for marketing. Take it all around I think the Wilson is the best berry. Average Crop Per Acre. The average crop of strawberries per acre would be 75 or 100 bushels. This of courac means that they must be well cultivated. Wholesale Price- -The Market, The wholesale price of the fruit has been from five to seven cents per quart The berries are shipped to Toronto more than to any other point, and from thence a great many are sent to Montreal. From Toronto thoy find their way all over the Province Toronto and Montreal are the centres from which the berries are distributed. The BusiNEsa Profitable, but the Limits Reached. I think it is a profitable part of our fruit industry. I think we have reached the limits of profitable strawberry culture ; it does not require to bo increased at the present Oannino, or Preserving. Mr. Dymond: Do you think by introducing canning or preserving to use the sur- plus crop, that the industry could be profitably conducted, and the area of land under cul- tivation increased 1 , I ,^f-/{«^«»»«» •' I <^hirk it might, in case the canning of strawberries proves succeas- xul, but 1 have no experience in that line. If thev could be sucoesafully car.n?d ^vA -»'d. it would increase the growth very much. ' -'^■•.avxu, \Mr, Ilaijaman.] ISO FRUIT GEOWING AKD FORESTRY. Soini SOEM RlOBER AKD BkTTEB THAK TnE WlLSOH. The Wilson a Prolific Plant. any oiierr;;'rh:ve"h;^ ZT'V "'"^.**'^. ^^y-^^-o- than have not triecrn,any of thettely LTrlced blrries °A 3 ml ' V' T '^^*: .^« others in Oakville, but they havi not succeeded weU. ^ °^ ^*^' ^'""^ *"«** ^^ Birds — Insects. which' ls^,S° w' '»"■ Tt*i^ Tz'^r " ",',' r "' """ '"^ '°j°™«» i°««» Soil—Manurk— Preparation of Land. The soil most suitable for the ffrowth of iha Ko.».r ; i The ground should be highly manned and if irJf^ * f?,''^ '°"' °'" ««"dy l""^^- ferable; or you can raiseCrnTpsTr sore^^L I^e Zt"™^/.*""'^'^ '' ^^"^^ ^' P*^" berries. I would re> )mmend suml' falloS 1 1 '^""^ *^! "^^^ '"'^'^'^ '•*^«« «t^^^- fitrawberries. fallowing, or a root crop, to precede the planting of Spring Planting Preferred. «.»•. operation before you get .„y fruitZu them ' ^ *'° ""'"''Sh another se. Mode op Plantino feet ta t'hTr*™'"' jo lol'rSTe" tTetf '""t' "V^ """"■' "" ">- '"'» '«"> k.. .ny «iv«.t.^ for amateTrZk ^"™ °' """"«' " ""• ' "l™'' "^ " Renewal of the Vines. The extra ,„aUty „f the^4 wouh, ^w Lpla,';l7;;e^';l''' °"" ■""' ""P "f *»■ Deterioration op Fruit. • • Management of the Land. 70- ,;S;t''rr^H-„7XtS''"'™'^"'""'°"' ''»''■"•"' """gingi wh.» ,„„,, [i^/ir. Ifagaman.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 121 fhant^jf^^r^"' ^ "^^"^"^ Pu"*!" some hoed crop, such as turnips or potatoes, rather with S^eral farmrn'^"^"*'' strawberries would be a profitable crop in connection Strawberry Growing in Connection with Farming. Jannera generally neglect their strawberries in attending to their other work The culture. ^^'^*"y speaking, I would not recommend farmers to go into strawberry Annual Shipments from Oakvillb. Mr. Dymond. from Oakville? 216 0^0 fcT'^T.'^^T*' *'T-*^, *,'^°^ ^*«^«'*« "«« »« "^'^ be ascertained; or ..AT^rlT^tl Jhis does not include what is shipped otherwise between Hampton and Toronto, which would probably amount to as much more as the above figures. Do you know what is the quantity of strawberries shipped annually The Wilson a Favourite. «n Ur^^^"'"" " V«"«^l favourite with all the great fruit growers. I am not now Bo large a grower as I was at one time. Thirteen ^res is the largest amount of land cultivated by one man. The cultivation of strawberries in OakvilleC exTteS about t^n Commencement op Strawberry Growing at Oakville. Mr. Dymond: What led to the industry locating itself there? Mr Hagaman : It happened to be introduced there in the first place. A man named .^rparti^rsrn witf ?• ^^'^^-.^^i^^-'g^ -" T"^ ^^°™ '"^^ "^^^^ -"l^^- ttereTajre^ into partnersh p with him, ai I they set out four or five acres. From that time other. set out their vines and followed the industry. " The Land Otherwise Worthless. «rnn«^fW^**rPP^^ °!u "'' °*'^^^«''"^8 ^^ obtained from land that is worthless for other crops ; that is to say without manure and proper drainage. Strawberries o» a Oi\y Soil. Mr. Saunders.- Have you had experience of strawberries upon a clay soilf .n.-i A fC^V^"--' I ^ave not grown any myself, but I have seen them growc on olav m id"withTl.v \' ri'"T^''^ "«"• ^ ^^""^ ^^^'^ '^'^ 6'oyrn on mucklnd darl ffl mixed with clay, but they do not succeed there. Stable Manure— Phosphate— Salt. butitTp^mJf^'l^ a fertilizer but prefer stable .. anure. We have also used phosphate, h^tl w« Z^ V •!. ^"^ ^°' for them, and we discontinued it. We do not Z Jt, no; have we used hquid manure at all I think that would be good- LiQuiD Manurb. manuTJ^ ^I'Sinl'^f '''"" "ff''0"';l^oo'l don't make any endeavours to preserve the liquid SJawberriL '""" *° "^ *"^ P*'"*"^° *^« "^l'^*^ manure for \Mr. Ilagaman.] 122 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. ji|. i I Cultivation of Orapes— Variktibs. I have an acre and a half under grape cultivation. The Concord succeeds beat. I enltivate also Rogers Nos. 4 and 15, and Delaware. I never cultivate any other varietv ezo«pt the Clinton, which we raise for wine. ' The Concord Most Profitable. We find the Concord to pay the best. Wo grow the grapps chiefly for market The price averages in Toronto from three to six cents. The grape culture has paid well with us. «- r- Frosts — The Seasons. The frost only injured us once, a year ago last spring. The season is generally auite long enough for grapes. ^ Diseases— Insects— Birds— The Robin. We have no disease in the roots or loaves. Tlu ro are no insects or birds to injure them. I never found the robin to attack grapes ; we have plenty of robins around ub. I have almost invariably a good crop of Concords. Clinton and Concord for Wink. We do not use the Concord as a wine grape. I could not say how it would do as a wine grape. I think, however, it would do well for making wine. I think it should be mixed with Clinton or some other grapo Clinton gives the wine a bettor colour, and the Clinton is not so sweet a grape. The two mixed together would give the wine a better flavour. Twelve Tons on an Acre and a Half. — Planting. I grew 12 tons of grapes on my acre and a half last year. They averaged me last year a little more than 4i cents a pound. We have the vinos from 8 to 9 feet wide be- tween the rows, and 14 feet from hill to hill. I would recommend 10 feat apart, and 16 * feet in the row. In the row we have to leave room for the vine to run, and if we make it 15 feet, that's only 7^ feet for the vines to run and meet one another. There are about 400 vines in my acre and a half, and the vines are seven years old. Result of Soil and Good Cultivation. The crop would be about 60 pounds to the vine. BAtnre of the soil and good cultivation. I attribute my good crop to the ll Mode of Training and Prunino. I support the vines with wires,' and in pruning them leave just enough of the vine to fill up the trellis. We use four wires. We begin about two feet from the ground, and then the space equally divided, the upper one being six feet from the ground. We do not prune in the fall, but in spring. My vinos are always loft standing, but I think it would be well to lay them down during the winter. Thoy have never suffered with me. The soil on which I grow the grapes is not the same as that on which I cultivate the straw- berries. Gravelly Soil — Draining — Mildew. The soil for the former is a gravelly sand with a clay bottom. It is not drained — m; FRUIT OROWINO AND FORESTRY. 123 J^D T uTinJ hi r? r'^- .^^ 'i^'" ^'^^ * ''"'« mildewrbut nothing to hurt the crop I think the Concords have been freer from miJdew than any other variety. I had (fcncorT" *^' """' ^*"*' ^"''' ^""^ '^^y »™ "°" ^i^ble to mUdew than th. QooD Land — Situation — Cobt o» Land. lat« Jl*!ff " quite a considerable quantity of land suitable for grape culture back of the tm ba.kln?f P'' ?r ' ^^ ^''" '^1""« **^^ '"''^ ^^"-^""^ *»»« l'^k« »'«• »nd dampness keep ftr * ii u"*^^"* the season A little frost does not hurt the Concords. Land i£ Inl rf r'^""'* r!? *^^ ^^ •^^^ -^^ *"«• " y°" ^'^^^'^ *« 8° ^nto grape cuuTvatioa and get Und near a station you could not get it for less than $100 an acrl . Time Taken to Mature a Crop. croD^V^obi^^^9^** ^**" ^*°™ they would bear, and three years to have a paying crop. To obtain 12ton.sfromanacreandahalf the vineswouldhavetobesevenoreightyLrS ?h« vJn« • "7«.7«"7«d my vines ; occasionally we cut out the old wood, lie life of the vuies 18 unlimited ; I don't know how long it lasts. The new wood keep, working Cost of Latino Out a Vineyard. • .^^' ^y"^^' What is the cost of laying out and fencing an acre of ffraoes Includ- ing the cost of the plants and the annual charge of cultivation and harlu^g^ tL crop , Mr. Hagaman: I will say 300 posts per acre @ lOo 830 Oft Digging holes for posts ..'.'... k 00 Wires for same i K nJv Workingthe land first yoar '.".' .'.*." " " on na Putting in posts '.".'.'.■.■" 4 oo Putting up wires ' '. 3 oo Staples to hold wires „ VJ^ Say 300 vinesof Concord ®%^ .. .'.'.'.','.'.'.'.', '.'.'.'. '.'.'..". 24 00 Thirty loads of manure for same .., .,*..'. .'.... 30 oS Well rotted manure, if the ground is thinj *@ $1.60 ...'." 45 00 Picking full crops, say 8 tons 20 00 ^^^^^^^^ '.■.'.'.*■■'.■■.■.■.■.'.;'.;:*.: looo Cultivation o» Apples — Vabiktiiu. Mr. ffoffaman: With regard to apples, i chiefly cultivate winter varieties Bald- wins, Rox Russet, Golden Russet, Northern Pjpy, and Rhode Island Qreening. Growing fjr Exportation. I grow for foreign shipment. My orchard is young yet I have not ret ■hiDDed apples to Europe, but I have planted my orchard with that view. «uppei I. J i, I r 124 FRUIT OROWINQ AND FORESTRY. Ill 1 1 ' 1^. 1 ' I: )• Mil <^ AoK OF Orchard Bbarino — Gradual Increase. ,^^^J^^''^}^'^^^'''Ll°^^^'^^^n six years old. the first crop being 20 barrels, the ;LL.?'.r" •'° °''- , ^JT ^Tf *»° ^ °"^^ g*"^ •^""^ ^0 barrels. The Rox Russet ig the best keeping apple of the whole. Treatment of the Crop. of ♦i.i'r''! ^^^'rfP *? '''"« *^ ^ ''''° ''"* "f J«°"' o"^ ''^ »° ope'i building, till I am afraid of the frost, and then I move them into the cellar. Winter Treatment. Then! ■'' ; ! f?m.n"" l" "''"' "l.^ *"'" '^'f''*'".' ^'"'"""■^ ***« ^PP'^" 5 *^« ''""l'^'- t^e better. There s j trouble m keeping these apples if you can keep them oool enough. Rox Russet— Spy— Baldwin. fj,„ JlZ ^^""^ ^"^'®* i^ ""* y^,7 ,*^""-'' '" *•'" '''°°^'- '•'•'o Bal'lv^in is not so healthy in the wood and ,8 sometimes killed on the tops. The Golden Russet grows very hard maJii^y " ''^'^ '' *''" '"'•■^- '^^« ''^"'^'' " *^« ^^'^g^'' *« *"i^«^t Tub Orchard — Borers. Mv orchard is composed of twenty acres, set out twelve or thirteen years ago, and two acres «e^ out six or seven years ago, and I think I have six more that have been set ^ut only a year. I hnd the borers destroy the trees sometimes, but my experience is that the borers h«?r IV • •°"\ ''° ^°T ^'1 ^^^troy it. I have never adopted any other means for their extermination than to hunt them out with a knife. Cultivation Necessary, T,n./ 1^"^^""" ""i*^!^*'"", constantly for an orchard. I would keep it up for ten years. I have all my orchard under cultivation, but I calculate to seed it down now. Summer Apples. I grow some summer apples but I don't give a great deal of attention to them, nor fbi 1,^ u r^ ^''^ ^rf "*''y; ^ ^^""^ '^^«"* * ''""'l^^d trees of Red Astrachans, which I luJiZi . * ^""^"^^^^ *P?'* *°/^"- '^'^^^^ *'« i"^ -"y '^«^ «r<'hard of five yea s^stnd mg, but I have «ot yet got fruit from them. I don't cultivate very many pear trees Plums — The Curoulio. I have about 400 plum trees. The blue plum seems to be about as profitable this Ss" W^:; a J' ^*'' ^r" S' i^'?^^'' Washington, Green Gage, LTeJera other meth^vl J; • ^'^'•y ?»»''\troubled with the curculio in plums. We adopt the usual Tht^^n ^ ^""^^ a'^d catching curculio on trees ; this is the only way to save the plums I have 50 acres of knd, and there are only about 12 acres not set out in trees and grapTs cht^ 7.^ r ""I ''P*?'"^ ^''"^ '^' '''' *** '^' '•'^'- There is 25 acres of 17or tt^^^v ^P * '•*■ "^r^'?^ °^ "^°« *'^ ''' ^^^ *^«'<*- A °»'^°. ^l»oae orchard of two acres adjoin, uiuie, neglected to jar his trees, and he has not had much of a crop of plumT Lr Ji ire-^er^rtht:. '-'- "^ ^"^-^ '^ ''- *-- ^'-^ - ^^-^^ ^ y- [ifr. Magaman.} FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 125 P£A0HE8— Prices of Plums— Blight. ^^ou^Ups^^J:^^^^^^^ I thin, our plums part m Montreal, Clapp's FavouritrseemH to kA ^' ■ °* ^^^"^ V^ '"'^^ '"^ Toronto, of them to market this yearf ^I^tC W.',t IZ^Z "T ^T . ^ ««"* " ^^^ ^^"^ot^ durableassome. We arc not troub ed v^iSi^hf S^ '^^^y «''•«"«* «» much annoyed with it. Plurtreos aTf Hu5cfc «1^^^' ^Tl ^^^^^^^ ""-s^^en years ago were them and cut thorn off, othorwi.,e therwo^ld"'? .TrT ^""^ "lu^^ ^^^'^ '^"°*- We^atch remedy than amputation. ^ ^'""^ '"•'"'■° ^'^^ "•««• Wo have no other J. HAG AM AN. 'um EVIDENCE OF MR. A. M. SMITH. h. M. Smith of St. OatLarinos. was callod and examined. Strawbkrby Cultobe. veryrnKto'^trtLlrerblt^XTd'^^^^^^^^^^ I went I cultivated BtrawberrioB. bit o larFhat nftone rn IT^^.V F^ ^^'?''^ ^«^ ^^^^^ would plant the WUboh oxcluBivel? if I wereBeUinglTrny;!^^ ' '^^^'^ *^^^ ' Early Sorts Most Profitable. the Wilson more money would be made? ^ ^ * ^^^ ^'^^^ ^^"^^^^ *^an The Crescent Seedlino. Wilson in bearing, but it Ib not as^ora BhipS It is Lf^n «!-f '^i' '^^A'^*^ °^ *^« a sweeter berry This frui< 'jas bonn vm-vS /a/ o °.^ so acid as the WUson, being not more than^fouroJ five cents a oualt ^ Th« S ^SS?*\^."'^«« tb" season, probably time as the WUson. I ^et^J srefal .l^^iTZtlf?^!^'''' ^'°"' ''^ ^^^' The Nicanor— Early Canada-New Dominion. that in the quantity ^dquSy of the fruit It W nnf^^. 7" ^^^\ '' * "*."« ^'^^'^^ of ticular name, but is simpjy J^owf there W one or tw^^ ^u '""t ""*^'' ^"^ P*^^' call it the Early CanadS.^ I have had sLe experrence ^Ih thf N *" been proposed to For the local market it is a very fine berrv to ^nfw h^fi^ / . 5J r* ^^}^'°^ berry, later than ^.he Wilson, and wi comSd a S better ori^a A^^^^ If 'I originated in Drummondville. ^ It la a seedling that [Mr. A. M. ,Smith.] 12(1 FRUIT QROWING AND FORESTRY. i? Bibb and Oolour iMPimTAMT. Wii Willi the pubho. lije New Dominion will hr ug 4 oentu a quart more tlmn tha WiL -on. I |,av« not t^Hted (ho 8[,arpl««8 Humoiontly yetto r«oomm2 d it Trmark^t wSt Ilmvo now «omo tw«„ty.i,irei-eut vftriotie-pIantJouttoteat U,e qua 1^**07 lijrSom* of them lmv« been highly recommended by the Amerioani,. Soil Awn MHTuonn or Pimntiito. I prefer a Bandy loani for tho growth of Hfrawborrin«. and iirefor planting the berrfei a ways hi pnnng. 1 wonid not adviHo planting all varietieR in iown. I U.h ^11.0 Do m.on will .uccn,Hl bottor in hill«. I thinl yon will get flnnr fruit ly adopting rid ;;t u^: mcU' tro^^^^^^^^^ *^^ '"^^'^ *"^ *' ^»^« «--«» -• -y -y '-> I RaBPBBRRT Otri.TURB. •l,;.i^*r ^".^ J l'*"^*! '"'''" P""<"r«"y engaged in cultivating baa been raupborriw ; of iText e ^ •' " * '''^ *''™^ '*^' ''P""^' *"'* '"'""'^ planting his more this fall and VAniFTIRB— TnR NiAOAHA. tl,.'«^- ?'" '•""'' "ft'-'Vv. Clark. IMnla.lplphin. Uerstino. Tumor, and tho Niagara, aM r^lZl T. v-^ *™ planting. I have mentioned tho namcB in theorde?of tho.r f^iT I , ?-^ Pbiladelphia gr ;ing toffother. Tho varioty .b probably a cross be- I Ml *l""r ty^^^o'l". It has a l.ttle rosoniliauoe to each of tl om. It is a rod berry • 1-ttle dark, but not so dark as tho riuladolplua. It is not ho bright in colour as tlfe J Jark. I havo not tested the Outhbort or Queen of the Market, mentioned by Mr. Morris 1 rom what I have seen of it. 1 am iuoliued to plant a quantity of them. Maukkts ano Pricks— Cost of Plantino. I «m^".r'''^7'"'^ h'" "''^ T'"^/ '*"!'^ distance. I intend to find my market in Toronto. i f o J ?. I r- *^''" ^ '"'"n^ *"' ''^'**' *^ ^'^"^ D'tlliouBio. In Drummondviile I found ^m.? nt; .« *" "•TPb-'Og ho hotels about the Falls. I realized from 10 to 16 cent., 1^ I *m' 'liy^r^P'^'A^o" ol tho ground and planting out would not bo more than fvs or ?10 more Iruit laud is worth about $100 an acre iu my diBtriot Manure — Cultivation. I usualiy manure ray raspberries after they are planted. I use barn-yard manure and J., I"i?1m 7^-' <'»^"" """"^/-v i» ^^'<> f'^»' U^^'-^lly 1 ««utter (1... manuie around, ami then run a light fiiriow, and partially cover it with earth. Tho cost of cultivating thom after thoy are planted is not very great You have to keep tho ground clean and keep down tjie superfliious suckers A man, with a horse, should cultivate four or Pve acres, doing the majority of the work witli the horse and cultivator. My usual method is to oilltivato lliem perhaps live or six times m the course of the season, and then 1 have three or four men ki do tlie luwing. I s« much nupplied with them. currants, the gardens about towns being usually well Black Currant Growing. answer to a letter of mine the LTowiSirSw^clf.l7 -^^""^ '''''^^^^'- ^' ^'^tl in ing black currants : ""owmg reply, which contains some mformation respect- " JoBDAN Station, Awj. 4th, 1880. oughly, but .lot manure heavily. aTwbvs be mL f/ I u^'T ^^'*' """^ «^*ivate thor- year, which may be done late^ th TaH or in the eaH^ « '°^ o^^^'^alf the growth every acre, ,n an ordinary season, for red and wSte curran ts wS^' T m -Vr^^^ ^''^^ P^' with an average price of $1.50 a bushel For iS „ ^ f^' ^ ^^"^^^ ^^ 100 bushels, and the same planting as the black An avlaJveWbf^^^^^^^ ^^'f'' '^^^^ ««'' an average price cf 6 cents per quart. I S f Sav a-^^^^^^ '^ 125 bushels an acre, with as that can easily be figured up by interesTed parties. ^^^ *^""' ^^^ P'°^*« P^' «'''«» "0. M. HONSBBRGER." I have not tried Lee's Prolific to any ffreat Pxtpnf a <• t , cotisider it anything ahead of the genSeV.ck maples. "' ^ ^^"'^ ''''' '^ ^ ^°*^'* Nls • Km [Mr. Smith.] l i» I lao FlUTfT (ni()VVIN(} AND FOKKHTHY. rl If f f i% l/KrtlHl.ATIOM rOB TIIK WlXOWH. foiHion I ho only t.lm.g.v„„o,u. ,lo .h to pr..l,il,;t thoimporUti«n of l.rooH ron, looilit oh . ovn ^vt ' V; ''"'''^'''' '"" '"T'* « bill oo,npollin« p.rtioH to out .liHoanod roe l\,^ L 'V 1 \" l"^'*"!';!'"'" """•"H'>"« of tl,.it l(i„.l in tho l.iil for tho HunproHmon of . ,l.u k knot. M.t ,t svm thrown o,.t. I think it wo„I,l ho .lonirnhh, to have lon.o I , I log,.Iat.vo ,uM.on towanlH tho oxtornunation of trooa aiHoasod with tho vol wh ' . ;'';';""":^""""" '»l»lHMnU..l to look after tin, .liHo,»,o. .n.l lot oou.pIaintH ho hvi. to ho, . an.l thoy hon w.un tho partioH. Tho -,rmhx ThiHth, Jmw h.s loon onfom Uumt l)in.u,no,ulv,no. hnt I k.u.w th.vt Konorahy ,t iH oonm.loro.l « .h,a.| lottor. I h , 1 It WA« gonornlly known that thoro wan a law a«ai..Ht .liHoaMo.l trooH. ,,,,.1 that it .vm, onforcoa. poop wo«h ho ant to ho oautioua. It in oa»ily toUl if a t^oo is .liHoami i t (im« of beiuim fwm Uio colour of its fruit. umoaLOd at wio How Vkm.ows M\r itK T'uoi'An\TRn, TbR YKl.t.OWH VKHY CONTAOIOtia. Tho aiHOftHo BproaaH v.ny raiudly. 1 plantoti ru orohar.l with n nmn four voarH aco U«t Kpnng ,n ^M.nl Throo yoarn ago tins luKt fall, tho.-o was o, o t o whiVh^l 2ul una . llowo,! ,t o 8t4Mia. Tho next season thoro wore twolvo troos alYooto.l hy tho .liscn o' TUK IhsKASR EaSU.Y DrTKOTKO. ♦i.at h"*'' "'""' "*' *'"' *^!*«^'^'"*'^ poaohos in a storo iu Toronto lately. Tho .loalor sai.l rl 7.nM?!! f7 ''"V.^^^y ,'?f V^^cU., not knowing thoy woro unsound frnit. Thoro s no trouble in t^qiuig (Jio dwoasoa fruit. It is always blotobod or spotted with rod. «ud rod Hjsulo. particularly about tho pit. and clings more or loss to tho pit. If slightly i'^Sf : ^' M '■''"! "'''•^' ""*, ^'''. "*'''*'">' ,^l««Kyoa. but if very bad thoy will bo insipid aud worthless. Many towns and cities in tJio SUUoh have prohibited their 8.Uo m thoir mar- koUs under heavy penaUaes. and I tbiuk if our own towns and cities would do tho samo thoy would confer a bcuelit ou tho iuhabitauta. A. M. SMITH. tliu MR. MORRIS* EVIDENCE. Edwakd Morris was called and examined. Thb Pklham Fbuit District. I am engage! in the nursery business at Fouthill. I have been ton yoars in the bnsiuoss there, and have boon engaged iu th. oulturo of frnit about fiftcor years. I grow fruit for market hot market I grow small uit, but for my business I grow all lauds. FKUJT UROWINli AND F()IU;.STKY. lyi Foutliill JH four tiiiloH from Wolliiml 'ri.n..„ , ^•'^V'■Hl.i|. of V a.n. m.no "i Hixty iro« Th 1" "'"? T^ '"'^"""''" "''^''"'■J" "' •'■« ..I.I.I0H, iM„vr«. gr,4,„H uud imaohos! ^^""^ ''"^'"■'^'* ''""^'*»" *i- ''^"'1'* of Iru.t, OmillAUI. Pl.ANTINO, ground. II, ,H nmmt ..at^^o k, Kr ^^^ "0 w ?. ? "' "^ ';"'«'''' "^ "'^"" f"°* f'"™ *»'« trunk llu, iroo ,h hIwu^h hoalthy a , TZ frn , "''" i'""'! """^"'^ ^" »'"«1" f'" would Htarfc with a I.mv tr n c^I cm.wTfrnn v M *""' '""^ '^ "«''^'^"" "'« f'^'J'- I <.fthnHt«n.. Tl.n Hl.ort.T tl ^tomtrfa 1^"^^^ rroport,,,,. to tJ.o lown.HH ll.iH. Another advantniro iH thin, ha v.m ou. « 1 ? ♦ \' ' ^''r^ ' '"'^*' 'J'^k^ohb rated nndatthoHa.notnnnif hofi H li78SC.J^;^ '" ^''°" r^'-^'***'"^ '^^ ^ '"^ aH among tail atom trooB. ''^''' "i' ^'"^ "*'■» ^ork ith a team a, voll TllAININO FaillT TltKKS. and turn m/ Hido branchoH ^p o 1 1' "^^^^^^^^ f ow it to Iran. Z .should Hi.read out aH much as poHHibk. 'VuZri ""Jo/uoath ; above that the tree would not caro to have poir Job S/ moro t Ln ^^ V 'f' T'"*' ^ *PI'^« t^'^"^- ^ way with p.ach tro.,H. 1 w.-ulTfavo T^^^^^ «^°"^' »"^1 «'« narno ohorrioH Hhould bo growu without ,1 "torn too *^ ^ "*°"* ''"^ "^^'"^ "^^ '^ ^ tl^'"lt liajT iMAtKBT CunaniKs, The oliorrioH T have Tiirtarian uarliot HortH. Tim Mow n.,i„. ; „. "™° ."""^ *"« ^«»rly liichmond are .1,0 l.». n.,.tot »„t:. T„e M.7i7iX': ^-..-a":!",-.' Tho fall apploH m.-et n t w1 I ).i..l _ /t rt.t . BUMMKH AND Fai,L Ai'I'LKH. nrnn?.! T?"?!" "^'P'"' *''** ""'^ AHtraohan ia the most nrofitablo Iirofitabk) to tho grower arc tho I'ameuHo Hlini«,„r„ru \, '"*'*"'«• -"" *«*>» appiOH m.-et inu-g. The latle?wm grow ia any part of oSo ^ •*'""''*"• ^^^^ Oucho«/of Olden- Tub " WicALTHy" Applh. Thoro is another now apple called the wealthy as har.lv a« fi 1^ i hurg, and bearing later iu the season. Tho^bv^d of i\Vw.LT " P?."^''"^' «^ ^^'^on- tor as the l-'ameuse. It is quite a now vLio?v I tbiiX^!^ T/?.?^ *^? '""^^ «^'*r«°- [.laoe of the K^ameuse. It is better than the Famon i fn„ ^'''•!' '',8*'^8 *» *»J^« the «ulo and without scabs. It is a httle arger as t^^^^^^ iJavour than .ho Pameuse. It originated In M?nneso?a ?hf J^•"^ \^' * "*"« ^'^^^ about sixteen years old. It bore when i was hve yet; otd fr2T*' *''1 *^'^? ^^''"^ borne a heavy crop ever since. It is bouiB XitPd v«rv If ? *^'l«««'l. and it has tho people have gone almost wild oier it^ I hTrdiv Ih n IHf "'' n^l "' Minnesota, in fact exportation. It would chiefly bo advL ageous to now ll?"^'^ ^' * ^'^''''^^'^ '^^'l^^^ ^^r «o soon and being so hardy. This varinfv nn^fi ""^."^'^"ers on account of its Bearintr host apples for the coldnSs of tLoToTntr Oldenburg would bo the [.Vr. Jilorria.] 132 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 1 1 M Winter Varieties — American Pippin. . J"^® Z^^^^ ^l^P^®^ '"°^* esteemed in my district are the Baldwin, Rhode Island Green- ing, Kox Russet, Mann, and American Pippin. In our section the American Pippm haa been the most profitable. It is an apple that is not very well known. It is of medium Bize, about the size and shape of a Baldwin, but green, striped with dull red It will keep till June. Its shipping quaUties made it very valuable, it being considered the best t^ ship. This apple will generally bring from 25 to 50 cents more than other varieties The apples are generally shipped to Montreal from our place. The buyers there ship them to hot countries. It has an enormous crop, and bears every year. I am not en- gaged personally in shipping apples. Pears — ^Varieties. Of pears, the Bartlett and Duchess dAngouIeme are the most profitable. There are other varieLies, of course, which are good. Clapp's Favourite, Bourre Clairgeau Beurre d'Anjou, and Flemish Beauty. For winter use the best are the Lawrence and. President Drouard. Blight — Preventive Measures— Plums. Some of my varieties have suffered from pear blight. I am interested in a three- acre pear orchard, but there has been no blight in it yet. For preventive measures we are waehmg the trees with sulphur and lime. We mix up a pailful of lime and throw in about half a pound of sulphur, and apply that mixture to the trees. A considerable number of my neighbom-s have suffered from blight. Another plan I adopt to prevent blight 18 to allow the limbs to grow right from the ground. I think one cause of injury to pear trees is letting them have long naked stems. You often see a dead spot at the bottom of the trunk due to that cause, although mostly attributed to blight. Plums are not cultivated in my neighbourhood to any extent for market. Peaches— Apricots. There are a great many peaches grown about onr vicinity. The trees do not suffer with us from the winter ; sometimes ihe buds are killed. The varieties of peache?; that ripen earliest are the Alexander and the Early Canada. The most profitable for market this year havo been the Alexander and the Mountain Rose ; in fact most of the early kinds, before the Crawfords, were profitable. The Crawfords brought prices down. We have not suffered from the yellows in our section. The peaches have not suffered fr-om curcuUo in our district. The trees are not injured by borers if they are healthy and kept cultivated and thrifty. The Apricot is not grown much, as it is subject to the cur- oulio. In other respects it is as easily cultivated as peaohea. Grape Culture. Grapes are largely grown in our district. The Concord succeeds best. Perhaps there is more money in them at their low price than in the finer kinds. I would recom- mend Rogers' No. 4 for amateur cultivation ; No. 15 also, and Salem. No. 48 is a very good one. Diana and Delaware are good for amateurs, and for market as well. I have been propagating a new grape, the Pockiington, a very strong grower and very healthy I would prefer this grape to the Concord. It is nearly white in colour, with a very dohcato bloom on it, and has very large bunches. I would also recommend the Brighton, and Moore's Early. The ton varieties I havo mentioned are the best. Tho best aoil for grapes is a strong gravelly loam. We havo planted the rows ton feet apart, and the V1U08 twelve feet apart in the rows. Perhaps t>.ey would be bettor a little farther apart. \Vo havo not yet Lm] a great ciop of grapes to dispose of, but the domaad has been good. [Mr, Morris.] There FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 133 «r,pe vine fie. beotte, but i.h.s „„. troublZ^'SV?^ BiSTnrL'^^; JbtgL^! Strawberries— Phepebable Varieties. I grow strawberries to a considerable extent. For the market I T.rfif«r th. wi ■Captain Jack, Crescent Seedling, Sharpless, and MonaJcHf t^e wLr Th. I), f "^ IS three or four times as large as the WUsoA and irhn a ^hltL a The Sharpless Captain Jack. Crescent Seedling for Farmers. Gooseberries. I have no. bSid ...Uae'IZr |:„ Jo^LYS ^ett^^^^^^^^^ Raspberries ilow TO Plant Raspderuies. a.|,i"l!;lr*r r S''!r."iTf tu^T"™'' «'™, ^•>m Plamca in hilU ,ay llm,. -.4 ,pr„„e .,, „»pbc„?o;at ■^li^A:^!^^^:^;;'^^^ ir,'C£ '*^ "» -' [Mr, Monis.] I i .fi *i I 134 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. uu -I V J>. 1^ The Fiujit of the District. The area of friui culture in my distriot is constantly inoroasinp. Thero is a T)rofitRhl« A Canning and Drying Company. We have organized a canning company in oiu- neifflibourhood We use thn nvnn oratmg process for drying Tho evaporator we have selected is called H^e WilSms?; evaporates abont 200 bn.liels a day. and the fruit is perfectly whUeaflr it rdrredand when It IS cooked again it retains its original flavour. I am s ea W of a^^^^^^^^^ course It dries poaches or anything like that. In mv oninion if i« Ln^n„ f« i *i the States they are sending these dried apples to Bussia. company. m EDWARD MORRIS. MR. TOLL'S EVIDENCE. SAV^S^fchS;riJS.a:^DSi;r' '^^' '' ^''^*'^^'" •^"'^^ ''''■ ^^..^n.-Mosa.* James C. Toll, of Raleigh, called and osaminod. Apple Ccltuke. oi,«„S ''('■' ^^'"'''"'':—^ grow apples, poaches, and plums, and have an orchard of annlea about twelve or fourteen acres in extent. We grow winter aoDlos nbiflflv TV,? mF ? Island Greening is tho most profitable upplo we have Wo SfiraS. ^S^". ^^""^^ Montreal .rd Chicago. The* Rhode Is and Green'«« Lns woll^nH-''« "P^-'^ *° Apples should be well culled and put in Rood cZ"bfrrerHnr Ll^Sil'LTot^d in cellars. Our winter apples are nearly all shiDDod awav Thnr« ic „ i„t * i , ^T^^Jz ::i!,r °'°^ ""■ ^"^ """«» ^"°» -»'-" p- Oar.' zr:; The Northern Spy and thr Ruodk Island Grkeninu, We cultivate the Nothern Spy and we find it a very good api)lc. but it is a Ions t?ni« nir into boar ncr. f. ,« fr«n« rln .,nf ),«->;.. *^ i .•'..?:. ' ^ ' "" . " *" •* *°'^8 t?me are abort ight years ; it coming into bearing; the trees"do n^^ h^rnTo bea ^ c-P^^^^ hfteen years old. The Rhode Island Greening comos'ii'in o'ven o ill never winter-kills with us. »«" ux uij^ui Thk Twio Blight. We have tho twig blight considerably this year, but I don't think it interferes with ho crop in any way ; it just seems to affect the- new growth. I have exl'S the twigs, but have never been able to find any insects or their eggs. ^xaminea tlic The Borer the Codlin Worm, and Tent Caterpillar. Our trees arc liable to the attacks of the borer ; we have the kind which has a larco flat head, and it works mostly on trees that have been grafted. I have never made 3 [-Ifr. Tut!.] applicat on the 8 do not good mt buyers ^ attacks tent cati I n especiall fourteen ploughec To Ilm mer year tho fruit We have Bome tret of Amsde the fact i ford brill f them. 1 plus to di bometime Web almost an dark yello would be hardy. V tacked by have no ot root of th( rip;ht aloni To M' I would pu three bush much loss, years, but i much as I Mimroe, M peaches, th I grow 100 trees, a [Mr. T FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. do not attack a heaitby troe wLT 1 fir, j^ T ^ "?'• 5^ ^^Porience is that they good many codlin worms in the frurand it Sf«r ^.''"' S'«^ o^t- Wo have I buyore will not take apples tlat Ce worm Sf them ThTaLl' "''^ '^'^^^'^^^^y^ as attacks as any other varieties. No measures har^^oA ^'^oenmg is as liable to their tent caterpillars are not very injuSouX^foS: of'the t"s. '"''''' *'^"'' ^^^ TnEATMEHT OF OllCIIAUDS. foartcen and another eishl oin of mt T„r i ■ '''™'y-"^e« JCre old, anothe^ vymond. 1 don t thmk the leaf gall seriously affects the grape vines. Peach Ghowino. I have grown peaches to some extent. The trees flf»n,l fT.« «,• * mer years they were cut back periodically Somn wlnfl \\ "^"f*^' '^®"' ^"* »« ^r* tho fruit buds have not been iSS bv a loTtln! f ""''^ *?..^«« ^^OJ the trees, but We have the Early Crawford, thXate Crawford the HoS 7f '^ *^' If* ^«^ y^*^"" some trees of the Early Louise sot onf K,if f^fu x®/* ^''^°' ^"^ ^t^era. I have of Amsden's June. Se's Xly L ab;,ut h^^^^^^ '^"^ ^ l^ave also some the fact that it rots so ba^rdetwctffroLltH nr<^^lfhf *'^^' ^^^"J ^"' "^^'^^^^ tl>o«gh ford brings higher prices, b/t TeTnl ^ersSaCtv I'^l': ^ ^'''l*^^ -^^^y ^raw- them. The home demand is not suffloiin? ti ? ^ °.u ^ ' ^'^'^^y • *^« ^""'^"o affects plus to different partsTthe P^ovi^ce Th« t?^^^^ ?' "'^P' *°^ ^" «^^P *^« «^- sometimos we get «2 and $3 ft^JxTra nice ones *''''^ *"''"«'^ ^^ P«^ ^"^l^^l. but A Choiob Seeduno. almolL^Tthr^ruftto^ "^4eS \^Z'l:r t"^ ^'^^^ -"''l -t give for dark yellow on the inside I have taken nn I ^ /*^ "'' ^""^^ *' ^*J«'«' ^^^ its tlesh ia woulcf be well to propagate tl^^T e'^feg ThC mtSd't t "^'""^,- u^ *^-^ ^* liardy. We have not been troubled with the vSows hn^oli ?. '* "• ^^""'^ ^^'^'^^f ''^^ tacked by the ouroulio. The peach bomdoWrtrnS^^^ ''*"'*''' ^*^« ''^^^ at. have no other insects injurious to the tree I find t'nii^ ^T l'"^ °^"°^' ^^'^ ^« root of the tree are a good remedy for JS'e boro? On thn wr\'' t' n^'^P"'* '^'•'^""'1 1^« right along the shore of the lake in profitable ' "^ '^'""^ P'*°^ "'^l*"'"* Peach Obohard Planting. I woSd f:i t&Ugiren'^^^^^^^^^^ ,rf '' ^ -- P'-*-^ again three bushels per tree Js about the S in Jood vZ iS^ •''''"°^' ^^'^ ^'^^ * ^"^^ ^ much less. Peach trees are short-liv^d The v win t '" «o^o years the yield is years, but they wiU require six or seven vear«fn T/f .? "^ ^ ^'^'".'^ y**^^^ «°^«" or ^igbt much as I havoHtatJ. Sh tZ 00^0 5 "^^^^^^^^^^ Munroe,Mich We adopted "o partlcl Tans oHet*^?'^^^^^^^^^ at poachcH, though wo did en Uie plums. ^ ^ °^ *^° ourculio on the Plum Culture. I grow more plums than any other one in thi« nmanf- T h.-. -,„ :> • , [T'^^r ' " '""' "'' "'*' ''' *""• My ^voiit"vL°rBT:lo:d'3 1 1 136 FKUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. There is a demand at Line for alf I a*^!. ^ ^7*?"^^ ?^*°* ^^^'^^ °f *b« Lombard, bushel. I do not eJip aT/to a Lt^^e.^ ' "^^ *^' ^"°" '""^^^ ^'^"^ «2.50 to 94 per The Cuboulio. great'^dtfeL^^^^^^^^^^^ i-^ng the tree and giving them a less than twice a d&T Lf^^LJI^Fu -^i^ °^ '^T' ^^^ *'««« «h«»l^f . , «?'y c^lti^atot^ about 100 trees, and my p^achtrer^ltadriylhrttrer fir^^^^^^^^^^^ '\\T^:tr' V^T ^"^ vory exceptional one. When the trees lu^ar a v«r?)!i ^""^'y- -^^e y»eld I speak of was a following year, and I tlu^k the LomCnlw f ^ T^ T^' °°i ^'^^^ they don't bear the JAMES C. TOLL. Sittings to take oral ovidence, held at Gait Anmi«f IBM. Mian n , nr Brown (Ohainnan). and Dymond. ^ ' ^^^"' -^''e^eni— IMossra. MR. D. CALDWELL'S EVIDENCBl Mr. David Caluwell was called and examined. F",uiT Culture in Waterloo. The Northern Spy. ant,lo^^%W *'""* '""'""f' ''''* ^"'*^'' "^ ^«' I tbink, the Northern Spy for a winter are a along FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 137 up to our nnrsl^yTandth^tyeSZthf^^^^^^ BhODB I8L4ND QkeENING, , Low Stems Preferred. mmMm^m thou it requires%rarylrto recotr. '"'^^ "'"^ °' ^*^ ^^'^'^ " '' ^ °^^-' -^ Sbek-no-Fuutuer— ^sorus Spitzenberq. Red Astrachan and Duchess. DuchYsK ol^Ibt/ ml^lt'fi*^' best early apples are the Red Astrachan and the Pear Culture— Flemish Bkauty. *..n«» 'IJ.' ^f-^^''^'^^ "'^'} °* *"e Flemish Beauty variety can bo srown. and the fit 8 -.batty, i gro»T pencliuM 1 "' ■ ■ • , ^tuM. ^.s [Mr. D. Caldwell,] pencliuM h.iro. I have a good crop of" thorn this year. if s .1. H'^ IH 1S8 inuriT ouovviNG and forkstry. 1 ut iw rM* Pbaoh OnowiNH— Tnw Witn T'ritM Htook. Uo «,vaf. Hoor,.*, of Knnv.MK (lu^ f.-nif, in to l,„,vt, <,l,o wood ,., „,at,n-o narly I l,w f: TUR Hon, ANH HlTHATtON Nkkdbi). T fl!u| That, |f you plan*, a ton.lor Mv,., mioh as (ho p.-m-h, npoi, a I.Mi liil) nxixm, ,1 to J I... «oHh a,u xvoH< ,< w.ll Man.l a ,„o,v „ov,.ro wintnr (1,„,! «.h,„; p'|„„(.mI ox ,1 ".",„,, I r 2 ora ,00 plan(... ,u a Uollow. Tho pooroHt.Iry knoll M.afc yon oan got, .,-. wi.l » luKh, 1, tho Ijoflt H,, nation yon can havo for a poaoh; hnt tho tm, .MnJr rjoml oim.vat,on an.l ^oo.! oaro. It no,.U a warnnsh. .Iry noil. I think yon n, gh y hat*' p...oh ha. l,oon. «p to tho«n last fow yoarn. a total failnro in thin mJtio.i of tho oouX m mvvonnt .|f tho wnUor killing Thon, have l.oon poaohcR grown horo for a .nartor of a^.^ «ry. Thoy havo MUH.,odoa «roll horo an woll frnit. I wouM not liko t^ o n , „d S a« a poaoh-«r,>w,n« ,U«triof. Fivo .niloH holow horo in tho noi„hho«rhoo 1 f m oh r an.i gmpoH. II,r pUoo m on a high ri.Igo o.» whioh tho awoot ohostnut grows. Thr rutm— Tim OuunuMo— VRr.nowB. f^^,.l7t '*'"'"''-! f^lT *•"" *ir'", '"'"' ''"^'0.>HHfnl!y if wo oonMonly light tho onrotiHo; woam f ; I'^r , "'' 7 '\ , T" '»'^^^""^'*^'' «""" ""> y^'lowH in poa^IioH lioro. ^t y I. 1 io fn tE ha.no ,>,M«,)ot^o for many yoarn with t,voH !M.>nght fro.n Rooho»tor an.l J.M.ova. an.l , w, v oHl. r.'" ; ""''^ '"'"' "* '*""""• •*"'• ■^"'Hra.tth. an.l Arton.oaia. an.l all th . ^l In mo rrri '"'^'\'T, *"'"'' r*^''*'''« *'•'''''"*• 'nn.irHarollnorJnvn.is.„n..M,rooH wo ir it <^; r'^ T I "r" "ir, •^'^ 'M'P<>.vm.,oo goo« ; U,t o«r trooM Htan.l tho trannplant ng an.l tho .>lunato hottor. If I won. t,. fom. «,y tivoa tho way thoy aro foroo.l a bmU Htor 1 Nhonl.l havo nono. " j^ »>" loiu.i aooni. Trm pku atu ur - Straw mm ii i m. .v^Ji""^"^ i" *"'"' '•*^'^*; ^''^; *^*^'''^ '^''" ^^»**"''- ^^-^'f' i" '^''""^ -^«<> ahovo. TIio awragfl wmtortoniporatnro ho,v for tho ool.h>Ht ninths i^ about 22", and tho avorairoHuni- m.r .po,^t„n^ alnrnt «l>\ Wo havo f,>un.l ntrawhorry gnnving to pay «b v.^ry w f I The vva«on ,s tho only >yioty 1 havo oultivato.l that thoro .h n.onoy in, Wo^hI 'it aw- Jill. tii'raptoarir-'"^' *"' " '""' »^"""^ ""^"«'"' '" ^■'"^^' '"••-^'•^ '-- ^>"' UrAI'B Cut.TUHR. We havo Wn pnying grajva muvosHfuUy. Tho kin.l« that huo.'oo,1 host, horo aro tlh> W mg vanot.os of th,. Kog^^rs. Tho S,,lon, ,s ono of tho host. Rogorn' nnn.hor :< i„T^. .n» gn«po an.l so aronu,nWr« 4. M.an.l ID. I oon.si.lor tho C.u.oor.l tho ho.st ur,u,of.,rulipur posoMhogmpo f.^rtho nulh.M, Acon«i.loniblo.,uantity of graposisgnnvn h.'ro. I w. uhl plant grapo« w,th tho t,vli.s.sos running north an.l .outl,; s.> That thoy w.>nl.I hnvo both tho monimgan.l tho ovonmg sun I w ml.l plant th.Mu on high lan.l with" win.l hnMikn ; in f,„ . . that ahouKlnot 1>p nogl«H>t«vl w.th *ny kin.l of frnit or othor onltivat,-.l troon. \ think ^t!.T^'\Tl ^ ^' "'" *''?'''' ^'"^ " '"'>'''• '^'y' '^"'*-^ ^'''V^ ""«"' ^^itl' ^varn, lin- .stone ixHtom. 1 hat ,8 what they havo gv>t on tho ri.l.g.. at Uramlilon. nion, l''r(in [.Ur. ^^FRUIT GROWINO AND FORESTRY. 13f> ITrnt OF (hvBxm. rhIi riio aBhos that I UHo are rilBVKNTIOK 0» PiCAn nMOIIT. tnrfl mi f Im on..f..„„-n„!: ^i._ , 'K."'7I'"«rH J Ho roamm for tlim in that I liavosown UiIh mix- "re on tl.o Burfacoafter the iro.?. 7v ^ re ur5 lU; h'; Tn ' ^T'^'r '''" ""- "K ««at«,an.l ,mal.ln« it to roNi«fc any dlaBo f «»? M ' i^ ■...»■■ *o.. .„ w„fi ; u,o 4,u;»«::::? ,,J. !:;;:;:: tl'ritT J:.™ .:;;':' «'"' Boil Fon Pbahb. l...uny day ^ " •"'"'• '"""' ^''' '''" l''»"'-»ot a atiir day; » warm, san.ly, TniCATMKNT OF MaNUUKS. KaRHOH oHoap i.K from hJH umnnm hmn '"T;"* ♦""' * *' ' ""^ ^'"' fi""'"- «"«•«!»« in from the wo Hhall havo Lv Ian, f„ Tf a I 1 „f 'nl^^" ""t turn our jnanuro an.l docompoHo it Thn groat thing i« to r tmrP^tC Lll l ' *'"' ''"' ^"'"'"' '"""^P" "'"7 rapidly H.>.nothinK oho.'* T m . , ."fj j.^ J ^wT """""■" ^'''' "^'^"'V rnlk or hut 1 thi.'ju thoro i. agood dirriirsr;!. ii tE^urpo:.'""" "' ^"^"""« «^-^ Usi OF SaLT—InhKOT rESTB.) I think, however, thoro ih moio roal virtiio in salt two ah,no I wonhl pn.for «al<,. I hav„ nov.,r trl, J at lit drawH nioiHdiw. 7\„ (hat than with in gypsum ; of the was tuinipH. At that tune wo had a oatorpillar that ato nearly ovory h'af off ' row or Mr. not go any K.nu ot tno do.'B well on a dauip, cold lottoin. FroBts occur on tho hill on which I live. . Caldwell.] D. OALDWI LL. 140 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 1 1 If « MR J. G. MOWAT'S EVIDENCE. J. GoBDON MowAT, of Gait, was called and examined. Cultivation op Figs. To Mr. Broum.—Fig trees are grown here. Some few years ago a man in Waterloo township grew a fig tree for four years, but it was killed. He covered it with straw- tied straw around the trunk— in winter ; but before the tree came to bearing it was de- stroyed by mice. A year ago last spring several parties in the town, including myself also commenced growing fig trees. ' Winter Treatment. r xT^° protect the trees from the winter frost they are laid down about the Ist of November, m a trench— turned right over with the roots in the ground all the while, and then covered with earth They are planted erect, but on a ridge, and the roots are trained to one side across that ridge • and in the fall the tree is bent or laid right down iu the trench, and covered, the branches being tied up against the trunk, with about five inches of earth, uutil the spring, when it is raised up again So far trees treated in that way have flourished. No Trouble prom Spring Frosts or Insects. There is no trouble from sprmg frosts, figs seem to stand them as well as quite a number of our more tender trees They have no insect enemy. Fall Hoar Frosts. The trouble with the fig is that in the fall ''oar frosts are apt to kill the leaves and prevent the new wood from ripening, ana that wood dies off the following spring ; but by covering the tree with paper or any other material in September or October, when the thermometer is below forty, the wood will sufficiently mature to stand the winter. The ripening of new wood would probably be hastened by pinching bacK. Maturity op the Fig. I cannot say anythmg as to when the trees will yield fruit. In Michigan where they have tried the fig it bears in four years. The fig is grown in Massachusetts, nnd succeeds well. The covering there is about four inches of earth. In the neighbour- hood of Washington it is about two inches of earth. In Ohio large crops have been gathered by the few parties who have grown figs— annual crops. The summer tempera- ture during the whole season of vegetation is high enongh here for the fruit to ripea. The fig plants are obtained from Washington. I believe they can be got in Rochester. I saw a sample of grapes grown last year by Mr Fergus Anderson, of Blenheim, which were nearly an inch in diameter— a black grape, and I think of good flavour There are in the county graperies of from about a quarter of an acre to about an acre in ex- tent. I think that owing to the rarity of extremely low temperatures in that region the land along the shoree of Lake Huron is about the best place in Ontario for fig culture. J. GORDON MOWAT. [Mr. Mowat.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 141 Sittings to take oral evidence, held at Almonte, October 18th, 1880. Present Meesrs. Byemb (Chairman) and Dtjiond. MR. W. 0. CALDWELL'S EVIDENCE. Wm. C. Caldwell, M.P.P., of Lanark Village, was called and examined. Forestry in Lanark. I am a lumber merchant by trade. There is considerable standing timber in our dis^ct ; ten miles br -.k of us there is little settlement ; the soil there is light and stonj with rock ; the timber there is principally pine. The hardwoods are maple, beech, elm) baBswood, some birch, and very little oak, and here and there a little hickory. There is some iron wood and butternut, also tamarack ash, and poplar, The hardwoods are still being destroyed for clearing and firewood We have very little second growth of timber The second growth is considered to be tougher wood, and better for manufactur- mg purposes, than the first. Use of Hardwoods. There is a demand for the hardwoods both locally and for shipment. Ash and basswood are shipped to Oswego ; we can sell all we can get. The basswood is used for fujniture, and for boxes in starch factories Good basswood will bring from $12 to $14 per thousand at Brockville and other shipping points in the front Culls bring $5 to $6 per 1000. The ash is about the same as the basswood, it is either black or white ash I speak o£ The white ash is used for implements , there is not much of it Our soil is not a good one for basswood ; it needs a heavy soil Hard maple is used for waggon axle-trees as well as several other purposes I had an order for some from Manitoba bat could not supply it in time Beech is used only for firewood We can sell some elm, but there is no foreign demand , there is a local demand. The black birch is used for furniture ; the tamarack, if large, is used as square timber, and the smaller for railway ties ; the cedar also is used for railway ties and shingles. We have no black wahiut in the district. There is no demand for poplar or other soft woods. There has been no attempt to replant forest trees. Necessity pob REPLANTmo fi\*^® ^^®° ^°™® attention to forestry. I think the time has come when attention should be paid to tree planting. We have a great deal of broken rough land that is at present worthless, and that might be profitably planted. I think in the first place the useless soil would be utilized, in the next the value of the farms would be increased, then that the crops would be sheltered where they are now exposed, and lastly, in time the climate would beeome moisterr it is now very dry. Effects on Climatb. My experience is the climate has become much dryer in the last fifteen years and the streams have been muoh lower I attribute this to the clearing of the land. Trees to be Planted. I would plant elm, maple, ash, and basswood, all fast growing trees, mingled with spruce and cedar as evergreens, as well ai pine. I think an elm would be forty to fifty years m attaining to ten or twelve inches in diameter. The soil would have some effect on the growth, but I do not think either ash, maple or basswood would grow much faster than the elm. /. maple eight inches in diameter might be tapped for sugar ; I thmk it would then be twenty-five to thirty years old. I have not experience enough to speak positively on that point. Lorabardy poplars twenty-two years old measured by me, are from six feet to eight feet four inches in circumference. I do not recommend them for shade trees ; they soon show a good deal of dead wood, and harbour insects. Either for [Mr. W. G. Caldwell'] I »! ua VnVVV UHOWINU AND hOllKMTHY. l aa.«jLU,, _i --. .hi.Io hoo. or oiimm.M.Ul pnrp.mo^ M,., tron, I |„iv.. ...unn.i (Ir.f, «f,i. i„ ,„v u|.i„ion tl.„ .n.m .|0M„«hlo ;,.,• ,,U..I.„K. I (,|„„k (ho tlovonunn,,!,. tliionKl, U,. A«r m u ^M t ol n .m,h., .,,,..opn«fo . i-ortion of ii,„ a ...I „unt i,o II... o M,r««o.u';; 111 u::^;!:;;;!';;;: I'lXMWIWNt'* IM UnUMI I'IUININ.I. ;Uok nn.oK. ,u„l von wot. A Hor .lo.u ,n„ .n,| «tu...piMH wo .|„„ H.,, .imn- I oo«,,Ta al loot, .loo . iDi.t rtu aoto H|mi'l. • w.> iim.mI i.iti.« Iniiil.or Tli., ,„.ki., .l,.» . . I ;;';; ''";;v r"' '-«--'> ••*•-• •';•' ^'-t w.« .. ,,,,1;. ;;'::,,;;:.: '::::( OtWT Of Ohaininu, n Boil ol t,h,»t km. 1 tlui.k tt W.M.I .imin .Mmwom Iu-mI; ,(. will hiHf, Mint «« ,L OS ,0 HO, ,« wot. a. M„« iH. i)„ „,u,.ly «oil il.o .-..h-.I., w.,„l.i l.o .I.IV. ,o I h,u- " .^ >ot h .«„.l „„.n„„.. ,„ ,n,,m,vi.,« <,h., Hoil t,h„« n.ol,u,„o.l, ( h.ivo ,n,.l .1, i, . o I ,■ ('AtTi.w ntu Maurht. fWnn ,»arly in ,„l„n- to Apnl. Wo k>vo abont VJ oo„tH a jm„„wI livo wo.KJ.r Tl v w,>v«h f,-v>m I..U) to I.UH; ,m„„.1« w>,o„ put „,, 'Ihoy aro f.-.l for (Ivo ,o I m wo aZ ro,u,.U u, t ,.. «,„.,„«. Tl.oy tl,o,. avo,aKo 4^ to 6 oo„t. a po,n, T l! y an „« .'a T oonnn.v,, oaltlo. w,M, an ooo.u.,o„al Kimlo Tlloro i« „ot m,.o1, i lon.loi.cy a« th. o" m 1.^ bo to «H0 u„,.,-.>voa ,u.l.vH. 1 .v„ia ^,vo a l,ot(..- pr.oo. a„.l ,„ako a I.., io nru"., f tho t. k M-.MXM,u,m>>.Hl I tl„„k a ».». Hho„M 1,0 ,.„t, o„ all nuvlo «took, .„ .udor o on^ , Zo J U8« of iUorvnvghbiv.l mal.,», l>,>th liornos ami ontllo «ii"i>»iiiKo iiu, W. a OALDWKLli *•! xr. '^'"i!'^,/*' t.*ko oral ovi.lotu>o. hoM at Arnprior. Ootobor Id,!., 1880. /'«#^- MR USnoUNP/8 KVir>KNOE. John Us«v>ftNK, of Ariiprior, wm oalUni ami •xamiiie.L t'HinT UbOWINU and FonRSTRt IN llRNrBRW. .» xi^'V*^« 'Vw<^«<^~-I am mAna<^>r .^f ihe Konfrow Fnn( an.l Floral Coiunauy omxiua U\o W aba Nursonos at ikiii plaoo. TUo O.^mpauy has oxi.stovl aiul bcou iu oporation f.^r tim^o y*ar(i. 1 haro b^u oxvmrnuoiitiiijj iu fruit raimug alt.^gothor for mx yoare. Tho o.\uvtoff,h«iomiwiyi8 U)8upply uorUi.^m an.l oastoru Oaua.U ami Manitoba with !r«,t and otJior tiws au.l nhrubs, suit^l to th.nr clinuto and soil, in which th.»«o roarod in a nuMv t<>mi>.xrato chmate will not ««co.»od. Wo oultivato both forost atid fruit troos, Bhrnbs, Mno>H. and K>ouoral nursory stock. Tr^nis brought from oUior narts have gouorally faUod. 1 he varwtj,v« «Uk»pliod liav« bo«u too toudor. .¥- t *;"i"-t^r:. J FltUlT UUUVVIJNU AN J) KOIIKHTIIV. KXI'KIIIMKNTH IN Aci'f.K CvtmitlK. 143 thn WalllMi.l,,,;. v5. irn, Zl :V I r^^ ' 'T''' ^.'r'"' '''""'"""•« HwnotinK. I aouLlio. iM.t uro l.illn,| ||«;;k • "" "'•''''"' ""''•'"'"' ^" *'" '^'"•■"r Mhd. 'Ly HiiooiMHK-ui, IIaui.v Vauiktikb. in Hn|.l,..,„lMW. Tin, VVhitn AhIi i , ,m w , I Z , i f ■. ." ^ ""'»«« with iih ripn.m „arly '",« » vory Ih.o. „„ |,|,af, |„,l,h in tl.., n ara, (^^^r .f .,;!.. ."-'"r 't"'' "'" '''"''"''"''y AooMMAii/.fN.i Tiiam—Hmuumtn. TM,,.,,i„inal(r.M,Mar.,a!l/hu, r, T n m^^^^ ^n"" Tf"^" '" ""' """"t^ Ul'HHUN AfI'MdS. i'uHIPKIlAIIWB Am'KOi'H. Lark H,,Ii,,„ on U.o H.M.(,h M^fZ^lX'^i^:^. ^h 'kill of " n " "'^".'"' «''^'^' "^'"^ *^" Tkau 'J'hkkh. I'LtJM CULTIUIK. unportoa tn,oH. VVo h^v^ had th.n:lix"vZ. .'.S/lT:.' t'-^'/' '^^^^^ ^ \Mr. U»bom,:\ ' i''''Pa8«tod from tii«m. W [Mr. l/gbome.] ra all We III U4 I'MUIIT (lUOWINd AND KOIlKSTIlY ; i . II i ill ^ITlc' Mt.,.H of nil «imm in tl.o .nuwry. ' "'*" ^'"*'"' ^^" '"*^" '*'^""'' ^»<>- J'MKiniiKs »,> r,vu A r^ii.intK. >"I'.'.(M of 1,1,0 uiaiohtv or . I- frniV "^ . '"' ' '""' «'""'''"«- ^^'^ •""•" «"<•<• < ♦^>o,lw,no• oimuMmK^^o;^;!.:;:;;;;;::;!,;':^;:!''''^'^ ^^" '"^^" ••-'"-"- 'rHRATMKNT «N WiN I'KU -CInmHU.iO. «^TIU\VHRinUKH ANI. KAKn.KUlilKN. -(^UUUANTH, with... \Vo K^nv 1 \r, ,u, Mil K';"«'' >';rnoH. 'n,„ ,i,„wn Itoh .Iooh l,o«t rnnvn Uol.. Ti „ W ' /" " ./r^^^^^ )1.;>.kI.Io„ ,i„.l howMoy. I,„<, wo ju-ofor M.o KORIWT TllRR SltRPi. «n>o"»«oa ,n iho nHKt. that H (X (i u lo i.l /'"',"" '"""'' '''"'"'^•"'^ "'"• ''i^" l*r»^>. W.havo now ...00 v.uoh rl-N;. on;! Jnil luan; b^llinr '"' " " " '"' AlU. IIINMANS KVIDKNOK. ^'''V**^"* ♦^^ <^«'<«^ oral oviai>mH\ lu>M Ht, iVbourK' (Vtolwr imi. ivjon n l>UATt IhNMAN. Of tlio T.nvn.hi,, of llaiair,ana. waa callo.l und oxanunod. FhIIT ClTLTURR IN NoUTHVMHRUl.AND. is an orchanl TU? 1!^ ! 7' " '"*"'''>* *^''^«"-*'«J. '"»J about '20 aoros of r'-oh Vr « ' '' ^^^'''''" "^ "^''' "'^''"^^ •'^^""^^^ ^^f •^I'rl^^'^. though 1 Lav. onoH. Kite IT UllOVVINU AND KOIlKSTllY. IVr ApPMO (JitDWINf*. Aii|)Iotrm.H liPKiii (,„ hoar i.Innlifiilly ill (il.oijt f,.iiiv.mM Al.,..,*,. i i .. HttKDMNO Ari'l.KH. ..d Ji'rrj ;;;::::^«3^^^^^^ Boil.— l»n(»TK<)tl(.N~ - F'l.ANTINU. A linivvy m»il, woll ilmino.l, in Mi., \„wl f„r him.Imh. lui.t it iH ,i'| il,„ l.„if,.. ir r » Hahdv Vaiiiktiioh (Idoi, Hiiii'i'iaiN. (Iiui I mti liiir.IIy Hny wiml, viiriotioMof 111.1, |» "^c In fniitof (,|,n I'.iiMwiu niKood, l»iit tli-' "■'- ""^ "< ' ^"^ ^>'""i" v..y :„,: ".^J.'u.j t;;l.!:!:;; ^;^:s ;:st :;r;;;. '■: i'i"ili(wo.l a drying nmdiiii.. which will drv twnnfv nr fl ;..(, riiicr.H KOK DiiiKi) Appr.Ks— Utimzinh am. South. Wo Clin (jjot Olio huHhcl uf (h-iod iipplcH, or 22 poinidH from 4 nr li I...uJw i„ ,.f onoH Th. UH.ial n.i.-o of dri.l applns' Is 7 "ooniH ,,.!r "un;! W,t . ,. "S ,? o' oX Cnen H. Woi,„r,H.soHondi.iK(JM,Mn wLoro thoy will .'o.n.u.md roadi v ul .t 20 '« 1 T. rojn.d. At, ,.n-soMt thoro uro wag,,.,. ioad« .d' a,,,d.s of cortai va ,. "rroU ^ , l' ;..|IdH. KB wo ca,n not .dl thorn. Any Umd of Bouud ui,,lc. can bo utilliod lly iC dryit^ 10 I j . ), 146 FRUIT G.IOWING AND FORESTRY. any Blight — Borers — Codlin Worm — Caterpillars. Apple trees in the district are not subject to jlight and the borers are not very de- structive. The codlin worm is, however, very prevalent in the fruit. There is not much trouble with the tent caterpillars. Cultivation of Orchards. I am in favour of cultivating orchards for at least the first ten years, but there is "ometimes a danger that over-cultivation might make the trees too tender. After the ^ii-st ten years I seed down and mulch about the trees. Peab Cdlture — Prices — Blight. I cultivate pears to a considerable extent, and they are as succeRsfuI as apples if jnlanted on heavy land. The average price realized per barrel for the best peais is |4 They are not so profitable as apples. The blight has not attacked th-^ trees to eenous extent for some years back, and they are not liable to insect pests. Plum Growimo — Varieties — Prices — The Curculio. Plums are cultivated in the district, and do best on a light lively soil made rich. The large blue plum is es* emed for home consumption. The yellow egg plum is more' subject to the curculio thau the blue Pond's seedling. The McLaughlin and the Wash- ington are also cultivated. There are more Damsons shipped than any other v-rietv They are prolific bearers, .ind are pretty free from the curculio. Plums sell now at $2 per bushel, and their cultivation is increasi jg. The curculio has interefered with the cultivation and production of the largest and best varieties. Salt a Preventive op Black Knot — Birds. Some years ago plum trees were subject to the blajk knot, but we find that the use of salt prevents it from spreading. I put four or five quarts under each tree. The birds do not injure the ripening plums to any extent. It is s apposed that the black knot is produced by a fly, and that the best way to prevent the knot is to kill the fly. Peaches — Cherries. Peach trees sometimes get so far as to bloom, but 'hey rarely if ever fruit in this district. We only raise cherries enough for home consumption, A few years ago the plim-slug killed the black and red cherries almost wholly. We are now plantiiur the Eiiglic^h cherry and a small black one called the BUck Eagle, which I think succeeds best. Grape Culture. Almost every farmer has a few grape vines for his own consumpl-on. I have about twenty vines in bearing and I think the crop pays well ,f properly attended to. I grow the Rogers' No. 15, the Delaware, the Concord, and a fow others. I get the best returns from the Concord. The vines should be planted at least twelve feet apart each way and supported on trellises. I trim my vines in the fall and lay them down for the winter ; covering them with a little brush or any thing of that kind. Fifty pounds of grapes from each vine is my largest yield. Small Fruits. I grow most of the small fruits for home consumption, but both currants and goose- berrii^a a-.ifTnr from the attc -ks of tho worm. Hi^llebore is not mueb used, tuo roaisou [Mr. Ilinman.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 147 Arborioult.be-E,alt as a Fertilizer-Land Plastkr-Ash^s. rnen^^lV^Z]"'Vill^^^^^^^ ^""''l' P^^*''""^" of orchards, and for oma- the straw. ^ la o Snd plal "^blT n^^^^^^^^ f ''■^&^' *« '' ''^^'^' «»d brTgSs in sufficient quantities a«S ?.t' ^^^^"^ *'^'? *^ *'*^®' ^^ t^^"^ if I could get them would use lanTpttr on gLtTJ'rll'"^' '^^^ **^ "^'' ^^^^ ^ ^ ^^ ---I Pure BRED Durhams. stock purposes the DurhamB are tlX^.rir'''''"''^ '?''' * ^'**'« Ayrshire, but for Of sheep I prefe^ 'he cros^Ltween a clw„^^^^^ ''''^T^- '""'^^" ^^^^ *^« ^^'^ ^r bee" <5arcas8. and a la ,e quautityoT wool. ""^ *^^ ^'"''*'' ^'^^^ *« gi^'^g ^ iarge PLATT HINMAN. MR. CHAPLIN'S EVIDENCE. W. H. OH«.Lm, of lb. Vilkge of New=aetle, was called and eiammed. Fruit Tree Gb,owing. Increased Orchard Cultivation. Varieties of Summer and Fall Apples. *e Holland Pipp.„, «.» Sn„.v 4le fi^ S'Ch^al^lTr^rr b' i? tiTS Wi: ;eb Varieties. wilh .landing i„ being "o'lfng in^°jSi™ fctaSy '' " " """ '"" "^ ™ ■"""■ ■""• Manube-Cultivahon or Yousa Oeohakds. «d . ..nd,-f„™:;:iu.r„r„y »^ESi:?;,,,:''b:^',i? /,;';:'"' ''"" "" -f"' «"«"«>■■ [Jtfr. Chaplin.] vy il 148 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. \\l r. Ill '(« Cultivation op Ouchauds. trees meet. ^ uioetiug. It is almost impossible to cultivate wbou Surplus Applks fkd to Animals. tag of oi,w; b„t 'i '.„;;:* fs oiTrr.,'.'"" "'°'"- ''^" ""^ ■"" «■" '""' ""■ "■«"■ Tub Duyino Prookss. I amTot'';;:;;„"int:Kut7ife'ro'wrM''?'T !'"" "^i^* "'^•^^ - '^-« - *i^« »>««-«• aoquaiuted w h the «r uiii os T Z'^ '^'^'"^ ''*'''''? ^^ evaporation, but I am Bho\iKi not be utili'ed'rati;yiu« process S Z'T ''^'' ^'^" ""'^ ''"•"'."''^ "^''l'^^' would pay to dry them A man wftlf SI • V ""'T '" "'«''I'0"8've, and I tliink it many people don't aXreciateH e 1 ,^J ; '" T ""^'^^'-^ /''°'^ '" ""^* '^'^y- ^ good. [Mr. liui/.j FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 151 Lauoe Siiipmknts ok Wintkr Apices. In HiG GoorKian Bay diHtrict I think tJiere muHt have boon from 8 000 to 4 000 bar relg Hhipped from Owen Sound alone tliiH voar I oouhhrt ^^,^'^Zuarln *'""" '""^- How TO Snip Apples. I think tho boat way to ship apples, if you can go into it extonfiivelv is to out a Wwo^ of silk paper round oach applo. 1 would adv.Ho that thoy bo packed iunt r tbi !r! taken off tho trooH I think it would bo as well to put thorn ir" tho barrJl at onco ^ We Peking:"' "' '' " '°"" '' '''''' ''""^ """ ''^ ^'''^'' -'^ »"«'' -"^ ^'-^or grl^ PiiESEUviNo Apples in Winteu. I liavo hoard that putting apples in pits would savo thorn- thev come out in fb« Peauh —Standards— D WA KF8. There is a conHldorablo quantity of pears crown in our distriVf T),« Dfo«,i„>i years, it you go into dwarf trooa you naay dupoiul on thorn iu lour or live yoars» Most JisTioEMEu VAuiExiiis. MM J'""'^'" ""'''' " "T'^y ?f P'"^''^ *Ji»t I '^ould hardly niiy which are tho moHt mto,^m,^H Ihe buporhuo .« ono of tho best poars. and the Uartlett ,h always He y p^oSaWe n^aJ* It coniOH in very oarly, and is easily sold. Tliore is a new pear cfaSsFvon^' which .s aH oarly as tho Bartlott. has a rud. flavour, and alw^yH^ ofc welf Tho Bourre d Anjou DuchcRHo d'Angoulemo, and Winter Nolls are aro alL ostoerdhighlv Th^^ Beurro Poihl is a poar th.it will keop till tho end of Docombor A^nTotffvlL „ ^ varieties of pears aro tho Sholdou aud Mcuu^h Beauty ^ ^ ^""^ Makket — Ripening — Puioes. * The crop is not oonsumod very much in tho neighbourhood bnf ia lyonn-on,, i • j a cons,der,^.lo .p.antity going to Chicago. Tho pofr is a peculiar fnf.^rrt'lS^^ riponiug S'.mo varuitios will ripon much moro auiclciv than ofhnru .iffiV *^ ^ ,, *? from tho tree.. About $2 is tho'avcrago price S^I i^VZ '""' '^'^ '^' ^""^'^ Bliout— Remkducs. Two or tlirco y.^ars ago tho pear troos in our locality wore subjected to the l,i;„l,f but last year 1 saw none of it either on my own place or elsowhoroi don't SinU 1^ * Insects— Plugs— IlGLLEnoRK. I have Bonn few insects this year that are destructivn in tha loo««- a wsused to bft tr..ul,l..,l v.:u. *iw.i.i..,.i, „!,.^i^^! J^V; , '''''^? ^"* *° '•"^vo"- . Some years ago urr ou the ieavoa, but it eoums to havo disappeared I Air. liotf. J i [ l.')2 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. |Mii now. I have used hellebore and wood ashes, but one of the best things I found was drv Z wu- '^'T-^'f ^«^, lime—Sprinkle the tree with dry earth or lime, and the slugs faU off. This treatment appears to have banished them. Best Soil for Peabs. ^ For growing pears I prefer the soil to bo a clay loam. Onr region of the country 18 a clay loam resting on a limestone rock. I was in the habit of raamirirg pretty heavily for pears ; but I thought that the manure, especially as it was old and not fresh, made the fruit grow too fast, so that it did not ripen in the fall. WooD-AsHEs — Cultivation — Exportation. I have given up manuring almost entirely, but I use wood-ashes instead. I culti- vate in the orchard to keep down weeds. I doubt if anything can be done in the export- ing of pears to Ji,ngland. You can only depend on shipping one or two varieties, but sueb a pear as the Flemish Beauty you could not ship at all. I dont think the export trade in pears will attain any great proportions, because they won't keep. Pear Culture Profitable. I don't think I ever saw finer pears in any country than I have seen in Can n da I think pear culture can be carried on as profitably is that ot rpples around ti.e city. I have sold pears for as high as $3 a bushel. A Plum District. We grow plums to a very large extent in our district, and profitably, grown in great varieties. They are 1!^ ht St lit Large Orchards — Heavy Shipments. Perhaps for two years past some of my neighbours have planted some thousands of plum trees, from 500 to 1,000 trees in some cases. It is becoming to be a trade of large dimensions. This summer in Owen Sound I have seen them ship as many as 2,000 bushels in a day. 14,000 or 16,000 bushels must have been shipped from the district of Owen Sound this year. Desirable Varieties. The Lombard and Pond's Seedling are very good plums for shipping. One of our host plums is the Coe's Golden Drop, which is always saleable, Fellenberg is a prune plum which is very good. It can be eaten eitlier fresh or dried. It is a sweet, nice plum, and opens very easily. I would advise the Victoria to be planted very largely, as it is very good for exportation. There are various other plums, such as the McLaughlan, Washington, Yellow Egg, General Hand, riciiie Claude do Bavay, but they must be eaten very shortly after they are pulled. The Diamond is also" one of tlie best for exporting. The Curculio not Arrived Yfir. We are not troublvl with the curculio in our plums. It hasn't made its appearance m our district. I doi''t know what to attribute its absence to. All our soil is impreg- nated with lime. I heard it had appeared in Godorich and also in Kincardine, but the report of its being ir the latter place is not correct, as I have made inquiries and ascer- tained to the couUary. [iVr. FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. i I 153 Prices— Packing for Shipment The average price of plums for a number of years has been about a dollar a bushel llus year they were about ninety cents a bushel. Nearly all the plums 1 have mentlned as havmg been exported from Owen Sound went to Chicago. There is no particu ar method of packing plums for exportation except to pick outth'e spoiled one , and even thTs cannot be done thoro ghly as it takes up too much time. * Prune Plums. „=„oiTi'l''^ are very few prune plums grown in our district, but those who do grow them u,sually have them dried. If they dried these prune plums under the same process as th^ French plums they would look as well. The FellenLg eats better TanTny prune I sw t'but SThe Pelf '.""" '' '^'"""^^^ "^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ -^*^ «"g-' -^-h mIkS them dried Th , rSn J i r^ '''' '"=^' '' rrr"^' ^^^ *^^y ^^^ ^^^'y «^^'^«* ^^^^ ^elng Inwf'l, J? ^ has been recommended by the Fruit Grower's Association, and its fndi^lTxT''^' Ir' ^^V^'y "^^^^^*°^ «^ *'"« Pl"'" for «o"^e years, but kow you fand It planted here and there. It might be grown to a large extent, and at a profit Plum Rot — Seedlings — Birds. This is the only year I have had plums suffer from the rot. I think all varieties of plums are subject to the rot, except the Fellenberg I have mentioned. I don't know of have'turnSn^ r'n" '"^ "f ^S^bourhood. I hav^ tried some seedlings myself, butTone have turned out well. Birds do not injure the plums to any extent. ° ^ ' Use op Ashes — Salt. T ..u ""^ *^^^^ ^^'' ^^'^ ^^f^^ sometimes, and sometimes throw a little salt around them, til z L^T! ""T r''^ ^^'"'"^- ^ ''^'''^ °f "'^^^^^hed ashes. I think therhave a S ^^^Z^^'yo^^Z:^'''''^'^^''''' '-'-'' ^"^-^^^ -'^^ -Sht pro^e Peach Growing— Frost an Impediment. J raised some peaches, but have not succeeded very well. They are raised in onr tt*wi nC' ^he'^arr'^r':,'.*' ^"-T T'^r ^^''^^'^'^ succeedShe" eTs^hlrsto'o" ,uH !u '^ Crawford trees, I think stand the winter the best. The local don't tiinkTcn,:,f"'' crop of our peaches. In fact, we import them for oir own use Apricots— Cherries-Quinces. serves. ^™''" '•' "'"'^^'^' ™"^'^ ^"*« P'-^^^rves or used to flavour prt Strawberry Cultivation. [Mr. Roy.] ' \ A 154 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Hv 1 1.1 \m ik : Bi Robins— Lvsects—Manuue. «H..?°.i'"' ^'^ destructive to strawberries. There are no injurious insects that seriously i^f r'°P' ^*Ti''"'"''ir' * ^"'■y *^^g^^>^ ^"""'•^d soil. The plants remaia good for three years at the most. They should be kept no longer than three veaT I would say renew after three years. ° "»" taieo yeais. i Raspberries — Varieties. ., . Q- What varieties of raspberries are successfully grown in vour distnVt? A r fine, but tender. The average price realized per quart is about ten cents. Therf Ire ^S insects very injurious to the raspberry. There is a bug comes on when the berry is neaHv npe and destroys a good deal of them. There are not many raspberries cultTvated Zre axe not half enough cultivated. Their cultivation might be increased a thousand fold and there wo'Jd still be a sale for them. I consider it a better berry to use on thTtoble than the strawberry. It is a safe berry to grow unless there is a severe winter, when the cTe^ are apt to be killed, especially the white canes. We could cultivate an ouSe Cket for our berries; at present our home market takes up all we can grow I don't thTnkau outeide market is required yet. as I believe this city would take aVIhe LltTvated rasp" berries that are grown m Ontario. ^uiwvaieu rasp- WiLD Raspberries. The wild laspberry is grown to an enormous extent, and around our region of coun- try thousands of bushels were exported some twelve or fifteen years ago; in fact all th.^ Indians brought in enormous quantities of berries which were either made into raspberry vinegar or exported , but now there is not one wild bush around the Peninsula for a thou sand some years ago, and hence there is a great necessity for growing cultivated raspbo- nes. For making vinegar wild raspberries are fully better than the cultivated one^. Mode of Cultivating Raspberries. I grow my raspberries in hiUs eight feet apart, but I would advise them to be ten feet apart. They should be boed, manured, and cultivated well. In each hill there should be four or six canes, and if j ou grow them to any extent you should run the cultivator through to keep down the suckers, and all useless canes, except the ones you intend for next year s fruit. j ^km Treatment of the Canes— Planting. L^ave only the strong healthy new ones; I think it is a good thing to keep them about aix feet high. Don't let them come up as high as eight o? ten feet.^ You wFll hav^ ^f,t T T^ ^ '^«'eP'"ff th«'n lower. I don't protect tliem at all in the winter but some of the tender ones such as Bnnckle's Orange I have laid down under the snow, that is laid them down and let tlie snow come over them. I have my raspberries ei-ht foet anart :Svrr^hrou1rtw" *^'^'^^^*^"- apart for the purpose of being able to lun^he Grapk Culture — Best Sorts. Grapes are grown largely with us but all by amateurs. There are no vine-'ards for «,mmer„.ial purposes. The grapes Uiat do best with me are Rogers' No. 3 Massasoit [Mr. Roi/.^ " FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 15^ Agawam, Nos 15 and 19, Salem No. 22, Clinton, and Concord. These are all I wonl.t zr.:les?rv?tts^ ia a light gravelly soil, ^ell drained. VheTrrble I We Sh It l^^'Zt tS^«T"' too heavy, too strong. The vine grows too much to w^od. "'"^ " *^* *»« ^^ ^ Wine Making. Some of the varieties I have mentioned would be adapted for wine makinir T mnt- wine by mixing them all together. I a Ilk FRUIT GROV'INO A.ND FORESTRY. Hard Woods op tiik District cak ilStcTatra "o.^'erso?^^^^^^^^ '^™, beech maple and ash. We have no now instead of pine and uJrl if f T? \^ •'^*'""> ^^^^ *'"« **^"'g «»t hardwocd considered a haS loS E^frv lo J ofTt^r^^^"? r^ P"''P°«^«- ^^^^^''^^ ^^ "«<^ is not sufficient for the clemaniP Th« .u"*" u • **''"" ""* "^'^ ^« «°'^- ^he supply cabinet-makers Wan ^^^^^ reason the wh.te oak became so valuable was Ht scarcity of bllck walnut Z^J ""! '*' "".'^. ""^ """"^^ ^^'^^ '^^'^'^ it« ^aluo. ih., the other woods ' '"' "^ ^'^^""'''^l''^ "^^'^fc ^^ raising the value of «oi^ « of Growth op Black Walnut. Seedling Apples. Wn'an;irSi7ert^^^^^^ -^7 f-* »^'^'^ of them have yet, ^ '"'' """^ °f *^^™ ^a^e true merit, but I cannot suy distinctly Benefit of Planting Trees— Transplanting. plant{i^r"*sTewSo7wi;;I'^ -* ^^ time and means in is thereVat a benefit would herfJo^ T °^ ^ ""'^P ^^^/'^ ^'^'' ^^"^« ' ^ut still the fact the better « you eetTtree fourTr fi vJ fT^ -T ^"^ ^''^^^Pl'^nting trees the smaller Cultivation op Trees. I think it is a good thing to cultivate around a tree T c^nn'f t\,;^i, ;* • j x Expense of Planting. T H,;\^''7^ "Tfi ''''^'"^'^*<'^ ^^^ in»ch it would cost to replant an acre of foresttrr^es but I think It would be very expensive. The very labour of d.Wi„cfholos aTDiaS- ^ very expensive; and not only that, but the farmer would havf to l)rS each^tree ^ 5 When Thi f '"?^'"° TT' ? K'' ''^^' '^^ ^^' y'^^ '^^ that ^trerwill cerSy die When the tree is ten or twelve inches in diameter it will be safe from animals! Tnorbased Value of Planted Fahms. If I had the moans I would give a considoral)le ampunt over the real value of a fnrm f It was provided with ornamental and useful trees. The protection JLMZ f, . T , wo^rSrP"'""*™^^"' '^"^ V'^^^^^J''^^ '^-^'^ been fuCn: rgatd 7^^ worth $10 an ace without trees I would give from $10 to $15 nfore per acre for Z [Mr. Hoy.] tthor CO FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 159 •same farm provided it was properly sheltered by treea. I doubt if it would pay the -farmer to rent it at this price. I gpeak of this somewhat as a matter of fancy, but also aa a matter of protection for my animals and crops. Effect op Shade for Cattle. I have heard the objection that, whore there was too much shelter in fields, the cattle went to sleep under the trees, and would not feed : the very fact of their goinp under the trees with a full belly will make them fat. I have some eight or nine steers now, and re- cently a drover was after them. I took him to the field, and we found all these fine ani- inals under the trees. They looked beauti' .1 and took the drover's eye at once. r.NCOURAGEMENT OF TeEE PLANTING. I don't see that the Province could do anything in the matter of encouraging replant- 'ing except by making strong representations to the farmers of its great importance. I think every man sliould havo patriotism enough to plant a tree or two. Cattle Raising. My cattle have mostly Durham blood in them, and I generally put -ny cows to ^horoughbred bulls. They have fine pasture in summer and plenty of hay in winter, and i allow perhaps half-a-dozen cows to suckle their calves every year, and I bring out some very fine stock , but I doubt if the extravagant way I go about it pays me as well as people a-e paid who are not so extravagant in this matter. I have no trouble in getting from 180 to $90 for each of these animals four yours old They would weigh oa an aver- age 1,800 pounds. ° Feeding Stock. I don't feed my cattle on grain of any kind. I was in the habit of feeding two or lihree steers every year and bringing them in to sell in the fall ; now I sell them in Septem- a^er in good order, and the drovers are always willing to buy them. I have not fed grain •io my cattle for over four years. It takes four years to make them heavy enough for sale. Price op Steers. I find there is profit in keeping them over from three years till they are four years • to the nice clear streams that flow out of the rocks. I have not heard if my gtass-fed auf mals are well adapted for shipping, but I know they have been shipped. Sheep — Southdowns. On my farm in South Dumfries I had a large number of sheep. I kept the South- down as pure as I could. Not because I made more money from them, but because they always met with a ready sale. I could always get a ready sale for these sheep on account of tlie mutton they produced. The wool sold pretty high, and the mutton was always in de- mand I have not had experience in putting pure Southdown sheep to the grade sheep of the country I brought out some pure Southdown by in and in breeding, but they con- tinued to get smaller and smaller. I have had no experience with any other kind of slieep* Feeding in Winter, I have given the steers I feed a few roots in winter, but not very many. I give them hny and plenty of it. I don't give them bran. The animals are kept well sheltered in the winter. I don't tie them up. I keep the large animals in one place and the small ones in another, with liberty to go in and out as they like. Ornamentation or G hounds, I would advise farmers to devote some attention to ornamentation of their grounds. I have a very tine ccllection of shrubs waich blossom all summer and whicli have a most ple.ising etiuct. Annuals are too troublesome and I have taken to plantin-- shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and have a very beautifully ornameited place. The soil on my farm is clay loam, strongly impregnated with lime. The low land of my farm or meadow is a very rich black soil. WILLIAM ROY. EVIDT^XCE OF MR. HAY, M.P. Robert Hay, MP , Toronto, of the firm of R. Hay & Co.— I have been engaged for forty-nine years in furniture making, and during that time have used large quantities of tuuher. Black Walnut. When I first cam:' to this country there was very little walnut used, but one or two years afterwards it came to be used more extensively. I think it was Sir Peregrine Maitland who first introduced walnut here, and who was the first to make it fashionable. Previous to that they had u.sed cherry, or any of tlie common woods. Since its first intro duction, walnut has been the staple fashionable wood for making furniture. FouMEu Sources of Supi'ly. When we first commenced making walnut furniture we got the wood from Canada West. A great deal eame from about Port Stanley and the banks of tlic- Thames, in Kent, Essex, and ;iouth Middlesex. We now obtain vi'ry little walnut indeed from that part of the country. Presi'nt Sources of Suim'Lv. Lately we have been getting our principal hupplies of walnut from Indiana. T!i' fjfr. Hay.] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 161 as that of Miohkan or Caiia^ T SoS .„ "'l^ "'""i' ?"" •**' '" ' ='■"""» ™* I have Wr. towf fa ?a„t! ijtm nLtt^^S m^X' " """"' " ""^"-"W- Value of Black Walnut. wa,„r„ilTo:t': »V'^i* Y^LrtllrT'tonsr. ,t -'^ ;r: 'r i o— L o1 St tutr,^^r:lX?» '° ?t '°'^*^^'-^^^^^^^^^ Exhaustion ov the Canadian Supply. fifty or'it ye7s atTeS "'rdol't'kno?"' *1^. ''' ^ "^^^^^ ^''^^ *« ^^^ <- -^^-ity. be Lund eJ4t the di S I ha"e me" outT T^'rr' °^ ^^ ^^" "'^^« "'^^""* ^ *^ District, but that has been cut dovvn xiere is none at'aH llT T'' 'VY ^'""^^'^ an;- careful examination has ever been made of fZZ f ! • ^/^ "'' ^ "^"'^^ *^""^^ of the wood may still be remaSin^ • h,^ T ! T ""* '"''S'"" ^'^ ascertain how much have never appoited an ag^nt Shat p Jrp'L!"" *'"' '^"^ ^'^^^ '^^ ^^^^ ^^**^« ^^^*- ^ Replanting Desirable. Cheuhv a Substitute for Walnut. very extrnSy fn I'unitll St ^ ' '^T' \^ ^-^/f^-^^^^ --d. They are using it clo/e grain, and^it Vverv LTdfs^nn >'„" ^"^r"'"''"''''^ *"™^*"''« ^'-^^ '*• ^^ ^as a very grows^o a'fair s e W^ get BomeTrbef tw ^ '^:'''r^ °^ ^"^ ""^'"''y- '^'^^'^^ *'•«« I nevor snw a cherry tree |roVTn7 so hat T 3 ^ '"f twenty-two inches broad from it. one. I can't say whether they arj hi"h or nlrE, /"^ how much lumber there would be in girth as walnut: ^ ° ''°*' ^"^ """^'^ °^ *^^«"^ g^ow to nearly the same TuE Cherry Fast Disappearinq— Value. »l...r„ black t„, , turo is V "y Siomll ?, I 7 '?"■"* '" ""> """»<' Stahs think it i, a, <,„cl„ring «,?!„ We mv „1 «iT'7, /l"'"'""' "^^f """" '"'»' "»"• I Mr Clliv,. tell, ,„, L ,„t, «4°o'a th„u°sS T f fa N rv:*'" M°r 01 r' "'""'■ porter of woods, ivinc in Tornntn w.. ;„ ,• i^>ew voric. Mr. Olhveris an ex- a largo business 'in ex'p'ting " We ,^1 on Te' alY Tr' f '" ^^^-^^-i^-' -^ «-y ^'« $tO I mentioned included freight and dutviAni ■ ''^ "' *'^'". '°""*''y- '^^'^ -iuality that is sent the,«. ^ ^" ^® Americans are very p/.,rcicular about the American Fukniturb. but ^:irS:n:^f;^':::!sr^^zl: fr ^°^' ^^ ^^.^^ ^" ^"^ p-* «* ^^^^--id, in the fashionablo lur^t^^^Z vtk Jf?"^''" "mde miserable stufi: The furniturj \Mr Ha 1 cxcolkjd la any part of the world. 11 i j 1 1 M' } * fill £ 1 I m I i #1 162 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Butternut— Uses— FjiicK per Thousand. Besides cherry, butternut is a useful wood. Some call it white walnut. We do not get a great deal of butternut, as we cannot use it mucli for furniture. It is not a substi- tute for ;lie black walnut. Some houses inside are fitted up with it. I think butternut 18 worth about $18 a thousand. Black Birch the Only Resource. Black birch wi" be the only wood you can fall back on in a few years. In the North there is a great deal of it. It is an excellent wood. At present it is not dear because it 18 not scarce. Larqb Quantity in Northern Ontario. You can get any quantity of it North, and it can be purchased at the mill readily at from !|ir) to |16 a thousand. Black birch is to be found in all tl.,3 northern regions. ihere is a great deal in the Manitoulin Islands, and in the Peterborough and Halibur- ton District. It is to be found also in Muskoka. They have been shipping birch from Lower Canada these many years back. It is quite an artic' of export there. Black birch is mixed with fhe dillerent woods of the country in large quantities. It is very easily detected among other trees. I don't use so very much of it now, but it is on birch we shall liave to fall back after the walnut is gone. It is from birch that these perfor- ated chair bottoms are made. I think there is such a thing as bird's-eye birch, but it is very scarce. I wouldn't give more for that kind of birch than plain wood. White Ash for Bedroom Furniturb. White ash is a very valuable wood, and makes excellent bedroom furniture. It may be used for house fittings. A good many offices are now fitted up with hardwood, and also railway carnages. Ash is used largely by carriage builders. There is no wood will stand like ash iu 'hat respect ; it is next to mahogany. It is a shame to see our valuable wood cut down and wasted as it is and has been. White ash is worth $15 at the mill. Black Ash — Basswood — Its Uses. Black ash is worthless for making furniture. Basswood is used a good deal for some purposes ; it takes the place of pine, and can be bouglit cheaper than clear pine. Bass- wood isn't worth more than $14 a thousand delivered here. We use it for a good many purposes— for drawer bottoms, drawer sides, wash-stands, and cheap furniture : it stains nicely. The Use op Oak — Fine Oak in Canada. ^ The objection to oak is, it is difficult to work, and it warps like the misdiiof. I don't know wliether this applies to English oak, as I don't know much about Englisli oak. I learned the furniture business in the old country. There is some very beautiful o: . in this country. The finest oak in this country is grown, I think, west of London. The Maple— Soft Elm — Rock Elm. You can got any quantity of hard maple, but it is t]w soft i aplo that is Hid mt valuable. It is the more valuable for furniture, as it stands btt^er and does nou warp. Soft maple is not so plentiful as hard. We get our ma^de north of hori There aiv more maples than anything else in the* ]>UHh. We give for soft maple at U»e ^ Hh from |12 to $14. ilard maple isn't worth so much. We use a groat deal of what M •, call soft elm. We don't use much rock elm except for bending purposes. S'^ft eiui j.iikes a m iter seat for chairs than basswood. Elm is clu>ap. There is a gentleman of Cobocork who Una offered to deliver it here for $11. That is lower than we over got it I. f^re. ^Vo are getting a ship load from Dresden, but it will cost ub a little more. [Mr. I/ay.] 163 There ia a FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Elm Veky Plentiful. Second Growva /nd its Uses. ■^^^Z\Tje'i:^lTtTt^^^^^^ Secondgrowth The Americans make handles frornTt ^\vZt T^ ""'^,' '^°"''" '^'^ '""""'^ P^^^ ^rom it. of it. It would be proTtable to Plant alh^ILlT tJ' *° ^^* * P'-^"^ g^"*^ 'l"'"^tity «o-, elm IS any use fSr this purDoS SpnonH lu°' ,*^' ','*^"'^ S"""^*^- ^ ^on't think ash is used i/camagL anlKnds ve^'lu;! " "^' ''*"''''^ ^'^"'^'^^' KEPItANTINO NE0388ABY. .amouit^::?mZySC^ ^^^^ 5^-^^. There is a. ^.nmense fifteen or twenty years bcSeToululdi^fl^ '"^ /^'' '"'^'^^ ^'•'^*^«- ^^ ^^^^ take should be replanted ou the praSesl^d iS L V,"'" ^'""t ''P^''"'^'^^ *''^^^^- ^ ^^nk they' Ahe prairies. ^ '' '*"'* "" ^^"^"^ *^^^« ' Pl«nty oS was^. land nearer than ROBERT HAY. in LETTER TO THU COMMISSION. The Bbnnet School Fitrniture Co., A. H. Dymond, Esq, Toronto. "°''' ^"^^ ^'''' ^'■'^' ^^^0. which'!?f?o^c7r^e'ct:d!ti;^ Commission evidence was given. ."' '''^ P"*?-"""* ^^ ^« ^""^^^'«'^ '^ come a valuable wood. -^i^^spoct of oak to follow, in which case, oak will be- *he p^:Z;;^t:^:£';!J^'^':r^,^ -•«%- .you on t^s matter, but we think ..iture. and will ^ > f, become v^UuLble ^nd that I r\ f '^ F^^ r""^ ^°'- *»:^ '^'"'^ of *"«•. Maple, either hard o/sof s unfifl f >\f ""U »ot bo destroyed as useless. nuired. Rod beech is Xly-t'su^erior ^"'""'"'^ "'"^^ large or wide pieces are re- Yours, rospectfuJly, fBe» Brotfusr,] BE NN ET BRO.S. <^M. .; ,y ■ ^; V.' i ;? I!f 164 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. m DR JAMES BROWN'S EVIDENCE. DRYDEf IpV^t r^ t'-^?Z ^t^ ^* ^^''°"*"' ^^*°^^^ 26th, 1880. Present-Mr James Brown, LL.D., Port Elgin, was called and examined there.^:L'a-;wS4atlrtX^^^ ^^^"* ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^- ^ '^^ ^ *- — y FoRESTKY-AuTHORSHip— Tree Planting in Portugal Replanting in Canada. Naw Crop op Timber. Reduction of Prices Necessary, Ihav?braiurnTwltV.T''"°"^""-^°"^^^^'^"^ *^ '^^^^ *^-^^« ^^'^^^ from the seeds. .. ,.:7 , ", P"^*^, ,*''^ ^'^'^ alone, mdependept of planting them. Thi« r.,f« ;. vn.i,..,.„,i rate would cost $50 for when planting the tree? that. I don't tliink th having extensive nursei „i J , -.."» V-U.V.1. xu jjiauu ttii acre at tnat alone mdependept of planting them. This rate is reckoned . apart. 1 thmk I would advise planting them as close as ly reason why the price could not be greatly reduced by tact there is no doubt about it. Low Rates for Large Orders. cho'.^r tft '^''^ *^,* '{^"^ ^'"^ extensive orders tor them he could afford to sell them Raising Trees in Scotland. fl,o /''" f''"^®*' ^'J "^™® ^^"''^^ ^" Scotland for a third of that. Th.^ difference between the price here and there would be owing to the difficulty in rearing th m I ete m accoi nt au nfo hT^ r* '"; r'"''^\.,^'^ ^°°"'^'''^' ^hey requirc^io protoctloiV bu t ' y w, . d re quire to be protected here while they were ycung. v , uuo t, j, w u a re Large Tree Nurseries. \ Dr. Brown] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 165 Replanting the Forests. lorJ^^^^.i7::;Z^^^^^^ extents of those tries, as, for instance, in Australia where thevr« n.T J^ , ^ ^? ^ '"^^y ^^J^^^' ''^^^- ^..ds of acres in this way. TheTr oTject is mereTv f.T '°^ with hundreds of thous- t.T, and it is a matter of natiol ecSmy afw^a^affL- '"^.P^T/^ ^^^ ^°^ '^' ^°""- object the Portuguese Government hTverw Tview. ^'^''^^ '^'^*^^' ^^^^^ ^^ *1^« «*°^« Native Teees Peepbrred. there'arnli;:trert:lfrtt^^^^^^^^^ -/- *-s. but of course «oiIs I would plant chiefly pirtSS^C on al^ilS 1 ?°/"^ ?'' ^" P°°" ^""^ '^'^y would be more valuable. ^ ' "■" ^""'^ ^^""^ ^ ^^^^^d plant hardwood, which Growth of Pine. Early Returns 7eom Plantations Rental op Wood Lands in Europe that LtTnl-^^Tjrrifra-^ irofii °' s:t s^ '" i-^v-i' ^"°- average. I have seen them rent at £8 aTid ilO nn „ ^t "^ ^''''^^ "^* ''^ '^^'^'^« <^he deputy surveyors of forests, and was employed to rover .11 ,1 """' T. "* ^^'^ ^"J'^^*y'« and to put the keepers in the way of manaT„g them properly ' ""^"^ ^'"'*' '^ ^"S^"^^' Probable Value op Wood Lands in Canada. enuelitgetln^En^^^^^^^^ rpltllf aTtlf woo^ F'"'^'""^ *^ ^^^^^^^ "^^ ^^ ^^^ -v- r shouIdLy you could ikTat S Wo hrd^'^:/^!;,^^^^^^^^^^ -^.l-« every yeai-. try from wood lands. "^*' ^ ^^°^ " '"a'^e in the old coun- Canadian Timber Durable. The wood in this country compared with thai- ii, +»,« .,ij The wood of the old country growsTore ranidlv IW .^ .'°"''*'^t.'' ""^'^ '^'''^^^^' grow closer, and the grain Ji L .oo'Ts cSf o^d bitter. ' " " "''"''' ^'''''' The European Larch— Railway Ties is used chiedy for railway purDOses for Ml nlT ■ "^ ^ "^''' P"''^^ '"^ England. j t l>uilding. It is a rapid Tro^wiTtreo You ould "ill'f ^m'"'- . ^' '' ""* "^^^ ^" «'»P- way ties in the course of tluriiTycars. ' ^''''^ '" *'"' '^^"^''"i^ ^* f«r rail- ] I Treks Suitable to the Soil. rr sz!!^- ""^ -^^ -* - N.„a,iri ™Sj;'::i,r' ■■K"ir'r;' s l^i??'. Brown, n^^mm ■H 166 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Tub Scotch Elm. tS» r,. ff fi^t!^'^ ''^™ *'■''*'" '^''«™ *^« ^'•°«* i« ^l™""* as severe as it is here Ihore 18 a difference between our tamarack and the European larch. JAMES BROWN, LL.D. f'^' III MR. LESLIE'S EVIDENCE. Mr. George Leslie, Jun., was called and examined. He said : Extensive Norseuies. ro J/r. Dymond.—l am one of the firm of Geo. Leslie & Son, nurserymen and florists f^r'SV 7^ ^"'^'^ "^f 'l^''^^ ^^"^ ^«^" ««<^'' ^- '•'^i^-g ^^«th fruitarul forest eS' for about forty years We have not attempted to raise any trees for forest purposes yet what we have raised has been for shelter and ornament only. ^ ^ The Norway Spruce. shelter belts j it is extremely hardy, very rapid in growth, and easily transplanted. The White Spruce. «^«lf5?i!^V?>'^•*^^'^*''**' T""^' * "''"^^ °^ *^^^ ^""'^t^' * most excellent tree for sheltei belts, but it is not so rapid a grower as the Norway, and for that reason the latter IS 8up6riora The Black Spruce. ,, wf ^^7,%^!''''l'^ fP''^' but it is not a good variety, as it is apt to become poor at. the bottom; that is, in the early stages of the growth of the tree the lower limbs drmy and are lost, while the white spruce and the Norway hold their foliage to the ground. When I speak of shelter, I mean shelter for farm buildings, orchards, eta Shelter Belts on Farms. I would consider these spruces valuable to plant in shelter belts to farmers' fields they would certainly assist in gathering the snow i„ the winter time, and thus help to- protect the fall wheat Trees for tins purpose would not require to be of great height. If farmers consulted their own interest, I think tlu.y would commence by planting out small stock, say from 12 to 18 inches high These trees grow very rapidly, .say mi a average, throe feet every year for the first five years, gradually lessening thereafter, and m a short time the farmer obtains a good shelter. Importations— Hardiness— Transplanting. As we get thesw trees from the old country they are two years in the seed-l^ed, an"-''<' -^ ''» break the spaces of tho rows A sholffir hJf f • ^""u'- ""'"' ^^'^ *''«^« P'"««d so as to square ten icre field would ^oquh^e 130 tL«i Tf" .? '^'' ^^ "'"' ^''^ ^^^th side of a ^^^^^^^^^^^ require 130 trees, and for the north and west aides double that Cost op a Shelter Belt. word:f;L^n:rtra"J^rttroV^^^^^^^^^^^ ^- planting. In other «G an acre, or say $7.50 with the planting. ^^"^^ ** * "°'* «* ^^^-^ ""le over AoyioE TO Trek Planters-Treatment of Young Trees. the ^^ r^J'J'r S^v^JTfSlo ^n^ ^^'-'^f^^fy «- them into permanent position Thev wnnU I ^ * '"'^''^^ °'" ^ feet, and then put this height' and woufd the be a^od Le Jo'tran'sX'r ^ *''-? ^-^ to grow'to growth is two to three feet per year in aood soil anH f i? f Z"^^' *''** ^^^" ^"''""'•y -ix or sovon years tho farm.fr wS liav'e a .ood sh'tl""^ '"° '"' '" '^"^ ««^' ^ '"^^^ i' 168 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Ill m < Pkeferenoe to Norway Spuuoe Alone. Deciduous Tkees as a Tempouauv Shelter. poplar very dose to the f.mce Hrfor ho p "rooso'oJt "^ '' fT "^ ""^P'" "'" Lombard? a' funod a proper size, and for sholto untif hat time XT '^7" '^'^'* *'" '^'^'^'^ ^»^J ta. wheat u. the winter (when protection istoirrede^ttlfar^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^-^ The White Canadian Si-uucb in Cehtain Places No DiKFICULTV IN TuANSrLANTINQ. yor^^l^iT^^^Z^'atZlC ZZlT'"''- T'^. -f^"^« ^^- *"« ™'« wi- would reeonnnend that thershoul l^ahvat 1^. TT' ''^"^" ^"* "* *'»« «'•""" ? ' '"^ '"^ necessity for doing so, and ous tree seedlings. ^ ™'- ^''''" ^^ ""^ "^''^^^^^y f»r cutting the tops of d.cidu Ornamental Tkees-Arboh Vit^-Wiiite Spuuce-Balsam. -Into spruce. The balsam spruce I o.^ot iSfonm.I /',,""' r"-*^"""' ^™^'' '^"^ t^e and iKas very handsome fnliL^o ,mtil t iVabn 1 ""• ^*." '' '''y P''"")' tree, altogether. The arl>or ritci, a vo "y L H ' ^ Tr .n '^ ^?'' ."'^'' ^^''^'" ^<^ «'^^'« «» requires a moisf. soil than the Norl ; fpr; :' fZXTtT'' *''""f' ?"•' fast grower, on a dry bo . Tiie white sni-non ia „i ''i';"'*^' :""%'''' I havi> seen it thr ve very well think /a u«^^?oses. Jine instead of fence V^sts, and Z:^^^:^^^:^:^'^:''''''^ *'"'"i."P ^''^"^ *^- of the tree does not do it any harm. '^'^ fencing. The wounding FKNcma WITH Poplars on tub Prairies. On the prairies of the Wom\ thev are .iRnrl f Larbed wire. The trees are planted sSerapart a iJZ^ f.^^at extent without the n(.it height the top is cut off and nailed laterXfmn ' '^^"'^ ^^^^ ^^^^ attained a suffi- time the top thus placed has decayed a new 'LL t''' *^ *™"/'' * ^'^"••''•- % ti^« think the height at which poplars for suchTuZ«V^n u'''', ^"""'"^ °" '^^'^ *»•««• I IS nwrely a matter of expense as tho trry,,r^TV''Tf^'^ ^^ P'*"^^'! '« immaterial i it grow as'well if planted wV^Crirk^^ vot^S LTl' "^f'^'^u '^''^'^^ «-'" *" «.ze of your littlo finger. In seven or eitrht vear, i? ) ''^ '^'^ ^^"" ^^^^ ^''^ ^^e least. « «u or ei^ut years it becomes a tree of thirty feet at The Balsam Poplar. Our Imlsam poplar is not a very handsome fmo i>.,f u i ^•tHties where you do not want to cult vatrZlhil ,> T*"'^.* T"^^ '^'^^''- ^^ Jo- ornamental purposes. cultivate anything, it can hardly be recommended for [Mr. LenHe.i II 170 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. |?.H if m ■ • m ,ii Sycamore — Vakieties op Willow. t^nrli?*® sycamore is a little tender north of here, (Toronto), and the tulip tree is also tender. Some willows are very pretty ; the crimson bark willow, a variety 2f Z golden tlS TLlXn •^.^^'"i"^^?*^^ '^°''' ''"^«°°' i« a reasonably fast-grSg teee the golden variety is a fast-growing and very long-lived tree. The alder is a 3 f^7Z'^:t\T:tl\V'f^' r' ?"^-«;-[g« ^^-sions. its economic uLTo «n w V , I I ^ "^^^"^^ ^*"" *anmng and charcoal purposes. The willow makes the ^ he Srte of'onLr °' ''S"*^' ^' *^^^^ *'^^« ^'^^^ ' ^-« mention:i Tre suited dej^nded up^n generally, and just about exhaust the list of those that can be Nursery Stocks— Climatb. are in^L'nonl'^lVlV^'f *'''! ' f 7 *"" ^°"^^ ^ *" ^'^««^^ ^*«- Q'"^ ^ ^^^ ^^ ttem treel reZ ' T?r r Tif^^P^'V" ^'^ °"°^^^«- ^ ^^ ^°<^ ^^ink the capacity of a S resist oZlu^Z^ "^'""^ V^ * 7^'™ '^'r^'' ^^^^' ^^ ^'°"§^* *° Canada, be just as able youa emnttiXwJf ''T'^*'^'*^^^^^^^ "''^ ^"^ ^^ ^^''^y °° "^'^"er where nlTnHn!^^ ^ *u ^.^r^"" "°*'°^'* '^'^y hardening process going on before trans- Evergreen TREEa three^vanS'"?},!!* a'' *^' '"''l"^!^"^ ^°' ornamental purposes, is the arbor vitce, in its JfaU ? !t V^^ American, the Siberian, and the Tom Thumb. Taking the Province cult ;;'tt;!pLr"^"" "'" '"' "'"'^' ^*^" ' °^" ^^^'^^y ^^«°— «! ^*' - i* ^ "iS: Austrian and Scotch Pine. idlv I« t?^ '-"*'' *''** *^^ ^° u *''' P^^ ^'^ ^°*^ ^^« ^''^^ ' *h^y do not grow quite so rap- dtersTtvi abe^L^Jrv' ^^' '^'^ *^u^°^^ ^""^ '^'^''' purposes, and mike a pretty diversity x.. a belt, nearly keeping pace with it in growth. They cost about the Jae a* th^Norway spruca The latter variety, and the white spruce are both fine ornament^* Ornamental Shrubs. thp .n^^.^«™^^^!!!*'"'^T"!^^ purposes I can recommend both varieties of the barben-y and rS 7i " Purple leaved; the yellow-flowering currant; the Deutzia, both ecZl whtfl^ '• *t\''*"'^^*^1 "^d^.^,' *^« Forsythia, vividissima anA /ortunii y red Tartarian. W«^?? P?u^ honeysuckles; Ulacs, all varieties of which are hardy, so far as I have Trees for Planting on Waste Land— English Ash oon,Tn^tV!'rPp''''r"rV''*'*' '*''''''' "^ WllsiJes, with an economical view, I would re- T^^!t ^^ If^ T^ ^\^ "'°'* "^^^''l *^^^- I t^i^k it would come int^ the market Sd aW ?.*"^ ^^"" ^'V^^' ''^^^ ^' P^"^*^^- It is largely used for handle-making, four D^ceV rJhnf ^T-'\°''- ^'f ""'■^ soil would produce a tree that could be split in£ ourcoml; V?V 1"^^''* '''' *° °^ake a handle. The English ash is not the same a» our common black ash; there is as much difference as between the European larch and our [Mr. Leslie.] tamarack, way. ITie^ latter mak( It is a very proportions by that tin It wou country, if From this s much super Anothe knees," as it It is su; spring. It r planted, proi sonn as the f nent freezing way spruce. I would eighteen inch There is not i If very large into their cul The firm The prices in case there is a The silvei is grown in Cs except for she] and is very u» In my op [Mr. Leilx FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 171 tamarack, way. It is a mo.« rapid grower than the black ash. and the wood is better in every American Elm and European Larch. by that time, but suitable for manufoctuHng purpres. " ^* ^" '"^^^^ '''' A Hint to Railway Companies. Ships' Knees. Another use to wMch the European larch can be put is the production of « ahina' knees. ' as it can be trained when young to the desired bend. Pf«*"«t^on of ships Haedy— Early Transplanting. It is suited to our climate, being perfectly hardy, and very easy to transplant in the spnng It requires early transplanting, though later in the seLon it will thrive ff San^ planted, provided the roots are kept moist. As a rule, however it sh^ ,1 lI^loltT soon as the frost is out of the ground, or as late in the falTr^oiSe before fhe perm^ way sp^c^ "'""'• "^'^^ ""^' '^ ^"P°^*^' ^' ^^-* *'^' same p„;:i'ZNo^ Planting — Supply. I would not recommend planting them after they attain a height of more than ?h'ere"srta\'le:^^^^^^^^ a little impatient^of being movV afterla" W Ihere is not a large supply of them kept in this country ; we keep a fair supply ourselves. /n.rZ,?'^'!^'?'*''! ''''■' '?rj''^^' ^« for instances.' if railway com^s Sd go into their cultivation, they would have to be imported to meet the demand. ^ Grown by the Million — Prices. The firm of Douglas & Co., Waukeegon, in the States, grow them by the million. The prices in the old country, however, are less than those hi ti , states and in ethp^ case there is a duty on the trees when imported here. ' Silver Maple. _ The silver-leaved maple affords excellent wood and is a fast growing tree Thi«. tr^ .s growxi in Canada. We grow them largely. There is not a very g^afdemandlj them St X'ttful."' """"'""^ P"'P""- ^'^ "°°^ '^ «°^<^ '--*^' ofTlong ^ai: The Norway Maple the Finest op All. In my opinion the Norway maple is the finest of all th^ mnnioo Tn,^ _„j ■ „^ [Mr. Letlte,] U ' J ,, ^%.. A^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V ^ A ^/ 'tip M^ &, i< C/j 1.0 I.I 11.25 "" 32 us 2.2 !!■ tiS, ill 2.0 M. Ill 1.6 Va ^ //, / /^ 'V' (>>^15?' Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ^ €^ fV A \ <^ 4K' ^ "<>. '^O^ '^Tv*' ^y^ ^^^ ^ ///// W f/i 172 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. hi II II |i Sugar Maple— Whitk Birch. Arbor Vit^e on Low Moist Lands. ..hn^^?^ varieties of trees require to be thinned out during their early growth ^e arbor vttcB would not, I think, do very well on hillsides, but hi low, moist lands it couW ^e panted wxth advantage. It is useful forposts, and is also used for ^XketsTke The Nut Family op Trees— The Black Walnut. west portion of the peninsula is its home. vornwaii, out tfte soutu- Ambrican Sweet Chestnut. fn ^7^^ American sweet chestnut is not quite so hardy as the black walnut : it would have to be grown further south, and requires a warm, sandy, poor soil. The Butternut — Hickory. *», Tf ^ butternut is a very fine tree, and a quick grower, a little more rapid in its wowth Th A ok "^ r^r '' 7^ '' T^"^ I" "^"^y ^^y« ^' '^''^'^ ^'^Pit'^1 wood fir venfennt The hickoiy is hardy as far north as Peterborough, but is a slow grower, though it caS be used for many purposes when three-quarters of an inch or an inch in diameter Shade Trees for Roads— The Hard Maplb-The Silver Maple. l,o.^ ^'"* public roads and purely shade trees the first tree I would mention world be the hard maple. The silver maple is a faster growing tree, but the soft map?e proper is rather slow growth. I would say the silver-leaved maple, the hard mai.le and the Nor way maple are most thrifty and desirable trees. ^ ' The Norway Maple as a Shade Tree—The Basswood. in^ fr?«^ Norway maple is not largely used yet, but I think it will eventually La the lead- ing tree. I think our native basswood would be a very useful tree for growin- at the Bides of roads, particularly in our bee-keeping sections ; it is rather a rapid^growe?. The Elms— Prices op Trees. ThnJt^ American elm the Scottish elm, and the English ash are also very desirable. Those that I have named I regard as the very choicest. In large numbers I imagine thrso trees could be got for about 25 cents apiece, when about eight fett in height, which I rem . as the proper size tor planting. They would be trees raised in this country, but thov wSd have to be nursery grown, or transplanted from the woods. [Mr. Leslie.] FKUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 173 it to take the fravers,as the )out exhausts e white birch owth. The mds it could baskets, like .ges — almost V many pur- e to bo coii- it the soutu- would have I its e;rowth ■ veneering, rh it can be ould be the )roper is of d the Nor- a the lead- ing at the ver. desirable, .gine those !h I rogiU'd hoy would BcsH Seedlings Easily Transplanted. Anybody could obtain seedlings from the bush and make nursery rows of them The Seed Time and Sowing. • 1, ^ ^*u ®'*- *t ^^^^ ? '^"'5'' '""^ '^ *^®"' ^n^' i" ^^^ fall, I have a seedling ^bout six mches high; in the woods the seedlings are to be found in the fall, of all sSf s f rom ^ ,nch ,,o twn i... They may be planted either in the fall or spring / if in the faulh^ inch to two feet should be mulched. Experience with the European Larch. To Mr. Brown.— I cannot point to any example of the successful cultivation of the European arch to any extent in this country. It has been used more f™ C th^ anything else. I have nodoubt of its success under good management ; in orSpTa^ we have some trees thirty feet in height. , *" uui own piace Fifty Millions at a Cent Apieor If our Government should need something like fifty million trees per annum for re- planting, one year soedliags one year transplanted, I could furnish them at a cenTapL^ t« 3 1 "'^""f^ '^ evergreens and dociduou. trees. That would be less thL theyToufi be laid down at here if brought from any other country. ^ Age to Plant Evergreens. Evef greens ought to be four years old when planted, two years in the seed-bed and two years transplanted. There has been no demand for forest trees for purposes of r^ plantmgj we have had no encouragement to turn them out by the million. We would have no demand for them if we did. "i""ou. we would Climate Favourable fob Forest Trees. n,n.Wf5'';v?'^'^"r?;~A^ "^^. ^^^ reciprocity with the United States we might have a market for them. The Americans compete with us, but we could produce a stock of this kind for less than they could possibly be brought in at For raising forest trees our climate is a little more favourable than theira ^ ^® °^^ Cultivation of Trees. I,- A ^ *^i"^,J°y^«* *'"^!« ^"g'^* *o ^l cared for after they are planted ; they are apt to be hindered m their growth by graas climbing round them' It would pay in the increased grow h of the trees to cultivate the ground for a few years after planting them! Td untU hey become thoroughly fixed. A man with a grub hoe could go found a large numbe? of trees m a day ; of course if you can do it with a horse or a cultivator so muf h the better. How TO Make Forestry Popular. more^;,d^l'it°°°"''°" '"«»'" °"' """^ "^ -""" - -'<" «ate teeatry any Forestry and the SondoLs— An Areorrtum. Mr. Leslie : We ought first to commence with the school- teacher and the parents of \Mr. Leslie.) ■II 11 llii 11 If II f 17* FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. ornament. There would be no Scultv at all Tn L r ^'''"'"^ *'""'' ^""^^ ^^"^ "«« and school giounds into aboretuinl^ converting some of our bleak-looking Our School Grounds a Disgrace. and well cared for, but even tlLrtZy a" seal « ? ^ ' " .''^^ P^"'^*^'^ ^^'h trees stitutiona. ^ '''^^ ^''*'*'^' ^^'^ '*'•« generally attached to large in- Haxd-Books— Township Action. tree planting by ewmptin^ around from tSt? * • ° =™«*mg Inwards encouraging our vilage aad „ty municipalities are givLg a ^ZtZ't^L'tJ;!,^ ^ TZ^ Sales or Trees— Teavellers-Spumous Iebes. greatTxt^'alZr t,t' a';"pri°„2X''i" dLtf: °"""Y '''™""»' ""' "»' ^ -^ ' complaints as to spurious t\L "2 W^!.^ ^, j''"?''"'"- ' k' " '"""•d great trade done by Canadian nui^r^^n is tn^^d "°'' ' ""' '" """ ^^ "" ™'™« »' Sharp Practice. have nrcoTnltf S ILS aTd'as r^e^tS- *'*« .°"°°' ""^" »"' -">= "»' until it is done, and the " travoTl J Jve dSart^ ™ "° '!°' '''''°°™'' "" "'*''■»' NoCa.^iannur.eryn.an need «Ured';ffding?r:Xri;rrdl^^^^^^^^ Cheap Tree-Raising a Specialty. manl'^ntCet m*e'°al"cX'"ft„w "■"""jr ' '"'™. *-iW «'» oent apiece, a quire a great number of Zm"! do not tbiK'*' "'Tj'/"/- »'""'''"'» Government » tbe trees tbemselve. 1 tbinkVh: «;^r^orb?;t t^ JSLKl^' '» «~^ Growth of Fruit Trees. Summer Apples. Red iraXTLTwir C^^^^^^^^^ :' *^^ -T* P-fi*^bK the Early Harvest, sections. In colder sectioz^s of th Provtce see'dlln^s h^ '7'/ ''''' J" ^^"^* S^°-"8 much money in early varieties as a rule unT««« In ^* !l^ ',°. ^^ '■''^'^'*- ^here is not ronto market ' "'"'^^^ ^^^ S°* t^^"* shipped very early into To- Fall Varieties. FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 175 '■ of arboretum th for use and bleak-lookincr a disgrace to ;ed witli trees d to large in- finners; such encouraging )st successful sne; some of 1 the sti-eets. fc not to any •' heard great e volume of r name that the miscliief Americans. i own name. nt apiece, a srnment re- tge to grow jh we grow ts. r Harvest, it growing lere is not y into To- st. Law- rrrflli'or'''*^'!'-'^*"/^PPi'''.^*y"^* ^'^ streak, Alexander, and Fameuse. These are all good rarieties, and profitable in every respect. " ^^ameuse. j.neso Thk Real Valub in the Wintkr Applk Some Fall Apples Shipped Successfully. The Colvert, however, has been shipped to the old country picked a Iittl« on tha aame way, have also been successfully shipped. -rameuse, treated in the Eaely Fall Varieties. Christmas, and sometimes longer. I have never heard of anv ^«rnr.i„; * !^ It % of England being le,s fvourafle to the t^JS^^ouX SnTufowS °"° *" °'""^ Winter Varieties. In winter apples the beat varieties are the Baldwin BhnAf, UWr^A r^^ • xr _xi. ern Spy, American Golden Russet, King of Tomkh^s Countv slvl" P ^^^^^T?' ^^f^' bury Russet. Rambo. Yellow BeUkowerRSsTouXT-d sS^"^'""' ''""' ^"^- Hardy Variety op Apple. RedlTt^cLIS^rbrJ^^t^^^^^^^^^ - Ottawa. The at Ottawa, Montreal and Peterborough. ^ ^ ^^^ ^""^ " S™""" successfully Effect of Water in the Climate. There seems to be a line drawn right throusrh the Prnvinna • „i, water on the north side, even a great deal north of fhi«Jn '. ''^^'-evej you get the country. At Owen Sou^d, for inlnce. wLrrthe w!t ' x^s of tht ^"V't ^'u'"^^ very good fruit section, and can even grow aprico s anrnecteriL.^v °,f '^' they have a cannot grow. Generally sneakinsr j/nnrl fmJf „l • ^?c<»nnes which wo m Toronto bodies of water ; the ILZt'Z I^W n^aT SX;^^^^^^ '' ^-«« have a very good country at Toronto, though wrcrnLT,l!^«P/ii f""'* ™'''"«' ^""^ ^« cots, or nectarines, or blackberriea. ^ successfully cultivate peaches, apri- Hardy Fall Apples. tonlliern cUmate » neoS.^' *• *^°' '^° ""'=' ""»"<«. ' ""■•"■or -.d mow [Mr. Jjetlie,] ! '^ i ;f l;iif 1 , It m m iif li.. 3.] U'-. ri i 176 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Localization of Winter Apples. and Yellow BeUflowerare Terhardv ThJilv f P- ^"''' :^S'«"«^'^ CfoMsn RusseC very naray. ihe Kibston Pippm and Swaar are medium. Hardiest Varieties. and ^:Y^it%:s^:aJ;o^^^ «-. which does well at and about Mo/treal ^ '^^ *''" ^°''*''*^ ^^^^'^^ <^^e,. Acclimatizing Through the Seed. vation will not thrive Mere m-aftin3 ™-!. • ^^ standard varieties in culti- any effect at all. If you want^f Se%E«Z^ '"^ T. "''" ^^^^^^^ ^ ^° "°*^ ^^^^^^ ^as hope of their growth It all, TnalrbTdor^h^VghThlt^^ TflhetTd ' '"^ '' ?/ hardiest will come through and livA nnH +1,^ ^^ ine seea. it the seed is sown, the r«.ed»., needling, „Xo°4b"Ul?;i\?;'^aS:7rueT"'*''' ™^- ' ""^^ Popular for Shipment. the h^h^sTpiTa^^^tfiht' :^^::ii^!:sirT ft-' -^^'-^ ^« ^^-^ Covent Garden market. The treeTs an excll L^f .ir a ^-^^^ ^'^"^ P^^^ ^<''- i* i» barrels of truit a year when in fuU bearing. ' ^''"^""' *^"^ *^^^^ The Best Dessert Apple in the World. mon russet, and, where exposed to the sun tX. ct! ^^\^^i '^ ^ P^''^^'^* *=^nna- mens grown on the interio? brancLs XeteXve^^ToC ^"^^ ^^ ^^^- Vbry Hardy— Not Largely Cultivated. present ; though it has been grown aK?tTl It hrn'V I '■ f ^''^'i'^ cultivated at some reason. It is a Canadian tree a nfti^of t^A? ^°* i?*.°. ^^"''^^^ cultivation for some exter t there. ' ' ® °^ ^""^ ^'^S**"* ''^*"ct. aad is cultivated tG Other Shipping Varieties. PomSo°L7wtTd\?^e1ra aSriti?'''''! ^^''r „<>"■«- *•" «■« Sway.,, th»a I have Mentioned r^oS^wf^^-'Xit'tLXofta^'lh?^^^^^^^ ""»«' "' »' Prices in England— Large Shipments. iii^ FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 177 ::rt^:o^:!^I^X:^l^X- °^ P^^- ^ o^, to the ve^ large crop of applea, Reputation of Canadian Apples. have bad on Jof thi^^CCi^^d L„''"o3;i»''"'*'^ '"«°°'' "" '*'''"")' Eeoisteeed Beand— AeaooiATioH op EiponiBMi ments everything they are represenSft^Ve ffe^de oMdent-r' *' "l^^ ^'^f P" shipments by placing some distmmimhii,^ l^.:.T .? identifying each member's barrel, would answer veTweisSfaTt^^^^^^^^ '^^' '''''' "^^^^e each tion, but if sold to an A^erTSn firm iriatter S^^^ "'"'^'.l*^' T*"°^ ^^ *^« ^««««ia- and substitute their OAvn bS ^ ''®°'°''^ *^°'^ distinguishing marka Cultivation op Orchards— Manure. but .' S.^v:±^aS!,tr„„.L^Lt™ °itr r- °" "» r.^'- °^ «-»«. believe too, if a man has a larl nnRnSt !? ' ^ 1 ^"^ ^^'^ ''''■'"^^' ^ ^eUeve it pays. I it through the orchar^and arft gf ^ "''"'''" ^' ^^ ^'^^ ^^^ ^"i* ^7 BcaVerini Mr. Meehan's Advice. ™endft\i^;fS^^^^^^^ recom- else m the -y of cultivation thai- take a hoe anflin I f ^If ^ y^^^' ''"^ ^^ ^^ot^ing you will not stir the soil, and will keeftL rootTlo .f "^"T ^^^^^^eds; by this meani nually, and you will got'good 7rl Sually " ' ^''^ ^^^^ ''''' ^^■ Planting Apple Trees— Standard. stem, say about three feet high. ^alt-standard, that is, a tree with a low Wind Breaks. I think it will always pay to protect apple trees by wi-d break* Pears — Varietie& In pears I have seen nothine: vet to beat the T^nrfleff . +i,„ * t. fruit is good. I would also recommend CW?FavnS .*';^« ^^ars well and the de Jersey, Beurro Hardy, BelleTucrS^ ilT/ r^^ Beurre Clairgeau, Beurre^'d'Anjou Lathee v"ar s£d ' ^"rf '^'^ cl'Angouleme, Tyson This is rather an extondid list, butXy arfali go'od ti-ie«er^° '^^""^' '''' lAlr. Leslie.] 12 'i-ii \iu Iff 178 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. hi M '■ If I' in I ^' ir Market for Pears. Pear Blight. I have had a good deal of experience as to the near blight hnt T «,« „♦ » x x. cause of it. It has struck me, however, that it is a Ease of th« rit« \ T f lu ° ^^^ Peaches— Plum Culture. Best Varieties of Plums. Raspberries. a%p„8.ab.e; it i. hauler tl»n the F^oenia, itt'thetuifij t/an^'fa^tVrS Planting — Picking — Cultivation Strawberries. [ilf;- Leslie ■[ Albany. It has rather an acid flavour as generally picked. FRUIT GROWING AJSD FORESTRY. 179 sU^ptsrs^a^tw^'^arieTyf^^^^^^^^ black before perfectly matured. The promising berry SrjuVurdaLZ^nfH'''\^^^^^ I think is a very cultivated tha/t is It LTma^ificZh "T ^? ^''"'H^' ^^^ ^^g^* to be more beautiful and the pian^^oduStToodTu try ?eS ^^The cL^eTs^T '^' A'ery productive and the ber^ rather attractiveT ^ Crescent Seedling u Grapb Cultivation— Varieties. wall it? trrtHaSv te Xhl'°" *°,^'T """.T- ""' '•■'^ »'" "'"« '-7 Wine Grapes. which'lE^Mfeot'of l%^y1er'r;;ieff J,r^^^^ "^ ''T''' K^'^' P"'^--' ^''r Clinton makes a finer ^e tin tL P^nnJ ^ ^t"?^^*^^ I think the flavour. The Delaware W, l^ut ^^^^of.'^' «f t^e Matter is a little too foxy in its are better varietiel '"'''' ^^P"' ^"^^ ^^ ""^^''^^ ^^S^ cultivation aid there The Clinton as a Wine Grape. oertaf'lj "rth'e'Sn ;'2°ffoiw of r:iS' '"1?°"',.°' T'^r'"''' ' '"'^ the class of wines I wiO^^HT^^J^tj'^ „" f""''' '"<>8«"'«"- depend upon m some localities will do verv well on h™ nio, m ^'? ™ **'• /^® English varieties Robins and othhb Birds. tha't is, «„o.g those that^laU ™it?ft „^T„??i "" '"^'S?''/ d-""""™. «pon US when>e trees were i. bSS L elS. J°:irh.^rLot\'S?^i''r^^ was only a visitor. wiumibwju ^r^x, navoo among tbem, but he Thb English Spaehow. thoug?i trnots^^hrtW Jot'y^;^^^ Th^' TeL^'^i^rl'' T "? n^*^^^' «ides, and do not appear to gj fiv yfrds &;« tfcSL ^''^'*^'' ^"^ *^^ ''"^ Graminivorous and Pugnacious. From the fa^t that they consumed a field of oats belonging to a gentle«an in ou, I Mr. Zesltt.] . J '1 ■ill 5 -if '1l '|! 180 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. Hit Infl^^ \v^ 7!u "^f ^^"^ ^^^'^ *°"'=^ *i^ insect, though Mr. Allan, of Goderich ^puTnlcTouS^^^^^^ "^''^^ '^ *^« -^Wes i'n his garden The sparro"1» toSeTte that wl Z«M ' r/ "^i'r' *^*y i' S^"'^ '"^"y ^"^"'^^J^ birds. It is, however to insects that we must look for deliverance from insects more than to birds. Black Currants. •bout S4 a bu«h?l Z '"^,^^^^*^^ ^^'S^^y i'^ this district, and meets with a ready sale at Lv AnnAf »,. i^ and sometimes more. Its culture at this orice is profitable. I ahould Bay about eighty bushels of black currants can be grown to the acre. Average Yield— Prices— Returns. h,..U^^^- P^*"t^"/.t'^^ bushes now four by four, and taking the average yield at a quart a wh ch;ttd':i:erfr''°"«7''^r*.'^ '^"''*^^'' *^« g-- -tum perir^would b2 So, TvTZTH ^'^^^!^'^ P^'^fit o" the investment. About 2,700 plants are required per Zc::T;lzt "'' '''"' ^' * '"'''''''' °^ ^''' - -e.%his does n^ot i:2z Transplanting — Cultivation. They are generally transplanted when two years old. If they get any reasonable cultivation the bushes will remain in bearing for about ten years-much loncrSmider a SrkSf VhevTiuT "^'^^ r -7 — <'- I prefer strblfiure ^ any^ otnci kind. Ihey will do very well on almost any soil : but if the soil is liffht th*^v ought to be kept mulched the year round, and the same with all small fruL ^ ' ^ Red and White Currants. f I,n^ ?° cultivation of white and red currants is not so profitable as that of black, althoueh they are more heavy bearers j stUl they yield a fair return to the grower. Black Currants very Profitablb. The market for black currants is first-rate ; there is never an excess Thev a, for preserving, and there is always a scarcity rather than a surplus I have rever' the pnce to be less than $3.50 a bushel in Toronto market. As a rule we live . pZd lSv3anr/r ' ''*' '"^* °"""' T'^'^ *^^ ^^^^^« -^ - blossom This SS i^n r f ' • . ^^ '''■^P ^^^ consequently short. I have found Lee's New Prou- minv i! ^ ""^"'^ T^ "."''* ^"^ ^^^^ *h« 2'*°^^ ^*PH properly so-called A ^eat many spurious varieties have been sold in this country under the name of the Black NaS which were perfectly worthless. Mr. Hessin uses large quantities of bLk curmnts more for confectionary purposes than actual preserves. currants, more GEORGE LESLIE, Jr. I II [Jfr. LesUe."] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY, LETTER FROM THE HON n w att *>, A f; ALLAN, SENATOR, ON FORESTRY AxiD ARBORICULTURE. ^UKESTRY WaiXT^ ^X THB Rk<3CK«T 0. TH. COMMISSIOKKBS. A. H. DTMom), Esq., ^°«« I'^K. Toronto, iTot,. ^^'enture to think, that a very great deS nfth^: a "^^ ^""""^^ *^« lumberman, but I European Forestry. on u^? P ■l^^L^'^! C^^S:ji^^Sr ^ timber cutting had been . ^..^ m the Tyrol, and in some parts of Germanv 7h« ^ f '"^ '? ^^"^ '^"^^ ^^^ Pine for .,ts many years to come. ^ Germany, the supply would still be inexhLatible for OcB Forests Disappba:n,prov.dn„t. an to loavo himsolf without 'ift.on. or oven ton acros 0^7 can^J L ^ .d Tr^'' ^^^ m*" °^ ^"°'^''^»^' ''« '" ^-'^"ty. children aftor him, supplied with fuo and to J^rZ^'T'^^.' ^.^""'-^ '^"«!^ ^"" «"d h£ repairs on tho farm. . ' "^ ^° " 8'^*'*' «*^n* ^'^^ tioiber for fencing and Results of Economical Manaoement. inelurvlrrLv:^^^^^^^^^ °f ^7- twenty t. tweuty.five acres no tree under a certain dialtA 1^2^^^^^^ "Ti"' ,*^?"'y ^'"'' '^^ "P^^rds ; oak, maple, ehn. etc., was cax oZlfprrtect^d Sf'^ ' *\'^^ ^ paratiyoly small «' reserves " hav^-contC t^ furn^h 'Tl* ''"' ^^'"' ""*' 'J^««" '=«'"- c>ent (ire wood for tho wants of hoTr o^ew as wefl'as mT ' Tf "*°«.Sr«°^' «"<«- mg fences, gates, and out-buildings. ' "°^ "'^^"^ materiiil for rej-air- A Denldkd Country. moro!'t",e"sTIl^™:3orv?^^^^^^^^^^ ^T' '''''' °' "'''"^ '"^ "^ I'^^*' «-' «" many bo tl.o only means of Tr^tidh ^at w'^^t^^^ *•-<> P'-ting 'won). ..TZ- the future, unless our farmers are to 121 coal 2 L * f"^'^^^ "^ ^^'"^""d for for their fuel on a foreign country ' """' "^"P^^^""* in a groat measure Tree Planting tuk Rrmedt. crops'^'a'ncUo^Ct?^^^^^^ --h require for our growing as nmy suiEce'for f^Ling :;:iS t outTufrdts ° '"d'./" " '^^^'' «^ such'timtef farm. ^' ^'"'^^ "" out-buildmgs, and tlie various email wants of a. Oknamental Planting. attractive, by surrounding it wUirieiuSuft'ro?^ I. r^ ^ '"''^? *'"' ''°'"« P'''''^«'^»fc '">d aa time goes on. * iJtautitul trees and shrubs, will increase more and more ■ Suelter Belts on Farms. [//o?j. (?. Fr. Allan.] FRUIT QROWING AND FORESTRY. 18.J In MnOfllKF DONB BY WaNT OF PmOTKCTION. ♦roolr. expanse of coantrr ^n 1 ir^L «nri^ T """"^ ^'^ '"«'' ^'"'^« 8>^eojHng over a crop. w..i.. . ,.Ue «heUer wouM have v.^^^ •;Hti^^^^^^^^^^^ f^^ IS;;^:^"^ NunsKRY Trees. farnne'J:"a\?al^eaTdto m^^^^^^^^^^ important queatio.. and rnany well as dociduoufl trL. rouS ?L Z. oxpoaJd^ ovS! '7fv.°' ^''*' °^ evergreens, aa when the farmera are .0 situated th^ they rnnroourr^^^^^^^ h'"^ ^'""'°-'' Undoubtedly Voses from the nursery gardeners the vonL?r«rTr ^J**', ^^f^ ''°'^"'" ^^"^ '^^ir pur- rooted, and con8oque?tly lllS^i^JZLTn^^^^^^ ae evergreens, are better from the wnodn. ^^"^ '*^ trftnsi)lanting, than trees taken directly The Nokway Spruce. Of these nnrsery trees, the Norway bpruo« Fir is cortainfr ««. .f *u x . evergreens, and most desirable in svorv wav It ! Iv! 1 7 °f ''^ • *^® ^^"'^^o^^eafc adapts itBeir tc all situations, and what fe rieatreoom^ 7r^' °i '^^'''^ 8'*^^*^' »°d sam lir and seme other of our native pruoeriose?r^n^f"°' i^^''' °"*' "^« *J^° ^*'- and scraggy below as it increases in age °'''' ^"'''''^^' ^'^'^ ''«'=°'^« «^ Trees from tuk Woods. lux.„:5,, „a th, f„„er n.u»t rely upon r.rhsZl\:i^S Ji^tltt ST" " Careful THANsPLANTmo. not i« togT'l r»al^whrs!,veai>:i/L*tri "nF"-" """» -p»-%. «' I.C a vory maU poioentago of k^ ' '* petfeoUy, or at leaat tSere should Whith Pinb-Blmr »»d Wmra Sp«D0E-Win™ Ona Wa^or.St^.SrK^iaS:/'^'' '''"'■ •»«°k««' Wiuto Spraoo, and White The Norway Pinb. g.™'SS^;l:rdXC'ottr,^j''{^r'°^^^^^^^^ "ben allowed to n.eve, and wiU not genLil/ ..^. ulS'tSrwItrgraf-'^CA^-yt^! Thb Hemlock Spruob. but both it and the ..h'ile Oedrmatel* U:^e£nUe& ' "'""' """" '"^ y™°»' [^o/i. a W. Allan.) ' ii Jii 1 184 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. DE0IDU0U8 Trees— Elm— Ash— Beech— Oak— Maplb. and.^JiwL^f^'^^u"' *mf'' ^'^^f^?.' ^'^' ^^^''^' «^^' a°^ "'apl'^' are the moat generally rmiSfc n*^^'-. ^^' maple (both of the hard and soft varieties) bears, transplanting remaikably well and grows rapidly. The different varieties of elm can also bVeasuf cuS mov« w-f ?' f ?• ^^- "'? ', ^'^ ^^^*« ^"^ '< ^' ^'^ *« «a^er varieties, is Sffi^ cult to move with safety, and is of less rapid growth than either the maple or the elm. Butternut— Walnut— SwE"T Chestnut. chestnu? I w'nn l',n.* ?"^"«l'^f **^^ ''}'^\ ^^^^S, succeeds weU. The wahiut and swee cnestnut I have no experience of, except as transplanted nursery trees, Take, however al ^ most'nitsToT'!^' ^°*?,«TP^" "^^ ^^"^^^«"^' ^^^ '^^y °«^ SeneJv^ be obtdned m most parts of Ontario, without havmg to go any great distance to find them. Deciduous Trees as Shelter BELxa evenfsi^^rnl^T°°'"P^'*''•'1t.'^^°^^"f*'°^•^^"^ ^i'^*^' ^^ desired, a belt or obSnahT/ 1 J evergreens is the best thing to plant, but if evergreens are not easily tt orce oMhe^^^^^^ trees planted two or three deep will be found no small protection, as ^^:z%Zzt:tie:s^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^-^ *^-"^"^-- *^'^- boughs Fence and Road Planting— Waste Places. Besides providing shelter against the cold north, I think planting, particularlv of quick growing deciduous trees, should be extended to the rest of the farm rongthe fence ortstenlac:. ;St"* ^''f' *^" '^' '"^'V' '""^ ^^-«' ^^ -I^erever ther'e a^S^Ly bijk" or waste places that cannot oe conveniently cultivated. An English View op the Matter. ,n„f ^ ^?? ^^^'^^ tJ'a* ^^ ^y be objected to this tree planting around our fields that the lesslnTu edrZThri"'^^ 7^!'^^ '"" '''? '^'"'^^^ '^'p^' ^^^^ may aL be ^re o less injured by the shade cast by the trees, and it may be urged that in England, on some Different Conditions. fl,of ^®'''""''*®^"'^,^?'"'*^°°'''"*^^'-*°'^°**^® *^o countries, however, are so different he ps and trees m England has been mainly for the purpose of converting smaHincon vemently shaped enclosures, of perhaps a few acres, into large rectangularVe i wS could be cultivated to better advantage. In this country the farms are a niost all ,^ sides in such a c unate as ours, is not likely to affect the crops injuriously if it be done iu dicious ly. and with due regard to the size 'and situation of t^ie lield'while tl e HtUe pknt KEOAriTULATION OF AdvANTAOBS. Iv fl7^*n *'"' ^*'" '""'l' ^"^ ^ '''^y ''Sain briefly repeat. First, shelter to the crops- second- ly, tie influence upon the rain fall; thirdly, a provision for the future suppfyTf iiiiwood. [Hon. G. W. AUm.] FKUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 185 How TO SitcuRB Them. All this I maintain can be secured to a great extent •— The Plantations Utilized. Growth of Forest Trbeb. whiipiSS^t'Xta^f^Lr'^^^^^ on., the. part of Ontario, and I shall now give some data Sh w^ =1^ f ?^°'^' '"^ ^'"""^t ^"y wiU attain within a specified time, taSom mlorLla W^^ ^"^*^ *^^«« ''''' come into my possession, and for the accuracy 7:S:ut'lt^^JS^'Zl!'''''' '^^^ The Elm. and bTt^eSa^fdTftThS hTvtltSdTn Stt;'^'^^ ^ T^T ^"^ '^^ «*-• the stem at 3 feet from the bottom, in seveml iLtanL I! IT' * ^'1^' ^""^ ^irth round feet in circumference at 3 f^e^ from the !^o?nH «« / ^''^ °'^'* =-^"« ^^^ feet high, 8 cumferenceat 3 feet from the grZnd o?e fio fLT^ ? ^'f ^'^^' ^ ^««* ^ inches if cir- at 3 feet from the ground AnS eC£tS „^^^/J''* ^^'^''^"^ ^^ ciroumfet-ence the nursery gardeil. has now grown ^ ^ihe^^^^^^^^^^^ '^'^ ''^ora the ground of 8 feet 6 inches. *» " " "^ ** '^^'S"* of 70 feet, with a girth at 3 feet from The Red Oak. The Maple. ground, and between 60 and 66 feet higll. ^ ™^ *** * ^^^'^ fr""i tlie Age When Planted Out. or 7 ^"t S^4ut'le"sL? i", t^^ T^ r *'^'^' ^^"^ ^-« ^^""t G from the woods. ^^''^ '^'' ^^ '""s' safely transplanted when taken [UoTu 6. W. AUcm.] .1 !- ' i i I 1. r t ^ i I 'i ! 1 ' ( II 186 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. , s;-j ill :!) If if! Toe Bbeoo. Of b«Joch I have no recorl that I can entirely depend upon, but I boliovo one that 1 measured which gave nearly 4 foet as the gi^th at abJut tho^mo height f, cm Z Rround and was about 38 feet high, has been planted over forty years. ^ The Buttkbndt. A buttomut between forty-seven and forty^ight years old, meaaured 6 foot round tho stem (4 foot from ground), and has attained a height of 76 feet Tub Ash. I 1. ^' ^7° *i* *"^^ planted fifty years ago, ono is 60 feet high, with a drth of 6 feet 5 Inches ; the other about 65 feet high ; girth a little over 6 feet ' (3 foot f?om g.^und f Tub Elm tub Fastest Qrowkb. «* „ii'5ir"*^ "^^^ 'r'? **"^ inomofandum that tho elm has made the most rapid (rrowtli of aU these trees, aud the maplos come next; although the ash is close upon them EvERORKBNB— Tub White Pinb. Of evergreens (native), I can only give with certainty the white pine. Two of these- both planted fafty years ago-havo reached, ono a height of nearly 70 foot : the other .i from thTgrounA ' "''*'"'"'' ^ *'"' ^ "''^'^ ' *'*" °*^''" * "^*''" °'"' ^^ f^'"*- ^t 4 «L* A Fifty Years' Average. It will be seen, therefore, that, within an avera::^ of fifty years, trees transplanted at justsuchasizoasthoycan be safely and conveniently taken up when growiLin the woods ^say from 5 to 6, 8, or 10 feot high), have attained dimensions. whS^n li thm very valuable as firewoml. as well as being perf'.^tly sufficient for many useful purpo^ about a farm, for which timber of a moderate size is suitable and requisite. Rbplantinq Practical and Economioai.. I do not think that, with such facts as these, it can bo said that there is anvthinir visionary or impracticable in the moans I have BUggC8t<'d for meeting the coming scaroit? of timber in Ontario, and supplying tho wanta which will soon make themsolvos felt ovej nit nL^jf TJ 8«."°'^*>°" °^ f'^™«':«' ^""^ ^i" ««rtoinly press heavily upou their children, if act provided for in some way or other. ' The Larch. 1 • 1^^ *^, jT *'',''"' "^r '"""y °*^'''" ^"'^^ 0* ^"'•'''' ^«»'''"8 those I have enumerated wnch could bo planted to oxcllont advau' -^o ; tho larch, for instanoo, which hnuuXle situations makes a rapid growth, and is vuluablo timber for many purposes. I cut down ono the other day winch mmsunnl (J foot 4 incho.s round (he stump. 4 foot from tTio ground, and was 65 fiH,t high. Tho ring.s showed tho tree to be about lifty-oile years The Black Walnut. r may instance a black walnut tree planuKl hy myself not more than thirty-six voars [Hon. O. W. Allan.] 3 y^ rauiT OEOWINO AND FORESTftT. Aw Appeal to Paumkr8. whioh^nrfa^r:i\l^^^r'hYr^^^^^^^ °*^- --?>- than those woods. Let him but tnr the oxpe iW of nLnf • T- ?'"* PJ'"""^ ^'•°'" ^^e nearest Bmall expenditure of time and labour Tv the re«S J ^ Z '^"^ ^"''"'^ «*P'^'^««' "^"^ th« bonent and advantage, but to thtrm^ L^dtant^^llTha^^^^^^^ ^^ f ! O. W. ALLAN. MR. JOHN GRAHAM'S STATEMENT. Mr. John Graham, of Wallbridge, oidnev Townshi Pnnrf« «f rr .- inoned as a witness at the sittinff of the Commt-In „ » n ^'n^ °^ HastmgB, was sua- the notice sent to Lin., has (orZltL'^Z^^Srstl^^^^ ''"*' '''"^"^ '"^ '^'^« letter^to'^tte^dTmeetingof th^ZSlla/?."^' '?^^.'''°? "f 'b'^* y°" notified me by notice I assure yoTi never recti?ed^^^^^ which •Iso informs me thkt you wished mn t!?„Tl ^"'^ ''*''® ''^•'^ m attendance ; he department, and particayT h ro^L to Zad^ "^""''^T' '° ^^' horticultural to raceive. from farming ouLhes Xa f^ui^sL^prgXln^^ "°'''*'' *"' ^^^^^ SUOOKSSKOL ApPLK AND PbaR OoLTURH. Iwent're^e'raK^iTtstS^^^ P--'t« ^- ^^^ '-t the apple and the pear, unt" lasTsprin J aK AZTm*^*"*' '"°°''«^"^ ^ «'«^i"K »>oth wore stricken with the leaf blight '^' ''^^ °^ ^*y' ""^ P«" t^^es of fifteen yoorg Pear Buqht— Strioken VARiinEg. Vahiktieb that Escaped Bliobt. clay loam soil, only thJy are airmore or less subTenM. W tf'"' w^^^^ '" » ^^'^' ^ry fill the vacaucy by planting anothT ^ ^'^^*- ^^^'^ °"° ^»" ^ ^Ivvayi Apple Gaowiife in Hastinob. Apt)lei in general do well in this locality. The Baldwin »nA s«;f — .1, tonder, Int they do pretty well on a dry day loam Spitieoberg we rather Grape Cnr.TTTRR. The grape invariably does well whas nlanta/l on hJHs lan^- «v- - t i, » - [Mr. J. GraJiam.] ^ ' ®^"" "** IsafaellA ripeni •'I 1 •,!■ I* iii 188 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. on^an eleva.. .tuatio., wMle on low ground t.e. get i.,W b. t^ri;;::::::;. Plums— Pjsaohbb. N«w Orcbabd»— ExpoEi Tbidb. A Fruit Shippino Company— Objkots. slupi'Uig frmt. and as all of us havryoun. or^^^^^ experience in growing and we can profitably dispose of in our loca? mfrkS^ wl ^^^Tl°^ *° *»"" "^o" fruit than and packing, to establish a character a Ti^^r'rZ ?w' ^V"^^^ Picking, selecting^ the foreign nxarkets with the be'ttStlr^wts'^^hTcot^^^^ ^'^^'^^ "^ ^ ^-^^^ - Method of Packing Applks-Cabeful Selection. some)! &: tent t'Xfto shi[i?tK^^^^ T^\f^''' i^' ^^ ''^ P-°t-d by naU three or four inch strips Sthe sis LS/jr *^' ?f>' ^^'^ » t^We under it- cover it with woollen cloth so Sifl?th«rf;„Ji ^'^ P'^r®''' *^^ ^PPle« ^om roUiur, off the fruit; let the packers select the fruftre^^^^^^ ^''l ^"^^'^ ^i*'*^"* "^""5 wormy, or deformed in any way • let Z VuTft 'T-^ ^"?.*^^* " ""^^^ ^i^e. spotted! to ^end them in any other^sha/e'to a foretn marke? *S °"f J°? '^^""' *« ^ ^^^ ^^^t paj^ and large apples m the same bLel.^ Srd^^mti.fd^S'b'a^rr^^^^ Care in Piokino Important. arm It' t l^st t\TttttiyS'rtt1eTi°";' ^^T J^"" *^« ^^^^^ ^-^th of the "pon the table for selection puf the 1^1 bvfrlr"^ 1^'''' ^^P*^ them carefully and the ouUs by themselves. ^ ^ themselves; the medium by themselves. Cheap Freight by Combination-Bet-hsr Pbiobs. oar-ioYd?rnrad'of ^^^^^^^ Z^m^'Z^ etbTo^H'*^ ^^^'''^'^^ -^ «^'PP-^ by kots, which we could not do iHe BlWd XS • *°//^^'^'-'i them to English mj t-eaped full fifty per cent, in the Montreal markoS ZT\ ?,?"*i^«- ^gainT we have brought in our local markets, j^er^ carTl tleoHr^'"^**^ *¥• ^^'^^ ^^it would have with less oare in packing, brought, aVwas ati"^^^^^^^^^^ Zt^l'. "''' ^"^" 'P^^^^' A Good Trade. FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 189 in in our local mali?ring'|T.2¥r|irper bLLT"^ all expenses. wbUe the best grad» Resulus op Oombdibd Effohts. fro Je^e^^s:; 'iSiTj^£r2'tL'rs^iiXv^i:ri^zri ? 7 -"^ tious we have had in shipping fruit. ^ ^ °^ ^^*' ^^^ tranaao- Membees' Regulations. In shipping it is required of each member that he puts his initinl- nr, ♦».. v ;, , each barrel and his card inside. ^ mitials on the head ol Method of Selling. The commission merchant to whom we consign is inatnipfp/l tn cnii +1,. t -i , , brand on its own merits and make his repoiraccordioT 1. fl f t^ ^'^"'* °^ ^.*°^ his just due according to the value of his S ^^'^'^^g^^' «° *^at «ach one receives No "Black Sheep" Tolerated. not anticipate a bright future. ' ^ "'^' "^ ^° """^ ""« ^^-y ^« should A Suggestion to the Commission. I beg leave to make a suggestion to your Commission : MoaB Oabb 01, the Voyage Needed. To a. H. Dtmond, Esq., Agiioultural Oommieeiozii Toronto^ JOHN graham; [J£r. J. Graham.] t ' it ST-^TEMIEnSTTS nBLATINO TO ii i ^ FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY FliOM DISTRICTS NOT DIRECTLY REPRESENTED AT SmiNQS TO TAIvE ORAL EVIDENCE-SUPPLIED IN ANSWER TO PRINTED QUESTIONS II II . ,4- ' li BRUCE. FIUIIT (niLTUUE IN BllUCE. APPLK8 THE CniKP CIIOP-YOUNQ ORCHAUDS. of (he orch,mI« aro young tm« no v ot ^LTrW ^T. °*^^«';/»".«"o8. Fully ono-thi,-.I for private uae. "« '^'^ "ot > ot m bearing. The small fruite are ouItivatedchieUy SUMMKU APPLES. .pplc^LTl^4rown\o*l "ixtn^^^^^^^ predominate, although recently summer A Harvest. R^d A^tlZ rSmm^r^ZIi:^^^^^^^^^ sucoo.ful are the conliugtotho season and domand. rantfi„/frori?nn , J '^".f™*'««^ano"8 prices, ac- demaud issufficiont t« consume the whole crop! * ^^ ^'^'^^ ^'' ^"'^- '^'^'« ^««'^' FALL APPLES. FRUIT QROWINQ AND FORESTRY. 191 HARDIEST FALL S0nT8. Ora JllrtlM^^^^^ ^-He- of OMenburg. F.n.ouse. *nd none have boen shipped to other parts so far ' ^"""''"^ *"1"»''' '^' -"PPl^ WINTER APPLES. and Talmaii's Sweet aro all hiKhlveram3'^ ?''"',*'"* ^^'PF". Peck's Pleasant exportation of ^i„l«r apples '*tLS^ There has. as yet, b^nno -Iling varieties of an/Sjit hit j::ilTL:JT ^'''' '° ^'''^ P" ^"'^ ^o CLIMATE-IJORBRS-IILIOHT-CATERPILLARS. ^pAztp, "ti:i:;s^^^^^^^^ '^^ the distnot. The . -re or less dostruotivo. /ery few^ree o.t)'n^rn'^^lZ7i^^^^ ^' ^^ ''"^ PEAR CULTURE— VAUIKTIES. BLIOHT— SLUG. PLUMS — VARIETIES. two last named sorts would be moat nm K2'# ^o«>bard. "e the varieties grown. The The prices for plums areVom sTl^titl pS^'brhd!'' ''^' ''' '^"*'^' ^ Sorely 1' """ 8'«™ 13 i [ '1 ■^ i m f , in : '31 194 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 'k ORAPE CULTURE. *;«. fW '^^^"^ 5"*.* few grape-vines; the Clinton, Concord and Delaware are the varie- ties that succeed best J but the Concord is the most profitable to grow for market iev ^ow best on a light dry soil with a graveUy subsoil. Grapes Ire sold for about thrS They s'u'ffe'rTit oZ* f 7' ,'f ^^'.^^'r'^ W readily in'the villages ofthttcaHt" Ihey suffer very often from late spnng frosts, but most often from early autumn frosts. RED AND WHITE CURRANTS. The c^wf 'SfnTJfiJ!!.?"*"?.*?' ^"^n ?^ ^*^' ^^''^^^ "''«' ««*««°»«d ^ *his district, xhe culture is profitable, and they sell for about three cents per quart. Neither the fruit ''°™' °''"^* ''^' ""'' *^' °^'"™^* ^''''' ^° "^"^ damages dthlr to the plants or BLACK CURRANTS. th^ ii nfT*' *" ^^7^. considerably. The common black is most esteemed, and ?!^!ri u • l^ '' Protitable. That portion of the crop that is not consumed at homa ¥he Sr. '" ?' ^^^T' "^^'^^ ^'' '''''' '' '^'^'"^ price realized per quart Ihe bushes do not suffer from any insect enemiea ^ GOOSEBERRIES. Gooseberry growing is not profitable hero. Of what are grown the Houghton Seed- ling is the most esteemed, and they fetch about five cents per quart T^Hre sLhtly snuject to mildew and sell best when ripe. ^ siigntiy WATER AND MUSK MELONS. fhnsp^wf.'^**^'"''"' f"^^^"^«'o"« ^re much grown. The variety most esteemed of those that are grown is the Egyptian Green Flesh. The crop is not a profitable one and there 18 not a ready sale of the fruit They ripen about September,^ and the best treatment that they can receive is plenty of stable manure and leached ash^ L iLects are injurious to them. A light loam is the best soil to grow melons in. ^^^ "^ects PERTH COUNTY. FRUIT GROWING IN PERTH. K»rr,-^^?T ^^T' ?^''"'' i®"i!^: ^"^P®^' °""*ants, gooseberries, peaches (a few), straw- aorZ loir'S'T "" *^" fruite cultivated in this district About 75 per cent, are apples, 10 per cent plums, and about 3 per cent peaches. About 60 per cent, of the trees are m fuU bearing. About one-half of these are winter apples. SUMMER APPLES. 9ummPr'inn?«*r'Ti,*'''* Red Astrachan are the varieties that are the most profitable of the LTfTe^^rtfeJ':^;;'^'"""^*^'"" ^^^''^^^^^^^ ^*^ ^'^--^ ^pp'-= *»^--p>- [Perth Counit/,] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 195 PALL APPLE& WINTEK APPLES. <5ree2rp£l"G"o?dLTurt^°L*h' wmter apples are the Baldwin, Ehode Island Sweet. The^Sdwin ancfSol I^^^^^^^^^ ^""^ Ru^et Spitzenberg. and Taiwan's the varieties arreZliruro i Kblo fnl 1 1'''"'"^ "T^'^ ^^* "' ^^^ d^^*™*- All Russet, Rhode Tsl3 GreS l^L k 'l' *""' '"^'^'^ ^^'^ ^°'*^«''" ^py, Golden best prices. SpitzeXr- gS 'S "'°l* ^"'"^"'^- "^^ commaud the Rhod^ Island SreTing^L?;'tst?uS fhrSSte'^^ Thf ""' ''^^"•"^'^ ^T''j ^^"^ barrel is $1.50. Golden Russp? Pr.v t? *^ ,!" • ^'i^ average price realized per Northern Spy are found^L^tT^^kb?^^^^^^^^^^ Rhode Island Greening, a'nd GOOD SEEDLIKG APPLES— TENDER VARIETIES. forth?vTre'"te3if b:S'i;'v^^^^^ this district, and this ought to be known. Gounty, Baldwin, and ^odrrslSlreeZfhT^^^^ vav^eUe, The King of Ton^kins in severe winters. Greening have sometimes shown signs of tenderness HEALTHINESS OF TREES— INSECTS. theJ^'&cTZSZrL?^^^' •*" ""^ ^'''^''' ^""^ '^' ^«'-«'-« *r« ^ot destructive to The codlin worm 17Sher bid SS"' '°T ^"^'^ f.="' ^'^^ ^^^« "«* ^een seen lltelv! them, but pZe^erlnTe with brnoT T1' "^^lu *? ?*^" '^°" ^*« ^^^^ '"^de to check these pests ' ^''''"' ^'^'^ ^'"^^'^ ^''^' ^^« ^one much to rid the district of PEARS. ■Strong ^^IW^at:' LTbuTcla: ToZtt'J'T' t?^^ '^^'^ ^ "^^ ^^^ - -7 growfng and bearing is lotL.P T ^ P^^^^'^^''^- ^he proportion of pear trees noi years f?om pla S ThTBiSt FlemS'R ^T' ^'''' ^^^^^'l^ ^'S^ *« bear about five ite. St. Lawrence ^ndtLGoolwlll^^^^^^^ and winter sorS. ' Thl Bartot t ^ most esteemed of the summeV. autumn. vourite are among the mo^ nrofi(firi *^' ^^f ^T""^ ^^ ^^^'^y^ ^""^ ^lapp's Fa^ consumed in the Li^Sood Th« °*^""°^°°'y P^*'?*^^ varieties. The crop is chiefly xu tae nei^nbourhood. The average price realized per bushel is $1.25. BLIGHT— PEAR SLUG. times " skins " the leaves. P^"^ ^^""^^ * ^°''* °^ «°»a^l ^^^^^> a* PLUMS— LOW PRICES— CURCULIO— BLACK KNOT. nence^d'L":S.t^ almo's^Tny^r'^'o?^ '^"'*"''^ P"'*^''«: '^'^^^^ ^«"**^« ^^^"^^^ -P«- r „ - ° ®^ ^'^y ^*'*^ v' 01 plums m any quantity desired, but for <•>.« L^.L^ [PerlA Uounty.j ' ' ' 'S" i i =# Pfp I' I ft 196 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. li of the curculio. Nothing in this district can be raised with greater ease than plums. The Washington and McLaughhn are the most esteemed, but they arc not the most productive The Lombard IS the plum of the people generally, but now all are alik«>, the curculio attacks all, and, in addition, the black knot attacks the Lombard. The ,;rop giown is too large for .he home coLHumption, and the surplus is shipped to other localities where the crop has been a failure. Ihe price at home is $1 per bushel, or less, but the price abroad 18 extremely variable. The Lombard .arries best. The curculio is v;ry troulLsome bu may be kept m subjection by -jarring " the trees or fumigating with burning coal tar. ^llv +S 1^1 P,"""" "^i roubled by any aihev insect, but sufTor from Mack knot, e.sp.ci. ally the Blue Plum and Lombard. They are some years injured by rot. There are no good seedling plums in this locality. Robins and a few other birds pick a little at th,^ liuit. Wood ash has been used as a manure with beneficial effects. PEACHES. Peaches cannot be profitably cultivated in this locality, and the fruit buds are ofter injured by the low temperature in the winter. APIUCOTS AND NECTARINES. Apricots and nectarines are not grown in this locality. CHERRIES — THE BIRDS. r,n. ?^i ""^-^7]^^ *^^ ^e STOwn, but the birds take all the best ones before thev are ripe l-he Larly Richmond and May Duke succeed best, and the crop, or what is left of the crop IS consumed at home. The robin, the red-headed woodpecker, and the cherry bird b^k """^^ °" ^^^ ^''"'*'" ^^^""^ ^""^ "° ^'^'^^ seedUng cherries cultivated in this GRAPES — SPRING FROSTS. Grapes are cultivated to a Rmall extent. The Clinton, Concord, Delaware, and the IJumet grape, are the ones that succeed best. The Burnet is especially very promising. The Concord is the most profitable for market. Any well drained and enriched noil will grow the hardy grape. There is a ready demand for all the grapes grown. The price per pound is four cents. The grape crop often suffers from late spring frosts, but not trom early f,utumn, the folige gives protection. The vines are not injured by any disease and the insects and birds infliot very little damage. ' STRAWBiaiRIEg. Strawberries are not grown extensively in this district, the soil being too hea"y. The Wilson IS the vanety most generally known in this locality. A sort of wasp cuts off and carries away the leaves, and the robins take a few of the strawberries in the gardens. RASPBERRIES. Raspberries are a great success, both black and red. Several kinds are gi-own in gardens. The Philadelphia are most esteemed for amateur growth, and they are also tlie most profitable for market. Some native varieties are hardy and of good quality bix to ten cents is the price paid per quart. RED AND WHITE CURRANTS. There are very few red and white currants gi-own. The currant worm can be p/e- [Perth County.'] FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 197 BLACK CUHRANrS. GOOSEBERRIES. Gooseberries are grown with profit here The Rn^^cr\^tr^T, q»^,ii; • xi. most esteemed. Ten cents is the price usud y rilfzed per Quart ^ f v' ,?"'"! green. AU imported varieties are subject to milSr HelC' .^^1^1^^ ^^"^ ""'J worm from destroyins the leaves Th« fr,,,-f ™. • . ^'^^"^"^ prevents the currant gooseberry-growers. °™ '^' '"^ '°"''^ "^«°°«' troublesome to WATER AND MUSK MELONS. injur^tlr w""'^ "''°"' '^^^ "°* ^^"'^ extensively. Some sort of striped bug FORESTRY. "»™». '^P" occupied by then. The winter varietiel'oT^VirL Sy p'TC "^ *"* °' '^'' SUMMER APPLES, FALL APPLES. a„dti;^v|^™":s;?;,rt^rtl^ir„?r^^^^ t WINTER APPLES, ™n. the tat prices for'expoJt, are t Jwdw 'SwetCl S'nillTi r! ""T The vaneties that are the most nmfifal.'o fr>^ +i,„ i i ^'^^°"',"g' *Py. and Kussset. County. Northern Spy SpTzt^'on and Si e w' ThI R 'V^^' f ".^^ of Tomkina Ihe average price reahzed per barrel ranges from $1.25 to $1.60. "'"""^^ "^ ^"""^^ SEEDLINGS— THE BALDWIN- INSECT AND OTHER PESTS. appea^rhTto"o\firz:^r^r:':i^i:rij\s l/^/finl tneappiu ucoa m tnis dialrict. Tent. 'f i' FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 199 TrSr "' °*'" '""*^ °"'^ ^^^°"'*^^ ^"J"- *^« ^°«-g- The codlin worzn is very PEARS. Pears can be grown with fair success in this district. The Bartlptf Rl»™,-cT, -r * and Sheldon, are the varieties that are most esteeme'ThS tI ' ■ u^^^^"^^^' locally. About $1 is the average price reaSed per busheh " "''^ " "" "^'^'^"^^^ BLIGHT — INSECTS. PLUMS. THE CURCULIO— BLACK KNOT. PEACHES — SEEDLINGS—WINTER the crop. Large quantities are shipped to thrfnttT ,Sst^^^^^^^^^ principal market They fetch from $1 to $4 per bushT ' ' ^''"^ '^^ THE YELLOWS— CURCULIO— BORERS— ROSE BEETLES. None of the treed seemed to have suffered much from vellowa TT,a 4>«,u =„«• APRICOTS AND NECTARINES. Of this species of fruit, none of any importance are grown. CHERRIES. ^Inflv " ^'""^^ ^' ?u"*''' *^" ^^ F°'^''' ^"^ '^« '«d cherry is the best. The cron is chiefly consumed at home. Prom three to six cents is the price paid for cherries Tl« common red is the best variety for market. There are none shinCr Tt,„ i- u been veiy bad this year. The' other insects whicTare ve" L^'S'to thrtrer!: tl^: rose bugs, especially on sandy soils. The fruit is not subject to rot. LS Z hZ2 tw ''^ .no most aescruouvc Lo the auit are the woodpeckers and robins. The'trees succeedS [Elgin, j 'i m 'Mi i R| 200 11 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. on a sandy ,oa™ with a g..vell, subsoil. There av« no no good seedling chorries in the QUINCES. There are only a few quinces, and the trees boar pretty regularly. GIlAl'ES. the ^^;iS'S^;uS!:? J:^ 'ZcTcl'l *'''^;;'«*-^ '^'- ^--rd and Clinton a.. A sandy soil is the bos soi S l ei. uroTu. '15 '^ -nont profitable to «,-„w for n.v>k.-t. consun>e,l, and they fetch froTa fou J to sTIcent^ ntr *'"''"? "^'n ""'' ^'''''" '^™ "^^ ^"'^^'^"y although there ar./ain.ost tZ^Z ^^^^^JZlnJ^" ^f "••" '« P'""^''^'^^' tunos suflers from early frosts. If the trelliseA,rbnn ^ ^''«.«'"P« '^'''''l' «o™«- irost. The vines are not injured 1 y ny iirsror r 7 'H^ r^'' '" '""'■" ^'■•'" ^''""' gloat deal of duuaage. The only sped s of hrd f ,„f •' . !,''"" '"''^' "" "'""'^ ««"« <'o« 6 xuu oniy species ot bird that is troubiosonic is tho blue jay. STIIAWBKRUIE8. for u!^.!:::^^^^z''^s^' iio^^wli:^'^*- "T ^'^^'^^^ r '« '"-^^ -^--^ price from six to ten cents per quart. ' ^*""*^ "'^'""'''^ *^«*>- '^'^^^ f«t^J' <* DESTRUCTIVE BIRDS—INSECTS. .o».:?u:Jf^:^'X;'''r,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ y-l- KASPBERRIES. 01ustIrrtirn:osrs!;!:,tr^^^^^^^^^ «—• The Mammoth f.'tchos from six to eight cents per ouar^^^ ^r7« • ' f *^' »"««* profitable for market. It the canea ^ ^ ^""'^'^- ^''^ '""'^'^'^ '"J"''" '!»« vines by putting eggs in BLACKBERRIEa Blackberries are not ninoh cultivated. BED AND WHITE CURRANTS varieJif ^^::^::: 'is^cZr^'^^:^^:? '^^ *"' r™^- -^ ^^^^ -~ them. The currant bor r L ve y hjurious ^Xcurra u""" " ^T''^^ "'/ ^'""'""' *^-' then that is easily remedied Son wIZ :« i , ] * ?''"' '^*''"'"'''' *''" '•"^v'^«. '•"* these worms. tKuT worin t^t t^vT „ '^'^'";^»"*''' Srowin. currants owing to injurious either to .he buXs or fi^uit. ^ ""'"""• ^^'''' '''' "" «^''"'- "'«-'*« t''«^t\n. BLACK CURRANTS. GOOSEBERRIES. FBUIT GROWINO AND FORESTRY, CRANBEHRIB& Cranberries are not cultivated liore at all. WATER AND MUSK MELONi ' ■«„?r::i^arf:I.\rS''MatZr"°- '"■v.-™" »'P«fi'«Meo-. There h„ ....r.e. X„e. .pen eaW, i„ .ep^r-'^^i:. -orl^e^r^^X^" ^'r! FORESTRY. «.eselHX"^t^^%*:^^tri^^^^^^^ """^ ™» 8»-«l «>.-„.er„, there i. very liW, There i, bu. ?Se7e«„„dTe"h "" "Z"; '"■°°'" """"t' "' "'"* ...coh.n.0., p„rpo»«, Ilardwoed. .re .UgT^i^ r^and t^SUrraw;;;^:' USES OF HARDWOOD. of agricultural implements and tools wfi' oak whfi ''"f T't "' ^"f *^« «»anufactun, nnd whitowood, are used in the inanuiapfnr« P u^, ^'^' iV'^'^'^'J'' ^asswood, maple, ;naplo, basswood, and ad, aie i'edTZ ^rfuliTure Va^^ cherry chestnut ^liis purpose. *» ^""^"'turo. Walnut is to be preferred for COMMERCIAL VALUES-OAK 8TAVKS-RAILWAV TIES. Tho commorcial value of walnut in iHr.n t.o» h. i . $1G, and maple $12. The comm S VS oTw^^^^^ ^^^' ''*''^°''^ ^^*' ««h m and $12: per thousand, boaT-iealu « ' Oak ^^^^ ^^"^^ oak timber, respectively, is too valuable in this localit; for tl arp™ ^^^k f .*'' "'"?'' ^ '^^'"'*'^^' ^^^ «^k is for railway ties. About 30 cents each or «40 nctr In^ 1 T™'? "'' ^°'"S ^^'«% ""'^d ties. The bla^k walnut is nearly all cuk ^ '^'■''^' '" '''« ?"*=« P^'^^ ^or railway ENCOURAGEMENT OF TREE PLANTINa f,.n,,:t=Zrp»ti::'Sr,:5 SSl!:C;:S1^. P..n«,„ er^ere.. .ree, o. ;;:::i;" ^Sar„s:e7;er';;\tf,i°ut^rf ^' ? '^ me,„led torgeuerLl fore.!, ptath.^! ' ^ °'''' '"»»"'»'»'. «'»1 kickory, should be rocom- WiHD SCREENS. me., pine „,.ke the l? IZ „ 'K ilfd "ol t P'm''^ "'P'"' '''""•■ "«' «""- . g..od metbed o£ oneouragieg tree W^ .g' 2r: °S'-the'^^?,2» '""'°"'°" "''"" "' ir ' ii i i I ) I *f :li [.^(witfcl •i^li^ 202 FRUIT GROWTNG AND FORESTRY. IH ■ »' m r^ n 1 • NORFOLK. FlCUIT CULTURE IN NORFOLK. Tlio fniitB cnlfcivfttcd in thin County are: apples, pears, poaches, ohorrios, plum»» grapes, currants, strawberries, raspberrieH, goosoborrios, quinces, and blaokborrioa APl'LK CULTURE. Tl»e apple is the principal fruit cultivated, and is grown very lorgely, and with con- iidorable sucoesa. PEACHES — PLUM8. With regard to quantity, plums and peaches rank next to apples, and ore grown iu about equal proportion. ' FRUIT CULTURE IN ITS INFANCY. The cultivation of all fruits, with the exception of the one fii-st named, is, however, as yet in its infancy, as only enough is nusod to moot the local domand. About two thirds of tlio apple trees of the county are in full bearing. SUMMER, FALL, AND WINTER APPLKg, The winter varieties are mostly raised, although there is a largo r lantity of the summer and fall kinds grown, indeed niMo than is required for the home market, and, a» none are exported, great wostfl occurs, large quantities of the fruit being allowed to rot SUMMER AND FALL VARIETIES. The Early Harvest, Red Astraohan, Keswick Codlin, and Tetofsky, of the summer varieties, and the Duchess of Oldenburg, (divert, St. Lawrence, Maiden's Blush, Graven- Bt<>in, Fall Tippin, Alexander, and Northern Spy, of the fall and winter kinds, are the most protiUible, the price obt»»inablo being about $1 pei barrel, when sales occur, but very few are sold other than locally. HARDIEST VARIETIES. Tlie hartliest varieties and most productive an^ the Northern Spy, Duchess of Oldenburg, Maiden's IMunh, and Gmvonstein, and the St. Lawrence, Uussot, Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy, Spitzenberg, and King of Tomkins County, are the best for shipping to otiier parts of the Dominion and the United States. SIllPPlNn VARIETIES — WINTER. Of the winter kind:*, the Spy, Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, King of Tomkins County, Golden Russet, Swtuvr, Ribaton Pippin, Yellow Bellotlower, liilmont, Bon Davis, Dominie, Wagoner, and .ifJsopus Spitzenberg succeed best, and the first-named live Tarioties command the beat prices for export BEST WINTER-KEBPINQ APPLES— EXPORTS— PRICFs, the Rox Ruasnt, Baldwin, Golden Kiiaaot, Northern Spy, Dominie, and Bt»n Davis are the best. Over threcfourths of the crop of winter apples are shipped, the price obkiinablo being from $\ to $\.'2C) per barnl. ' .yorfhfk. I FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 203 WINTER KILLINQ. killed with frost. ThiB, hoZv.T^^n ilo^nf • ?' '*^*«''"'"' "^^ Col vert varieties were similar experience been recorded «««Pt»onal case, as during no other year has a BLIOHT-BOBBR-OATERPILLAR-CODLIN WORM. «oJl;t°^Tttretr^^^^ ..xcoption of Houghton, where they are rather T-"?l ^ ^^ townships, with the .nHoctH. the tent caterpillar occSna Mv g vo^ tlo^f, eTs\l ^i '^\'u'^'' dontructive which ,n some munioipalitios is very r,> S i«,I "n A . ,° ^?^^ *'"' '=°'^"» ^«™. I»y these insects seems to be abating ' ' "*' ""^ **** ^^°^«' *»»« "^^tk of destruction REMEDIES FOR INSECT PESTS. TIjo remedies used to rid the country nf fi.na» „ t consiHtof scraping the bark of ihTlf:! dt^^TZ^Z^ worni-caton fruit to the pigs. "uriog mo winter, and of feeding the fallen PEAR CULTURE, variety. ° "" ^^ y«*™ after planting, according to SUMMER AND PALL VARIETIES. Tlie summer varietien are Benrrn nifTowi n ,.^ Favourite, and those of the ftlLFlemfsh Bcautl ?^^^""« ^'Ete Bartlett, and Clapp'. «.'an, Duohnss d'Angouleme, Belle LucSive&ar Beurre Clair Hholdon. Winter U^rence. Vicar of "ClcLd^tl^ Ji':^^, ^nTS^irf ^^^^^ MOST PROFITABLE KINDS. n.o.t^rSSlrtS'' '""°''' •'™"«0'"'8-. «nd Lo„i.e Bonne de Jo„„y,.^ .^ PRICES OBTAINED. b„.l ,„?" *"" " ■""" "" ~™""»' •' "™«. 'h- PH«. raging f,„„ „ ^ ,3 p„ PEAR BLIGHT. -ly. ami aro very profitablo Konnmlly. The troeR RtamI : , ' ^vol l.,.,„g m.Ubm iyxn>dhy thoHevonty of the weather. Tho oarlieHt rinener. am IVa r.oo, AIoxa„,lor A.mr.I.mi'h, .Tui.o, and Hale's ISavly, and thobe most proli table for the market are eirawfonl'a and llale'B Karly. *^ SERDLiNH rEAOllES. There are quite a number of good aeedling peaohes. Al'RICOTH AND NEUTAUINE8. The above fi uit« would do well but for the ourculio, to the attacks of which they •re oxti-emely liable, ' OHRIUURS. *,nnf ^1?! •' ?'/'"■" '^ ''""*'"' "" T''' * ^"'•^ '''"•^" '""^'"' ""'y Bumoiont bni„« grown to moeU.he local demand, owuvg to t!,e wa.it of a market wherein to diapose of the surplus BEST KINDS— PU10K8. n,o varletleR that succeed boRt ai-o the HIaok Heart, niack Tartarian. Nanoleon Iigarr,.,,, N.lbnv Spanish. (Ws Transparent, May l)ukn; Illlo.^ (^n.M-n n WoTan LrZ:, 'made. •^'" ''""' ""*" " '^"' ^'""^^ ^"^ '1"*^^ '" ^'^ t'^'- P-'^ -''«" "^"y -'- ATTACKS OP OrruoULtO AND IURD8. *,lJbL''''7 Tk''"i f7'"['""^^^«fkRof the curenlio to norm extent, and the robin •cdar bml, and cat bini, also destroy large quantities of the fruit. gtTlNOR. l.n.lv"^'''T7.\'"T ''T *^;' '""»''''''•' <.'•"'''' i" tl«« oounty. all of whioh boar fruit vory rngn •III}. Ihe Apple and Orang,> Q,»„co are the varieties wliioh sucooed best TJ ore is however, very httle demand for them. mou is, nuArKS. (■Jrapo ouKure i» in its infancy in the county, very few having vinen nl.l n.,.,„„l, f , VH>ar fruit.. The OonconJ, Hartfo^Vr.-oli.ic, aahJi, olwaU amK Z. Im t f uc Tuag: The robn^ is the only onen.y M.e grape seen.tohavi but iu! tl^^nSs liight strawheuiues. In t^n) districts at least, strawberry culture is carried on oxtonsivoly. WiJHon's Albany, Now nomunon, 1 owning, and Uovey's So.Hliing b.ung the most suoLfal k Is and commanding a price of from four cents to five omits per quart •"^^"««^'" »^"'^"'. r.VorA)/*.] FRUIT anOWINQ AND FORESTRY. fO» RASPBRRRISS. «»ngn« from -ix'to o^^'htSlll^^S Th-' rl^^^^ ■'"■"r""^' '*"'' ^f"^"'"""" ''"^ K »>« nwi por qnart. | h. -i aro no insoofc pcflts attacking this fruit. nT,AnKiiRnnnM. flKT) AND WTriTR mmUANTO. ».nfj ^^'",' *!?'' "•''»*", '"'"•'^"^' growing 15^ mrrinrl on mthnr krgoly «ncl with pomo hikvo-. Zl ''^''* """'" ''" '"" """'■'' V^' l"'^'-*- 'T''^ "'"•'''^"fc I'orer i. rather troubkT ULAOK (JUIUIANTS. 11m blftoic ourrarit in not .niltivatfxl very iargnly. Tho l.eHtkin.l in thn Tllack Nanlo- hoin inneot puHtn. entirely freo aooaRiiRfiniRS. Tl.iH fruit in not grow.i to any o«tont. HonghtonV/Rmith-fl, and Downing'f. are rhinflv ra,H.Ml b„ no profit ha« ,oen nm.lo by their oultnre. 'the curmnt womi vo,^ do ru.^ tivo. lloUoboro IB the only remedy reHorted to for its destruction, ^ MELONS. r«lmJl!rw"'\T"''^T''-""'M'**""'!^'''"'*^"'' *" """'""'f*^"''; th" Monnfnin !=!wnpt Long iHlai d, And Ice Oroani being tho variotioB mo-if, nafrmmod Tho Nntmr^tr an,l flr.^^n ? aro th. mo,t rrofitable kind? for the m.rknt. The m.ion doii be.t on raamii ^ DEBTRUOTIVE limD& 1 1 J^''. *""^'"' ?'''''* '"'''' '*"'' ^"''f'P""'^"'' (lofltroy largo quanMtieii of fruit and fbn blaokbird oreatoB havoo among tho grain fioida. -^ « "* """" "^ "^'^i »"Portant to get vvhe/the same variety tarcheLrtodTn'ot"" ' ''°'^*"'^ """^^^ ""^ *^"^« ^-« BLIGHT— BORERS— CATERPILLARS— CODLIN WORM. whenlSfplVtS'w" Lt" of l^ef r^' T'^^ *^ '"^'^'' ''^ '^'^^ ^^^^ «*«-*' ^^^ only PEARS— LIMITS TO PEAR CULTURE. vated^as7ar'^ 7111^"""'^^^ ""^"'*''J *° * ''''^''' ^'^t''"*- They have been oulti- Nated as far as Montreal ; can be grown m sheltered situations on a dr/«nb«oi1 .f .x-l- [i^MJw^, Stormont and Glengarry.] I ' 'fi I fiOS FUIMT UHoVVirSU AND R)llKHTUY. I; . I ■ l«Ht qunlify, hit on A li.iiil.'.l h,' An. \ «tr„„g fiiftM,, |„nniv i«lrtv, or omrwllv m»U wifh wn.n. ,b V RuL^oil. U ^«^n,^ imorI R.titoMn for tl.Pir growth. r\w {flmrnh l.oaut.y only Imr Imm tri^l Itow. "^ "^ ri.i'MH, At mi0 MmftplHtn onltviro woviM havo i.oi.ii protUAh! , tmf; tto^ ho m«i omvulio. 'Hio rt.l-inhvl.iliiv of Mio Roil vuvixR wiMi Mm vannty, Intl n n.'h loftm, nn.i }>iM(i.Miln.ly n .|.'..|.. ri.nl.i.-so,n,>, ImH (lin plnm trees of tiiirJ.Vi.'.n .1.) 'nol HitW muoh fniin hWk knot., novrt»-p (Itey h\|nrpil Ity rob. BKKDI.INU PLUMS. Hnf,ning pluM,R slioul.l ox'mt or l.p |m».ln,....l, nn (l\n plum urowi wll.l everywliorp in thotuMrit'K ' rrariiKs. \WA\<^ tuv Bonr.>olr K^^>wl> in th,- .liHt,ri«'i. Thny oannol. I.o itiolHaltly iMiltivnfo.l af? tUo (IVOR .Jo not. R(«n(l Hip wiiitor well. oiiKHinra. i,l,p. .,•«, r,a* not. p>n>(HrtMy .-nUivnio.J. I.nt, nn fho MnvW rhnrry Ir {n.Utfnn.«iH (o (Im dtRfn.H lis .MiKnnhoo ousrlu <„ l>o prM,'(i-,.Mp. ■I'lioro Imn not, bppil Rnfn.^irtit, Pipprinionb- ing to Bhow wl\n,t variptiPB will Hno>«>ou>lR nnd txMm piut.i.Milarly ai-e tho «ppoiP8 of blnln timt ai-o niOBfc dofltru.-tivp to tiip fruit. Non,. Tho trpPRRHivppa hpRt on « wftrn\. lortuiy (rich), porous soil, willi aii aduiixture of B«nti, r«'(t oftrth, or gmvpl. Ko e>vvi sPPiUing oliorrioR n»v oultivntp.l Iipi-p. h\\i tlio nfttire blank (■ oftnn Uruo and BWTppt, And c«>uld lio nindo (lip bnsiH of <^\>od varipl ioa. UIUI'K OUt-TUUR— VATUKTlRa. Mnny ppoplp Pnltiv-ntP s'^P''" in tltoir !r,vrd(>n5». Tboir pultivution nmy bo nnid to hiu-o b<>gun t\r(M\ty yours ago. and inoroasos o.ioh year. Too (Minion, Dolnwaro, ,\diiou dao. lsalHiUA,(\M»cor\l, and Salotn, n»-p (.ln> xwiotios that Buooood boHli. THK WI1,1) OUArK. Native Trild prnppfl «onvo of pxcollpiit form and qimHtr, grow Prnrywliflro tbroiurbnni tbPSP conntiPB. and on thp Mt. l,awrpnoP islandH on tho dry linioBtono' gravolly IuIIh mid ri.lgps. tho Roil boing doop and strong. On tho P.lgo of a hirgo niarHh.\vhorn tho vogo- (abh> soil wm dopp and rich, a «no vino (nativo). hoavilv hidoti with Mph.n.li.lohiRtorRof a gmpo. at lpa8t^e,pnl to thi Oliutou in Bi^o of bunch and borry fhivour, has boon hoou by tho wntor of thpsp notps. ^ IDundiis, Stormotit, and Uhnnnny.] KIlirrT (iU()VVIN(i /VNh iroUKHTIlY. BOO UH!KH—|r|ioRT9, ^ ilin viuns Imv,. tint Imnii lujmn.l „iUin.- in rn.,!, „r In.ivMfl. »»''"•"» '^''Ht* Ho far HTIUWIlKlllllRH-VAHriilTIKS. timrk.-t. Ihn vaiinllnr. Mini, nm mn«t. ..«l,.nmf..| f„r hni in ..,,im.ii,.i.)l,.,. „ J il i '>«"■ -iHl. T.i..M.,.lM..I..<<,uHl. I «„„„> uUwrr W. vZ aM .'."'m' imr aom Th.-y «,■.. «.,hl ,a tv,m ^^Ul (,„ (lf(o,.„ ;„.„,,h por .,Mnrfc. ' nillllM - INHICf'TB. •"I-"'- » I-... .».-, no luj,.,i„„« i..H«ol,H whirl, HO, Hly .lHn.a«« Um, erops. """""'' '"'* IU,A«!Kltli;illUKH. I''inn nnlivPH f/i..w in (iJMin.lniifo (in iIim nowpr Hoiln. nm> ANi» wimio ounuANTa. Tl.n nillnrn of i|„. , | wl.il,,, miimnl, h pn.dlnl,!,, fur Jiornf, usn. fr,,Uh ri.h uan.. n„..|,M.H,.>Iy wn, an,! .I.y, in n,..., Hnihtl.l!, f,„. (,l„.ir ,.„ll,ivH(,in , T m 4mat ;;;;", " '• '"r'" """ "•••;"•"; *« •"•'• vory in,i,ni.n,«. |.UI,o,.|y Uh, ..„ an Jon U« iiiHiRtH Uial HI.- uiiui'totiB .■iMi.'f (,r, (III. frnil. or Hi.' IjiihIioh. lir,A(!K OnilllANTH. .I.n.,l!|'i';l;''!,7;7','" '^••^/"'I.V^"";^" .^"•' l"-"" ".., all,I..M,«|, thn onl.,nroof UiIr fruit , ' '" '"'I""''' '"-I". Iln. I,MH, (l,M,(, if, pro-i, I iH „n(,in.|y ,.-,n..n„...l ah homo l!i,.|, \Zli"l \ ";"''7,'"" y ''"''" •;•'■• 'I'y. i« •'••«•■ ada^to-l t,.. ll,« grown, of tl,i« fruifc. The iHiHlu-n Jo nul Rud.-r ftoni any liiBoot ononiien. Hi' OOOHICIIKIKUICH, OouHt'liorrinH mo nut grown to any cxtniit. riHANtlKHIUra. f ■••'^"'';;';;!'"" '^••" •"•' •>""•». enltlvatn-l. FaniliticM fop noorlin?, ofa. don't .,x.«t in fj,.«9 Li ur 1 ''; "''";.''''-y '"'■'-'" '•'•""'"■'••■y flwntnpq in fl- ,„n of H.m t,own<.liipfl. ;7.r-y j/row wiM in WinrluiHtnr, Mountain an HOttSon Honiowliat, l,ut f/onomily i«7 np..n from Mi., ir.tli t.. tin .'iOtli H..;>tninlK.r. [IJiitiif'tD, ,S(ormviU and O'lenyarry.] 11 110 FIJI t IT un.iWiNU AND KoUKNTM Y, TMjn iiMin u or iiim niHruit'T. AluMit Ml ,,„(■, wif of Uin .liMfiof. i« un.l '•'I'KMii (, iMttii ri «>»• niinliml ImikIi. iuhI HI |..>r .-nnr iih.l I" i'.,^ W ;'■ ; • '""' foflUM.lMM-. ol....a„.| l,in.|. ,',.,r.„.| n.„ Mni,- Uu..:,;;"::;il::^:;;;,:;:,r:i::u::^^^^^ ^'^^^''--i- .-• rsKS .»r A\)v, ,,:i,M_ ni.K.tiiv. wA;;;;r:::,;:;j;'::,::';;;;:rt;r^::-:-;:.l:;T:r:t'- ;:tr:vot:;;:j':x;tX';;;:;j;:;:;;;--'"- win- v,!i- V MvMKrir-s rsKii. "v.pio -Mv „.va ,•.,. t ,7 ,.diuf ^r hi, :: ^^ ru *' '"' *• '"'■ ^"^'-'l '■'"'• -'•• '""' -'ft m.i,xvut onouu for IvV. V hi, '"■"'," "':', ""''"" "'■'" ■'^"'"'•i'>"t ■"»!<. n- rrilllT (mowiNci ANI» iroui HTIIV. 211 KiiimI .|iiMli(,y, OrtI, N(n,vnM I'Piliir un« III. 'UM mil. iinirli i„ (Imrifuiil. || fot' II M'NO. !•« .'Iiinlly „H,.,| r,„. ,.fvll>VM.y (,i,.«. |;:(, (,„ | "'i.iiick, nnh, |, '" |"l- llllni(;flt| JH ftiiiaift(i|<, olit, ftiid U I" p( i'o fifiiil M»,A. «'. "■- Homn TIIKMH irnil limi'l.ANTINfJ. '«T!:r',;';;::::;;i;:i;'::;:;:;;:;;:!''';::".;i::"- (.r;™,.,..., ,..,„„„. •nr.i.l.Ml fur fu.ml ,.|,u,l,inK, """ * '''"''''' ''" ''""""•- TIIIOM P(i|t IMf.l, HIKKH. l')N('n|l|IA()K,\I|i;NT OI> T ..jr, |-|,ANTIN.». r...- rnl™;:';;::;t:;';,,l''' 't ::;:::ir!;':;:i j^'t'''', * i ■"■•";'"«■■ '■■■™ "■ «- '■■ ■■"•,. ■■'■ ], «-' I. «."(" M.".:: lis;: :;:;''; ,:::•::;;,■ r",;,i": "'■■: «. t;;M;;7;:,,j:::;;;;r;:r;:!,i;;,::i:;':t "■ "'»™«.:.»ii;;.':;:,f,: ■■'"■ "■•'- " ' • "' '-'-:- .:";ri;';^;t;:;;;:i;;;,;;:r,;;;-:: OA'I'IIKIIINK I'llli; H|i:ii;itH (»|*' Kr»|( Wr THIWH. wiNi» iiii;i,TH- NCHicir.NH— {j()(ti» ii:wirr/rH. [/'»?(( Arj«, .Stvrinont and Olc ",'/'"■'','/• 212 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. CLIMATIC CHANGES. There has been a most decided change in climate rainfall nnn,,, drought, etc., from tlie clearance of the forP«f Thl • r „' • 7'"^' ^P"''^^ ^^ ^^tei-. diffused, springs fail in mlnv Tases and dZ^uL • Z^^" '' '"'' ^"'^ ^^«^ uniform^ the countr?. ^The climateTe7ds rClt orf eV^^^^^^^^^ ^'™^ of winter, through the clearance of the foreste ^'"'^ '=°^'^ '^ ""°^'"^'- «'^^ MEANS OF ENCOURAGING TREE PLANTING. and waste of the public timber domain thlti^\i^.^t]ZT { their limiting the use timber and logs in the Province mdnal^n^ % .^, ^^'''■^^' production of square the pine regions, and Lv ng "^ r's'rt f^tl^' wJS tSe^^""' ""/\^.°"* ^^'^ *" aging the preservation and "cultivation of timbeT ^'*'"' P'"^^^^^ ""^ '^"'^'■ til i; •k i t ■* !2J i' OXFORD COUNTY FRUIT GROWING. pied by stmwbepriorrlpberries LK^^^^ ,±^7 T'" f "f""'"™ '"'""' '»"'' « """■ SUMMER APPLES. ctat, and tbe; are loh to rot ruTio orcLrds °''' ''™'""' '■"• »»''-"' '» "">' ""ffl- FALL APPLES. WINTER APPLES. andllta'^S^I^t'^a're'^^^^^^ ^T'' 'P^^T^^^^' I^hodolsland Greening, district. ' *"^*^'°' ^"^ ^'"**^'' ''PP^^'^ t^'^t are most esteemed in this MOST SUCCESSFUL SORTS. FKUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. 213 Jil! f P^' ^^^^^^' ^Y^ ^^t"^ Greening, and King of Tomkins County are most profit- able for the home market. The varieties that are most in demand, and that oominand the best prices for export, are the Spy. Baldwin. Greening. Snow. RusLtand Red Ca'di BEST WINTEREES— MARKETS— PIIICE. The Spy, Greening, Snow, and Russet keep best during thfl winter ar.A +k„ i. <. p£ ° AttlrtT '%t Tl*'^'" '-'■ ^^^" «'-- cat'a\Vp^lc:Tht ; inldJ; S place. About three-fourths of the crop is consumed at home, and the rest is shinned tn eastern markets. From $1.00 to $1.50 is the average price per barrel None of the sta.idard varieties have proved too tender for the district. The apple trees are subUBct to & bh-ht which does considerable damage every year Borers are SdlTr^^^r V.f but the codlin worm and tent caterpillars Lave^'eeTvei/S^r tre last ^^^^^^ PEARS. .n.-f.rrr T ^^ successfully cultivated in this district, the sandy loam soil beine most PLUMS. .,r^f\T !^^*"'"'' ^^^°* P|;ofitable in this neighbourhood, the fruit being very often de- stroyed by the curculio. The Green Gage and Lombard ^re the varietS IS are mos^ ario^^distrer "^^*^^^- ''^ ^-- ^^^^ -^ ^-^-^ - ^^^^^ -;; PEACHES. but hS MyTjrtiiSr- ^'"' ^"' "'""'"^ " *= ™™'^ "»«' -'"-«j. CHERRIES. Every variety of cherry can bo grown in this neighbourhood. The crop is ohiVfl^ 'from ^otUr-b. tT'^TV'rr /.^-^f '^«'" ^' to%L5o,orL^]:z:i:Aiti ^y:'l&:^s^^Jt'^''' ^^^ cherry bir/are the chief ^^Z QUINCES. Tbn /?"i''f ' """^ ^T" ^'^"''^^^^""y '" «"3 district, and the Orange Quince succeed, best S per buS "'"'" ""^^' '^"' *'"" '^ '^ -"^"^^ ^^""^"^' ^^'^ fruitSetching from $150 to GRAPES. »,.«f n^/T' ^""^ °"Iy gro^^n in sinall quantities. Those most esteemed and which succeed best are the Salem, Delaware, Concord and a few other early varieties. TheJe U a fit demand for thorn, and they fetch from eight to ten cents p«r pound. RBD AND WHITE CURRANTS. „,^fi J!'? ^'*'""y °".*''"'^"* '«J!»« ^a"«ty most esteemed iu this district, and their nultnm ;. profi.ubl.. Ihoro IS a suincieat demand to meet the supply and they fetch from" s"^ to [Oxford County.] t if 4 I,' IHjj 214 FRUIT GROWING AND FORESTRY. m the fruit sometimes, but not to any great extent. ^ *^'^* "'J"'"'^ BLACK CURRANTS. ..,. ^! *'!'^ i' ' *''^ ^^''"^ ^^P^^^'' ^'^"^*y is most esteemed, but they are not -rown M any extent. The crop is consumed at home. They bring about 12rclts per q^rT GOOSEBERRIES. FORESTRY. groTvfk'''' °'''"*'''*^ °^ ^^'" ^^'*"'' ^' '^'^'^'^ ""Sinai busL There is none under second WOODS OF THE DISTRICT — THEIR USES. arec?ionrnthi^^i«fHnrT'. "^'''^' ^aple beech, basswood, birch, and ironwood for thiTo f : f "*" ^^r^f^ '' '""'^ ^^Pi^ i° ti^is locality which is being shirned or the maniifacture of paper. The hardwoods, such as oak and rock elm ha?e moS hrrnTl^fif?*^ BhiH>ed for ship-building. Cherry, white ash, and maple are used Sr the internal fittings of builc^ngs. Rock elm, maple, and oak are chiefly Led foi the mami ?.?r «Vr°''^*'"^^ implements and tools. Maple and hickory Le uid for runnTnL gears, .nd basswood and pine for bodies of the yehicles. Soft elm, maple bass3 ^rare^sitosrviiSs t^^ir' '-' -^'^^"^ '-^'^ - ''^'^ ^srat COMMERCIAL VALUE. The commercial valuo of the different sorts of lumber for the aboye purroses is- maple, $14 per thousand; black walnut, $10 to $50 per tlumsand ; sofreCTS ^er thousand; clieny, S22 per thousand; and basswood $14 per thousand 1>ces S usually morchantaWo at about from forty to fifty years, some a li tie sooner 3u?h as blaok walnut, from twenty-five to tlm-ty years Pmilnr nr^l i,„Jl^ V I, varieties of soft woods that L being us"Jfo7S'e mSXe TZt To,Ja^ m this 8ectIo^ has been out short-from three feet four inches to S feet fou inches The price of he first is $4 per cord, the latter $7 per cord? Maple ma c good floormg, or scantling for any kind of building Ma«le bnnn J.:^- \ SXt^l^' '''] f ^"'^V ^'f^''^''''- «'-''-'■- S abo r 8^ thornd' Oak, black ash and tamarack are being chiefly used for railway ties. TIieNvood shoul 1 be merchantable at from twenty-five to thirty years. J-nt woou snouui The with the of the m Full winter v quantifcie ceedingl^ corn can The Harvest, and Pami raised of different e Of th Golden, 1 Pomrae G carefully j: is uniformj attention, This i but for sev esteemed a Early, llos; geau, Bour Scckcl, Sh( and Mount pear trees i is the cuttir borer somol most destru 11 [Oxford Counii/.] Plum c ' ^""^'^^^ °^ *-°« ^^-^ Planted, esteemed are as foUow roKLmer'k ids ?Li? ^f^^'^^ very good. The varieties mos Early, llosticrzer, of the autZn th^FlemSau?'?^^ ^^'^I'T ^'"'°""'*^' ^"i«"'« geau. Beurre Sup rfmo BourrTnkrdv Tw ^-a ^' ^^"^"""^ d'Anjou, Beurre Oiaii-- Seckel, Sheldon, BoirLSvennX^?.^'^ d'Angoulome. Louise Bonne de Jersey, and M^uut Vernon N^yall'thop^ vaneties. Lawrence. Winter Nel?s poar trees are in .ome seasLs rnti subSct to EtTn /?, '^' f igl^bourhood. The js the cutting away of the affected part S to tl^^^louJio^ "tUZH' T/''^ \' borer soiuelupes attacks thorn, butgenerallv confirLSf7. ?. . ? ^at-headed apple most destructive insect to the loavetTSi pe^Iiee slug ^"'"''^ °^ '^' ^''' '^^^' PLUM& but mSst he pickid blroXv are fulvvil ?"""'? ^T'^^"'^'" '''''^ ^''^ ^^'^ ^h'PPo^J. much at tirni frnrl. Sf ,.„ °? ^'^ l""' ^'P^' '° «'''i«i' to do SO. The trees suffer very I.. .MRv,! .a,uuL, wiiu in damp seauous iiom rot. " ■^ [County of Middhstx.] m m I.K I 216 FRUIT GROWINCl AND FORESTRY. I nCACIIES, APRICOTS, AND NECTAUINES. Those frnits arc not extensively raised, m they cannot goucrally bo made profitable. CHERRIES. in ,T- ^f^^ Ricluuond, May Dnko, and Common Kontish snccood best, and are raised n Hubciont qnautitu-a to tnc't tbo local donnuul. Tbo Hlug and tout catormliarH attack tno cliorry, and tbe curouho HomotiiiioH is very troiiblosomo and dcstnictivo. Tho robin and cherry bird consume noiuiy aU tbo oarly oborrios and a largo portion of tbo lato ones. GUAl'ES. r!.«,^r*^° a"^*""*® '\,?,'","°^ ^''° *" ** oonRidorablo extent, the Concord, Dolawaro. Oreyel bng, Agawam, W.ldor, Canada, Martha. The moat rrolUablo to grow for tl,o markot are tbo Concord Delaware, and Wilder. All tbe grapoH tiiat can be rlcd are co, ' 2Zt:!lyoioZmu ' ^'''" '^"'"*'"" '"" ''^^'''''' ^''''''- ''''' ''^^ ^' '^'-y STRAVVIIEURIES b.;n.^M.JT'l^ cultivated; the Wilson, SbarplosH, Col. Cheney, Triomplo do Gand, being the knuLs raoHt oBtoomod for homo coiiHuniption. Tim Wilnon in coiiHidored the most ].r nbtablo to grow lor tho market, and also carries boat, liobius destroy a small quantity of tho frmt. "ODuujf RASl'MEHllIKS. market Tho rbila^lelpbia, Clarke, Mammoth Cluster, are tho varieties most ostoomod for ;et cultivation ; for amateur growth, Brinckle's Orange, Francouia, and Braudy-wmc. RLACKUEURIES. ^ Blaokbon-ioa are not cultivated to ajiy extent, tho crop being, as a rule, very nncor- tain, and none of tho varictioa being very hardy. *^ o , j CURRANTS. The Victoria, Vorsni^llof., Cherry, Rod Dutch, and White Grape are vhe most ostoemcd of tho rod and wbito varieties ; and tbo l$laci< Naples of tho black kind. Tho fruit buds a ready moi-kt iho price obtainable being about 10 cents per quart. GOOSEUERRIES. Gooseberries are grown with prof't and success in this county ; Houghton's Seedling and Downmg s bcodhng bouig tho most ostoemed varieties. FORESTRY. All tho common woods of the country, with tbo exception of birch and walnut, are oommou ui this ihstnot. li [County of MiihUeaex.^ I&l proCtaUe. d aro raisec? ilIai'H attack Till) roliiu ItttO 01108. Dolawaro, row for t)io Hoil aro coii- jbiu ia vory do Oand, coiiHidorod ius destroy toomod for audy-wiiic. rory nncor- I vlio most dill. Tho 'a Soodling mluut, aro INSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE S(>UASII. Bquash Hag (Coroig trintii). Larva of Squash Vinu Borer. (:!({UHuh Vinu linrer. ¥ 1 ! j i t P 1 1 1 1 m I wBm 'I f* it 1 t Fhit INSKCTS IN.]Ulil()[ls TO THK APPLE. :t (iiiiif,'iiifi(' (imifj'iiifiud). „ „..> ,„,,, n ,., ^,„. ,^,„,j |-|,nit-l<)l pyn), un,,..,„r ratorpiUar. '■i'''>pi,i I'liMi.eror Moth (Samia V ecropia. Ohrysalis of the Cecropia Emperor Moth. 'tpP^ "^w* IhpB ^ INSERTS LNJURIOUS TO THE PEAR, CFERBY, PLUM & PEACH. Pear Tree Slug (Selandriaoemi). Plum Snhmx CterpiUar (Sphinx drupiferar„n>. ml ChrygaJis of the Si'iinx. !ff^ m "J" 'MM 4 n^cTsiNjURiotrs to the pear, cheery, plum & peach. Polrphemu. C.l.r,,in„ (T.l„ |„l,ph.mu.). (,J„a |„„oi,. :. r I'lil.VphuimiM Motli. Cocoon of i'olypIieiiiuB Moth. Kye-sMottGd 15u,l IVfoth (Cnipholitlia (>ciiliiiia), Iiirviv and iieifuct, iimect, ■1 W~^^X: INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR, CHERRY, PLUM & PEACH. Moth of Oblique-Banded Leaf-Roller. Larva of Oblique-banded Leaf-roller (Lozotiena roaaceana). The Curculio (Conotrachehis nennhnar)-,' bppfl., . „ i , , , '/. curculio (Sll :i^'^l;Ji ]^':!'J^!{ ^ chrysalis (all magnified) , • (natural size) at work on a y'ouug plum. Peach Borer (Kgoria exitio«a)- 1, female; 2, male. i \ku\ m 1* Hi m I' ■ The I Livrva INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CURRANT, GOOSEBERRY, RASPBERRY AND STRAWBERRY. The Saw-FIy (Neuiatu.s vontricoausl- «, male; b, feiimle. KM\ EggH of the Saw Fly. m Liviva ..f .Saw- Fly „e„,iy fuli-grown- fei'diiig. Currant (iooineter, or MeaHuring Won (r-iloiM'a liliearia.) m .*>', i' ifllTK ivswrrs imumous to thk small kru/ts. 9^^ i^ (T..oH..l.eiTy Kriiit W„rni 1 1 I'tiiiH'liii xniHsiiI-iiia) M,,tl, ♦itnl iMirdoti wild (;ljiyH,iliH, ' 'I'll.' l.i.|H.rt«(l Ciirraii.TV.ipr (A..K.!ri,i tiii'i|if,„„iiH.) Tli;' A(n,.ri,.,„ Crrant fJoror (• Neii<'»i-fruHiiu|)«ifif,tiituH). w m '•'— (l(aH,.lM.ny)M.,th(A,,l„.|.,.sn,l.iv.„a), na(,„r.lM>V,. „I May heJtlo! ' ''"'^'"*''" ""'' '"■'■f'"^^ '■""-' "f the >■ • 7 H ?, 1 KH^Hh - ^^^^H HHbE I G :i ONTABIO AGRICULI^URAL COMMISSION. APPENDIX D. E"VIIDE3SrOE RELATING TO GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. 'T in IK' I ONTAEIO AGEICULTUBAL COMMISSION. ' ,' APPENDIX D. RKLATINQ TO GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. MR. HASKINS'S EVIDENCE Wx.M^ H^,,,3, ,, Hamilton, .as called and examined. GKAPE GROWING IN ONTARIO. tjeJ;Jtp:;T:^J^yeZl lZo7fZ\f:^' ""'*"^ ^.^ S~P«« f- ^-enty-one or as are suitable to our district. Tie ^strioT pIk ^^"^^"^ ^'^^ ^"''^ varieties effaces area between Hamilton, Niagara and some Z^n^! ^^?^*°^ ^ i*« centre, LSX g-ower told me, that certain \arietSs of ^^ran^'^'' ^0***^*> an enthusiastic grape W S^ *he Delaware was oneTthem fhT^ a?'''''* *^'''' "^^ ^ ^^ surprisS ?o large bodies of water where grapes ca^Af if ^^ ^^^ ^^^ P0"^t3 "i the vicinity of from what I havo heard of P^TEd^d Co" ^Ti.- f'^"^ "^^ °^ observatiS^^^U to grow the earlier varieties of grants Gr.n?^' ^ *^"^ '* ^^^^^^ ^e an excellent pkce lying between Hamilton and thf NkLra S ^'^ ^ ^^^ '^^'^^ cultivated in the istect and planting is going on y^t. ^* ^^""' ^"^^y^'^ds being attached to many Ws. A VINEYARD OF THIRTEEN ACRES-THE YIELD. yards of Concord gr;°e:\r;altr.S, ^^^^^^^ [Mr, HasUns.] ' P^wuce five tons to the acre. I fe--e GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. JhTv^HhZr -S *r"'*y'° P^^'-lo^ded that the crop was too large to ripen; but that will happen with other varieties like the Delaware. If you wert to allow four banches on the Uteral they certainly ^ould not ripen on the Delaware. BEST VARIETIES. ^nJl^T^®?®! *^ •* Jia^e succeeded beat with us are all of Rogers' hybrids, except No. 1 Jh'trr ^,?,-r "p?.\?°/-:^ ^o. i is. whif-fitrmno K„f ,V «,„ U v. e° """cgiitpe, ueuuious ana prounc. JNO. 1 IS a Itdo^Tnnl «.f i 7^ J" °1 ''°, "'" *° *'y *° ^°^ i* ^»tJ^ "^ No. .3 is a very early grape. il.Z iTv^ ^"" bu°«b always, though it ia worth growing. No 9 is a very younf wo^Ki oVno V^^ .^r"'"' ^f. «° ^^ ^o. 3. There J a peculiarity about tZ tZ^ffuit i^h« n^vV S f V ," '" °^.^ "■"** *^"*' ^"^ tJ^^ ^^'"e *i"<^ i« 'tarried into T? Jm 1 Ji. . T *^?* ^.i™°'^ °* '^ N"- 15, which is a very rampant grower. ,s Idlh.i"'' >fT' ^"* "J* ^^ "="* ^^^ ^' ^11 °°t doso well. The Salem 18 said to be Rogers' best variety, No. 53 I think it is. When it can be grown in u S^nThlir*'"'' ^.*/« * delicious grape, but otherwise it does not do so well Thave no trvP^Vnnf T "r'^'^'^^y j^ *^« ^^^^- No. 33 is a black grape, liable to mildew the ^Id Fox J.r ^'. ^!^P«^*5« mildew. Rogers' hybrids were originated by crossing W Rnlwnf^ ?. ^ '-"^P^'t"^ r"'*^^'- ^ ^^^^ ^"^'^'s hybrid\.s introduced be- SZ SSes AfJlT r^ *° ^^ *^' °,"-/ r°^^ ^' '^^' *™« ^^*^^<=«" the native and for- «ign grapes. Afterwards came Rogers' hybrids. A great many have been trying to hv- bridize since Rogers was so successful. s "y «i»ve oeen irymg to n.v A GRAPE FOR THE MILLION. Outside of Ro-ers' grapes the Concord is the grape for the million because it will grow anywhere, where the summer is long enough, and alLS an^soH wSl produce a good crop. The Hartford Prolific I do not lik^e,' but mrypeTple prefer beiies will „ir/° '"ff^- ^Vr^^r l^^rge bunches, but 'on the first^oTdnghrthe berrieswill all drop oflP. With us it ripens about the last days of Aucjust or the first days of September. There is a similar grape to the Hartford tlifchamnion which came out lately and I believe it is a seedling of that variety Ti's earlier bTfive ?t ZlS^" .^v.'\*^' ^^'*^°''^: . '^^' ^'^^^^'' ^' ^ g'-^P^ that I would not be wfthouT It resembles the European varieties, perhaps more closely than any other grar we Ce Market veU wTselMhl '^T''l'"''^y'"\^°^ *"^'^ ^^"^*'^^d it commands the wkh us but it iWhil tr T ^^"^^^*°^'. ^V^ ^'^ this city (London). The lona succeeds Perfect it On th^ Kii« P-'^ ^""^ 1 '"' any quantity, but the seasoo is too short to The Diann i?V^A J*'^g*^\.^i^^^' or '•ather on Navy Island, it is ripened every year. rTrJn^n 11 -.1 graP\wh\ch many people overiook, but I think it is a very fine one unt?X7oi ^. ^ "' 'V^' "^^ '' ''''.* ^""^^•i t° Srow too many clusters. It^viU kTep Thi A r ^^T*.""^ ^T" ^«^^o"« it ripens irregularly, which is a serious draw-ba^k The Adirondack IS a very fine grape, but too tender. The vines must be covereleverv Se1sare?aTh^;'"f^ t^^ T "'' "''i"'"^^^ '^"^^ '^ ^ ^^P' ^t - a delicious, ju^^y fruT^ The Isabella I have fruited for several years, and, somehow, it degenerates. When we fivplSn T-^'V ^'f.^'7' ^""t ^^ ''^''' y^^'-^ ^« ^"^ that we cannot ripen it The tarStvTo Iro? °?he Crt' n "* -"^""^ -^^^--nt ripening. I do not think it fs a desirable oZLe^ if T . Crevelling is one of our best grapes, but it does not set a good crop Occasionally it sets a very fine bunch, but that is not always the case. In our vinevaS InnoT '^Tr '' ^'•^^^"i'^S^ through the field, planted about twelve years ^31 ^nnot say that we ever got a good crop from them Thpy are in a very exposed nlace but I have a few vines in the garden in a sheltered position, and they prS fairly I believe it is a South Carolina grapa ^ proauce tairxy. i THE CLINTON AS A WINE GRAPE. ^.nr.?"^ ^u""^ Srows very freely, and is very prolific; the most so of any wine grape we have, and that is all we u^ it for."^ Ut y^ar wa had about 28 Za [Mr. Haakins.] lO ripen; but o allow four ixcept No. 1, No. 1 is a ' early grape. 9 is a very y about the carried into pant grower. The Salem grown in a I have not to mildew, by crossing troduced be- ive and fer- rying to h;v- )n, because y soil will )ple prefer night the ust or the Champion lier by five )e without. we have, mands the la succeeds 00 short to very year. y fine one. 1 will k :ep Iraw-back. jred every nicy fruit. When we it. The desirable ;ood crop, vineyard go, but I sed place, 'airly. I ny wine 28 tons GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. FOB MABKET OR TABLE USE. SOIL FOB GRAPfiS. MARKF'"S. Joul^LXr^^^^^^^^^^ grapes were turned into wine stock to Oobourg, Port Hope, and otW ti ^«/«l^l * Portion of our suroTua as Lon.c... The fruit usual?; sells It L.T' T"^ ' *^"«' ^^^^ ^^ ship as far wesJ *2 irr .'*"" '^^ «^-- to Lelt%e1ts *%^^^^^^ f '^^^ Pr P''"^'^ wholesaTe,rd profitable. Our crop does not sufi.r f, ^ftte ^i^^S^S;:: LStl^f SS~^ FROSTS— INSECTS. I don't think the earlv «-^nat-c ■ • sometimes injure the more tenL'vfr eS?f 5ef't ?^*°" ^'' ^'^^ P^^T'O^^^. b'^t thev .T1 '". °^,'; ^^'*^"°* ^^« "ot injured by anv diiat ""'"^ °" *^^ ^^«« *oo ong. S the leaf-gall on the Clinton, but not on t/^ t W tT '"''"*• ^ ^»^« ^-^^n a little of eaS*if,.*^^^^y^^''^^^^«^i«t«at ai^.J^^^^^ to lead me to east side of the vineyai-c^ and went tarou-h it and .lil ^ ' ^°°t»^^d, commenced on the observed very little of ; o. ""'^ ** ^'^^ disappeared on the west. This year I AJfATEUB VARIETIES, Keb«S;;trjlT^"-"''',f;«;-a.e list „s for „„ke^^ I ^„„„ ^,^ . No 16. Of these v.™fe Koge... No. 3 and the ^.rm."^^. thlTitr '"^- '' "LANTINQ VINIi;. thmg, and It would be all the better with subSn?; ,^°°<^'/«eP pWing is the nex. cSr"^- i *^'"^ that is all thTprepamtLSr^^^^^ condition. For planting I would sewf^f^ . '^"""^'^ '^ ^^e ground is in oror/r those that are either oldel. or youier^^^"^^^^^^^^ old as^eing better' th»" It IS set back for a year, and I dnn'f +v i ,?^ ^^^S^ the vine is when nlantP-' olWer than two years, ^f^he ground i^-?"leTS^^^ is gained by purcSn^J^n.; [Ms. Baskins.] " ~ ' ^^^^ co^^^tion, and kept cultivated aod free 6 m if '" GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. Cuttings tithtl^erpr^ ZJf' -t^"!, " "^"^ «"'« 'i^ffi-Ity in growin. ^apes grow. I would ah Je h?:\ni rptznt; "? STj'l^'^'f and^wate^'redTifl K^^s frame, then a few light lath franfes^ cohered ^th cotto'n X-f"^' ^^' "" °^^ ^ot-bld when you w,.nt to water the p'ants ThevTeauirP !; "*'' '^''^^ ^« ^^^^^ "^ ^ery few propagate young vines for them/elvTs S I h.v^^Tf.r*'''^"' *^^« *-^««k- Navy Island they are grown in a culwZ' ^ '■°°*f'' thousands of them. On grass, and they succeed well Of course Iw^oTr^' "^""'''^ °" "^''^'^'^^ ^^^h swamp IS moist all the time. I think^Zr^ttltn 1 3^ "'*'"'" '^'''' ^« *^« ^^^^S they must be raised in the fall, and transpWp? it T ^i 'V ^^ '^ * ^^^ *« ^^7, but the winter the roots would porish vLSTrS 7.*\\"PJa°d. If l,ft in the swamp in the second year in rows ou dry Ld wouJdT« '^ *^ ^^^ ^ ^^^« '""^^^^ oi, plJZ taken care of. Those in the SeTnUd nit be tmS, '.^i'^^^^ *^« vineyard ^f well Plant the vines ten feet between the rZ^X^':^^^'^^^.^^^^^^ MODE OF TRAINING. g.ne:%n^rS~^^^^ side oi the posts the prevailing winds f rom tb« wif * '^ *?f "^'"'"^ ^^« ^^^d on the east therefore to fixthe 4es on thS Lm whicTtL'reT^^^^^ I*^^ better the difficulty of the wires contracting in tlwwSnfS^^ "''^'- ^"^ '^'''^"^^ the posts, notches are cut upon the outer sS« of ^? ''^ *^^ '""'^ wires pass through, and pieces of oa umber ^e f on??, ^''^'f. *^« Poi'^t^ ^^^ere the used as rollers, to which the wires are rerectWe^v anth ?^ ^w,*^^ ''''^'' ^l"^^^' '^re enough the oak rollers are turned Tnd drSd Jto «•« nt >,^^'" ?°^ ""'^ "«*^ ^^8^* the wires are iield tight. «roppea into the notches on the posts, and thus lETHOD OF PRUNING. weusT'tt te::fs;L^^ ^VTle'^twHrrr^.l^^^r^^' ^^ ^^^ ^* ^« -w every year and retain them and the old ones as well Z ^'°'^."P, ^'"^^ *he vines or the young wood we cut out the old wood unlesT it i, v ^™''"'^' '^ ^^'''^ '' ^ «»'-pl"s oa the renewal system they should be renewed wLnel^^K ^ ^""^ promising; but with. I prefer healthy young wood tT he oU it j.^^^^^^^^ young wood to Venew feaough for the renewal system, so re follow bofh!.«f ««ldom you have n.v. wood should be cut out. I cut back to LI ll X systems. All the surplus wood calculate on having much fru't It theTnWe'^ ' r^teT ''''^*"" ^ ^^^^^ '«' advising a person with regard to growin^ffCrri 1 ,m ^Y .^"''°1' J«'"« *J'« old. In one eye but would say, cSt off either to^Hr two eve If 1^"' "" '''''"'" ^''^ *° the best time to prune is in November and if in *^ ^ .*!''' grapes are in a ga-den the end of March. I have never had anv d fficukv fLZTu ^ f'T *'°"^ *^« "^^d^Ie to at that time of the year. The result of nrS^ T ^ ^^V^'""- "^ ^^^ ^^^^s pruned would be more running of the sap ban n mS Sd'll^?!" '"'''^t F^'^^^^'^^^ ^^ *^-^ ^h^^e vine might be injured." We nev'^r leave pru"i:.so1atrt2S'^^^^^^^^^ ''' '' '""T''''' *'>^* '^' fi uaxn, so late that there is any such risk as that. MANURK FOR VINKS—ASPECT. thoJrhrSliUe^^^^^^^^^ which Is rotted leeched. We once use I on our viuem-^^ n7U f ' ^' f'^ '''^''' ^'*^^'' l«^«^hod or un- sive, thou^gh we had a very good Swth froml m"? "^ ^"''^ ^"'*' ^""^ '' >« *«° «-P«"- smce. For a vineyard, I prefer Iwi, I ? ^'''''' "°*^ repeated the experinicnt south. If you sit the S at t w^yt^to W Tv ^ -ir^/ f" ^"^^ f "'"""S "-""-d one cane in the secon.l year and in tZ fl • f ^ ^'^^ *'''''" '■''°* ^he first year, crow ^«i o, .„„,. ,„„ „ .„■: £„.t,;;r i:„''ruKra M x- " "* ^™" "■* « ^ [Mr. Hnskina.] ' GRAPE OULTUEfi AND WINE MAKING. ing grapes, will always )ld hot-bed e lifted off ice a-week. them. On ith swamp the ground IS any, but ! swamp in af, planted rd, if well i I would ie rows. 3 vines arc n the east [t is better overcome d through Inhere the uare, are not tight and thus t is new he vines ■ surplus ing; but •0 renew iw wood IS wood 3uld not >ld. In bbck to I garden Blarch, iddle to pruned at there that the as that. '• rotted 1 or un- oxpen- rinient th and ", grow a good EXPEKIMENTS IN RAISING GRAPES. ard sorinZirr/bldl^t t^t^'Z/^'' ''"^ ^'f^ ^^ ^'^^' varieties which I consider very nrom^-nf "^^^^ good success, and have nov some raising white grapes and I Ke^varietSfwhiLr' ^T P^'^^^^^^'-ly successful in principally becluse they are more nro£ Tn A T^'^7 ''"P*"^'' ^"^ *''« ^e^ecca, it ia I have one wWlc ^pe similar to t^t '^^ .^""^ r'" ""^ * ^'^^ S^-ipe than ware; and another one Sh L 1 wWn!^^^^^^ us the Dela- third white one which harfolia^P „l J!,„ I^ela^are and very hardy. I have a rent and of an exceS qualitf S /eTy Li ^% Z '^'^ ^?'°'i ^^^ ^^"^* ^^^'^^P*" consider very promising.^ Se vurieS h?v« K f ^}'^ ^"^^ H*''^ ^^^^^ ^^ich I havingbeendiscarded. " Ihave oneS?,^^^^^^^ been selected out of hundreds, thereat better and sweeter fruit'n^^'urerearS^^'ir'^^'!^^^* the CreveUing, which is a variety, and is a good graprexther for tahl« n^ ^°°? S""?"'/ ^^ '^ ^ ^^^^ hardy varieties of grapes'is in^'isTn W and thS w. i^' . ] *^[?^ *''" production of new ties which will rival tL F^S Lpes and 1^, ^'.* ^' *?^' *" "^'™^^"'=^ "«^ ^^"«- than they can in France-tltt fe'SaTm' sTSot'ow.'"'"" "^'^ "^"^ *° *^« «- THE THKIP INSECT-PLEA BEETLE-THE ROBIN. from'''! InSVTnV'ast'/rn^i^^^^ '''' "^ ^^^^ '^•-- -S'^rfy free the leaves of our vinVrd so welHn^ he fZ Z '^''"P*^"" ^' *^"* ^^' ^^^^^ "P I think we have had it once in ten or twpfv '' no room to harbour them. damage. I have noticed this year a litX LJT'.f"l*^°^, '' ^'^ ''^' "^^ "^"'^h thelfall we plough the earth uWn fV, A^a beetle that devours the bud. In plough, so that any leaves aat^e 'Ift ""'""J and cultivate thoroughly with a «ang weeds to grow (in our XL; 5 and ^l - f ^' '^'^ "°' =^"°"^ ^"^"^y caterpiliarsthatdevour tSeaves to«ni ''^ "^^^"^ ^' """y S^'-'^^'^- ^e have no to the fruit. I thTk L destrovs abo,!r^ TT '^*'"*- ^^^ '^^''^ ^' ^^^^ destructive out of the vineyard It is iTont h rJ ton for us every fall, but we cannot keep him There is a little bird which Joes S f^illji V"""' ''^'''''''^ '^'^^"S much damaga whi.h he touches, but thfarSS^f dt fgetTe^ f^^^ZSl^ '"'''' ^^^"^"^ *^-^ FAVOURABLE LOCALITIES. doing'telHn?riS:'ind"rhe'latTr"v:ri^ °"'*"^^' ^'^ -^I'-' --««» wholoProvinceIshouldsavthattb.LT 'I . ^'^ '^''""^'' ''°*^°"«- taking the , Niagara district, and «? aZ^ the L^X- of 1 T^v"" '"' T ^^ '="^*"^« ^•••' ^^e «!<» ticularly wed adapted to the cultSon of he lapf The p""'" V"1 "^"^^ ^^f P'^" npon m the Niagara distriM Ti.o*. x- ,. p'^^'i^**- ^ne Cacawba does not alweys in\j Lake St. cC t ! tLk^' t'^Hdlt^'r f""*' ^'°" f ' ^^""^ ^"« "^^^ g-« Canada. Its adaptibiliiy I attribu e tn Jj,. T /°' i^'^P", "''"^"'•'' °^ ^"^ P^'-tion of is as favourable as HamHton bemuse ? knoftTa^ ^°"' ^'^If *^' ^"''^'^ ^^«^"^* Concord at Ottawa, while we rSSTt thn.nn '°'"'' ^'^r' ^'^''^ "^""o* "P^'" the Edward County, near LTke wl dT"?.'"^T '''!7 ^T ^ ^^'""^'^ ^^ink that Prince portion. Where I saw grapes «rlS h? Ot^u ^"'^ ^"""*' '""* "°* '"^ ^^e inland river, and I think the soil SfsomoThTnl.Si^ was on a gravnlley bank, near the .eason there is very short itl^ exTetd^vl hot %^^"' ^T "'"'"","8; "ud though the referred to, had more to do wL^tTe sue J.« nV .f ^^ * u 'P'"''^ «°^^' '"^ *''« casr J were planted in Ott.awa and th« «on ? • -.^'^ ^'""P^ ^^an the locality. If grapes would not ripen everjyear I prefer rroor^"' •," ,°"'^ *** Hamilton, they probably good, owing to .he fisS n tho^ ^t* Sere mav'^l ''?"'" *'^", ^^'"T^'' ^' 8«"'"-^"y rook itself if it is of limestone. ^ ^^"^ "^ something favourable in the [Mr. Matkuu.] i'.i. ______^^^PEGIJLTURE AND WINE MAKING. TRADE IN GRAPES. because we could not pack them properly V^I^f^ ""iT ^°'' °"^" •-''^P^s in Europe ing the price that we were getS £^' HatiC^''"-? .?°°^. ^^^^rpool, after iS.' don t think our native grape is adapted to that'. '^ * ^^ ^^"^« ^ dwarf form, f ASPECT— PRUNING—HANDKOOK. pe.t tt::^M7;f £«rof' / 'S'Ser7^°* ^« '^''"-' ^-^ I consider an as- while a southern aspect gives ymtheJSS "'^'^k ^''"' ^"^^ ^^>^^ mornings,^ which the sun goes around from the ea.^T. 1 'I'u '• ^""^ *"« *i">° of day durin<: back. In March you should cut off Iv r)!vrnf ,? """'"""f "^'« ^* i« apt to kill Th'?" '^''^^r- , ^-^^^ "^'°^« q^«««on o? pruning one "''" '""^^ *' """^ ''*'' ^'"'^ ^"^^^ ^ There is a book published by F«Iler,^of New yml ^Tu''^^ f^Pericnee and judgment ^ considered a standard work. It is nottlv Th ' ^^^^"'^Ject of grapes which ia of Missouri, which is a still better work but ' it wT^f ^''f ^'" P"^^^«^«^ ^^^ Iluamann to our c-^.ntry. We have no CanaTlian haidbont \"u ""^^f^^^ *° *^« south-west S arfso f ""'T '^' f"^^ - - ^^'^ St'te of "^cw y't ^'.''^"'' '"' °"^ experience" are so troublesome that people are obli-^ed to «I^ J?, ' ^''''° '^^" '"^'^i^s sliot. They Vineyard is not within the city limks ° °°' ^^'^"^ notwithstanding the law. oZ WINE MAKING. 3'o the (Jhairman. — There is i ^^m^A ^„„i e ■ engaged more or less in wine mlkinf W tell Tl' ^'^^ '"^ T '''''''''■ ^ ^^ve been erall)' prefer native wines, after tliev Imvp h! T^ ^^''''^- ^ '^^"^ ^^'^^ ^^e public «?« on the variety of the grape how mudi wTne .f " ^° "'" *''*-''"• '^'^ ^'^P^nd^ a good £ gives two hundred gallon? toThe 'ot Some pZL S".""' P"?"'^" ''^^^ ^Lto" from the crop, and in thatcasr the first ri,n W.^!u'^ *K« '^o or three classes of wine the best ; th.u what remains ~a and it , . t' ^'^'^ " **^*" *'^'* ?«* ^^^J as bS general) V odourless. After nu ™s ^r^lfth^e^^^^^^^^^ ,' "''"'^ '^""^" > ' '^'^^^ '^ ^st run "f null so as to puncture the skinsa little ^^£1 t""^ ^\\^''''^''''^^y P^t tbrough the one class of wine alone, after we hale nuT fh "'"'''1"^ *'^^ '"^''«- « ^e are makSr mass, including the skins, intoTn openCnk W T *^?"?'' '^' ™"^' ^« P'^* «^" wh2 each ruade of oak staves. The milTS' erov«r ^ ^'T '^"'^'^ ^^'^'^ ^"^^ about two tons U.I .1 the tank is nearly, but no^quiTo full!. L '•?"'' '""^ '^' "-'^^'' ^'' P»* through A hd IS hen put on the tank, ard^ the „m ^^fef t fh !•" f'''"/^' "^^ "'°^^« ^^ «"^ 4 no to allow the grapes to mould. In case We W „ !, °' *" ^'^ '^^y'*' ^'^r" being taken red or dark wine, liiut is, if we use a ^ -l , "' ^^^ «''''P^« ^'th tbe skin we ^Jl good light wine. The grlrs ar„ nut t-m T 'f 1 ^'^^'- l^^' ^'""""'•^ ^e niLkra viy away as the best wine. ° After haWnt ' 1 ^^''^ '"*'^ *''^ P''^^^. '^'^J *''« first vun V.'I give it proper strength ^dk,^lt\r^!iT ^^^^^^ second grade, water is put in to^dsl t." he ^uhT S 1- T° '"^ ""^'^•^- ^" «>'^ki4 the will make good wine without the a mI^L, T P" n .^^^^.^^^ ""i- if put away in Lirrels I«ae . Before the ,.cond t^oT^ZuL^^:'; It ^^^^^t '^^^l ^«- ^^ [Mr. J/askhis.J '^ '^'*'P' *^°"* * ^«eJ^ <'0 olapae, but the % ' "i f^i^r^: I GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. of saccharine matter in ordeJ to WA^nLw ^J^'T'-'-. ^°" ^^^8* ^^^^ 10 Per cent 12 per cent, or more of ept't. ^^o'^g^ natural spmt. AU the light ^es contain GLUCOSE— FORTIFIED WINES— SUGAR. and '^^: 'inTe^tTer ^ririnnt"^'^"^^^^^^^^ -- - ^--« sugar, while the ports and sSiier w\thwP^\ T'^'^*'^ ^? P^^P^'-^d ^i*l^ g^ape of spirit. Our cla.ets and S^Sb Tre aU wff /''l^'" *°'^^^'^^ ^^ *^« addition and then it is allowed to ferment Tht S„oft " ^^''^P^ f "Sf ^-W'^h is added, the grapes are not properly matured and n^rflfr *J^''' P^'*> ^'■°"> ^^^^ ^^ct thai more money. Both ifcaLX and £ XS ^tT'V*"" "^^'^"lacturers desire to make every season. There is no radical oblcSt .! ^'L^^'^ '^/"^'^ *^** «"§*'• »« ^dded for tie purposes of sweeteni ^tnd Stu Z L wL SweTt "' " ''''^ Ff''^- «« -gar perly ripened, hut producers are ant to n, Mn In 7 !u ^^* ^''P^^ ^^""^'^ ""^ture if pro- with the addition^of sugar There is no rp«l.^^'?'' ^""i*^?? *^" ""'^^^^^ ^ ^^'^^^^ with a sufficient quantify o saccharine matter ri^ ""' "^"^ °>°* '^''' ^''^P^^ ^«'« am satisfied that we will vet be ab e Jo r«Tl 5 T}^ ^7^^ ^' g°°^ ^'^ *^« imported. I I have now a small quan"^^ of wL\S from m^ ow'" ''"^l'^' ""''' ^'^P^^^'^ ^^i^^^' is equal to any port wine. It dols not foHow f l^f^ T-'^l"'^ ^fP""' ^^^°^ ^ ^^^^ for dessert puioses will make good w'ne ^'^P'' ""^''^ '^'^ ^"^^ ^"^ ^**^»°tiva WINE GRAPES. MANAGEMENT OP WINE. When^f wiSr tC "nX tu muTwe' S^T^' T *'^^ J^ ^'^^^^ "P- '^ going on. The sediment shoidbJircJa about Chrt^L^wI^^^ fermentation is with a syphon the tube being put down within t^urhSrof tl^boSm K^n- ^""^ yTr ^rViSy^irZe^o s^t^s t^£^' f '°?- *''-^- should be fit to use ixa three molhs iTsCldb^ keot unTi? [^ •' '^^' ^^'l '^^^ '' fermentation has altogetlier ceased. If Z look info Tt i '' T^'u J'Y^* "'''^ *^« Clinton wine, you would find crude tarfcarCos^d t VeTol'nr'' ^f^ '""^^^'^ quantities. The subsequent treatment is onlyTqSou of rac S nf^ "'^f't^' '" ^''T vessel bunged, etc. If you draw off half a vissel? anltave the oler^^^^^^^^^ that the wine will bo injured if a very lif^ht wine I H> 5 nt +>,«>? T' ' ^ ■ ^'"'' tho Diana will mature earlier than the Clintrn "'^ '^"P" '"'^"' *°<* OUR NATIVE WINES Wo have some wliioh we rank with clarets^'and w nefof that cla^. iS f"""-^"" T"' clasa that we rank with tlio sherries nn, nnnl .1^ i '^'ats. and there is another [i/r. Il'takim. i 10 ORAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. jjif To the Chairman,- PliObl-ElUTY OF TUK WINE TRADE. Other Europoauc;;;;i~;^jjTei';f/!|:,^ ^1^ - FVanoe ami aro jfood. r never ha.l a.iy view of sliiS fhn J f T'"f "ra, I think our prospoofcs one wine to a «.utle,uan fro.n BiminS ' InJ wherhn%h'''r-^^ u ^ '-"'""'bor Hhowing a^ we h-vd of t.,at kind, but I happo,&;"o hlv a HtU^ tf'-'*' ""''^ ''^ ^«"'^ ^^l^'' w« aro ondoavourinK to produce fmm our ow, hop iii,?J * ,1 ^' '^ 'V""'^ ^'^ ^i"" wl'ich If we can piodueo it in quantity wo will iUT eadv n Jrk^^" ' v"^^ T" "**""««'> «"^t cmmako, iHoouothiuR to pnwont OnS ft^om U . • ^"*^''''"' ^"'* *" '""at wo nxport,n« count, y. I vhink tho HupplyTui of ^ur^ 3^^ """^ ^'»«- woiild 1)6 an advantai^o. as T don't t h nk iioh ZL ''""P'« ^^■'' '^ wholosoine li^lit wine «timulante. T think tho industry wi 1 yet b7 u^.S l^'"^""" l"' T''^''^ for^tronger extension tnthin tho district r havHTmentionLi ^ '''"' ^' '^'"'*« ^^ oonsidorablo gallon.'' f^'z^^T^ '^:u::sv: ^^'ir' •" •?■*>' «* ->- («« -nt.) p... in En^Iand. It i. what might bocIiil'X *" 'j'"'""^ '"'^ "^'^"'' so 1 It «« port or give it a new na,^ If wf wofe i n J/ " ''""'' '''''"""" ^^'" "''"»'^' think it would bo bottnr to „«.„„ t™l "teTsoTnn no ^ T*^ ''"'" '""""' '"*« ''^"W''^"'' " for inatana^. I would not cull t , . oLnl -^ '°? "^ *'"'" "^^" "ountry- Niagara made from poUtoos. I ron;Snbor?nStira ].!;''' '""M" * '^"""fy, l".< it is also wino. but I «poilod tho wholo vh, "I as i^ Lu f ' ,'' '*^ of ir,.onch glucose to fortify county fro. co,-n. It is very suitable Zi^^^ J, ^IS.g ^t^' «'"''^^ "' ""^ PEAOU OHOWINO ON NAVV laLANIX th.uk wo will havo ovor 7 000 or S 0(0 busl ok ^ I'?,'' '""'" " '''■•>' ^*''«<^ ^''''P- T in the G,-i„.8by district. Throe Wths of S', '■ T\ *''^*^ "'"' ^''"^^ «'"''•'' will grow othor fourth W.-e oarly va^o.i^^l^kl^^^^ Omwfor'*"''" ^^" ^oh\ mifTor last year fro.n yoUow.s but hS haH ' *' """ ''"• '^''•" *»•««« did not told that .so.no tnv.. had U. but .r f ,1 u " "? !««'"'"»»« in this year. Wo wore with unco. Wo '-;r\;ii'^ :^i :^^;;;^^ - that Ly wero giS doos not suffor ,nuoh from tho o,nS,lb Wo h. ? '. ' "'" ^'"°'^'^- '^'^'" ^'^''^ "» niioo on tl*> islan.i. For p. J-h o ,Um7l 'w ' / '"""' ^''*';'" ?"^'' '"'^ "'"••" •'tro now though thoy grow vcy woll o n m v , „ T • ;';"^^"1""!"»'' '^ l"-"^"' hoII, rull.or light. grow very wofi on day' Thoh:,':;:,!' ,,r;l;o";i;;;,:;';;;,^^ ^"^^^'^^ ^*^"-"" *^-' WOUK IN THE VINKVAUD. "•l.iol. i» ,io,u. I,v wm,„,,, W,. ", I i„I wM,^ ... T""? "'" l^'"" "!• "' 'I'" "•">". ORAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. , ^^ When the vinoH irrovr nut wn fin>l *!,«-„ ~^ through then, and tin iholT; w i. fl': want"'toLv'''^^'r '^T''' "^"^ *'"' '^""""n go ar. cut off. Wo just koop haok tho top? Wn tZil •''"u'^"^ '""» ^'"^« «''°^"'« oZ einploy about twonty-fiv„ ha,ulH-two Cn an.l Tult? f ""' ""*• ^" I'''''^'"« *""" we when wo are picking for wino. Pi,.ki„« 2 k* n U" r'""?^ ''''^' Imsk.tB-U.at in, handR, who go through an.Uoloct tho bf Fot ti no 1 "''" ''^ *^" "'' M.roo oarefu fru.t .oved to the cellar ovo^ night, and pui;[:5 t ^Z^^^^^^ ^"^ ''^ WILLIAM ilASKINS, C.E. PreHctii—MoHBiB. MR. TOLL'S EVIDENCE. #AMKB 0. To... of Raleigh. Kent, was called and examined. GIUPK cuLTrrjiK IN ki.;nt alHo the Do awaro and (Jh'nfnn n«l' cnuivalo tlio Ooncord c iir>flv „ i ti y"'"'«'r- I have tried the f'nf„,.,i I have had no oxporien^r^ith igoriwry^'lii'l^T/'"' '^' -^' - well as Ih (t ^^^ I I artford Pro in r Hiinlr oii «i ".'^' "■"" Jiavo never crown fJm ni. "V*'"'^"' CARELJ.;.SH GULTimE. The otroToBfinoflfl in onlturo to whinli » r„f„. i .et o„M„„ir vi„« .„d .over loo!.''attt "/£ 7.11 '"''si'."'' ^ ''"' "»»^ P-P" [J/r. ro«.] ^ ""• '^o^o wore not trellised or : ii I. !::: I'i 11 12 GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. HOW TO PLANT VINES. aUTft^or^S'a^'^'/JK *tl*'° ^''* *P*'* '*°^ ^*y ' *^»* i« tb« distance which is gener- MILDEW— INSECTS— BIRDS. We have a form of it which tiZn thT h^L.lw^ ? ground they are apt to mildew, appears on the Clinton but n5 on the ConTord fcot^^^^^ ?''"' ?' '?' '''^'^''^'' in growing the Concord well wt^ordinaiT care ?he rSL''' ^*^' l"''''^ °° '^^'^""^^y by a kir i of in«.ct that made knots orth^eCes or a.orfnf ff ' ^' wf" *'°"H^^ Clinton has been grown duiin.r ti,. iTq*- f!^ . u ^ °^ leaf-gall. Wherever the have found no specie of £d des mcS toVe Zit ^l"anT,u^^t°''^ ^"^ *^^* ^^^^ ^ at the time oi the year when the grap7ripen3. "" ' *^^ ^' ^^'' ^°^^"« ^«'« THE SOIL. The soil in the district I speak of is gravelly, with dry bottom. JAMES C. TOLL. Chatham, July 2S, 1880. Present-Mr. P. Malcoui (Chairman). Hon. S. C. Wood, and Mr. DvMo.m EVIDENCE OF MR. GIRAllDOT. andex^rr ^'«'^--' °^ Sandwich. School rnspector for North Essex, was called GRAPE CULTURE AT SANDWICH. about'':nfac^^rrai;;fftX%Zt^^^^^^^^^^ Ihave time ago there wore a few gCesSivafco Hn' N Mr ^ '"^.' °"^ '''"' '' ^"^""^g- Some to any extent. At the Sn tLo 7 !^^^^^ ^^o^o not growing hundred acres of grapes^ *^'" ^"' "' ^"^'"S tiiere are between eighty and ono WINE GRAPES. [J/r Girardot.] "^ GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. 13 WHAT AN ACRE WILL PRODUCE. can produce between 500 afd^OO^lZ of wine Tam"Lanr? f ^''^°''^.' ^'^'' "^ my own use and for commercial pul^oLs The v^l"--f^'^^^" "^^ ^°' The Concord grape beara eventy ySfbTve J Id f or 1^^^^^ '"''' is about $1 per gallon, of the crop. I consider that grUe cultLfS^'our mrt l^V"*™ ^« We had no failure live in Sandwich. ^^ ^"'^ P'^'^' °^ ^^^^^ ^^ » Perfect success. I ESSEX SUPERIOR TO FRANCE. bearLTuc'hTrdoIrSL'l'Sr^"^*'"^ is .any part of France where grupes France before coming here In fhat paJorir^rwh*'' 7'^ *^^"^*"^^ °^ '""^ ^'^^'- vated upon smaU pofe, 3 or ^l^tii^ffj^:^^^^^^^ ^^^ -- -^*^- METHOD OF TRAINING. ou« at aU. Each^p^'ol'^rceliTt^'o^Siroi ^pt "^ """'^ "°° "' ''"P' " COMPARISON WITH FRENCH WINES. think tCcLlt atjXr JifrwLt'lTl' ^"^^ ^^^^ "^^^^ ^^ -«^« ^ ^— I Concord wines. TheSeV woulTwl.? """ "^^T* ^'■°"' ^''^'^''^ ^^« ^^^^^or to our 1 took out with me to Fran Jinfes o7 nir '"'''^ ^^^^^^^ ^o. 1 and No. 2. In 1878 connoisseurstheredecS LTeSto the VinO^^^^ ?. ^"^^^^'^h' ^^ under the name of Bordeaux wfthont H,!ll Ordinaire, which is sold in that country of from 50 to 60 cents a Sn but th«Vw^ ^ T! ^o^'l^Port Vin Ordinaire at a cost import an article equal tfour?woul5 cost r^^^ "°* ^' '^""^ *° °"^^- ^ *^^^k to would cost from 50 to 60 cents^er 1^^ in fZLT ° w ^"'^ ^* P'",'''^*" Ordinarily it |.glikeso^holesomt:s^t:tcfu:eT^^^^^^ A LITTLE SUGAR NEEDED. gn.pe7:rerL\rrrra:iXnl^^^^^ *^^^ ^« .-* -quire it. Ou, We could make a pretty good Ce w thournnH- ^-""^ "Tx*" ^^^^s the wine body. but the people hei^ waKv^ne halt swee't and 'stroL"' "w ' 7"^' ^'''Z ''"'^''''' sugar to every gallon of grape juice. ^^ ^® P""* °"« P^"^'^ ^^ "^^^ STRENGTH OF CANADIAN WINE. >^in,^S^T^lZt'"'^ZXV'£:ll°°' " P'' "»"»• o' »'«*»!• Bordeaux coa- A READY SALE. his ^'^r::trLi::iZ^X:tr^^^^^^^^ of grape, and sella thoroughly. He is selling his wine^«w 1'a t i ""'^'"^''^^^^ the manufacturing of it friends^ill not let us tep !t Imlg enlgh - ^oing the same just because our [Air. Cfirardot.] . i Ills j IP i I L4 GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. .1'' Hi; * PROFIT OF GRAPE GROWING. PI.ANTINO AXD PRUNING— TVINQ UP. ^.st,Ta;!rerr;e:X'^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^- g-pes the pretty good crop, and the fourth yearTf uU cTd W«'. ^T^ y^^'' ^^^^^ ^^" ^^^^ » think February or March is the best time but Tv«n T S^'^^''*"y P^-^ne in the winter. I pruned Ion,;? before the sap begins to vSe Wei ?. ^""7 ^i^ ^''- ^^^^^ ^^^^^ be do.anditisthefirstoperatiof oftheyear We t « ''tZ ?? *^'''' H '^^"""g ^^^^ *° pruning the limbs, to get sufficient vLm.r fi™^ * u . ^',°'^''' J"'*^ ^^te'' pruning. In are poorer, three or four should be JI WeZ'ri^f .t^u*^ ^' ^'^'' ^""^ ^^ '^^^"^'^ and don't allow any to get hiXer thin th« ft?? xS""^ *^^ ''°"°°^ "^ tJ^e lowest wire gi-owthofthoyear" wtn'lhe'^int^a e^ ''' '°"''\*'' *^« "^ ^'^^ ways leave enough young branches in thl rl!f / years old we renew them, and we al- «p is done by women, but we have men doTtbo'T v *^' "^"'- ^" ^^'^"'^^ ^^^^ tjing are well adapted. Pining requSesTudflnV h^f -^ ''/'' occupation to which women the fruit has formed we St tTSs afche^^^V^''^^"'/ "°* '"^^"^''^ ™"^h- When in the vine. We have to renew two of thTee time i^?^^^^ °^ grapes so as to keep the sap plant does not bleed at all after its foliage has formed "" °* *^' '"'"'"«^- ^he TIME OF RIPENING. ago w^Lts^X^^^^^^^^^^^ - the season. Two years of that month. The later the ConcorS nulle'/f h„ h J/'^!" '* "^^^ ^'^ ^^^ ^^th or 18th httleearlierthauweshould,forfrr of bo"^^^^^^ have to pull ours a would require Jess sugar when manufalredLto tit • *^'^ ^""^ ^^^* ^^^er they PROCESS OF WINE MAKING. rr'^P^^^^^^^^^^^^ - -^'^^^g else that then throw the juice-skins and allITntra?blnl!r^^ "^ t''«™' ^°d we want to get a white wine we draw it off before it bS £ T '^T""^^ S*^"""^" « ^« leave to ferment from eight to ten days and th«f ^T \u ''°?°''*- ^^^ remainder we giiess how much sugar to^^put in. By^fermentt. wfthTh ""^ X""'' ^' ^^^ S«'^^'--% into grape sugar. We use only the puresrSsuir ITl *^' '^""^ '"^ar is turned taste to the wine. The grapes themsK^^n SveToCh ^h^^^^'^P'^^*^ put adding anything else. We should be clreful lo ZT^^ , '^"?* *° ^^^ '^'''^ with- in the vat eight or ten days, stirring Tt every da| excontThr I fl ^''''''^'- ^^ ^'^"^^ i' mce a chance to go to the bottom. ^ It is tlfenTutSVn t .1 *r '° ^ *° »^^« *»>« lightly so that fermentation may go on Some nnf I K *'' *^^ ^ung just being put in wine is left in the casks until we think the fTrm^nfn.-^^-"^ '''''^ °'' ^^^ bung-hola The bung a little. The balance of the iu?ce we nrp.^l r..r u °^''' ^"^ ^^'^^ we tighten the lot with the first as it makes a poofqualTt^of w. ' ^"' ^' ^" "°* '"^^ *^« ^^''ond ADULTERATION OF FRENCH WINE GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. 15 to them and , and make grapes the will give a I winter. I ■ should be ing else to •uning. In if the vines 3west wire tie up the and we al- the tying lich women ;h. When eep the sap mer. The fwo years 1 or 18th ill ours a ater they else that , and we 1. If we inder we generally is turned offensive ine with- leave it ?ive the gput in le. The hten the second egrapa^ CLBARINO THE WINE. Clean w"ei?o\rtotefa^:^^^^^^^^^^ Z "^"« '^ T^^^ -<* P"«^ '' - -othe. grow in the spring when Xwrrmwrfi: '^'°^- f'^"* *^« ^^'"^ *^« ^«« begin to it does not hurt^i S AfteTtW 5 T!? ""'■ *l^ °"^ fermentation begins j but and transferred to another btrrel It Z^t'^'"''Tit\'}T-lh '* ^^ *° b« '*«ked again is first made in the vat it L raokpH ^ ? -^ "."''"^ '^ ^^'"^- *^°" *he time it ue m cne vat it is racked three times altogether, and is then fit for use. THE CONCORD QR4PE PREFERRED. the vines even when they are kent W^^ Tlfll T • T.^^'^''^^ S'"^®" ^^"""e^ upon any green berries on theToncord^ vines T^e CHnTon T^ ^'^'.TrV '^^T ^'^ "«^«' the leaves-a sort of leaf-gall wlrp^^ven'S^thT^rp^sr^^^^^ ^'^^ VARIETIES OF GRAPES. CURE FOR MILDEW. PRICE OF GRAPE LANDS— THE SOIL. the gravel as I think a light, gravelly soil is the best. Where my vineyard [sthe Jravel IS SIX feet deep, We manure every second year, using only stable manSe well rotted COST OF A VINEYARD. V S^^"" ^ *I?:*1"^V^"«3^^'''^ *J^« ««P''t'^l required for wine making would bo as follows • For the land, $100 ; for 1.500 plants, .^30 ; for posts and wire, $150. Then there woS be the fencing; but you could plant the land with potatoes or sLe othe7crop until the v-ines began to yield nretura The tubs, crushing machine, and everything else required would not be more than $100, including the tools required in cultivating. From S month of May till the grapes are ripe the cultivation of a five-acre vineyard would require the whole time of a man with a pretty large family. The sugar costs about 10 centi for every gallon of wine If the whole county of Essex were to go into the nuiuufacture of wine our wines would scUjustaswell as now. We sell our wine to gentlemen in the neighbourhood for family purposes, and to doctors and druggists who prefer it on account or itH purity. TH. GIRAEDOT. [Jfr. Gitarcot.] i I TO 1*1 ',- SI i !! 1- 16 GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. Sitting to take oral evidence, held at Tnrnr,f« u Hon. S. 0. Wood. Mr. Avlswobth; and Mr Cot . ^''""'-^' ^^ows (Chairman). MR. JOHN HOSKIN'S EVIDENCE JOH. HosK„,. Q.C.. of the Dale. Toronto, was caUed and examinel GRAPE CULTURE IN TORONTO north of the city The soil is^ sandy loam not •rJ^^!^^^ '' ''*"**^^ ^'SK to the yardis IhavebeeninthectJtivationofTaVesU^^^ however where^the vine I planted out the vines. I cultivate the RrSes for S« „! ^^^- 'i '* ^^""S that time smce to the conclusion long ago that this countrXuld nroda^o/r' °^T^'''^ ^^'^^^ I o^^e • THE DELAWARE THE BEST CRAPE— THE ' FOX." sorae%C^!y:l\rclLZ i'^amet^^th^ "f^?^ ^r^^^ -Pections of wine making was the Delaware. This gmDe n It f^'f '°"- *^** *^« best grape for called the " fox." All that are interestfdTAn ir " -P^*"^ '« ^^'^^ free from what is means What we mean by the ^x^^^^^^^ know what thi m the Concord and Clinton ; for instance tbpf««f! • " -7 ^f ''°,"'*' "'^"^ ^s may be tasted amouseha. been. The Delawarf HL^Vrffr^^^ and Concora are grown extensively for wine makint i„ p. ''f '^' / .^"'^^ t^e Clinton wnae of Canada . very bad name. ^The ^e^^^^'^l^^o^T^^^^^^^^^^ RED WINE GRAPES. . For a red wine, and a class of wine which T tnn,^ f « i, kinds of grapes, the Alvey and the CreveTing Mrxjrtho.VwT.'lf ' IH^^' ^^°^° *^° d d red wme IS made. All the wines are eparklinl Vjn'f ^ *^- ^^' ^^^'^^^re a splen- af tribute. The Alvey is a grape which few Kin p a^ T,"® '' ^^'^ ^om the foxv tleman near St. Catharines, and one or iL othpr. r^ ^i' ^^ ^^tl^er-in-Iaw and a 2 cultivate this grape. It came from tLstaZaS'w«lftr'' ^ ^' ^^^^ °"«« who scriptions of the various grapes I selected Sfw 7 Hu""^" ^^^'^^ After reading de- this country. J was doubtfd at fiSt whether iT^'^T,*' *^" ^'^* *bat could be used for a little too early if anything. Thrbt Wy them off "^1^^ 'T' ^""M^^^ " "p^^^ aware. Richness and flavour are the quaSfes of thf win! °f "? P''^^^ «« ^^^ Del- or three ideas I have mentioned are me?ely for the benefi nf^"'^^ ^'■'''^ "• ^bese two disposed to make wine. ' ^"® beaem of people m Can Za who feel NO SPIRITS TO BE USED-THE "MOUSEY" FLAVOUR jno4fl™^^^^^ is difficult to describe the to the smell of a mouse. I had some of tb!, r^n a^^""^' ^.^^^ ''^ste is analagous I plucked them up. These three varStie/«r« ^^°'? ^°^ ^^^"*°" ^^es planted bSt my wine, but with the red win^ J add a few of ^-'' « ' ^'*^''' ^'°'" which I make the Agawam. These add to the tasfe of Z wL?^ "' ^^^'"^ ^°- ^' ^^^^^o 19 and THE CONCORD CONDEMNED. I don't use the Concord at all. I coiidpmn .* f can make wine from it. but you will never tou^h (^Ltrr^inTf^f ^' ''™ y'^ [Mr. IIos?ch.] ^^oncord wme as long as you have #- GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. 17 (Chairman), iVe aboat a igh, to the s the vine- ' time smce )• I came ■ of wine if luufaotare ections of grape for M what is rhat that ' be tasted I in which e Clinton given the red wine. own two a splen- the foxy id a gen- les who ding de- used for it ripens the Del- ese two (rho feel ibe the ilagous ted but [ make 9, and se you 1 have Delaware in the house. Posr quantity the Concord is to be preferred hnt it ^noa ««f ,x. .t the time, but if the, .re aot ripeVd'aS «lSlX tio'ta'et'JS^Xror "' "^ MANAGEMENT OF THE VINEYARD. vears^ oTd'Td Z Z.%li «°^ething as foUows : the best way is to take vines two l^n^A ' r *"^ °'^^ y®** ^0^ o°e cane, keeping back the laterals For thn anythmg when you are cultivating a great manv vinrr I L3%W fS^ln ! wo wires are quite enough. I pru^e tfe vfne^TnVe spring ^ffitherto I havrta^ke'; dusbn hanSaT^tr'^ '"''''^ 'K'^^r ^^^ «^'^^ L^st year I came to the con coXd to spe nf r«l i^ecessary, and I allowed various varieties to remain un- coverecl to see if it made any difference, and there was no difference at aU Thirvpar I shall leave them uncovered altogether, and they can then be ZnS i^ Cch Tf llJ ttCi^g'Tme'of mv v" "^'^^ ''- '^ T" '' laying rm'X;l"antt"^ave't^rS tne sprmg. borne of my vmes are six feet apart and some twelve feet. YIELD OF WINE PER ACRE— PRUNING. MANURE— MILDEW— SULPHUR. I have but little trouble from mildew. Stable manure is ^ducive to mildew T THE rONA GRAPE. I have'Suf eSSK^r'r"""''' "^■''' "«'«' ">» finest wine prodaced on thi, continent r!r„i^ f "'' ?s " 'I"-""™. an" to^aS t!s'*^,e^^rfe f. If. rT« '"'^ " &ttyj^o,e last spring. Tlaere is no wine likSKZs oonttoent r., rr -y--'''''^' --"^ ^"^J' gave uio the nrsc six prizes, and 1 exhibited five in [Mr. IToaktn.] n ■1' mp > 1 ORAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKi^-O. i ■■ I PROCESS OF WINE MAKING them during I throw out a month ;j spirits into t. . n-, becausriniL fi;.f ^° any from a second pressing. I ne-er put quality, and BecordlyTyou have spW^^^^^^ ^'^ n.a/term ie S lie alcohol and not the wine InVpSL wbot i '"^ Tt *K^'?,*, ^^^^ you taste is there is any alcohol in the wine o?not *^'^* ** ** "^ *^" y°" »* o^ce if ANALYSIS — STKENGTH. l^^'^.^^t^eti^^^^^ to keep the wine. My wme compared with the ordinary UghtTineg is ^0*!^ *^fteen per cent of spirit, selling he wine of course, but I have if aL^? «7 ? I^ r, L?°" ' T^^ ^ husmeaa of Idon'tknowhowmanygallonswSbe ni-L J dozen bottles, champagne quarts, profit, and I couid selllt'all irE^gtld'^Uhelt^^^^^^^^ ^^^' P"- ^^^^ be a CANADIAN WINE STANDING A VOYAGE AtJl^^T^hrthfifn'otri^ being taken over the of the wine to England. When I Eot Zr« ?f wf ^ 'T'^^''' ^^eu I took some and I observed no change what^er L if "" * P''^'°* '*^*« of preservation. CULTUEH OP THE VINE BENE^ICIAI i-^^i^^^^l^tt'Zl^^^^^ manufacture of wine can be almost act as a counteraction agaLst the use oHhiskev *J;,^r^^f^«*'^« pt good wine would wmes he will never acquire a taste for wJekoy. ^ "" '°^'^'' * *^'*' ^°' ^S^t USE OF SUGAlw ».. That i, .U U.e a.i„ I infr^i^l^^KilS^a^Tnt^^^^^^^^ °' CHEAP WINE. You have observed that in some kinds of nl«vaf +v. wme is from the second and thii-d drawings LdTw IW 7''^ "^""^b taste- Such the skins and breaking the stones ulnr^L^"'^ ''''^^ *^'*? <^°"^<^« from squeezing these quaUties in a greater dSree I TJT'-^^\¥Tf '"^ *be same way we get health, on the contrafv I think thev L^velZfi'-f^K^K''' ^°^« ^'' injurious to third drawings would be deleteriour For the^noorl ^n i ^"""'^ u^^ the second cr made m that way, but of course it should b^hnr. J •^^'*7!?r cheap wine could be from sugar and water only. ^® ^orue m mmd that wine can't be made [Mr. Hoskin.] JOHN HOSKIN. I owiog GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING In order to make the evidence on Grape OuIt«r« « -entitinaconvenient form, it has >^een thXhfct m °°"^''*" "' P^^'^^«' "^^ *<> Pr^ of v^tnesses spociall^ call d t.lwTi^2^- ' ^ ^^P^"*^ ^° *^« «™' *««timony dence on Fruit Gro^ of so^'LirCr" "'^"*' ^^'^"*^ ^^^ *^« -^ and of various sections of the count^ representatives of the fruit interest^ ME. BEADLE'S EVIDENCR Catha^Sr '''"^ -'''-- - ^-^* «-^"« and Forest^ h, Mr. D. W. Beadle, of S. Grapk Cultubk-Vabieties. _ The Chahpion ob Tir,H4!i. PROFITABLE GbAPES. them tor four cents «r pound IrSt to th« A J°°.»°'" ^°»'"' P»"»*,Tou mSht T .» very profitable, becauS, it U eaSj Nex'STP"? "™ «■« H«forfPr°li"?whS. Market-Gbape Cultub. Profitable- -Fbosts. a acre than mos^Sr vaSl ^JC ** '°" «^-*« '^ Po^ndtrvi^M "e T"'" ^ autumn frosts. Two vi^ fl u f*?/ sometimes suffers from lit • "°''®^ P^' Mildew— Inse. t Enemie?. Perhaps, however, I should aualifv th«4 r ir n 7, -, «>""uiu quality tliat answer tu^-^ _... [.Wr. ^eat?/f.l "" '® ^^' so™e varieties— none of 20 GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. the results of hybridlLS-tC ^rt tre or l2^ '^n'""' °"V we seo some mildew upon the Delawar^ hnt Irnff? "^ tu ^^^^^- Occasionally prove serious. The li^tfe strbteT^tL^S^a ^^^^^^ omhTburT ^ Birds. the berry a.d i. dene with it. One of r,y Xi^.^^ . pX wf "ntid^cr s^"- H^e j-r^-at ;-?rhr:>r^^^^^^^^^^^ Thb Phylloxera. re7he;rth':;:r,&'^r?hX?,r:: t7or^^^^^^ affeot^e^(tnntrAhtih:r:Lt;r.'etn^^^ WiNB Grapes. »/ .1^ .he w.„. g„p.. „e h^dier th«. ethe-.. The Clmto,. belei^g. ^ZetL^eT.:! eaf. Many 3 Trill grow succ'imo to mmissionor grapes, and 3ved a fail- our own — ccaslonally lemiea that just when 3, it can be rticultural pillars that 1 of a bird , but they grape and '■ swallows rd of Con- his whole i as abun- k they do ige, there orchards, 1 as being •ds of the sm insect > or phyl- aves and r several ineyards itriment. gainst it. ts at dif- lat feeds iroduced as they d. "We it of as parts of on of a 3 in our pe most cannot er olasa of grapes; both are American }miZ7~^~, ~ ======^_=_ are aU outJ.:j^«- A«iraDB Varibtim op Obap,i be planted where if- win / V ^" ^* requires to bec-rnwn JiX "'^ should a so fine quality, and ri^enllf ' tilT 1 ^S''" ^-^^oZ^T 1?^? The '* ^'•^"''^ w another, a black grape Th« a '^^ ^^^ Massasoit for an eariv vn^; f ^^f^P'^ »» of mu.sky flavour. ItSme; fh„ ^*'^*" '« * favourite of mine J ^'^ T'^^ W''^^'' usually ripen the CatrbltTkn: *'^. ''r** ^^ aiTour^ZeV' V P"""'''' "ot m general cultivation nZ . °^ ^^ » large number of .iJr^ ^^® «*"""* Moore's Early, S t^' ""^r^K^ *'f "^ P'-°'"'«« to bTZd S '"^ ^'"'^P'f *'^'^* '^'"^^ soed or the Concord gZe In **-''^ '^"^'^ ^- ^"^re, of Oon;ord »" '' T' ^"°^" »» lave it in^^o JCf '^""^.^^^P'^nting the grapj. I !„// ^"Il'^i*",^ ^^'^ Popular favour. I.'/'-, ^earffoj '"" '"" "' " ^«" drained. '"" " ''" '"^ * ^"^^^ o^ oorn^ .^'- ^ 22 tti GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. V' I 11: * li^ i 'f 111. PBKTIIilZKlia r»T:;r;^:-,"'-°f»" ^.p- « ^riiiir!;:; t"z,at;,::; z':';l;,rl' MR. P. 0, DEMI>Si.:v'S EVIDICNCE. ouiity. GUAI.K OhOWINO—SuCOKSHKUL VAKIimUH. su,n,,tion. Wo H,w thlA^":!: ^oT ^ 1 ! 'l!: 1^ ''" ^l!!' ■"i':';"^ '-«' ^■:»'<>">» -- <1""1'1<' tho prioo of tho Concord If T w." •■ , l"-lawam bnn.ir.s abonl. tl..'.o two viriHios. I lia"^^^^^^^^ -I.vr.tn.K a v.uoyar, I would limit „,v ,oIf to P'i.v of h!,,,.!. ,-,,„is for t " Hst V ir,.l rf ^r' ^''" ^'""">'""J'''' '^''""t ,lo„hIn tl... tl..> Chan-piou and tho la tf P i, o " .'.l , '" '"•« ,«77 -\.^-*' o" M- markot a.v Arost of t,L.n havo boon aoou^lilodt'^;:::^ 'S/^.'" S^ "' ^ '"^"'^''•' iiHU'h in ••idvanoo upon tho wild ir.aoo Tl... (M, • ' '''^" vanolioH aro iiol, -lis n-adilv. Th'..o havo t^.S try f w on Z'^Xr "n """'^ -^-".PWoo and twolvo and a half o.'nts. I havn not Imd n.,, .'"•"'^^'•■: , ' '"W u.snally hrinj^ ahonf nnnibora of soodlinK K'-anos of n,v own frm, „ l ' r ^ ' !^ '^ '' ' '"^''^ '•''"^"'•* ''^'X<' i.avo fmiiod ahont twontv va oTi 1. 1 . ' ^*"^\'. "■•""""^' '"^^ •^''"^'- ^^i^'' "«• I wo aHoortuin that thoy o 3 f r a v" "*^ T^'^: , ^^^ ''"-">" "-'•" '^.s quiokly as not bo possiblo to tolfvou h ! n ny \t' f>n U.'d ":f:?' '"'"'""' "'^ '"'' '"*' ^^ ^^'^^'''' Wr« that novo.. fnnU.i In ordor t^ l.^taj^!t t "? "!''\«"'"? -^'^•'-"'"^ -"- thanono voar, as somotimos it will b« vn..„ ' • . ' "' "•"''' '» inii(.>.i mom y.«ar. Thoy don't ,o o ml ly si ow t , i irtT. 'n'n?" "«,"'f , J'^' -'• ^<-<' ^'-l the noxt aftorward«.' In nn^xporioL Zt re, Lrk am ' f i. "''^' 'm' ""^^' «'-"'>"^-ny dovol.>p 1 hi.vo novor disoovorod a. v . W.! ZT '^ " ^^ "*''"^'' ''""'''"« *''"""'^ ''"«'-l<'« ^--'i...'' ^n.ls,an.ditVxt.:.IodovoTtoS^^^ ' ".^"I'T ''>"'" "'^^ '^u' .dian'a hy- < l.-> frnic -at on tin ^ in^ oxoopt a t H^il ^^^^ t''" *" ^^"r'^. ''•^'"•''' ' ""^'^•- •'«^'^ oabod . . . .a. .athor that tC . ^r;^;;^., ^J i^Sli^r'^l.^ ^'"''^ ^^'^^'""^ PUOCKKSS n Clu.u, OULTUllK-WlNE MaKINU. I s do not • t'vor, aro very GRAPE CULTURE AND WINE MAKING. 23 Olinton is almoat oxclusivoly unnd for makincr win- t * . i Hoemed to mo to havo more'^^f the l^ur S rhuWb IZ^ T™' °' '^X ^'°*'' "^"d it .eforM aad it .a, have ^r^^:^^-^^::::- ^C jX^?1{^« MR. BEALL'S EVIDENCE. Extract from ovidonco on Fruit Growing and Forestry, by Mr. Beail, of Lindsay. GlUPE CULTtJKK m TUB LiNDHAY DiBTKIOT. Jiko tho Oliuinpion yftelf, iind would not i?row Tf" r ..„„ ' '.'V ■-" . — """"• -^ "" not ;.I.« prun.„,otgra.«i I thinlc th^ stSj^^^^^ to tlio Buninior. "^ piuuou m t^.e fall and than pinched in MR. ARNOLD'S EVIDENCE. Extract from evidence on Fruit Growing and Forestry, "by Mr. 0. Arnold, of PariB GUAI'K CULTURH IV RllANT. To -•<; •..;.-UKo ,he public have Iittl"Lt an^t 1 .1 « w^^f'Tb^^' -ost profitable for Krapes by hybn.iization. The Hrant is on^ of n.v vT. t ^"^ '••^>sed a good many and the Black St I'eter'H. I place it first b.c 1. { I^" Parents are the Cli„u,J family. The grapes of this fam ly hanrun 1 f • T '"""''"'* "T"^ "'"^ ^"'"' «'-'^P» rather than injured, while Fox cmnes ai^^ . » ? T"'""' ''"^ *'"':>' *'•« ""Provid attained anything like por'iTT hrvaT; "s o/™^^^^^^^ net voHiiive as to whether Canada is likolv to .„ 1 f ^ 7 ""^ "^^ ^*^° "°^- -^ ««> P.>.^tly owing to the liability to tlu, phyiSa Th« r. "'"" p'li^'T «''°^'"8 °°«"t'-y. it ru.,her discouraging, f am satisfLll' Jf 'rsW aHs w'3L? . ' 'T "^^^'I" "^'^ '"^^^ grown grape.H. with the ad.litiun of so.nc ^irTno ulZ T," ' ^''"'" *'"' ^'""'^^'•■'^" characte,. of the s .il or the location of o^^S rtt rDrevert u^T " '""^""« '" ^'"' • arioties succeHsfully. '''^ prevent us from growing all theuo Ins ROTS. Insect posts are o« only dra\rbnokq re rootB are ionot oatch e nerer en- 'xperta, be- loavea and right into 'f itdoper- g its eggH. o had mil- rain took linton has Hioy take beetle, irst place, would be pared the , and the JOt My leaf. It . Tlier* tton and word to Is whid) ition to 3ke of uici ia at the 3f the MR. ALLAN'S EVIDENCE. Graph Culthbi m HunoN. their Buc.-. ... « «^ly ««'!«. Ihorough drainage is absolutelV "1^; for LOOAI. DSM4ND, No SPnma o« Earlt Autumn Fuonra. ""xu«„ rno.STa. 26 iff « Is* GRAPEOJLTURE AND WINE MAKING. Effects of Fbost on Grapes. thingTithTA^rr^^^^^^^ Ir ""7; in order to .ake them .orth any which are descended from tL Ct 1^ a !1^^^^^ '1 f'J' ^°«*- ^ thlvarieti J Delaware are impaired by it. ^ ^' *'^ ^""Proved by frost, but such grapeg m S Mildew. Vineyards. larges^wrLfritTell'd^I^^^^ About three acres is the grape culture largely, but so far we hLve had no fj^^' ""^1^^^ ^^'^ ^«™ going into with a view both of selling the m-^LTZ^ no instances of the kind. They mefnt to wine is made for wholesal! purSr' Thl '°*°'jf*°*«""g them into wine. WiTh Ta n^ would extend inland for aboTC n^ile^from 'thri.t' ''^T''''} -l*--tionof Te^l limit our grape growing area to such a belt a?that ^"'^^^jf °»^*/"°g«r of frost. I S vegetables occasionally, but don't hurt iapes Dn^-n^^ •?u'''/':°'*' *^** «"* off ^nder I have observed traces of rot in some of Kr,'^!^ T*? '"'P^""" ^^ P^-^^ent mildew^ As a rule, I prefer a south-eastern ^po^ure^to^g^^^^^^ ^'^* ^''''' ""^^ i* ^^ ^ot generil Insects and Birds. are ds,tr„ctive, but they are not so eeveii udoI ^nT""' '° ""^ »" J"'- ^he robiS; only birds I have noticed at the g«pi '^ "^ "" "f"" ''"'"^ ''^V ••» the I. 'I [Mr. Alhn.] a worth any. the varieties grapea as the I find that on Rogers ;e and culti- acres is the 3 going into sy meant to With ua no >f the grape '• I would off tender nt mildew, ot general nes. The Che robing 3y are the INSECTS INJURIOUS T(3 THE G-RAPE. Cocoons c,f parasites covering the grape-vine eateriiillar. Green grape-vine Spi.inx caterpillar (<-4io.r,.,.aiupa panipinatrix . Motl, of the grape-vine caterpillar. i^*i Beautiful Wo,ul.nyiMph .M„th (lMKlryawgrnt;i). '•'lie Thrip. Peurl '.V.KHl-ii.vniph M,,th (,;'inlrv yas unio). i Grapt I 1 f ■ ■■ k i i ■1 .; *■ I- ' f 1 L Wrape-\ INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE I M..th an,l caterpillar of grape-vine leaf-roller (Desmia maculalis). Tlie Kose Beetle ( Macrodactylus subsi^inosus). Grape-vine Plume M„th (Pteronh„rus penscelulactylus) -the insect in various stai-'es. Grape-vine Flea Beetle (Haltica chalybea)-,/, beetle b, larva; ,•, chrysalis; a, partly-eaten lekf ' The Spotted Pelidncta (Pelidnota punctata) or Spotted Grape-vine Beetle. -Larva chrysalis and perfect insect. • The Tree Cricket ((Ecanthus niveus), male. The Tree (.'ricket ((Kcanthus niveus), female. IN ONTARIO AGRICULTUKAL COMMISSION. APPENDIX E. RELATING TO INSECTS AND INSECTiyOROUS BIRDS. ! 1 ' I) A s>J€%t.% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V O fs?. / ,J^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 If 1^ M [22 1.8 U IIIIII.6 V] <^ /a I ^;. C//'^ Photographic Sciences Corpordtion 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 872-4503 m. ^'^ ■^ €^ s \ '% v .J 'o .-^l M o^ x^ ^% '^^ i/^ Mf ^ ///„ ^0 <^p «0 2i fl i .s. au pa II wh Cllt( bin Hiid 8|)(;o ant, title GNTAlilO AGEICULTURAL COMMISSION. APPENDIX E. HELATI.VG TO INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. MR WM. E. HAUNDERS' EVIDENCE. Wm. E. S.vuNnfORs was called and examiuad. pmoil, an,l lattcrlv to tlieir fo,„l wliicl, 1 I, v. «H S "-"o llie buguimug of that IXSKCnvoUoL'S liUiDS. ».«?;^tlLsf irti;: = *-' uS°r i;:;- - l-i^r ?:=^ - ■'IIK KI.Mi niKD— T/ri-; pkkwkk. l.ird,s is cluoriv llio,s. Fvnm ev"l o, cos v il I ^'"""""'H^t. The food of tl,e«e bird and powoo I cousid" l u UmI • .1 f';\"' ' '" «t«'"achH of tho king .iHc.rtain l.v d.torm , i^ . Hu ' ci^ 'T Vlf T' ']'!S^ ^'^^t extent [ could only uud that J'havo uc"t douo. ^ "'"''''*" '^''"^"'^ ^ ^^'""'1 "' tl'oir stonia.hs, TMK MOIIT HAWK. [ii/r. ir. A'. .y,/(t»(fe '/•«, h V IWi w INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. THE SWALLOWS. water, wlule the latter kx^^bfo.r, ?L v-.S^'^tt f'"./"'' .^^-"^^ J-f- «-,e S, . ° ^ , • '"'''■■' ''•'■ "'"k'ng Wie sal). The nut- laet namedi perhal^t^S;!^;^?,:":^""''^ '°'""''"' '" ""> '•'"■= -""^"■T' «- NO INJURY TO TRKES. and ^^z::^;::zs!^s'i^x^n'z^^ *-'° ^""i^^"^'^^ -^^« ''^ *^-- ^-ds. healthy. From the numbe of o « Si Cv'"^ '^I'l^^'^'' ^'" ''^ Perfectly their purpose were to obtain s^i S tr e ouiTlir 7 Ihi ,'■' nl'ir;', ' "'?"^'^ ^^>' '^* '* w>th perhaps the exception of tl.e red-headed to^ieclJe'";;!;;';;;^ thr^^r^S: BIRDS OF THE THIRD CLASS-GROrND FEEDERS. hoidr;:k::;l.:;!ss.?st;f *!;x.t;nm!rtr^ 'n\ -^ *;•? '''--'■ ^"« "*^^- apcortain ; but as a rule, the bii-d whicl I avo .o r ""S'^'."'^ \^'"? "°* ^'-''^>' '^ble to ground. ' ^"^"^^ ^ '"^^" mentioned tlo not take anything on the [Jfr. ir. E. Sann,/frs.] ■) rl f ' ii •5, 6 INSECTS AND INSECT! VOROL'S BIRDS. w r I u THK THULrsH KAMll^V. food ou tivos. '" '*"''• -^ ^"^vo never «een thrui tukiiif,' their TFIK Ron IN. i^ f^^ "">:r;;?';S;;;:^:!rr'^:^;;[^':^;:^^ ^ ^-r rr^ --!• to say m about, on.-tJm-.l to oae-lou tJ, wer^fo n. lo c ,nt , ' ? ""'' ' ''■'■'"' '^^■•^' "'-'«'!. ""l.^ those only at a time when they co Ud oi t. { ' ^r "\""^ ""T ""'"''^"•«' '"'^^ I also found quite a, lar^e nunilKT eutl worn VI ^''"|"«™^« ^^'^^''c, chielly r./.oy^^.m. Bay that their softer foo.l is Myo^h^^"' A ''''^ '^'T'' "^'^ '''■"•^- ' ^''•■-''^ P.IIars in their crops, though ni, rL^l o„ Tsv- ' T.^ '•"'"'■•".«.• fin.lin.r any .ater- J.ad a ,M-..at abundance of", 1 own Tel ell ""7 ' ''''''^' ,"'"'"• '^'^''"^ «l'""f^' ^ve to oarly crops, but I never found o::.^il^::^t^ ^l: ^l::^:!:;:' '" '-'' '^"^"'""^^ A DKSTUOYEIt OF HKNKI'ICIA I. INSKCTS. timci!;ii°r:!;t:;t:';'tL;:;''";',,';^rt';^"^ 8eet«. '"• '"""" '^'^^ vo^y benel.cuil l,y leediug „n injurious lu- H.VTIIKH INJUIUOITS THAN liKNKi.'lClAL. I'ut. ''?^:^:^t:^;:'l:-r^^^ ;- to .... a ..^ decided opinion. a« u .s rather an injurious bircl than ..utrW '^ '" '^'"'"^'^ ^"^ ^'^ protected. FRUIT I'HKFERRKD WHEN ACCKSSI lUj;. por thc> oy can get trait, especiali;che.;:ie:r;ho;t^S^^^^^ """^ ^^" I'"'' ^^'^ ' ''"^ MISClllKK TO f.lEUKlKS AM) RASl'KKKKI KS small when O..K m ,li»lr,i-H V li.i,. straw ,6m™ ni->. c.i liv,,(, f { "", '"'" "'"""•'"'■•■'^ i' ..»u„ .,i, .uane. I ,.,„„ „„. ^;.si':2:;''u.e Sinr 'sj;::>;r .;,s:rs ! nri- con- ly of late TMK LAW OFTEN DlSREOAUDi;!). ATTACKS OX TIIK GRAI'K VrXKS. threJ^ISJdSs ;::. nl? Cnon!;;.^'^^;"^*''''' '^^' / 'r ?-" «-'^« -^ *- ^r ft**... ,' tilt' rol)in, tiikiiii' tlic'ir ah to Bay in miiiod, only lUli)(U-K, lUul y r(i/e(>j)/i-ra. it, I sliodld : liiiy cator- s spriiif,' wo (loKtnictive zoil several ijurioiiH iu- h1 opinion, protected. id a small Init when 'specially f^'iUlu'nti. bird also rit's very icrry and '"„;;"i,v",;:,',,;:,;r;:'u,„i!;jj,j™' ■■■'"'''■t tue „„i„„i ,„„„i,, MUSTI.V IXSKCTIVOUOUS, they27oTJ::Z:!!:'''''''' "^"-^— - '^^^-^y <^l-fly devour beetles, though Til!) CAT HI HI). and the b,„„ i„ „„t .„f„»t u.o.a ^I-ic "'ul'^l' i^L^nilLl.t. '' "" "»'"'="^- fii:M.:i{.\|,i,v liENKKKUAL. I consider it a beneficial bird, as I ,lo tho thrushes generally. TilK )U,A('KI!mi) FAMrr.V. ato .ui «r„uu,i feo.io„, ex..„,u i^..: ..^i:.l:^:z!'i:tuZ:X^ i^:^!'"' ™'°'- T''«y Tfl|:il£ FOOD. insoc^^ It:^ 5'"^c;l:;^;i;:;?J;:iJti:;^||- ^-- -^ ^i-^les. as wen as the mature living almost entirely on l,: a , b ^y ""'int!^! t?' ""\ f'";"V'r^ ^''^•>' ^^'^ ^^^"' the. stomachs. ^ regardilu.u. .illj^^l^il^ il,::::;^;!;!^" ''^^ anythmg else xn T«. R.D WINOK. AXOCUO. ..ACKHrKns .FSTUUCTIVK IN .A.OK FLOCKS. biacidnrdt wfi^ft,::!;:^::; ;;;;:L.:7,:r77 ^ "^^-"'^ -^ ^^-^^he crow I'lackbird, is v.,ry destrnctiv ■ I fi d E i, '^•^^'!,""«^^«' 't. an well as the red-winged the country, when thoy w^rl^xJy numt'out ' '""" '^'' ''''' "' '^'' '^''^y «et.iementf of TIIK COW Itliii) INJUHIOUS. hiM.™e,,»^.„ . „„,l'rs,^:^';-;SK?l*;;;^ 11 J ¥W'' if-* IK' "■'I 8 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. INTimsiVK HABITS. eggs S i7i:!, tnZ^^ SS:: f ^ 'V'T *''^" *'^-^ "^ *^- •^-d in wl.ose nest its - that the rightful tenattrof tl TtX o? taL? "^",^1^-8-- ^^^e resuirgen 1 y' to find young cow birds of large ."ralo IwiH f "^ ^". ^^'^' ^ ^'^"^^ "^^er been able intruders absorb the entire attei.fi.M. r^f fi V . ^ attribute this to the fact th-it tL IS decided y injurious. The cow bird ■-ei em]]; 1 v! i °"''^ ''''-'' ^^'^^ "^« ^^^ bird have found nests with two eggs of f]ie„w3„ "l i '^ i'",^^ '''^^ ^'"&' i» a "est, but as I the latter were laid by d.fferef bid ulT ^^ 'l'^'' '^ '^"'d' ^ «^«"W j idge tiiat in any way for its destruction of i ectivo ou bTrdl V^'\'^' T ""''^ --P-sates^ consists of insects. ^^-nvorous buds, though perhaps one-half of its food THE RED-WINGED BI.ACKWUD. ^ ^''^^^t!:^ Of beetles, in the spring, and in but they are not numerous enou'gh l^eJ:'t:r^lt^:£^^_ "^'""^ '' ^^•'^^ -"^P^' THE MEADOW LARK A RENEFICIAL JURD. on tl^ur ^^(52/!;?:^X^^. ;j r^^^ :-^' ;^^ieb consists chiefly of beetles taken perhaps about 25 per cent, of beetles il.i;'' ^'1'^'"' ^ ^"""^ ^^^^^ tbey 1 ad wha kind I could not determine. ^^^1^1^^^'"."'^'' ^''°^ ^^«^'^ble food, but of ■ which they eat are principally those of beetles 1^1? ' ^""^f ^asshoppers. The larvS because it troubles crops very little ndeed T ,1 f i '^ "^^ ^'''''^ '^ ''^' '^ beneficial b M complamts against it. ^ '"'*^''*- ^ ^°" ^ ^"ovv that I have ever heard any THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE A BENEFICIAL BIRD. THE SPA u HOW FAMILY, ^r^^^:'^^&^^\:^ZJ^l^i^-,''^ -.sparrow is one of the sparrow family. 'P^'"&- I^^e black snow bird also belongs to the DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS. ».ro4'"SNx.t''s:'':f srsK/r ir r-^'T, ^y '-.,« ..„,, „„,„,, much gram feeders. ^^al biers aie slender. The sparrows are all pretty THE INDIGO BIRD. In the stomach of the indir^o bird wl.i,.). ; . „ seeds. -'^ ^'"^' ^^l"-b IS a sparrow, I have found nothing but THE SONG SPARROW. [J^r r. A' *„,„&„.] ■' "' """ ^°°"= ■"' """^^- 'he latter seeming to INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 9 wliose nest its 3ult generally !ver been able fonts, though fact that the are generally tlie cow bird lest, but as I Id judge that opensates ua 'If of its food 'ring, and in jrain crops, y of beetles it tliey had food, but of The larvaa jficial bird, heard any es, and to 3od. The is put in »io of tlie gs to the l)ointod, 11 pretty ling but spring, ming to cllTv^n "inaH Teeds,':tcl" ^'^' '^'' ^"""^^"^ °" '" -^^11 ^catt^^^a'Q~i^^^Z^,,r THE GRASS FIN'CH. its n:^Xri:t:-ZILZi:::S--l^^^^ its nest on the ground, and THE GRAY mUD (>,i cHIPPIXg SPARROU- -A HEXEFICIAL SPECIES. The gray bi.-d „r diippin.' snarrow i« vr,.,- vorous than any of the othorsr It slZ to S tr^'T ^^ '' ^"^^ exclusively insecti- THE CHEWIXK. a moderaloly common bi,d A f ciZo,k 1 f'' '" '"*' '"i" "" '""".v-'-'l fowl I u - .ae .ear.,, X wo.,,., ,.ot --'riJ:?y,'ef/S'^J;Ut\S. »j;.- ^"'^^ THE PURPLE FINCH. to b.'^jss tt ^s:;:x'::;/r K!r[- /v^ -^^ ^^^ ^'^^ ^-^^-^^ -^-^^ - supposed stcnach of this speces I t^^fnt that mniorf ^''^^f l^^''^ '^J examinatio3 he ji^junous bird. The indigo bird doefn Jd , «ni '''t'^'^'i^^^' ^^d I consider it an suc1?h"';^-/J^ ^^"""^' ^' ^-^« part 1% ot ,teS ' The f ^ ^/"^'^^' ^^^P^ P-^^^ps! such that It has no chance to be iujuriou. isTt tt. ^V lY''"'"" ""^ '^' ground food is I never found any of the cereals in 'its stlach. '' '^' ''''^' '^ S'^'' ^"^ weeds THE BLACK SNOW RIRD. fclly one Lalf ,„,„ct,, except i. wi„.e., Xn uZ.^1 ^S'I'^/Lk '"" """ ^« THE LARK SPECIES. Pk J°„f™S.liy~;[;:„?"™.|;J; ""itt" ,"•= 'r'; »i'r^. >"■' -o' closely, a„a is THE ENGLISH .SPARROW. spar-w-'^it -^rtriid'"E,;:^'4;;;;,^^;^;;^;^ jP-tun.ty of noticing the English p.ciangup soeds on the street., lar!Xgmin w n 1. H T^^' ■ ^''^ ''''^ be noticed have not examined their stomachs. ^ ^ ^ ' ""*' *'"^^' ^"'^ ^" horse-droppings. I DOUBTFUL FRIENDS. [.«■. II'. «. ^•»„„,;.r.. 1 ^ "" 8"'" ""'' f'"'' "'<-7 devour. a IP » Pi it! ' P;^ A * I h- h 1 1 10 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. A 1 'It KM I CM ,,.v THi;iK IIK.AD.S. A DISI'lTKl) I'uiXT. The of C( ^ontnu-orsy on the subject, both her. arjl^^l^r^ii^a Stiles' ' '" ^ ^'''''' '^' NOT PUOXAClors. sparrow, THK SWAI.LWW WH,,r,LV IXSKOTIVORols r>K\'()ciirNT; fiukxds axd foes. usefulness, •' "^"^"1.1,11 nibects us iihuost to destroy it," THE CAXAKV MOSTLY A GHAIX FKFDU}. ^^ry^o^:i:^!Z:^-:;;{;^^ the cana...,it i. When I speak of its b ! ^a ,S ^t^'' ZSn^^ u. f' >'-'"" P-^'nlly on n.^ect^: valuable gran>. AVheti ,t i^ seen o tl ^th ;t e i n i ,k 7'''' ''","'^ '''''^'' '^"'^ "'^^ uest. The ^run which it (levo.us is not of . ffi ^^■ '"''" ^''' ''"^"^ *^ Baid against it on that accou ^ , l\ u,i S tb "'•'? ^"'''T^ '"^>'^''"»" '»-".^ bave nntch effeet in lessetnn, the nm'Ver of wcled! " '"'"'''''' '^^ '^''' '''"''''y ^^"'^^ To J/. (,i(,.on.~.L dcn't think the canary .particularly fond of garden seeds. TlfK SHOHE LARK. lark. wtttdy7'Et:':;;:;;:i'S.^T^'-^^,'^f-^-\;« '^^ ^^^- --- - «- «'^y not paid much attention to t laUs iTil „.„«,'' " ^'f^ T''''"'' ^''"^' ^''' ' '"^^e the winter, it eats a great many smls. ^^ considered u.sectivorous, though, in TIIK HOUSE n-REX. I should say that tlie liouse Mren is beaefici'il T b.,v. ,. e ;, -. thnig but insects, chiefly larv,o It tU- s ft f. I "'''"' ^"""'^ '* ^^^^^'^ ^"J- INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 11 1(1 thev were ies whicli we icteruKiiiited, Q. I Khduld IS with ours. eficial bird, a- greut de , or tliat it iiite-liellied parrow. I itioii of the f II bird as whicli are 16 whole, I , wliich, if !i siiitl tliat Icstroy itp ifii'y, it is. '11 iii.sects. 1 iiiul not build its ling boing try wi)ald 3eds. s tlie sky t r have lough, in iJig any- 1 on the IS. TOK III.A. K-CAI'I'KD TIT, ,.« CHICKADEE. ONK OF THK M(.'ST MKXEFICIAL. THK KI\(;i,|.:ts. belo,iltrSLi;;':Ini!:^r:;;i^,';LatJ'':£^^ .«- a^o winter Wrds. They - are genoiahy louud lu compair. with the chickadees THK AMKUICAX CUEKI'KU. noxious to forest trees! ^'eueticial, as iL devours the eggs and larvje of ineects THK WAXWIXG AX IX./i;|{I„i;S BIRD. on inl.'tl'butTa.a ';;;:! :!;L:;?^';:!^'liSJ ^- r-^, ^^^^^ ^irds feed their young ood forms a very .sunili in-opo .^ of ts'ie't Sc^'n ""'Z '"'^''""'^ '' *'""^^ ^'^^^^-^^ fly from the nest, tiiey go to the late cl .-rrv ■ !" 'i ?' '""^ .'" '°°" ''^« ^he young can gard it as an inj.uuous bird. '' ''""' '"''^ ^'^^""'^ ^^'"i^- On the whole, ,.. TJIK lirrcUKU lilRD. ™au bi.a.,, .„„, „,„„a ,,,.,,(. ..»';i::ia!::,';;'t.,;u,::,'r::i tu.,'ra:„olr' ™'"-"^ "^°" TITK CKOW liLA('KBIl!D. TH|.:.TAY. aeoidldly^SluS;'"'''"'-^' "" ""■ '•""" "■"• .V™"^' ■"■ W'*. a.a eal, e„„„gb of .torn to be r„ Mr. Oii„.n.^l ,„„, „„t ,„„„„ .,, j„. .„ ,„,^ ,_^__^, ^^^^^ ^.^^^__ ^^^^ ^^^_^^^^^^^ THK SXOWJilliD. oru.H Its food, I think, is duel ;t a Ss sudf . 't "' '"/ f^'^' ^'-'^I'-West Terri- I don't consider it as injurious or particul-frlv l^t r "lose of clover and pigeon grass. one or the other. i'aiticulaih beiielicial, for it has no chance to be either {Mr, (r. K Samd^'rs.] 12 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. |[.' .- .' Bilr THE CROW A GRAIX FEEDER, ll fating corn, l,.ri,.y, ami whea 1 hm, „ ! I ™","'"" °' 8"'" ' '">™ 'o<"'"™» «"d cbemo,, but not \Mr. W. E. launder s-l INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROtJS BIRDS. 13 t from those I I'.ave fouiid ne, but when Jortiun of its 25 to 50 per 20 per ceut. i des true! ion cli ciiance t,o cl, of course, year's crops. the same as I should it would be good many. 3 and nut- ruit trees, iparrow, I lot in the ed States, ber, some the spar- 1, but not THE S-CAilLKT TA.VAGER. ^^onlL::^^:^:Z^!^::^^:^^^ l —^er examining the be a useful bivd. It does not occur in re ZnTr^J'^'T'T'' '"^ ^ *'''"'^ '* would any appreciable extent. ' "°"^^' uumbers to affect the agriculturist to THK i'Er.LOVV-BELLIED WOODPECKER, sectio^': ''"' ^'^^—T^^^vellow.bollied woodpecker doe. not breed commonly in this THE CROSSBILL. Of ^il^e;i^::i^zi:^t:^z^ t !c n^sr' ''''"r^ 'f ^'^"-«' -^^ «- state in summer. ^ ''• "^^ *^^ northern parts of the couutry it also breeds CARXIVOROUS BIRDS. THE SPARROW HAWK. THE RED-SHOULDERED HAWK. The red shouldered hawk is the commonest of fl,^ i „ common to bo considered decidedly h'S«s In tt w f 5 ""''"'"'T^ '"'^ ^^^ ^''^cieucly where hawks are numerous, I don't kiio v that th. «n i, I , P'''^'^"' '^^ ^^^ «0'intry, here. There is a tendency toward tldlmi^ut^tn o .7 f "'^' "[' ^^ ""^^^^«»« than creases, but I don't kno^v that there is so much dit. ^"""^"t ^''^' ""' settlement in- b.ds. Blackbirds have very gready dec^^St ntCd.^^ Ett IZ^^'' THE OWLS. thini^tt:^^! :;l zl ^r:i;^::^TSi:^ '-''v' r^«- ^-^ ^ ^^-^^ other small animals rather than bii-ds "^ consistmg largely of mice and NO PROTECTIOX TO CARNIVOROUS BIRDS. ail oth^rtdf !'£;:1;:'jrSdSS^^^ ^ Act of Parliament, but done by allowu^g mico-kUling birds, for S^ce to be ^0^0^ "^ ^''^™ """^t be much, because they are so retiring. Hawl s chieflv ,m!l n ^P^'t'T "^^ ^^ot very on the wing, so I do not think thev slu^d t otek d '' Th'e ^\'^'' ''''^''''^ "^em as well as those in th. nest, so I tliink it should not be protJcJel' ' "'^"'^ ^''''^' LEGISLATTNG IN THE DARK. [^Vr. JV. E. Saunders.] '8 if 14 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. ^^iBS£iES^B-^^ ^^m Wt DIFFICULTIES OF CLASSIFICATION. Lave irnxcli efffct. For evamT)]e tl^/fprn .In f fi i I , "'' ^^'"^ clasaificntion would reg»id to theUTl blue j:*;t.e''i:°;:;Ti>*'" ™"''' ''" "° "■«" '™'=°"^ ™'" BIRDS TO 15E EXCEPTED FJJOM PROTECTlOxV. To Jfr. />z/«w«(/.— I think some classilicutioii might be made though n,-nhnl,lv if would not he complete. I would leave out of the list of „rote(rtP hi !k fll ^ T * further, and endeavour to promote their destruction. ' ^ The Eutomologi- NEED FOR MORE INFORMATION'. There is no association for the study of ornithology in Canada cal Society deals with the question incid.'ntally ^'I'i-Hia. .^'" //"^ -"-li"k. and belongs to the black! junous to the crops in the autimu" U^3 t'^'n't abu."!' T'' '^'^ ''''^ ^" '-' -r '- called injurious. '^ '^ ^"^ abuudaut enough to warrant its being To M>, %..o.«,/_Tits, I believe, are exceedingly useful bv destv. • • ,-,'J useiui by destroymg insects. THE CARDINAL GJJoSliKAK. ^'^y'^^^nndt::::^'^:^:^^:^^ ^ thl. section at all, but they would be largely seed-eate'-s ^ '^'' '^''''^''''' "^ ^'^''i'" ''i'l'^ I should think -HABITS OF THE ('How WILLIAM E. SAUNDEES. MR. WILLIA3I BRODIES EVIDENCE. :«..^^s^?s£i:t.riT;^v^i;:"'''''^--^' ^^^^^-r,.,, i.so. P...._,i.,,r. William Bkodig, called and examiurd. that tune the special relation of bird to ins^^.t hf. '^ '"''''''■ ^ '^^^^"^ ""^ed during IXSECTIVUROL'.S BIRDS. .nice;^;t^i:ttt:;;:!r;';?J;i^ tbose ..irds I beii..v. tb.y a.l 'i:';:;L ; ; r':ii ti :r '^r Tr^\r^'^intJ^s^ generally mseetivnn.us, i.ut tiunv ar. s„nu. xi, , • ''' 'VJ^'^^'l-l-'^' (n-urhl..rs), are certain seasons of the year. ' ""' • "'""'' «P"^'i«' niv graii,-,.,.it4 at l'"«T MdHTKM i;XAMI.\ATI().Vs. roi,..,„ .Si::'H.i;^l*;:;';^::i ] l;;;;;/- i;;.;; -■ , .1.,,,. „,„ l>AMA(i|.; To i-m-iT, [J/-/-. yy^W^«.] ' ' '''^'''' '" '^"'■'■l""y ^^v'eet apples frim f! i. f.. Hhi 16 if It' IM lif I I B2J :;»l INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. at all times. mentioned comprise the birds that are insectivorous PAHTIALLY INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. The following birds are insectivorous at breedintr timp« • Ti...., i. i . , • , and sparrows. "reecung tunes .—1 brushes, blue-birds, wrens SPRING FOOD OF THK BIRDS. ant, ■;; rK.:;::,:n:: f h™:r:::,::r i;*!,^;- -> «- p-»y t>n.-iy. 1 1..™ fo„„a THK CUi;KOO eating GRASSHOPPERS. Tliere is the cuckoo, which I find feeds very largely on grasshoppers. THE OODLIIfG-WORM .\ND TENTCATRRPILLAR. can't say I hav. fouml the eodlin- "won, / t ,. 1.' ^'""^'P'^''^ '^'"J ^^^rblers do. T birds searching for then.. Tl.e hi f iii ,1 "i/ h If 1 "^ ^''^ •''"•• ^ »-^- ' "'--•o., the principal part of their larval ' IV- ^ •? 'i ^''7 *'''■" ""* ^" '"' f""'"' " '"^••'^' "^ *'»« fee are preyed upon THE CHTRCLTLIO AND POTATO liEETLE THE NATIVE SPARROWS. I have found .sparrows feediu" on tli.> Inn .f fi. i i i •species I allude to is the tree sp ^ sa V • "l '•"'"'.' ''"*'"'■">■• '"'^ Particular and 1 afterwards killed one an If ,i three V, ' "■":'" ^''r«^"'''"" tVe.ling on larva-, have known of a bird preying oli t.ictJv;:;.^-",;;;.^;,^;;;;:^^,.^'''" '^^"^ '"">■ -- 1 BIRDS THAT DEVOUR l.OREUS AND EGOS OF INSECTS. er.rp,.r,s, an.l titmice. Ih.rin.^ the hr..e. hTh^ '""'I***,*'"^^ ^ know of are nuthatches, experience has been that th.^'j^ung .1;:;,:!;;.;!^^:, :; ^::!:_ "'■"•-">■ ^ > - '-■^-'. M^ BIRDS THAT FEED 0\ PUP.E. h.ve]r:,:;l';;:r:;:;::;:;;',»,:;i;;:v-:::;«T;:i':"'^ '"■;' ,™, i- •' >•.- < oniv . n.,. iivi„„ „n,„n« t,..„. «,„ oti,„K ^^^s^Xt^:::^^ z:^;::^^, """■■■ -"" 3 was natural insectivorous birds s, wrens have found 'f scavenger such as are t I have ob- of insects. vn of birds bk'rs do. I -^ observed ind during e tree, and eyed ujion 110. I do particuhir on larvn>, Illy case 1 'kers and thatches, kie. My lects. I cers In are were INSKCTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. „ perfect or winged ,late ar„ theswa low. flv™, I ",' '^"""'1' <'°™'"- i»»eots i,Sr THE BLUEBIRD. THE FOOD OF THE ROBIN. specimens sent to me the other day an the e. L "'''"''' *° * '^''g^ ^^^ent. I ..„ t a few tain ash. and I liave often takei/tC w L a connl'' """^'""^ "'*'^ ^^''^^^ «f the moun ou.y one but I have got .sometimes thTe^ To ^ '^ "„"'' '•-'" '-•^«''"^« ^ "dually there ^s as they hnd in dung or other decaying vetetab e „ at L ^^^'^''^'l^^ wire-worms, such •n. the breeding season they attach tLi foAll^ir y^gaJ^I ^t^h^StJ^'^^ THE WOODPECKER AXD CHERRV BIRD DESTRUCTIVE. The hairy woo(hieplff>i' fi,„ >„ THE MEADOW LARK. ^^^^^^tZ^^::^t^J^::i-^ ^^^"^7 ^"-^ ^^ -»- ^o-'^ -^ich they eat catbird, during the breeding ^eLo^V'^S^ ZJTt'''''''- '^^'"" I-'"-!-! ^-d 'ff Z feeder similar to the other thrushes! ' ^" •''P""^ ^'^^' ^"tumn it is a generll PIGEONS ATTACKING GRAIN CROPS. 2jf 7^;^!!;:;:^*::;:-;;^;^ »- -« ^^^ «... „o., .,.,„„,„ and feeding on the ripe grain. ' ^ ^ """^ "'''^^'' ^ P'fe'cons picking up the seed GROSBEAKS AND C HOWS. a.,d S:*;:;^:.''i»i';';;:;» £7 -f ■;,™ "pe wheat .'l^—fte,, f™|„„ .„„, p™, .en..e.,rep...,,,.,,i;„„,,4r-;:;-X:;Tri;:-C.l-^^^^ milDS NOT DESTRUCTIVE TO FRUIT BUDS. awJl;ti::^i:^'::Z.t^t:;:;l;;:ra^t ^'- '-^« of fmit tree. I am buds as well as on blossoms of fruitlrees: ' "'" """'^ «'-o«'^«aks with feeding on THE SPARROW OESTROnNG FRUIT BLOSSOMS I^ow^of .10 bird, except the English sparrow, directly i,,Hous to f... ,._,. 18 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. I! -1 :)f. ?', » WKDS FEEDING ()x\ Rll'K FKUIT. f.....l „l »„,„,, a|.pl,.». Tl.o in,,.ct tooL';- It. F "''r'"'' ^ >»ooa,.,.ck„i, an, especially UTILITV OF lilRDS. that a,.e annoying to auiLuiif. -wouia"::;^:^^:!:;,;;;'^^? hinLf """'^'- °' ^"^^'^^^ BIRDS INJ)IK('UIMINATKLr DKSTRUOTIVE. sects sucl , ' as iclnunuuons and scav.n.ors A ho wo ? ''"'^ '" < "sM-oyin.^ useful insects culfvated, birds disappear from ui aiu^ ar^T, n 1 , '''''''71 ^"''' .'^^ ^'-^^t^' ''^■'cl becomes nesting is abundant and food pienturiinv^^^ ""' '"'''""' "''"'•^ '""^•" ^"'• were destroyed by insects-^-wh.-re inls .^n . . "'"P' '" ^^^'^""'^ *^'^'^''""« "^ <>»tario tluMu -no appreciable good wl repo t f om t ".'"'T " "*' "" "'''' '''^'''' *° »'-- tectn.g birds, squirrels, and other ccnnp r ti e I f-"'"^"'/ ^^'^^oi,^ for pro- take toect to have )ns for pro- it is a niis- ild be pro- ou account not advise trnl include ;il feeders ; lay feeders the wing, not bene- halcididie, cK'.s of in- I loosed by iblic. A ieck(H] by ii'se ncg- Dnditions INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. OVER 3,000 FRIBNDiy SPECIES. Over 5 000 "-" "")' P"'y. "« very mnarkable THE HDIKE-CHESTOIITS PROTECTED. ) I't-r cent, were found to be THK TUSSOCK-MOTH J)KSTROYED. arouiulTrinto, O Je^f 8oun J an l"'';;"""' -~^'''^'^'"' '""''ostl.ma^^^, verv comn, • . not «e„ L ;trer" ^ '■*»-"°' '■—'.-lo ji.. ^x^^z^vs:i W„V THE ,.V.,EO„V„„0.., ,„R„. ,„„. ,„,, „,,^^^,^,^^ fnend.s along u'ith our enen.i,.s fT 1'h 7 T*' '" *'"' ''^'•^''^ form, we deshnv . '- l-.efidal, and why ^.CL, j^-i IT- 1!;;::'^^^'^"^ -!•>' '--tivorou/bi'^t^ ^o[ - any other .ay, n.a/l.e an «vil iiiriu^rSl^eH;. '''^' '" ^" '"""' ^ '^-t-'oyingl,^™ TlfK (WSK OK SWAI.LOWS. v *-4^:;e"^:^f r:^;;-:::r»;s™r t'"iJi:;| '--»; -'-■""-^ -^e„„..,. •• strong claim for tluwr u.seful,u..s.s: an I | |h,„:i. ,?' '"' '^'''^ "'•^'^t'-'.^' tins, it is not dostroy parasitic insects in the imag,; f:.:; "^^t I^^t;::;; ^"' ""* '^^^^ <-^--«. th^J n.sT,ur..rox o. x«. ..,,,, ,,,,,,,^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ oe v^^:Ih!;^ t,rt;K ■;.Jt!Lin;^^ r;:-' rr^ ^-- -.-^ '- ^heeounty m;.e-now nearly externunated hy an iS,,, '>'''''''•/''" '■••^'•''■■^^"^ l>utt,...Hy-^/v"*=^ --several speeies which in the liva ;: ^ Sn'Sfk" ^'''^"'''''''-^''^ ^"'''"--^ caterpillar, the currant-borer. Manvv,..,,.J ^'^.'-'''a'ly known as cut-worms' the tent ""•; '«" ' "f "..iury to'x :':;f stii*".;;?'''''''-'*' """"">■■ '•«''^"-" \.\rr. lho,li,.l "■> OTOH.h tun„p crop,, for many years ^i- ft 80 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. THE PEA WEEVIL— TWO BIIOODS. plum curcuho, have all done much injury. The pea weevil is ranidiv .nlJ, fi i< rom olose personal observation, I am quite .sure of thi.s. I have bee.i assured bv rarefni observers that there are two broods in the townships south of Lon on so lIat^^e ex cultSoi; of p!al "^'"^ ^""' ^"'"'^ '^ ^PP^^^^^' ^'^'■'"«- -^" '-- *'^ ^-e up^'the THE HYMENOPTERA. sin. t™""S the Hymenoptera, the currant saw-fly, the pear tree slug, and the raspberrv slug, have all been more or less common and done mneli .-nin-v \ . raspnerry Diptera, the wheat midge, the Hessian llv'the abba^ cS ai^l r^S;;^!,^",^^" conspicuous place. To this group also helo.'ig those insects vvhiJ re "^ / io^ animals; mosquitoes, horse-flies, bot-flies, an.l many other sp.x.es. '"■'""''"' ^" ^'"'"'-'^tic THE RED-LKGGED GRASSHOPl'KR. n,«„7'''' rRfl-legged grasshopper has on several occasions done much injury to pastures meadows and turnip crops. Oats also have been injured by them to son "^'1' All it '^''.^^'T "^ • 'T.' ""' ^^'''" "P"'*''^ "^ grasshopper that occasionally visit us ] A All the species found in Ontario ar- indigenous, none of them are mi-^ratory • t he westen; migratory species does not reach us. "Wo^^oi-y , the western APPEA- NCR AND SUDDEX DISAPPEARANCE. THE GRASSHOPPER PARASITE. The best known parasite which preys on the "rasslionnor i« n v. ; • -^ 1 geographical range, b^ing from the Li of Misto^TtoXnit^ba ' '' ^" " "^'^ THE GRASSHOPPERS IN MUSKOKA. Q. Do you remember tliat about seven years ac^o arasshonners woro ,.,>,.,. in Muskoka, and that they di,l nuieli mischief ? V .'I, .t^r. ^ m T ^ ""'"erous a„ i- 1 ii • • , "'">^" "iis^iiitr i .V. inat was tlK- red-leor(red trriis^bonTunri.. Sections where there is much rotting wood or where there is much rh-v wnlV ^ T ^r ^ are most likely to be infe.sted with them. ^ '"''^'^ P"'^"'"'' ''^'"^ OTHER PARTS OF ONTARIO. [Air. Brodte.] meumon, per- her numerous it can never Rvil, and the ^ northwards ; two broods, id by careful that the ex- ncreasing in ' give up the lie raspberry 'he injurious s, occupy as to domestic to pastures tt-ut. sit us 1 A. tlie western oppers sud- ieiisons fav- uld account eir enemies has a wide numerous asshoppers isture land irts of On- .wenty-tive noticeable. INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS THE REMEDY SUQGKSTKD. Q. What remedy would you surrgost? A Ti ■ . T'^Z:::'^ar:k'^fr^^ andacclimati.ation of know of one. ^ ^'''' "'""^ '^''"^^y^ the turnip beetle in Ontario? A. I do not THE GRAIN APHIS ANn OTHER PESTS ANNUAL LOSS IN ONTARIO. ish this serious and unnecessary waste *^'^* "^'^"''^ •^''^"'d ^^ applied to dimil! A SCHEME FOR PROTECTION, ^^^f^n7:^:l^:'-::^^ ^•(^) legislation to prevent the cm gina researches into the habits and li hK^orv t T "^ '"""' y^'"''- C^) Encouragint, or lm{)oitation and acclimatization of forei.m ,, ' ^l!"-'' *" ^iie increase of native parasites {i\ DIFFK'ULTIES NOT INSUPERABLE. Europe Kur„p,.a„ l„ A„,<,ric« ; C„ ,i ,,„>!. il 'T" ^\"" '" •■^"«'™liX Anvrican to ENCOURAGEMENT OF PARASTTi.-« »^-...^ PARASITES MOST IMPORTANT para.l^:,s:^st;c^.:;;r;;s:^ p-rf - ^--^^'^i ^--t, as a especially urge as th. important consi:i.!S on i '^"l' , '^- J'' ' ^'"'^ >« ^^at I 'would a ure • certamly the plans h.-retofore i tmme d V nd "f-;" ^"""""^ "'^*'' ^^"' ^'''l- of THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF TORONTO [i^r. /yrorf^.] WILLIAM BRO.DIE. 22 !-.■ . » INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE-8 EVIDENCE. INSKCTS INJURIOUS TO AGUICULTURK. n., ^ f , . . Tuesday, Oct. oth, IHSO. riculture. ^'^^"^•^*' ^^- A-, o£ Port Hope, gave evidence as to insects injurious to THE ENTOMOLOGICAL .SOCIETY. THE WHEAT uuHiK~-{Ceeido7nyia Tritki) appeAuax\(;e lv caxXada— enormous loss DESCRIPTION OF THE MIDCJE. wings the ''''^'' 1- Fig. 2. Not more than one-tentli of an innli hinw. J>ot more than oiie-tentli of an inpl. Iim.r /,'■„ / .,.',, '^'K-'»- •ings expanded ; the outline InJow ,t ts natmnT 4e''"'l^r*^^ ''P'^^""^" «•'"' t^ le eggs. Fiu. .i, the outline nf the larva-, ht'hly ninifie.I. "' ' '" '""•^^' '"'*'' '''"■^«^' ^^'"*''^- ^'<9- ■ [Mr, Bethune.] the ^CTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. h, JS80. fD .Sau.vdkrs. s injurious to injurious to I'iginated tlie ds Prt-Hident le I am Vice- r .some years, years — until myself witli Iture. crop. The tive insects, my records, was widely ious in the ss caused by 1 that year ^i-ovince of wheat. It ovinee and wn to our y has been but not in n witli the 23 hZ. I ,*^ *'"" '"^^^'ts being that the bo Iv of^t) o r'^''^ '^^*"' *''« ^^^^^ differ He.^,an fly ,.. black ; otherwise i?, the .s ruct' re of th "' •°' "'^ ^''^^'''^ ^^"^^'^ ^^^^^ of the cry closely resen.ble each other. They i.od bl, . .7"^' ^"^' '^'' antenn,e-they though snndar .n appearance they are ^ryl^ll^eO^Vl^ SL""'''' "^ ^"-^*«' ''' HABITS OF THE MIDGE. The midge frequents the rii)eninject. AI^ d a w '^hat > "' ""f^T^' ^'^ "«'^"'"' ^ ^^^Y --" sible, to import these parasites frn,„ l? i '''t , ^* '* ^^o"'^ ^>^ worth wliile if ,.,.. the natural ".„d most Ect:s c^" kf ;tn 't r''' ''"" J'^^"-^' ^-' ^ -* - ng on of •stated that there were -it least Hv.n , ' "^ ravages of this creature IVIr \V 1 1 the wl.at midge in eI^^'. h.:^ tf r::j;r '^^^^ ^'f'- «'— ^at ^^^^ ■seientihc entomologist for se^-eral n o, t te ^ 'ri'r' "'r '^*'"'^'"^ ^^ a thorouihi; the diftculty of getting them out at a prop ■ ,„ h \ I'l "'"7 ^'"''^' ""' ^^'^ ^^'""hl be own impre.ssion was the same, and I wro e unn V e ^'': '^T"^'\ '* -'""I"' '>- done. My /^.e. and was about to bring the n.a.:;:^St^ tlu n the nudge began to cease its attacks unon H,„ \ [ , ^''" L<'gi«lature, but just nmtter ot any further consequence. ^ '.*'" ''^'"'"'^ ^■"' '* did not seem to be a CHIEFLY FALL WHEAT ATTACKED. the '^^li';!i:XX:ztX;^^^^^ ">»»hou., ,«„„ „, ants immediately to lay its l^lfr. Bethniie.\ ^-ggs. The fall wli •le perfect insect eat is then in a condition appears m June, suitable for 24 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. h } V w li MIDGE-PROOF VARIETIES OF WHEAT. APPEARANCE OF MIDGE-ATTACKED WHEAT. appearlt^^f wS:l^ "' ^'^^ ^'•^'^ i-.prightand shrivelled, .ith no pSect grain iJtn the ear • if no^l '' T""'' '^^'''' P"'"''^?^ ^'" '^«* ^e a single the nmggot of tt midje. "^ ' ^*'"''' "" ^^^™'"'*tKH, will prove to be footless grubs. PRACTICAL REMEDIES. or'any place where the .'mifhad been t. 1/7 T'T^^ *^,' ^?^«^^P"^g« ^^ the barn floor, shaken onf ^JZ^ * i , ^^^'^^'-< ^"^1 ^^^ere the insects would naturally be out. ^ ° -^ ^- ^ ^^'"'" '"^•^"'^^ '""*hods they would, in fact, be starved THE MIDGE-PROOF WHEATS. effecS ^'7°lZt\T^^ "? '"""'"'"? " "■."IS'-P^f " ""-teMo- of wheat w.s the most EARLY AND LATE SOWING SUGGESTED. MOISTURE FAVOURABLE TO THE MIDGE. A peculiarity about this insect is its love for moisture T have fnnnri fV.„ i remain perfectly dor.nant, apparently lifeless, for a lon^t nelsome fw weeks huTth! ford"thr';:^:::t"'^ '^p^'"' s'^^ ^^-"^^ f*^'*"'* ^'«'^^'^^" ---^'- ^-s a -'di^^l tound that wheat grown on damp ground was much more seriously affected than thaf glow,, on higher and drier lands. This would be a decided argu„.ent'in tot oU^- [J/r. lielhime.] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. '^anced, and confined to tiot open to e introduc- ieties were ! insect in Tho con- •mers now il extents. d, with no 16 a single . If you umber of ngst them ess grubs, he screen- )arn floor, iurally be d be very far below le foUow- r df^velop- late to be e starved the most io a large s done to 3m to be ng wheat le former e in the larva? to -but the Drdingly an that I under- WHY DID WE XOT GET THE PARASITE With THE MIDGE ? ''^^ou:::ioniTot:ZT^^^ r^^^*- ^^at I wish to men^-oni insect, as the latter was a European importeUon ?l '"' *'' ^^'T'' "'^^ *»- «"«-- site m England attacks the larva or 3 as Til n^n T""": *^' *^"* '^' '^^' ^^e Jara ear h to take up its winter quarters fn"l not whi^f. Ti;!^ ^'°™ *^' '"' ^°^» *° ^he midge was introduced into this country tr of coir«P 'h "/ '^' f" ^^^ ^'^>' »> ^^ich the «ome grains or the chaff of which contk^Prl t . ' \'T« ^'■^"ght in imported wheat attacking it in that stage, did tt a^crpatttoThU Inty!"^^^*- ''' '--''-' -* THE HESSIAN FLY-(Cecid' ^'^^^'•"etive in America. (Dr, uie i.an(uha)i Entomologist for October, 1880.) FIRST RECOGNIZED IN IHE STATt.S. It appeared first in the States i-n I77fl j- . Connecticut, New Jersey, and tlfnelghbolrinrstates;^'"' ''"" '^^'•^' "^''^^ ^^ York, FIRST APPEARANCE IN CANADA. It was first noticed in Quebec in 1«lfi „ j ■ r. . • to the present day it has been a very an Li fn" ^'''T "^ ^^^^^ ^^"^' *^^* *™- "P very serious, though it is heard of every "ear in T ^^' J^l^^f' °f '^te have not been It slightly affected the crops in Northnm". -^f ' !" ''""^^ P-'^^'ts of the Province. Last year red elsewhere. I have no'd^ub^Towe f ^ i^wf ' 'm ' ^T "°* ^^^^^^ '''^' '' ^^- caused by this insect, it would bL found7o bttlll ZC^r^S^S^, '^'''^ °^ '""^ '^^« APPEARANCE OF THE HESSIAN FLY-HABITS. incJ;e:?^rMsln^i;;7S!^r r "^''^ ^-^ -^^ the root of the fall wSfnl ? . ^^^^^""^ ^"'^ "^ '^'^^ ^^11 at hatched out Iwthe 2fr^ VA''*'^«r''^ ^^•^' ^"'^ *he larva? they remain aH winter X brnn 1 '"•"^^^ °" *^*^ '•°"*' ^»^' th^''^ F!g. 6. \Mr, Bethune.] Ill !:■ if- . 26 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. MODE OF ATTACK. being very pale at first, bn ' a 'Vwarcro . w/ f / T""*, ^"""''^ "^ '^'^' '"^^^'^^^^^^ -ade when the stalk is very te.r, and ie "'^ f^f'''' '''^^^'- Their fir.t attack is the result },ein. to cause a Ld lepn^lil i .'V 1, 7 P""'*"'"" ^' ^'^ '^-^^'''^^•t *'"' «^P. or six encircHnl a single sta k a one V ' l.? *''" '^' '"' '■'^""^*"- ''^'"^••" >"^y be fiv^e weaken and fin^,„ .^,,^'^, ^ ^ -- ^J .tr;tt^;;- ^'^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ A TIUNSFORMATION. eaiie^u:;^t^;::i.^::;^^'',,tn^,r;f:;'^^ "- ^^^v *"^ ^^^'^' itassun.es.vhatis tl.e ordina-v flax seecl In^H "ft onT ' T' ^"'' «""''"^ -Pl-earaa^ce, a gern. of ried fron. the field to ^J^y^iC ^'"^ZT." cons.derable period, and it^s car- point.astowhatthis''fla;-s"-'ri";S^^^ ^ -^y n,uch d.scussed but how it is produced- beinc. so diffident Lmt^: f "* "P°" ^' ^''^^ P"P'^ ^^^^^e, been determined upon by ertonToWis 1 ' / i "^"''"'^^^ """"^' i»«ects-has not the pupa sta-e a,- 1 others t .nT? ' ' ''*" "".^'"'.'l^-'fe' tbat the " tlax-see.l " coverin-' is the LL sofey, n;tr the Jaf " '" "'"''""""' '™" *^'^ ^°''>'- ^he Hessian fly attacks PAH.ASITKS TO THE RESCUE. perly termed "bugs." ' Piobab.y some of what are more pro- SPRIXG WHEAT LESS AFFECTED. larva, wheroin ,„ i^benX ^.r:Se'X:^^ ..^L;!' .:1Z.^^y'<^;f^' " "»• ™l-.i»' secutive years a certain inseet is pv..-.cc,,\. i i , . , ^ *"' "^''6*^ or four con- to again become destru t^^ * 1 short mt^ 'f '" Tl ' ''"" ^' "'""'^' "'*^''^1>' ''i-P^ared .stances, the parasitos ga L^chv^y am^^^^^^ T" *''f ' "-l-' ^-'ourable ch-cum- not haying sUcient l^ood erSsr the chet, •""''' f *'^', '"T'"^"^ ' ^^*^'- ^ ^""^ again con;;^s to the front Ori sea^n"too n v1^ f '""°?^ ""''^ *'^' ^lestructiye part season just the reyerse. ' ' " f^ycurable to insect life, and the next EFFECTS OF SEASON. THE PARASITES OUR BEST FRIEND. ■.„it attack is ■act tlie sap, may be five etfoits is to nes what is \ a gt'ini of itl it is car- 1 di.scussefJ 3upa stage, ts — has not 'overing is fiy attacks ing minute more pro- he former, ce for the oved and lie subject four con- isapeared le circum- er a time tive part the next ^n two or nsect life e ins'jcts ny other opinion, ARTIFICIAL JtKMKDIES. pr. .^ or;otlr£i:;:::;it:;r';;;'-»^--''' '^. *'- ^^-^'— t „. fan .heat «n,l the plant sufficiently aX.u c.-ftor the r atV'^L "l'. '" "'''^T *''^^' *''^ ''^'■- "'^7 'o ml.ht.rtnal remedy- if if n.ay k o c^ll^l is" ' V' f""'' ^"^"''^ ^^'"t'^'- ««*« in An «;ake the plant as strong and lea ItLy 'a ~ ^.ibr'^tSI """^ ■" -'- ^o attacks of the fly. J ,,,,.,■ not obser vej thS the H s . « ' ■■ ^''''"' "•*'"*-'^'"' *^'« the san.e manner as the midge. Its /uititn t tL '' '' '^"'•'^<^^t«" ''J "moisture in THK LARVA OF THK MH,^,,; AND HKS.SIAN FLY. V^^^^^^^^^U::;'tC^'-f:-!:^^ ...ovesomy ..y contracting and ex- 'vheat, and has therefore to wait^for a sWer'of r '"'"'"^ ^' '"'"f^"'' '^''''''' *''« ^'-^^ -f the of which it takes advantage to slide down to tl ' """ ^'''"T" "'"'•^*»'^'^'^ "*' «""'^' kin.l Hessian «y, .. the other hand, it^el^i:::!^':;;;;^:;,-!! -,;;;,- ^he earth. The THE .■HINCH BTrG_^J//c,,;,,,,s. Z.t,,,^,^,,^,) he United States it is looked upon as ^^Z^t^Z'^^-Tl^' ^"* '» -- I'-ts of the cultivation of wheat It is „r.f t • i , , • ^ ""^ ^''^^ farmer, as far as re.^ards l;ut in the Western States, Lh aTl '"Trnfininoi ^7' "^""'""^ 7 *'"" "-'^•" ^^^^''^ It as an enemy x.ith whose habits w .nn^ b , ' '! '''?■ "'"'^^' fl>'faded. I regard A DANGER To HE GUARDED AGAINST. the ;V estern States are n.ucL mclre liab le t "n O ^rb ' .'I T'f, "^TT'' '^"''^ '' ^^'"^''^ of Its importation into Manitoba from the , pLm ' i 4""'' ^'"^•■'' '« S^^at danger -seen in Canada, .so that it ma^ hZrn^,d7^Zt" ''"''' f ^l^''"'''''''^- -f* has .An Pett.t, of Griinsby, sent me some .spec, „th^ , I».l»««. Mr. Johnston the bark of trees. Mr. Pettit is a well'wn Vo T ?■""*'' '"'" '" *'"' ''^"^"•"". ""^er most painstaking entomologi.sts w "have r' his tn,?; "T'''' ''^"^' '" ^'^^"^ °'- "^ the insectat the tin,e,andcautione,l fanner ait it rf^^ an account of the •Hf IS against it, in the columns of the Canada Farmer VARIOUS KINDS OF GRAIN ATTACKED. in thJi:!tu:ri^ wiiiter;;!' ti:; t:f ;i"^^th^?'v'' r?-'""^ ''"'^^- ^* '>^»^--tes and storms. "'* *'^^''«' ^h'c*i affords ,t a protection against cold hyberna' ton— a prolific pest. It hybernates in its perfect .state while the H« • a winter in the larval state."^ In the WeTte ' State^T" l' ^' '"' ^^'^^'^ ^•'^"' P'''««^-« the «reat many broods during the year. ' ''^'''"'■'^ '* ''^ '"^ abundant, there .are a \Mr. Bethune.] 28 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. ; « r " WATER DESTRUCTIVE TO IT. the .^Zn'^^IZ-Zl t woiuf^ronStT. "'r^^^' f I'V ^^-der stor.. during excessively numerous Sre I ti m ^^ 1?? '^'^J^™^^^ of the Western States. It is so covered with T It is aL verTnff ^"T^^ ^''•"^' ^''''^' ""^ vegetation is completely called. ""''^ '^''"^ offensive, belonging to the - bug " family properly so METHOD OF ATTACK, by ^eaLTft'prlotr: o/l^ouf ^t ^Y >" ''"''' "' ''"'''' ^"^ -*-* *^« J-ee proboscis o. snout. It makes its appearance on the grain in all st^'ess Fig. 6. NEVER QUIESCENT— ALWAYS HUNGRY. oomplJtel.ansL!lS;f..!^^ '"« '"'°"««' ^'^^•' *^'« ^^^-^iptera, do not undergoe persoiwlly studvK, I a A, „f L l^ f^*' /"'" "°' '""'"e '">'! •" opportmuty of am not ■^ !^J^:!^'':^T:ukZ^Z^ i^^ll "'""°' ""' "■■"" "-8g- «rel.i.l/a„d ENEMIES OF THE CHINCH BUG. next insect to ^v^ ic I prot.s ^ to r fl i» J^ laee-w.nge.l fl.es and the .,,rpfncs flies. The beneficial in both caset. ^ ^'''"' "^^^'''' *•>'' '^'^'"'' *"""">• '»«««t« are THE GRAIN APHIS (Aphis avemv). [Mr. /Jethuue.] orm, during >8. It is so completely iroperly so t the juice all stniress lagnified, the spring wheat. undergoe ih assume ;ever, but md conse- y of tins f growth, I at work tunity of laid, and the large es. The ^ects are ' minute s known a Home« INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 29 THE APHID^ OR PLANT LICE. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 7 anoe usually toward, the close of the' »ea.o„. '^rJe II" J^ %^ ""*" ""'""- EXCESSIVE FERTILITY. femai^'jr^^h^s t^ :::^ z" ::! irf^^- ^'^^ ' --^-^ ^^^^ -h able to produce offspring in like pro.rSon when ttee l./^^if °"!f "'' '^'^ ^*^""^^^« '^"^ lated that in twenty days the pro J„v ofone fen I? ^ •" ', '? """^ '"^ '^^^ ''^«" ^'^l'^"" accidentin the fanHly-would ailunt 'to Tnnn n^^^^ were no disease or various checks imposed upon th"m in a very sC '!"' T^:' " /' ''''' '^^ ^^ ^^e portion of the earth would be covered by th7sen*^^^^^^^^^ *""*'' ''T ^^^^"^'^ J'-^^itable o^. There is probably no kind of vegeJ^JSllli J^Iiem^ ^^ ;^Sri^2;" ''-''' WINTER HABITS. nate.f ?:;;::^:j t;r^s:;:z^::[::^^ - -^w xh, i,„p„«. «pnng. It IS n.y opinion that these e....s all the hnM. f V ^}'T '"'*"'^ «"* '" th« «o,.t„.„e, „„t., ahout the Co., „t the »c?.;t7;e:r :;aii:':;.jft,;::;;-;™ ;it"'"''^ les ALWAYS FEEDING. ri! «V"'"^".''^ lifer the same from the time it - a rule, its proboscis insorte.. into ti: ^l^ " .'^S" ^J V:.:"";. ""^•' ** ^''-. -^ '-, m fact, It needs a constant supply of food to live 1 , •# • ' P"'''P'»g out its juices ; This does not, however, apply Z [he wi '..l so. m m f. .^^•'?.^'"^^.^-''-' it would die colonies, ami to perpetuate their kind. ■''P' aniens ; their object is to establish new ORIGIN OF "HONEY-DEW." hx feeding, this insect takes in such a la.-ge supply of li.n.id tl.nf u . ■ [Mr. Uethum:] ' ^ ^ '"* '* ''""""^ assimilate ! i 30 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 't all and is consequently obliged to part with some of ,> Th.'o i rouudin« leaves of the pla..t is a sweet %T^!tvT ? ui dropping upon the sur- and other sweet-loving iusect L exIt^^ly'fLrof ?t"^ ''"'' "honey-dew," and ants THb; AXTS' MILK COWS. Ants are so and getting them to part with their "honev ,1^.^,. " i„ i- --— » «.v, , ...^ ,c/,auuK,. Huy nmy be often se,^i pressin.. ti.ri.odvTftJ.e^ ^ve obtain milk from a cow. thus forcing the latter t!> part with IS cr^ of ' 'hot. v d w"':f 'T' ?^*^ ^'''""^'^ ately make use. Indeetl, a,>/nd,f used fnr th} 'lonty-dew, of which they inimedi- >.w pasture, ov™ ^^.^It^L' ;\vSr4\rL'^'';,i."?,:;i '° "" »»*-" in a re, ITS ATTACKS ON GRAIN NOT USUALLY SKRIOUS. ^ie,r^s::ii:!:::^::i^::^^^ senous t.mugh m t.. ,..r i8«i its ^vheat since. ^ '^'aeraoie. i have not heard of its being very destructive to INSECT ENEMIES OF THE APHIS-OTHER CASUALTIES, necti.!;; lSi:^Z::^C '"'* """'^'' °' "^^^^^«' ^^^««^ '^>^ ^^ose r mentioned in con- I I } I-'ig. 10. Fig. U.* Fig. 12. Fig. 13. ion the sur- " and ants lie apkidce,. mi a cow. i abdomen y inimedi- le enclosed r 18G1 its ructive to 2d in con- '11 l>v Fiif /", the !) /■'';/, /i, ion lady- ,_t('.s fFij/. is insect. '. ITJ. ; licavy 'osition. I placed 1' insect 1 acted mSECTSAND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. THE JOINT ^yoRi^~(hosoma hordei). m, ^ . . , Fig. 18. MODK OF ATTACK, been ...i^bk,, ,„ ,, ^^; !.£«;; h. ,™„ «, H».ia„ ,1,, i,„b,,,|, ha^i„„ „„S2 AIITIFICIAI, MODKS OK KESISTANCB "•'» at t,„„., i„ ,,,,toi„ ,,„ „ . C'; ;"•■'"■' ■''" '"a")- ■>«,,,■,■ i„,,:.d,, it n,»v be naaier importaiic,. at all. ' ""' '"' " '»"« 1>""»I «1 y.«r» it !,,» „„t (,,«„ of any g^t T,l,.; Al.MV W0l,M--^/,„,„„;,. „„;^,„„,.,„, "'"■"'^"- •■'■'-"■""^•-* -i». T a,,.„„. ,,„„„,„ „^ [vJ/n Be'hune. i'-in. ID. < 'f which ^'(V/. II if /.'' slicws tho cUeriM-Har, ami >'/;/, .;'0 the" moth Hi I 1 I >' I i^ VI l;;.;,;, .(J i 1 32 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. a™;r,n i rvC^ootnoTJSoilt *'t^ ""^^^"'^^'^ ^'^^ entomologists regard as the this country and L EZuHjut esn ^ II If^ »nto a moth, and which is found all over its most famous habitts?^' ^ "*"^ '" '^' ^"^'^^ «*^^««- I^^-^g I^'and is one of HABITS OF THE ARMY WORM. abundant. ^ " °* ™°''* meadows and marshes, at times being excessively MIGRATIONS OF THE ARMY WORM. .nd '^^:::^oit:^T:!T::^rz ^'^^*^ t" '-^"*^ ^^^^^ ^^^ethe chinch-bug. In order to do tMs, oTstt as Zbl ° n'' '""T"' '' ''\' °"* '" ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^PP'ies with one accord in a certa^' Lc o i ff^'^ '^^ """" r"' ''"'^ ^^'^^ "" •''^«'» *« «« the name " army worn '' O 00^'^;^ ^^ T'' '^ f ^'"'^'■'>' '"^'•^h^H^d army, hence <^tc., are purely mytl al GeneraHv s^fJl. \.^^"'i' '^'''' ^'"'^ *°'^ ««" i" battalions, if they come to a fe e or a bam fov' rv ?^' '^ \'-''' '"''" ^'''^' ^«'' ^^^ «''stacle streain across roads and the rail wl^. ^1 ^''.S" °^'^'' ^^ "^^^ad of around it. They wil wick, have beeHo Wed to sucTrexttntt Z ^""' ^ll"'' "^^ '^*^'^ "^ ^^^ «'-- driving wheels of the locZtte ,ein o .re sriaf tt7"T"\' ?' *'" *'-^'"'''' *^« and sand or ear.a had to be thrown on^th: raTto ettletL^t dot '"^ °" ^''^ ^^'^' METHOD OF MEETING THE ARMY WORM. .certa^:si!r:;S ^^z; ar:^:^xr^r ^rt^^^' ^'"^ ^^ '^'^ '-' *h- *° ^ method of meeting thcmi would be to X. 1 « l f ^ ^^^1^" "' """'^''■' *''^ ^est of their line of nmrch, w th a teen s de^n the dirtlT •'''""['•T '^' " ^'•''"'^''' "^ *^^« f''^"' they are trying to get out of it to throw ZvZ tT "' '"^"'^ '^^ '''•" «°"'g' '^'"1 ^^''«n fire to it, 0; o^her^^ise to b ^I ^ Tth ^ 1^ l^is^^ *''^ '"'^' '^'"^ ^'^ any time, and any .sort of veitation whet ■ ^.n "^ ^'^ .''^"^'' ^« '''''' '^^^le at It is a very common insect Tx'S I sunnose 111 ^ ""T ^\^''y'^'""'i «J«^. i« ^od for it. times, but it .ioes not 0^^. X verv ETr 1. ^T'""" '"^"" * ^^'^ specimens at all were Removed, ,t ^:l^Z^:^::ZZ:Sj u! Z£T'' "'^"^^ ^^ ^^'^ ^'^^^ "P^ ^* PARASITES OF THE ARMY WORMS. ^^^^^^'l^S:!^:^ of many kinds, try, especially turkeys, will eat it . ^^ ^'''^^ *" "^ ^""''"^ ^^''''^- ^onl- THE WIRE WORM— ^^^no^e« muncm). iivesI£;:i^^rr^[l?:,;r^;r::™i^,T fi""^ ^t''^^^^-^ ^" -''-^- ^'^ --* iner. It is a Ion-, slende L"u Iwf/r v l "J"" . '" "''* '""'^' "^^'•'•^•'•' ''^ *'»'■ f-^'- usually of an ora^ ^ low o ' tlw v 'oIoT a," " "'" 'l'*^"';"' P'"''"" "^ *'"' '-'y- which are soft to the toucl^ conse^^ uTnL r " K- •/' '""^ ^"V'' ""'''^" '^"'- ^-''^terpillaS under ground upon the rol o ""u i'on I U^b^^^ *'" " wire-worn.." l/ f.,,,, very worst foes of wheat. In Ontt-io we h ve ;. ? 1 "',"?" '" ^^""'•"'"' '^'^ «""^ "f the resulting in any gr.-at loss thoud th s'nT.v 1 1 Z ''^'^''^" ""''""^^'' ^'' ^^''-^^''^ '^« It is frequentl/ ol.served hi pl'^lling; ""^ '" '^'"^"^^ ^''^'^ ^^ -"•--' "'^ -'t, of 'sight, [il/r. Iktinuic] regard as the ound all over and is one of wild grasses a; excessively chinch-bug, ;sh supplies. 1 seem to go army, hence 1 battalions, ny obstacle ; They will New Bruns- B trains, the on the rail, d them to a ?rs the best in the front ?, and when ind and set re liable at food for it. nens at all sks upon it my kinds, ■nt. Poul- Chis insect >y the far- tlw, l)0(ly, iterpillars It feeds >ne of the iivagcs us of sight. ^ECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS THE SPRING-BACK BEETLE. BIRDS. 33 cl.a,.„e» .re that i. Cu ^i"!"^ ^. "'"'•>—. «'- » i-^'K .prCii.^ iKSX A GOOD REMEDY DADDY LOm-LEGS~(Tipula). DANGKROUS TO GJUSSKS IMPORTANCE OF FOREWARNINGS. To Jfr. Dymond.~li would l>« «* that assistance may b,. ..In '" f f " "P'^'-^tion. .Suffieiont notice i.,.'-- /• ''° "'^<^ THK s,„.., „,„,„, „„„^^,, ^^,^ ^_^_^ ^^^^^^^ ^es'on ot the country at one ^^«'"'"^^""U'UL SOrnmES TO RKPORT. it the secretaries or (i(-li<.i. ,.«; • i n r ,r n ^ '""^'^ checKing it in time. ' " ''"'"■ ^■'^'■^""« localities, it 3 M|!ll I 34 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. I. A BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY WANTED. This, however, would necessitate a Central Office ot' Entomology, and I would sugges- the advisd,bihty of the Government appointing a person to take that department in charge just as IS done in many of the United States. They have had such an office for many years in the State of New York, and we have found the work of Dr. Asa Fitch, the first incum- bent, of the utmost value to ourselves. MILLION'S S.WED IN THE STATES. It is known as a fact that he .saved not only the State to which his work was con- fined bu^ the whole Union, millions upon millions of dollars, by the information which he had been able to obtain and disseminate. The States of Illinois, Missouri, New Jers.iy and Massachi.ssetts have had State Entomologists for several years, and other States have Entomologists in connection with their agricultural colleges who give their attention to the subject The advanta^ .s of the office of Provincial Entomologist would be that a man could devote his whole time to its duties, and whenever he found that a particular locality was threatened with the attack of any insect he would at once go there and investigate the nijitter on the spot, which a person engaged in any other occupation could not "do In this way Prof. Riley, as State Entomologist for Missouri, was enabled to do a great deal ot invaluable work, and I think it would be quite worth while for this Province to have an official of this kind. I have no doubt, if sufficient renumeration were offered, that a suitable person— he would of course have to be a thoroughly skilled Entomologist— could be obtained without much difficulty. Even if .|10,000 a year were spent in maintaining an office of this kind, it would be the means of saving hundreds of thousands of dollars to the community in general. The Colorado Beetle — Dori/phora decemlineata. Fig. 21. Shows the Cdlorado Beetle in its ■ arious stages of development. To Mr. Snnmbrs.—'nw principal potato insect is, of course, the Colorado potato beetle, otherwise Doriji>liom di'cemhnenta, or the ten-lined spearman, so called from its peculiar markings. {Sr.". ,(ig. 21.) Nearly all our destructive insects have been intro- duced from Europe, but this is an exception to the rule. It is an indigenous American insect, which apparently existed before civilization in .some of the remote valleys or can- ons of the Rockv Mountains, feeding upon some native members of the botnnical family Solanacen', to which th(! potato belongs, and had been known to Entomologists for a long [Mr. Ikthuni'..] mSECTSAND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. P ent, ul supply of food close at hand ittZ ^^''""*^"!«. '^nd the insect then found a difficulty m accuston,ing itself to the cultitit \ ^ ^ '''^? 'P''''"' °f Potato, it had no in Its numbers took place. ^"ituated variety, and at once a v^ery la;ge increase Migrations Eastward. of Lake Michigan ; ii ™ tht JntZ:,' JS,: ■''"'r' "' '^''"«'«°. ""^ »n thl'Sr" pearance, crossing the river St. Clair. ' *^" ^°""^'"^ y<^^'' t^'^ insect made L ap A Fast Traveller. PARIS GHEEN-THE BUG CHECKED municated to the public by the Departl^frA '''.r"^^- '^^''' i"fo"nation bei„.^ co " the community were to rdax their effo " 3?'* '' ^ "" -'•*^'". however tCf IS no doubt that it is now a perma'^it resklentn H "" '"' "? ^" ""'^ Potatoes. ' Th're be entirely free from it. ^ ""'"'""* "^ 'he country, and that we shall never FEEDING GllOUNDS OF THE BUG the t^^Ci;^!;tid:?^:l;t^tdr ""-Ir^^^ \ ^* -^" — ^^-Hy attach the bitter-sweet, and the deadly niglC; ^" "''^^ '"""^^^^^ "^ ^^^^ family,'^.uch as CARE IN U.SING PARIS GREEN after year on the .same piece of ground it wo, 1 InnV I . ^.'^^^'^''tion whether, if used year farmers are not sulficiefitly carefuli h , Z .' U if ""'' ■^"' 'T'"^'^^'-*- ^ thinkC art every year a number of cases of poison n" tiJ f """"'^'^'^^^y poisonous, and there would be sufficient to guard against. ^ ^ ""'"'^ ^™'" '^' "««. ^'n-li ordinary caLe INSECT PARASITES. comSnz °i;iL'z''rf pfJrG:irkiiiM,,;':'t ""s* "i- ^'"■°™'i'> i.«"ti,, b„,, „t i/ y2r 1 " °''""'"'' f'°''°"' "'"""" "««-ai r™ s .'-"" "■" '■■«"« "o- 36 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. LONDON PURPLE. London -pie is another remedy which seems to be eflFective, but I do not know that it is of quite so much value as Paris Green. DESTROYING THE EGGS. It is a good plan to resort to handpicking and destroying the eggs early in the season and keeping the practice up throughout the summer, especially if any children are about. There is consideraJile danger in the use of Paris Green in market gardening, as it is liable to fall upon other vegetables. THE WAY TO USE PARIS GREEN. "Where potatoes are grown by the acre, the best way to use the Paris Green is to ap- ply it dry mixed with lime, ashes or earth, but wherever there is a danger of its being blown upon otiier vegetables, the better way is to mingle it with water and apply it with a whisk. It can be done just as rapidly in this as in any other way. The bug is now spread over all the northern part of this continent ; it is as great a pest in Nova Scotia and the Maritime States as in Nebraska. Almost frantic efforts are being used to keep it out of Europe, and one or two specimens are all that have ever been known there. I do not think it will ever become very injurious in England, c.s the climate is so moist, the insect requiring more heat and dryness tliau they have there, but it will, in all probabi- ity, become as widely spread over Central Eui'opii as it is here. f" •. ENEMIES IN THE EGG STATE. In the egg state the beetle is preyed upon by our old friends, the lace-winged flies, the lady-birds, the aoWUev-hug (Beduvius mptatoriua), Fig. 22, and, I think, some! other bugs; a number of the carnivorous ground beetles also attack it. Figs. 23, 24, 2.5." \ .lii Fit,'. 2r.. Fig. 3i. —The soldicr-lmj,' (Ri-i{iivinn rapl'itm-iim). Fi',lii.i oiHiiimi.vi.iJ. In Fiy. W is siiowii a l.trva of Hi>.viialus. which gives a very koikI iilea of tie larvse of thewe ground lieetlea, wliich may he often met witli under stones and stumps in sliglitly moist i)lacei. No doubt many millions of the beetles are destroyed annually by these insects. [Mr. Befhunc.l^ INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 37 THttEE-LINED LEAF BEETLE-Z«.,a Trilineata Fig. 26. riff. 26 represents the larvee of this insect ; Fig. 27. anJ Fi(,. '27, the beetle. PARIS GREEN A REMEDY. In case of its assnminar serious cronnrtinnc i ^ a .ood remedy. It feeds Spon t" LTef of he ! '. ,T"' !'"' f"''^ ^reen would he Oo oraco beetle, both in the larval and per e^t state.' / " ' "' ^'^^ **'^'"" ^'^^^ '-^^ t'"^ ColoradoJ,eetle, when the latter Hrst nS itl appearand"" """''""^ ""^*"^*^" ^^ ^^^^ THE STRIPED BLISTER-BEKTLE-i^pW^a vittata. In case of 'an attack fronrthis Wf P^ nun.erous to be a serious pest, remedy. *'''' "'^'^'^t' ^^^^ green would be a sufficient THE POTATO OR TOMATO WORM. "^ *~i!r^^ ''-' ^"""' *^-^^ P-^-^»^ those of tail at tL'po!;tc!i|or';^Irof'';/''lSt;' *'"'^ ^' '^ '"^"''^ ^"g'^r, and has a very prominent A THKEATEMXO ATTITrDE-NOT REALLY DANGEROUS. so ferocious' thai it' isVopwIariy tmnmsed lo'T ^^^''^'''^'""g '"^nner, and altogether looks he ease^ its bite being I lebleL^nEfr nt, t^:^ZT\ "t'' ''A^'^ ^ ^^ Y .u f" ^"'"^''ted with the CannJa Fan>T,jV "" "'"'" ^^ ""«'« '"^nd or w. "h the bite or sting of the insect was a e'cd o 1 '.ve ^.^'i "'*" " """^^"^ "^ ^'-^-^ ^^ one of them utterly unfoun.lc.l, and came"to H i"''' P°'««'""g' and found every cause,l either by the juices of the om'to nk^ t conclusion that the stories had been st.ngo a-spsonieLesfounda o"gStJ";\^£^^^^^^ ^^^ "P^ """'<- ^/^he to be ident.cal with the tobacco-worn,, wl i "s so" eat .tV^Z' ^'2' ^""•" --''tai-ied [J/r. /;«^Aum'.] ^ ^* "^ P"*'* "' t''^ Houthern States. iJ'ii 38 INSKCTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. m^ i *>.« THK SI'IIINX QUINQlIKMAClir.ATA. tivo c^i;^,;;^';,: noiir'"" '"''' '"""" '" '^'''" 7-»tenufi spretm. INVASIONS OF TIIK LOCUST. 1722, 174(! to 174<», 175/and 1754 7G0 to Hfif h"""^, '''"'"" .'^''^ '•"^""'"'^ '"^'^^i""« '" th. a«t cntury. During th. pn en contur^it ha iT"' T^ *'"S ';"''^* ''"P"''^'^"'^ ^"""« of the worHt invasions being fn 8^ '^ho f 00,''? "f^Zf ^"'"' ''"'" ^'^ ^•"'"' "'- Mountains. In 185G and 18-77 it ;, ' ' 1 . .1 «'''"'^<^'l ^ho States wo.st of the Rockv it spread fron. Min'lX n1V4 atl Kansr",''*? '"f 1 ''" ^^"^'''^^ Mountain!^ a„J At that tinu, there was „;t a vo y ^^^^^^ "^ I«-a and Mis.souri. have no knowledge that it appearij S^^^:^i:^!^T hl^^Z J^ S"^'^' ^^ ^ THK LOCLJST IN MANITOBA. co.^.ri;:^^^i^j:;::-^^^;ii™^ Missouri Rivers. But the visitatiol! wi which' w t^T^'"' the Mississippi and 1874, which was of the most terrible descrintion H. . acquainted was that of dreds of tbousandsof .s.mare miles 1 was fv ' , . TT' "^ '^"' '"'^"^^ ^^^^'''""fe' ^un- aestroying most of the cl.ps there-so ba7 n3 tl'l ; "' " * ■ " ^""''"''^^ '^^ "-"*"'-. tion, and a.ssistance had to be petition of the ^\merican Snionfi^ a ^- J? ^^'^ "'''*'""»' ^''«'^«ter, appointed entonu/iogists in the coin ^^^^ i^ g^te r'maU ' ' ^'T""-^-" ^f three of /hVIi 't for the purpose of carrying on the h S^at on T "V- '' ''^'"'■'"-^ " '"••-"' '^"■^ "^ "-»T R'ley, Dr. Cyrus Thoma^ and P ofV^o? Pa kar] t br" "''"''"^^ ''^ ^'ot esteemed by entomologists everywhere ''^'''' ^'''''^ '"^'^ ^^ose names are highly WORK OF THE COMMISSIONERS. as J!;:^i:!;S;^Zt::L'S^Si;^;'"^ *^^^^"^^^'' -- ^^^ Western states and Saskatchewan territories. ^nlVoai-trCrTtTll",^*""'!"^^ "^^^ ^"^'^ Assiniboi le the locust, in the gathering, of which u v 1 ^ ''''"' ^^^isfactory information as to Service Bureau, and before^ do e Li;Z/r-' "m'°'"''^">' "^^^«^«' ^^^ *'- Signal m a,h-ance, when the hordes of lo^^^ts we e annrl V'"' '^''^ r^' '''''''^''^ '^ «-''d n''ew.s opportunity of preparing for them. approaching, so that people might have an [Mr. Bethune.] I 40 INSECTS AND INSKCTIVOROUS BIRDS. HH H^B^ ^^^Wl<> il THE BEST llEMKDV. Tlio most ofRL-ifiit rpmedy which thoy i)r()p()s.'(l was to invade tho haunts and broed- mg-placo.s of t'c insects, and d.'stn.y th.-in in th<' c^r .state. Their ecr^s are laid in tlio dry and plains, on tlie slopes of the K„cky Mountains, and the Commissioners thou.Tht if a suihcieiit force of men were .sent to tlie.s.' breediii<,'-places at tlie propc^r time, and acting under proper instructiouH, tliey mi-ht tiestroy very laiK«' numl.«Ts of tho iii.sects, bcforo tlicy are developed at all. m.STuUY Ob' THK LOCUST. The life history of this insect in a few words is as follows :— They are hatched out 111 tlie.se plains in countless numbers, eat up everythini,' before them, and' coii.seqiiently be- come destitute ; iii.stinct compels th<'m to move on. Just ;is in the case of th.- army worm, and beiiif,' win,!,'<'d in.sects, they lly i:p into the air to a considerable heijiht, and are then borne along by the wind, alightiiij; when they r.'acli a country covered with vegetation. THE COUUSK OK THEIU FLIGHT. Noc being able to fly against the winds, their flight r part of summer has been found to be invariably from the north and northwest towards the cast, this being the er is occasionally very destruc- ^ tive indeoKl, and if it had e(pial powers of Higlit with the *''=■ '^0. western locust, would be every whit as formidable. THE GRASSHOPPERS IN MUSKOKA. To Jfr. Dijmond. — Some seven years ago there was an invasion of this grasshopper in Mu.skoka. I should .say the appepraiice of the insect in that part of the Province at that time was partly due to the great increase which hud taken phuv, within a short time, iu the cultivaU'd area of the country, thus alfonling the grasshopper a much more abundant sup- ply of food, and partly also to the favourable sea.son. ("Ai:SE OK DIMINUTION OK NUMRERS. Its subsequent diminution iniuiiiibi'rs may be accounted for by tlii> absence of natural checks. ^ At the time of t!ie insect's ai)pearauce its checks wen^ probably a season or two behind it, and they reciuired that length of time to overtake it, and reduce its numbers. THE BREEDING GROUNDS. Our grasshopper chws not, I think, breed in woods or forests, but in more open \_Mr. Jlethiiiif.^ INSECTS AND INSEOTIVOROTTS BIRDS. open 41 PARASITKS OF THK (iUASSHOPPKR A DEADLY FUNGUS. ently with a f.u.goici . 'Zthu^ou tS ' *"" "" "'"'''*' '"- ''""" >''""'■ "-' "PP- Plim'EKLV A LncUST—THE TltUE OKASSHOlTeit TIIF CICADA. THK SKVENTEKN-VKAK LOCUST once ^r:es:^':i:i,t:s:" ::;::,.';:';; ■:.;:;r:.i,nh-'i 7t'^ °', '' -p^- I Y^V^'l^-^^^l^^:^^:^ ^'-^J-y- l;;oUst. . „0 i, t). ,.„pa ; ,.) the forations ni a twig for the depositicm of ejrgs ; (!^| th,' egg ' '"' '''"'*'''''^ ""^''"''^ = ^'^^ tl»e Per- [J/r. JJethime.] m 42 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. » THK PHYLLOXERA. To Mr. Saunders. — The Phylloxera vastatrix, wliioh has proved so destructive to the vineyards of France, belongs to the same tribe as the plant lice. There are two varieties, one "gall-inhabiting," that is, making excrescences upon the leaves of the vine (Fig. 32.)] Fig. 32. and the other attacking the root. INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 43 of the same creature, and that the insect had two different modes If \Ttt nlLT Znt^'^'r^'^'^^^" ^'•'^"^^^' ^'^^ ^- ^"- consider^ e Tnt^e n ome partro "he United States, but no injury of any account has been traceable to it irCanada. THE GALL-INHABITING VARIETY THE ROOT-ASSAILIXG VARIETV. cies ^5nTf!l?P'^' "' ^T'' '"'^ S'^Pte'nher for the purpose of propagating the spe- cies. In the following year the insects attack the soft librous root of the clan t clTcr IcruiU '"The"?;; 'T'T'"' "* '•'''''■ ?^ P'^^^^^^ ^-« ^^ «-^ -PP '-^t b'e : rot on t ? nutrh^ent of .; I f .r^'' '^*''^'* ^'■^™ *''^ ''""^^ *^'« Juices whichshould go to the DISAPPEARANCE OF THE INSECTS. THE ONLY KNOWN REMEDY. The only efficient remedy against the root form is drenching with waf^r T., w THE GRAPES LIAIILE TO ATTACK. country, than at pr„e„t, I thi„k o„ ol,,„»te „„„,d ;Z::tZ:Z W lb ,"/'" THE HOI' ivms—Aplm lammli. In England the growlli of tlm hop i» almost clenenilcnt, from voar to voar „„„„ H,. .xisuJhere befoi-o it^ i:iU:.;.;;cti J.: ^J^^::,r' "'P°"^''^ ''"^ "''^ "^^^^^ '"-^^ ^''^^ [il/r. Bet fi line.] f «'ii '* III I 44 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. EFFECT ON THE PLANT, Like the other aphidw, it lives upon the juices of the plant, and sometimes appears. in such enormous aljundance as to completely d.^stroy it. It renders the plants blighted and withered and utterly valueless, attacking the tender foliage, twigs, and extremities of the growing parts. THE MOST EFFECTIVE UKMEDY. A most effective remedy is the use of a decoction made by steeping cheap or refuse tobacco in boiling water. This is certain death to the insect when syringed or drenched with It. Again, very strong soap suds may be used with good resuLs, and their value ip. very much increased by dissolving in them some salt and saltpetre. Lime water is also used. THE PARASITES. This aphis, like all th(; otlicrs, is kept very much in check by the parasitic insects. which I have mentioned before, the lady-birds, the lace- angcd flies, the surphus flies, etc. HOP vi.VE SNOUT yiOTR—Hi/peiia kiimuli. There is another insect very destructive to the ho]), viz., the hop vine snout moth, or Hypena humuli. Hops were, and are, grown in tlie County of Peel to a considerable ex- tent, and while living there, I found this insect very abundant indeed. ATTACKS THE FOLIAGE. Occurring in large numbers, it destroys the foliage of the plants, and so injures them that soinetimes no hops tit for market are produced. It is a pale green worm, which appears in Juu'i ; the moth appearing in July to lay its eggs, and anotln.'r brood appear- nig later on, so that there are two broods in the year. When dist irbed it lets itself down by a silken thread a short distance, and if l<>t alone, climbs up again. REMEDIES FOR THE I'EST. Htrong tobacco water kills it as well as the aphis; dusting with lime or substances of of that kind .seems to be very etlective ; while powdered hellebore is as good a remedy against it as against the currant worm. (I i! OTHER ENEMIES OF THE HOP. Some cut worms attack the hop, the young brood appearing in the early part of the season. There is also a caterpillar which attacks the crown of tlie root, numerous speci- mens of which I obtained from Mr. Magrath's hop-yard, at Credit, but never having suc- ceeded in raising them to maturity, 1 do not know wliat moth they turn into. They,, however, resemble very niucli the cut worm in appearance. BUTTERFLIES FEEDING ON THE HOP.- -Gviipla Intirroijatioms—Grapta comma. There are also two or three butterflies which feed ujion the leaves of the hop. (Jnc is. the Grnpta {nterrogntiovis, and anotlier the G'rnptn. commn. They are fiometimes surticiently abundant to be a nuisance to the ho]) grow(>r, and particularly \\\w\\\ only a fi'w hops are cultivated for domestic purposes in the garden. DESCRIPTION OF THE RUTTERFLIES. The butterfly is a luindsome (Uie, chiefly of a reddish colour on the upper surface of thp wings, and ihiU on the under surface, with some silvery markings, in the form of a. \_Mi\ Jiethuufj.] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 45 A DEADLY PARASITE, its e^s 1^ :;: :;2:n"Jr*aia :;;: ::;;;: ttl ^ r t - ^ rf ^^^^^^'--^ -^ich lays of the caterpillar as 1 ^^^^^ ^7"' ^'^-^-^^ ^."^^'^ "P°n the fatty portions lis and .uspeUl in theVsufl .^ner/t f, b tlX^ ilt rorktr'/" V ^'^'^^^- linally makes a hole throu-h the hI,, 11 of H.p ,.1.1!^ l ^ mating it up, and These are so common that, a a do 1 « cl rv fdi h thatl"'"!'/'^ '"' ",""^^ ^'^^'^ A^ rather than butterHies. Thou^l these bu£ H t. T ^' ''"''' r^'^''''' ichneumons .ever liahle to be a serious .^.^ o.^::i'^'S::^I^ j^-^^^^^ — Thecla humtdi. Another very pretty little butterHy and small caterpillar the Th.rl . l ;• ^ , upon the hop to a limited extent. ^".^erpinar, tne 1 hecla humuli, feeds — Pluda halluca. A moth, known as the Plnsia halluca (VW W) fop.k nnnn tl,. i, i ^ • enough to be .lestructive. The win^s a -.of 1 b! IW ^'^ V^.^r ^^ insect is a very beautiful one. brdhant metallic green colour, and mon green colour, and the m A STINGING CATERPILLAR. Another moth is the lo Emperor moth ^H.^u^Cnria raria). This caterpillar h. as won [Mr. JJelJiune.] [*i r 1 ! , I't ■ 46 INSECTS AND INSECTlVUROi;.S BIRDS. some distinction over our other caterpillars by being possessed of a stinging property. It is covered with bands of bristles, and when they pierce the tender skin of the body they produce an irritation similar to that caused l.y nettles. Jt grows to a considerable size, and when coiled up, somc-what resembles the burr of a cliestnut. It has a rich reddish- coloured stripe extending on each side of the body throughout nearly the entire length, rendering it, in combination with the yellow spine-rings, a remarkable insect, and one that can be easily iilentitied. It feeds upon a very large variety of trees, shrubs and plants, amongst others, upon the hop. \\l ■' THE OHUYSALIS. The chrysalis is formed in the autumn, and the moth comes out in the following spring. The male (see Fig 36) and female (see Fig. 37) differ in size and colour very ;» h' Fig. 38. Fig. 37. considerably, but both are marked with largo spots lik(^ those on a peacock's tail. These moths are nt!\er sufficiently numerous to lie classed as really destructive insects. Tl'.e insect pests I have mentioned an; all I know of that trouble the liop. THE PEA WEEVIL — BrucJim pisi. To Mr. Dj/moiid 'Y\\Q pea weevil, or linirhuH jnsi, is an importation from Europe. For some time we were comparatively free from it in ('anada, but of late years it has been allowed to extend its ravages, so that the Americans, who formerly obtaincid their seed peas here, have ceased to do so. Thi^ matti^r is conse(|uently one of very practical interest to tlu! farin<'r. Manitoulin island is, 1 believe, still free from this pest, but it is now prevalent throughout Ontario. [Afr. Beth line.] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS RIRDS. 47 HABITS OF THE PKA BUG. ""I INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. AN IMPORTATION FROM THE STATES. This Province was free from the insect, almost entirely, not many years ago and it has been imported from the United States, where it has existed for a very much loneer time. •' ° LATE SOWING SUGGESTED. I remember proposing some years ago, as a measure of protection, that the seed should he sown very late, but that would be a very ticklish remedv, as the danger would be very great of the crop not maturing. Another remedy I proposed was that some good seed of an early variety should be sown very early in the spring, and that, as soon as the crop aiatured, a portion of it should be sown again, in order to get a second crop the same season, in which the beetle would not have time to mature. Such a plan is possible with great care, but it is not an easy thing to carry two crops of peas to maturity in one year. "' THE ALGOMA DISTRICT FREE FROM THE BUG. Mr. Saunders stated that the Algoma District was entirely free from the bu", and that it consequently afforded a Held from which to obtain a supply of uninfested' seed peas. It would appear that the insect did not thrive there, for he (Mr. Saunders), had known infested peas to have been sown without any subsequent appearance of the bu<^. Mr. Betiiune, resuming, and in reply to Mr. Sauxdeus, said : THE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY — Pieria vapoi. The insect most injurious to the cabbage at the present time is a recent importation from Europe, the Pieris raj^fv, or caljbage butterfly. Fig. ;iy. Fig. 41. Fig. SO shows the m.-vle ; F!i,.p %\w female ; a,ui Fi,j. U (a) tho larva, .ui.l (1.) Uif chryHulis. [J/r. lifthunc] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 49 ago, and it luch longer seed should uld be very 3od seed of s the crop p the same )ssible with ■ity in one ! bug, and ested seed ders), had if the bug. iiportation line of' ste^Lt.'^'"" *° '^'^ ^^™^ °^^^ '^••^™ ^"^''-^ - ^-^-^ - one of the Allan FIRST APPEARANX'F-;, AND RAPID DISTRIBUTION THE FIRST ATTACK SEVERE. A PARASITICAL DESTROYER. it keeps .he b„ue,4 (lo,.,, » Ze ;"rL;v s/ elri^ otz,;;'/ot:o\''- "^ SINGULAR CHANGE OF COLOUR. APPLICATION OF POISON DANGEROUS. by hand picking and b/dtC [Sg IZt rSL'.'' Stv;'; if o'r' ''^^' ^"' ''^ ^'^^ hellebore, but this is not a plea^.nt thing to apply to the vegetable. '" "''""' *' RAPID SUCCESSION OP BROODS. There is, unfortunately, a constant succession of broods • we Hnd fhp I«r,- i v, . HOT WATER A REMEDY. peratur. will „„. kurlTo pZ. "° *""'"• "'"' " "PI''''"' "'"=" "' '!>»' ten,. -'il • iWl »ii|l mi I j;, i PERSIAN INSECT POWDER. The powders known as the P.n-sian insect powders would T think al-o h^. v^.v «• 4 50 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. ; 1 U k ways be a tliink we need fear tliis insect now as a very grievous pest, thoudi it will al nuisance. ° TWO NATIVE IH-ITKHFLIES— Pie/'is ccista—Pieria protodice. There are two native butterflies of the same genus, wliich feed upon the cabbage viz I-teris casta or oleracM and /'ieris protodice. These, however, are now quite rare ' The casta or o/eracea is the more northern, and the protodice the more southern but their habits and appearance in tiie larval and chrysalis states are very .similar. THK ZKHKA vA-YVAimu.xix—Mamestra picta. The zebra caterpillar or Manf^lrn picta (Fig. 42, a,) a very handsome caterpillar beautifully marked with ditlerent colours, feeds upon the cabbage and a number of other plants, and turns into a dull coloured moth (Fig. 42, 6)— one of the nicdit-flying moths Fig. 42. This insect is sometimes very .V-undant and destructive, but it is not common here.j THE OAUBAGE PLUSIA— P^MSWt bvassicce. freelv^nnnnYl'"^" ?1"''^' °' /'"t '"'""''''"' (^^'- ^'^^^ *""^« "^t» '^'"»«th and feeds veiy fieely^upon llie cabbage and cauliHower, and other plants of that character. [Mr. nethunc] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. The same remedies that would apply to the cabbage butterfly would apply to these others that I hay.- named The cabhage-wor.u, or rapce, is of I green colour and so wh 1, ^tr""f " T P' n"* '''"' '\ '' very difficult to detect it without a little experience' an t easTly seen "'^ ' '" '^" " ""'''''' ''^'"""-' '^"^"^ ^"^^^^^ coloured-and Fig. 44. THE HARLKQuiN CABBAGE BUG—StracMa histvionicct. The harlequin cabbage bug, or Strachia histrionica (Fig 44) is a very great pest L. the market gardeners in the States south of us but has never, to my knowledge, been found in Canada. It is a 'very unpleasant member of the bug family and sucks the juices of the foliage CUT-WORMS 0\ CABBAGES. The cabbage plant, in its young stages, is very liable to the attacks of cut-worms. Fig. 4.5. specie^!^" ^^ '^°''" ^^^ ''"'''''' *'"' '"''^'' "* ''" 'lark-sided cut-worm {Agrotis messoreia), one of our commonest Every gardener is familiar with the annoyance, after he has set his plants out, of finding them in the mornnig cut down and dead. HABITS OF THE CUT- WORM. This is the work of a caterpillar tha t hides under rubbish in the day-time, and comes out only at night. It divides the stem of the cabbage, pulls down the foliage, and feeds upon it during the night. REMEDIES FOR THE CUT-WORM. One remedy is to dig around the plants that have been cut, bring up the insect and kill it. Another of the best remedie.s is to wrap a piece of stout paper around the stem of the plant when setting it out ; place it a short distance below the surface of the .^ronnd and a short distance above, so as not to interfere with either the root or leave-s^of the plant, and it will be found a pretty good protection against the cut-worm. Sometimes soot is put about the stem just on the surface of the ground, sometimes ashes, and some- times salt. If the paper is used it will be found that l)y th.* time it becomes soft and useless, the plant is beyond the stage at w'lieh the worm is harmful. Tliese cut-worms attack vegetation of all kinds, and are especially troublesome to young plants. A PINE TREE BOHER—Monohammus Confwsor. There are a number of \vood-l)oring insects Aviiieh attack our forest trees, the largest of the pine tree borers being the Moiwhammus confnsor. This insect is remarkable^for the enormous length of its antenna' or horns, which extend sometimes to twice the length of its body, the hitter being probably an inch and a half long, thus making the anteniue three or four inches in length. They are, besides, curiously jointed and form a curve usually branching out on each side. [^f|•. Jklhune.] 52 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. Mr HISTORY OF THE PINE BORER. The insect is produced from a very large grul., of a whitish colour, with a large broad head and very powerful jaws, with which it cuts into the timber of the trees Tt is not a very common insect in this part of the country, but in the Ottawa lumber districts ami in the lumbering regions north of Peterborough, it has frequently been very abundant and very destructive. HABITS OF THE PINE BORER. Its habit is to attack timber that has been injured, usually by fire, or blown down bv the wind ; it does not attact green, flourishing timber. It frequently happens that forest fires will sweep over a number of square miles of timber during one summer. If the fal- len or injured timber is not cleared away the same summer it is liable to l)e destroyed bv this beetle. In the following spring the parent beetles freijuent this burnt district and lay their eggs on the trunks of the trees which remain standing. From these e"<.s hatdi out the grubs, which gradually penetrate into the interior, and burrow long chambers through and through the tree. Where they are very numerous they will honeycomb the wood to such an extent as to make it quite useless for building purposes. Consequently in the Ottawa region particularly, it is a race between the lumberers and beetles as to which sliall secure the timber after a fire has scorched a district. It is also very destructive to timber that has been cut and left in the woods, as saw logs; though in this case strip- ping off the bark is a remedy. EXTENSIVE DA.M.4.GE, The damage caused by this, the largest wood-boring beetle in this country, especiallv in the Ottawa regions, is very large, so large, indeed, that it is said one timber-l'imit owner lost by Its ravages, in a short time, over $150,000. There is no means of cJieckin pearance. CHiiTr^nPHORA LIBERTA. The Chalcophora liherta, and .. ^ .„.ja, on the under side present the appearance of burnished copper, while the upper surface is of a duller hue, but still with a metallic [it/r. Jiethu7ie.] 'Hi INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 53 sheen runmng through the ground colour. Their larv.-e are long grubs, with large, flat heads, disprtfportioned to the size of the body. They perforate through the timber, much in the .same way as the Monohammus, but their burrowings are not quite so large There arc a great many spec.e.s, and although their history is not thoroughly known I have na doubt there is a species attached to almost every one of our forest trees. A MAPLE BORER — Clytv.8 S2)eciosus. There is a borer ..hich attacks the maple called the C/ytas speciosti^, an extremely ^\> lan../^ handsome beetle. (See Fie/. iO.) It is velvety black in colour, with y^mr^ ^''*"Pes and markings of a bright yellow. The abdomen is tinged with ^g/r yellow, so that a casual observer might easilv mistake the insect for a yjHk ^77 '^^g'' '^^^P- The perfect insect is occasionally found on flowers. / BB ) ^'^ f the.se insects in their grub state bore into the timber of the jffSSVi r 1 ' ™^^^"S the channels and chambers which are familiar to every- llB/ • 1 ' ^^"^'^ *^*' perfect insects have apparently no particular resort V / and after they emerge from the wood are occupied for the remainder J \ 01 their life in providing for the continuation of the species. Fig. 46. NO KNOWN REMEDY. It seems impossible to suggest a remedy for this sort of insect, and any remedy would be very difficult of application owing to the immense number of trees, and the great care necessary to ascertain which are the infested ones. There is no doubt that there are parasites attached to these insects, but entomologists have not yet studied the matter thoroughly enough to ascertain exactly what they are. A LOCUST TREE BORER— Clytus flexuosus. Very closely allied to the Chjtus speciosus is the locust tree. it is a little more wasp-like, but is sometimes seen on the "golden rod " and other plants this insect bore through and through the trunks and killing it. Some years ago it was very abundant in killed most of the locust trees from Toronto to London, about the Credit and other places, but now, I think. Clytusfe.xuosus, which attacks the very similar in appearance and is in the summer time. The grubs of limbs of the locust tree, gradually the neighbourhood of Toronto, and I have also found immense numbers it has to a large extent disappeared. METHOD OF ATTACKING A TREE. fn 1, When it attacks a tree little masses of what looks like sawdust may be seen in the folks, at the base or adhering to the bark. These are the fragments of the wood which t ei " r T ;^"""^["« ^°^i"««- ^---^ruis of flies and other insects attracted by these castings also betray the pre.sence of the borer. ^ MODE OF DESTRUCTION. It may be killed by inserting a wire into the hole which it has made in the tree but IrTZ"" ^ff^'^*^^^ ?-«"^^fy »« the application of very strong soap-suds to the stems and branches, especially when the attack is first noticed. As the beetle gets older and stronger it penetrates n.ore deeply into the tree, and is not so easily reached. This treat- ment would prove equally effective in the case of the maple tree borer. [Mr. liethune.] ' 1 H 54 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. OUTHOSftMA CYLFNDRICUM. The OrMo.o.^o;^i,,,/,,V,,.,, winch l,Hon^^s to the sa.n. fa.nily as tl.e J/<>.o/,«,;,„„,. -^ IS a hii-i- chostmit-hrowii heeth-, with loi.o antenna^. (,>><■ Fiq 47 \ rt IS ta.ndmr to most p..,.],!.. from its hal.it of ,.o,„in« into houses at luylit (luni.- til,. .s,ui,:iH.; tinu-, attracted hy the li^ht and knocking against the ceiling, lami)s, etc. " ' J^ij,'. 47. y: The Larva {See Fig. 4S) bores into the wood of van •„, 'sorts of pine, and is much TZrZTT '." *'r' ^^"'* "^''^" '"""*'•>■ *^"'^ *''^ ^^^"""^^'" '"-' -''i^'J' - -»«-"-i =^i"-Ht Provim. 'n '"'"^ '/^^^^ '"''''^ '' ^""'"> <'verywl,ere throughout the Province. The pre.sence of those large pine-borers can generally be known by the noise h ch they make while at work. On a still night the crunching of their jawLan eas ly be heard at a distance of several rods, and by listening intentfv. the e..act spot can li^ ouud where the creature s hard at work. Most of these large 'borers attack ^nl^ re that have met with some injury, whether from wind or fire, but the Cfylus borens will attack perfectly healthy trees. MINUTE ENEMIES OF FOREST TREES. „. fl ^^"^'1 f*' ^ ""',"^'''' f °'^'*''' ^"'''''*' '''^'''^ '^^^^'^ *^« ^^'o°^l of our forest tree.s, such as the Mjtm family, and others, but they are smaller in .size, some of them bein^^ very minute indeed. They chiefly work just beneath the bark of the tree, and I do not^know t hat they do any great amount of damage. Some of them penetrate the small twigs and shoots and do injury m that way. They do not, as a rule, attack live, healthy trees, but wood. ' '' '^ """^ """'"' *'"^ ^'' '^P^ ^^ «"' "'"'^''- '"1^1 ^^»'^S« ^^'' IMPORTANC'K OF DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN INSECTS. wPreT?]'^^''" f •'/''.'""''.-V! *'""'' '^. '""""'' ^'' ''''y "^^^''-'-^^''^ 'f t'lo community in general were able to distinguish between insects that are really beneficial and those that are really injurious. Mo.st people will trample under foot any insect they come acro.ss, particu- larly if it.s appearance is not very inviting, and numbers of those that are put to death in this way are our very best friends. ^ BENEFICIAL INSECTS— ORDERS OR DIVISIONS. the bS:f hm^:if '^'"" ""'•^'" ''''''' "'■ '^^ ^^"^* '^^^"^^ ^'^ '^^-«--- ^^« -"1 t-k^ THE TIGER liEETWS—CicindeHdcv. ficatiSf *Hj««. the family of Cicindelidr., or tiger beetles, is generally put first in classi- hcation. There are a great many .species of these beetles, and they are very handsome [Mr. Betkune.] and renii lives in i '■«« -"1 an.ple situations, by the road .si.les or pathways a'^ • fth iL n. ''^""'"'fl ^?'''"^ '" ^^••"'' «^"W abh, to catch ahno,st any in.sect hat comes neail T^v l""' °^ ^'^''" ^'"' ••"""'"^^' '^ *^ insects, and while they nr6 probably TtLrv J V , ^ ^evotira very large numb.r of destroy is harmful or .fot, tlu-yl^^o ^r^ Iv Uklf' " "'" *." ''^^'^'' ^''" ^''•'^'^ture they orous habits. ^ ^ "^ ^°°''*-'' "P"" '^« beneficial from their carniv-- Fig. 49. Fig. Fig. 51.- guttata. ) generosa. ) Fig. 50. Fig. 51. Yis.y2. Fig. .53. The prece.lu.g five figures exhil.it some „f the common species : Fig. 54. ' —""■■' ■'6""=-> ^•^'"■'ii' soine or tne common species: THE GROUND UEKTLES— Ca?'a7^i(te. work cl,i,,(ly „t „igl,t, audtoth i„ tl„.ir«,.ul, S pe S e °S« dl IVlT''™' *";' ""^, OTHER VARIETIES OF BEETLES. The genus Harpnlns is esp...ially valuable in this way. Home of them are large a-^l handsome. Then there is the genus Calosoma, of wl: Ji there are two or three species, one of them (See Fin 5o) benjg a largr beautiful green boetle called the "cateri.il ar hunter, fron. its halut of going up trees, and td upon and devouring caterpillars. We do not know a very great deal about the habits of these insects. This year I found the large Calosoma scrutator as well as the CaJoso- ma frujidnm very abun.lant at Port Hope. Another spec.es, called the Calosoma calidum (See Fin. o.3) also a arge and handsome beetle, destroys a great number of caterpillars and noxious insects. INSECTIVOROUS EXCLUSIVELY. live on nothing but insects, conZ^'no tg^bb t d ^':^'%:::fr''''''T'''' number of specks of this family, bu^ do not think it l::sa;^o 2^ In^^ 7^^ [Mr. Bethune.] i^^. 56 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. WATER BKETLES— SEVERAL FAMILIES. i 4 j isf Fig. 56. ^,.^ ^ Fig. 50 represents the largest of our snpripa „f r. ,.• '^'" F„. 57. A species „U as l^^^S^^^JJ^iJ^^^^^^') Proceeding in scientific order, we nevt r-nmo f^ ^i . , , several families, as the J>,nscidc^ Td IvS T Ip T'"' ^•'''\''' °^ "^^^^^ *^'^^« ^''^ their krval and perfect s age.s, de.stroy a /.rl ni.n ^ ^ .'^'^ "' *''" ^^ter, and in both mosquitoes, which are bred In the vlter ^ ^ '' °^ ""^''=*''' "'^^"^^"g ^he larvae of Then Fig. 58. THE SCAVENGERS. ^%. 5^ represents J\ree,.„Mun« celMinu,, one of our comn.onest specie*. THE SCARAUAEIUyE. quantity into a ball, whi . ey Eh al^u t' 'T':'"^' ^"' instance-and roll a tL-diga l.,e and bu.^ tho^LrLt^tiS STIn U ^'e: '"t/"^*"'"^' J''' con.nion in this country, and aiv useful in vouu!ii , i ^^" ^'"'**'' "'«"''*« are of the ground. There are a ii m ler of 1 '• ' ' « !'''T'^ ^'xcreineiits from the surface kind, and so are ben eifcia l^S^^r^t^Z^ZrT^^ ""• ' "''" ^"^^^ "P°'^ ""^^'^ «f ^'^^^ of .SVam/,a«tV/,. nre eve's ivev ' | '' . ""'•'^"X."* the insects belonging to the family which I hav.. Just refe ..^d o' ^^.:t^TTtU; """^'^ f' ''f ^^^ *'"' ^''^^ ^-""- grape-vine beetle, ami others h^ i .1, .Iw l ^' ! *' \^'»''""V," J"»"-'>"g, and the spotted lAlr. Bethicne,] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 57 A CURCULIO DESTROYER. We do not know much about their linViJf. K„f +i ^ ceedinglv useful the (^L'./^lS, ? 7"" •'' °"' "' Particular that is ex of w uch tlie larva or grub feeds quite freely upon xT A M ho plun. curcuho (see Fig. 60). The beetle itself is /f A ^ a very pretty yellow, soft-bodied insect with some ^^ ^ T ,^ v^TI.KS ^'''7, ni'irkings on the wing cases (see Fig. 59). It \x '^'^ \m\ : ^^^''^ ^«""^^ T. *^'' ^^^^'^""^^ "f thistles late in ^ K / . % he sunnner and it ought by all n.eans to be pro- 9 ^ „ Fig. 59. \~ J"''gi"g from the habits of this insect we 1%. (ic but nothing! '^^S^l^/St'^'' f 'Yn T« ''^""^^ ^'^ ^^^^^^ ^--A-al, oue W-y.^re ^l.xir^'^^gr^ltl^llKr w^^^S S^^.^^^^ ^^^^^^ "^ THE LADY m^m—CoccineliidoB. The remaining family is the CoccineUidce or lady bird« (See Fia. Q /«?^ f w ORDER OF HYAIExVOPTERA— THE ICHNEUMONS of bees as being beneficial, but I wish to .say Tfew woll \ o 'ICMT'^'''' '° T-'l! belong to this order. There are hundreds nf ,i;ff . i • f ? , Ic/uiemnons, which size from several inches in lengt S to n f ^'"''' °^ *^^''^'" '"'^^'^^^ ^'^''y'^K in seen with the naked eye, butTlfpUf i^on^^ther iS:;:.' """*™"^ ''''' ^^" ^^'^''^^^^ '^ -^iff. ^'V shows one i)f (-.hoao noroHitiV Mn -i-i- ,^' '• • I, J iH ku„wn as the .leHoate Io«K"Bt.^ Mai^^eMm^ddi^ur^ '^' ' ""''^""'^ ''°''™ "* *''« *PP'«- This [ilf»-. Bethuni'.'^ ! I .' INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. HADITS f)K THK ICHNEUMONS. IH ! I*' y,^ THE OHDEIl OF DIPTEUA, Oli -\VO-WINGED FLIKS. flies, 'JI: 'ss t"m oHiutVir*' " ;'" '''^""'■r' "^ ^^^"-^^'"^'"' '^''^ ^'- ^'-M". , 1 I . ri„,s. 10, 17J ot winch I havt, spoken several time.s already, belong to this order. Fig. 02. J^if/ 0! shows a 'r,ichimis fly, a c,.inm,.ii parasite on caterpillai-H. imt wlule the ichneumons have four wings, these insects Inuv only two. » "'"0"^ HABITS OF THK TWO-WINGEJ) FLIES. bonie ot tl„. sp..cies h'-Ionging to the family Hrn,lpt>'ra ,in« l.eneti,.iar while a In. number are injurious. Some of the carnivorous lm..s beloM-M.,.' to tl s ,'. W f ^ large number of insects, and, among others, the Colomdo llSti: in it« t;:' l;!! ''"' '' THE OHDIOll OF NEUUOITEHA— I)UA(JON FLUX The last order I n..ed refer to is the XmvopUn-n, to which belong the haiulsome draj/on- flies. lhe.se insects, ,n their larval state, live in the wat.T, and are "erv ferociou d tro v ..^ a la,-ge ,uantity of the larva- of other insects ; while' in their plXct eo i^ 1^ ^ fly about and kill grea numbers of Hies (hat are the parents of injurious i"es' Not^ .U« and.ng the fact that they are promi.seuous fee.le!.. aiul p..rhaps prey p, n soine of the ichneumon Uk's. I think they may be classed as decidedly beneticiai [.)//•. JiH/iane.] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 59 ■^1 terpillars of ually kill it. ' our imiiiu- t, tlio pests :ious insects ovipositors 1 upon their lias its own ooked upon white face, ho Sijrphus this order. Iineunions, tched out ial insect, ^ro. It is le a lai'i,'(! ilestroy a to le dra^on- f, d(!str()y- tioii, they ■ts. Not- n some of '•iM Fill OS. --In this fig FiK. 63. case. w^h'the';;:,.^:::t K jH^ti:,.^;!;;!;;:::;^;;'.,;'^ '-- '» ^>- -^ -f -,.«««« it. ,rey, and ti. pupa Fin. ''»"^? ^I'i^^^'N though a source of annoyance to the tidy wZt-m lb ^'t . ''"'^ ^T "'" "^ .'IfPatehing house-flies and other insects, while not rnJu^^stC^ w^^ ^'^^" ^^^ '''' "^ '^ ''- '^'-'''^^-y^ '' '^ -^ ^^ '^11 Po-nous or EN0RM(3US LOSS FROM INSECT PKSTS. ,h. ^" ^r. Dymond—lt would be very diflicult to estimate the dama-e sustained bv the country froin insect pests In order to do so, one would require trknmv Sfe tal i of 1:1J:^^^.'^^^7''''^'^^ rf'^^'^'^' tiie Province, bTt I shouM h^^^t^y muth within the mark to say that the loss from this cause annually, amounts to five nZ cent, of the entire crop Indeed, I do not think that ten per cent, wou dTat all an ex ^^avagaii^ estimate. Hundreds of thousands of dollars Lust be Ttev ry ye- h tS ve^; one rcenrit'woTld b '' "^'"^^ '"^ '"'" ^"•'""'^"^ "^^^ ^"* '' we'could sa e evm one per cent it would be an immense gain. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. I think a grt-at deal of good could be done by dissen - nating information as to these nesf « 1.1 1 IS wa^ by our Entomological Society. Our object has been to dirtuse by meansof our annual reports information of this kind among the whole community but elnedallv HF lam ana tiuit uops. We have abundant evidence to show that this work of the ext nt^ T? r^''«'^^'^"^^' *'- r-^^ "f «>"• P^'ople in regard to these thii gs o T vl a .e xtent. Before our reports began to be issued, the great majority of Sur people knl'v uotlung whatever about insects, while now most inteHigent persons who lead at all have a moderate amount of information in regard to them, .uid are able to dJiSfv 1 distin guish between the more common kinds of beneficial and injurious insects PROTECTION OF BIRDS ADVOCATED. the counirv ZthTlT f •''^"Si'J/^. ''« r''"''"^- '^'"'>' '^'^'^ '^ ^'''■' '^'^'^'^ ^o the face of tne country, both U the beauty of their plumage, and their singing, while thev do i.ot do and S :n^ HtariS^;:; ^" TT\ ^^'"/'"'"^ V"""' ^'^^ '^ ^ ^ hum^i. l^d IsSl ana not on utilitarian grounds that 1 advocate their protection. MOST BIRDS NOT DISCRIMINATING. There are a few insectivorous species that are exceedincly useful 'but the .rreRt injuuous and insects that are beneficial. [Mr. Bethu)ie,\ INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 61 THE RODIN. l.o„ Jn!!!"""^'"; ^°' '"f ?'^' ""^.n ^'^^ ^"''■y ^^'■S'^^y Of *he oarth-worm, which is a decidedly benehcial creature, while it will pass the noxiou. tent caterpillar near by and at th^ oUhem""' '' ^^--l^-™« 1^-PP-' to be ripe, it will not I backward fn taking toll WOODPECKERS. Hoj'rver, our woodpeckers are very useful as insect feeders, and the common yellow- bird also uoes good work m devouring the seeds of noxious plants. ^ PARASITIC INSECTS OUR BEST PUOTEf.'TORS. But I think there can bo no doubt that tlve parasitic insects arc beyond all com ; t^ A shS'l' ! '-''*":•""';••'*-•. though I think h: consumes a great deal of good nut A stuffeil eagle or hawk, or other bird of prey, set up on a pole in the midst of the trees durmg the fruit season, has the ertect of fright'ening away robins cherybrcb a cu:t ^nUo r^T '""rr ''rf '' -'-tin.es loses its virlue fro'n. the birds LSo.iTg accustometl to it I would not advocate the passing of an Act, taking away the nrotec tion of the law from such birds as the robin, 'while l^xtending i to oth^r^ I thinnerv great difficulty would arise from any such attempt at discrinrination. ^ CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE. 'i^'iH MR. SAUNDERS' EVIDENCE. follows Mr.JViLLiAM Saundeus, a member of the Commission, then gave evidence as 7'o Mr Di/mond.— About twenty-two or twenty-three y<,ars ago I becran the studv of insects, and since that time I have been pretty constan ly engtged Iifrbserv niand noting the various plu.ses of insect life, directing my atte,.tion nio're p^i'ticulX to^^^^^^ nsect enemies ot the fruit-grosver and the farmer, and to the habits of^ parasitic ins^cs inimical to these destructive species. I have been connected with thrS tomolo 'fcal ENTOxMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. An, iV f '•"■^'•'•^"t of the Entomological Soch-ty, I liave, in connection with my coadjutors loie the best 1 could with the means at my disposal, to place before the fariniUS^onof tlH, community, m tli<. annual reports pr..sented to the Commissioner of An>;!:;Zi:Ll^^:^ TheZ/n'''^'' •";•';'" 'rV'\ "t'"'^" *''^' ^"''•'"'^t from'a scientfic^sta iS . Horkof thehoc.ety has, I think, been valuable, and the Government havTeen ■ngo, o $1000 a year, at which it now stands. This money 1 may mention, is sp^nt [Mr. ir. Saunders.] 62 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. entirely in providing material for carrying on the operations of the Society, the work which IS done being gratuitous, and with the exception of $100 voted to cover theexpeu ses of the editor, and ifoO to cover those of the Secrotarv, the whole of the grant is spent in the way I mention, a strict account being rendered to the Governmert every year in the Society s report, The case is different with our Entomological friends, who have been doing so much for the United States, they are nearly all salaried officers : Prof KUey, as State Entomologist of Missouri, had formerly $3000 a scar, and now, as chief of the Entomological Commission, he is in receipt,! believe, of an annual salary of ^aOOO while the other officers of the (Jommission have |:2000 and §3000 a year. INSKUTS INJURING THE APPLE. _ In dealing with our fruit insects we will commence with tliose affecting the apple as being our most important fruit tree, and begin with the root, going up the trunk and so to the leaves and fruit. Affecting the root, the only insect I know as especially injurious to the root of the apple-tree is the root plant louse or Eriosoma pi/ri, which belon-s to the family AphidcB. It attacks the roots under ground, and deposits its esrgs upon them wounding the surface and causing an irritation which results in the formation of galls or protuberances of various sizes, in which the young insects lodge and feed {see FUj 60) Fig. 66. In Fig 66 a represents the tf.alls, a specimen of the work of this insect, b and c tlie perfect winged insects- magmhed ; the liair lines at the sides give the correct size. Very serious injury is done by these attacks, and frequently young trees are so badly affected that they becom. (juite useless, and have to be dug up and destroyed. The pj'esence of the insect may be suspected from the unhealthiness of the tree, but it can only be actually discovered by laying bare and examining the roots. It is very seldom that one sees a lot of young trees exposed for sale which .are not more or less affected by this pest. The only artificial nnnvxXy which has been suggestetl is to uncover the roots lif the tree as much as possible, and pour scalding water 'upon them, thus destroying tiie insects. This, however, is a tedious and troublesome remedv and one not very often used The insect is preyed upon by a species of ,S//rph,i.s tiv, J'ipiza ra,/lc,m, which liiy>^iti eggs on the roots, and the larvic which are hatched-out feed freely upon the lice. {Fiy 67) [.\fr. W Fig. (i7. Fi;/. 67 shows this fly with its larva («) and chrysalis (6), all magnified., Siiumlers.'] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 63 inged insects- INJUniNG THE TRUNK. affeo°?'S:r*'°""' ""■■"' "' ""■ '-. - fi.«lft.ttW are two !.„„„, which THE STRIPED BORER. The oneU.„„„,.„,h«*ipe<„,o.„. ,a,.„<. CW.W, (^V «.), a,,., the other as .he Fig. 68. ^>,. OS^a the larva or gn..„ ,, the chrysalis, a„.l c the perfect beetle Buprestis apple-tree 'oorer, Ckrysolotkrl. ie^norata is.. Fi,. Oi^). The forn. er IS a very i'lh'. 0!). Fi,. (!9, a „l.ows the huva, 6 the chrysalis an.l cl the perfect insect n.VHelf at London, I should say 1.o wo v er ^xt I be i-v" "■"''"'' ""' ''''^^•'"- ^"""^1 ^^ country, and I know it is .n^deratcd^'cS^ni. ^"S^.:l,r :;;;;^'^r' °- nort,^;;.;^ s o^t:; -r ''-' '' '"' ''--' *° "^« ^-^^^s^-- ^- ^o:;:;:: ti. THE UUPRESTIS IJORER. tm-cSo^r^:;^::^^ 5^1:« one^;::.i:i^i7;;:t;•^^ -^ rttu,ate.y vo.y abundant clim;n-nee in torn, both in tlu/h.L ' ^ l?^ " 1' ;''"'^";;^;7 ^-';. *'"' "t'-' kv the smaller than the other, and of that co.M.erv.nt.lH. T , ! ' '\' "P''''-'*t's •"'•■tie is much as peculiar to the fanniy of B "'^S ''Zt^JZ^'''; ''^^^^^^--^ Las described nca with a lar.e broin headend stron/ w^ ^^ L at'or'^i; h"'"'"' I ''""'''' ^'>'''"- t.K no i. in form tiio nn f -...;-. ^> J'*"") "'""^ ^"^t ot the liuprestiw rescmblrt: n •64 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. ones correspondingly small. The habits of the two species are very similar. The parent insects deposit their eggs on the bark of the tree, the striped borer generally about the collar, or base of the trunk, and the Buprestis sometimes there, but sometimes higher un on the trnnk, or even above the first branches. The eggs are soon hatched, and the youiw larvffi bore in as far as the sapwood, and live there until they grow large enough and strong enough to bore into the harder wood of the trunk. REMEDIES. . ' ."5^ Their presence may be detected by the smooth, somewhat shrivelled appearance of the bark of the tree over the spot where they are at work, or by the castings of the wood which the arva throws out as it increases in size. If on thrusting the potnt of a knife into the collar or base ot the tree a cavity is found, that fact will indicate the presence of a larva, which should at once be searched out and destroyed. Another remedy a ore ventive measure is the application of an alkaline solution made by mixing a gallon of soft soap with about half a gallon of water in which has been dissolved as much washincr soda as It will take up. This is applied to the trunk of the tree from the base upwards to the forks and about the larger branches'. The liquid, which will be about the con- sistence of paint, should be applied witii an ordinary paint brush on a fire day, when th« heat of the .sun will dry the solution readily, and during the early part of June before the time when the insects deposit their eggs. This treatment will coat the tree with a sort of alkaline varnish not easily aflected by rain, and seems to exempt it from attack to a -roat extent I have had some 5,000 trees under my care for eight or nine years, and I liave rarely tound a borer in any of them under this treatment. The Buprestis deposits its eggs earlier in the season than the Saperda, but both kv them during the months of June or July, and the solution should be applied durin.- the hrst week in June and repeated, if neces.sary from the wetness of the weather, in tiie beginning of July Generally speaking, uowever, one application will be found sufficient' i think the same treatment would preserve our maple shaile trees from the attacks of the mapl tree borer, t hjUcs speciosus (see Fig. 46). Besides keeping off the l)orers, this solu- tion destroys the eggs of the Aphidae, and various other insects, and in fact prevents the tree from becoming a hiding place for insects of any kind, at any rate for some weeks af er it is applied. Ihey seem to object very decidedly to the alkali contained in the solution. I think we cannot urge too strongly upon our orchardists the use of a remedy so inexpensive and attended with so little trouble. These are all the borers specially in- jurious to the apple tree. ^ •' AFFECTING THE BARK. It •« The worst insect we have affecting the bark of the tree is the oystser-shell bark louse, Aspidiotm conchiformis, which is a very minute creature and a very troublesome one. Ihe form in wlueh we generally .letect it is'in the shape of a small sc'ale, somewhat resembling an oyster shell, which if lifted up in August or .September, will disclose a large number ot minute eggs underneath. These eggs remain protected und.n- this scale during the winter, and early in the following summer, as soon as the weather -rets warm -sometimes in the latter part of May, .sometimes a few days later-the youn.^ are hatched out. riiey wait for a warm day before leaving their shelter, and then"tl.ey scatter themselves over the twigs of the tree, and when they find a suitable spot theV hx themselves upon the tender growing bark, insert their beaks and become permanently located, never moving aiterwanls. Th..y go on sucking the ju.ees of the tree until towards the latter en.l of August or Wept. mber, when they attain their full si.,., and gradual y form this scaly shell, within which the eggs are deposited, and the female lou.se subsequently shrivels up and dies. (Fuj.70.) \_Mr. W. Saundei'd.] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 65 REMEDIES. It can easily be seen that the insects are most vulnerable to attack at the stage when the young larvae are spreading over the twigs, and before they become permanently lo- Fig. 70. Fiy. 70 represents a gmall piece of the bark of an apple tree twig covered with these scales. cated. They are then soft, delicate creatures, and if syringed with an alkaline solution such as I have described, but weaker, or a wash made of whale oil soap, a very laro-e pro- portion of them will be destroyed. Again, the larger branches can be partially cleaned during the winter months by scraping, or scrubbing them with a stiff brush, and using a little alkaline solution. I have never tried crude petroleum as a remedv, for the reason that I have known many instances where it killed, not only the insects, but the trees as well. I have heard many people speak highly of a weak solution of petroleum, say a tablespoonful in a pail of water, but I do not think it likely to be as good a remedy as an alkaline solution, besides we know this latter to be quite harmless. While in Manitoulin Island lately, I found this insect also attacking red and white currant bushes, but as a rule it confines itself to the apple. There is another species which attacks the bark of the tree, Aspidiutus harrisii and which IS found in the United States, but not, so far as I know, in Canada. It is known from the other by the diflFerence in the shape of the scale, and the reddish colour of the eggs, which in the common form are white. 11 INJURING THE TWIGS. The apple-tree plant louse, or Aphis mali, which attacks the terminal growing shoots, IS very .similar in its habits to the plant-lice already referred to by Mr. Bethune. It fastens itself on the young, growing twigs, and sucks the juices from them, and in this way retards the growth very much. The treatment that has been suggested for the hop aphis and some other varieties of Aphidce is equally applicable to this species. Syringing with an alkaline solution, or with tobacco water, proves very effectual, and the insects when washed off have no means of regaining their position, even if not killed, and con- sequently die. AFFECTING THE LEAVES. There are a large number of caterpillars which feed on the foliage of the apple tree « THE TENT CATERPILLAR. The tent cateri)illar, Clidocampa americana, is, perhaps, the most widely known of all. This in.sect is the progeny of a moth of a brownish colour, with lighter stripes, which ai)pears on the wing in the mouth of July, and deposits clusters of its eggs upon the small twigs of trees, chiefly apple trees. A single cluster of these eggs wilT^contain several hundreds, and these are covered with a glutinous coating, which serves as a var- nish to protect the egg-mass from the action of the weather. In this state the t^trgs re- main during the winter, hatching out in the following spring, just about the time'^when the buds burst on the trees. The larvte at once begin to spin their web in which they (!iiclose themselves for protection against the weather, and from which they issue at cer- tain times in the day to feed on the expanding foliage. As tlicv increase in size they enlarge their web until it presents the appearance so familiar to everv one, that of a large silken endosurt^ ciMitainiiig, perhaps, two or tiiree hundred worms or" larvte, fi-om an inch to an inch and a half or tiiree-qiiurters in length. They have the peculiar habit of a going ov;t together to feed at certain times in the day. {Fig. 71.) [Mr, W. Saimders.] 5 ; '^ I; 66 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. Fit'. 71. .•a fh ^" ^'^' ''V^t'""'! ■''• '■eprMentatiou of these caterpillars .it a and b restinn on a portion of the web- d li the cocoon which contains the insect in the chrysalis state, and c one of the egg masaes. THE FOREST TENT-CATERPILLAR. There is another closely allied species, called the forest tent-caterpillar, Clisiocampa sylvatica (Fig. 72), which for four or Mve years was very destructive in the nei-'h- bourhood of London, but which has now almost entirely disappeared. It constructs a s^rt of web on the sides of the trunks or large branches of trees, but not of the same kind as the common tent-caterpillar. Vh. 72. Fi,j. 7;? shows the larva of this spscies, which differs from americina in having a row of snots down the back instead of a continuous stripe, and in several other minor points. ' This species n of the web; d spots down the BIRDS. I found in the stomach of one bird only-the cuckoo, or Cnr.r.yge^is americanus~a very large quantity of these larvaa, in fact, the crop was packed fullof the^ This wa^ the only instance I ever knew in which these larva, were devoured by birds. In rearing them, however, I found that a very large number, after the first year, produced '" PARASITIC INSECTS; . one species of Tachina, and two species of ichneumop^ being very abundant. I have have no doubt that these parasites did more towards destroying the caterpillars than any other cause. A disease of a fungoid character also broke out" amongst them two years ago, winch doubtless had a good effect also in thinning their ranks. I have known the amencana to be destroyed by liuown ijie FROSTS w'r>f °" J"«* f^t^"-, they had hatched and before they had spun web enough to pro-' i)ToT, \ ^7' f *''^^"*' ,^hieh feeds upon the egg-mass during the winter, and consume.^ the contents of the eggs leaving nothing but the shells of those which it attacks. These are all the natural remedies I am aware ot, but the tent caterpillar is easily controlled by ARTIFICIAL MEANS. wb.n^rr^'* ^'^^'^'' the cutting off and destroying of the egg-clusters during the wintei when they can be readily seen, and an inspection of the trees in the spring to see that none have escaped. In case any of the pests have survived till then Jfey w iThave begun to construct their web, and can be easily removed br cutting off the twX o whilh they rest, or if high up on the tree, by a pole with a clolh twistfd round theCl ot it If proper care is exercised, this caterpillar need never be destructive in any orchard But with the forest tent caterpillar the case is very different. It fer.ds upon tL leave sot" so many different trees that it has a much wider area in which to breed^ and wlenl -ei t is abundant, it is enormously so In my own orchard, in which there ar; about 5 oSo ti-e s f was obliged for two years to keep two men constantly employe ., for five or six weeks eadi season in ki ling these caterpillars, in order to preserve it from detruction. From le srnXr .rnn't, "^ ;"""^^' ^""°^'*^^ ^^j"'''"^g' '^"^" being extremely act^theTsooi take up heir position on the tree again, if not at once despatched. In thinkiiU over the nia er It occurred to „,e that as each of the deshy pro-legs of the caterpillar is°furShed V I a riugeof hooks, it would be a ditficult thing for it to crawl over a .nateriaimce cot lol; "r 7.1 'T^ ■t'^P.'* ?^ '''^' substance, some three or four inches wide, arou ul the lower part ot the trunk ot the trees, tight i.i ti.e centre, so that the upper part ^f Te str ns wou d overhang the middle somewhat, an.l watched the result. I found hat te ki JS would craw up the tree until they reached tliis baud, and then they Tuld 'o round lU round, until they apparently became tired and went down again. In a lettfr to on^ o our local papers I mentioned the matter, and the plan was e.xtensively tried a, d it seemed to work very well indeed, ahnost entirely preventing tlie caterpillar from c i^^ ^Ap he trees. I consider tins species where abundant as more destructive to the apple tlmnU other caterpillars put together. '■^ '^ THE TUSSOt'K MOTH. Another destructive insect is the white-marked tu.ssock moth, or Ornuia hncostimna he egg masses ot winch are fou.ul in the winter time glued to a dead I^^af an SisTs' tened to a tw,g ot the tree. Those egg-masses produce^n the spring clusters of smaU [Mr. W. Suunderg. 68 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. caterpillars, which, as tliey grow older, become very handsome. They are prettily tufted with long black pencils of hair, two in front and one behind, and are ornamented with yellow brush-like tufts between the two extremities and small coral-red knobs or warts (Fiu 73.) • V y- Fig. 73. In Fig. 73 we have a nice representation of this larva. The females of this insect have no wings, and look very much like large spiders, They await the attendanc3 of the males at the foot of the tree, whe-e they have emerged from the chrysalis, and then crawl up the trunk and deposit their eggs in the manner descril)ecl. Jarring the trees causes the larva; to spin a web and drop to the ground, where they caii be gathered up and destroyed. THE YELLOW-NECKED CATERPILLAR. ..jMMnother species is the yellow-necked caterpillar, or Datana ministra, and similar in habits, though different in appearance, is the red-humped caterpillar, JVotodonta concinna. The egg-clusters of both species are deposited by the moths on the twigs of the trees, and" both larvie feed in large societies. They do not remove from the branch on which they are placed until they have consumed all the foliage upon it, when they extend to neighbouring branches, and defoliate them in like manner. The thoroughness of their work leads to their ready detection, and the best remedy is to remove the clusters and destroy them. There is no great difficulty in keeping either of these species in check. THE FALL WEB-WORM. The Fall Web-worm, HypJiantria textor, begins its operations in the fall, when the orchardist thinks he is at length free from trouble with tent raterpillar.s. Its egg-clus- ters are found adhering to twigs in a similar manner to that already desci ibed, and%vhen the larva; are hatched they also spin a web, though not such a large one as that of the American tent-caterpillar. The larva;, too, are slenderer and smaller, usually not more than an inch or an inch and a qu.;rter in length, and are of a yellowish or greenish colour with clusters of white hairs all over their bodies, arising from small black and orange yellow protuberances arranged in regular rows across tlie body. They may be leadity removed by hand. Other trees are subject lu their attacks besides tiie apple, in fact I have found them upon nearly every kind of tree. They will also attack the currant and blackberry. I have never noticed them on the grape vine. CANKER WORMS. There are two species of canker worms which, until late years, have been confounded witli each othei'. Oih> species produces a moth late in autumn, and the other partly in autuuH.,but chiefly in thefollowingsprin>,C There ar. perceptibh; diflcrences in their larval and mothciiar- acteristics which are sufficient to establish them as distinct, but as their habits are precisely similar we can s^-ik of the two species as one. The fall species probably attracts more [Mr. W. Haunders.] 'km INSE' TS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 69 a tention tha.i the other After severe weather, when it might have been expected that ahnost all insect hfe would be destroyed, especially auythinj so delicate in structure as these moths are, they may be met with in the woo.ls flving about in all directions Thev seen, in fact, to re.iuire a great amount of cold to fully d.velope them. The females of ve V fP;^;^Vr'.r'''r"* r";f * '^'' r^'- ""'>' P"««''^«i»g P^^-'-r« ^f Aight. The female is ^ery much like the femah> On/^/ia, being a spider-like creature, with six Ion- k-s and a large body thickly olotl.ed with scales. She is very unattractive in appearance, while the ma e is a very beautiful in.sect indeed. A*rer copulation the female climbs up the tree an. deposits her eggs usually on the twigs. The larva, are hatched o-it in the sprin-/ and quite early in the summer attain their growth. Their n^ethod ov vaikinc is bv looping their bodies, viz., by drawing the hinder feet close to the foi. .eet, a.^ain ex tending the latter, and so on. They are prettily striped with vellow and brown" After attaining its full growth-late in June, or early iu July-the insect descends to the earth and torims a cm-ysahs which remains undeveloped until the advent of the cold season, when tlie moth breaks through and escapes to perpetuate its species. {Fh/s. 74-77.) This insect ill; 1 i^;. 75. Fit,'. 70. has been very troablesome in many parts of the Uiit. d States, attacking not only the apple tree l)ut several van.>ties of shaue trees, particularly the elm. ' TKMiJDlRS. frP.J'^'/T' '".':':^"%''^^''^ been resorted to to preA •^ .he female from climbing i,: the trees and depositing her eggs. Strips of tin or zinc nave been fastened about Th, tree about three inches wide and sloping downwards, like an inverted fu'iiel, so that the msect could not Hurmoun them, also bandages of cotton and other fibrics, daubed with tar have been used with the same end in view, and by these means the tr. .s have, in v.n instances been saved from serious damage. T ha^ e not had much opportunity of ju' ,n^ whether the Lnghsh sparrow has had any etTect in reducing the number of these msec s" but I am of opinion that it has not. »"sects, THE CECROPIA EMPKROR CATERPILLAR. The Cecropia emperor caterpillar, Sumia cecvopm, the largest anmainder are yellow excet)tin- those on the second and hiud.'r segments, which, in common will, (he sn.aller ones alon" the sides, are blue (m; Fuj. 7U). |<:ar]y in the autumn the larva .sj.ins its stron- silken cocoon, perhaps three inches in length, inside of which it changes to a chrysalis ami re \Mr. W. SniDxhr^ " [^ •] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 71 Fi-. 7!). mains dnrinj? the winter {..r Fhj. S0\ developing tlienioth the foil beginning ot June. owing season, about the Im;,'. >0. HK.MKDIKS. out ^^^Z2'!:!^7t ^"""T" ^7' *?'""' "'" '•^''■'•"'''"' ^'"' ^^ '^ 'l"it'^ ~>" to find that i.uiop<.xn.il,l(., It i.s foninion on the pluin, and sometimes seen on onrrint and lilae bnshes ; ,n fact ,t is a very general feeder, though usually preferring U,e ai'ple: IJASCAI, l.KAF I'lUTMl'I.KH. r ,, „, '*^ J^'" " "'" in.)Ui'"'u« to the leaves nf (h,. apple trees. I! ■ ■■\'<% B 72 INSECTS AND INSKCTIVOKOUS BIRDS. 'I'' J.i i. If 4 I!- THE CODLING WORM. Thereisan insPot whicl. feeds upon the fniifc, with whieh wo are all acnuaintorl v,V the which causes the loss of manythousand dollars' wortli of fruit every year. The mothison the In Fi,r. ,s7,/a„,l ,; represent the moth with the wings closed and expanded, ,■ the larva, and U the chrysalis wi.^ij quite early i,i the season, about tho time the apple trees are in blossom, and as soon as tho trmt IS fornie.1, or almost before it is formed, the insect .lenosits her ."l^L hi At th t tune w„ notice a ^reat many apples fall from the trees. These are brou^dit down rom the eth,ct of the presence of the larva-. I^l.e irritation set np i.Ttrf ui ? w tt r It . , .,f ,.„„.s.., us,.h^s tor any purpose, but the fact of its fallincr to the -n-ou, iC e exis en '. ' I.". I ^'"■'•^''•':' ^^'^'> "^ ^^''li^''' *" «P<^.h1 the inactive .stage of its existence, has sr-gest...! a very useful u.me.ly for counteracting its ravages. REMKOIKS. By tying about the mi.Mle of the (nn.k, a ban.lag.. of ol.l cotton cloth or even paper, a suitable hiding place is presented to the |,u. a- which at once make, ue o it bv entering ,n and going into ehrysalis tb.-re. If ,l.e bandage is applied to a tm Z wind, there is a good crop of fruit, an.l tie.l i. ,he mi.Idl,., /have ton i 1 as x ru ^tlia here will he as many or even more larva- ab ,ve the string than 1 el ' s^i , vi , U,S nsect reinams, during the sumimT months, about ten or twelve days or sometimes a fort n ght in the chrysalis state, an.l the bandages ought to be examined one, "week ^,'tst n ako «ure that none escape. Fn this way a very large number of pupa, na^ eel ted s:-;:^ 3ir:h;:r;,rhS:i;tr'''^^"''''' '- '- -^-'^''-^ "^ '^ ---^ •'--«. -•"••!' [.Iff. ir. .SfHr/,:r^:] I INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 73 THE SECOND BROOD. oscaDl^o'IrnV^n'' °'"' 7^^'/" ^^'"^ f^° '''''^' *'^« ehrysalids mature, and the moths ■ndTf the fn f r"''" 'T '''' '''r^ '"■""''• ''^'''■^« '"■^' -n"ti">es placed on the calyx he centre of tleanl^'pr "' *?" "'''/'',' '^•"^'^ '^ ''^'"^'^''^ ^''^ -t« i*- --y i"^" IS! In . i?^ ;. ''f ^"■""''' "* S''^^**'' I'owever, does not seem to be so rap-'d in quite late m the fall Frequently the apples, especially winter varieties, are pulled with the larva, insule, and hi this case the insects come to maturity durin. he winter ad spin tlieir cocoons about the barrel, the bin, or wherever the apples hajpen tX ' FURTHER REMED):ES. The insect is always double-broo.led. It is very desirable that the fallen frnit should be picked up and disposed of at once in order to got rid of th t prcnlSon^.t the Tre^arJ r\"'r"""*° *'" ^"''""^' ''^'^' '''■ T'>i«. howc'er. is onlv a pa^r3 edy a the? t T hlk'?;' :r^''" ''' ^"^^ r' ^^^^^'^f "' "^-^"^ ^''-^^ -^ ^e' mploy:;t7check nsect v^uld t t fn ^'^^^^^^^^^ r'''''"^ ^" any locality for a single season, the .sect ^^ouid be so far destroyed that the c-rop of the following yoMr would be ■ilmost en rely free from the worms. It might not be wholly free, because thJTn hs are ab e to ^ylnl^lu^^utZ ^ t'';V."'''.^'"'^ '" '"^''^ *'^^y g"^'^^™*^. «"'• ^-ernain ti.ere as long AVOID SHIPPING WORMY FRUIT PAKASITES. INSPICTS INJURI.NO Till', PIIAU TIJKK. Passing to the pear (re, , there is Just one insect to which I would like to call atten t.on, and that ,s niK pk.k tiuok su:., Srla.Urin ceras,, which also occurs on the eh,!i";" ., '''"; ■'''f ••opreHotitM this hImk iit a full K'rnwn, iiiwl the porfect Hy. [Afr. W. Soiindnrs.] a1: HO ill a yoium'er state feeding on the I««f ; Aiepreaentu 'Ml m 74 1;-'' INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. !•«'< (•i-,,i I Li » l« 1. REMEDIES. .«« !!* '" ^'■''^"''"tly stated by agriculturists, and in our fruit journals, that it is PxtrenK^lv LTto'tS slil loi" TT '^ '''T"'^ "P •'^^'"' ''^ "^^^-« -*° ti»^ tree and thi St 2 Tit is a'd o L f 1 ^%T'' '^'''''^ ''■ ^ ^'^^^ "°* ^°"»^> this remedy so efficie'vt as It s sa.d to be. In fact, I have on one or two occasions experimented with fl,. In,, covenng then, with sand, and have found that they shed th^ n 7ki two m^^ imes "J succession without any further effect being produced on th . I haTenot tr ed Ime which IS soinetimes recommended, because llive found a verv efficien remedy in hellebore. A abh.spoonful of hellebore in a pailful of water and applied with a svnCe or watering pot destroys them all in a very few moments. The ii^ec is fitfu i^U T pearance, and you may cultivate the tree.s sometimes for years Shou^eo n / Tt^s" upon the pear, but this particular insect does not appear to attack tliJ apple at all^ ^ INJURING THE PLUM TREE. f«n 1 ^^"^"g "'^'^ *« *''« pi"'" trfi^, I might also remark that 'many of the insects which feed upon the apple and pear devour as well the leaves of the plum ; but there are Be vera species which particularly affect th(> latter. One of the chief s THE PLUM SPHINX, {Sp/nncr drupif.mrnm), a large green caterpillar, with white stripes on the sides and a prominent horn at the tail (...« Fi,. S.3). It attains the length, at maturity, of pe'J.aps [Afr. ]\\ Saundf.r.'^.] FiK', 8«. INSECTS AlfD INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 75 f \ t: rig. c54), wtiicti IS a night-flying insect, and has a flight sorne- ' I Ij, Fig. 84. what^similar to U.at of tl.e hun.ming bird. It deposits its oggs about the month of June, and the larva attains its maturity about th'e <.iul of autumn, when it dcscnds from the tree, enters the ground and elianges to a chrysalis' (see Fig. <^^;, in which form it remains until the following season. THE POLYPHEMUS CATERPILLAR (/./m;,o/y;,/,.„„«),s the progeny of another of the emperor moths, and is a lo ocoasioi.a ly found on the plum. It is one of our handsomest insects, lie luivais about as thick as a man's thumb (see Fiq. 8i>), of a greenish- yellow colour, and with the segments of the body very deeply cut into. The e segments are crowned with tubercle.s wliicli have clusters^ of small spbies proceeding from them. Its history is very similar to that of the sphinx ^^l 1 have just mentioned. Instead, howev.T, of forming a chrysalis under Fih'. 8S. ground It spins a co,.oon insid,. of two or three leaves of the tree o^^^I^^ti^, \}tr. W. Saunders.] Fis,'. 8li. liill 11 I'] ¥ r I'' ' 111-' •: INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. whicl.it ^a^«s» ^P^ fruit/ J. U^cts the pear H^ "111 rth^lr^^^ theappl( vlthoudi small vpf.foi ^ ' , "'' '' sometimes found on itisLVbiewirtrelj^^^^^^^^^^^^^ , Fig. Mi. crop. The insect, after feedin- f o. t vn .. f>. ,°^ '^^'"'*S*' °" *^« chrysalis state, and produces a v^ry prettv 1^1X0! 1, u""' ^^^^s, passes into the time to produce larve the same s^Ln I a , nf\. ' "^^'"^ T'"' ''^-'P^^'^h its eggs in pass the winter in ah undevdopS s i from thetcHilir^r" ''"' '''"'' ^^^"''' «- 'rally grown very early in th,- spring.^ It n.ay be hat thet 1 ' T ^^'"•^^•"'^^fo""^ half in the previ.-,us autumn, an.l hyberna e in n fnrnii ^ occasionally attain the moth state F^. 80 represents this tiny inlStT^o;;' 4:ZvVaT!'XTf ^^^^'^ ^"^^^ ^^ THE OBLIQUE-BANDED LEAF HOLLER. The other moth is the oblique-banded leaf rollpr or / , • There W Kv.ral parlS Xi 1, Jr. o, Th' .r';',"'' "1^" "'?"■ CURCULIO. the sam/family as that to^vl^ch h ^l C , f't, I "^"F to t^e Curculionid., /v. .V.'). It is sn.all in si.e, and of alu h . ay ^ bk. k,''! ^'"V'"'"''' ''"*. '"•^'^^* ^'"^^ looks very much like a dried bud of the tree '''^°''''' ''"'' '"^'*-''^ '"^''^t'^fe' S^i^ki^ [Mr. W. Saundn-s.] lifieil ; d shows thein.wctin ;i i ■Ml 78 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. r ■ 31^ 5- METHOD OP CATCHING. It has the hab.-t in common with most other curculios, of dropping to the srounH and feigmng death when suddenly alarmed, and advantage may be taken ffthTs habit to destroy the .asect. Having spread a sheet beneath the tree, the latter can be jarred atd'dest^oTer " "'' ''''' '' ''' ^^°""'' '^^^'^"^« '^^*^' ^"^ "^^ ^^^ br^athVred up ITS LIFE HISTORT. ' Its life-history may be given in a few words. It usually passes the winter in the ground in the chrysalis state, though the perfect insect sometimes escapes from the Irysa t during the later autumn months, and then may be found under the bark of trLs hyt ' nating in the winter. As soon as the trees are in blossom the curculios may be found in abundance upon thein, waiting for the first signs of development in the younH ui" Before the blossoms have fairly left the tree, the tender fruit is detected by this watchful pest which at once begins to deposit eggs in it. These shortly hatch into small grubs wlS penetrate into the fruit, causing decay and premature falling. The jarring^ou'ht to be begun early in the year, while the trees are in blossom, and in this way a large proportion of the curculios may be collected before they have done anj mischief- ; in ffct^ormuc the'irn': '^ "'°" "" recommendation to begin the jarring pro'cess quite eariy in THE "RANSOM CHIP METHOD" consists in simply placing a number of chips under the tree with a view to providing a hiding place for the curculio and afterwards examining the chips from time to time and destroying the curculios. I have tried it several times, but have never yet found a curcu io under the chips It was supposed that the curculio would take refuge beneath the chips in its passage rom the earth to the tree, and also when, from any cause, it had been disbd-'ed The method was hrst promulgated by Mr. Eansom, a large fruit grower in xMichi^an, who claimed to have achieved v.^y satisfactory results by it, and who, it would appear w s able m this way to collect l..rge numbers of the insects. For some reason or othe however, it has not been successful with me. ' nn. ;?"''■ ?k" ^f I" ^f '^'-'"'u ^''"^r^" ^'^^ "^^^^'^"^^ curculios by the chip method, though not in anything like the numbers Mr. Ransom was said to have done ° Mr. SAUNDEua-xNTo doubt curculios may be caught in that way, but I think it woul.l be a mistake to r.ly upon it as a sufficient remedy. There i. a peculiarity in the habit of this insect which is not generally known or understood. Most insects seem to have f o hi ?1," f i ' T *^'^ ""^'^r' ^'^^ '^^'"S ^'^^ ^^°^'^'"& but the curculio appears to be almost always on the move— that is, during warm weather! ACTIVE AT NIGHT. I have found them to be quite common on the trees at night, and by enclosing speci- mens m boxes, covered with black cloth so that no light could get in, have found Xem to deposit eggs notwithstanding the darkness. They are active (hiring the day, and s m the'!.o Tf.r' '''"'•"' "^'''*- ;^''f^''^P-i-'« «f "--tivity, if they have any, seen('to be aho a wo, k ' 1, !' '?r'""f- "■ '''^^ "1 *''" "'''""°- ^ ''" ''^' ^'^«^^ ^^^^^^'"^ they keep hard at wo.k during the entire season, but presume that, if the weather were cold, th.-y would sutfaeient as a remedy to keep the insectjn check, when faithfully followed. DISTRIBUTION OF THE INSECT. whiclftwX^l'^vt' TT} "''"■ ^ "^^J^'-.g? P"^*i«^ of the Province. A favoured section dow. to tl 1 H " r L "f ' ^"''"■'? t"/ '"lli„g.oo.l, but which has been narrowed O^n So r/ ir '^'r-'"'':Z r-^t^-'!'l^%' f'-^'" «'^'"« Voim between Kincardine and Owen bound to Collingwood. is st.ll free from it, but T don't think it will bo many years [Mr. ir. ^'aimders.] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS 79 before the curculio takes Dosiir.n nf +u<. • • quite co:nmon at KincXTe "nd fro^' hat IS ""T*"^- ^'' ^'^^ '' ^^ ^^-^ of bushels of plums, we now obtain scTce v any 1 1 T .' "^""'^^ obtained thousands the insect. So disgusted, indeed have the „lun™ '^''^'^'^^'^^ have been the ravages of they had to encounter in theireXVours^ to k^n T" f \''T' ""''^ *^« difficulties gi^ven up the attempt in despair'^d Inowed th. ^n ' /'l "\''^ '^' "^^^^ ^^ '^'^^ ^ave The jarring processfhoweve?, is so effectual anrf,nT ^r'^l ^''""'* undisputed sway, the price of plun.s may be a ittle hS; I'do It tS '" '^"^V^P^"^*^' *^^^' ''^'^^-'^^ plums from this cause. The jarrinrL' nt 1"? T^ "^^^ ''^ '' ^^^'' ^^"""^ ^ dearth of four weeks, if begun in time Though d Ind fa'.o'of ^l"'f "' '" T'' '""^^ ^'^^ ^ repeating the process a number of times you wiU f nd H. / "P"''. ^^'^ ''"^°'^- ^^t^*" perhaps two or three curculios from a 'ood mln . *, ^°" ^^ "°* «^' ™0'-« than continuing it any longer. ^ "^ *'"''''''' ''"^ '^ '^ then not worth while PARASITES. has bred and described them ; they are verv^lTn u ^^'^^'^ ^''''^«- ^^°^- I^iley it would be very desirable ^^ imXr?hen7buTh.' """""'• " "^ ^^"^'^ ««t them the curculio is very abundant. aJthey appear to tZ 7" "T^^^ ^" *^« ^'^''^ -here extent, that I do not think we have much to honf ? T ''"T'^ '^"'^ *" ^^^^ ^ '""^ted lasect seem to protect it from the attacks of L T u'^"" ^^''"- ^^he habits of the fruit while in L larval form, ^/S^^SJIS S^^^^^^'^' ^'^ ^^« OTHER REMEDIES. Other measures have been recommended for i-n«fo„-, rees with stone, or sn>oothing it and rveHn'. Yt w it . " ' P^^^S/ho ground under the o prevent the curculios, which fall w" Ih fe un.^ r.^it'T ' ° ^^^'''' ""' ^•"^«' «° ^« they begi,i to travel about, they meet with manv !n ' ^'"^^i^^'^tenng the ground. If insects, etc., and are liable io destrSon. ^ '"'' '"'^ ^' '^''^^'''^ carnivorous GATHERING UP THE FALLEN FRUIT arva along with it, and it should leTAeZl^l IV tY '' '° 7'"'" '^'^"^^•^•"g the but above all thing.s, it should ,iot be hurSl as hat will h^'^'' °' "'^"^"'^^ ^^'«P"««d of ; much .deed, by placing it in that positiol; m:srfroulYer rpt^^^^^^^^ ^''^ BURNING COAL TAR UNDER THE TREES. shortly aft,.,, the smokiug process has bcm^ompWerft T?f " "'l""" °' '■"'" »"'"■ or two; tho troul,leso„ro a.,,1 .lisa»rSirito ^ ' ,T ™,'° '•° ''P*''"' '" » ''''7 .ess to he co,„.„e,.„., th.„ "'^ j.„h',^ict'hi*t .[^s^;'^ ::7,„irtkL°i BOTTLES OF SWEET LIQUID. It has also been recommended to suspend vps>,p1« n^„f • • trees with a view to attracting the curcuho. nnll I containing a sweet lir,uid in the importance to this method. I Ze^Z^^t^;'''?^ '^T' ^"' ^ ^° »"* attach much rem the introduction of elder l.ranches amo g ^^ ' ib " ntl '""f '"^f' ''^^^ -•-» to endorse tins plan either, as I have never trie'd it Yho 1 i! n'l "' ^ T"'*' "»* ^'^e forms of vegetation, wliich hav,. a stron-. odour are o InL '7'"'^""'"" ^""'^ *'"^t some =ls'rsrte^---hit£^ w "6 80 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. AFFKCTING THK PKACH. Tho exitinsa (see only insect of iniportancf; attjickin<( tlic pouch tree is tho peach borer, A\/eria ee Fig. OS). This is a wasp-like insect, with transparent wings, and a richly Fif,'. n;i. In Fig. 9.1, 1 allows the female insect, ami 2 the male. ornani(fnto(l body, bandcnl and striped with gol 1, which deposits its eggs about the base of the trunk. The eggs hatch out, and the larva- bore into the .sapwood, anfl cause an exuda- tion of gummy matter which appears in masses about the base of the tree. The larva* seem partly to live in this gummy substance and partly in the sapwood of the tree. Sometimes three or four are found on the same tree, occasionally girdling and destroyin" it, but always inducing more or less of a diseased condition, and impairing its vicrour. Altogether it is a very objectionable and destructive insect. f, i UEMEDIES. It is usual on the appearance of these gummy masses to cut them away, trace out the larva" and destroy it. By watchfulness in this way its deprc^dations may be stopped. It lias been sugg<'sted that banking up the trees with (sarfli would prevent the insects from depositing their eggs, and the method is very strongly reconnnended by those who have tried it. As a rule those who look after their peach trees closely liave not much trouble with the borer. It is easily discovered by this gummy exudation, and can be easily taken out and destroyed if it is looktnl after at the proper season. The Commission resumed at 7.30 p.m., when Mr. Saunders continued his evidence as follows: — INJURIOUS TO THK GRAPE VINE. The green grape vine Sphinx (Choerocampn pampinatrix, ) is one of the commonest insects which devour the foliage of the grape, and when abundant, it almost entirely strips the vines of their foliage. It is a large green caterpillar (See figure 94), striped at the \_Mr. W. Saunders.] his evidence INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 81 PAUASITKS. nlmut two tliinis .,f i^s .n-owth it u^.u{(J \ ' "'" *''*' ^''''^'"- ''*^« attained M.ufr tho.r cocoons through o upper side of tl.e caterpillar, iirance, as sliown in figure 9;)' >l> ii f *' ^'ivinn- it a ratlier peculiar a^ otl.at ,t has son.etnnes heen taken for a new variety. The versaiiy found with the s:z!::.^\:Tt^^:,;;Zn:is^- ''''' '^"•"-•"°" 'y ^^ -i- The niotli in s I lands of greeni ' i/k^:^[ i^tz^Sz J:r;^(,KK^r '"*^^ "' ''" -"^^ '^-» <='"--. — ^ ^y TIIK WOOD xNYMI'HS. There are two small niotlis,wliich in tli.. lii-vnl cl-„^ ■ • . heautiful insects ()n<. is cnll,..l 1,. l-v , ^'^^'' "'"'' "ijurious to the grape— very -!iL » 11,1111.1 1 ?. grape Vines are plentiful. [Mr. W. S( u I )((/>' rs.] 82 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. ik k; m THE LARV.K. Fia;. 1)9 rqircseiits the larva ^nd egg 'of Euiliyas iniio, wlion full grown; it is about an inch and a half in length, and is variously covered with red, Muck and green iiiiiiking.s. The larvie cut holes through the grape vino leaves, and riddle /''..'% Vrrr^ them very severely. I am not aware that any par- ^V'c^^^ asite attacks them, I have iwiver bred my from them. GKAPE riDARIA. Another ins !ct at*, '.I ig the foliage, is the grapt; cidaria, {C id aria diver aili,^nta\. This insect belonjrs to the family of geometers or t-arth measun vs, from their habit of measuring the grour I walking. Their larvie is an inch or an inch and a quarter long, and is at tim« s very plentiful, and is then very injurious to the foliage. THK COMMOX WOOLLY UEAH, {SpUosoma vircfinica) also attacks the grape vines very much at times, especially those grown under glass SMALL MOTHS. The grape vine leaf roller (Desmia macidaUs), [Fig. 100), and the grape vine plume T'^'!?. 100. I'lf,'. 100, allows liiitli nicith and catei-|)illar of this species. [Mr. W. Saunders. Vvx. lOL Fi,'. 101 leprese its this insect in its various stages. INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 83 H.<. at tines very injirious Th; nl mj ^0^! f ^'l m "^ ^^'^ hanc.so.ne lUtlo moths, and as tl.e foliage is expam i. g and a Tllfc t , T^ "" ' vne very early in the season just species wilfwhen the fo ia^ , ,non ?. I v d v ' ","' t"^"' ' ?r''""'''^» "^ "^ "'"'^^^ ^^^^^ ti.nes destroys the fruit to^om" extent.^ "P'''- ^* ""'•''^^ *''« '^^^^ -^"'^ -"^e- THE GRAPE-VINE LEAF ROLLER. spots'^;: 3:;^ h- u/tlr T';S!i!'v!f '^^-^ ^i: ^t*^^ -*'• -^'^ ^- -^ite ing it up, and it is so let';; >th t it p fo^t o 'o : ^ ti l^ '"' H^ '"^f T' ''''^''- can catch it at the other These are „ll H • I .x 1 ■" "-"'''*" ^•'"•' "'''^'•'^■' ''^^ore you are son.o beetles, hoJl^er, wLiS^attac^the Zf'^ '"^ ""'^"^'^ ^"■"^'^ ^''^ '^^-«- '^''-^ REMEDIES. hellebore and water or Paris -Mven and va o^- ^"heek by syringn.g the leaves with the leaves of plants „,ay bdisr o ed o n H 1 '"^^/'''.''^'-V^"^* '^" insects that feed on or -noths. or ^!•uether tl ey a Ch^s th I 1 ,. Z' T '" '^7 '? ''^"•"^^ ''^ '>""-«-« tablespoonfuls, r.nd Paris careen in he * , ° I ?"'''' "'"' '" ""^ P'-^Portion of two is well to use ; nttle hel eCe a ^^a^ ' teaspoonful to a pailful of water. It are eaten from any cause. "' ^'''^" ^"^ ^"*^''-' ^^henever the leaves THE SPOTTED PELIDXOTA. THE (JRAPE-VINE FLEA liKETLE rir,. ^^^vhi:;';;" i^'rt [/"-''ir t'"'''-^ '^ ^ "-^'' '-- ^^-t-^tivo insect, r&a it has been ; ily c^^tH , 'fof "hafn "i"' T' 1 '"'^'' f"''"''^^- ^"''^"^ ^'^ P^^ --o" localities. It at4r\l • t1;, r-v ^th 1" . " "''^ -t'-oyed the grape crop in some .eetie^t mo. than ^^^j:!:^':^^::^-^^^ Mm 84 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. hi ■■»■■'« In F^. lO.i the beetle is shown at (/, the larva- at h ; c is the chrysalis, while a represents a leaf iiartlv eaten by the worms. •' ' . i "-■" !'•" "y its size, and it will tles tliat axpear in early spring are those that have hybernated in tlu! rubl)i.sh and decayed lea\es at the l)ase of th'e grape vines, or in th"ir immediate neighbourhood. After they have fed a while on tiie expanding buds, and as .soon as the leaves of the grapes begin to form, they deposit tlicir egg.s on the leaves, nnd in time tliese hatch into small, black larva', with „ix feet, which begin to feed on the foliage, riddling and devourim; it ^<.,•y much in the earlv pei'iod of its growth, The.se larva^ are usually qjiite numerous, and contiiuK! feeding on the vine for some weeks. When they attain their full yrowth, they descend to tht^ ground and enter the chrysalis .state, where they remain till the autumn, \\\mi tlu lieetles escape from the cliry.salis and liybernate in rubbish, and among the dead lea\es. IIKMKDIKS. Home dithculty has been found in killing this insect. During tlie past year the ento- mologist of th. Depi.rtmeiit of .\i,'riciilture,'^it Washiimton, has been conducting a .series of experiments with the vii'w of devising some e.xjiedith-is means of catching and killing tills insect, and the mo.st useful plan he could suggest, after man\ e.\|)eriiiients, was to thoroughly saturate a strip of cotton, three by six feet, with kero.sene oil, an.l hold it under the vines while they are being jarred. The 1 ties fall by the jar, and the kero.scMie kills them. They are rather torpid in the early part of the d.ay, es|)eciallv in the cool of the morning, and if the vines are visited at that time, and the screen pu(^ underneath them, they can be readily shaken down, and destroyed. !',y kcping the iieighl).Mirhood of the vines'iniite <-lean and free from rubbish, and not allbiding tlii-se insects , my hiding places, you can lessen their numbers very itiucli, since unless they have a place to hyl)ornate' they are more exjiosed to their eneml. s, and will probably leave the neighbourhood and look for shelter elsewhere, \^fl^. ir. Saimders.^ INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 85 THE ROSE BEETLE. Ug^ r^'.y. iO.^; has been very destructive, in some parts of the United States to ^ roses, and ,n tliat way has got its conuaon name. "^This season it has 1.!^ ver^ ^^ injurious to he grape in some sections of the Province. It is about half an *m^ iich m length, with long spre..Hng legs, and of a brovvni.sh colour, Zl leTour Fi.- 104 *''^^"^;"^^^'^^7 ^-^P^^lly- i" the larval state it is found eating he ucculent K.K. 104. roots (jf plants and grasses. It deposits its e-.^s in a cavitv in t)Z ^^12 \ ^vhen the larv. complete their growth the/enter into^ th: ;hr;aH; lU n^hrgrouTd and the next season produce this b :tle which is so destructive. ground,. THE THRIPS. l.M. under thai name, d.ttWng in oma„,e„tati„„. They are all f„rni,l,e.n,T,? loak; or Ki«. 10,5. /' that way. [t has been sugg^.ted to build sn.all lires in the neighb uZod h tnV'"T' "" ^''71' >7ttr,K.t..d l,y light and would tiy into the fire ancfb.- burne It has also been suggeste.l that , crsons n.ight carry torches (hrouuh the vineyards the y.ne,sbe,ng jarred by an assistant while (he lights are carried past. 'n... jarr n-^ I ' Z ■urb the .nseeis.n the VM.es, a..d they will ..aturally Hy to the light and be b,,-,;. The syr,..g.ng a..d the Ur,. reu.edi..s are the o..ly likelv one;! sugg..sted f-u- the tl.ri THE TREE CRIc'lvET. 1 he ti-ee cricki't rAV'a»iy//».v nireu^, attacks equally the raspberry ami the grane It bekn.gs to the or.le,- Orthoptera. The female is furni.shed with' a veiy characteHst. ovi- [Mr. ir. S lilt III A/, v.] HG kff"' II PI INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. positor for plac.ng 1,,-r eggs, {.ee Fi expands in the following season the weight of it sometimes breaks the stem, and thus the crop is lost. This .same insect is very destructive to the raspberry, and very often the raspberry crop is much injured u . u , • , . , ^''' *''" '"•'■aking of the canes. The young tree crickets when hatched are said to feed on the aphides, commonly known as the plant lice. I have how- P' -iv, no personal experience to ofler in corroboration of that statement. Fig. lOG. Fig. im and Fifi. 'KK species, FiK. 107. represents the fem.'vle, "'" the male of tills THE (JRAPE SEED INSECT. There is an insect {rsosovta vitis), a very small fly which atlects the seed of the grape It deposits Its eggs on the outside of the skin of the fruit, or ju.st under the skin, ami t^i; egg, when hatched pro.luces a small larva, which fin.ls its way through the grap ■ seed to the kerne while he seed is m a very soft and green state. Ther. it lives, f^edi^ig on th kernel o the seed, and by the time the grape has attained maturity the inside of the seed IS almost entirely consumed by this tiny grub. The result of this operation on the seed IS to prevent the npenmg of the grape, eith.'r partially or whollv, so that you will often hnd many green grapes among the grapes that have ripened.^ Fre..uently, in a bunch o ripe grapes, there will be half a dozen or a .lozen of these gr<.en berries, which is usually the result ot the pre.sence of this pest. There is not mucir more known about t, except that it is very generally stamv. In a f.>w .lays these eggs hatch out little grubs, winch proced to eat holes in (he leaves. On turning the leavs up you will tln.l lie young colony of larva' very .umerous, r-nd you can sometim.>s destroy the whole brood by picking two or three nf the leaves and trampling them under foot. If becked a- that tnne, tliey soon scatter over the bush, ami you find Ihe foliage \ W. i^iiunclers.] ^v|p^ 88 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 1^^ ill li:>> Fi-. 110. Fig. m represent., the larv,., nearly full j^r.nvn, feeding „,,„n the leave,. i'St"'' '"""' '''' ''""''"^ '""' ^''''^ ''' ^^"^- *'- 1-vu at work). The insect is DOIIMLIO-HUOODKD, HE.MKDIKS. THE N.VTn-K S.VW FI,Y I'.Vlt.V.SITKS. noid^JjurL^'d"'" T!' £T ''"''"' 'T"^ " '"!"""'^' ^'•""' ^""'"' ^P-'^i^'-'Hs l.ml iu his i .n n l'..v '■ ' ,'' 'T ""^ '"'•'•'""' "' '">>' ^'"'iHicloraLle proportioi, or siiffi- Th( red curr or iiioas iiieh aiul much moi doHtroy tli roliust ill rpc|uires t( 1 liavc! foi after the i witli a sol isnodaiijfc auswyr al •h'oppiiiif f and tlii'ii, tojifetlier ai within the United Sti nunierous INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. S!> red ^Zt 7:11^;;^^ '"'^"^*^^^ ^"^^^^ ^^^ '"^^ ^"^^^"^' -P--*y ^J- ^'l-k and the THE CURRANT GKOMETKR, or measuring worm (E/fopia rihearia). It l.as a spotted larva [see Fin lU) about an inch and a quarter or au .nch and a half long, whenSt is n^atured^ a gre'at f2l<^ and a. ■\ ■- T FiK. 111. d'trr s^'lv ;;^lt '' ^•"^^''T.^V'^'" -- '!y- Hellebore, whieh will pron.ptl^ rob St i its en s'ti ^"^'^ ^"'"^ ''"^, "^^^t on the geometer. There is sometl.ing verv ^X.^ot^Z^T' "^ "'f'"' ^,' ''' '''''' *''« ''^'^^•"" °f this p"' ^''"."'««^t appears very early, and if the bushes are spr nkle ^Mtll .1 solution of Pans green in the early spring, before the fruit is forn..."'n.g itself by a silken thread, ', ' ' ' , h' ^°" ''''"' ■'■'•^'■'^"""•^"'••"f these threads and draw the in.eets W the and trample them under foot. Formerlv this inseet was not very vv e .t ut nunu:;:.!;; m- d;^;;,a!;'' -f " ^'""^''^"- '''"' '^"''^''"^ *''^' ^-^l''^^*'- ^'-^l^ it i. not very TltK SPINOUS CURRANT CATKUPII.LAR THE I'OUR-STHIPKh PbAN'T UVU iuiiC;;r '^;'""-'^^- '""'""^i"^ ^» the order lleiniptera, is som<.times injuriouB to ti.e red ;m 1 '■i wfiii il ptty -- m I'M f i '. i 90 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. iiip WIS 1, 1 think the only remedy for this nsect is to catch it -nul k-ill h wu„ jar the bush you must be ,uick to catch it, because it r^fdt ta es fl ll ' aftor^t ^^.l!' GOOSEliKKRY FKUIT WORM, rempeHa grossularia. Tlie parent is a small narrow winged ^ray moth which when it. tins moth, the oval body a ongside the cocoon, containing the chrysalis. It spends til' A ^-^ ^i^ '7"*^'" \" ^'^^ cliry.salis state, in the ground, and early in the sprine 11 V^MW , 'r.? ''^■''"■^'■' °" *'''' ''''"»'. I'.'^ving escaped from the chrysalis If ^fJBr -;"""* ^'/f V"'' *'''' gooseberries are formed, and growing rapidlv ^ "n^ f'"/"'«t'i'%'osit.s an egg here and there on the fruit. The e-^.: Fig. 112. hatches, and the young larva eats its way into the fruit, and lives m h«,...„ .-f * 7 , Ulterior portion of the gooseberry, and in a very slio'-t time tl.P oa^fo Lri' rr".l '":"■'" ^"«-l«"-'UHd having partially consumed it,V inse take oanother, and hnuUy it draws together, with silken webs.a cluster of threV or four be-rt^ ving in one as a sort o home,from which it issues to feed on the b" Ties Ilmuri S nto U fchrr; t" "'""i '^'''' :'""'^"-^ °^ '"^ "-^^' '' ^l-«-^l« t« th,?g"ind en " "t! n 7 ' ■*'' ,""'"' '"'"''"'•^ *'"''-^ ""til tli« following .spring, when t e lotl Ih-iy m. cent of H ' i '^''^''''''':'' «o>»"ti>'H-« destroying as much as twenty-five ir tiiuty pel cent, of the gooseberry crop in some sections. J' '>i- or 1 REMEDIES. By jarring the buslies you can collect this larva in the same way as you can the n silken thread, by which It climbs again when the danger is past. By drawiiuUl e o thohrS ;;:;v^r'"h/?,'"' ^-T^'""'^ -adily coUect a'nuniber'J:;::^m Sietim t..M'! ,^"' *''''\''^'' Hpnnkling the bushes with air-slacked linie, about IS in^'cts i.nv ? """• '' "'',''■*''" '»^"^ ^'^ ""t «•-'■"' t" ^« deposited on the berries l^s S U o2' d.Ke!; ir'"""'\'" tins subst^ince. But such a reme^ does not destroy the e se^ns oh n^. .''"?;'■', "'''• ^^'''"- ""'' '''' "P^^^^" «*" »'"'■«»•« -^'i-^'^ -"ack wt. sr( ins or tue currant jiarticiuarly. THE IMPORTED CURR.VNT UOHER bnndT>" '.'/."•■^^'^"'•/"/■^■) i« ,'^ «'»^11 ^v'asplike moth, with transparent wings, and a bodv bande.l w.th gold (..e Fr,. 113). It Hies about very actively in the "niddle 'f thV day, when the sun is sliming brightly. After pairing the female deposits her eggs upon the twigs, g,.nerally on<, at the base "of a bud; when this is luitched, the young grub bores into the bark of the st.MU to the centre au.I works up and , nwn,.leyouring th.' substance of the stem, an■-'!« pointing U tirou^.^ht^ M "" P^'T" '•';■ ^■'"■•^■"'^''^ '^ '^'•""^' to change, i t' has on y t,. break through tins thm layer of bark, and escape. The other spech's, THE AMERICAN (TRRANT HURElt Psenocems sn.peniotalas) has similar habits, although it belongs to an entirely different [J//'. II . Saumlovs.^ Fig. 114 family-thp family of long-l.onK.l beetles (*.. Fiq. IIJ,). It deposits 8 eggs la the same manner as the Aegeria ; the larva- go through all pe.fect bee e form by eating their way through the stem. The remedy for these two pests is to remove, at the end of the season and during the winter all those stems which manifest any svmptom of AZ'?,Zri:Ll'"™!!r- ^^ '''^' -^y ^- ^'-*-> the'chrysa. lids, and thus lessen the danger of their increase. RASPBERKY PESTS. There are not many insects affecting the raspberry. Tiiere is one that nff^nf^ tl,. cane very similar to that last spoken of lis attackLg ^le cui^aL a t go!reberry It IS a beetle belonging to the same family as the American currant borer, and is ca l7d the rasplierry cane-borer, Oherm trijmnctata. It is a cylindrical beetle nhl„f« eig ts of an inch in length, of a dark Llour, and with \ p^l^^-ellowl tt ; t^h thrTe" spots on the thorax, and with long horns. When attacking the raspberry i se ects t^e tip of the growing cane, and, biting with its jaws, makes a series of pZtures Sound atv^ V" T"*'' '""T •' *'", '^PP-'-'^'-« «f having a ring around it.^ Then bed nnlni above. It makes a second ring about an inch from the tirstrand between these two S wi&Sn rVw'^^hvs 'tT r": "' //" ?""• ?'^ '•"•^"'^ '^ *'-* ^'- t^p «f ^r c^ Iw nJlnn r •■.. •'""* •",*•'"' '''^•"" *''''' ^'^"^ i« supposed to be to les.sen the flow of sap towards the parts, as the sap might possibly injure the egg embedded i the substance of the cane. The egg hatches, and the larva as soon as haS^r o e d o eat down into the centre of the cane, and spends its larval period in coniuminrr the ntenor completing its transformation within the cane-changin-^ to a chrJS and iuxally the next spring eating its way out of the cane, a perfect bee fe '^'"^^^''^-a-nl REMEDIES, The remedy for this is very obvious. The withered tips of the canes are verv easily dc.tected with the eye, and by going among the raspberry bu h a. d brealinroJ the cane down to the second ring which the insect mak.fs. you aiv sun o cw^^^^^^^^ egg away with you, and thus you prevent the insect spread ng. The tree cricket vh eh Ir^nrtw'"*'"'"' ;''-;i'7ki"^of the giJipe-vin^ affects 1 l^l^^r;^^ ;' 1 , •' '' f •^<'" «f^v-fly 6^7«m/,-ta rnhi^ which attacks the raspberry, an.l is a Very troublesome msec When full grown it is about three-quarters of an iiidi Ion ancHs eovered with sma I hau- like spines, arising from small 'green tubercles It is Uie pro r>.^ ^i.:?;;: ■' 'itl' ^■•'"7--*-"^;' ^^■' -'--l-t'-similar to the g„ct!;.W.^y r: l>, hut sm Her. It has a strange saw-l.ke apparatus at the posterior eml of its bo.lv and' nhc t "''"' T"^ '"''' ""^'^'^ ''"^" ^''•' ^"'-tance of the l.af of the ra^,l rj' and places Its egg under the surface. There it swells, and finally produces a^ n'all !ar^a which makes its exit to the outer surface of the leaf, and feeds on the su st nc avoiding the veins or ribs of the leaf, and thus skeleton! es it. t s o a t e colour ot the raspK-ny leaf that it is very diflicu It of detection, and it re u res a practised eye to fin.l it, but you can see the effect of its work very spm lly * now TO KILL IT. their^ frnl^course'^ l\ ""''! ''"'l"''"''"' y"" '"^" '''■aaily destroy it. But if they are allowed . k, . II ' •' r' ' ;''•'"'' '""" ''"'^•'">' '^" ""^'■'•" P'^tch of raspberries. There is also a small gvonieter (/.A./.-v ruhirora, that attacks the raspberry fruit It is a ^rv pretty green motl, widcli I luuv never foun.i to be very .onm on, altho -di I L x been niformed that ,n some sections it ,Ioes a considerable amount of in ury. \Se F^ 7ii Mr, W. >janu(\ let's, ] 92 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. ViK. 11.-. rf one pair of tlie wings mSe 1 ^''t-^' l'>lKu s l.„r^lhwti^''H'''''^',"r'^''' -'-^'-t°l>-M>.-0'luees a larva ihich eats iS wav u t ahno ^e * ''":"■""" "^ S'' i''""*' "'•' "^ '-^ •'^'"^'■t ti'"<> ^-^ injures it ihat ChaVwd o p'i-i^ " Pf.r'r'^Y'; ^"'^^" Bishop, nenr St. Thom'as, and Mr. nod ;,;.;?a' I „'/'''''" ^""^^ """''•■*"' ^™'" ^* ^-^'T -'"'nisly. It is an insect wortl, ^^^Z'^li^''^^^'''''''' very widely dissennnated, and if^ it e.stablished itself in a non! 1 s^;'! '"'■••' "T7 '' """'^' ^"■'^^'^'"'' '^ ^'•''■>' •^"'•i""« «^'il- Lime strewed w e fer t'> 1 f H i""^ '""" 'l"''^ '"•'" ■'^".fP«t-^» ^s a remedy, but I very nu.cli .loubt •its n. J, .' u:;;f """'^ "^"^^ "''^ ^'« ^«^'^*-l other than digging;p;theam.cted THE WHITE ORvn—Lachnosterna quercina. Fii;. IKi. r.i Fl;,. //';. ,' repre.sentH the larviv, / the chrysalis, ,m,l -i aul ; the n.atuie insect -lA/'. ir, Sannili ;•«.] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 93 attacks other plantras ^el as hf st '^1!" '"' I''^' "''"'^ '"^^ ^^"'■^- It f.v,,ncntlv potato. It will eat atnos a.lvtl . t .^o'""^' ^'^'^ '^°'"^tin,e.s eats the tuher.s of tlu. larcre, and one speciine s cap Me of l-v "' '" '""' ^ *"'"'' "'"'^J'^"' ^"'^U «r ^'iff. no.) In its peif ct state U. . f ^'^'^O"'-"'.^, a great deal of food iii a year. L^ee the cherry and tlu-r tre s itt urin- 'theT "r^ "-I'-' '""' -''S-^^tes on tlu- leave, of well shaken the l.eetl f dl t! he L1 ,1 '^'f '"^!' '' "''"^^^ ''^"'' '*" *'-' ^rees are then We have n,.ver had them o el^ v.^. ' T ? ^^'"^ r'' ''** '""''^^^^ '-^'"l ^Ie«troy,..l. of this sort. There te Z^T^^^^'I^T "^ *'^ '"' •^'''■«'"' *" "--'* to any n.ea,... ■attack the strawberry. OnHs v .-y c ^n „, H ''7 ? 7""' ''■'''''' ^^^^-roU.rs, whi,.], little insect, but so.LtinH-s " /\lZ e h^*'^^!"^ "^'""^^ It is a beautiful toldin- then,, feeds on th,.irs,bsta.e^^^^^^^^^^ It gathers together the leaves and, iittle hellebo;e and wati^ " ^^^JT;::: sa^ll^" ^ tll:.'*^^^ '" ""'''' '''' ''^ "^ ^' '^ THE STRAWBERRV FALSE mmyi-Emj>hytics rnaco/atas, which destroys the leaves during the month of Tun,. Ti, , maturity about that tinu^ and eats holes in the leaves Tt " T T^ approaches hy the u.se of hellebore Therr f.. i . '""'*'^ *-''''" ^'•'^'' ^'^ "^'^troll^ insect that looks very , mch 1 k a b ^ett Si ,•• ''"«-^'?-""^^-'-'-a sn.all black sonal experience with it x d T ,n ..'ll. \ /'' "'"""'- •'^"'■*'^"' I ^'^^^' ''^^1 no per- injure the strawb v ' , tlT w Lr'l T "^^ °' *^"^ "'■^«'^*^ ^^•'"^■'^ occ.sioniuv insect enemies than aiyotierf;ui:w::ddvT'"' " "'""'"''^ ^^^^ *™"'''-' ^^tJ. IXJU1U\(; THE CLTCU.MJ5ER, MELON AM) .SQUA.SH channel up and down the sten,,consundng its .sub- "^ stance so conipietely as to destroy the vin,. i„ a ;7"'t tune, and having attained full growth within ,1 \f ^^'- , *'''■ '"1"'''^'' '^tem, tiuMlly changes to a ch.'vsalis -uu] tho n.oth emerges from the chry.salis during the smnnH-r. '""'•^' *"'^^ THE .STRIPED CTCITMHER BEETLE. A much more common and destructive insect ;« fl>.. ..+..• i > /ia vitfat„,Mhkh fee.ls in the n..rf,.ct It . v *''^ f ''P'''^ cucumber beetl... />/,,/,;•„ .„nn.), „.:.i ,„..,!•/" *' , ^' ,'*'"* 'r^^t '- '-^^ ^^f'll as ni the larval con-lition. on cucun In the i.ertect state the b.-etle d.-vours th T ^T^^^^f^ l^i'^. 118. lie vcuint;- iiiei-, ea\es as ■iipiasli, and melon viii cnl';t^ 'Simi; Kvl u";i'i:^^ '" ''''' ""'^^ '^"^ --t ^ii. ;;ft:.;rd;s;y.;; iT as the !,ou,e of the 1 ' ^t £ h tallX 17' "^*l''" f''^'* f'-* I have referred to I'-netrate the sten. in the same w^ A' ;. k' !r"'' , ^ '"' ^'"'''•■^ i'atched from these e^gs vines also. This is a ver^X tr^S " . ^^ l^ir'TT] ''' *'"\^^'-"' ''•■^troying tl^- l-erfect st,r;e and its larval com o ml t T I *""''^ "'\ *'"^ I'^'^"^^' ''"^1. in its dilHcult indcd to preserve n s ,'.; o. .? , "■"''" '^''""''^''t in.sect. It is very Ti.c only safe n.etllod of do g ^i^' " ^ Sh oJ ""':y'"- ^'^ P-t is abundant -er the young plants. This prevent^ m c^' ^ f m:;! tf "lV"''%"'';' '"'''^^ ^'l'- 94 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. of trouble with those insects .lurit.g the past two years, and have tried various anpUcatio, . wi .out any success whatever, and I fin' '^""^ tJ^*' ^i»« becomes sadly disfigured, and the ^ * V ;''^»'';l"y}'"''^''l^f*"P'-«^-<^"tit« normal growth, and an attack from t^ Fi,. m.. ,^lf J' ; " "'"f •" f Pf''*r^ "^''■"•nplete loss of the crop if the insect is , ' , -tlloued to procee.l unchecked. From the fact of the insect livinc. alto gether by suction, it cannot be reached by hellebore or Pn.i.s green or otiier no sn.?« V that class. It may however, be affected larva- aiv prevalent m the hixe the bees are very apt to get disheartened with their work and the result is a very much small.n- ,,uantity of honey and a dilapidated and diseased' condition of the hive. The moth is active only at night, depositing its e^^s then an that being the period of rest for tiie bees, it has of course ainple o,;^,ortunities for 2 suing Its avocation unnoticed. During the day-time the moths are apt to rest about in, [J^-. W. Saunders.'] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 95 a-pplicatioiis. )ung plants satisfactory ctive to thr iptera, the 11<'' '"'"'^'"^ "'°ths frequently pushes ts ca tin s^out S he nd oi thl ."' '", "t T^ "" '^'"''''' ^"''- ^' tlie wax, and the outputti, ^of tlsl ts inL in f^f '"'! "'"''*' '' ^""^ ^^'^'^ t'"-'^"^'' watching any diffieul v whiTh wmVu .ff ^ ndicates its presence, so that by a little pest can hJ ZdlToyero^^^^^^^ ^''""^ *''« P'-^^^"-^ of this any experience with. ' '' '^'' ""'^ ''''''' ^"'^^^^"g bees that 1 have had BOOKS ON ENTOMOLOGY. History. The field in^Entou.o o^is t wi L that i "tost '''^P"'*™f ""l '' ^^*"'-'^' ground with a single book, as is done in rienl !! ' ^''^ost^ nipossible to cover the perhaps, which ha^ ever ^e:^^;:^ n' o^ " J^'^^.^r^' H^^.'^^' practical work, vegetaton in Massachusetts" Tt ;. ;., •''Ui>ject s Harris insects injurious to the classification of hi^tt '.ut onlv ;„ ., '' ''"'f' \ ''''"*'^' ^"°^'^' ^"^ '"'^'^ ^^^^ of •stand what he is a n^'abou The reZ l T "^'T f '? '''^' '^'' ''^'^^'^ *» ""^^r- THE REPORTS OF /HE ENTOMOLOGICAL .SOCIETY OF ONTARIO contain a vast deal more information than is contained in Ho,.r,\.' ^. ..i beeanse they cover a much wi.ier field and are the Zn f f .T i '^"^' ''*''''" °"^ ^^"'^ ' added to the experience of the vrite ^ t^t^selves T f. 1 'l^ '^^ ^'""^ ""^''^ ^^■°'-^^«. to the limits of a hand-book the mas^ of infonn r. ' .7"'^' be po.ssible to reduce .iudiciously handled, and such -r:et:::^d b^ ^eSS;^^S.K1L f^^ community. I do not think thnt luf. ;„ n^t • ''^'^'""o'^ ^aiuauie to the agricultural u. ..cts th.4 theinhStl-ts of 'tfe Northern U^^^^^^^ more sul^'ect to the ravages of that trouble tluMn do not trouble us It aH P^ i . t ', '" ^'^'*' '°"'" "^ *''« "'^'^'-'t^ Europe they su.fl. f.-onfa g^af nrn:^n tct p t" .:::Jr\l • 'X "n^ '.f'^^'"^'" *^'^' ^^^ THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO member to the A'.tomo'o!,ist, a copy of tlL^ An m R. . f!""' "''"'' "'^^'^'^'-^ t'"' logical supplies as the Society may\ave o .faTs^ '"!•' Tv'f' °^''^''' l"^"*"^'""" in.'-ct:s etc. The headouarters of th.^^n V ' t ^'^^■"'^''1'"' l'«ts of the names of -Kl a library, aid t::^C.:ui!LtSS;r^S^^^ ^« '^ — it v..y readily by con^onding Ivitl/ui^tc^^^^l^h^lf ^^b^i^^^'fe^"^ "'f^T are freely open to all desiring information Tlu. //,V '^ .' ''']'"g the room.s, which tjie only periodical devoted to EutJZog" on e twIn ^^f A """' ^'"!'^ "^^ which,. ... ..i,«,. ^;z2X:^ eSi '^¥;xr'Kilef :i Ti'-^'r^ Ihere is no newspaper m Canada that deals with Entomolo^ systema'ticatly '^''°"- THE RELATION OF BIRDS TO INSECTS. I should like to say a few words on the subject of insectivorous birds. [Jlr. 11. Saunders.] ! I -Ml So far as IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 7- // 4. / ^ t/^ 1.0 ;f» iiM 12.0 1.1 1.25 1.8 JA IIIIII.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^•\^^ iV :\ \ % \ %' <^ Pb^ 06 INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. I! 5' t^ * my experionce has gone, and it has been tolerably extensive in this matter, I have be ■come n,ore convaneed every year that we cannot depend on insectivorous b rds for the" .subduing of any insects which injure our crops or our fruit. In proof o^ this I would refer to two or three examples. Take for instance the cabbage butterfly, ul L Tsec^ which IS very vulnerable to attack. It is constantly on the wing durin^ he dav time when insectivorous bir.ls are flying about, and whe/they could ^.l^^ol^.:^lZr It. The larva feeds in exposed situations on cabbage leaves, where the birds could reaTilv the birds would like to teed on ; yet this insect, from the introduction of one or twj .specimens at Quebec has spread until it is now abundant, over an area exte.uHn" f Z Alaoama in the south to Lake Superior in the north, and from the Atlantic oc'ean t -several hundred miles distant in the west-an immense district over which insect^oro i birds abound. The forest tent caterpillar, to which I have already referred, is at Se very prevalent in Ontario, and the only bird I have ever known to devour hat insect i the cuckoo. Tiie parasitic insect which attacks the cal>bage butterfly is the only means by which we can hope to control that insect. It has for many vears contro ledTin Europe, and it is now keeping it un.ler in a large number of localities in this country jurious^ cabbage buterfly that it will cease to be a serious evil. Cut worms have been very abundant m he neighbourhood of London during the spri«g_so much so that thev ha^e devoured cabbages in enormous quantities, aiul consumed flowering plants, havincr ^ special fancy, apparently for pansies. They move about early in the morning, ;nd elrl^ n the evening, an, any bird that has the habit of scratching' a little could 'scratch t\l larva ou even in the day-tune. I had a number of birds slfot and their crops examined during the prevalence ot tins insect, and I could not find one in the crop of any binfl got; on the other hand, when I reared a number of the larvae with the view of breedin-r b^tTl/r' Z •'"" •'^" ""^'"'"^ ^''^' P"'-"^^*'^^ '^'^' ^ di^ "°* g«t a single motl o that, although the larv«, were exceedingly abundant, the moths proceeding"f>,-om them were comparatively rare, and all through the agency, not of the birds, but of the parasites Tttc'k"o?W,r''"rr'';° /"' "'"'"T °^ '^'' '1"""^^ °^ '"^ ''''''' P'^^^li-'ly '-VoLl to the attack of birds. It is to be seen about currant bushes all dav lung, it does not hi.le in anyway. It IS a smooth larva which you would think birds" would eat, but I have not found a specimen of it in any bird's crop. This insect has spread to alinost as great an <.xtent as the cabbage butterfly, without being checked at all by insectivorous birds. Theie IS no parasite that lessens Its numbers yet to any extent, but with the use of hellebore we are able to keep It within bouiKls. I do not attribute the occasional abun.lance of nsects to anydimimit.oii m the number of the birds. I am quite satisfied that we have to look to the insect world to control that part of the insect world whicli is destructive to our crops. If tlie birds, many or few, were doing this work, we .should flml proofs of the tact in their crops and the smaller the number of bir.ls the greatc-r would be the proof, as h<.y would have all the more to eat. The same remarks might be made with regard to tiie Hessian fly and the wheat nudge. Swallows and other insectivorous birds may occa- sionally devour a few of these small midges, but we have no proof of it, and the proba- bility is that their work in this .lirection has been overrate.!. I have ref.-rr.-d to then,, few instances, because the insects I have mention...l ar,> w,.ll known, and the fact cannot .e controverted that they have larg.^ly increas,.,' even when sn.ro,u,d,Hl by birds. I should be sorry to s,.e binls unn,.cessanly d.'stroyed, but I think that w,>il known .lepn.lators should not be prot.-eted under a false plea to the injury of the fruit growr. I ,lo not see why the rnbin and eh,3rry bird shoul.l b,. prot,.cte.l any more than th,- jav or the butcher bird. 1 hese ,lo not ,lo any mon. Iiarm than th,. robin an,l cherry bircl do. Certainly the-.r work ,s not so ,^v,.r-pres,.nt to the eye of the fruit gro-.ver as the work of th,.se jM'rsistent truit devourers. WILLIAM SAUNDERS. [.Ur. ir. S'aiinrfers.] # INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 97 MR JAMKS DUN A LI). S EVJDKNCK. Jamks Dona.., of Dalhousie, County of La.n-k. .as called au.l ..a.nin.d. GRASSHOPPERS— SKJ{|()U.S RAVAGES. ago. ''^t!:^'::e:!':.S^^ about fou..orHve,ears years a -o they ate up 6^4'^^ In.t ,' a. Th ''"^ "°' 'j"''* *'"^ ■'•'''^'" "'"P'^' ^our got ahead of their ravages. ^ That iMclucod people to .•aise rye, whieh EFFKCTS UK A WEV SKASUN. Thewetsea.son at harvest tinu! in the iievt V,..,.. i; • -i i .. have continued to decrease in nuu be T -v s 1 in '' "i/^'"''' '^''"■^-' *'"-'" ^^'^=.>' they were most troublesome were ^'e^^lrv iA T , ''" •'; ''" J^T*'"''"- '^''" >'*^^"''' always a protection to the grain agaii; tU;!;ieks '""' ''''^'' ''' »''"^ ^'-I'-^ THE DESTRUCTION OK CHOPS. and ^u^^:2^^^2sr 1 ^^r>" ''" -- ^ ^'^^ "- -- ^ '-<« ^ 1C77. The .spring wheat '^;.s also Lro^ed'r^ ' ""' " "" ^^'""^ ■^""'--I ^^'''''^ country, less Sr „^.., except i-^i^^.e ^J^ good tin Sf ^ ''^"""^^' ''^^'- ^'^ ^^^-'^' JAMES DONALD. KORWAKDKU AT TJIK KlCOlKHT ( ANSWERS, «"• Tu..; ('oM.M(.s,s,ox, Hv THK Rkv. Vin(..knt Clkmknt., B.A OF PUTKHKOHO', TO ( JIKsTION-S 0\ ' INSECTIVOROUS Bl'lll),s. Name such birds as you have found to be in.^ectivorous at all times w,H,^rfJrs?;;;i::;;;3.rr^::::;:r'''s::t't;l::;t:i n »■ bmng purely insectivorous, fe...l their y.mng ,.„ in,seets. ''""''' ""^ Do any wild birds or .lomestic fowl habituallv fe,.,l „„ the ,„„al. M. n , Name .a«h bird, », .y„„ hav„ fo,„„l t„ |„vy .,„ ,„„■ otl,,,- „,l|.b,„„.„ in»« ,,.„ [M>: Donald Hrv. V. Clememi.] the reverse of beneficial. It devours large quantities of grain ; and it also drives away, where it has the chance, our native birds. '4 [fii'». r. (JleiiieiUi.\ INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS 99 .rmers aiirl ANSWERS, Forwarded at the Request op th^ Commissioners, bv John H. Garnier, M.D, o, LucKNow, County op Bruce, to Questions on INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. Name such birds as you have found to be insectivorous at all times. Robins, bluebirds, the Hnchcs, warblers, cuckoos, crows all snr^^ nf l>lo 1 1 • i Name such us you kno». to be in».»tivorous duping the breeding ..eason. hawkfrdULTLS'Ltl.'"'"""' """ "■" "'"°"«°" »' "■"'= «*ers. and the larger What sorts of insects do the birds usually devour 1 Every kind. Crows are especially greedy of cut worms, spiders, grasshoppers and I'n .? f: °"': ''f!' .^'' they destroy myriads of coleopterous inlets aifdl'have seen thorn busy at potato bugs. The crow is a mo.st useful bird to the fan.,, and one of Srrnl'i;Vb;:if ' "^^^^ '^'""^ ^^ '^^°^' '^'^ ^«"«''^^'- •* ^ ->- *« ^^^ -> as tL; Irf The Black-billed cuckoo I have seen destroy them. All sorts of woodpeckers, also the red-belliod and white-bellied nuthatclies I have seen the brown creeper do so, and the worm-eating virco. Do you know of any destructive to the plum curculio, Conotrachelm nenuphar I ^ .}''''', ^'^T'\^''.':''\^''^''tV^^'''-'^^'^''^^^^^^^ tree this sprin.^ of t^curculio ' "" '' "'" ^'"""'' ""^ "^ °P"^"^S ^^^ ^^-"-h, it wa^ full 10 Hn^Jal ""'^'^ ^'"^' °' *^°'"''*'° ^"^^ habituany feed on the potato beetle, Donjphora Crows I have watched kill them with my glass. The pea fowl devours them with great avidity, I know as a fact, as I have seen them. Name such birds as you have found to prey on any other well-known insect pest. The English sparrow on caterpillars, and insects generally when breeding and on spiders when obtainable. Almost every species of binl has a favourite insec otf The golden-wmged woodpecker goes for ant hills. What birds devour the various borers in fruit and forest trees ? The woodpeckers bore for the borers, an.l the nuthatche.-, .le.stroy incabmlablc quantities of minute insect pests and eggs on the forest trt»es. " """"' ""^'"® {Dr. Garnier,] '■\ il 'li L, ' ip ' 100 INSECTS AND TNSECmVOROUS BIRDS. 1 ,1 ' ) I' 'J P» bI Are there any species known to you whieli devour the eggs of insects I and Spdl:'^^S;r'•"' ''^^'''*^' ^'"'^'^^^'^^■^' ^'"-'^^ woodpeckers and song sparvows, What species live chiefly on insects in the larval or caterpillar state ? Do you know of any which feed on the chrysalids of insects? Do.;ili:f;;,St:i;s. ''"" "'"•^- ^^'^^'^^"^^^ ^^^^^ ^-^ ^-*- --P- - mle tree. What species devour insects .-hiefly in the perfect or winged state 1 Almost every l)ird that flies. It destroys a tl:ousand times n>ore insects than pays for any odd fruit it eats. What insects are usually devoured by the blue-bird, mala sialic ? Do any of th,> woodpeckers de\-our much fruit ? The red headed woodpecker destroys a few rhprrip« l.„f o„ • . i prey on the wing, like the fly-oatchers. ' ^S^'"' matches most of its Does the cherry bird. .1.,.//. ,..,ror.n, eat any appreciable quantity of insects'^ cherries, but all the rest of the seasou doL>ys insectf ^ •"'^nj 'strawberries and What is the usual food of the cuckoos, Co.,,,.. A,n.n.ana. and ErytkroptkaUnn. f .his '^i:^L7:i!:^:tt^:^j::::t.jz ;r;Y ----^p^!'--nd numl)erof leuf-rollers and other f., ..-nm.? ^-nl'lci', c-l^-ared my vuies of a large >>.. »-l,at in».,...,l„,.., ,|„. „„,„|,,, |„,t. .„„,„„„„ ,„,„^„„^ ^.i^.^j^ ^^^ ^ Wh.t is the principal food of the cat-bird, Gnhosr.opte.. ruronnmus! What birds are tlu- most destructiv.. to grain ? In .some localities, crows; in all loc.lities, blackbirds of all sorts. [i?r. 6'arnier.] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 101 ig spar-vows, easted gros- What birds are most injurious to the buds of fruit trees? UraT^ZS.ntlZ^r'"''' ^"' '""'^ '''■''^^''^' »--^-'^' -^ also the yellow Are there any which feed on the blossoms ? beech^^' Baltimore Oriole I have seen at cherry blossoms, it also eats the catkins of the Name those which you think are most destructive to fruits. of y' half a dozen bunches ?dl fS? V, • """u- T'" ^'f P""*^*"^''^ ^PP^*'^ ^'''^ P«^'-«- <^» the whole I con- ous In m,r f ''" "7"°"! '''•' ""*■ ^««"^""« '^g^' protection. Sparrows are not numer- ous in our section of country. MU. CHAS. ARNOLD, Paris, County of Brant. plum?' '■''^'"' '"■' " P*'"^'"' ^''f • '^^Z ''^" ^"^''^ '^"^'^•""S ^"d everything, including froni tJie fi.st ripening of the earliest cherry untU NoverS^.. " Th:;SXVu:^ ™ Hlaircovlt'vJ"*,- ' "T " ''''^\'' ''''' ^'^'y "^^y '^^^^y^ whilh is at lliis m'oZ hte.ally covered with cherry stones, with nota particle of flesh on them. Therobinsand [ExU-actt from Evidence.] INSECTS AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS. 109 cherry birds have cleaned it. The cherry bird is also an unmitigated nuisance I have known the robin to eat ground worms, but I never knew him to eat the curcuHo cir the ctb bageworai or anything of that kind. He is carefully protected by lawrbut n elWeft^S^^^^ am compelled to shoot him on my own grounds. y , "^^ sen aen,nce i MR. P. E. EUCKE, City of Ottawa. I ,^'^^,^'^«1'«'' sparrow is very common with us, but we lost a great manv bv a falpnn hawk which stayed all one winter in Ottawa and lived on them. in"voPil.th" sparro^v is insectivorous. We used to require a machine to gather the -nssLprs from Uie ground in front of the Parliament buildings, b.t when we got t e sparrowXy 3 made the grasshoppers scarce. I have never found a sparrow eating the^buds^f rees anS I can say nothing against the bird. I have not found them destroyLlLyth n„ but therf do7ot Velf .;""7 ^'* '"'r'^'^r ^'^'^ - '^^^y •^-P ^^bout the cLtre of the'''town I do not believe the stories about their destroying other birds. I have seen them eatin^ gra.sshoppers oyer and over again, as well as'the common earth worms Th^ cherrv bird is destructive to raspberries and other fruits ^ MR. McD. ALLAN, Uodekich, County of Huron. The robins are destructive, but they are not so severe upon grapes as upon cherries They are the only birds I have noticed at the grapes. o P « us upon cnerries. MR. W. M. WESTLAND, Ridoktown, County op Kent. The robin has a decided appetite for fruits in general, and he devours a good manv cherries. I never saw them on the trees in flocks, but the old ones take the Stf^rfn their young. They also take the strawberry and the raspberry thrghn^t to any ex ent lley devour a few grape.s. On u.e whole the robin wiUi us i reasonable in S-ava.es I have never found them eating insects or caterpillars, but my impression 1 t It blS the cut worm. I think he takes other worms, but I 1 ave no Lience of h MK. JAS. DOUGALL, WixnsoR, County of Esskx. We ha^■e a good many birds, but uune of them are destructive to the apple Th« Ba timore oriole and the robin ai-e the most injurious to fruit, especially tie fomer • ^Je latter only consumes (•hemes and small fruits. "^ ™rmer , tlie if!" MR W. MACKENZIE RO.SS, xkak Chatham, County of Kknt. NVe (lid not get any cherries this year owing to the depredations of the robin which I am sorry to say is pro eete.l by statute. The woodpecker also gives us trouble but I do iTt know the cherry bird at all. The blackbird destroys a good nianyXl-ies. and lo [JS4in^he"ir.';,' ."arth I TX ^^ T'S't'S MR. J. HA(4AMAN, Uakville, ( !ounty of Halton. i never foun.l the robin to attack grapes ; we have plenty of rohins aro.n.d us. MR. W. S. CHAPLIN, Nkwcastlk, County or Dubham. peck^^ds^t^SlllL:'^' ^''' -'^-^---'•- t« the snnU! fruits, and the wood- ( ExtrcKts from Evidence.] ONTAEIO AGRICULTUKAL COMMISSION. APPENDIX F. E"\riIDE3SrOJB3 BELATINQ TO BEE FA R M I N G. ,1 1 1 f-*- t:' THE BEE MOTH. (Galleria Cereana.) Jtira ONTARIO AGEICULTCJEAL COMMISSION. APPENDIX F. Ii3"V"IIDE3^CEJ BELATINO TO BEE FARMING. Sitting to take onl evidence, held at Toronto, June 22nd, 1880. Present Mr. Malcolm (Chairman), I "'^n, S. C. Wood, and Messrs. Gibson, Dymoxd, Wiser, M P Balt,antyne, M.P.P., T. 3tock, W. Whitelaw, J. P. tTcMillan, A- Wilson anH E. ByfiUE. MK. D. A. JONES'S EVIDENCE. D. A. Jones, of Beeton, county of Simooe, was called and examined. Italian and Cypelin Bees. To Mr. Dymond. — I have been for some time engaged in bee farming. I keep from 400 to 600 stocks (ocloniea) of bees. I originally kept black baes. I a' rwards im- ported Italian bees from Italy. Last ■winter I went to the Island of Cyprus, and imported from thence some Cyprian bees; I also went to Palestine, where I found a race of bees that I never had heard of before. The reason I went to get some Cyprian bees was this. A Count in Austria had imported two colonies from Cyprus into Bohemia, and these proved to be so far superior to the Italian bees that they created quite a sen' sation among bee keepers, and I visited him last winter previous to going to the Island of Cyprus in order to ascertain the real facts regarding these bees. After collecting all the information I could in Europe, . was thoroughly convinced of their superiority ,°an(l went and obtained some. During the time I was in Cyprus I had an opportimity of seeing the bees at work, and to a certain extent testing their qualities. The Italian bee is admitted to be far superior to the black bee. Hybrid Bees. There are no native American bees. The first bees that came to America were brought from Europe, these were the black bee— the ordinary English bee. It is frequently the case that the bees used in this country are hybrids — crosses between the blacks and the Italians. The black queens mate with the Italian drones, and the Italian queens mate with the black drones, and some have had them hybridized in order to test their quahties. The hybrid is not nearly so good as the Italian bee, but it is better than the black bee. The Italian bees are bet- ter workers anl better breeders than the hybrid bees, as well as better tempered and more easily managed. The hybrids xre crosser than either the black bees or the Italians. {Mr. Jones.] BEE FARMING. tk • r Pi Cyprians Eakly and Late Breeders. The Cyprian bee breeds much earlier in the spring and much later in the fall than Ihe Italian. An objection to both the Itahan and the black bees has been that they cease breeding too early in the fall, and go into winter quarters with weak stocks. Bees only hve from sixty to ninety days in the '• .-dinary course ; but while they are lying in a dormant state in the winter the time does not count ; so that if many old bees go into winter quarters they die out in the spring, and the hive becomes so weak that the voune bees die, j h Longevity of Queen Bees — Climate. The life of the queen is prolonged from two to five years, during which time she continues fruitful. I have had satisfactory proof that the Cyprian bees are superior. Count Kolowrat, of Bohemia stated that when the Italian and black bees were weak and a mere handful in the spring, the Cyprians would be strong and ready to swarm before the others were thinking about being strong enough to gather honey. On the mountains in Cyprus the weathev is severe, but in the valley it is mild ; the bees are found both on the mountain and m the valley. Some of the bees I got were from very high up on Mount Troodos. Wintering Bees. i winter my bees within doors. The temperature of the bee-house I keep at 45 degrees. In winter the bees are in such a dormant state that if you open the dooi- of a bee-house where there are 200 colonies you can hear hardly any noise. The bec-liouse must be kept thoroughly dark and frost proof. There are about as many bees kept in Cyprus in proportion to the population as here. Bee Keeping in Canada. Bee keeping has increased very much in this country since new methods have been introduced From all I can learn with respect to otlior parts of the world I am thoroughly convinced that there is no place superior to Canada for bee keeping, if it has an equal. Some people think that California is better, but there they have seasons in which they get no honey at all ; and taking everything into consideration, I think our country is the best. In this country we let the bees lie dormant in the winter time ; but in California their time" of dormancy is in the summer tiL 3, when it is hot, and from the spring to the fall, right through midsummer, they are consuming their stores until they can get honey, whereas ours gather honey all summer, and so consume very little honey. As a feeding ground for the bee, Canada possesses great advantages over any other country, partly because we have many wild flowers, and paidy because we have the basswood tree, which is the greatest honey-producing tree in the world. It produces honey for from twelve to eighteen days in the mouth of July. Honey Supply. With regard to the sources of supply to the bees, the first honey they get in the spring is from the willow— of which there are about sixty varieties— aud soft maple. Next come the frixit blossoms. Then follows a dearth of about ten days, dming which they havo only the dandelion. Then come white clover, raspberry blossoms aud all the wild berries, and then basswood and Canadian thistles. I had about ten thousand pounds of honey from Canadian thistles last year. After them como all the fall flowers— an innumerable quantity of flowers that iroduco honey more or less. On the shores of the Mediterranean I saw a thistle that very much resembles our Canadian thistle, and which I 'think belongs to the same family. An average stock of bees, with good management, will produce from 100 to 800 rounds each. [Mr. Jones.l BEE FARMING. 8 Pboduction of Honey. «*. ^li^^^ ^P^°^ ^ ^^^ ^^ colonies, and I increased them to 600 and I tonV nnf nf fi,n«, ^5,000 pounds of honey. That result could be obtained by any^erlnShf-^^ management in hundreds of locaHties that I know of throug&rtjrcorntry I am not acquamted with all the farming districts in Ontario, but what I woSld sekct as tZ best for bee-keepmg are those where the land is not aU ploughed and sowed I would hko high land and low land both within a mUe rr half a iile ?f the apiary, a. high and •dry land wiU secrete honey earier than low and wet lands. ^ ^ Comb — Oriental Hives. In the manner in which they keep bees in Palestine it is impossible for them to obtam much honey. We keep our bees in movable comb hives and we ulS the honey extractor to take out the honey, and then place the cUbs bick ?n the hiyes and let the bees refill them. We do that every five or six davs when they are gathering honey, and in addition we manufacture the c^mb fS hem. m order to save them from making the comb. One pound of comb given to them saves them from 20 to 25 pounds of honey. It requires 20 or 25 Smnds of honey to secrete wax enough to make a pound of comb, and while thev are mak^nrtlmf wax they loose 20 or 25 pounds more ; so that I consider thTJ:7JelZS)%^5Q pounds of honey by supplying them with the comb. But in Cyprus they useTimproved methods. They keep their bees in clay cylinders from 80 to 82 inches in length and from 8 to 12 inches on the inside diameter. They stop up one end of the cylinder^ and pile them up as we do our cordwood, and the bees havS to enter at one end only Thev leave these cyhnders untilfchey think they are sufficiently full of honey? and then thev remove the round stone which closes them up at one end and take out the honey. driS iw fl ?K w,^*" t ^''^^^ "'^^ f *^' °y^^<^^^- When they take out all tSe honef that they think the bees can spare they stop up the cylinder again and replace it till nex^ year. The mode of keeping bees m parts of Palestine is a little different. They are there kept in wator-jugs. The jugs have long necks, and the people lay tl ;m down on lZoT Tn j; ff" k'' • ""''), '"^r^ °"^ °^ *^^ J"SB. About Jerusalem Ld through the ^S „f f f ^1 ^ ^'^u '' '^''?^ ^i^ T ^^P'^oved conical buUets, flat at one end and taper- i^ig at the other. The pomt is the front end of the hive, and the bees fly out and in It f 1 Zf- ,f t*'°"* ,^°""* ^'^""7 ^""^ 5^°""' ^'^^'"°" *^« ^^'^ ^r« made much longer than about Jerusalem, and are plastered on the outside with clay. In Damascus and near the desert on the east and north-east of Damascus, the beea are ZX kepHa ■day cylinders, but not burnt cylinders like those in Cvprus. The cylinders used XHt Damascus are about three or four inches thick, and 'Je dried Wore ?he bees are pS Varieties op Honey. The honey is not nearly so good as ours; it is very dark and strong; but honev differs according to the locality where it is gathered. Hoiey gathered on the mountaS 18 brighter richer in colour and pleasanter in flavour than that gathered in the valleys! At Boyrout. at the foot of he mountain, it is very dark and strong, while five or s?x thousand feet up Mount Lebanon the honey is bright and of a very much finer flavour I noticed the same fact at Jerusalem, at Mount Hermon, and in Cyprus. I think oW honey has the best flavour ; it is a mild and pleasant honey, and very rich. Basswood LTJnir. T' ^u^l *"f >tv*?^,^"y P«'r ^^-^ ^^'^ «^°" «^rength wUf probably Se basswood honey the bast; but it is not liked by everybody so much as the clover honey! No Feedino in Winteb. . ^ °«T.°f ff .^ ™y ^eos in the winter time, and anybody who does will not havn anxr m f i- eprmg. ihat m whoru tUo great mistake oi most people lies. They disturb' the'ir "bees [Mr. Jonet.] is';- BEE FARMING. BfT" lit Canadian Honby. and thrhone7grown?n thT'^niSd^Zee Is Sfl'T^ *° *^« ^'''^^rt honey; about the same latitude. The farther Km,fi!,! ?u ^° ?°^ *« °"''s unless it is in I do not look to a foreign market She sale o/rSv f *^' ^^^\'^ ?"<^ «*^°^g^^ i« t^^e ^^ey. in Canada to exceed olr su^X some tkniS^ ""'^ 't/ *^^°^ ^^ ^^^« ^e'^and enough fifteen cents a pound. ^^ ^ ""' *'"'' *° *'°'^«- I* readily commands fourteen or Honey versus Wheat. ing, i1'rofiL'iL\f b"e\at^^^^ th? T?^ % ^ *^« ^^''Pe ^^ W- Twenty hives of bees, judiciouTirmanaS wfll oftf "^u ""'^^ *^" ^"^°""* ^^^^^-ied. I have stated to the farmers in mv section of?.n I ^'^Ji^' '^"''^ ^« * ^^Id of wheat, that 100 colonies of ordinarv^eTs in nn« «f ^' ^""^ ^^'^ ^" ^^'"i* " *» be a fact farmer with a farm and ffimp Lirt^he Zsirr^*' " '^T^^ ^°"*^«- Tak« a manage his farm as well as he ^anTsavtLTnfiL-'^-'' T'^^ ^^^'^^^' ^""^ ^^t him managed are greater than the'p^oVt^fSm^Se for^"^^^^^^^^^ ^'^' if judiciously section of country time and again •'^^''* ^*« ^^en proved in my Foreign Demand fob Honey Thurb^^ t! ^rion: Se^TTJ itZo""' ^^ ^r' H- K. .^ B. P. prices if I would give it to them The pure hoS22 ^T^- t "^^ ^°"^y »* f'^ir five cents a pound retail, and the comb Wv f^l f ^' m England at twenty- pound. At present there is very littLSSlvexnnl If *T-°*y"^^« *^ ^°% «ents a I exported five or six lots jaS to try the mar^^^^^^^^^^^ difficulty in selling it there There hafbSntnn./ u'°''.*T'^ *^»* *tere was no from the United States to Canada ChemSs and ^„^^^*''"*1^ ^^^'^ &^"°°«° b^o"gtt can easily discover the presence of gluS I c^n /«?If°>\''-.' '' ^ J^^^^^ °f ^^^^J is that glucose will not granulate, whleaU pure honpl' 1^ ^^ '*' *'''*"• ^"o^J^^r tost Somet,imes it will not granulate tiU late^nfhe fall orLT-/^/' ''^^^'^ ^"^ granulate, times it will granulate in four or six week? affpr '''^*^V^' """l^ ^^^^^^^ ' a* ot'^er lation is a proof of purity. ^""'^ '* '^'^"'"^ ^"^oj^ tlie liive. But granu- Diseases of Bees. that?Srbr?nThis'runtt , Another disease and ultimately affects it so badlv that Thin * f""^"', *^^' ^"'^''ks the hive is a remedy. Just as soon as this di ease aLl^l^-' '^^P^P^lated. Salicylic acid the bees should be removed from the corbstarvedfor^/^^^^^ '• T.T'' ^« '^ ^' discovered, hives ; the combs should be then melLd and hives Ic^^^^^^^^ P^* '"^ °«^ breedmg is very deleterious to bees. ^^ thoroughly. The systsm of iu- Breedino Bees— Bee Moth, .ne inZ' iM^elT^ol^ZiT^^^^^^ I breed drones from are not many insects in this crntry destruoSvI of Z''*^' '^**.'','^ *^« ^^- There the greatest cause of destructioH Saorancr^mn '' 'f °P^ *^° ^°t^«- I think die, and then the moths get iS the hive and S?r . !.^°P^« f °^ tl^Muocn bees, whereas the fact is the qiieeu des and ««;?-! l^ ^^'""^ *^« "^""^^^ r.« f/> \Mr, Jos%e8.] i BEE FARMING. m that barb sideways Jou ^ill krock oTthe baTo? IT '"'. '" t^^ ^^^^ ' '' ^^^ ^"-k you attempt to pull it out, you will Vust saupptl ^ °"' ^^^ "°, ^"'^ '^"^ ^^^^^^ i but if contained in a little bag at ^the e d'o tl ba'b fif^ ■"'"' f' ^^^^ ^^^ P^^^°- ^^ which I brought from Cyprus was%l 5 T ^ f, P"? °^ ^^'^'^ ^^ *he queen bees when the next shipment Sives One ^rif^H' ^Y ^^''^ ^°"'* ^^ ™°re than $10 that they try to ke'ep a grer„4 eoE wwl'; ""Y ^^^'^ ^^^ '^-P ^-« ^ «• keep strong ones. My bles swarm from June f^ll A 7 1'°"^'^ endeavour rather to general thing, are early. Sometimes Weve^tbi A"^"'*^ ' ''"* *^" ^•^•^* «^^™«. as a. ones My hive is very largeJfroTs wir'slno "v""^™.' ^'' ^' good as tiie early the largest that most people use I am ll / S '"^^f . '""^hes ; 2,000 cubic inches is comb ft^m each of a numbrof laves Td herff fe^.t^f '''1 ^''''' by taking ori colony for themselves. The Ital an. w^ In t . I ^* ^^^ ''°°' ^^S^n to hatch another bees are even more inclined to nroteJ^ T1 T '^'r^' ^"" ^"^^^ P^-o^^' and the Cyprus no trouble from moths irtL\er:::Vro;:^^^^ '''' ^*^"-« ' ^^^ ^^ is'^rSy D. A. JONES. luS: MR. P. C. DEMPSEY'S EVIDENCR The following evidence was dven bv ATr •n„r.,»,„„ • xi Mr. P. C. Dempsey called and examined. Bee Keeping in Prince Edward Countt. numbers. We havt a surplus of 'hrnev for bl °^°*^^« ^«P t^em in smaller to .b-'T..reno sections of the counrybtToLuIdn^^^ ^^ "^"'^''^ «1"PP^^' Til. price of honey depends very much '°"'"J^'^^' P"^/«'Pal y I thmk in our own Province. eight to ten cents'per poZl, Sle go d box hone"; Jell J f^f '?^^ "^" ''""« f-n. district is well adapted to bo^ farming, where fCo^arelll "" ?" ^ *^^'^^*y- ^ur slovenly farming going on it is .renernllv fl? m / , "" sections of country and which produce Sobers* t'^t y kl a To d 1^0^? ^"" "^^f^^^^-re. We have ^^eods and from the Canada thistle a verv .l.^linn T "''^- ■^''^' S"''^^" ™^1 i« one plant, flavour, as far as my t te goes ho e i^ " t hin^ ''^f'^'f abundantly. I„ po^t o slightly yellow and LautifulT' ^Llnce Ncir iV noT' wf *^"*.'° ^"""^- ^* ^- from white clover, which is also yellow W„n„n .? ! °/ flavour is that collected clover in the hon^y gathered fiUt^t t)W ^J"/^'^^^"*^^ { ^«t« *!»« fragrance of the thistle in honey produced fro a tlinlSu'? '"'' *''" distinctive flavour of the the liighest prfce'is uTt fr m 1 e bat lod t if ij whft' '''^', '!l" T ^^^"^'^ — -'« IS agreeable to almost all tastes but itTs nof 1 Vl • ^ .''' ^ '^"^ '^"'^ "•^'^^'•- '^^'^^ 'favour named. There is a very ric]' q^anly of on ;tmr 11'"^ T 'I" ^^'"^ '"° ' ^^'^^^ BEE FARMING. as both of them are yellow and very ujarly alike. ' Vabieties of Bees. hPA 3L^''T ^°*^ P^? bees and Italian bees in our district. Most of our successfnT Pboduction of Honey. iZl- .dlo^'?" T''' °' ^^^^"^°^" «^ eighteen pounds per eo^^^y^^F^^^^ bundled pounds is the average, or say about thirty or forty pounds p;r hive Th«fl Management of Comb. DEsniT-TioN OP Hives, ^^ As to bivos, any movable frame hive is. in mv opinion o« „no(i ^^ ^r-v^h^^r neBwarm tho bees; you cannot always help it. The diffic^iltylan be o';rcomrto [Mr. Dempsey.] f'i 1 1 8 BiiE FARMING. u .1 Purity of Breeds. more ready to sliug, and'^ r^Jlt ata?k at Se? * " ■"' *""""• ^'^'^ ''^'"«» «« Handling Bees— Feedino. bo on?onbo^f ;;;;';-^4^^^^^^^ are unfriendly : I used to properly, they will pay no rtteution and fLl Im^^^ f ^^^^^ *° y°"' ^"^ if you treat them alight upon your face anVcmw nvor l ^ ^ ""? f"^" y°"' «^^" *^««gl^ they may you do they S immedhtelv boir J ' '''' ' w''*^' ^^^ ^"'^P* *« ^^^^^^^^ "lem; ff watch closely S ^e Ml So voT" J° ^T. "^r "' ^ cellar with the thermometer at about fiftj a?ovei in/ J Wp 1 . ^''"f ^^^^^ f ^g^ ' ^"""''' ^^'"^ ^^'>°1« ^^^^^t^r. I use knotting as Th:;rr^e caiLTouTS ^htXr o^2r te^^' ^^"^ ' ^^^^^ '' ^^"-^ ^^^ THOMAS BEALL. [Mr. Seall.] BEE FARMING. acres. I All ^ have a think the dis> Sittings to take oral evidence held at Perth October 19fli ifinn p . »r Edwabd Bvrnb (Chairman), and Mr. Dvmond. ' ^^^°- ■^^'^^''"^-Mr. MR. JAMES MAITLAND'S EVIDENCE. mi^LtS: """"""' °'*'^ '^^""^^^P of Montagae. County of Lanark, caUed BEE-KEEPrNG m Laxark. The Honey Harvest. Varieties of Bees. the others. ^" ^ *^® Italians can pierce deeper into flowers than Imported Queens— Yield of Honey— Hives. fromVht"trimPo?:'th:' sToc^ The" i°,Z' H °^ " '^*"^ 'f *^"*'^- ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^°^« eeems to be. I think about In nnnn JAVi^^ f ^'''y. ^""^'^ ''"^""'^ *'^« P'^'^«'^ ^^^o stoo'^ my hives, i use the Lanlf r^i F " i'?'^ ^°"?^ '' ^ ^'^^'^ ^^^'•''^g*^ i^i o'le season from beL to form Tbet orZter '^Ztr' W '^^^^ '" H-inch frame. Thisallows th^ tend to say what we could Jpfc hv J^Z^ f^"" "'"^ "? extractors. I cannot pre- I have tiid the TJ^2,/l;v/ use of artificial comb, using I find a JeatTffin,^ and the old Langstroth, but prefer the one I am now many black oclThS^ SlZT^ T ^^Pfi"';^*^ '{ ^^ '^''^'^ ^^''^ ^^« «^ two L of a strong colony and give'iJ tofhe^^tkYne.^'"""' '' ''''' ' ^^^ ^ ^^"^^ ^ Winter Management. tare "rc?rn'l""\te.ar .w' Kl™ T^r" '° " '7 "*'' »' "' '™P«™- honey in llie Knmm„; T i «r .? ? '";' .P'oof- 1 nevor lost a swarm from want of tto market CStLttr? ,^° °'°™"?'^ basmood honey oommana the beslpSceto them for tho neighboVirhaod. "^ *° ^'* ^^ ^^P"^'^ ^^«8 and I have engaged to b.-eed [Mr. Maitlmil} i ill 12 BEE FARMING. u. I Spbino Tbeatment— Bee Moth— Damp. Bees should be protected from the north aad west winds in spring. If the supply of food IS short owing to a diy season I would put two swarms together. In some cases bees are put out too early in the year. My place is high, and the snow leaves early I get my bees out as early as I can. A good rule is to put them out as soon as insect Me IS seen on the wing. The bee moth troubles us. The remedy is to keep strong stocks and to have only one entrance. In the box hives there is no protection against the moth, as the bees cannot go round every part of the box hive and discover their enemy. The bees properly kept are subject to no disease. The great trouble is damp in Manipulation op Hivb. To Mr. Dymond.—l was the first to manipulate the bees artificially. With a frame hive I take out one frame with a queen and bees adhermg to it, and put it into an empty hive wuh a foundation comb in it. You can get enough for 85 cents to fill up your have and give j-ou a morth's advantage. I place the new hive m the old one's place, remov- mg the old one IG or 18 feet. With a common box hive I take it off to one side two or three rods out of the " fly •• of the bees, and leave an empty hive on the stand as a decoy. I next turn the hive of bees upside down, putting an empty one on top, and hammer on the sides for 15 or 20 minutes, and then take the bees drummed off to one side and have an empty hive placed on a large cloth. The hive is placed there to receive the bees The bees are shaken on to the cloth some two feet from the hive you want them to enter I Mt a few m a cup and pour them in front of the hive, when they will commence to dxnm and run m. This calls the rest, and if the queen is there they will stay. Before they enter, if you have got too many take away the hive with the queen and other bees, place It on the old stand, m place of the decoy, and let the balance run into the old hive The old hive can then be put on a stand by itself, 16 or 18 feet away. Swarming or Dividing. To the Chairman.— li the bee-keeper has leisure it is well to let the bees swarm naturally, but my practice is to divide. This year I did not have one natural swarm. ihere is always a risk of losing the bees if they swarm. Once get them into a frame hive with brood, they wiU never leave it. I have never bred a non-swarming hive. Bv arthcial swarming I save time, as a queen can be hatched out of brood comb m which a queen ceU IS sufficiently advanced, and a new swarm got by dividmg, in ten days I eametimes divide by taking out two frames with a queen and then put them on a stand a few feet froni the old one, and in ten days divide the old hive again, thus gettuig two swarms from a hive in one year. I put bees into winter quarters about the 20th Novem- ber. I have sometimes taken them out about the 80th March or 1st April. If they get one good fly in the early sprmg they wiU not come out again until there is work for them. Marketing — Bee Pasture. I have always done best by marketing in small glass boxes, holding three or four pounds. Honey may be kept from candying by heating it in the first instance. I beUeve bee- Keepmg on a large scale would be a good investment in this district. The pasture might be overdone, but not with any moderate number of hives. We have traced bees for a flight of four miles. I have frequently identified my ItaUan bees at a distance of two miles from home. TT... ,. , „ JAMES MAITLAND. Witness adds as follows : t *r,^^ keep about 50 sheep and contemplate increasing the number next year in view 01 tno Jinghsh aemand. Our ewe-j are mixed Leicester or Cotswold, and we are cross- ing tnem with the pure-bred Southdown ram, and have got some fine lambs. I mtend they shaJl be ready for the English market next July. The cross secuxea early maturity, bemg fit for mutton at a year old. /, Um^j^'o, [Mr. Mfiii^and,] BEE FARMING. 13 Statement Furnished at the Request of the Commissioners by Mb. a T. Pettit. Mr S. T. Pettit of Belmont, Township of South Dorchester, County of Elgin, having been prevented from attending a sitting of the Commission when notified 3? at the request of the Commissioners, the following written statement:— Bee Keeping in Elgin. k«nf ^T^^^^'^'f " """^ ''^'^^^ .°° extensively in this district. The number of colonies kept by different persons varies from one to seventy in their respective yarda. Markets for Surplus — Prices. nf w„lnf'"^^?/*°°^?*^' ¥''??; '' '"^^ *° P"''**^ P«'"«°"« ^""^ i» the cities and towns west of Hamilton, at from lie. to 12c. per pound, wholesale price. It is a serious drawback to bee keeping in this district that the land is so uniformly good, thereTbut StTe was e land to supply late and early bee pasture. The honey, however', is of the best quauly The Sources of Honey Supply. FrnJ?i?.f°"-7i,i' F^i^°iPa."y gathered from fruit blossoms, white clover, and lindem-. Breeds of Bees. My own bees are Italians but my neighbours use the native or black bee. I have no experience with any but the black and Italian bees. The Italians are superior to the tW Jvl f "^Ifvf P^'^TJu"" '■ *^^y ^'^ more gentle under manipulation ; they protect bonpvt '°wf ' T^ ^^^ '^""l^^' °^ *^" ^^« °^°*^ ' ^^'y *r« "^o'-e industrious when Tn Z If r"^" Wh^f' .however, there is a good flow of honey the black bees are equal the Tlnit^d S "? n"" "7 '"P£y ?J l''."'^^ (P"'"^ I*ali^"«) fro°» reliable breeders in ShS'ot^^^^^^^ ^'^ ^^P"^"^ ^^« P"-^**^ ^-' ^'^^ I - -* -q--ted Average Yield op a Season. ^ As kept in this neighbourhood, a hive averages perhaps about 20 pounds of honey ma season, but if kept on scientific principles they would do far better-perhaps aver- age 60 pounds Although the quantity, for reasons mentioned, may bealowaveracve, the quality is equal to that of any honey in the world. I have compared my honef^ith that from many parts of the United States, including California, and find my honey second to none m quality. '' •' Comb and Comb Frames. I use comb foundation for the brood chambers and for extracting purposea I prefer a movable comb fr»,me hive, with a top story, which should be removed in winter. Difficulty in Keeping Stocks Pure. A-ffi '^}fj^\^^^'"'f' in the immediate neighbourhood, of colonies of black bees makes it very difficult to keep the stocks pure. About one half or more of my young Italian queens mate with the native (black bee) drones. ^ j^tnuini queens [3fr. Pettit.] 4: ¥.i 14 BEE FARMING. 1^ Feeding Bees. win Jr ''?rThaTZ«T^-'i *^'.^'? 'T^^ *?'^ ^""^ '^^'^^ *° ^^^ry them through the winter. In that case I dissolve standard granu ated sucar in the Dronnrfmn ^f fi„ *^ j of sugar to one quart of water, bring it ffa boil, andlt^^eady ffu se! "^ ^""'^'^ Winter Quarters. For winter the bees are placed in a box with a space of two inches round abnnf i\ hive, which space is filled with wheat chaff. For convenience the boxTs hooked to" thr Spring Treatment. •* *i, ^° ^^* seasons I just let them wait for dry wr ^ther. Of course. I would feed thpn, duS rf "'' "^'*°'''\ ^ "'"^^^^'^^^ ^^y"""g b'^* ^«"«y i^ spring or Z .er and o fbl5 *''';^°"'^y season, have nothing but pure honey in the hives. ^ I always ^void all glucose and grape sugar for bee feed. I have had no experience in the foreTn markets for honey, but doubtless the clover and linden honey would bring the hi^.o^t price ' Calij-ohnia Honey. Hund^pT nf'^f^' r^P''"'"'^*' *h« f«r^^" ^'^'^^ '^ '^"'^^ O'^ '"^ a small and private way Hundreds of tons of honey are purchased annually in California for the English raaS at from five to eight cents per pound, the cost of carriage not be: ig more than one cent Kes^tTipe or^ pS^capTS. '' ''''''''''' '^ ''' ^P^- ^^'y ^^^ ^^f? Sh\t Adulteration— Unripe Honey. mpt If^ """^ think adulteration is practised to any extent in this country, althou-h I have met with some adulte>-a ions here. The practice of extracting thin or unripe honey should be discouraged, especially in view of our seeking a foreign market for our surZ The best article is needed to secure the best prices. aurpms. xne Insects Injuriotts to Bees— Granulated Honey. SonhPrnqIn?!«''''lT'*' in Ontario injurious to bees, but they are numerous in the Sou hern States. All pure honey will granulate (or candy) sooner or later. By placing the honey jar or tm in water, and applying a gentle heat slowly, the honey can be liquSed at any time without the least injury to its flavour. ^H^ium Diseases of Bees. Of diseases, bees are subject to what is known us foul hrood, and to dysente:-' The former IS infectious and fatal, whole apiaries bein,t; .c .Ktn.es lost Ly tr iV-^ntery but thfrrsuu'Sf f '""'\'!^'^"T'?^^''%""^" ''''^' '' ^°^' P'-^P-'i^ i^-king, I disease! wkh tL^ ToL '"''Tl^'.'^^'^f ^"^ ^ ^^''' ^^ removed dysentery will di^appea^ with them. To secure the best results apiaries should be located at least five miles apart. S. T. PETTIT. BEE FARMING. 15 Answers— FORWARDED at the request ov the Commissioners, by the Hon. Louis Wallbridge, op Belleville— to Questions on Bee-keeping. 1. Is bee-keeping carried on at aU extensively in the County of Hastings? Yes ; there are at least half a dozen persons who keep from 50 to 150 colonies and extract the honey ; there are a great many who keep from 20 to 50, and reSuS box honey or upon Hection boxes. , -» loiy upon oox 2. Is it practised by persons on a small scale, or have you any large bee-farms? The answer above covers this. The pursuit is rapidly increasing as tl..« n^-f «* Ontario seems well adapted to that business. ^ increasing, as this part of what^i^eT^"" a surplus of honey for market; if so. how is it disposed of, and at There is much more gathered than there is a market for here : some is sent to Encr land, some to Toronto and to Orillia and western towns. Price geneiuTly 10 cents wW aale, extracted, and 12 J cents box honey. ^ *® 4. Is your district well adapted for bee-farming 1 I think so. The much vaunted Western States suffer from drouths-whicharoverv injurious to bee-keeping. Here, or. the contrary, from spring until late in the fill thJ bees gather all the time, though sometimes more than at othefs ' 5. In what respect does it present special advantages for this pursuit? There is a continual succession of blossoms, from spring till fall excenHno- n».n»f +^^ weeks, after bass-wood blossom, from July 20th to August ftS. '^"«P*"^g ^^^^ t^o 6. What flowers, plants or trees do the bees most resort to ; what is the character of Willows, soft maple, hard maple, elm, fruit trees, white clover, alsike clover thi.fclp bass-wood. The Italian bees do work a little on red clover, sweet alders, the mmt tribe of flowers (mignionette, peppermint, catnip, motherwort), buckwheat, golden rod and other flowers, names of which I don't know. ' «»"'"^'^ "^o^, and other 7. Of what stock are the bees in your district mainly 9 Italians. 8. Can you describe the characteristics of the different varieties of bees ? sorf ^t"'' o""' ^'"t'^^d^'-^t^^d to be the English or German. The Italians are a better o? !,« ?^?'?, ^% ''r r J"'^ ^^t'-oduced, but not tried yet. The common black bee :L^tirt^:^^^^^ '-- ^-^^^ «P-^ °^ ^^^ grey bee, b^lthS the imprreSt'oVtre ZZr ''''''' '' ^^^^"^' '''' ^^^* ^^^^^^ ^° ^^ P-^- ^or rrnfJ,^nr "'t^^'T' far Originally, we imported Italians from Quinly, New York Lan-^s- shortly raise Cyprus queens from Jones' importations from Cyprus. 10. What quantity of 'honey does a stock of bees average in one season ? [Hon. L. Wallbridge.] 16 BEE FARMING. 1 1. Is the average as good in quantity and quality in your district as in other coun- tries or in other parts of this Province ? I'ully up to the best. We think the white clover and bass-wood the best The thistle 18 excellent, but not so abundant as to quantity. I find the bee-keepers overesti- mate. The occupation is of an exciting character whioh may account for it. My opinion 18 that Ontario is one of the best, if not the best country for bee-keeping on this conti- nent. There are in all the accounts you see published a great deal of brag, for which allowance must be made, especially in the United States. 12. Do you adopt any method of supplying the bees with comb 1 W. C. Wells manufactures excellent foundation both for the Brown chamber and honey boxes or supers. There are other manufacturers of foundations in this county as well as Mr. Wells Lewis Searles, Foxboro' P.O., is one of them. Every intelli<^ent bee- keeper uses foundation either for the whole frame or as starters. 13. What kind of hive do you consider best? The Langstroth. I prefer a modification- a little deeper and shorter. The contents ought to be about 2,000 inches cubic. U. With pure-bred queens, do you find any difficulty in" keeping up the purity of your stocks 1 ir o r r / Not mucli. It requires attention, but can easily be done. The drones of hybrids are pure. 15. How do you feed your bees, and in what way are they protected in winter? Only bad bee-keeperu feed bees, or in a poor bee country. A little food in spring to stimulate is of doubtful good —the quieter the better in the soring. We winter in winter depositories, temperature at 41° — 45 . 16. What is your treatment of the bees in wet seasons ? Our climate makes no demand for extreme drouth or extreme wet. These are great disadvantages under which we do not suffer. 1 7. What class of hone' commands the best sale in the foreign market ? Clover, bass-wood and thistle. I have been surprised at the preference in England for buckwheat. 18. How is the foreign trade in honey carried on? Only in its infa,ncy ; generally individual consignments to persons with whom, con- nection has been formed. 19. Is adulteration practised to any extent, to the prejudice of the honest dealer '{ Not at all in Canada. 20. What insects are destructive or injurious to bees ? The moth ; but with a good hive, the Italians protect themselves, The writer has not seen one this year, 21. What methods are best adapted to counteract their ravages ? Good hives, strong colonies, and attentive bee-keepers. Tlie moth is a just punish- ment for the inattentive sloven. 22. To what diseases are bees subject ; and are stocks often lost from such causes? Foul brood is the only disease ; never heard of it but once in this part of Canada. The best cure is to burn the whole thing up, and begin again. This is the cheapest— tho labour of curing foul brood costs moro than the value of the bees. [flon. L. WallbrUlge.] 1 other coun- ONTARIO AGEICULTURAL COMMISSION INDEX TO VOL III. ?he contents COMPRISING APPENDICES C TO F INCLUSIVE. (C) Fruit Growing and Forestry. (D) Grape Culture and Wine Making. (E) Insects and Insectivorous Birds. {F) Bee Farming. ill App. Page. Acclimatizing apples through seed C 176 Advantages of under-draining C 3 iEsopus Spitzenberg C 137 Adulteration of honey F 9 " of French wines D 14 Advantages from tree planting C 185 " of salt on crops C 91 Advice to tree planters C 167 Agawam grape .... C 22 Agricultural Societies in Huron district . . . C 89 " " should report on in- sect pests E :i'i Air-slacked lime a cure for slugs C 152 Alder a good tree . O 170 Alpha, new strawberry C 04 A'lan, McD. A., Evidence of G 74, D 2j Allan, G. W. , Hon., Letter from, on forestry O 181 Alexander peach C 110 Algoma district free from pea bug E 48 Amateur varieties of pears C 11 grapes C, 22 ; D, 21 American lilight C 13 American creejjer E 11 " currant Ixnor E 90 " tree and fruit pedlars. Fraudulent C, 71,174 " furniture C Kit " Pippin, apple . C 132 ' ' competition in trees C 173 " elm C 171 Amsden'N peach C 16 .\ngiera nuince O 83 Angoumois moth E 31 Antwerp raspberry C ()4 Ants utilize aphidoB E .30 Animals kill young trees C 64 Apples in Niag.ara district 1, 2 *' Red Astrachan, Age of hearing .0, 3, , 4, 5 Diu-hrss nf OWsnhurg, Age of bearing C, 3, 4, 5 " Northern Spy, Age of bearing C, 3, 4, 5 10 37 42 48 »!,.-. ^W- Page. Apples Keeping . ...C,.. 5, 57, 101,107, 112, 151 tor cattle feed q i5q " Average life of '....'.'...'.'.. C 7 universally grown in Ontario ..... G 7 " Best, for English market C, 8, 69 '' Merits t f varieties of, compared . . . .' C, 9.' 58 New varieties of C " New variety of, in Bay of Quinte district Q " Trees, umbrella form best . ........ C " in Lindsay district C ;; for .shiptnent. . . C, 5(!, 76, i45,' Usi 151, 1.53 ^ (.hoioe kinds of . . C, 58, 10(i, 132, 149, 174, 175 I'.nghsh favorites O 77 94 " Packing :.::::: c il " Winter varieties of C, 93, 108, 175 in Ottawa district C 68 " jnHastings " '.'.'.'.'.'.'. C 187 in Essex " q jqj " in Grimsby " p 117 " inOakville " ...'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.".'.'.' C " in Owen Sound district ,.'......'.." C " in Chatham " " q " ii. Waterloo " ...'.'.'!!].] C " in Renfrew " .'.'..!..'...'. C Experiments with, in Renfrew.!.. . C Hardy varieties of, in 123 149 134 136 143 143 C, 143, 145 in Northumberland ....'. 6 in Durham ......".'.'.. C Apple trees, Distance between C " Soil for .■;;;;; c " " When to prune ," q " Orchards, Aspect of " Q .", „ " tobedrained .,.■.';;.'.■;.!! O „„ Apples, hummer varieties not profitable. . . C 149 ' Localization of winter Q I7(j " Acclimitizing through seed.... !!!i C 176 Ap'tadcs Rubivora j,j tji Apple tree r,lant louse ■.....'..'.'.,. E 65 Apple blight '.'■', "/_ (j 5 164 147 147 147 149 66 148 tJ If.' u. ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION. Aphid* 7"T^ Appearance of miilRe . . p i% Apparatus for dry iuR fruit .'.'.'. n i oq Ai)ncots free from insects . . P 17 «i Annas d'Et^, pear p '' q,, ArUorVita: ... - c/si', iosi 170, 172 E M C, 55; D, 23 Army worm \\ Arnold, Charles,' k'vidence of Arno ( -s Gold Modal wheat , ■ Arnold's Pride, new strawberry' '. n other varieties .-^ " No. 23 n ;; No. 3 .■.'.'.'.'.■::.';::;■: 8 .,.„., Diadem raspberry n Artihcial remedies for insect pests' '.'.'.'.".'.', R A .,• . ^ " foi" tent catepillars ' .'." E AspuhotHs Oonchiformh f Assessment offices and fruit statistics n Association of apple exporters needed .'.'." O Asn, hnplish p '' White and black. p Ashes, ir.seof ; . p '".- .„ for trees 1^,147,153 A^^^ssif^^-'^'^^*--'--'----^^ 18(j 63 64 69 69 84 84 27 67 64 3 177 170 162 Average rate of tree gro'wth '.'.'. .'.'.'.V..'. .. Baldwin apple for export r ,, ^^ f'T nardmess q Tj 1 " ill favored sections .. !.. O Balsam sjiruce not good q poplar . Baltimore oriole Barberry C E 37 l.'iO 176 168 169 8 Bare stems injure trees. .. . n i.,i O c Bartlett pear on pear stock . J " good variety . . „ '' mo.st popular ^ ^^ Bark lice ...r-'^™"'*^''^^ ^' l'^^, 151, 177 Basswond ... .'.'.■;.■.' \i \'^% Bay of Quinte district. Fruits of . " ! p Vi Beaconsfield grape p on Beadle p. W. , Evidence of ' .' ! ! ." ." .' Q I- T, 19 Beall, Thomas, Evidence of. . . .C, 48';' b,'23' F 10 Bee farming ' ' r. ' V Belle (le Fontenay raspberry '.".'.'.'.' n 64 Be flower apple \ ! i ; [ ; ' ' c 1.51 Belle'Lucrative pear . . p if Bee keeping .'..'....' "c 87 -F 12 in Prince Edward Coiinty .' . . . 'f ' '6 ^^ ]n Lindsay district F in Lanark . " " p Bee Culture, Manual of y " eater, A ■•••.. .... r " honey ^, B;s;'lSian-.:;:'''''---'''--'^'"i"'"F.4:8,12 ;■ Cyprian ... .'.'.'.'. .'.'.'.'.[ ,\;\ p. \ " not to be fed in winter p -i Diseases of . . , " " v a a it " Breeding ..'.'.'..■..■::.'. ' p' "' ^j " Importation of v % " Wild :;; |, -^ I' rMirity of breeds .....'..'..'..'" F 8 Han» ii i^ " Life of ....'.'.■."."■']?'* ' ' S warinin,' !'!!.,! F Bennet Brothers, Jjetter froiri '., p Benoni ap))le ... Ben Davis, apple Benefit of i)lanting trees '".'.;'. "f •"" iKs Benefici.al insects -^ J.? Beetle, Blue steel, on grapes.','.'.'.'.'.'c;'20,'62:'E 83 Berberry ' p oo n good hedge plant .... . . . . ' . * ' " * O 73 9 12 163 C 56 . C, 37, 39 App. Pagf, 22 39 Best dessert apple in the virorld ... ' P 1 tc Bethune, C. J. S. Rev., Kvidence of .'.■.■.■" E Beurre Giffard, pear ' " p Beurre d' Anjon, pear '.■.'.■.■ p oq 1 e, Beurre Diel, i)ear «-. ^9, 151 Beurre Bosc pear A Beurre Clairgeau pear .....' Beetles Colorado . . , . Three-lined leaf Striped blister C E E E Bruch 11.1 pm, or pea bug ! .' .' ." j] Pine tree borer ... " " v Monohammun SciUellatiis y Buprestis, Family of .■.".' ig Chal"nphora Liberia .' y M iiilo borers _' .' y Locust tree borer .!.'.'.* 1,' Orthimma Oi/lindricum y Tiger .. ....'.'.' y Ground .... ii Other Harpalus genua n"-ctiv'orons" '." ' E Water ...... ' y Bigarreau cherry subject to rot! C 18 Bingham's Favorite, i)lum ... 'A Black ...■.■;■. c cherry trees ."..'.." p grape vine ' p non-destructive to fruit crop's y ' which feed on ripe fruit y " Danger to grapes from p ^ Insectivorous C'24 ' 44 11 ' to be excepted from protection' . ' ' v that eat pupie, " ' ' y ' ' should be protected . ' Black currants igha Bircli, Birds f>n ( " on gr 151 11 11 33 34 37 37 46 51 52 52 .^2 03 53 54 54 55 55 55 56 131 78 162 18 20 17 17 20 24, 44, 111, 114 H 16 E 60 Blackberries '.', p 00 o? Black Eagle cherries ..;;;'.; r^.r " capped tit i; ^f. '' Naples currant .".'.".'.".'." "c 24 '' Knot, Remedial measures ".V. 'o 70 loe ^ " . prevented by salt ' p ' ^"^ Spanish melon .... p " Birds •; ^ " Snow bird.... S " Eagle cherry . , p " Heart " .;; ,^ " Tartarian" '.'''. p'ia'n'i 101' :: Capraspberry :. ::c'.-23; J|, 2/ 156 sjiruce ' p 1 2,. '' walnut for forest pl'an't'ing .■.■.' p 54 Bleaching'frnil".'.'?''''"'"'^'"'"""^ • ■^' ^^^^ ^1^' ]ll Blight, American .'.'.■.' p ^^° periodical ...'.'.'.'.'. p i^, «lw. P "" 'r""'- '^«'"«'".«'^C, 12, 13,' 00; 94, 113, m BissPea, American variety .. ' p ' '; Blue l>i.-.) V_ 63 146 86 7 9 131 18 Blue flies on cherries . . . . ' . Blue flea beetle 1; m ■ Bonus for tree planting " " ' A Mob-o-link .'.'.'.".'.'.'. Bradshaw plum .'..'.'.', IBrandy wine Raspl lerry Brant h.ybrid giajie . .'. . . .' ..'.'/_' Breda apricci .".!... Breeds of bees . "..' ' Bright Ida, new strawberry Brown, J., Dr., Evidence of..". p Brinckle's Orange raspberry .... n^nn ^'.'] Bucke, P E., Evidence of ^. . . , ' ' ' c '(i? 1 T) of Brodie, W., Evidence of . . . . ; ^'' *'h.^' ^j Bugs on cherries p J:J Buprestis apple borer ,..', y ^S P (1 on ptach trees ' p jg destroyed by Woodpeckers' "C, 24,' 52; E 12 E C ..C,62; C E C C C f! F C 4 82 D,24 174 15 14 23 61 17 8 (i4 164 Borers INDEX TO VOL. III. iii. , App. Page. Borers not destructive to melons 86 " Apple tree C, 94, 124, 134 " Pine tree E 51 " Maple tree 1; ^'S " Striped I; «3 " Buprestis ^ ^ " Remedies for J; 64 " Peach '^ ^^ Bruce, Fruit and forestry in C 1\es sold as American C 177 Canadian wines superior to French 1) 13 Canaries grain feeders E 10 Care in packing apples C 10 Cardinal Grosbeak E. 15 Carnivorous birds not protected E 13 Careless culture of grapes D 11 Catawba grape C 22 Cat bird E 7 Cattle at large, and tree planting C, 73, 88 " for market C 142 " Durham _ C; 147 Cecroi)ia Emperor caterpillar E 6() ( !ellar arrangements for apples . C 113 Cedar bird destructive to fruit C, 19, 148 Census and fruit statistics C 3 Cen'-innial I'lxhibition— prize for hy))rid apples ^l ''7 Chalcophora Liberta E 52 " Virginia .. ._ E 52 Champagne inai' from cider C 7 Champion grant C, 19 42 ; D, 19 Chamiiion of Kngland pea <' 63 Chaplin, W. H., Kvideiice of C 147 f!hathain district C 134 CJherries, Packing, for market C 18. " Soil f,.r (',18,19,82 Knemiesof C, 18 19, 51, 82 " (.'ultivation of, not profitable (.!, 18, 61 VarietioHof C 18, 01, 81, 82 " Failure of, in Renfrew C 144 " in X(Uthumlierlaii(l 140 in Durham C 148 Cherry bird C, 51, 60 ; E, 17 Cherry currant, best red variety C 65 Cherry wood, siilmtitute foi' walnut (j 101 " price C 161 Ciiuwink E Chickens destroy curculio C 100 Chickadee E 11 Chicago a market for pears C 151 App. Page. Chinch bug E 27 Chrysobothris femwata E 63 Cicada, The E 41 Cidaria grape E 82 Cider vinegar C 7 Clapp's Favourite pear C 11, 39, 151 Clark raspberry C, 23, 84 - - ~ 39 16 98 141 D,4 64 196 34 188 39 9 15 16 D, 15 Clay loam best for pear trees C Clearing wines D Clementi, Rev. V., on insectivorous birds,. E Climatic effects of tree planting C Clinton grape for wine C, 21, 179 ; Olytus specioms E Coal tar, Burning, for curculio C Colorado beetle E Combination for cheapening freight C Commission on locusts in U.' S E Comparison of varieties of apples C Concord grape for wine .... D " " condemned D Cost of a vineyard C, 123 ; Cow birds E 7 Codling Worm E, 72, 73 " " Danger from, in packing, C, 6, 9; E, 73 " from Europe C, 9 ; E, 27 " " not attacked by birds ,. C, 25; E, 12 " No remedy for C, 49, 68, 94 " Efforts to destroy . .C, 107, 134 : E, 72 Col. Cheney (strawberry) C 84 Common blue plum.for export C 78 Coe's Golden Drop plum C 162 Concord grape C 112, 132 " for the million C 138 Cox Orange Pippin, apple, a good variety. . C 40 Cost of shelter belt C 167 Colvert apple C 175 Cranberry culture at Dunville C 26, 44 in Lindsay district C 52, 86 " " Possibilities of C 26, 44 Oawford, Early, peach C 16 Crescent Seedling, Strawberry C 125 Creveling, grape . . C 22 Crow blackbird E 11 Crickets, Tree E 85 Crimson bark willow C 170 Crov,', a grain feeder E ^ 12 Crow eats eggs E, 15, E, 17 Crown borers E 92 Crumpler, Rascal leaf E 71 ( 'uckoo E 4 " eats grasshoppers E 16 ' ' eats tent caterpillars ... E 07 Cucumber beetle. Striped E 93 flea beetle E 94 Cultivation of orchards C 6 of trees C, oo, 1.58, 173 of raspber-ies C, 126, 154 of orchards . . . . C, 140, 147, 150, 152, 177 " Meehan's advice .as to C 177 " of black currants C 180 of grapes D, 20, 21 Cultivating fruit trees, Williams' method of C 38 Curculio in plum orchards C 14 Method of destroying C 15 " Effect on, of heavy clay soil C 40 " in Paris district C 60 " Huron " C, 78, 79 " Windsor " C, 109 " Jarring C, 124 136, 196 " not known at Owen Sound C 152 " ( 'hickens destroyers of C 109 " Burning coal tar to destroy C 196 " not eaten by birds E 12 " A destruyer of the E. 57, 79 " History of E 78 Cure for vine mildew D 15 CioMbiU C,179jE, 13 ' 180 Currants, Black I IV, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION. If'* Currants, soil, etc... ^PPi'm. .. ' C 129 in Lindsay district ■.'.'.■; n li in Pans " p « ff " In otr "^ Sv'"t« district :;.::::■ ^c ' 44 in Ottawa district p t^ „ in Huron " k ^l Currant Geometer I,' ^^ ;; caterpi'lar,' Spinous .■■;:.■ y i^ Pnf w ^'''°''?' ^.**''y destroyed . . . . c" 24 52 S-; ns Cut worm eaten by robins ..... C 'k? f ' ?? eaten by toads . . . . i ! ! ! ! '. ! ' ^^ ^' }^ 51 47 .31 33 15 on cabbages „ :^- pru; • '-'ypruB, Japan Daddy long legs ^VV- Piige. 69 159 198 3(i 170 ISS 18 59 Outtmg or pruning trees p Delaware graue J^ 1^^ ^ " •'' besVforwine V' '' Dempsey, P. C Evidence of. .■;.■.■ • c S^ n I9 Description of hi ves v ' Destroying eggs of Colorado beetle F J Destructive birds . f^ ^^ Desirable varieties of forest trees and'cost. C "s De-itzias °^ P'"'"« u;/ ^ 152 Diamond plum ... ' ' "^^ '^^' 170 Diana grape ... V-» ^°^ Diptera flies ^ Diseases of Ijees .', ^ Diadem raspberry -^ Dogror!"" . '"'"^^^" •"«««'« "■-■•■'.■■ E Douakl James, Evidenceof '.'. ^. iJoohttle, raspberry A ^ Dougall, James, Evidence of' V.'. ^'r'*' H Downer's late red cherry S , .„ Downing gooseberry . p ' or no I'H Dragon flies t.. 25, 98, 133 Emperor caterpillar j, Encouragementof tree planting .*.'.. ; ; ; ; c Enemies of CoWado beetle . . '" ^"^*' ' ■ S English ash " *• markets . 2 ''^ Morell()chtrrv[^'|]. X ,^ taste in apples . U view of trees on farms p ,0^ Engravers, Use of maple I, y ' ^ }^, Entom^ological Society of dntario.' . e;-22; 60 61 95 Bureau needed ... ' ^' ""' ^^' f^° :: intheu. s.av:;;: e Entomologist, The.. "^ M'««"»" E ^nosoma pjri on roots of "tree's ' " ' v Essex superior to France for grape' cu'ltnr;' D cCa^'T. .""" -"' not' live in "" European larch.'. .'..'. \,\ >< ' ii'-' i9o Evergreens, Best varietie's ofV.'.V.' ' ' c ' Age to plant .... p' , 7 i^xpense of forest planting iixperiments in crossing rasp'b'err'ie,. T, in forestry . . r. Export trade in apples *" iixportation. Apples for 34 34 62 61 62 13 20 171 31 C, 173, 183 C 158 C 23 72 8 1" apples ... ,, . ... Apples for r, ,,„ Export of pears )\ 1^8 E,-idenceonjrraDeBTf'>wVr,'ni 'iVWiV' V; ••,•,• ■■ t. 152 4 58 14 64 54 46 97 106 3 108 C. Arnold. B. E. Bucke,. Evidence on insectivorousliirl''^--'^"""- 19 22 23 23 24 25 E 101 E E I-: 10 103 Drainage, Improvement from p Dryingfruit p' 19« i.^- ,^- "" Dry earth for slug in pears.' '. [ ' l^' ^^^' ^^^' ^^^' }'^^ Duchess grape ^ lol ""Sere "' ^'''^"^™^« ' -Pl''e-grows any- "" ''' ^vSy"' '0W-i'"Vgapple-besi"e'ariy^' ^' ^'' Duchesse d' Ang^ulem'e pear'-on Quince^' ^ c' ^^2 Duke cherries """"^ profitable C 132 Dui^ County of, ^tandforests! :::::;[; 2m " -"'« :::.c;^,;£ Early Crawford, most profitable peach. . ,C, 16 135 ^_ y,^]'a(\a~seei\lhxu; peach..:... 'r t? Violden apricot U t' Riclimoml cherry . . .".■ /, V^ Jj (! ,56 E Strawberry apple " Louise peach.'.".... .;:;■; ' ,_ Economical woods • . . . ■ ^ io,) ^Ksts'.'.!'?".'!'"^' '^"'"''""'I't'"™' of" fuel 'on ' ' ^^ Elgin Fruit a'ml forestry "ii,' ] ' ' 9, ]f^ eKhI;:!,^;^'!""*^'^-"^— 'yvariety:^> ^ Elm, Soft -use of 'wood' '. %^\tl Rock }; 162 162 on grape growing, D. W. Beadle" D P. <^;I)empsey. D D D ikadl"" ""*'^™^"''°"« birds, D. W. Evidence oi'i' 'i'n's'e'ctivorous' 'birds.' 'p ' 'p' i^enipsey . . "". j. . u. Evi,lt.nce on insectiv'o'r'ous birds,' C.' Arnoi(i En ence on .nsectivorou8birds,P. E. Buc)^. Evidence on insectivorous birds, A. Mca ''"''^lZl""^'="^°'^°"«'^^''''«'^-'M Evidence on insectivoro'u's bii^ds, J. 'Do'ucalHF Evidence on insectivorous birds', W McT^ Evidence 011 insect'iv'o'ro'us birds,' 'j.' 'HagVr- *^ ^"'Chaphr '''""^'^"^"'•""«' Wr-l^; ■ W. • h: ^ Eye-spotted 'bud-moth' '.'.'. v Tj Fa]lapple,s, Best ., £,* ''euneting ai)ple .....'.' }:, i" all web-worm ... ^ Falsi, worm, Strawberry ". '. • ' ' ' t^ t ameuse, " Wealthy, " variety i.f H Earmers, Re-plantim' by ^ ' ' " p " i-V L, ',1' Feed for stock ... ' ' ^' l'**'' 1"' 1?7 Fences on prairies "! .' 9, V !'•, ■"'"'' J'""'' l>''"iting'.'.'.'.' p B erti hzer.s for ^rapoH p ooV Various ^' "^l f ifty years tree gr - ^ Eifty niilli 102 102 103 103 103 103 104 104 76 147 147 68 93 131 very plentiful- .. C ^^i^^-^.Z'"':]^''':^:^:'^: c '• ''' 186 1.59 169 184 D, 22 wth, average n lui; 1,'i •■ < . .;•■ '" ^'''''*' "■' ••«- L'ent eacli p ,7' feBllr""""^ ■■■■■■■■^^ \^ S:t;;ier'^:\^:'^^;^-.'"^-Y:;;:;::::J 't\ <'ncuiMber |* ,.J ,''«'"• ■■■■''.':::::c,39,i37 f>catche.5 ':'.■; C 31 Hy causes black knot ". n \\l J,<><>d of blackliirds Y. ^^^' a oreign demand for honey'. ; ', ' ; ' .; ' ' '. ", ', ; ' f ' \ -,,, , , » ncuiM Ijeniish Beauty, I'lorida dogwood INDEX TO VOL. Til. V. Forest trees in Niagara district c" 26*18 Best kinds of, for i lanting . C, 281 46,' 65 in Pans district ,, () '55 ^^ Seeds in Kenfrew c Cost of p I' Growth of '".!..! C T., '' Minute enemies of .... " w i orest Tent caterpillar . , "" v b orestry , Neglect of .' .' .' ." .' .' ; .' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' q ill Europe .. n H orests in Huron '/,,[[ q ' ' Lanark rt * orests disappearing / < r -^ w^ a","?'' Arboriculture, ' Le'tter from tr. vv. Allan on n J orewarnings of insect pests .'. p -r ortified wines fj i'orsythia ^ Jour-stripedplant hug .. v I oxy " grapes .' V. i ranconia raspberry . (' 9t i" reight of apples to England . . .. .. C V^Jl ^ u ' o. ^.'^eiiper by conibinatioii .' C l^ruit culture, Statistics of, needed. . . ( ! i- ruit growii.g in Niagara district '.'..] V, Ottawa " Q lUy of Quinte district ... C Lindsay district C Paris Huron " Kent " Windsor " Kent " I'elham " ..'..".'..' Kenfrew " Northumberland district. L>urham district T(u-onto district . . . . Owen .Sound district.. C (.' c c c c c c c c c c 144 164 185 54 66 181 181 88 141 181 181 33 9 170 89 16 84 37 118 188 I 3 I 1 : 67 35 I 48 I 55 I 74 93 99 106 112 130 142 144 147 166 149 Grape fiea beetle.. .. T ■^■^ " plume moth....;:: p S9 Grai.es in Niagara, price ...::: q jn indigenous to continent (; 01 " mIIk' 1" ?"* .^Tow in Muskoka : ; : : C 21 Method of cultivation of .. . c 21 «7 Preparation of soil for . n 22 " in pS''^ ''''■'"'* '• ^''^^•" ^^ \ ^ 23 '' in Ottawa " C m^ ^^ IJl ; in Huron " p' 9^ I n' or Best, for amateur growth '.'..'. '. .. C ' V •» cu- • ^in "eife''il'<'iiili(M)d of lakes (' 17.') t ruit hhippmg Company q jgg Gall inhabiting phylloxera ].; 42 43 H., Dr., on insectivorous birds. K '99 (rarnicr, J. ( latineau Belle apple q lu? Grain aphis ^ ,A ^ " eaten by locusts << rants to local societies (jfrape Green Newt Green grai.e-vine'sphinx p Greenfield plum for tlie North- West C Green gage X Green Pn.lific strawberry n Green Saw Hy '' ^, Ground-feeding birds .'. ]) Grimes' Gc.lden apple .' p '.._ ^ ,, (.rimsby as a peach idence of D 16 Houghton gooseberry C 98 Huron salt C 92 Hybrid bees F 1 ' ' peas C 63 " wheat C 63 Hybridizing apples '. C 57 " raspberries C 64 Hymawptera E, 20, 57 Ichneumon trilie E, 18, 19, 67 Ida strawberry C 04 Imperial Gage plum C 41 Imported currant borer. . . E 90 Imported Haw fly E 86 Inii)orted trees C 166 Importing bees F 5 Innigii Ijird E 8 Infested peas germinate E 47 Insects on fruit trees, Kemedies for C, 6, 18 " on grape vines C, 20, .38, 49 " injurious to the strawberry C, 64 ; E, 92 " enemies of the aphidaj E 30 " injurious to apples E 62 " affecting trunks of trees E 63 " " bark E ()4 Insectivorous birds. Evidence on E, 3, 15 " Habits of t!, 24, 25 " Doubtful utility of. . . .0, 24, 25 " " indiscriminate "feeders .K, 18,95 " " Anbwcrstoiiuestionson E,!t7,99 Invasions of locusts . . E 39 lona wino j;raj>e I) 17 lo Kmperor moth l'^ 45 Italy, Absence of fences in C 74 Japan Cyprus C 31 Jarring for curculio C, 124, l.'UJ, 196 Jay, The E 11 Jefferson plum. The C', 14, 41 Joint worm E 31 Joni's, 1). A ., Evidence of F 1 Joscpliine de Malines' winter pear good and )>roductive C .39 Josephine do Malines' winter pear for England C 40 Keeping apples, Method of (J 5 App. Pago. Kent, Fruit culture'.in C 112 " Vineyards in" C 97 " Climate of C 102 Kentish Cherry C 18 Kingbird E 3 Kinglets E 11 Kirtland raspberry C 84 Kittatinny blackberry .'. C, 23, 85, 156 Lace-winged flies E, 30, 60 Ladybirds E 57 Lanark, Bee keeping in F 11 Large pine borers, Deletion of E 54 Larch in Canada C, 165, 171, 173 La Versailles currant C 24 Lambton, Fruit and forestry in C 192 Lanark, Forestry in O Larks '. E Lawn ornamentation C Lawrence, St., apple C, 4,36 Lawrence pear C Leaf roller. Oblique-banded E " " Grapevine J Legislation on the black knot. Effects of . . t ' ' for Ye'iows C Leslie, George, junr,. Evidence of C Lice, Plant E Lilacs Q Limits of apple culture C ' ' of pear culture C Linden, European C Linseed Oil used for pear blight C Lindsay district. Fruit growing in . . C '_' ' ' Bee-keeping in F Liquid manure for strawberries C Localization of winter apples C Localities for grape growing D Ijocusts E Locust tree borers E Lombard Plum ' . . C Lombardy I'oplar C " " for fence posts C London purple for Colorado beetle E Long Island melon C Longevity of apple trees C ' ' of Cyprian Bees F Lombard Plum C, 14 78 IjOss from insect pests E 60 " to U. S. from locusts E Louse, Bark (j Low branches on fruit trees prevent borers and tighten bark C 131 Low stems preferred C 137 Maggie, new strawlierry C 64 Management of honey comb F 7 " of standing woods C 182 " wines D 9 Manipulation of hives F 12 Miinagement of vineyards D 17 Manitoba, Locusts in K 39 Manual of I3ee culture F 5 Manures, Treatment of . C 139 ' ' for orchards C 147 " for raspberries C 126 " for evergreens C 168 ' ' for vines D 6 Maple borers E, 53, 64 Markets for grapes C 105 Marketing bees F 12 Mahalob Cherry C, 19, 56 Maiden's Hair tree C, 30, 46 Maitland, .James, Evidence of F 11 Maple wood C 162 Mammotli Cluster raspberry. . .(', 23, 43, 64, 84, 127 Market for plums C 78 Martha trrape ...,., ('■ 20 Mary J''Ietcner strawberry 64 141 9 168 178 77 82 79 130 166 29 170 7 14 32 151 48 10 121 176 7 39 53 41 141 169 36 44 7 2 60 3!t 57 INDEX TO VOL. III. vu. App. Page. .... c 112 .... c 97 .... c 102 .... c 18 .... E 3 .... E 11 .... C 84 2, 23, 85, 15(i . . . E, 30, 60 ... E 57 .... F 11 .... E 54 165, 17: ,173 .... c 24 ... c 192 .... 141 .... E 9 .... C 168 ... c, 4, 36 .... c 178 .... E 77 ... } 82 i .. ( 79 .. c VM ... v^ 166 ... E 29 ... C 170 ... C 7 ... C 14 .. C 32 ... C 151 .. C 48 ... F 10 ... C 121 ... C 176 ... D 7 ... E 39 ... E 53 ... C 41 ... c 141 ... c 169 ... E 36 ... C 44 C 7 ... ¥ 2 . . C, 14, 78 ... E 60 ... E 3!t ... C 57 er.s ... C 131 ... C 137 ... C 64 ... F 7 ... C 182 ... D 9 ... F 12 ... D 17 .. K 39 .. ¥ i) . . C 13!) ... C 147 . . (' iL'li ... V 1(W ... D () . E, 53 .64 .. C 105 ... F 12 ..C, 19 56 ..c, ;{o 46 .. F 11 .. C 162 04, 84, 127 .. C 78 C 20 .. c 64 Massasoit grape p May Duke cherry ...'*.*....".".* c .May Beetle, Larva of, injurious to'Vtraw* n6rri63 •••»...»,.. r^ Mazzard cherry !!..!!!! n E O Middlesex, Fnnt and fore.s'tr7in' r lApp. Pago. 21 18 43 19 , 17 13 27 215 34 24 14 44 59 Meadow Lark ," Meteorological observations," 'Use of ' Mwrnpii.^ Leurnpterns, Rava','e.s of Ti; iddlesex, Fruit and forestry in n igrations of Colorado beetle ' " p Midge-proof varieties of wheat F McLaughlin plum- -good variety""'. p Melons jn Bay of Quinte district n m Lindsay " A ,,.,," >n'''ttav.'a " ,, ,, q^ Mildew on grapes c 9ft '.' r> ' i k ,, •' on smafl fruit C. 20 ; D, 15 Methods of tree planting .' " " " q " of cultivation of trees p M Jntmorency cherry . A Moths des oyed by night hawks!!. K Migrations of arnjy-worm p ^f^STj, t}t'' ^' '° *he yeliowV in! ! : ! i . C E Minute enemies of forest trees v Missouri, State Entomologist of f Mode of shipping bees y ?..oisture favorable to the mid^e v Monarch of the West strawlie^ry' " " n Monohammxis Confii.inr '. p ,, '' , ScuteHatus -p Moore's PJarly grape ... p Morris, Edward, Evidence of r Moth, Bee I; Mountain ash '■ p ,„ Mountain Sweet-meli.n ! n au 148 29 33 18 3 32 130 14 54 62 5 24 84 51 52 22 130 94 'Mou: C 86 16 140 isey ' flavour in wine . f) Mowat, .T. G. , Evidence of r Mulch for fruit trees p ,,„ Municipalities and tree planting " .' .' .' .' ,' .' .' .C, 32 211 Najjolecn cherry p Native butterflies i, " sawfly ;;;;;:; ^ " trees preferred p Natural History Society of foroi'ito! .■.'"."; E Navy Island, Peach growing at . n Necessity for tree planting p Neuropetem, Order of . i.' Ne Plus Ultra Cherry '. ', * ' " " p New Rochelle or Lawton blackl'i'errv C ' New varieties of apples p Niagara grape r " district .... ....'.'.'. p " raspberry c' lofi Nicanor Strawberrv ' 7^ NightHawk .■;.;. *, Norfolk, Fruits, etc. , in . . . ! ." p nJ Northern Spy apple at maturity " p \ J*"" l''»«lanil C ,37 „ ,, tor home market C 112 long in bearing ....C, 1,34, 1,36 -^ ^, , , the best tree O iN orthumberland, Fruit, etc., in n Norway Maple "" p " " the finest variety . r " Pine ^ Q " Spruce for shelter belts '. .cV29,' 33, 66, 148,' Nurseries in Ottawa district ^^'^^' ^c ' ^^^ " Government p Nut-hatch \ v. XT " . .fiting eggs of insects ..*....." E Nymphs, Wood p 81 .50 88 165 21 10 29 58 82 23 10 22 1 133 125 3 147 144 169 171 183 71 164 4 16 81 Oak, Value of . . for furniture C 157 C, 162, 103 Oakville, Strawberry growing at ... ... .'.0,' 119,' 121 Oblique-banded leaf roller . p"" Ont'arl'o"'"Fr,^r'''''"^' ^^'^^^^ Productive "c, 36, wntano, b ruit growing in p ''' raspberry .....'.'...," C " n ot i n danger from LocusVs ( )range, Os.age " Quince Oriental bee culture .'.'. -p Orchards, Cultivation of '...'.. "q (i 53 D Owen .Sound district. Fruits in".'.'.'.'.. ', ',',',[ q i, '.' Plum orchards in .'.'.' C Shipments of plums ,^ „ , ,. . from n Owen .Sound district. Peach growing in . ' ." C Q^j^ " Original timber in . .' C Oxford, Fruit," etc.! ' iA .! ! p Oyster-aliell bark louse ...!.!!!!!!!!!!' * ' ' g Parasites of Hessian fly ^ ^™ 69 69 24 149 152 1.52 153 156 13 212 64 E 26 34 )f Colorado beetle ! ! ! ! ! j,' of grasshoppers '. p ^9, ., of hop aphis ..v. V of insects should be enoouratred ' E ^21 of Army worm " f of hop eaters ! ! ! ' S of cabljaae butterfly t:^ of Eriosoma py.i of tent caterpillars of Codlin worm E E E - p .)f green grape-vine sphinx p of saw fly p Parasitical insects best protectors F Paris district. Fruit growing in . . p Paris green and Colorado beetle v Ifowtouse ^ Peach borer S " plum '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. p Peach culture in Canada profitable ! ! p " in Bay of Quinte district" ' ' P in Huron district "p "^ in Niagara district. ! ! ! p '' in Grimbsy district. p in Urummondville district ' ' C ^^ in Polham district q ^' in Chatham district ! ! ! p in Waterloo district p !'. !" >foi-thumberland (iistrict ' C in Owen Sound district . 'c near Toronto. " , , ;; at Navy Island .!!!!! T) ncme in Ottawa district p on plum stocks "n sn Peach, A new seedlinir .... ^' »•>. ;; E.ar!ysortsof ... ...:!", ^^^•'■ Soil ,and situation needed for P trees. Cost of Pedlars, Fraudulent tree Persian c c 44 26 32 44 48 62 67 73 81 88 61 55 35 36 80 41 17 41 80 16 115 12 132 135 138 146. 153 178 10 69 138 135 128 138 l;i5 nsect powder ' ii ^?* ^^'-«^'^'"- ■■".■.".•.•c;i6,f3,i5l Vlll. ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION. App. Page. Pear culture, Limits of C 14 " in Bay of Quinte .listrict C, 39, 40 " in Paris district C 39 " in Ottawa district C, 68, 77 " in Kent district C 113 " in Pelham district C ]32 ' in Waterloo district C 139 " in Renfrew district C 143 " in Durham district C 148 " in Owen Sound district C 151 " in Hastings district C 187 Pear trees. Blight on, causes of P, 12, 14, 178 " stocks C 39 " blight. Attempted remedies for, C, 39, 132, 139 " " unknown in Europe C 178 " trees. Uncultivated, not blighted C 40 " Favourite varieties of, C, 94, 103, 108, 151, 177 " (Jnknown variety of, in Renfrew . . . C 143 Pears, Prices of C 148 " Best soil for C 152 " Export of, to England 152 " of (Janadian growth. Very fine C 152 Pea weevil E 46 " Remedy fir E 47 Peas, Hybrid C 63 Pear tree slug C, 12 ; E, 7.1 Pelee Island, Wine making in C 100 Pelidnota, Spotted E 83 Pewee, The E 3 Persia, Northern, climate C 17 Pfciih, Fruit, etc., in C" 194 " Encouragement to tree growing in . . C 197 Pettit, A. H., Evidence of C 115 Pettit, S. P., Statement of, on bees F 13 Philadelphia raspberry C, 23, CI, 84, 154 Phinney's melon C 44 Phylloxera not mischievous in Canada, C , 21,62, 155; D, 20 ; E, 42 Pigeons attacking grain crops E Picking appli :«, Care in C Planting larches C Plant bug. Four-striped E Plum culture C " in Lindsay district C 43 17 188 168 89 14 50 60 68 78 135 143 188 " in Paris " C •' in Ottawa " C '< in Huron " C ," in Chatham " C " in Renfrew " C " in Hastings " C Plums attacked by curculio " Varieties of, best for market, C, 14, 40, 152 153 " Native, for improvement f . . . C 60 " New variety of, in Huron .... C 78 •" Soil for C, 79, ITO " Seedling C 110 " Shipments of C Plum rot C " Sphinx ■■• E Pocklington grape C Pine C " Age of C ' ' tree borers E Pipiza railiciim E Pomme Royal apple C Poplars C " on prairies C Polyphemus caterpillar E Pond's Seedling plum C Portuguese Government and Forestry . . . . C Prentiss grape ('■ Product.on of honey F Pruning fruit trees, Method of C, 16, 66 Phosphates, Use of.. C 91 Phisia, Cabbage E 50 Pits, Peach, PmnRgation ot yellows by , , . . C 130 Planted farms, Value of C, 67, 73, 89, 158 .C, 14, 40 153 153 74 22 33 165 51 62 56 33 169 75 41 165 22 7 App. Psgr. Planting and pruning vines D 14 Plant lice E 29 Planting fore.sts C, 88, 182, 183 " . peach orchards C 135 ' ' vines D 6 Plaster, Use of C 147 Plates, Insects injurious to the squash — to pears, plums and peaches - tii the apple — to gooseberry, raspberry end straw- berry-^to small fruits-to pears, cherries, plums, and peaches, follow Appendix . . C Plates, Insects injurious to the grape, follow Appendix D Plates of wheat midge E 22 " of the Hessian fly E 25 " of Chinch bug E 28 " of Aphidaj E 29 " of enemies of the Aphis E 30 ' ' of Joint worm E 31 " of Army worm E 31 " of Colorado beetle E 34 " of enemies of Colorado beetle E 36 " of three-lined leaf beetle E 37 " of striped blister beetle E 37 " ol Sphinx Quinque macidata E 38 " of red-legged grasshopper E 40 " of seventeen-year locust E 41 " root of vine diseased E 41 " of plusia balluca E 45 " of stinging caterpillar E 45 " of chrysalis of the lo Emperor moth E 46 " of pea bug E 47 " of cabbage butterfly E 48 " of Zebra caterpillar E 50 ' ' of Harlequin cabbage bug . . E 51 " of cut worm E 51 " of maple borer E 53 " of Othosoma cylindricum E 54 " of tiger beetles E 55 " of calosoma scrutator E 55 " of water beetles E 56 " of scavenger beetle E 56 " of chauliognathus pennsylvanicus . . . E 57 " of ichneumons . E 57 " of dragon flies E 59 " of erioaoma pyri E 62 " of striped borer E 63 " of bark attacked by bark lice E 65 " of tent caterpillars E 66 " of larva of forest tent caterpillar E 66 " of tussock moth larva E 68 " of canker worms E 69 " of cecropio emperor moth liI 70 caterpillar.... E 71 • " ". " chrysalis E 71 " of codling worm E 72 " of pear treeslug E 73 " of plum sphinx E 74 " of sphinx moth E 75 ' ' of chrysalis of sphinx moth E 75 " " pnlyphemus caterpdlar E 75 " of cocoon of " " pj 76 " of moth of " " E 76 " of eye-spotted bud moth E 77 '' of (iblique-lxinded leaf roller E 77 " ofciL-ulio E 77 " of peach borers E 80 " of grape vine sphinx E 80 " of parasites of g! ape vine sphinx . . . . E 81 " " graie sphinx moth E 81 " of wood nymph motlis E 81 " of larviB of wooti nymphs E 82 " of grape vine ler f roller J] 82 " " " p'mne moth E 82 " of spotted peliJnota E 83 " of grape vine flea beetle E 83 " of ro?e beetle.! E 85 " of tree crickets E 86 « App. PlKff. .... D 14 .... E 29 , 88, 182 18.3 .... C 135 .... D 5 .... C 147 —to pple raw- nes, i.\.. C How .... D .... E 22 .... E 25 .... E 28 .... E 29 .... E 30 .... E 31 ... E 31 .... E 34 . . E 36 .... E 37 ... E 37 ... E 38 .... E 40 . .. E 41 .... E 41 .... E 45 .... E 45 loth £ 46 .... E 47 ... E 48 ... E 50 . .. E 51 ... E 51 ... E 53 .... E 54 .. E 55 ... E 55 . .. E 56 ... E 56 ... E 57 ... E 57 ... E 59 .... E 62 ... E 63 ... E 65 ... E 66 ... E 66 .. E 68 ... E 69 ... E 70 ... E 71 ... E 71 ... E 72 ... E 73 ... E 74 ... E 75 ... E 75 liar E 75 E 76 E 76 ... E 77 ... E 77 ... E 77 ... E 80 ... E 80 ... E 81 ... E 81 ... E 81 ... E 82 ... E 82 ... E 82 ... E 83 ... E 83 ... E 85 ... E 86 INDEX TO vol: in. IX. Plates of saw fly J 'I of gooseberry fruit worm.....". j „ of American currant borer . '. R of aplodes rnbivora ... v '' of white grub ']'/ p of .sfjua.sh vine norers ...... . .....' £ bug Plusif UUg p of bee moth y balluca '[ f; Pocklin^'ton grape ..'.".'.'. p Potato beetle not eaten by iiirds ..'. E its march ea.stward v worm ii Practical remedy tor ti.e midge v Pre.serving apples in wi ater .... n Price of grape lands y. Prices of ai)ples in Englami n ,, Canada q " ofelm". ..'^"^:*.-, ;■ ■■■■■■■^'^']^ :: ^ :::;::;:::.: g li Process of wine making. . .' B^Wfr Profits of grape growing '.'.'.y.'.]'.'.'!), u jo Profitable grapes f) Prosperity of wine trade i] Proposal to import parasites of 'the midge' ' Protection to carnivorous birds needed r. l^rotection of birds necessary , ' p Prunis triloba '. Purple birch .'/,', ^"""^ "•■'•..v.'.v::.... E. 9,12 Quebec plum .-, Qaee i o' the Market, a fine raspberrv C liamce and pear stalks C •Juince culture can l)e made profitabie L Qmnte, Bay of, district— fruits produced— there — age of orchards — prices — demand — profitable varieties — soil — manur« — cultivation —general par- ticulars • .J- ^„ ■i>, 48 E E C O 19 10 23 13 ma 170 169 144 133 12 19 Quinte, Bay of, district-various woodVan.i their uses ... q Railway ties, Search for C 165 " consumption of timber for 'fuel" ' C ' uambo apple ' ,-, Kansom Chip remedv for curculio f Kaacal leaf crumpler v Kaspberry-cane borer '•.'.'.".'.... R pests -g '.', culture in Niagara district...'.' C I, \^ Lindsay " . . _ q in Ottawa " ' r, „ '" Huron " . . . C " jn griimmondville dist." C ., „ !" Pelham district ... C ,T . . '" ^^wen Sound " .. n i,t4 Varieties of 'c 23 41 " Hybridized varieties of' c ' 64 ^^ picking and packing " ' C I ranconia, the best . , c Ravages of grasshoppers in Lanark . . E Keine Hortense cherry o Red Astrachan apple, bea. mg . . . . . ....,' C ',' best early apple .'..'..'. C R- 1 u J most profitable for farmersC, 147,175 Red-humped caterpdlar E 68 45 171 181 176 78 71 91 91 22 51 70 84 125 133 151 127 178 97 18 1 137 App. Page. 87,88 90 91 91 92 93 94 94 45 132 12 35 37 24 15] 15 118 145 Red winged blackbird r Registered brand for apples •••••• Remedy for pea bug .'.'.'.'..'.'!.'.'!'" E " for spring back beetle ....,'.]." E for locusts , E " for hop aphis E '^ for phylloxera ...'.'. E '' for hop-viue snout moth..! E ^^ for cabl)age butterfly .' ,' E for cut worm e for Krisomia pyri ...'.', E for borers e 2 for oy.,ter-shell bark louse' '.'.'.'.'..'. E Pac*. S 177 47 33 40 44 43 44 48 51 62 64 65 for tent caterpillars ." E 6u 67 for canker worm '.'. e ' «j9 for Emperor caterpillar ........ '. . E for cod! ii worms E Rerfr 71 72 77 78 80 83 83 84 85 88 90 91 142 142 28 for leaf band rollers E for curculio .....' E for peach borers p; for grape-vine leaf rollers ..'.'..'..'. E f"'' " plume moth.. E for " flea beetle... " E for " thrips '' E for saw fly p for gooseberry fruit worms . . E for rasplierry cane borer ... " E , I 141,' 148,' 163, 164 j^ ^^ Climatic effects of C 141 „ ,, in Australia and Portugal C ij , ^. , practical and economical C Keplanting trees q Rhode Island Greening apple for 'Europe' G,:i7,m... . ' Favorable section „., . .^. for C Kibstone Pippm, Canadian, Superiority of! C ,, Best time for gathering C T, , . , . popular in England C 37. .56 Robins, not insectivorous, but destructive to " destructive to strawlierries C T, ', , " cherries .■.■.'.' c Rock apple q Roch3ster, Trees from, not'acciimkti'zeii " ' C Kogers' grapes P 4V Root attacking Phylloxera V 4-V " plant louse V.'. F Rose beetle '' ' p Ross Mackenzie, Evidence'of q Rostiezer pear for ordinary cultivation C Rot in plums " ' C Royal Horticultural Societv . P Roy, W, Evidence of '. q Russian Apples .'.'.,. P 105 186 156 136 176 8 8 17 64 82 37 71 42, 179 43 52 85 112 39 80 57 149 143 Sacred beetle of Egypt Salt a fertilizer for plums " Effect of, on crops „, „^ Sale of diseased peaches •->"*> '■■j^, ^^ Sap suckers ' ' q Sandy foil for fruit trees n Saunders, W. E., Evidence of . F 5S 79 Red aijples for British markets ,!! ! n 8 Cherry currant o o < la apple '. 'r .,7 it S°''»''""^' .water a cure for Eriosoma pyri . . ! E shchprr.. '^;,-"3? Scarabaeidne "^^ l^ Canal Kentish cherry ,...'..". ^c la .•(houldered haWk .' p y, Tartarian shrub '. n i in legged grasshopper ". ". E ''0 40 "ivk p" 1H4 winegrape ^ j* 24 : Scald p hybrid raspberry C W. Evidence of .' e Saw fl3'. Imported -p a„„I.l; 1 , i, J^ Scarlet tanager p Scavenger beetles E Schools, Forestry should be taugli't in . , . . . C • •cnooi yfouiids, Trees for. . p ';Scien'--'lc " fruit dryer ]'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'."" c Scotland, Price of trees in , n ••C, 91, 139, 147, 153 ~ 116 155 36 3 43 61 86 62 66 13 56 174 174 128 1S4 E 144 15!) 17 SO i:W 137 _ App. Page. Scott, Hon. R. VV., Experiments in apple Scotchelm q i,j,. Skellman's fine-netted melon C ' 44 Small stocks best for planting .... G 16G Smith, A. M., Evidence of c 125 «,„-n,'' ,-, 1 Hi^ new seedling raspberry.' C 126 Smith s Orleans plum 0,14,41,86 improved gooseberry ...... . 25 98 Snow bird ' . , . ' j; ' - Snow ai)ple, Be.st localities for ........... (' " ' ' Precarious character of G " as a fall variety .' Snyder blackberr.y ". ' Q Soil, Best for fruit trees .' ' " apples '.'.■.■.'.'.'0,93,147 strawberries 0, 121, 126 ., 'rees c 165 „ grapes d ,5 hong sparrow e 8 Southdowns q 1 cq Sources of honey supply . . , F 13 Sparrows not destructive to fruit .......... 73 (Graminivorous and pugnacious . ' 0, 179 r, . [E, 8, 9 ^^ Controversy as to use of' E, 10, 12 destroying fruit blossoms E ' ~ Sparrow hawk e Spring food of birds '. . . . . E SphingidiB ............. C Sphinx Quinque maculata ......" E Spiders. . . ..' " E Sphin.x, Plum ......'...' E " moth ......... E Spring treatment of bees . . F 13 Spring-back beetle '. E Spruce, Black q Spotted Pelidnota "'...... E Spinous currant caterpillar '.'...'..'.. E Spirea q Stable manure .and mildew on graj j, . . D Standing woods. Management of C xu^ Steel-blue beetle attacks grapes .... 0, 20, 62 ; E 83 StatLstics of fruit culture needed .' . ' 3 Squa&h vino borer ' e 93 „, " .^".S'-- '■'.'.'.'.'. E 94 Steers, Price of q 159 Stock Feed for ........ 159 11 8 37 147 23 30 17 13 16 20 38 60 74 75 14 3;; 54 83 80 170 17 182 App. Pag». Stock, Winter feed for C 160 " Pastures for C 159 Strawberry false worm E 93 Stnuvberries in Bay of Quinte district. , . . C 43 " in Lindsay district O .51 " in Paris f\y E 62 Swallows E 4 Tachinus fly E 58 Taste in tree-planting 55 Tallinan grape 19 Tent caterpillars 0, 102, 111, 134 ; E, 65 " " easily destroyed C 150 " " eaten by cuckoos E, 4, 16 Thecia humuli E 45 Thirteen-year locust E 41 Three-lined leaf beetle E 37 Thrip insect D, 7 ; E, 85 Thrush family E, 6, 7 Tiger beetles , E 54 Tile drainage 0, 9, 90 Timber in Owen Sound C 156 Toads to be protected E 18 Toll, J. 0., Evidence of D 11 Tomato worm E 37 Tomlinson f -uit barrel C 76 Townships to encourage tree planting ... . C 174 Trade in grajies D 7 Training fruit trees C 131 Treatment, Winter, of figs 140 Trees injured by birds 1,55 " by animals . C 158 Tree planting by municipalities C 32 ' ' in Lindsay district 64 INDEX TO VOL. III. XI. App. Fog*. C 160 C 159 E 93 tiict... . C 43 C 51 C 64 C 69 C 84 C 118 C 119 C 125 C 133 C 178 C (i4 ing C Gt C, 87,111 E 92 E C3 E 62 restry. . . C 190 ,'6 as to F 15 E 45 . C 12 C 206 C 54 E 93 C 147 C 89 E 63 E 37 E 14 C 172 C, 128,145 C 3 C 149 C 49 E 10 irasites. E 19 F 12 C 103 C 176 pple in C 176 C 172 E 79 C, 67, 170 C 170 E 62 E 4 E 58 C 55 .. . C 19 111, 134 ; E, 65 C 150 E, 4, 16 E 45 E 41 E 37 ...D, 7; E, 85 E, 6, 7 E 54 C, 9, 90 C 156 E 18 D 11 E 37 C 76 ', ... . C 174 D 7 C 131 ... C 140 C 155 C 158 C 32 C 64 Tree planting, Efforts to encourage C, -tr, f''i Increased value of farms bv . C, 67, 73, 89 : . i.vs ^^ in Ottawa (listrict .... C 72 ^^ "Selections for ' ' Q m ^^ in Northumberland ...... C 147 in Durham n 148 iraatplantrnp bush seedlingH ' (< 173 trees and shrubs'.'.', .■.".■c, 132, 65, 1.58 should be done early ( V 1.58, 166 Treatment of youns trees C 167 I nomplie de Gand .itrawberry n K4 Toronto market for plums r 70 Tree cricket g A? Trees in large numbers' at a' cent each C 173 1 runk borers v ho Tuliptree p ^- .^ Tussock moth ■. . . ..."..' '.v. .'.'.'.' E 68 '' Parasites of ..'k 1<» Two-winge.l fiies . y sa Tyson pear ^ Cn Twigbiight :.::::■;;:::::::; .;;: o m Under-draining, Effects of c 3 , r . ■ ' Cost of ' Q 1 42 Usborne, John, Evidence of . . . n 149 Use of hardwood q 20I Use ^f meto.irology in fruit culture ..'.'..'.. 6 13 { Value of black walnut.. .. r ^M " of oak S ]^l Varieties of bees ....'...'.".'." p - of cherries q jo " of grapes •'.'.'.. ."c, I'o ; D. 22 Viburnum ' A i^n Victoria County good in parts 'for apple Jfrowth ^' Q -^ Victoria a fine plum r 1 ro Vicar pear f, i^^ V'"ne.><, Management of r . \-^ _' Planting [ j) ' |. Vineyard, Cost of a q" '123 • r) 1 1; Vinegar, Wild raspberries best 'for " ' ' C 154 Virgmian cedar '..'.'.'.. C 170 Yellow Antwerp raspberry, Acclimatization of Yellows, C 23 No cure for q iig Prevention and detection of ' .' .' 'c, 116, 130 first known in 1800 C 127 ■^ produce sickness '/ q 128 '^ Legislation to prevent. C 130 ,, propagated by pits C 130 ,,. „ very contagious C no 1 ellow-bellied woodpecker j; jq " necked caterpillar p co 'I warbler .... . ...'.■,■.::■■ .;; £ 4 winged woodpecker .....,,. '.E 17