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Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Stre film6s d des taux de r6duction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Stre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d pariir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ '- \ \ 1 V il A., I. f^ KM- ,^ E As Gr^mm^ir : A TEXT BOOK K)K USK IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND IN ENGLISH DEPARTMENTS OF BUSINESS COLLEGES AND IN COMMERCIAL DEPARTMENTS OF ACADEMIES AND HIGH SCHOOLS, l!V SEYMOUR R. EATON n/x.\/PEc: JifSLVHss cou./ca/-. As a ma., is k„o.„ hy his co.npany, so a ,„a„'s cu„,,.any ,nay l.c l<„o. n I'y his manner of ex],ressing I,imsclf.-.SV>v>?. / » ♦- WINNIPEO : KUBT. D, R.CHAKUSON, SrAT.ONHH ANU Pk.ntkh, Ma.N StKKHT 1883. ll\ i.iil,;rc(l accrding to Act of the Parliament ..f Caiuula. in tin; yuai one ihonsaiul eiglit Imndreil and eighty-three, l.y RoiiT. 1). Ku hakdson, \Vinni|)eK, Manitolia, in the ( tlTice 111 the ^IIni^ter of Auricnltiire. PREFATORY NOTE. ihousaiul eiglit anUobii, in the T"" ' ' "^^ "'"""^' '■"" ^ •'^^^^ -l^' -n- «-t edition was issued 1 less .lun sis „,...u,„ „„, „„., , i, „,^^,, ,, ^,^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ . ^ ^^^__^^ ^^ 'l'H.c.t colleges .nd sW.„..i. in Canada and I n,.cd States. ■'•"^' -"-^ i- ,,..n ,.nti..ei, .wn.ten. Advantage ha. ,.en ta.en of "- "...ny c,.i.i.sn.s or the h,.st edition .h.ch ha.e ,,een .eceived. The ^"'.-t n.a,.e,. has heen n.o.e than ,ed an.l nnn.e..ons e.an.p.es and exercises liave been achled. •'■>- authof dosi.es i, to he distinctly understood that this h<,ok is not . t-..s. on eon.,.osi.ion. ,...,„/ „,„„„„, „„, ,. ^,,^^^,,.^^ ^_^^, ^^^^^ .^ . _^^^ ""'""' ^^'^" """"^ ^"- -"-- P'-eparin, ror the .earned professions ' >- --k is luneiy and sin.ply a /Vv...W En.hsh c;ra„nnar and the sul^eet ".alter and exercises have been prepare. ., n.et the rc.uire.ents of students ^vho have neither the tin.e nor the inchnation to spend years in studying the subject as it is presented in the ordinary school text books. Use was n,adc of .Iain's .< Higher Eng.ish Gran,.ar/' Wh.te's «. Words -I their Uses." and A> res- •.Ver.,a.ist." in preparing this book. VV mil l)eg, I'cl). IS, i8,S; PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. SENTENCES. A Sentence is a combination of words niakin •• c mit . wnicti A Period (.) is used at the end of every complete .sentence which does not require an interrogation point. I'eriod.s are also used after 1. Initial letters ; a.s, C. E. Brown. 2. The address of a letter ; as, Mr. B. Hood. Toronto, Ontario. 3. The signature of a letter; as, James Gray. 4. p:very .ihreviated word : .is, ,^c^t., B. A., Chas., etc. Note.- 7/,. Exclamation Point (!) is used after e.vclamatory words or phrases and sen ences e.xpress.ng .1 wish, wonder, strong emotion, or pa.ssion .xs Wot Id th,, l' had penshedl Oh, how I suffer! Click, click, click I Woe . mo thee. Be hta'ida, ^ PRACTICAL GKAMMAK. CAPITAL LETTERS. The following classes of words should commence with capital letters : /. The first word of a sentence ; as, He canie home early. The air is full of moisture. His sister was here this evening. That gentleman is a man of truth. Your letter came to hand this moi-ninR. NoTF.— When sentejices are connected by "and," " but," etc., only the first commences w.th a capital. In such sentences only the last is followed by a period. 2. The first 70*0^1 of every line in poetry ; as, The way was long, the wind was cold ; The miniitrel was infirm and old J. The first word of a direct quotation ; as, Thomas said " We did take the money." She answered " H ^aven bbss you for that." Reuben said pitifiiily " I'oor Willie is hurt." 4. Names of the Deity ; as, Ood, Creator, the Almighty, Most High. HolyOhost, etc, J. All proper names ; as, William Henry Caroll, Thomas Alexander. New York, Toronto, I>ake Superior. Ross Street, Knglish, Canadian. 6. Misery important 7Vord in a phrase used as a name or title ; as, The Gulf of Ht. Ijawrencc. the Dominion of Canada. The Queen of England, the Prince of Wales. The President of the United States. TAe Tiady of the Tjake, Longfellow's Evangilene , The Open Bible, The Pilgrim's Progress, Lives of the Poets. Christian Quardian. liaily liews. Harper's JVcskly. 7. Names of the months and days ; as, Febniary, Wednesday, Dominion Day, Good Friday, Easter Sunday, etc. mence with e first cnmmencas PKACTICAI, (iK.\N!M.\K. 7 8. JVam-s of nii^^ioits dc nominations anii political parties ; as, rrotestaiit, K.ii-;.;op:ili;in, Methodist, Jew, Ileformers, Denincrat, Liberal, etc. p. Names of im/^ortant tilings, events, or bodies of men ; as. The Keformatioii, the Middle Ages, the Battle of Waterloo, 'I'he Declaration of Independence, the Apostles, etr. 10. Names of associations, fraternities, etc. ; as, Methodist Sunday Sch.iol 1-]iI,,m, Vniin- McMr> fhrisiiaii Assonation. American Bihle Socic-ty. K.|uitahlu Mfc liiMiranoe Tonipany. <»ood Templars. Masmis. Oddfellows, r<-, //. /iac/i article mentioned in an ... .oiint ; as, Butter, Cheese, Kggs, f«(ii,i;ar. Tea, etc. /2. All the leadini:[ loords of advertisements. The Prononn " /" is ahvays a capital. Nc.TK.-ConipoMnd title* like Altorney-CJer.eral, Vice-President, etc., should have both words capitalized. In the subscription of a letter only the first word is capitali/ed, as. \ nnrs irnly. Respectfully yours, Your siniere friend, etc. ' a name or KXKRCISKS. 1. Write three sentences about yourself. 2. Write three sentences about your friends. 3. AV'rite three sentences alxiut newspapers. 4. Write three sentences about books that you Iiave read. 5. Write three sentences each containing three words. 6. Write three sentences about .schools. 7. Write three sentences about railways. 8. Write three sentences each (containing more than ten words. 9. Write three sentences each containing more than twenty words. 10. Write ten sentences recpiiring interrogation points. 1 1 . Write five sentences illustrating the first rule for caintals. 12. Writ'i from memory five lines of poetry. 13. Write five sentences illustrating the third rule. 14. Write sentences illustrating the fifth and sixth rules. 15. Write sentences illustiating the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth rules. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. EXERCISE i6. Errors — Pcnods and Interrogation Points. 1. Where is your father 2. What do you think of my success ' 3. J F Allan lives in Toronto 4. Chas Wells died this morning 5. He came at 3 p m 6. W H Huston, M A, Pickering, Ont 7. Hon Thos Scott, Montreal, Que 8. Wm Edward King, Rochester, N V, U S 9. 43 Dagmar St, Winnipeg, Man St John's church is being rebuilt Toronto, Feb 13, 1883 Send the package COD (rov-Gen of Canada H R S the Prince of Wales Pro tern means /<;/- the time beings; 10 II, 12. 13 14 15- EXERCISE 17. Errors— 0?///^/ r.rffcrs. 1. Mr. thomas brown, toronto. 2. William parkins, Estp, london. 3. Rev. granville hall, Chicago. 4. Jno. K. cameron, b.a., Winnipeg. 5. miss annie oaten, bracebridge, ont. 6. Mrs. robert walker, new york. 7. messrs. stobart, eden & ('o. 8. 649 dearborn avenue, Chicago'. 9. hon. John palmer, rochester. 10. Mrs. William H. taylor, buffalo. 11. Jno. hamilton, Esq., chairman. 12. St. John's college, maniloba. 13. The bishop of rupert's land. 14. Rt. hon. William ewart gladstone. 15. The president of the united states, ■ -s.. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. g EXERCISE i8. Errors— C(t/:i/<7/ Letters. they are very good boys. Lewis answered " yes, I think he could." He offered a prayer to the ahnighty for his brother. lake Ontario is north of the state of new york. Several icelanders live on walton street. Ermie opened her brown eyes and cried " you angel ! " The gulf of mexiro is south of the united states. 8. Burns wrote " the cotter's Saturday night." 9. The winter months are december, January and february. 10. We shall visit uncle Will on good friday. 11. easter sunday comes in april next year. 12. the baptists are building a new church. 13. the two parties are called democrats and republicans. 14. William the conqueror won the battle of bastings. 15. New york is the "largest city on the american continent. EXERCISE 19. I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- Errors— C(7///r?/ /,,■//,■;•.?. 1. The dominion of Canada. 2. The united states of america. 3. lovell's general geography. 4. Smith's elementary arithmetic. 5. Bryant's new Common school book-keeping. 6. Protestant public schools of manitoba. 7. Ivison, taylor, blakeman KS— (.'(///a?/ Lcltcrs. New Hampshire historical society. Independent order of good templars. As,sociate of the royal acadeni). (iray's elegy in a coimtr\- chiirch-vard. american consul-general to london. To his royal highness the j)rince of wales. The Indian ocean is south of asia. 'I"he accident insurance comijany of north america. The north west omnibus and transfer company. North star planing mills and sash factory. CJrand tnmk railway of united states and canada. To his grace the duke of montrose. The young men's christian association. l)ackar(rs business college, new vork. The Canadian pacific railway from emerson fo brandon. I . 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. II. 13. 14. I5- i:.\i:r('is1': 21. Krroks— ('(^//A?/ /.,/Av.v. AVinnipeg is the cai)ital of manitoba. new york is the largest american city. March, april and may are spring months. hari)er's weekly is an illustrated ]«per. Hon. alexander brown died in london last monda\-. Walter Scott wrote " the lady of the lake." Queen's college will re-open in sei)tember. Nathan said unto david '' thou art the man." " remember now thy creator in the days of thy youth." The methodists hold service in the grand opera house. Bought of robert williams for cash 20 bbls. of flour. My brother and i are going to uncle's un sunday. several hundred chine.se have arrived in british Columbia. There is no i)resbyterian church in the village. Yours Very Res])ectfully, james hammond. lies. orth america. company. 3ry. .nd Canada. srson (() brandon. lis. last monday. ike." ber. man." ^'s of thy youth." nd opera house. )bls. of flour, on Sunday, british Columbia. village. )nd. I'KAC'IICAI. (iKAMMAK. i:xkrcise"22. II lo. I I . lO. 14. v1' 4. 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. 1 1. 12. 13- 14. IS- !•' R ROR s— ( 'n hi 1,1 1 I. i-lh'i, . 'J'he gulf stream flows along the shores of the united states. the delta of the mississippi was once at st. I.oiiis. He went from ( hicago to toronto on monday. the american continent was probably discovered bv cabot. eilrt-ard. mary. and elizabeth reigned in england. 'I'he e(|nino.\ occurs in march a!id in sciitcmber. Ireland, or the emerald i>le. lies 10 the west of england. John bun\an was the author of the pili^riin's proi^rcss. Jacob's favourite Sons. Joseph and benjamin, were rachel's children. Pi/.arro, the c()n([ueror of peru, was a Spaniard. aristotle taught alexander the great I'hili)S'.)i)hv. egypt is the X'alley of the nile. Solomon was the .Son of david. Peter the gruit worked in holland in disguise. KXKRCISE Z2,. KkkiiKs — Caf'ilal r,-//ris. The bay of biscay is west of france. The city of buffalo is in the state of new vork. pekin is the cai)ital of the emjiire of china. Oliver wendell homes is an american poet. (lil;l)on wrote //ir Jccliiir and fall of tlic roiiiaii niipirr. napoleon bonaparte was enii)eror of france. 'I'he cape of good hope is south of africa. An Accident occurred on the new york central railroad. The english channel separates Kngland and france. The isle of man is in the irish sea. Evening elas.;es are held on wednesdavs, thursdavs. and fridays. The Famous alexandrian libra rv was burned. every Intelligent american citizen should vote. The Great Spanish armada was destroyed. The ()ppre.s,sed russian Serfs have been freed. '2 I'KACTICAI. (iKAMMAK. f:\KRCISK 24. EuUdUs— (',:///,?/ /,,-/A7f and /Vriik/s. Chicago, fcl) 12, iS.S^ (has smith, Escj boston dear sir:— the bearer of these few lines is Mr edward watson, of the firm of watson & bros, Chicago in introducing to your acquaintance the Nephew of our esteemed friend, Mr bryce watson of pittsburg, so old a connec- tion of your House as well as our own, we feel it to be (juite superfluous' to claim for him that friendly reception which we know awaits him at your hands we doubt not that you will feel the same interest as we do in the prosperity of the above mentioned Firm, and be ecpially anxious to promote to the utmost of your ability, the particular object of Mr edward watson's visit to boston We are, always, Yours Very Truly, 1" Holmes iV son 1 EXKRCISK 25. Errors— yV/voi/.f hik/ Capital l.cttns. the best raisins are made from grapes brought from malaga, a seaport city in spain, but enough are now raised in California to supi)ly the trade in the united states when the grajjes are sufficiently ripe they are picked and put on wooden trays, two by three feet in size, and placed sloping to the sun when half dried they are turned by covering them with another trr,y, inverting both, and removing the first one after this they are placed in sweat boxes, with sheets of paper between everv twenty-five pounds of grapes, and left until the stems are toiigh and the raisins soft, when they are ready to be assorted and packed for the market, M t'KAClICAI. (iKAMMAK. inifs. XgO, fcl) 12, I.8S3 lies is Mr edward » le Nephew of our I, so old a connec- feel it to be ([uite eception which we e interest as we do m, and be e(|ually lity, the particular We are, always, Holmes & son •n. light from malaga, lised in California in the grapes are vooden trays, two :he sun when half ith another trr.y, ifter this they are ;r between every 2 stems are toiigh ) be assorted and I KXKkCISK zu. l'",KKORs — l\rio(h mid Capi/n/ I., //in diaries o'connor, a distinguished new york lawyer, when eight years old was an otitice-boy and newsj)aper carrier, and would often spt-nd all Saturday night serving his route it is said that he never missed a subscriber when seventeen years old he became an errand boy in a lawyer's office he borrowed books, took them home and read by the light of a candle when twenty- four he was admitted to the bar his industry and perseverance won him renown a boy will succeed who makes circumstances bend to him, rather than bend himself to circumstances. PARTS OF SPEECH. Words are divided into eight classes called Parts of Speech. These are : Verbs, Nouns, Pronouns, Adjec- tives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections. Every sentence contains a Verb and the Verb is the chief word in the sentence for by means of it tlie statement or assertion is made ; as, Willniiii -u'l-oti' a letter. Mary sang very sweetly. 'I'lie poor boy /ost his dinner in the woods. Hread is made of flour. The tailor makes our clothes. as. as, as, A Verb frequently contains two or more words; Father has gone to t'le village. Voii should have been 'Mriting. They have been siuging thif: evjninj,'. A Sentence frequently contains two or more verbs ; The man who i/iaies tables and chairs is cal/ed a carpenter. As they approached the landing-place, the boats edged closer in towards the northern shore. A Noun is a word used as the name of something ; London, >t. Lawrence, America, Europe. Monday, January, Algebra, Catarrh. City, river, king, father, man. Wheat, health, temperance. '4 I'KAl IKAI, (IKAMMAK. >iiii ; ;is, •^ Pronoun is a wonl used (ur :, i„.i ^ "11. Ilr, slir, liiiii. hIii,. llii.y, ,1, An Ad.jective i. ,i uor.l „snl will, ,, noun ... .listinrnMsl, oicIl'miiIk'IIk' ihiiiK 'i.ii'K'd <)is|.,,krii ,,| ; as, //;.Mr C,-..,. iv;/;/v tiun : ////,,■ ,„/,,/,■ , |,,,,l, AV>//«,/pill.iis ; III,- /i,.:! I„,v : M,' ,./,(' iii.iii An Adverb is a u,.r,| ih;„ MHHiiries ilK. incaniiiK ol' a viTl). adjoclivc. or oiIrt ;,(IvitI) ; as, Walk ,/;,/, /(Vr ; VMil.vv/,.;,./,. .. , .ill ( „,v /j-, ' ■.':.■ ,v,V/ ,1,,,,,: : .nnio /,•,■,>,////.■ .■ .•„,„ ,' l,r;,ii,irul Prepositions jnin words tc He «i'iit /,« ■|'iii(intii/,7 lii^ si.ici, 'I'li'V iMiim /ir ir.tln /(,'/// .Wh \ Hii I'lii' colta^,' „/, il,,- i,,|,,./ ill,, lull. Coiyunctions Join smU'iK cs ; .is, ■|'ll(.|ll,l^ Weill t,,s, ll„nl,/.«/ Willie ili, I l„,|. He fell uvcilidaid, ii/z./mms (Inmiieil. ) iiiaik ccilaiii ivlalions ; as. I An Intellection is a vvcrd usc ; as, J lliirr.i : al.is: |,r.n u : liii,!. ! ete. i;\i;r(i.sk jo. SI'.I.IM'I IIIK j'AIMS ()|. M'|.:|.;(|| ; Daniel Wob.stcr's father lived near tlie head waters of the Merriinac River, and the only sehool within reach was a poor affair kei)t open for a few months every winter. 'J-Jiere Weh.ster learned all that the ignorant master could teach him. which was very little ; but he ac.piired a taste which did more for him than the reading, writing, and arithmetic of the school. He learned to like books, and to want knowledge : and when a boy gets really hungry and thirsty for knowledge, it is not easy to keep h.m Ignorant. When some of the neighbors joined in setting up a httle circulating library, young Webster read every book in It two or three times, and even committed to memory a large part of the best of them. It was this eagerness for education on his part that lead his father afterward to send him to Exeter to school, and later to put him in Dartmouth College. ;is, I'KAt I ICAI. f.KAMMAK. I.NKkt ISI', 21. 15 i>im lo (lisiingnisli II.' meaning ol a 11 relations ; as, vprcss stronjif or id waters of the iach was a jjoor 'I'liere Wel)ster him. wliieh was ore for him than ol. He learned 'hen a lx)y gets ot easy to keej) jined in setting d every book in iiemory a large or education on im to Exeter to Lre. •I ''I I.I 1 I I III I' \|< I •, (i| ,i'|. I 111: Welistt'r's laUKT wa> poor aiui in y dedaring that he would not go hai k to my,.I.Ulcs; huly, ladies; Klury, «l,.ries ; . i,y. ei.ies. Aily.alhos; daisy, Uaisies ; n.iry, niiries ; lily, lilies Mystery, mysteries ; ^,,nity, vanities ; fancy, fancies. Nouns having a vowel before the -y add -s ; as. I'oy, l.oys ; valley, valleys ; chintncy, chimneys ; alley, .alleys Joun.ey.jonrneys; kidney. Ui,„eys ; n.oney, ntoneysf turkey turkevs Attorney, attorneys ; essay, csays ; n.nnkcy, n.onkey.;. ""'' ""^"^ *■>"•• Some nouns chaii«;e -f or -fe into -ves; as. 0.lf aUves ; hal^ halves ; leaf, leaves ; k.nfc, knives. Mtelf she ves ; th.ef, thieves ; wife, wives ; wulf, wolves. \V hnrf, wharves ; sheaf, sheaves ; life, lives ; heef, beeves. Some nouns in — f and — fe add -s ; as, llrief, briefs ; chief, chiefe ; dwarf, dwarfs . K„lf, gulfs Hoof, hoofs ; proof, proofs ; reef, reefs ; safe, safes. Some compound nouns add -s to the first word to form the plural; as, .V,-at-law.y;,M.v.-i„.law t(.ttf,«j.gernian, : ; uy ,.,■ Miiiif, ..iir „;• ,„ms ; mc, us ; you, y,,,, \ .Mir „. y„ur. your or your, : 1,., ,hcy ; lii., .heir ,.. ,|,eirs. '".'Iicm; sa,,hey; licr .Hicrs, thdr .. tli.irs ; her. , hem. ' .'l'i-7; lis. Ihcir,,^ their.,; it, them ; myself. ourNclves, Ourself, ourselves; yourself, yourselves ; Imnself, hernelf. „. i.self, themselves '- - " --•• •■"■"^-^".- X^J:t rr 'uiit:: ^s-s^:'"" --' n.LKAl,.S— .MI.SCKI.LANKOUS I.I.ST. ■S'///vY//rty. lllDllSL' WDlliail limn (Intiitn tooth lieau •Miss gOOSf Itniiimi.s lisheriiian inaii-.scrviiiit Kruncliinaii (Jciiiian The Subject of a Sentence is the name of the thin^ about wh.ch the statement is ,„ade. It is usually either a noun or a pronoun ; as, ^ ThotHiu raiiK the bell for dinner. The children play every evening. These stones were found in Germany, //r is older than ReubiMi, i"4eaux ehild children Mis.scs ox oxen KC-CSL- Mr. Messrs. termini foot feet fishfimcn synopsi.s synopses nic'ii-sL'ivants .stei)-son ste])-,sons I'lt'iichmL-n sjioonfiil s|)oonfiiIs < icrmans tooth-brush tooth-brushes 18 PkACTICAI. (JKAMMAK. Two or more Subjects arc fic(|ucntly united b>- the conjunction 'and '; as, The boy mill his sUter arc at the iloor. U 'tilttr anil / were there yesterday , //i' and his iitolhcr anil /arc gniiig. Tiic Number of the Verb depends upon the number of the subject ; as, The boy was in the olhcc. The boys lucre in the ollice. The child si$ig.' very well. The children sing very well. Vnittlou l.—.l .uii,^ii/„r sithjdl iiiiisl have u siir^tiiar Vith ,m,l n plural siihjWt II f>liiral vci-h. The student will imic tiiivHill) tlii; lollowiii|; examples: i am young. We are young. I was at the opera. We ivere nt the o|)era. Note.— With the e.vceptions given above, verbs following the pronouns • I ' ami ' we ' remain the same in form in both numbers. I haz'c money in my purse. We have money in our purses. I had niy breakfast. We //(/(/our breakfast. t I write letters every morning. We lorite letters every morning. NoTi;.— The verb ' write " is taken to represent verbs generally. The other forni.s— ' wrote ' and ' written ' — remain the same in both number. Vou are strong. You 7vere at the village. Yoi: '-.-vt a comfortable room. Vou iiad a good business. You write too many letters. NoiK.— 'the pronoun • you ' is cither singular or plural but it always takes a plural verb. ntly united by tlu •9 upon the number 'iliir I'll/) aiui (I pliDiil le proiiuiiiis • I ' ami ' wc ally. Jlic other tbriiis — I'KACTICAr. (JKAMMAK. He h at the lectin c. • ■|'hoy ar,' at the lecture. He %iHis here this evening. They were here this evening. He hiu a younger .sister, 1 hey hat'e a younger sister. He //(/,/ (he fever ia.sl summer. 'I'iey //(/e there, / ^ ' '"" ^ '"^ """' Ihis is the liuy who jlhis at school. These are the boys \Nho w.vv at school. He //,w the man that mairs counterfeit money. They h./r:- the men that mai-e counterfeit money. Thomas and William are at the entertainment. Jennie and Annie t. .,• schoolmates. Samuel and I ha-r our tickets in our hats. Mary and her sister write letters every evening. Iways takes a plural verli, 20 I'KACTICAL (iKAMMAR. I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. EXERCISE 2j. i^RRORs—P/t/ni/s of XoiDis. Mosquitos are minit'roiis. We played three games of dominoes. The chimnies are built of stone. These storys are \'ery well written. Thomas bought seven teeth-brushes. My father has now three daughter-in-laws. 7- 'l"he lilys were just \\\ bloom. ■ 8. The country in which he lives has numerous mountains and vallies. 9. They roasted three turkies for dinner. 10. Hroivn and Gib.son are attornies-at-Iaw. 11. The monkies amused the children very much. 1 2. He mixed two spoonsful of sugar with one of water. 13. Matthew's theorys are not well founded. 14. The governor has engaged three man-servants. 15. The terminuses of the railways are close together. EXERCISE 24. Errors— /Ywy-rt A ,y" A-otms am/ Verbs. Dr. Williamson & Todd were present. Mr. Alexander eV Bryce have a good store. General Lee & Jackson were wounded. Miss Mary, Julia, and Jennie .Scott have been invited. 'I'he ashes was put in the box. Isn't the fireworks beautiful ? The measles has killed half the children in the township. 8. Is the nippers broken ? 9. Was the shears in the store-room ? 10. The thanks of the meeting is due to the chairman. 11. There were three couples in our sleigh. 12. Father bought two dozens for one dollar. 13. I sold three pairs of boots this morning. 14. His remains was interred this morning. 15. The morals of the party is not improving. 1. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 21 s. n-la\vs. mmerous mountains ;r. aw. ery much. th one of water. ded. n-servants. lose together. E.XERCISE 25. Errors— .\7/wAv of Verbs. 1. Ages has rolled by since tlien. 2. The benches is very uncomfortable. 3- Our goods hasn't arrived yet. 4- The irons M-as on the stove an hour ago. 5. These scissors is so dull that I cannot use them 6. I he eaves of our house was covered with birds. 7- What sounds have each of the vowels ? 8. There comes the boys. 9. There is several reasons for this. 10. Three quarters of the men was discharged. 11. Our welfare and security consists in unity 12. My brothers in Toronto writes for the papers. 13- I'lie chnnneys was built of brick. 14- The banns was proclaimed on Sunday. 15- I>i the clothes dry? EXERCISE 26. ^oiis. it. Store, id. lave been invited. iVi in the township. the chairman. h. liar. ig- g- zing. EkROKs— y]/-/.f,v//„;/,vv/,f. 1. Uncle William has two son-in-laws. 2. He has gone to preach to the heathens. 3- The goods is being sold by auction. 4. Is the scissors in your drawer. 5- My father's wages is not high enough. 6. The small-pox have spread with great rapidity 7. he returns was brought in by the clerk to-day 8. Ihe errata was placed at the end of the book 9- No, no, says I. • o. There were a crowd of boys in the room 11. r I)ought this at Mr. Smith & Brown's. 12. Has the children mme home vet ? 13. We agree, says they. 14. Where was you ? 15. One of yon are mistaken. 22 PRACTICAL GRAMMA K.. EXERCISE 27. Errors— .1/M,r//,7;/Ie. mistaken forgotten sprung stolen sworn swum torn taught taken thrown trodden written worn wo\en won PRACTICAL GKAMMAK. 29 board. yet. EXERCISE 35. Errors— /ivwj of Verbs 1. Annie has wrote three letters. 2. They were took from the table. 3. Charley has wrote his exercise. 4. Maxwell and I winned the game. 5. Are all the pieces weaved ? 6. I have threw away my peaches. 7. Is the boy's coat tore? 8. Has he wove the cloth yet ? y. A thief has stole my watch. 10. He has mistook his true interest. 11. The cloth was wove in a very short time. 12. Cousin Frank has wore his boots three months. 13. You have trod on my toes. 14. Please teacher Ge^^rge has took my slate. 15. I have often swam across the Hudson. r/ Participle. itaken gotten ung len )rn im 1 2n )wn Iden ten n en EXERCISE 36. Errors — Formstof Verbs. 1. The ship has sprang a leak. 2. I throwed my box away. 3. He has strove for the first place. 4. They have forgot to call. 5. I have mistook the street. 6. Are the goods stole. 7. The dog sprung over the hedge. 8. His mother teached him how to do it. 9. Has the judge swore the witness. 10. This sailor has swam much farther. 11. The plants have been trod on. 12. Have you your letters wrote. 13. John has holes Avore in his shoes. 14. How many yards are wove? 15. The apples were threw down cellar. ^° PKACTICAL GRAMMAR. REVIEW. l';XAM I NATION QUESTIONS. Wha^ is^a sentence ? Write a sentence containing two Wiien is the interrogation point used? (Hve examples. Give examples of the use of the period G.ve examples of the use of the exclamation point. Write rules for the use of capital letters. What pronoun is always a capital ? What is said of compound titles ^ 8. Into how many classes are words divided ? Name them. inthe!..:^r^^^'^"^'^^^^^--^-^^'-'^'^^-ci Givei:;;^ "^ ^°""™^^ "^'^ "^^ "^ -« - -- words. I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- II. What is a noim ? What is a pronoun ? pronlms'""' ' "''^"^"^ ^■""'^^"'"^' '^^ "-- -d two 13- What is an adjectrve ? What is an adverb ? adveri. '''"'' ' ■'""'""' '""'''^"""^ ^'^''^^ ^^J'^'^^-- -"d two 15- What is a preposition ? What is a conjunction ? Zu'^ a sentence containing four prepositions. 17. What classes of words are changed in form to denote difference in number ? "" 10 aenott ^^^^^^^J^8._^ When is a noun or pronoun said to be of the singular _^^^ J9.^When IS a noun or pronoun said to be of the plural 20. How is the plural of nouns formed ? 21. How do nouns ending in '-y ' form the plural ? 22. How do nouns ending in '-f • or '-fs' form the plural? 23. How IS the plural of letters, flgures, etc., formed? 24. Give examples of nouns and pronouns havin. the same form in both numbers. '^ ^"^^ I'KACTICAL (iKAMMAK. 3' e containing two (Jive examples, d. nation point. "S. 35, Write the plurals of cargo, salmon, variety, penny, chimney and siielf. 26. Write the plurals of journey, tooth, glory, bitsis, loaf, and valley. 27. Write the plurals of solo, cannon, child, spoonful, and gentleman. 2«. Name five singular pronouns and give the plural of each. 29. (iive examples of words always plural. 30. ( )f what miinber is the word ' news ' ? id? Name them, the chief word or more words. louns and two b? Jctives and two iction ? itions. 'orm to denote o( the singular ■ of the plural )Uiral ? ■m the plural ? formed ? vin^, the same 31. Write sentences containing the words ashes, mumps, measles, and scissors as subjects. 32. What is the plural of Mr. ? Miss? Sir? 33. How many forms liave verbs ? Name them. 34. Name the auxiliary verbs and give the different forms of each, 35. Re])eat from memory Cautions i, 2, and 3, 36. Write the three forms of the verbs: begin, blow, come, do, drive, freeze, give, go, and make. 37. What form is never used without an auxiliary ? 38. What form is never used with an auxiliary ? 39. What are the different uses of the present tense ? 40. How is the singular number of the first form of verbs formed ? KNAMFNATIOX A\D RFA'IEW KXERCISK. liRKORs— yV/vW/f, Interrogation Points, and Capital Lcttcn. 1 . Have the letters come yet 2. W V Wright, toronto, ont 3. Jean andrati was a noted french engraver. 4- John fraser, an american sculptor, died in 1862 5. William cobbett was an english political writer. 6. mark Twain's real name is samuel 1 clemens 7. Have you heard the news 8. William I is emperor of germany and king of prussia. 9. prof morse invented the electric telegraph. 10. The church news is iniblished in baltimore. 32 PRACTICAI. «;KAMMAK. u. St Giles cathedral is the largest church in edinb-.rKh 12. Society (or the promotion of agricultural Science. ' .3. Wmiam scorc^by, D D was a celebrated arctic. Explorer. 4. Shanghai IS the most Important maritime city of china IS- san Irancisco ,s the chief city of California. 16. the island ofaustralia is south east of asia. 17- what strait separates spain from africa amerkt ''' """""' "^ ^^'"""' '"^'^'^^'^ ""'"''^ ^^"^ -th ^^^^19. the philharmonic society of brooklyn was founded in an,erS. '"''"'' '' '^' '"''' '"'^'""^'^'^ watering-place of 24. 25- 26. 27. 21. They seen him when he done it. 22. I have my letter wrote. 23. Has the letters been delivered ? Have you went to the office yet ? He has strove hard to win the prize. The child has fell down. The ;/irls have threw away their dijuier. 28. I have took one. 29- I seen him before he had grew so tall 30. The students of the college was on the platform. 31. They seen it when the address was wrote 32. Samuel come frequently before he was threw out of the i.u,rriciirt;. 33- Was those pens broke when I gave them to you > 34- He throwed away his hat and run. 35- We have rode from the village. 36. You have soon forgot my kindness. 37- Some di,saster has befell him. 38. Three apples is two ton many for one boy 39- These streets was on the outskirts of the city 40. I couldn't wait to tell what I seen. ■•*—•*»- I'KATicAr. (;k.\mm\i<, 33 yn was founded in watering-place of 41. No two of them was alike. 4^. 'I'lie brothers of my father is not old. 4^. He must have give it to his brother. 44. There is several ways of doing it. 45- I wt-nt to Fancohi I'ark, and seen a petrified alligator. 4^>. 'I'here was some swans there and one run at me. 47- I li.'\'' wrote two other letters whi.^h has not been published. 4''^. 'rhey lived in houses that was built on pik-s. ■V). I have wrote to the others. 50. '{"hose six stamps has cost me about tw(» dollars. 5'' ?"■ 5,V 5b 55- 56. 5"' 5,S. 59- r.o. I have digged thirty bushels of potalos this year. He has a letter whidi vomc to him yesterday. Two of my little friends has writtc ii'to vour |".aper, What's these things for ? 'I'here's good chances for smart boys here. Maybe they come to work for father. I wish I knowed where it led to. I've less than two dozens with me. 'I"he report of hi. rJHe nuig through the woods. Never seen ;niything better in all mv life. (>!■ Oh. I am so glad you have came. 62. IJut what become of the rimaway ? 63. Poor Ben had never saw such a book. (>4- The captain has gave me several l)f)oks to read. 65. 'I'wo parts of a knotted roi)e was twisted around it. 66. These eggs is worth five dollars apiece. 67. There is several hundred pigeons here. 68. They were gave to me when very small. 69. Mexico ain't a country I'd choose to go to. 70. 'I'hey was built too long ago to suit me. 71- I wish 1 knowed just how lovelv it is, 72. There's three sheets of paper in your desk. 73' There is hardly any boys there. 74- He watched eagerly as the return train come in, 34 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 75- Father bought three pairs of boots. 76. My brother sold four yokes of oxen. 77- Where is mother's spectacles? 78. Mr. Williams .S: Wallace have a handsome block. 79. Has the boys blew out the light ? 80. They done their work very well. 81. Willie drawed the evergreens all the wav from the swamp. 82. Was you there yesterday ? 83. The pond is froze. 84. They seen his father do it. 85. You ought to have went earlier. 86. Strawberries is very dear this sea'son. 87. I done three examples. 88. He writes as the best authors would have wrote. 89. John and Mary comes to school from a long distance. 90. I have saw him twice. 91. Who shall we invite to our party next week ? 92. He has went to try again, he done so badlv last time. 93. You should have went with me. 94. Circumstances alters cases. 95. The wall is ten foot high. 96. There is several sick in the village. 97. He and I goes to market every day. 98. Was you at the lecture last night ?' 99. I had wrote to him the day before. 100. They have growed \ery much. 4 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 35 idsonie block. the wav from the have wrote. Ill a long distance. t week ? » badiv last time. CASE FORMS. Pronouns have three forms called Oases. When a Pronoun is the subject of a verb it is said to be in the Nominative Case, nfu/ the Nominative Form is used ; as. / W.1S at the meeting. He c.->me here this evenintt. /' e .irc fioing out lo tea. ^Jr/r^f^"' °^'"''"' '''"'"' '''•■''"'<'"•' '1«"""-' ^•" a«inn or feeli„R which is directed tow-xrds some object ; as, " He strikes the ball," ■• She loves her father I'he boy lost his book." The objects here are " ball," " father," and " book." When a Pronoun is the object of a verb it is said to be in the Objective Case, and the Objeetive Form is used ; as, Willie hurt me. 'rhe old man asked him to go. 'I'hey placed us at the tabic. When a Pronoun denotes possession it is said to be in the Possessive Case, and the Possessive Form is used ; as, Thomas lost his books. Where did you get your pictincs? Their evenings are spent at home. .'■OR.]/S OF PRONOUNS. Poss. Case. my or mine your or yours his her or hers its thy or thine their or theirs our or ours whose The Apostrophe C) is used to mark the omission of letters and to distinguish the possessi\T of nouns from the other cases. whe^X" ".?'*'*" T^ ^P""™P''' '^ "«'' '° ">•-'''' 'he omission of letters it should be placed Where the etter or letters are omitted ; as, can't, wouldn't, 't^ms, etc. N^ovi. Case. I you he she it thou they we who Ohj. Case. me you him her it thee them us whom 3^) PRACTICAL C:rys. A .<.'7';/.v' prayer incetinK is lield on I'Vidays. onlv tlie npos/nplu CniiHoi, V,.— Tlic aposlrop/ir is nrrvr pronouns. nsrd in forming /lie pos •ssessiTe of in the nn-.f""'"'?! "'"''' ^"' ""»'''=•'"'""' M.ccession ,.f hissing sounds the ' possess.ve sn.gnlar ,s so,„eti,nes o,ni„ed, as a>„cin,a- .,Ur. .W.,..' .i.^. etc Compound names and groups of words that m-.v l„. ,,•,.,„ i ■^"'"'' «" possessive sign to the las' w,^d ; as T, u 2 XT '^ TV"''' '"""-'"''' ">-^ palace, ^W,.,-,a-//,.o>,v,.'.vc,;es """"■^■"••" ■' "««'"^'. "><-• ('«'•-« ' '■^'^•^^ •"= --'-' ■■ -. a,.... wLfs' . f,, • ^' '"""•'" ' ^';>'— "-'I- statement ,^a „,//„,.,„, etc. .^.^ dinerent L..:^:::: i-- ^ ^-;« ^^y^^ -a^^ ^J they William's boat and Helps bol; ^ ""'■"'^""■'' '^ ""'""« "^ ^''"■"•"•^' '-"• «>- 's ^•=i-^it,;-:::irt:::;:v;:r;:7;-'--^ schoohnat,. ""•' '" /"•'""" •>•, "V ol,l frinul nn.l KXKRCrSF, 37. VMV.ov.s~Xominative and Ohjeefive Forms. 1 . Thomas and we came together. 2. Me and him can carry it. Robert and him were at the meeting. Her and her sister are coming hore. Him and her and me are going home together. 1 he two clerks and us are going. 7- The boat left rn> father and I on the wharf. iS. Him and 1 are the same age. ' 9- Do you think that he will make you and I go home? Possessive Case. hixii/tir ,i)hl plural, is !'///)' ///,• ti/i,)s/i;>/>//,' 'niiiiii^- III,' />,is.\Y.f.iiTr of suiinds, ilic " s •■ i„ ,1,1^, ■iiuss' sake, eli;. :is ((inipdiiml iiiinics add thu ;, ihf Que,;, „/ Eiigland's L's he .ivoidod ; as, Havuf s of It witness, etc. imply common possession, nd Henry's boat. If they led 1(1 each ; as, miliam's are represented as jointly ; a separate hoat, that Is, "ird, the i)ossessive slijn is the poet's, home. If ihc ilanatory words than one. "It's, my ol,i frieii.t „ii,/ onus. together. \viiarf', nd I go home ? lO, II. 12. '3- 14. 15- 3 4. 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. 11. 12. •3- 14. 15- 4. 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. 1 1. 12. tKACTICAL GRAMMAk. It is strong enough to carry he and his brother. . Mrs. Adair a.sked siic and 1 to tea. . Who did yon meet at the door. 'I'hem and thtir motlicr were at tlic jjarty. Her niotiier and her went on the train. He told .somebody i)Mt I don't know who. KXKKCI.SK jS. MUROKS— .A'()w;'«(?//T/f ,/;/,/ Ohjcclive /■hrijis. 1 am not so old as her. He was angry and ine too. Who will go ? rue. Who did he thoo.se ? Did he choose you and I ? Us boys enjoy the liolidays. Let you and I trv it. She placed Lily and I at the Jiead of the table. Mrs. Lind.say asked Charley and I to dinner. Who made the noise? Him and me. He that prorai.ses much, do not trust. . Can't you trust your brother and I ? . Who did the mischief? Them. . My sister asked my brother and 1 to go. . Him and her were at the entertainment. KXKKCISE 39. WKITK TUK l'USSi;.SSI\K lOKMS : Scholar, valley, men, (-ities, wife. Child, teeth, tooth, calves, potato. Chddren, fox, hero, prince, gentleman. Father, ladies, minstrels, kings, horses. She, they, we, who, he. I, you, it, thou, women. Sisters, ox, judge, chief, brother. Mouse, bean, uncle, gypsy, son-in-law. C:nnsin, aunts, nephews, father-in-law, motlier. Salmon, brethren, orphan, mechanics, clerk. Parents, husband, grandmother, servant, teachers. Family, steward, matron, relatives, bachelor. 37 38 Practical gram mar. 13- 14. 15- I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. ?• 8. 9- 10. II. 12. 13- 14. 15- I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. II. 12. 13- 14. 15- Mosquito, workmen, tailors, saddler, nurse. Cashier, merchants, artist, surgeon, waitress. Surveyor, i)hysician, alderman, assessor, empress. EXERCISE 40. Erruks — A/iostrop/ics and /'usscsshv Fi'viiis. I'his desk is our's. A fathers or a mothers sister is an aunt. He admires the ladys beauty. The ladies dresses were handsome. Where is your sisters purse ? She made the womens bonnets. This house cannot be tiieir's. .Horses hoofs arc iiard. He stole Johns sisters books. I dont think that this is yours. Your's and their's were lost. The mens wages are too low. They are fishermens' daughters. The mices' nests were destroyed by fire. The boys parlor is at the end of the hall. EXERCISE 41. Ekkoks — Apostrophes and I'osscssive Forms. A young mens' class has been established. The teachers examination is usually held in Augus^. James White is a barrister of seven years standing. The young ladies dressing room is behind the parlor. He read a sonnet of Miltons. My uncle has gone for a months holiday. Six months interest is due. The Thirty-Years War had not commenced at that time We had a few hours intercourse. He went to the bakers. Spiders webs are excellent fly traps. Misses and ladies shoes for sale. My brother was connected witii ihe carpenters strike. My sister attends a ladie's school. The lesson was taught in the girls class rcom. 39 ler, nurse, n, waitress. ;sessor, empress. !7y Foriits. aunt. jy fire, he hall. h'c Forms. ablished. ily held in August- :n years standing. s behind the parlor. holiday. nimenced at that time. ps. he carpenters strike. i class rcom. I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- (is/ni/>/i(\< aih/ /'ossi-s.inv /■or/z/s. Tvvas not witliout considerable difficulty. Yes, if thourt good enough. This book is none of his. They cant come here by tlie old road. Somethingll have to be done. Now dont you worry, mother. See if there isnt a portmanteau to carry, Jack shant trouble you any more. I think youve earned something else. Three days of hard riding!! carry us out of iiarms' way. Lets ha\e a ccjuccrt. 1 dont wonder yoiu'e excited. He dosent think that this is their's. Peters' hand began to swell terribly. 'Ine Smith fiimily dont live here. K.KEKCISK 43. Ekkuks — Aposlroplu's and l\>sscssivc Forms, 1. I couldnt do the first exercise. 2. Theyll come home in the evening. 3. The young ladys' bright eyes grew dim. 4. Thats because weve just come. 5. The childrens' paper is late this week. 6. A boy's class will be f— -^led next week. 7. Byrons' life was (juite romantic. 8. After two day's hard labor, the work was completed. Two men were flogged by the captains' orders. The citie's churches are very creditable. His fathers' house is about a mile from your's. King's lives are not the most enjoyable. The Bank of England was established in William's and Mary's reign. 14. We were comparing C;\;sar and Napoleon's victories. 15. Wolsey's, the cardinal's, career ended in disgrace. 9- 10. II. 12. 13- 4^ PKACTICAL GKAMMAk. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. Many A^ectives ami Adverbs arc changed in form to signify diflference of degree ; as. S ueet. swoetcT, swccte-t ; i.lil, nidor, i.Iilest. Long, loHKiT, longest ; rich, riclicr, ricliesl. Well, better, best ; badly, worse, worst. This change is called Comparison, because it is made use of when things are compared ; as, This road is longer than that one. 'I'his beast is the (}l^m.cr!ative Some A^ectives are compared b\' adding — er and —est; as, iMne, finer, finest ; witty, wittier, wittiest. Strong, stronger, strongest ; hot, hotter, hottest. Happy, happier, happiest : able, abler, ablrst, Acyectives of more than two syllables are generally compared by prefixing more and most ; as, lieaiitifnl, more beantifnl, most beaiitif.d. Common, more common, most common. Handsome, more handsome, most handsome. Nort^.-Of the two forms of comparison, that which is tnore easily pronoimced and more agreeable to the ear is to be preferred. Man)- Adjectives cannot be compared, as their meaning will not admit of different degrees ; as, One, twelve, second, vertical, two-wheeled, any. Sqiinre, perpendicular, level, Knglisli, etc. Some Adverbs are compared by adding — er and — est, and some by prefixing more and most ; as, Karly, earlier, earliest ; fast, faster, fastest. Often oftener, oftenest ; soon, sooner, soonest. Wisely, more wisely, most wisely ; easily, more easily, most easily. (' . .--.. VERBS. re clianticd in form on, Lccausc it is as. m — the Positive, e. :i'(7/, and Inid/y , arc uf llie use, are of llic Comparative >rit, arc of llic Superlative adding — er and ) syllables are k1 most; as, jre easily proiiotmccd and ipared, as their ; as, idding — er and most; as, , most easily. Posifh; PKACTICAL GKAMMAH. IRRKCL'I.AR FORMS OF COMPARISON. Comparathw Siipevhuhi 4t had ) L'vil ill j^ood little imicl; ' 1 man) ■ J old old well woi'se lietter less more older elder better worst liest least most oldest eldest best Two Adjectives, this and that, have plural forms, these and tliose. NoTH.-Use ,,«. «, or //„■ before eacl, of two or more connected adjectives only when hese po,„t out d.ftercnt t.onns. .-, red an.i ^Mt,- fla.r means one (laK partly red and partly « hue : a red and a ,vh,teJJas n.cans U^,o flags, one red and the other white, Many Adjectives are changed to Adverbs b\- adding — ly ; as, Rapid, rapidly ; distinct, distinctly ; sweet, sweetly. Bad, badly ; prompt, promptly ; quick, quickly. ViiuHon 4.-Usr the Comparative when two t/,h,qs are compared, and the Superlative when more than two thini^'s are compared; as, He is the ietter (not t>cst) of the two, Jennie is the etder (not etdest) of my two sisters. Caution S.-Avoid double comparatives and dotihle superlatives ; as, A wore liealthier location cannot he fonnd . (I.ealthier or more heatil,y\ He took the mo^t pleasantest ronte, (/.leasantesi or more fileasant). r.„.tio„ ».-Avoidthe comparison of adjectives 7ohose meanin^r will not admit 0/ different degrees ; as. The w,;,//,-, nelpal point w.cs entirely overlooked, (omit most). I hat form of e.xpression is more /rcfenMe. ( omit more). Caution ?.- When an adjective denoting one or more than one is joined lo a noun, the adjective and the noun must agree in numo. , ■ ,• as, I like thU ^v;,,/ of apples. („„j ,/,„, ^..„^.) 1 hey came at the rate of three miles an hour, (not three mile). Caution H.-Avoid comparing a thing 7uith itself; as, Lnndon is lur^-er thar, any city in Europe, ^larger than any other city). P<-> son or thing compared; as, -^ Solotnon was the wisest of all the other Hebrew kings, (on.it other) 42 HkACTlCAL GKAMMAR. (antioti lO.— Repeat or tli<- he/ore loiiiit'ctt'il nouns ilenolin;^ things that are to Oc iiistingiiished from each other ; us, We criticise not t/ie dress Ijiit t/ie address of the peaker. CtiHtiou II.— /'/nee iiit/ect/Tes and adverl>s cohere there ean l>e no douht as to what you intend them to modify. N(n E — The position of tlie adverb sometimes cliange.s tlie meaning of the sentence ; as, 1 only striicli him, that is, I did nothing else ; and, I struck only him, which Jneans, 1 strnck no one else. Caution IV.— /Jo not use t:c'o negatii'e wonts so that thev shall eontradiet eaeh other ; as, He {/iitit'i do iwtliing. (did nothing or didn't do anything). CautUtu 13.— Choose apt adverbs and adjeetives ; do not use them needlessly ; avoid sueh as repeat tlie idea or exai:;gerate it. i returned bacli here yesterday, (omit hacit). It was ait/iilly amusing, {z'ery amusing). Caution 14,— Do not use adverbs for adjeetives nor adjectives for adverbs : as, I'lie river runs ra/>id. iruns rapidly \. \'on nuist read more distnut . (more di.stinctty\. He did liis work s\x\-\ good. (very well). EXERCISE 44. Cautions 4, j, 6, and y. 1. Carrie is the eldest of my two sisters. 2. Of the two places I consider this the worst. 3. Our parlor is the most pleasantest place in the house. 4. This one is more preferable. 5. Which is the eldest, William or Edwin? 6. This is the best of the two. 7. She is always welcomer than her brother. 8. He is the famousest statesman of the age. 9. I couldn't be comfortabler. Willie is the amusingest boy I ever saw. He comes oftenest of the two. These kind of people will never be satisfied. The room is fifteen foot square. I measured it with a two-feet rule. The farmer exchanged five barrel of potatoes for fifty 10. II. 12. 13- 14- 15- pound of sugar. till eel id II on IIS (/eiio/ini;- :aker. •ir there can he no iloiiht meaning of the Mintcncc ; as, 'y liiiu, which means, I struck 'hal they shall eoiitradiit xnythiiig). 'ves ; do not use them e it. ves nor adjectives for PRACTICAL (iKAMMAK. EXERCISE 45, Cautions 4, j, 6, and 7. These sort of expressions should be avoided. We were travelling at the rate of forty mile an hour. The opinion is becoming more universal. It was the most beautiful garden 1 ever saw. Remove this ashes and put away those tongs. This court had been the most magnificent of the two. This is a more perfect way. 8. Of two evils choose the least. 9. The,se are more surer ))unishments. 10. I don't like those sort of cherries. 11. He is much more bolder than his brother. 12. I am certainer than I was this morning. 13. The younger of the three sisters is the prettier. 14. She was willing to take a more humbler part. 1 5 . Which of these two books is the best ? 43 1. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- "S. e worst. lace in the house. ivin ? )ther. e age. saw. satisfied. jf potatoes for fifty world. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. EXERCLSE 40. Cautions S, c), 10, and 11. China has a greater population than any city in the I like this book better than any book I have seen. There is no metal so useful as iron. All the metals are less useful than iron. New York is larger than any city in America. He was the most active of all his companions. The Northern and Southern Hemisphere. The Northern and the Southern Hemispheres. 9. The right and left hand. 10. A Pullman and Wagner sleeping-coach. 11. The fourth and the fifth verses. A Webster's and Worcester's dictionary. He brought home a new pair of boots. I have thought of marrying often. Profane swearing is, of all other vices, the least excusable. 12 13 14 IS 44 PRACTICAL GKAMMAH.. 1. 2. 3- reached. 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- lO. II. 12. 14, IS KXKRCISK 47. Ciiii/ions .V, y, /(), „«,/ /,, 'I'herc is a difference l)et\veen the sin and sinner. Distinguish caretnlly between an adjective and adverb. Neither the North Pole nor Sonth Pole has ytt been It was a blue soft beautiful sky. A fried dish of bacon. Two grey fiery little eyes. • We only ate three meals to-day. He tries distinctly to speak. Montreal is larger than any city in Canada. They were nearly dressed alike. He bi^ought home a dried box of herrings. I can bear the heat of summer, but not cold of winter. The eldest son of a duke is called •' marquis. " 1 only ate one apple. A white and red flag were flying. 3- 4- 5- 9- 10. II. 12. 13- 14. 15- EXERCISE 48. Errors— ^//.s(v//r///tv//.f. Your boys did not play lair. My father speaks slow. Mary sang very sweet. They maintain their rights firm. This plant is deader than that one. 6. He did it very bad. 7. She looked cold on her lover. 6. It is excessive wrong. Charles soon became exceeding popular. Previous to my leaving England I called on you. She always appears very amiably. He felt awkwardly in the presence of ladies. My friend has acted very strange in the matter. This paper is the best of the two. I feel tolerable well. i\:^ and sinner, ectivc and adverb. Pole has yet been anada. rings. ot cold of winter. narquis." I. 2. .3- 4- 5- 6. ?• .S. *;• 10. » I. 12. 13- 14. 15- I'KACTIC.M. (iHAMM.AK. KXKRCr.SK 49. Citiitions /J, 1;, ntui If. It was a tremendous dew. 'I'his is a gorgoiis ajjple. F paid a frightful price for it. A prodigious snow-hail hit my cheek. I think that your rooms are awfully large. I have a {:ontemptit)]e opinion of you. This 'ere knife is dull. He had not hardly a minute to s])are. 'I'hat 'ere horse has the heaves. I do not like too much sugar in my tea. I am dreidfiilly glad to hear that. No other rea.son can never he given. It was an imconmion good harvest. The discussion waxed warm. She is miserable poor. 45 ar. led on you. ladies, le matter. K.XEKCISK so. Ciiii/ioiis /J, /;, riu/ 14. 1. He does' Ml do nothint;. 2. He is'nt improving much. I don't think. .3. He is'nt no sneak. 4- Charlie Ross can't nowhere be found. 5. My head feels badly. 6. He spoke up prompt. 7. John has behaved very bad. 8. 1 lost near ten dollars. 9- His mother was exceeding kind to me. 10. The rose smells sweetly. 11. I feel remarkable well. 12. Mary sang very sweet. 13- 'I'he velvet feels smoothly. 14. I a.s(X'ndod an exceeding high mountain in Switz;erland, 15. Thomas did his work very good, 4^ PKACTICAI, r.UAMMAK. PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS. The; Prepositions in ordinary use are: at, by, for, in, of, off, out, to, up, with, on, after, under, throuj^h, into, above, behind, between, within, from, amon{^, beside, around, except, about, across, af^ainst, alon^^ amongst, before, below, beneath, ijeyond, over, past, toward, underneath. Some Coi\junctions an' used in pairs : both and and, as and m, so and as, //"and tluii, neither and nor, cither and or, though and yet. raiifioii I.T. — J'r(/>osi/iiiiis ^^'iK'rni, or arc follo'iOfil hv tin- objfclh'c lUisr ; lis, 1 'I'hcy rnmcyjo- my sister and i/ie. 'rh<' piKtman looked iit hiin and his little brother. The money is to lie ilivided /'I'tinwii yon and tiir. Vniitlon til.— The //(■(■(/A'f.v insi-rlioii of n prifosition is to he avoiiti-d ; as is a/so thr omission of a /;« goliij;). What ii-^e is this to hint. (('' what nse). CitHtloii 17.- ^'a/;- niiisl l\- taken to use /w// tliati. I was followed with a crowd. \l'y a crowd). He Is anxry at his father. i willi bis father). Vmitioii IH.— Two or more sinifii/ar nouns connected hv " or " or " nor " ini/'lyin^ that they are separately taken, must have a sinffular vfrb : as, Neitlifr the man nor bis son was present. S'eitlifr the day nor tbc hour lias hern appointed. 4 rnuiiou tU.— The conjunction "than" takes the same case after it as Ite/ore it ; as. He Is taller than I. She is older than cither vo?/ or lie. JNCTIONS. e : at, by, for, in, •, throiiffh, inio, r, beside, around, fst, before, below, icath, -s : /fo//t and (nu/, I //or, cither and H'fii hy I III' ohjfclhu II is to he (ii'oiifnf ; n.f ///„//. „//,/ Co„i,„i,iioii<. 1. She is taller than me. 2. They came for my sister ;iii(l I. 3. You learn faster than him. 4- Kither the man or his wife have stolen my watch. 5. Who does this slate hcioni^r to? 6. Between yon and I all that glitters is not gold. 7. Come along with William and I. 8. He is a frienpliet.— One who foretfils events. Profit.— ( Iain. Reed.- A tall sort of grass. Hose.- ;\ Hower. Read.— To comprehend iiy characters. Rows.— Lines ; ranks; files. Rain.— Water from the clouds. Reign.— To rule. Rein.- A bridle. Road. .\ way. Rode.— Did rit to he doing ? If he go there, he will be a fit to get into trouble. Some. This word is not unfrcquently misused for somewhat ; as. My mother is some hulter to-day. It is likewise misused for about ; as, It is some ten mijes from licr<;, J. I PRACTICAL GRAMMAk. 53 ture, lete. necessity, irk dough. li; dignified, ipeiiding; tliieatening. plunge into a fluid, so out of; to issue, o forward, to issue, •o before. noNS. eedlcssly ; a.s, Dt at auction. ////, fevers, &c. not to siunnions. perly u.sed instead id sometimes for ntly misused for Don't. This word wliich is often misused for doesn't IS a contraction o{ do not ; as, ' He doesn't (not don't) play fairly, It doesn't (not don't) matter much. Them. Do not use the pronoun than for the adjective those ; as, ^ Them apples are not ripe. J'ass me them pens. Alike. Do not couple tliis word vvitli both; as, James and Harry are both alike. These hats are both alike. Aught. Aught meaning anything should be spelt aught, not ought. Naught means nothing. Less, fewer. Less relates to cjuantity ; fexver to number; as. There ^^lcre/e^,ler than twenty persons present. Thg I)o« holds less than fifteen pounds. Awftil, splendid, lovely. Be careful in the use of tliese adjectives and of the adverbs formed from them. Learn, teach. To teaeh is to give instruction • to learn is to receive instruction ; as, My father taught me Latin. I hanit French myself. May, can. May expresses permission ; ean expresses power; as, ^ ^fay 1 go to the niattnee to-day ? I can finish the work in half an hour. Quantity, number. Quantity should be used in speak-ing of what is measured oi weighed ; number, of what IS counted ; as, There w.is a large number of people present I bought but a sm.ill quantity of flour. Between, among. Between is used in reference to two things, or persons; among, in reference to a greater number; as, ^ You have amouy you a Candidate for the posliion, Uivide this between the two boys. u i^KACTICAL GRAMMAR. Each other. Jt/>ose that you had a good time, (not ex/tect). I expect to reach home to-morrow. Each, every, no. When singular nouns connected by and are preceded by each, every, or no, the verb must be singular ; as, Each book and slate was in position at ouce. Kvery man and woman 7vas drowned. No chair nor bench is to be left in ihc room. r applied to two imbf^r considered sking questions and things, and arsons, zvhich and and things ; as, I. 2. tase ? 3- 4- 5- 6. 1- 8. 9- lO. omitted i PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. tc REVIEW. i:X A .M I \ A'lKJN <^) U ESTION S, What are transitive verbs ? What cla.sses of words are followed by the objective When are the nominative forms of pronouns used? When are words said to be in the po.ssessive case ? Write the possessives of I, you, he, she, thev and who. VVnte the objective for.us of I, she, he, thou, and we. What use is made (jf the apostrophe ? Place the apostrophe in cant, wouldnt, twas. Nouns have a distir.ct form for what case ? In forming the possessive of nouns, when is the " s " lowed by one or the one or the tively ; and each is responded to n two things are instead o{ citlier sused for suppose, never to what is nouns connected he verb must be II. The apostroplie i. never used in forming the possessive of what part of speech ? o i c 12 The "s" in the possessive singular is sometimes omitted, give examples. 13- How is the possessive of compound names formed ? 14. Give the nominative forms of whose, them, your, us, and children's in the singular number. 15- Give the singular objective forms of we, you who those, and themselves. ^ i6. Write sentences using the following words in the pos^ssive plural : lady, sheep, who, German, and .sergeant-at- H.rrv^" ^i^'t'l'". "f • ^•'^^^'■^"^■'^ i" '"^^"ing of the following : a"dTohn- it -^ ""' ""'''' ^"' -'^^'^'^ ^'^^ -^ »-' « i8. What do you understand by comparison of adjectives ? 19- Name the degrees of comparison. 20. how are adjectives of one .syllable compared ? 2 1 . How are adjectives of more than one syllable compared ? 22. Name adjectives of two or more syllables that may be compared by adding " er " and - est." 23- Give a list of adjectives compared irregularly. "Sat 56 PRACtlCAL GKAMMAk. 24. Give the comparative degree of merry, little, able, handsome, badly, and easily. 25. Givti the snperlative degree of early, wisely, old, pleasant, and many. 26. Write three sentences using the word " hot " in each of the three degrees of comparison. 27. Name ten adjectives which do not admit of comparison. 28. When is the comparative degree used ? 29. When is the superlative degree used ? 30. When is an, a, or //ic repeated before cor nected names? 31. Distinguish the difference in meaning in the following : A red and white rose, A red and a white rose, and Red and white roses. What ^s a preposition ? Write a list of prepositi ns? Some conjunctions are used in pairs. Name them. What conjunction takes the same case after it as before it? 36. Write sentences containing principle, and principal properly used. 37. Illustrate the use q{ lesson and of lessen. 38. Illustrate the use oi pane and oi pain. 39. Illustrate the use oifair and oifare. 40. Write sentences containing the following words pro- perly used: pale, par'; lade, laid; there, their ; feet, feat ; stationery, stationary. 32- 33- 34- 35- EXAMINATION AND REVIEW E.XERCISE Errors — Miscellaneous. 1. Them boxes must be removed. 2. Neither of them were there. 3. Was you with him on Sunday ? 4. This is longer nor that. 5. I have not received a letter this three days. 6. You done that two quickly. 7. Every one of them are black. li'i lerry, little, able, :rly, wisely, old, 1 " hot " in each nit of comparison. I? cornected names? ; in the following : ose, and Red and Name them, e after it as before ble, and principal en. owing words pro- their ; feet, feat ; :erclse PkACTlCAL GKAMMAK. 8. Come here (juick. 9. I haven't been nowhere. 10. These two pearls are both alike. 1 1 . Have either of you a pencil ? 12. The creek is froze. 13. That dress looks badly. Sleeping-car births for sale at this office. Who was the order given to ? He 'wont give me none of his flowers. We seen him do it. Has either of your three friends arrived ? 19. I'll never do so no more again. 20. He wished me the complements of the season. 57 14 IS 16 17 18, 21. 22. 23- 24. 25- days. Each are to have a separate seat. The monkies amused the children very much. Can I come to-night. He ought to have went in the morning. Between you and I he is mistaken. 26. Mr. Dupont learnt me German, 27. They ran the cart again the building. 28. Virtue and vice differ widely with each other. 29. He has just completed a most successful, classical coarse. 30. The counsel met in the town hall last night. 31. He has ran all the way. 32. She will never be no taller. ZZ- They done the work pretty good. 34. My mother gave me these here pictures. 35. Who spilled the ink ? Them. 36. The lake looks beautifully. 37. Hand me them books. 38. Richard he went to school. 39. The army marched rapid. 40. Should you here of him, let us know. 4r. This horse trots pretty good. 42. Who did you invite? 5« PRACTICAL GKAMMAk. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 liim. Ladies and gentlemens boots made to order. He is more cleverer tlum anyone 1 ever seen. It is now half passed four. No less than fifty persons were there. The donkies lived on straw all winter. I ( annot by no means allow it. Cowardi( e and treachery generally goes together. My father allowed my brother and I to accompany 51. Can 1 see your pictures ? 52. Them oranges are cheap. 53. The lemon tastes sourly. 54. My cold is perfectly awful. 55. Speak n^ore distinct. 56. This twenty years have 1 been with you. 57. James should have went with his brother. 58. He is much better than me. 59. It is not him I don't think. 60. I didn't get scarcely no sleep last night. 4 61. This is the boy which I named. 62. What did they do with there money? 63. Don't your father know me. 64. I differ with you on that subject, 65. William throwed a stone. 66. The building is eighteen foot high. 67. I never knew a more happier man. 68. Children should be taught to sjjeak more distinct. 69. This is the forth letter this week. 70. He says he never got no picture from you. 71. You are stronger than him. 72. There was a quantity of people present. 73. That isn't the way the last teacher learned us to do it. 74. This letter is written shocking. 75. Who was the proposal made to ? rdcr. seen. together. to atcomi)any r. e distinct. *u. led us to do it. PRACTICAL GkAMMAk. Jy 76. Neither the house nor the garden wen- sold. 77. I think it was her. 78. These kind of people are mean. 79. The blame is their's not your's. 80. He is an uncommon tali man. Hi. The horses, they ran down the street. cS2. The old man run up again me. 83. Him and me are going to the opera. 84. They are coming to see my l)rother and I. 85. He felt awkwardly in the preser-e of ladies. 86. 'I'he Sim shines bright on the tree-tops. 87. My head pains me very bad. 88. His sister has acted very strange in the matter. 89. Don't speak harsh. 90. It can't be bought very cheaply. 91. I feel tolerable well. 92. It isn't true what he said. 93. The dogs, they barked. 94. Hand me them things. 95. Those which say so are mistaken. 96. He has some friends which I know. 97. Hegin it over again. 98. This can be done easier. 99. He hasn't his lesson, I don't believe. 100. It is a wonderful fine day. loi. It is alive and growing slow. 102. What can ale your little brother? 103. We sold two bails of blankets in one day. 104. It is her talents, not her beauty, that attracts attention. 105. Ask leave for you and I to go home at noon. 106. Vou can go at 10 o'clock. 107. This mtal is just perfectly splendid. 108. The seven years war was carried on in America. 109. They are awfully jolly people. no. There in none of my uncles' marks on you. 60 PKACriCAL GRAMMAK. 111. Tliat is the man what spoke to us yesterday. 112. He has often stole money from me. 1 13. Was you ;U s( liool to-day? 114. It will be apt to come with tcj-morrows' mail. 115. We had wrot< to him the week before. 116. I have no fault to him. 1 1 7. They (juarreled among eadi other. 118. 1 prevailed with him to come. 119. He gave me a book in a present. 120. John was very angry at him. 121. Will you learn me my lesson. 122. Her and I were both in the room at the time, 123. It will be of no use without you take it soon. 124. You can'jt go out this evening. 125. Don't your father give you any money? 126. He hasn't no money to pay for it with. 127. In what county is Toronto in ? 128. Give me both of them books. 129. I cannot tell who to compare her to. 130. Who is it for ? 131. You are stronger than me. 132. I don't know nothing about it. 133. Fannie is the smartest of my two daughters. 134. It sounds finely. 135. I seen six carriages this morning. 136. Who did you inquire for?' 137. There are some awfully nice girls in that section. 138. Him and me didn't have to do it. 139. I stood again the wall. 140. Do you know who this belongs to? 141. They were more prudent than us. 142. We do not want no strangers here. 143. There are no extras or vacations. 144. John went with James and I. 145. Whose are these here books ? PKACTICAI. flKAMMAK. 6i 146. These are the men which we engaged. 147. Karh city have their pe* iiliar i)riviieges. 148. Sense and not riches win esteem. 149. He was exceeding kind to ine. 150. A lady sent him ;i i)imch of Hotirs. 151. I would much more sooner breakfast with voii. 152. They could easier get thep- ',/', ;, art. 153. Who servest thou under' 154. With which party is he < )ni,(ct(d \'[h? 155. Andrew and he was schoo.fcllou.s. 156. She has sang remarkably svt 157. My teacher gives me very long lessons. 15S. His sister's company is much more preferable. 159. They had sank before assistance was offered. 160. I have not travelled this twenty years. 161. Neither of the workmen had their tools with them. 162. That is all right says I. 163. The shops is not ojjen, 164. Father's plaining mill has closed for the winter. 165. His health was drunk la.st evening. 166. Mary has not sjjoke to lOmma for a week. 167. It i.sn't them, I don't believe. 168. Von could not fmd a more happier family. 169. It is awfully hot. 170. Hand me them slates. 171. 172. 173- 174. '75- 176. 177- 178. 179. 180, There was little rain, but much lightening. I do not want no more of such complements.. We should help them friends which help us. The childrens' su])|)er is nearly ready. The principle of the school has resigned. William was the richest of his two sons. Them books must be removed immediately. What is he apt to be doing ? Sarah has did her work very bad. You could not find a more happier family. iai 62 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 181. Neither of the four was there. 182. There were not less than twenty persons present. 183. I woiild much more sooner breakfast with you. 184. She is some better to-day. 185. He owes more than me. 186. Do not drive so quick. 187. How do you like these kind of gatherings. 188. I think it is some ten miles from here. 189. I shall not go without my father consents. 190. Ida is not so old as him. 191. The dog who was called Fido went mad. 192. A noun and pronoun are alike in office. 1^ 193. He used less words than the other speaker. • 194. She hai^ less friends than me. 195. It is pretty near finished. 196. I wish to simply state this point. 197. The child died with croup. 198. Place a mark between each leaf. 199. Of what is the air composed of? 200. Where have you been to ? 201. I don't know nothing about it. 202. I have drove ten miles since morning. 203. Do not write so rapid. 204. It is to be divided between you and I. 205. Have you wrote your exercise ? 206. I don't think this is their's. 207. He has lost confidence in Walter and I. 208. You wrote more than me. 209. Them books .re mine. 210. Have either of you knife. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 63 SIMILAR TENSE FORMS. Lie and Lay. {Lie, lay, lain ; lay, laid, laid). To lie means to be placed or to place one's self in a horizontal position ; to rest ; to remain ; to lia\-e place or position ; as, His room-mate lies in 1>e(l until noon. The Ijook Hex 011 the table. The apples lay 011 the ground all winter. He has lain on the floor since morning. The Mediterranean lies between Kiirope and .Afriia. NoTK.- To lie (lie. lied, lied) means to ntler what is n„t trne ; as, i'ho l.ov lied to his father. To lay means to put or place ; to spread on a surface ; to bring forth ; to charge ; as, He laid the book on the table. They liaTC laid t\\c foundation. The hen /rt/rf three eggs. The coloring should be laid im thin, /.rtj' these papers on your desk. F,n-o.-s are freciuenl in the use of these t«-o ve.l>s. /.,„■ is often used for /„', and lie is sometimes used for /ay. This eonfusion in their use is (hie, in some measure, to the fact that /ay appears in both verbs. We say ''' \ mason lays bricks," " A ship //,,,■ .at anchor," •■ I must//,, down," •' f'must lay myself down," " I must lay this paper on the and flow. {Flee,j1cd,fied; fly, fiezv,flo-iVn ; flmv, floived, flmved. ) To flee means to run away as from danger or evil ; to avoid in an alarmed or cowardly manner ; as, He/ffrffrom his enemie.s. T\it.yfled at the approach of danger. They will_/7cc from the plague. Note.— The preposition /Vow/ is sometimes omitted, making the verb tr.nnsitive; !»s, " He_/?f(i'the city," " They mWflec the question," i. c , avoid voting on It. PRACTICAL GKAMMAK. 65 cr or evil ; to To fly means to move in the air with wings; to float in the air ; to move rapidly ; as, Pigeons^?)' very quickly. The sparksyTy upwards. The wheelsyTy round iiniseles.sly. They letyTy a shower of darts. To flmv means to move as a fluid ; to rise, as a tide ; to abound ; to hang loose and waving ; as, Kiversy/ow from springs. Tears y7yt(i from the eyes, The old man hady7rw/«^ locks. 'I'he \Me.J!ows twice in twenty-four hours. Hy i.s frequently misused k^xJh•e. These n erhs, though near of kin, are not interchangeable. Flee is a general term, and mean.s to move away with voluntary rapidity;.//,- is of .special application, and means to move with wmgs, either (juickly or slowly. i'lmon is the pa.st participle of tojly, and/,w,v/ of to //ow. As, therefore a nver does not //,' over its banks, \nV. /Icnos over them, we should .say of it that It has over//ow,v/, anil not that it has over//<)«-«. Rise and Raise. {Rise, rose, risen; raise, raised, raised). To rise means to go up ; to ascend ; to become elevated ; to increase in value , to adjourn ; to leave one's bed ; to originate ; as, He that would thrive, must rise by five. The Alps rise far above the sea. The Mississippi rises in Lake Itasca. I'he smoke rose far above the city. House rents have risen to an enormous figure. liullion is risen to si.\ 'hillings. I have risen as early as three. To raise means to put up ; to lift ; to build ; to cause ; to collect ; to cause to grow ; to make light and spongy; as| The farmer raisid a barn. The policeman roisedihc boy to his feet. They rniseiia great uproar in the building. Have you raised nuich wheat ? An army of two thousand was raised in one day. Juiise your voice. Miss l.iddy can dance a jig, and raise paste. The verb rise denotes .sin>ple action, an upward motion ; as, " John rises early," " The sun rises at six," " The flames continued to rise'' ; the verb nuse denotes transitive action ; as, " John /-,„W the Hag above his head," " Ihe lieat of tlic sun ntiscd ix blister on his cheek." 66 Practical gkammaK. Pall and fell. {Fa//, fe//, fa//cn ; fc//, fd/cd, fd/cd). To fa// means to descend from a higher position to a lower ; to decHne in power, wealth, or importance ; as, Worm-eaten applesyli// off. The nie.ciiryyij/A- in the barometer. The c" M/ell off the chair. The young mim/ell into disgrace. Thomas \v^f,faUen three times to my once. To fd/ means to cause to fall ; to bring to the ground ; as, Stand, or VWfeU thee down. The man/elled a tree. He ha%/clled the oy with one blow. Loose and lose. {Loose, /ooscdjooscd ; /osc, /ost,/ost). To /oosc means to free from that which holds or fastens ; to untie ; to release ; as, They loosed their hold. He loosed the pony from the gate. To /osc means to squander ; to cease to haA'e in posses- sion, as through accident ; to employ ineffectually ; not to win ; as. They lost all their money. I lost my liberty and they their lives. He lost his right hand with a shot. EXERCISE 54. Errors — Similar Tense Forms. 1. Go and lay down. 2. I remember when the corner stone was lain. 3. He sat out for London yesterday. 4. He rose the price of potatoes this morning. 5. Your dress sets well. 6. The bird is setting on its eggs. 7. I laid there an hour. 8. Set down and talk a little while. 9. I have raised earlier than usual this morning. 10. The woodsman has fallen the tree across the fence. PRACTICAL GKAMMAk. 11. He has laid there an hour. 12. They flew from their enemies. 13. The water has flown over the wall. 14- I am setting by the river. I.?. He flew from justice. 67 I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. EXERCISE 55. Ekkoks— .!>>■////„,;■ Tens.> Forms. Some valuable land was overflown. The leaves had f^ll. He raised up an' left the room. I was forced to lay down. My brother lays ill of a fever. He laid on a sofa three weeks. They have fell off the window. 8. You can't fall that tree across the creek 9- He set on the beach till the sun went down. 10. The sun raises at an early hour. 11. Your brother has rose quite early. 12. I have set with him for hours 13. We shall fly into the cou. -y and escape the plague. 14. ihe ship lays at the wharf IS- The banks of the Red River were overflown I. 2. 3- 4. 5- 6. 7- 8. 9. 10. EXERCISE 56. Errors— .SVw//,,;- 'Ji.„sc Forms. He was tired of New York and flew into the country. He has laid there a long time. Let these papers lie. Set down and rest yourself. They was laying on the grass. He lays in bed too long. Go and lay down on the bed. The baker rose the price of bread to-day. The birds have flew away. I lay down every afternoon for an hour or two. 68 tkACTlCAL GRAMMAft. 11. She set three nights by his bed. 12. I rose the books from the floor. * 13. He sold our goods and rose uiir rent. 14. The river banks art fre([uentiy -jverflown. 15. After she had risen th- basket i<, ; er head slie stepped lightly off the bridge. SHALL AND WILL. ShiVil and will are employed to form the future tenses in English. Note.— The :,»■,..' - X is sitki to l>e uf the first person when it denotes the speaker, of the second person w'lei.' i-. f!t no'.es the person spoken to, and of the third pen,, it when it denotes the person ur thing sTioken of. Verbs agree with their subjects in person. i Will in the first person e.xpre.s.ses a wish and an intention, or a promise ; as, 1 uiill go ; that is, I mean to go, or I promise to go. Will is never to be used as a question with ihe first person ; as, IVill I go ? A man cannot ask if he wills to do anything. Will in the second person declares or foretells ; hence it is used with courteous authority as a command, because it foretells something that must happen ; as. You mill %o with him. You 7vill report yourself. As a question, will in the second person asks the intention of the person addressed ; as, lyUl you go ? that is, Do you mean to go '.' Will in the third person also declares or foretells ; as, He 7vill con.e ; that is. He may be looked for. As a question, will in the third person asks what is to be the future action of the person spoken " with a necessary reference to intention; as, IVillha go'^ .! t is, Is he going? Does he mean 1 . ■ .' Shall ill th- i.rst person simply dec' ^ ur foretells, without any reference to wish ; as, I s/tall go, that is, 1 am going. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 69 uture tcn.scs ish and an ith ihc first )n asks the foretells ; as, As a question, shall in the first person, is a simple inquiry as to the future; Shall I find him ? that is, May 1 .sp.r, ,„ fln.l him ? Or it asks direction ; as, Shall I go .' th,,, i,. i,,.,i,|,, f,,^ „,^ .^^ „, ,^^^. ^^^.^^^^ Shall in the second person and in the third declares in an authoritative manner, and therefore promises, commands or threatens ; as, , \m\ s/iall lie paid. ^'oll s/uill nut sical. They ,i/;,(// he pimisheil. Would and Should follow the rules of s/ia// nnd u,V/ when employed in parallel circumstances. KXAMI'l.KS OF CORRECT ISACK. Merely annoiiiieiiiK future aeH1.11 : I s//ii// leave rm tlif moniiiig (r.nin. We ,v/W/call nt the otiice o)i oui- w.ay home. Vou 7,7y/|)Iease write on every other line. He 7.'/// go with you to your uncle's. They 7,//// reach here at a late hour. I s/ii)// [^o lo town to-niorrow. We s/in// he g\a.i\ to see vou. Vou 7177/ he pleased to see him. He 7.'/// assist us to carry the l)o\. They T,v7/(ln(l the town pretty ihill. Aniioniuing tlie speakers ii.tentl.M, t« eoiMrol : KxiH-essliiB a promise or a .letermiiiatioii : I mi// have my right. ^^e 7,7//oonie to you in tlie morn.in". Vou ,f//(/// go, sick or well. He .f//^?//he my heir. They s/ia// wait whether thev want to or not. I 7,'/// assist you. We 717// vni I go.- AK/// I help you ? " " Wjn \ u„ i„.„ 5 „ ., u..,, we eet there in time' " « u/;ii ^^ ' *^''' t mere in time . AT/// «e sec you again soon ? " Expressions like the following are common • " \Vl,,.i- . . ■// 1 '-ApicbMons like at home" " We rv / r ^^^'"" ''" ""* '^'^'^'^ ? " "I 7"'/'' be t ? " When r.W/ you begin ? " •■ What .,/// you ,io witl, it ? " In .1 "c .sessions when it is a ..uestion of n,ere future action on the '", .f person speaiong or spoken to. the auxiliary nn.st i.e ./.,//. and not /We <,ues t at people .,/// do this or so. an.l not thot thev ./.,//. T, .. ,^^i re'iuested that no one w/// leave the room.- ' //W,/is often use.l for .//.;//,/; shouLl rarely for would When will or wish IS expressed by anv other inrt of ■, ,.l,rn ''''""'»■ ^nen «ill or Expressing willingness we ,• ' '""'' '''"'"^'^ ^"I'erfluous. 1 b iiiin},iiLss. ^^t say. I ^ootilU grant your reriuest- " hut if vup .ntroduce .-.///,,/„ or .-///. pu-asun, we u^e Zu an, say'. 'xlZl wllingly grant your request." I„ like n,anner we sav, " I lui hL vour ^cjues to-morrow;" l.ut if .e ad.l an expression of ^as ^ wj^ ^ ^^ shall be happy to hear your request to-morrow.- In short ',ill\^7' // refer .lirectly or indirectly to the exercise of the will. """" KXKRCISK 57. '■".1. THK ..■n,.,...WlN.; M,,ANKS \vn II SHAM. OK WII.I,, 1. I 2. [ 3. You 4- 5- 6. ■leave for home to-morrow. have my own way. — be piini.shed, guilty or not guilty. They- reach here about six o'clock. 1 put on a fire? 1 write to your brother ? -he come with us ? 1 soKe this problem ? you have more coffee ? you write your name in my album ? At what store jou buy it ? How- 7- 8. 9- 10. ir. 12. Where on be to-morrow? '3- wc ) f, J a good time ? ^4- we see you this evening ? 15- When you begin? 72 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. FXERCISE 58. FII.I, TIIK VOM.OWINC. III.ANKS WITH SHAM. OR WII.I. : ^ 1. vou have a bunch ? 2. If lie goes, you ? 3. What you do about . r 4. your fatlier punish you ? 5. you require prompt payment ? 6. 1 carry this to the office ? 7. We call at your place to-morrow. 8. Visitors please write their names in this book. 9. We do as he has requested. 10. They find the country pretty quiet. IT. he be allowed to go on ? 12. Where ' — I leave you ? 13. you be unhappy, if I do not (ome? 14. 1 be in time. 15. When we get through this tedious controversy ? EXKRCISK 59. I'lI.L THK KOI. LOWING III.ANKS WITH SlIOU'M) OK WOIM); 1. I write the letter to-dn if I had ink. 2. We i i^lad : see yoi 3. I like very much to pay you a visit. 4*. I was afraid that we have a cold night. 5. He knew who betray him. 5. I be fatigued if I had walked sn far. 7. You did better than 1 hn-. . done. 8. If he — 9. I be greatly oblig come by no'^i'^ wha' then? y< do me th • favor. 10. If I 11. You -say so, I- )e ty of falsehood. be disappoint 1. if yi u saw it. 12. He said that he not set out to-morrow. 13. They knew that I be there. 14. We like to call on you. 15. It was requested that no person leave his seat. PKACTICAI. fiKAMMAR. / J THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Mood means iiianncr of action. When the statcnicnt is unconditional, tlic verb is said to I)r in the Indicative Mood : as, I nm SM'II, Me is tluTc. Wc arc rliscovcn-d. V'du II ir sick, 'I'hcy nil' n\ Ikmiic. I ivv the sij;i)iil I -iuu t^oiii),'. He Wiis present. We 7(Yir there. N'ou 7tvvr ill. They wcrr at Iionu' He Sirs the sii'iinl. When the statement is conditional, the verb of the chivisc, or ])art of the sentence, expressing"- the condition, is sometimes, but not always, put in the Subjunctive Mood ; as. If I /v well, \c. If lu'A' there, vVc. If we A' (iiseoNered. \c. If yi)ii ///' -.ick. iVe. If lliey A al liDiiie, \c. Il' I siY the si(;nal. iVc. If I 7iV7v ^i;, ir i)resent, ^c. If we 7cV7V' there, tVe. Jf you 7,v/v ill, iVc. If they ~,viY at home, Ove. If he s,r the si'nial. \c. The cr i.junctions of condition ate : //", though, lest, unless, ani. vccpt. The subiiincti\e mood is (generally preceded by sonic one of tliese conjunctions. Verbs in the subjunctive mood under^ro no chant^re to express person and number ; as, If I l)c were . U you be .... were . If lit' be .... were . If we be .... were . If tht'v be .... were . . have . have . have . have . have coine. come, come, cnnie. come. rtiuflon V«, 1 1 '//,■// ill It i-omlilioi!.'' clan di'iiht or iliiiiiil, iisr llir ■^iii'/iiiir/ivi' liUhni ; ,is. If 1 ji'i'ir siiri' (if u)i:it yo\i ie!l p.!..-. ! woiik! ;;o. If It ruin wc stiall not lie alile to t;ii. If I 7i'(';r she, I w.ul'l acceiu the ./tier. if lie iivr,' slKiiincr than yen . what ilien ? 'J'hdimli he- s/iiy fjio yet will i •.nl^l in lilm. // is ii!/riti/,i/ to express 74 PKACTICAI. GRAMMAR. li duutton -n.-lV/un the conditunal dame u affirmative and eerlain use the judicative mood ; as, ' If I ivas mistaken, wh >* of It? If he is twenty lie !•. , I enough. ' If that is the case 1 can understand you. If he tiy its n.iture tincertain. the sul)junctive is extensively used for fiUiM-f comlitionality : • If it rain, we shall not ^n '■ ' if I /,,. well ' • ^ if he eome shortly ' ; • if thou return at all in peace.' These events arc ail m the uncertain future, an-, (leet, clan. Parliament, mr)l., jury, court, sdciety CoMiniUtcc, tenaiilry, peasantry, nobility. Sistcrlidiiil. asseinMy, senate, army, public. fJanttoi, Ti.- II -hm //„■ ulca of unity is prominent, ,oll,:ti-y nouns take . sinj^nlar verbs ; as, 'the fleet was entirely destroyed. Tlierc was a very lar«e i rowd in the bnil PRACTICAL CiRAMMAR. EXERCISE 6i. SKi.r.cT iirK 1'IU)I'i;r words: 1. The number of the names ^'j^^ one hundred. 2. Stephen's party \^'^ entirely broken nj). 3. This jury :^^^ kept without food. 4- The fleet ;,;?£ victorious. 5. 'I'he House of Lords ^eToive'- 6. The assembly ^aTe decreed. 7. The public '^.^ invited. 8. The Senate Jre of opinion. 9. The army ^^'j^^- disorganized. 10. 'I'he l^oard !^^^ about issuing regulations. 11. 'J'he C. P. R. '];'•;,'= erected a beautiful railway station. 12. A large crowd of people ;;=;; on the street. 13. The army ,;;^;; on ^l, march up the hill. 14- A detachment of two himdred men ''l^H sent. 15. Your committee ,'41 'eave to report as follows. EXERCISE 62. ment. SKI.KCT TUK I'ROI'KR WORDS : The force ^:^l^^ in progress towards Attica. 'J'he British nation ,J;f4 not sprung up in a generation. I'he House of Commons 'j;';;;^ no weight in this matter. 4. The churc-h '",,7 no power to inflict corporal ])imish- I. 2. 3- 5- 6. Mankind W'j;,'^ not united by the bond,s of civil society. The mcb which congregated at the corner ,;;7, soon dis])ersed. 7. One fourth of the men at the diggings ""l^ convicts. 8. The generality of his hearers ;^;; favorable to his Joctrines. 9. Tlie people '^^ often deceived by false appearanc es. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. ro. One half'';,'';' not know how the other half 'JiVe • 7; 11. The peasantry ^°^ bare footed. 12. A c:onsiderable number ^"^"4 induced to ([uit the body. 13. The people of the rude tribes of America X*" remarkable for their artifice and duplicity. 14. The N. V. C. R. 'j'.'.^ laid a double track from Rochester to Buffalo. 15. The army ^^™e disbanded in I'^gypt. MISCELLANEOUS CAUTIONS. Overly. This word i.s not used only by the unschooled. Leave. Do not use /aivf in the sense of /t'/ ; as, Leave me be. Leave me alone. And, so. Avoid the too frequent use of these connectives. Gents. Of all vult;arisnis, this is perhaps, the mo.st offensive. Seldom or ever. This phrase should be " seldom //ever," or " seldom or never." And. ¥g\w vulgarisms are more common than the use of and for to ; as, Come (»>jrfsee me before you go. Pronouns and collective nouns which recjuire a singular verb are followed by singular pronouns ; as, 'riie army tivij- on its marcli. Real. This adjective is often vulgarl\- usjcl in the sense of the adverb very ; thus, r^^?/ prett)-, r^v?/ an^iy. Of any. This phrase is often used when of all is meant ; as. This is the largest of any I have seen. Not. The correlative of //,-opose that we shall do in the matter? Nice. We talk very properly about a niee distinction, a nice calculation, and about a person's being iiiee and over- nice; but we certainly ought not to talk about a nice dinner. a nice sermon, a niee day, and a nice country. Nicely snould not be made to do service for luell; as, How do yon do ? Nicely. How ai-e yon ? Xicely 8o PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. This, that. Where //ii's and //lat, these and those, the one and the other refer to ih'nv^s i)reviou.sly mentioned, this and these refer to the last mentioned, and that and those to the first mentioned ; the one refers to the first mentioned, and the other to the last mentioned ; as. The selfish ami benevolent are fo..iid in every community; those are shunned, while these are sought after. Peter the (ireat ami Charles Xll were sovereigns ; the one was loved by his people ; and the other was hated. Than, but. Else, other, othenuise, rather, and adjectives and adverb.s expressin<^- a comparison are usually followed by than. But else, other, and more, implyin<,r something additional, but not different, in kind, may be followed by but or besides ; as, A diamond is notliint; etse than carbon. Junius was no other than Sir Philip Francis. I rose euriiei' than 1 meant to. He can converse on other topics /vsiWei politics. To bring is to convey to or Bring, fetch, carry, toward ; to feteh means to go and bring ; to carry often emplies motion from the .speaker, and is followed by aivay or off, and thus is opposed to bri)ig and feteJi. h'eteh nie an apple from the cellar. Go bring me a drink of water. When yon come home hi-ing- some lemon Carry this book home with you. But. This word is misused in various ways ; as. I do not doubt /nit he will be here. I should not wonder f'lit. I have no doubt tint that he will go. I do not doubt fint that this is true. No other resource hut this was allowed. (doubt thai). (read, i/). (omit int). (omit hut). (read, than). Either alternative. The \vord alternative means a choice offered between two things. Such propositions, there- fore, as, " You are at liberty to choose either alternative," " Tzvo alternatives are presented to me," and the like, are not correct l^nglish. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 8i Tense. " The errors made in the use of the tenses are man.fold The one most frequently made is that of using the imperfect instead of the perfect tense • as I never saw it played but once. He was the largest man I ever saw. (say, have never seen). (say, have ever seen). "Another frequent error is that of using two verbs in a past tense when only one should be in that time ; thus, I intended to have gone. h was my intention to have come. ^*-\y,togo). (say, to come). Seem, appear. " What seems is in the mind ; what appears is external. Things appear as they present them- selves to the eye ; they seem as they are represented to the mmd When things are not what they appear, our senses are deceived ; when things are not what they seem, our judgment is at fault." 3- 4- 5- REVIEW. EXAMINATION EXERCISE. Errors— J//W//rt„,.^,,,f. 1. The men they shouted. 2. Feathers feel softly. They stay to home. He is outrageously proud. Who will go ? Me. 6. He thought it was iis. 7- I intended to have called. 8. We done it ourselves. 9. He throwed it into the river. 10. He is some better jr.-,i now. 11. I will not go but oice. 12. He can do it as goe ' "•■-. an" one ran i.V The music sounded harshly. 14- He told me v/iat he knew, r^. Most every one goes there, 82 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 1 6. He hopes to rapidly recruit. 17. I knew that it was them. 18. I seen him when he done it. 19. If I was him I would fight. 20. Them scissors is very dull. 21. All what he saw he described. 22. This is a remarkable cold winter. 23. It was none other but the President. 24. Will I bring you your glasses? 25. If he were there I did not see him. 26. I wish I was in California. 27. The public is invited to attend. 28. The tongs is not in their place. 29. We hoped to have seen you before. 30. He seldom or ever went to church. 31. I don't know but what I may. 32. Most everybody goes to church. S3- I can't find out neither where k begins or ends. 34. The two quarreled among each other. 35. The right and left lung were diseased. 36. Oak is harder than the maple. 38. It isn't but a short distance. 38. Five dollars are not too much. 39. The committee was unable to agree. 40. I wish that I was a musician. 41. 42. 43- 44. 45' 46. 47- 40. 49. 50. I know not wliether it is so or not. The eye and car have different offices. If he ever come, we shall know it. He was thrown forward onto his face. This is the most preferable form. If he ever comes we will know it. This was Byron's, the poet's, home. Has he selected you and I ? He .spoke of you studying Latin. They that are diligent I will reward, PRACTICAL GKAMMAR. 51. Whosoever the count favors is safe. 52. She is older than me by ten years. 53. It was not them, it was her. 54- Was I disposed I could not gratify you. 55. I remember when the corner stone was lain. 56. I should have liked to have seen it. 57- He seldom or ever went home sober. 58. Will you be able to sell them boots ? 59. She wore a peculiar kind of dress. 60. Tlicy have laid here since morning. 61. At what wharf does the boat .-.top at ? 62. Who was Joseph's and benjamin's mother ? 63. r thought that tall man was him. 64. 1 do not doubt him being severe. 65. This is my wifes' fathers' farm. 66. Jack's favorite sport was in robbing orchards. 67. It was not me who called. 68. These are neither George nor Fanny's books. 69. What need is there of the man swearing. 70. No one could have done it as well as him. 83 71. Them that study grammar talk no better than we. 72. Him being a stranger they easily misled him. 73- I am sure it could not have been them. 74- Try and recite the lessons perfectly to-morrow. 75- There are some men which are always young. 76. Every one is accountable for their own work. 77- No time, no money, no labor were spared. 78. I should not have let )ou eaten it. 79- He hasnt, I dont suppose, lain by much. 80. He would neither go himself or send anybody. 81. He divided the money between his four brothers. 82. The problem is difficult to understand exactly. 83. I am opposed to the gentleman speaking again. 84. Who did he refer it to ? You or I ? 85. It was Joseph, him whom Pharaoh promoted. 84 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 86. No one ever heard of him running for office. 87. She is no better than either you or me. 88. The.se sort of expressions should be avoided. 89. I never knew before how short life really was. 90. Each of these expressions denote action. 91. 92. 93- 94. 95- There is seven or eight in my drawer. This is to be divided among you and I. I consulted Webster, Worcester, and Walker's dictionary. If my friend be in town he shall call this evening. There was a good many there. 96. This is to be divided among you and I. 97- The children do not love neither father nor mother. 98. He no sooner seen the enemy but he turned and run. . 99. Battles are fought with other weapons besides pop-guns. 100. The man that fell overboard and who was drowned was the first mate. lOI. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. no. themselves. That custom has been formally quite popular. Neither of them have recited their lesson. Money as well as men were needed. Where was you at noon ? I should say that it was an hour's ride. My brother come home this morning. You ought to have helped me to have done it. We expected that he would have arrived last night. My father seen the teacher to-day. Now boys I want every one of you to decide for 111. His mother and him were at the party. 112. Let you and I have a game of checkers. 113. I am not so young as him. 114- A more healthier locality cannot be found. 115. I like those kind of people. 116. You must read more distinct. 117. Will I ask your friend? 1x8. There're not learning much, I don't think, PRACTICAL O. MMAk. «S onarv. ler. run. >-giins. sd was e for 119. In what latitude is Chicago in? 220. A man bought a horse for $200, and sold him for ^150 what per cent, does he gain ? 121. Is that him ? 122. It was them who did it. 123. Let each of us mind their own business. 124. It was him, not her, who I saw. 125. They was laying on the grass. 126. He said as how you was to do it. 127. He told me that I can go. 128. I then went and set down. 129. I expect it was her as done it. 130. Who finds him in money? 131. Go and lay down for a while. T32. He didn't ought to have his salary rose. 133. Neither the boy nor his mother were here. 134. He was scarce gone when you arrived. 135. Bread and butter are my usual breakfast. 136. Every one must judge for themselves. 137. Neither of the sisters were very much deceived. 138. He don't mind what I say. 139. Neither you or me are invited. 140. Every tree in the streets have been injured by the storm. 141- Neither of the books are authorized. 142. Was you there, or was it him ? 143- James and him didn't ought to have said so. 144. It could not have been her. 145. That sounds finely. 146. Who struck my brother ? It was him. 147- I always act agreeable to my promise. 148. Was it her who called me ? 149- I bid her good-bye one cold winter's morning. 150. 1 cannot run no farther. 151. She is taller than either you or him. 152. How much is the fair from here to New York ? 80 rUACTlCAL gk.\.m.\:ak. 153- I-et you and 1 go down to the beech and gather shells. 154. We shall not go without yon come. 155. What possessed you to do that ? 156. There was less than twenty persons present. 157. My teacher learnt me to do this. 158. I expect that you had a good time last night. 159. His brother lays in bed half the day. 160. The paste should be lain on thin. 161. I saw him somewheres in town. 162. At what hotel are you stopping ? 163. Do like I do. 164. It was the largest of any I had seen. 165. House rents have raised to an enormous figure. 166. Where did you loose your money ? 167. Will we call on your sister at Chicago ? 168. I will leave on tlrs evening's train. 169. Will I addresi:; iht- Setter for you. 170. The house is jvot overly large. 171. You shall soon Ic thirty. 172. He wishe. you had went yesterday. 173. We seen him this morning. 174. My uncle come for you and I. 175. Who is your letter from ? 176. Was there many absent ? 177. Each of the boys have their books. 178. Shall you have an orange ? 1 79. From what state are you from ? 180. Most of the boys will all be coming. 181. Will I put the kettle on? 182. You shall soon be twenty. 183. I wish you had went in the morning. 184. It isn't him, I don't think. 185. Who are you writing' to ? 186. I ;intended to have gone. 187. He was the largest man I have ever seen. 87 I'kACTlCAL GHAMMAk. iHH. Coinr ;iinJ sec mc heforf you ^'o. 189. Hf (lii. , with coiisiiiiipiion. lyo. John went out with James and 1. 191. He has lain up some money. 192. This is not as ^ood as the last. 19.}. Where shall I he apt to find him ? 194. 'I'he house is far further away than I thought. 195. Voiir n(jt -.elfish, are you? 196 His two hrothcii are stoi)ping with us fur the summer. 197. i pLTsoi) uuist hj stupid ifihey can't understand that. 198. There is several reasons wh\ ii would be better. 199. Was there man> at the meeting? 200. I'here wa^ no one of them who would not have been l)roud. HINTS ON COMPOSITION, Avoid the use of slang terms. No needless word should be used. No ue( essary word should be omitted. Jie ( autious in the use of /ir, shr, it, and t/iry. In the use of words great eare should be taken to select the must appropriate. All the parts of a sentence should be so arranged as to make it correct, clear and elegai * The principal words of a sentence should be placed where they will make the most impression. Care should be taken not to follow a strong assertion or argument by a weaker one. Place all modifying adjuncts as near as possible to the words which they limit. Short sentences are easier to write than long ones, hence more suiiable for correspondence. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h // /- :/. 1.0 2.5 lit m I.I IIJI III U .6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV 5V \ :\ 4 \ >. ^.>« ;\ •^'b^ ii^ 88 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. '4' Express every distinct thought or fact in a distinct sentence, and be sparing in the use of a/itfs and ^i//'s. " One of the greatest of all faults in writing and in speaking is this : the using of many words to say little:' " Avoid the repetition of the same or similar sounds except for some special purpose. ' ' " As a rule the student will do well to banish for the present all thought of ornament or elegance, and to aim only at express- ing himself plainly and clearly. The best ornament is always that which comes unsought. Let him not beat about the bush, but go straight to the point. Let him remember that what is written is meant to be read ; that time is short ; and that, other things being equal, the fewer words the better." "Be simple, be unaffected, be honest in your speaking and writing. Never use a long word where a short one will do. Call a sjDade a spade, not a well-known oblong instrument of manual husbandry ; let home be home, not a residence ; a place ap'ace, not a locality ; and so of the rest. Where a short word will do, you always lose by using a long one. You lose in clearness; you lose in honest expression of your meaning ; and, in the estimation of all men who are qualified to judge, you lose in reputation for ability. The only true way to shine, even in this false world, is to be modest and unassuming. Falsehood may be a very thick crust, but in the course of time, truth will find a place to break through. Elegance of language may not be in the power of all of us; but simplicity and straight- forwardness are. Write much as you would speak; speak as you think. If with your inferiors, speak no coarser than usual ; if with your superior, no finer. Be what you say ; and, within the rules of prudence, say what you are."— Dean Alford. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 89 HINTS ON PUNCTUATION. Punctuation. " He punctuates best who makes his punctuation contribute most to the clear expression of his thought ; and that construction is best that has least need of being punctuated." " Though no two writers could be found who punctuate just alike, still in the main, those who pay attention to the art put in their stops in essentially the same manner." The Comma. " The chief difference in the punctuation of different writers is usually in the use of the couinia, in regard to which there is a good deal of latitude ; much is left to individual taste. Now-a-days the best practice uses it sparingly. " Commas are properly used, not for the purpose of showing where pauses are to be made in reading, but to present to the eye the proper grammatical construction of the sentence." EXAMPLES OK CORRECT USAGE. 1. William B. Robinson, Toronto, (Jntario, Rev. S. T. Lee, Uariie, Simcoe Co., Ont. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant. Lotos Club, 147 Fifth Avenue, New York. 2. Winnipeg, December 9, 1883. This happened in June, 1830. T. H. Carman, Contractor, Office, 14 Main St. ,\ikins, Culver & Hamilton, ISarristers. ;,. In truth, I could not tell. To sum up, the matter is this. Everything being ready, they'set out. By looking deeper, the i"eason will lie found. 4. N'es. sir. I will do :is voii sav. Mr. Hrown, what is your number ? Tell me, boy, where do you live ? It touches you, my lord, as well as me. 90 PKACTICAL GKAMMAk. S- lie could write, and cipher too, Tlie vain arc easily obli^jcd, and easily disobliged. Learning is the ally, not the adversary, of (jenius. Though deci), yet clear: though gentle, yet not dull. 0. Though he sl.iy nie, yet will I trust him. To confess the truth, I was niu^h at fault. The prince, his father being ciead, succeeded. Rome the city of the Emperors, became the city of the Topes. NoTH.-Ailverbs and short phrases, when they break the connection, shonld be between commas. Some cf the most common words and phrases so used are the following : Also, too, there, indeed, perhap- , surely, moreover, likewise, however, finally, namely, therefore! apparently, meanwhile, conseciuently inupieslionably, accordingly, notwithstanding, in truth, in fact, in short, in general, in reality, no doubt, of course, as it were, at all events, to be brief, to be .sure, now and then, on the contrary, in a word, by chance, in the meai! time. If however the adverb or phrase docs not break the connection, the comma,; are omitted. 7. As an orator, however, he was not great. This, I grant you, is not of great importance. Punctuality is, no doubt, a quality of high im])ortance. Our civilization is therefore not an unnii.\ed good. 8. .Milton, the poet, was blind. .\ewton, the great mathematician, was very modest. .\nd he, their j)rince, shall rank among my peers. ri)e Kmperor Napoleon was a great soldier. y. Old and young, rich and poor, were involved. A beautiful, tall, willowy, sprightly girl. Some mute, inglorious Milton here may rest. Vour manners are affable, and, for the most ])art, pleasiu;;. Not E,— A comma must not be placed before that except when it is eijuivalent to in iiidii- thai. .\<;t.mma must not be placed before and when it connects two words only. 10. He says thai he will be here. Time and tide wail for no man. God said. Let there be light. Those wh" persevere, succeed. " When you are in doubt as to the propriety of Initerting vuuiniRM, omit them ; it is better to liave too few aan too many."— yuackenbos. I'KACTICAL (IKAMMAk. 9' The SemicoloL. " The ^rcat divisions of a sentence must be pointed with a semicolon when the minor divisions are pointed with commas. When os introduces an example it must be preceded by a semicolon. Use the semicolon b 'ween phrases or groups of words having a common dependence on something that preceeds or follows." EXAMPLKS OF CORRKCT USA(;K. 1. Economy is no disgrace; for it is better to live on a little than to outlive a great deal. 2. Straws swim on the surface; but pearls lie at the bottom. 3. I'hilo^opliers assert that Nature is unlimited ; tliat her treasures are endless; that the increase of knowledge will never cease. 4. The \alue of a nuixim depends on four things: the correctness of the principle it embodies; the subject tu which it relates; the extent of its application; and the ease with which it may be practically carried out. The Colon. " This point is less used now than for- merly : its place is supplied by the period, the .semicolon, or the dash , and sometimes, even by a comma. " The colon is most generally used for the purpose of introducing a speech or quotation consisting of more than one sentence, or a series of propositions or statements, when formerly introduced by thus, as foUoivs, this, namely, etc. EXAMPLES OF CORRECT USAdE. I. He spoVce as follows : Sir ; I was much ])lease(l to receive your letter. My dear tleorge: Your las', favor, iSic. Dear friend Clark : Allow me to iuliodutc, Cvc. 2. To whom it may concern : To the Minisie.- of r.duc.Uion ; 92 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. The Dash. " The dash is the proper point with which to mark an unexpected or emphatic plirase. or a sudden break or transition." EXAMPLES OK CORRECT USAGE. I . My dear friend I {any : — Mrs. C— n gave a large jjarty. Heaven gives its favorites— early death. Vou are— no, I'll not tell you what you are. Marks of Parenthesis. " Marks of parenthesis may be used to inclose what has no essential connection with the rest of the sentence." EXAMPLES OK CORRECT USA(;E. 1. For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh) dwelleth no good thing. 2. Know then this truth, (enough for man to know,) Virtue alone is happiness below. The Hyphen. " Use the hyphen (-) to join the parts of compound words, and between syllables, when a word is divided." Quotation Marks. Use quototion marks (" ") to enclose a copied word or passage. NuTK.-Tl.e use^ of the /.r/W and uf tl.c ..,•./„;,/„//.„ p„int are explained ii iiiHuduclory chapter of this book 1 th( PRACTICAL OKAMMAR. 93 DEFINITIONS. Barbarism. " Defined as an ofience against good usage, by the use of an improper word, i.e., a word that is antiquated or improperly formed." Impropriety. " As a rhetorical term, defined as an error in using words in a sense different from their recognized signification." Solecism. " In rhetoric, a solecism is defined as an offence against the rules of grammar by the use of words in wrong construction." Tautology. "Among the things to be avoided in writing is tautology, which is the repeating of the same thought, whether in the same or in different words." Pleonasm. " Redundancy or pleonasm is the use of more words than are neces.sary to express the thought clearly." Irony. " That mode of speech in which what is meant is contrary to the literal meaning of the words — in which prai.se is bestowed when censure is extended — is called irony T Interrogation. " The rhetorical figure that asks a question in order to emphasize the reverse of what is asked is called interrogation." Personification. " That rhetorical figure which attri- butes sex, life, or action ^o inanimate objects, or ascribes to objects and brutes the act and qualities of rational beings, is called personification. Climax. " A clause, a sentence, a paragraph, or any literary composition whatsoever, is said to end with a climax when, by an artistic arrangement, the more effective is made to follow the le.ss effective in regular gradation," Epithet. "An epithet is a word that expresses a quality, good or bad ; a term that expresses an attribute." 94 I'KACIICAI. fiKAMMAK. Hyperbole. " The magnifying of things beyond the proper hmit is called hypcrboh. Simile. " In rhetoric a direct and formal comparison IS called a simile. It is generally denoted by like, as, or so." Metaphor. " An iwp/iec/ comparison is called a meta- phor ; it is a more terse form of expression than the simile. A metaplior differs from a simile in being expressed without any sign of comparison ; thus, ' the silver moon ' is a meta- phor, ' the moon is as bright as silver ' is a simile. Metonymy. "The rhetorical figure that puts the effect for the cause, the cause for the effect, the container for the thing contained, the sign, or symbol, for the thing signi- fied, or the instrument for the agent, is called metonymyr Synecdoche. " The using of the name of a part for that of a whole, the name of the whole for that of a part, or the using of a definite number for an indefinite, is called in rhetoric, syiiecdoclw. Diction. " This is a general term, and is applicable to a single sentence or to a connected composition. Bad dietion may be due to errors in grammar, to a confused disposition of words, or to an improper use of words. Dietioii, to be good, requires to be only correct and clear." Ellipsis. " The omission of a word or of words necessary to complete the grammatical construction, but not necessary to make the meaning clear, is called ellipsis:' Rhetoric. ' The art which has for its object the rendering of language effective is called rhetorie." Satire. " The holding up to ridicule of the follies and weaknesses of mankind, by wa>' of rebuke, is called satin." Sarcasm. " A keen reproachful expression : a satirical remark uttered with some degree of scorn or contempt." I. 2, 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. II. 12. 14. 15- 16. 17- iS. 19. 20. PKACIKAI. (iKAAIMAK. ■ APPROPRIATE WORDS. EXERCI.se 63. Siif'ply iiioiv (t/'/o-p/'n'at,- won/s for those italidsai : The above statement is correct. 1 MXi J >st goin^i^ to go. I.cavf me he. I apjjreciate him highly. Her death is hourly anticipated. He lost alwve a thousand dollars. That was a very nice play. I don't know whether he is there or no. This is the largest o{ any 1 have seen. The trains will not stop only when the hell rings. He was interrogated relative to that circumstance. Carson died from blows a,lniinistereil hy a jjolicemaii. What course shall you adopt to get your pay? He allo7i>s that he has the finest horse in the country. If you go there you will he apt to get into trouble. At length we iieard from him. He was with me during the balance of the evening. He blames it on his brother. I am bound to have it. He calculates to get off to-morrow. 95 21. The rebellion was finally crushed out. 22. He is pretty sick, but not dangerous. 23. It was owing to his exertions that the scheme succeeded. 24. The individual I saw had an old coat on. 25. Leave it alone. 26. I am mad vCi him for doing so. 27. My sister will make you a visit next week. 28. If I am not mistaken you are in the wrong. 29. I never named the matter to anyone. 30. The box is not overly large. 31. He is not the kind of /«r/)' I like. 32. She/V/-/;vv/M- on the piano very well. 96 PRACTICAL ORAMMAR. 33- ^Vc accept your />o/t/r invitation. 34. In what /or//i)// of the country do you live? 35- I am not well enough /os/et/ on that subject, 36. Where did you proa/re it. 37. There were t/iti/,- a numher present. 38 The landlord said he would raisf the rent. 39. It was rra/ pretty. 40. You had a n\r/if to tell me. 41. Did you se///c the hotel-bill ? 42. At what hotel are you stopping? 43- I was that nervous I forgot everything. 44- Years will transpire before it will lie finished. 45- I have been here for upivard of a year. 46. What possessed you to do that ? 47- I shall recotnmend the club to pay the debt. 48. They ain't very good. 49- I bought a eouple of houses. 50. That is an mvful pretty hat of yours. SUPERFLUOUS WORDS. EXERCISE 64. /w/;wv the follmoiug scntmces hy omittin;^ supfrflmus ■awds : I do not wish for any at all. Don't do it any more again. Where have you been to ? They both met in the street. He continued to read on. 6. I have got a book. 7. Had I have known it, &c. 8. It might have been expressed in one-half the space. 9. They have a mutual liking for each other. 10. If he had any desire at all to see me, he would rome where I am. tt I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 11. Give me a yard ofl" of this piece of calico. 12. He stepped on to a chair, PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 97 13. I shall soon have it finally completed. 14. This is the universal opinion of all men. 15. I saw no one at all. r6. They both resemble each other very much. 17. Have you got any news from home ? 18. It is all right, in so far as that is concerned. 19. The api)le fell off of the tree. 20. They returned back again to the same citv from whence they came forth. 21 22 23 24, 25' 26. 27- 28. 29. 30. trade of 31- 32- 33- 34- 35- 36. 37- 38. 39- 40. He knows more about it than you think for. He is universally esteemed by all who know him. They have no other object but to come. Whenever I try to write well. I always find I can do it. 1 shall have fmished by the latter end of tlie week. Iron sinks down in the water. He combined together all the facts. My brcjther called on me, and we both took a walk. I can do it e<|ually as well as he. They will soon have an entire monopoly of the whole the country. We could not torbear from doing it. Hefore I go, 1 must first be paid. We were compelled to return back. We forced them to retreat back fullv a mile. His conduct was api)roved to by eve, 3 one. They conversed together for a long time. The balloon rose uj) very rapidly. (iive me another one. Come home as soon as you can. Who finds him in money ? 41- He came in last of all. 42. He has got all he can carry. 43- Have you got any sisters ? 44- My uncle has returned back from Manitoba. 45- '*^he is a poor widow woman. 46. We returned back on account of the storm. c,8 PRACTICAL OKAMMAK. 47- 48. ■V)- 50- 5'- 52- 53- 54- 55- 56. 57- 5«- 59- 60. Tlicy had not liardly a minute to spare. Hf does not likr too much coaxing. The belief in immortality is universally held hy all. 'I'he poor old man does not rest neither night or day. I went there about noon. In what drawer is your gio\es in .•> From whom did you get this from ? 'I'hey called in for to have a talk. 1{\' what road did you ( ome b\ ? Wiiere are )ou going to? Raise your feet off of the floor. He took the pt)ker from out of the fire. Where has John been to? This is the subject of which 1 intend to write about. AMBIGUOUS SENTENCES. KXKRCI.sk 65, /'o/>// out //ir >i/iii'ixiiif,-s .■ 1. Vou don't seem to like anything that I do. 2. I can't fmd one of my books. 3. Common sense, Mr. Chairman, is all that I want. 4- I believe he likes her as well as Mary. 5. I met the boatman, who took me across the ferry. 6. 'I'he youngest boy who has learned to dance is James. 7- William ran up to the eleiJJiant whi(-h frightened his sister very much. 8. His conduct surprised his English friends, who had not known him long. 9. Tiie next winter which you will spend in town will give you opportunities of making a more prudent choice. 10. One of our town sportsmen shot fifteen brace of par- tridge, along with a friend, on Saturday afternoon. 11. The wind blew down the wall ; it was very high. 12. Adver.-.ity gives wisdom ; it ought to be greath prized. 13. All researches should conform to the four methods if they are complete. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 99 14. Persons are prohibited from riding or driving cattle on the footpath. 15- Just at this moment T met a man wfu. seemed a suspi- cions sort of fellow and tinned down a lane. t(y. Sailing up the river the whole town may he seen. 17. I'welve year^; ago he came to this town with only one shirt on his huk and now he is worth thousands. IS. He told his friend that if he did not feel l)etter in half- an-honr, he thought he had better return. 19- 'I'liere was a tavern next door which was a great injurv to the value of the property. 20. If the lad should leave his father, he would die. 21. James's son, Cliarles I., before the breath was out of his body, was ijroclaimed king in his stead. 22. He told the coachman that he would be the death of him. 23. Richelieu said to the king that Ma/arin would carrv out his policy. 24. He was overjoyed to see him, and he .sent for one of his workmen, and told him to consider himself at his service. 25- Study had more attraction for him than his friend. 26. He did not like the new teacher so well as his olav- mates. ' - 27. In Paris, every lady in full dress rides. 28. I saw my friend when I was in Moston, walking down Tremont street. 29. When in the city yesterday, walking through the park I saw my old friend Haverell. 30- He wanted to go to sea. although it was contrary to the wishes of his parents, at the age of twenty-four. lOO PRACTICAI, GRAMMAR. ARRANGEMENT. EXKKCISE 66. Iiiipfovr the foUmi.ivr; srnfeticcs />v r/ianxiii-- ///,• /v/f/>s of r, 'fliuh : I. 2. 3- 4- 5- The boy has a new pair of l)oots. Yours is a larger plot of ground than John's. He not only gave me advise but also help. That is a much better statement of the case than yours. The evidence proves how kind to his i.iferiors he is. 6. Mother said t:iat I and you must stay at home. 7- Please teacher, 'J'homas and 1 did the mischief. 8. He knew not what to most admire. 9. A man should not keep a horse that cannot ride. 10. I only ate one apple. 11. A ijurse was picked ui^ by a boy that was made of leather. 12. Her hair hung in ringlets which was dark and glossy. 13. Solomon was the son of David who built the temjjle. 14- A dog was found in the street that wore a brass collar. 15. My brother caught the fish or. a sm^ll hook, which we had for breakfast. 16. To know some Latin, even if it be nothing but a few Latin roots, is useful. 17. I think that you will find Latin exercises, at all events, as good as cousins. 18. The honorable member was reproved for being intoxi- cated by the president. 19. A poor child was found in the streets by a wealthy and benevolent gentleman suffering from cold and hunger. 20. Suits ready made of material cut by an exjjerienced tailor handsomely trimmed and bought at a bargain are offered cheap. 21. A large number of seats were occupied by pupils that had no backs. 22. Crusoe was surprised at seeing five canoes on the shore in which there were savages. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. jqi 23. People had to travel on horseback and in wagons, which was a very slow way, if they travelled at all. 24. Boston has forty first class grammar-schools, exclusive of Dorchester. 25. Two owls sat upon a tree which grew near an old wall out of a heap of rubbish. • 26. We do tb.ose things frequently which we repent of afterwards. 1. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE. Errors— MhceZ/tnieous. They hold an annual anniversary every ywx My brother give me this book to read. Let me alone. I do at know who you profess to be. After what has happened, you had best be silent. There was now a large number of children assembled. I think the jury were wrong in their verdict. Return back again to the first page. I remember it being done. He was an awful nice fellow. 11. The ends of each stick was pointed. 12. If I was you I would be more particular. 13. From what book is this posted from ? 14. With which lady are you going with ? 15. If he was an honest man this would not ha\e occurred. 16. Thomas is the youngest of the two boys. 17. We will open a new store next month. 18. Parties is very good for men who can sleep late. 19. They advertised for a lady saleswoman. 20. We come over for to have some of them good kind of apples. 21. Each of the men have their pxes. 22. I was ill for a short time i)revious to my return. 23. He ■ - 24. is as cross as a setting hen. Shall you have an apple ? I02 fKACTlCAL GRAMMAR. m M m 25. It was my intention to have come. 26. Mrs. Brown and myself was both very much pleased. 27. How delightfully the country appears ! 28. A farmer's life is the most happiest. 29. Pharaoh and his host pursued after them. 30. How do ^u like up here ? 31. That tree overtoils all the trees in the forest. 32. Great benefit may be derived from reading of books. S3. I think he knowed better. 34. Apples are more plenty than peaches. 35. The eldest of her two sons is going to school. 36. Lake Superior is the largest of any lake in the world. 37. We saw three deers in the woods. S8. It is the most universal opinion. 39. I will meet you at Smith's, the apothecary's. 40. Those which are rich should assist the poor. 41. Does he not behave well, and gets his lessons well ? 42. What did you say was the capital of Canada ? 43. Dram-shops are now being closed on Sunday. 44. My being sick was the cause of my being absent. 45. How many is there ? 46. Will I go with you ? 47. Let them depend each on their own exertions. 48. Everybody has a right to look after their own interest. 49. He plead not guilty. 50. Every leaf, and every twig, and every drop of water teem with life. h 5 1 . When will we see you again ? 52. Try and do what you can for him. 53. Shall you go with me to my uncle's ? 54. He was summonsed yesterday. 55. His text was that God was love. 56. He was better than I expected to have found him. 57. Thomas did it unbeknown to me. 58. When will we get there? PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. lO? 59. 1 expected to have found you here. 60. Fifty dollars reward for the conviction of any person caught collecting or keeping fares given to them to deposit in the box. 61. If 1 was her I would not go. 62. They sat between him and I. 63. You are stronger than him. 64. I expect you thought [ would come to .see you yesterday. 65. He has laid in bed long enough. 66. This bonnet is trimmed shocking. 67. You are at liberty to choose either alternative. 68. He did not cry out as some have done against it. 69. Which is tlvj most desirable, health or wealth ? 70. He used to use many expressions not usually used by good writers. 71. Every one has seen it except I. 72. Bring me the blackening. 73- My brother is getting crazy. 74- I rushed pell-mell out of the theatre. 75- Call this afternoon at 3 p.im. 76. I have mislayed my book somewhere. 77- ^^t; misled me wrongly in the matter. 78. I will go to town to-morrow. 79- He kind of thought that I done it. 80. The number of senators from each of the Provinces are limited by law. 81. If 1 was him 1 would do it. 82. I hardly know who to make my complaint to. 83. I have been waiting on an answer to my letter. " 84. I will be obliged to you. 85. If I was rich I would buy a carriage. 86. He will receive the money when he becomes of age. 87. I meant to have bought one yesterday. '&'i. They descended down into the pit. 89. He denied that gold was the most precious metal. 90- After I had laid down, I remember that I had left my pistol laying on the table. I04 Practical gkammak. 91- Will I put some more coal on the fire ? 92. He failed to misbehave himself and was dismissed. 93- VVitch-hazel cures accidents and injuries of all kinds. 94- I expect you had a pretty hard time of it yesterday. 95- He enlarged himself on that subject. 96. The army, whom its chief had thus abandoned, pursued meanwhile their miserable march. 97- I find them in the garden for there's many here about. 98- The i)atronage which the British colonies affords to the home government is immense. 99- The opinion of several eminent lawyers were in his favor. 100. That is one of the most valuable books that has appeared in any language. 101. The balloon ascended up. 102. This is a beautiful summers morning. 103. Let every person answer for themselves. 104. I fear I shall discommode you. 105. You have no call to be vexed with me. 106. The next New Year's day I shall be at school three years. 107. The doctor in his lecture said that fever always pro- duced thirst. 108. England expects every man to do there duty. 109. The better one is acquainted the less liable he is to be mislead. no. Without Thomas and I your assistance would have been of little or no use. 111. This arises from you neglecting my admonitions. 112. I don't know as I can. 113. He again repeated the assertion. 114. One can do as he pleases if he has lots of money. 115. I did not say as some do. 116. It is not for such as us to sit with the rulers of the land. 117- I have lost this game though I thought I should have won it. PRACTICAL GKAMMAk. 105 118. His rules are much more freer than ours. 119. Either James or John have great cause for complaint. 1 20. This is the epoch of one of the most singular discoveries that has been made among men. 121. He fired a stone at me. 122. As neither John or Thomas are going, let you and i go. 123. I don't know whether he goes now, but he didn't use to. 124. Each one of us have as much as they can do. 125. There was four offered but I didn't buy either of them. 126. Many of the advantages we now possess dies with us. 127. (lod hath not given us our reasons to no purpose. 128. The fact of me being a stranger to him doe;; not justify his conduct. 129. The town consists of three distinct quarters of which the Western one is by far the larger. 130. If you shall call at my house tOMiiorrow you shall have a letter of introduction to his lordship. 131. If to-morrow is fine, I will walk with you. 132. There is much need for it. 133. AV^ill I go with you to the party ? 134- A block and tackle were made use of. 135. He or his servants was to blame. 136. Neither of my brothers do anything to make this place amusing. 137- He affirmed that he will go to-morrow. 138. I will be at the gardens and so shall James. 139. The first thirty years of this century were a dreary time for liberal clergymen. 140. Railroads seem now, however to be likely to supersede most other methods of conveyance, in so far, at least, as the transit of goods and passengers are concerned. 141. They all combined together to muzzle the press. 142. The observation of the S?bbath is a duty enjoined on all. 143- In this way you will be more liable to get at the truth. 144- It is doubtful whether he will play fairly or no. 145- He restored it back to the owner. io6 PRACTICAL GKAMMAK. 146. Pray, Sir, who may you be? 147. Bills are rwjuestt'd to be paid (jiiarterly. 148. He or you is in tiie wrong. 149- 'J'liL' doors will i)e opened at 7 I'.m. this evening. 150. Was I as strong as I have been he would not have handled me. 151. That might be so but 1 doubt it. 152. I did not say as some have done. 153. The vessel lays in Brooklyn docks. 154. I soon expect to have finished my works. 155. There is no reason that he should think so for. 156. I e.xpect you had a pretty lively time at the meeting. 157. You may esteem yourself fortunate to escape .so easily. 158. Tomatoes are said to be very healthy food. 159. When sickness or misfortune overtake us, the sincerity of friendship is tested. 160. He said that he had intended to have gone, but perhaps he didn't mean to. 161. They are equally the same. 162. I cut this piece off of it. 163. You should have written to have told him of it. 164. I had several men died in my ship of yellow fever. 165. The business would suit any one who enjoys bad health. 166. A group of fine young children were growing up about him. 167. Either the young man or his guardians has acted improperly. 168. He lame to Manitoba for to invest monQy in farm property. 169. One man accomplishes what a crowd of predecessors has essayed in vain. 170. His reputation was great, and somewhat more durable than that of similar poets have generally been. The ebb and flow of the tides was explained by Newton. 171. 172. He plunged down into the stream. 173. They combined together these facts. PRACTICAL GKAMMAK. 107 day 174- I meant to have called on yon. 1 75. He belongs to the Sons ol" 'J'eniperance. 176. The party whom he invited was very niinieruus. 177- He lias eaten no bread nor drnnk no water these two 178. What can be the cause of the parliament neglecting so important a business ? 179- 'I'lu-T frankly confessed that the state of reserves were not satisfactory. 180. If any member absents himself he shall forfeit a penny ior the use of the club. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. to them. 190. multiply 'I'hey returned back from England last winter. The tapestry with the cords and tassels were there. I doii't know as it's right. I wished to ha\e written yesterday. I have no right to pay this bill. Th<;y mutually loved eacl. other. My brother was ill four weeks and is still no better. They seemed to be nearly dressed alike. The dog is a faithful animal when their master is kind It IS now about four hundred years since the art of ing books has been discovered. 191- In the case of you being absent I shall call at the office. 192. If the book was in the library I would have seen it. 193. Them oranges are cheap. 194- If one hurt himself, who will bear^he blame ? 195- The kind of books they call dime novels is trashy. 196. Don't do it any more again. 197- The terms rich or poor are not so used. 198. His wish is that you are appointea secretary of the committee. 199. Two dead languages are too much to impose on the generality of students. 200. He felt hiiiLself compelled to acknowledge the justice of my remark. io8 PKACTICAL GRAMMAR. 201. They retreated back. 202. r have a work laying by me ready for the press. 203. J^efore I do that I must first I)e paid. 204. Verse and prose run into one another Hke light and shade. 205. There were five hundred came in on the train last night. 206. If it was him I would not do so. 207. Neither the emperor nor his generals was convinced. 208. The number of inhabitants were not more than four millions. 209. I wait for better weather if that shall ever come. 210. They formed a procession to precede the palanipiin of the ambas.sador. 211. How's yourself this morning. 212. Iron sinks down in water. 213. The Board of Trustees have passed the resolutions unanimously. 214. The teacher says we will be fined if we do not attend more regularly. « 215. The eagle is a bird of bad moral character who did not get his living honestly. 216. I have went over the sum twice and the second time seen where it was wrong. 217. That needn't make no difference between such old friends as you and me. 218. I haven't been nowhere. 219. He laid upon the bed. 220. I found my friend better than I e.xpected to have found him. 221. I am not sure but what it is right. 222. Thomson was there among the rest. 223. Return it back to me as soon as you have finished. 224. Without you can do it quickly leave it alone altogether. 225. My brother called on me and we both took a walk. 226. Whenever I sing I always am applauded. 227. I had never seen him previous to my visit to New York. 228. I soon expect to have finished my work. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. 109 229. In this lies both its merit and its defect. 230. Let you and I endeavor to improve the enclosure of the cave. 251. We conversed together on the subject. 232. Withdraw back what you .said. ^:i^- It was bisected in two pieces. 2.34- I intended to have drawn some money yesterdav. 235. His death shall long be regretted. .236. It is dangerous to walk of a slippery morning. 237. I wish he was here. • 238. Hither John or James are mistaken. 239- 'I'he tenth and the eleventh boys in the class will remain 240. After they had went a little ways they returned back home agam. 241. I kind of thought you were alone. 242. Neither you nor f were concerned. 243- Charles and me were very glad to accept your invitation. 244- Neither of the boys were able to pass the examination. 245. I do not know neither ' av it was done nor who done it 246. rhe farmers could hardly get along without machines. 247- John will earn his wages when his work is completed. 248- I'hem books must be bought to-day. 249- There is in fact, no houses whatever on one side of the street. 250. One of my most intimate friends were present when the circumstance occurred 251. Neither the man nor his son were summonsed. 252. The mob who followed the candidate was dispersed 253- The clergy which assembled were then addressed. 254. Seldom or ever has such misfortune happened. 255. I expect my brother has gone to Boston. 256. Neither men nor money were wanting. 257. There were now a large number of voters assembled 258. We will be compelled to close our office. 259. I will come again this evening. 260. Wellington was anxious to be relieved from all anxiety m that quarter, ^ I lO PRACTICAL OKAMMAR. 261. We are always happy when money Is plenty. 262. Will you learn Jolin his lesson ? 263. 'I'he book lays on the desk. 264. I or him am in the wrong. 265. Neither he nor I is in fault. 266. I remember it being done. 267. You were the cause of me being dismissed. 268. If it rains to-morrow I shall remain at home. 269. He only punished the smallest of the three. 270., This is the epoch of one of the most singular discoveries that has been made among men. 271. If T shall come my .sister will accompany me. 272. The officers are requested to meet at 9 a.m. to-morrow morning. 273- She sat her pitcher down upon the ground. 2 74- 'I'he cars have as good a right to be stoi,ped as carriages. 275. I am very fond of those sort of apples. 276. If I am well to-morrow you may call. 277. The.se two boys are both brothers. 278. Can you tell me where I'd be liable to get some beans. 279. Ihis IS the warmest day 1 ever e.xperienced. 280. If you i)lease to look into the matter vou would see the miserable condition that some of us are in. 281. He loaned me as much as a thousand dollars. 282. They are united together. 283. He knows little or nothing of book-keeping. 284. If one's honesty were impeached what would a person do 285. I found an old ac^2>- He possessed both magnanimity and greatness of mind 314. He gained the universal love and esteem of all men 315- Instead of turning out as he would had to have done on any other working morning. 316. Nearly one hundred o,mces were divided between the four m the first fortnight. 317. A quiet and steady boy, whom I firmlv believe never sinned in word, thought or action, I 12 PRACTICAt. GRAMMAR. 3iS Would it not he better to keep some sort of tnemoran- diinis of iivr* ,1)1* of engagements. 319. 'I'lie folUm- »ng sentence cannot but be , possibly under- stood. 320. Tliales was not only famous for his knowledge of nature, l)Ut for his moral wisdom. 321. One was made from iron and the other from wood. 322. I have much need for your servic es. 323. Without you finish it soon you can droj) it altogether. 324. I saw a young and old man walk together. 325. I am afraid of tiic man dying before a doctor can come. 326. ICach of them shall be rewarded in their turn. 327. These kind of peaches are much less ajit to spoil. 328. They are independenf on one another. 329. I hope not nuich to tire those whom I shall not happen to please. 330. One species of bread of < ourse ipiahty w;i> only allowed to be baked. 33 T. These sort of fellows are very numerous. 332. I should rather have an orange than apple. 333- I l>eg pardon, you are not the person whom J thought it was. 334. A proper dipthong is where both the vowels are sounded together. 335. Men who but speak to dis])lay their abilities are unworthy of attention. 336. Of all the other (pialities of style clearness is the most important. 337. Hoping to hear from you soon, I remain, Yours, iVc, Thomas .\le.\ander. 338. Vou wii! never live to my age without you keep yourself in breath and exei ' ;e. 339- I'ht^ gre; te»- . T' . on'f 'vorks was his whole work taken together. 340. More thai' :a ^ , my transpir'c before it was revisited by civilized man.