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^P?PfP^^^^^^Wpp«!PP«Wi|P««BBIIPiliHI 
 
 CANADIAN LANDS 
 AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY F. i\J GORE, Esq. 
 
 A PAPKK KBAr HEFOBB 
 
 l^c ^o^?af @ofontaf institute 
 
 On APBIL 9th, 1889. 
 
 SIR PREDERiCK YOUNG. K.C.M.G. ' 
 In the Chaib. 
 
 {Reprinted by pennission^Jrv^t^ " Praeaeiin^fi of the JHnHhiU}.") 
 
M<!tv.' ^ 
 
CANADIAN LANDS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT 
 
 I.— Developing a People. 
 
 Both for the extent of its territory, and also for the unique posi- 
 tion which it holds with regard to a great Empire, the Dominion 
 of Canada must possess a great and increasing interest to the 
 people o' the civilised world, and that interest is intensified in 
 the Bricish Lies— the head and brain of the great Empire, of 
 which Canada is the trunk and its railway the backbone. Over 
 an area of something like 3,600,000 square miles of land and 
 inland waters this territory extends — a larger civilised area than 
 any other country can boast of possessing in undivided sway. 
 From east to west it has a range of no less than 3,500 miles, and 
 from south to north of 1,400 miles. The latitudes covered by it 
 range from that of IMadrid to that of the undiscovered lands of 
 ijiii North Polo, this range covering the latitudes of Spain, Italy, 
 France, the British Isles, as well as those farther north. This is 
 a fact not usually recognised i'"" connection with Canada, but it is 
 one that was brought home to myself during my visit last 
 autumn. One day I was standing on the great glacier on the 
 summit of the Selkirks, where ice and snow are perpetual, and 
 ten days later I v/as in Southern Ontario, picking peaches and 
 grapes, which were growing in luxuriant profusion in the open 
 air. Canada is a country of which but a small portion has long 
 been the haunt of civilised men, and even now we are but 
 dreaming of what its development is likely to open up. Its 
 mineral wealth ; its agricultural capabilities ; its future manu- 
 factures and commerce ; its rich sea, lake, and river fisheries ; 
 the uses to which its vast timber areas will be put — in a 
 word, its future, are but matters of speculative dreaming, the 
 realisation of which will not be disappointing. The country 
 is not only one in which future prosperity may be looked 
 for in a commercial sense, but much of it is still the happy 
 hunting ground for the sportsman, and provides a scenic surfeit 
 
2 Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 for the tourist. Such a country would be of interest independent ^^ 
 of any other consideration, especially at a time soon after it had 
 been made easy of access to the rest of the world, and when tho '^ 
 civilising influence of the railway was slowly but surely 
 '• making " tto future country. But when that country cements 
 together the finest Empire the sun has ever shone upon, when it 
 is the link of commerce between two hemispherea, when " its 
 uses in war and in peace, for attack and for defence," as well as 
 " for mutual trade intercourse, are as obvious as they are in- 
 valuable "* — then it has a double claim on our attention and an 
 extra fascination for our minds. 
 
 In making a tour of Canada during the past autumn, it was in 
 no wise my intention to touch upon the Imperial' matters with 
 which Canada is indissolubly mixed up ; neither did I intend to 
 touch upon the scenic beauties which so constantly attract the 
 eye in passing over the vast country between the two oceans. 
 " Travellers' tales " are plentiful, and on no country so much as 
 Canada. I prefer rather to deal with what I saw in a more 
 philosophic spirit ; to note how the nation is being made ; and to 
 suggest how best its future development caa be usefully guided. 
 
 No country affords greater interest to the student than does 
 Canada. As a nation and a people it is still in the throes of 
 " making." When on board the Parisian, the magnificent 
 steamer of the Allan Line, its large living freight — men, women, 
 and children all about to become incorporated in the new people 
 of a new world — afforded much food for thought. 
 
 What Englishmen are to-day has come from the fact that many 
 nationalities have contributed to their " making," — that, and the 
 well-known tendency of the survival of the fittest. We are 
 watching in Canada an admixture of nationalities, very similar to 
 that out of which the English race has been evolved, but an 
 admixture brought together voluntarily, and, in many cases, 
 selected for hardiness, and for their love of a soil and home of 
 their own. Out of these elements the true Canadian will have to 
 be evolved. It is no part of my duty to deal with such abstruse 
 sciences as stirpiculture, philology, or ethnology. At the same 
 time, it is necessary to reahse at the outset the material which 
 has to be developed into a people, and also that those who are 
 pouring into Canada must have a great influence on the nation 
 and people of the future. 
 
 The Tiities, October 25, 188G. 
 
3t independent! 
 J after it had 
 and when the 
 ' but surely; 
 mtry cements 
 ^pon, when it 
 «. when "its 
 /'as well as 
 tliey are in- 
 ntion and an 
 
 in, it was in 
 natters witli 
 
 I intend to 
 
 attract the 
 two oceans, 
 so much as 
 
 m a more 
 ide ; and to 
 liy guided. 
 
 than does 
 ! throes of 
 nagnificent 
 •u, women, 
 lew people 
 
 that many 
 and the 
 We are 
 
 similar to 
 but an 
 
 "y cases, 
 tome of 
 J have to 
 abstruse 
 'he same 
 il which 
 who are . 
 e nation 
 
 Canadian Lands and their Development. 3 
 
 In Canada to-day are many distinct races to which I need do 
 
 10 more than briefly refer. The original inhabitant of the 
 
 [North American Continent — the noble red man — is gradually 
 
 [adapting himself to the European civilisation first introduced by 
 
 [the Fi-ench, and then by the English and Scotch ; and already in 
 
 [the half-breeds we are finding the process of admixtm-e going on 
 
 very favourably. In Manitoba, the Premier for many years — a 
 
 man of great talent — was of this class. But to these natives must 
 
 be added the yearly quota of immigrants who are each year being 
 
 sent out from other countries. How many and varied these are 
 
 may well be shown from the following figures of the arrivals at 
 
 Quebec during the past two years : — 
 
 Nationalities. 1887. 1888. 
 
 English 16,034 13,211 
 
 Irish 8,128 1,809 
 
 Scotch 3,094 3,752 
 
 Newfoundlanders 60 
 
 Germans 570 403 
 
 Scandinavians 7,659 8,038 
 
 French and Belgians l;*? 255 
 
 Austriana 162 
 
 Hungarians 14 • 
 
 Bohemians 7 
 
 Russians 234 169 
 
 Roumanians 14 9 
 
 Icelanders 1,766 686 
 
 Total . . 32,749 28,530 
 
 Those facts are quoted as showing in some slight degree the 
 peoples who are gradually forming the Canadian nation. They 
 are of importance, inasmuch as it must not be forgotten that they 
 should as much as possible be brought together so as to merge 
 into one people. In many places this has been forgotten to some 
 extent, and distinct Colonies of different nationalities have been 
 formed, but now on some of the lands of North-west Manitoba 
 mixed settlements are being established with the best results. I 
 cannot help thinking that the truest kindness to those who are 
 finding a home in Canada is not to help them in perpetuating 
 distinctions of race and language, but to merge them as quickly 
 as possible into one Canadian people. They would not then feel 
 like " strangers in a strange land," but that they were part and 
 parcel of a great nation. 
 
 This admixture of peoples is brought very forcibly to the obser- 
 vant mind on a visit to the eountry, not only in connection with 
 
4 Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 the manners and customs of the different poopleH visited, bu 
 with regard to live stock and agriculture goueraily. Over tin 
 whole of Eastern Canada, for instance, the horses are more c 
 the French style, and the cattle are quite of the starai 
 seen in Normandy, and smaller than the dairy cattle of thi 
 country ; whilst in Southern Ontario, which may be describtii 
 as a Scotch quarter, the tendency at the present time is toward 
 S?.otch breeds, both of horses and cattle. So far as agriculture i^ 
 concerned, these settlers bring with them their customs, ther 
 systen\3, and their preferences ; but there can be no doubt thatth' 
 agriculture of the future will be so modified and perfected as I 
 include everything that is best in the agricultiural processes of the 
 various nations from which the people have been drawn. 
 
 II. — Immigration. 
 
 The first point necessary to the development of this great 1 
 country is that it shall be peopled and its lands settled, and thib 
 must be done either by the slow process of the natural increase 
 of its people, or by offering facilities for immigrants to leave tli<' 
 old countries to find a home in the new. No country presents a 
 greater and more suitable field for colonisation thaii does Canada, 
 and the extent to which this fact has been recognised is shown by 
 the largeness of the numbers of immigrants who have lauded on 
 her shores either for settlement or in transit to the United States 
 during the past ten years. 
 
 Ill the year 1879 there were 61,052 
 
 1880 „ 85,050 
 
 „ ,. 1881 „ 117,016 
 
 1882 „ 193,159 
 
 1883 „ 206,898 
 
 „ „ 1884 „ 160,596 
 
 1885 „ 105,096 
 
 „ „ 1886 „ 122,581 
 
 1887 „ 175,579 
 
 1888 „ 174,474 
 
 Total for ten years 1,407,501 
 
 It may be stated that during ten years about three quarters ot 
 a million of people have found a home in Canada. 
 
 It is frequently said that " two heads are better than one." On 
 my recent visit to Canada I was accompanied by Dr. Freara, and 
 what we saw, and its bearing on this question of immigration. 
 
 wha 
 
 will 
 
 one 
 
 wori 
 
 :^\ve< 
 
 Jisti 
 
 cm J 
 
 btea 
 
 Uibc 
 
 dur 
 
 gan 
 
 ■ is r 
 
 of 
 
 ap] 
 
 cn( 
 
 be 
 
 avi 
 
 on 
 
 na 
 
 I 
 
 •1A 
 
 of 
 th 
 ra 
 B 
 
 V 
 
ent. 
 
 pleH visited, bn 
 ■aliy. Over tl 
 «s are more c 
 t>f the stanji 
 cattle of tiij 
 ■y be describe; 
 time is toward 
 s agriculture ! 
 customs, tliDi 
 doubt that tli^ 
 Jerfected as * 
 rocesses of tii'- 
 ravvn. 
 
 of this great 
 tied, and thi^ 
 taral increase 
 'S to leave th^ 
 fcry pi-esents a 
 does Canada, 
 i is shown bv 
 ve lauded on 
 United States 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 16 
 
 59 
 
 )8 
 
 J6 
 
 )6 
 
 !1 
 
 '9 
 
 4 
 
 ! quarters of 
 
 n one." On 
 Fream, and 
 iimigration, 
 
 Canadian Lands and their Development. 5 
 
 ^as the subject of frequent observation and discuBsion between 
 is. He has since put the conclusions at which he arrived in 
 yery admirable language ; I agree with it fully, and quote it here, 
 lidopting his conclusions and his facts as my own. Dr. Fream 
 
 lays:* — 
 
 " Probably no country in tho world offora so wide a choice to the settlor as 
 <loe.s tho Dominion of Canada. Stretching from ocean to ocean, and forming 
 j&io groater part of a large continent, it affords an endless variety of soil and 
 icouory, of climate and capabilities. Its agriculture is of every typo, from 
 tho exclusively arable to tho purely pastoral. It has a place and a position 
 |cr every man who is willing to work, from tho humble ploughman with a 
 lew shillings in bis pocket to tho old country farmer with a bag of sovereigns, 
 from the man who milks the cow to his smarter fellow-man whoso keen eye 
 and sound judgment wi^l bui^i up a prime herd of cattle, from the poor lad 
 whose early life has been one long struggle with poverty to tho gilded youth 
 who has been nursed in the lap of luxury. It equally offers place and 
 position to women; and, sorry as we are to lose them, there is no doubt that 
 I'lany a bonny lass — English, Scotch, and Irish — will fiad in the young 
 country beyond the Atlantic opportunities such as they would sigh for in vain 
 at home. But, as I have intimated, there is one fundamental condition of 
 success in Canada, without which there cannot be much prospect of ultimate 
 prosperity ; and that condition is, willingness to work. Wo hear sometimes 
 what appear to be rather far-fetched stories as to the amount of work a maj? 
 will do on a prairie farm. They are, however, not so difficult to believe if 
 one significant circumstance is borne in mind, and that is, that tho man is 
 working for himself. It is really surprising how this solitary condition 
 sweetens toil, but it may often be seen in operation at homd. In rural 
 districts one may see farm labourers at work during the day on their 
 employer's land ; they have got accustomed to what may bo termed one 
 steady stroke, and they adhere to it. But the evening comes, and the 
 labourer trudges home along the country road, and gets his tea. Then 
 during the remaining hour or two of daylight he goes to work in his n«.<-jh of 
 garden ground, \vhich he is wisely permitted to till. But how ho works I He 
 is not waiting now for the time to leave off ; he is rather grudging the lapse 
 of each minute, and endeavouring to perform all the work he can before 
 approaching night summons him to his couch. The secret of this display of 
 energy is that the man is working for himself; and though a moralist might 
 bo tempted to expatiate upon the contrast between the two pictures, the 
 average individual will probably feel satisfied with the observation, ' It is 
 only humam nature.' In a newly-settled country this phase of , human 
 nature is, as might be expected, exemplified on a tolerably large scale. 
 
 " To people who propose emigrating to Canada, the journey out is a subject 
 of continual interest and inquiry, particularly that part of it which lies across 
 the sea. To those who can afford saloon passages by sea and fifst class by 
 rail I need not here addresB myself, as they are sure to be well provided for. 
 But for the information of iho far 'greater number to whom money is a very 
 vital object, and who wish to get to their new abode with as little outlay as 
 
 • "Agricultural Canada: A Record of Progress." 1889. 
 
^^ 
 
 6 
 
 Canadian Lands and th^ir Vevelopment. 
 
 possible, I may hriotly record what I know. I. have orosned the Atlantic- 
 several timed in blio steamora of the Allan Lino, and on the outward voyago 
 I have inquired fully into the lodging and ttoatmont of tho stoera^i 
 passengers,, Last August I i«tt Liverpool in tho Allan steamer Parisian, 
 which carried four or flvo hundred emigrants. On this occasion I got 
 permission to go all ovor the intermediate and steerage quarters, and I not 
 only inspected these thoroughly, ]Mi I had many conversations with emigrants. 
 The meals, the cost of which is included in tho passage-moneys, are excolleit 
 in quality and unlimited in quantity. The sleeping quarters are woll-airod 
 and conxfortablo, though, of pourso, no one can expect aboard ship the same 
 amount of room, or anything approaching thereto, as^ip available in a house. 
 By tho exercise of a little mutual kindness, and by the practice of th" 
 admirable virtuo of self-help, the passengers get along very pleasantly 
 together ; and it is obviously to everybody's interest to make tho voyo;^', 
 short though it is, as enjoyable as possible. There ia one specially praise- 
 worthy feature about tlio Allan Lino, and that is the complete separation of 
 the sexes in the steerage sleeping arrangements; men and boys havo one 
 portion of tho steerage to themselves, and women, girls, and children, another 
 and quite an independent portion, During the daytime, of.course, they can 
 all associate together. Such arrangements undoubtedly conduce to the 
 morals, tho comfort, and the well-being of all concerned, and am^ng 
 philanthropists who are interested in emigration this subject i^i worthy of 
 special attention. 
 
 '* Arrived at Quebec, tho emigrants disembark, and there they are met and 
 arranged in parties by my good friend Mr. L. Stafford, the Dominion 
 Government agent, and hia officers. In a comfortable range of buildings 
 specially erected for tho purpose, a night's rest may be obtained if the 
 steamer arrives in the evening, and a substantial meal may be had for a 
 shilling. The immigrant's through ticket rHows whore he ia going, and the 
 immigration officers see him and his baggage — and his wife and little ones, 
 too, if he is blessed in tioat way — into the proper train, and away he speedis 
 to his destination in the new land. If he is going to the prairie the journey 
 will occupy three or four days, and in these circumstances he will appreciate 
 the colonist cars, to the use of which he is entitled. These are so fitted 
 inside that a complete wooden couch is available to the passenger, so that, 
 vtrrapping himself up in a rug or blanket, he can stretch himself out and go 
 to sleep. This, of course, is a great boon ; and for a couple or three shillings 
 tho traveller may buy at the rail way station a straw mattress, whioh he takes 
 away with him when he leaves the train." 
 
 To bring good men of the class that is wanted the best method 
 is to show the people of this and other countries in the clearest 
 way what are its capabihties. " Seeing is believing," we are 
 told, and when the visitors to our English agricultural shows 
 were able to see actual specimens of the agricultural production.> 
 and mineral wealth of Canada, they obtained a better insight into 
 the countjry than could be obtained by any other means. Pro- 
 bably nothing has ever done so much to -make Canada known 
 in this country as the wonderful display at the Colonial and 
 
 [ii'lil 
 bheJ 
 
 tl III 
 
 iioui 
 [niiJ 
 
 ' -ail tin 
 
''wy 
 
 It. 
 
 oJ tho Atlant,.,. 
 Jiitward voyago- 
 >f the 3toera:^.> 
 )ainor Parisian. 
 
 occasion I got 
 rtons, and I not 
 mth omigrantfj. 
 ■a, are ojccollcut 
 s aro woll-airod 
 1 i^hip the same 
 iljle in a house, 
 praotico of th ■ 
 eiy pleasantly 
 ce tho voycL^', 
 ecially praise- 
 separation of 
 Ijoya havo ono 
 ildron, another 
 urse, they can 
 ndnoe to tho 
 ft ad amgng 
 
 is worthy of 
 
 y are met and 
 ihe Dominion 
 of buildings 
 ►tained if the 
 be had for a 
 oing, and the 
 id little ones, 
 y&y he speeds 
 e the journey 
 ill appreciate 
 are so fitted 
 iger, so that, 
 If out and go 
 iree shillings 
 uoh he takes 
 
 ist method 
 ie clearest 
 '„" we are 
 iral shows 
 roduction.> 
 isighL into 
 .n8. Pro- 
 la known 
 onial and 
 
 Canadmn Lands aiid their Development, 7 
 
 tii'lian Exhibition— the apples and fruits from Nova Scotia, 
 kheose and butter i'rom Ontario and Quebec, and the golden grain 
 uu the vast prairies, tolling the story of the fertility of its soil 
 >Gtter than could any book. It is to be regretted, therefore, that 
 It the great show of the .Royal Agricultural Society at Windsor 
 k) e popular stand of the Canadian Government will be absent — 
 the first time for many years. As this will be the grandest exhibi- 
 biou of the kind the world has ever seen, and one over which our 
 I-iiiipress Queen will preside, I cannot help thinking thai the 
 fi lits and wealth of our nearest colony should be represented. 
 1 . would have brought tho value of the land home to a larger 
 lunubor of people than ever before, and in the most convincing 
 1 Manner. 
 
 III. — Education. 
 
 Next to settlement, nothing will be of greater permanent value 
 I to the proper development of tbe agricultural lands of Canada 
 [than sound education in tlie practice and science, bound up n tho 
 proper working and management of the soil, the plant, and the 
 animal. The agriculture of the United States, as well as that in 
 some oi the Southern portions of Canada, has bee:^ carried on 
 without that kn...v' ige, and the only result that is to he .ee-i 
 following tbe work of man is a decrease in the produce oi the soil 
 to an extent that is almost incredible. Ton yefurs ago, for 
 example, the wheat lands of the United States were yielding their 
 sixteen bushels to the acre — (itself a small crop) — whereas to-day 
 they are producing something like nine or ten bushels. Canada 
 has been more fortunate, and I am delighted to see, from th>. last 
 returns of the Minister of Agriculture, that the wheat lands of 
 the whole Dominion show an average yield of twenty bushels to 
 the acre ; whilst in the older districts, such as Nova Scotia, the 
 yields are fairly well maintained, owing to the extensive mixed 
 farming which there prevails. Even in Ontario, about which we 
 hear so much of exhausted lands, wheat shows an average yield 
 .over the last six years of no less than 18^ bushels to the acre, or 
 nearly double that of the United States. When V7e go out, how- 
 ever, to the newer lands — the prairie soils — in Manitoba, all of 
 which have been broken up within the last six year's, we find, in the 
 year 1887, that wheat averaged thirty bushels to the acre, barley 
 thirty-six, and oats fifty. I was astonished, on visiting these 
 lands, to notice to what an extent mixed farming had been 
 adopted, the first object of every settler evidently being to get 
 
 f 
 
mmmm 
 
 8 
 
 Canadian Lands and their Developvient. 
 
 one or two cows, and in some cases magnificent herds have been 
 estabhshed. This point I shall deal with later on. All I wish to 
 leii,d up to at the present moment is the fact that, scattered 
 throughout Canada, are Government stations and exi^erimental 
 farms, from whic^. the best information is disseminated amongst 
 the settlers, both through the Dominion Ministry of Agriculture 
 and the various departments o: agriculture in the provinces. 
 At Guolph, in Ontario, is also one of the be-^t equipped agricul- 
 tural colleges 1 have yet seen, vdth an experimental farm and 
 dairy attached. 
 
 Before proceeding to deal with these, I should very much like 
 to point out that the question of colonisation generally, and the 
 settlement of the new lands of our Empire, has been recognised 
 in our own country by the establishment at Hollesley Bay, in 
 Suffolk, of the Colonial College and Training Farms; and I have 
 been favoureil with a list of the students who have already gone 
 out from that Institution.* They are scattered over every part ol 
 the world, in British Columbia, Wyoming. New Sorth Wales, 
 South Africa, New Zealand, Tasmania, Victoria, Ceylon, North- 
 West Territories, Manitoba, the Argentine, Ontario, Queeiisland, 
 Florida, and New Guinea. It is a curious fact, however, that by 
 far the largest number of students have gone to Manitoba, the 
 extent of the preference for this country not having been noticed 
 even by the authorities of the College until the list for which I 
 asked was made out. It is very evident that the instructions 
 given at the Colonial College will have a very great influence on 
 the future of Canada, and I therefore make no apology for giving 
 the following extract from a letter sent tc me by Mr. Kobert 
 Johnson, in answer to my inquiries as to what the College was 
 doing : — 
 
 " Our system hab r^nvo been well tested, for quite a number of fellows have 
 gone out to the Colonies, and bad their qualifications practioally tri«.d. The 
 result so far has been most gratifying, for the young men >!ent out from us 
 quickly appreciate the immense advantage which their knowledge gives tiiem 
 over those who have had no training, and of whom tliey write rather frooly as 
 'greenhorns.' Another great adv;,ucage of a College of this kind has also 
 been already abimdantly proved, i.t., the great facilities which it alTords for 
 the settlement of the young fellows. The College very wisely declines the 
 responsibility of actually placing the lads, but it gives introductions to 
 responsible people in the ColoHies, who have expressed their willingness to 
 further the interests of its pupils. Another advantage is that friendships are 
 formed here among the pupils themselves, who arrange to go out together. 
 Several pairs of pupils are going out in this way this spring, and I need not 
 
 jiut 
 lonj 
 |e ilh 
 
 3rin 
 
 3ese 
 
 ther, 
 
 iforn 
 
 ilue, 
 
 Jdfri 
 
 lisC' 
 
 Jope 
 
 itenc 
 
 eally 
 
 jfcount 
 
 "fi 
 
 "I 
 
Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 9 
 
 Dint out how muoh pleasanter and safer this is than if they went out singly 
 
 long strangers. This will work advantageously in another way, which may 
 
 illustrated thus : — By next year there will bo Colonial College students 
 
 srinkled all over Manitoba (for example), that is, in all ptrts of it. Now, 
 
 ?ese studeu*;3, even if they do not see much of each other, will write to each 
 
 ther, and corupare notes of the relative advantages of their several localities. 
 
 iformatior v/ill thrs be circulated among them which may bo of infinite 
 
 ilue, to say nothing of the feeling of confidence which the neighbourhood of 
 
 friends must tend to give. I quite feel that there is a wonderful future for 
 
 lis College, if it is wisely and carefully worked, as there is every reason to 
 
 56 it may bo. Its organisation is being steadily and rapidly (if quietly) 
 
 stended throughout the British Colonies, and in a few years it ought to do 
 
 Bally good work in strengthening the ties which unite them to the Mother 
 
 fountry." 
 
 I have myself paid several visits to tne College, and I have 
 
 ^een struck with the fact that, in a little book* recently published, 
 
 n-itten by two sons of Professor A. J. Church, who have settled 
 
 Canada, the necessity of practical knowledge just in the form 
 
 which it is given at the Colonial College is insisted upon. 
 
 In Canada itself, however, every facility is now afforded for 
 le acquirement of the vequisite knowledge. In company with 
 *rofessor Eobertson, I spent a day at the Ontario Agricultural 
 Jollege at Guelph, which was established fourteen years ago, and 
 ?hich gives a general commercial English educatiou , combined 
 rith technical education in agriculture. The College itself is an 
 cceedingly handsome building, whilst the farm is a well-arranged 
 rea embracing different soils, lowlands and uplands, covering 
 )0 acres. It was purchased by the Provincial Government in 
 I for £15,000, and up to the end of 1880 had cost for live 
 bock, implements, drainoge, &c., no less than £45,000 more. Its 
 president is Professor James Mills, ]\I.A., under whose able 
 irectiou it has become one of the best in the country. A great 
 jature of the College is that the students themselves are enabled 
 
 obtain great reductions in the already low fees by their labour 
 the farm, thus, in some cases, reducing the fees to a mere 
 tomiual sum. In 1887, on the farm itself, the students earned 
 
 less than £640 by their labour. The College is, of course, very 
 li'gely helped by grants from the Government. In order that it 
 lay be seen how the College is worked, I would mention that the 
 ses are as follow : — 
 
 * Making a Start in Canada : Letter? from Two Young Emigiants ; wth 
 Introduction by Alfred J. Church, Professor of Latin in University College, 
 iiondon. Seeley & Co. 
 
10 
 
 Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 (1) The entire cost to an Ontario farmer's son able and willing, with con- 
 
 siderable exporiance in farm work, is from £10 to £14 per year for 
 board, washing, and tuition. 
 
 (2) To an Ontario young man, without any previous knowledge o! fa.ming, 
 
 £12 to £15 a year. 
 
 (3) To students not from Ontario, £13 to £20 a year. 
 
 The financial stateraeut of the College and Farm, and what it 
 does, was for the year 1867 as follows : — 
 
 I. — Cqlleqe. 
 
 £ 8. d, £ 8. d. 
 
 (a) College maintenance 4,578 
 
 (6) Mainttnauce and repairs of buildings.... 1,077 
 
 5,655 
 
 Revenue from various sources (including 
 tuition fees and balances paid for board, 
 after deducting allowances for work, amount- 
 ing to £1,141) • l.lGl 
 
 Net cash expenditure 4,494 n 
 
 The net sum voted by the Legislature to be expended on tin 
 
 College was £5,163, consequently the unexpended balance for the 
 
 year was £669. y 
 
 II.— Fabm. £ s. d. 
 
 Expenditure 1,842 
 
 Hcveuue 490 
 
 Net cash expenditure 1,352 
 
 On experiments the sum of about £500 was spent, whilst a 
 rather larger amount had to be provided for the horticultural 
 department. 
 
 The total cost of all the departmetits of the college, farm, and 
 garden was £6,993, and the net sum voted by the legislature for| 
 their maintenance was £3,002, so that an unexpended balance ol 
 £1,009 reniained for the year. 
 
 The number of students at the college in 1887 was 110, of| 
 whom 78 were from Ontario. They work on the farm or in the 
 garden from 3i to 5 hours a day during all the months of the 
 year, with the exception of July and August, in which moutbl 
 tnere are no lectures, and they work in the fields 9^ hours per 
 day ; and for this they receive from 2d. to od. per hour. The I 
 following time-table, indicating tho class-room work froir. 
 October 1 to December 22 (the fall term), will be interesting •.—- 
 
Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 11 
 
 ng, with con- 
 : per year for 
 
 ;o o! fa'-tning, 
 
 ind what it 
 
 £ 8. d, 
 
 5,655 
 
 1,161 
 
 4,494 >■• 
 
 FiBST Year. 
 
 Slondtiy : 8,45 ft.m., agriculture; 9.45, agriculture; 10.45, chemistry. 
 "itesday : 8.45, agriculture ; 9.45, physiology and hygiene ; 10.45, veterinary 
 fcnatomy. Wednesday : 8.45, agriculture ; 9.45, English literature ; 10.45, 
 [jhemistry. Thursday : 8.45, bookkeeping, arithmetic, physiology, and 
 lygiene ; 10.45, veterinary anatomy. Friday : 8.45, agriculture ; 9.45, 
 oliomistry ; 10.45, arithmetic. 
 
 Second Year. 
 
 Monday : 8.45, mathematics ; 9.45, agriculture ; 10.45, veterinary patho- 
 logy. Ttiesday : 8.45, English literature ; 9.45, agriculture ; 10.45, agricul- 
 ^ral ohdmistry. Wednesday: 8.45, mathematics; 9.45, horticulture ; 10.45, 
 ireterinary pathology. Thursday : 8.45, EngUsh literature ; 9.45, drawing ; 
 10.15, agricultural chemistry. Friday : 8.45, horticulture ; 9.45, agriculture ; 
 10.45, agricultural chemistry. 
 
 The system of farm management is of a mixed character, cattle 
 ind sheep being ket)t in large numbers, and good root, grain, and 
 Jfodder crops being grown. First of all, as to the cropping, which 
 ifor 1887 I was able to obtain. It was as follows : — 
 
 ided on tlu 
 iauce for the 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 at, whilst a 
 lorticulturai 
 
 e, farm, and 
 
 islature for 
 
 d balance o! 
 
 was 110, of 
 11 or in the i 
 onths of the 
 lich ni0atll^ 
 y\ hours per 
 
 hour. The ! 
 
 work from 
 
 iresttng 
 
 Field No. Acres. Crop. Yield per aore 
 
 1 19 Hay 1| tons. 
 
 2 17 Fallow 
 
 8 17 Barley 27 bushels, 
 
 4 20 Pasture ' . . . . 
 
 6 20 Bush and winter wheat .... 
 
 ^Turnips 510 bushels. 
 
 fi SJO J '^^'i'^olds 450 bushels. 
 
 " 1 White Belgian carrots 500 bushels. 
 
 ( White Australian oats 35 bushels. 
 
 7 17 Hay.., 2 J tons. 
 
 8 20 White Australian oats 32 bushels. 
 
 9 20 Mensary barley 30 bushels. 
 
 10 20 Oats and orchard .... 
 
 11 23 Hay 2 tons. 
 
 12 23 Pasture 
 
 13 20 Hay 1^ tons. 
 
 14 24 Experimental field . . . . - 
 
 15 20 Pasture 
 
 16 25 Pasture 
 
 17 90 I Vineyard 
 
 ^' ^" \Hay Iton. 
 
 18 13 Hay If tons. 
 
 iq qn ( 'jol^ion vino peas 30 bushels. 
 
 <^ ( White cluster oats 20 bushels. 
 
 20 20 Bush 
 
 21 12 Mensary barley 25 bushels. 
 
 The live stock on the farm consisted of the follo^Ying : — Horses : 
 
 working horses on farm, and 2 for experiment and instruction, 
 
 hlue £330. Cattle : Shorthorns— 1 bull. 3 cows, 1 heifer, 
 
12 
 
 Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 value £480 ; Hereford— 1 bull, 2 cows, 2 bull calves, £630 ; 
 Galloway ~1 bull, 2 cows, .1 heifer, 1 bull calf, £210; 
 Polled An^!;a3 — 2 cows, 2 heifer calves, 1 steer, £180 ; Ayrshire— 
 
 1 bull, 2 C0W9, 2 bull calves, £142; Devon — 1 bull, 1 cow, 1 bull 
 calf, £90 ; Guernsey — 1 bull, 1 cow, £50 ; Jersey — 1 bull, 1 cow, 
 
 2 heifer calves, £130; Holstein — 1 bull, 2 cows, 1 heifer calf, 
 1 bull calf, £156 : West Highland— 1 bull, £10 ; Grade cattle— 
 25, value £271. Sivine : 6 Berkshire and 1 New York, £36. 
 Sheep: Cotswold — 10 animals, value £36; Oxford — 12, £85; 
 Shropshire— 11, £88; Southdown— 5, £21; Hampshire— 2, £7; 
 Cheviot — 5, £27 ; Leicester — 6, £25 ; Lincoln, 3, £18 ; Merino — 
 2, £4 ; Highland, 1, £4 ; Grade ewes— 21, £26. 
 
 Probably this is the only farm in the world on wliich so large 
 a number as eleven herds of cattle and ten flocks of sheep, all of 
 pure breeds, are to be seen ; and it is well to know that these 
 animals have been imported chiefly from England, the approxi- 
 mate cost in each case being as follow : — 
 
 Cattle. Bull. 
 
 Aberdeen Poll £100 
 
 Hereford 90 
 
 Shorthorn 80 
 
 Holstein 70 
 
 Galloway 70 
 
 Jersey 60 
 
 Devon .50 
 
 Ayrshire 50 
 
 Mean 71 
 
 Sheep. Ram. 
 
 Southdown £30 
 
 . Shropshire .30 
 
 Hampshire 26 
 
 Leicester 20 
 
 Cotswold 20 
 
 Oxford 15 
 
 Lincoln 16 
 
 Mean 'j,2 
 
 Heifer. 
 £70 
 40 
 60 
 5.5 
 50 
 50 
 40 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 Ewe. 
 
 £10 
 8 
 8 
 7 
 7 
 8 
 6 
 
 Since it has been in the liands of the College, entirely new sets 
 ol farm buildings and College adjuncts have been built, the latest 
 being a very fine laboratory, which was finished shortly before 
 my own visit. The new farm buildings are exceedingly handsome, 
 and with their courts cover an area of over an acre. They have 
 a south-eastern aspect, with drainage to the north, and stand on 
 
Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 13 
 
 a very Jeep, stiff clay loam. The general plan is a square, 
 having a barn with the cattle under on the west, the sheep on 
 the north, the bulls on the east, an'l the horses on the south side. 
 The barn is 130 ft. by 70 ft., the horse range 150 ft. by 30 ft., the 
 sheep loO ft. by 30 ft., and the bull shed 40 ft. by 80 ft. There 
 is a 30 ft. outside court for the sheep the whole length of their 
 building, inside the square, and thus facing the south, and the 
 hulls have separate outside courts on each side in connection 
 with their separate inside boxes. " The barn is built upon 12 ft. 
 stone walls, so that the cattle have a clear overhead of 10 ft., the 
 barn proper being constructed entirely of pine timber, with a 
 height from floor to apex of 45 ft., and to cupola of 65 ft., so that 
 U'oin the cattle floor the building measures 77 ft. in height. 
 The barn floor has two detached granaries, with feed-roc^-'. 
 Ijt'tween, corresponding to one below, and there the straw-cutter 
 and gi'inder are placed. There are also 14 straw and turnip 
 shoots, passage^ to horse and sheep lofts, and 12 doors equally 
 distributed all round, in addition to windows and ventilators. 
 The principal entrance to the cattle is on ohe angle between barn 
 and horses, where steps descend to the level of all the buildings, 
 the site being a sloping one. All the cattle are immediately under 
 the barn, and occupy the whole space, with the exception of 16 ft. 
 the length of the barsi on the west side, which is cut off by a 14- 
 iiich brick wall for root cellar.s and feed-room. These cellars are 
 floored with grout and cement, the outside walls being first lined 
 with inch joards, then laid with tar-felt paper, and covered with 
 liiiished tongue and grooved with narrow boards. The feed-room 
 iii 21 by 16 feet in centre of buiUling between cellars, having 
 sading doors two-thirds of the front upon passage way to cattle 
 stalls, where a two-ton platform weigh scale is placed. The root- 
 pulper stands in the feed-room, in line between the cellar door^i, 
 and is driven by a belt from the engine shaft" above. The stair, 
 or access from barn, breaks upon the feed-room from the north 
 •^ide. The accommodation is for sixty-seven cattle in seven single 
 :'ovvs, as follows : — For large cattle tied up, 34 head ; for small 
 (attic tied up, 14; calves in pens, 11; loose boxes, 8. These 
 boxes are on both ends, the calves between two rows of cows with 
 a door on each side, and all the rows cross the building, or edge 
 on the fced-roorn. Watering troughs are attached to the feeding 
 troughs ni every row, the floor grouted and cemented, and box 
 ^talh^ laid with cedar blocks. Feed passages are six feet apart 
 between water troughs, and main passages eight feet in width 
 
14 
 
 Canadian Lands and their DevcLopmcm. 
 
 Double stalls, 7 feet 4 inches, centre to centre ; single, 5 feet ; 
 half the boxes are 20 by 17, and half 15 by 11 feet ; calf pens, 
 7 by 8. The space behind the cattle is eix feet, a door opens into 
 manure court at each row of cattle, and passages lead to horsee 
 and sheep. Light is admitted by thirteen windows in addition to 
 those over the six doors to court. The horse range has stalls for 
 fourteen single and one double, with three boxes. Three of the 
 stalls are six feet, all other 5^ feet in width, boxes 12 by 12; 
 feeding passage seven feet, and the space behind horses is eleven 
 feet. The floor is cedar block pavement. At the end adjoining 
 barn is a small room for extra harness, that for daily use being 
 in a press upon the wall behind each team. The teed-room, 80 
 by 10 feet, will hold cut hay and oais. As it was proposed to 
 use cut hay only, there are no racks, and the mangers are div- ied 
 for hay and oats. Straw is got by four shootB behind horses, and 
 there are corresponding openings in front should long hay be 
 wanted from the loft. Double doors, with an eight feet passage 
 between, divide the building — the owq to the m,,nure court and 
 the other from roadway, with two ordinary doors to said court, 
 and two on end near bull shed. Water is got from three 
 hydrants inside on the head passage, ' and light by eighteen win- 
 dows. Ail the stalls and boxes are fitted with pillars and top 
 rails. The horse loft is arranged to be filled with hay by a 
 horse hay-fork. The sheep range is divided into live inside 
 and six outside compartments — dry, solid soil inside and 
 gravel outside. A live-feet passage runs throughout, with 
 hay-racks upon sub-divisions opposite ' shoots from loft ; water 
 is supplied by three hydrants. There is a wool-room, grain 
 bin, separate lambing pens, and pens for each of the stock 
 rams. Eight feet doors open into the special court, which is 
 fenced from the large manure court by a lour- feet stone and lime 
 wall. The bull shed is a separate building, 40 by 30 feet, having 
 a ten-feet centre passage, with six boxes on each side, 14 by 14 
 feet, and one for straw. Each box has an outside fenced yard of 
 14 by 14 feet. Overhead is for hay, straw, and gram. The yard 
 enclosed by the four ranges just described is surrounded by au 
 eight-feet causewayed sidewalk, excepting on the sheep side, 
 which is taken up by a special court for them. The manure fronj 
 all classes of animals is taken immediately into the large court, in 
 centre of which are two cemented brick tanks — one for the liquid 
 froin stables, the other for rainfall from buildings. Any over- 
 accumulation of mixed liquid from the manure is taken into the 
 
Canadian Lands and their Devcloptncnt. 
 
 first tank, and both tanks have an overflow into the open ditch 
 north of tho buildings. This manure court is laid with rough 
 t)rokeu stones, and blinded to an average of four inches with sharp 
 ifravel and cinders. Many other items could be enumerated, such 
 as galvanised iron sliingles, horse stable walls inlaid with brick, 
 ventilators all over, rope and pulley covers for all trap openings 
 overhead, three coats of paint everywhere outside, a 17-horse 
 power portable engine, with cable rope for a separate houf5e fifty 
 feet, distant, driving straw-cutter, root pulper, grain grinder, and 
 threshing machine as required in the barn and feed-room. 
 Shortly before my own visit a new silo had been added, and this 
 was being filled with maize chopped in half-inch lengths, from 
 which very good food was expected. 
 
 The fullest details are kept of the produce of the farm. In ten 
 years, from 1878 to 1887, winter wheat averaged 27 bushels per 
 acre ; spring wheat, 17 bushels ; barley, 32 bushels ; oats, 40 
 bushels ; peas, 29 bushels ; hay, 1| tons per acre ; mangold, 24 
 tons; swede turnips, 19 tons ; carrots, 595 bushels ; and potatoes, 
 114 bushels. In addition to this, experiments are continually 
 being conducted, and not only on the farm itself, but farmers are 
 interested in the subject by being asked to test new varieties of 
 cereals in a similar manner to that which has been adopted by the 
 Bath and West of England Society in our own country. In 1887 
 no less than 78 farmers made experiments with the best varieties 
 of grain, in conjunction with the College. Elxperiraents on 
 manures, on feeding, and on dairying are made, and the whole 
 results are given in bulletins, which are scattered by tens of 
 thousands throughout the country. 
 
 I must apologise for dealing at so great a length with this 
 ('oilege, but really it is an institution which has a greater 
 be;).ring on the agricultural development of Canada than we 
 realise in this country. Go where you will in Manitoba and the 
 North- West, it will be found that the great bulk of the settlers 
 Lre from Ontario. The live stock, whether of horses or cattle, 
 tound on these new lands are not, as a rule, imported direct from 
 ihe old country, but from Ontario. What is done in this province 
 iias a bearing over the whole country ; the work of the Ontario 
 (. allege has a widespreading influence in bringing about the very 
 best management of the soils, plants, and animals in every part of 
 the Dominion. It, therefore, helps on the highest development 
 t'f the lands of Canada. 
 
 it iimst not be forgotten aleo that this institution is but a com- 
 
16 
 
 Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 plement to an educational system, which is unsurpassed by any 
 in the world. In tlie early days of the provinces of Ontario and 
 Quebec, the Government set aside largo areas of Crown lands, the 
 money accruing from the sales of which have been and are 
 apphed to educational purposes. Commencing with the primary 
 schools (which in these provinces at any rate are free), we find 
 them maintained partly by a school tax levied on the lands 
 situated in the school sections, and partly from grants from the 
 Government, which are given out of the funds above alluded to. 
 These schools; furnish a good English and commercial education, 
 while recently agriculture has been added to the list of subjects 
 taught. For this a very good te.xt book has been adopted. 
 Besides these there are the high (or, as we should call thera, 
 grammar) schools, in which the classics and modern languages 
 are added to the course taught in the primary schools. Then 
 there are the various colleges, which in a large part were fostered 
 by the various denominations. Each province has several such 
 institutions, which are officered by men of noted talent in their 
 particular branches, and many of them by men of world-wide 
 reputation. Some evidence of the work done by these institutions 
 may be found in the great spirit of religious toleration which is 
 evident in all parts of Canada. The Toronto University is com- 
 posed of .the various sectarian colleges, including the Catholic one, 
 and the same is the case at Winnipeg University, which is also 
 an amalgamation of all the sectarian colleges of Manitoba — all oi 
 which work together as one university, under the presidency of 
 the Bishop of Rupert's Laud. In the arts faculty of Toronto no 
 fees of any kind are exacted, and in most of the colleges of the 
 Dominion (as is the case in the' high schools), where fees are 
 exacted tliey are merely nommal. The faculties in connection 
 with Toronto University, and those of McGill University at 
 Montreal, will compare favourably with those of the old univer- 
 sities of the older world. Sir Daniel Wilson is the president oi 
 the Toronto University. Sir William Dawson of the McGill Uni- 
 versity, and Dr. G. M. Grant of Queen's University at Kingston ; 
 and it is sufficient to mention their names to show that too much 
 has not been claimed for the institutions over which they preside. 
 As progress aod education go hand in hand, the maximum of 
 education means the maximum of advance. Such educational 
 facilities as I have indicated show how fully alive are the Govern- 
 ment and people of Canada to the importance of making know- 
 ledge the foi'.ndation of all development. 
 
Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 17 
 
 IV. — Experiment and Example. 
 
 The Collef^e at Guelph was established by the provincial legis- 
 lature, the Bill for the purpose having been introduced by the 
 Hon. -lohn Carling, v^ho was then a member of that body. That 
 gentleman is now a member of the Dominion Parliament, and a 
 very excellent Minister of Agriculture. Having seen the bene- 
 ficial results which followed the establiBliment of the Guelph 
 College, he has signalised his term of otiice as a Minister of the 
 Crown by th(j further estabhshnicnt of a cfutral experimental 
 farm at Ottawa, on the borders of the provinces of Quebec and 
 Ontario, as well as others at Nappan, Nova Scotia, for the 
 marif)inio provinces; at Brandon, for Manitoba; at Indian 
 Head, for 'the North- West territories; and at Agassiz, for 
 British Columbia, Pre -ious to their establishment, Professor 
 Saunders, P.E.S.C, made a report on the whole subject, after 
 visituig many similar colleges and farms in the United States. 
 The result was that these experimental farms were established, 
 their objects being : — 
 
 (a) To conduct resoarchos and verify exporiments designed to teat the 
 rolaUvo value, for all purposes, of different broods of Rtock, and their adapta- 
 bility to the varying climatic or other conditions which prevail in the several 
 provinces, and in the North-West territories ; 
 
 [h) To examine into scientific and economic questions involved in the 
 production of butt;Gr and cheese : 
 
 (c) To test the mGritb^ hardiness, and adaptability of new or untried 
 \-arieti03 of wheat or other cereals, and of field crops, grasses, and forage 
 plauts, fruits, vegetables, plants, and trees, and to disseminate among persons 
 engaged in farming, gardening, or fruit-growing, upon such conditions as are 
 proficnbod by the Minister of Agriculture, samples of such surplus products 
 as arc considered to bo specially worthy of introduction ; 
 
 ('i) To analyse fertilisers, whether natural or artificial, and to conduct 
 experiments with such fertilisers, in order to tost their comparative value as 
 ftpplitid to crops of different kinds ; 
 
 [(■) To oxamhie into the composition and digestibility of foods for domestic 
 animals ; 
 
 (/) To conduct experiments in the planting of trees for timber and for 
 she! tor ; 
 
 ('jf) To examine into the diseases to which cultivated plants and trees are 
 imbjcot, and also into the ravages of destructive insects, and to ascertain and 
 test the most useful preventives and remedies to be used in each case ; 
 
 (h) To investigate the diseases to wliich domestic animals are subject ; 
 
 (f) To ascertain the vitality and purity of agricultural seeds ; and 
 
 (,;) To conduct any other experiments and researches bearing upon the 
 agvi.-iilluraJ industry of Canada, which may be approved by the Minister 
 o£ Agriculture. 
 
18 
 
 Canadian Lands atid their Development. 
 
 lu company with the Hon. John Carling, to whom I am 
 indebted for many couitesieg, Dr. Preain and myself visited the 
 Central Farm, near Ottawa, and we were both very much im- 
 pressed with its situation and management. It occupies sorao 
 500 acres, and, although it had been only established for a year, 
 Prof. Saunders (wlio is the director of allthose farms) had already 
 many important experiments under weigh. I was extremely 
 pleased to find that, from the first liioment of tho working of i^ha 
 farm, an endeavour was made to interest tho ordinary farmers of 
 tho Dominion in its work. One of tiie most important factors \n 
 the farming of Lhoso large areas of fertile lands in the North- West 
 must be the acolimatisatiou of ,|uu;k ripening varieties of graiu. 
 The soils are fertile ; but late summer frosts may be dangerous, 
 and BO quick-growing crops are necessary, if the results of farm- 
 ing are to be always depended upon. With the establishment of 
 these farms, therefore, trials were commenced with Ladoga 
 wheat, a variety obtained from northern Russia. Small bags oJ 
 seed were also sent out to settlers in Manitoba and the North 
 West. The experience at 0' tawa is that this variety will ripcti 
 at least a week earlier than th.> red Fyfo, and I think, from what 
 I saw in north-west Manitoba, that this will be confirmed. I 
 myself saw it growing side by side with the red Fyfe in at least 
 thirty instances in north-west Manitoba, and in only one case 
 was tho'e any doubt as to its greater earlinoss. In that case my 
 friend. Dr. Fream, examined tho two crops very carefully, and 
 expressed tho opinion that tlie Ladoga was the most forward. 
 Should this prove to be the case, the exceptional frosts in tho 
 early summer (which are only occasional, and only occur in some 
 districts, chiefly low-lying ones) will do oven less damage in tho 
 future than they havo done in the past. It is a useful work, and 
 one that will materially iiolp in the settlement of the country. 
 
 It may not be out of place to observe here that in the old 
 provinces it was not an unusual occurrence for the earlier frosts 
 in autumn to damage tlio wheat and (jther cereal crops, but witli 
 improved cultivation t!iis condition of things ceased. Princi? 
 Edward Island affords a :,'ood illustration of this. Parliamen- 
 tary records show that applications wore mado to the Ijegislaturc 
 for rehef upon that very ground, which relief was granted. Eariy 
 settlers in Ontario suffered from a similar state of things, thougl;, 
 perhaps, not so continuously as those in Prince Edward leland. 
 It is very feasible to imagine that as the tilth of the^soil becomes 
 finer, and the drainage more perfect, moru heat is absorbed and 
 
Canadian Landa and their Dcvalopment. 
 
 19 
 
 roLainod. It m (,y bo iliat this will be the caBo, also, with the 
 piairio lands, ami thai with cultivation and sottleniont the 
 occasional dan^or from Hununor h-ostn will disappear. 
 
 In addition to this, I learn that this year sainploB of nearly 
 evury variety of ^rain and pulso crops grown in Europe have 
 benn obtained, and will be tested. As Ottawa has a climate 
 which represents the average condition of a largo portion of 
 settled Can!i.da, and which is favourable to the growth of grapes, 
 and fniits of most kinds in the open, and in which cereals and 
 most field crops can be grown successfully, tlie introduction of 
 new crops may be safely expected, and these cannot but ali'ord 
 now sources of wealth. 
 
 The investigations into tho causes of plant diseases hi. d already 
 made some progress, and at the time of my visit a very iDt.-ireating 
 roport on " Smut in Wheat" — an important matter to »;, country 
 wliich exports grain so largely— was being issued. 
 
 The favni buildings are very commodious, and well adapted for 
 tlu! purposes for which they are intended. This year they will 
 bo IJIled with cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses, and the whole will 
 undoubtedly prove a very useful central station, from which 
 practical information will go forth which cannot fail to improve 
 tho standard of farm pi-actice in the Dominion. 
 
 The other experimental farms wore being prepared last year, 
 iiud will commence their labours this. I only saw the site of 
 that at Indian Head. This' comprises one entire section and an 
 angle between the section and the Canadian Pacific railway 
 containing 48 acres, in all 688 acres, and 'is situated east, 
 and adjoins the town site half a mile from the station. The rail- 
 way passes along the south boundary, from which a fine view of 
 the whole farm can be seen. Through the section two creeks run 
 in a north-easterly direction to the Qu'Appelle river. One is the 
 outlet for a lake six miles south ; tho other proceeds from flowing 
 springs seven miles south-west. Those creeks, besides being of 
 c,'i\'at value to the farm in supplying water and aObrdhig suitable 
 ftlopo'i for all kinds of experimental work, will also beautify the 
 site chosen in a way that cannot be easily surpassed by any 
 prairie section in tho north-west. The soil is a black loamy clay 
 on the northern portion of the section, changing to sandy clay 
 loam, with a fow gravel ridges on tho southern part. The subsoil 
 's a very porous clay, which easily absorbs all moisture and 
 ret.uns it during the most severe drought, underlying the surface 
 Boil from twelve inches to three feet. Hardly any amount of 
 
20 
 
 Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 m 
 
 rain or dry weather can sovioualy affect the crops. Tho whole of 
 the Boction was hrokcii in 1882-3 by the Boll Farming Company ; 
 and has by them boon under cultivation ever since. When the 
 Govornmeut obtained possession at tho bogimiing of last yooi", no 
 part of it wan plou^'h('d, and conKoqnontiy no preparation for 
 experimental work conid be made until npring opened. Duriii;; 
 the winter, plans of buildings were made out, and when sub- 
 mitted to the proper authorities, wore approved of by them as 
 suitable for the country. Tenders were asked for thoir erection, 
 and last autumn the contractor was at work at tho foundations. 
 The buildings to be put up comprise siuperintcndent's house, 
 horticulturist's and foreman's dwellings, a basement barn 
 UO ft. by 48 ft., and a horse stable. Sheep honse, implement 
 house, and other necessary buildings will bo added this year. It 
 is needless to say that all those will be of the most substantial 
 character. 
 
 In England we have derived great advantage from experimenl^! 
 and example farms, and it is likely that equally satisfactory 
 results will accrue to Canada. 
 
 V. — AORICULTUIIB. 
 
 It would be an extraordinary fact if we did not find sucli 
 endeavours to build up a country on the truest lines amjijy 
 responded to. The agriculture of Canada has responded nobly. 
 Each year sees a great advance, not only in the cultivated areas, 
 but in the productions of meat, dairy produce, grain, vegetables,' 
 and fruits. Time will not permit a description of tho agriculture 
 of each of the provinces, and its growth, The best farming of 
 the older provinces is amply shown in the descriptions of the 
 Guelph College and farm. Manitoba and the North- West 
 territories are the lands which are now being developed, and [ 
 will, therefore, confine my attention to those. The development 
 hero has been very marked, and it is evident that too much is 
 not clanned for these lands when they are described as " tho 
 future granary of the world." I was very much amused at 
 readmgma work* which was put into my hands as I landed 
 at Liverpool last autumn, that m Manitoba " the climate is too 
 Arctic even for wheat." I had gone through some hundreds of 
 miles of country, over _the whole of which smiling fields of golden 
 
 rnnZ^%"^v'',*''^,^u''"°' °^><^ his L'ompetitorB." By William E. Bear, 
 tfonclon : Cobden Club 
 
Canadian Lands ami their Development. 'Jl 
 
 riahi were oithor waving f^racefuUy, or boiug havvoatod to tho 
 merry buz/ of tlin roaper. I had also obbainotl tho following 
 iiioirefl, showing that tlio acreajro of j^'rain crops each yonv in 
 steadily iiicruasiiig : — 
 
 ACUKAQK 01-' ClUAIN CnOPS IN MaNITOHA. 
 
 Wheat. Barley, Oats. 
 
 Acres. AcieH. AcrcH, 
 
 1 884 .'}()7,02() 40,848 133,(X)4 
 
 1885 :}G7,47U 52, 1 8'J 157,026 
 
 1986 380,23 1 60,305 1.59,450 
 
 1887 432,000 56,000 155,176 
 
 1 888 520,000 70,000 1 70,000 
 
 Increase in 4 yearn 212,980 20,152 36,006 
 
 Tlieso figiircH «how that in four years the whoat aroa lias 
 increasod by 70 per cunt. ; l)arloy, 75 por cunt. , and oatn, 28 per 
 cent. They aro the boat answer to audi a curious niiaconcoption 
 as that the climate of Manitoba is *' too Arctic oven for wheat." 
 [n 1887 the average yields were 30 bushels of wheat per acre, 30 
 bushels of barley, and 50 bushels of oats, rarniiug also is more 
 (-(!n*M'ally of a mixed character than 1 oxpectial to find it, while 
 Jiere aro no less tlian 29 cheese factories — an increase of 13 iu 
 iwo years ; and 2 creameries in the province. There aro also 
 Honie excellent stock to be found on the prairies, and at Bins- 
 earth the Manitoba and North-West Railway Company have 
 establishod a very good stock farm, from which good pure-bred 
 bull*:? of the shorthorn breed can be obtaintid. 
 
 West of Manitoba we have the great North-West, consisting of 
 Assniiboia, Saskatchewan, and xVlberta — unknown lands hut a very 
 few years ago, but which are now beginning to be developed. The 
 i^i'owth of agriculture here is very marked, the latest figures 1 
 liavc been able to obtain being for 1885. These have to be largely 
 increasod now. They show the following growth since 1881 ;— 
 
 1881. 1885. Increase. 
 
 Plorses, colts, fillies, and niulos . . 10,870 24,456 13,586 
 
 Working oxon 3,33 1 5,!)19 2,01S 
 
 Milch cows 3,848 11,030 7,182 
 
 Other horned cattlo 5,690 69,557 63,867 
 
 Sheep 346 19,398 19,052 
 
 Pigs 2,775 22,642 19,767 
 
 lbs. lb.s. lbs. 
 
 Homo-made butter 70,717 510,191 439,474 
 
 cheese 1,C60 10,270 9,210 
 
 Acres. Acres. Acres. 
 
 Wheat 5,078 67,255 61,577 
 
 Barley 11,605 11,605 
 
 Oata ,35,343 35,343 
 
 Potatoes 811 3,676 2,865 
 
 Cultivated hay 428 428 
 
V 
 
 23 
 
 Canadncm Lands anA their Development. 
 
 The ranching industry is being well developed, and I was 
 pleased to see how greatly liorse ranching is being established. 
 Sir John Lister Kayo is doing a good work in this matter, having 
 imported a large number of pure-brod stallions and high class 
 half-bred mares from this country. Tho health of the horses has, 
 I hear, been good during the whole of the past winter, and it is 
 very evident that the Minister of Agriculture is right when he 
 says that " horse ranching in Alberta is becoming an important 
 industry, and the "^ ^ "ovemeut in breeding, owing to judicious 
 selection, attracts tl^i notice of all tho visitors there." 
 
 Prom Atlantic to Pacific there is this evidence of growth in agri- 
 culture, and growth too iu tho right direction. Many visitors 
 go to the new lands iu the North- West expecting to find a very 
 rude agriculture — wheat growing alone, or rough ranching alone. 
 They will soon find out their mistake, for they will come across 
 bits of farming that would be no discredit to this country, and 
 herds that an English owner would be proud to have adorning 
 his park. Some of the new se!:tlers — men who were utterly 
 ignorant of agriculture until they arrived in the country — do not 
 farm so well as they o ight, but they are gradually brought by 
 the example and help of tho better men into a fairly good 
 system. I have neither the object nor the intention of painting 
 Canada as a paradise : it has its liillticultieR as well as its advan- 
 tages for the new comer as for the old, settler. But honest and 
 intelligent labour will secure tlie advantages and vapidly over- 
 come the difficulties. 
 
 VI. — Twenty Years' Progress. 
 
 The following tables may be of value as showing how greatly 
 Canada has grown during the past twenty years, so far as her 
 exports are concerned : — 
 
 (1) Exixyrt of Forest and Agricultural Proikicts. 
 
 Forests. Agricultural ProduotB. 
 
 ■ 1S08 £3.652,400 .» ^^2,574,200 
 
 1878 b,002,2OO 3,601,000 
 
 1887 4,097,000 3,765,200 
 
 (2) Exports of Aitimals, and their Produce. 
 1868 .... £1,378,600 1878 .... £2,803,800 1887 .... £4,850,000 
 
 (3) Exports of \V7ieat and Flour. 
 
 To Great Britain. To United Statoa. 
 BuslielR. Bushels. 
 
 1868 1,398,000 1,698,000 
 
 1877 2,680,000 500,000 
 
 1887 6,776,000 364,000 
 
Canadian Lands and their Development. Q& 
 
 (4) Exports of Cheeso. 
 
 To Great Britain. To United Stattw. 
 
 1868 £110,000 £13,800 
 
 1877 690,000 B9,000 
 
 1887 1,418,600 6,133 
 
 (5) Exports of Butter. 
 
 To Great Britain. To United States. 
 
 1877 £550,000 £13,000 
 
 1887 151,400 8,400 
 
 (6) Export of Apples. 
 
 To Great Britain. To United States. 
 
 1868 £8,881 £7,146 
 
 1877 33,723 5,377 
 
 1887 129,836 39,522 
 
 In these we have a yery good picture of the growth of the 
 exports of agricultural produce— steady progress being maintained 
 in every branch, except that of butter — a matter to which 
 attention is being directed which cannot fail to bring about a 
 revival of this trade. Another point which the figures show is 
 that Great Uritain is the main market for Canadian produce. 
 For instance, in the twenty ^ears since federation (1868 to 1887 
 inclusive) the following ere the to*-.al values of the exports of 
 cboesc, butter, apples, and peas to the two places : — 
 
 To Great Britain. To United States. 
 
 Cheese £15,742,000 £320,000 
 
 Butter 7,126,00Cj • 1,500,000 
 
 Peas 0,032,600 1,661,000 
 
 Apples 871,310 261,466 
 
 The total exports to all countries during the same period have 
 boon as follow : — » ' 
 
 Apples £1,200,000 
 
 Butter 9,333,600 
 
 Cheese 16,062,000 
 
 Peas 8,000,000 
 
 These figures will give some idea of the trade in what is really 
 >o:;oiidary products, but to which attention should be more and 
 more directed. 
 
 VII. — Mineral Wealth. 
 
 There is another matter which must have a great influence on 
 the future of Canada, and that is, its great mineral deposits. Now 
 oliat the Country possesses such magnificent railways as the 
 Canadian Pacific and the Grand Trunk, there is not the slightesb 
 
24 
 
 Canadiaio Lands and their Development: 
 
 reason why this source of wealth, and espcicially coal, copper, and 
 phosphates, should not be very largely developed in the near 
 future. Their development will mean, not only new sources of 
 wealth, but new industries, more labour, and greater comforts 
 for the people. Tlie bituminous coalfields of British Columbia 
 and the plains, and the groat anthracite deposits on the Bow 
 River, should have a very useful influence in developing that 
 Pacific trade, by which we shall in the near future find our 
 shortest route to the southern hemisphere. 
 
 But I should like to dwell in this paper more especially on 
 the phosphate lands, as these should prove of great value, not 
 only in supplying this country with a necessary fertiliser, but in 
 maintaining and increasing the fertility of the lands of Canada 
 themselves. The exhaustion of the lauds of the United States 
 offer a warning which ought not to Ijo neglected, and should direct 
 attention to the science of manuring, and its absolute neces- 
 sity to good agriculture. "Like produces like " is a proverb of 
 which the breeder — whether of animals or of plants — has by 
 long experience proved the truth. Just as physiology has evolved 
 this fact, so also chemistry — whether in the laboratory of nature 
 or in the work-room of the scientist — has established another. 
 It is that " nothing produces nothing." The growth of the 
 plant, or the formation of beef, mutton, pork, or milk, is but a 
 reconstruction, or rather, a new combination, of what already 
 exists. The grain of wheat which is sold at Mark Lane, or the 
 log of mutton which the butcher sends home for the Sunday 
 dinner, these are but a new combination of matters which have 
 existed in other forms ever since the various worlds were called 
 together out of chaos. The soil and the atmosphere do their part 
 in supplyiug matter for these combinations, but their powers iu 
 the matter are strictly limited, and nothing is so conservative, 
 or so slow, as is nature in giving up her treasures for new combi- 
 nations, and now wealth. In these days, however, we go the 
 pace : even nature has to work at express speed. Our beef must 
 be made in two years, as against four or five in our grandfathers' 
 time ; our mutton in less time than lamb a few years ago ; 700 
 gallons of milk have to be produced against 500 gallons in 18G0 ; 
 crops are not only taken at will, and with bigger yields, but he is 
 a poor farmer who does not also get his catch crops as an inter- 
 mediary to those crops which Mr. Mechi would have suggested. 
 " Nothing comes from nothing," and if our soils are to go the 
 pace, if they are to be used as machines to the utmost limits of 
 
Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 25 
 
 which they are capable ; if they are to be made to produce, not 
 two blades of grass, but two bigger blades, where only one was 
 produced before, then they must either have a greater supply of 
 active constituents, in a form suitable for re-combination iri meat, 
 tuilk, vegetable, or grain, or the pressure breaks them down, and 
 their latter state will be one of infertility, and they become of 
 less than prairie value. 
 
 Our soils are living the pace ; the story of British agriculture 
 to-day is nothing less than this ; and by the proper provision of 
 those constituents which the soil, the plant, and the animal 
 need in their combinations, ihey are perfectly able to do so. In 
 Canada, also, the large crops will not go on for ever, unless the 
 uocessary constituents are returned to the soil. The whole 
 matter is a subject of absolute knowledge, and there need be no 
 mystery at all attaching to it. The "staple" of the soil — by 
 which the machine may be made to run easily — must in the first 
 place be maintained. For this, bulky manures, such as farmyard 
 dang, or decaying vegetable matter, must be used ; good cultivation 
 must be employed to secure a fine tilth and cleanliness ; and then 
 the crops should be so arranged in their rotation that the constitu- 
 ents taken from the soil shall approximately balance each other. 
 This is the first point in soil management. Had we not such 
 a wasteful system by which most of the sewage of such a highly 
 fed people as the English, who live on the fruits and grain of the 
 whole world, as well as the produce of their own acres, is lost, 
 we could from our own waste provide far more than enough of all 
 the conptituents required to maintain our acres in greater fertility 
 than any others ju the world. But all this — ^n which my old 
 friend the late Mr. Mechi used to discant so eloquently — goes to 
 the rivers and the sea, and is lost to future wealth ; and so we 
 have to supplement our natural supplies on the farm from other 
 sources. To find out what is needed for the soil should be com- 
 paratively easy, since the fifty years' experiences at Eothamsted 
 give us very exact data. We know that average crops of wheat, 
 barley, and meadow hay will take away from the soil the follow- 
 ing (among others) constituents per acre : — 
 
 Wheat and Straw Barley and Straw Meadow Hay 
 i4,8001b.) (4,5801b.) {IJ ton =3,360 lb. 
 
 lb. lb. lb. 
 
 Nitrogen 45-0 46-0 44-0 
 
 Potash 31-5 34-0 56-6 
 
 Phosphoric acid 21-0 21*0 13'7 
 
 • Fream, " The Rothamstead exporinents," p. 142, 
 
26 Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 In Great Britain alone we can thus estimate the quantity of 
 the principal ingredients removed in the crops of one year alone, 
 taking nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash as such. This would 
 be as follows : — 
 
 Conatitacnts removecl from soil. 
 Crop. Acres. Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. Potash. 
 
 Tons. Tons. Tons, 
 
 . Wheat 2,564,237 .51,469 24,040 •36,060 
 
 Barley 9,085,561 41,897 18,552 38,921 
 
 Hay 7,069,453 138,842 44,184 176,734 
 
 Totals 11,719,251 232,208 86,776 251,715 
 
 As we have a cultivated area of 47,000,000 acres in the United 
 Kingdom, this area of 11,719,251 acres may be talcen as one- 
 fourth, and it may bo assumed that from the soil each year there 
 is removed some 928,000 tons of nitrogen, 344,000 tons of 
 phosphoric acid, and 1,000,000 tons of potash, A portion of 
 these constituents would be returned in the farm manures ; but, 
 after that has been allowed for, a very large quantity of each 
 must be obtained elsewhere. But it does not follow that all 
 these constituents have to be supplied by man. Nitrogen exists 
 in profusion in nature, and is constantly being renewed in active 
 power. In the soil nitrification is going on continuously, while 
 it is a moot point whether such leguminous plants as Clevel- 
 and beans do not assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere. 
 Eain and seed also supply new stores. In an active form 
 nitrogen is the manure that is dearest of all, and yet it is 
 doubtful if we have yet realised how sparingly it ought to be 
 used. It is not only a plant food, but an active agent also in the 
 soil iu jnaking it give up mineral constituents which are equally 
 necessary to the plant. It is this point which deserves the 
 greatest attention. Pliosphates and potash are present in tbe 
 soil, but the former in but small quantities, and are not renewable 
 by nature. By putting active nitrates into the soil in the form ol 
 nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia the effect is to make 
 available at once large quantities of phosphoric acid and potasli 
 for the plant, , A big crop may follow the first use, but with the 
 result that the phospliatos and potash become exhausted, and tbe 
 soil infertile. Until these latter are i-enewed, all the nitrates in the 
 world are of no avail. Another point is, that active nitrates are 
 not held by the soil, Once a storm comes they are washed out. 
 At Rothamsted a greater quantity of nitrates are lost in the 
 drainage water than tlie crops take up, while no trace of loss of 
 
Canadian Lamls and their Development. 
 
 27 
 
 phosphates and but slight traces of loss of potash have been 
 discovered. It cannot be too widely known that exhaustion of 
 the soil is invariably caused by the loss of the mineral constituents 
 rather than the absence of nitrates. By supplying these, nitrates 
 can then be usefully used, but in moderation. But the back- 
 bone of the soil is a proper quantity of phosphoric acid and 
 potash. 
 
 Canada is fortunate in this matter as in the phosphate lands in 
 Quebec she has an enormous deposit of the most necessary of all 
 manures. Last December a meeting was held of the chemical 
 maaure manufacturers of this country, when the complaint was 
 made that the world's supply of phosphates was getting short. I 
 at once pointed to the Quebec lands, which I visited last autumn 
 and brought specimens away, as a large source of future supplies. 
 tS.t present only small quantities are being mined — 23,000 tons 
 last year. In 1870, however, the Carolina beds only produced 
 17,000 tons, and yet last year the output was one of 500,000 tons. 
 Both to maintain the fertility of her own soils, and to export to 
 otlier countries, there is a great future for these lands. 
 
 VIII.-r-CONCLUSION. 
 
 There are many other subjects on which I might speak, for 
 < Janada is a great country, and those who have to deal with it can 
 uever be, like Bosalind's lover, " gravelled for lack of matter." In 
 ihe North- West Fertile Belt alone there are 300,000,000 acres of 
 land awaiting people to subdue them and make them their own. 
 All American writer has recently pointed out that 105,000,000 
 acves in that country, with its wasteful farming and low yields, 
 were capable of feeding 50,000,000 people, and furnish besides 
 283,000,000 bushels of grain for export. If we deduct for roads 
 aud rivers, and put it down that 230,000,000 acres can be 
 peopled, we shall find that the North- West alone could feed a 
 population of 100,000,000, and still send 600,000,000 bushels of 
 grain to the people of other countries. Even this would be only 
 a small portion of this great country. The vast dairy manufac- 
 tures in Ontario and Quebec, the fruit production of Nova Scotia, 
 the great timber wealth in the east and in the west, its mineral 
 resources, and its teeming fisheries, — these have been but barely 
 alUidod to. One of the primary objects of the Eoyal Colonial 
 Institute is to afford an independent platform for the discission 
 ifthiBand similar subjects in the interest of a " United Empire," 
 and it is in the hope of contributing in some measure to the 
 
2b 
 
 Canadian Lands and their Development. 
 
 furtherance of that aim that I have venLured to address you to- 
 night. The Colony I have chosen is our nearest and largest one, 
 and it is the pathway of the Empire of which we are all so proud. 
 It is a country of great promise, and, as its lands and industiies 
 become developed, the English-speaking race will, more and 
 more, look with lively admiration, interest, and pleasure to — 
 
 " The North, the North, the cold, true North ; 
 The land of love and song." 
 
58 you to- 
 rgest one, 
 BO proud. 
 industries 
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