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M~>ul>er Iron luni Sliti histifiiti', lUigland : Lntc Cmnvtissionur Royal Commission on the Mineral Re so trees of Ontario, etc: A Paper read before the Geological and Mining Section of the Canadian Institute. TORONTO I'RKSS OF riJK A ■•-i-.K 5 |()Ki> VN "» 1 KKi) r. A FEW XOTES ON TlIK PRODUCTION Of IRON AND SI[[[ IN ONIARIO ^HE year before last I visited the Laurentian Iron pro- ducing district in New Jersey, and you will remember I read a paper with a view of pointing out the mineralogi- '•al and geological similarity between that iron ore produc- ing belt, which stretches round through the north of New York State, and our iron ore producing territory in Eistern Ontario. The pleasing point to me, beside the similarity of occurrence, was the proved permanency of these ore beds, one which I visited being worked at a depth of GOO feet, and in several places along a length of two and one-half miles. As a rule al)andonment of thesa deposits has come not so much from the lack of ore, or the exhaus- tion of the veins, but from heavy expenses, etc., when too great a depth has been reached. The yield in 1887 was :— For New York State 1,206,000 tons. For New Jersey State 447, 738 tons. Total l,7l;i,7.'5S tons. i Of this amount nearly all the New Jersey output was magnetite, and in New York State 920,000 tons were magnetite, l(Sr),000 were hematite, 43,000 tona, limonite, and 112,000, spathic ore. [ was able also to point out that as a rule these New Jersey ores contained more phosphorus than our Eastern Ontario ores. Last year, after visiting the Vermillion, Goegebic, Menominee and Marquette iron ranges on the north- west and southern shores of Lake Superior, I read before you a paper on these ranges for the same reason that I had treated on the New Jersey deposits, namely, because it has been proved, in the case of the Vermillion range, that it runs into Canadian territory to the south-west of Port Arthur, and it is also by no means improbable that we may find similar ranges on the north ov east shores of the lake, where we have vast areas of rocks of the same geological formation. In fact, as I was able to point out, the mode of occurrence and the formation (save the jasper) is very similar to the deposits at Sudbury, though the iron in the latter case is a sulphide instead of an oxide. This latter fact alone served to magnify in my opinion the importance of the Sudbury deposits. The magnitude and richness of the above mentioned Lake Superior iron ranges would, if justice were done to them, read almost like a romance. In 1890 (last year) they produced 8,893,140 cons, or to give some practical idea of this quantity it would represent a train load of iron ore passing a given point about every twenty minutes, day and night, during the whole year. We have been told that the iron ores of the United States wore becoming exhausted and that they therefore must have our ore. ■ In my paper I pointed out that it was not correct, and since then the Lake Superior mines turned out half aH much more ore last year as they did in 1881). The statement that they must have our ore is also misleading, for it takes us away from the great question of developing and utilizing our own iron ores. Year succeeds year and still we remain content with a half-hearted " iron policy " and import our iron and steel from England or from the United States, save a very ^mall proportion which is manufactured in Nova Scotia. While we are standing still let us note how things are progressing across the border. 1 find in the New York Mining Journal : " More than 10,250,000 of tons (of 2000 lbs. each) is the grand total of the production of pig iron in the United States for the year 1890, an increase of IJHO,- 000, or more than 20 per cent, over the product of 188D." The following little table also from above paper is of interest : — rroduction in United Net Tuns. States of Pi|;,' Iron. 18(50 ',ll;t,770 1873 2,8(i8,278 1882 5,178,122 1890 io,2t;o,ooo The Journal also states : " The production of pig iron in Great Britain iti 1880 was 9,234,776 net tons." It is estimated that it will not exceed this amount in 1890. "The United States has therefore surpassed Great Britain for the first time in the production of pig iron." " Our estimate of the production of steel ingots in the year 1890 is 4,900,000 net tons and of steel rails 2,200,000 net tons." I \ — G We produced in Canada ia.O'il tons of pig iron in 1889. In th(( United States thny produce .07 of a ton of pig iron per capita of the population. In Canada wo pro- duce .005 of a ton of pig iron per capita of our population. Or in fliP, United States each permn has 1,)4 times as much pig iron manulactured for him in his own country as he would have if he lived in Canada, This comparison is drawn not for the purpose of belit- tling the elfovtH of those among uh who are striving to build up our metallurgical industries, but to invite attention to th(f disparity which is exhibited in the working results and which no one can believe legitimately exists in the pos- sibilities of the two countries. I boldly make the assertion that Canada's greatest deficiency lies in not producing her own iron and steel. We have built magnificent railroad systems, have crealed splendid steamship lines and are constantly pro- jecting others. These may be said to be our greatest works, but what are they but //-on and Steel ? What if we had produced it all in Canada, and were now manufacturing, that which will be used in all the newly projected railroads and steamship lines, to say nothing of all the multitudinous requirements of everyday consumption of the king of metals 'i We can say at least that there would be a million more people in Canada to-day. We cannot point to any nation in the world that amounts to anything which does not manufacture its own iron and steel. One who has never visited a " black country " cannot conceive the stupendous scale of each member of the family of industries that goes to make up the creation of iron » iron in a ton of V wo pro- pulation. as niacli try as he ^ of bflit- g to build ;ention to psults and 1 the po8- i greatpst d steel, ms, have \ntly pro- r greatest and were in all the (8, to say everyday y at least a Canada ^orld that re its own y " cannot the family )n of iron and flteel. First the underground world teonnng with miners to produce the ore and coal, or the buHy neighbour- hoods where the forests supply charcoal, the great tratliu of these products to the railroads to some central point for smelting, the men day and night round the blast furnaces, the swarm of workmen at puddling and rolling the product, if iron, or converting the pig into steel and then rolling it. In all of these the consumption of nearly every other product is so prodigious that a thousand other trades are permanently benefited from the farmer, who produces food for the workman, to the cloth maker who turns out his Sunday clothes. Let me quote a paragraph from the controversy between Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Blaine. Mr. Blaine writes as follows : " Mr. Gladstone may argue for Great Britain as he will, but for the United States we must insist on being guided by facts and not by theories ; we must insist on adhering to the teachings of experiments which ' have been carried forward by careful generalizations to well grounded conclusious.' . . . Mr. Gladstone boldly contends that ' keeping capital at home by protection is dear production, and is a delusion from top to bottom.' I take direct issue with him on that proposition. Between 1870 and the present time considerably more that 100,- 000 miles of railroad have been built in the United States. The steel rail and other metal connected therewith involved so vast a sum of money that it could not have been raised to send out of the country in gold coin. The total cost could not have been less than $500,000,000. We had a large interest to pay abroad on the public dtibt, and for nine years after 1870 gold was at a premium in the United States. During those years nearly -1:0,000 miles of railway were constructed, and to import English — 8 — rail and pay for it with gold bought at a largo proniium would havh been iiuposHiblc. A very large proportion of the railway (inteipriHes would of necc^Hwity have been aban- doned if the export of gold to pay for the rails had been the condition precedent to their construction. But the manufacture of steel rails at home gave an immense stimulus to business. Tens of thousands of men were paid good wages, and great investments and great enrichments followed the line of the new road and opened to the Amer- ican people large tields for enterprise not theretofore accessible. 1 might ask Mr. Gladstone what he would have done with the lal^our of the thousands of men engaged in manufacturing rail, if it had been judged practi- cable to buy the rail in England 1 Fortunately he has given his answer in advance of the question, for he tells us that *in Araerija we produce more cloth and more iron at high prices, instead of more cereals and more cotton at low prices.' " Yet we rich Canadians can well atibrd to send out money for our iron and steel and go on borrowing ! ! You are probably all aware tiiat a Commission reported last year on the mineral resources of Ontario, and in con- nection therewith some information was given about this question of Iron and Steel Smelting. The report states on page 21 : •' The industry is of first class importance and every proper means should be taken to secure its establish- ment in Ontario " ; also on the same page : " It is unques- tionably in a country's interest not only to smelt its own ores, but to refine and manufacture the metals, providing always that the various operations can be carried on economically and without taxing other interests indefinitely for their maintenance." 9 — jromium ortion of ♦Ml al)an- hacl b<'('n But the iinmenae were pftiport states jortance and its establish - [t is unqups- melt its own Is, providing carried on ,8 indefinitely I think the few notes T have given will have shown that there certainly exists a great gap in the chain of our national development, for who will deny that iron and steel are the back bone and sinews of a nation ? The next two questions which inevitably follow are : — 1. Can we make iron and steel ; have we the tnaterials ? 2. Have we market for it if made i I shall be obliged to answer these important questions shortly, but I think satisfactorily. I shall not allude to Nova Scotia where smelting is carried on, and where in more than one locality ore and coking coal occur at no great distance from one another. But in Ontario I have shown in the commencement of my paper that parts of the greatest iron producing ranges of the United States run into Ontario and that geologically speaking there is no question about the quantity of iron ore available. Furthermore, the considerable quantities of ore produced in the past in Eastern Ontario as instanced in a very interesting paper by Mr. T. D. Ledyard, read before the New York meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers last September, and many other sources, leave no room for doubt that the supply of good ore will be forthcoming in the future. There will of course be many disappointments about individual occurrences of ore as there have been in the past, and much expensive and heavy work lies in front of those who undertake the prospecting and development of our iron ores to supply the steady demand of smelting. But this steady demand would be met, and further, on account of it, developments would be made which would prove the possibility of our supplying foreign demand if it should arise. 10 - With regard to fuel, I may draw your attention to the facts embodied in the Mining Commission report which carry out the fact so long recognized, that there is no more favourably situated district for charcoal iron smelting in North America than Eastern Ontario. In this connection I would add that the Rathbun Company, of Deseronto, is shipping large quantities of charcoal to the United States, and it is a known fact that for a long time charcoal has been shipped from Essex to Detroit chiefly for iron smelt- ing purposes. With regard to coke let me briefly remark that the Illinois Steel Company at Chicago produced last year the largest output of steel rails of any firm in the United States — nearly a million tons (exact amount 925,000 tons), and we should not have to bring our coke or ore so far to the works — say at Toronto. A new and great factor in steel making, as you all know, has recently appeared. Mr. James Riley, of Glasgow, and other.H showed that structural steel could be improved in quality by alloying it with from one to five per cent, of nickel, and carrying out the tests on a larger scale ; recent experiments at AnuapolLs proved that armour plate made of steel containing nickel was superior to any other plate. These facts and the statement in the New York Mining JoiLTual in connection with the Sudbury deposits (and which my observations lead me to believe are correct) " that the Canadian mines alone could supply the whole demand in the world even if the other sources did not produce anything " give to us a new interest in this question of manufacturing steel, as well as gratifying information as to the supply of this new element which, without doubt, will enter into its componition in the future. |i — 11 1 to the •t which no more ilting ill nnection ronto, is I States, coal has n smelt- that the year the ) United 925,000 or ore so all know, Glasgow, improved ^r cent, of le ; recent •late made :her plate, rk Mining )08it8 (and •ect) " that )le demand ot produce ][ue8tion of rmation as out doubt, •! I shall, lahtly, briefly touch on the question of markf^t. I merely allud:i7-:58, page ."37 of part S, we find that "during the years 188G and 1887 there were imported for consumption into Canada 345,000 tons of pig iron and '2^o,0(}0 tons of steel. If to this is added the amount of pig iron consumed as such, it will be seen that, excluding all the iron and steel entering into such highly manufactured articles as cutlery, surgical instruments, edge tools, machinery of all kinds, engines and many other hardwares and manufactures, there was a total consumption equivalent in pig iron in 18SG and 1887, respectively, to about 41."), COO tons and 356,000 tons. If made in the country, this quantity of pig iron would represent to our makers at actual prices a value of about $5,000,000 ; it would necessitate a yearly supply from Canadian iron mines of 1,000,000 tons of ore, and, before 12 i ■ > this ore could be nielUul into pig iron and further made into the different mercantile articles of iron and steel, which are now imported, it would also require about 3,000,000 tons of coal." Taking this amount, say 400,000 tons (which we must believe is constantly increasing from year to year), we have the product of 27 to 28 blast furnaces being used per annum in Canada, instead of what we often hear — • *,hat one blast furnace would glut our n)arket. I take the basis of furnace output, the standard adopted by Mr. Bartlett, alluded to in his evidence before ihe Mining Commission. I would refer you as having a most important V>earing upon this matter to the sworn statement of Mr, J. H. Bartlett, of Montreal, which appears as evidence given before the Royal Commission on the mineral resources of Ontario — page 396 and following pages, Mr. Bartlett is the author of a book on the manufacture, consumption and production of iron, steel and coal in Canada, I might add that he is also one of the ablest and most authoritative writers on the subject in Canada, both from the stand point of theory and practice, and his evidence contains an epitome of many of the most important facts and statistics bearing upon it, and I would strongly urge its perusal by all interested. In 1879, after I had been for some time at smelting works in North StaiFordshire, I wrote an article, " A Few Words About Iron," in the Canadian Monthly. In it I pointed out that iron of the finest quality was being pro- duced at that time in North Staffordshire for .$5 a ton, while it was costing $20 a ton at Pittsburg to smelt a bessemer grade, prices in boch cases not including man- agement, interest, etc, I then stated that I was at a loss made steol, about must ,r), we g used hear — ike the )y Mr. Mining bearing , J. H. le given eaources Bartlett sumption nada. I kod most Dth from evidence ant facts igly urge smelting " A Few In it I )eing pro- $5 a ton, o smelt a ling man- ta at a loss — 1 ;i — to know how we in Canada were to build up our iron and steel industries under a smaller protection than the United States. I have yet to be enlightened on that point, and the existing state of affairs seems to indicate that no satisfac- tory basis has yet been arrived at. It would surely be better to have no protection than a half-hearted one, which is a tax on the consumer and yet one which will not build up a national industry. The expenses in connection with the establishment of smelting works are so enormous that without a policy which says *' We are going to smelt our own iron and steely' little can be hoped for. But once that policy is adopted, whether by protection or by bonus, and the gigantic industries can be launched and set running, and we shall have taken a greater step in the commercial development of our country even than by the liuilding of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. This question is one of immense, nay, of vital, import- ance to us who are citizens of Toronto, There ought to be no point more favourably situated. Iron ore can be brought from the North-East, nickel from the North- West and coke from across the lake. The magnitude of the operations can be realized when I say that, from my per- sonal knowledge, one private works in England paid in wages alone .$40,000 a week. And not only Toronto, but the whole province would be benefited if we smelted our own iron and steel. Iron ore occurs in so many parts that it is diliiciilt to say what part of the province might not be directly benefited by mining, besides the general renewed prosperity it would give to the whole Dominion.