,.^.. f^^< IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I lis 1125 •^ 1^ III 2.2 ^ I4£ 12.0 1.8 1.25 II ,.4 II J4 ^ 6" ► ^ V] ^;. /A 'W 7 Photogr^hic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIK Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiquos Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes tachniquas at bibliographiquas Tha instituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagas in tha raproductiun, or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. n D D D Coiourad covars/ Couvartura da coulaur Covars damagad/ Couvartura andommag^a Covars rastorad and/or laminated/ Couvarture rastaur6e et/ou peliiculie Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque □ Coloured maps/ Cartes gtegraphiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black}/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) □ n D Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ 11 se peut que certainas pages blenches ajouties iors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsqua cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t4 filmias. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppiimantaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ la mbilleur exemplaira qu'il lui a 6t4 possible de se procurer. Les details da cat exemplaira qui sont paut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographiqub, qui pauvent modifier una image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mAthode normale de fiimage sont indiqute ci-dessous. I — I Coloured pages/ D This item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est f iimi au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagias Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxe< Pages dtcoiories, tacheties ou piquias Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes Showthroughy Transparence Quality of prir Quality indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire I — I Pages damaged/ I — I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I — I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ I I Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I — I Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refiimed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure. etc., ont M fiimies d nouveau de fa9on d obtenir la meilleure image possible. 26X 30X 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thenks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire fllmA fut reproduit grAce A la ginArositA de: Bibliothtftque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images sulvantes ont 4t4 reproduites avec le plus grand soln, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de rexemplaire film^, et en rtonformiti avec les conditions du contrat de ffliiUfr. B. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. IVIaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim^e sont filmfo en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre pege qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dee symboles suivants apparaltra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est film6 A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bes, en prenant *e nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 QUEEN VICTORIA THE ISTORY OF THE YEAR Review of the Events of 189 i all Around the World. WITH Special Reference to Canadian Affairs EDITED BY CHAS. MORRISO N ILLUSTRATED TORONTO. ONT.: W. J. DYAS 1892 r ^ o%\ ') 2P9S.9G Entered according: to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Ninety-two, \, W. J. DvAS, in the office of the Minister of Agrriculture. PREFACE. ^HIS volume is devoted to a record of the principal events throughout the world during J the year 1891, special attention and elaboration being given to Canadian affairs lecord of every event of importance in politics, reUgion, science, art, music, the drama fety, sports, etc., will be found either in the chronological table or in the special articles' ^ possible that some matters may be treated too exhaustively and vice versa, but m the ^pdation of a work of this description, that is a contingency which is almost unavoidable las been our earnest endeavor to provide a history of the year as comprehensive and henfc as could be obtained from the sources of information at our disposal, and in this trust we have not been unsuccessful. THE EDITOR. iToRONTo, February 29, 1892. INDEX. PAOB ironologicai Table 9 tie General Elections 57 ie Dominion Census 74 Bath of Sir John A. Macdonald 99 le Dominion Parliament 128 le Famous Tarte Charges 149 ladian Reciprocity with the United States 162 ^e Jamaica Exposition 165 Itario Mines 167 ctoria University 171 iva Scotia Legislature 173 le New Canadian Banking Law 174 ginitoba Politics 175 ktional Educational Association ... . 177 U St. Clair Tunnel 178 Edward Kenny 179 Previous Records Beaten 180 Invention of Prominent Electricians. 180 le Atlantic Cattle Trade 181 pminion Labor Congress 181 le New Chief Justice of Quebec 182 Ipartmental Scandals 183 ifficking in Government Offices 189 ^tario Politics igo jarate Schools 193 lief Justice Sir Antoine Dorion 195 ief Justice Stuart 197 i)tous Strikers at the Chaudiere. .... 197 iquet to Mr. Wilfrid Laurier 199 bxander William Kinglake 201 eaty between Mexico and Ecuador. 201 jr. Labelle 201 Cattle Trade 202 Ibellious Indians 203 laxles Dalton Clifford Lloyd 203 jfessor Koch's Lymph 204 jrge Bancroft. , 205 Infederation of the U. S. Industrial Organizations 206 rdinal Janos Simor 207 ghting in Egypt 207 is. Secretary Windom 209 PAOB Charles Bradlaugh 210 Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier 210 Toronto University 211 Germany's Census 211 Massacre at the Caroline Islands 212 Very Rev. Dean Plumptre 212 The Baccarat Scandal 212 A Murderous Strike 215 Twenty-one Lives Sacrificed 217 Admiral Porter, U. S. Navy 217 A Connecting Link 218 General Tecumseth Sherman 218 Daring Theft in a London Bank 220 Felix Geoffrion 220 The Spring Hill Mine Disaster 221 The New U.S. Treasurer 221 Partition of Africa 221 The Census in India " 222 Against Trusts and Combinations 222 Turkish Slave Trade 223 Severest Winter of the Century 223 The Clitheroe Abduction Case 224 New Orleans Tragedy 224 Dr. Windthorst, 225 The Utopia Disaster 225 Prince Napoleon Bonaparte 226 Murdered His Neighbor 226 General Johnston 227 Rev. Dr. Howard Crosby 227 The Manipur Massacre 228 Earl Granville 231 Thomas Charles Baring, M.P 232 Intcnational Monetary Conference. . . 232 The British Census 233 Phineas Taylor Barnum 233 Outrage in Gambia 334 Count Von Moltke 234 May-Day Riots 235 Archbishop of York 237 Madame Blavatsky 237 Expulsion of ex-Queen Natalie 237 Attempted Assassination of the Czare- witch 238 8 The History of the Year. -''^ & PAOB A French Savant's Horrible Death.... 339 The People's Party 240 A Huge Claim 240 Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia 241 Government Relief Works in Ireland . . 241 Earl Mount Stephen 242 Prohibitory Law for Canada 243 A Gentlemanly Brigand 243 Trans-Siberian Railway 244 Hon. Samuel Creelman 245 The Postal Congress 245 Suppression of Slavery 246 Kaiser William in England 246 Electrocution 248 Geographical Congress 249 Hygienic Congre s 250 Young Men's Christian Associations. . . 250 Oriental Congress 251 Australian Federation 252 Trades Union Congress in England . . 254 M. Jules Grevy 256 The Labrador Grand Falls Discovered. 257 Workmen's Accident Congress 257 Rebellion in Nicaragua 258 Floods in Spain 258 National Womans' Alliance 259 The Holy Coat at Treves 259 Rebellion in Yemen 260 Rev. Dr. Briggs' Heresy 260 Right Hon. William Henry Smith 261 Charles Stewart Parnell 264 Sir John Pope Hennessy 269 Boodleism in the States 270 ■•Ml Baroness Macdonald 371I Socialist Congress in Germany 271] Terrible Earthquake in Japan 272S Terrific Cyclone in Bengal 273 j University Extension 2731 State Elections 275 j Heavy Bank Failures in Germany 276I United States Imports 277! English Liberal Unionists 27 Canadian Banking Currency Eulogized. 27 U.S. Internal Revenue 280' Newfoundland Affairs 2H0 Troubled Ireland 28" The Bale des Chaleurs Railway Scandal ._ 294 The Behring Sea Dispute 3n(j Revolution in Chili ji:> Chinese Outrages Upon Christians. ... j2; United States Congress jju Briiish Politics 333 Expulsion of Russian Jews jjs North-West Territories Assembly 341 Union of the Maritime Provinces 342 The Year's Failures in Canada 343 The Election Court Record 344 Scandals Against the Mercier Govern- ment . 345 I Reconstructing the Cabinet 346 Canada's Trade for 1891 348 | Separate Schools for the Church of England 349 Punishments and Prosecutions by the Dominion Government 350 CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX OF THE YEAR. JANUARY. I, — Seven girls burnt to death at a school f6le in England. The German flag raised at various ^ints along the Zanzibar coast to mark German acquisition of that territory. Announcement of' the death Prince Ch'un, father of the Emperor of China. Death of Admiral Aube, of the French Navy, formerly Snister of Marine. Engagement between the United States troops and hostile Indians, p. 203. 2. — Fifth Avenue theatre and Hermann's theatre. New York city, destroyed by fire < loss $500,000. ith of Ali)honse I'eyrat, French author and Senator. Death of Daniel Clark, United States District ^ge for New Hampshire, at Manchester, N.H. Death of Alexander William Kinglake, historian, I201. Cortes opened by the Kmg of Portugal. 3. — Deaths of William Weld, proprietor of the Farmers' Advocate, London, Ont. ; .Slate Senator [j. Robertson, at Sidney, Ohio; General Philemon B. Hawkins, at Louisburg, N.C. Fifty lives lost [an explosion of fire-damp in the Trinity coal-pit in Ostrau, Austria. 4.— Death of Mgr. Labelle at Quebec city, p. 201 Elections to the French Senate. Death of nrles Keene, the famous caricaturist on the stafl" of Punch. 5. — Cobourg, Ont., votes a Ixinus of $30,000 to the railway. E. F. Clarke elected Mayor of Toronto, [the fourth consecutive term. Another engagement between the United States troops and the hostile lians, p. 203. Twelve men killed in the Utica mine. Angel's Camp, California, by the breaking of a Ift-rope. Deaths of Emma Abbott, the famous operatic singer, at Salt Lake City, Utah ; Rev. T. J. i^lelland, of Knox Presbyterian church, Shelburne, Ont., and James Redfern, originator of the Redfern Eat, at Pittsburg, Ont. Opening of the cattle export enquiry, p. 202. 6. — Joseph J. Donoghue, of Newburgh, N.Y., wins the world's skating championship at Amsterdam. Ilhs of Dr. Owen Thomas, the famous specialist, at Liverpool, England ; Nicholas, Duke of Leuchten- j, at Paris, France ; John Latey, editor of the Illustrated London News, at London, Eng. ; Hartley ssford, registrar of Victoria county, at Lindsay, Ont. 7. — Revolution breaks out in Chili, p. 318. International Monetary Conference opened in Washing- D.C., p. 232. Death of Charles D. Clifford Lloyd, English diplomatist, p. 203. Deaths of Charles Itfried William Taubert, German composer, at Berlin ; Judge C. Devers of the Supreme Court, Boston, iV- 8.— Lieutenant Casey, 22nd United States Infantry, treacherously shot and killed by hostile Indians, 9.— Collapse of the American Harvester Company. Death of Sheriff George Perry, of Oxford ity, at Woodstock, Ont. Samuel Plimsoll, the British seamen's friend, banquetted in Toronto, Ont. (lo. — Death of General James H. Butler, of Hampden, Maine, who commanded the Maine Militia ne Canadian border during the rebellion. II.— Sudden death of Rev. W. H. Laird, of the First Methodist church, Hamilton, Ont., in his [-fourth year. Death of Dr. John Stewart, a prominent citizen of Kingston, Ont. 12.— Fire in the Russell House, Ottawa, Ont ; loss $32,000. Behring Sea dispute brought into the led States Supreme Court, p. 309. Deaths of Baron Georges Eugene Haussman at Paris, France, "the ^or of the present city of Paris" ; Archibald Henry Algernon St. Maur Seymour, thirteenth Duke of erset, at London, Eng. ; General Ponce, commander-in-chief of the Colombian forces, at Panama. [•3-— Opening of the French Chamber of Deputies. Opening of the twenty-fifth Annual Convention ^e Bricklayers and Masons' International Union at Toronto, Ont. Steamer Bear, of Grangemouth, ies in the Firth of Forth with the Britannic, of Leith, and sinks ; thirteen men drowned. 9 10 The History of the Year. 14. — t'atnig (Ic Justice, at Rouen, France, partially (Ifstroyed liy fire. Death of the ninth Duke of Bedford, at London, Kng., by suicide. Death of Ainie Millet, French painter and sculptor, at Paris, France, Twv) destructive fires at Craig street, Montreal ; loss over $100,000. • S- — The hostile Indians surrender to (Jen. Miles, p. 203. Koch's lymph secret published, p. 204. Donald McKinnou, an old fisherman of Goderich, Ont., fatally shoots his wife and attempts suicide. Death of John W. Root, consulting architect of the World's Columbian Exposition, at Chicago, Illinois. Treaty between .Mexico and Ecuador signed, p. 201. l6. — Uprising in the Province of Entre Rios, Argentine Republic. Valparaiso blockaded, p. 318. Deaths of the Earl of Devon, at London, Eng., and of Clement Defiles. French musical composer, al Paris, France. I?' — Death of CJeorge Bancroft, the historian, p. 205. 18. — Heavy snow storms throughout Flurope. 20. — Death of King Kalnk.iua, of Hawaii, at San Francisco. Destructive fire in James street, Montreal ; loss, $25,000. Japan Parliament House destroyed by fiie. 21 —Forty miners killed by an explosion of fire damp at a colliery near Charkov, Russia. Governor David Bennett Hill, Democrat, of New York .State, elected U. S. Senate: for the State. 22.— Confederation of United States Industrial Organiza- tions, p. 206. British Parliament re-assembles, p. 333. Deaths of Benjamin Constant Botelho de Maghales, Brazilian Minister of War, at Rio Janeiro, and of Wilhelmina Alex- andrina. Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. William ; Lidderdale, Governor of the Bank of F^ngland, presented with the freedom of the City of London, Eng., for averting a commercial crisis by aiding the Baring Brothers. Destructive fire at Glenboro, Man. ; loss $15,000. 23. — Death of Prince Bandouin, of Belgium. Four bye elections for the Ontario Legislature, p. 190. Death of ^ Cardinal Simon, p. 207. Death of Baron Schmidt, the famous arc'iiitect, at Vienna. 24. — Death of Mrs. John Thompson, grand-daughter ol the poet Robert Burns, at Glasgow, Scotland. Closer commercial relations between Germany and Austria pro- posed. President Harrison signs the Anti-Slavery Treaty, p. 246. 25. — Fifty lives lost and thirty persons injured by an ex- plosion of fire-damp in the Hibernia Colliery, Gel!;enkirchen, Germany. 26. — Deaths of Dr. Nicholas A. Otto, inventor of the Otto Gas Machine, at Cologne, and of Dr. Sullivan Whitney, first American physician to manufacture homoeopathic remedies, at Newtonville, Mass. 27. — Egyptian troops capture Handoub, p. 207. John Heslop, Town Treasurer of Ancaster, Ont., murdered by burglars. By an explosion in the mammoth shaft of the H. C. Frick Coke Works, near Ml, Pleasant, Pa., no men lose their lives. Opening of the Jamaica Exposition, p. 165. F'ire on Commercial Street, Quebec ; loss, $20,000. 28. — Through the efforts of the Farmers' Alliance, John J. Ingalls, the well-known Republic.nn Senator, defeated for another term. Professor William Gay Ballantine, of Oberlin College, Ohio, elected President of the College. Deaths of Senor Felipe Poey, Cuban philosopher and naturalist, at Havana, and of E. G. Thomas, organ manufacturer, of Woodstock, Ont. 29. — The first sugar refinery in British Columbia begins operations. Death of William Windom, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, at New York, p. 209. Signer Crispi, the Italian Premier, resigns. Announcement of the death of the Ameer of Afghanistan. Death of Judge Lane, at Owen Sound, Ont. 30. — Death of Charles Bradlaugh, M.P., the well-known English Radical, p. 210. Sir Leonard Tilley, Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, elected President of the Imperial Federation League. 31. — Death of Meissonier, the celebrated French painter, p. 210. Revolution in Portugal. H. R. H. Princess Kaiulani. Chronological Index of the Year. II FEBRUARY. It, the famous | I.— Death of the Dean of Hath ami Wells, p. 212. Death of Cieneral Henry A. ivlorrow, U.S. Ilniantry, at Hot Springs, Ark. Socialism in the Belgian army breaks out. General elections in Spain. 3. — Kmperor William of Germany accepts the resignation of Count VValdersee, Chief of the Grand iGeneral Staff. Dr. I'erowne consecrated Hishop of Worcester, Kng., and Dr. Walsh, Hishop of Mauritius. Judgment of the Manitoba Court of Appeal in the Separate Schools case, p. 193. Mr. James McShane lelected Mayor of Montreal. Deaths of F. .\. I'rieur, a veteran of the rebellion of 'jS-'jQ, and of Rev. Dr. IStuvenson, Congregationalist, both at Montreal. Death of Charles H. Branscombe, at Denver, Col., Bx-U.S. Consul at Manchester, Kng. Leave lo file an application in the Sayward c&^c granted, p. 310. 3. — Michael Kyraud, who murdered M. CioufTe, the Paris notary, in July, 1889, guillotined at Paris. Demetrio Jauregin, and his entire band of robbers, who had long terrorized the State of Jalisco, Mexico, exterminated in an engagement with Mexican troops. Opening of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the t'onttal Farmers' Institute, at Toronto. Official announcement of the dissolution of the Dominion Parlia- ment, p. 57. 4.— Sleeping car on C. P. K. express thrown from the track over a bridge, near Schrieber, Lake jSiiperior sectio.i, and ten passengers injured. Death of Rev. Dr. T. N. Hasselonist, President of Uugustina College, at Rock Island, 111. 5. — Canon Gregory installed Dean of St. Paul's, London, Eng. Bishop's College, Lennoxville, near Sherbrooke, (^ue., almost totally destroyed by fire ; loss $39,000. 6. — Destructive fire at Gananociue, Ont.; loss about $70,000. Sir Charles Tupper arrives in Ottawa, )nt., from London, Eng., to take part in the election campaign. Death of ex-Judge Rainville, of the l^^uebec bench, at Paris, France. Death of Freeman H. Morse, iit Surbiton, Surrey, Eng., ex-U.S. Consul jeneral at London. 7. — Dea^h of U.S. ex-Chief Justice John Appleton, of Maine, at Bangor, Me. 8. — James McLaren's saw mills, at New Edinburgh, Rideau Ward, Ottawa, Ont., destroyed by fire ; |oss $150,000. The British stenmship Chiswick founders off the Scilly Islands ; the captain and ten seamen Jrowned. 9.— Great strike inaugurated in the Connellsville, Pa , coke regions, p. 215. Death of Theodore F. Tamer, one of the projectors of the first packet line on the Missouri River, at Kansas City, Mo. 10. — Death of Thomas Darling, one of Montreal's best-known citizens and leading accountants. )eath of James Redpath, a prominent journalist, at New York city ; struck by a street car. Death of ^lajor Bromhcad, V.C., one of the heroes of the battle of Rorke's Drift, durmg the Zulu War, in January, J879. II. — The Grand Trunk freight sheds at Bonaventure depot, Montreal, destroyed by fire. Opening of be Ontario Legislature, p. 190. Death of Clayton Slater, for a long time one of the " cotton lords " of Canada, at Brantford, Ont. Major Nixon, 33rd Burmah Regiment, Madras Infantry, shot dead by a Palhan Naik, who was running "amuck "at Fort Steadman, Burmah, and Lieutenant Jameson, of the ame regiment, fatally wounded. 12. — Terrible accident at the Quebec Worsted Company's works, p. 217. Owing to the breaking of a lyke, half the city of Cordova, Buenos Ayres, inundated ; 150 lives lost, and three million dollars damage Jone to property. Ontario Lei^islature adjourns till March loth, p. 190. Serious labor riot at Kearney, .J. Wm. O'Brien and John Dillon arrested at Folkestone, Eng., p. 288. Death of Musurus Pasha, [)rmeriy Turkish Ambassador to London. 13- —The new General Hospital at Gait, Ont., an elegant stone structure of modern design, formally lened, and begins free of all debt. Another mysterious murder of a prostitute takes place in the east end London, which has to be added to "Jack-the-Ripper's" Whitechapel atrocities. Death of John laclcan, one of the best -known newspaper men in Ontario, and who earned the title of " the Father of he N.P.," at Toronto. Death of Admiral Porter, of the U.S. Navy, p. 217. Death of Colonel Richard j>yott, sr., M P. for Lichfield, Eng. 14 — Railroad connection between British Columbia and Washington State established, p. 218. The See of LEvmement and Le Canadien, Quebec, gutted by fire ; loss about $50,000. Death of Speaker /inram, of the Manitoba Legislature. Death of General Tecumseth Sherman, p. 218. 12 The History of the Year. IS- — The First Congregational Church, Kingston, Ont., almost destroyed by fire; loss $30,000. Conflagration at New Westminster, B.C. ; loss half a million dollars. The Egyptian troops occupy El Teb, p. 207. Death of John Macpherson, ex-Deputy Chief of the Toronto Police Force, at Toronto. 16. — Daring theft in a London, Eng., bank, p. 220. The Parnellites p&ss a vote of confidence in their 1 leader, p. 288. The French Chamber of Deputies appropriate half a million francs to the French Archa.'o- logical Institute to assist in the active work of excavating the ancient city of Delphi. The Presbyterian | General Assembly Committt e on the Revision of the Confession of Faith adjourn after an eleven days' j session at Washington. D.C., when important chmges were made. Death of Captain George F. Cooke, one of the brightest young lawyers at the Montreal bar. 17. — Diabolical plot discovered to as- assin.te the Argentine Republic Ministry. Great destruction ot j property by floods in Pennsylvania. Local option carried in Oakland Township, Brant County, Ont. Death j of Baron Ilausen, designer of the Academy at Athens, ] and of the Parliament building in Vienna, at London, ; Eng. 18. — Lieutenant George A. Badgerow, Q.O.R.,^ Toronto, thrown from his horse and instantly killed. Deatt of General Hastings Sibley, first Governor of 3 Minnesota, at St. Paul, Minn. 19. — Brilliant victory of the Egyptian troops ovei; Osman Digna's forces at Tokar, p. 207. Gallant con- duct of British seamen in Chili, p. 318. Death of Felix i Geoffrion, ex-Mini.'^ler of Inland Revenue, p. 220. The Mayor and Aldermen of Minneapolis, Minn., meet with 5 a cordial reception in Montreal, Que. Death of Frederick Lyon, sixth Earl of Beauchamp, at London, England. Death of Professor Alexander Winchell, of the University of Michigan, the greatest geologist in the United States and author of several works on geology, at Ann Arbor, Mich. 20. —Collision between two freight trains on tin C.P. K., near Lachute, Que ; a fireman killed and thrci other men injured. An engine runs into the rear of the Boston and Albany express in the Park Avenue tunnel, New York city, and six persons burned to death through the wreck catching fire from an overturned heater, Death of Colonel Thompson Picton, one of the oldesi newspaper men in New York, at New York city. 21. — Terrible mining accident at Spring Hill, Nova Scotia, p. 221. Death of George Thomas Keppel, sixth Earl of Albemarle, who fought at Waterloo, and passed through unscathed. Death of William A. Stephens. the pioneer poet of Ontario, at Owen Sound, Ont. 22. — The American vessel Elizabeth wrecked on the beach at North Head, California, and the captain and eighteen of the crew drowned. Death of James Hill Hunter, M.P.P., at Durham, Ont., after only one day's illness. Death of Admiral L. H. Pinzon y Alvarez, Commander-in-chief of the Spanish Na\7, at Madrid. 23. — Death of General Robert McAllister, at Belvidere, N.J., who served throughout the war from start to finish. Death of George White, Chief Engineer, United States Navy, at Philadelphia, Pa. 24. — Constitution adopted by the National Assembly of Brazil. Col. Gibson elected M.P.P. for Hamilton, Ont. , p. 190. Secretary Foster's appointment to the United States Treasury Department con- firmed by the Senate, p. 221. Fire in the Bonsecours Market, Montreal ; loss $40,000. Death of Senator Ephraim King Wilson, of Maryland, at Washington, D.C. 2'' — Negotiations in reference to South Africa satisfactorily concluded, p. 221. Destructive fire ai Arnpi..or, Ont.; loss $10,000. Death of George Sylvaio, ex M.P. for Rimouski county, at Rimouski, (^)ia' Death of Sir Richard Francis Sutton, at London, England, owner of the English cutter Genesta, defeateii Hon. a. S. Hardv. Commissioner of Cnmm iMnds, Ontario. Chronological Index of the Year. 13 ' the Boston sloop Puritan, in 1885, for the American cup. Death of Sir William Kirby Green, British linister to Morocco. 26. —General da Fonseca takes the oath of office of President of the Republic of Brazil. Opening of he Manitoba Legislature, and adjournment until March loth, p. 175. Nominations for the Dominion llections, p. 65. Senator Henry William Blair, of New Hampshire, appointed U.S. Minister to China. [)eath of Fortune du Boisgobey, the celebrated French novelist. 27. — The census throughout India taken, p. Z22, The Dowager Empress Frederick of Germany lurriedly leaves France lo prevent an outbreak of the Parisians of their hatred against Germany. Heavy Binstorms and floods on the Pacific coast, entailing great damage to property in California and Mexico. 28. — Cossacks massacre a number of Jews who were endeavoring to escape across the frontier into russia. Heavy floods in Arizona and great lo!;s of life. Death of Senator George Hearst, of California, he millionaire mine owner, at Washington, D.C. .Sir Richard Cartwright's speech at West York, p. 65. MARCH. w I. — Two hundred and seventy-eight persons massacred in Madagascar. Queen Street Baptist Ihapel, St. Catharines, Ont., destroyed by fire ; loss $12,500. Death of Rev. T. W. Jeffery, at Toronto, Int., one of the most popular clergymen of the Methodist Church in Canada, whose name will long be re- iembered in connection with the great trial in which he was the principal figure, and out of which he nerged with an untarnished reputation. Mr. Laurier's speech at Cobourg, Ont., p. 66. 2. — Convention in connection with Australian Federation meets at Sydney, p. 252. The one undredth anniversary of the death of John Wesley observed with special services throughout the ^ethodist world, and a fine bronze statue of the eminent divine unveiled in the City Road, London, Eng., I commemorate the occasion. 3. — Mr. Porter, Reform, elected M.P.P. for North Bruce, p. 190. Death of Edward Horton, arrister, at St. Thomas, Ont., one of the oldest practitioners in the province. 4.^Close of the fifty-first U.S. Congress, p. 330. The Anti-Slavery Conference Treaty rejected by le U.S. Senate, p. 246. Death of Rev. K. L. Jones, Professor of English in the Royal Military College, pgston, Ont. Death of Leonard Jerome, of New York city, at London, England. 5. — Dominion Elections, p. 66. The General Conference of the Seventh Day Adventists, with fclegates from the States and most Europear, countries, assembles at Battle Creek, Mich. Financial in Buenos Ayres. Important engagement fought in Chili, p. 319. Death of Bishop Benjamin enry Paddock, of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts at Boston, Mass. 6.— Official proclamation made of the accession of King Alexander I. to the throne of Servia. eath of ex-Ald. Laurent of Montreal. Hon Edward Blake publishes his reasons for retiring from fliticai life, p. 72. 7. — The Methodist F'^ioCopal Conference of Philadelphia, by a vote of 120 to 98 decide against |niitting women delegates to the Electoral and General Conferences of the Church. Death of Gilbert cMicken, at Winnipeg, Man.; he was Commissioner of the Dominion Police in the days of Sir Allan :Nab. 8.— Hess Brothers' furniture factory at Listowel, Ont., entirely destroyed by fire, being the work of fcendiaries. Death of Prof Franz von Miklossich, the well-known Austrian author and leader of the lavist Parly, at Vienna, Austria, in his seventy-eighth year. Death of James Carrell, editor and oprictor of the Daily Telegraph, Quebec, in his forty-seventh year. 9-— The worst snow-storm of the season sweeps over the United Kingdom. Sir Charles Dilke pcpts the invitation of the Liberals of the Forest of Dean to become their candidate for Member of rliament. Disastrous fire on Maple avenue, Quebec ; loss $20,000. Announced that Chief Ju.stice Sir ^drew Stuart, of Quebec, has embraced the Roman Catholic religion. ID.— The Ontario Legislature re-assembles, p. 191. Manitoba Legislature re-assembles, p. 175. h of John F. Swift, U.S. Minister to Japan, at Tokio. Lord Salisbury's reply to Secretary Blaine Hehring Sea, p. 310. If H The History of the Year. n U.— General John M. Palmer, Democrat, elected United States Senator for Ohio. Fire at Thorold, Ont., loss $i5,cxx). Death of John Lesperance, editor and novelist, at Montreal, who was born at St, Louis, Mo., in 1836, and after taking part in the Civil war in the States he came to Canada in 1868, and was a constant contributor to the Canadian and American newspapers and magazines. 12.- -Opening of the New Brunswick Legislature, at Fredericton. I3-— The steamer Roxburgh Castle, of Newcastle, England, collides off the Scilly Islands with the steamer British Peer from Calcutta to London, the former sinking immediately ; twenty-two out of the twenty-four men aboard being drowned. Premier Mercier of Quebec, and Mr. Shehyn leave Montreal for Europe to negotiate a $10,000,000 loan. 14.— Eleven Italians lynched at New Orleans, p. 224. Two fires in Syracuse, N.Y., destroy pro- perty valued at over $2,000,000. Death of Dr. Windthorst, leader of the Catholic party in the German Reichstag, p 225. 1 5- —The Triana, one of the largest torpedo boats owned by the U.S. Government becomes a total loss by striking on Schooner Ledge, off Cuttyhunk, her crew escaping with difficulty. 16. — Knox Presbyterian Church, St. Mary'.s, Ont., destroyed by fire, loss $15,000. Over ten thousand cases of la grippe reported in Minneapolis, Minn. Death of Sir Joseph William Bazalgette, the eminent engineer, at London, England, who was instrumental in perfecting the drainage system of I London, and designed and executed the Albert and Chelsea embankments. Deaths of Judge John R. Brady, of the United States .Supreme Court, at New York city ; of General Campenon, ex-B'rench Minister | of War, at Paris, France ; of Colonel S. Moutkouroff, Bulgarian Minister of War, at Naples, Italy ; and of I Princess Marianne Bonaparte, at Ajaccio, Corsica. 17. — The Utopia disaster in Gibraltar Bay, p. I 225. The first conversation by telephone between London and Paris takes place, Mme Roche, wife of I the French Minister of Industry, making the opening j remark. Death of Prince Napoleon Bonaparte, p. 226. 18. — Numerous revolutionary Socialistic meetings! held in Paris, France, on the anniversary of the i Commune, and it is decided to hold a demonstration | against M. Jules Ferry. Death of William H. Hern- don, law partner of the late President Lincoln, ar.d| author of a " Life of Lincoln," at Springfield, III. Manifesto issued by thirty deputies against the Brazil- ian Government policy. 19. — .Seeding commenced in the vicinity of Calgary, North- West Territories. Proclamation made h) j the President of the United .States of an extradition treaty between the States and the Republic oil Colombia. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of Great Britain, on the appeal of the Colony (i j Victoria, Australia, confirms the right of the Colonial Government to prevent the landing of Chinese j immigrants in Victoria. 20. —The Newfoundland Government ask to be heard by a delegation before the British Parliament] p. 281. Death of John M. Young, one of the oldest and best known members of the Montreal Corn] Exchange, at Milwaukee, Wis. Death of Lawrence Barrett, the famous actor, at New York city. 21. — -Robert Murray, farmer, fatally assaults a neighbor, near Strathroy, Ont., p. 226. Wesleyl Warner, a farmer of London township, and his two daughters, aged sixteen and eight years, instantly killed j by the Windsor express at a C. P. R. crossing, about two miles west of London, Ont. The B.iy oil Quinte bridge, connecting Belleville, Ont., with Prince Edward county, 1,900 feet long, opened for trallic.j Announced that the census of the United Kingdom, according to the estimate of the Registrar-General.! Ho.N. John Hauuart. Postmaster General. Chronological Index of the Year. 15 Fire at I was born ia in 1868, s with the out of the [ on t real for estroy pro- le German nes a total it. Mary's, Over ten linneapolis, ;algette, the , who was ! system of | Albeit and ge John R. urt, at New ich Minister (loutkouroff, taly ; and of ] , Corsica. ;ar Bay, p. )ne between I ;he, wife of Ithe opening! naparte, p. ftic meetings I sary of the Imonstration | H. Hern fincoln, amij jngfield, 111. the Brazil pn made by] Republic ofl Colony oil I of Chinese! IParliament Ureal Corn| ry- Wesley I lantly killed I ["he Biiy of j for tralVic. ] lar-General. [gives a population of 39,000,000. The forty-eighth boat race l)etween the crew:i of Oxford and Cambridge rowed over the usual course on the Thames resulting in a victory for Oxford by a quarter of a length, I Death of General Johnston, one of the Confederate Generals, at VVashinijton, D.C., p. 227. 23. — J.imes Kane, laborer, Belleville, Ont., an old man, stabs his wife to the heart with a butcher's knife, instantly killing her ; the couple had lived unhappily owing to Kane's drinking habits. The Ontario Treasurer brings down his Budget, p. 191. Mr. Scriver, Liberal, elected M.P. for Huntingdon, Que. Koch's lymph declared a failure by the doctors of the Montreal General Hospital, p. 205. Death of Charles Krank Chickering, president of the famous piano company, at New V'ork city. Death of ex-Governor I Lucius Robinson, of New York, at Elmira, N.Y. Death of .Sir Patrick Colquhoun, Q.C., LLD., at j London, England, who had an extensive experience in the British diplomatic service, and wrote several (treatises Correspondence between the British and Newfoundland Governments published, p. 281. 24. — The interior of the Y. M. C. A. building, Montreal, in course of construction, collapses owii\g to I a defective pillar foundation ; fortunately no lives lost. Death of Rev. William Morton, a well-known Methodist minister, at Hamilton, Ont., in his seventy-fourth year. Deputation of merchants trading with I Newfoundland wait on Mr. W. H. Smith, leader of the House of Commons, p. 282. Death of (^laptain I Coquilhat, Vice-Governor of the Congo State, at Boma, West Africa. 25. — Floods in Belleville, Ont., cause loss to the extent of $25,000. Coroner's jury bring in a verdict I of wilful murder against Murray, the Strathroy, Ont., farmer, p. 226. Death of Dr. James P. Wickersham, Icx-U.S. Minister to Denmark, at Lancaster, Pa. Death of General Count George Frederic Alfred von I Fabrice, President of the Council of the Ministry of Saxony, at Dresden. 26. — President Carnot, of France, presented by the Russian Ambassador with the decoration of the iGrand Cordon of the Order of St. Andrew, and numerous honors also conferred on the Cabinet Ministers. [The Bank of Leghorn, Italy, suspends, with liabilities of 50,000,000 lire, and Corrodini & Co., bankers and I merchants of Leghorn, fail with liabilities of 20,000,000 lire. Lively engagement in the harbor of [Valparaiso, Chili, p. 319. 27. — Corner stone of St. Enoch's Presbyterian Church, Toronto, laid by Rev. G. M. Milligan. While [Premier StamboulofT of Bulgaria, and his Minister of Finance were approaching their official residence in ISotia, in the evening, the latter was shot and killed by an assassin, who escapes ; it was thought the bullets |were intended for the Premier and intense excitement followed. Announced from Washington that the treaty with Newfoundland is definitely off, p, 283. 28. — Attorney-General Martin of Manitoba, re-elected for Portage la Prairie. Announced that the Ulan Steamship Company of Montreal h.d purchased the steamers Alabama, Indiana, Georgia and Vevada of the State Steamship Company of Glasgow, Scotland, and that they would be put on the St. Mwrence route 29. —Death of William H. C. Kerr, a prominent lawyer and gold medallist of Toronto University, at I'oronto. Death of Rev. Dr. Howard Crosby, the eminent New York divine, p. 227. 30.— .Serious riots by the strikers in the Connellsville coke regions, p. 215. News received of the Manipur massacre, p. 228. 31. — Death of Earl Granville, p. 231. The Italian Minister at Washington demands his passport, 225. Death of John Maitland Macdonald, geologist and mining expert, cousin of Sir John Macdonald, fit I'ort Smith, Ark. APRIL. 1.— John Creasor, Q.C., Owen Sound, Ont., .appointed Senior Judge of the County Court of Grey. rinlenl shock cf earthquake experienced'.ilong the north shore of the .St. Lawrence river. Que. At the lonvocation of McGill College, a lady, Miss Grace Ritchie, leceives the degree of M.D., beine the first in he history of the College. The great struggle of the miners of the United States for the adoption of an [it;lu hour day commences. Report of the Ontario Commissioner of Crown Lands submitted, p. 191. 2.— About 1,000 stonecutters, bricklayers and hod -carriers, of Milwaukee, Wis., go out on strike- Death of Joseph Tiffin, one of Montreal's wealthiest citizens. The will of the late E. E. Shelton, of bintreal, l)ec|uealhs over $200,000 to the Mission fund of the Anglican Diocese of Montreal. At the i6 The History of the Year, convocation of Knox College, Toronto, Rev. Principal Caven is presented with an address in recognition of | his twenty-five years' service The Quebec Mining Association, at a meeting in Montreal, decide to petition the Governor-General to disallow or suspend Mr. Mercier's Mining Act. Election in Sligo, p. 289. Sir Charles Tupper interviews Mr. Blaine at Washington, on the question of Reciprocity, p. 162. Death of Thomas Charles Baring, M.P. for London, Eng., p. 232. Desperate battle between strikers in the Pennsylvania coke regions and Deputy Sheriffs, p 215. Assembling of the Nova Scotia Legislature, p. 173. Deaths of Augustin Thomas Pouyer-Quertier, French Senator, and ex-Minister of Finance, at Rouen, France, and of Mrs. Augustus Craven, authoress, at Paris, France. Death of General Albert Pike, Grand Commander of the Scottish Rite Masonry of the Southern Jurisdiction, at Washington, D.C. 3. — The French Chamber of Commerce, Montreal, pass a resolution re Newfoundland, p. 283. News received of a brilliant victory by Lieutenant Grant over the Manipuris, p. 229. Attorney-General | Martin, of Manitoba, resigns his portfolio, p. 175. 4, — Premier Mercier, of Quebec, and Mr. Shehyn are granted audiences with King Leopold, of I Belgium, and Prince dc Chimay, Minister of Foreign Affairs. Appointments of Senators Tasse and Montplaisir to the Dominion Senate gazetted. Edwin Booth, the famous actor, makes his farewell appear- ance on the stage at the Brooklyn, N. V., Academy of Music. Joint pastoral published in Quebec Province j on the Separate School question, p. 194. Destructive fire in Cole St. Paul, near Montreal, loss $40,000. 5. — The insurgents in Chil' gain an important victoiy, p. 319. Demonstration of the Amnesty I Association in Dublin, p. 289. CI arles Hodges, foreman in Geary's dairy, London Township, Ont,, fatally stabs a fellow-workman named Hubbard. British Census, p. 233. 6. — Charles Santley, the great English baritone singer, takes part in the oratorio of " Elijah," by the Philharmonic Society, Toronto. Announced that the German Government has definiiely resolved to withdraw the embargo on American pork. At Biskara, Algiers, in the presence of a concourse of Europeans and natives, and a large number of Bishops, Cardinal Lavigerie consecrates the Freres Armti du Sahara ; the aim of the band is not conquest or aggression, but to combat slavery. The British [ Parliament re-assembles, p. 333. Lieutenant Grant gains another brilliant victory over the Manipuris, p. 229. • The Canadian delegates wait upon Secretary Blaine at Washington, but are informed that nothing I could be done in the absence of the President, p. 163. Lady Zetland and Miss Balfour commence their tour of benevolence throughout portions of Ireland, p. 241. The Dominion Census enumerators commence | their duties, p. 74. 7. — Mr. Justice Stephen, of the Queen's Bench Division of the English High Court of Justice, who! tried the famous Maybrick poisoning case, formally retires from the bench, owing to impaired health. Mr. Bedard, Member for Richmond and Wolfe in the Quebec Legislature, resigns his seat, admitting j corrupt acts on the part of his agents without his knowledge. In the cause cilibre of the Jesuits, and the j Mail, Toronto, the Montreal Superior Court, after hearing arguments of counsel, allows the defendants j plea of justification. First public meeting of the National Federation in Dublin, p 289. Newfoundland | officials instructed to refuse Ixiit to Canadian vessels, p. 283. Announced that the Dominion Government I will not disallow the Manitoba School Act, p. 194. Death of P. T. Barnum, the great showman, p. 233. Deaths of Governor Daniel G. Fowle, at Raleigh, N.C. ; Right Rev. Bishop Richard Gilmour, of Clevej land, Ohio, at St. Augustine, Florida ; and of Count Reinhold Abraham Lewenhaupt, at Wilmington, Del. 8. — Three men killed by an explosion in Bradley's Glycerine Works, Petrolea, Ont. Ojx-ning sessionl of the Congress of Inventors and Manufacturers of Patents, in celebration of the beginning of the second | century of the American patent system, held at Washington, D.C. Sir Charles Tupper sails from New! York for England. President Harrison issues a proclamation as to Behring Sea, p. 311, Full text of ihe| treaty between the United States and Newfoundland made public, p. 283. 9. — Dallon McCarthy, M.P. , banqueted by his constituents at Collingwood, Ont. Destructive fire on) King street west, Toronto; Heintzman's piano warerooms, and two other stores being gutted, loss $60,000, [ The first train passes through the Grand Trunk tunnel under the St. Clair river ;.t Sarnia, Ont., carrying! some of the officials of the road. Members of the English Royal Labor Commission announced, p. 333.] Sir Julian Pauncefote arranges for a renewal of the Reciprocity negotiations with the United States onj October 12th. The Constitution Bill of the Australian Federation finally adoptcl, p. 254. Bills respect- 1 ing the mining laws introduced into the Ontario Le islature, p. 167. lo. — Canada secures an important concessl elled KuHsian Jews in Herlin, flermany, and an epidemic feared. Officially announced that I.Hily^Macdonaid has been raised to the peerage, p. 271. Severe earthquake shocks in the province of Verona, Italy, cause great damage to property. JULY. I— The new Canadian Banking Law comes into force, p. 174. Emperor William of Germany i moots with a royal welcome at Amsterdam. Celebration of Dominion Day. Motion to adjourn (iofeated in the Dominion House of Commons, p. 133. France declines to sign a renewal of the North Sea Convention to prevent illicit traffic in alcohol among fishermen. Championship lacrosse match between Toronto and Montreal played at Toronto, and results in a victory for Montreal by fou' Karnes to three. The German East Africa Company decides to build a railway from Tanga to Korogwe in order to develop the country, at a cost of $12,500,000. The new American Copyright law I goes into force. 2. — The Irish Roman Catholic Bishops again call upon Irishmen to repudiate Parnell. A big |l!oer trek into Mashonaland driven back by the )x>lice and troops in the employ of the British South (Africa Company, and the leaders captured. John Bardsley, ex-city treasurer of Philadelphia, Pa., Isentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment for embezzling over $1,500,000. The Hoard of Regents of Ivictoria College decide "it to move the institution to Toronto till the completion of •he new building |ln 1H93. Anti-Slavery Conference meets at Brussels, p. 246. 3 —In the Imperial House of Commons, Mr. Goschen, Chancellor of the Exchequer, intimates Ittiat the Government was willing to advance $250,000 to British Columbia, to promote the emigration 3f desirable families from the Highlands of Scotland to that province. John Martland, M. A., one of |lhe oldest masters of Upper Canada College, Toronto, retires. General elections to the New South NVales Legislature, which began on June 17th, ended, resulting in the return of twerty-six labor laiuiidates, who hold the balance of power. Public meeting in Toronto appoints a large committee to 3eal with the project of erecting a suitable monument to commemorate the memory of Sir John A. Macdonald. Twenty persons killed, and many injured in a railway collision, near Ravenna, Ohio. 4.— Death of W. H. Gladstone, ex-M. P., eldest son of the Right Honorable \V. E. Gladstone, ^t London, in his fifty-first year. Sir Robert Gillespie resigns his position as a director of the Grand Trunk Railway Company. The bill to grant a Dominion Charter to the Order of Canadian Home Circles thrown out by the Standing Committee on Banking and Commerce. Death of Hannibal Limlin, ex-Vice President of the United States, during Lincoln's administration, at Bangor, Me. Twelve persons killed and about sixty injured by an excursion train leaping the track, near Charleston, Va The German Emperor and Empress arrive in England, p. 246. Death of Judge Drew, at lora, Ont. Death of Gwilym Gwent, the renowned Welsh musical composer, at Plymouth, Penn. 5.— The steamer Kinloch from Zebu for London, collides with the steamer Dunholme from lliddlesboro' for Rio Janeiro, in the English channel ; the latter sinks and seventeen of her crew are Irowned. 6.— Princess Louise of Schleswig-Holstein, granddaughter of the Queen, married at St. George's :iapel, Windsor Castle, to Prince Aribert of Anhalt, with great splendor. The British Parliament djoums to July 31st. The Imperial Federation League obtains permission to erect a monument St. Paul's cathedral to the late Sir John Macdonald. Mr. Dewdney presents his bill dealing (rith the North-West Constitution. Deputation wait upon Premier Abbott with reference to the roposed memorial to the late Sir John Macdonald, to be erected in Ottawa. Death of Carl lartens, a well-known and popular pianist and music teacher, at Toronto. A terrible cyclone sweeps brough Baton Rouge, La , wrecking the penitentiary, killing ten convicts, and injuring many others. lie British steamer Soudan, from Bonny, West Africa, for Liverpool, strikes a rock off the Taboa pd founders ; her crew and passengers saved. * 26 The History of the Year. 7. — Sir George Baden-Powell, Behring Sea Commissioner, arrives in Ottawa. Four prisoners electrocuted at Sing Sing prison, N.Y., p. 248. Forty Indians and one white woman killed by a land slide on the banks of the Skena river, at the North Pacific cannery, B.C. Conclusion of a two days' celebration of the twenty-sixth anniversary of the founding of the Salvation Army, in London, Eng. 8 — Advices received from the Congo Free State of bloody battles between the State troops and Arab slave traders. The Parnellite candidate defeated in Carlow, p. 290. The Sultan of Zanzibar presides at the opening of the Cooper Institute in the presence of the admiral and other officers of the British fleet, and crowds of natives. Conference as to the emigration of Russian Jews, p. 339. Sir Charles Tupper submits his federation proposals to the Council of the Imperial Federation League. Verdict for defendants given in the libel case ex- Attorney General Martin, of Manitoba, v. the Free Press of Winnipeg. St. Victor convent, St. Hilaire, Quebec, destroyed by fire ; loss $25,000. The schooner Pubnico Belle, of St. Johns, Newfoundland, wrecked in Conception Bay, and seven passengers drowned. Irregularities in the Department of the Interior investigated before the Public Accounts Committee, p. 183. 9. — Statue of Scotland's poet, Robert Burns, unveiled at Ayr, under tba auspices of the Free- masons. The great s.rike of Belgian miners, after lasting seventy days, is amicably settled. Disastrous fire in Cincinnati, Ohiv, ; loss over $1,000,000. Profs. Mendenhall and Merriam appointed Behring Sea Commissioners by the United States, p. 316. Toronto citizens decide upon erecting a pedestal and a statue as a memorial to the late Premier. The German Government announces a relaxation of the Alsace-Lorraine passport system. Emperor William delivers an address at the Guildhall, London, p. 247. Tenth annual international convention of the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor, opened at Minneapolis, Minn. 10. — Announced the census of England and Wales, shows a population of 29,001,008, an increase I of 3,026,572, or 11.65 percent, since the last census. H. F. Perley, Chief Engineer of the Public Works Department, Ottawa, suspended, p. 153. Ameer Ben Ali, the New York " Jack-the-Ripper," sentenced to imprisonment for life for the murder of Carrie Brown. Fight between Ted Pritchard 1 and Jem Smith for $10,000 and the championsh'p of England, won by Pritchard. Eleventh annual | meeting of the National Council of Education opened in Toronto. II. — The Duke of Cambridge, commander in-chief of the British forces, issues an order clo.sing i and forbidding the formation of Orange lodges in the army. A. M. Burgess, Deputy Minister of the Department of the Interior, tenders his resignation, o. 183. Death of C. W. Lount, stipendiary magistrate for Muskoka district, at Bracebridge, Ont. Emperor William reviews the British regulars | and volunteers on Wimbledon common, p. 248. 12. — Death of Captain R. Latraverse, one of the St. Lawrence river veterans, at .Sorel, Que, The steamer Tamae Maru. of Hakodato, Japan, while returning from Suto with three hundred laborers j on board, collides with another steamer and sinks ; two hundred and sixty of her passengers drowned, 13 — Emperor William takes his departure from England, p. 248. Fire in the West Hanleyj colliery, at Consett, near Durham, England, causes a loss of $300,000, and throws 500 men out o(| work. Advices received from Melbourne, .\ustralia, that heavy and incessant rains had caused the! Yarra-Yarra river to overflow, submerging many of the streets, and rendering thousands of people | homeless. The Rifle Association opens its annual meeting at Bisley, England. International Congre- gational Church Convention opened in London, England. A madman attempts to shoot President! Carnot of France. Count William Bismarck, second son of Prince Bismarck, resigns his position ol| President of the Regency of Hanover. Destructive fire in St. Catharine street, Montreal ; loss abou $75,000. 14. — George Francis Train circles round the globe in sixty-two days, beating his former record I Sir Alexander Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, consents to accept the honorary presidency I of the committee of the Macdonald national memorial to be erected in Kingston. Welcome meeting] of the National Educational Association, at Toronto, p. 177. The Bank of Spain succeeds in negotiat- ing a loan of $10,000,000, with the Banque de Paris and the Rothschilds. Collision between the C.P.R | steamer /4f John O. Dominis, Prince Consort of Hawaii, who was born in Schenectady, N.Y., in 1832. 2^.— The eastern portionof Rensselaer county, N.Y., deluged by a cloud-burst ; immense damage laused to property, and three persons drowned. Decisive victory for the Chilian insurgent forces who 34 The History of the Year. capture Valparaiso, p. 320. John Baxter, a New York painter, kills his wife and two children and then commits suicide. 2f). — The mob in possession of Santiago, the capital of Chili, p. 320. The United States census shows a decrease of 2,000 in the population of Alaska. Anarchists Deschamps and Dardaro, implicated in the Paris riots on May-day, sentenced to five and three years' imprisonment respectively Death of General Latino Caelho, the celebrated Republican leader and poet of Portugal, at Lisbon. 30. — The insurgents take possession of Santiago, the capital of Chili, p. 320. An immense amnesty meeting held in Dublin, Ireland, when resolutions are passed calling upon the Government to pardon the Irish prisoners under sentence for alleged dynamiting and other crimes of a partly political character. 31. — Ten miners killed, and a dozen seriously injured by an explosion of fire damp in the Malage colliery, near Bedminster, Somersetshire, England. Delegates, representing 50,000 workmen in Great Britain, meet in Leeds, and decide to form a federation of unions of skilled and unskilled workmen. The Salvation Army barracks at Eastbourne, England, demolished by a mob, and hundreds of people injured during the fight. Alteration announced in census returns for the district of Alberta, p. 84. The Sultan of Zanzibar declares his dominions to be within the Zone of the Brussels Spirit Act. The steamer /4r/«o«rt arrives in New York, and brings with her eight of the crew of the ship Sea Gull, wrecked in a terrific gale on the African coast, who were floating on a small raft in the middle of the Atlantic ; eighteen of the crew were drowned. Opening of the Dominion Rifle Association matches at Ottawa. The Dominion Trades and Labor Congress opens in Quebec, p. 181. A coal train plunges into the Canal at Burlington Beach, Ont., the bridge being open, and W. J, Crouch, fireman, and R. Shaw, brakesman, drowned. Death of Rev. Robert Acton, immigration chaplain, at Montreal. SEPTEMBER. I. — Opening of the Oriental Congress in London, England, p. 251. Violent gales and rainstorms in Great Britain and Ireland ruin the crops, and ca use several wrecks and loss of life. At a confer- ence at Dantsic of 800 delegates from various German Catholic Societies, it is decided to promote an International Catholic Congress to discuss the restoration of the Pope's temporal power. It is | officially announced that the Imperial Bank of Russia has been empowered to make a temporary issue of notes to the amount of 25,000,000 roubles. The Toronto Street Railway formally handed over to the Kiely-Everett syndicate. One thousand cabinet makers go out on strike in Chicago, 111., for eight hours as a day's work. Baron Stumm, one of the largest employers of labor in Germany, decides to pay higher wages to all his employees while the dearness of food continues. News received of the death of Dr. Alex. T. Carson, of Toronto, at Heidelberg, Germany. Reciprocity treaties between San Domingo, Spain and the United States take effect. Amalgamation of the Massey Manufacturing Company, Toronto, and the Harris Company, of Brantford, Ont., implement manufacturers, takes I effect. 2. — The Legislature of Victoria passes the Federation bill, p. 254. Official order issued by the 1 British Board of Agriculture regarding the Atlantic cattle trade, p. 181. A mail train on the Mohawk division of the Central Hudson road runs between Utica and Albany, N.Y., a distance of ninety-five i miles, in eighty-nine minutes. A number of railway men living on the Canadian side of the boundary, but working at North Buffalo, N.Y., met by a United States marshal and escorted back to the i boundary line, on the ground that the Alien Act required that they must live in the United States if | they wished to earn a living there. Mrs. Mary Butcher, 104 years old, dies at Atlantic Highlands, I N.J. Death of Dean Lyster, of the Ontario diocese, and rector of St. George's cathedral, Kingston, j at his brother's residence in Ruthin, Wales. 3. — The long-expected decree rescinding the prohibition placed upon the importation of j American pork into Germany, signed. The Sultan dismisses his Grand Vizier, owing to the inefficient measures taken by him for the suppression of brigandage. Premier Abbott introduces a bill into the | Chronological Index of the Year. 35 Senate for the suppression of frauds against the Government. Dr. C. L, Sleich, of Berlin, Germany, announces that he has discovered that an injection of water beneath the skin produces local ansusthesis siilficient to allow minor surgical operations to be painlessly performed. In France, in Alsace-Lor- aine, anil in Austria, immense bodies of troops set in motion, this being the day tixed for the long- contemplated and much discussed grand army manrcuvres of France, Germany and Austria. 4.— Patrick James Foley, MP. for the Connemara Division of Galway, Ireland, charged with placing his wife in a pauper lunatic asylum. The charge against Lieutenant-Governor Schultz, of Manitoba, collapses before the Public Accounts Committee, p. 187. The Czar gives an audience to Mr. Arnold White, at Copenhagen, on Baron llirsch's scheme, p. 340. Engagement between a band of train robbers and a body of rangers, near Uvalde, Texas ; thirteen of the robbers and two rangers i; --f the Industrial Fair, at Winnipeg, Man. The spinning mills in Wiede, Cieniiany, suspend payment owing to dullness in trade. Lord Hawke's team of English cricketers defeated by the Philadelphia team, in a three days' match by one run and eight wickets to sj re. The United States sends a vigorous protest to Chili, p. 323. City Engineer Jennings, of Toroi tenders his resignation. 29 —David Evans, representing the Castle liaynard Ward in the Board of Aldermen, elected to succeed Sir Joseph Savory, as Lord Mayor of I>ondon. F^ive Bishops, of the Established Churcl consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral, I-ondon, viz. : the incumbents of the Sees of Truro and Lichfield and the Bishops Suffragan of Coventry, Southwark, and Zululand. Thomas McGreevy expelled from the Dominion House of Commons and his seat declared vacant, p 240. An additional indemnity of *5oo passed to the members of the House of Commons and Senate, p. 141. Address to the Queen on the Copyright question passed in the House, p. 141. An influential deputation waits upon the ("lOvernor-General and urges him to extend his influence and favor to the project for a memorial in Kingston to the late Sir John Macdonald, and his Excellency makes a favorable reply. Judges Jelte, Baby, and Davidson accept the office of Commissioners re Bale des Chaleurs Railway, p. 300. E. Guss Porter, Mayor of Belleville, Ont., sentenced to twenty-four hours in gaol and to pay a fine of $100, on a charge of voting twice for H. Corby, Conservative M.P. for West Hastings, during the late Dominion election. Installation of Dr. Dryfus, the new Chief Rabbi of France, at Paris, ('■erman bankers formally withdraw from the Russian loan agreement. 30. -General Boulanger commits suicide at the tomb of his late mistress, Madame de Bonnemain, Brussels, Belgium. The Toronto City Council grants $5,000 to the proposed kilted regiment. Five persons killed and thirty injured by a railway collision near Kent, Ohio, Close of the Dominion I'arliament, p. 146. A Marshal of the Russian nobility accused of having stolen 70,000 roubles of the famine fund, entrusted to his care. Fearful reports of a cholera epidemic received from China. Collision between the Chaudiere strikers and the police, p. 198. An express train held up by robbers between lltica and Little Falls, N.Y. Futile attempt made upon the life of the Emperor of Austria, by placing bombs on a railway bridge over which the Emperor had to pass. Nine colored picker rioters, taken from the Sheriff, near Helena, Arkansas, by an armed posse, and hanged. OCTOBER. I.— Opening of the great National Liberal Federation Congress at Newcastle, Eng. Another conspiracy discovered at Barcelona, Spain, to surprise the guard at the prison, l-berate the prisoners, and proclaim a Republic ; four of the leaders arrested. The Chilian steamship Itata released at Los Angeles, Cal., on giving bonds. Meeting of the Continental Unity Club, which favors annexation to 40 The History of the Year. the United States, at Windsor, Ont. Convention of the Irish National League of America opened in Chicago, 111., neither the McCarthyite nor I'arnellite party being, however, represented, p. 291. The Chaudiere lumber strikers compel outsiders to stop work at one of the mills, p. ig8. Outbreak of smallpox reported from Carleton, Bonaventure County, Quebec. R. N. O'Brien, Montreal, representative of Dunlap's Cable News Agency, found guilty of libelling Prince George of Wales, before the Court of Queen's Bench and released on his own recognizances to appear for sentence when called upon. The Executive Commission of the Alliance of the Reformed Churches, holding the Presbyterian system, meet in Toronto and revise the draft programme of proceedings for the meeting of the General Council to be held in Toronto, September, 1892. Loss of over $500,000 reported by extensive prairie fires in North Dakota. Extensive conflagration in the Eastern port, Halifax, N..S. ; loss about $200,000. 2. —Riots in Rome caused by French pilgrims manifesting open disrespect for the tomb of King Victor Emanuel. Further postponement of the Reciprocity Conference between Canada and the United States announced, p. 164. Lord Hawke's English cricketers turn the tables on the Phila- delphians by winning the return match by one run and four wickets. S. J. Dixon, photographer, Toronto, the famous wire walker, drowned in Wood Lake, Muskoka. 3.— The Princess Beatrice, wife of Prince Henry, of Battenberg, delivered of a son at Balmoral Castle. Count Emerich Esterhazy, of Austria, found drowned in the Danube, near Pressburg. The towns of Pilot Hill and Burnerhill, Cal., swept out of existence by forest fires. The Upper Confer- ence 01 the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Davenport, Iowa, votes to admit women as delegates to Electoral and General Conferences. Ilanlan and O'Connor win the double scull race, and O'Connor the single, at the regatta, Portland, Oregon. Mr. Gladstone presented with the freedom of New- castle, England. 4. — Sudden death of the Earl of Portsmouth, through the bursting of a blood vessel. The Mayor of Nice, Italy, unveils a monument to Garibaldi. London, Eng , dock laborers attack non- union men. 5. — News received of the death of Vandevelde, the Belgian explorer, on board a steamer returning from the Congo Free Stale. An extra of the Canada Gazette issued containing a proclamation that the Act passed during the last session to provide for the exercise of Admiralty jurisdiction within Canada, shall come into force to-day. Death of Rev. William Scott, superannuated minister of the Methodist Church, at Ottawa, Ont., in his eighty-first year. Four persons burned to death by a fire in a tenement house, corner of Hudson and Dominick streets, New York. First convocation of the University of Toronto, and University College since the disastrous fire in February, 1890, held in the restored building to-day. Preliminary meeting of the Bale des Chaleurs Royal Commission, p. 300. 6. — Correspondence between Mr. Dillon and Mr. Parnell regarding the distribution of the Paris fund, pnMished, p. 291. Death of the King of Wurtemburg. Advices received from Massowah thatt he Italian forces had totally routed the forces of Debed, the third aspirant to the throne of Abyssinia, Debed being among the killed. The Privy Council confers .aithority on Sir John Thompson to prosecute the boodlers, p. 350. Disastrous fire in lower town Ottawa, loss $31,000. C. Pentland, Q.C., elected batonnier of the Quebec Bar, to replace Hon. Jean Blanchet, appointed judge. Opening of the Church Congress at Rhyl, by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The alumni of Knox College, Toronto, presents a portrait in oil of Rev. Principal Caven to the board of the college. Death of Right Hon. William Henry Smith, Government leader in the English House of Commons, p. 261. Opening of the Dominion Convention i»t the King's Daughters at Toronto. Death of Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish leader, at Brighton, England p. 264. 7.— The magnificent statue erected by the citizens of Chicago 10 the memory of Ulysses S. Gram, unveiled with imposing ceremonies. Death of Sir John Pope Hennessy, M.P. for North Kilkenny, p. 269. Mr. Peter Red;^ath, of Montreal, undertakes to erect a library building for McGill University capable of containing 200,000 books. Opening of the second Ecumenical Council of the Methodism of the World at Washington, D.C. The international cricket match between Lord Hawke's team and the New Yorkers, declared a draw. 8.— Sir James Fergusson, the new Postmaster-General elected for North-east Manchester, p. 335. Formal opening of the new WyclifTe College buildings, Toronto. The Baie des Chaleurs Commission hears an application that counsel be allowed to appear, p. 300. Death of Alvy Morden, at Morden, Man., after Chronological Index of the Yeah. 4' whom the town was named. Lizzie Gossoth, a girl of seventeen, shot to death at Macon, Ga., by her four cousins, while defending her father an old planter, from their attack upon him. 9. — An open knife with a sharp blade hurled at Messrs. Guyot, Roche and Rouvier, French Cabinet Ministers, while driving through Marseill';s, the weapon fortunately missing the mark. The operatives of every lx)ttle factory in France strike, in oliedience to orders from the Glassworkers Union. Ernest Dionnc, Clerk in the Department of Public Works, suspended, p. 350. Announced that the Montreal General Hospital has been left $loo,cxx) by the will of the late George Chetwode Hamilton, of Montreal, who died in C'olorado on September igih. Constitutionality of the McKinley .'Vet before the Supreme Court, at Washington. U.S. Secretary Foster replies to Britain's protest that the mod. is vivendi regarding Behring Sea h.id been violated, p. 317. Three masked men enter the stables of the Metropolitan Cable Railway in Kansas city, Kansas, and make the cashier give up $400. 10.— Funeral of the late Right Hon. VV. H. Smith, p. 263. A negro taken from the gaol and lynched at Omaha, Neb., for criminally assaulting a five-year-old white fiirl. Death of David Foote, one of the oldest and most prominent residents of Elora, Ont. Ex-Speaker Clarke, resigns his seat in the Ontario Legislaiure, after twenty years of active political life. II.— Immense gathering at Mr. Parnell's funeral, p. 265. Death of John Eastwood, one' of Toronto's oldest merchants, in his seventy-eighth year. A severe earih(|iiake shock experienced in San Francisco, Cal. 12. — Mr. Parnell's Parliamentary colleagues issue a manifesto, p. ' 266. Announced that the Queen will raise to the peerage, the widow of Right Hon. William Henry Smiih. .Strike of the mill hands at the Chaudiere ended, p. 198. Death of ex-Governor Bigelow, of Connecticut, at Newhaven, Conn. Frank Melbourne, the rainmaker signs a contract to water the north-western part of Kansas durinf June, July and August, 1892, at ten cents an acre for the region watered. John Hoey, of New N'ork, president of the Adams Express Co., dis- chargey an innings and eighty-four runs. Lord Lansdowne enters the capital of Cashmere, India, and is received with great enthusiasm. Advices from Morocco .state that the Sultan has entirely subdued the rebels against his authority and captured two of the insurgent chiefs, lioth of whom were impaled. 25. — The British atcamct Bos/on collides with the British barque Charlwoodin the English Channel, and the latter founders, sixteen of those on board being drowned. Serious riot in San Michele, Province of Modena, between Socialists and workingmen ; two men killed, eight seriously injured and a large number ^lif;hlly hurt. 26.— Passenger train derailed near Moirans, France, and rolls over a steep embankment, killing lifteen persons and injuring eighteen. Attempt made to blow up the office of the McCarthyiies' organ in Dublin, p. 292. Death of Rev. Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener, LL.D., D.C.L., in his seventy- eij;hth year By a boiler explosion at Louisville, Ky., one man is killed, several persons injured, and nearly $500,000 worth of property destroyed. U.S. Minister Egan makes a formal demand for reparation from the (Jovernment of Chili, for insults offered to American sailors, p. 323. Two men killed by the fall of a scaffolding in Listowel, Ont. Mr. Blaine resumes the discharge of his duties as Secretary of .State at NVasliington after his mysterious illness. Five persons killed by a collision on the .Soo road at Thorsen .Station, near CJlenwood, Minn. Harry Martin, the " Black Pearl " of Minneapolis, Minn., whips Paddy l<;orman, the Australian heavyweight, in the fourth round, at the Pacific Club, San Francisco, for a |$io,fX)0 purse. .'/.— Bloody faction (ights between the McCarthyites and Parnellites in Cork, p. 292. Death of Lieutenant-Colonel Ilowlett, one of the survivors of the British officers who fought at Waterloo, at South- lami)ton, I'^ng. The French Chamber of Deputies votes $240,000 for the relief of sufferers by recent floods I in the South of France. Mr. Chapleau places his conditional resignation, as Secretary of State in Premier [Aliboit's hands, p. 347. Judge Cimon, of Fraserville, Que., married to Miss Stella, daughter of .Sir [Hector Langevin, at the Basilica, Que. The new Provincial Deaf and Dumb Institute in Winnipeg, plan. , badly gutted by fire. The propeller Sovereign wrecked on Lamb's Island, Lake Huron, while W. R. MEREDITH. M. P. P. Chronological Index of the Year, 45 tn route from Fort William to Buffalo, N. V., with a cargo of grain. Intelligence received of the death of (Icneral Salazar, ex-Government candidate for the Presiyleriai) church, New York, fired at three limes, liy an insane (k-rnian, Init escapes injury. Death of Mr. William .Stephen, father of Lord Mountstcpheii, ai Montreal, in his ninety-second year. 30.— Nine lives lost hy an exjilosion of gas in the Hlacklnirn market, Kngland. The British (Jovcrn- ment decides to introduce a hill at the roniinj; session of Parliament recasting the whole law of evidence, p. 3J8. Death of Archduke Henry, of Austria. Riots reported in the states of Durango and Zacalira^ Mexico, by the scarcity and high prices of food. Views on the union of the Maritime I'rovinces, expresscil by the Premiers of the I'rovinces and Federal Ministers, p. 342. Three men hold up a passenger tmin, near St. Louis, .Mo., blow open the express car with dynamite, and escape with $75,000. DECEMBER. I. — Commercial treaty between (lermany and lielgium concluded. The Dominion Government calls for tenders for the construction of three sections of the new Soulanges canal, which, when completed, will cost about $4,500,000. 2. — Death of the Karl of Hantry, aged thirty. .seven years. Disgraceful faction fight in Limerick, Ireland, p. 293. The McCarthyites commence a suit for the recovery of the Irish funds in the hands of the Paris banker, \>, 293. Fi};aro newspaper lined five hundred francs for opening a subscription for the benefit of the condemned Archbishop of Aix. John R. Arnoldi committed for trial by the Ottawa Police Magis- trate, p. 351. A dynamite factory blown u)) at llaverstraw, N. Y., and four men killed. The Montreal Oeneral Do.-^pital receives $100,000, becpieathed by the will of tieorge C. Hamilton, a wealthy citizen, who died in Colorado. Mr. and Mrs. Reis, of Detroit, Mich., and three of their sons, burned to death by a lire in their brick store and residence. Two masked men hold uj) a passenger train near Rome, (la., and secure $65, all the cash in the express car. Imperial Federation discussed at the Canada Club dinner in London, Kngland. The British forces in India capture Fort Chalt from rebel tribesmen after a brilliant engagement. 3. — Death of the Earl of Erroll in his sixty-eighth year. Representatives of the Ocean steamship companies hold a banquet in London, Kngland, to inaugurate the .Shipping F^xchange. Death of Chiel Rabbi Wolf, of Copenhagen, in his fifty-first year. Three men killed and seven injured in a railway col- lision at Pennington, N.J. Civil .servants dismissed by Order-in-Council, p. 352. The town of Ingersoll, Ont,, entertains prominent C.P. R. officials to a banquet on the occasion of the opening of the new station there. Mr. Tupper, Minister of Marine and Fisheries, banqueted at Chatham, Ont., by the Young Con- servative Association. A central committee appointed to carry out a grand centennial celebration of the settlement of the eastern townships, (Quebec Province, in .Sherbrooke, on July i and 2, 1892. The elec- tion of J. A. Barron, M.P. for North Victoria, Ont., voided by the court, p. 344. Death of William Boens, Chief of Police of Windsor, Ont., for the past twenty years. 4. — A crank drops a dynamite bomb in the office of Rrssel Sage, financier, of New York, wounding Mr. Sage, killing three persons, and injuring several others. The jury in the suit for divorce brought by the Countess Russell against the young Karl, her husband, return a verdict in favor of the Karl. Death of M. Lemonier, President of the International League of Peace, at Paris, France. Death of Dom Pedro, ex-F^mperor of Brazil, at Paris, F^rance, in his sixty-sixth year. Six persons killed and several seriously injured by a collision on the New York & New Kngland Railroad at Kast Thompson, Conn. William Ingram, M.P. for East Elgin, Ont., unseated by the court for bribery by agents, p. 344. A wall ofa burned building in St. Paul, Minn., falls on fifteen laborers, killing ten outright and seriously injuring the others. Prince Albert Victor, eldest son of the Prince of Wales, proposes to, and is accepted by Princess Victoria Mary, only daughter of the Duke of Teck. A large number of Chinese vessels destroyed during a severe gale at Hong Kong, China, and hundreds of Chinese sailors and laborers employed about the harbor drowned. CllKONOLOdlCAL INDKX OK TIIK YKAK. 5J 5, — The French Superior Oiuncil of Wnr decide n^ninst applying the system of two ycnrs' service in the army. |)e:ilh of Right Rev. I'Mgar I'. W'adhams, Hishop of the Diocese of Ogdenslmrg, at Watertown, N.\',, in his seventy-fourth year. The Church of Knglnnd, in Mnniioiia, .applies for Separate Schools, p, (52. The Helgian Chamber of Deputies passes n l)ill prohibiting any pul)tic experiments in hypnotism. The Seminary of St. Sulpice sui>scrilies $20,000 towards the conipietion of the new St. Peter's Cathedral, Montreal. Commercial treaties Itelween Italy, Cermany and Austria signed. I).— Terrible mining disaster occurs in one of the mines of the St. I'Uienne Colliery Company, in the Dep.irlment of Loire, Krance, and seventy-three miners lose their lives. Crushing defeat of the Chinese rcliels by the Imperial troops officially announced, p. 330. Death of Lieutenant-Colonel H. H. Hoyd, coiiim.'inding otVicer of the 320(1 Uruce battalion, at I'ort l'",lgin, Ont. Ilanlan, the oarsman, defeated by McLean, at San Francisco, Cal., in a boat race for $500 a side, the latter receiving 100 yards start. 7. During a severe storm a herring smack founders at Fi'camp, France, and her crew of twenty-four persons perish. Thirty-four persons killeil and many injured in a collision of two mail trains between Mooltan anil Lahore, India. By an explosion of fire-damp in a colliery at Nifka, Russian Poland, 180 nan lo^e their lives, (jrand Trunk passenger trains commence running through the St. Clair tunnel. President Peixotto, of Brazil, issues a manifesto declaring the members of Da Fonseca's (Jovernment traitors to tile constitution. Two boys saved from drowning at Cuelph, Ont., by the gallant conduct of Dr. Lett, of "llomcwond Retreat." The Dominion (lovernment decides upon a policy of retaliation against Newfoundhiiid, p. 287. fudge Crisp of (Jeorgia elected speaker of the Fifty-second United States Congress on the thirtieth ballot, p. 331. U. S. Secretary of War Proctor's resignation, and the President's accept- ance of the same, made public. Petitions against the return of Dr. W. F. Roomc, M.P. for West Middlesex; .Xndrew Semple, M.P. for Centre Wellington, and Sir Richard Cartwiight, M.P. for South Oxford, Ont., dismissed with costs, ^.—-Annual meeting of the Dominion Millers' Association, at Toronto, at which incorporation of the .Association i., voted down. Flection of John Ilargraft, MP. for West Northumberland, Ont., voided by the Court for bribery by agents, p. 344. Petition against the election of Wm. IL Ilutchins, M.l'. for North Middlesex, Ont., dismissed with costs. Lord Aberdeen entertained to dinner in New York by the Nationni Federation of America. The Indiana Supreme Court give a decision that a wife has a perfect rit;hi to sue for damages against anyone who alienates her husband's affections. Fiftieth anniversary of the arrival of the Oblate Feathers in Canada, celebrated in Montreal. F'our men killed and several fatally injur- ed in a collision between a construction and freight train at West Plains, Mo. 9. — The F'rench Senate pledges the (iovernment to compel the Roman Catholic clergy to respect the Republic, and o'>py the laws. The French (lovernment makes a claim upon Hra/il for reparation for the kiillDg of twelve I'renchmen in Rio Janeiro. CJeorge tullies, iNLP. for Richmond, N.S., unseated by the court, p. 344. Seven lives lost at a disastrous fire in a candy and fireworks factory, at Louisville, Ky. Professor Rigby appointed Dean of Trinity University, Toronto, vice Professor Jones resigned. Petition against the election of .Sir Hector Langevin for Richelieu county, dismissed, by the court, no proof being produced by the jietitioner. E. A. Dyer, M.P. ^or Brome county vacates his seat, h.aving filed an acknow- ledgment of corruption on the part of his agents, p. 344. J. IL Metcalfe, M.P.P., unanimously chosen by the Con.servatives of Kingston, Ont. , as their standard bearer at the coming bye-election. F'our men arrested nn suspicion of being concerned in the the murder of County Treasurer Heslop, at Ancaster, Ont., in January last. President Harrison delivers his message to Congress, p. 331. 10. — Rural reforms discussed at an important conference of farmers and others in London, England. I'ailure of crops, owing to drought, entailing famine prices, reported in the Madras Presidency. Creat destruction of property and marine losses caused by severe gales throughout Great Britain and Ireland. Twenty miners killed and several others seriously injured by an explosion m the Friekins-Hofnung pit at liennsdorf, Silesia. The new commercial treaties between Austria- Hungary and Germany, and Austria- Hungary and Switzerland, signed. I'^lection of J. H. Marshall, M.P. for East Middlesex, Ont., voided by the Conrt, p. 344. First session of the second Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories, opened at kegina, p. 342. Death of Rev. Charles McCulloch, pastor of Plymouth Congregational Church, bidianapolis, Ind., and one of the greatest philanthropists and charity workers in the West, aged forty- eight. II.— Lord Dulferin appointed British ambassador to F"rance, in the place of the late Lord Lytton. Lord Salisbury reopens negotiations with the F'rench Government for a settlement of the Newfoundland ^ii HON. J. A. OUIMET, Speaker of the House of Commons. ClIKONOLOCJICAL INDEX ()!• THE YKAK. S3 ilis|mle, |i. 288. The petition ngniriHt the return of James McMullen, M.I', for North VVelUnylon, Ont., lli^misse(l with costs. Election of Charles l'°airlinirn, M.l'. for .South Virtorin, Ont., voided by the Court forlriliery by an agent, p. J44. The objection of I.. < ). I'elletier, M.l'. for Laprairie County, f,)ue.,that |!MKt'i'dinns to unseat him were not taken within six months, the preHcrilied limit of time, sustained liy the ('■uri, and the petition dismisstd with costs. Mr. justice Meredith delivers an exhaustive judgnunt, at Us(;i>()dc Hall, Toronto, on a nund)er of i|uestionM that are constantly arising under the Dominion Electoral Franchise Act. Brazilians at a public meeting in Kio Janeiro strongly protest against the imperial honors p.iiil l)yl'"ranceto their late ex- Emperor on the occasion of his funeral. Senor Matta, Minister of Foreign AlTairs for Chili, sends a circular note to all its foreign legations, which gives otfence to the United .States (iovernnient, p. 325. 12. — The boiler of the Italian steai.ier Ctilahria explodes during her passage from (lenna to Naples, and she sinks, twenty-one of those on boanl being drowned. Tlie British ship Eiitcrkin, from Hull to lirisliane, wrecked during a gale otT Kamsgiile, England, and twenty-eight lives lost. M, C. Cameron, .M.l'. for V, est Huron, Ont., desides to resign his seat without the process of a trial, and to contest it again at the bye-election. Death of Alexander Workman, one of the first mayors of (tttawa, Ont., in his ninety fourth year. Dis.istrous lire at Moose Jaw, N.W.T., and loss of three lives. President Hippolyte, iif I l.iyti issues a proclamation granting a general amnesty to political oti'enders. Mr. Jamieson, M. I', for North Lanark, api)ointed Junior County Judge of Wellington, Ont. 1 J. News received of the ajipointment ol Kev. Dr. Horstmann, Chancellor of the Archdiocese of I'hil.uklpliia, us Bishop of Cleveland, Ohio, in succession to the late Bishop (iilmour. 14. -By the collapse of an over-weighted brewery at I'inneberg, (iermany, fifteen workmen lose their lives. A crowded ferryboat capsi/.es in the Elbe, at Ilarburg, (ierniany, and ten passengers drowned. Advices received ol further lighting near Cilghit, on the I'amir frontier. The jury in the sensational divorce trial in London, England, of Miss Florence St. John, the well-known actress, against her husband, return a ver• 33-' I^i"' Mousseau, M.P. for Soulanges, Que., files his resignation in court, admitting corrupt acts liy agents, p. 344. Hon. C H. Tupper delivers an address at Toronto, on the poltical situation, under ihc auspices of the Voung Men's Liberal-Conservative Association. Circular issued from the Clan-na-Gael, in Chicago, tz-v the different camps in the United .States, calling upon Irishmen, inasmuch as parliamentary agit.-.tion had been unsucces.'ful, to return to ph;- al force. Death of Mr. John Kay, a prominent merchant of Toronto. Lieut. -Governor Angers, of Quebec, receives the interim report of the Baic des Chaleurs Commissioners and dismisses the Mercier Cabinet, p. 303. 17. — English cotton spinners hold an immense meetinR in Manche'iter and decide to strike unless employers make improvements in the conditions of work. Financial result of General Booth's gigantic scheme for the first year published. • Mr. Ounbar Barton elected M.P. for the Middle Division of Armagh, Ireland, p. 294. The French Senate adopts the whole new tariffbill. W. Hauser, formerly Chief of the Swiss Military Department, elected President of the Swiss Confederation. President Harrison sends to the Senate the nomination of Stephen B. Elkins, of West Virginia, to be Secretary of War. President Harrison decides to issue a proclamation restoring the duties on sugar, coffee, teas and molasses from countries that have not negotiated reciprocity treaties with the States. The Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry, in West Philadelphia, Pa., formally dedicated, its founder donating two million and a half dollars for its support. Elections of R. R. MacLennan, M.P. for Glengarry, Ont., and D. W. Allison, M.P. for Lennox, Ont., voided by the courts for bribery by agents, p. 344. Death of Kou. C. H. Brown, of the Manitoba Government, at Winnipeg, Man. Mr. John Charlton, M. P., delivers an address in Buffalo, N.Y.,.^on "Canadian Relations." Death of Judge Sinclair, at Hamilton, Ont. 18. — The new commercial treaties between Ger- many and Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy, and Germany and Belgium pa...'^ their third reading in the German Reichstag and are adopted. Death of liight Rev. Edward Harold Brown, D.D., Bishop of Winchester, England. The Commercial Treaties Committee of the Austrian Reichrath adopt the German, Belgian, Swiss and Italian treaties Mr. Mercier begins the political campaign by addressing a large meeting of his friends in Montreal, p. 307. Thirty masked men force open the gaol at Live Oak, Fla., take out two negroes charged with murder and lynch them. The Convention of the American Federation of Labor, at Birmingham, Ala., adopt a resolution favorin;; a woman's suffrage amendment to the constitution. Alfred Downs, colo' .'d, hanged at Charlotte, N.C, for burglary. ig. — The Board of Trade of London, England, orders an enquiry to be made as to the number of Jews who have immigrated to England during the past twenty years, and as to their manner of life. The cotton mills at Bergamo, Italy, destroyed by ."ire, throwing eight thousand people out of employ- ment. G. W. Hastings, Liberal-Unionist M. P. for East Worcestershire, England, arrested on a charge of defrauding Malvern College of /is, 000 under his trusteeship. Death of Ira P. Morgan, a leadM.g agriculturist of the country, at the Ottawa hospital, caused by being crushed under an elec- tric car. Judgments given at Osgoode Hall, Toronto, dismissing the election petitions in the East Simcoe and North Perth cases, and unseating and disqualifying Mr. German, M.P. for Welland, for Hon. Alkxandkr .MAcKKNzir. Chronological Index of the Year. 55 bribery, p. 344. The Canadian Rugby Union formed at a meeting of football delegates in ^^ontreal. Death of Rev. Father Dowd, the venerable and beloved pastor of St. Patrick's, Montreal. The Liverpool, England, Chamber of Commerce, decides not to take part in the Chicago World's Fair. Corner stone of the Berean Methodist Church, Toronto, laid by Mr. 11. A. Massey. .;o.— Death of Senator Preston B. Plumb, representative of Kansas, at Washington, D.C. 21. — Death of the Duke of Devonshire, in his eighty-third year; he is succeeded by his eldest son, the .Marquis of Ilartington. The French Chamber of Deputies adopts the Government bill prolonging for one year the treaties existing between France and other countries. The old boundaries of the city of Vienna, Austria, abolished, an! the city now includes numerous suburbs. The Roumanian Ministry resigns owing to the defeat of a (government measure in Parliament. The ne^ (juebec Ministry sworn in, p. 307. The Provincial Insane Asylum, at S'.eswock, Germany, destroyed by fire, and several of the inmates perish in the fiahies. Death of Rev. Dr. Stafford, a prominent Methodist Divine, at Hamilton, Ont. 22.— The crew and passengers of the Guion line steamer /1 6 rii""Vi, which was burned at sea, arriveat Southampton, Eng., by the steamer Sprir, which opportunely came to their assistance. Death of Right Rev. Charles Emile Treppel, the well-known clerical member of the French Chamber of Deputies. The French Chamber of Deputies, without debate, ratifies the Brussels anti-slavery convention. The steamer Wist Coast wrecked off the California coast, and eighteen of her crew drowned. Petitions in the Bothwell, Addington, and Ilaldimand Dominion election cases dismissed by the Courts with costs. The United States Senate confirms the nomination of S. B. Elkins to be Secretary of War. The sensational libel suit of Mrs. Osborne against Mrs. Hargreaves, both well- known society ladies of London, Eng., the latter having charged the former with stealing her diamonds, comes to a sudden termination by the suit being withdrawn, the plaintiff having confessed to stealing the diamonds. 23.-- Proclamation issued dissolving the (,)uebec Legislature, p. 308. The Lower House of the Hungarian Diet adopts the treaties with Germany and other countries. U.S. Senate and House of Representatives adjourn till January 5th, p. 333. John E. Redmond, Parnellite, elected for Water- ford, Ireland, defeating Michael Davitt, p. 294. The French Minister of Public Instruction announces that the Jesuits are to be placed on the same footing as they stood after the decree of i88r. 24. — Three persons killed and fourteen injured in a railway collision at Barnby Junction, Eng. Oflicially announced that the marriage of Prince Albert Victor of Wales and IVincess Mary will take place on February 27th. Negotiations opened for a commercial treaty between France and Greece. Nine persons killed in a railway collision on the Hudson River road, near Yonkers, N.Y. Thomas McGreevy and Nicholas Connolly committed for trial ac the next Carleton Assizes, p. 351. Writ for a new election in Richelieu, Que., to fill the vacancy caused by Sir Hector Langevin's resignation, issued, nomination on January 4th, election the nth. A. R. Dickey, MP. for Cumberland, N.S., unseated on the ground that the n.ilway fare of a voter was paid by one of his agents, p. 344. Joseph I'eatherstone, M.P. for Peel, Ont., unseated by the Court for corrupt practices of an £gent, p. 344. Herr Schoonfeld, banker, of Berlin, Germany, sentenced to six years imprisonment for frauds. The Duke of Connaught accidentally shoots Prince Christian, of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, in the face while shooting over the Royal preserves- at the Isle of Wight ; one of the Prince's eyes having to be removed, 25.— Reports of a "green" Christmas, general throughout the American and European con- tinents. Admiral Jorg Montt proclaimed President of Chili in every town and city in the country, p. 326. The bills creating a new form of Government in the North-West Territories receive the Royal assent, p. 342. 2(5, — A trifling fire creates a fearful panic in the Royal Theatre, Gateshead, Eng,, and ten lives lost in the terrific crush, nine being those of children. The Rylands mill in Barnsley, Eng., damaged by lire to the extent of $50,000, throwing 1,000 employees out of work. The Theatre Royal, Glasgow, Scotland, destroyed by fire. M. de Brazza, the French explorer, reported as marching to Lake Tchad at the head of an expedition of 1,200 persons. The female wing of the Eastern Michigan Insane Asylum at Pontiac, Mich., destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of about ^500,000 ; no lives lost. Hi},' conflagrations in Chattanooga, Tenn.,and Boston, Mass.; loss in each case over $500,000. Death ot Mr. William Cassils, a prominent merchant of Montreal, in his fifty-ninth year. Sir John Thomp- son addresses a public meeting at Kingston, Ont., in the interest of Mr. Metcalfe, the Conservative 56 The Historv of the Year. candidate. Peoplfi reported to be dying of starvation in the State of Durango, Mexico. Writs for the local elections in South Winnipeg and Manitou, Man., issued ; nominations on January Oth, elections 13th. 27. — The Countess of Clancarty, formerly Belle Bilton, of London music hall fame, gives birth to male twins. 28.— News received in London of the utter defeat of the Hunsa-Nagar rebels by the British, on the I'amir frontier. Five miners cremated in a burning coal pit at Castleford, Yorkshire, Eng. The I'-rench steamer Albatross, engaged in the oyster fishery, wrecked near Boulogne, and eleven of her crew drowned. Death of .Sir William White, British Ambassador to Turkey, from influenza, at the Kaiserhof, lierlin, Germany, in his sixty-seventh year. The Spanish Cabinet adopts the new tariff. Death of J. B. Daoust, M.P. for Two Mountains, Que. Petition against the return of Mr. Allen, M.P. for South Essex, Ont., dismissed with costs. The personal charges against Messrs. Kenny & Stairs, M.P"s for Halifax, withdrawn, and the Court adjourns till January 2nd, the respondents having admitted an illegal act that renderc the election void, p. 344. Advices received of heavy loss of life and great destruction of property by tidal upheavals in the Gilbert Islands, in the Pacific. Municipal nominations throughout Ontario. 29. — Right Hon. William Ewart Gladstone celebrates the anniversary of his eighty-first birthday. Opening of the Indian Congress at Nagpur, at which resolutions, expressive of loyalty to the British Crown, are passed. Public opening of the magnificent new Young Men's Christian Association building on Dominion .Square, Montreal, Sir John Thompson and Hon. C. H. Tupper deliver addresses at Almonte, Ont., in the interest of Mr. Rosamond, the Conservative candidate. The election of John Brown, M.P. for Monck, Ont., voided by the Court for bribery by agents, p. 344. Four trainmen killed and two wounded in a collision between two freights, near St. Louis, Mo. Death of Sir Adam Wilson, ex-Chief Justice of Ontario, at Toronto, in his seventy-seventh year. Twenty persons killed and over a hundred injured in a railway collision near Rosono, Russia. 30. — The Chamber of Commerce, of London, Eng., sends invitations to all the Chambers in Great Britain and Ireland, and all her dependencies beyond the seas, to send delegates to a Congress, to be held next June, to discuss the relations of England and her colonies, and other subjects of Imperial interest. Death of the Very Rev. J. Pilkington Norris, D.D., Dean of Chichester, Eng. The Indian Congress at Nagpur pass a resolution to the effect that they want a Legislature estab- lished in India. Complete submission of the Hunza tribesmen in I'amir, to the British reported. Death of Prince Alfred Monte Nuovo, at Vienna, from influenza. Death of Lieutenant-Colonel George Futvoye, at St. John's, Que., in his eighty-fourth year. Writs for the bye-election in Rich- mond County, N.S., issued, nomination January 14th, polling 21st. 31. — Five machinists at Wrietzen, Germany, burned to death by the upsetting of a cauldron of moUi;n lead. Death of Prince Victor Hohenlohe, while sojourning in London, Eng., from influenza General Sir Frederick Sleigh lioberts, Admiral Sir Arthur W. A. Hood (retired), and bir '^Villiani Thompson, raised to the peerage. Death of Hishop Crowther, of the Niger Territory, announced. Great excitement caused by an explosion in Dublin Castle, said to be caused by gun cotton ; not much damage done. Death of the Marquis de I'enafiel, Portuguese^Minister to Germany, from influenza. Mr. Bennett Rosamond, Conservative, elected "M.V. for North Lanark, Ont., by a majority of over 400, p. 345. The great barrel works of the Standard Oil Company at Constable Hook, N. J., burned down ; loss between §1,000,000 and $1, 500,000. The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia called to meet on January 28th. CANADIAN AFFAIRS. THE GENERAL ELECTIONS. 3;,..^ AT the beginning of the year it was rimored that Sir John Macdonald would make an early appeal to the country and the reports received early con- firmation. The official announcement of the dissolution of Parliament was made on February 3rd, nominations to be held on the 26th of that month, and polling on March 5th. The writs were made returnable on April 25th. The announce- ment was accompanied by Ihe following statement in all the Government Government have, through her " It is understood that the Dominion Majesty's Government, made certain pro- posals to the United States for negotiations looking to the extension of our commerce MJth that country. These proposals have been submitted to President Harrison for his consideration, and the Canadian Gov- ernment is of the opinion that if the nego- tiations are to result in a treaty which must be ratified by the Parliament of Canada, it is expedient that the Government should deal with a Parliament fresh from the people rather than with a moribund House. It is understood that Canada will send a delegation to Washington after March 4th, the date on which the life of the present Congress expires, for the purpose of dis- cussing informally the questions of the extension and development of trade be- tween the United States and Canada, and the settlement of all questions of difference between the two countries. This delegation "^'"' ■'''"'* Darling. will visit the United States capital, it is said, as the result of a friendly sugges- tion from Washington. Next day the Government issued for publication the following copy of a despatch, forwarded to Lord Knutsford in explanation of its position on the subject of reciprocity : : 57 HON, SIR JOHN S. D. THOMPSON, K.C.M.G. General Elections. 59 Government House, Ottawa. December ij, i8go. Mv Lor 1 1 : I lia\e the honor to send to your lordship to-day a telegraphic message in cipher, of which the following is the substance : — With reference to my telegram of the loth inst., this Government is desirous to propose a joint commission, such as that of 1871, with authority to deal without limitation and to prepare a tieaty respecting the followmg subjects : 1. Renewal of the reciprocity treaty of 1854, with the modifications required by the altered circumstances of both countries, and with the extensions deemed by the commission to be in the interests of Canada and the United States. 2. Reconsideration of the treaty of 1888 with respect to the Atlantic fisheries, with the aim of securing the free admission into the United States markets of Canadian fishery products, in return for facilities to be granted to United States fishermen to buy bait and supplies and to tranship cargoes in Canada, all such privileges to be mutual. 3. Protection of mackerel and other fisheries on the Atlantic ocean and in inland waters ; also 4. Relaxation of seaboard coasting laws of the two countries. 5. Relaxation of the coasting laws of the two countries on the inland waters dividing Canada from the United States. 6. Mutual salvage and saving of wrecked vessels. 7. Arrangements for settling boundary be- tween Canada and Alaska. The treaty would, of course, be ad referen- dum. The Government had been, for some time, clearing the decks for action, and Sir Charles Tupper was already on his way from England to join in the fray. The Liberals were not altogether taken by sur- prise and had been rallying their forces in anticipation of an early appeal to the electorate. It was generally felt that the campaign would be violent and bitter, and =0 it turned out. From a party standpoint the reciprocity plank was looked upon as a bold stroke, as it, to a great extent, took the wind out of the sails of the Opposition. But its effect upon the electors is a matter of conjecture. The campaign was opened at Toronto on February 6th, at a mass meeting held under the auspices of the Young Men's Liberal-Conservative Association, when four Cabinet Ministers, Sir John Thompson, Hon. George E. Foster, Hon. John Carling and Hon. Mackenzie Bowell delivered addresses out'ining the policy of the Government. ^On the 9th Sir Jol^ij Macdonald issued a manifesto which opened with the statement that the Governor-General was advised to dissolve Hon. Geo. E. Foster, D.C.L. k m 6o The History of the Year. Parliament, because, in the opinion of the Ministry, the momentous questions engaj^f- ing pubHc attention had reached a stage when it was desirable that the people shoukl be given an opportunity of expressing their views thereon at the polls. In proceeding to define the attitude of the Government with respect to these questions Sir John first declared that the Ministerial policy on trade matters was then what it had been for the past thirteen years, and was directed by a firm determination to foster and develop the varied resources of the Dominion by every means in their power consistent with Canada's position as an integral portion of the British empire. He then enlarged upon what had been accomplished in that direction by the -National Policy, the con- struction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, HoK. Sir Adolphe P. caron. k.c.m.g. canal extension and improvement, railway subsidies, etc. He characterized the Liberal policy of Unrestricted Reciprocity as veiled treason, and denounced it for the following reasons : I. It involved discrimination against the mother country. 2. It would inevitably result in annexation. 3. It would necessitate the imposition of direct taxation to the amount of $14,000,000 annually. He concluded by declaring that he was born a British subject and intended to die a British subject, and called upon the people of Canada to support him in his last effort for the unity of the Empire and in the preservation of our commercial and political freedom. The most singular thing was that in the whole manifesto there was no mention of a partial reciprocitj' scheme with the United States. The following day a manifesto appeared from the Executive of the Equal Rights Association of Ontario, in which it was pointed out that the Association did not possess the machinery of a separate political organization ; it was not a party, nor did it purpose casting its influence on the side of either of the old parties, in the ranks of both of which its adherents were to be found. Where candidates of its own were not placed in the field it would choose between those of the parties, selecting and voting for the men who, other things being equal, were most in accord with Equal Rights principles. On the 13th the Liberal leader, Mr. Laurier, issued a manifesto in which he declared that there was no ground for the Government's appeal to the loyalty of the people, because nothing which could affect the present status of Canada was in any way involved in the contest. He then made a strong appeal for the support of the electorate on the ground that, in bringing about the dissolution of Gknekal Elections. 6i Parliament as it did, the Government broke faith with them and with their rLi)rc.scntativc.s, and because, as one result of this action, thousands of electors would be deprived -of their ri^ht to vote on March 5th. He accepted the National Policy as the one issue put forward by Sir John, and declared that the Liberal policy was absolute reciprocal freedom of trade between Canada and the United States. The charge that this policy involved discrimination against England he met with the remark that it came .strangely from men who were now taxing British trade under the National Policy; and with the further assertion that it could not be expected that the interests of the colony would ever remain identical with those of the mother country. When they clashctl he would stand bj' those of Canada his native land. He denied that Unrestricted Reciprocity involved assim- ilation of the Canadian and American tariffs, maintaining that it was possible to .so arrange matters that each country should retain its own tariff There must be mutual concessions ; but should the.sc involve consequences injurious to our .sense of honor, either to ourselves or to the mother country, we did not need to agree to them. He denied that the Liberal policy would render direct taxation nec- essary, it being possible to make up for any loss of revenue by retrenchment in expenditure and redistribution of taxa- tion. He characterized the charge of veiled treason as an unworthy appeal to prejudice and passion, and declared that the annexation cry could only mean that Unrestricted Reciprocity would make the people so prosperous that,, not satis- fied with a commercial alliance, they would vote forthwith for political absorp- tion in the American Republic. Finally he pointed out that the premature disso- lution of parliament had closed the door upon the investigation of .serious charges reflecting severely upon the administra- tion of one of the greatest departments of State, an early and full enquiry into which an honorable government would have courted. But the trade question took precedence of all others, and upon it alone the Opposition was appealing to the people. It had been rumored that Hon. P2dward Blake had decided to withdraw entirely from public life, and the rumor was confirmed on February 13th, when at a meeting of the Reformers of West Durham, a letter was read from him to that effect and declining to accept the nomination. The most sensational feature of the campaign occurred on the evening of Ho.N. David Mills. 62 The History of the Year. i| February i8th, in the Academy of Music, Toronto, at a meetinigh Morr loc.s ilrnry Cai 1931 VA^'m M\ 1380 Geo. L. l>t.iwin}ion. .. . 1451 J. G. Snetsinger 1934 Adam Johnston 2026 Samuel Grandy 1685 G. T. Blackstocit 1764 J. H. Wilson 2694 Duncan McLean 1653 Lewis Wigle 2333 Jas. C, Patterson 2043 Major- ity. 61 4.?8 SSO 1116 .S4» .78 30 930 114 248 60 6i 198 68.. S7 849 P^Tled"" RI- 4.SSJ 4064 4S.SO 6798 7577 "34a 3384 4 "7') $V" 34S-' 5H'»-' 3694 •siy^ 3acx> 4')«? 3976 52(18 3008 4a67 ■"'4.S 4'><)5 ■86 669a I J .Wa4 ;■ S4'7 i6 SS30 ♦^+ 9108 , -3 T. 1935 8240 Cl)N Frmiti'nnc. Russell . Genkral Elections. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO- CoM/iNM^. 67 CoMiTITUBNCV. Frunli lilifUfarry tinrn illo (South) llrr\ (Smith) . . . . lirij (Kaiit) lirij Niirth ilalilimnnci Ilalloii .... Il.iniilton (City), a mcmberH HaslinK»(Vye»t).. Ilastiii^H (East) .. ll.i-.tlii(fH (North) Huron (Went) Huron (Kast) . .. . Huron (South) . .. Kint KlnK'<>on (City) L.inihton (We»t) I.amliton (East) Lanark (North) Lanark (.South) Lirds iind Grenville (North) Lci'Jm (South) Lennox I.lncohi and Niaf^arn .... London (City) ■Middlesex (EaHt) Middlesex (North). .Middlesex (Went) . Middlesex (.South) .Mi.nek Muskoka and Parry Sound. Norfolk (South) .... Norfolk (North) Northumberland (West) . . . Northumberland (East) ... Ontario (North) Ontario (South) Ontario (West) Ottawa (City), 2 members . Oxford (North) Oxford (South) Peel Perth (North) IVrth (South). .. . Peterborough (West) Peterborough (East). . Prescott Prince Edward. Renfrew (North). Renfrew (South). Russell .SInieoe (North). Simcoe (East).. Toronto (West) . . Toronto (Centre) . Toronto (East)... \[ietoria (South) . . . Victoria (North).. , Waterloo (North) Waterloo (South). Namkk or Canoioatkii and Votm Pollkd. Hon.O. A. FitiEpalrlck(C). 1417 K. R. McLennan (C.) ....ig^i John I). Keid(C.; 1414 lieortre l.nnJcrkm (K.). . . .jMj T. .S. Sproulu (C.) 1977 JnmcR Maiion (C.) aj ■ i W. H. Montatfuc (C.) . . . 1806 David Henderson (C.) .. ..1441 Alex. McKay (C.) 41H6 S. S. Ryckman (C.) 4156 Henry Corby (C. ) iqjj S. H. Burdille (R.) igji Hon Mackenzie Howell(C.)i6% M. C. Cameron (R.) '■<)<) P. .Macdonald (R.) ^017 John McMillan (R.) .... 184.5 1 John Keith 54 • Arch. Campbell (R.) 1138 Sir John A. Macdonald(C)i784 { Major Edwards 29 I Ja». K. Lister (R.) 3364 Geo. Moncrierf (C. ) a5j6 Joseph Jamicson (C.). . .... 17^1 J. G. HaKKart(C.) 1804 C. K. Ferguson (C.) 131 1 Georife Tavlor (C.) aa<)4 I). V\. Alliion(R.) 1637 Wni. Gibson (R.) aaij C. S. Hyman (R.) J037 J. H. MarshalUC.) 2369 VV. H. Hutchins(C.) 1965 W. F. Roomc (C.) isag"> W. Brock 1 1 10 f Jas. Armstroni; (R.) 1906 John Brown (R.) 1874 VV. E. OBricn(C.) 1909 David Tisdalc (C.) 2051 John Charlton (R.) 2370 John Hargraft (R.) 1591 li. Cochrane (C.) 2495 Fr.inkMadill(C.) 2206 J. L Davidson (R.) 2042 J. D. Edgar (R.) 1867 C. H. Macintosh (C.) 2929 H. Robilhrd (C.) 2403 W. I-L Lewis 770 las. .Sutherland (R.) 2544 Sir Rich.ird Cartwright(R.)202i Joseph Feathcrstone (R.). 1667 James Grieve (R.) 2.520 JamesTrow(R) 2.-}63 James Stevenson (C.) ....1447 John Burnham (C) 1832 Isidore Proulx (R) 1269 E.A.Johnson su A. C. Miller (C.) 2"264 Peter White (C.) 1497 John Ferguson (C.) .... 1643 W. C. Edwards (R.) 2308 Dalton McCarthy (C) .. 2417 P. H. Spohn(R) 2850 F. C. Denison (Cl $0^8 G. R. R. Cockburn(C.) . . .2414 E. Coatsworth (C.) .I.Sao Chas. Fairbairn (C) 205.5 John A. Barron (K) 1614 I. E. Bowman (R.) 2289 James Livingston (R) 22.18 T. Clyde 1222 . T. .Schell 16.12 ohn Carruthvra 1303 ohn Hlyth 2281 ^ohn Clark 1938 C. H. Horsey 2264 C.W. Colter 1818 John Waldie 2337 VVm. Doran 3.53a Adam Laidlaw .'^74 R. C. Chile 1195 VV. B. Northrup i8n P. Vankleek 148. R. Porter 1820 W.J. R. Holmei 739 D. Weismiller 990 W. P. Killaekcy a66a Alex. Gunn 1301 Frank Smith 1766 Richard Stutt 3070 D. M. Eraser 142a VV. McGarry 1 174 F. T. Frost ii6j J. B. Turner 31 Uriah Wilson 1.580 Svlvester Neelon 2164 lion. John Carling 1854 G. Taylor 3214 W. H. Taylor 1959 H. McFarlane 1119 A. G. Chisholm 1282 Arthur Boyle 1614 J. VV. Fitzgerald 1768 {onathan Ellis 639 .. .Sinclair 1902 George Guillet 1554 M. P. Ketchum 2259 P. Cockburn 1953 VVm. Smith 3009 F. P.White 868 N. A. Belcourt 1946 ^ J. VV. Patterson 1296 > R.N.-'Kle ss) D. VV. Karn 1010 M. Walsh 1287 Vy. A. McNeill 1613 S. R. Hcsson 2449 H. I". Sh.irp 2186 Rich. Hall 121S T. Rork 1803 Felix Routhier 608 \ n. Bcrtrand 335/ J. .VL Piatt 222,5 Henry Barr 1418 David Barr 1 198 M. K. Dickinson 1895 H. H. Cook 21 W, H. Bennett 2643 Arthur Mow.it 3291 J. K. Kerr 1912 .V. E. Wheeler 2056 T. Walters 2030 S. Hughes 141a H. Kranz 2204 G. A. Ci.ire 1916 Majok- ITV. TlVTAL VoTBit PoLLBU 20J 3649 3'> 111 i ■0 a47 35«5 4567 3935 4775 78 104 30 S« 360 206 477^ 3166 370 308 4019 3766 8.« 2889 476 5800 483 3"'4 630 106 1 4 '30 4706 3'4S 2978 2476 4482 .VI7 4376 389> 6 4583 3924 410 3758 624 260 141 3t88 3488 3<>77 ^11 3690 4272 3'45 4754 aS4 33 999 4'.?8 405' »73S 9*31 «7» "534 734 3554 3.^08 54 7> ■77 232 29 3280 4969 4549 2662 3635 661 2744 39 4489 79 444 4'3 !>9>5 2840 4203 296 207 4538 5493 I7."i7 1464 8339 43^6 5576 aoa 408.5 3026 85 313 4493 4144 3890 5'30 6028 6693 6697 4Sa» 6'.17 ■<55» 5498 47aS 4877 S740 ioii 5o'7 939" 6211 6819 7'56 407a 4683 3499 6084 4939 6443 4897 7720 5612 5469 4891 445' 6084 5>68 6012 4899 7192 .^963 6824 6703 9088 6536 6131 6597 4508 5587 4406 6136 .3800 4106 6678 6549 9180 17084 7070 '4a37 6234 4 '63 6356 .S948 68 The History of the Year. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO-Co«//«tterf. f*i t Constituency. Wellaiid Wellington (North). Wellington (Centre) Wellington (.South). Wentworth (North). Wentworth tSoiith). York (North) York (Kast) York (West) Names of Candidates and Votes Polled. W. M. Gcrm.Tn (K.) 2726 Jas. .McMullen (R.) 2486 Andrew Semplc (R.) 24S5 James Innes (R.) 2510 Thos. Bainc (R.). .. . 1517 F. M. Carpenter (C.) 1773 W. Mnlock(R.)V. 23.11 lion. Alex. Ma''Kcnzie(R) 300? N. C. Wallace (C) 3434 John Ferguson. 2279 L. H. Clarke 2300 W. M. Hunter 2299 James Cioldie 2134 A. R. Harden 1317 J. T. .Middleton 1772 W. W. Pegg 1958 W. F. Maclean 2977 W. H. P. Clement ..2628 Major- Total Votes Polled 447 5005 i8h 4786 156 47.S+ .176 4644 200 ^834 I 3S4.S .163 4209 26 .S'jHo 806 6062 Voters o.v R.L. 7316 7.1-'.S 6of7 6897 39.'. ■ 4802 6665 9890 PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. Constituency. Argenteuil. Bagot Be.iuce . . Bciuharnois . Bellechasse.. Berthier Bonaventure . Brome Chambly Champlain. ... Charlevoix. . . , Chateauguay. Chicoutimi . . . Saguenay . . . . Compton . . . . , Dru.nmond. . Arthabaska . Hochelaga . . . •Huntingdon. Iberville Joliette Jacques Cartier. Kamouraska Laprairic ... . L'.'Vssomption. Lav.-il Levis L'Islet Maskinonge Meg.intic. . . . Missisquoi . Montcalm Montm.igny. . . Montmorency . Montreal (West) . Montreal (Centre). Montreal (Fast) . . . Napicrville . Nicolet Ottawa (County). Pontiac Names of Candidates and Votes Polled. Thos. Christie (R.) 1050 F. Hunont (C 1582 J. Godbout (R.) 2313 J. G. H. Bergeron (C). . . . 14.^8 G. Amyot (R.) 1271 C. Be-tusoleil (R.) 1522 W. LeB, Fauvel(R.) 1707 E. A. Dyer(C.) 1456 R. Pretontaine (R.) 1202 O. C.irignan (C.) 1976 H. Simard (R.) 1542 J. P. Brown (R.) 1246 P. V. Savard (R.) 1927 Rufus H. Pope (C.) 2004 L. Lavergne (R.) ',S9 A. Desjardins (C.) 5266 Julius Scriver (R.) 1408 F. BechardCR."* 1029 Urbain Lippe (C.) 1581 r). Girouard (C.) 1379 H. G. Carroll (R.) 1506 L. C. Pelletier (C) 970 J. Gauthier (R.) 1219 Hon. J. A. Ouimet(C.). . . . 108 j F. M. Guav (R.) 2075 L. G. Uesjardins (C ). ..981 J. H. Legris(R.) 1153 L. J. Cote a/ias Frechette (C.) .658 G. B. Baker (C.) 1776 Louts Diigas (C. ) 673 P. A. Choquette(R.) 1 172 J. I. Tarte(C.) g?.-! .Sir D. A. Smith (C.) 4586 J. J. Curmn (C.) 3450 A. T. Lepine (C. )...... ..5840 D. Monett(R » 817 J. H. Leduc(R) 1502 C. R. Devlin (R.) 2993 T. Murray (R.) iico W. Owens. J. Pilon 1529 J. A. Morency 1812 L. A. Seers 1 155 F. de St. Maurice 1 165 V. .Vllard 1365 A. A. Laferriere 1003 S.A.Fisher 1453 P. B. Lamarre 1115 F. Trudel 1899 S, Cimon 1235 R. N. W.ilsh 1148 Sir A. P. Caron 1804 S. P. Leet 938 I.. P. E. Crepeau 2197 J. Lanctot, 3805 1). McCormick 1125 J. A. Nadeaii 545 H. Neven 1521 J. A. C. Madore 1103 J. A. T. Chapais ;. .1411 C. Ooyon 916 H. Jeannotte 1161 N. H. Ladoueeur 548 E. T. P.iquet 1794 P. B. Casgr.iin 975 C. J. Coulombe 1045 G. Turcot 1547 D. B. Meigs 1617 O. Therien. 632 ) O. Magii.an ...., s'^ ( E. P. Bender 739 A.J. Tucotte 868 ) P. V. Valin 92 r J. Cochrane 880 E. W. P. Guerin 2236 L. O. David 5015 F. X. Paradis 799 E. C. Prince 1501 ) C. E. Houde 313 ( J . M. McDougall 2579 H. M. McLean 79.S ). John Bryson 787 ) Major- ity. Total ' Votes Polled 202 1898 53 48. .303 106 •57 704 3 3HI 4M5 2613 :^7 1 2710 j 2909 1 87 77 23«7 ! 3875 : 2777 ! a.?94 123 .3721 1066 2942 962 53.S6 1461 283 9071 2533 484 ■574 t 60 1 »76 3102 2482 95 2917 534 281 6 1886 2400 1630 3869 •956 108 2198 III «59 3205 ' 3393 4« 1831 ! 433 191 1 107 •935 3706 1214 82s 5466 i;686 ■085s 18 1616 1 33 '6 414 557" 305 2682 Voters- on R.L. 2990 4586 6717 3729 .335" 4161 3567 3710 3006 5435 3<>87 3482 6008 5743 933' •4593 3766 2544 4460 32 '4 .3968 2368 3128 2094 5257 2940 3229 4710 5>5' 3"'9 »574 »335 1 1070 9"3 18730 2047 5458 .0144 4237 CONS' Portiicuf. Oucbec (Cei Ouehec (VV( yuebc: (Co Richmond . Wolfe.. . Richelieu. Kimouski . . Rouville . . . St. Hyacint St. John's . St. Slauricc SiK-ITord. Sherbrooke Siiiil.inges Stanstead \'audrcuil . \'erchcres . Yainaska. . *Thc election in Huntingdon, Que., took place on March 23rd. 73 1 6 7.V.S 6of7 58<)7 39.!' 4802 General Elections. PROVINCE OF QVEBEC-Continued. 69 Constituency. Portneuf 8ucbcc (Centre) ucbec (West) yuebc<: (County). Richmond \ \V..lte / Klchelicu Kttnouski Kouville St. Hyacinthe 8t, Jiihn's St. .Sl.-iuricc SlalVord Shorbrooke (Town) Soulan^es St.instcad Temiscoiiata Terrebonne Tl.ree Rivers Two Mountains \'nudrcuil Vcrcheres Yamaaka Names of Candidates and Votes Polled. A. Delisle (R.) 1906 Hon. F. Lang:elier (R.) 1080 T. McGreevy (C.) 885 J. J. T. Fremont (R.) 169a C. C. Cleveland (C) 2416 Sir Hector Langevin (C.)..i7oi Sir A. P. Caron (C.) 2061 L. P. Brodeur(R.) 1389 M. E. BernierfR.) 1671 F. Bourassa (R.). . . 907 F. L. Desaulniers (C.) .... 894 J. R. Sanborn (R.) 1792 W. B. Ives (C.) rii8 J. O. Moussea*: (R.) 934 T. B. Rider (R.) 655 P. E. Grandbois (C.) 1813 Hon. J. A. Chaple.tu (C) i8^o Sir Hector Lang^evin (C.). 6S2 J. Bte. Daoust (C.) i is8 H.S. Harwood(R.) 1087 Hon. F. Geoflfrion(R.)....iio8 R. M. S. Mignault(R.)....i3g9 R. P. Vallee 1756 V. Chateauvert looa M. A. Hearn 8^2 Hon. E. J. Flynn I'^ja Hon. W. Lnurier 2135 L. Gouin 1393 J. B. R. Fiset 1799 G. A. Gig^ault 1220 K. Brodeiir 1175 I. Black 769 L. L. L. Hesaulniers 749 A. C. Savage 1615 C. Millier 803 T. W. Bain 895 Hon. C. C. Colby 1553 G. H. Deschenes 1615 M. n. Limoges 1 126 L. T. Polette 482 L. A. Fortier 871 H. McMillan 989 A. M. Archamliault 940 F. V. Vertefeuille 1229 Major- ity. Total , Votes Polled •JO 3662 78 .■13 340 2082 1717 3044 281 4,S5' It 69 .3094 3860 2509 496 228 ■4,5 '77 31.S 39 102 2846 .7(» if'43 3407 192 1 1829 3208 .98 704 200 287 34"8 2956 1164 2029 1 98 168 2076 2048 170 2628 Voters ON R.L. 5033 3473 5870 7 '63 4.593 .5033 363' 480s 2725 2478 5660 3226 "3 '3 4984 S>69 4879 '.567 2902 3982 269s 3.597 PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. Constituency. Annapolis Antigonish Colchester CumlK-rland Cape Brecon, 2 members. . ni«hy Guysborough Halifax (City), 2 members Hants ... Inverness Kings Lunenburg Pictou, 2 members Queen's Richmond Shelburne Victoria Yarmouth Names op Candidates and Votes Polled. John B. Mills (C.) 1835 Sir John Thompson (C.) . . 1346 W. A. Patterson (C.) .... 2588 A. R. Dickey (C.) 2935 David Mackeen (C.) 28Sc, H. McDougalKC.) 2b8i E. C. Bowers (R.) 1503 D. C. Fraser(R,) 114s T. E. Kennv(C.) 5274 J. F. S'-rrs"((:.) 5362 A. Putniim (C.) 1705 Hugh Cameron (C.) 1877 F. W. Borden (R.) 1815 C. E. Kaulbach(C.) 2.^92 Chas. H. Tupper (C.) . . . .3433 J. McDougaJd(C.) 3384 F. G. Forbes (R.) 867 J. A. Gillies (C.) 857 N. W. White (C.) 1388 J. A. McDonald (C.) 822 T. B. Flint (R.) 1732 W. A. Chipman 1662 A. McGillivray 1 1 19 P. McG. Archibald 1785 { A. B. Fletcher 165 ) D. S. Howard 2095 (^ C. R. Casey 303 I Geo. H. Murr.iy 2 161 J. McPherson 2078 H. L. Jones 1430 A. Ogden 1059 Hon. A. G. Jones 4335 E. Farrell 4174 A.Haley 1604 S. Macdonnell ....1567 C. R. Bill 1654 J. D. Eisenhaucr 2402 J. A. Eraser 2708 J. Yorston 3594 J. N. Freeman 766 H. N. P.iint 75s) E. P. Flynn 670 f T. Robertson 1369 W. Ross 770 J. R. Kinney 1157 Major- ity. Total vr>Ti7i.« Votes ^°Tf" Polled "'"'K-L. ■73 227 803 840 728) 73 86 9.19 927 toi 310 ■ 61 190 7»5l 676 f 101 102 ■9 .575 3497 2465 4538 5333 »933 2204 3309 3444 3469 4994 •633 3383 a7.57 ',59^ 2889 43'7 333* S7«3 8096 6540 4008 "855 '2505 4101 4883 446a 5840 7916 2106 2965 3448 ">3 4735 Const Allvrt . Ciirk'ton . . • Charlotte Gloucester Kent .. Kind's HON. OLIVER MOWAT, Attorney-General, Ontario. General Elections. 71 PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. Constituency. Albert Ciirleton L'h.irlotte Gloucester Kent King's Northumberland Queen's Rcstigouche Sunlniry ■_ St. Johii(City.indCounty), > 2 members (' St. John (City) Victoria Westmoreland York , Names of Candidates and Votes Polled. j Major-'; ^otal 'y^,^^^^ ' - Polled "" «•''• ITY. R. C. Weldon (C.) 1096 N. R. Colter (R.) 2016 A. H. Oillmor (R) 1934 K. F. Durns (C.) 1943 E. H. Leffer(C.) 1722 G. E. Foster (C.) 1931 SI. .\dams (C.) 2192 I G. G. King(K.) 1233 J. McAlister (C.) 735 R. D. Wilmot (C.) 712 J. D. Hazen (C.) 482^ C. N. Skinner (C.) 4448 E. .McLood (C.) 2649 Hon. John Costigan (C) . . 1427 Josiah Wood (C.) 4205 T. Temple (C.) 2048 H. R. Gmmerson 1020 D. McL. Vince 1908 G. J. Cl,irke 1686 W. A. Landry 1,^71 O.J. LeBlanc loii J. Uomville i8j8 Peter Mitchell 1719 G. F. Gaird 1204 G. Moffatt 519 G. E. Pay 427 C. \V. VVi-Idon 3832 ( T. A. Rankine 3503 I J. V. Ellis 2063 T. Lawson 732 W. F. George 2057 F. P. Thompson 1821 76 2116 »ii63 108 248 39^4 3620 37a .1S'4 4548 711 73 37^ 4927 S»S9 473 39" 5761 29 »437 3'»29 216 '».« 1638 ^8s 992 616 S86 "3<» 4712 ■7S6 •3067 7.8. 695 aiS9 3558 1 3148 6262 8i.s8 ' 227 3869 5224 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Constituency. Names of Candidates and Votes Polled. Major- ity. Total Votes Polled Voters ON R.L. King's, 2 members John McLean (C.) 2624 A. C. Macdonald iC.) 2514 JohnVeofR.) 3279 S. F. Perry (R.) 3.S2 L. H. Davies (R.) 4006 W. VVelsh(R.) 3854 P. A. Mclntyre 2369 J. E. Robertson 2276 «4.S) 376 '. 270) 67 1 1 R Hunt 2661 P. Blake 36^.9 D. Ferguson 352 1 8460 8894 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Constituency. Names of Candidates and Votes Polled. Major- ity. Total Votes Polled Voters on R.L. F. S. Barnard (C.) 223 G. E. Corbould (C) 1694 T. E.nrle (C.) 1661 E. G. Prior fC.l ioaq Hugh Watt 194 "9 1 162 612^ 6oo| 4«7 2226 7'4 5079 3048 New Westminster E. S. ScouUor 532 W. Templeman 449 W. Marchant 409 \'ictoria, 2 members NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. Constituency. Names of Candidates and Votes Polled. Major- ity. Total Votes Polled Voters on R.L. Alberta D. W. D.avis (C.) 2742 Hon. E. Dewdney (C). . .2049 N. F. Davin (C.) loii James Reillv 93S J. G. Turiflf I2Q3 T. Tweed 684 H. J. Montgomery 667 ■ 807 7S6 3»7 283 3677 .134 a ■695 1617 4938 2484 Assinihoia (East) Aksinihoia (West) Saskatchewan n. H. McDowalKC.) .... 950 2051 72 CONSTITUBNCY. The History of the Year. MANITOBA. Lisgar . . . . Marquette Selkirk . . . Winnipeg. Names of Candidates and Votes Polled. A. \V. Ross (C.) I3S9 Robert Watson (R.) 2265 T. M. Daly(C.) 3660 H. J. Macdonald (C.) 2131 John Taylor 1169 N. Boyd 32 19 Joseph Martin 3225 Isaac Campbell 1622 Major- l^^^ Jvothrs ■ • P0LL^,:'"'RL igo 46 A3S 2528 4484 6885 .1753 7599 10154 ■5691 8399 On the nigh*^ of the elections Mr. Edward Blake handed to the press for publication a long letter which he had addressed to the members of the West Durham Reform Convention on February 6th, explaining his reasons for tender- ing his resignation. The ex-leader gave as a reason for not publishing his deliverance earlier, that he could not turn one hostile r un again.st his well-loved friends, but preferred to go down in silence rather than hurt the party. The letter, which was acknowledged to be a most extraordinary document, gave rise to a vast amount of discussion as to what was really meant by its con- tents. His retirement was apparently due to the fact that he differed with his party on the question of Commercial Union with the United States, which, in his opinion, would lead to political union. Touching upon the National Policy he says it has failed to accomplish the pre- dictions of its promoters. Its real ten- dency has been, as foretold twelve years ago, towards disintegration and annexa- tion, instead of consolidation and the maintenance of that British connection of which they claim to be the special guardians. Then he draws this glowing picture : — " It has left us with a small population, a scanty immigration, and a NorthVVest empty still ; with enormons additions to our public debt and yearly charge, an extravagant system of expenditure, and an unjust and oppressive tariff; with restricted markets for our needs, whether to buy or to sell, and all the hosts of evils (greatly intensified by our special conditions) thence arising ; with trade diverted from its natural into forced and therefore less profitable channels ; and with unfriendly relations and frowning tariff walls, ever more and '\'-'' i fl| m^ ll m ^Hk ^^^^^^^^^^^^^KV^^ "^ Hon. Edwak Blake, M.A., LL.D., Q.C. General Elections. 73 more estranging us from the mighty English-speaking nation to the south, our neighbors and relations, with whom we ought to be, as it was promised that we should be, living in generous amity and liberal intercourse. " Worse ; far worse ! It has left us with lowered standards of public virtue, and a death-like apathy in public opinion ; with racial, religious, and Provincial animosities rather inflamed than soothed ; with a subservient parliament, an autocratic executive, debauched constituencies and corrupted and corrupting classes ; with lessened self-reliance and increased dependence on the public chest and on legislative aids ; and possessed withal by a boastful jingo spirit, far enough removed from true manliness, loudly proclaiming unreal conditions and exaggerated sentiments, while actual facts and genuine opinions are suppressed. " It has left us with our hands tied ; our future compromised ; and in such a plight that, whether we stand or move, we must run some risks which else we might have either declined, or encountered with greater promise of success." Hut in the next sentence he becomes more hopeful and i rys : " Yet let us never despair of our country ! It is a goodly land ; endowed with great recuper- ative powers and vast resources, as yet almost undeveloped ; inhabited by popu- lations moral and religious, sober and industrious, virtuous and thrifty, capable and instructed — the descendants of a choice immigration, of men of mark and courage, energy and enterprise ; in the breasts of whose children still should glow the sparks of those ancestral fires. " Under such conditions all is not lost ! ' Though much be taken, much abides.' And if we do but wake from our delusive dreams, face the stern facts in time, repair our errors, and amend our ways, there may still remain for us, despite the irrevocable past, a future, if not .so clear and bright as we might once have hoped, yet fair and honorable, dignified and secure." Then he discusses, in a somewhat ambiguous manner, some of the economic propositions which are advanced for our approval. His conclusions, briefly stated, are that both protection and unrestricted reciprocity head for annexation, and that the Liberals, who are not responsible for the one policy, should be care- ful how they go about the other, lest the forfeiture of our commercial independ- ence should make severe the terms upon which what he would fain hope is not our ultimate destiny may be fixed. But he fails to point to a way of escape from our present condition, .so gloomily depicted by himself THE DOMINION CENSUS. CONSIDERABLE interest was naturally manifested throughout Canada as to the results of the census. The army of over /""oo enumerators, officered by some 2CO county commissioners, and commandeu by fifteen census chief officers, all under the supreme command of Mr. George Johnson, Dominion Statistician, commenced their arduous duties on April 6th. The enumerators were armed with nine schedules, which were briefly as follows : No. I related to population statistics, number of houses, etc.; No. 2 to the return of deaths within the previous twelve months ; No. 3 to real estate, orchard products, etc.; No. 4 to cereals ; No. 5, to live stock and animal products, including poultry ; No. 6, to industrial establishments ; No. 7, to products of the forest ; No. 8, to shipping and mining ; No. 9 to fisheries. The questions " Can you read ?" and " Can you write?" were also asked so as to arrive at an estimate of the educational position of the people. To minimize the danger of overstating the number of the popu- lation a time limit was fixed, and persons about whose intentions to return to Canada, nothing definite could be learned from their own people, v/ere not to be counted if they had been absent from the country for a twelvemonth. The first bulletin issued by Mr. Johnson was laid before Parliament on August 26th. It related to population and the figures were received with extreme disappointment throughout the Dominion. The total population is placed at 4,823,344, an increase of only 498,534 or 1 1.52 per cent, as compared with 17.31 during the previous decade. The three Maritime Provinces combined only added 10,209 to their population. New Brunswick's share being only 61. In the western territories and provinces there was a gross increase of 172,699, the percentages being Manitoba, 148.01 ; the Territories, 140.98 ; British Columbia, 87.56; unorganized, 4. Ontario added 186,067 to her population, the percentage of increase being 9.65. Quebec added 129.559, an increase of 9.53 per cent. While Canada only shows an increase of 11.52 per cent., the population of the United States increased by 24.86 per cent., and even the United Kingdom, although losing steadily by immigration, added 8.2 to her population in ten years. According to our immigration statistics nearly 900,000 immigrants settled in Canada from 1881 to 189 1, and yet, leaving out of the question the natural increase of population, the actual increase is less than half a million. But in comparing the figures of 1881 with 1891, a just estimate of the change in population cannot so far be arrived at. In the census of 1881 non-residents were included, also residents who had left the country never to return, but in 1891 these were carefully omitted. It is to be hoped the Census Commissioner will yet issue a bulletin, showing what difference the altered basis of calculation • 74 makes in incnt, O entitled t Edward In vi Johnson, The country \ returns fr system tli clays. Ii day or t\\ lation of million er InC traverse t .A steame Pacific C cnumerat the same valleys w' in Saskati of land " waters of at James' ators to t; Land." ' board, an his own li be taken of St. La and drop which po which ha' picking u Dela Intl an estim British C and Quel This advisable task of e: The Dominion Cknsus. 75 makes in the figures. In regard to the representation of the provinces in Parlia- ment, Ontario appears to stand as at present, viz. ninety-two ; Manitoba is entitled to one more. New Brunswick loses two, and Nova Scotia and Prince Kdward Island, one each. In view of the importance of the subject, the Bulletins, so far issued by Mr. Johnson, are given in their entirety. The first Bulletin was as follows: The work of taking the census of Canada has difficulties peculiar to the country which, apart from the system adopted, cause delay in obtaining the returns from the enumerators. In densely populated countries, under the de facto system the distribution and collection of the schedules is accomplished in a i&w clays. In England 40,000 enumerators obtained the householders' schedules in a day or two, each having to collect an average of 700 schedules. The vast popu- lation of British India — 284^ millions of people — was taken by nearly one million enumerators in twenty-five days. In Canada the staff of enumerators numbered 4,300 persons. These had to traverse the immense area of Canada by every imaginable method of locomotion. A steamer with enumerators on board went in and out the deep indents of the Pacific Coast line as far as Alaska, thence to Queen Charlotte's Islands, to enumerate the people. Pack-horses were required in the mountain regions of the same province to carry the enumerators and their portfolios through the valleys which run among the hills of the Rockies. Dog-trains were a necessity in Saskatchewan. To obtain the population on the northern slope of the " height of land " in Ontario and Quebec, a canoe expedition started from the head waters of the Lievre River to go by lake and river and portage.) to Albany River, at James' Bay. Camping outfit and canoes were needed to cii able the enumer- ators to take the population in the Nipissing district just beyon • the " Height of Land." The enumerators in Manitoba had, now to foot it, no*v to go by buck- board, and now by boat, and in one instance the man, losing himself, had to save his own life by slaying and eating his horse. Many townships in Algoma had to be taken by slow and toilsome pedestrianism. For the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence a schooner had to be chartered, the enumerators put on board and dropped at different points till the Straits of Belle Isle were reached, from which point the schooner was directed to the Isle of Anticosti, the Census of which having been taken she returned to the Straits and sailed along the coast l)icking up the enumerators and returning to the mouth of the Saguenay River. Delay is therefore inevitable. No time limit can be given the enumerator. In the census of 1881 the public demand for early information was met by an estimate of the population published at the end of July. In this estimate British Columbia and the North-VVest altogether, and many districts in Ontario and Quebec were guessed. This year, the work was so nearly completed by August ist that it seemed advisable to delay publication for a few weeks, and thus reduce the unsatisfactory task of estimating population to its narrowest dimensions. s o X < The Dominion Cf.nsus. 71 While waiting for the few enumerators' returns yet to come in, we liave ])reparcd for publication the population returns of the cities, towns and villages of Canada. The tables arc given below. The following preliminary observations respecting these arc necessary : 1st. In order to prevent confusion in making comparisons I have to state that in many cases additions to population have been caused by the annexation of adjacent territory since 1881 — notably in the cases of Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa, London, and St. John. In each such instance the population of the annexed region as it was in 1881 has been added, in the tables, to the population of that year as given in the census volumes of i88i, in order that the comparison of growth may be exact. 2nd. The urban population of Canada has been divided, in these tables, in three groups : {a) cities and towns of population of 5,000 and upwards ; (b) of 3,000 to 5,000 ; (c) of 1,500 to 3,000. The object of this division is to show the i^rowth of our cities and towns and villages separately so that those interested may at once ascertain the development of urban life in each of the three grades. 3rd. In limiting the urban population to aggregations of not less than 1,500 souls, we have followed, as near as possible, the English idea of the line of demarcation between urban and rural population based upon sanitary districts. The results of the census and a comparison with those of 1881 are those : — 1st. The urban population of Canada is now 1,394,259 — an increase of 384,146 souls, equal to an increase of 38* i per cent. 2nd. The several groups show the following increases : Cities and towns over 5,000 inhabitants, 40.8 per cent. Towns " 3,000 " 44.9 " Villages " 1,500 " 20.3 " 3rd. In 1 891 there were 47 cities with a population of over 5,000 as against 35 in 1 88 1 — an increase of 12 in number. 4th. In 1 89 1 there was 45 towns with a population from 3,000 to 5,000 — an increase of 7 over 1881. 5th. In 1 89 1 there were 91 villages with a population from 1,500 to 3,000, and in 1881 these numbered 55 — an increase of '^C). In comparison with the growth of city population in other countries Canada's urban development sIkjws favorably. The 28 large cities of England increased their population during the decennium by 942,497 souls ; equal to 1 1.2 per cent. London increased 10.4 per cent; Birmingham, 7.1 per cent.; Newcastle, 28.2 per cent.; Cardiff, 55.7 per cent. The increase in the l,oo6 urban districts of England amounted to 15.3 per cent, in the ten years. The largest growths in India were : Calcutta, 1 3. 29 per cent.; Madras, 10.87 per cent.; with the highest recorded increase, that of Mirzapur, 46.6 per cent. In the United States the limit of urban population is placed at 8,coo .souls. The highest percentage of increase (excluding two or three cities which had no 78 The History of the Year. existence in 1880) are: Chicago, 118.6; Minneapolis, 251.4; St. Pauls, 221.1 ; Kan.sas City, 137.9 per cent. It will be seen in the table.s given below that Winnipeg show.s an increase of 221.1 per cent ; New Westminister 342.9, and Toronto 884 per cent. If the annexations of territory were disregarded in the case of Toronto, as has been done in the case of Chicago, Toronto's increase would be, for purposes of comparison with that of Chicago, 108.6 per cent. If all the population in what popularly constitutes Montreal were municip- ally united that city would .show an increase of 46 per cent. However, Montreal with her increase of 39.5 per cent, (as given below) compares with Boston and its 23.60 per cent., and with Philadelphia and its 23.58 per cent of an incrca.se. The city of Vancouver has grown from nothing in 1881 to 13,685. There is but one instance of a similar growth in the United States — the city of Roanoke, Virginia. POPULATION OF CITIES. Smith's lioJt'rich Ainticrst. Itraiuloii N,» CII.-1! l.jictiiiie iiilll.-UUHl' l,au/on. MilfKnd Nap.ini'e St. M.try Howmaii Piirt.iKC ' Prair NiaK-'*''" Montreal Toronto Qiiehec Hamilton Ottawa St. Jean Halifax London Winnipejf Kingston Victori.it B.C.. . . Vancouver, B.C. St. Henri Brantford Cli.-irlottetown . . Hull Guelph St. Thomas Wind' or Sherhrooke Belleville Peterboro' Strattord St. Cuni-gonde.. i88i. 96,196 62,446 35.')6o .I'.jo? 4 '.35.1 36,100 26,266 7.98s 14,091 5.925 6.415 9,616 ii.485 6,890 9,890 8..I67 6,56. 7.227 9.5 "6 6,8 12 8.239 4,849 I89I. Variations : Increase or DccrcaBC Per cent. *2 i6,6,i;o 6i.4<3 ,19. 5 •181,220 85,024 te.4 U^'.^ 644 I .0 ■3,020 36.2 *44.'54 .2,847 41.0 *.3o,i79 —2,174 --5 -2 ♦ .l8,,,i6 2.456 6.8 *3«.977 .5.7" 21-7 25.64a 17.657 221. . ■ 0,264 .5.173 X:l ■ 6,841 10,916 ■3.685 ■3.685 ■3.4"S 7,000 109.. •2.7.53 3.137 32.6 ■'.374 — Ill —0.9 ■1.265 4.375 63s ■0,539 649 6.5 10,370 2,003 23 -9 10,322 ,3.761 2,883 .57-3 ■ 0,1 ■o 39-9 9.914 398 4.2 6.717 2.905 42.6 9. .501 1,262 ■5-3 9.293 4.444 9.. 7 j St. Catherines. Chatham, Ont. Brix:kville Moncton Woixistiwk.Ont Trois-Riviires. Gait Owen Sound... Berlin , L.5vis St. Hyacinthc. Cornw.all Sarnia Sorel New Westmins- ter. Fredcricton . . Dartmoiith.N.S V.irniouth . . . Linds.-iy Barrie Valleyfield.... Truro Port Hope. . . ■88i. ■ 89^. Variations : Increase or Decrease Per cent. 9.631 9,^70 -46. -4-7 7.873 9.052 ■ •■79 ■ 5 " 7,609 8.793 ■ .184 ■5-5 5.032 8.765 3.733 74.2 5.373 8,6^2 3.2.19 60.4 8.670 5.187 8..134 -336 -3-8 7.535 2.348 45-2 4.426 7.497 3.071 695 4.054 7.4^5 3.37" 83.. 7..597 7.3°' -396 —3-9 5..121 7,0^6 ■.695 39-9 4.468 3.874 6,80s 2..3.17 52-3 6,693 2,819 7»-7 5.79^ 6,669 878 ■S'." ■ ..500 664^ 5.'4^ 342 -9 6,218 6,502 284 4-5 3.786 6,249 2.463 65.0 3.485 6,089 2,604 74-7 5,080 6,081 1,001 19.7 4.854 S.550 696 ■4-3 3.906 5.5^6 ■ ,610 41.2 3.461 5.^02 1,641 47-4 S.58. 5.042 —539 -^.6 * The popuLition in the 1881 coUimn includes the same boundaries as in the 1891 column and consequently differs in these cases, where annexations have taken place since 1881, Irom the population as given by the census of 1881, t The Imperial trt>ops stationed in Halifax, and thtir families (when on the strength of the regiment), are not included in these 6gures. POPULATION OF TOWNS. From 3,000 to 5.000. CollinRWood. . . . Cobourgr Springhill St. Jean Orilfia N.anaimo Toronto Jet. . . . C.irleton Place. 188.. ,89.. Variations : Increase or Decrease Per cent. 4.44s 4.940 495 .... 4.957 4.829 —.28 —2.5 900 4.8.3 3.9'3 4.58 414-7 4.3^4 4.772 .0.6 2,91. 4.752 1.84. 63.2 1.645 4..595 2.950 '79-3 4.5 '8 4.435 4.S'8 2,460 ■.975 ■24.5 Pembroke .. Trenton . . , Petrolia ... Ingersoll. . . . Fmserville . Oshawa . . . , Liuienburg . Calgary . . . , 2,820 3.042 3.465 4.3^8 2,29. 3.99" ■.750 .89. 4.401 4.364 4.357 4,igi 4.17s 4.066 4,044 3.876 Variations ; Increase or Decrcise Per cent. ■ ..581 56.0 ■ .322 43-5 892 25.8 —127 —2. 9 1,884 82.2 74 ■ •9 2,294 I3i« 3.876 The Dominion Censu.s. POPULATION OF TOWtiS-Conilnuttl. 79 1881. 18.).. Variation* : Increase or Decrease 1881. ; 1891. • Vakiations t IncrvaMc or Decrease Smitli's KallH. ... tl.ldLTich .\mhcrst 2,087 2.274 3.864 3.778 3.777 3.761 3.669 .1.55' 3.546 3.537 3.434 3.4'6 3.377 3. .163 3.349 '.777 - 725 1.507 3.778 1, 18a 7.4 -'63 a,ooo -246 —lay 3.363 1,00a Per cent. 85.0 -'5.8 66. a Jolictte Arnprior ncscroiito Strathroy. . .. WiiodBtoclc, N.B Picton 3.268 2,147 1,670 3.8.7 2.487 2.975 2,920 a,aoa 2,467 2',68'2 884 2,684 3,604 3.347 3..14' 3..138 3.3'6 3.252 .3. '52 3. '36 3.094 3.086 3.076 3.07' 3,061 79 ','■>» 1,668 —.501 803 3" .W 950 66q -79 404 457 Per cent. 25 55.6 99.8 N'fw OLiRgow. . . I.ai'hiiiu llanamique 2.595 2,406 2,871 3..S66 3.709 3^680 .3.4'5 3.504 45-6 ti — 0. 1 —4-4 130.1 -«-7 3' i ■o'S 1 1 ' ) Brampliin Westville Perth DiinJaii Mill- End Village Napanoe -Si. .Marys Ilowmiinvillc ... I'ltrtaxc la 43'3 a7.o -2.4 15.0 348.0 '4-5 '7.5 Paris CimticiKik Cote St. An- toinc Almonte Walkerton .... -3.6 Niagara Falls, . 2.347 42.7 1 1 POPULATION OF VILLAGES. From i.goo to 3,000. Pictoii,N.S OteSt.Loiiis.Q. Orangeville, O . Waterloo Prescott SiimmrrHidc, P.E.I St. Jerome, Q. .. Windsor, N.S. . . Farnli.-im Whitby, O I.on^iieuil, O. . . W.illacebiirg.... Port .\rthur. St.Stcphcn, N.B. Siincoe Sealorth Clinton Kincardine Renfrew Listowell Nicolet North Sydney. . . Liverpool, N.S. . Sydney Mines. . . Sydney Caniphellford . . . Stcllarton Notre-Dame de GrAce . . * Aniherstburg . , . Chicoutimi Tliorold Kidgetown BucUiiiK'h.im . . , Mount Forest . . A\lnier Winffham Tilsonburff. Milltown. N.B.. Newmarket .... Penctanguishene Mitchell Majfog Midland Dresden Forest 1881. 3.403 ',57' 2,847 3,066 3,999 2.8.« 2,033 '■M 3. '40 2.355 '.525 1,27s 3.3.38 2.64s 2.480 3,606 2,876 1,605 3,688 1,880 1.520 3,680 2.340 1,480 1,418 2,297 '.524 3,67a '.935 2.456 1.5.38 '.479 3,170 ".540 1.918 «.9.19 1.664 a,oo6 l,o8q 3,284 768 «.095 '.979 1,614 l8qi 2.999 3,97a 3,96a 3,941 2,919 2,883 3,868 3,838 3,8a3 3,786 2.757 2,736 2,6q8 3,680 2.674 2,641 2.635 2.631 2,611 2,587 2,518 2.513 2.46s 2,442 2,426 2.424 2,410 2.305 2,279 2.277 2.273 2.2S4 2,239 3,314 2,167 2,167 2.163 2,146 2,143 a, 110 3,101 3,100 3,088 2.058 2.057 Variations : Incre.iseor Decrease Per cent. —404 -11.8 1,401 89.1 lis 4.3 ^^ 42.3 —3.6 30 1.0 836 41.1 279 10.9 943 44.7 —354 — 11.3 40a 17.0 1,301 80.0 '.433 111.6 342 14.6 29 1 . 1 161 6.5 29 1. 1 —24s -8.5 1,006 6a. 6 — 101 —3.7 638 340 993 65.4 "5 -4-3 loa 4-4 946 64.0 1,006 70.9 113 S-o 78. S'.2 —393 — 14.0 342 '2.5 -.83 —7.4 716 46.5 760 51.3 44 a.o 637 40.4 249 13.9 224 11.6 483 32.9 '37 6.8 1,0a 1 93-9 -183 —80 '..132 174.1 993 go 79 4.0 443 37.4 Richmond. Q . . Hawkesbury. .. WelUind (Jxbridge Palmerston .... Mcaford Wiarton Portsmouth Drummondville Ayliner, Q C.-iughnawa. . . London, West. . Leamington . . . Parrshoro' Point Edward.. Morrisbiirg Gravcnhurst . . . Preston Oakville Merritton Exeter Dunville Lachiite Aurora Louiseville .... W.iterloo ... . Iberville Granby Essex Centre. . . Blenheim Port Perry Montmagny. . . . Kentvillc, N.S. Parkhill Ilarriston Ashbiirnham . . Port Elgin Alexandria .... Fergus Windsor Mills. Beauharnois . . . Bedford . . St. Boniface.... Berthier Pointc Gatin- eau Georgetown. . . . 1881. 1..571 1.930 1.870 i,8a8 1,866 796 ',734 900 1,76a 1.684 1,601 1,41 1 i,ao6 1.293 i.7'9 1.015 1.419 1,710 '.798 :;o 76s 1,540 1.38. 1,617 1.847 1,040 800 1,212 1,800 1.7.18 1.28.i i.ii.W 1.772 1,266 1,400 1,200 1.733 879 1.499 1,080 1.383 2.1.S6 1,460 '.473 1891. 3,056 2,043 2.035 2,033 2,007 1.999 1.984 1.974 1.955 1.945 1.936 1.915 1.910 '.909 1,883 '.859 1,848 1.843 1.835 1.81) i,8oi) 1,776 1.751 1.743 1,740 1.733 1.719 1,710 t,7olK'l'y Guvsboroui^h,. Halifa.\ (Citv). H.difax (Co.).. H.ints 20,598 18,060 31.258 26,720 27,368 19,881 17,808 ^b, 100 ■31,817 23.359 .891. Variations : Increase or Decrease Percent. 19. .152 — 1,246 —6.0 16,117 — 1.943 — 10.7 .14.223 27, l(XJ 34.529 19.«<)6 i7.u)8 .l8.5.i6 32.865 22,153 2,965 44" 7,161 /5 — 610 2,456 1,048 — 1,306 94 1.6 26 1 —3-4 6.8 1-3 —5-1 Districts. Inverness, . Kings Lunenburg Pictou Queen's. . . . Kichmond . Shelbournc Victoria . Yarmouth.. 1881 25.65 1 33,469 28,583 35.5.t5 10.577 15.121 14.913 12,470 51.284 Variations : Increase or Decrease 189.. 25.781 32,492 31.077 34.5iio 10,610 14,400 14,956 12,3c . 22, z • ■30 —977 -^t 33 721 934 Percent. "•5 —4-1 8.7 —2.7 0.3 —4-7 0-3 — 0.6 4 3 fi, J The Dominion Census. 8i PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. i CITI- ani- s of tioii t of ent, ■4 .t 1.1.4 J-7 >4.u 1. 1 DllTRICTR. ■881. 1891. Varmtion* I UlHTRICTN. 1881. i8qi. Variation* t IncrcaM or Decrenao Incrrnsu or Decrease Percent. Percent. \Jilin^tiin .... ».1.470 M.'«« 681 3.9 Monek '5.940 '5.315 -635 39 \l>{iirn,i '4. 014 40,6.^6 ifi.642 69.3 1.1.8 MuNki>ka and Ilollmi.ll iJ.477 ^S-S'tS .l.iiH Carry .Sound. '7.f>36 "6.515 8.879 Srthumlicr- Uriiif, Niirth. .. ■8.(.4.S ."..13' t,886 land, Kast .. 22,991 33.001 —990 -4-3 UriiiL., Went . .. J4,ji8 20,718 3..10" --S:l Northeinlxir- Cardivi-ll 16,770 ■J..J82 -..3«8 land, West.. .6,984 '4.947 — 3.037 — 11.9 C.irli.lon 18,777 '1.749 3.97» •.1-8 Ontario, North, 31,281 31..J80 <» 04 Coriiw.'ill and Ontario, South. 20244 30,189 '8,.l7i -1.871 —9.3 Siiirmont . . . .•.M98 i7.'S8 3.960 170 Ontario, West.. 18.792 — '.397 -6.9 PuriilaH . J"..S'j8 20,132 -466 — 2.2 Ottawa iC.ty) 37.413 .17.381 9.ii69 36.0 Durli.-im, K.ist 18,710 I7.".'i3 1.6X7 -8.8 Oxford, North. 34.390 36,131 i.74> 7.1 niirh.iin, West.. n-sss >S-M.S - -J.180 -12.4 Oxtiird, .South . 34.778 '6..187 36.538 33,421 - 3.357 9-5 Kl^il^ I'.UHt. ... .'.S.748 <1.48" J6.7.)4 986 .1-8 Peel. . ... ' 1.473 — 7'S -56 |.,l({in, West . . . '.\,92!< X 1.8 1 I'erth, North... 36,909 37' 1.4 Kssf.v, North . .. ».<.6.S9 3'.S'3 22.8 I'erlh. South... 3i.6o8 19.403 -3,3^6 — 10.3 Kssfx. South.. .. ai..?"J J4,oil 2.7'9 .2.7 IVtt.rlH>ri»' !■ ronli-nac 14.9« 1.1.445 -i..m8 10.3 Kast 30.403 3 1 ,930 ■ .5'8 74 (.ilrnjf.'irry jj.jji 22.447 226 1.0 Peterhi^ro Ciri-ni ilk.. South. '.V!i't> 12,931 —.19.5 -4.4 1 West 13.310 33.8i7 15.808 3.498 18.7 Uri-v. Kast .".S.J.U 2b,2 2.S 89« 3-5 1 I'reseott 34. '73 i.3''> 5.7 Cirt'v, N\>rth .... ».l..i.l4 '6,.WI 3.007 13.9 1 Prinee Edward. 21.044 18,892 —3.152 — 10 3 tirt'y, South 'i-7"i 23,672 - 2,031 —7.9 1 Kenlrew, .North 19,124 33,719 3.,195 183 ilaldlinand 17,660 .6,318 — '.14a -76 i Kenlrew, .South .9.043 33.973 4.9.10 35.3 Haltoii. Ji.gio 21,986 67 0.3 Kussell 3^,083 3 '.643 6,561 36.1 Hamilton. 3.S.q6i 47. '.S." 11.291 3' 4 1 ! Snneoe, Kast. . 37. '8s 35.801 28,206 8,616 3'7 Hastin^H, East., '7.3'3 i8.o.,3 740 4.3 ; Sinieoe, North. 26,120 2,086 -J.? HastinK". North. JO, 4 79 J2,it ) '•7.Vt 8.4 Sinieoe, South.. 33.731 20,827 -.,894 Hastings, West. 17.400 \l:^ '•S^3 89 Toronto, Centre 32.983 26,632 3.649 15-9 Huron. Kast ... ii,y2o — a.7S.« -2,807 — 13.6 Toronto. K.-ist. 34.867 43.,l64 .ii,697 75.3 Iliimn, South. . . 21.991 1 9.184 — 13.7 Toronto. West. 38..16.1 73.832 ■"■S 91.4 Huron. West. '.hS" JU.OJO -3.493 -.48 Victoria, .North. 16,661 16,849 Kent »3. '94 14.09" 31.4.14 19.264 2,240 S.>73 7.6 -36.7 30,813 30,q86 3o,45S 35.335 -318 4.339 -'•7 20.6 Kingston.. .... WaterUni. North Lamhton, East.. ai.7'.5 24.269 3..544 II. 7 Watcrloo,.South 3 '.754 35.148 3.394 1.1.6 Laniliton. West. 20,890 rth. MuUllesex, East. 25, 107 '5-S(x) 462 1.8 South '5.5.19 16,770 1.231 7.8 .Miilill. sex, North 21.268 i9,o<>5 -'^u — 10 2 \ork, East. .. 33.ii53 35.153 12,299 53.« .\lKlillesex, .South 18,888 18,806 —0.4 York, North . . . !8!8i4 20.284 — 1.446 — (>.6 Middlesex, West. 19,491 17,288 —3.203 ■■3 York, West . . . 4 '.863 33,979 131.6 fm " ' ! * )'!:' PROVINCE OF QUEHEC. Districts. .\rf;'i'ntt'iiil. . .. Hn^ot lleaitcu Itfaiiharnois. . nelk'ch.'issc, . . , Horthior Itonavciiture. . . I ironic C*hanii>ly . . . .. . thamplain . . . . Charlevoix Cli.iteauj^iiay .. ■881. .8,1. 14.947 31,199 •5. '63 21.696 32,020 16.00^ .17.32 1 i6.6fi6 16,914 21,8 ?8 i8,i)irf! 18,369 19.839 20,834 1.1.837 '4.7'i io.8s« 26,818 11,704 2:),oo8 i7,<)oi ■4.393 19.037 1.1.865 Variations: Increase or Decrease Per cent 316 1.4 497 3.3 5. 301 16.3 661 4.1 1.4.15 8.6 — '.999 —9-' 1.936 .0.3 — 1,116 —7.0 846 2-** 3,190 8.3 ■.•36 6-3 -538 -3-6 Districts, Chicoiitimi ct Sa^'iifnay. . Compton Deux-MiMit- aj,'iu's Dorchester. . . Dnininioiul et Arthabaska. Gaspe Hoehela^ja . . . . Huiiiinydnn . .. Iberville 1881. i8c)i. 33.409 •38,000 iH.,s8i 23,782 1.1.804 15.027 18,710 19.042 3 7.. If" 43.937 35,001 37..I00 40.07.) 81.011 15-495 14.385 14.1.19 \'ariations ; Increase or Decrease 5..19' 3.201 —867 333 6.567 2,499 40,933 — 1,1 10 — 3..164 Percent. 16.3 —5-4 1.8 17.6 10 o I03 1 —7.3 — 17.0 Partly estiin.itcd. ! ! 1 * 1 o t/5 8 u X E t/3 I The Dominion Census. 83 PROVIN'CE OF QVEBEC—Cmitinued. Districts. Jacques Carticr. Jiiliutti; KamiHiraska . . .. l..ipr;iirie L'Assoniption . . . L.TVnl Levis i; Islet. Le'liiniere Maskinon^^ . . . , Mc'jj.intic Missisquoi Modtcilni Montmaifny . . . . Montmorency . . . Montreal Centre, Montreal East .Montreal West . . N.ipierville. . . . Nuolet . Ottawa (Coniti), Poiitiac Portneiif .88.. ■2,345 2. ,988 22,18. ..,436 .5,282 9,462 27,980 «4.9>7 20,857 '7.493 .9,056 '7,784 12,966 .6,422 .2,322 25,078 67.506 48, .63 10,5.. 26,6. : 49.432 '9.939 '5.'7.S .89.. Variations : Increase or Decrease Per cent. '3.832 .,487 12.0 22,898 gio 4.. 20,455 -1,726 -7.8 .0,898 -.-.js —4-7 '3.744 — '•.53*> — .0.1 9.434 28 —0.3 26,990 -985 — .3-.') '3,823 -'.o^r -7-3 20,699 -.58 —0.8 17-830 .137 • -..9 22,233 3. '77 16.7 '8,549 765 4-3 '2,. 3. -M.s -6.4 .4,724 — .,698 — '0.3 .2,3" — .. — 0. . 28.. 22 —3.044 .2.. 92,079 24,573 364 62,494 •4,93' 29.7 .0, .02 —409 -u 28,743 2, .32 62,697 >3,265 26.8 21,85. .,912 9.6 25,8.4 639 2.5 Districts. Qiielicc Centre. QiielK'C Kast. Quebec West. Quebec (Comti) Richelieu Richmond et Wolfe Rimouski Rouvillc St. Hy-icinthe. .St. Jean. St. Maurice . . Shet^ord Shcrbrooke . . . Soulangcs .... Stanste.id TcTiiscouata. . Terrelxinne . . Trois-Riviires. \'audreuit Verchires Ya.naska .881 .7,898 3.,ivx) 12,648 20,278 20.2.8 26,339 33-79' 18,547 30,630 .2,265 12,986 3.3,233 .0,220 I5,.S.56 25,484 22,969 9,296 ",485 12,449 17,091 189.. Variations : Increase or Decrease Per cent. .7,649 —349 — ..4 36,200 4,300 •3-5 9,24. 3.407 — 26.9 -3-8 .0,504 -774 2.,.W4 ..'36 5-6 3'.3.S' S.OI3 19.0 33.436 -3.S5 — I.O .6,019 ^X — '3-6 21,433 12,382 3-9 17 0.1 .2, .42 -844 6.5 23,263 30 O.I .6,. 04 3,883 31.8 9,6.2 -608 —5.9 .8,072 2,516 16.2 25,704 220 0.9 23,128 '.W 0.7 8,831 -462 —4.1 .0,803 -682 — 5.> '2,257 '6.05S — 192 — '-5 -'•033 —6.0 THE TERRITORIES. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Districts. 1881. 1891. Variations : Increase or Decrease Districts. .881. I89I. Variations : Increase or Decrease Alberta j- 25,515 30,93 • ^ Per cent. 164.76 4.0 26,433 26,634 36,471 aoi 2,124 Per cent. Assiniboia East.. 20,202 * lO.OOj 11,146 1 12.168 j- 42,039 >.^37 Prince 6.2 Assiiiiboia West. Saskatchewan . . Unorganized 1 Queen's 45,983 —2,128 —4-4 *Partly estimated. tWholly estimated. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF POPULATION. (Compared with Preckding Censis.) Provinces. 1871. 1881. Increase. Per cent. 1891. Increase. Per cent. East. Nova Scotia 387,800 385,. 594 94,021 440,572 .321,233 .o8,8q. 52,773 35,639 .4,870 .3.61 .2.48 17.19 450.523 321,394 109,088 9.95' 6. '97 2.25 New Brunswick Prince Edward Island O.U2 0.18 Totals for the gr. iiip 767,415 870,696 103,281 '3-45 880,905 10,209 1.17 S/. f.atvi-cnce. Quebec Ontario i,.9',5'6 .,620,85. '..!.59.o37 1.926,933 167,511 306,071 14.05 18.88 1,488,586 2,113,989 '39. .WO 186,067 953 9.65 Totals for the group 2,8.2,367 3,285,949 473,.'i83 16.83 3.601.57s 315.626 9.60 li'est. Manitoba 25, 328 i8,oou 33.586 30.000 62,260 25,5'5 49,459 .50. 93' 37.032 7.5 '5 '5.873 93' 146.78 4' -75 47.26 3..0 1,54.443 67-554 93,767 32,168 .12,182 42,039 43..108 '■■'37 148.06 Assiniboia 'l Alberta ■ .Saskatchewan . I 164.76 87.56 Unor^^anized 4.00 Totals for the groui .06,814 '68, .65 6i..?5' 57-43 .346.93' 178,766 106.30 Total for Canada 3,686.59<. 4,324,810 638,214 '7.31 4,829.4.1 504,601 ...66 ''4k> 84 The History ok the Year. On August 31st a statement was issued by Mr. John Lowe, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, declaring that the complete census returns from the district of Alberta give its population at 26,123 instead of 20,056, as contained in the return laid before Parliament on August 27th. The increase of population, therefore, for the provisional districts in the North- West Territories from the returns so far received is 42,039, instead of 35,972. The percentage of increase is 164.76, instead of 140.98, and the total numerical increase for the whole Dominion is 504, 601, instead of 498,534, and the percentage of total increase is 11.66, instead of 11.52. The second Bulletin was issued in October as follows : Bulletin No. 2 relates to the population of the sub-districts of the Province of Ontario. The population of these sub-districts is given according to the electoral divisions established by the Retlistribution Act of 1882. For the purpose of comparison, the population returns of 1871 and 1881 have been re-adjusted in all cases where the boundaries of the electoral district arc not the same now as they were in previous census takings. In cities w'here the electoral are not coterminous with the municipal be -"ds the population included in both areas is given. Where new sub-divisions have been created since 1881, affecting the com- parison of population, the fact is mentioned, so that by the addition of the popu- lation of the new sub-district to that of the old, from whicl It has been taken, accurate comparison can be made. In order to facilitate comparisons the population has been given by groups of counties arranged geograpiiically, as for instance : the Lake Ontario group, which includes the counties bordering on Lake Ontario. Of the fifty counties thus grouped twenty-nine show increases, and twenty- one decreases in population. In comparison with the State of New York the percentage of decrease to the total number of counties is : Ontario, 43.7 ; New York, 38.3 ; showing clearly .that the same gcnc-ral causes have been at work in both cases. The decreases in Ontario arc accounted for, partly, by : 1st. The difference in the mode of counting the people. 2nc!. Tiic movement of population along the lines ob.served in evciy civil- ized countr)-, viz.: (a) westward to the \irgin soil, and (/?) from the rural ]iarts to the cities and towns. 3rd. The introduction of agricultural machinery, doing away, to a certain extent, with hired help. 4th. The denudation of the forest covering. 5th. The opening of ne\»' territory by railways. 6th. The devclopnit t of inining inilustry In connection with the first cause it may be mentioned that the re^'ulations respecting ab.sentecs and the n.'cs to prevent duplication were, for the census of 1891, much stricter than for piv \ious census takings. The Dominion Census. 85 The de facto system, as employed in England, gives results that must be inaccurate as regards the floating population in the cities, unduly increasing the urban 'population at the expense of the rural districts. This inaccuracy cannot be guarded against. The great dangers to be guarded against in the de jure system (which is the one employed in Canada) are the two already mentioned. To prevent the indiscriminate counting of absentees a time limit was intn - duced for the first time in the recent census. The application of this limi restricted the enumerators to takijig only those persons whose absence from the Dominion or the Province was really temporary. The absence of the time limit in i8cSi led to considerable laxity, and persons were included in the population who had been out of the cou ' "y for years. Respecting the large class designated " servants " very considerable duplica- tion occurred in 1881, domestics, clerks and others having been taken in the cities and towns where they pursued their vocation, and also in the rural districts wlierc their parents lived. The central idea of the de Jure system is the home. But when a young man leaves home to begin his life work, or a young woman goes from the parental roof to become a domestic, it may be considered that the home has been left for good. In the recent census the line was drawn at this point, and duplication was carefully guarded against ; all the members of this class, excepting those temporarily employed, were counted where they did business. As respects the second case, farming districts have been most seriouslj* affected by it, not only in Ontario and other Provinces of Canada, but as well in every country. In Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont and New York the numerical increase in the urban element is greater than the increase of the total population ; so that in these States the rural population has actually diminished in number. In New York State the rural population in 1880 was 49.02 per cent, of the whole; in 1890 it was 40.50 per cent. In Ontario, the movement of the wealthier farmers to the cities, and of the young farmers, with their way to make in the world, to regions where cheaper land can be obtained — this double movement, one to the North and West, and the other to the South, has affected population in all the central parts, but especially in the counties with the best soil, and, therefore, with the highest priced lands, the older farmers being willing to sell out, fearing decrease in value; and the younger men going away in search of g(»d land at chca[) prices. The third cause has operated prejudicially to the rural population to a very considerable extent, leading to amalgamation of farms and to reduction of hired hands. Heads count in a census ; threshing machines do not. The fourth cause has affected localties ; the mill-hands, lumbermen in camps, etc., removing from counties once heavily timbered, but now deprivi <1 of tiicir forest wealth. Fifthly, the opening of over 6,000 miles of railway within the last decennary 86 The History of thk Year. i! ill has tended to draw population from the older regions by providing a new occupa- tion for the young men, and by affording easy and cheap means of migration. Si.xthly, the mining regions of Algoma and Nipissing have increased from 25,974 of population, in 1881, to 54,879 in 1891 — an increase of over in per cent. A large proportion of this population will be found to hiivc been born in Ontario. Besides these causes the^-e is undoubtedly a tendency to stagnation, observ- able in France, in a great part of Belgium, in Scotland, somewhat in England, and ill certain districts of the United States. In the latter country, notwith- standing the influx of five and a quarter million of immigrants from Europe, the increase, in i8.434 50.659 37,180 16,318 i,'i.3'.'> 231,382 + 293 14.265 V..104 to, 008 .1..?.'i4 —410 ').i,S 5..S80 4 1 , 1 46 8.583 2,243 ■■4,1' -3,77-! -i.,?42 ■ -625 1,02 1 6.S94 The DomIxMon Cen.sus. 87 POl'L'LATION OK ONTARIO BY OKOIP.S OF COUNTIli:.S-C«H//Hi«v/. Counties. 1871. 1881, 1891. .88, coinp.Treil vvith 1871. 1891 comp.nrcd with 1881. GROt'Pa— Lakk Hi'RON. Bothwell >S.7" 3 '.''94 57.085 48.5 '5 22,477 42,615 67,223 65.21& 2S..595 47.7 '8 58,172 64,604 6.7SS 10,621 9.2.18 16,703 3.118 5.103 — 9,051 - 614 I.ainhton Hriicf ',l4,2i6 '07.533 -28.08 196,089 — 0.70 43.317 —1.444 CIkoi 1' 3— Georgian Uav. Cirt'V 50.305 53.. U" 74.37' 76,026 76.238 84.834 161,072 + 7.09 103.039 48.552 40,352 46,3.1 72,742 '5..i82 .50.473 14.976 21,(xj6 1,867 8,808 Group "3 7.'5 '50. .597 + 32.28 104,500 49. 168 38,127 48,146 78,240 16,770 42,740 36.672 •0,675 Groii' 4— West. Central Ontario. Middlesex Oxford Urant IVrth Wclling-ton Cardwt'II 9'. 405 47.9." 37.015 4".5'3 66,870 16,500 40.251 '3.095 1.247 1,1 .2 6,633 11. ,170 2,48^ -..461 — 6.6 2.225 -i.«3.S -5.4')8 -1.388 7.733 341.475 377.69' + 10.60 376,85. — 0.22 36,216 —840 *Percentage 21.242 57.883 22,(X>6 16,369 ■13.366 54.892 37.380 39.086 2o.3.?6 23.31'° 67,498 21,919 •6,387 149.^2 61,714 36.265 30.075 2 1 ,044 21.806 78.613 21.986 .5.472 24 '.327 .S8..543 32,428 !6.948 18.892 2.058 9.615 —1.115 889 708 — 1.404 I... .5 67 -9.5 91.445 — 3..71 - 3.837 —3,027 WVntworth Il.dton I Vol York Nortliiiniberland Prince JCdward Group 383,160 437.984 + 14.30 526.015 + 20.0t) 54.824 88.03. * Percentage Group6~Rivhrs St. Lawrence and Ottawa. 16.396 21,312 28,717 45.723 ■3.345 18,777 18.987 20,524 17,647 '8..H4 37 ..'.^5 37.020 27.077 16.314 48.1.55 15.107 20,51 8 23. '"8 22,221 22.857 25,082 46.189 37.83 368.24. + •4.04 407,21 1 4 10.58 45.338 38.070 * Percentage Group 7— East Central. 3 '.568 29.' 05 48.364 37.474 3.i.7'2 S5.>92 37.304 37.728 .59.229 S.906 4.607 (>.828 -.70 4,016 4.037 I*L'tt'rboro' H.'istirgs 109,037 126.378 + '590 134.261 + 6.24 •7.341 7.883 ■ Percentage Group 3— Northern. Musk..k,T 3..'i84 7,018 '■70' .7.636 24.t.'5 •■959 26.5.5 41.856 13.023 14.052 1 6.1/17 168 8.879 17.84. 1 1,064 Ali;om,i . . . . Nipissing '2.393 43.610 + 251.89 81.394 +86.64 3'.2'7 37.784 'The percentage in the 1881 column shows the variation in 1881 as compared with 1871 coliniiii shows the variation in .891 as compared with 1881. The percentage in tht 1891 The Dominion Census. POPULATION BY SUB-DISTRfCTS. WHERB NOT OTHERWIgK STATED THE MINOR CIVIL DIVISION IS THE TOWNSHIP. 89 ONTARIO. Addiiigton Dist. No. 4^. Abinger, Effingham, Ash' hy iind Denbigh ll.irrio Bedford C.'imdcn (.'I.'ircndon and Miller. . . . IlincliinbrcHike Iiilais Bav tir.'iiulo Pomte I lallani and Cirabani . . Hilton Killarney Kirkwood Mamainse MIchipicoton Mississ.igua Olter Tail Port Kindlay Knot River and Korah . Sault St. .M.Trie (town) . Sp.'inisli River .St. Joseph Tenhy Hay Tliessalon. I'liorji^.'inizeJ Territory (estimated) {H'fistern Division.) Heaver and Silver Moun- tain . . . . Hisei'tasing, Chapleau, Missanabi, White River, Peninsula and Schreiber Chelnislord .and Cirlier. . Kort I'Vaneis Hawk Lake. Keewatin North Kuew atin South Murillo.... Neebing Centre .and South. Neebinj^ North Nipij^on and P.ays Plat . . Norman Port Arthur, town Kainv River Kat Portage East K.it Portatie West .Sav.anne. I^naee, Bar- el;i antl N'ermillion. . . .871. 1.620,851 21,313 ^•^^ 400 997 748 802 560 492 546 2.718 2,615 7,018 '38i 1,962,922 aj,47o 621 486 2,019 I.J22 99" 1,149 ^.394 8.H 829 959 I.OOj ^.45" a.59' 24,014 1891. ».'>4.47S 870 670 ■.8.57 4.745 929 1,46s 1,2^2 1,428 2,218 648 1,002 1,176 1,064 2,512 ^.3.S5 41,856 620 750 8.W 499 6u6 •'.19 ■.i7 702 J89 50^ ■85 104 "5 789 87J 794 59" 2,414 1,401 367 ?i)8 1,160 685 2,280 755 ■•339 '7 ST 844 4*7 1,118 '.057 909 7-!7 2,698 87. 1,091 7'S 1,019 .\fnn:iOHtin /stand Div. Allan .Assigimack Barry IsLinil Bidwcll Billings Burpee Campbell Carnavon Cockburn Island I ).iwson Duck Islands Gordon Gore Bay town Howland Mills Robinson Sandfield Slieguiand.ih Tehkumm.ih Wookwaniukong 1871. Bolhii'elt, Dist. No. ./;. Bothwell, town Camden Chatham Dawn Dresden, town Sombr.a Thamesville, village.... W.allaeeburg, vill;ige . . . Walpole Island (out of Ch.-ith.im Tp.) .... Zone Jiniiit North,Dist.No.4/i. Anc.'ister Blenheim Brantford East Drumfries South liraiit South, Dist. No. 49. Brantford West Brantford city Onond.aga Paris, town Tuscarora Brockville, Dist. No. So. Centre ward E.ast w.'ird North w.ard South w.ird West ward Total Brcx:kvilleCity. Eli/abcthtown Kitley Jiriice East, Dist. No.5t. Brant (Walkerton in- cluded in 1871) Carrick Cullross (Teeswate in- cluded in 1871 IVreenock . Teeswater, village (out of Cullujssl Walkerton, town ^ "»ut of Brant Tp.).. . . 'S.7»a 995 4.095 5.036 1,116 3.397 .o8j •8,33a I 5.005 I 6..i98 I 3,461 '' 3.468 I 18.683 .5.406 8,107 1,924 2,640 2,606 '3.345 1,912 '.483 1,707 1 (.5.>02)l 5-, 173 2,870 17,819 5.994 5.005 3.839 2,981 1881. "All 965 3. .'39 5.907 2,026 ".979 4.601 740 '.5^5 .495 '7.64s 4,726 S.9.i7 .1.49.' 3.4')o 9.616 '.739 3. '73 2,891 15.107 '.307 1.707 i,68,t 1.109 1.80J (7.609) 4.WS ■!.S93 ^'.'..155 5.423 5.909 3.907 3.75' 861 2,604 "Including 285 in Hanover village, the population of which is 1,375. 7 (SeB Beatinck district, 69.) 1891. 819 209 4S7 % 547 joo 240 "3 83 455 47a i.a.54 •89 281 421 405 1,191 25.595 H97 2.9'J3 6,150 3.480 2,058 4,207 798 2,726 1.401 '6.993 4,098 5,606 4. '52 3. '37 -!3.359 2,802 '2.753 i,4S2 3. "94 3,228 'S.8S5 '.4.SS 2.062 i,76t> 1 . 1 79 ■'..53' (8.793) 4.726 2.336 21.355 '4.929 5.503 3.34s 3.389 1,128 3.061 90 The History of the Year. POPULATION BY SUB-DISTRICTS-C<»i/i«i«frf. Bruce North, Dist.S'o^l!. Alhcmnrle township .ind Cape Croker Indian Rt'sorve Antahc'l township and Saugccn Indian Kc- 8cr\'e Arran Cheslcy, vilL-igc (out of Klderslic) Eastnor, Lindsay and St Edmunds Elderslic Paislcv, village (out of Klderslic). Port Elgin, village (out of Saugeen). Southampton, village. . . Tara, village (out of Arran) Wiarton, vilUige (out Amabel BniceiVest, Dist. No-SJ. Bruce Huron Kincardine Kincardine, town Kinloss Lucknow, village (out of Kinloss) Saugeen . . Tiverton, village (out of Kinc.^rdine Cardtvell, Dist. No. 54. Adj.ila Albion . Bolton, village (out of Albion) Caledoii Mono Cartel on, Dist. No.SS- Goulburn March Marlborough Nepean North Gower Ottawa East, village (out of Nepean Tp.), Richmond, village Torbolton Cortnvall and .Stormoiit, Dist. No. 56. Cornwall Tp •■ .. Centre ward of Corn- wall, town East ward of Cornwall, town West ward of Corn- w.ill, town Total Cornwall town. Finch Osnabruck Roxborough Diindas, Dist. No. S7. Chestcrville, village (out of Winchester Iroquois, village 1871. 10,840 1.804 1881. 698 .3.6*) 858 19,856 3.764 4.079 4.097 1,907 3.430 •8,64s i.So.S 3.046 3.S'» 893 1.364 3.»73 «.>S4 1,405 1,141 561 796 a,S79 16,500 3,878 4.857 4.785 3.980 15.680 3.^34 '.347 2,260 5.069 a.53" 487 75' 18,987 5.081 1,086 490 457 (2.033) 2,729 5.79' 3.353 ■9.777 78. 24,218 4.336 5. '75 4,506 2,628 3.628 1,162 2,090 545 16,700 3.885 3.87^ 606 S.310 4.097 '9.777 3.381 i.3'8 2,090 8,044 2,481 439 1,024 23,198 436 1.693 1.304 '.471 (4.468) 3.493 5.796 4.005 20,598 l8qi. 32,531 l,8iq 3.890 3.913 1.437 3.331 3.048 i.3»8 1.659 1.437 69s 1.984 20,718 3.793 4.135 3.6ife 3.631 3,903 1.385 1.813 5. so ■5..382 3-459 3.143 743 S.530 3.518 »'.749 3.784 1.364 '.703 ".405 74' 447 1,033 27.158 6.793 3.117 3,393 3,396 {6,805) 3. .509 5.317 4.735 20,132 775 1,047 Dundns Dist. .Continued. M;itilda . Morrishiirg, village Mountain Williamsburg Winchester Winchester, village (out of Winchester Diirha ni Hast , Dist .No. sH Cavan I lope Manvers Millbrook, village (out of Cavan Port Hope, town Durham l^est, Dist. No. S9- Howmanville, town Cartwright Cl.irke Darlington Newcastle village lilKin Hast, Dist. No. 60. Aylnier, town (out of Malahide Bayham Malahide Port .Stanley, village (out of .Southwold). . St. Thomas, city Vienna, village Yarmouth lilgin West, Dist. No. 61. Aldborough Dunwich Dutton, vill:ige (out of Dunwich Howard Orford Kidgetown, town (out of Howard) Southwold Essf.v North, Dist.No.6j, Belle River, village (out of Rochester Maidstone Rtichestcr Sandwich East Sandwich West Sandwich, town Tilbury West Tilhurv Centre (out of Tilbury West) Walkerville (out of Sandwich East Windsor, town Essex South, Dist. N0.63, Amherstburg, town Anderdon Colchester North (with Col. .S., in '71) Colchester South (with Col, N., in '71) Essex Centre village (out of Colchester. , , 1871. 4.777 1.156 3.»59 4.734 4.090 19,064 4.761 5.075 4.114 5.1 '4 18,316 3.044 3,514 S.7^8 5.93' 1,108 '8,799 4,892 5.554 3.197 593 5.563 30,421 3.506 .5.73' 4-5" 3."3 5.5.S9 i7,..>88 3.05s 2,1 S3 3.748 3,228 1,160 2.393 4.353 14.709 1.936 1,895 2,920 1881. 1891. 4.6 J» i.V'9 3.719 4,671 4.7';6 4.. 38 '.8.W 3.433 4..3"H 3.62 1 962 18,710 3.479 4.532 3.976 1.148 5..S8,S 17.5.S5 3..S04 3'.!57 5. '6') 5.465 1,090 25.748 1..S40 i 4.649 : 4.4'5 674 5.575 23,480 4,7'8 4,290 3.863 3.766 ■..S38 I 5,206 \ '7.053 l.lub 3.887 4.047 971 5.043 '5..375 .!.,n7 2,026 4.437 4.758 787 36.734 3,167 3.8,s8 3.851 616 10.370 .398 5.474 33.935 5.399 3.663 838 3,626 3.479 3.354 4,766 25.659 i 31.533 556 3,260 3,483 4.386 3,860 1.143 4,410 6,661 31,303 2,672 2,406 2,090 3,737 800 657 3. '27 3,806 4..378 3.643 '.353 5,100 305 933 10,333 24,032 3,379 3,205 1,720 3,837 '.709 The Dominion Census. POPULATION BY SUB-I)ISTKICTS-Co«/««w«/. 91 A'.v.v**.v.Vo«/// — ConthtHt'ti, Cioslield KiiiKSvillc villani" (out i>f Ciiisficltl I.i'amin^toi), xillagc (out of Murseo) M.iMcii. MiTsea IVIee Ulnnd. . . Fmilriiar, /Ji'sL No. 64. I'larilen Islaiul, vill.if^c. .. Iliuve Island (l'ittshiir(f included, in '71 Kin(^sti>n tiiwnsnip I'iltsliurjf • IIowo Inland included in '71) I\trtsnunith, vill; Storrinif ton . Wolfe Island atrc. (ilingarrv, Dist. No. 6^. Alexandria, villngc (out 111 Locliie Charloltenburg Kenyon L.Hncaster . . , I.anc.ister, village (out of Lancaster Tp,),. .. I.ochicl (irenvilU- .South, Dist. No. 66. Augusta Cardinal, villjige (out of ICilwardslnirg. . . Kdwiirdsbury I'rescott, town Grey Emit, Dist. No. 67. Ciillingwood Dundalk, village (out of I'roton Muplir.'isia Meaf.ird, town (out of St. Vincent) Melancthon Ospre ■ Pri>ton St. Vincent Shellnirne. village (out K>i Mel.'inctlion) Thornliur>. town (out of Collingwoodi. ... (iny Nurt/i. Di.it. N0.6S. Derby Holland Keppel Owc'i Sound, town (in- cluding Urockville in '81 and '91) Saraw.ick Sullivan Svdenham C'Vf V .South, Dist. No. 6g. -'Vrtemesia Hentinck (including i.ogo in Hiinover vilUige) . . 1871. ».').'io i6,jio 763 4,101 4,126 1,702 2,8H2 '•737 20,,S24 ^•33> 4- 4.4'.'> 4.827 5."6j .S.4I7 2,617 l8,7oq 3.576 2,899 2,04? 3.033 2,184 4.978 18,580 •.964 3.249 2,174 3.369 680 3.I.S1 4,011 22,106 3.484 5.050 ■ 881. 3.494 863 1.41' ■.725 3.552 .t6' '4.993 495 479 3.739 3.352 '■734 2,81 1 2. ,83 1,200 6.354 5.491 4.85' 4,291 '3. '97 I '3.526 5.096 5.43' 2.9'W 25.334 4.915 3.688 1,866 3.'>*) 3.5' 2 3.402 4. "9 733 23.334 2.. 563 3.688 3.449 4.7.59 6.!9 4. '43 4.293 25.703 4.576 5.472 i8gi. 4.071 '.335 1.910 '..S7,i .1,788 (J05 '3.445 412 422 .(■349 .1,000 1,974 2.285 2,003 22,447 1,614 5.656 5..J76 4.084 709 5.016 '2,93' 4.. 535 960 4.5'7 2,918 26.225 3.93' 696 3., 567 1.999 3.822 3.3'4 3.2W 3.494 1,202 902 26,341 2,200 3,^)0* 3.774 7.497 1,201 4,164 3.903 23,672 4.092 S.323 (iriy South, Continued, Durham, town (out of Hentinck. , . . EBreiiumt Gleneig) .Markdale, village (out of Uleneig). Norni.anby Haldima td, Dist, .\'o, Jo, Caledonia, vill.ige Cayuga North Cayugy, village Hagersville, village (out of VValpole) Oneida Kninh.am Seneca Walpole 1871. Halton, Dist. No. 71. Acton, village (out of Lsquesing) Burlington, viilagu(oiit I't Nelson) .. Esquesing , . Georgetown, village . . . Milton, town N.asagaweya Nelson Oakville, town Trafaiy.ir Hn milt on Citv, Dist. No. TJ. Ward One Ward Two Ward Three Ward Four W.ard Kive. Ward Six W.ard Se\en Total H- .lilton City Muni' .jal 3.')49 4.060 S.563 18,070 1,246 3,012 803 .1.'85 2,067 3.282 5.477 22,606 26,716 Hastings fiasi, Dist. No. 7J. Deseronto, village (out ot TyendinagaJ . , . . Ilungerford Thurlow Tyendinaga JIastin,i;s .Vorth, Dist. .\o. 74. Bangor, McClure and WickK.w Carlow (including M.iyo in '71 and '81) Dungannon (including rar.-id.-i>' in '71) Elzevir .ind tiriinsthorpe. F.ir,ad,-iy, in Dung.in- non in '71 Huntingdon Limerick Madoc Madoc, vill.-.ge (out of .Madoc Tp.) M.irmora and Lake Mayo Monteagle and Ilerschell (26,716) '7.392 4.633 5.'S' 7.573 16,607 9,30 285 446 '.393 2.853 ' .055 3.479 1,699 1881. 0,59 4.455 4,001 6,140 1 7,660 '.252 2,10f> 830 2,863 2,217 2.,545 5.854 21 ,819 848 1.068 4.998 1.471 1.302 2,800 3..!4" 1,710 4.. (82 35.961 '7.3'3 1.670 4.5.59 4.922 6,162 30,479 8SS 935 578 '.5'4 392 2.555 563 3,182 i,a6<> 2,084 ,072 i8o'. ■.273 .t.')04 7.56 5,006 16,318 <)68 1.8.M 822 ■ ,u86 2,403 2,()10 2,231 4.922 2 1,1)80 1,3CX) ' .,135 4.4.15 i,5ix) '.4.50 2,8o5 6.035 S.363 7,. .IK) 9.375 (35.961) (48,<)8.3) ■8,053 3..U8 4.762 4.817 5.'.!'' 22,213 1.036 559 754 1,506 705 2,562 508 2,907 J.l 14 3.17(1 5 '8 '.552 92 The History of the Year. POPULATION BY SUB-DISTRICTS— C««/i««*$/iniwd Rawiliin Sabine, Aircy, Lvull, MiirchiHunnnd Rob- iriHon Stirling, village Tiulor and CaHhcll WollnHton Hastings Went, Dial. No. 7s- Belleville, citv Frankford, village (out ol Sydney Sydney Trenton, town Iliiitm luist, /)ist.No.j6. Illytb, villn^re (out of Morris) liruiiNels, village (out of Grey) Grey Howick Morris 'I'urnberry Win^jh.'Mii, town (out of Tiirnberry) Wntxeter, village (tnit of llowick ■ 871. Huron SvittUJ'iisl.Xo.'jy. li.-iylield, village (out t>f Stanley) II:iv '. Ilullett McKillop Seaforth, town Stanley ruckersniith Huron trrstJiist.N0.78. Ashfield Clinton, town Colborne Kast W.iwanosh Cioderieh Godcrich, town West Wawanosh Kent liistrici No. 79. Blenbeini. town (out of H.arwick) Cb.atliam, town Dover Harwick '■ R.-iteigh Romney Tilbury Centre, village (out of Tilbury E.ast). Tilbury Kast Kingston City, Dist. No. Sn. Catarnqui ward I'rontcnac w.trd. . . . Ont.ario w.ird Rideau w.nrd St. I.,.iwrence ward. .Sydenham ward. . . . Victoria ward .1,688 779 M.36S 7'.lo.S ,S>»64 ■.7')<' ■6.4.i,S .I.85.S .S.4'7 .V9.S' J.JOl 2"..!54 ,846 1^,407 2,0,16 •2.S'4 1,262 2,066 862 '.944 ■.7'2.1 .1.69» 874 .^64 4"3 17,400 4.88j J,o42 21,720 914 1,280 4-.'i77 .S.616 3,0 1 (J I,qi8 .SO" 21,t)<31 679 4,421 .1.«7.'i 4,046 2,480 2,940 2,892 i4.o9> 2,847 2,788 9.11 1.9.S0 2,047 1891. .1,629 '4.1 8S" H4.; 77' 'S.96.1 9.'')>4 5.1.1 4.'5-' 4.. 164 i8,<)fa8 927 1,204 4.022 4,4.19 2,45-' 2,167 .S04 19,184 S9S 4.»44 !,2Hi .1,086 2,64 r 2,470 2,867 4,010 ■'.6.1.S 2,21.^ 2,078 2,907 1.8.i9 ■J..116 ,1'.4.14 1.V08 9.0.S2 4.4'5 6,017 4.9.'i.'i '.534 720 3.0J3 19,264 3..S89 4..168 1,365 4.465 8.56 2. '74 a.s67 l.amblon East, Dist. No. til. Alvlnston, village (out of Brooke) Arkona, village (out of Bosani|uel) Bosanquet Brooke Knniskilleii Oil Springs, village I'etrolia, town Theilford, vilUige (out Kii Itosanquet Warwiek VV'jitford, village (out Warwick) /.ttintiton II est, Dist. .\o. Nj. Forest, town (out of i'lympton) Moore Plynipton. Point ICdwards, vilUigc (out of Sarnia) Sarnia .Sarnia, town Wyoming, lillagelout o'i l'l)inpti>n) Lanark .\ort/i, /)ist. .\o. .\1. .Mmonte. town D.'illunisie ami Slier- biooke North. Darling I"it/ri>_\' . Huntley Liinark Lan.'trk, village Lavant(includediii Dal- housie in '71 and '81. F.ikenb.'im R,im8,-iy I.nnark soutli, Dist. .\o. ,Vy. Bathurst Beckwith Burgess North Carleton Pl.icc, village. Drummond Elmsley Montague Perth, town Sherbnioke South I.reds and (irrnviilr .Vorl/,. /hUt. .Xo. ,Vf. Elmsley. South Gower, South Kemptville, village Merrickvillc, village Oxford. .^ Smith's Falls, town Wolford 1871. '6,370 4.4-I.5 ■•.5.1H ',.SJ8 .SS" a.6ji 4.677 '.S.624 3.998 3.4.18 2,929 19.889 2,080 801 3.435 J.6.14 2,270 740 2,426 3,ai8 Leeds. South, Dist. \o.S6. Athens Village (from Yonge rear) Bast.ird and Burgess South Crosby North Crosby South Gananoque, town 18,040 ,1,220 '.977 '.,158 1.205 2,467 1,418 1.187 ■'..17.'! 833 I!, 810 1,241 ',02,1 872 9'23 4.051 i.i.So .2.550 »'.7.'5 8.J0 5''9 3..t<>o 3.49.' 3,.S88 55J 3.465 685 4.052 i.'3» 20,8()0 1,614 5,146 4.495 '.'93 3..S83 3.874 886 0,716 3.540 2,127 2,054 2,020 '9.855 2,684 2,528 767 3..n8 .".534 2,029 753 2,284 2,8<» '7.945 2,960 ',928 .,287 ',975 2,378 '.3 '9 2,68,1 •2,467 948 '^.423 1,022 1,188 819 3,785 2,087 2,401 22,206 3,.500 '.999 1,968 2,871 24,261^ 1,006 463 2,806 3.874 S.006 i.'38 4.3S7 616 3.644 '.»99 33.449 3.057 5.080 3.939 1,882 3.937 6.693 87, 19.365 .1073 2.142 .19 2,IMO 3,322 1,904 8.W 680 2,006 2,602 19,864 3,758 1,767 1,117 4.4.15 2,202 '•■'3.\ <)84 •3.533 977 960 1,236 1,072 3.3«> 3,86,r 3, "5 33,45' 90s .5,3'9 3,097 1,849 3,669 The Dominion Cknsus. POPULATION BY SUB-DISTRICTS Omlinurd. 93 LerdaSoiilh - Coniinufd. l.anHJownv and Lced* (fronlH) I.nnHdowiu' nnd Leeds (ri'.irs) Ni'wborii, villaifo (out of Crosby North*.... \\>n^!:i'aiul Ksct>tt(front(i) N'oii^^i* anil Ktit'ottl rears). I.ftttwx, Distfici Xo, Jfy. .Vdolphiistown AmhtTst Island H.ith, villaKTi- I'irne.sttiwn l''ri'ilorii'ksburjf North. . . I-Vt'deriL-kMbr rjf Siiuth. . ■ .Napaneo, town Uichinond 1871, i.7<>> /.I'licfi/ii and \iti,i;arii, m.-.!. .Vw. .W. Bcams\ llle village (out of Clinton , Clinton. Cininlhani Louth .Merriton, villaKi' (out of Ciranlhani). . . . . Niagara Ni.'i^.'ira. tow n Port l);ilhousie, village. .Si. Catharines, citv. ... London Cify,Pi.i/. A'u. .S!j. Ward 1 Ward 2 ... \Vard3 Ward 4 Total London, Miincpl. 16. .196 7.16 ■ .1R9 601 4.».1.t I.7-I2 '.4'»7 .j,c)()7 1.4.!' 31,24.4 •».o03 1,600 1. 081 7,864 I.S.826 Mlddles,:y JiasI, Ihst. Xo, 6 jo,74v» 4. "7 3,071 10,91)1 .i,.S'" 19,48,^ 4,'98 4,f'.s8 4.349 2.85.1 .1,437 ■7.448 5,063 2,5J.1 1881, .t..'(«7 3,f>5? 418 .1. '07 '•■O.I |6..1'4 1,1189 546 .).<)'' ■ 1,730 >..i40 .),f)8o .l,-'4' •'.!,.lo<> 68., a..iqq 3,318 ■,9QS ■ .7<3« 3,004 1,441 1 , 1 39 9.6.1' '9.746 36,366 ■^S-'o? 4.056 1,844 9,.?99 .(.890 1,701 .i,.i6-' .155 31,368 873 3,94" •,725 976 4,. 78 ',5.(9 4.504 2. '95 2..i:t9 18,888 S.»3o ».674 i8qi. .1..187 •'.493 463 ■'.857 '.4'3 14,903 730 9.»8 5.1" 3.597 '.6.59 1,136 3.4.14 3,8<)8 31,806 9" 3,1,^6 1,938 '.774 '.813 ','45 ',449 879 9,170 33,381 4.47' S.ao4 6..13» 6.374 3 '.977 •'5..56'» 3.75* 1.634 8.934 5,610 1.915 3. •'7' 463 '9,09S 2,600 1,809 f)20 3..5"7 ■ ,680 4.^7' ',794 1,783 18,806 4,763 2.549 MiMtttex S,-~Con, Lobo WeHtininster 1871. 3,474 (.,,|W. .Middhnrx Wrtt, liixl. .Vo. a;. .Adelaide Kkfrid Euphemin OlenciH-, \illajfe (out of Ekfrid) Metcalfe Mv>K,l Newburv, villaKC (out of Mosa Strathro\, town VVardsville, villaKu i7,ijo6 •',9") .1.'93 ■',.190 2.449 3. "M 3.232 5.19 Afoiiet, Dist. Xo. yv. Canboro CayuKa South ... Dunn Dnnnville, \ illaf(e. . ... lf,'iinsliori>u^h , Moulton IVIham Sherhrooke(w ith Moul- ti>n in 1871) Waintleet •4.')85 l,3(M) 972 1,049 ',452 3,*" 6 2,og<) 2.5'5 2.67J .\tiiskoka and Parry Sintnil, /)ist. Xo, jjf, .Armour .ind Ryerson . . , Baxter, Ciibson .ind Treeman Bethnne, IVrry .nnd Proudfi>i>t Hl.'iir, Urowii, Burton, Shawaiia^a, I lar- risi>n, W.-illhrid(^e, Mowat and I'Vench River. Brunnel .ind Stephenson. Ch.'ipman ;ind Croft.... Conj^er, Cow perand Foley Fcr$c>ison, Carlin^and Burpee Ferrie, .Mills, Hardy, Wilson. .McConkey and MeKen/ie . . . . I**r;inklin. Sinclair nnd Chalfey Ciurd, I'rintfliand Pat- terson Ilinisworth North and .South, find Nipiss- inn Ilumphrev, Watt and Cardwell Huntsville, villajje . . . . Ji>ly ,ind Stron^^ ,'ind .Sundrid^e. \'ill.'i^e . Laurier, .Mecliar and Lount McDougall, Parry Sountl, town, and P.'irr\' Islaiul McKellarand H.i^ermnn Monteith, Spencc and Christie. . . - .... Stisted and .Mc.Murrich. . 3..584 .505 307 40 7" ',439 362 Xi/iissinf;, Dist. Xo. t5 26,5 'S 3,171 70U 1,704 1,119 1.738 ',301 503 481 753 ',776 843 1.8.(3 ■.8X5 ','59 1,500 '.'77 ■^..137 I, i8(^ 1,087 '.372 '.1.023 342 % w ^, '1^ o Sf^. '^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 S ^ ||||£ Uluu 1.8 1.4 11.6 'n "^ o^%> y '> '<■ ^;; '/ /A \ HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporation d \ iV » iS si\ ^ <^ 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ ^ :& .f^l\s 1% f ^ The Dominion Census. POPULATION BY SUB-DISTRICTS-Con/i>iu«3 19,019 4,416 2,071 1,146 a.64.'! 5.819 2,922 3.638 4,084 4,»89 22,991 3.470 '.547 1,418 1.079 3.481 885 3..'i6o 3.568 3.783 ■ .437 694 549 2,249 2,210 1,480 535 '55 a.358 204 410 19,400 4.02s 3.457 •."63 4.»9« 1,212 4.»5» 17,780 3,9.17 2,014 i,a>3 649 2,674 4.785 «.5o8 3.017 1.479 2,424 1,068 ".987 812 3.306 3.389 3. 509 Northumberland West, Out. No. gg. Alnwick Cobourg, town Haldimand Hamilton Ontario North, Dist. No. 100. Beaverton, village (out of Thorah) Bracebridge, village (in- cluded in Macaulay in 1871 and 1881) , ., Brock Cannington.village (out of Brock) Draper Macauley (including Braccbri'lge village in 1871 and 1881 MacLcan (see Ridout). . Mara Morrison Oakley (in Draper in 1871 and 1881) Rama Ridout (with MacLean in 1871 and 1881) . ., Ryde (in Draper in 1871 and 1881) Scott Scugog Thorah Ontario South, Dist. No. 101. Oshawa, town Port Perry, village (out of Reach) Reach Whitby East Whitby West Whitby town Ontario H'est, Dist. No. 102. Newmarket, town Pickering Stiuifville, village (out of Whitchurch) Uxbridge UxbridgCj town (out of Uxbridge Tp) Whitchurch Ottawa City, Electoral Dist. No. iqj. By ward Ottawa ward St. George's ward Victoria ward Wellington ward Total Ottawa, muni- cipal division ,..,, Oxford North, Dist. No. 104. Blandford Easthopc North Easthope South Embro, village Nissouri East Woodstock, town Zorra East Zorra West 1871. «7.3a8 ',369 4.44» S.796 5.7*' 16,624 S.'7S 521 868 2^8 a.697 601 704 '.965 ■9-357 3. '85 6,809 3.4«" 3,220 "2,732 18,91 1 1,760 7,375 4,763 5,014 21,545 S.>38 S.738 3.474 3, '56 4.039 1881. 21,545 23.434 2,008 2,998 2,27s 484 3.668 3.992 4.619 3,400 16,984 «.47' 4.957 S.401 1,281 4.378 922 1.794 2.13s 7.56 3,2.17 816 ',370 2,563 768 2,542 20,344 3,992 1,800 4,949 3,4>7 2,946 3, MO 20,189 2,006 6,883 866 4,081 1,834 4,529 37,412 4,959 6,572 4,527 2,966 8,388 3',307 24,390 2,089 2,722 2,245 616 3,325 5,373 4,59" 3,4.30 1891. ■4,947 1,321 4,829 4,484 4,3>3 21,380 850 '.4>9 4.o7« 1,050 1,082 760 545 .1.'52 890 •.73fe 190 6t2 2.342 663 1,623 ■8,371 4.065 1,698 4,190 3.080 2..5S' 2,786 18,792 2,143 5,9^ 1,148 3,461 3,033 4.019 37.281 6,417 '^ 3.0J4 14,082 44, '54 26,131 1,911 2,«' 2,149 637 3.03' 8,61 3 4,363 2.988 *Not received. ill 96 The History of the Year. POPULATION BY SUB-DISTRICTS-C<>»/»«i«rrf. Oxford SotUh, Dist. No. iqg. Burford Ingersoll, town Norwich North Norwich South Norwich, tillage (out of Norwich North). Oakland Oxford East Oxford North Oxford West Peel, Dist. No. lob. Brampton, town Chinguacousy Streetsville, village . Toronto , Toronto Gore Perth North, Dist. No. loj. Ellice Elma Listowel, town Logan Milverton, village (out of Horningtoni .... Mornington Stratford, City Perth SmUh, Dist. No. 108. Blanchard Downie Fullarton Hibbert Mitchell, town . . . St. Mary's, town. Usborne Peterboro' East, Dist. Ao. /09. Ashburnham, village.... Asphodel Belmont Burleigh, Anstruther and Chandos Cardiff Cavendish Douro .. Dummer Glamorgan Harcourt, Dudley, Dy- sart, Guilford, Har- burn, Bruton, Clyde, Eyre, Havelock, Livingstone, Lawr- ence and Nightingale. Harvey Lake6eld, village (out of Douro) Methuen Monmouth Norwood, village (out of Asphodel) Otonnbee. Peterbord West, Dist. No. no. Ennismore Monaghan North. Monaghan South. . Peterboro', town.. Smith .87.. 24,487 S..S43 4,033 3.3*4 3'"S 1,104 a,6io >.8SS 3.804 16,369 3,090 6.139 617 .S..'97 3.347 >.S7.S 731 360 3,6/1 >.95' 399 6SS 670 3.99a 11,767 1,104 ».479 >.MS 4,611 3.4»8 "4.778 S.466 4.3>8 3,63a 3.:j6o ■ ,411 939 a.3'3 1.64s 3,694 ■6,387 3,930 ii.476 5.273 ■.363 36,538 3.»7S 4,431 3,688 3.35.S .^63 3.998 8.3.39 31,608 3.^44 3.489 3,708 3..194 3,384 3.4^5 3.074 30,403 1,366 1,918 ■,738 ■.38^ 497 *393 3,864 3,149 476 1.087 1,114 337 436 853 4.o«3 ■3.3^o ■•■37 913 1,148 6,813 3.3o^ 1891 33,4?, 1 4.939 4.^3« '.389 ».943 ■■».S.S 858 3.i.'i5 1,496 a. '93 ■.1.472 3.a5a 4.750 ^^ S.5"8 ■.a47 36,909 J.384 4.33' ».S&7 3.094 603 3.509 9.5o^ 19,403 3,938 3.381 3.5i^ 3,636 3,101 .3.4^6 ».5»9 31,930 1.674 1,866 2.548 1.52' 613 94 3,131 2.'43 505 1,081 '.',S5 1,I30 360 548 1,010 3.652 '.■i, ,808 93a 1,033 ■.093 9.7^7 3.04s Prescott, Dist. No. in. Alfred Caledonia Hawkeabury East Hawkesbury West .... Hawkesbury, village Long^ueuil L'Orignal, villag^e (out of Longueuil) Plantagenet North Plantagenet South Prince Edward, Dist. No. 1/2. Ameliasburgh Athol Hallowell Hillier , Maryshurg North Marysburg South Picton, town Sophiasburg Wellington, village. ..., Renfre^K North, Dist, .\'o. I/J. Alcona South Ahce and Fraser Bromley Buchanan, Wylie and Rolph Eganville (part out of Wilberforce) Head, Maria and CLira. Pembroke. . ■ Pembroke, town . . Pctewawa and McKay., Ross Stafford Westmeath. Wilberforce and Algona North Rrnfretv South, Dist. No. 114. Admaston Arnprior, village . . . Bagot.ind Blythfield.. . . Brougham Brudenell (with Lyndoch in 1871 and 1881 Eganville, village (part out of Gratt4 1,143 52' :,48i 406 1,367 2,855 86s 650 ■8,344 769 3,666 3,93a 4.78s 596 4,267 2,339 1881. 23,857 3,308 ■.7S« S.082 3,360 1,930 1,163 853 3,907 2,524 31,044 .3,45' ■.573 3,704 2,192 1,700 2,205 2,975 2,646 598 19,134 759 1,913 1.797 699 953 683 3,830 689 3,'3' 1.05s 3.230 3,406 19,043 2.383 2,147 1,136 574 1,270 1891. 24. '73 3.053 ■.943 4,896 2,740 2,043 1,173 I,003 4,345 3,080 18,892 3,080 1,384 3.379 ',890 '.430 1,643 3.287 3..144 555 33.005 ■,03S 1,930 1,933 1,034 315 4,401 99' 3,403 ','73 3,612 2,877 1,893 614 986 i.S'o 3.092 78s 1,605 626 43' 35,082 1,676 4,4^^ 3,535 6,254 995 4,753 3.4S8 23.972 2.548 3..^4 ' '.595 548 1.104 395 ■,724 275 1,608 1,608 294 446 3.5 "4 ".O.S9 2,61 1 710 592 3'.643 4. "3 4.779 4,014 6,823 ■.673 4.858 ',46s 3.9«8 Si" Ota Ma Moi MU! Oril IVn 'Taken with Galway (now in N. Victoria) in 1881, and population estimated in 1881 at 393. The Dominion Cknsus. POPULATION BY SUB-DISTRICTS— C<»M/««tt*rf. 97 Simcoe E., Dist. No. Il6. Grave hui-st, town (out of Muskoka) Matchftlash (in Orillia in 1871 and 1881) Medonte Medora and Wood Midland, vi'laire (out of Tay) Monck Muskoka Orillia (Matchedash in- cluded in '71 and '81). Orillia, town Oro Penetang'ui8hene,town (out of Tiny). ...... Tay Tinv Simcoe North, Dist. No. 1 1 J. Barrie, town Collingwoodj town Creemore, village (out of N'ottawasaga). . ■ Flos Nottawasa^a Stayner, village (ort of Nottawasaga) . . Sunnidale V'espra Simcoe South, Dist. No. 118. Alliston, village (out of Tecumseth) . . . Bceton, village (out of Tecumseth) Essa Ii.nisfil Mulmur Tecumseth Tossoroiitio .... Tottenham, vilIage(out of Tecumseth) Toronto City, Electoral Dist. No. iig. St. Andrew's ward, W . . St. Ilavid's ward, E St. George's ward, W. . . St. James' ward, C .St. John's ward, C St. Lawrence ward, E. . . St. Patrick's ward, \V. . . St. Stephen's ward, and such portions of St. Marks ward as is situ.ited in this district, W St. Thom.is' ward, E . . . . Total Municipal Dist.. Victoria North, Dist. .Vo. 120. Anson and Hindon Bexley Carden Dalton Eldon Kenelon Kenclon Falls, village. . . Galway Laxton, Digby and Longford, Lutterworth Minden 1871. ■6,071 qo 535 483 ■.894 4.364 1,639 3.»'4 ■8,755 3.398 3,829 '.756 6,704 •.99" 3077 >9.,So4 4,221 5.480 3.505 4.738 '.570 56,093 8,918 11,339 3.534 9.779 10,868 3,861 7.903 1881 a7.«85 3.63a 1,116 '.095 801 >.'35 3.097 2,911 4..'i66 ..089 a.993 3.736 36,130 4.854 4.445 1891. 3.M« 6,971 1,028 3.803 3,879 21,721 1,099 4,666 5,499 4,211 5.3^5 1.921 35.801 1,848 375 4.S'4 921 3,088 854 797 3.687 4.7Sa 4.,357 4.7'4 4.784 28,206 5.550 4.94' 3.783 6,oCo '.357 3,773 3.032 86,4.5 H.447 1 1 ,073 5,544 10,791 13,193 4.864 •4.965 20,827 •.37' 771 3.59a 3661 3.865 1,870 .585 144,028 >4,a5> 22,790 7.5'9 13,867 13,765 7.864 27,668 (56,092) > 2,3^4 6,609 i 34,394 8,931 i 13,910 (96,196) (181,330) 5 '5 489 3,05a 3,949 1,037 361 850 797 i6,66i 903 ! 916 I 530 i 3,778 3^94 ■,>.SS 394 % I, no 16,849 27s 902 8.5 539 3,>45 3,809 1,219 710 874 549 1,182 Victoria N. — Coniinutd. Snowden Stanhope, Sherburne and McClintock SoiTjerville Woodville, village (out of Eldon^ Victoria South, Dist. No. 121 Bobcaygeon, village lout of Verulam) . . . Emily Lindsay, town Mariposa Omemee, village (out of Emilv) Ops .' Verulam Waterloo North, Dist. No. 122. Berlin, town Elmira, village (out of Woolwich Waterloo North Waterloo, town Wellesley Woolwich Waterloo South, Dist. No. 123. Ayr, village (out of Dumfnes N.) Dumtries North Gait, town Hespeler, village New Hamburg, village. Preston, village Waterloo South Wilmot Wetland Dist. .Vo. 124. Birtie Chippewa, village Crowland Fo.-t Erie, village Humberstone Niagara Falls, town . . . . Niagara Falls, village (out of Stamford). . . , Port Colborne, village. . . Staitiford Thorold Thorold, town Wclland, town Willoughby Wellington Centre, Dist. No. 125. D.iyton, village (out of Peel). Elora, vill.'ige Fergus, village Garafraxa E^st Garafraxa West Maryborough Nichol Orangeville, town. . Peel Pilkington Wellington North, Dist. No. 126. Amaranth Arthur 187 1. 310 '.074 ■9,a44 807 '.509 3,790 4,049 5,363 3,,150 2,629 •9.as6 a.743 3.640 ■.594 S.7'o S..S69 ao,995 20,813 2,876 5.080 5. .53' 744 3.358 a.474 20,986 4.0.S4 3,590 2,066 5,75a 5,Sa4 1891. 1,014 583 «,940 3*3 ao,4SS 1,018 a,6oj 6,081 4,849 687 3,936 2,291 a5,3as 7,4a5 ',069 3,443 a,94' 4^8^ ai,754 3,95' 3,827 797 ] 1,003 I ',408 i 4. '98 ] 5.8" 3.848 1,240 i,4'9 4004 5,3.58 as, '48 1,040 3,533 7,535 1,482 '.,335 '.843 3,904 5,497 20,572 a,933 933 ',3'7 835 a,47' 1,610 36,153 3,986 664 ■,3.8 732 4. .82 a,.?47 988 I a,q99 a.50. ! 1,685 ' .,100 '.^50 i 25.536 .,498 1,666 a.579 3.'a8 4.4'8 a.737 '.4.58 5.744 a,3o8 '7,903 ',943 4.376 1,716 3,162 2,456 a, 4.56 1,870 ',a73 36,816 ■.387 '.733 a.635 3,620 4.55" 2.474 2,847 5,034 •.958 26,024 2,914 .1,9'6 25, '3' 4,222 5a3 1,107 934 3,843 3,349 ','79 ','54 3,OC)9 AS '5 a, 373 a,o35 1,099 a3,396 793 1,304 ',.5roughEast Wentivorth South, Dist. No. I2g. Barton Binbrook Caistor Clanford Grimsby North Grimsby South (with Grimsby North in 1871 and 1881 Grimbsy, village (out Grimsby North Saltfleet ■871. 1,77a 4,861 •,370 3.S8I_ 3.758 5,320 "•»S7 7» •.77a 3.347 4,443 2,170 i,8a8 3-655 25,400 3,61 1 5,121 2,955 6,878 4.5H i 2,793 3'.985 16,445 5,803 3,13s 3,894 3.413 14,923 2,865 1,946 a,i66 2,039 3,123 2,783 ■5,539 3.525 1,814 2,164 •,977 2,416 692 2,951 1891, 1,296 634 1.687 4,224 3,639 2,314 2,007 5.239 24.378 3,118 4,048 594 2,464 10,539 3,615 S,9q8 14.591 5,230 3.709 3.598 3,461 4.636 ?,546 2,661 3,079 669 16,770 4,997 1,674 2,002 1,744 1,095 1,610 883 2,76s 1871. York East, Dist. No. ijo. Markham Markham, vilLige (out of Markham) St. Paul and St. Mat- hew's wards, Tor- onto.formerlyYork- ville village Scarborough York East 19.360 8,152 2,203 4,615 4.390 York North,Dist.No.iji. 21,654 Aurora, town 1,132 K/radford, village ! 1 , 1.I0 Georgina.indGeorgina I Isliind \ 1,987 Gwillimbury East 3,934 Gwillimburv Noithand Snake Island 2,304 Gwillimbury West ! 3,036 Holland Landing,village. 649 King 7,482 Sutton, vill.ige (out of | Georgina) | ■891. a2,8s3 6,375 954 4,825 4,208 6.491 York West, Dist. No.iji. Etobicokc. Richmond Hill, village (out of Vaughan).. . . St. Alban's ward, Tor- onto (formerly Park- dale, town) St Mark's ward, Tor- onto (formerly Brcx:kton,such por- as is situated in this district) Vaughan Weston, village (out of York) Woodbridge, village (out of Vaughan) York West 16,260 a,985 7,657 5,6*8 21,730 1..540 1.176 2,482 4.143 2,151 2,994 580 6,664 18,884 2,976 867 1,170 6,828 6,257 35.i.'!2 5.681 17.689 4,028 6.654 20,284 1.743 996 1,990 3.844 1,990 2.525 443 6,067 686 41.863 4.-558 743 7.381 5.327 5. 294 1,194 762 16,604 DEATH OF SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD. Saturday evening, June 6th, at fifteen minutes past ten, Sir John A. Macdonald, Premier of the Dominion, died at his residence, Earns- ciifife, Ottan-a. Though the Premier's illness had its real beginning several months previous, he was able to be in his place in Parliament till Friday- May 22nd, just before the Queen's Birthdayadjourn- ment, when he appeared to be in excellent trim. On the Sunday following. May 24th, it was first known that his illness was serious. The following Wed- nesday night, Dr. Powell, his medical attendant, remained at Earnscliffe, and on Thursday morning Sir John was much better, and continued to improve during the day. At night he was so well that he looked forward to tran.sacting some public business on the following day, though com- plete rest had been enjoined upon him by Dr. Powell. On Friday morning, the 29th, when Dr. Powell arrived he found Sir John's condition still further improved ; he had slept well during the night, and insisted upon rising from his bed and dressing. He spent part of the forenoon dictating letters on public busi- ness to Mr. Joseph Pope, his private secretary, after which he spent more than an hour in conversation with Sir John Thomp-son on questions of public policy, and of Government tactics in Parliament. The Governor-General called at one o'clock and spent a quarter of an hour with Sir John. Shortly before four o'clock Dr. Powell arrived, and found Sir John resting in an arm-chair, and, though somewhat exhausted, still ready to talk with almost all his accustomed vivacity. Dr. Powell was holding Sir John's wrist, with his fingers on the pulse, when suddenly a stroke of paralysis came upon the Premier and stopped his tongue at the word he was uttering. He fell back, his features presenting an ashen hue, and his body becoming motionless. Messeng.:rs were instantly despatched for Sir James Grant and Dr. Henry P. Wright, vvho came quickly to the bedside of the unconscious Premier. News of his paralytic .seizure .spread with amazing rapidity. At eight o'clock in the evening, wiion the Hou.se met, the lobbies around the Chamber were crowded by excited groups. The scene in and about the Hou.se was a memorable one. In the Chamber, Sir Hector Langevin, who was leading the House in Sir John's absence, received a message about half-past eight from one of the consulting physicians, as follows: " I have just seen Sir John Macdonald, in consultation with another. I found him paralyzed and with hem- orrhage of the brain. His condition is hopeless. He may live a few hours." When 99 Death of Sir John A. Macdonald. lOI Sir Hectiir received the message, Mr. Mackintosh, who had followed Sir Richard Cartwright, was speaking. It was the first night of the debate on Mr. Laurier's motion censuring Sir Charles Tupper. Mr. Mackintosh abruptly ended his speech and Sir Hector arose amid a dead silence, which suddenly fell upon the House. Sir Hector in low, and scarcely audible tones, said : " Mr. Speaker, I have a pain- ful duty to perform. The news we have had from Earnsclifife is that the First Minister has had a relapse, and that he is in a most critical condition. We have had reports from the medical men, and they do not seem to believe that he can live many hours more. Under the.se circumstances I move, seconded by Mr. Laurier, that the debate be adjourned." When Sir Hector resumed his .seat, Mr. Laurier arose and said : " Under such circum.stances the painful duty devolves upon mc to second the motion of my honorable friend. The country will be shocked to hear the sad news. It seems impossible to carry on the business, and 1 therefore agree to this motion." The House adjourned immediately. The days and nights crept on, hope and despair alternating in the sick cham- ber. On Friday June 5th, about four o'clock in the afternoon, the weak beatings of the heart sank until there almost came a pause. From this severe relapse, in which Sir John became unconscious, he never really rallied. After midnight no further attempt was made to administer the few drops of champagne which had been used previously at intervals. The last manifestation of consciousness had been the swallowing of the champagne. That power was then gone. All d.'iy Saturday he lay in the same state of coma, until death came aj a quarter past ten. Those who ministered to him and watched at his bedside declared him to have been a most patient sufferer. He had occasional periods of consciousness, during which he made known his wants by the gentle pressure of the hand. In the first few days he would recognize members of his family with a smile, but towards the end his gleams of consciousness were fitful and short, and he seemed to sleep away. That he was remarkable in his death struggle was apparent from the medical bulletins, which so frequently declared that his end was near, and that they were so often belied. He held on to life with a tenacity that astonished the medical men, and gave to the family and to the friends, hope, that was doomed to disappointment in the end. The message " Sir John died at iO.15 to-night" was immediately flashed along the wires, and the mournful tolling of the bells in every city announced to the citizens that the spirit of the aged and loved Premier had fled. The sad news caused universal sorrow, and there was but one feeling expressed amongst all classes, irrespective of creed, nationality or politics and that was that the country had sustained a great loss. F"lags were soon floating at half mast and other tokens of the national grief were everywhere displayed. On the Sunday following feeling reference was made from the pulpits in the churches throughout the country to the Premier's death, and clergymen spoke eloquently of his distinguished services, eulogised his patriotism, and many of them 11 ill 1 02 Thk History ok tiif, Ykar. testified to the hi^h estimate which personal contact had led them tfi form of his character. On Monday morning the issues of many of the daily papers were in mourning, and all, irrespective of politics, paid a fitting tribute to the statesmanship and other attributes of the deceased Premier. The Mail, the one time organ of the Liberal -Conservative party, after referring to Sir John's illness and death said : " It must be left to history, which applies in due time the test to all men's works, to form an impartial estimate of the remarkable figure who has just passed away. The fierceness of the party conflict, the injustice meted out to men and methods, the scantiness of the materials upon which to ba.se a fair judgment, with regard to some events of his life, render it impossible to expect at this stage of the country's bereavement an accurate measure of the " Earnscliffe," Ottawa. less we have sustained. Yet there are many features in Sir John's career which already stamp the man, and lend to him a character which will ever attach to his name. The eminence to which he rose, and the fame which he enjoyed, not only in his own country but in Great Britain and the United States, arc forcible testimonies to his individuality and his power. Never did a colonial statesman before him win for himself, in the mother country, so high a position in the minds of the public there. Sir Allan McNab supposed at one time that he had develo- ped into an Imperial statesman, and thereupon tried his fortunes in home politics as a candidate for the representation of Brighton. But Sir Allan, influential as he was in Canada, was an unknown man across the ocean, and he emerged from his political conflict so much the wiser for the experience that he returned to Canada to end his days in the smaller arena. Sir John, through the service he had been enabled to render the Empire in facilitating the confederation of the provinces; in Death of Sir John A. Macuonald. '03 assisting; at the \VashinNAI.n. It \\l suci ciijc Death of Sir John A. Macdonald. 105 later allies Sir John laid the foiinclatioiis for the successes which were to secure for him unquestioned power. His policy, both with rej^ard to public affairs — notably the Pacific railwa)' — and to the legislation j^overnint; the election of members to the Commons, was so bold as at first to alarm his friends. But it was finally accepted, and it had its effect, for it enabled the party to claim that it was animated by a j;reat national purpose, and it won for it, in the face of an Opposition led by the clearest mind in Canada, many victories. Occupying, in relation to his surroundings, an altitude to which his colleagues could not aspire, and supported by this series of successes, Sir John was able, in the later years of his life, to exercise a personal sway, and to command a veneration and affection such as no other public man in recent times, unless it be Mr. Gladstone, has enjoyed. He was a determined ruler; yet so great was his tact, and so thorough was the ':onfidencc in his wisdom and his skill, that he appeared only to guide, when as a matter of fact he commanded. His unique position, certainly, carried with it the claim to greatness. Few men of the day, either here or in other countries, have received, or could even ask, the homage and obedience which the Conservative party in Canada has willingly yielded its great leader. Nor is it probable that there will soon arise a statesman who will be pronounced Sir John Macdonald's equal. Nothing but long and successful service can earn the com- plete confidence and the absolute power that were reposed in him by all shades of thought within the party. No present leader has given the service or has earned the power, and it is this that makes the future so full of problems and so extremely doubtful. In private life Sir John was not less remarkable than in his public career. Behind the determined statesman was the man who loved his home, and was particularly fond of children. One of the features of life at Earnscliffe was the children's party, when the young of the neighborhood assembled under that hospitable roof, and the Premier, abandoning cares of State, joined in the merry games and dances. Sir John was an omnivorous reader. No new book of note escaped his attention, and there was scarcely an old book, worthy to be ranked with the English classics, with which he was not familiar. It is true that the evidences of his wide reading were not traceable in his later speeches. They were more noticeable in his conversational remarks across the floor of Parliament when he was not making a set effort, and in his social intercourse. He was the life of the dinner table. Stories of statesmen of all nations, snatches of poetry appropriate to the conversation, and sparkling literary allusions sprang to his lips when at the best table in Ottawa, outside of Government House, he was entertaining his guests. While in politics Sir John was a genius, he was in private life as gentle and kindly as man can possibly be. Friend and foe alike must recognize that in his disappearance we lose a statesman whose name will be remembered, when many of his contemporaries, through lack of the opportun- ities to distinguish themselves, will be forgotten. A man who, with all his faults — and he often said they were many — was, according to his understanding of 8 im^ 1 J mli a: o at the moi the favo Death of Sir John A. Macuonald. 107 o H the policy that was best for the country, an earnest patriot. The legend on Pitt's monument at Guildhall would, slightly amended, apply with undoubted force to the man who is mourned to-day, for " dispensing for nearly forty years the favors of the Grown, he lived without ostentation, and died poor." When the House of Gommons met on Monday afternoon Sir Hector Langevin, as senior Privy Gouncillor, announced the country's loss and moved " That in the opinion of this House the mortal remains of the Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, G.C.B., should be publicly interred, and that this House will concur in giving to the ceremony a fitting degree of solemnity and import- ance." Sir Hector was visibly affected and it was amidst sobs and with the utmost difficulty that he pronounced the few sentences he had prepared for the occasion. Mr. Lauricr, as leader of the Opposition, in seconding the motion eulogised the departed leader in a speech of surpassing grace and eloquence, during which he said : " Sir John A. Macdonald in this country was so large and so absorbing that it was almost impossible to conceive that the politics of this country — the fate of this country — will continue without him. His loss overwhelms us. For my part I say, with all truth, his loss overwhelms me, and that it also over- whelms this Parliament, as if, indeed, one of the institutions of the land had given way. Sir John A. Macdonald now belongs to the ages, and it can be said with certainty that the career which has just been closed is one of the most remarkable careers of this century. It would be premature at this time to attempt to divine or anticipate what will be the final judgment of History upon him, but there were in his career and in his life features so prominent and so conspicuous that already they shine with a glory which time cannot alter. These characteristics appear before the House at the present time such as they will appear to the end in history. I think it can be asserted that for the supreme art of governing men Sir John Macdonald was gifted as few men in any land or in any age were gifted — gifted with the most high of all qualities — qualities which would have shone in any theatre, and which would have shone all the more con- spicuously the larger the theatre. The fact that he could congregate together elements the most heterogeneous and blend them into one compact party, and to the end of his life kept them stcadilj' under his hand, is perhaps altogether unprecedented. The fact that during all these years he maintained, unimpaired, not only the confidence, but the devotion — the ardent devotion — and affection of his party, is evidence that, beside these higher qualities of statesmanship to which we were the daily witnesses, he was also endowed with this inner, subtle, undcfinable characteristic of soul which wins and keeps the hearts of men. As U-) his statesmanship, it is written in the history of Ganada. It may be said, without any exaggeration whatever, that the life of Sir John Macdonald, from the date he entered Parliament, is the history of Ganada, for he was connected and associated with all the events, all the facts, all the developments, which brought Ganada from the position Ganada then occupied — the position of two io8 The History of the Year. small provinces, having nothing in common but the common allegiance, and united by a bond of paper, and united by nothing else — to the present state of development which Canada has reached. Although my political views compel me to say that, in my judgment, his actions were not always the best that could have been taken in the interest of Canada, although my conscience compels me to say that of late he has imputed to his opponents motives which I must say in my heart he has misconceived, yet, I am only too glad here to sink these differ- ences, and to remember only the great services he has performed for his country — to remember that his actions displayed unbounded fertility of resource, a high level of intellectual conception, and, above all, a far-reaching vision beyond the event of the day, and, still higher, permeating the whole, a broad patriotism, a devotion to Canada's welfare, Canada's advancement, and Canada's glory. The life of a statesman is always an arduous one, and very often it is an ungrateful one; more often than otherwise his actions do not mature until he is in his grave. Not so, however, in the case of Sir John Macdonald ; his has been a singularly fortunate one. His reverses were few and of short duration. He was fond of power, and in my judgment, if I may say so, that was the turning point of his history. He was fond of power, and he never made any secret of it. Many times we have heard him avow it on the floor of this Parliament, and his ambi- tion in this respect was gratified, as perhaps no other man's ambition ever was. In my judgment even the career of William Pitt can hardly compare with that of Sir John Macdonald in this respect, for although William Pitt, moving in a higher sphere, had to deal with problems greater than ours, yet I doubt if in the management of a party William Pitt had to contend with difficulties equal to those that Sir John Macdonald had to contend with. In his death, too, he seems to have been singularly happy. Twenty years ago I was told by one who at that time was a close personal and political friend of Sir John Macdonald, that ill the intimacy of his domestic circle he was fond of repeating that his end would be as the end of Lord Chatham — that he would be carried away from the floor of Parliament to die. How true his vision into the future was we now know, for we saw him at the last, with enfeebled health and declining strength, struggling on the floor of Parliament until, the hand of fate upon him, he was carried to his home to die. And thus to die with his armor on was probably his ambition." He did not forget al-so to refer to the grief of those who loved the dead leader and above all " to the brave and noble woman, his companion in life and his chief helpmate." Mr. Nicholas Flood Davin, as representing the North-West, also spoke elo- quently and feelingly of his chief FUNERAL ceremonies. All that day the body of Sir John lay in state in the dining room at Earns- cliffe, and early the next morning it was conveyed to the Senate Chamber, which had been fittingly prepared for its reception. During the whole of that day a Death of Sir John A. Macdonald. 109 constant stream of visitors passed in succession before the casket to take a fare- well glance at the mortal remains of the great statesman. The floral tributes were immense in their variety, beauty, and number. The State funeral took place on Wednesday and was a most magnificent and imposing spectacle. In the vast numbers that attended to honor the dead statesman were representatives of the Sovereign, the Parliament, the provinces, municipal Lodies, societies, com- mercial bodies, the churches, professions, and thousands of public men from far and near. Never, in all the years of Ottawa's history was the city invaded by such a mighty host. . The population of the city turned out en masse. When the doors of the Senate chamber were thrown open thousands of people were in waiting to take a last look at the well-knovvn features. Shortly after one o'clock the procession started for St. Alban's Church. The pall-bearers were the members of the late Cabinet and Privy Councillor Aikins. After a brief but impressive service the procession was reorganized and moved slowly and solemnly to the C.P.R. station where the funeral train was in waiting. As the train moved slowly out of the station the band played " the Dead March in Saul." When the train arrived at Kingston station, where an immense crowd had gathered, the casket was placed in the city hall under a magnificent cata- falque and, late as it was, a continuous stream of people for hours pressed on to get a glimpse of the features of him who had served them so long and faithfully. Next day (the I ith) the remains of the Father of Confederation were laid to rest in the graveyard at Cataraqui, beside his father and mother and two sisters. It was estimated that over ten thousand visitors were in the city from all parts of the Dominion, nearly all of whom wore memorial badges. A very large number belonged to secret societies and wore the regalia of their respective orders. The scene during the march to, and at, the cemetery was a most memorable one. The immense cavalcade, composed of representatives of municipalities, political, social and national societies, trade and commerce, the professions and arts, wes a splendid tribute to the worth of the departed chieftain, and gave evidence of the veneration in which he was held by all classes and conditions of men. HONORED IN GREAT BRITAIN. In Great Britain universal respect was shown to the memory of Canada's great premier. Lord Salisbury in the House of Lords, paid a most graceful tribute to Sir John's statesmanship on the Monday following his death, by declaring that he was as great a constitutional statesman as any nation had ever seen. Next day a requisition was presented to the Dean of Westminster, signed by all the leading Ministers of State, the leaders of both political parties in the Imperial Parliament, the Marquis of Lome, Sir Charles Tupper, Sir Alexander Gait, Mr. Charles C. Colby and others. The memorialists pointed out that they desired to pay a last tribute of respect to one who had rendered so many services to the Dominion of Canada and the Empire in general, and asked that their petition be granted. The Dean promptly assented, and it was decided that the I u i no The History of the Year. service should be held on Friday morning the 1 2th. Accordingly, on that morn- ing, the Abloy was crowded with people of the British Colonies, then in England, and Englishmen interested in Colonial development and Imperial Federation, besides a large representation of the American Colony in England. Her Majesty the Queen was. represented by Lord Waldegrave, the Prince and Princess of Wales by Major-General Ellis, and the Duke of Edinburgh by Col. Colville, of the King's Royal Rifle corps. Both Houses of Parliament were largely represented, among the distinguished legislators present being the Mar- quis of Lome, Lord Knutsford, Mr. W. H. Smith, First Lord of the Treasury; Sir Richard Temple, Messrs. Colomb, Stavely-Hill, Baden-Powell, and many others. The Dean of Westminster conducted the services, -assisted by the canons and other Abbey clergy. The service, which is considered to be one of the highest honors an Englishman can ever hope to attain, was exactly similar to that used at the time of the death of the Earl of Iddesleigh in 1887. It was very impressive, and the sympathetic congregation was visibly affected. As the Dean read the beautiful burial service the scene in the dimly-lit interior was most solemn. The musical portion of the service was very grand, particularly the rendering of the anthem " Blest are the Dead," by the full choir of the Abbey. The hymn, " Now the Laborer's Task is O'er," was sung at the conclusion of the services. SKETCH OF SIR JOHN'S CAREER. Of the story of a life so full of incident as was that of the deceased statesman and so bound up with the history of Canada during the past forty years, it is pos- sible only to give but the briefest outline. The biographer and the historian can alone do justice to the subject. John Alexander Macdonald was of Scotch par- entage, his father being Hugh Macdonald, of Sutherland-shire, who married Helen Shaw, of Badenoch, Inverness-shire. The former had moved in early life to Glas- gow, where, on January 11, 181 5, his second son, John Alexander, was born. When the future Premier of Canada was in his fifth year, the family joined in the emigration movement, and came out to Canada, settling at Kingston, then the most important town of what is now Ontario. After four years' residence in that town, Mr. Hugh Macdonald moved to Adolphustown, on the Bay of Quinte, leaving his son John Alexander under the tuition of Dr. Wilson, a fel'ow of Oxford University, at the Royal Grammar School, where he remained until his sixteenth year. The father kept a store a short distance to the east of the Quaker meeting house on Hay Bay, on the third concession. It was a small clap- boarded building, painted red, and stood for many years. A visitor to Adolphus- :>wn recentl}' wrote : " Standing at the old Methodist church at Hay Bay, the visitor can see the modest ruin. It marks the dwelling-place of the parents ot Sir John Macdonald. The house was burned long since, and the cellar and it.: walls alone mark the spot." In his book " Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago," Dr. Canniff Haight Death of Sir John A. Macdonald. Ill says : " I remember being at a nomination in the village of Bath, on which occasion there were several speakers from Kingston, among them John A. Mac- donald, then a young lawyer just feeling his way into political life. He made a speech, and began something in this way : ' Yeomen of the county of Lennox and Addington, I remember well when I ran about in this district a barefooted boy,' etc." In 1836 Mr. Hugh Macdonald returned to Kingston, where he leased the Kingston Mill.s, a few miles out of the city, and at the same time carried on busi- ness on Princess street. Young Macdonald has been described as having, in his school days " A very intelligent and pleasing face, strange, fuzzy-looking hair that curled in a. dark mass, and a striking nose." His father had always intended him for the legal profession, and upon leaving school, in 1831, he entered the law office of Mr. George MacKenzie, where he applied himself diligently to his studies. He spent six years here and proved a most exemplary student. Before he was quite twenty-one he was called to the bar of Upper Canada, and opened an ofifice in Kingston. In a short time he had worked up a good business, and had become solicitor for the Commercial Bank, and also for the Trust and Loan Company, with which latter corporation this relationship continued up to the time of his death. These were the days of the Rebellion, and it was in connection with one of the incidents following that outbreak that young Macdonald earned his first legal laurels. He was engaged to defend Von Shoultz and others of the two hundred " Hunters" who invaded Canada at Prescott from the United States in November, 1838, and were taken prisoners by Col. Young. The trial at Kingston caused intense excitement, and the young barrister's brilliant defence of his clients, though fruitless, was acknowledged to be a masterly one. From that time forth John A. Macdonald's abilities were r^^cognized by all, and his future greatness was often predicted. It was seen that he was a man peculiarly fitted to take a promi- nent part in the stormy politics of the Canada of that day, and, as a preliminary step, he was elected a member of the Kingston Council in 1843. In the following year, after a most exciting contest, he was elected to repre- sent his city in the Assembly, which then held its .sessions there. In his reply to the requisition asking him to be a candidate — which, by the way, was signed by the father of the Hon. Oliver Mowat — he said that, in complying he had no personal ambition to gratify, except a desire to advance the interests of the town, and " to maintain those principles of public policy which you justly .style ' sound and lib- eral," and which have always actuated our loyal old town. In a young country like Canada," he continued, " I am of opinion that it is of more consequence to endea- vor to develop its resources and improve its physical advantages than to waste the time of the Legislature, and the money of the people, in fruitless discussions on abstract and theoretical questions of Government. One great object of my exertions, if elected, will be to direct the attention of the Legislature to the settle- ment of the back townships of the district, hitherto .so utterly neglected, and to press for the construction of the long projected plank road to Perth and the Death of Sir John A. Macdonald. "3 Ottawa, and thus make Kingston the market for a large and fertile, though hitherto valueless, country. This desirable object once attained, the prosperity of our town will be established on a firmer basis." The young politician who thus made the construction of a plank road one of his first cares, lived to become, as Premier of his country, the chief instrument in building one of the greatest railways in the world. On the hustings Mr. Macdonald's ability as a popular speaker made itself strongly felt, and his victory was an overwhelming one. He thus became a mem- ber of the Canadian Assembly of 1844, in which Mr. Ogle R. Gowan and Mr. Joseph Edouard Cauchon also made their entry into political life, and in which the Tories had a majority of but three. Of this period of his life many stories are told, which strikingly illustrate some of his personal characteristics. Speaking of the speech at Bath, above mentioned, Dr. Cannifif Haight says : " He had the faculty then, which he has ever since preserved, of getting hold of the affections of the people. This bouhoviie has had much to do with his popularity and success I recollect well how lustily he was cheered by the staunch old farmers on the occasion referred to." The same writer also mentions an occasion when, during some electioneering work, '' John A. mounted on the long high stoop or platform in front of Teddy McGuire's, and gave us a harangue in imitation of , a well- known Quaker preacher, who had a marvellous method of intoning his discourses. It was a remarkable sing-song, which I, or any one else who ever heard it, could never forget. Well, John A., who knew him well, had caught it, and his imitation was so perfect that I am inclined to think the old man, if he had been a listener, would have been puzzled to tell t'other from which. We had a hearty laugh and separated." The love of fun which characterized Sir John all through life was early manifested in an incident of his student days, which he narrated for the first time in 1847, when he was being given a send-off to the session of Parliament at Montreal, after the election which followed his acceptance of the portfolio of Receiver-General. One of those who were present, recently gave a Kingston paper the story of the young politician as follows : " He said about eight cr nine years previously, while studying law, he and three or four chums were going home one summer night, when on Rear Street, they observed the roadway covered with limestone to be used as the foundation for the street. Macdonald suggested that, as it was as yet early, one o'clock, they would have time to build a pretty decent sized wall with the material. " ' Where shall we build the wall? ' was the query. "'Well,' says Macdonald, 'there is Jemmy Williamson's grocery store just across the street. What's the matter with it. It would not look amiss with a nice new stone front added to it.' All agreed, and to work they went. For two hours they never worked so hard in their lives. At the end of that time they had completed a wall about seven feet high and eight feet long, completely closing up the shop door. They then gathered up small stones, and, throwing a few at a time against the upstairs windows, where the old gentleman slept, they i. 114 The History of the Year. awoke him, and raising the window he enquired, ' Who's there ? what's the matter ? ' " Hearing nothing he closed the window, but the stones were again flung, and the window again went up. Hearing nothing he again retired. Presently a light appeared in the room, and the conspirators guessed the old gentleman was makiiig his way down stairs. They crowded clo.se to the stone wall to hear how Jemmy would express his surprise." What followed need not be repeated. After hearing the old man's first exclamations of amazement, Macdonald and his accomplices made for home, which they reached just before daylight. Of the exciting vici.ssitudcs of Upper Canadian politics from this time until Confederation, lack of space forbids any account here. This was the era of the final struggle between the old order of things and the new, when the battle for " rep. by pop," was being fought, when the seat of Government was itinerant, and when Administrations led short lives and stormy ones. It would be out of the question to attempt even to outline here the sequence of events. Suffice it to say that John A. Macdonald's influence, quietly exerted at first, gra- dually made itself felt, and it was not long before he left the rank.s. Once in a position of prominence his rise was still more rapid. In 1854, only ten years after his entry into the political arena, he became Attorney-General of Upper Canada in the McNab-Morin Administration, and soon after succeeded Sir Allan McNab as Prime Minister. A brief recapitulation only can be given of the ofiices he filled during this period, and up to 1867. He was a member of the Executive Council of Canada from May 11, 1847, to March 10, 1848 (in the Administration of the late Hon. W. Morris) ; from September 11, 1854, to July 29, 1858 (in the McNab-Morin, the Tache-Macdonald, and the Macdonald-Cartier Administration) ; from August 6th, same year, to May 23, 1862 (in the Cartier- Macdonald Administration) ; from March 30, 1864, until the Union (in the Tache-Macdonald and the Belleau-Macdonald Administrations) ; and he was, during these several periods, Receiver-General from May 21 to December 7, 1847; Commissioner of Crown Lands from the latter date to March 10, 1848; Attorney-General for Upper Canada from September 11, 1854, to July 29, 1858, when as Prime Minister, he and his Cabinet resigned, being defeated on the seat of Government question. He returned to office on August 6th, same year, as Postmaster-General, a position he resigned the following day, on his re-appoint- ment as Attorney-General of Upper Canada, which officfe he continued to hold until the defeat of the Administration on the Militia Bill, May, 1862, when he and his colleagues again retired from office. The late Sir George E. Cartier and he led the Opposition in the Assembly, until the defeat of the Sandfield Macdon- ald-Dorion Government when the Tache-Macdonald Government was formed, March 30, 1864 and he returned to his old office of Attorney-General, and was Government leader in the Assembly from that time until the union of the British North American provinces in 1867. He held the, office of Minister of Militia K. Will hc[ 11(1 whl for] traj th;| wal Death of Sir John A. Macdonald. "5 Affairs jointly with that of Attorney-General from January to May, 1862, and from August, 1865, until the Union. He was requested to take the place of Sir K. P. Tache as Prime Minister on the death of that gentleman in 1865, but waived his claim in favor of Sir N. V. Bclleau. During six years of this period he had been a member of an Opposition which had only nineteen members in a I louse of eighty-four, but the experience was a valuable one, as, indeed, was his whole political career during the stormy quarter of a century which preceded the formation of this Dominion. His powers of debate were strengthened, his pene- tration into men and their motives sharpened, and his natural tact developed, so that he was thoroughly schooled for his long reign over Canadian affairs which was to follow. When in 1864 Messrs. John A. Macdonald and A. T. Gait met Mr. George Brown, for the purpose of discussing the formation of a Coalition Government, which the balance of parties rendered necessary to stable Government, Mr. Brown asked them how they proposed to settle the sectional difficulties between Upper and Lower Canada, and they replied that their remedy was a " federal union of all the Briti-sh North American provinces." Of this scheme Conserva- tives assert their late leader to have been the parent, while Liberals claim the honor for Mr. Brown. Both men, at all events, were leaders in the negotiations for carrying it into effect, and by virtue of his office as Attorney-General, if for no other reason, Mr. Macdonald was looked upon as the chief spirit. He was head of the " Canadian " delegation at the Charlottetown Conference of 1864, convened for the purpose of effecting a union of the Maritime Provinces, and at the subsequent Quebec Conference to arrange a basis of union for all the British American colonies. At the London Conference in 1866-67 he was unanirnously chosen chairman, and his share in the momentous work of that gathering has thus been described by one of his biographers : " Though some of the ablest men our colonies have ever produced were instrumental in framing the new constitutional charter, Mr. Macdonald, it was readily admitted, was the master-head. Many a time during the progress of the negotiations conflicting interests arose which, but for careful handling, might have wrecked the scheme ; and here the matchless tact of the Attorney-General of Canada West pre-eminently asserted itself." Another writer has said : " His perfect knowledge of all details, his marvellous tact, and irresistible persuasive powers proved equal to the herculean task of reconciling the vast and varied interests which at times seemed so seriously conflicting as to menace the whole scheme. Confederation may, indeed, be justly regarded as Sir John Mac- donald's viagnum opus." Confederation accomplished, and the new Constitution brought into force on July I, 1867, Mr. Macdonald was called upon to form the first Government of the new Dominion, and was sworn President of the Privy Council and appointed Minister of Justice and Attorney-General of Canada, which office he filled until I %:\i II 1 16 The History of the Year. Iimi;:'' I ! iii November, 1873. One of the first acts of the first Governor-General, Lord Monck, was to confer upon the Premier the honor of kni^^hthood. The new Ministry was composed of f^entlemcii rcprrscntin^^ the majorities in the various provinces. " I do not want it to be felt," Sir John Macdonald .said, " by any section in the country that they have no representative in the Cabinet and no influence in the Government. And as there are now no i.ssues to divide parties, and as all that is required is to have in the Government the men who are best adapted to put the new machinery in motion, I desire to ask tho.se to join me who have the confidence of, and represent the majorities in the various sections, of those who were in favor of the adoption of this .system of government and who wish to see it .satisfactorily carried out." Of the thirteen members of this first Government of the Dominion Sir Hector Langevin was, at the time of Sir John's death, the only one in office at Ottawa. Its composition was as follows : John A. Macdonald, A. T. Gait, Alexander Campbell, A. J. Fergusson Blair, VV. P. Howland, George E. Cartier, VVm. McDougall, S. L. Tilley, Peter Mitchell, H. L. Langevin, J. C. Chapais, A. G. Archibald, Edward Kenny. The most important event of the period which followed was the settle- ment of the Washington Treaty. The Reciprocity Treaty had expired, and various important questions between Great Britain and the United States hav- ing arisen, in certain of which Canada was deeply interested, commi.ssioners were appointed on both sides to arrange a treaty. They met at Washington in 1871, and among the Joint High Commissioners and Plenipotentiaries representing the Imperial Government was Sir John Macdonald, whose position as such while at the same time Premier of Canada, was one of peculiar difficulty. Speaking of this afterwards he said : " I had continually before me not only the Imperial question, but the inter- ests of the Dominion of Canada, which I was there especially to represent, and the difficulty of my position was, that if I gave undue prominence to the interests of Canada I might justly be held in England to be taking a purely colonial and selfish view, regardless of the interests of the Empire as a whole, and the interests of Canada as a portion of the Empire ; and, on the other hand, if I kept my eyes solely on Imperial considerations I might be held as neglecting my especial duty toward my own country." An inevitable result was that Sir John was forced to abandon, to some extent, the interests of Canada, and for this he was severely taken to task afterwards. During the session of 1872, however, he defended himself and his Ministry in a speech which is considered to have been one of the ablest efforts of his life. In this connection the following extract from the London Times article on Sir John's resignation in 1873 is of interest : " Sir John A. Macdonald, indeed, has been conspicuous among Canadians as the man among them possessing a more than colonial mind. Without ceasing to tlicl (IIK I'.lll All! Death of Siu John A. Macdonald. ii; to be Canadian to the core, as, indeed, his whole career is identified with tlic greatness of Canada, he has yet proved himself capable of seeing,' disputed questions from the same point of view as a citizen of the States or as an Kn^jlishman also. The Treaty of Washington is an illustration of our meaninjj. All Canadians bitterly resented that treaty, and, so far as they rested their complaints upon puiely iei^al arguments, they were able to justify this feeling. Sir John Macdonald stood alone in ailmitting that the Canadian claims could not be so upheld. He saw how impossible it was for the Dominion to exclude strangers from fishing grounds which were only partially occupied by the fishermen of the Confederation. In the same spirit he was ready to admit the right of access to the St. Lawrence which other Canadians were prepared to contest whatever international jurists might .say in its favor. Sir John Mac- donald's acquiescence in the principles of the Treaty of Washington must be remembered as testimony of his superiority to local prejudices, and we believe he must be acquitted of responsibility for the form the treaty assumed." In 1872 the first Parliament completed its term, and the Government was .strong enough to carry the country in the general election which followed, though with a somewhat reduced majority. In the session of 1873 the Opposition made a supreme effort, and with results which, perhaps, even surpassed their expecta- tions. Before the meeting of Parliament a charter to build the Canadian Pacific Railway had been given to a company formed by the amalgamation of two rival companies, one headed by Sir Hugh Allan, the other by Senator Macpherson. At the opening of the session Mr. Huntingdon, a Quebec member, charged the Government with having received from Sir Hugh, as consideration for the charter, a large sum of money with which to corrupt the constituencies during the general election of 1872. The Government denied the charge, and a vote of want of confidence in it was defeated, but Sir John, feeling that the charge must be more boldly met, demanded a committee of investigation. This committee having been appointed to take evidence during the recess, the House adjourned ; but the Oaths Bill, giving the powers necessary for the investigation, having been disal- lowed by Her Majesty, proceedings were blocked. The Government then offered a Royal Commission, but Mr. Huntingdon and other witnes.ses refused to accept it. Some startling documentary evidence then appeared in the press, and the Governor-General summoned Parliament to meet on August 13th. Prorogation, however, almost immediately followed, and a Royal Commission was appointed. On October 23rd Parliament again assembled to hear the report. The attack on the Ministry was at once begun by a motion of want of confidence, and a fierce discussion followed. After a debate of more than a week. Sir John saw his .sup- port slipping away from him, in spite of his explanations, and on November 5, I1S73, he placed his resignation and that of the Ministry in the hands of the Gov- ernor-General, and an hour later announced that it had been accepted, and that Mr. Mackenzie had been called upon to form a Ministry. The episode was the most sensational in his long career, and one of the most extraordinary in the history of the country. I'CSi nipl O Death of Sir John A. Macuonald. 119 h o c It was now believed that Sir John had passed out of public life and was politically dead. The followiiijj; extract from the London Th//es, of November 12, 1S73, is therefore interesting, not only for its judjjment upon the causes of his resignation, but for its estimate of his abilities and of his services to Canada : — " There arc few men who are not affected with some touch of rcLjret at the rupture of an old and lon[;-staiulin}r connection ; and, though party passions run hi_i,'h in Canada, the masses of his opponents will share the feeling of his friends in lamenting the circumstances of Sir John Macdonald's resignation of the Gov- ciiunent of the Dominion. He has been so long in the thick and tumult — nay, at the very head of affairs. Life is lived cpiickly on the other side of the Atlantic, ami if it is not so fast in Canada as in the United States, where a man who has been five years before the public is almost a veteran, it still outstrips the slow rate at which reputations here mature. Among such a people the tenure of power by the late premier is little short of miraculous ; a generation has been born, and has grown up, knowing none other than 'John A.' as the ruling spirit of the country; and many generations of immigrants have landed and have thriven under his administration. It is thirty years .save one since he was first returned as member for Kingston, and he has since sat for the same constituency uninterruptedly. It is six-and-twenty years since he first became a Minister, and nineteen years since he was promoted to be Joint First Minister of the Province, and with slight breaks — the last just ten years ago — he has ever since continued to be the guiding spirit of the land. A supremacy so enduring and practically .so undis- puted has not been enjoyed by anyone in our time in the United Kingdom. Such a prolonged rule has, indeed, its drawbacks as well as its advantages. It was probably desirable that Sir John Macdonald should, for a time at least, give way to others, even if the circumstances had not occurred which made his removal a necessity of the Dominion. Change may be beneficial even when cndurcJ with regret, and a dispassionate spectator must admit that Canada may be the gainer from the impulse which a new Minister may give to her Govern- ment. " Men are mixed beings, and Sir John Macdonald is no exception to the law of his kind. He has abdicated office because the healthy opinion of his country- men made it impossible for him to brave a too-clearly proved charge of wholesale corruption, and yet he himself was absolutely incorrupt. The declaration he made last spring, so often since quoted against him, ' These hands are clean,' was true. But it requires explanation. It has been jjroved on oath, and by his own confession, that Sir George Carticr had his authority to give Sir Hugh Allan, on the eve of the general election last year, an assurance that he should be the President of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, and to ask Sir Hugh Allan, as Sir George Cartier did at the interview, when he gave him this assurance, to assist the Ministry by a large money contribution in the elections then imminent. It is admitted, further, that Sir Hugh Allan, who had never before lavi-shed his money in electoral contests, did thereupon disburse a large sum, a considerable I20 The History of the Year. 1% ! I i I i it,". part of which passed into the hands of Sir John A. Macdonald. It is an irresis- tible conclusion that Sir Hugh Allan gave his money because he thought he had obtained a valuable concession, and that Sir John Macdonald and Sir George Cartier applied to him for it because they knew they were granting him a privilege which he would accept as a benefit. Nothing more is wanted to prove the necessity of requiring the late Ministry to resign ; but the whole truth would not be told if we stopped here. The money was got corruptly, and much of it must have been spent corruptly; but there is no ground for suspecting that Sir John A. Macdonald received any personal benefit from it. He has many faults and not a few virtues — if it were not so, what should we say of Canada, which has followed him so long? — and among his virtues there would seem to be an absolute disdain of money. He leaves office as he entered it — a poor man. The salary of the Prime Minister of Canada is more than moderate — it was but lately only ^1,000 a year, and it is now not nuch larger — and while fortunes have been multiplied, and men to the right and left of him have grown rich, Sir John Macdonald has lived on content with the present and careless of the future. The money he got from Allan he spent in defraying the electioneering expenses of himself and his friends, and he seems to have excused this conduct to himself partly from the notion that his maintenance in office was indispensable to the wel- fare of the Dominion, and partly because he held it an ordinary and venal incident of Parliamentary life. We are delighted to think that the public judg- ment of Canada has not sanctioned this view, but we cannot put the late Canadian Premier wholly outside the pale of pardon for entertaining it. No one can deny the loftiness of spirit of Mr. Pitt, or the purity of his patriotism, and yet we can- not question that, incorruptible as he was himself, he knew his power depended on the votes of contractors who sat for rotten boroughs they had bought up in his interest, or whose nominees represented them after they had themselves been ennobled on his recommendation. Sir John Macdonald's political morality has been lax, but his weakness has never led to his personal advantage. He has other faults, not unknown among statesmen of a former generation, and it is a proof of his ability that he has been able to retain office so long in spite of his defects. . . . His title to Canadian honors rests on the legislation of more than a quarter of a century of office. He brought a long dispute to an end, now universally approved, by the Act for the secularization of the Clergy Reserves, he consolidated the statutes of Upper Canada, and gave to Lower Canada its code ; he was a main, though not an exclusive agent, in bringing about the Con- federation of the provinces, and from the time of the establishment of the Dominion he has inspired the whole of the legislative work of its Parliament. He has been assisted by a vigilant Opposition, as he would probably be the first to acknowledge ; but in giving up the burden he has sustained so long he may boast that he has written his name in the history of Canada, and that the stability and greatness wc augur for the Dominion will, in no slight measure, be due to his genius." I 'I' '' Death of Sir John A. Macdonald. 121 an irresis- fht he had >ir George ng him a d to prove uth would much of it g that Sir any faults da, which to be an lan. The but lately lave been Sir John ire. The penses of o himself ) the wel- nd venal alic judg- "anadian can deny : we can- lepended up in his 2S been lity has He has d it is a :e of his of more id, now eserves, ada its ic Con- of the lament. be the ong he lat the ure, be n Five years of Reform Government now followed, and Sir John found himself in Opposition. He had wished to retire from the leadership of the party ht had , so often led to victory at the polls and in Parliament, but his friends would not hear of it. Mr. Mackenzie took office with only a nominal majority at his back, and, feeling he could not carry on the Government successfully under the circum- stances, dissolved Parliament. At the election that took place early in 1874, the " Pacific Scandal " was the cry, and the Government was endorsed by a good majority. This indicated that for five years at least the Macdonald element would be in Opposition. Looking ahead, therefore. Sir John took advantage of the well-known free trade principles of the leading members of the Government, and developed his " National Policy." He and the leading men of his party took the stump on this platform, and inaugurated a series of political picnics at which the policy was developed with good effect. When Parliament expired in September, 1878, the election took place, and the Conservatives were the victors by a greater majority than ever they had in the House of Commons before. But Sir John himself, for the first time in thirty-four years, was left without a seat. Elected in 1844, he had been chosen for Kingston at every election until 1878. This time he was defeated, but he subsequently secured the seat for Victoria, B.C. Returning to power, then, in 1878, Sir John Macdonald has since remained there, winning three general elections since that time, in every instance, save the last, perhaps, by a sure majority. The leading political and semi-political events of this latter period of his rule are fresh in the minds of Canadians. Chief among them may be mentioned the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the, passage of the Franchise Act, the Riel rebellion, the various legal fights with the provinces, the dispute over the fisheries question and subsequent proceedings in connection therewith, and lastly the events immediately prior to and during the recent campaign. To the nervous strain caused by this last great struggle, coupled with old age and sessional cares and anxieties, greatly aggravated by a Ministerial "scandal," was undoubtedly to be attributed the Premier's collapse and subsequent death. He had arrived at an age when body and mind are ill- fittcd to cope with extraordinary worries and exhausting efforts. Sir John Macdonald's greatest achievements as a law-maker are thus set forth in the Parliamentary Companion : " The secularization of the Clergy Reserves; the improvement of the criminal law; the promotion of public in.struc- tion; die extension of the municipal system; the re-organization of the militia; the settlement of the seat of Government question ; fhe establishment of direct steam mail communication with Europe; the establishment of additional peni- tentiaries, criminal lunatic asylums, and reformatory prisons, and providing for the inspection thereof; the providing for the internal economy of the House of Commons ; the re-organization of the civil service on a permanent basis ; the construction of the Intercolonial railway; the enlargement of the canals; the enactment of a stringent elertion law ; the ratification of the Washington treaty ; the Confederation of British N'orth America; the extension and consolidation of 9 122 The History of the Year. ^11 illl i!i Jili !l! the Dominion, and the consolidation of the Dominion statutes." The deceased statesman's former political opponents may take exception to this record, but it represents what the Conservative party regard as his chief claims to the gratitude of his country, apart from his general services as its political ruler for many years. It is but a few days more than forty-four years since Sir John Macdonald first entered a Government. He was sworn a member of the Executive Council in the Administration of Hon. William Morris on May 1 1, 1847, and between that date and his death he was actually in office as a Premier nearly thirty years. The following are the various periods during which he held this position : From September 11, 1844, to July 20, 1858, in the Tache-Macdonald and Macdonald-Cartier Administrations. Defeated on seat of Government question. Three years, ten months, fourteen days. From August 6, 1858, to May 23, 1862, in the Cartier-Macdonald Adminis- tration. Defeated on Militia Bill. Three years, nine months, seventeen days. From March 30, 1864, to June 30, 1867, in Tache-Macdonald and Belleau- Macdonald Administrations. Three years, three months. From July i, 1867, to November 5, 1873, in the first Conservative Administra- tion after Confederation. Resigned on account of Pacific Railway charges. Six years, four months, five days. From September 17, 1878, in second Conservative Administration, to the time of death. Twelve years, seven months, thirteen days. This makes an aggregate actual service, as Premier, of twenty-nine years, ten months and eighteen days. Speaking of this remarkable political reign, probably unprecedented, Sir Arthur Gordon, in a recent address before the Royal Colonial Institute, said : " It is thirty years since I first went there (to Canada), but even before that time, my old friend — one of the most eminent men who has been Governor-General, Sir Edmund Head — told me he had a very remarkable man as his Prime Minister. Well, that man is Prime Minister still ! Just fancy 1 At the time when Louis Napoleon was Emperor of the French, when Bismarck had not been heard of, when Italy was not united, when Lord Palmerstoii was Prime Minister of England, Sir John A. Macdonald was Prime Minister of Canada; and now, after an interval of more than thirty years, though not without intervals — generally short ones — he is still at the head of the Government. That shows a great deal. It shows not only that the man is a remarkable man, but what are the self-restraints and governing instincts of the people who have chosen to entrust their destinies to his guidance." As a politician no public man was ever more bitterly and unforgivingly abused by his political opponents, on the one hand, or more loudly and unceas- ingly eulogized by his political friends, on the other, than Sir John A. Macdonald. Both facts bear testimony to the wonderful extent of his success as a politician. That success was in part due, no doubt, to his remarkable power of drawing men to him and holding them — to his extraordinary " personal magnetism," a gift in which his rivals for popular favor have always been couspicuously lacking. But, IB Death of Sir John A. Macdonald. 123 beyond this, he united in himself, as few men do, an unusual number of those qualities which are invaluable to the ^.uccessful politician and statesman. He had a marvellous knowledge of human nature; a rare insight into men and their motives; an inflexible will, admirably united to a remarkable power of adapta- bility to circumstances; a gift of leadership which has been likened to the feat of the juggler in keeping half-a-dozen balls in the air at once; an extraordinary ability for holding together diverse elements and interests. He possessed the uncommon faculty of being able to evolve success out of defeat; his greatest disaster w.as soon followed by his greatest triumph. And here it will not be out of place to quote the words with which he faced the former. In closing his defence of himself from Mr. Huntingdon's charges, on November 3, 1883, he said: " I throw myself upon this House; I throw myself upon this country; I throw myself upon posterity ; and I believe that, I know that, notwithstanding the many failings of my life, I shall have the voice, of this country, and the House, rallying around me. And, sir, if I am mistaken in that, I can confidently appeal to a higher court — to the court of my own conscience, and to the court of pos- terity. I leave it with this House with every confidence. I am equal to either fortune. I can see past the decision of this House, either for or against me ; but whether it be for or against me, I know —and it is no vain boast for me to say so, for even my enemies will admit that I am no boaster — that there does not exist in Canada a man who has given more of his time, more of his heart, more of his wealth, or more of his intellect and power, such as they may be, for the good of this Dominion of Canada." This appeal having failed, and Sir John having resigned, the journr I which had pursued him relentlessly up to this apparent end of his public career paid the following not unmixed tribute to his powers: " With no adventitious circumstances in his favor, allied to an unpopular party, estranged politically for long periods from the public sentiment and political majority in his own province, powers more than ordinary must have elevated Sir John Macdonald to the position of influence he attained in the country and still holds in the estimation of his supporters. Fertility of resource; a very facile tempera- ment; a mind always taking counsel with itself; a talent for effect; a readiness to use the best means at hand for the accomplishment of the purposes of the moment; a will unfettered by scruples when an end is to be gained; a genial manner and ready wit, are qualities that have done much to hold together the rather heterogeneous following that has hailed Sir John as leader for thirty years." As a public speaker Sir John Macdonald was by no means great, from an oratorical point of view, but he was always effective. Although he never spoke rapidly, his ideas, after he had fairly begun, flowed freely and steadily, and the happy humor with which his speeches to the people abounded always kept his audiences in good spirits. Even those who had been taught to hate him often failed to resist his platform " magnetism." It is related that at a picnic meeting, prior to 1878, one of the audience, a Scotch Reformer, who had been disposed to Ill 111 i «! \mm f I ill ST| Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Montreal. Death of Sir John A. Macdonald. 125 interrupt Sir John, stole around to him after he had finished his speech and hurriedly shook his hand, evident'^ anxious not to be caught in this act of harm- less treason to his own party. In Mr. Louis H. Tache's admirable portrait •gallery of Canadian " Men of the Day," Mr. J. F. Waters thus writes of Sir John as a speaker : " The veteran Premier cannot be classed among orators, yet few orators can gain and hold the attention of the House so successfully and mag- netically as he. Much of this is doubtless due to the fact that it is ' Sir John ' who speaks, and naturally everyone wants to know what the first man in Canada has to say; but not a little is due to the matter of Sir John's speech, which is uncommonly characteristic of him — is, indeed, siii generis. The Premier, in speaking, adopts that style and manner more in favor in the Imperial Parlia- ment than in the Parliament of Canada, that is to say, he is not remarkably fluent, hesitates, indeed, almost on purpose ; is matter-of-fact rather than rhe- torical, and is withal never embarrassed. Sir John's discourses are, however, spiced with wit as well as with wisdom, occasionally varied, too, by a brief anecdote of that humorous kind which never fails to ' bring down the House.' He is very happy, also, in making a running commentary on the speech of another, interjecting a shaft of wit or merriment whenever or wherever a mark is offered." On two momentous occasions his deliverances so far excelled his ordinary efforts as to be worthy of preservation in history. Both were speeches made in the House — the first a masterly argument of six hours in length, with reference to the Washington Treaty, the second the Premier's defence of himself on the Pacific railway charge, when he spoke for five hours. In private life Sir John Macdonald was one of the most genial and approachable of men. He was most effective in a personal canvass, and his cordiality secured him hosts of friends, even among political opponents. He was the life and soul of any festivity in which he joined, and being singularly well informed on all subjects, he was a brilliant conversationalist. He was an excel- lent after-dinner speaker, and an inimitable story-teller, full of reminiscences of past days and past statesmen. In his " Problems of Greater Britain," Sir Charles Dilke makes the following references to some of Sir John's personal characteristics : " The position of personal influence which Sir John Macdonald holds in the Dominion is unique among the politicians of the British Empire. If it were possible to institute a comparison between a colonial possession and a first-class European power, Sir John Macdonald's position in Canada might be likened to that of Prince Bismarck in the German Elmpire. In personal characteristics there is much in 'John A.,' as he is often styled, to remind one of another European statesman now deceased — Signor Depretis, the late Prime Minister of Italy— for there are certainly not a few points of resemblance between 'The Old Stradella' and ' Old To-morrow,' as Sir John is also familiarly called from his custom of putting off disagreeable matters. The Prime Minister of the Domin- ion is frequently likened to Mr. Disraeli, but this is chiefly a matter of facial 126 The History of the Year. mm 11 i similarity, a point in which the resemblance is striking. The first time that I saw Sir John Macdonald was shortly after Lord Beaconsfield's death, and as the clock struck midnight I was starting from Euston station, and there appeared on the step of the railway carriage, in Privy Councillor's uniform (the right to wear which is confined to so small a number of persons that one expects to know by sight those who wear it), a figure precisely similar to that of the late Conserva- tive leader, and it required, indeed, a severe exercise of presence of mind to remember that there had been a banquet from which the apparition must be coming and to rapidly arrive, by a process of exhaustion, at the knowledge that this twin brother of that Lord Beaconsfield whom shortly before I had seen in the sick room, which he was not to leave, must be the Prime Minister of Canada. Sir John Macdonald's chief note is his expansiveness, and the main point of difference from Disraeli is the contrast between his buoyancy and the well- known sphinx attitude. Macdonald is the life and soul of every gathering in which he t .kes a part, and in the exuberance of his antique youthfulness Sir John Macuonald resembles less Mr. Disraeli than Mr. Gladstone, whose junior he is by a few days more than five years, and whom he also successfully follows in House of Commons tactics or adroitness as well as in his detestation of those who keep him past midnight chained to his House of Commons seat." Sir John was twice married, first to Isabella, daughter of the late Alexander Clark, Esq., of Dalnavert, Inverness-.shire, Scotland; and in 1867 to Susan Agnes, daughter of the late Hon. T. J. Bernard, a member of her Majesty's Privy Council of the Island of Jamaica. The latter survives him, with two children — a daughter, and a son by the first marriage, who at present represents Winnipeg in the House of Commons. Sir John Macdonald was the recipient, during his lifetime, of many honors. In 1865 he received the degree of D.C.L. (hon.) from Oxford University. He was also an LL.D. of Queen's University, Kingston, and McGill University, Montreal, and a D.C.L. of Trinity College, Toronto. He was created K.C.B. in July, 1867, and G.C.B. in November, 1884. In January, 1872, he received the title of Knight Grand Cross of the Royal C-der of Isabel la Catolica of Spain. He was nominated a member of her Majesty's Most Honorable Privy Council in July, 1872, and was sworn in August, 1879. He also held the rank of Past Grand Senior Warden of the Order of Ancient, Free, and Accepted Masons of Canada, and was a Grand Representative in Canada of the Grand Lodge of England. Mr. Martin J. Griffin, the librarian of Parliament at Ottawa, contributed to the Ni'io York Independent an interesting and appreciative sketch of the late Premier, Sir John Macdonald, in which he said : " The last time he spoke to the present writer it was at night, during the debate on the Franchi.se Bill, when he came to my room to inquire what Mr. Disraeli had done about the elections, in view of the Reform Bill of 1867 ; he obtained his precedent, thanked me in his pleasant way, and went back to the House of Commons with such a haggard Death of Sir John A. Macdonald. 127 face and such a falterinff step that my eyes filled with an involuntary emotion. In the course of his paper Mr. Griffin describes some of Sir John's personal characteristics. " He was sure to have read the last new book worth reading, and to have got at the pith of it quickly. He kept well up with the reviews as well as with the books. A few days before he entered on the campaign of 1 891 he was in the Library of Parliament, and amid much talk of other things, he expressed his high appreciation of the exquisite article in the London Spectator on Cardinal Newman; he gave some anecdotes of Lord Houghton, which have not appeared in print, and an adventure with the late Walter Bagchot at a London dinner-party; he explained his opinions as to the reasons why the Whigs dealt ungratefully by Edmund Burke, and gave a short account of a conversation with Lord Beaconsficld. One of his remarks I will venture to repeat. He had said that Lord Beaconsficld in solemn moments was much a Hebrew, and he illustrated it thus. He said that he told Lord Beaconsficld he had been in public life and mainly in office for forty years. ' Ah,' said Lord Beaconsficld, 'just as long as David reigned.' This much, too, may be said: ' Had Lord Beaconsficld lived longer, and Sir John Macdonald continued during that|jtime, as he did, in power, the policy of the Ministers of the Queen would have had a more direct bearing on the development of Canada.' " On Toronto Bav. THE DOMINION PARLIAMENT. II II III :||! « lij'illii iliii!!!;: Iiil iiiiifi i!f;!:i;;' lip if liliii' iiii i jili'ljli;;:;- 'T^HE opening of the first session of the seventh Parliament of the Dominion of *■ Canada, took place on April 29th. Of the 213 members who made up the new Parliament, as it then stood, 196 took the oath of allegiance. Sir John Mac- donald proposed Mr. Peter White, of Renfrew, for the office of Speaker, and Mr. Laurier acquiesced in the proposition. The House then adjourned. Next day His Excellency the Governor-General delivered his Speech from the Throne, which referred to the negotiations for reciprocity with the United States and to the expediency of extending, for the present season, the moiiiis vivendi ; and that measures would be submitted for the removal of all reasonable apprehension of abuses arising in the future in connection with the export cattle trade ; for the re-organization of our courts of maritime jurisdiction ; relating to the foreshores of the Dominion, and to the obstruction of its navigable waters ; also amend- ments to the Acts relating to the North-West Territories, to the Exchequer Court Act, and to the Acts relating to Trade Marks. The address in reply was moved by Mr. Hazen, member for St. John, N.B., and seconded by Mr. Corbould, mem- ber for New Westminster, B.C. Contrary to expectation, the debate only lasted till the 5th, and there was no division. Owing, presumably, to the illness of both the Premier and Mr. Laurier, com- paritively little business was done for the first three weeks. On May i8th, the estimates for 1891-92 were brought down. They provided for a total expenditure of $23,690,000, and for a statutory expenditure of $19,467,000; the total outlay for which authority was asked was therefore $43,157,000, or fi^'e millions less than last year. The forty-eight millions authorized last year, however, included the supplementaries. These for 1892 had yet to appear. The items of interest in the estimates were not numerous. Among them was a proposed vote of $1 50,000 for the revision of the voters' lists, and $175,000 for the census. There was also a vote of $20,000 to promote the dairy interests of Canada in affiliation with the experimental farm. The $125,000 for the Allan Line mail service was dropped. The first divisions took place on May 20th, on a motion of Mr. M. C. Cameron, of Huron, for the second reading of his Bill to amend the Franchise Act, followed by an amendment of Sir John Thompson for the six months' hoist. The first division on the six month's hoist showed a vote for the Ministerialists of 112, Opposition 85, Ministerial majority 37. Following is an analysis of the vote : 128 ill; The Dominion Parliament. 129 Ministerial OMosilion ProvtHces. Ministerial, Opfioaition. Majority. Majority, Ontario 43 40 3 Quebec 26 33 . . 7 New Brunswick 13 3 10 Nova Scotia 15 4 11 Prince Edward Island 2 4 .. 2 Manitoba 4 » x N.W.T 4 .. 4 Btitish Columbia 5 .. 5 Total 112 85 39 9 The pairs were as follows : Ministerialist. Oppositionist, Sir John Macdonald. Laurier. Sir Donald Smith. Mackenzie. Corbould. Casey. Kenny. Livingstone. Ferguson (Leeds). Borden. Grandbois. Scrivcr. There were two other absentees, Mr. Langelier, Opposition and Mr. Savard of Chicoutimi. The main motion, as amended, was then put and carried by a vote of 123 for the Government and 84 for the Opposition, giving the Ministry a majority of 29. The difference of two between the first and second divisions was produced by the absence of Mr. German, Oppositionist, and the presence of Mr. Robillard, Ministerialist. It may be interesting to state that on the first test division, in the first session of the last Parliament, the Government had 109 votes, Opposition yy, Government majority, 32. On the second, which was on straight party lines, the Government majority was 43, the vote being 109 to 66, and at the end of Parliament the Ministerial majority ranged from 42 to 45. The report of the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, brought down on May 28th, placed the value of the catch for 1890 at $17,714,000, divided as follows: Maritime Provinces $11,000,000; Ontario, $2,000,000 ; Quebec, $1,500,000 ; Manitoba, $232,000, and British Columbia, $3,500,000. The third important division of the session took place on June 4th, on Mr. Edgar's motion for the second reading of a Bill to Amend the Dominion Election Act, to secure residental franchise, or "one man one vote." Sir John Thompson moved the six months' hoist, which was carried by a vote of 109 against 77 \ majority for the Government 32, The supplementary estimates were brought down on June 4th. They amounted in all to $2,661,297, of which $1,037,279 was chargeable to capital, $903,913 to income, $10,355 to open and territorial accounts and $709,748 to unprovided items. After a long and acrimonious debate on an amendment of the Opposition, censuring Sir Charles Tupper for taking part in the general elections, a vote was taken at an early hour of the morning of Saturday June 6th, with the result that the Government majority stood at 21, the vote being 79 for, 100 against. Parliament adjourned on the 8th until Tuesday the i6th, when it was expected a new Government would be formed. !| 1 lU!i lill ! i !, Ik m. i'i iiill:; ■ f,'.. •••$v,v.- ■ 'i^-nin ... 1. - ,*' ;r'^; '.vv,' >. 'i' ■■'••/, !i -* ■*-^^^ .,^^Ei:^^^*«^ s^-^' ,^,>*aiai^ St. Jamks' MKTiionisT Chikcii, Montreal. The Dominion Parliament. 131 When it became known that the Premier's illness was of a fatal character, the (jiicstion of who would be his successor was eagerly discussed in the press and by the public generally. The names of Sir Charles Tupper, Sir John Thompson^ Sir Hector Langevin, Hon. Mr. Abbott and Mr. Dalton McCarthy, were freely mentioned, each having his supporters, while rumors of coalition, in which Mr. l-'.dward Blake's name was prominent, were floating about. On the 12th it was known that the Governor-General had been in close consultation with Sir John Thompson and Mr. Abbott and that either the one or the other or both had received the offer to form a Government. On the 15th it was definitely announced that the task of forming an Administration had devolved upon Mr. .Abbott, Sir John Thompson having wisely stepped aside, owing, it was alleged, to an undercurrent of feeling against him in certain circles due to his religious convictions. The new Premier, Hon. John Joseph Caldwell Abbott, D.C.L., Q.C., is the eldest son of the late Rev. Joseph Abbott, first Anglican incumbent of St. Andrew's, Argenteuil, and was born in that place March 12, 1821. In due time he entered McGill University and graduated as a B.C.L., and in October, 1847, was called to the bar of Lower Canada. He was appointed Queen's Counsel, in 1862, and in 1867 was made a D.C.L. He first began his political life in 1857, being elected for Argenteuil at the general elections that year for the Canadian Assembly and continued to be member for the county up to 1867, when he was again elected for the House of Commons at Ottawa. For a brief period in 1862 he held the office of Solicitor-General in the Sandfield Macdonald-Sicotte Cabinet. While in Opposition in 1864, he introduced two bills which added to his fame as a lawyer. The first was the Jury Law Consolidation Act for Lower Canada, and the other an Act Providing for the Collection of Judicial and Registration Fees by Stamps. The main principles have been retained in subsequent legislation which has followed. At the general elections in 1872 Mr. Abbott was once more returned for his county, and in the following year, as the legal adviser of the late Sir Hugh Allan, he became a prominent figure in connection with the Pacific Scandal. Elected again at the general elections in 1874, he was unseated, and Dr. Christie, the present sitting member, returned by acclamation. He was again defeated in 1878 by Dr. Christie. The latter, however, was unseated in 1880, and Mr. Abbott captured the county. He was associated with Sir Hector Langevin on the Letellier Mission to England in April, 1879. He was called to the Senate in 1887 as leader of the Government in that House, without portfolio. He was for many years chief solicitor for the Canadian Pacific Railway, which office he relinquished on being elected Mayor of Montreal in 1887. He was elected by acclamation for a second term as Mayor in 1888. He is a director of the Bank of Montreal and President of the Eraser Institute. He was married in 1849 to Miss Mary Bethune, daughter of the Very Rev. J. Bethune, D.D., late Dean of Montreal. The only difficulty that stood in the way of the formation of a Cabinet, was 132 The History of the Yeak. mwv the determination of Hon. Mr. Chapleau to secure the portfolio of Minister of Railways. The difficulty was apparently bridged over, as, on the re-assembling of Parliament on the i6th. Sir Hector Lanjjevin read the following statement that had been entrusted to him by Hon. Mr. Abbott : " Having obtained the requisite permission from his Kxccllency, I desire to make a statement of proceedings after the death of the late, the Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald. It was felt by his Excellency that the state of public affairs did not necessitate the formation of a new Labinet until the grave had closed over the late Premier, and the last honors had been paid him. On the morning following the funeral, his Excellency, exer- cising his constitutional right, applied to the Hon. Sir John Thompson for his advice with respect to the steps which should be taken for the formation of a new Government. Later on the same day, by Sir John Thompson's advice, I was my.self summoned by his Excellency, and, after consideration, I accepted on the following day the duty which his Excellency desired me to assume. I therefore communicated with my colleagues, and requested their consent to remain in their respective offices, and with their assent submitted to his Excellency my recom- mendation that they should be continued in the positions, which his Excellency was pleased to approve, and he also sanctioned my assuming the departmental office of President of the Council. The vacancy caused by the lamented death of the late Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald has not been filled, and pending the appointment of a successor, the affairs of the Department of Railways will be admini.stered by a member of the Cabinet." On the 1 8th, Sir Hector Langevin, in reply to a question of Mr. Laurier, declared that the Government proposed to carry out the policy which had hitherto guided the Liberal-Conservatives and the party, and would declare its financial and trade policy in the Budget Speech. The first division after the formation of the New Cabinet took place early in the morning of the 22nd, on a motion of Mr. Laurier, for the adjournment of the House, which brought on practically a vote of want of confidence in the Government, resulting in a vote of 83 for the Opposition and 103 for the Government, a majority of 20. Messrs. Tarte and Savard voted with the Oppo- sition. Mr. Foster delivered his Budget Speech on June 23rd. He spoke in an optimistic vein of the condition of the country; business was good, crops promised well, and revenue was buoyant. Regarding reciprocity with the West Indies he held out no hope, and he was guarded in his remarks as to reciprocity with the United States. In dealing with the revenue and expenditure he claimed to have made a distinct financial advance through the balancing of the receipts with the revenue and capital expenditures. The net public debt was $239,570,000, the same as in 1889. The expenditures for the year were $35,- 994,000. The surplus on the consolidated fund account amounted to $3,885,893, but the actual available surplus was estimated at about $2,100,000. The most important portion of his speech was at the end when he announced the tariff chl ti-i 11 T tril of' (id invl thil rcil clutj per fca the ;uii of wic Till-: Dominion Pakliamknt. 133 thaiifics. These involved the removal of the duty on raw suj;ar, imported direct from the country of growth ; that raw su^^ar not comin^j direct, except such as is transhipped at I lonfj-Kon^j, shall pay a duty of five per cent, ad valorem, and that refined sugar, or sugar over No. 14 Dutch standard, shall pay a duty of eight- tt nths of one cent per pound. Molasses testing over fifty-six degrees and being iif the consistency of sugar are to be free : molasses testing from fifty-six to forty degrees will pay one and a half cents per gallon, and a quarter of a cent per '^'iillon for each degree as the (juality descends. The change in the sugar duties involved a loss of $3,500,000 which he proposed to cover by increasing the excise duties upon malt, spirits, and tobacco, which will produce $1,500,000, and by reductions in the expenditure to the extent of the other $2,000,000. The malt duties are increased one cent per pound, the duties on spirits by twenty cents per gallon, and the tobacco duties are raised by five cents per pound. Another feature of the new tariff was the reduction of the salt duties by one-half to meet the combine. Sir Richard Cartwright, after criticising the changes moved an amendment that there should be a reduction all round, particularly upon articles of prime necessity to the producers, and that in the coming negotiations the widest reciprocity with the United States should be sought. A fiery debate arose on June 24th over the question of prohibition of the liciuor traffic, which speedily assumed a party complexion. Ultimately a pro- !)osition by Mr. Foster that the whole subject be referred to a Royal Commission for inquiry was carried on a vote of 107 to 88. The proposal of the Go\ ernment to grant $8o,ODO a year for twenty years to the Hud.son Bay Railway Company was adopted. Contrary to precedent the House sat on Dominion Day, which aroused some feeling among the English-speaking members. Shortly after the Hou.se assembled Col. F. C. Denison, member for West Toronto, moved that the House do now adjourn, remarking that they were setting a bad example to the rest of the Dominion in sitting on the day which they had declared to be a statutory holiday ; especially was it a bad example to the employers of labor, and it was scant courtesy to the national holiday. The motion was defeated by a vote of 50 yeas, 72 nays. Mr. Mulock's motion demanding that binder twine be placed on the free list was defeated on a vote of 80 for, 100 against, the Government majority being 20. Mr. Cnarlton's Sunday Ob.servance Bill was defeated on July 27th by a vote of 65 to 18. The budget debate, which com- menced on June 23rd, dragged its weary length along till the early morning of July 29th, when a division took place on Sir Richard Cartwright's tariff amend- ment with the following result : 88 for, 1 14 against. Government majority 26. During the discussion on the new tariff, a division took place in the early morn- ing of August 5th, on a motion by Mr. Desjardins, of LTslet, expressing con- fidence in the National Policy, and disapproval of any plan of Commercial Union between Canada and the United States, which would involve a common tariff against the rest of the world and a pio rata division of the revenues 01 the two countries. The motion v.'as carried on a vote of 99 to "jj. Government majority ■ : Km, iii-Hiiiii jillll iiiiiii. iliit liiii mm. 'ml fill w iiiiir 134 The History of the Year. 22. Another vote was taken that night on a resolu';ionby Mr. Charlton assailing the timber policy of the Government. The resolution was defeated by a vote of 81 for, 100 against. On August nth it was announced that Sir Hector Langevin had tendered his resignation as Minister of Public Works, and that another minister (Hon. Frank Smith) would take charge of the Department. Sir Hector's withdrawal was a sad and unfortunate ending to a long and active political life. He entered Parliament in the fifties, and it was he who moved the resolution which precipi- tated the downfall of the Brown-Dorion Administration. He took a prominent part in the Confederation debates, and is the only statesman now in Parliament whose portrait figures among the promoters of the movement which resulted in a united Canada. On the death of Sir George Cartier he assumed the French leadership and maintained that position ever since. On the 1 2th a division took place on an amendment in supply, introduced by Mr. Cameron, of Huron, condemning the construction of the Tay canal, the ,ote being 82 for, 100 against. Government majority 18. A motion by Sir Richard Cartwright, which was approved by the Government, was unanimously carried on August 13th to the following effect : " That it be resolved, that the acceptance of gifts or testimonials of any kind, on the part of Ministers of the Crown, or of any member of their families, from contractors. Government officials, or other persons having pecuniary rela<^ions with the Government, is entirely opposed to sound principles of administration, and is calculated to bring Parlia- mentary Government into contempt, and that the example thus given tends to corrupt and demoralize officials serving under the Ministers who have accepted or permitted the acceptance of gifts or testimonials as aforesaid." On the same day Sir John Thompson moved that Mr. Thomas McGreevy, member for Quebec West (who had been reported to the House by the Privileges and Elections Com- mittee for refusing to answer questions), do attend in his place in the House at three o'clock on the l8th inst , which was carried. On the 1 8th, when Mr. McGreevy was called to answer for his refusal, he failed to respond, and a reso- lution was passed that he be taken in custody by the sergeant-at-arms, and that Mr. Speaker do issue his warrant accordingly. But it appeared that Mr. McGreevy had forwarded his resignation to the Speaker, and had taken his departure from the country. A division took place on the i8th, on motion by Mr. Laurier, condemning the inactivity of the Government in enquiring into ti)e validity of settlers' claims in British Columbia. The motion was defeated on a vote of 81 for, loi against. Mr. Foster made a change in the import duties upon ale, beer and porter. His budget proposition rais^^d the duties on these liquors to thirteen cents per gallon, when imported in casks, and to twenty-one cents when imported in bottles. They were raised to sixteen and twenty-four cents respectively. The excise duties on beer made from matters other than malt, such as sugar, rice and corn, were raised from four to ten cents per gallon. On August 19th a motion by Sir Richard Cartwright that the Public Accounts '! ^ The Dominion Parliament. 135 Committee be required to make thorough investigations of all outlays called in question was unanimously adopted. Mr. Cameron, of Huron, made a charge against Mr. Cochrane, of East Northumberland, that he (Mr. Cochrane), in 1888, sold the oflfice of lighthouse keeper at Presque Isle Point to one Hedcly H. Simpson for $200, and that he sold the position of bridge tender on the Murray canal to another person of the name of Simpson for $150 on condition that the recipient of the appointment should lease his farm to his (Simpson's) father. The charges were referred to a Special Committee. On the 20th a motion by Col. Amyot, of want of confidence in the Government, regarding the acceptance of tenders for the Kingston dry dock, was defeated by a vote of 82 for ; 99 against. Sir John Thompson, on the 24th, laid on the table all the latest correspond- ence on the copyright question. The return commenced with the Minister's demand, when in England, upon Lord Knutsford to ratify the Canadian Bill of 1889, and they gave Sir John's report to the Council on his return to Canada. This latter report is important, as it awaits the signification of the pleasure of Her Majesty's Government that it should become law. Sir John Thompson went on to say that in July, 1890, he pressed, personally, upon the attention of Lord Knutsford the arguments in favor of the position assumed in his report of August 3, 1890. He had referred to Lord Knutsford the despatch from the principal Secretary of State for the Colonies, transmitting a letter from W. Oliver Hodges, honorary secretary of the Copyright Committee of the Incorporated Society of Authors, stating that he had been directed by that Committee to say that while they could express no opinion on the question of the general policy which Her Majesty's Government might think fit to adopt towards Canada with regard to the question of copyright, they hoped that if Her Majesty's Government thought fit to undertake legislation to give effect to the principles of the Can- adian Copyright Act, such legislation would embody due precautions for making- the collection of royalty charges really efficient. They submitted that the clauses relating to the collection of such charges contained in the Canadian Copyright Act of 1889 were not adequate, and that it appeared to the Committee doubtful whether the Act did not propose to abolish copyright altogether, unless, persons entitled thereto should reprint or republish in Canada. After citing this letter Sir John Thompson recommended that such legislation be brought before the Parliament of the United Kingdom at the earliest possible moment, as may set at rest the questions which have arisen as to copyright in Canada. The most satisfactory form to Canada, in which such legislation should be presented, would be by an Act declaring the full authority of Canada to legislate with regard to copyright in this country, notwithstanding Imperial Legislation heretofore passed in relation to the same subject. Such an Act would not only follow the lines of the British North .America Act, but would also be in accordance with the promises made by Her Majesty's Ministers from time to time as set forth in Sir John Thompson's letter to Lord Knutsford. The opinion indicated in Mr. iW- w m 1 lii 136 The History of the Year. Hodge's letter, was that the clauses relating to the collection of royalty charges failed to make due allowance for the fact that regulations were to be made on that subject by Order-in-Council when the Act came into force, Sir John Thomp- son expressed himself as unable to agree with Mr. Hodges, that the effect of the Act of 1889 may be to abolish British copyright altogether unless the persons Christ Chi'rch Cathedral (Anglican), Montreal. entitled thereto reprints or republishes in Canada. He argued that the Act dealt only with the subject of reprinting of copyrighted works under license, and would not be found to affect the rights of holders of copyrights in any other particular. On the points mentioned in the letter of Mr. Hodges the Minister of Justice concluded : — " There can be no disagreement between the Dominion Government and the society which that gentleman represents as to recognition of Ac M; COI it .St The Dominion Parliament. 137 * i of the right of the holders of copyright and as to the necessity for making the Act effective." This report was transmitted to Lord Knutsford, who replied on Ma'ch 1 8th last to Lord Stanley, to the effect that Her Majesty's Government considered that it would, on the whole, be desirable to delay replying to it until it was seen how the copyright question would be finally dealt with by the United .States. .A division took place on August 25th on an impeachment by Mr. Davies, of the West India steam service, and Mr. Foster's management of the subsidy. The Government was sustained by a majority of twenty-five, the vote being 82 for ; 107 against. On the 27th a division took place on a motion of Sir Richard Cartwright, condemnatory of the action of the Government in the issuing of Governor-General's warrants, the motion being defeated by a vote of 82 for ; 97 against. Andre Senecal, for his refusal to attend the meeting of the Public .Accounts Committee, is ordered to appear at the bar of the House on September ist, but he leaves the country. On failing to appear the Speaker issued a wp.rrant for his arrest. Sir John Thompson announced on September 7th that Sir Hector Langevin had asked that his resignation be accepted and that Premier Abbott had done so. Mr. Haggart made the important announcement on the 9th. that the Government had determined not to allow the slaughtering of American cattle in Canada for export. A division took place on the loth on an amendment by Mr. Paterson of Brant, regarding the new .sugar tariff, which was lost in a vote of 78 for ; 102 against. According to a return brought down on the 14th, the amount granted by the Dominion Government, up to January 1, 1891, as subsidies to railways constructed since Confederation, except the main lines of the Intercolonial and Canadian Pacific Railways was $31,015,491, of which the railway companies in Quebec were granted $7,000,506 ; in Ontario $11,419,507; in New Brunswick, $2,784,304; in Nova Scotia, $7,466,373; in Prince Edward Island, $9,600 ; and in British Columbia, $1,025,200. The total amount of these subsidies paid up to the same date was $12,523,879. The supplementary estimates were brought down on the t6th and caused much disai)pointmcnt among the members, as no mention was made of a desired addition of $500 to the session's indemnity. The total vote was $919,696. On September 21st Mr. Mackenzie Bowell placed upon the order paper the usual scries of resolutions ordering the railway subsidies. There were no new subsidies, all being either rc-votcs or authorization of unpaid balances. The total amount was $929,534. The Great Northern Railway was set down for $28,100 as the unpaid balance of the subsidy on eighteen miles of the railroad from New Glasgow to Montcalm, in Quebec ; the Quebec and Lake St. John Railway Co., for the railway bridge over the St. Charles River, to give access to the city of Quebec, $5,250 ; the Oshawa Railway and Navigation Co., for seven miles of road from Port Oshawa towards Raglan, $22,400 ; the St. Lawrence, Lower Laurentian, and Saguenay Railway Co,, as unpaid balance of subsidy, $92,784 ; Great Eastern Railway Co., for thirty miles of road from the River St. 10 • 138 The History of the Year. ill ..iiii^ liiijiifi i!lS|||:|iiil;iij, mm II :llM|3ii 'iillii ' 'i!''if" !i{i!lt!ii''i-. ■ ill ilfii jlniiiii'i- Jitliliii!!.;;: iSllli llllljli; Francis to St. Gregoirc station, on the Arthabasca, $79,700 ; the South Ontario Pacific Railway Co., for forty-nine and a ha^f miles of road from Woodstock to Hamilton, $158,400 ; Montreal and Ottawa Railway Co., formerly the Vaudreiiil and Prescott Railway Co., for thirty miles of road, $46,040 ; to the Bique Valley Railway Co., for fourteen miles of road, from Perth Centre towards Plaister Rock Island, $89,600 ; the Kinj^ston, Smith's P^alls and Ottawa Railway Co., for fifty- six miles, from Kingston to Smith's Falls, $179,200, provided that upon the completion of twenty-eight miles the semi-annual subsidy may be paid propor- tionate to the value of the .section .so completed, provided also the company shall deposit with the Government a sum not exceeding $170,000, on consideration of which the company shall receive a semi-annual annuity of three and one-half per cent, on such amount, and provided further that the Governor-in-Council may permit the company to assign the said subsidy and annuity to trustees as security for bonds or other securities ; and lastly the Quebec Central Railway Co., for ninety miles of railway from St. Francis station, on the Quebec Central Railway, to a point near Moose River on the Atlantic and North-Western Railway, or from a point on the Quebec Central Railway between the Chaudiere River and Tring station to a point on the International Railway near Lake Megantic, $288,000. The corre.'^pondcncc laid on the table on the 22nd by the Minister of Finance, respecting Canada's position with regard to the Commercial Treaty between the United States and Spain, embodied a letter from Sir Charles Tuppcr, dated London, August 14th, reciting the cable messages which passed between the Dominion Government and him in that connection, and his communications with the Imperial Government. On August 7th a cable was sen^ to him from Ottawa, asking if the treaty in question differentiated against Canada. A second message directed him to ask the Spanish Ambas.sador at London if Canadian goods would, under the commercial arrangement between the United States and Spain, be admitted into Spanish West Indian Islands on the same terms as goods from the United States. In forwarding all the oflficial correspondence which fol- lowed. Sir Charles Tupper states that Sir Robert Herbert, Under-Secretary of State, in the absence of Lord Knutsford, has e.xpres.sed to him the anxious desire of the Colonial Office and Her Majesty's Government to .secure for the Canadian trade any advantages which may have been extended to the United States by treaty with Spain. The result of the correspondence is .set forth in the following despatch, dated August 27, 1891, from the Home Government to the Governor- General: " Referring to your telegram of August 20th, Canadian trade will, under the existing commercial convention between Great Britain and Spain, enjoy, until June 30, 1892, the advantages of a similar kind to those accorded by Spain to the United States by the arrangement referred to." On the same day Mr. Lister, member for West Lambton, caused consterna- tion among the members by giving notice that on the morrow he would make the following statement to the House: "That James Frederic Lister, E.squire, the ili!'^ The Dominion Parliament. 139 member representing the electoral district of West Lambton in the House, hav- hv^ declared from his seat in the House that he is credibly informed, and that he believes that he is able to establish by satisfactory evidence, that in the year 1879 Messrs. Alexander Manning, Alexander Shields, John James Macdonald, Alex- ander McDonnell, James Isbestcr and Peter McLaren entered into a contract with the Government of Canada for the construction of a portion of the Canadian Pacific Railway between Port Arthur and Rat Portage, known as Section B. The said contract and the works in connection therewith were completed by the said contractors, to whom they were a source of great profit. During the whole period covered by the said contract, the Hon. John G. Haggart, now Postmaster- General and a member of Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada, was a mem- ber of the House of Commons for the South Riding of Lanark and still is such member. That the said Hon. John G. Haggart became and was beneficially interested in the profits of the said contract which accrued to the share thereof standing in the name of the .said Peter McLaren, and has received large sums out of the said profits, and has otherwise derived direct and substantial pecuniary benefits therefrom. That during the progress of the said works, and while the said Hon. John G. Haggart was so interested therein, members of the said firm were called upon by members of the Government of Canada for large contribu- tions for political purposes, and such contributions were paid out of the moneys of the said firm, and with the knowledge and assent of the said Hon. John G. Haggart were charged against the profits of the firm ; and while the said contri- butions were so demanded and paid, the said firm of contractors were in various ways dependent upon the Government by reasons of many matters being unset- tled and in dispute in relation to the said contract, which were settled at the time of such contributions or subsequently settled not unfavourably to the said con- tractors. That a select committee be appointed to enquire fully into the said allegations, with power to send for persons, papers and records, and to examine witnesses upon oath or affirmation, and to employ shorthand writers to take down such evidence as they may deem necessary, and to have the evidence printed from day to day for the use of the committee, and that the committee do report in full the evidence taken before them and all their proceedings on the rcfLicnce and the result of their enquiries, and that Rule yS of this House, as to the selection of committees, be suspended, and the said committee be composed of Messrs. — the names to be selected hereafter. In order that the witnesses whom it may be necessary in my judgment to subpcEna shall be known at once, to prevent their possible leaving on business, I may state that I'cter MacLaren, John J. Macdonald, Alexander Manning, T. Trudeau, Deputy Minister of Rail- ways and Canals, D. Nichol and John Shields are among the witnesses whom i propose to produce before the committee. The Government may fairly say that ill making this charge I have been guilty of delay, that we are near the end of the session; and that a matter of this importance should have been brought before tlie House at an earlier stage. In answer to that I can only assure the House ' iil l:f^ iljiii'iiii^!;' iiiiili'':'! at. :■; , 140 The History of the Year. that the information which I am possessed of has only come into my possession within the last few days, and it was impossible for me to call the attention of the House to it before to-day. In my judgment the matter is one of such grave con- sequences, so serious in its character, that I would be failing in my duty if I did not bring it to the attention of the House at this session, late as it may be. With a special committee and the witnesses living within a few hundred miles from Ottawa, I think the investigation can be closed within four or five days at most." Mr. Lister made his statement in the Hou.se on the 23rd and moved for a committee to enquire into the charges. Mr. Haggart gave a most emphatic and positive denial to the charges that he was interested in Section B. He stated that Mr. McLaren went into the contract as he was a moneyed man, but though he (Haggart) attended to some of the proceedings in the matter, he had no com- munication with the Government, and only received from Mr. McLaren his travelling and hotel expenses. He denied, further, that, to his knowledge, any of the money derived from the contract went into politics. He had had financial relations with Mr. McLaren, but not in respect of Section B. Sir John Thomp- son opposed the motion. He declared at the outset that the motion might be opposed on the ground that it proposed an enquiry into a matter beyond parlia- mentary jurisdiction, violations of the Independence of Parliament Act having been relegated to the Courts, but he waived that objection and based his opposi- tion upon the claim that there should be a period at the expiration of which no old charges should be brought against a member. A new offence, in his opinion, might be a fit subject for action, but an offence of some years' standing, the com- mission of which had been followed by elections, at which the alleged offender had received a new mandate from the people, could not fairly and properly be gone into. He held, further, that if Mr. Haggart, according to the terms of the resolution, was not — except as regards the point, which should not be enquired into — dire -tly charged with an offence, for no improper conduct was alleged in relation to the contracts with which he was said to have been connected. The motion was vigorously supported by Mr. Lauricr, Mr. Mills and Sir Richartl Cartwright, the latter contending that if Mr. Haggart was innocent, the Govern- ment stood to gain by an enquiry. The motion was rejected by a vote of 78 for; 102 against. On the 25th Mr. Haggart laid on the table a statutory declaration by Mr. Peter McLaren in which he swore to the truthfulness of all the Postmas- ter-General said, and explicitly denied the charge of corrupt payments to the Government. On the 29th Sir John Thompson moved " That Hon. Thomas McGreevy, member for Quebec West, having been guilty of contempt of the authority of this House by failing to obey its order to attend in his place, and having been adjudged by the House guilty of certain offences charged against him on May nth last, be expelled from the House." The motion was carried in silence. A message from the Governor-General was brought down embodying in the The Dominion Parliament. 141 estimates an additional indemnity of $500 to the members of the House of Commons and Senate. The estimate was passed. The address to the Queen upon the copyright question, which Sir John Thompson promised early in the session to submit to ParUament for approval, was passed through the House the same day without any discussion whatever. Ill the address it was represented that by a statute of the Imperial Parliament tiic privilege of copyright was given to any person who should publish a literary work in the United Kingdom, if he should be a subject of Her Majesty, or a resi- dent of any part of the British Dominions, and the re-publication within the I'jnpire, and the importation into the Empire of any copyrighted work was pro- liibitcd. The operation of this Act was attended with great inconvenience to the people of the North American colonies, and formed the subject of formal remon- strances from several of their legislatures These remonstrances were replied to by a circular despatch from Karl Grey, then Her Majesty's principal Secretar}^ of State for the Colonics, directed to all the Governors of the North American colonies, in which he said that Her Majesty's Government would submit to Par- liament a Bill authorizing the Queen to confirm and finally enact any colonial law respecting copyright, notwithstanding any repugnancy of any such law or ordinance to the copyright law of England, it being provided by the proposed Act of Parliament that no such law or ordinance should be of any force until so confirmed, but that from the confirmation the copyright law of Great Britain should cease to have effect within the colony in which any such colonial law had been made, in so far as it might be repugnant to or inconsistent with the opera- tion of the colonial law. The address proceeded to set forth that the intention of the Imperial Government, as expressed in this circular, had never been carried into effect. The importation from foreign countries, of works copyrighted in the United Kingdom, was permitted under certain conditions, but the re-publication of such works in the colonies, even under any conditions, as regards the holders of the copyright, had never been permitted, nor had the right of the legislatures of the provinces of the Dominion of Canada to make enactments to regulate the law of copyright been recognized by Her Majesty's Government, unless such enactments could be shown to be consistent with and subordinate to the Act of the United Kingdom. The Imperial Parliament, in 1867, in establishing the Dominion of Canada, gave to its Parliament very extensive powers of govern- ment, including the right to legislate upon this important subject. The Parlia- ment of Canada had enacted several statutes regulating the law of copyright for Canada. These statutes adopted provisions which the interests and welfare of the people of this country seemed to require, and at the same time gave liberal protection to the interests of all such persons as had acquired or might acquire copyright in the United Kingdom. These statutes had always been regarded by the Imperial Government, however, as requiring the sanction of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and the most recent of them, passed in Canada in 1889, remained inoperative for the want of the assent of the Imperial Government to 142 The History of the Year. ii'.^'ii'iiil' ! fiil rlil 'i;E'!!ii:ii mm liililii the proclamation which would bring it into force. The provisions of the Act ol 1889 were in the interests of Canada, and not unfair as regards any person of Her Majesty's subjects. While the memorialists held the view that such a statute- was within the competence of the Canadian Parliament, under the B.N. A. Act, they had been informed that doubts upon that subject had been raised, and they submitted that such doubts should be removed by a statute of the Imperial Par- liament giving effect to the Canadian Copyright Act of 1889 at once, and confirming the right of the Parliament of Canada, according to the promise made by the Imperial Government of 1846, to make laws on the subject of copyright as might from time to time be required for the country, notwithstanding that such laws might be inconsistent with the provisions of the Imperial statutes passed before the adopting of the B.N. A. Act of 1867. The address concluded with the request that, in order to give full effect to the Act of Parliament of Canada of 1889, notice might be given by the Imperial Government of the retirement of Canada from the Berne Copyright convention. A Bill to amend the Acts respecting the North-West Territories was passed early in the session. By the new schedule of members of the Legislative Assem- bly for the North- West, eight are given to Alberta, six to Saskatchewan, eight to East Assiniboia, and four to West Assiniboia, or twenty-six in all, being an increase of four on the present number of representatives. A bill to amend the Act by uniting the two divisions in Saskatchewan, thus reducing the total num- ber of members in the Legislative Assembly to twenty-five was introduced in the House on the 30th, and was withdrawn, owing to the opposition of Mr. Larivierc. The House concurred in the following address to Her Majesty the Queen, which had been introduced in the Senate by Premier Abbott on the 15th, and adopted on the 25 th : " We, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Senate and House of Commons of Canada in Parliament assembled, humbly request that yoi'.r Majesty may be graciously pleased to take into consideration the position of Canada in respect of certain important matters affecting its trade relations with the Empire and with foreign nations. Your memorialists desire, in the first place, to draw attention to certain stipulations in the existing treaties with Belgium and with the German Zollverein, ordinarily referred to as the ' most favored nation clauses,' which are extended to other countries whose commercial treaties with Great Britain contain a ' most favored nation ' clause, and which apply to British colonies. By Article 15 of the treaty with Belgium, entered into in 1862, Canada is compelled to admit all articles the produce or manufacture of Belgium at the same or at no higher rate of duty than is imposed upon similar articles of British origin, and in the treaty with the German Zollverein, entered into in 1865, it is stipulated that the produce of those States shall not be subject to any higher or other import duties than the produce of the United Kingdom or any other country of the like kind, and that the exports to those States shall not be subject to any higher duties than exports to the United Kingdom. Your mem- SI 1!.,.. .ii'. 1 ;i The Dominion Parliament. 143 orialists consider that these piovisions in foreign treaties arc incompatible with the rights and powers subsequently conferred by the British North America Act iijjon the Parliament of Canada for the regulation of the trade and commerce of tiic Dominion, and that their continuance in force tendi; to produce complications and embarrassments in such an Empire as that under fhe rule of your Majesty, wherein the self-governing colonies are recognized as possessing the right to define their respective fiscal relations to all foreign countries, to the mother country, and to each other. " Your memorialists further believe that in view of the foreign fiscal policy of increasingly protective and discriminative duties it is clearly adverse to the interests of the United Kingdom, and of each and all of its possessions, that the Parliament of the United Kingdom, or of any of your Majesty's self-governing colonies, should be thus restricted in the power of adopting such modifications of its tariff arrangements eis may be required for the promotion of its trade or for its defence against aggressive or injurious measures of foreign policy. " Your memorialists desire also to point out that the immense resources of the Dominion in its facilities for the growth of good materials, its minerals, its fisheries, and its lumber require for their profitable development the largest practical extension of its markets, more especially in countries whose native supply of such productions is limited, while its rapidly developing manufacturing industries demand b.rge and increasing supplies of raw materials, to be mainly supplied by countries which arc extensive consumers of the productions of Canada. " Your memorialists believe that among the countries with which such an interchange of tariff takes place the British Empire holds the highest rank in amount, and, from its diversity of climate and productions, affords the widest prospect of rapid and practically limitless increase, while the trade of the Do- minion with the United States is second only to that with the liritish Empire, and its development and extension arc of great importance to us, though from the similarity of most of the products of the two countries it is probably not susceptible of so great an expansion as might be affected in the interchange of traffic with the Empire. " That your memorialists earnestly desire to foster and extend the trade of the Dominion with the Empire, with its great neighbor the United States, and with other countries throughout the world, wherever opportunities offer, and believe that by mutual concessions, and the adoption of measures for the re- arrangement of trade relations between the various portions of the British Km[)ire, and between the PLmpire and foreign nations, important and lasting beneficial results may be obtained ; and that, to the way of the attainment of these great objects, the continuation of the restrictions imposed upon Canada and other portions of the Empire by the so-called favored nations clause creates an unnecessary and unjustifiable obstruction. The Senate and House of Commons, therefore, humbly request your Majesty to take such steps as may be necessary ill jn 5; 1 5' , 1 mm TiiK Dominion I'arliamknt. 145 Of V. s o — > hi to terminate the effect of the provisions referred to, as well in the treaties with tlie German Zollverein ami with the Kinjjdom of Hel^ium, as with any other nation in res])ect of which sucli provisions are now in force." Premier Abbott introduced a Hill in the Senate, on September 3rd, for the suppression of frauds against the Government, which was jfiven a first reading. Not only are all Government officials expressly brought under its operation, but also all parties who corruptly obtain, or seek to obtain, any advantage in dealing with the (iovernment. The Hill declares that everyone who makes any offer, prDjJosal, gift, loan, or promise, or who gives or offers any compensation or con- sideration, directly ov indirectly, to any official or person in the employment of the Government, or to any member of his family, or to any person under his control, or for his benefit, with the intent to obtain the assistance or influence of such official or person to promote either the procuring of any contract with such (iovernment for the performance of any work, the doing of anything, or the furnishing of any goods, effects, food, or material, the execution of any contract, or the paj'ment of any price or consideration stipulated therein, or any part thereof, or of any aid or subsidy payable in respect thereof ; and every official or person in the employment of such Government, who, directly or indirectly, accepts, or agrees to accept, or allows to be accepted by any person under his control, or for his benefit, any such offer, proposal, gift, loan, promise, compensa- tion, or consideration, shall be guilty of mi.sdcmeanor, and liable to a fine of not less than .$;oo and not e.xcceding $1,000, unless the value of the amount or thing paid, offered, given, lent, promi.sed, or received, as the case may be, shall c.Ncecil the last mentioned sum, in which ca.se the fine may be raised to a sum not exceeding such value, and imprisonment may be for a term not exceeding six months. Further specific offences are set forth with great particularity of detail, the offenders, who are also brought under the operation of the statute, being every person who, in case of tenders being called for by the Government, obtains or seeks to obtain the withdrawal of any tender, every tenderer who directly or indirectly, accepts a valuable consideration for the withdrawal of his tender ; every official who assists a contractor or any other party doing business with the Government, and every person who, b)' reason of or under pretence of possessing influence with the Government or any department of the Government, or any Government official. The Bill declares also that no person convicted under any of its provisions .shall be capable of holding any Government contract. It is provided that all pro.secutions must be begun within two years of the offence, and the Hill, when it becomes law, will, like all other Dominion criminal statutes, apply, of course, to the administrative departments of Provincial Gov- cinments as well as to those of the Federal Government. Before the Bill was pa.s.sed in Committee Premier Abbott made the following amendment : " That no party having business relations with the Government can, without coming under the penalties of the Bill, make a gift to a Government employee without the express permission, in writing, of the head of the department, and the proof '' • Hi m I Ml ' i lilii iiiiii liillli §B 1"' m if 146 TlIK HlSTOKV (IF TIIK YEAR. of which pcnuissioii shall lie 011 the party making the j^ift." The Premier further ameiuled this clause so as to m?>ke " within (Mic year " of such dcaliiij^'s refer to both the year before and the year after. The Hill was considered in the House, and was passed, with an amendment by Sir John Thompson, provid- in^f that no (iovernment contractor, or person supplying the Government with ^'oods, or a person haviuff unsettled claims against the Ciovcr t, shall contri- bute to any political fund without coming under the penalti provided in the Bill. This closed the business of the session. Lord Stanley, in declaring i'arliament [)rorogued, made the following speech: " I desire to convey to you my high appreciation of the earnestness and assiduity which you have devoted to your parliamentary duties during this pro- tracted session. " I have also to express my sympathy in the regret which you and the whole Dominion must feel, and which 1 sincerely share, for the latnented loss of the late Prime Minister, the Right I Ion. Sir John A. Macdonald, who died full of years and honors in the midst of your deliberations, and I congratulate you and the country upon the moderation and patriotism which you manifested in that crisis, and which enabled the legislative business of the country to be continued without .serious interruption. " An agreement was made in June last between Great Brit nd the United States for the practical cessation of seal fishing in Hehring £, .iring t ic past .season, for the benefit of the protection of seal life, pending an investiga ion by experts — in which this country has taken part — into the cpicstion of the necessity of measures for preventing its extinction. The report of the experts has not yet been received, and the negotiations for the .settlement of the questions which have arisen on the subject are proceeding, but are still incomplete. " I am pleased to ob.scrve that, in anticipation of a friendly conference with the Government of the United States on the subject of extension and develoj)- mcnt of our trade with that country and other important matters, the provisions of the protocol of 1888, known as the iiioiiiis vivemii, have been extended. " The measures you have concurred in passing are important and useful. The re-organization of the Legislature of the North-VV'e.st Territories and the re-adjustment and increase of its powers are just tributes to the eminent capacity for self-government which that important and rapidly increasing section of Canada has manifested. " The Acts for the improvement of the law respecting elections will, I hope, be found beneficial by simplifying procedure and facilitating the repression of corruf)t practices. " The measures respecting the cattle trade, the loading of ships, registration of trade marks, and the Vice-Admiralty Courts will prove advantageous to trade, commerce and shipping. " The enactments respecting the inspection of ships must prove of great value in the protection of the lives of persons employed upon them, while the Act The Dominion 1'aruamknt. M7 .* Premier 1 dealings sidcrcd in »n, provid- iiciit with all contri- Icd in the i[; speech : tncs.s am! ; this pro- thc whole )ss of the I of years J and the liat crisis, 1 without c United t le past a ion by lecessity 5 not yet IS which ice with .levelop- ovisions useful, and the apacity :tion of I hope, ision of ;tration M 3 trade, ■. j f great he Act rc'spectinjj the foreshores of the Doniinion.and the obstruction of navijjable waters, will remove a possible source of discussion between this (ioverninent and the provinces. " Notwithstanding that the result of the census shows a less important increase in population than was e.xpected, it is satisfactory to observe the evidence (pf the general prosperity of the country, and the bountiful harvest with which I'rovidence has blessed us this year will give a fresh impetus to the settlement of ihe North-West and to the enterprise and interests of the country generally. " It is gratifying to perceive that you have felt justificil in reducing the duty iipf^n sugar to the extent of about 1^3,000,000, thus materially lessening the cost of an article of universal consumption, and that you have not judged it necessary to provide for replacing the revenue to the extent of more than half the reduction thus made. It is a further recommendation of this important ineasure that, while it has largely reduced the cost of a necessary article of food, it provides for sup- plying the ccinsequent loss of revenue by the imposition of duties on luxuries only. " The extensive frauds upon the Government by a group of contractors, and the irregularities of certain persons in the Civil Service, which have been discov- ered in investigations by your Committee, are much to be regretted. The punish- ment with which many of them have already been visited, the steps which are to be taken in regard to o' '>crs, and the operation of the statute you have passed for their repression in futun. vill, I tru^t, have the effect of i)reventing their recur- rence, and it is the intcntii of my ministers to procure the issue of a commission to investigate the organization of the Civil Service, and report as to measures for its improvement. " The question of the restriction or prohibition of the liquor traffic has also been occupying the attention of my Ministers, and a commission will issue during recess to enquire into and report upon this important subject. The session is the longest on record, with the exception of 1885. It will live in the history of Canada as the session of scandals. Hut a vast amount of legislation, not previously referred to, was enacted, and among the more impor- tant measures were the following : An amendment to the statutes, whereby the Supreme Court, in constitutional cases between the Federal and Local Govern- ments, can take the necessary testimony at the instance of the Governments concerned, and can render a judgment, which, while not depriving the Federal authorities of the power to disallow for reasons of State, shall be a guide to them in the course they may elect to take. Other new statutes will settle long out- standing differences in the accounts between the Dominion and the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. These accounts are now to be referred to a board of arbi- trators, all of whom shall be judges, and the award of this tribunal is to be final. Kcjually extended has been the dispute touching the ownership of the foreshores of navigable waters. This point of difference is settled by the assignment of their foreshores to the provinces. The Dominion will exercise all powers as regards iiiii 148 The History of the Year. I ill II jii: mm 11 ii i III' mm ii'll'llij;,!! I i' ■tiiij'i'iii: |Pi!!'!i':ii;?iiii M mi her fisheries and navigation in the rivers, as of old ; but the right to lease the ter- ritory under water, for wharf-building purposes, and so forth, will belong to the local authorities. In the administration of justice several important changes have been effected. The Imperial Parliament has pas.sed a law under which England renounces control of the Colonial Admiralty Courts. In con.sequence of this statute the Dominion Parliament has taken over all tl , Vice-Admiralty Courts and has incot-porated them, together with the Maritime Courts of Ontario, under the Exchequer Court All the old divisions are to remain, and the judges are to continue as hitherto, but the courts arc gradually to pass under a dist'nct Federal jurisdiction. At the same time the Exchequer Court has been given power to deal with disputes arising ou^ of the copyright, patent and trade mark laws. Formerly the Government .settled the.se differences, but last session the judicial powers exercised by the Minister of Agriculture were transferred to a regular tribunal. Now any persons at variance on the subject of a copyright, a patent, or a trade mark can appeal to this court. The jurisdiction of county judges has also been extended. A county judge can exercise his powers in a neighboring district or territory, and by order of the Governor-in-Council he may hold court in another county. A retired county judge may also be called upon by the Department of Justice to act. With reference to fishing and navigation a good deal of legislation has been passed. Under an amendment to the fishery law the use of purse seines is prohibited, on the ground that the.se seines are wantonly destructive of fish life. They catch the young and prorr.i.iing fish as well as the old and ripe. In order that the fishery officers may be prompt to detect viola- tions of the law they are to receive a moiety of the fine which their strict attention to business inflicts upon offenders. The new laws relating to shipping are pro- tective of life and property. Under one of these the inspectors of hulls and machinery are al.'^o to inspect tackle, rigging and all other equipment. The object is to prevent shipowners from .sending to sea ve.s.sels which, owing to age or to the penuriousness of their owners, are in an unsafe condition and therefore dangerous to the sailors. By another statute masters of passenger ves.sels are for- bidden, under heavy penalties, to cany dynamite, nitro-glycerine and like explo- sives. A further enactment regulates the ocean transportation of cattle. This measure is one of the results of the Plimsoll agitation against the Canadian live cattle trade. It provides that special precautions shall be taken for the health and .safety of cattle crossing the ocean, and that all animals .shall be inspected before being shipp' d, as a safeguard against the forwarding to England of what we have not got, namely, infected beasts. A small tax is to be levied upon exported cattle to meet the cxpen.se of inspection. At a recent session of the Imperial Parliament it was determined that colonial as well as Engli.sh .ships should conform to the load-line regulation, unless the Colonial Legislatures fixed, during 1891, a load-line of their own. One of this year's statutes sets forth that such a load-line shall be agreed upon in Canada by representatives of the owner of any Canadian vessel .^nd of Lloyds. Thus, all sea-going vessels are to have The Dominion Parliament. 149 the load-line, but not necessarily that of Great Britain. One of the principal measures of the session is that conferring an extended constitution upon the North-West Territories. The Legislature is now to run three years, instead of two. It is to have a stated annual grant from the Dominion, and it is to be at liberty to deal with the liquor question, though not with the Separate School question. In the terms of the resolution of last year, it is also to be free to decide whether its pro- ceedings and reports .shall be published in one language or in two. Touching the representation of the people in Parliament, there have been some considerable changes in the law. The Franchise Act stands, but it now contains a clause .set- ting forth that the voter shall be a British subject. Formerly a person who had been a British subject might be enrolled, but to secure enfranchisement in future the allegiance must not have been renounced or forfeited. The period during which the preliminary lists are to be prepared has been extended two weeks, and it is provided that the revising officer .shall declare, at the conclusion of each revi- sion, the exact number of voters in each polling division. The Election Act has been modified in many particulars. In future the candidate's deposit may be made in legal tender, or in bills of any chartered bank, .so, too, may the deposit required when a recount is asked. A Superior Court judge may order a county judge to proceed with a recount, thus overruling the decision of the lower tri- bunal, and the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery is to gazette returns as they arrive. To overcome the injustice in gazetting which affects the filing of protests against elected candidates, it is provided that a petition may be entered, not thirty days after the election has been gazetted, but forty days after the candi- date has been declared elected by the returning officer. In the trial of election cases two judges instead of one will sit in future, and where the corrupt acts are few and trivial, and where the candidate has not countenanced them, but has taken measures to prevent them, the scat is not to be declared vacant. tht: famous tarte charges. IN the early part of 1890 Thomas McGrecvy, M.P. for Quebec West, sued his brother Robert for $354,000, said to have been advanced to him, whereupon Robert replied with an affidavit to the effect that the contracting firm of Larkin, Connolly & Co., of which he had been a member, had paid Thomas McGreevy handsome sums for his influence, cither as politician and legislator, or as a Harbor Commissioner, in securing for it important contracts. Thomas immed- iately sent a denial of this accusation to Parliament, which was read on May 7th last year. He asserted that he had no knowledge of his brother's contracts, that he did not profit by them, and that the only money he had received was in lilli mm iiiiiii illi III!!!!!;!!': m: ISO The History of tiik Year. liquidation of outstanding liabilities in connection with contractor's plant and large sums of borrowed money. Mr. J. Israel Tartc, a prominent Quebec journalist and politician, published Robert's charges and was sued for libel. Mr. Tarte persisted in carrying on the war and declared that if returned at the general elections he would make and substantiate the charges on the floor of the House. He was returned to Parliament and at the first opportunity, on May nth, he read a carefully prepared indictment containing sweeping charges against the Department of Public Works, specific charges against Thomas McGreevy, and inferred charges against Sir Hector Langcvin, Minister of Public Works. The indictment covered a period of seven years, from 1883 to 1890, and charged Mr. McGreevy with receiving $200,000 from Larkin, Connolly & Co., for favors he received for them from the Department of Public Works. It was alleged that the first monetary transaction occurred in 1883, uhcn tenders were called for a cross-wall and lock in connection with the harbor works at Quebec. Before tendering, and in order to secure the influence of Mr. Mc- Greevy, who was both a member of Parliament and a member of the Quebec Harbor Board, Larkin, Connolly & Co. took into partnership, with the know- ledge and consent of Mr. McGreevy, his brother Robert, giving him a thirty per cent, interest in the firm. That $25,000 was paid by Larkin, Connolly & Co. to Thomas McGreevy for securing this contract for them at a price $80,000 higher than that of the lowest tenderer. The following year the contract for the graving dock at Levis netted Mr. McGreevy $22,000. For obtaining alterations in the specification and more favorable conditions for the Esquimalt graving dock, it was alleged Mr. McGreevy received large sums of money, and that with the object of securing his influence in connection with this contract, and with his knowledge and consent his brother Robert was taken into partnership by Larkin, Connolly & Co., who gave him a twenty per cent, interest in the firm. For obtaining for the firm, in 1887, an incj-eaifc of from twenty-seven to thirty-five cents per cubic yard for the dredging of 8,ooo cubic yards in the area of the wet basin in Quebec harbor it was alleged Mr. McGreevy received $20,000 from Larkin, Connolly & Co., and $7,000 besides was applied towards securing his elec- t on to the House of Common.s. It was al.so alleged that in the execution of the works of this contract extensive frauds were perpetuated, to the detriment of the public treasury, and sums of money were paid corruptly to officials under the control and direction of Henry F Perley, and appointed by the Quebec Harbor Commi.ssion. Another charge was that Mr. McGreevy was owner of the steamer Adniirai, for the services of which, in plying between Dalhousie and Gaspe, $12,500 was paid annually, or $120,000 altogether. Still another charge was that Mr. McGreevy exacted and received out of the subsidies voted by Parlia- ment for the construction of the Baie des Chaleurs Railway, $40,000. The allegations made against Sir Hector were that his Department divulged informa- tion unlawfully ; that money was demanded on his behalf by Mr. McGreevy ; that $1,000 was contributed, in 1883, to the Langevin testimonial by Larkin, The Famous Tarte Charges. 151 Connolly & Co., and that membcr.s of the firm cau.scd to be paid to Sir Hector large .sum-s of money out of the proceeds of contracts. Sir Hector gave a general denial to the charges, so far as he was concerned, and made the following statement : " I never communicated in any way, to any one, tenders, or prices of tenders, or relative positions of tenders, or names of tenderers, at any time before the contract was allotted and signed, and the work in progress, the only persons having the same information being the members of the Privy Council and such of the officers of the Department as were intrusted with the opening of tenders after the period fixed for their reception. I never found or knew any such or other officers of my Depart- ment to be guilty of any indiscretion or breach of trust in connection with any ten- dcr or contract. Tenders accepted have been, and arc .so accepted, strictly accord- ing to law. If the parties named in the motion as having contributed to a testi- monial presented to me some eight or ten years ago, have so contributed to it, I never asked them to do so, and up to this moment I never knew them to have done Directly or indirectly, I never asked so. the contractors named in the motion for sm hector lancemn, k.c.m.g. moncj-, cheques, or notes, nor did I receive any such money, cheques, or notes from them for my use, profit, or advantage." " He had no reason," he said, " to suspect Mr. Perley of having done wrong in connection with the matters laid before the House by Mr. Tarte. If he had done so, it was out of his (Sir Hec- tor's) knowledge, and having known him for many years as a faithful officer of his Department, he could not make up his mind that he had violated his trust and thereby rendered himself punishable by the Government." Mr. McGreevy characterized the attack as a foul conspiracy against him by a clique whose purposes he had refused to serve. The charges were baseless and the letters forgeries. To this Mr. Tarte replied that if he had been deceived by forged letters he would merit and expect expulsion from the House. Both sides of the House agreed to a reference of the charges to the Com- mittee on Privileges and Elections. This Committee was organized on May 15th, Mr. Desire Girouard being appointed chairman. The composition of the Com- mittee was as follows : Ministerialists — Adams, Haker, Chapleau, Coatsworth, Costigan, Curran, Desaulniers, Dickey, Girouard, Ives, Kirkpatrick, Langevin, McCarthy, McDonald (Victoria), McLeod, Moncrieff, Ouimet, I'ellctier, Ross IK SBHi li I iiiiiii ■ » The Famous Tarte Charges. 153 (Lisgar), Thompson, Tupper, Weldon, Wood (Brockville) — 23. Opposition — Amyot, Barron, Beausoleil, Burdett, Cameron (Huron), Davies, Edgar, Flint. Fraser, German, Langelier, Laurier, Lavergne, Lister, Mills (Bothwell), Mulock, Prefontaine, Tarte — 18. Mr. Tarte presented a list of the documents he required, and it was agreed that they should be brought down and placed in the hands of an ofificial for inspection by Mr. Tarte, his counsel, and the members of the Committee, after which Mr. Tarte would notify the chairman when he could have his witnesses ready. The case for the prosecution was opened on May 26th. The several inter- ested parties were represented by counsel. The taking of evidence did not con- clude till August 14th. It would require too much space to go into the evidence adduced, but that is scarcely necessary, as the reports presented give an adequate idea of what was brought out. The investigation was most thorough, both sides showing every disposition to get at the truth. There were some exciting inci- dents during the inquiry. On July 7th, Owen E. Murphy, while under a most vigorous cross-examination by B. B. Osier, Q.C., on the statement made by Murphy in his examination-in-chief, that he paid $10,000 in cash to Sir Hector L::.jgevin, fainted on the witness stand. A painful impression was caused by the admission of Mr. Perley, Chief Engineer of the Department of Public Works, on July 9th, that he had received a present of jewellery for his wife from Murphy. Mr. Perley, who had been in the civil service since 1872, was suspended on the loth. Hi had to undergo a most searching examination and on July 31st the strain proved too much for him and he fainted. Thomas McGreevy, M.P., while under examination, refused to answer questions put to him, and his refusal was reported to the House. Meantime he betook himself to the other side of the line, which prevented any further attempt being made to elicit the truth from him. On August nth Sir Hector Langevin appeared before the Committee, and, on being sworn, read an elaborate defence of himself, during which he intimated that he had tendered his resignation as Minister of Public Works to Premier Abbott, so that his colleagues, as well as the Committee and the House of Commons, might have the greatest freedom in judging his acts, and the value of the accusations brought against him. In his sworn statement he said : " I begin by declaring that in all departmental works mentioned before the Com- mittee I have fulfilled my duty most conscientiously to the best of my know- ledge of the matters, and of my ability, without ever having allowed anyone to influence me by promises or gifts of any kind whatever, and that my acts have always had the public interest as their object ; that I never received gifts, loans, or any value whatever, directly or indirectly, from the firm of Larkin, Connolly & Co., or from any of its members ; that, in truth, Mr. Thomas McGreevy and I have been, for a long time, on friendly terms, and he has been my guest at Ottawa in the period from 1878 to 1890, whilst I resided here as a Minister, and during which I did not receive from him, and he never offered me, any sum of money, gift or loan ; that Mr. Thomas McGreevy has never tried, directly, or, II 154 The Historv of the Year. ^ ' ill Sml! to my knowledge, indirectly, to influence me unduly in the execution of my duty, nor to obtain directly, or, to my knowledge, indirectly, verbal information or documents that my duty would have required me to hold as private ; that I never authorized anyone to communicate to him any such information, and he has received none to my knowledge ; that I did not know before Mr. Tarte adduced the evidence on the subject that Mr. Robert McGreevy was a partner with Messrs. Larkin, Connolly & Co., or interested directly or indirectly in their works ; that I always had full confidence in the integrity and capacity of the Chief Engineer of Public Works (Mr. Perley), and of the other officers of my Department who had anything to do with the works which have been inquired into ; that, up to the time Mr. Perley admitted it, I did not know that he had received any gift from the firm of Larkin, Connolly & Co., or from any of its members ; that, therefore, not being my.self an engineer, I considered I was justified in accepting and treating as correct the statements of the Chief Engi- neer, and in adopting his advice about works of which, on account of their special nature, I was not competent, personally, to form an accurate idea." After this general denial, 5ir Hector took up in detail such of his acts as were attacked by the evidence adduced by Mr. Tarte. He denied most positively the story of Owen E. Murphy, that he had received money from him, or that money had been paid to his son on his behalf He transferred the responsibility for the con- tract manipulations to other shoulders. On August 25th, Messrs. Osier & Henry put in factums regarding the evidence. No allusion was made to Sir Hector, but an effort was made to defend the Department by laying the principal blame on the shoulders of Thomas McGreevy, and a moderate share upon Engineer Perley. Mr. Fitzpatrick began an ingenious defence of Thomas McGreevy on the same day, in which he admitted his indiscretion, but contended that while some of the money taken from the firm of Larkin, Connolly & Co., may have gone to him, the larger part stuck to the fingers of Robert McGreevy and Owen E. Murphy. The following day Mr. Fitzpatrick concluded his address. He admitted that his client did wrong in accepting a donation from a contractor, for political purposes, and his conduct in connection with the Admiral was open to censure, but he was not per- sonally corrupt. He appealed to the Committee against making Mr. McGreevy a scapegoat of political exigencies. The Committee met on the 27th, in secret session, to consider their report, and its preparation was referred to a Sub-Committee of five, three Conservatives and two Liberals. The Sub-Committee were unable to agree upon a deliverance, and a majority report and minority report were presented to the Committee on Sep- tember i6th, and the former was adopted on a division. The difference between them was touching the relations of Sir Hector Langevin to the transactions of McGreevy, Murphy, et al. They substantially agreed, when it came to the point, whether or not fraud had been committed, or whether or not Thomas McGreevy lent his influence to the contractors for money. The Famous Tarte Charges. 155 The majority report of Sir John Thompson and Messrs. Girouard and Michael Adams took up the charges one by one, commencing first with those against Thomas McGreevy. The first charge made was that McGreevy, being a Member of Parliament, entered into an arrangement with Larkin, Con- nolly & Co., by which, in consideration of their taking his brother, Robert McGreevy, into partnership with them and in return for his (Thomas McGreevy's) help and influence to secure them the dredging contract at Quebec, he was to receive money. The report said, with regard to this : " It is asserted by O. E. Murphy and Robert McGreevy that Thomas McGreevy knew that his brother Robert was to have an interest in this contract, and to become partner in the firm. This 's denied by Thomas McGreevy, but the Committee have come to the conclusion that Thomas McGreevy knew of his brother's interest at the time that interest was acquired. Although the partnership agreement provided that Robert McGreevy should provide thirty per cent, of the capital, it appears that no capital was expected to be put in by him, and as a matter of fact none was ever contributed by him, nor did he take any part in the work. There is no evidence of any express agreement on the part of Thomas to give his help or influence to Larkin, Connolly & Co., in connection with these tenders, or their contract, but it .seems to have been understood by the parties interested that such help and influence should be given." The next charge dealt with the cross-wall contract of 1883. It declared, that Thomas McGreevy .secured the contract for Larkin, Connolly & Co. upon the promise of a payment of $25,CX)0, and that he suggested to the members of the firm to .so manipulate matters with Gallagher & Bcaucage, lower tenderers, as to make the.se tenders higher than that of Larkin, Connolly & Co. As a consequence the firm got the contract. McGreevy was paid $25,000, and $i,ooo was subscribed to the Langevin testimonial fund. Deal- ing with the manipulation of tenders, the Committee determine that McGreevy became aware of the nature of the tenders and kepi: his brother supplied with information with regard to them. It holds that the firm paid $25,000 out on account of this contract, but that $io,ooo of this money did not reach Thomas McGreevy, and was in some way appropriated by Murphy and Robert McGreevy, Murphy being the cashier of the firm. It is admitted by Thorn is McGreevy that about $1 5,000 paid by the firm in connection with the cross-wall contract went towards paying a judgment against him. The Committee, cannot accept liis statement that he was ignorant of the source, nor can they find that his alleged contributions towards the purcha.se of Le Monde newspaper affects the present question," The general conclusions of the Committee, as to the charges ay;ainst Thomas McGreevy, were : I. That in the year 1883 Larkin, Connolly & Co., amongst others, tendered for the cros.s-wall, and that before tendering, and in order to secure the influence of Thomas McGreevy, they agreed to take into partnership with them Robert, the brother of Thomas McGreevy, giving him thirty per cent, interest in the work, and that this was done with the knowledge of'Thomas McGreevy. i^n 156 The History of the Year. f i 2. That among the parties tendering were Beaucage and John Gallagher; that with the knowledge of Thomas McGreevy the tenders of Larkin, Connolly & Co., of Beaucage, and of Gallagher, were prepared by members of the firm of Larkin, Connolly & Co. 3. That while the tenders were being examined, and quantities applied, in the Department of Public Works, Thomas McGreevy obtained from the late John E. Boyd, an engineer in the Department, information in relation to the tenders, which he communicated to Larkin, Connolly & Co. before the result of the application of the quantities to the tenders was officially known. 4. That to the knowledge of Thomas McGreevy the tenders of Gallagher and Beaucage were lower than that of Larkin, Connolly & Co., but that Thomas McGreevy co-operated with O. E. Murphy and Robert McGreevy to secure the acceptance of the tender of Larkin, Connolly & Co. 5. That in July, 1883, Thomas received from the proceeds of certain notes for $5,000 each, made by Larkin, Connolly & Co., and endorsed by Larkin, Murphy, and N. K. Connolly respectively, the sum of $14,344. The next charge had reference to the Levis Graving Dock. It declared that in 1884 Thomas McGreevy agreed with Larkin, Connolly & Co., to secure them the contract for completion of this dock on condition that he should receive from them any excess over $50,000 of the contract price, and that accordingly Thomas McGreevy received $22,000. In the opinion of the Committee the evidence was inconclusive as to whether there was an agreement for a definite sum to be paid to Thomas McGreevy, but there was an understanding between Thomas McGreevy and Murphy that Thomas McGreevy was to receive something from the firm, and, accordingly, he did receive a sum or .sums, the amount of which cannot be satisfactorily determined. Passing then to the Esquimalt dock contract charges, the Committee reported that Thomas McGreevy manifested an interest in the affairs of the firm in con- nection with this work, and that he was aware, from the first, of Robert McGreevy's interest in the work, in connection with Larkin, Connolly & Co. Robert McGreevy was evidently taken in as a partner with the object of securing the influence of Thomas McGreevy. The Committee were unable to say that the evidence as to the sums Thomas McGreevy received was of such a character, or came from such a source as to justify the conclusion that any specific amounts were paid to Thomas McGreevy as remuneration for his services to the firm, but the Committee found that he did receive moneys, the amounts of which could not be definitely determined. In reference to the charge that the firm paid Thomas McGreevy $25,000 for securing the dredging contract at Quebec at thirty-five cents a yard, the Commit- tee reported that the evidence was explicit in support of this charge. Thomas McGreevy, knowing that his brother was a partner in the firm, made an arrange- ment with them by which he was to receive from them $25,000, to be appropri- ated for political purposes, out of the proceeds of the contract for 800,000 cubic The Famous Tarte Charges. 157 yards of dredging at thirty-five cents a yard, which, it was understood, he would endeavor to procure for the firm. In reference to the receipt of subsidies by Thomas McGreevy on account of the steamer Admiral, the Committee declared that Thomas McGreevy was the sole owner of the boat, that he was careful not to take the title in his own name at any time, but that he received $12,500 a year for running her. The Committee were unable to say exactly how much Thomas McGreevy secured through his various dealings with the firm, as the evidence was contra- dictory and irreconcilable, but they were convinced that Thomas McGreevy did act ill the interest of the firm throughout. Touching the Bale dcs Chaleurs subsidies, of which Thomas McGreevy was said to have received $40,000, the Committee concluded that although Thomas McGreevy did receive a portion of the subsidy, his doing so had not been shown to have been improper. The Committee further found that the name of Sir Hector Langevin was made use of by Thomas McGreevy in his dealings with Larkin, Connolly & Co., and that this was done in such a way as to give the impression that he had influ- ence with the Minister. But they denied that he had control over the Minister, or that he was the Minister's representative in any transactions referred to. The report then took up the charges as they bore upon the Department of Public Work.s. It reviewed the history of the cross-wall tenders, in which man- ipulation \*as said to have been resorted to, and declared that it was impossible to conclude with any degree of certainty that there was wilful application of improper quantities. The allowance of $19,000 from the agreed price to be paid by the contrac- tors for the plant on the E.squimalt dock was condemned by the Committee. The report also expressed disapproval of the recoursing of stone, which involved a large extra outlay. The report also condemned the increase in price for dredg- ing at the wet basin to thirty-five cents. It said the Department of Public Works had nothing to do with awarding the contract or the execution of the work, but Pcrley's course in connection with the recommendation of Langelier's figure could not be justified. There was no room for doubt that the inspectors appointed by the Harbor Commissioners were paid by Larkin, Connolly & Co., nearly $6,000 to induce them to make false returns of amounts of dredging done, nor could it be questioned that the profits of the dredging contract were greatly augmented by the fact that Larkin, Connolly & Co. were allowed on another contract a liberal price per yard for depositing dredged material on the wall. On the charge that Sir Hector Langevin had received money from the firm out of the proceeds of various contracts, the report took up Murphy's evidence and showed that he was in doubt as to the date of the alleged payments, and that his evidence conflicted with Robert McGreevy's, which was adduced in corrobora- tion. In view of the contradictory testimony, the report proceeded to review the history of Murphy and Robert McGreevy, pointed out that Murphy was by his 158 The History of the Year. own admission, an absconder and defaulter, that he declared himself to have been an active participator in every transaction by which the firm attempted to defraud the Government or corrupt or overreach the officials, while Robert McGreevy was hostile to his brother, and was proven by his own admission to have made, in 1887, a declaration on affidavit that his brother was not interested in a railway contract with him, although the contrary was the fact. For thc.«e reasons the Committee reported that the accusation of personal coiruption against Sir Hectoi Langevin had not been sustained, but had been disproved. It was proved that Larkin, Connolly & Co. contributed $1,000 to the Langevin testimonial fund, but it was likewise proved that Sir Hector Langevin was not aware of that fact until it was given in evidence before the Committee, and that he could not, therefore, have been influenced by that considen'*^ion in dealing with the contracts. The report concluded thus: "Having regard to the various features which appear in the contracts which were the subject of this investigation, we feci bound to report that the members of the firm of Larkin, Connolly & Co. con- spired to defraud the Government and the Harbor Commissioners, and were materially aided in their designs by Thomas McGreevy. This conspiracy has been all the more powerful and effective by reason of the confidence which the late Minister of Public Works had in the integrity and efficiency of his officers, and by reason of the confidence which the late Minister entertained with regard to Thomas McGreevy, and has accomplished results which are to be greatly regretted as regards the administration of the Department, and greatly to be condemned as regards those who lent themselves knowingly to the purposes of the conspirators. The charges against Sir Hector Langevin, as already intimated, having been as above set forth, the Committee would observe that in the course of the investigation an effort was made to connect him with the wrong-doing of others who have been reported against as directly connected with fraudulent conduct. The Committee, therefore, report that the evidence does not justify them in concluding that the Minister knew of the conspiracy before mentioned, or that he willingly lent himself to its objects. The Committee recommend that in addition to such action as may seem to be called for under the findings here- inbefore cxpre.s.sed, such legal proceedings as may be available be taken against those who are concerned in this conspiracy, and that for that purpose the book:^ and papers which were before the Committee be retained in order that they may be available for such proceedings." In the minority report, which was signed by Mr. David Mills and Mr. L. H. Davies, the Liberal members of the Sub-Committee, an altogether different con- clusion was arrived at regarding Sir Hector Langevin. It reviewed the history of the charges preferred by Mr. Tarte, and the evidence adduced at the Com- mittee in relation to them. It was stated that the testimony showed that the most intimate relations had existed between the McGreevy 's and Sir Hector Langevin for the past twenty years. In 1885 Thomas McGreevy advanced Sir Hector Langevin $10,000, taking in return promissory notes, which notes were TiiK Famous Taktk Chakc.ks. »59 still outstanding, McGrccvy payinj; the interest thereon ; that McGrecvy made Sir Hector Lanj^cvin's house his home in Ottawa from 1S78 until 1890, and also used his room in the Parliament IJuildiiijjs; that each contributed to establish and maintain Le Moiiiic newspaper, McCireevy's contributions amounting to $25,000; that McGreevy was treasurer of the funds of the Conservative party in Oucbec, while Sir Hector Langevin was the party leader and directed the expenditure for party purposes; that the amounts received by McGreevy from the contractors went to form part of this fund, and that McGrcevy's refusal to state how these moneys were disposed of made it impossible to state definitely to what extent Sir Hector was benefited, politically or otherwise, by their disbursements. The report stated that the members of the firm of Larkin, Connolly & Co. were personally known to Sir Hector Langevin and to McGreevy as contractors who had received from the Government during the years between 1878 and 1 89 1 $3,138,234, out of which they made profits amounting to nearly one million dollars, the cost of the works constructed being $2,184,259. Out of the profits the contractors gave " donations " amounting to $160,447. Robert McGreevy received $187,800 as his share of the profits, though he contributed no capital. Reference was made to the erasure of entries from the firm's books, to Thomas McGreevy's refusal to di.sclose the names of the parties whom he paid money for political purpo.ses, the bribery of inspectors by contractors, etc. With respect to the first dredging contract, the minority report pointed out that the contractors made large profits at twenty-seven cents per yard, their profits being double the cost of the work ; that McGreevy knew about his brother's interest in the contract ; and that he corruptly used his influence as a Harbor Commis- sioner and Member of Parliament to secure for Larkin, Connolly & Co., contracts and improper concessions in consideration of their taking his brother into part- nership without capital. The report went on to state that Kinipple and Morris, engineers on the Quebec harbor works, were wrongfully dismis.sed through the influence of McGreevy, because they stood between Larkin, Connolly & Co's profits. They were replaced by Perley and Boyd, of the Public Works Depart- ment, who were under the control of Sir Hector Langevin. According to the minority report, Thomas McGreevy bargained for, and received, $25,000 for exerting his influence to get the price for dredging out the basin increa.sed from twenty-seven to thirty-five cents a yard ; that Perley and other officers of the Public Works Department connived at this fraud ; that enormous profits were made by Larkin, Connolly & Co., in consequence of this change, reaching $14,000 in one year ; and that during the same year nearly $7,000 was paid as bribes to inspectors. Upon evidence given by Mr. Valin, ex-chairman of the Quebec Harbor Commission, and Mr. Dobell, a member of that Board, Mr. Mills and Mr. Davics, based their conclusion that Sir Hector Langevin passively connived at the frauds perpetrated in connection with the dredging contracts ; that large payments were made for work never performed ; that Engineer Perley received a gift of jewellery from the contractors to influence his reports ; and that Mr. Tarte's charges in connection with this work were proved. a- tiiii On the Lower Ottawa. TiiK Famous Tartk Charges. i6i '"'IK., The irregularities in connection with the Levis jjraving dock were next dealt with in the report. It stated that McGrccvy was paid $22,000 for procur- ing improper changes in the plans and conditions for the benefit of the con- tractors, and that Sir Hector Langevin committed an act wholly unjustifiable in agreeing to allow L irkin, Connolly & Co. $74,000 for the work they were already bound by their contract to perform. Sir Hector Langevin kept strict watch over and had an intimate knowledge of the affairs of Larkin, Connolly & Co., as was evidenced by the fact that, in 1886, he wrote to McGreevy urging him to get the firm to settle up with the Quebec Harbor Commissioners, and reminding McGreevy that he (Sir Hector Langevin) would have full control of the contract for the Esquimau dock — a contract then about to be let. " Indefensible and scandalous " were the terms used to describe the appoint- ment, at high .salaries, of Laforce Langevin, .son of Sir Hector, and Charles Mc- Greevy, son of Robert McGreevy, as engineers on the Quebec harbor works, Laforce not being an engineer at all. Perley, it was stated, recommended the payment of bogus claims made by the contractors in connection with this work. The cost of the Levis dock to the Government was $726,901, whereas the original contract price was $330,000 and the dock was reduced in length by fifty-five feet after the contract was awarded. Out of this job the contractors made $80,985, in addition to $45,035 paid to McGreevy and others. The min- ority report found that Sir Hector Langevin knew all the facts, and that in sanctioning Perley's reports, and in allowing the contractors' claims for extras, the conduct of Sir Hector was highly censurable and a violation of public trust ; that the conditions of the contract were deliberately violated by Sir Hector Langevin and Mr. Perley in order to favor the contractors. Wilful frauds were perpetrated in order to .secure to Larkin, Connolly & Co. the cross-wall contract. The lowest tenders were passed over, entailing a loss to the country of $69,860. McGreevy received $25,000 for his services corruptly rendered. Sir Hector Langevin could not be absolved from a know- ledge of the conspiracy to defraud the Government, and in permitting double payment for certain work he was guilty of a gross breach of public trust. In regard to the contract for the K.squimalt dock, the report set forth that Sir Hector Langevin and Perley improperly coerced and induced Starrs & O'Hanley, the lowest tenderers for that work, to withdraw their propo.sal, representing tnat it was too low, and this was done that Larkin, Connolly & Co. might get the contract ; that changes were made in the plans to favor the contractors ; that the contractors received from the Government for that work $581,841, or $207,168 more than their tender; that they paid $27,000 in "dona- tions " to Thomas McGreevy and others, in connection with the work ; and that the actual cost of the work was $50,000 less than the tender of Starrs & O'Hanley, which Sir Hector Langevin pronounced too low. The minority report went on to state that Michael Connolly, writing to his partners, agreed to pay $50,000 if the dock was lengthened fifty feet ; that M m if' g !i 162 The History of tiif. Year. McGrccvy undertook to procure this change ; that subsequently Sir Hector Langevin presented a report to the Council favoring it, which report was approved by the Council, but subsequently overruled by the Imperial Govern- ment. Messrs. Mills and Davies found that McGrecvy corruptly received from Larkin, Connolly & Co. over $130,000; that he received $42,000 out of the Baic des Chaleurs Railway subsidies without investing anything; that he was owner of the steamer /? .Sir Charlks Ti pphr, K.C.M.G., C.B.. II.C.L. High Conimixsimier In finglanii. ^4nlB )'l*' I II I ill 164 The History of the Year. Sir Julian would notify them when to return to Washington, which would be as soon as the President could conveniently give his attention to the negotia- tif)ns. The New York Herald, two days afterwards, said : " There will be no reciprocity with Canada under this Administration. That much is certain, and the certainty of it is just as well appreciated by one side as the other. Last Thursday Mr. Blaine told Sir Charles Tupper he would be ready on Monday to open informal discussion of the matter with Sir Charles and his colleagues. The three gentlemen promptly appeared at the appointed time, only to hear that the President had laid an interdiction on any present consideration of the subject, either formal or informal. The Canadians thereupon left town as promptly as they came, and in high dudgeon. Their return is neither expected nor desired by the President. The action of the President was based upon the consideration that as there was not the remotest chance of practical agreement, nothing was to be gained by the Administration of the country by carrying on the semblance of negotiations. Apart from his own reasons for not letting down the McKinley barriers here against the introduction of Canadian live stock and farm and dairy produce, the President had excellent grounds for believing that the Senate would not ratify any reciprocity treaty made with Canada. As soon, therefore, as he learned that Mr. Blaine had agreed to enter upon the discussion of the basis of a treaty he put a ve*^o on the whole business, and left Mr. Blaine to invent whatever explanation he deemed proper for postponing the affair indefinitely." On April 9th it was announced that Sir Julian Pauncefote had arranged with Secretary Blaine for a renev/al of the negotiations on October 12th, which created great satisfaction in official circles in Ottawa. Sir John Thompson and Mr. Foster were selected to represent Canada at the adjourned conference, but on October 2nd it was announced that a further postponement had been made at the request of President Harrison, to a date to be fixed by Sir Julian Paunce- fote and Secretary Blaine, when the latter returned to Washington. Mr. Blaine's ill health was given as the cause of the po.stponement, which excited intense interest in the United States. During the summer the efforts of the press to secure trustworthy information as to the state of Mr. Blaine's health were ineffectual, and all sorts of stories were set afloat, many of them designed to affect a popular feeling with regard to the possibility of the Secretary's candida- ture for the Presidency. But it was believed that the reason given for the post- ponement was a "dijilomatic " one. The New York 7V/^«;/^ of the 2nd, which is looked upon as the organ of the Harrison Administration, contained a scathing article on the question of reciprocity, charging Sir John Macdonald with breach of faith, alleging that the reciprocity negotiations were a fraud on the Canadian electorate, and concluding tiius : " Meanwhile it (the Government) will press its overtures upon President Harrison. Having broken faith with the American Government and misrepresented it to bring on an election, and having then cov- ered the American people with denunciation to win the election, the Tory !|i Canadian Reciprocity with the United States. 165 would be c negotia- vill be no ;rtain, and ler. Last londay to ues. The ir that the le subject, omptly as or desired sidcration ng was to iblancc of VIcKinley farm and that the As soon, Jiscussion [r. Blaine the affair arranged th, which pson and encc, but sn made Paunce- on. Mr. 1 excited :s of the ilth were igned to candida- :he post- d, which scathing 1 breach anadian press its merican len cov- le Tory machine now appeals to the United States for a treaty which will save Canada from an organic revolution. The negotiation begun under Macdonald as a fraud on the electorate, will be renewed under Abbott as his only chance to save Canadian Toryism and '" loyalty.'" 1^ THE JAMAICA EXPOSITION. ON January 27th, the Jamaica Exposition was opened by Prince George of Wales, at Kingston, with imposing ceremonies. Canadian business men were specially interested in the Exposition, in view of the efforts made by the Dominion Government to obtain clo.ser trade relations with these colonies. It will be remembered that Hon. George E. Eoster, Einance Minister, visited the West Indies, in November, 1890, with this object; but his mission was, perhaps, not as satisfactory as was expected. Canadian merchants and manufacturers, however, determined to make as creditable a display as possible at the Exposi- tion, and it was universally admitted that it far excelled that of any other country, both in elaborateness and merit, and was the talk of the island. It occupied a special pavilion, which was the chief centre of attraction. Great credit was deservedly given to Mr. Adam Brown, Ex.-M.P., of Hamilton, Ont, the Special Commissioner representing the Dominion Government at the Exposition, for the success which attended the Canadian exhibit. He was the best known foreigner on the island, and was popular with all classes. One great benefit the Exposition had, as far as Canada was concerned, was, that it opened the eyes of the people of Jamaica to the fact that there were other people to trade with in the world besides those of the United States. The unique main building, cruciform in plan, was built entirely by native labor. It was a light and graceful structure, of Moorish design, 51 1 feet long, 81 feet wide, and 59 in height. The transept was 174 feet long, of the same width as the main portion, and the dome was 1 14 feet high. The grounds, twenty- three acres in area, were about two miles from the Kingston docks. The I'-xposition was open fourteen weeks, and 304,000 people visited it. P^'nanci- ally it was not a success, the actual receipts only reaching $65,000, while the expenses of management amounted to $210,000. Several of the Canadian exhibits were awarded the highest possible honors. Mr. Adam Brown, the Canadian Commissioner to Jamaica, won golden opinions there. The Jamaica Post of April 29th, in a leading article on the subject of that gentleman's approaching departure, .said : " We cannot allow him to depart without wishing him bon voyage. . . Our predictions with respect to the manner in which Mr. Brown would perform his duties as the Commissioner of Ill I ill H5'if;rf'ii'!t!Ui 1 66 The Histokv of the Year. 11 Canada have not been falsified. We said that he would represent the yrcat northern Dominion at our Exposition faithfully and well; that he would spread useful and accurate knowledge in this island regarding Canadian manufactures and Canadian products generally, and that he would succeed in drawing the political and commercial bonds which unite this colony to Canada inore closely together. That he has accomplished the objects of his mission no one can doubt. Mr. Brown's services to the Exposition have been invaluable. He has worked indefatigably, and much of the success which has attended the undertaking is due to his energy, tact, and ability." Of Mr. Brown, personally, the Posi adds that " although a ' Britisher ' fro-n the crown of his head to the .soles of his feet, his style and address are essentially American." " He has none of that stiffness of manner," it continues, " which distinguishes so many of the political leaders of England. He is the embodiment or incarnation of the spirit which finds fitting expression in the American motto: ' Liberty, Equality, Fraternity'; while as a public speaker," it adds, " Mr. Brown has few equals." Mr. Brown, on his return to Canada, delivered an interesting address before the Montreal Board of Trade, on May i 5th, on the result of his mission. He spoke of the Canadian exhibits, and the first he dealt with was flour. It had been stated, and generally believed, that Canadian flour would not keep in the tropical countries. This he said was untrue. The first shipment of flour arrived in Jamaica on December 23rd. It received only ordinary care and attention. No flour was baked until it had been sixty days on the island, and baking was continued until April 23rd. On that day it was just as good as when it entered the country. The flour stood the test for all the time it was in Jamaica, and was always good and as sweet as a nut. The people there were very fond of the bread made with this flour, and one day 50,000 pieces were distributed among about 30,000 persons. The flour had been taken from all kinds of mills from all jiarts of the country. If the millers of Canadi only seize the opportunity given to them they have the trade of the West Indies at their feet. The people of Jainaica wanted to deal with the Canadians. Our railways are willing to make certain concessions that would enable the millers to compete with the New York trade, and the steamers had agreed to carry the flour from Halifax as cheap as if carried from New York. Bermuda also required our flour. The ne.xt subject was dairy products. L'ntil the exhibition the Jamaica people had never heard of nadian cheese and butter. They now consume a great deal of these articles, especially cheese. The cheese was landed in good conditio" ...id was examined carefully by the judges, and a very high award will be given to ihis article of Canadian produce. Such cheese and butter had never been seen in Jamaica before. The exhibit was sold by auction and brought good prices. The cheese and butter were bought in Montreal from diflerent merchants, but had been gathered from all parts of the country. Canadian bacon is so well liked that large orders have been sent in for further supplies. Mr. Brown then spoke of the ninety tlifforent samples of potatoes which he took the a.*: big as those of oxen. ONTARIO MINES. A CONVENTION of those interested in the mines of Ontario met in Toronto on March 31st and following day. They were called together by the Geo- logical and Mining Section of the Canadian Institute, with the primary object of considering a resolution pas.sed by the Section, that in its opinion a Department of Mines should be established by the Ontario Government. The convention, after being duly organized, passed a resolution to the effect that to secure the advancement of mining interests, as well as to encourage and foster this promising industry, it was of the opinion that the most important step was the establish- ment of a Provincial Department of Mines, to be presided over by a responsible Minister, vvho.se duty it should be to .set in motion such machinery as would lead to the establishment of the mining and metallurgical industries on a firm basis. Other resolutions were passed favoring the establishment of a Provincial Museum and of local schools of mines, for the better locating of claims, against all provin- cial taxation in the shape of royalties and ground rents, favoring the granting of liljcral sums by the Provincial Goverinncnt for the building of railways through- out the mining districts, opposing the sale of mining lands for arrears of taxes, f.ivoring the prosjiector having the right to stake out his claim, etc. On April 2nd a deputation from the convention waited upon the Local Government and submitted the resolutions adopted. Premier Mowat assured the deputation that he had followed the proceedings of the convention with great interest, that he was glad of the privilege of having the members of the convention wait upon him and explain their views, and that before the close of the .session the Government would take action in the way of bringing into force the best pos.sible regulations for the development and prosperity of the mining industry. On April 9th, Mr. Hardy, Commissioner of Crown Lands, introduced into the Legislature three bills respecting the mining laws of the province, making Ontario Mines. 169 siicli changes as were proposed by the Government. They were : An Act to aniLMul the Public Lands' Act ; an Act to amend the General Mining Act, and a Hill entitled the Mining Claims Act. He explained that the latter Bill was the measure introduced and carried to its second reading last session, with .some changes and some amendments, not radical in their nature nor extremely impor- tant, but amendments which it had occurred to the Government might be made in view of the changed aspect of the mining interests during the i)ast year, as com- pared with the knowledge they possessed a year ago. The effect of these three bills was contained in the following memorandum: I. That the Government shall not too readily part with the ownership of their public lands without receiving .some adequate consideration for the general uses of the province, and that when sold it shall be for the bona fide purpose of mining rather than for speculative purposes. 2. To secure as early and rapid a development of the lands which may be sold as possible. 3. To secure a revenue to the province (i) by the sale or rental of the lands; (2) from the actual workings by way of royalty. It is sought to secure these ends (i) by fixing a higher price for the lands when sold, (2) by rc(|uiring development within a limited time. 4. To introduce the option of leasehold at an annual rent instead of a grant in fee simple, thus retaining the fee in the Crown. 5. In making grants of land for agricultural purposes, to retain the ownership of the minerals in the Crown. (3. The establishment of a Bureau of Mines and the appointment of a Director of Mines. With reference to the Bureau of Mining, the Government had had under consideration the recom- mendations of the Mining Convention, and had come to the conclusion that it was not at the present time practicable to enlarge the Cabinet and the me iib^r- ship of the Government by adding an additional minister as a Minister of M'r'.y, as recommended by the convention. There might be arguments in favor of the addition to the Cabinet, but the convention probably considered less the general public and the general question than the simple one as to what in their opitiion would be most likely to aid the rapid development of the mining industry. There was at the convention a diversity of ideas upon the question as to what might be said in favor of enlarging the Cabinet. It had been thought wise not to move too rapidly in this matter. The director would simply be a man in charge of the Mining Bureau in the same sense as Mr. Blue is in charge of the Bureau of Sta- tistics, with the powers of a Mining Inspector and similar powers as Mr. Blue possesses. He would necessarily be a man conversant with mining matters, witK large information upon mining questions, and an expert to a large extent in many questions relating to mines. He would require a mining inspector to assist him. The Government employed one during the past year and he had done some work. He (Mr. Hardy) supposed the mining inspector would eventually become a per- manent officer, although not at .1 large salary. The Director of Mines would be entitled to a salary equivalent to that of a deputy head. The office would be for the time being, and until otherwise ordered, connected with the Department of Crown Lands. 12 ^ 170 The History oi-- the Year. The proposed legislation created general dissatisfaction among mine owners and other interested, as it was alleged it wojjld paralyze the mining industry for many years. Meetings were held at which resolutions were passed, protestin^f against the Act, and Committees were appointed to wait on the Government and submit the resolutions. A vigorous protest was particularly made against the proposed royalty upon the output of the mines. A strong deputation waited upon the Government on April 2i.st, and submitted the following resolution : " That it was the unanimous opinion of the public meeting held at the Rossin House, April 14th, to consider the mining Bills now be^'ore the Legis- lature, that : — "I. It was inexpedient and would injure the country and the mining industries of the Province, in their present condition, to subject the products of any of the mines, whether located on sold or unsold lands within the province, to any royalty or special tax. " 2. The patent should carry to the grantee, subject to such conditions for development as may be imposed, the absolute unlimited fee without reservation except as to merchantable pine. " 3. The price of mining locations in surveyed territory within five miles of any constructed line of railway or gravelled road should not exceed four dollars per acre, and outside of such belt should not exceed three dollars per acre, and in unsurveyed territory within five miles of such railway or road, as aforesaid, the price should not exceed three dollars per acre, and outside of such belt should not exceed two dollars per acre. " 4. That the laws applicable to mining should, as far as possible, be general, and that the laws of the Province, relating to mines and mining, should, as soon as possible, be simplified and consolidated." After hearing the views of the deputation Mr. Mowat stated that the subject was a very important one and had received .some little attention from the Government. It would continue to receive consideration until they could decide what was best to be done. When the Bill was considered in Committee of the House the following important changes were introduced by the Government : " In Section i of Clause I, the price of mining locations is reduced from five dollars per acre, and the Clause now reads as follows : After the passing of this Act the price of all Crown Lands, to be sold as mining lands, or location.s, in the districts of Algoma, Thund .r Bay, Rainy River, and that part of the district of Nipissing which lies North of the French River, Lake Nipissing, and the River Mattavva shall be — where the same is within a surveyed township, any part of which is within twelve miles of any railway — four dollars and fifty cents per acre ; where the same is within fifteen miles of any railway, but in unsurveyed territory, four dollars per acre ; all other mining lands three dollars per acre. Section 2, which provided that the price of all other Crown Lands should be three dollars per acre, is changed to read : The price of all other Crown Lands sold as mining lands or ■ *-i ■■■ III line owners ndustry for , protestin;; rovernmcnt idc against tion waited lution : leld at the the Lep[is- the mining products of le province, nditions for reservation ive miles of four dollars ;r acre, and bresaid, the belt should be general, ild, as soon d that the in from the 3uld decide 3 following action I of r acre, and ^rice of all ;f Algoma, which lies shall be— thin twelve le same is dollars per provided ier acre, is g lands or Ontario Mines. 171 locations and^ lying South of the aforesaid lake and rivers, when within a sur- veyed township, any part of which lies within twelve miles of any railway, shall be three dollars per acre ; when situated elsewhere, two dollars per acre. A fifth Section is added to the clause as follows : Notwithstanding anything herein contained, grants may hereafter be made of mining lands at the price and upon the conditions heretofore applicable, for which bona fitie application has been made to the Department of Crown Lands, in writing, prior to April 24, 1891. [a) Where the purchase money has heretofore been paid into the Department therefor, {b) Where a deposit has heretofore been made, in the Department, on account, and it is satisfactorily shown that considerable expense has been heretofore incurred in surveying the lands applied for, or in developing the mines thereon, or in and about the actual bona fide discovery of valuable minerals thereon, provided the application is renewed and the balance of the purchase money paid within three months from the passing hereof, (r) Instead of grants, leases may be made of such lands without reservation of and free from royalty. In Section I of Clause 2 the grantee or owner of a mining location is limited to seven instead of ten years as the period during which he will have to pay a royalty of three dollars for every acre where a patent exceeds 160 acres, and five dollars per acre where the patent is for 160 acres or less. The following is added to Section I of Clause 3, dealing with the royalties: Nevertheless, and to assure speedy development, it is provided that the royalty hereby reserved shall not be imposed or collected upon any ores mined, wrought, or taken, until after seven years from the date of the patent or lease." With a few other minor amendments the Bill was passed. VICTORIA UNIVERSITY. A MEMORABLE and historical ceremony took place on Monday, June 15th, in the Queen's Park, Toronto, viz. : the laying of the corner stone of the new Victoria College. A large and distinguished audience, including many ladies, assembled to witness the proceedings, which were presided over by Rev. Dr. Potts. After preliminary exercises. Rev. Dr. N. Burwash, Chancellor of Victoria University, read the historical scroll, which contained much interesting informa- tion in connection with the early history of the University. Dr. Egerton Ryer- son opened the first session of the College on October 21, 1841. He was suc- ceeded in 1844 by Alexander McNab, who occupied the position of Principal till 1-S49. Under his presidency the first B.A. degree in the Province of Ontario was conferred on the late Oliver Springer. The document certifying to this fact he held in liis hand. There were 140 students in attendance at the close of that term. In 1850 Dr. S. S. Nelles was appointed Principal. In 1854-5 the Faculty 172 TiiK History of the Yf.ak. of Medicine was added and established in Toronto. In i860 the Faculty of Law, and in 1871 the Faculty of Geology were added. In i«S33-4 the commission appointed by the Conference arranged for the consolidation of Albert CoIIl-^u with Victoria, to which legal effect was given by the passage of the rcijuisite sta- tutory enactments. Rev, S. S. Nelles, D.D., was appointed ex-officio first chan- cellor, and William Kerr vice-chancellor. The following colleges were then affiliated with Victoria, in addition to Albert : The Wcsleyan Ladies' College, Hamilton ; the Ontario Ladies' College, Whitby, and Alma College, St. Thomas. The last important accompli.shment was the federation with the University of Toronto. There had now been 547 graduates admitted to the standing of the B.A. degree, 219 to that of the M.A. degree, 901 to the M.D. degree, 79 to the LL.B. degree, and 28 to the LL.D. degree. Victoria College, as it was now to be built, would accommodate eight profes.sors in arts and four in divinity, and 100 students in the latter course and 200 in the former. In the corner stone was placed the official documents of the College relating to the constitution and last meeting of the Board of Regents, copies of the Christian Guardian and daily papers, and other current literature affecting the College. During his address, Dr. Burwash .said he hoped the day would mark a new era in the history of higher education in the province. He traced the onward march of Methodist educational institutions since sixty years ago, when the first college was founded in Upper Canada. Other denominational colleges .soon sprang into existence, but it was soon discerned that the conflicting institutions could not make satis- factory progress, being divided in interest, and it was owing to the efforts of the late Hon. Robert Baldwin that a federation of the existing colleges, at that time, was accomplished in a national university. The effort thus commenced fifty years ago was resumed in 1846, 1853 and 1887. The founding of the pre- sent Victoria College building was the practical issue of the final attempt. From this unity of effort they hoped that around the spacious University park there would grow up in the days to come, not merely strong colleges in which young men would be thoroughly educated and cultured to the standard of the B.A. degree, but schools of theology, of medicine, of law, of mines, of engineering, of biological, of chemical and physical, of political science, of classical and modern philology, and of Oriental learning and philosophy, the fame and influence of which might be felt in all parts of this continent, and even in distant parts of the world. In laying the corner-stone of this university they believed that they were planting in the intellectual centre of our country the moral power, the pro- found spiritual interest, the wealth, and the mind of three-quarters of a million of people. A handsome silver trowel was then presented to Mrs. Geo. A. Cox, wife of the Treasurer of the College, by Judge Dean, of Lindsay, the oldest graduate of Victoria in the country. Mrs. Cox thereupon gracefully performed the necessary offices in connection with the corner-stone, which was declared well and truly laid. Addresses were then delivered by Rev. Dr. Douglas, of Montreal ; Hon. Victoria University. »73 I ■ iilty of Law, commission XTt Coilu'^l' L*(|iiisitc sta- first chan- 1 were then ics' Collcf^c, "it. Thomas, nivcrsity of idinfj of the e, 79 to the was now to ivinity, and r stone was on and last 7 and daily liis address, 2 history of Methodist as founded existence, rnakc satis- forts of the that time, need fifty the pre- pt. From park there ich young r the H.A. icerintJf, of d modern luence of rts of the that they the pro- nilhon of :, wife of duate of lecessary nd truly il ; Hon. G, W. Ross, Minister of Education ; Hon. lulward IMakc, Chancellor of Toronto University ; Sir Daniel Wilson, President of Toronto University ; Rev. Dr. Deuart, Mr. George A. Uo.x, Rev. Dr. Rand, Principal of McMastcr College : l\e\. J. Hurwash, President of the Alumni Association of Victoria ; Hon. J. C. AiUins, e.\-Licutenant Governor of Manitoba, and Hon. Oliver Mowat, Premier of Ontario. Before the ceremonies were brought to a close, Rev. Dr. Potts called .itteiition to the fact that they were in a great measure indebted to the generosity of the late lamented Senator John Macdonald and Mr. VVm. Gooderham, who had bcciucathcd respectively $25,000 and $200,000 to the institution. The pro- ceedings closed with the singing of the National Anthem and the benediction. NOVA SCOTIA LEGISLATURE. Till". Provincial Legislature was opened at Halifax, on April 2nd, by Lieu- tenant-Governor Daly. The Speech from the Tlirone referred to proposed legislation in the matter of roads and bridges, the School for Agriculture, and the enlargement of the Victoria General Hos- pital. Attention was called to the claims of the Province upon the Dominion (jovcrnment for a refund of moneys e.xpendcd by the Provincial Government on railways, which have become the prop- ert\- of the Dominion, or have been taken untier the legislative control of Canada. Among other matters referred to, were measures for effecting a reduction in the rate of interest on a portion of the public debt, to improve the Nova Scotia l""ran- chisc Act, and to amend the Towns In- corporation Act. Parliament was pro- rogued on May 19th. From a financial point of view one of the most important features of the session was the decision to apply to the Dominion Government for nearly a million and a (luartcr dollars, which the Province gave to the Eastern Extension Railway, and to the Western Counties Railway, the former having become a feeder to the Inter- colonial Railway, and the latter having been declared to be a road for the general advantage of Canada. • Hon. W. S. Fikliilnc;, Provincial Secretary', X.S. HI THE NEW CANADIAN BANKING LAW. mwmm iiii 1^11 K liank Act, which was passed at session of Par' i amen t of 1890, came into operation on July 1st. Under its provisions no new bank can be opened unless at least a cpiarter of a million of capital, insteatl of $100,000 as formerly, is paid in, and has been placed on deposit with the (loverninent. Then directors may be chosen, a majority of whom must be British subjects by birth or natural- ization, and not the whole, as under the old Act. Each director now must make the payment of $3,000 worth of stoek in cash, where the entire stock is a million, and $4,000 where the stock exceeds a million, thereby compelling; him to have ii cash interest in the institution he directs. In the issuing of lUJtes the old .system obtains, but with the safeguard which a redemption fund provides. All banks will contribute five per cent, of their avcraj^e circulation to this fund, and out of the fund the notes of suspended banks shall, two months after the suspension is efccted, be paid. The fund is to be replenished out of the as.sets of the defunct bank, but, pending its restoration, the banks in general are to be called upon to make it gootl. Under this system, wlK.>thcr banks are .solvent or insolvent, the notes will always be worth their face value. Whenever a bank fails, and the redempti(jn fund has been drawn upon, the fund must be restored, not, however, in a lump sum, but at the rate of one per cent, annually of the circulation of each bank. To prevent the danger arising from an over-issue of notes by banks /;/ extremis, the penalties for excess of circulation have been increased ten-fold. Thus there is to be a fine of $10,000 instead of $1,000, for an over-issue of $20,000 upwards to $100,000. The Act stipulates, however, that the.se penalties shall not form a charge upon the assets until the other liabilities are paid, thus protecting creditors and note-holders from being fined for the mi.sdeedh; of the manager or cashier. Another protective clause prohibits the pledging, assign- ment, or hypothecation of notes. A bank, as a last resort, may endeavor to raise money on notes it cannot issue in the ordinary way, and as notes are a first lien upon the assets, the practice establishes preferential claims. The punishment for this offence is to be a fine of from $400 to $2,000, imprisonment for not more than tw(j years, or both fine and imprisonment. The banks now arc also required to make provision for the acceptance of the bills of all banks at par, a bank beint; named in all the large business centres, at which the bills of all distant banks will be accepted at par, or exchanged for bills of banks which will pass at par. Further regulations require that no bank shall declare an annual dividend exceeding eight per cent, of its capital, and that all banks shall, in their annual reports, indicate their losses as well as their profit.s. It is also provided that a list of all unclaimed dividends or balances, as are of five years' standing, shall be furnished to the Government for publication every year. In ca.se of insolvency 174 Tin: NiAv Canadian Hankinc; Law. •75 O, came into 1 be opctiL'd as formerly, leii directors li or natural- ' must make is a luillioii, m to have a : old system All banks , and out of uspension is " the defunct led upon to isolvent, the lils, and the ot, however, ition of each )y banks in cd ten-folii. ver-issue of se i)enaltics paid, thus eed;- of tiic iuLj, assi^ni- iideavor to s are a first )unishmeiit r not more so required bank beint; ;tant banks )ass at par. 1 dividciui leir annual ded that a ding, shall insolvency the unclaimed money is to go to the Government for safe-keeping. The thirty- seventh section of the new Act provides that all sales and transfers of shares, and all agreements in respect thereof, shall be null and void, unless the person making such sale is at the time thereof the registered owner of the shares in the books of the bank. It also sets forth that in all sales the registered numbers of the shares shall be mentioned. Any person selling a share by a false number, or selling a share of which he is not the registered owner, or selling a share with- out the consent of such owner, shall be liable to a penalty of $i,ooo, or to imprisonment for a term not to exceed five years, which puts an end to gambling in stocks. MANITOBA POLITICS. TIIK Legislature was formally opened on February 26th. The Lieutenant- Governor's Speech from the Throne referred to the death of Speaker VVinram, the prospects for immigration, the establishment of Farmers' Institutes, and the necessity of providing for the care and treatment of insane patients. Mr. S. J. Jackson, member for Rockwood, was elected Speaker, and the House ad- journed till March 10th. The House re-assembled on the loth, and, on the 13th, adjourned till the i8th for the pur- pose of enabling legislation to be prepared. Tlic Legislature prorogued on Ajjril i8th, when the bills passed were read, and assent i(ivcn to all, excepting " an Act to author- ize companies, institutions, or corpora- tions incorporated out of this province to transact business therein," which was re- served, as it was one of those recently disallowed at Ottawa. Among the Bills was one granting a cash bonus of $i,5(X),ooo to the Hud.son's Hay Railway on the com- pletion of the road. Attorney-General Martin, who was elected in Portage la Prairie, resigned his portfolio in the Greeiuvay Government on April 3rd, and intimated his intention of retiring from office and public life at the ''°pJ,nl^T^lZZa!' close of the session. He had resigned the previous year, he said, fully intending to drop out, but it was represented to ill "111 w Manitoba Politics. 177 him with great force, that, having introduced the school legislation, it was his duty to remain in office and fight it through. He recognized the force of that argument and remained. But that drawback existed no longer; and, besides, it was absolutely essential that he should devote his undivided attention to his private affairs. As to his recent election, he felt that he owed it to himself to be re-clcctcd, as he did not propose to retire under any cloud. In coming to his decision to retire he had no regrets. Public life in the province had few attrac- tions to a man who desired to do his duty fearlesr.ly. Almost since the day he took office he had been pursued by a veritable pack of sleuth hounds, with a malignity that would put Satan to shame. He felt, hov/evcr, that the gang had been worsted, and that his retirement would not jeopardize the interests of the province. His resignation took effect on May 1st. Mr. Clifford Sifton, member for North Brandon, was, on May 14th, sworn in as Attorney-General in succession to Mr. Martin. His appointment was looked upon as adding great strength to the Government. NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION. Oy,K of the most important Conventions ever held in Toronto was that of the National Educational As.sociation. It was estimated that about twenty thousand teachers from the United States and Canada were in attendance, and it taxed the energies and resources of the citizens to provide accommodation for them. The welcome meeting was held in the Mutual Street Rink, on Tuesday afternoon, July 14th. Addresses of welcome were delivered by Mr. James L. Hughes, on behalf of the Local Executive Committee ; Rev. Principal Grant, of Kingston, for the Dominion ; Hon. G. W. Ross, for Ontario ; Rev. Dr. Allison for Nova Scotia ; Rev. Mr. Rexford for Quebec, and Mayor Clarke for the city. An address of welcome was also read from the Ontario Teachers' Association by President Mackintosh. Hon. W. R. Garrett, President of the National Association, and others, replied to the addresses of welcome. The Convention lasted till the 1 7th, and during the session most interesting and instructive papers were read and discussed, and addresses de!i\ered. Among these were : "The School of the Future," by Col. P'rancis W. Parker, of Chicago, 111.; " Pat- riotism," by State Sujierintendent Preston, of Jackson, Miss ; " The Present .Status of Education in the United States, ' by Hon. \V. T. Harris, Commissioner of Education for the United States ; " The Educational System of Ontario," by Hon. G. W. Ross, Minister of Education for Ontario; "The Profession of Teaching," by Merrill E. Gates, LL. 1' President of Amherst ('(jllege, Amherst, Mass.; "Elementary Education," by rof Clarke, of Trinity College, Toronto, and Prof Goldwin Smith, Toronto ; " The Professional Training of Teachers," 178 The History of the Year. ■i wU by D. J. Goggin, M.A., Principal Normal School, Winnipeg, Man.; " Educational Propaganda," by Hon. A. J. Rickoff, New York; " Independent District System," by Mr. Macdonald, editor of the Western School yotirna /,Topeka; "Education in the United States Army," by Chaplain Ainsvvorth, of New Mexico ; " Indian Schools," by Dr. Oronhyatekha, Toronto ; " In Search of an Education," by Momolu Ma.ssaquoy, Prince of the Vey Nation, Africa ; " The Public School," by Rev. Principal Grant, of Kingston. Able and interesting papers were al.so read at the meetings of the various sections. The officers for 189 1-2 were elected as follows: President, PI H. Cook, of New Brunswick, N.J. ; Secretary, R. W. Steven.son, of Kansas ; Treasurer, J. M. Greenwood, of Missouri. The following gentlemen were made honorary members of the Association : Hon. G. W. Ros.s, Minister of Education, Ontario ; Prof Goldwin Smith, Toronto ; Rev. Principal Grant, Queen's College, Kingston ; Prof W. Clarke, Trinity University, Toronto; Inspector J. L. Hughes, Toronto; H. A. E. Kent, Toronto; Rev. E. Rexford, Quebec. Helena, Montana, was selected for the next Annual Convention, provided she can meet the requirements ; if not Saratoga will be the place. On the last day of the session (July 17th) a meeting of prominent Canadian educationists was held, at which it was decided to form a Dominion Educational Association, and it was also decided to form a provisional council to mnke arrangements for the first convention of Canadian educationists. This council to consist of, first, the Ministers and superintendents of educators of the several provinces ; second, the heads of the universities and colleges of the Dominion ; third, the head-masters of all the Normal Schools of the Dominion ; fourth, the Presidents of all Teachers' Associations of the Dominion ; and fifth, the Presi- dents of all the sections of Provincial A.ssociation.s. THE ST. CLAIR TUNNEL. 'T'lII'-Rh' were great rijoicings in Sarnia, Ont., and Port Huron, Mich., on <• Saturday, September 19th, on the occasion of the formal opening, by the pn .sage of the inaugural train, of the tunnel underneath the River St. Clair, con- necting these towns, and giving a continuous all-rail route over the Grand Trunk Railway .systems. The train contained Sir Henry Tyler, Presidcn of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and a large number of distinguished guests from Canada and the United States. Addresses of welcome were made by the Town Councils and citizens of the two .•nuimipalitic'^, to both ot uhich Sir Henry replied. The Grand Trunk freight sheds at Sarnia had been transformed into a banquetting hall, and here the distinguished company were entertained to a banquet by the directors of the road. Sir Henry Tyler presided, and speeches The St. Clair Tunnel. 179 worthy of the occasion were delivered by the chairman, United States Consul- General Knapp, of Montreal; O'Brien J. Atkinson, of Port Huron; Sir John Ross; Sir Casimir Gzowski ; Governor Wiman, of MichiSfw: A Murderous Strike. 217 interred on April 5th, in the cemetery at Scottdale, Pa., in the presence of about 5,003 people. After this, quietness reigned for some days, and the military were withdrawn. Orders for wholesale eviction of the miners on April 20th, had been given by the coke companies, which led to further trouble. On the i8th, dynamite was exploded in several parts of the coke region, doing considerable damage; and officials, who were serving writs of ejectment, were brutally treated. On April 22nd a pitched battle took place between evicting officers, assisted by a large force of special guards, and about three hundred Hungarians, men and women. A Hungarian girl was killed, and many persons seriously injured. But for the arrival of a company of soldiers, every deputy-sheriff would have been injured, if not killed. On the '26th general quietness was reported throughout the region, and that most of the plants were again running. The strike terminated on May 21st, and the men, in large numbers, applied to be reinstated. The strike involved about 16,000 men. On the following day Captain Laurer and the deputies, who were indicted for the murder of the strikers, were all acquitted. TWENTY-ONE LIVES SACRIFICED. A HORRIBLE accident occurred at the Quebec Worsted Factory, Hare Point, on February 12th. The factory had been idle for a week, owing to necessary repairs to the boiler, and that morning the boiler was being tested prior to again starting the machinery. A large number of the factory operatives were present at the test, when the boiler exploded, shattering the boiler-house and destroying a large portion of the factory. Twenty-one persons were killed and thirty wounded. ADMIRAL PORTER, U.S. NAVY. ADMIRAL DAVID DIXON PORTER, of the United States Navy, died at Washington, D.C., on February 13th. Death resulted from fatty degen- eration of the heart. He was born in Philadelphia, Pa., on June 8, 1814. On February 2, 1829, he was made a midshipman in the Navy, and for several years served on the Mediterranean Squadron. From 1837 to 1840, he was engaged in coast survey duty, and received his lieutenant's commission in 1841. In 1847 he was made Commander of the Spitfire for his gallantry in the operations against Mexico, during the war with that country. After the war he was engaged again for a year in Coast Survey duty, and for some years afterwards was engaged in command of steamships in the merchant service. From 1858 15 2l8 The History of the Year. I to i860 he served in the Navy Yard at Portsmouth. Throughout the war of the Rebellion he was a conspicuous figure in all prominent naval engagements, a.id his promotion was rapid. He was repeatedly thanked by the American Con- gress, for his bravery and services. He was appointed admiral in August, 1870. With his death the rank of Admiral of the Navy expired. A CONNECTING LINK. ON February 14th, amid impressive ceremonies, the Lieutenant-Governors of British Columbia, and of Washington Territory, drove the last spikes in the city of Blaine, Washington, that completed the first railroad connection between British Columbia and the State of Washington. A railway now stretches all the way from Vancouver, B.C., to California. GENERAL TECUMSEH SHERMAN. THE United States lost one of her most illustrious and gallant sons in the death of General William Tecumseh Sherman, at his home, on Seventy- first Street, New York city, on Saturday February 14th, after a few days illness. The hero of many a battle, was born in Lancaster, Ohio, February 8, li820. He was the sixth child, and was adopted by Thomas Ewing, and attended school in Lancaster until 1836, when he entered the Military Academy at West Point, graduating from that institution in 1840, standing sixth in a class of forty-two members. His received his first commission as a second lieutenant in the Third Artillery, July I, 1840, and was sent with that command to Florida. On November 30, 1841, he was promoted to a first lieutenancy. In 1843, o" his return from a short leave, he began the study of law, not to make it a profession, but to render himself a more intelligent soldier. In 1846, when the Mexican war broke out, he was sent with troops to California, where he acted as adjutant- general to General Stephen W. Kearney. On his return, in 1850, he was married to Ellen Boyle Ewing at Washington, her father, his old friend, then being Secretary of the Interior. He was appointed a captain in the Comniis- sionary Department, September 21, 1850, but resigned in 1853, and was appointed manage*" of a bank in San Francisco, but sub.sequently took up his residence in New York, as agent for a St. Louis firm. In 1858-59 he practised law in Leavenworth, Kansas, and the following year became Superintendent of the Louisiana State Military Academy. It was while he was acting in this General Tecumseh Sherman. 219 connection that Louisiana seceded from the Union, and General Sherman promptly resigned his office. On May 13, 1 861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Infantry, with instructions to report to General Scott at Washington. Sherman was put in command of a brigade in Tyler's Division. On August 3, 1861, he was made a brigadier-general of volunteers, and was sent to be second in command to General Anderson, in Kentucky. On account of broken health General Ander- son was relieved from the command, and General Sherman succeeded him on October 17th. Just after the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in 1862, General Sherman was assigned to the Army of the Tennessee. In the great battle of Shiloh, Sherman's Division served as a sort of pivot. He was wounded in the hand during the fight, but refused to leave the field. General Halleck declared that " Sherman saved the fortunes of the day, on the 6th, and contri- buted largely to the glorious victory of the 7th." General Sherman was always conspicuous for judgment and dash. He was made a major-general next, and on July 15th he was ordered to Memphis. On account of brilliant services in the Vicksburg campaign he was appointed a brigadier-general. On October 14, 1863, General Sherman was ordered to take his corps to the relief of General Rosecrans, who had been forced back into Chattanooga, after the battle of Chick- amauga. On the morning of the 25th Sherman pursued the enemy by the roads North of Chickamauga and, everywhere, destroyed the rebel communications. During these operations General Burnside was beseiged at Knoxville. Sherman made forced marches to his relief, and, after supplying him, marched back to Chattanooga. After General Grant had been made lieutenant-general he assigned General Sherman to the command of the military division of the Mississippi. On February 19, 1864, General Sherman received the thanks of Congress for his services in the Chattanooga campaign. On April loth he received his orders to move against Atlanta. His force then consisted of 99,000 men, with 254 guns, while the Confederate army, under Johnston, was composed of 62,000 men. Sherman repeatedly attacked the enemy, who gradually fell back. On July 17th Sherman began the direct attack 0.1 Atlanta. In a number of severe sorties the Union forces were victor- ious, and on September ist the enemy evacuated the place. Sherman immed- iately moved forward to the works that covered Savannah, and soon captured that city. His army had marched 300 miles in twenty-four days, through the heart of Georgia, and had achieved a splendid victory. Sherman was made a major-general, and received the thanks of Congress for his triumphal march. Sherman left Savannah in February, and soon flanked Charleston, compelled its evacuation, and entered Columbus on the 17th. He thence moved on Goldsboro, opening a communication by the Cape Fear river with Scholfield. Johnston, at Greensboro, received news of Lee's surrender, and sent word to Sherman, asking on what terms he would receive his surrender. Sherman made a basis of agreement, which was repudiated by the Government as being too lenient. li! 220 The History of the Year. The General determined not to revisit Washington, but finally did so at the special request of the President. General Sherman took leave of his army on May 30th. From June 27, 1864, to March 3, 1869, he was in command of the military division of the Mississippi. Upon the appointment of Grant, as general of the army, Sherman was promoted to be lieutenant-general, and when Grant became President of the United States, March 4, 1869, Sherman succeeded him as general, with headquarters at Washington. At his own request, and in order to make Sherman General-in-Chief, he was placed on the retired list, with full pay and emoluments, on February 8, 1884. For a while, after that, the General resided in St. Louis, but some years ago moved to New York, where he became a great favorite. There was hardly a night that he did not attend some dinner, entertainment, or theatre party, and he became well known as an eloquet t after-dinner speaker. The General lived very quietly with his family at his .louse in Seventy-first street, near Central Park. The General's wife died a few years ago, and two of his daughters are married. One of his sons is a Jesuit priest, and is, at present, studying in the Island of Jersey, in the English Channel. Two unmarried daughters and a son, a lawyer, comprise the General's household in this city. DARING THEFT IN A LONDON BANK. A DARING theft was committed on February i6th, at the London office of the National Provincial Bank of England. A youth in the employ of the Bank of Scotland laid upon the counter a satchel contaming ;^i 1,590 in Bank of England notes, and at that moment he was accosted by a man who asked him if he could direct him to the Union Bank. Before he replied he looked on the counter for his satchel, but found it had disappeared. No trace of the thief was found. FELIX GEOFFRION. THE death was announced at Vercheres, Que., on February 19th, of Feli.x Geoffrion, a well known politician. He was born in Varennes, Que., and at the age of twenty-three married the youngest daughter of Lieut.-Col. Dan- sereau, of Vercheres. He was a notary by profession, and from 1854 to 1863 was registrar for that county, and subsequently became president of the Montreal, Chambly and Sorel Railway. In 1874 he was appointed to the Select Committee to enquire into the causes of the difficulties existing in the North-West in 1869-70 of which committee he became chairman, and prepared the report submitted to Parliament. He preceded Mr. Laurier as Minister of Inland Revenue under Mr. Felix Geoffkion. 231 Mackenzie's leadership, having been sworn into the Privy Council on July 8, 1874. From 1863 until the union he represented Vercheres in the Canadian Assembly. He was returned to the House of Commons aftci Confederation, and again re-elected by acclamation on being called to the Council. He resigned his portfolio in December, 1876, owing to failing health, but retained his seat in the Commons. He was re-elected in 1878, 1882 and 1887. In politics he was a staunch and consistent Liberal. THE SPRING HILL MINE DISASTER. A TERRIBLE accident occurred in a coal mine at Spring Hill, N.S., on February 21st, through an explosion of fire damp, by which 123 lives were lost. An appeal for help to the widows and fatherless was most liberally responded to from all parts of the Dominion. Her Majesty the Queen cabled her regret and sympathy. This was the worst accident of the kind that ever occurred in Canada, and it naturally aroused the deepest and most practical expressions of sympathy. Owing, however, to some unfortunate mismanagement of the funds subscribed for the sufferers, several municipalities decline to hand over the sums voted. THE NEW U. S. TREASURER. THE appointment of the Hon. Charles F"oster, ex-govcrnor of Ohio, as Secretary of the United States Treasury Department in succession to the late Mr. Windom was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on February 6th. Mr. Foster's appointment gave great satisfaction. He was born sixty-two years ago in Ohio and obtained a business and banking experience early in life, becoming one of the most promising business men of the State. He was sent to Congress in 1870, and served eight years. In 1879 he was elected Governor of Ohio by 18,000 majority, and was re-elected in 1881 by 25,000 majority. He has long been a personal friend of President Harrison. PARTITION OF AFRICA. SIR HENRY BROUGHTON LOCH, Commissioner-in-Chief of Cape Colony and the Hon. Cecil John Rhodes, Premier of Cape Colony, visited England, and on February 25th concluded satisfactory negotations as to the 222 The History of the Year. adjustment of the relation between the provinces under British rule south of the Zambesi, and also regarding the respective delimitations of England and Portugal in South Africa. THE CENSUS IN INDIA. THE Indian Census was taken on Friday night, February 27th. From the first rough estimates it was seen that some large cities, such as Madras with 450,000, and Bombay with 804,464 of a population, made a smaller showing than was anticipated, but Calcutta made a good showing with about 750,000. In Lower Bengal, an increase had occurred from 69,500,000 to 74,000,000, and in Burmah there was a considerable advance, the population being placed at 7,500,000. In July the first tabulations of the census were published. The population of British India has increased 26,000,000 since 1 88 1, and now numbers 220,500,000. The feudatory States have, besides, a population of 65,500,000. The rate of increase in the former was eleven per cent., an astonishing figure for the most densely populated country in the world. In England, according to the highest statistical authority, a .square mile of highly cultivated agricultural land gives employment to fifty persons, in the proportion of twenty-five men, old and young, to twenty-five women and boys. In Bengal, as the census shows, there is an average of 474 persons to every .square mile, including large tracts of swamp and untillable land. Bengal, which has one-twenty-third part of the area of the United States, actually has nine million more inhabitants than the latter country- Taking the cultivable land only, there are 715 persons to the square mile. AGAINST TRUSTS AND COMBINATIONS. EARLY in February the Indiana Legislature passed a sweeping measure against trusts and combinations, declaring them " conspiracies to defraud," and inflicting a penalty of from $1,000 to $10,000 fine, with imprisonment of from two to five years, upon anyone convicted of being connected in any way with such schemes, and also taking away the State Charter from any corporation so convicted. TURKISH SLAVE TRADE. . THE British Embassy at Constantinople submitted to the Sultan, Abdul Hamid, a practical scheme for the effective abolition of the Turkish slave trade, and, early in February, the Sultan signified his approval and promised his assistance. The scheme was to establish, control and support homes, by the State, in Constantinople, Smyrna, Tripoli, Jedda and other centres, where freed slaves could be hired for service and their children educated. Provision was also made for the settlement of the famlies of manumitted slaves on State lands. SEVEREST WINTER OF THE CENTURY. LAST winter was the severest experienced in Great Britain of the present century. The frost lasted for nine continuous weeks, and the canals and streams were icebound ; even a number of tidal rivers being frozen fast. Numerous deaths resulted from the extreme cold and starvation. In every country on the continent of Europe the severe weather caused intense suffering, especially among the poorer classes, and loss of life. The coasts of Belgium, Holland and North Germany were blocked with ice. Several vessels were struck by immense masses of floating ice and sunk. Many harbors were rendered inaccessible on account of ice. In Northern Italy numbers of people per'shed in the snow storm.s, as such weather was entirely unknown to the inhabitants of that region. Railway traffic, all over the continent, was interrupted for days. The severity of the frost, and the wind and sleet, were greater than ever before chronicled. The town of Sebdon, in North Africa, was completely blockaded by snow, and before succor could reach the inhabitants large numbers had perished from hunger. So great was the distress in the provinces of France, that the Government appropri- ated six million francs for the relief of the poor. On January 2ist a thaw .set in throughout Great Britain, causing disastrous floods; roads, bridges, and even houses, being swept away, and three persons being crushed to death in an avalanche of snow and earth, at Folkestone, England. The cold continued intense on the continent for some days longer, and then milder weather prevailed, followed by disastrous floods. In February the coasts of Scotland and Ireland were visited by violent gales, causing several disasters and loss of life. For several days, in the beginning of March, a blizzard — the worst in a decade — raged throughout England, completely suspending railway traffic, causing great damage to property, wrecking a large number of fishing vessels, which resulted in the loss of many lives. 223 »■ THE CLITHEROE ABDUCTION CASE. WHAT is known as the Clitheroe abduction case created a great sensation throughout England, as it showed the unsatisfactory condition of the mar- riage laws. On Sunday morning, March 8th, a Mrs. E. H. Jackson, while standing with another lady outside the parish church at Clitheroe, was forcibly .seized by her husband and two other men and driven to his house at Blackburn, where she was kept for some days, notwithstanding repeated attempts by her relatives to procure her release. Application was then made to the courts, and it was decided, in effect, that a wife could not be compelled to live with her hus- band against her will, thus practically rendering the marriage contract nugatory. The decision gave rise to considerable di.scussion in the press. THE NEW ORLEANS TRAGEDY. THE civilized world was shocked on learning of the awful tragedy that occur- red in New Orleans on March 14th. What led to the tragedy may be briefly related as follows : Chief of Police Hcnnessy was brutally murdered on the night of October 15, 1890, by, it was suppo.sed, members of the Mafia — a murderous Italian secret society — as he had been indefatigable in his efforts to break up the band. Nineteen of the suspects were arrested and the trial of nine of the members was fixed for February i6th. The trial lasted till March 10th, and to the surprise of most people, the jury acquitted six of the prisoners, and a mistrial was entered in the case of the other three. It had been suspected before the conclusion of the trial that the jur)' had been tampered with by a private detec- tive. That night a number of influential citizens met and decided upon taking the law into their own hands. An advertisement was inserted in the morning papers for a mass meeting of the citizens on the 14th, and bore the significant words : " Come prepared for action." By ten o'clock that morning thousands of people had assembled around the city statue, when inflammatory speeches were made by W. S. Parkerson, a prominent lawyer, and others. The crowd then marched to the prison and the keys were demanded from the officials. Upon their refusal the door was broken open, and between sixty and seventy armed men rushed in. Nine of the Italians, including five of those who were awaiting trial, were mercilessly riddled with bullets, and two others were hanged outside the gaol in full view of the thousands who were waiting outside. The others saved their lives by hiding away from the lynchers, who, after their bloody work, were loudly cheered by the crowds. Then all quietly dispersed. 224 The New Orleans Tragedy. 225 Four of the victims were alleged subjects of the King of Italy. A vehement protest against the outrage was promptly offered by Italy, through Baron Fava, her Minister at Washington, and mass meetings of Italian residents in the leading American cities were held, denouncing the outrage. Italy demanded official assurance that justice would be meted out to the guilty, and the recognition in principle, that an indemnity was due to the families of the victims. The United States Government replied that the relations between the Federal and State Governments, as defined by the Constitution, precluded the recognition of these demands, and that all that could be done was to extend to Italian residents the same protection as vvas afforded to other citizens. This was followed by the Italian Government ordering Baron Fava home. The Baron announced his recall at the State Department on March 31st, turning over the Legation to the Marquis Imperiali, Chargt? d' Affaires, who was instructed to conduct only routine and current business. Considerable correspondence ensued between the two Governments and war was in the air, but a calm succeeded the storm and the tragic affair gave place to matters of more pressing need. DR. WINDTHORST. DR. WINDTHORST, leader of the Catholic party in the German Reichstag, one of Bismarck's most formidable political foes, died in Berlin on March 14th, in his seventy-eighth year. He was educated for the ministry, but aban- doned it and took up the study of the law. He was elected a member of the Second Hanoverian Chamber in 1849, where he opposed the movement for German unity. In 1851 he became President of the Chamber. In 1866, after the annexation of Hanover, he was elected member of the Constituent Assembly, and in the following year member of the Reichstag, where he assumed the leadership of the Ultramontane Centre party. He opposed the bills introduced for the development of the German Empire, notably, the anti-Socialist and tobacco monopoly bills. He was small in stature but a giant in intellect. THE UTOPIA DISASTER. ON March 17th, the British steamship Utopia^ from Italian ports, bound to New York, with 700 Italian emigrants on board, collided with the British ironclad Rodney anchored in Gibraltar Bay and sank soon afterward off Ragged Staff. On entering the bay the Utopia, before colliding with the Rodney ran into the British ironclad Anson, whose powerful ram ran into Si' 'i 226 The History of tiik Ykar. her hull. The Utopia sank within a few minutes. A south-west gale was blowing at the time of the collision. Boats were immediately lowered from the British ironclad, and also from the Swedish man-of-war Evera, which succeeded in rescuing a number of the struggling mass of humanity. The total number of lives lost was 562. Many gallant deeds of daring were recorded and two sailors of the British cruiser Iinmorlalitk sacrificed their lives in the noble work of rescue. An inquest was held on the bodies of the drowned, and the jury fou.id that the collision was accidental. Captain McKeaguc was convicted by the Marine Court of a grave error of judgment, but it did not cancel his certificate. PRINCE NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. PRINCE Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, died at Rome, on March 17th. He was born in 1822, being the second son of Jerome Bonaparte and Princess Fredericka of VVurtemburg, and therefore cousin of Napoleon HI. In 1849 he was made a Prince of France, and appointed Minister Plenipotentiary at Madrid. During his service in the Crimean war, his sudden, and, it was thought, cowardly retirement earned him the title of Plon-Plon (fear-bullet). His friends explained it by saying that he had discovered a plot against his life, but his subsequent refusal to fight a duel was regarded as a confirmation of the suspicion. After the death of the Prince Imperial, he was regarded as head of the Bonaparte family. His son Prince Victor, by the Princess Clotilde, now becomes the head. MURDERED HIS NEIGHBOR. A MELANCHOLY affair occurred on March 21st, on the town line between Caradoc and Metcalfe, about six miles from Strathroy, Ont. An old feud had existed between Robert Murray and Wm. O. Rowe, two neighboring farmers, over a government drain that runs through their joint properties. On the day in question, Murray and his wife were driving home from Strathroy, when they passed Rowe. Hot words passed between the men, and Murray knocked Rowe into the ditch. Both then attacked each other with clubs, Rowe getting the worst of the encounter. At one o'clock next morning Rowe died from his injuries and Murray was arrested, charged with murder. On the 25th the coroner's jury brought in a verdict of wilful murder against the prisoner. GENERAL JOHNSTON. pKNKRAL JOHNSTON died at VVashin^'ton. D.C., on March 2i.st, in his vJ eighty-fourth year. He was born in 1807 at Cherry Grove, Va., and {gradu- ated at West Point, in 1829. Next to Lee, he was the greatest of the six full (uiifcdcrate {generals, and during the civil war was fained for his strategic skill of (lcfiiK(\ I le achieved his most marked distinction while in command of the army of tile Tennessee. Sherman found in him a most formidable opponent during his "inarch to the sea," as he contested every mile of the ground, and though steadily forced to retreat, did so without cither disorder or great loss. While Johnston was opposing Sherman's northward march, I.ee's surrender at Appomat- tox, rendered further struggle useless, and he surrendered to Sherman. In 1874 his disabilities were removed, and in 1877 he was elected to Congress from the Richmond district. He was unobtrusive in manner, courteous in disposition, and of sterling integrity, and was universally respected and admired. He was laid at rest in Greenwood Cemetery, Baltimore, beside his wife. REV. DR. HOWARD CROSBY. RKV. DR. HOWARD CROSBY, of the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York, died in that city on March 29th, aged sixty-five years. At the age of fourteen he entered the University of the City of New York, and grad- uated at the head of his class. On returning from a two years bridal tour in Kurope and the East, he was made Professor of Greek in his Alma Mater. This was in his twenty-third year. He helped to organize the first Young Men's Christian Association in New York, forty years ago. For the sake of his health, he left New York, and in 1859 accepted the chair of Greek in Rutger's College, New Brunswick. Harvard University made him a D.D., though he had not attended a theological Seminary, and was not licensed to preach, but he was licensed in 1859. Two years afterwards he was called to the First Presbyterian Church, New Brunswick, acting both as teacher and pastor. In 1863 he was unanimously called to the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York, and in 1870 was made Chancellor of the University. His attainments in Greek were of the highest order, and his activity in many spheres of literary and Christian work, was unbounded. He was identified with every movement for the purifica- tion and moral health of the city. He was, from the first, President of the 227 ,(.;« 228 The History of the Year. Society for the Prevention of Crime, and was a member of the Committee appointed to prepare a report on the Revision of the Confession of Faith. He did not believe in total abstinence, although he condemned the drinking of spirituous liquors as always injurious. THE MANIPUR MASSACRE. THE startling news reached England on March 30th, of the massacre of several British subjects and a force of Ghoorkas — native infantry in the Rritish service — at Maiipur, in the Province of Assam. The massacre originated in a feud between the Rajah of Manipur, and a leading tribal chief, Jubrai, who had deposed the Rajah. John W. Quinton, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, was sent to settle the trouble. He accordingly started from headquarters at Shillong on March 24th, escorted by the 42nd, 43rd, and 44th Ghoorka light infantry under command of Col. Skene. After crossing the frontier the Chief Commis- sioner summoned the Chiefs to a durbar at Manipur, for the purpose of arresting Chief Jubrai. The tribesmen pretended to obey the summons, mustered in force, and at midnight, on the day before that on which the Durbar was to be held, suddenly attacked the camp of the Commissioner. The attempt to surprise the camp failed, and the tribesmen were- driven back. They returned, however, and kept up the attack and siege night and day, for forty-eight hours. Finally the ammunition of the Ghoorkas almost gave out, and the troops retreated to the Residency at Manipur. The Manipuris then attacked and shelled the Residency. Mr. Quinton, Mr. F. St. G. Grimwood, the British political agent al Manipur, and Col. Skene, when there was no more ammunition, notified the enemy that they were disposed to arrange terms for a cessation of hostilities. To this the enemy seemed to agree, and consequently the Chief Commissioner, the Political Agent, and Colonel Skene, accompanied by Lieutenant Simpson and Messrs. Cossins, Melville and Curlians, went out to meet Chief Jubrai, but they were all .seized and held as prisoners. After the capture of the British officers the Manipuris resumed their attack on the Residency at two o'clock in the afternoon of March 25th, forcing the remnant of the troops to retreat and fight their way across the hills, for a distance of 120 miles, till they met Captain Cow- ley's detachment, which had been .sent to their assistance. Mrs. Grimwood, wife of the Political Agent, vvho also succeeded i i making her escape, was with them, Her courage and devotion to the wounded, during the fight, were the brightest features of the terrible affiair. Meantime, little mercy had been shown to Chief Commissioner Quinton, and the other prisoners. After being seized they were taken to the Palace, where a brief conference was held. Then their hands and feet were cut off, and they were beheaded by the public executioner in the The Manipur Massacre. 229 presence of i,cx)0 Manipuris. Then their blood was sprinkled over two dragon idols before the Palace, and their bodies were thrown outside the walls to be devoured by the pariah dogs. As soon as news of the disaster reached Shillong, the seat of the Govern- ment of Assam, four regiments were quickly started for Manipur with the object of effecting the release of the prisoners and punishing the rebellious tribes. These regiments included two native regiments, which were in garrison at Shillong, and the third Bengal infantry. Several mountain batteries of artillery and a force of cavalry were also ordered to prepare to take the field in Assam immediately. Lieutenant C. J. VV. Grant of the second Burmah Regiment was also despatched from Tamu to Manipur with a force of eighty Ghoorkas. The first news heard of him was on April 3rd, to the effect tiiat he and his eighty Ghoorkas, after fighting their way steadily onward, had, on March 31st, captured Fort Thobal, within twelve miles of Manipur, which was garrisoned by i,oco Ma.iipuris. The onslaught of the small body of Ghoorkas was so fierce that the Manipuris fled from their fortified position in wild disorder. Lieutenant Grant held the fort for nine days, and during most of the time he was confronted by a largo force of Manipuris, who, in addition to being well armed with rifles, had several field guns. On April 6th he had gained a brilliant victory, which will stand on the pages of history as one of the many glorious achievements of the British army. The Manipuris, numbering over 4,000, made a fierce attack upon his slender force at Fort Alongtaing, near Thobal. It was stubbornly and determinedly made and the Manipuris pushed forward in spite of the destructive fire with which they were received. The enemy fought gallantly for every foot of the ground ; the attack lasted three hours. Lieutenant Grant and his small force, being short of ammunition, had to keep their heads cool and fire only when it could be done with deadly efifect. Finally the Manipuris were repulsed, their loss being very heavy, including three of the leading chiefs. Lieutenant Grant's loss was only one killed and three wounded. Capt. Pre.sgrave, with a detachment of Mounted Infantry, while on his way to reinforce Lieutenant Grant, met and defeated 300 Manipuris. The enemy lost fifty men, but there was no loss of life on the British side. On April 19th a large force of Manipuris approached near to General Lockhart's camp, who was advancing on Manipur and kept up a desultory fire upon the camp, without, however, doing much harm. Next morning the British force made a rapid and skilful advance upon the enemy and after a short, sharp and decisive engagement the enemy was completely routed. The iNIanipuris had 150 killed and many wounded. Only one Englishman was killed and four wounded. All the villages in the vicinity of the camp were burned. General Lockhart's column pushed on, and, on reaching a large native settlement in the Behagri valley, they halted and sent scouts to inform the Manipuris that the Briti.sli Generals were awaiting proposals of peace from the insurgent tribes. The rebels recused to answer, and the troops were ordered to advance. They pushed forward and burned twelve villages which had been 230 The History of the Year. occupied by the rebels. The latter in great force retreated t'> the hills. The troops then shelled the hills with shrapnel, killing and wounding large numbers of the enemy. On April 25th General Graham's column surprised a force of 1,000 Manipuris who were entrenched behind earthworks at Thobal, from which Lieutenant Grant had been ordered to retire when reinforced The British force cut off the retreat of the enemy and then charged upon the entrenched position. A severe hand-to-hand fight followed and the enemy was completely routed, losing 200 men. One British officer was killed, and four, including Lieutenant Grant, were wounded. The three columns sent out from headquarters became converged on Manipur, timing their advance to a minute. The movement was a well-planned, well-executed piece of military work. They found Manipur deserted, the place looted and wrecked, the magazine blown up, and the heads of the murdered British officers lying about. It was learned that the Regent and the few Chiefs who supported him had retreated to the jungle and a mounted detachment was despatched in pursuit. The bodies of the murdered officers were e.xhumed, and on May 4th tiicy were re-intcrred with imposing ceremonies. On May 19th the Senaputty and others were arrested, and the following day the ^ Manipuris who killed Mr. Quinton confessed and were hanged on the 25th. On May 26th Lieutenant Grant, for his conspicuous bravery and devotion, was promoted to the rank of Major, and received the coveted decoration of the Victoria Cross. His men were not overlooked, the native officers being rewarded with the Second Class of the order of British India, and the non-commissioned officers and men with the Third Class of the Order of Merit and six months' pay. Both Mrs. Quinton and Mrs. Grimwood were granted a pension of $1,500 a year, and the latter was decorated by the Queen with the Order of the Royal Red Cross " in recognition of her devotion to the wounded under most trying circum- stances." The Princess of Wales also started a subscription list for her among the wives of army officers. The Regent, the Senaputty and others, who took a prominent part in the rebellion, were tried and sentenced to death. Both the Regent and Senaputty pleaded that they were asleep at the time of the murders and did not instigate them. Their sentences required to be confirmed by the Viceroy, and, on August 13th, the Senaputty and the Tongal general, who violated the flag of truce under which the Englishmen were decoyed from the residency of Manipur, which they had defended so gallantly, and who gave orders to the native executioner to strike the heads and feet from the British prisoners, were hanged at the gates of Manipur. An immense crowd of natives witnessed the executions, but there was no sign of any disturbance, for large detachments of troops were present. The Regent of Manipur and the Prince Angoa Sena, whose sentences of death were commuted by the Viceroy to transportation for life, and forfeiture of their property, were a few days afterwards taken from the country to the Anda- man Islands, a British convict .settlement in the Bay of Bengal. A decree was about the same time is.sued, in which the Queen announced that she would forego The Manipur Massacre. 231 the right to annex Manipur, and that the Viceroy would choose a native ruler. On September 14th it was announced that the Government had chosen a five- year-old relative of the ex- Maharajah as the new Rajah of Manipur, and that a British officer would administer affairs during his minority. On April 6th news was received in England that the Miranzai tribe in the Kobat territory, a district of the Peshawur division of the Punjab, emboldened by the success of the Manipuris, had risen in arms and were attacking the British troops along the whole length of their lines. It was also announced that the Haku Chins laid in ambush in a favorable location awaiting the passage of a small British column on its way from one military post to another, and when the Brit- ish force was well inside the trap, the Haku Chins suddenly opened fire on the soldiers, instantly killing Lieut. Forbes and five men, and severely wounding eleven others. The column, however, returned the enemy's fire with such effect that the British force was enabled to retreat from their dangerous position, and thus probably escaped annihilation. Reinforcements, under command of General Sir Wm. Lockhart, were promptly sent forward to quell the Miranzai outbreak, and on April 19th it was announced that the British forces had defeated a large body of the enemy, after a stubbornly contested engagement. In the heat of the fight the British troops made a dashing advance, carrying everything before them. Several Brit- ish soldiers and one officer were severely wounded. The enemy's loss was heavy. The general advance of the troops was made that day to break the enemy's lines and clear the Samana range of hills, which the Miranzais occupied in force. This was speedily accomplished. EARL GRANVILLE. pRANVILLE GEORGE LEVESON-GOWER, second Earl of Granville, ^ died at his residence, London, England, on March 31st. His death was due to exhaustion following an operation for stone. He was the eldest son of the first earl, and was born May 11,1815. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He was appointed attache to the Paris Embassy in 1835, and was elected Member of Parliament for Morpeth in 1836, and re-elected in 1837. In 1840 he became Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and shortly after was elected member for Lichfield. In 1846 he succeeded to the peerage, and in 1857 obtained a seat in the Cabinet, and in December of that year suc- ceeded Lord Palmerston in the Foreign Office. In 1853 he was appointed Presi- dent of the Privy Council, and in 1855 became Ministerial Leader in the House of Lords. In 1868 he accepted office under Mr. Gladstone as Colonial Secretary, and occupied the position till July, 1870, when he was appointed Secretary for 232 The History of the Year. Foreign Affairs, and retained the position till the resignation of the Liberal Gov- ernment in 1874. On the return of Mr. Gladstone to power in 1880 he again became Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and in the Liberal Ministry of 1886 assumed his old post of Colonial Secretary. During his career in the House of Commons he distinguished himself by his advocacy of free trade. THOMAS CHARLES BARING, M.P. THOMAS CHARLES BARING, one of the two members of Parliament representing the city of London, England, died in Rome, Italy, on April 2nd, of exhaustion resulting from a surgical operation. He was born at Adder- bury, Oxfordshire, in 1831, being a son of the late Charles Baring, Lord Bishop of Durham. He was for some years engaged in banking in New York city, and was for more than twenty years a partner in the firm of Baring Brothers & Co., London and Liverpool. He was the author of " Pindar in English Rhyme," " The System of Epicures," and other works. He was a Conservative. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY CONFERENCE. ON January 7th delegates to the International Monetary Conference assembled ai the State Department, Washington. Senor Romero of Mexico, was appointed temporary chairman ; but as some of the delegates were absent an adjournment was made at the call of the temporary chairman, The second .session was held at the Arlington Hotel, Washington, on February 4th, when Senor Romero was elected president. Delegates were present from Bolivia, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, Hawaii, Hayti, Hunduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, the United States, Uruguay and Venezuela. Two committees were appointed, one on rules and the other on organization, and the Conference adjourned till these committees were ready to report. On February loth another adjournment was made until March 23rd, when several propositions from delegates were referred to appropriate committees. A further adjournment was made till March 30th to give them time for consideration, and the sessions of the Conference were brought to a close on April 3rd without any definite practical results. e Liberal Gov- 1880 he again listry of 1886 n the House of THE BRITISH CENSUS. of Parliament Italy, on April Dorn at Aclder- j, Lord Bishop York city, and brothers & Co., Rhyme," " The ACCORDING to the census of Great Britain and Ireland, there were living at 12 pm. on April 5th in England and Wales, 29,001,018 persons, an increase of 3,026,572, or 1 1-65 per cent in ten years. The rate of increase within ten years had been less than during any previous decennial period of the century for which an enumeration had been taken. Females outnumbered males by 900,202; though it should be noted that the army, navy, and merchant service abroad were not included in the count. London was returned at 4,211,056, against 3,815,544 in 1 88 1. Liverpool alone, of the sixty-two cities with over 50,000 of a population, showed a decrease. The police force of London numbered 15,264. The popula- tion of Scotland was 4,033,103, against 1,608,400 in 180 1. Ireland's population was 4,700,000, a decrease 0/453,000. PHINEAS TAYLOR BARNUM. [NCE. nee assembled Mexico, was re absent an The second ry 4th, when rom Bolivia, ua, Peru, the Dpointed, one ned till these )urnment was re referred to arch 30th to were brought THK great showman, P. T. Barnum, died at his home in Bridgeport, Connecti- cut, on April 7th. He began an exceedingly active and extraordinary career on July 5, 1810. His father was a Connecticut farmer, not lacking in ideas, but over-cautious to a degree that prevented his getting much ahead. Young Barnum in time developed ideas in great sufficiency, and proved to be not hampered by over-caution. As a school-boy, he distinguished himself in bargaining with his fellows, and got hold of so much of the rather scarce cash of the neighborhood that his father indulgently permitted him to buy his own clothes. He naturally became a clerk in a country store, an experience which he supplemented in Brooklyn. In i8j8 he returned to the land of steady habits, and started a store of his own. When about twenty-one he added to his cares, and increased his experience, by becoming the editor of the Herald of Freedom, and serving two or three terins of imprisonment for libel, though always for telling the truth, which, however, was no defence. Various enterprises intervened between these and the beginning of his career, in what proved to be his proper vocation as a showman. His first venture was tiie exhibition of a colored woman 112 years old. The Jenny Lind engagement, which netted him a quarter of a million, was the first great evidence of Mr. Barnum's genius for the show business. Since then his name has become a hou.schold word, and is associated, in the minds of the young, and of children of a larger growth as well, with all 16 233 234 The History of the Year. that is mammoth and bewildering in the line of museums and circuses. His a'iumphs need no recounting. Beside the successes in his chosen field, Mr. Barnum was twice unwillingly sent to Congress, twice elected Mayor of Bridge- port, and four times a representative in the Legislature of the State. He left an estate of over $5,000,000. OUTRAGE IN GAMBIA. ADVICES received on April 22nd from Bathurst, the capital of Gambia, British West African colony, stated that the native King of Gambia had been for some time in a disturbed condition of mind, and had committed, or allowed to be committed, a number of depredations and abuses, from which the British colonists had been sufferers. The British Administrator, or Governor, of the colony, Gilbert Thomas Carter, C.M.G., sent an envoy, in the person of a prominent English officer, up the Gambia river, charged with the mission of informing the king that he must behave himself, and see that his subjects behaved themselves in future. The envoy carried out his orders, and communi- cated the views of the Administrator to the king. The latter ordered the English envoy to be seized and bound, which was promptly done. Portions of the envoy's cheeks and thighs were cut out by the king's body guard, and later, the envoy and the pieces of flesh cut from his body, were sent back to the administrator. The king also sent the following message to Mr. Carter: "This is the King's answer." The British authorities took prompt steps to send the king a suitable reply, in the shape of three British gun-boats to avenge the outragv^. COUNT VON MOLTKE. FIELD MARSHALL, Count Helmuth Karl Bernhard Von Moltke, the great strategist, died in Berlin, Germany, on April 24th, at the advanced age of ninety years, having been born at Parchim, Mecklenburg, October 26, 1800. His father, Baron Moltke, was a general in the Danish army, and he was educated in the Cadet Academy in Copenhagen. He, like his father, accepted a commission in the Danish army, but becoming disgusted with the small chance of promotion, he entered the Prussian service in 1822. In 1 832 he was appointed to the general staff, and the following year became lieutenant. Two years afterwarcls> at the age of thirty-five, he got his captaincy. About this time he received Count Von Moltke. 235 permission to serve the Sultan of Turkey in the war against the Kurds, and after- wards in the campaign in Syria against Mehemet Ali, Viceroy of Egypt, and Ibrahim Pasha. After the Sultan's death in 1839, Von Moltke returned to Berlin, and was employed in the staff service. In 1842 he was made major, and a few days afterwards married Miss Burt, an English lady, the marriage proving a very happy one. He was appointed aide-de-camp to Prince Henry of Prussia in 1845; in 1850 he became lieutenant-colonel, and a full colonel the next year. He was then made aide-de-camp to Prince Frederick William (the late Emperor), and in 18^6 became major-general. In 1858 he visited England and was a guest at the marriage of the Princess Royal to the Crown Prince of Prussia. Next year he was made Chief of the Staff, with the rank of lieutenant- general. The King of Prussia died in 1811 and was succeeded by William I^ who made Von Roon Minister of War, and Bismarck Minister of Foreign Affairs. To them and Von Moltke, the King divulged his intention of making Prussia stand alone, and throw off the yoke of foreign interference. For this purpose the first step necessary was to reform and reorganize the army, which was entrusted to Von Moltke, and thoroughly effected in 1863. The war with Denmark followed, resulting in Holstein, Lunenburg and Schleswig being annexed to Germany, and the war with Austria, in which the Austrian army was signally defeated. Von Moltke prepared the plan of campaign in both wars and received from the Emperor the decoration of the Black Eagle, and a handsome donation from his grateful country. It was, however, in the Franco-Prussian war that Von Moltke's military genius excited the admiration of the whole world. France mjide the mistake of declaring war before she was ready, and Von Moltke being quick to perceive this, mobilized an army in ten days and carried the war into the enemy's country, defeating them in every battle, ending with the siege and surrender of Paris. Besides an enormous war indemnity the fertile provinces of Alsace and Lorraine were ceded to the victors. While directing the operations of the siege of Paris at Versailles, Von Moltke was made a Count, and on his return to Berlin, in 1 871, he was raised to the rank of Field Marshall, and received a grant of $225,000. He was soon afterwards made a life member of the Prussian Upper House. His remains were accorded a State funeral, which was attended by imposing military ceremonies. MAY DAY RIOTS. CXTENSIVE preparations had been made by the various European govern- *-^ ments in view of the contemplated labor demonstrations on May 1st for an eight hour day. Contrary to general expectation peace was well preserved. In Paris, France, the explosion of a dynamite bomb caused a sensation, but it was 236 The History of the Year. afterwards discovered it had nothing to do with the labor demonstration. An encounter took place with the gendarmes at Clinchy the mob firing a volley of revolver shots, wounding four of the police. A Socialist demonstration at Marseilles had to be dispersed by the cavalry, many of the Socialists being arrested. A serious disturbance occurred at Rome, Italy. Instigated by an Anarchist speaker a mob of workingmen stoned the troops stationed in the neighborhood. The gendarmes fired upon the rioters, and the cavalry charged upon those who had not been put to flight by the gendarmes fire. When matters had calmed down it was found that Signor Barziliar, a member of the Chamber of Deputies; Signor Cipriana, a Socialist leader, and twenty-five others had been wounded, and one man was killed outright. A gendarme was also stabbed to death by the rioters. During the cavalry charge several troopers were unhorsed and were trampled upon and kicked by their comrades' horses. There was also a riot in Florence at which the windows of many stores were smashed, but no person was injured. Several arrests were made. At Fourmies, France, a bloody conflict took place between a mob of 1,200 people, who were armed with sticks and revol- vers, and the troops. The mob surrounded the town hall and the gendarmes fired their revolvers in the air to frighten them, but without effect. Tne troops, with fixed bayonets, then charged the mob, and drove them away. The rioters retali- ated by firing volleys of bricks and paving stones at the troops. Subsequently the rioters returned with increased numbers and attacked the police and military. Finally the soldiers fired upon the rioters, killing three outright and wounding a number of others. After this the mob fled. This conflict gave rise to an exciting scene in the French Chamber of Deputies on May 3rd, when M. Roche, one of the members was expelled for calling M. Constans, Minister of the Interior, a murderer. In the United States the day was fruitful of strikes. The long thr.atencd strike in the building trades was inaugurated in Pittsburg, Fa. In New York 2,500 house smiths went on strike, and at Duquoin, 111., a coal miners strike was inaugurated throughout the district. Jictween 5,000 and 6,000 railroad miners of the Pittsburg district struck work pending an adjustment of wages, their old scale having expired. There was a big eight-hour-day demonstration in Chicago, about 10,000 taking part in the parade. In Great Britain the demonstrations were postponed till Sunday, May 3rd. The attendance at the labor meeting in Hyde Park, London, was variously estimated at between 200,000 and 300,000. The procession was miles in length. Speeches were delivered form twelve different platforms, among the speakers being John Burns, Thomas Mann, President of the Dockers' Union; Ben. Tillctt, and .Mr. Graham, the Socialist MP. An identical resolution is favor of a com- pulsory labor day of eight hours was moved on all the platforms. In Dublin, Ireland, 10,000 workmen marched in procession to Phrenix Park, where they held a meeting, at which a resolution demanding a work day of eight hours was passed. mstration. An ing a volley of monstration at iocialists being stigatcd by an ationed in the avalry charged When matters if the Chamber •thers had been ilso stabbed to were unhorsed here was also a I, but no person bloody conflict ticks and revol- jendarmes fired he troops, with le rioters retali- Subsequently :e and military, nd wounding a 5 to an exciting Dche, one of the the Interior, a )ng thr. atencd In New York ners strike was road miners of their old scale )n in Chicago, day. May 3rd. was variously nilcs in length. ; the speakers Ben. Tillctt, ivor of a copi- In Dublin, here they held ht hours was THE ARCHBISHOP OF YORK. HIS Grace the Archbishop of York, Dr. William Connor Magcc, died in London on May 5th, from influenza. This distinguished prelate was born at Cork in 1821, being a son of Rev. John Magee, curate of the Cathedral Parish, Cork. At the age of thirteen he entered Trinity College, Dublin, and subsequently gained many honors there. He took holy orders, and, in 1848, became curate of St. Saviour, Bath, and, in 1850, incumbent of the Octagon Chapel, Bath. He attracted attention soon after by an able lecture on " The Voluntary System and the Established Church." In i860 he became minister of Quebec chapel, London, in 1861 rector of Enniskillen, in 1864 dean of Cork, and in 1868 Bishop of Peterborough, being, it is said, the only Trinity College, Dublin, man appointed to an Engli.sh see. He took part, occasionally, in the debates of the House of Lords, and his speech against the bill for the Disestab- lishment of the Irish Church was a remarkable specimen of passionate eloquence- On St. Patrick's day, 1891, he was installed at Yorkminister, as Archbishop of York. He wrote many doctrinal works and essays, which gained a large circula- tion. His four sermons on " Defence and Confirmation of the Faith " were translated into several foreign languages. MADAME BLAVATSKY. MADAME HELENE P. BLAVATSKY, the well-known founder of the Theo.sophical Society, died in London, England, on May 8th. She was born in Russia about 1820, and married General Nicole V. Blavatsky, Governor of the Crimea, during the Crimea war, whom she deserted at an early period of their married life. She spent nearly forty years in India, studying the mysteries of Buddhism, to which, as modified by her own theories, she was a convert. She published " Isis unveiled " in 1877, and founded the Theosophical Society in the L'nited States in 1878, returning to India the next year to spread its tenets. She dealt much in occult lore, and claimed to have found the key of wonderful knowledge. She gained many adherents in India, although responsible persons have published an expose of alleged frauds by which she duped the credulous. EXPULSION OF EX-QUEEN NATALIE. THE Prefect of Belgrade, who was charged by the Regents with the duty of expelling ex-Queen Natalie from Servian territory, went to her residence on May 1 8th, and, in spite of her protests, compelled her to enter a carriage, 237 238 The History of the Year. which drove to a quay on the Danube where the royal yacht was moored. The news reached the students' quarters, and they promptly turned out in force. They surrounded the carriage containing the ex-Queen, seized the horses heads, and brought the vehicle to a standstill. Quickly detaching the horses from the carriage they drew the ex-Queen, who remained seated in it, back to her residence, cheering loudly as they passed through the streets. The Prefect, assisted by gendarmes, tried to regain possession of the ex-Queen, and several collisions took place between them and the students, but the latter came off victorious. The students continued to defend the ex-Quecn's residence and were attacked by the gendarmes, who fired upon them, killing two and wounding many others. The students were reinforced by citizens, and the gendarmes made another desperate attempt to capture the residence. A severe struggle followed, and the gendarmes were again repuLsed. During the fight one man was killed and fifty wounded. Throughout the night the most inten.se excite- ment prevailed. After a con.sultation of the Ministers and Regents next morn- ing it was decided coittc qui coute, to expel Natalie from Servia, and instructions to that efiect were given to the police. During the morning a strong force of gendarmes made a fresh attack on the ex-Queen's residence, and succeeded in entering. The gendarmes then forced their way into Natalie's bedroom and summoned her to arise, informing her she must leave Servian territory. She calmly replied that she would yield to force, and requested the students to make no further resistance. She was then allowed to dress, and after bidding adieu to her defenders, was escorted to a carriage and hastily driven to the railroad station, followed by the cheers of the students and citizens, whose enthusiasm had to be kept within bounds by the display of an overwhelming force of troops who lined the entire route. At the station a special train was in waiting, and in a few minutes the ex-Queen left Belgrade, the scene of so many of her troubles and triumphs. ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE CZAREWITCH. PRINCE NICHOLAS ALEXANDROVITCH, Czarewitch of Russia, after travelling in India and China for some time, arrived in Japan on May 4th, accompanied by Prince George of Greece, where he was most cordially received and hospitably entertained. On the i ith, the Czarewitch and party went to Otsu, a picturesque resort on Lake Brivannic, near Kioto. While the Czarewitch and his suite were leaving Otsu in a imrikisha, a policeman named Isuda Sanzo, belonging to the Samurai .set, noted for their fanatical hostility to foreigners, approached him and dealt the heir to the Russian throne a sabre cut across the head, with the intent to murder him, but owing to the toughness and thickness of the Czarewitch's sun helmet, the wound inflicted was not serious. Prince Attempted Assassination of the Czarewitch. 239 Goorffe returned the blow with his stick and threw Isuda several feet. The policeman rose and made another rush at the Czarewitch. A Japanese closed the front of the carriage and another Japanese wrested the sword from Isuda and cut him down, inflicting a severe wound. He was afterwards arrested. The Cz.'ircwitch's wound was promptly dressed and the imperial traveller left Otsu by special train for Kioto. The Emperor and his Ministers hurried to Kioto to express concern and their sympathy, and it was reported that the whole court felt the outrage acutely. Conflicting accounts were given as to the reason of the outrage. It was believed that the culprit was in.sane, or, that brooding over fancied wrongs, he was tempted to commit the deed by the presence of the illus- trious guest, while others believed it was due to religious fanaticism. An Ameri- can gentleman, Mr. Waterman, who was in Tokio at the time, on his return to the States, gave what he termed the real facts. The Czarewitch, according to his version, had accepted an invitation to visit a great noble at Tokio. On the way there he yielded to the importunities of another noble to visit him bnforc reach- ing Tokio. His host in the latter city took this as an insult, and his desire for revenge stopped at nothing, it was alleged, not even the murder of the royal guest. An assassin was therefore hired to kill the Czarewitch, and the attempt was given to the world as the work of a religious fanatic. A letter afterwards pub- lished by Prince George of Greece, attributing cowardice to the Czarewitch, when he was attacked, created a sensation in Russia, and gave great offence to the Czar and Czarina. The Czarewitch returned to Moscow from his extended east- ern tour on August 1 5th, and the following day (Sunday), he returned thanks in the principal churches in the city for his escape from the Japanese assassin. The Czar while at Copenhagen, presented Prince George of Greece, on September 1 2th, with a gold medal in recognition of the Prince's bravery. A FRENCH SAVANT'S HORRIBLE DEATH. NEWS was received on May i8th, that the French savant, Kunckel Herculais, who was employed by the French Government on the mission of investigat- ing the locust plague in Algeria, had met a terrible death. While examining a deposit of locust eggs at the village of Sidival, he was overcome with fatigue and heat and fell asleep on the ground, A swarm of locusts attacked him, and on awakening he struggled desperately to escape. He set fire to the insect-laden bushes near him, but all his efforts proved ineffectual, and when finally the locusts left the spot, his corpse was found. His hair, beard and necktie, had been entirely devoured. Herculais was President of the Ethnological Society, a mem- ber of the French Academy, and the author of several valuable works on insects. If THE PEOPLE'S PARTY. a 'T^HK People's Party of the United States of At i," was formcl at il 1 National Union Conference, which assembled . Cincinnati on May 19th. There were 1,417 delegates present, the large majority being members of the Farmers' Alliance. The platform of the party may be briefly stated as follows : I. The abolition of National banks as banks of issue, and as a substitute for National bank notes; legal-tender Treasur>' notes be issued in sufficient volume to transact the business of the country on a cash basis, without damage or especial advantage to any class or calling, such notes to be legal tender in payment of all debts, public or private; and such notes, when demanded by the people, shall be loaned to them at not more than two per cent., per annum, up(iii non-perishable products, and also upon real estate with proper limitation upon the quantity of land and amount of money. 2. The free and unlimited coinage of silver, 3. The passage of laws prohibiting alien ownership of land. 4. That taxation — National, State, or Municipal — shall not b used to build up one interest or class at the expense of another. 5. That a cnues shall be limited to the necessary expenses of the government, c- uically and honestly administered. 6. A just and equitable system of graduated tax on income, 7. The most rigid, honest, and just National control and supervision of the means of public communication and transportation. 8. The election of President, Vice-President, and United States Senators by a direct vote of the people. A HUGE CLAIM. ON May 21st a large deputation, made up of representatives of twenty-two counties in Ontario, which granted bonuses to local railway companies before the Dominion Government adopted its present policy of granting aid to railways, waited upon Sir John Macdonald, and Hon. George E. Foster at Ottawa. Their object was to urge the claims of m.unicipalities to a refund of the bonus granted to railways, at least to the same extent as had been given lo other municipalities since the inauguration of the present policy. The Premier, while admitting the importance of the request, reminded the deputation that any aid to Ontario would nece.ssitate similar aid to the other provinces, and would involve the raising of such a sum a sum of money as would absolutely swamp the credit of the Dominion. The Government would, however, give the matter their earnest consideration. 240 GRAND DUKE NICHOLAS OF RUSSIA. TIIK Russian Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaicvitch, uncle of the present Czar, died at his residence in the Crimea, on May 25th, in his sixtieth year. He was a Field Marshal in the Russian Army, and Inspector General of Cavalry and the Corps of luif^ineers. His first active military service was in the Crimean War, when he directed the fortification of the northern side of Sebastopol durin^^ the sie^e, from C)rtober 1X54, to February 1H55, and afterwards distinguished himself at the battle of Inkerman. When the Russo-Turkish war broke out in 1S77, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Russian forces. In October 1S90, at the clo.sc of the army manceuvrcs in Volhynia, in which he had chief command, it was demonstrated that he had suddenly became insane form the effects of long illness. GOVERNMENT RELIEF WORKS IN IRELAND. MR. BALFOUR, hief Secretary for Ireland, earned for himself the jfratitude of the Irish peop, • by his prartical labors for the alleviation of the poor and distressed. ..\n appeal was made in January, through the columns of the Tillies, for aid, and, in less than a fortnight, the fund amounted to £'31,000, which was wisely distributed. On April 6th Lady Zetland and Miss Halfour C(MTimcnced a tour through the counties of Mayo and Galway, and the islands on the coast, with the object of ascertaining how the relief works of the Govern- ment were progressing, and -to enquire into the distribution of the relief fund which had grown enormously, in response to urgent appeals from Dublin Castle, They were everywhere received with the utmost enthusiasm. At Achill Island ;i number of triumphal arches had been erected, bearing the legend " God bless Halfour and Zetland." On April 8th they visited the islands of Inniskca, Clare, Iiiiiisturk and Innisbofifin, entering many cabins, conversing with antl giving money to the occupants, and adding many to the Castle relief list. The Clare boatmen presented a remarkable address, referring to the diversion, by unscrujjulous politicians, of the funds sent from America for the assistance of the poverty-stricken people of Ireland, and warmly thanking Mr. Halfour for the fund which he and the Earl of Zetland were instrumental in raising, and the distribution of which was the means of averting starvation in the impoverished districts. All the islanders ran to the beach to meet the visitors, when they arrived at Innisboffin. Bonfires were blazing, and flags flying, and the fishermen literally carried the boat to the land. When the visitors landed the women of 241 w ;i ! ill liii'vi' 242 The History of the Year. the place pressed around to Rrasp the hands of the ladies, and called Heaven's choicest blessings on them. The party resolved to march across the island, and the start was made with a guard of honor composed of a dozen stalwart fisher- men in the van, and the whole population following as a rear guard. On the loth the party vinited Leenanc, Letterfrack, Kylemore and Deradda. Every- where the people were respectful, and often muui enthusiasm was manifested. Starting from Deradda, they traversed a bleak country to Cashel and Cariia. At both places they received a warm welcome, and addresses were presented to them. In the House of Commons, on July 17th, Mr. Balfour proposed to increase the grant for the relief of *he distress in Ireland during the coming financial year to ;^ 1 00,000. On the 22nd the Committee of Supply favorably reported a bill calling for the appropriation of ;ii^6o,ooo, wherewith to pay the salaries and expenses connected with the Government relief measures. Mr. Balfour, in connection with the report, and in support of the recommendations, made a detailed statement of the relief works which had been inaugurated and were in course of construction, or which had already b.?en completed. It was the intention of the Government that these works should prove a permanent means for the promotion of the welfare of the inhabitants of Ireland. When it was considered how great were the difficulties which attended the vast system of relief works, which extended from the extreme north to the extreme south of Ireland, it must be acknowledged that the Government had not been wanting; in appreciation of its duty. Several Irish members took occasion to praise Mr. Balfour for the work he had done. The inhabitants of several towns in Galway, in September, joined in an address to Mr. Balfour, expressing their gratitude to him for the timely measures of relief which he inaugurated. EARL MOUNT-STEPHEN. AMONG the Queen's birthday honors. Sir George Stephen, of Montreal, was made a peer of the United Kingdom, the first colonist upon whom such an honor has bee' conferred. The London Times, referring to Sir George's eleva- tion, said it was an indication that the present Government exceeded former governments in its desire to draw clo.ser the bond- of union between the mother country and the colonies. Sir George took the title of the Earl of Mount- Stephen, thereby keeping his own name and retaining his association with the chief work of his life. It was generally supposed that the new distinction bestowed upon Sir George was a reward for his services in connection with the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, but the Montreal Gazette expressed Earl Mount-Stephen. 243 the opinion that it was conferred partly for another reason, namely, as a recogni- tion of Sir George's action in materially assisting the Baring Brothers in their recent financial difficulties. Still another partial explanation was given by Mr. Kclniund Yates, to the effect that the marriage of Sir George's adopted daughter to Lord Iddesleigh's son, when he was private secretary, first to his father and afterwards to Lord Salisbury, brought Sir George into intimate relations with the leaders of the Conservative party and to the beginning of a fast and satisfac- tory friendship with Lord Salisbury. In the House of Lords, on July 27th. Lord Mount- Stephen took the usual oath and subscribed to the roil of peers. PROHIBITORY LAW FOR CANADA. A LARGE deputation, representing religious and temperance organizations, waited upon Hon. Messrs. Foster and Bovvell, at Ottawa, on May 27th, to endeavor to enlist the sympathy and support of the Government in the cause of prohibition. The deputation pointed to the fact that they represented at least half the population of the Dominion, and they proposed following up the petitions that had been presented to Parliament with the most vigorous efforts in the way of educating the people on the line of what they sought to accomplish. Mr. Foster, in reply, took the position that if it was the desire of the majority of the people to have prohibition, they should have it by all means, but care must be taken not to put upon the statute book a prohibitory enactment before the senti- ment of the country was sufficiently strong to sustain and enforce it. He also pointed out many practical difficulties in the way of the immediate prohibition of the liquor traffic, the principal among which would be the diminution in the annual revenue of the country of $7,500,000 to make up, for which it would be necessary to resort to direct taxation. A GENTLEMANLY BRICxAND. OX May 31st, a party of thirty well-armed brigands, under the leadership of a a Greek named Anastasius, " held up " a railway train on the great inter- national line between Vienna and Constantinople, about half way between the latter place and Adrianople. While .some of his men stood guard, Anastasius and others politely and courteously relieved the passengers of their valuables, the leader assuring them that the act was done, not against them, but against the Turkish Government, who would be obliged to make good to them the loss 244 The History of the Year. of their money and jewels. Gold watches were kept, but silver and nickel ones were returned, and he generously spared the third-class passengers. The passengers comprised several German and English tourists, among them Hcrr Israel, a well-known Berlin banker. The latter, and three of his fellow-passensijcrs, and the engineer of the train, were taken to the mountain camp of the brigands, where they were held for a ransom of $40,000. Herr Israel was sent with messages to the German Ambassador at Constantinople, and to the Turkish Government, asking the former for the money, and warning the latter that any attempt to rescue the prisoners would mean their immediate massacre. When news of the affair was telegraphed to Chancellor von Caprivi, he immediately wired the German Ambassador to advance the amount asked. Accordingly, on the fifth day of their captivity, the prisoners were relieved by the return of Hcrr Israel with the ransom. After a short time spent in feasting and speech-makint;- all were released, each receiving a present of five pounds (Turkish money) and a hearty " God speed " from the courteous leader. Anastasius and his band, on August lOth kidnapped two Frenchmen, named Raymond and Ruffica. The latter was sent with a letter to the Count of Montebello, the French Ambassador at Constantinople, demanding $23,000, in default of which M. Raymond was to be shot. The money was provided, and M. Ruffica, accompanied by a dragoman of the French Embassy, and a servant, conveyed it to the robber chieftain. M. Raymond had been well treated, and, on receiving his freedom, was kissed by Anastasius, who begged him not to harbor resentment for the trouble to which he had been put. TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY. ON June 1st the Czarewitch of Russia, amidst a scene of great enthusiasm, opened the first portion of the great Trans-Siberian Railway, and laid a memorial tablet to commemorate the event. The importance of this railway to Ru.ssia cannot be over-estimated, from a commercial and strategical point of view. The road will pass through a country, on the whole, well populated and rich in agricultural and mineral resources. The western terminus will be the town of Miask, in the Province of Ovenbcrg, east of the Ural mountains. Russian rail- roads already extend to Zlataoust, on the western side of the Urals, twcnt)- miles from Miask, and a connecting I iic will be built between the two towns. From Miask the road will run to Chelabinsk, sixty-four miles; thence to Tukaliiisk, crossing the Irtish river, to Kaensk, to Nijui Oudinsk, on the Upper Tungoose river, the chief branch of the Yenesei, 769 miles; thence up the river to Irkutsk, 322 miles; thence around the southern end of Lake Baikal to Moveesoffsky Tier, 194 miles; thence northeast to Srjetinsk, on the Sheika river, 669 miles ; thence ( ratification. If so ratified the establishment of the commonwealth will then be formally effected, but the Federal Parliament will find itself intrusted with the determination of .several important and delicate matters, among them being the location of the Federal Capital, over which a hard struggle may be expected. The outcome of the convention is the best possible proof of an earnest desire for union, and of a willingness to sink differences with that end in view. The rapid progress of the Federation scheme is a happy augury of its speedy realization. On September 2nd, the Legislature of Victoria passed the Federation Hill, with an amendment excluding New Zealand from the federation. But on the other hand the New Zealand Parliament, distinctly refused to join the commonwealth, the federation debate having been ci TRADES UNION CONGkliSS hV ENGLAND. GREAT interest was manifested in the Trader Union Congress, Workmen's Parliament," as it was termed, opened at Newcastle, on September 7th. There were over 500 delegates present, represen' 1,500,000 British workmen, skilled and unskilled. Thomas Burt, Parliament for Morpeth, Northumberland, a member of the Royal L;. r "The Inland, about iber of ( Com- mission, was elected President. Mr. Burt is the son of a coal miner, anc .ormerly iai, or half the y be noted, will mount annually about / .Sq.ooo. ; Lower House, :he Senate may cr are not to be the Senate may kvith a message lopted that the e present tariffs ■ with free tratle Ki of the public ted, and it was he local powers viso that in the he Constitution imid a scene of ■ention in rarh Parliament i.ir th will then be •ustcd with the them being the / be expected. rnest desire for vv. The rapid realization. ederation Hill, But on the to join the Trades Union Congress in Kn(;land. 255 AND. ress, '-'^ " The istle, ^laiid, sen* about ■t, iber of Li. I Com- , anc. ormerly worked in the coal pit.s. Since 1865 he has been Secretary of the Northumber- 1.111(1 Miners' Mutual A.ssociation, a trades union havinj; a membership of 12,000. President liurt, in his opening; address, con^jratuUiled the Congress upon beinjj the largest body of representatives of trades unions to meet in any part of the world. He was ^jlad to see that women's unions were so largely represented at the Congress, as the women needed more organizing than the men. He expressed the opinion that wherever women did the same work in (piantity and quality as men, they ought to ask the same pay as men, and the lattn ought to support thcin in their demands. He predicted as the trades unions grew .stronger, strikes would diminish in nuinber and iinportance. A strike was always an ugly weapon with which to enforce claims. A strike was " like a boomerang, which, if not skilfully thrown, comes back and wounds the thrower." Still, Mr. Hurt admit- ted strikes were necessary "when the blindness and deafness of mammon obliged workmen to stop the wheels." Referrring to arbitration as a means of settling disputes between employer and employees, Mr. liurt said : " Where arbitration affortis a chance of arriving at a settlement, it is criminal to .strike." Touching upon the subject of State legislation in regard to workmen; their manner of employment, and their hours of labor, he declared that this was a .subject upon which a great dividing line was drawn between workmen, .some advocating that the functions of the State ought to be limited to enforcing existing laws, and others desiring such action upon the part of the State as would lead to a funda- mental change in the entire industrial sy.stem. He believed that self-help was the best .solution for existing .social problems, and declared that in his opinion the advocacy of the suggestion that the State should be the producer and employer of labor would lead to disaster, if applied. In conclusion, Mr. Burt reminded the delegates that an important problem for workmen was to discover some means which would bring about a better distribution of wealth, and .so raise them.selves in humanity, in greater material well-being, and in nobility of charac- ter. After a considerable discussion, the Congress, by a large majority, approved of a resolution favoring an international eight-hour law. On the loth, a resolu- tion was adopted declaring that the eight-hour law should be enforced in all trades and occupations, except where a majority of the organized members in any trade or occupation protests by a ballot vote against the proposal. Congress closed on September 12th, Glasgow being selected for the session of 1892. Although the new Unionists had an overwhelming majority, they used their power with moderation and discretion, in marked contrast with last year's meet- ings, which were Socialistic to the last. Land nationalization, and denunciations of capital were not permitted to occupy the attention of the Congress, the dele- gates applying them.selves to discussions of an immediately practical nature. The democratic character of the Congress was never more pronounced, though Social- istic views were less obtrusive. The pervading tone of the speeches showed an absolute conviction that labor will within the near future dominate Parliament and make the country's laws. The old Unionists displayed the same conscious- 256 TrE History of the Year. ness of being masters of the position as the new Unionists, though tamer in vindicating their labor claims and predictions of victory. The moderates could not prevent the ultra-Democratic section from passing some erratic resolutions, such as the payment of county councillors and vestrymen, and everybody holding a representative place, the appointment of workmen on juries, and the payment of every juryman los. per day, proposals which, in general, point to aspirations on the part of the delegates for future spoils of oflfice. Resolutions were approved in favor of increased representation of the labor classes in Parliament, and advo- cating the appointment of railway workmen as railway inspectors. A motion favoring a State Board of Arbitration was negatived by a vote of 129 to 107. The proceedings culminated in a contest between the old and the new Unionists over the election of a Parliamentary Committee. The existing Committee had a large element of old Unionists and moderate men desiring to reform the Consti- tution. The Congress gave the ultras less power. The report of the Committee on the Constitution proposed to base the representation on the numeriv^al prin- ciple, each society having delegates in the ratio ot its membership. The whole question was finally referred back to the Parliamentary Committee, with instruc- tions to prepare a constitution on the principle of " One man, one vote." Their recommendations, which were submitted to the trades councils throughout the country before the Congress met, view the revision of the Constitution, the coming general elections, and the appointment of a Parliamentary Committee as of lead- ing importance. The voting commenced on the i Uh, and proceeded quietly, the result being announced on the 12th. John Wilson, T*!.?., for Govan division of Lancashire, Scotland, head of the firm of Wilson & Co., iron tube manufacturers, an old unionist of the moderate class, headed the list. A majority of the other members were nevv^ Unionists. "Ben" Tillett, the labor leader, and one of the delegates, in an interview said : " This Congress was a distinct advance on all former Trades Union Congresses. Its capacity for debate was greater, and for intellectual vigor, economic grasp, and sound common .sense, it will compare with the first assemblies of the world. The voting displays a truly democratic spirit, and so far as the old and new unionists were concerned, good temper, friendliness and frankness were .shown on all sides, and prevented a wide separation. All sections co-operated in the real work of the Congress." M. JULES GREW. FRANCOIS JULES POLE GREW, died at Paris, France, on September 9th. He was born at Mont-sous- Vaudray, in the Jura, August 15, 1807. He studied kw in Paris, and became an advocate. He first gained celebrity by conducting the defence of leading Radicals who were charged with political M. Jules Grew. 257 "11 3Ugh tamer in aderates could tic resolutions, ^ body holding i the payment to aspirations ,vcrc approved :nt, and advo- rs. A motion of 129 to 107. lew Unionists nmittec had a m the Consti- he Committee umeri*.al prin- ). The whole , with instruc- vote." Their liroughout the )n, the comiii<^ tee as of lead- d quietly, the in division of lanufacturers, of the other nd one of the vance on all eater, and for compare with ocratic spirit, ', friendliness aration. All offences. In 1848 he was appointed Commissary of the Provisional Government in his department, and was returned to the Constituent Assembly for the Jura. He speedily took a leading position in the Democratic party. M. Grevy subsequently opposed the Government of Louis Napoleon, and after the coup d'etat retired for a time from politics. In 1869 he was again returned as deputy for the Jura, and in 1871 was elected President of the National Assembly. He resigned this office in 1873. After the resignation of Marshal MacMahon, M. Grcvy was in 1879 elected President of the Republic for seven years. He was elected a second time, but resigned before the completion of the term. THE LABRADOR GRAND FALLS DISCOVERED. THE schooner Julia Decker, arrived on September i ith, at Hawkesburg, C. B., with the members of the Bowdoin Scientific Expedition. The result of the trip to Labrador far oxceedcd the hopes of the projectors. The Grand Falls were discovered and photographed, and though not so high as reported, present a beautiful sight. The total fall is upward of 500 feet, divided into one fall of 200 feet, and cascades varying from 100 feet to twenty-five feet. As the explorers neared the fall a magnificent sight spread out before them. The spray, which was visiblr' *"'^'- twenty miles, rose in clouds from the descent of the water, and the solid rock beneath their feet trembled perceptibly. From the falls the water flows through a canyon formed of arched rocks, the sides of which rises to a height of 500 feet, and a e heavy wooded at the top. Through this canyon the water flows with terrific force. Above this falls the width of the river is 500 yards, narrowing until it reaches the falls to a width of only fifty yards, when it plunges with a terrific roar over the rapids and falls into the narrow gorge below. lis A September St 15, 1807. celebrity by 'ith political WORKMEN'S ACCIDENT CONGRESS. TIH'^ International Congress, called to di.scuss the causes of accidents to workmen, the employers' liability in such cases, and the best means to be taken to prevent such accidents, opened in Berne, Switzerland, on September 2 1 St. Among the leading questions considered was the one v/hether the State ought or ought not to insure workmen against accidents, or whether the State ought simply to lay down the principles for such assurance, and to watch with benevolent interest the measures decided upon for carrying them into effect. Facts were brought forward which compared the experience in such matters in 258 The History of the Year. the different countries represented by the delegates. Congress also examined into and discussed the various systems of insurance, and the methods which they considered best, calculated to promote the comfort and security of the working classes. REBELLION IN NICARAGUA. THERE had been more or less friction in Nicaragua for some time, and the Government had made all the overtures to the opposition, which it thought consisccnt with its dignity and safety, but they had been declined. It was, therefore, thought that a revolutionary movement was on foot, and the Govern- ment decided to taixc measures which would prevent any possible attempt at rebellion. In pursuance of this policy, orders were issued to arrest Generals Zavilia, Anselmo Rivas, and Eurique Guzman. This order was executed at Granada, on the morning of August 24th. As soon as <^he men were arrested, and before they were got to the prison, a number of their partisans assembled and made a desperate attempt to ""cscue them. A volley was fired into the guards, which wounded several of them and killed the chief of police. The guards returned the fire with fatal efiect. The Government was fully prepared for just such an emeiitc, and reinforcements were immediately sent to the bekagured guards. With the reinforccinents short work was made of the friends of the men under arrest, and the streets were quickly cleared, not, however, until several interchanges of shots had taken place, in which six men were killed outright, and fully fifty were more or less seriously injured. After order had been restored the streets were patrolled by bodies of troops, and at night all was quiet' Zavilia, Rivas, and Guzman were sent to Managua in charge of a guard sufficient to render hopeless any po.ssible attempt at rescue. An Italian hotel-keeper, of Granada, who appeared to be one of the ringleaders in the trouble, was also arrested, and accompanied the three first mentioned to Managua. Martial law was immediately proclaimed, but was suspended on September 12th, everything being quiet throughout the country. FLOODS IN SPAIN. THE Province of Toledo, in Spain, was visited by terrific rain storms in the early part of September, which caused the rivers to overflow their banks with disastrous results. The town of Consucgra Was left a heap of ruins, sur- rouded by a vast expanse of water, leaving visible here and there tree tops, Floods in Spain. 259 chimneys, and floating wreckage of all kinds. The survivors gave harrassing accounts of the flood. Many mothers were seen struggling in the water to hold up children, and finally succumbing to the rush of the torrent. The bodies of sixty persons were found in a public hall, where they had been overtaken by the flood in the midst of a wedding feast. The official report of the disaster stated that 530 buildings in Consuegra had vanished from their sites, while 150 were left in such a precarious condition that they had to be demolished. The lines of forty-eight streets of the town had been literally obliterated. At Almeria the city was plunged into absolute darkness, the flood having stopped operations at the electric light establishments and gas works. The loss of life in these two places was estimated at over 3,000. In the Province of Jaen the loss of life was estimated at over 500. The grape, olive and maize crops, in the flooded districts were destroyed. It was estimated that the total loss from the floods, including the destruction of crops, damage to property, the railways, loss of their effects, would amount to little short of $5,000,000. A national relief fund was started and quickly reached $500,000. NATIONAL WOMAN'S ALLIANCE. OX September 24th, the National Woman's Alliance of the United States was chartered at Topeka, Kansas. The incorporators include the wives of each of the Farmers' Alliance Congressmen. There is to be a vice-president in each State, the President, being Miss Fmnie McCormick, a prominent educationist. In co-operation with the Farmers' Alliance, this organization will establish bureaus for the better education of women on all important, economic, social and political questions. THE HOLY COAT AT TREVES. IT was estimated that over 2,000,000 people from all quarters of the globe visited the ancient city of Treves, in Germany, to gaze upon the seamless robe, believed to be the identical garment worn by our Saviour on the day of his crucifixion, and for which the Roman .soldiers cast lots at the foot of the cro.ss. It was exhibited in the old Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Helena. The relic is still believed to possess miraculous powers, and instances were reported from the exhibition of this year, including the restoration of sight to the blind, curing of cripples, and of the withered arm of an Abbess. The late exhibition was the fourth recorded. The first was in I52i,the second in i8io, and the third in 1844, when over a million pilgrims went to see it. REBELLION IN YEMEN. DURING the early part of summer a rebellion broke out in the Arabian Prcj- vincc of Yemen, but reports as to its progress were few and far between. Many massacres of Turkish officials and troops occurred, and three Turkish armies were defeated between the middle of July and the bej^inning of September. The cities of Sana and Hadje, h, d been captured by the rebels, and the latter destroyed. Sana is the principal city of the province. On October 3rd it was announced from Constantinople that the Turkish troops had recaptured Sana, and that the leading chiefs had submitted to the Turkish authorities. The announcement added that the revolt in Yemen was now ended. REV. DR. BRIGGS' HERESY. THE General Assembly of the Northern Presbyterian Church, met at Detroit, Mich., on May 21st. As several questions of exceptional interest and difficulty had to be dealt with, the meeting was looked forward to with exceeding interest and no little anxiety. Rev. Dr. Green, the distinguished Orientalist, and Professor of Princeton, was unanimously elected Moderator. The report of the Committee on the Revision of the Confession of Faith was adopted as a report of progress, and was sent down to Presbyteries for consideration, and report at next A.ssembly. Perhaps the most important question before the Assembly was the charge of heresy against Rev. Dr. Briggs, professor of Biblical Theology in the Union Seminary. The discourse which kindled such a flame in the American Presby- terian Church, and much beyond, was the Doctor's Inaugural when installed in that position. An authorized synopsis of the discourse was published at the time of delivery, and shortly afterwards the criticism to which it was subjected neces- sitated its publication in teiiso. On three important topics Dr. Briggs advanced views which had been called in question, or regarded as erroneous — on the Inspira*^" >i of Scripture, on the Sources of Authority in Doctrine, and on Sancti- fication ifter Death. He does not regard inspiration as a guarantee of the "inerrancy" of Scripture, and emphasizes the human element so much that the divine element, as many think, takes an inferior place. According to the profes- sor, there are three co-ordinate sources of authority in religion — the Bible, the Church, and reason; though it is but fair to state that in a note to a second edition of his Inaugural, it is explained that the.se three arc not properly regarded as on the same plane. Sanctification is not complete. Dr. Briggs believes at 260 Rev. Dr. Briggs' Heresy. 261 death, but continues to advance in the intermediate state. All the opinions, Dr. Briggs contends, are allowed by the standards of the Presbyterian Church, and hence he had no compunction in subscribing anew the Confession of Faith immediately before delivering his pronunciamento. On May 27th the report of the Standing Committee on Seminaries was presented, which contained the following recommendations: 1. That in the exercise of its right to veto the appointment of professors in Union Theological Seminary, the General Assembly disapproves of the appoint- ment of Dr. Briggs to the Chair of Biblical Theology in said Seminary. 2. That a committee of eight ministers and seven elders be appointed to confer with the directors of Union Seminary, with regard to the relation of said Seminary to the General Assembly. The debate commenced on the following day and was interrupted by a tragic event. Judge S. M. Breckinridge, leader of the St. Louis bar, had ju.st concluded an able speech on the legal aspects of the question, when he staggered and fell on the platform aud instantly expired from heart disease. The debate was concluded on the afternoon of the 29th, resulting the report of the Standing Committee, being adopted by a vote of 440 yeas; 59 nays. The majority took the view that Dr. Briggs' opinions were opposed to the received beliefs of the Presbyterian Church, as they were understood and interpreted by the greater number of its ministers, and that to have sanctioned his appointment would have been to throw doubt upon the commonly inaccepted doctrines of the Church. On October 5th, the New York Presbytery of the Presbyterian Church of the United States, decided by a vote of 64 to 62, to try the charges of heresy preferred against Rev. Dr. Briggs. The trial was held on November 4th, in the Scotch Presbyterian Church, New York, and the Presbytery dismissed the charge. Prof. Briggs was present to plead his own cause. Notice of appeal to the Synod was at once given. The grounds of appeal were: Irregularity in the proceedings, receiving improper testimony, hastening to a decision before the testimony was fully taken, manifestation of prejudice in the conduct of the case, and mistake or injustice in the decision. Each of these grounds of appeal was supported by from one to nine specifications, of alleged error in behalf of the first, and most important contention, that the proceedings were irregular. RIGHT HON. WILLIAM HENRY SMITH. ri'\ I^HE Right Hon. William Henry Smith, M.P., First Lord of the Treasury, and Leader of the House of Commons, died at Walmer Castle, near Deal, Eng- land, the official residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, on October 6th. He was universally popular, and his death caused the most profound regret 262 The History of the Year. in Conservative and other circles. He was one of the representative business men of England, and was popularly reputed to have a fortune of about $10,000,000. He was the son of Mr. William Henry Smith, of the Strand, London, and Bourne- mouth, Hampshire, bookseller, publisher, and news agent. He was born in Duke .street, Grosvenor Square, London, on June 24, 1825. He attended the Grammar School at Tavistock, and having completed his education was taken as a partner in the firm of which his father was head. His first attempt to enter political life was made in July, 1865, when he ran for Westmin.ster in the Conservative interest and was defeated. He contested Westminster again in November, 1868, and this time was successful, defeating Mr. John Stuart Mill. He continued to represent Westminster in the House of Commons until 1885, when, after the Redistribution Act, he was returned for the Strand. In 1886 he was re-elected. From February, 1874, till August 8, 1877, he was F"inancial Secretary of the Treasury, and was then appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in succession to the late Mr. Ward Hunt. In April, 1880, the retirement of the Conservatives compelled his with- drawal from office; but when the Con.scrvative Government was resumed in June, 1885, he became Secretary of State for War. He was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland upon the resignation of Sir William Hart Dyke, in January, 1886, but the Sailsbury Government was ousted si.x days afterwards, and Mr. W. H. Smith held his appointment for that period only. When Lord Salisbury resumed power, Mr. Smith was re-appointed Secretary of State for War. Subsequently he became First Lord of the Treasury and leader of the House of Commons. He was a member of the first and second School Hoards for London, his official duties compelling his resignation of these offices in 1874. The honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred on him in 1879 by the University of Oxford. In 1880 he was presented with the freedom of the Stationers' Company. He was magistrate and D.L. for Middlesex, a magistrate for Herts and Oxon, and a member of the Council of King's College, London. In the Death of Mr. Smith the Hou.se of Commons lost an old and familiar figure, and the Conservative party one of its sturdiest supporters. Mr. Smith, though not, as were many of his predecessors in the leadership, a man of excep- tional or of splendid abilities, nevertheless proved himself to be, and during a peculiarly troublesome period, a successful and acceptable leader. He was not a particularly ready or effective debater; but he was a good man of business; he had had a lengthened acquaintance with official affairs ; and in the .several various departments of the public service over which he presided had proved an able, and experienced, and prudent administrator. He had none of the combative qualities that are commonly supposed to be indispensable in a parliamentary leader, and such abilities as he had were not showy ones. In the stricter meaning of the word, he would not correctly, perhaps, be said to have been a statesman ; and it is doubtful if he himself would have .set up any claim to be regarded as one. He was a kindly, courteous man, sensitive and retiring, rather than aggressive end ambitious, and he is said to have shrunk from, rather than courted office and Right Hon. William Henry Smith. 263 nember of the high position. His reluctance to assume the responsibilities and duties of the leadership is understood, indeed, to have been overcome only by appeals to his stout sense of public duty. Mr. Smith was a conspicious figure in the commercial, as well as the political life of England, and he may be said to have stood in Parliament as a representative of the best type of the British merchant, and as a proof of the increasing power and influence of his order. The achievement of V^'hittington, who rose to be Lord Mayor of London, which is set forth as an incentive to every schoolboy, pales by comparison with that of the junior in the news-vending firm in London who rose to be First Lord of the Admiralty, Secre- tary for War, and finally Government leader in the House of Commons. In fact, so much were the successes of his career in the public mind that, whether rightly or wrongly, he was fastened upon as the original of Sir Joseph Porter, the delight- ful and highly popular naval officer whom Mr. Gilbert introduced in opera, about the time Mr. Smith chanced to be the First Lord of the Admiralty and the official ruler of the Queen's Navy. In quitting the scene of his successes and his labors. Mr. Smith left behind him an enviable record of long and useful public service, and a reputation for personal worth and sterling integritj'. He will be remem- bered at Westminster for his patience, his tact, and his unfailing good temper, and as one of the few parliamentarians of whom it could, and had been truly said, that, during a period of peculiar irritation, he smoothed away many a difficulty and never wantonly created one. The funeral services of Right Hon. W. H. Smith on the loth, were in marked contrast to those of Mr. Parnell on the following day. The body was '■moved in the morning from Walmer Castle, en route to Hambleden, near ^Ic iy-on- Thames, Oxfordshire. In accordance with Mr. Smith's desire, there war ai entire absence of display. A small procession followed the remains to the railroad station, from which they were conveyed to their last resting place. The casket was covered with wreaths of flowers, one being from the Queen. It was inscribed, "A mark of sincere regard and gratitude for devoted services to his Sovereign and country, from Victoria." When the remains arrived at Henly-on-Thames, the casket was placed in a plain two-horse hearse, the tiumerous floral offerings remaining as they had been placed on the casket at Walmer Castle. Nine carriages, containing the family and intimate friends of the deceased, followed the hearse to Hambleden. Crowds of people had assembled along the route followed by the funeral procession, and they respectfully uncovered their heads as the hearse and carriages passed. The last services took place in the parish church at Hambleden, and were of the most simple description. The body was interred in (iicenland Cemetery, which was presented to the village by Mr. Smith. A memorial service was held in Westminster Abbey in honor of the dead leader. All the royal family were represented by proxies, and the Abbey was packed to the doors. CHARLES STEWART PARNELL. GREAT BRITAIN and Ireland were startled on the morning of October 7th, by the utterly unlocked for announcement that Charles Stewart Parnell, the noted Irish leader, had died suddenly the previous evening at his house in Brighton. It had been well-known that Mr. Parnell had not enjoyed the best of health for years past, and it had been noticed, and widely commented upon, that since the O'Shea divorce developments became a matter of public notoriety, and since political troubles came upon him, the great Irish member of Parliament had grown thinner, and that he had perceptibly aged in appearance. But nobody expected to hear of his death, and no inkling as to his illness had reached the newspapers. The last time Mr. Parnell appeared in public was at Crecgs, in Ireland, on September 27th, when he delivered a long speech upon the attitude and alleged inconsistencies of Messrs. Dillon and O'Brien. Upon that occasion Mr. Parnell stated he was speaking in defiance of the orders of the doctors who were attending him, and who had expressly ordered him to keep to his room. He arrived at his home in Brighton, from Ireland, on Thursday, October 1st, and complained of suffering from a chill. On the Friday following he was unable to leave his bed, and his regular physician was summoned. He .seemed to have considered Mr. Parnell's illness to have been of a serious nature, for he sent for another physician, with whom he had a long consultation. This consultation was resumed on Sunday, when Mr. Parnell was found to be in great pain, and appar- ently growing weaker every hour. His illness was pronounced to be an attack of acute rheumatism and congestion of the lungs, and every attention was paid to the sufferer. He was carefully and untiringly nursed by his wife, who hardly left his bedside from the moment her husband's illness was pronounced serious. Mr. Parnell, in spite of the care and attention which he received, did not .seem to rally from the rheumatic attack, and grew weaker and weaker. Several hours before his death Mr. Parnell became unconscious, and so remained until he died Owing to the suddenness of the Irish leader's illness, and to the belief of his wife and of the attending physicians that he would recover, no friends or relatives of his '"amily or that of Mrs. Parnell, were present at Mr. Parnell's bedside when ho died. Mrs. Parnell and the physicians were alone in attendance. There was tremendous excitement in Dublin when the report of Mr. Par- nell's death spread among the masses. The offices of the National League were fairly beseiged with an excited concourse of warm-hearted Irishmen, who had forgotten all about the divorce troubles of Parnell in their desire to express sym- pathy with the great leader of the Irish people who had fought so many battles for them in behalf of Home Rule. Many a tear-stained face was seen among the crowds as the good qualities of the man were referred to, and when his efforts in 264 Charlks Stewart Parnell. 265 the cause of Irish independence were mentioned. The members of Parliament and others, who remained followers of Mr. Parnell, met and appointed a commit- tee of two to proceed at once to Brighton in order to be of all the assistance possible in making arrangements for the funeral. The family decided that Mr I'mncU's remains should be accorded a public funeral, and that the funeral cere- inoiiics would be held at the cemetery at'Glasnevin, near Dublin, on Sunday, the I ith. The followers of Timothy Hcaly decided not to attend the funeral, owing to the threats of personal violence which had been made against them if they put in an appearance. Large sensational placards, which were posted throughout Cork, stating that Parnell was murdered to please Englishmen, created intense excitement. The casket containing Mr. Parnell's remains was taken from the house, Walsingham Terrace, Brighton, on the loth. An enormous concourse of people had surrounded the terrace, and followed the funeral procession to the station. At Molyhcad hundreds of sympathizers had assembled, and accompanied the remains on board the steamer to Kingston, where thousands of people were waiting on the pier, notwithstanding a fierce downpour of rain. As the coffin was removed from the box which had incased it, the crowd rushed forward and seized the bo.x, tearing it quickly to pieces, for the purpose of obtaining frag- ments of the wood as relics. When Dublin was reached a great throng greeted, with every mark of sorrow and love, the coming of the body of their leader. The coffin was borne on the shoulders of .'e basket revelation, the loot of the San Francisco treasury, and the variou.'" cl'h^. disclosures of corruption, culminating in the Taylor trial, with its proof of the r istencc of a syndicate of legislators formally organized to market votes in the bulk, and divide the proceeds. At a public meetinijr held in San F''ancisco, in the beginning of October, one of the judges of the Superior Court was openly accused of being corrupt, of having been elected by criminals, and Oi being under tho thumb of the saloon clement. those of lame by criminals, BARONESS MACDONALD. IT was officially announced on June 30th, that Lady Macdonald, widow of the late Premier, Sir John Macdonald, had been raised to the peerage as an acknowledgment of her husband's long and distinguished public service. Lady Macdonald is known to be a brilliant and accompliohed woman, and her advance- ment was generally felt to be a deserved tribute to herself, as well as a compli- ment to the memory of her deceased husband. She was her husband's constant adviser during the long period in which he was Premier, and ably assisted him in many of his projects. She always exercised a powerful social influence by her ^^racious manners, tact and bright intellect. She is a clever linguist, a tremendous reader, and an elegant writer, as her contributions to the magazines testify. On July 20th, Lady Macdonald received from the Queen, a letter written in Her Majesty's own hand throughout, conveying the intimation that a peerage will be conferred upon her. The letter expressed sympathy with her in her bereavement, and Her Majesty stated that she felt Sir John Macdonald's death a heavy bereavement to herself and to the Empire. An Order-in-Council was passed on October 15th, transmitting to Lady Macdonald the patent of nobility, making her Baroness Macdonald of Earn.scliffe, which the Governor-General had received from the Home Government. SOCIALIST CONGRESS IN GERMANY. POLITICAL circles in Germany watched with keen interest the proceedings of the Socialist Congress, which opened at Erfort on October 15th. On the opening day the report of the past year's work was read, and it was announced that satisfactory and important results had been achieved during that jjeriod. The holding of meetings throughout Germany had greatly extended the agitation the Socialists advocated. On the 17th, Herr Vollmer, a member of the Reichstag, warned the Congress and the Socialist party at large against over-estimating their strength, ant! against adopting an aggressive policy. The Socialist party was wrong in thinking that aii international war would lead to the collapse of the existing system of society and the liberation of the proletariat. He supported the Dreibutid, which .secured peace. War was to be avoided at any cost, for whether (iermany was victorious or not, ;i vere blow would be dealt, as the result of war, to the social democracy of Geunany. Two other members vigorously repu- diated Herr Vollmer's views, and their speeches were warmly applauded by the 271 272 The History of the Year. majority' of the Congress. On the 19th, Herr Auerbach made a violent speech in defence of anarchy. This speech, full of the most bitter denunciations of the existing systems of government and society, caused such an uproar and so much protest upon the part of the more sober-minded portion of the delegates, that the Congress was upon the point of electing a committee to request the expulsion of the members who supported the anarchistic views of the speaker, when Hcrr Auerbach, who had taken his seat during the tumult, again arose, and amid a scene of uproarious disorder, announced the secession from the Socialist party of himself and of Herren Werner, Wilburmcr, Schultz, of Madgcburg, and Brethi^c, of Berlin. All five of the delegates who had thus .severed their connection with the party, immediately withdrew from the hall. Herr Singer read a letter from the seceding extremists, in which the .seceders declared that they would no longer belong to a party which called itself the Socialist party, while it renounced demo- cratic principles. The Congress thereupon adopted a resolution advising the Socialists of Berlin to take measures to render abortive any further action by the e.xtremists, as the latter rely chiefly upon their comrades in Berlin for support. After the extremists left the Congress, the programme was rapidly adopted with- out criticism. Resolutions were passed favoring the creation of Socialist literature for the benefit of the young, and providing for the issue of a general vade meciuii, (" constant companion ") and the formation of statistical bureaus devoted to the compilation of facts and figures in connection with Socialism. A proposal to form a school of elocution for the purpose of training oratorical agitators in behalf of the cause of Socialism was rejected. TERRIBLE EARTHQUAKE IN JAPAN. /^N the evening of October 28th, a disastrous earthquake shock occurred in ^~J Hiogo, Japan, and surrounding district. Hiogo is a seaport town, on the Island of Hondo, with a population of over 40,000, and is situated about twenty- two miles from Osaka, which, in point of size, is the third or fourth city in Japan. The towns of Nagoya, Giru, and Ogaki were destroyed, all ot the public builci- ings, and most of the smaller structures in these places being thrown down. .A fire, which started among the wrecked buildings in Nagoya, compl<;ted the work of destruction in the most crowded quarters of the town. It was estimated that over 6,500 lives had been lost by the disaster, 9,000 injured, and 75,000 houses destroyed. Many vessels were wrccKCvl in the vicinity of lliogo, and during the disturbance the waters of the lakes in the surrounding country were violent!)' agitated. The number of Europeans who ost their lives was «mall. Traffic on the different railroads was suspended, and uU the telegraph lines were entirely prostrated. iolent speech in iciations of the ar and so much le^^ates, that the he expulsion of er, when Hcrr 3SC, and amid a )cialist party of g, and Brethf^e, :onncction with d a letter from 'ould no longer lounced demo- n advising the r action by the lin for support. adopted with- ialist literature al vei(/e wee fa//, devoted to the A proposal to ■il agitators in TERRIFIC CYCLONE IN BENGAL. ON Monday, November 2nd, the Andaman Islands, a convict settlement m the Bay of Bengal, was visited by a terrific cyclone. The Indian Govern- niciit's steamer Enterprise, engaged in conveying convicts to the Islands, foundered. When the storm burst, the steamer was caught unprepared, and blown with terrific speed on the shore. She dashed upon the rocks lying opposite the female convict prison, and the waves swept clean over her. The wreck was seen by a number of female convK s, who were seeking shelter from the fury of the gale, and they at once strrted for the shore. Slowly they forced themselves against the storm, grasping neks, and other things to prevent them from being literally blown away. At last they reached the shore. Here, nothing launtcd by the thundering in-rush of the waters, which, at times, swept high above their heads, they formed a human life-line, each woman grasping the other's hand. Then the bravest of the party rushed into the sea, and grasped a struggling foim .seen twirling and twisting in the water, and, aided by her com- panions, dragged ashore one ol" the men who had been swept from the Enterprise. Again and again the women entered the water, and each time they returned with a man, who, had it not been for their heroic aid, would surely have been drowned. Of the eighty-three men composing the officers and crew of the E/iterprise, only six were saved, and every one of these was dragged from the water by the female convicts. Every English officer and every English member of the crew oi the Enterprise was lost. The total loss of life by the cyclone was estimated at over 200, and about 250 people were severely wounded. Great damage was also caused to property. : occurred i.i town, on the ibout twenty- cit>- in Japan, public build- vn down. .A ted the work ^timated that 5,cxx) houses d during the ire violently Traffic (^n ^ere entircK' UNIVERSITY EXTENSION. AMOVEMEINT, having its o'igin in England, for bringing university teaching within reach of the masses, found a loothold in the United States and ( anada during the year. Briefly stated, University Extension, by means of lectures, is a movement to bring home to the adult population an opportunity for culture; to furnish facilities for continued education without interfering with the duties of every-day life. It is an effort to bridge over the gulf which had elementary education on otie side, and higher education on the other. The general plan is for a university to establish branches where short courses of lectures would be delivered by members of the faculty. Courses of study would be laid out, and those engaging in the work would be expected to give up to Hi I 274 The History of the Year. ";; 1 study only so much of their time as could be spared from the demands of their ordinary occupations. On completion of the course, a diploma would be given to those who passed a successful examination. In England there is competition, without unseeming rivalry, among the universities to forward the movement, and in the United States it has reached an important degree of development. There the " American .Society for the Extension of University Teaching " has been tormed, with Dr. Edmund J. James, Professor of Political Economy in the University of Pennsylvania, as president; and associated with him on the Advisory Committee are the presidents of many of the most important educa- tional institutions i ■ the country. In Canada, Trinity University was the first to take hold of the movement, and the first of the lectures was delivered by Rev. Prof Clark, on Saturday, October 31st, his subject being " History and Litera- ture." Hon. G. W. Ross, Minister of Education, issued an invitation to tho.sc interested in the question to attend a meeting in the public hall of the Education Department, Toronto, on October 5th, to hear the views of Prof James, President of the American Association, on the scheme. A large number of the Icadini,' educationists in the province accepted the invitation, and listened attentively to Prof James, who stated that astounding results had been achieved in the States from the movement. The following day another meeting was held, when it was unanimously decided that steps be taken to provide the organization necessary to promote the scheme, and a committee was appointed to draft a constitution. The deliberations of this committee occupied several hours, and they finally reported the following as a constitution upon which they were agreed, and it was adopted by the meeting: 1. That the name of this Society shall be the Canadian Society for the F^xtension of University Teaching. 2. The object of the Association shall be to bring within the reach of the public opportunities of .sharing the benefits of higher education. 3. Anyone interested in the object of the A.s.sociation may become an ordinary member on the payment of an annual fee of five dollars, or a life member on payment at one time of fifty dollars. 4. The officers of the Association shall be named by a council, which shall choose its own officers, who shall be ex-ofTicio officers of the association. 5. The council of the Association shall consist of, (cr) three representatives from each university in the Dominion, and one from each college affiliated with a university; (/;) the Minister or Superintendent of Education for the time being from each province or territory in the Dominion ; (c) three rcpr<;.'^entatives elected by tlie Provincial Ahsociation of Teachers in each Province. 6. The council shall elect from among the representatives of the universities an Executive Committee of not less than six of its members, to a.ssist the officers in the direction of the work of the Association, nve to form a quorum. 7. The Executive Committee, with the officers of the Association, shall appoint lecturers and examiners, and have the general supervision of teaching. University Extension. 275 demands of their would be },riven e is competition, the movement, of development. Teaching" has -conomy in the th him on the iportant educa- was the first to ivered by Rev, ory P.nd Litera- tation to those " the Education imes, President of the leadintj attentively to 1 in the States d, when it was tion necessary a constitution. i they finally ed, and it was ociety for the 2 reach of the y become an irs, or a life 1, which shall tion. prcsentativcs fililiated with c time bciiit^ itives elected universities t the oflficers 1. iation, shall teaching. The following officers were elected for the first year of the Association : — President, Sir Donald A. Smith, Chancellor of McGill University ; Vice-Presi- dents, Hon. G. W. Allan, Chancellor of Trinity University; Hon. Edward Blake, Chancellor of the University of Toronto; Sanford Fleming, C.E., C.M.G., Chan- cellor of Queen's University, Kingston ; Prof Goldwin Smith, D.C.L. ; L'Abbe Laflamme, of Laval University, Quebec ; Treasurer, B. E. Walker, General Manager of the Canadian Bank of Commerce ; Secretary, W. Houston, M.A., Provincial Librarian. These resolutions were also adopted : — " That a copy of these resolutions, mcluding the constitution, be sent to each body interested ; that a committee consisting of the Secretary, Treasurer, and Dr. Rand, be appointed to prepare a memorial on the aims and purposes of the movement to be generally circulated." It was also decided that the newly-appointed council will hold its first meeting in Toronto on the first Wednesday in January next. STATE ELECTIONS. ELEVEN of the State elections in the United States took place on November 3rd. The results were watched with the keenest interest by both Republi- cans and Democrats, more particularly in the States of Ohio, New York, Iowa, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, because of their bearing upon the Presidential contest of 1892. In some the issues were national ; in all the results had great significance, since these five States hold 116 of the 401 votes in the Electoral College : New York, Massachusetts, Iowa and Ohio elected Governors, other State officers and Legislatures, while Pennsylvania elected only two State officers — Auditor-General and State Treasurer — but determined also whether a consti- tutional convention should be held. Possibly the chief interest was centred in Ohio, where Major McKinlcy, the high-tariff champion, and Governor Campbell, Democrat, were the candidates. In New York State, Roswell P. Flower, Democrat, was elected Governor, and the results showed that the Democrats retained control of the Legislative Assembly, while the Republicans continued in a small majority in the Senate. In Pennsylvania, the Republicans carried both offices, and the proposition for a constitutional convention was overwhelmingly rejected. In Massachusetts, Gov- ernor William E. Russell, Democrat, was re-elected, but the Republicans held control of the Senate by 25 to 17, and of the Legislative Assembly by 150 to 90. In Ohio, Major McKinley was elected Governor, and the Republicans also car- ried both the Senate and Legislative Assembly. In Iowa, Governor Boies^ Democrat, was re-elected, and the Democrats controlled the Senate, while the Republicans controlled the Legislative Assembly. The Farmers' Alliance 276 The History of the Year. candidate for Governor polled altogether about 15,000 votes. Virginia and Maryland went overwhelmingly Democratic. In South Dakota, the Republican candidate for Congress was elected, and Mi.s.souri and Nebraska went Repub- lican. HEAVY BANK FAILURES IN GERMANY. 'T^HE suspension of Hirschfeld & Wolff, bankers, Berlin, Germany, was A announced on November 4th. It was reported that the Empress and Prince Henry had lost a large amount by the suspension, and that many of the leading aristocrats were badly involved. On the 7th a sensation was caused in financial and social circles by the collapse of the banking in.stitution of Fried- lander & Sommerfield. The failure was associated with the suspension of Hirschfeld & Wolff. Herr Sommerfield and his son committed suicide in their office, preferring death to disgrace. The enquiry into the affairs of Hirschfeld & Wolff realizeii the worst anticipations. The firm had been in business for sixty- four years, arid had as its chief, Herr Wolff, who occupied several other positions of trust. He was a prominent society man, who had lived a life of ostentatious wealth, his household expenses running to 400,000 marks a year. He did little in the speculative line until recent years, when his private extravagances at the gambling table led to his embarrassment. He tried to recoup his los.ses through dealing on the Paris and Berlin Bourses. As a matter of fact the firm had been in.solvent since 1883. For a number of years he had been living by selling and pawning the securities of depositors, working in connection with the banker Joseph Leipziger. It was asserted that Wolff, with all the facts known to Leip- ziger, floated fraudulent drafts through Leipziger, and pawned securities of depositors amounting in value to 3,500,000 marks. Leipziger finally went to the wall, and his failure tended to the downfall of Hirschfeld & Wolff. Among the numerous aristocratic creditors were Prince Henry of Prussia, 500,000 marks ; Prince Gunther of Schlcswig-Holstein, brother of the Empress of Germany, 500,- 000 marks ; and the Count Luttichon, a prominent leader in German society, 300,000 marks. Other members of the aristocracy who were severely hit were Count Zeedlitz Freschler, Count Bredow Reichstager Goldschmidt and Count Eulenberg, of the Imperial household, and Count Lehndorff, chief of the royal stables. A large number of industrial companies lost their deposits. Wolff was confined in prison. These failures caused a financial panic of considerable gravity to prevail, but in a few days matters had quieted down. Two other bankers named Maajs and Abrahamson were, however, arrested on charges of misappro- priating deposits. UNITED STATES IMPORTS. UNITED STATES Government returns for the twelve months ended with September, which covered a! mt five days of a full year of the McKinley tariff", were published in November. The statistics of imports compare with those of the previous twelve months, under the old law, as follows : Imports i8(ji. iHqo. Dutiable .... $427,364,400 #534,209,720 Free of duty 397.352, 107 279,259,671 Total $824,716,507 $813,469,391 Of the whole $1 18,000,000 increase in free imports over $72,000,000 was in raw sugar brought in after April 1st, when the duty was removed, and $18,690,000 in coffee, on which there was previously no duty. Taking the whole volume of imports, the increase under the new law is, if anything, below an average year's gain, and the abnormal imports of coffee accounts for more than the whole of it. ENGLISH LIBERAL-UNIONISTS. F^OR several months arrangements had been in progress for a great general meeting of the Liberal- Unionist party, which was held in Manchester, on November loth. Delegates were present from every county in England, Scot- land and Wales. Sir Henry James, O.C., presided. A resolution proposed by the Duke of Argyle, was adopted with enthusiasm. It was to the following effect. " That this Conference of the Liberal-Unionists element, expresses its satisfaction at the success of the Government's policy in Ireland, approves of the Ministerial measures passed for the social benefit of the people of the United Kingdom, especially the Local Government Acts for England and Scotland, the Irish Land Act, and the Free Education Act, and extends thanks to the Cabinet for the manner in which it has conducted the affairs of the Empire during the past five years." A second resolution was also adopted, which urged that the future efforts of the allied Liberal, Unionist and Con.servative parties should be directed to the establishment of local government in Ireland, on lines similar to those adopted in Great Britain, and for the promotion of legislation for improving the social condition of the jjeople of the United Kingdom. In the ^vening Lord llartington presided over a demo:istration at the I'lee Trade Hall. In his opcn- 11.4 address he expressed the opinion that the Irish cause had been set back 100 > ars by thi acts of its own leaders. Mr Jesse CoUings, the noted Liberal V7 278 The History of thk Year. advocate, then moved, and Mr. Finlay, M.P., seconded, the following resolution : " That this meeting desires to express the opinion that the policy of the Unionist party in the future, as in the past, should be to resist the disintegration of the Imperial Parliament, to uphold the honor of the Empire, to preserve friendly relations with all foreign powers, to maintain law and order in all parts of the United Kingdom, so as to promote such legislation as will ameliorate the social condition of the British and Irish people." The resolution was unanimously adopted amid a .scene of enthusiasm, the audience rising to their feet and cheer- ing vociferously. Mr. Russell, M.P., next submitted, and Lord Castletown seconded, a resolution expressing thanks to the Liberal-Unionist leader for the manner in which they have so far guided the party, and further expressincration should do some good. I think I have shown that such a system, and one of the best in the world, is in successful operation very near us." U. S. INTERNAL REVENUE. IN his annual report, published on November 14th, Connnissioner Mason, of the United States Internal Revenue Department, stated that the total receipts from all sources for the last fiscal year were $146,033,416, an increase of $3,440,719 over the previous fiscal year. The receipts for the first three months of the present fiscal year were $38,742,688, an increase of $797,905 over those of the same period of the previous j-ear. The cost of collection for the fiscal year was $4,210,604, or 2.88 per cent, of the receipts. The cost for the previ(jus year was 2.82 per cent, of the collections. Tiic estimated expenses for the next fisc.ii year arc $4,522,580. During the year 968 stills were destroyed and ninty-scveii were removed, involvin^r the arrest of 378 ])ersons. NEWFOUNDLAND AFFAIRS. AT the opening of the Newfoundland Legislature on Kebruarj' 13th, immctli- atcly after the reading of the Governor's Speech, Colonial Secretary Bond, proposed resolutions reciting certain statements regarding the reciprocity negotia- tions, which were discussed with closed doors. During the discussion several of the most notable Conservative members exprcs.sed strong sentiments in favor of annexation to the United States, in condemnation of the alleged unfrieiuily attitude of Canada. The resolutions were supported by the Opposition, passed unanimously and sent to the Legislative Council for their concurrence. The preamble stated that on July 8th the Newfoundland delegates proposed to the I^ritish Government that Newfoundland should be permitted, through Sir Julian Pauncefotc, to negotiate a convention for recijirocal trade with the United States. On September 8th this proposal was acquiesced in, and consent was given for a delegation to proceed to Washington to aid in the said negotiations. On November 8th, Colonial Secretary Bond was advised by the British Govern- ment to return to Washington to conclude the negotiations. On December 16th, a satisfactory convention was arranged and accepted on behalf of the United States Government by Secretary Blaine. Though strongly urged by New- foundland, the British Government, up to date, had declined to ratify the convention. The resolutions declared that the House viewed with profound disappointment and alarm the failure of Her Majesty's Government to carry out Newfoundland AFFAn- that has occurred in the ratification of the convention as entirely unjustifiable, and evidenc- iiiff an utter disregard for the prosperity and well- bciiiLi of the colony. It was resolved that the (Icl.iy occasioned by Her Majesty's Govcriunent ill ratifying the said convention was regarded by this Lej,Mslaturc as unfriendly to the colony, and J calculated to permanently disturb the loyalty for which the colon)' had in the past been rciiiarkable ; and it was further resolved that the Lc<,Mslaturc most strongly urge Her Majesty's (iovernment to immediately fulfil its claim to the colony by ratifying the said convention. .Meantime an agreement had been made between Great Britain and I'rance tn submit the cjuestion of their respective rights in the Newfoundland lobster fisheries to arbitration. The agreement was signed by President Carnot on March 14th. The arbitrators chosen by France were : Prof. Martens, of St. Petersburg University; M. Rivoir, the Swiss Consul at Bru.ssels and President of the Institute of International law, and M. Gram, ex-judge of the Supreme Court (if Norway. On March i8th. Lord Knutsford, Colonial Secretary, introduced to the ilou.se of Lords a Coercion Bill reviving the Crown's authority to instruct naval (ifficers to enforce the treaties of Utrecht, Versailles, and Paris, securing fishing rights to France. A clause provided that if the Coloin'al Lei^islature supplied the necessary powers to secure the performance of the treaties u} on the international arrangements before the bill was pa.sscd, the bill would be suspended. On March 20th a despatch was read in the Imperial House of Commons, signed by the President of the Legisl.itive Council, and the Speaker of the Ilou.se of Assembly, of Newfoundland. The despatch transmitted to the Imperial Government the resolutions adopted by the Colonial Legislature, re(|uesting England to delay any coercive legislation until the Colonj- had been heard in its defence. The delay was granted, and sub.sequently a delegation was appointed to proceed to l^ngland, for the purpo.se indicated. On March 23rd the correspondence between the Governments of New- foundland and Great Britain, on the proposed fishery convention between Newfoundland and the United States was i)ublished. The despatches showed that Lord Knutsford, Colonial Secretary, at first assented to Newfoundland #. ..>^. ^. v^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) c-?. 1.0 I.I |50 "^ 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 ||.6 ^ 6" ► V] t>osit ion in the House, and Dele gate to Englantl, Newfoundland Affairs. 283 On March 27th it was announced from Washington that the Newfoundland Reciprocity Treaty was definitely off, and that if the Island Colony wished to be included in any arrangement of Reciprocity with Canada there would not be the slightest objection at Washington. On April 3rd the French Chamber of Commerce, of Montreal, passed the following resolution : " That this Chamber of Commerce congratulates Lord Kiiutsford, British Colonial Secretary, for having brought into the House of Lords, a Bill for the purpose of compelling the Newfoundlanders to respect the Treaties of Versailles and Paris, and begs to thank him for having assented to the resolution passed, by the Chamber last year, protesting against the encroach- ment by the inhabitants of Newfoundland and appealing to the traditional honor of the British Government respecting the agreement entered into with France. On April 7th the Newfoundland Government instructed its officials to refuse licenses for bait to all Canadian vessels, and to give them to Americans free. The Legislature was not consulted in the matter, and public sentiment con- demned the policy. The full text of the Treaty between the United States and Newfoundland for the improvement of commercial relations, which was ready for signature and ratification, when the suspension of negotiations was ordered from Great Britain, owing to the protest of Canada, was made public on April 8th. ^t gives Ameri- can shipping vessels the same privileges of purchasing bait, trading and procuring supplies as are enjoyed by Newfoundland vessels, and allows the products of Newfoundland fisheries, with the barrels, boxes, cans, etc., in which they are carried, to be admitted into the United States free of duty. " Green " codfish, however, is not included in these products. Under this Treaty the duties levied upon the following merchandise imported into Newfoundland from the United States shall not exceed the following amounts, viz : Flour, 25c. per barrel ; pork, I j^^c. per pound ; bacon and hams, tongues, smoked beef and sausages, 2^c. per pound or $2.50 per 1 12 pounds ; beef, pigs' heads, hocks and feet, salted and cured, J/2C. per pound ; Indian meal 25c. per barrel ; peas, 30c. per barrel ; oatmeal, 30c. per barrel of 200 pounds ; bran, Indian corn, and rice, 12^ per cent, ad valorem; salt in bulk, 20c. per ton of 2,240 pounds ; kerosene, 6c. per gallon. Newfoundland is to admit the following articles imported from the United .States free of duty : Agricultural implements and machinery imported by agricultural societies for the promotion of agriculture, crushing mills for mining purposes, raw cotton, corn for the manufacture of brooms, gas engines protected by patent, plows and harrows, reaping, raking, ploughing, potato digging and .seed-sowing machines to be used in the colony, printing presses and printing types. The treaty provides that if Newfoundland reduces the rates of duty upon the articles named above as dutiable the reduction .shall apply to the United States. The treaty is to take effect as soon as the laws required to carry it into operation FwFr 284 The History of the Year. have been passed by Congress, the Imperial Parliament, and the Legislature of Newfoundland. It is to remain in full force for five years from the date at which it comes into operation, and further until twelve months after either contracting party gives notice of its wish to terminate the same. It is provided that ratifications of the treaty shall be exchanged on February i, 1 891, or as soon thereafter as practicable. The Newfoundland delegates, Sir Wm. V. Whiteway, Premier, Augustus W. Harvey, Albert B. Morine, Moses Monroe and George Emeron, shortly after their arrival in London, had an interview with Lord Salisbury on April i8th. What transpired was not made known, as Lord Salisbury requested that the negotiations be kept secret until a decision had been arrived at in the matter. He received t\e delegates graciously, and all the phases at issue were talked over. The expectation of so rare and important an event as the representatives of a colony being heard at the bar of the House attracted an unusually large number of spectators to the House of Lords on April 23rd. There was a full attendance of peers, and the Prince of Wales and Prince Albert Victor sat together on a cross-bench. After a motion that the Newfoundland delegates be heard at the bar of the House had been assented to, the Lord High Chancellor gave orders that they be admitted. The five delegates, headed by Sir William White\va\-, thereupon made their appearance. Sir William delivered his statement of their case in a clear, well-pitched voice, and was listened to throughout with keen attention. After detailing the objections of the New- foundlanders to Lord Knutsford's Coercive Bill, he concluded with the following pro- posals, which he said ought, in the opinion of the delegates and the people of New- foundland, to be accepted by the Imperial Government as a solution of the existing difficulties : That the Newfoundland Legislature pass immediately an Act authorizing the execu- tion for this year of the modus vivetldi and of the award of the Arbitration Commission together with all treaties and declarations under instructions from the Queen-in-Council. That further progress of the Knutsford Bill be deferred until the passage of the above Act, and that the present arbitration agreement shall not be allowed to operate beyond the lobster question without obtain- ing the prior consent of Newfoundland, in which case the colony shall be represented on the commission. Hon. Robert Bond. Negotiator of the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States. Newfoundland Affairs. 285 That Newfoundland desires that the agreement be for unconditional arbitration on all points that either party can raise under the treaties. If this can be arranged between Great Britain and France, Newfoundland wiP ask to be represented upon the Arbitration Commission, and will pass an Act to enforce the execution of the awards of ihe Commission. Sir William Whiteway added that the Newfoundland delegates regret that up to the present moment these proposals have not only not been accep led, but that no hope has been held out that they will be accepted. Their adoption, he said, would immediately cause the excitement in Newfoundland to subside, and would induce peace under conditions which would make coercion by warships extrerriely difficult. The Newfoundland Premier added that if the Knutsford Bill became law, it would have been forced upon a resentful people, but if the proposals of the Newfoundland delegates were adopted, every good object of the Bill would be easily and pleasantly attained. The enactment of the Bill would leave a rankling wound in the hearts of the colonists, and would establish a precedent which would ever give a feeling of insecurity to every self-governing colony. " In offering on behalf of the Colonial Legislature," continued the Premier of Newfoundland, " to enact laws providing for the honorable fulfilment of obliga- tions of an exceedingly odious kind, we are animated by a spirit of patriotism and devotion to the Empire. Persistence in the passage of the Bill, therefore, will be a poor return for that faith in Parliament which animated the Newfound- land Legislature in .sending us to the bar of the House of Lords." Lord Knutsford, at the conclusion of Sir William's remarks, in moving to adjourn the second reading of his Coercive Bill until Monday, the 27th, referred in terms of warm praise to the very able speech made by the Premier. On the 27th the Coercive Bill received its second reading in the Lords, but Lord Knutsford explained that as the measure would not be called for a second reading in the House of Commons until the week of May 1 5th, there would be ample time for consideration. On May 4th, a proposition made in the House of Lords that in view of assurances given the Government from the Newfoundland delegates that the colony would immediately pass an Act which would provide for the due enforcement of the treaty stipulations existing between France and Great Britain, the House ought not to go into Committee on the Knutsford Coercive Bill until reasonable time had been given to Newfoundland to pass the necessary legislation, was rejected by a vote of 113 to 30. Lord Salisbury explained that the Government had entered into serious international obligations with France, which must be carried out. Under the decisions of the Newfound- land courts the hands of the naval powers were paralyzed, and they could not regularly exercise the jurisdiction which they had hitherto effected. The bill was, therefore, necessary in the event of the failure of an Act by the Newfound- land Legislature to enforce the measures which the Knutsford Bill was designed to carry out. ^ iiiiii I 0m HHMi 'alnp i 286 The History of the Year. The Newfoundland Legislature, on May 6th, considered a despatch from Premier Whiteway advising that the Legislature pass a temporary Coercive Bill provided that Lord Knutsford dropped his Coercive Bill in the House of Lords. The Legislature refused to adopt the measure suggested, there being a strong,' feeling to let Lord Knutsford do his worst, and to offer merely passive resistance. The following night Lord Knutsford's Bill was discussed in the Assembly amid much excitement, and resolutions denunciatory of the action proposed to be taken by the British Parliament were adopted. Lord Knutsford's Coercive Bill passed its third reading in the House of Lords, on May i ith. On the same day a conference was i:eld between the two Houses of the Newfoundland Legislature, when it was decided to endorse the action of the delegates to England, and to carry into effect the proposals made by them to the British Parliament and Government. There was much opposition at first, but reflection showed that to be the wisest and most honorable course. Mr. Morine, one of the delegates to England, returned to Newfoundland, and on May 22nd addressed both branches of the Legislature, explaining and defending the course of the delegates, which was generally approved. He read a despatch from his colleagues urging the immediate pa.ssage of the draft of the bill, which he brought from London with him, in order to strengthen the case of Newfoundland in the House of Commons. The bill secured the enforcement of the modus vivemii, the arbitration award, and the treaties for one year, and provided that at the expiration of that period, a permanent Act be pas.sed. The Legislature, next day, passed .'le bill, which aroused public indignation so much so that the people refused to observe the Queen's Birthday. On May 26th, an agreement was made to hear the delegates at the bar of the House of Commons, as the bill was not considered satisfactory owing to its temporary character. On the same night the Newfoundland Legislature passed the Act giving power, to the end of 1893, to enforce the French treaties, the London delegates hoping thereby to procure the withdrawal of Lord Knutsford's Bill. On the 28th the House of Commons having been informed of the passage of this Act, the Governmeni consented not to proceed with the second reading of the Knutsford Bill. The session of the Newfoundland Legislature closed on May 30th. Another phase of the trouble was brought forward in the House of Commons on June ist, when it was announced that a message had been received from the Governor of Newfoundland that a French officer had warned the inhabitants near St. Pierre Bay, not to sell bait to the United States fishermen, under the penalty of the seizure of their boats and nets. Although this did not appear to be a specific infraction of the Treaty of 18 18 with the United States, which secured only the United States citizens the right to fish off certain parts of the coast, it constituted interference with the rights of British subjects, and was an as.sumption of jurisdiction inconsistent with the sovereign rights of the British Crown, and the Government had brought the matter to the attention of the French Government. Newfoundland Affairs. 287 espatch from Coercive Bill ISC of Lords. ing a stroiiL,^ ve resistance, sembly amid d to be taken )U.se of Lords, two Houses the action of e by them to ition at first, course. Mr. land, and on nd defendin-; d a despatch le bill, which the case of iforcement of ne year, and passed. The tion so much Vlay 26th, an of Commons, laracter. On ing power, to gates hoping the 28th the his Act, the be Knutsford 30th. of Commons /ed from the e inhabitants :n, under the lot appear to states, which parts of the , and was an )f the British :ntion of the It was announced on June 23rd that the negotiations between the Colonial Office and the delegates were virtually completed. A permanent Act had been drafted, which promised that jurisdiction in fishery disputes shall be transferred from subordinate officers to two expressly appointed judicial agents. Another ci?iuse provided for the repeal of the temporary Act. In accordance ^vith the modus vivendi, Sir Baldwin Walker closed sixty British lobster factories on the French shore. A Commission was appointed by the Newfoundland Government, to investigate the losses sustained by the people of St. George's Bay, during the last three years, through the interference of French war-ships, and about two hundred claims were examined, one amounting to $6,000. The total losses were estimated at $20,000. Public interest in the fishery troubles was revived in November, by the determination of the Newfoundland Government to continue the restriction placed on Canadian ves.sels. Many Nova .Scotia vessels had visited Newfoundland in the winter to purchase argoes of frozen her- ring for sale in the Dominion or United States, and as parties interested in the busi- ness were anxious to know whether it would be continued. Premier Fielding, of Nova Scotia, wired to Premier Whiteway, on Nov- ember 1 6th, and received a reply on the 19th that the subject was under consideration. Not receiving any further reply. Premier Fielding wired on the 23rd : " Uncertainty of your regulation respecting purchase of frozen her- ring e.xceedingly embarrassing to many Nova Scotians. Would respectfully ask earliest l)ossible decision." On the 24th he received the following reply from Premier Whiteway: " The restrictions upon export of bait fish still existing, the Government regret that the action of the Canadian Government, in oppo'^icion to Newfoundland's proposed convention with the United States, and tho persistence of Canadian fishermen in supplying the French with bait, to the injury of this colony, compels Newfound- land, in self-protection, to continue the restriction on export of herring." On November 26th, the Imperial Goveinment notified the Newfoundland Government that her Bait Act was unconstitutional, and proposed that Canada and Newfoundland should submit a joint test case to the Imperial Privy Council. Owing to the determined attitude adopted by the Newfoundland Govern- ment against Canadian fishermen, the Privy Council, at a meeting on December /th, decided upon a policy of retaliation. At the close of the meeting Mr. Tupper, Minister of Marine and Fisheries, wrote out the following summary of Hon. M. Monrob, Leader of Opfmsition in the Cvuncil. lilii wrapfTTWTfwr ?m 288 The History of the Year. the case fot publication : Newfoundland persists in prohibitinpf Canadian vessels from procuring in her ports bait or bait fishes. In winter a large trade has hitherto been carried on between Newfoundland ports, ports in Nova Scotia, and ports in the United States, in frozen herring, but as these herring arc " bait fishes," Newfoundland excludes Canadian vessels from any participation in the business. Nova Scotia fishermen, finding Newfoundland vessels landing frozen herring in Canadian ports free of duty, contrary to the Customs Act, appealed to the Canadian Government to enforce the law. Though reluctant to act in what what might be considered a spirit of mere retaliation when the greater question as to the enforcement of the Bait Act is about to be settled by the judicial Com- mittee of the Imperial Privy Council, it appears there is no alternative but to levy the prescribed duties on fish from Newfoundland. On November nth. Lord Salisbury re-opened negotiations with M. Ribot, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, for a settlement of the fisheries dispute. It was reported that Lord Salisbury, in return for the surrender of all the French rights in Newfoundland, offered to cede to France the Hervey Islands, and the colony of Lagos. TROUBLED IRELAND. THE fight between the Parnellites and McCarthyites for the leadership of the Home Rule party was continued with unabated vigor after the opening of the New Year. Nothing came out of the conference at Boulogne, between Mr. Parnell and Wm. O'Brien, and the latter and John Dillon, on their return from the continent, were arrested at P'olkestone on February I2th. On the day follow- ing they were conveyed to Ireland to serve out their sentences. The Parnellites, on February i6th, passed a vote of confidence in their leader, and the anti- Parnellites on the same day, met and decided to carry on a vigorous campaign throughout the country. Mr. Parnell delivered addresses in various places, and .several collisions occurred between members of the rival factions. Great interest was excited in the election in North Sligo to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Peter McDonald. The candidates were Valentine B. Dillon, jr. (ParncUite), and Bernard CoUery (anti-Parnellite). The Church threw all its influence in favor of the anti-Parnellite candidate, and the Roman Catholic Bishop of Down and Connor, went so far as to pronounce the sentence of excommunication against all supporters of Mr. Parnell. Mr. Timothy D. Healy was assaulted at Cork, and Dr. Tanner at Ballina, and scenes of mob violence were frequent. Mr. Parnell and Mr. Maurice Healy, played a game of " bluff"" by offering to resign their seats and contest Cork upon the issue of the leadership. The polling took place on April 2nd, amidst the greatest excitement. Mr. Parnell's right to enter the Sligo court house, where the polling was going on, was disputed on the ground vc re V( re la re Trouhled Ireland. 289 ladian vessels rge trade has a Scotia, and ng arc "bait pation in the inding frozen t, appealed to to act in w hat ater question judicial Com- /e but to levy ith M. Ribot, leries dispute. 11 the French mds, and the lership of the he opening of , between Mr. • return from le day follow- le Parnellites, nd the anti- us campaign s places, and jreat interest by the death . (Parnellitc), influence in lop of Down mmunicatioii assaulted at equent. Mr. ing to resign polling took ight to enter )n the ground ihat not being bound to secrecy he had no right to enter there. Parnell became very much excited and indignant at the objection, but finally was allowed to remain. The election resulted in the return of Mr. Collery, who polled 3,206 votes, his opponent polling 2,426. The organ of the McCarthyitcs next morning, referring to the election, said : " In spite of builyings, bludgeonings, and mob law, personally organized by Mr. Parnell, the Nationalists have won the most remarkable triumph ever achieved for Home Rule." On Sunday, April 5th, not\vithstanding a steady downpour of rain, fully 2,000 persons as.sembled in Phoenix Park, Dublin, to assist in the demonstration of the Amnesty As.sociation, and to protest again.st the continued imprisonment and alleged inhuman treatment of Irish and Irish-American political prisoners by the British Government. After speeches had been made by Mr Kenny, Mr Parnell, and others, resolutions were passed calling upon Irishmen at home and adroad to put forth every effort to secure the release of their friends, and demanding that the Government hasten the unconditional surrender of the prisoners. Mr Parnell's speech was a tirade against the Liberals, whom he accused of always making political prisoners, while the Conservatives released them. The same thing might occur again, and John Daly and others, convicted of perjury during the Liberals' tenure of office, be liberated by the Con.servativc Government. " Why," he asked, "did not Mr Gladstone release these prisoners in 1886? Mr Gladstone did not hesitate to stoop to a.scertain the opinions of dynamiters in America, as to whether they would accept his Home Rule bill of that year, and even went so far as to receive some of these people at Hawarden. Why did he not release the prisoners at that time?" In reply to a question as to why he did not make conditions, Mr Parnell declared that the Irish party never made conditions with the Government. " The prisoners," he said, " would rather rot in gaol than accept anything but their unconditional release." Next day Mr Glad- stone declared that Mr. Parnell's statement, that he had received dynamiters at Hawarden, was an absolute falsehood. The first public meeting of the National Federation was held in Dublin on April 7th. Mr. Sexton, who presided, made a speech, in which he dwelt upon the rapid and enormous growth of the Federation, which, he said, would soon embody the political strength of Ireland. Mr Michael Davitt was appointed Secretary of the Council. It was announced that the account in Mr. John Dillon's name had been overdrawn to the extent of $15,003, and that there were other urgent liabil- ities to the amount of $40,000. It was consequently resolved to call on Mr Mc- Carthy and Mr Parnell to immediately release a sum from the fund held in Paris sufficient to meet the present and future liabilities. The Evicted Tenants' Committee, at a meeting in Cork on April 13th, resolved to disclaim connection with either the National League, or with the National Federation, and to attend to their own interests, and endeavor to secure the benefits of the Land Act. It was also decided to form an association, to include every evicted tenant in Ireland. IPwT^^ 290 The History of tmk Year. t|,> m Mr. Parnell issued a manifesto on April 19th, to the members of the National League of Great Britain, in which he declared the McCarthyites were under English influence. He called upon his countrymen in Great Britain to ignore the Convention summoned by Irish Whigs under the shadow of English influence, and asked them to assert the principle of national independence and to declare that Irishmen alone shall regulate the conduct of Iri.sh business. He al.so asked his fellow-countrymen to rally round the E,xccutive Committee he had appointed, Shortly after this he commenced a political tour, delivering addresses in Dublin, Clonmel, Belfast, and other places. In June the Nationalist press published a statement as to the receipts and expenditure of the campaign fund as follows : Amount collected, $634,385. Expenditure: Legal expenses, $36,100; paid tenants, $382,090; housing, $66,405; buildings, etc., at New Tipperary, $147,760; total, $632,355. Balance, $2,030. The decree in the O'Shea divorce suit having been made absolute, Mr. Parnell and Mrs. O'Shea were married at Brighton, on June 25th, by the registrar. The only witnesses to the ceremony were two servants from Mrs. O'Shea's house. Many of Mr. ParncH's friends thought that the marriage would lead to the attainment of his old standing, but in this they were disappointed. The Irish Roman Catholic Bishops, at a meeting held in Dublin on July 1st, reaffirmed their former declaration ihat Mr. Parnell was unfit to be the leader of the Iri.sh people, that he was unworthy the confidence of the Roman Catholics, and calling upon Iri-shmen to repudiate him. The result of the Carlovv election for a succes.sor to the O'Gorman Mahon, in Parliament, was, therefore, looked for with keen interest by both parties. The election took place on July 7th, and the Parnellite candidate sustained a crushing defeat. The result was Hammond (McCarthyite) 3,755 ; Kittle (Parnellite) 1,539. This was a severe blow to Mr. Parnell, as he admitted that Carlow was his strong hold, and where, if he were defeated, he would admit that he had nothing left to fall back upon in political life. A few days afterwards it was announced that as a result of the election a number of the most prominent of Mr. Parnell's supporters, were making pacific advances towards their opponents, as they recognized the game was clearly up with them. Messrs Dillon and O'Brien were released from Galway gaol on July 30th. and met with a cordial reception from thousands of their countrymen. They both announced that they could not accept Mr. Parnell's leadership, and Mr. Dillon threw in his lot with the McCarthyites. The following day the Dublin Freeman's Journal published a letter from O'Dwyer Gray, its proprietor, stating that in view of the revelations of the Campbell lawsuit, and the utterances of Dillon and O'Brien, he would henceforth reject Mr. Parnell's leadership. A few days afterwards the Bclfa.*^^ Morning Nezus, one of Mr. Parnell's organs, announced its preference for Dillon and O'Brien. On August 9th, a meeting composed of Messrs Dillon, O'Brien, McCarthy and Sexton was held, to deliberate on the future leadership of the party, which resulted in an Troubled Ireland. 291 f the National :.s were under n to ignore the ish influence, ind to declare He also asked lad appointed, ises in Dublin, receipts and ted, $634,385. isifig, $66,405 ; ice, $2,030. ab.solute, Mr. 25th, by the nt.s from Mrs. larriage would disappointed. on July 1st, : the leader of nan Catholics, 'arlow election L'refore, looked July 7th, and 'as Hammond e blow to Mr. ;re, if he were an in political the election a naking pacific 'as clearly up on July 30th. ymen. They ship, and Mr. ing day the ts proprietor, ujit, and the Mr. Parnell's one of Mr. On August Sexton was :sulted in an iijjrecment that Mr. Dillon should be formally invested with the leadc-ship when Parliament re-as.sembled, and that meanwhile Mr. McCarthy would continue the nominal chief. The Dublin Freeman's Journal kept up a persistent series of attacks upon Mr. I'arnell, who announced early in October that he had made satisfactory arrangements to start both a daily and weekly paper in his interests. At the convention of the Irish National League of America, which was opened in Chicago, 111, on October 1st, neither the McCarthyite nor Parncllite party was represented. On the 4th, the newly-elected Executive Hoard and most of the officers met and decided to inaugurate an active campaign of organization. One of the important questions discussed was what attitude the League would assume towards the branches of the Iri.sh Federation — the McCarthy organizations — in regard to matters partaining to the Iri.sh cau.se. It was resolved to offer the right hand of fellowship to the officers of the Federation, which meant that in everything pertaining to the general advancement of National opinions, and in all movements connected with the succoring of evicted tenants, the League would work with the Federation. On the question of leadership, the League would maintain a neutral position. On October 6th, Mr. John Dillon, M.P., published the correspondence which had been going on between Mr. Parnell and himself, in which the latter proposed that Mr. Parnell should appoint two of his supporters, and that Mr. Justin McCarthy should appoint two of his friends, the four appointees, to form a committee to distribute the Paris fund to the evicted tenants. The correspond- ence showed that Mr. Parnell refused to agree to the appointment of such a committee, insisting that he, himself, must consider the claims of the evicted tenants in conjunction with Mr. McCarthy. On the same day, Messrs. Dillon, O'Brien and Healy addressed a meeting at Thurles, at which they declared they had finally abandoned making any further appeals to Mr. Parnell to help the evicted tenants. It was hoped that Mr. Parnell's death, referred to on another page, would have had the effect of re-uniting the two factions, but, instead, the bitter feeling was more than ever intensified. At a meeting of the National Club, in Dublin, on the day following Mr. Parnell's death, the question of union with the McCarthyites came up for di.scussion, and resolutions denouncing such union were carried. The subscribers to the fund which was being raised, prior to Mr. Parnell's death, with the intention of starting two Parnellite newspapers, also met and decided to carry out the scheme. The Parliamentary followers of Mr. Parnell held a private meeting at which it was decided to contest the seat for Cork, rendered vacant by the death of Mr. Parnell, but to allow the North Kilkenny .seat, rendered vacant by the death of Sir John Pope Hennessy, to go by default. John E. Redmond was selected by the Parnellites as their candidate for Cork, and Michael Davitt was selected as the anti-Parnellite candidate in North Kilkenny. 'I I ' .•' I 292 The History of the Year. Conservatives were much elated over the news from Tipperary, on October 20th, that tenants on the Ponsonby estate were seckinj^ to comt to terms with their landlords, and that the Tipperary tenants had turned against I-athcr Humphreys, who had been the chief of the plan of campaijjn and boycotting move in Tipperary, and had called upon Archbishop Crokc to remove him. On his arrival in Cork on October 21st, Mr. John E. Redmond, replyin^^ to an address of welcome, announced that he spoke as " the elected leader of the Parliamentary party," and at a meeting of the National League, in Dublin, next day, I'ierce Mahony, M.P. for North Meath, declared he was ready to follow the new leader as loyally as he had followed Mr. Parnell. The McCarthyitcs on October 23rd nominated Martin Flavcn, a local butter merchant, to contest Cork, and the Conservatives selected Captain Sarsfield, the Deputy-Lieutenant of the county, as their candidate. Great excitement was caused in Dublin by an apparent attempt to blow up the office of the National Press, the organ of the McCarthyitcs, on the evening of October 26th. A bomb was thrown in the area of the building and exploded with a tremendous report, doing considerable damage to the windows and furniture, but fortunately injuring no one. No clue could be found as to the perpetrator of the outrage. The McCarthyitcs blamed the Parnellite.s, and this intensified the bitter feeling arou.scd throughout the country by recent political and factional sayings and doings. On the 27th Dillon and O'Brien arrived in Cork and were escorted by a procession of their admirers through the streets. The processionists were attacked by the Parnellitcs, and both sides fought desperately with sticks, clubs, shovels and picks. The mounted police were summoned and succeeded in restoring order, but not before a large number of wounded were stretched bleeding and groaning in the streets. The neighboring hospitals had to find accommodation for many wounded persons by the time hostilities were suspended. The ne.xt day everything was comparatively quiet, but on the 29th the rival factions again came into conflict and desperate hand- to-hand fighting ensued, the McCarthyitcs being on the whole victorious. Among the wounded was John Dillon. No less than 325 cases were treated at the hospitals and infirmaries. In North Kilkenny, Patrick McDermott, the McCarthyite candidate, was elected without opposition on the 29th, to the seat in the House of Commons, left vacant by the death of Sir John Pope Hennessy. Timothy Healy, M. P., was horsewhipped by Mr. McDermott, a nephew of Mr. Parnell, at the Four Courts, Dublin, on November 3rd, for having used insulting language regarding Mr. Parnell's widow, during a speech on the ist at Longford. At the National Federation Convention in Waterford, next day, Mr. Healy repeated the language complained of, stating that he would not be deterred by violence from pursuing the course he had mapped out. Three hundred police and one hundred priests had to guard the delegates to and from the Convention, and had to repel repeated assaults by the Parnellites. Savage Tkouhlkd Ireland. 293 ry, on October to terms with igainst I'ather Find boycotting' love him. nd, replyiii},' to d leader of the n Dublin, next y to follow the cCarthyitcs on ) contest Cork, utcnant of the npt to blow up on the evening : and exploded windows and )und as to the jllites, and this recent political Iricn arrived in gh the streets. h sides fought :d police were rge number of he neighboring IS by the time iratively quiet, esperate hand- rious. Among treated at the :andidate, was ; of Commons, t, a nephew of " having used 1 on the 1st at next day, Mr. would not be 1 out. Three s to and from lites. Savage fighting took place all day, and hundreds of skulls were cracked. Still further bitterness was added to the angry feelings existing between the factions by \Vm. O'Hrien's Boulogne revelations, which the Parnellites characterized as an artful, dishonest, misrepresentation, a shameless breech of confidence, and a wanton outrage on the memory of the dead leader. On the 5th several fights took place in Cork between the rival factions, and many people were injured. The election took place on the 6th, and the polling booths were held by the military. Several e.Kciting scenes occurred between the priests and the Parnellites, but the presence of the military had the effect of keeping things comparatively quiet. The result of the election was a victory for Martin Flavin, the McCarthyite candidate, by a plurality of 1,512 over the Parnellite candidate, John K.Redmond. The vote stood: Flavin, 3,669; Redmond, 2,157; Sarsfield, Unionist, 1,161. Mr. Red- mond, after the result had been made known, delivered an address, during which he declared his intention of continuing the struggle to obtain recognition by the people of Ireland of the FarncUite principles. On November 27th, Mr. Balfour, at a Conservative meeting held in Gla.sgow, .Scotland, declared posititively that, no matter what the future might bring forth, it would never bring Home Rule to Ireland. A disgraceful faction fight took place at Limerick, on December 2nd, where the McCarthyitcs had been holding a convention. At the Limerick station a large crowd of Parnellites had gathered, and when Mr. Dillon and Mr. O'Brien appeared, accompanied by their followers, the Parnellites greeted them with hoots and yells, and hurled opprobrious epithets at them. The McCarthyites resenting this treatment swooped down upon the Parnellites, and for a time the heavy blackthorns were used with marked effect. Many of the Parnellites were so badly injured that they had to be removed to the hospital. The McCarthyites took decisive steps, on December 2nd, to secure the funds, amounting to $177,500, in the hands of Mr. Munroe, the Paris banker. Mr. Parnell was one of the trustees of these funds, and upon his death, acting upon instructions from Mrs. Parnell, who claimed the money on the ground that it was her private property. Mr. Munroe refused to let anyone draw it. Mr. Justin McCarthy and Mr. Timothy Healy, on the date mentioned, commenced an action against Mr. Munroe to decide the ownership of the funds, and to compel him to restore the money to those entitled to the possession of it. Writs were also served upon Mr. McCarthy and his associates, at the instance of the leaders of the Parnellite faction, requiring them to show cau.se why they should not render an account of the Paris fund. A most sanguinary and vicious riot occurred at Waterford on December 13th, during a political meeting in the interest of Mr. Keane, the McCarthyite candidate. The Parnellites gathered in full force and the battle was soon raging fiercely. Volleys of stones were hurled through the air and blackthorns moved with a vicious celerity that sent many howling rioters to hospitals for surgical attendance. In the midst of the affray Michael Davitt received a nasty cut on '■ I TWiF^ i 294 The History of fhe Year. 'fi. the forehead, from which blood flowed freely, and Dr. Tanner and others were injured by stones. Mr. Davitt, who had previously refused to become the candidate of the party, consented to run as an answer to the blow he had received, and Mr. Keane was withdrawn from the contest. Another fierce battle took place between the rival factions at Ennis, on the 15th, Mr. John Dillon, M.P., being among the wounded. Mr. Dunbar Barton, Unionist, was elected to Parliament in the middle division of Armagh, on the 17th. He was unopposed, as the constituency was a strong Tory one, and the Irish party did not care to waste material for the short time yet remaining of the present Parliament. The election in Waterford, on the 23rd passed off without serious disturb- ance. Both sides worked hard, the McCarthj'ites being confident of victory. But they were disappointed, as the returns showed that the Parnellitcs had won the seat. John E. Redmond, Parnellite, secured 1,725 votes, and Michael Davitt, McCarthyitc, 1,229 votes. As this was the first bye-election won by the Parncl- lites since the split occurred in the party, they were correspondingly jubilant. THE BAIE DES CHALEURS RAILWAY SCANDAL. WHILE the two Committees of the Dominion House of Commons were busily engaged unearthing bribery and corruption, the country was startled, on August 4th, by the ventilation of what turned out a most scandalou.s state of affairs in connection with the Baie des Chaleurs Railway. In the Rail- way Committee of the Senate, the bill to confer a Dominion charter upon tlic new company, to which the old company had sold out, was called on that date. Mr. Walter Barwick, barrister, of Toronto, appeared to oppose the measure on behalf of the Ontario Bank and the Macfarlane estate. Macfarlane was one of the sub-co'itractors on the road, and had a claim of $83,000 against the company on account of work done. At the last session of the Quebec Legislature the grant of 800,000 acres of land to the company, was commuted into a cash bonu.s of $286,000, to be held by the local Government and paid out in satisfaction of the claims against the company. The Macfarlane estate had not been paid the $83,000 due to it, and Mr. Barwick demanded that provision should be made in the new bill whereby the claim might be paid. He claimed that of the $286,000, the sum of $68,000 was alleged to have been paid out on account of con.struction, which left $218,000 of the subsidy to be accounted for. Of the $218,000 the sum of $75,000 had been paid by C. N. Armstrong, the contractor for the construction of the road, to the holders of the old charter for its rights, which left $143,000 to be accounted for. Of this amount Mr. Barwick alleged that $100,000 was secured by the Mercier Government from Mr. Armstrong, as toll for election The Baie des Chaleurs Railway Scandal. 295 tid others were o become the blow he had ler fierce battle r. John Dillon, in the middle instituency was laterial for the serious disturb- ent of victory, ellites had won Vlichacl Davitt, by the Parncl- ly jubilant. ANDAL. ommons were country was lost scandalous In the Rail- irtcr upon the on that date, le measure on me was one of t the company egislature the a cash bonus satisfaction of been paid the Id be made in f the $286,000, f construction, 8,ocx) the sum e construction 1 left $143,000 $100,000 was 11 for election purposes, through a letter of credit cashed at the Banque du Peuple. This left $43,000, which was insufficient to meet the McFarlane claim. In the Senate Committee, on Angust 7th, leave was asked on behalf of the Railway company, to withdraw the Bill, but the Committee decided against the request by a vote of 17 to 9, and determined upon making a thorough investiga- tion into the boodle charges. Owing to the difficulty in obtaining witnesses very little was done till the 12th, when most damaging evidence was given by Mr. C. N. Armstrong against the Quebec Government, regarding the $100,000. It appeared that when the new syndicate was formed he received cheques for $175,000 in settlement of his claim against the company. There were three cheques covering $75,000, and five of $20,000 each. On being pressed to say to whom he handed these latter five cheques he declined to answer. The Com- mittee decided to report his refusal to the Senate. The Senate, having ordered that he must answer all questions put to him touching the whereabouts of the missing $ioo,coo, he, on the 14th, made a clean breast of it. Briefly the story- he told was as follows : " The Baie des Chaleurs Railway fell into a bad con- dition, and the Mercier Government, whether in the public interest or with politics in view, took power at the last session of the Legislature to cancel the charter. After this Mr. Ernest Pacaud, of UElecteiir, Premier Mercier's right- hand-man, undertook to bargain for the formation of a new company to take over the road and get the subsidies. He first negotiated with Mr. J. J. Macdonald and Mr. Hector Cameron. The arrangement was not moving very rapidly, so Mr. Pacaud met Mr. Armstrong and talked about the matter. Mr. Armstrong, having a claim upon the road, interested himself in the subject, and undertook to form a new company. He was told by Mr. Pacaud that for getting the road transferred to the new company he would have to be paid $100,000. Mr. Armstrong agreed to this, but the arrangement was made at a peculiar time, and under very suggestive circumstances. Premier Mercier was going to Europe, and Messrs. Langelier and Robidoux, two of his colleagues, were going south to inspect the American lunatic asylums. They all went to New York, and the day after Premier Mercier sailed, Mr. Armstrong reached that city in response to a telegram from Mr. Paraud, who had accompanied the party there. He discussed the matter with Mr. Pacaud and the two Ministers. Mr. Pacaud returned to Quebec, and Mr. Armstrong to Montreal. At Montreal Mr. Arm- strong completed the formation of his company. Then he prepared his claim upon the old subsidy in respect of his contracts upon the road. This claim was for a larger sum than that eventually chequed out. But Mr. Armstrong accepted the smaller amount on the principle, as he explained, that half a loaf was better than no bread. This smaller amount, however, was not the $175,000, but only $75,000. The remaining $100,000 went direct to Mr. Pacaud. When the five cheques of $20,000 each were issued in Mr. Armstrong's favor, Mr. Armstrong -dimply endorsed them and handed them over to Mr. Pacaud as his boodle. What became of the money came out in the evidence of bank managers on the :;'hHkj,| ■ ,mim\ 296 The History of the Year. previous day. A proportion of it went, apparently, to meet political debts, a proportion covered sums said to have been owing by Premier Mercier, and $50,000 was to remain with Mr. Pacaud as his personal property. Further starding evidence w?.s taken confirmatory of the charges made, and on August 27th Mr. Barwick addressed the Committee, claiming that he had proved his charges that money had been embezzled, which was intended to satisfy his clients, the Macfarlane estate and the Ontario Bank. He had no desire further to oppose the bill, but asked the Committee to insert such a clause as would protect the claims of his clients. The Committee instructed him to draw up such a clause as he thought would meet the requirements of the case. On the same day Mr. Langelier, counsel for the Quebec Government, made a charge of embezzlement against the old company of the Dominion subsidies. Senator Robitaille emphatically denied the charge and demanded a thorough investiga- tion. This was gone into, resulting in the charge not being sustained. The draft report of the Committee giving their findings upon the evidence was distributed to the members on September 9th. In the report the provisions of the bill were first set forth ; then the allegations of Mr. Barwick, that of the provincial subsidies applicable to the liquidation of claims against the road $175,- 000, had been improperly applied. Then followed the findings of the facts, in which the details of the disposition of the $175,000 were given, as shown by the evidence, and mention was made of the fact that $5,000 went to Mr. Mercier in the form of a bill of exchange upon Paris. The proceeds of the letters-of-credit, amounting to $175,000, were applied as follows: — Paid to the promoters of old company $71,750 00 Paid C. N. Armstrong iii 64 Paid James Cooper 2,250 00 Paid Honore Mercier and E. Pacaud, and in retiring personal obligations of Honore Mercier, C. A. P. Pelletier, Charles Langelier, Francois Langelier, J. L. Tarte, Ernest Pacaud, and others 54.700 00 Bank discount i)435 76 Drawn from the bank, in addition, by cheques of Ernest Pacaud 44,75260 Total ^175, 000 00 It was stated in the report that it was not possible to trace how the $44,752.60 was divided, as the cheques representing ^v'.ch sum were withdrawn from the banks by Pacaud on August, 6, 7, and 8, 1891, after the committee had begun their investigation, and after Pacaud had become aware that a summons had been issued by the committee requiring him to appear before them and give evidence. The conclusion reached in regard to Mr. Barwick's charge was this : — " Upon the above facts, and upon the evidence, oral and written, produced in support of them, your Committee find that out of the said sum of $280,000 the company was illegally deprived of the sum of $175,000, which was appropriated The Baie des Chaleurs Railway Scandal. ilitical debts, a Mercier, and :rty. Further ind on August ad proved his to satisfy his desire further ause as would Ti to draw up case. On the de a charge of dies. Senator )ugh investiga- ned. >e evidence was e provisions of ck, that of the the road $175,- of the facts, in shown by the Mr. Mercier in ;tters-of-credit, 1,750 00 III 64 2,250 00 f,7oo 00 1.435 76 4,752 60 j.ooo 00 the $44,752.60 rawn from the :tee had begun summons had hem and give > this: — n, produced in r $280,000 the s appropriated 297 and disposed of as above stated, and that the assets of the company, applicable to the payment of its debts and the completion of the railway have been improperly and illegally diminished to the extent of the said sum of $175,000." The report next dealt with Mr. Langelier's charge that the old Baie des Chaleurs Company embezzled $1 18,000 of the Dominion subsidies, and that it was necessary to threaten criminal proceedings against Senator Robitaille, president, and tht directors to compel them to hand over to the person entitled to receive it $40,000 which had been wrongfully paid to them. The report said that neither the statement made by George Taylor, of Brockville, before Chrysostom Langelier, at Quebec, nor the evidence of Taylor bore out the charges or afforded any founda- tion for them. Mr. Langelier's charges were thus disponed of: — "Hon. Francois Langelier, Counsel for the Government of the Province of Quebec, made no attempt to produce before your Committee any proof in support of the charges made by him, that, under threat of criminal proceedings being instituted, Hon. Theodore Robitaille and his associates, as directors of the Baie des Chaleurs Railway Company, had restored an amount which, by the said charge, it was alleged they had embezzled. It was proved, however, by the evidence of the witness Taylor, who was summoned at the instance of Hon. Francois Lange- lier, given under cross-examination by the counsel for the Hon. Theodore Robit- aille, that the said charge was totally unfounded. The further evidence given before your Committee by witnesses examined on behalf of Hon. Theodore Robitaille also showed that the said charges, and each of them, were unfounded in fact." The disobedience of Ernest Pacaud, Pierre Garneau, Commissioner of Public Works of Quebec; Gustave Grenier, Clerk of the Executive Council; Simeon Lesage, Assistant Commissioner of P'lblic Works; and Philippe Valliere, Quebec, to the summonses issued for their attendance before the Committee was reported, and the right of the Senate to compel their appearance was affirmed. The Committee concluded their consideration of the draft report on the nth, and with a few trifling verbal changes adopted it. It was then presented to the Senate. On the 1 6th the correspondence between Lieutenant-Governor Angers and Premier Mercier was laid before the Senate. It appeared from the documents that Lieutenant-Governor Angers spoke very freely to his First Minister, and that he communicated his statements to the Governor-General in his capacity as a Dominion officer. The correspondence testified to an interesting fast, viz.: that Mr. Garneau, who was acting Premier in Mr. Mercier's absence, objected to the Baie des Chaleurs deal when it was first proposed to him. He told the Lieuten- ant-Governor that he was subjected to strong pressure ; that he was asked to do things he objected to; that they threatened to send a cable message to Mr. Mercier, and that he felt like resigning. Afterwards Mr. Garneau informed the Lieutenant-Governor that he had received a letter from Mr. Mercier, then in Europe, stating that he was satisfied with the transaction respecting the Baie des lli'lf^^^'"" !il''''I'"l™i ||ii||l!il« 111 20 MVM]!WJ'i^"'*'r'J' I i iS 298 The History of the Year. Chaleurs Railway Company from which he (the Lieutenant-Governor) had reason to believe, until certain disclosures were afterwards made, that the Government would act in conformity with the law in settling the matter. The Lieutenant- Governor then reviewed the proceedings before the Railway Committee of the Senate, and closed with his letter to Premier Mercier on September 7th, which was as follows: "It was not my intention in the foregoing //rm to present a complete summary of the facts revealed before mittee having charge of examining the bill Baie des Chaleurs Railway Company to the ada. I have wished merely to draw attention portant of these disclosures which have caused I beg to draw your attention to the fact that funds by letters of credit, without the sanction tives of the Crown, is not recognized by law. the present case, the Government has drawn on sum of $175,000 without having recourse to Lieutenant-Governor required by law. It must this instance no Order-in-Council was ever the Provincial Treasurer to draw any sum from Order-in-Council No. 237 is but a conditional amendment of the proposals of Mr. Thorn and others, with a promise to eventually pay first the balance of the subsidy voted by the Act, 45 Vic, Cap. 25, and amendments, the Senate Com- prcsented by the Par'iament of Can- to the most im- me great alarm. the mode of raising of the represcnta- In this manner, in the treasury the the sanction of the be noticed that in passed authorizing the treasury. The acceptance with K WOLKES MONIMHST \flsSM^l .-V ^. Martello Tower on the Plains of Abraham. r-- The Baie des Chaleurs Railway Scandal 299 nor) had reason >e Government he Lieutenant- )mmittee of the iber 7th, which CIS to present a Senate Com- •ented by the lament of Can- the most im- grcat alarm, mode of raising he represcnta- this manner, in tr easur)' the sanction of the noticed that in jcd authorizing treasury. The cptance with C Wolfe's MO.NLMHNT and 51-52 Vic, Cap. 91 ; second, the subsidy granted for the bridge over the Grand Cascapedia river ; third, the subsidy of 800,000 acres of land converted into cash, and to appoint a commissioner to efifect the payment, with the approval of Mr- Thom, or upon the judgment or arbitration of certain debts of the railroad. I find that the system of drawing on the finances of the province by the means of letters of credit, without the sanction of the representative of the Crown, is pre- judicial to the public credit. It appears that the above is clearly shown by the several steps that had to be taken to utilize the letters of credit issued by the Government and the cheques given by their representatives. The Union Bank refused to discount the letter of credit of $100,000, and only consented to under- take to collect it. At the Banque du Peuple a note from Mr. Vallicre had to be attached to the cheque of the Government Commissioner, and a promise had to be made by Mr. Charles Langelier that a deposit of $50,000 would be made out of the loan of $10,000,000, as stated in the evidence of Mr. Dumoulin, manager of the Banque Nationale, in order to obtain the discount of the sum of $20,000. At the Banque Nationale a note made by Mr. Pacaud, endorsed by Mr. Philippe Valliere, had to be annexed to the cheque of the Government Commissioner in order to obtain the discount of a further sum of $20,000. It seems that the Govern- ment in paying the sum of $175,000 to Mr. Armstrong, has made a payment to a person to whom the Government owed nothing, and to whom the Baie des Chaleurs Railway Company owed nothing but debentures ; that, knowing the intention of the Act, 54 Vic, Cap. 88, and according to your declarations to the House, the Government, even with the consent of the reorganized company, should have paid to Mr. Armstrong no part of the $280,000 before the company could have exacted the payment thereof on account of the work to be done. Mr. Armstrong's preten- sions were of the category of the c bts, the settlement of which the statute did not authorize before the works had earned the subsidy; that in paying Mr. Armstrong the sum of $175,000, the Government has paid it to the one against whom the creditors of the category mentioned in the statutes should have been protected ; and that in anj'^ event the sum of $100,000, which went to Mr. Pacaud, has deprived to that amount a public enterprise of its subvention voted by the Legis- lature. It would seem that there exists between the Government and the creditors of the province a gate at which tribute must be paid before justice is done to those who are claimants for justice. Under these circumstances it is my duty, first to demand explanations about the Baie des Chaleurs railway affair ; second, to demand your co-operation, so that a Royal Commission composed of three judges be appointed and authorized to enquire into, and make a report on the facts and circumstances which have preceded, accompanied, caused, and followed the transactions made in consequence of the Act, 54 Vic, Cap. 38, in so far as relates to the Baie des Chaleurs Railway Company. As members of the Commission, I propose the Hon. Louis A. Jette, Judge of the Superior Court ; the Hon. Mr. Louis Francois George Baby, Judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, and the Hon. Charles Peers Davidson, Judge of the Superior Court. Until further iiiiiiiiij ' i liil! !|i:: liil 300 The History of the Year. orders ; I also call on you to limit the action of the Government to urgent acts of administration, and I revoke the nomination of the Deputy Lieutenant-Governor, made by virtue of the Treasury Act, to sign the orders on the consolidated funds of the revenue according to Article 765 of the Revised Statutes of the Province of Quebec, and I beg you to give notice of this revocation to whom it concerns." At a caucus of Premier Mercier's supporters on the 1 8th, it was decided to agree to the Lieutenant-Governor's demand for the appointment of a Royal Com- mission. The following day the Commission was issued, the Commissioners being tho.se suggested by the Lieutenant-Governor, Judge Jette being chairman The Commi-ssion was to have power to compel the witnesses to testify under oath, but to confine the investigation to the Bale des Chaleurs affair. Further correspondence between Lieutenant-Governor Angers and Premier Mercier was laid before the Senate on September 23rd, regarding the appoint- ment of a Royal Commission, in which Mr. Mercier claimed that his Government was innocent of any wrong-doing, and shifting the responsibility upon the shoulders of Mr. Ernest Pacaud. On September 29th, Judges Jette, Baby and Davidson forwarded their acceptance, as members of the Royal Commission, to Lieutenant-Governor Angers. The members of the Royal Commission met for the first time in Quebec on October 5th, when they were sworn in and proceeded to appoint their clerks and arrange their course of procedure. On the 6th they sat in the Circuit Court, when, after the reading of the appointment and oath, Mr. Beique announced that he and Col. Amyot appeared for the Quebec Government. Other counsel made application to appear for certain electors, which the Commission announced they would consider on the 8th, to which date they adjourned. The application was again made on the 8th, when Mr. Beique objected, and suggested that the wit- nesses should be examined by the judges composing the Commission. The chairman said a decision would be given the matter on the 14th. The opening of the investigation was commenced on October 14th, in the presence of a large gathering of notabilities. In opening the Commission, Mr. Justice Jette said : " Before commencing this delicate and perhaps di.sagreeable procedure, I must say that we enter it without prejudice and determined to do our duty as best we possibly can. We have not concealed from ourselves the fact that, in accepting the position, we risk, certainly, to a considerable extent, the reputation for impartiality we must have acquired since we have been chosen to conduct so delicate a matter, but, on the other hand, we recognize that our experience in the exercise of judicial functions should enable us to bring ilito the conduct of a case of this kind the qualities of impartiality, calmness, and sang- froid necessary to the proper fulfilment of the duties of a magistrate. Among the public this' enquiry will probably excite political feeling, already sufficiently heated, but we will endeavor to guard, as much as possible, against intensifying that feeling, and when we learned the names of the advocates who are to appear before the Commission, we felt convinced that, aided and enlightened by them, The Baie des Chaleurs Railway Scandal. 301 ) urgent acts of lant-Govcrnor, olidated funds the Province n it concerns." vas decided to a Royal Com- Jommissioners ing chairman ify under oath, s and Premier X the appoint - is Government lity upon the rvvarded their vernor Angers. in Quebec on lieir clerks and Circuit Court, innounced that rounsel made nnounced they ippHcation was J that the wit- imission. The )er 14th, in the )mmission, Mr. )s disagreeable :rmined to do ourselves the ble extent, the Decn chosen to [nize that our bring itito the ess, and san^- rate. Among dy sufficiently ;t intensifying I are to appear ^ned by them. ill! we would be the better able to fulfil our duty calmly and impartially. Of course, whatever may be the decisions at which we shall arrive and the procedures we take, we will not satisfy everybody. We know to a certainty there are bound to be points of disagreement. Two of us have already received anonymous letters. That does not surprise us, for we have been accustomed to receive them often, as judges, and cannot hope to escape as Commissioners. As to the commentaries which may be made upon the expressions of opinion which have already been made, we have had but two sittings, and we are not responsible for them, and are not sufficiently advanced in the enquiry to know exactly what weight we should give even to expressions which may have been used by the advocates, but we ask now that all parties should be as calm and as careful as possible in their strictures. There was one expression used among others which was neither proper nor agreeable, but, giving to him who used it the benefit of the circum- stances which may have inspired it, we must declare our absolute dissent from the opinion that the Commission ought to be under the control of the Executive. The Commission may be revoked, but it will not be controlled by anybody. We hold ourselves totally independent of interests and passions, and will endeavor to faithfully and conscientiously carry out our task. The Court then decided to allow John Hall, Q.C. ; T. C. Casgrain, Q.C. ; and W. Cook, Q.C, to appear for the electors. The taking of evidence was then commenced, Mr. Charles N. Armstrong, the contractor, being the first witness examined. A vast amount of evidence was taken, and among the witnesses examined was Ernest Pacaud, who endeavored to shield the Mercier Government by taking all the blame upon his own shoulders. He asserted that the company, through Mr, Armstrong, gave the money voluntarily and with its eyes open. It was brought out in evidence that the Macdonald syndicate was willing to take hold of the railway, complete it and run it for $450,000 ; but the fortunate company seemed to have struck a bargain under which it could claim $870,000 in all, though it was not required in black and white either to complete the last forty miles from Paspebiac to Gaspe or to run the road when it was built. From this it appeared that the $100,000 was not a mere gift from the company, nor a present from Mr. Armstrong, but a withdrawal from the resources of the province. The enquiry closed on November 7th, with congratulations between the bench and bar. The Commissioners decided that there was no necessity for counsel to put in factums. The report of the Commission was looked for with the keenest interest. Owing to the illness of Judge Jette it was delayed from week to week, and it was evident from the fact that the Lieutenant-Governor allowed the prescribed time to pass for summoning the Legislature to meet that a crisis was imminent, and that his Honor was chafing at the delay. Finally two of the Commi.ssioners, judges Davidson and Baby, arrived at Quebec, on December 15th, and handed the following interim report to the Lieutenant-Governor. liiiiliii ill III li Will! Iil»fri|||i illHij VI' "1 iilM r - SENATOR DeBOUCHERVILLE, Premier of Quebec. The Baie des Ciialeurs Railway Scandal. 303 T" His Honor A. R. Aitf^crs, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Quebec, etc., etc, : We. the undersigned Commissioners, have tiie honor to maith, an attempt to retake it was made by the Government troops. During the fight the women and children, by command of the English Admiral, were taken on board the vessels in the harbor, the men of the Warspite gallantly landing under fire on this deed of humanity. On the 20th the Government troops were bribed to surrender and the town was Revolution in Chili. 3>9 more than the a^ain left in the hands of the insurgents, who pillaged the principal places of business. A number of engagements were fought between the land forces, the most important being on March 5th, at Mount Sebastopol, when the Government troops were defeated by the rebels, giving the latter entire control of the Province of Tarapaca. The loss on both sides was severe. Before the end of March the rebels had secured a permanent hold on the northern provinces. In the harbor of Valparai.so a lively engagement occurred on March 26th, when the Government tug Florence was destroyed by a shell from the insurgent vessel Blanco, and a Government torpedo boat was knocked to pieces by a broadside from the O'Higgins, another insurgent vessel. Shells from one of the forts struck the (j'Hif^lghis, one of them causing a gun on her quarter deck to e.xplode, tearing her deck completely out and killing three-quarters of her crew. On April 5th, a cable despatch sent to Paris, France, by the revolutionary leaders, stated that 2,000 Government troops defeated in Autofagasta took refuge in Bolivia, where they were compelled to lay down their arms. By this victory the insurgents became masters of the Province of Autofagasta. Advices received on April 13th stated that at Iquique vagabonds were robbing, plundering, murdering, violating women, and committing all cla.s.ses of atrocities, while incendiaries were aLso at work. The distress along the south coast, due to the revolution, was appalling. General Urratia, in command at Iquique, had been selling flour at 22c. per pound. Hundreds of men had abandoned the nitrate works, only carry- ing bottles of water, and accompanied by their families had trudged across the desert to Iquique, many dying on the way. The warship Blanco Encalada, one of the vessels taken possession of by the insurgents at the breaking out of the insurrection, was sunk on April 23rd in Caldera Bay by a torpedo fired by the new gunboat Almirante Lynch. The destruction of the ironclad was attended by great loss of life, 200 persons, comprising half of her crew, being killed by the explosion of the torpedo. The monitor Huascar was also sunk. President Balmaceda's fleet, after administering this severe lesson to the insurgents, returned to Valparaiso without having sustained any damage. The insurgents' party, over the signatures of Senors Montt, Silva, Barros and Luco, issued a notification, which was presented to the French Government on May 3rd, to the effect that a provisional Junta, or Government of the Ministers and Congressmen, who were opposed to President Balmaceda, had been estab- lished for the administration of the affairs of the eight Chilian provinces which were in the hands of the insurgents. On the 5th it was announced that negotia- tions, looking to a settlement of the civil war, were proceeding between President Balmaceda and the insurgent leaders, and the day following that the President had rejected the demands of the latter, leaving the struggle to be fought out until one side or the other was utterly crushed. The President had also given notice of the withdrawal of bank notes at the rate of ten per cent, monthly and had demanded that all import duties be paid in silver. A curious incident occurred on the 6th. The Chilian insurgent steamer Itata I ill',. mfp'- ■ ' 320 TiiK History ok tiik Year. I which was lyirifj in the Harbor of San Dicjjo, California, awaiting provisions, put to sea carrying off Deputy United States Marshal Spencer, who had been placed on board to detain the vessel. He was subsequently put on shore and the Itata then transferred from an American schooner Robert and Minnie, her cargo of arms and ammunition, which the latter vessel had taken on board at San Francisco, and sailed for Chili. The Washington authorities on May 9th sent the Charleston after the Itata with instructions to capture her at all hazards. The pursuit was kept up till June 4th, the C/iaileston reaching Iquiquc first and being followed shortly by the runaway. She was surrendered to the United States Admiral and was taken back to California, accompanied by the C/ui lies ton. ■ On May 7th an attempt to assassinate the leading members of the Cabinet caused great excitement in Valparaiso. The persons engaged in the plot threw a bomb at the intended victims on the street. Fighting continued between the opposing forces with varying success. The term of the old Congress expired on May 31st, and the new- Congress, elected under direction of the Balmaccda party, professed to follow the lines of its predecessor. But on June 27th it elected Claudio Vicuna as successor to Balmaceda. On August i8th President lialma. ceda ordered forty-two young men, from sixteen to eighteen years of age, to be shot to death. They were charged with having engaged in a plot to blow up railroad bridges and thus preventing the movement of Government troops. A few unimportant engagements took place between the insurgents and Govern- ment forces, but on August 2 1st a desperate battle commenced within a few miles of Valparaiso and raged for several days with varying success. The insurgent forces were under the command of General Canto, a veteran of the Peruvian war. The fight was hotly contested on the 24th, with no advantage to either side, and with great loss on both sides. Both armies having suffered severely, each was afraid to take the offensive. On the morning of the 28th the Government troops, led by Generals Barbosa and Alzerreca left their breastworks and advanced on the enemy. They were met by a terrible charge of grape and canister, and rifle bullets tore through their ranks until it became too hot, and despite the efforts of the officers they broke and retired, almost in a panic. A second charge was made, however, but it resulted as disastrously as the first. Generals Barbosa and Alzerreca were both killed early in the fight. The retreat of the Government forces developed into a panic and demoralization. The cavalry attempted to make a stand, but they were literally cut to pieces. It was estimated that during the short but bloody fight 5,000 men were killed and wounded. The victorious insurgents took possession of Valparaiso and captured the torpedo boat Almitante Lynch after a short engagement of fifteen minutes. Two days afterwards Santiago de Chili, the capital, was in the control of the insurgents and Balmaceda had fled. But when the defeat of the Government troops reached the capital on the 2r^th, a bloodthirsty mob took possession of the city and destroyed a vast amount of pi-operty. They hunted for Balmaceda to Rkvomjtion in Ciiii.i. 3»i kill him, but failed to find him, as he had apparently taken refuije in flight or liidden himself. They burned his house and the houses of his Ministers and (icnerals and the t^ovcrmncnt printinj^ offices. The city was panic-stricken, business was suspended, and people outside the mob kept close to their houses. When the insurgents took possession comparative order was restored but it took strict measures to effect it. Rioters who were caught in the work were summarily dealt with, and many of them were shot at sight. A mob of disbanded soldiers, who had shot to death all of their officers, were joined by 4,000 coal miners, and together they took possession of the town of Coronel. I louses and stores were sacked and burned, women were abused and subjected to brutalities of the most revolting character. lialmaceda, when he heard of the fall of Valparaiso held a council of war and the situation was thorcjughly discussed. It was decided that a further continuation of the struggle was hopeless and that the surrender of the capital was the only proper course. General Hascuedano was recognized as President ad interim for the Republic, by the members of the Junta. The Governinent troops at other places, with the exception of Coquimbo, notified the Junta, through their commanding officers, that they had finished fighting, and were ready to obey orders. Men guilty of stirring up the people to acts of riot and incendiarism were executed. Much ill- feeling was aroused by the Admirals of the American warships refusing to deliver up political refugees on board their vessels, among them being ex-President X'icuna, and several of his ministers. The feeling was intensified by the belief that United States Minister Kgan, acted as partisan of Balmaceda's Government. On September 4th, the question of the disposition of the refugees was definitely settled, and on the following day an American and German man-of-war left for Peru with the refugees on board. On the 4th, the Provisional Government was constituted by the Congressional party, with Jorge Montt as President, and was universally accepted by the people. A circular letter to that effect was sent to the powers and to all countries appearing dispo.sed to recognize the new Admin- istration. Investigation of the banks showed that many of the Balmacedist officials took care to feather their nests well. Balances ranging from $20,cxx) to upward of $1,000,000 were carried in the names of men who were known to be poor before the war. Such balances were all confiscated by the Provisional Government, and used as a fund to meet the notes issued under Balmaceda's reign. President Balmaceda was more fortunate, as he induced an English vessel to take $750,000 in silver, which he had secured, to London, and which was placed in the Bank of England. Balmaceda, finding all avenues of escape cut off, took refuge in the Argentine Legation at Santiago. No one, with the exception of the Minister of the Argen- tine Republic, and another man, who was devoted to Balmaceda's cause, was permitted to see him. He continued in an extremely nervous condition. On the morning of September 19th, he committed suicide, by blowing his brains out with 322 The History of the Year. •H a revolver. He left a letter to his mother and a staument for publication. In this statement he said : "I acted all during the past eight months with the firm conviction that I was right. I had no one in my army in whom I could place my trust. My generals were false to me. They lied all through the war. Had my orders been obeyed, I believe that the battle of Concon would have resulted in a decisive victory against the enemy. My heart all through this trouble has been with Chili. I sought to rescue my country from foreign domination. I strove to make her the first Republic in America. My enemies say that I was cruel. Circumstances compelled me to sanction certain acts, but many bad deeds that have been attributed to my orders were never known to me until they had been committed. Until the final battle at Placilla, I had strong hopes of triumphing over my foes. Victory was assured by my generals. They all lied. I now know those who only pretended friendship for me because of the money that was gotten out of me. All the money that I have in my possession is $2,500. My wife gave it to me on the night of August 28th." In another letter addressed to Senor Urriburia, of the Argentine Legation, he .said : " When I saw the persecu- tion directed against me by persons who had supported my administration, 1 came to the conclusion that the only way to put an end to the persecution was to take my life, as I was the responsible one. Adios, my good friend. Give my farewell to my wife and children." There was a mingled feeling of savage rejoicing at his death, and of bitter- ness that he should have killed himself instead of falling into the clutches of the infuriated citizens, who would have delighted to rend him limb from limb for the long list of cruelties for which they held him responsible. The national holidays, which were to have ended on the 19th, were prolonged by the news of the suicide. The feasts, illuminations, and other celebrations in honor of the success of the Congressional party, were followed by the marching of the frenzied crowds through all the streets of Santiago, shouting songs of triumph over the death of their former ruler. The Junta was officially recognized first by the United States, then by Germany, Italy, France, Sweden and Norway, and England. United States Minister Egan, having sent despatches to his Government, that armed men under the authority of the Junta, had surrounded the legation at Santiago, and demanded the surrender or expulsion from the legation of several refugees of the Balmaceda Government, the United States, through its State Department, sent to him a vigorous protest on September 28th, against the violation by the forces of Chili of the territory of the United States in the legation. It appe^.red also that three Americans, Hillman, Madden, and Kay- prast, weie arrested and locked up after leaving the legation, but were released after a few hours' detention. Two of Minister Egan's servants were also thrown into prison and kept there for two days. Minister Egan, in accordance with instructions from his Government, gave the Junta to understand, by a formal and official notice, that if the Chilian authorities continued to maintain their Revolution in Chili. 323 present attitude, the friendly relations between Chili and the United States would be interrupted. A few days afterwards it was officially stated that the Government had given an intimation that it would soon issue a safe conduct to those persons who had taken refuge in the American and Spanish legations. The Government had recognized the right of asylum in a letter to Minister Egan. The general elections occurred throughout Chili on Sunday, October l8th. The day passed very quietly. The entire proceedings were marked by due regard for the constitutional rights of all voters, and the result showed an overwhelming defeat of the clerical party. The Liberals had a large majority in the Electoral College and elected thirty of their candidates for the Senate, while the clerical elected only two. In the Chamber of Deputies the Liberal majority was at least thirty. The bitter feeling existing among the Chilians against Americans, found physical expression in an attack upon unarmed sailors of the Daltiviore, on the streets of Valparaiso, on October i6th. Two of the Americans were killed and several wounded. The Government at Washington looked upon the affair as an insult to the honor and flag of the United States, and instructed Minister Kgan to take prompt and vigorous measures to secure proper reparation. Minister Egan, in accordance with his instruction, made a formal demand upon the Government of Chili on October 26th for reparation. The Government's reply was cabled by Mr. Egan to Washington, and was made public on the 29th. It was as follows : " The Minister of Foreign Affairs replies that the Government of the United States formulates demands and advances threats that without being cast back with acrimony, are not acceptable, nor could they be accepted in the present case or in any other of like nature. He does not doubt the sincerity, rectitude, or expertness of the investigation on board the Baltimore, but will recognize only the jurisdiction and authority of his own country to judge and punish the guilty in Chilian territory. He says the administrative and judicial authorities have been investigating the affair, that judicial investiga- tion under the Chilian law is secret, and the time has not yet arrived to make known the result. When that time docs arrive he will communicate the result, although he does not recognize any other authority competent to judge criminal cases than that established by the Chilian people. Until the time arrives to disclose the result of the investigation he cannot admit that the disorders in Valparaiso, or the silence of his department, should appear as an expression of unfriendliness towards the Government of the United States, which might put in peril the friendly relations between the two countries." This was, however, followed by the arrest of three of the Chilians at Valparaiso, who were implicated in the assault on the Baltimore s men. The Valparaiso correspondent of the London, England, Times, accounted for the hostile feeling of the Chilians towards the Americans, by the fact that the United States squadron acted as spies for Balmaceda, and that, second only to the dictator's troops, the most effective assistance to the cause of oppression was received from Minister Egan. \m. ii iii'iiiii IllUlllliii ■ 324 Tiiii History of the Year. On November 4th, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, the Liberal presidential electors met in Valparaiso and elected as President of the Republic for the next five years Admiral Jorge Montt, the inauguration to take place at the capital on December 26th. The President-elect was extremely popular with all classes, and his election was hailed with much satisfaction. Santiago was startled on the 4th by the discovery of a conspiracy against the new Government, in which people in prominent circles were implicated. Licut.-Colonel Ganderillas, of Balmaceda's army, to whose lot had fallen the assassination of General Canto, the commander of the Congressional land force, was arrested. Congress assembled on November i ith, when the Junta addressed that body in a formal message. In this it set forth the principles which had controlled it in governing the country in the absence of regularly constituted authorities, explained the present situation of affairs, and said that inasmuch as Congress was now prepared to assume rcspon.-ibility the Junta would resign to that body the functions which it had been exercising. The chief recommendation made by the Junta in surrendering its power was an urgent plea that Congress should at once institute measures looking to a thorough re-organization of the army and navy. The Senate organized by electing Senor Waldo Silva as its president, and the Chamber of Deputies elected as its presiding officer Senor Barros Luco. Senors Silva and Luco and Admiral Jorge Montt, the President-elect of the Republic, were the men who constituted the famous Junta of the Congression- alists. Admiral Montt was empowered to assume all the duties of the chief executive of the Republic until the meeting of the Electoral College, when he would be formally elected President. The Electoral College held a collective meeting at Santiago on November 19th, and publicly chose Admiral Montt for President. A resolution was also introduced into the Chamber of Deputies to award Admiral Montt 70,000 malinas, the newly-appointed rear-admiral 50,000 malinas, and several prominent captains of the navy in the late war 40,000 malinas, in recognition of their services. The Chilian Government had always refused to grant the request of Captain Schley of the Baltimore, that the United States representatives at Valparaiso be furnished by the Court of Enquiry into the outrage on the sailors of the Baltimore, with copies of all depositions made before it. But on November 20th he received a communication from Judge of Crimes P'oster, granting the request, which was looked upon as an indication that the Government had decided to descend from their lofty pedestal. On November 21st the procurators filed suit against Jose Eucina, late a member of Balmaceda's Congress, for $45,000,000, the amount of notes issued by that body, and which had since been declared illegal by the new Government. Similar suits were entered against all the members of Balmaceda's Government. The statement of the Finance Minister showed that Balmaceda expended during the civil war an amount equivalent in paper to $73,000,000. The Minister Rkvolution in Chili. 3^S considered that the financial question was simple and easy within Chili itself and the Government was cautiously arranging to re-organize the entire money circulation. The conduct of United States Minister Egan aroused such a bitter feeling against him and his Government, that at a meeting of the Finance Committee of the House of Representatives on December 8th, a proposition was made that Chili suppress her legation to Washington. After a heated debate the Govern- ment declined to support the proposal, and when the matter was put to a vote, those who were in favor of it were defeated. A circular note sent by Senor Matta, Minister of Foreign Affairs, on the iith, to all the Chilian legations in Europe and America, created a good deal of comment in Washington diplomatic circles and gave offence to the United States Government. It was as follows : '' Having read the portion of the report of the Secretary of the Navy, and of the message of the President of the United States I think proper to inform you that the statements on which both report and message arc based are erroneous or deliberately incorrect. With respect to the persons to whom an asylum had been granted, they have never been threatened with cruel treatment, nor has it been sought to remove them from the legation, nor has their surrender been asked for. Never has the house or the person of the plenipotentiary, notwithstanding indis- cretions and deliberate provocations, been subjected to any ofifence, as is proved by the eleven notes of September, October, and November. " With respect to the seamen of the Baliiviorc, there is, moreover, no exact- ness nor sincerity in what is said at Washington. The occurrence took place in a bad neighborhood of the city, the maintop of Valparaiso, and among people who are not models of discretion and temperance. When the police and other forces interfered and calmed the tumult, there were already several hundred people there, and it was ten squares or more from the place where it had begun. " Mr. Egan sent, on October 26th, a note that was aggressive in purpose and virulent in language, as is seen by the copy and the note written in reply on the 27th. " On the 1 8th, the preliminary examination had already been commenced; it has been delayed owing to the non-appearance of the ofificers of the Baltimore, and owing to undue pretensions and refusals of Mr. Egan himself No pmvoca- tion has ever been accepted or initiated by this department. Its attitude, while it has ever been one of firmness and prudence, has never been one of aggressive- ness, nor will it ever be one of humiliation, whatever may be or has been said at Washington by those who are interested in justifying their conduct .or who are blinded by erroneous views. " The telegrams, notes, and letters which have been sent to you contain the truth, the whole truth, in connection with what has taken place in these matters, in which ill-will and the consequent words and pretensions have not emanated from this department. Mr. Tracy and Mr. Harrison have been led into error in Ill I i' ;„|iP.»- .- 326 The History of the Year. respect to our people and Government; the instructions (recommending) imparti- ality and friendship have not been complied with, neither now nor before. If no ofificial complaint has been made against the Minister and the naval officers, it is because the facts, public and notorious, both in Chili and the United States, could not, although they were well proved, be urged by our confidential agents. Proof of this is furnished by the demands of Balmaceda, and the concessions made in June and July, the whole Itata case, the San Franciso at Quintero, and the cable companies. The statement that the North American seamen were attacked in various localities at the same time is deliberately incorrect. "As the preliminary examination is not yet concluded, it is not yet known who and how many the guilty parties are. You no doubt have the note of November 9th, written in reply to Minister Egan, in which 1 requested him to furnish testimony which he would not give, although he had said that he had evidence showing who the murderer was, and who the other guilty parties of October i6th, were. That, and all other notes will be published here. You will publish a translation of them in the United States. "Deny in the meantime, everything that docs not agree with these statements, being assured of their exactness as we are of the right. The dignity, and the final success of Chili, notwithstanding the intrigues which proceed from so low (a source) and the threats which come from so high (a source.) " On the 25th, Admiral Jorge Montt, was proclaimed as President of the Republic in every town and city in the country. United States Minister Egan, by staying away fioin the inaugural ceremonies, gave great offence to the Chilian Government. Senor Montt, the Chilian Minister at Washington, had an interview with Secretary Blaine on the 31st, and laid before him the following despatch from Senor Matta : " From the summary proceedings it appears that the struggle commenced between two sailors in a tavern at the Ward Arrayan, that it was continued on the street with the accession of numbers of inhabitants and transient parties from the streets called Del Clave, San Francisco, and Alamos. The disorder continued and e.vtended to the streets Del Arsenal and San Martin, where the police force succeeded in restoring order. All the North Americans, except two, state that they did their duty, and from the voluminous proceedings it appears that the court has done and is doing its duty. Whenever the prosecut- ing attorney renders his opinion, and the time for producing evidence shall have expired, sentence will be given establishing who and how many are the guilty parties, who may onl)' be presumed at present. Whoever they maj' be they will be punished. The legal proceedings arc being actively carried forward to their proper termination." CHINESE OUTRAGES UPON CHRISTIANS. DURING the year a series of outrages upon Christians was perpetrated by the Chinese, some of them being characterized by wholesale massacre. The first occurred at Woo Hoo, a treaty port in the Province of Ngan-Hoii, on the Yang-Tse-Kiang river, fifty miles from Nanking. The natives attacked and burned the Catholic mission and a number of the European dwelling houses, and also looted and burned the Custom House and the British Consulate. The Europeans took refuge upon the hulks anchored in the river. Her Majesty's ship Inconstant was ordered to proceed immediately to the scene of the riot, and to protect the lives and property of the European residents. This was followed a few days afterwards by an attack upon the Christian missions at Nankin, which were pillaged by the natives, the inmates narrowly escaping with their lives. The attacks by the anti-European element upon Christian missions in the interior continued and vigorous protests were made by the foreign diplomatic representatives at Pekin to the Emperor, resulting in an order being issued for the Chinese authorities to protect all foreigners and to behead the natives who took part in the recent riots. Notwithstanding this sweeping order rioting continued, and on June 8th an English Customs' officer and a Methodist missionary were killed by the Chinese at Wuhsich. A number of houses were burned during the riot. Chinese advices received on July 22nd, were to the effect that the whole southern portion of China was in a state of turmoil. Law and order were set at defiance, and armed bands of plunderers made business almost impossible. Later advices gave further instances of attacks upon mission stations. On August 12th the representatives of the several ])owers at Pekin addressed a fresh joint note to the Chinese Government demanding that China take immediate steps to protect the lives and property of foreigners. The British Minister at Pekin protested strongly against the dilatoriness of the Government, asking, first, why an edict on the subject of the riots was not despatched through the Empire by telegraph ; why the Wuhu magistrate who tried to stop the riots was degraded, while his superiors, who did nothing, were not punished ; and, third, why the punishment of the guilty at Wusuch was delayed. The Chinese Government .sent the questions to his l"'..\ccllency Li Chung Chang to be answered, and Chang replied : " I'irst, it is not the custom of China to send edicts by wire. Second, the magistrate was degraded for other rea.sons ; and, third, the rioters had been punished, two being executed and the others otherwise punished." Lord Salisbury added to the three questions a demand that Hunan, the hotbed of anti-foreign .sentiment in China, be opened to trade, coupled with a threat that if China could not control her own people the foreign powers would take the matter in hand. To this the Viceroy replied 327 ill!! ' i'lil; hiir 328 The History of tiik Year. that China was perfectly able to control her own people. The powers were not satisiicd with these replies, and with what had been done by the Chinese Government, so far in the way of punishment and reparation, and sent the Government an ultimatum. On September loth, news was received by the United States Department of State, that a riot had occurred at Ichang, on the Yang-tsc-Kianfj river, in the Province of Hoo-Pe, and that an establishment of American missionaries there had been destroyed. The foreign ministers at Pekin urgently protested against this outrage, and threatened a naval demonstra- tion of the combined fleet of the powers. On September 22nd, the British Foreign office was officially notified by cablegram from Pekin that specific sums had been offered to the treaty powers by China as compensation for the loss of life and property at places where disorders had occurred. Four leaders of the rioters had been executed and twenty-one banished. Five mandarins had been adjudged culpably remiss in not adopting measures to preserve order and had been reported to the throne for punishment. The Imperial Government recognizing its entire responsibility for the preservation of order at the treaty ports, and for the protection of missionaries in the interior, had ordered the Viceroys of Chilia and Nanking to despatch the northern and southern squadrons to patrol the Yang-tse-Kiang, and to afford protection wherever the life or property of Europeans was still apparently threatened. Mr. Mason, a British subject was arrested at Shanghai for furnishing arms to the rebels and sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. It was believed that a very large number of Europeans were concerned in the conspiracy to bring about a rebellion. The Kolah State Society cau.sed the walls of Woo Chang, a large city in the Province of Hoo-pei, on the Yang-tse-Kiang, to be placarded w ith posters announcing that all missionaries would shortly be exterminated. Shanghai advices received on October 22nd, stated that a revolution had broken out in the Province oT Fukir. The centre of the disturbance was in the city of Thlma. The leader of the insurgents was named Chen, and he had a force of 3,000 men. The first expedition was directed against the salt office, which was stormed and burned. One unfortunate fell into the hands of the insurgents, who nailed his hands and feet to a board, and cut him up by piecemeal. The insurgents, flushed with success, made a complete circuit around the city. They were met with a stubborn resistance. For three days the city held out. The insurgents finally scaled the walls, when a fierce struggle ensued, resulting in favour of the attacking party. The higher authorities, on hearing of the insurrection, despatched over 1,000 soldiers to the place. The latest intelligence was that the insurgents had left the city and were encamped on a hill. The loss on both sides was very heavy. It was said the insurgents butchered all the prisoners who fell into their hands. In the Hunan province many of the viceroys, magistrates and generals were among the rebels chiefs. A document was displayed on the walls everywhere to the following effect : " We, the inhabitants, who are desirous of preventing the CHINKSK OUTKAdES UPON CHRISTIANS. 329 violation of our country, let us prepare a plan of defence, so that every district may take up arms and assemble its forces. Every j^rcat district should furnish 20,000 men, every lesser district 15,000, every small district 10,000. Let us chase from the province the devil-mouthed European pigs. Having the power, money, and men, and being brave, let us destroy the enemy. It will be much better to burn the dwellings, churches and mission buildings than to confiscate them for the purpose of increasing the revenue. We will extinguish fires dangerous to Chinese dwelling.s. Let us puni.sh the converted Chinese, the traitors ; let us banish the families of the guilty and the ships of the American fleet. Germany comes flying to our aid." On November loth, the Wei, near Foo Chow, was captured by 15,000 rebels, who were armed with repeaters and led by capable men. The outbreak was directed mainly against the authorities, though anti-foreign cries were heard. On November 25th reports came from Pekin that bands of Mongolian robbers had devastated a whole district in the northern part of China, and that they had pillaged and burned the Belgian mission stations. In addition to the destruction of the mission stations at Tayou and Sanchin, there were over a hundred converted natives massacred by the blood-thirsty bands. The station of Gebol was sacked and burned, and the entire Christian population of Kinchow was massacred with the Belgian priests. The raid of these robbers turned out to be a revolutionary movement of serious dimensions against the Government. Steps were promptly taken by the general Government to prevent any further outrages on foreigners or native Christians in the district, and under orders from Pekin, all the troops available were immediately despatched to the .scene of the disturbance. The Government also decreed that the printing and publishing of anti-foreign placards was a capital offence, and ordered all those already convicted of this offence to be beheaded forthwith and without waiting for formal Imperial authority. It appeared, however, that the troubles throughout China were not alone based on the anti-foreign feeling, but the underlying reason for the discontent was the fact that the natives of the country believed that the time was ripe to overthrow the Manchu dynasty and to establish again the native dynasty, which was overthrown in 1644. In that year the Manchurians, who had invaded China, deposed the native sovereign and placed upon the throne the son of their leader. Since that time the Manchu dynasty had ruled in China, and the Manchu language had become the Court and official language, and since then there had been constant undercurrents of revolutionary feeling on the part of the nation. This had, from time to time, broken into armed rebellion, but the Pekin authorities had been able heretofore to suppress the rebels. The most serious revolt was the Tai Ping rebellion, which broke out in 1850 and con- tinued until 1865. This, however, was finally put down by the Imperial troops, led by British and American officers. Though armed rebellion was sup- pressed the spirit of revolt was active, and this was fostered by the many 22 ill: fm iiiK iii ■^^ 330 The History of the Year. secret societies for which China is famous, the most powerful of which is the Kalao Hui, the principal leaders of which were recently arrested for the outrages perpetrated upon foreigners and native Christians in the valley of the Yang-tsc- Kiang. The scat of the Kalao Hui is in Hunan, the most unprogressive of the Chinese provinces, and one of the society's avowed objects was to overthrow the Manchu dynasty. It was said to number hundreds upon hundreds of thousands of Chinese among its followers, and, without doubt, it was at the bottom of the movement which had now openly declared itself against the Government. The Government placed the responsibility for the outrages reported on the 25th, upon Mongolian robbers, but the movement had a deeper and more significant object in view, no less than the driving out of the present Emperor from power, and the placing of a native Chinese ruler upon the throne. On November 29th it was reported that the rebel forces in Manchuria had defeated the Imperial troops, numbering 4,000, and were marching on the capital, Pclvin. The Government promptly despatched reinforcements of 6,000 men to oppose the rebels. It was officially announced on December 6th, that the Imperial troops, after a long and stubborn fight, at a point fifteen miles from Chaovang, and during which no quarter was given, utterly defeated the rebels. Eleven hundred rebels were slaughtered on the field, and those who were over- taken were captured and immediately executed. A few daj's afterwards another engagement took place, the insurgents again sustaining a crushing defeat. It was the general belief among missionaries that the attacks upon Christian stations would be renewed in the spring, with increased violence. UNITED STATES CONGRESS. THE fifty-first Congress of the United States, which expired on March 4th, was one of the most remarkable on record. Many important measures were passed, including the famous McKinley Tariff Bill, the Federal Election Bill, the International Copyright Bill, Subsidy to Mail Steamers Bill, the Appointment Act, Cattle Inspection Acts, Public Lands Act, Immigration Act, Direct Tax Act and Judiciary Act. The bills which particularly affect other nations, are the McKinley Tarift" Bill, enacting a stricter measure of protection to native industries, and the Copy- right Bill. The letter provides that the usual benefits of copyright shall be given to citizens or subjects of any foreign nation, when such foreign nation gives to citizens of the United States the benefits of Copyright on substantially the same basis as to its own subjects, or when such foreign nation becomes a party to an international agreement providing for reciprocity in the granting of copyrights. Unitkd States Congress. 331 of which is the for the outrages )f the Yang-t.sc- ogressive of the o overthrow the ds of thousands e bottom of the r'crnment. The :d on the 25th, nore significant ror from power, Manchuria had f on the capital, )f 6,000 men to 6th, that the een miles from itetl the rebels, i'ho were over- rwards another [ defeat, upon Christian on March 4th, tant measures deral Election ncrs Bill, the migration Act, cKinley Tarift" and the Cop\- shall be given lation gives to ially the same a party to an of copyrights, by the terms of which agreement the United States may become a party thereto. The existence of these conditions shall be determined by the President of the United States by his proclamation. There is a proviso, however, that foreign books, etc., circulated in the United States, shall be printed from type set in the United States, or from plates made therefrom, or from negatives or drawings on stone which have been made within the United States. During the existence of the Copyright, the foreign editions printed from type set abroad arc excluded from entrance into the United States. Under this act foreign authors, inventors, designers, or proprietors of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composi- tion, engraving, cut, print, etc., have the same privileges of copyright as American citizens, and have the .sole liberty of printing, re-printing, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing and vending the same. The fifty-.second Congress convened on December 7th. Immediately after the roll call an adjournment was taken, and the fight of the majority — the Democrats— in caucus over the Speakership, which had been going on since the 5th, was resumed. There were five candidates out. The fight was practically between Mr. R. Q. Mills, of Texas, and Judge Crisp of Georgia, and the importance of the contest lay in the fact that each represented elements in their party which held divergent views as to the policy to be adopted with regard to tariff legislation during the session. Mr. Mills was regarded as an extremist, ready to lead his party as far in the direction of free trade during the session as it dared go. Judge Crisp, on the other hand, represented those who, while they might be tariff reformers, accepted the result of the Ohio election as a warning that it would not be wise for the party to press tariff reform upon the people at the present time. In other words, Mr. Mills stood for the Cleveland element and Judge Crisp for the anti-Cleveland. Amidst the wildest excitement Judge Crisp was nominated on the thirtieth ballot, Mr. Springer, of Illinois, one of the contestants casting the deciding ballot in favor of the successful candidate. The President's message was laid before Congress on the 9th. In it he referred to the arrangement of a satisfactory basis for the adjusting of the differ- ences respecting Behring Sea, and stated that all that was now necessary to complete the convention was an agreement as to the arbitrators. The message also briefly suggested that provision should be made for the joint demarcation of the boundary between Canada and the United States, wherever rendered neces- sary by increasing border settlement, and especially for the e.xact location of the water boundary in the straits and rivers. The President also recommended the passage of legislation dealing with the question of Chinese immigration through Canada and Mexico. He expressed the belief that the business of passing China- men through Canada was "organized and quite active." Several of the courts of the United States had decided, in opposition to the ruling of the Department of Justice, that the law required the return of all such arrivals to Canada as " the country whence they came." This, however, could- not now be done except on payment of the $50 head tax which Canadian Customs officials demand. The ,Pilill|: , I 332 TiiK HisToKV or TiiK Year. President recommended legislation remcdyiiiff this state of affairs. No allusion was made to reciprocity with Canada, but the I'resident referred with satisfaction to the reciprocal trade arrangements which had been concluded with Brazil, Spain, and San Domingo, and the prospect of the conclusion of similar arrangements with other countries before the close of the year, and to the withdrawal by Ger- many, Denmark, Italy, Austria, and France of the restrictions placed by them upon the importation of American pork products. The gist of the President's remarks respecting the McKinley tariff and its effects was contained in the follow- ing sentence:; c;f the message : " It cannot be denied that all the conditions of prosperity and of general contentment are present in a larger degree than ever before in our history, and that, too, just when it was prophesied that they would be in the worst state. Agitation for radical changes in the tariff and financial legislation cannot help, but may seriously impede business, to the prosperity of which some degree of stability in legislation is essential." The message took strong ground against the free coinage of silver, declaring that under existing conditions it would disastrously affect the business interests of the country at home and abroad. The troubles with Italy over the New Orleans affair in March last, and with Chili over the attitude of the United States Government towards the insurgents in the recent civil war, and over the Valparaiso outrage, were referred to at length. A friendly conclusion of the Italian difficulty was expected, but the outcome of the trouble with Chili was still uncertain. The Government at Washington was now awaiting notification of the result of the investigation at Valparaiso and the President announced that, should a satisfactory response to the note, calling the attention of Chili to the incident, not be forthcoming, he would bring the matter again before Congress in a special message. The Chinese disturbances were akso dealt with, and the assurance was given that the Government would spare no effort to protect American citizens in China. The President stated also, that his Government had expressed to Russia, in a friendly spirit but with much earnestness, its serious concern at the harsh measures now being enforced against the Hebrews in that country, and at the greatly increased immigration of those unfortunate and destitute people into the United States. The remainder of the message was occupied with domestic matters, with regard to which the President spoke in terms of entire satisfaction. Senator Davis, on December i6th, introduced a bill into the Senate for the construction of a ship canal around Niagara Falls for the passage of merchants' and warships from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie. The canal is to be located in Niagara county, along one or other of the routes heretofore surveyed by the United States, if either such routes be deemed feasible. The canal is to be of sufficient width, depth, and capacity to easily, safely, and expeditiously float vessels of as great length, width, draught, and tonnage as can be floated through the St. Mary's Falls canal and locks when the latter are completed. In case none of the routes already surveyed are found feasible the Secretary is to cause surveys, plans, and estimates to be made for such canal along some other route. The 1 Unitku States Con(;kess. 333 sf.Ti of $1,000,000 is appropriated to be applied to the construction of the canal. Speaker Crisp announced the House Committees on the 23rd. Both the Senate and House adjourned on that day until January 5th. BRITISH POLITICS. PARLIAMENT re-assembled on January 22nd. The session lasted for about two months and was an important one. The Tithes Bill was read a third time on Fcburary 12th, and was subsequently passed by the House of Lords with certain amendments, receiving the Royal assent on March 26th. Mr. Gladstone's bill, to enable Roman Catholics to hold the offices of Lord Chancellor of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, was defeated on its second reading. The Clergy Discipline Act, giving power to the Bishops to remove from their livings, clergymen found guilty — after trial in the Consistory Court — of leading impure lives, was read a third time and passed by the House of Lords, on March 26th. The following Acts received the Royal assent : The Consolidated I'und (No. i); Seed Potatoes Supply (Ireland) Act; Custody of Children Act — providing for the children of the poor a guaranteed protection, similar to that afforded by the Court of Chancery to the children of the rich ; Technical Instruction Act ; Tithe Rent Charge Recording Act ; and a private act vesting in trustees Shakespeare's house at Stratford-on-Avon. The Home Secretary's Bill to a.iicnd the Factories Act, 1878, passed its second reading and was referred to the Standing Committee on Trade. The session was enlivened by a vote of censure propo.sed by Mr. Morley, condemning the conduct of the Irish constabulary in connection with the Tii)i)crary prosecution and other proceedings, which was negative by a vote of 320 to 245. Parliament reassembled on April 6th, and was prorogued on August 5th till October 24th. Almost its first business was the appointment of a Royal Labor Commission, the list of members including Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, Lord Derby, Sir John E. Gorst, Mr. Mundella, Mr. Fowler, Mr. Abraham, the Welsh Labor member of the House of Cominons; and Mr. Austin, Secretary of the Cork Labor Federation. Capital had fourteen representatives, and labor thirteen on the Commission. The first meeting of the Commission was held in London on May 1st, at which the Commissioners talked over the plans for its future meetings, and arranged other details of its permanent organization. The Budget was submitted to the House on April 23rd by Mr. Goschen, Chancellor of the Exchequer. Mr. Goschen said there was an excess of ;^i,756,ooo over the surplus which he suggested in rSgo, but there was no certainty that a progressive increase would be maintained, as the 334 TlIK IIlSTOKV ()!• TIIK YliAR. needs of Ireland had increased the expenditure by ;^2C)0,ooo. The revenue for the comin^f year was estimated at i'90,400,000 and the expenditures at ;^88,440,ooo. Of the surplus /"«joo,0(X5 arose from the internal revenue duty on alcoholic spirits. There was an increase in consumption durini^ the year of l8,cxXD,ooo [jallons of home-made spirits. Tobacco had giver ncrease of ;^456,ooo and beer an increase of ;6375,ooo. The net reductii of the public debt durinjj; the year was ;^r),5 12,000, making a total reduction of over ;^ 30,000,000 during the time the present Administration had been in office. The yearly charge for the debt had been lowered from ;^2H,ooo,ooo to £25,000,000. The House, on May 27th, by a vote of 75 to 52, rejected the proposal to legalize the election of women as members of County Councils. In the debate on the Factory Bill on June i8th, an amendment of Mr. Sydney Buxton (Liberal) to prohibit children under eleven years of age from working, was adopted by a vote of 202 to 186, the Government being thus defeated. Next day it was announced that the Government cordially accepted the amendment, which affected from 150,000 to 200,000 children in the Kingdom employed in the manufacturing districts as half-timers. The bill to provide for this carrying out of the recommendation contained in the report of the transatlantic cattle trade, was presented i "^ House of Commons on June 19th. The bill .simply empowered the Boar Agriculture to appoint any person an inspector to .sec that the provisions of the report, in regard to the conveyance of cattle, are fulfilled by .shippers of cattle and masters of vessels carrying cattle across the Atlantic. The bill was withdrawn on July 29th. An important measure introduced by the Government wa.s the Element- ary Education Bill. It aimed at making free, as nearly as possible, that education which was already compulsory throughout the country. A sum of ten shillings is to be granted for every child in average attendance, between the ages of five and fourteen. Fees may be charged when absolutely necessary, but the Government estimated that two-thirds of the elementary .schools in England and Wales would become free. Scotland had already obtained this benefit for herself. The bill passed through both Houses, with .some slight amendments. A bill enabling trustees of religious bodies to acquire, compul- sorily, the freehold of places of worship upon paying compensation therefor, was passed, the measure being intended to place the Dis.senters on an equal footing with the Church of England. The condition of the tin plate industry in Wales was referred to in the House on July 17th, by the President of the Board of Trade, who said the Government was aware of the temporary stoppage of the works, involving the throwing of 20,000 men out of work. He thought over- production was the cause of this state of affairs, and quoted figures in support of this theory. By far the most important measure considered was Mr. Balfour's Land Purchase Bill. It provides for the advancement from the Imperial Exchequer of £ 30,000,000 for the purchase of transference, under easy conditions of the larger land holdings, to the poorer class of tenants in Ireland. As Hkitisii Politics. 335 lie revenue for xpcnclitiircs at venue duty on ntj the year of ncreasc of 'f the public <-tiun of over in office. The to .£,"25,000,000. le proposal to cils. In the Mr. Sydnc)- of ajrc from nt bcin^r thus lent cordially ',000 children s half-timers, contained in ^ House of • Agriculture the report, in Ic and masters Irawn on July the Klemcnt- possible, that • A sum of ;, between the ;ly necessary, ■y schools in obtained this some slight ■lire, compul- therefor, was :qual footing try in Wales he Board of •page of the lought over- is in support ^r. Balfour's lie Imperial y conditions eland. As originally introduced it was objected to, on the ground that it would fail of its true effect, inasmuch as the class who would benefit by it most sensibly aiul directly woukl be the large landed proprietors and well-to-do farmers, and not the class whom it was presumably intended to assist — the mass of the smaller tenants. Mr. Balfour accordingly strippeil the bill of those earlier provisions which would have rendered it practically inoperative, and re-intr(jduced it so ameniled as to secure that the greater part of the total purchase money shall be advanced on holdings under the value of X 30. By this change it was con- tended by Mr. I'arnell that 150,000 tenants would be ailmitted to share in the benefits of the measure, who otherwi.se woukl have been excluded. I-'inally, by way of compromise, the limit was fixed at ;^50. Another important change in the bill was the introduction of a clause, enabling a landlord to sell a holding over the head of the man in pos.session to an evicted tenant, or his predecessor. F-victed tenants can claim a prior right, but will only be able to benefit by the clau.se within si.x months after the Act pas.ses. The provision saves from ruin many a victim of the Plan of Campaign. The bill was read a third time in the Mouse, on June 15th, a motion for its rejection being defeated by a vote of 225 to 96. It pas.sed through the Mouse of Lords, not without strong ojjposition and some amendments. In his speech at Plymouth, on August loth, Mr. Balfour outlined the ideas of Irish Local Government which the Government proposed to embody in a bill. He a ued that local self-government should not be with- held from Ireland for two n ons. Ti e first, a sentimental one, because it had already been given in Lnglano and Scotland. The second, because it had been repeatedly promised to Ireland. It would be madness to allow councils to administer the funds of any class not represented in such councils by a control- ling voice. Such permission would convert them into engines of tyranny and oppression. It was announced, on September 21st, that Sir James Fergusson, Political Secretary of the Foreign Office, had been appointed to the office of Postmaster- General, vacant through the death of Henry Cecil Raikes. In the election for north-east Manchester, on October 8th, to fill the vacancy caused by Sir James' appointment to the Postmaster-Generalship, he was again returned by 4,058 votes, to 3,908 cast for Mr. C. P. Scott, editor of the Manchester Guardian, Liberal. The question of a successor to the late Right Honorable VV. II. Smith, as leader in the Hou.sc of Commons was widely discussed, and it was officially announced on October 17th that Right Honorable Arthur J. Balfour, Chief Secretary for Ireland, had .secured the leadership and First Lord of the Treasury. Mr. Balfour, who is forty-three years of age, entered Parliament when he was twenty-six years old, and ever since he has risen in power. Me has wealth, brains and education. He distinguished himself as a boy at hLton, and as a graduate of Trinity College, Cainbridge, the Alma Mater of many men dis- tinguished in Engli.sh history, he showed himself worthy of its traditions. The 'ijiii; 'iiiii iiliiHl III mi ill TIIK MA!{OlIS OF SALISIUKY. British Politics. 337 book which was issued under his name at the opening of his political career — " A Defence of Philosophic Doubt " — seemed scarcely to portend the one-sided firmness and inability to see anything but his own side of a question which have distinguished him in parliamentary and official life. He has, however, found time to be versatile; has followed up the game of golf with true British enthusiasm; has written exhaustive treatises on musical subjects, and been an appreciative patron of art. He is a man of wide culture, and it is noted of him that he has twice said in public that the true way to get cultivation is " to wander easily through books, reading what you like, and not taking too much pains about your Greek accents and irregular verbs." His apprenticeship to affairs has included the presidency of the Local Government Board, and the Secretaryship for Scotland. He was also private secretary to his uncle at the Foreign Office at the critical period of 1878-80, when the Berlin Treaty was being engineered. It may, therefore, be said that he was well qualified to take a prominent place in politics. He earned his high position by five years of the hardest work, while Chief Secretary for Ireland, that has ever found a place in political history. Since he introduced his Crimes Act of 1886, no man was more hated, and norie had poured out upon him with greater profuseness the vials of vituperation. But he shewed him.self a man of great courage, rare industry and consummate ability. His views may be wrong, but he holds them with the tenacity born of conviction. His method of governing Ireland cost an immense sum, and there was a vast proportion of repressive and coercive forces always located in the Emerald Isle. But his firmness and determination earned for him, at least, the worship of the land owning class, and the unwilling respect even of the Nationalists. On November 7th, it was officially announced that Right Hon. William Lavves Jackson, M.P., for Leeds, had been appointed Secretary of .State for Ireland, to succeed Mr. Balfour. The new Secretary is the eldest son of the late Mr. William Jackson, of Leeds, and was born at Otley, Yorkshire, in 1840. He is a leather merchant and tanner at Leeds, on an extensive scale. He is a magistrate for the West Riding of Yorkshire and for Leeds, and a director of the Great Northern Railway Company. He is a staunch Con.servative, opposed to any arrangements tending to sever Great Britain from Ireland. He has sat in the House of Com- mons since April, 1880, for Leeds, which he contested unsuccessfnlly in August, 1876. He was appointed P'inancial Secretary of the Treasury, January, 1886, and again in August. He was admitted to the Privy Council in 1890. It was also announced that Sir John Gorst, Under-Secretary of State for India, had been appointed Financial Secretary of the Treasury in succession to Mr. Jackson. It was announced in November 16th, that Mr. George Curzon had been appointed successor to Sir John Gorst as Under Secretary for India. Mr Curzon is thirt>-two years of Age, and an O.xford celebrity. He has travelled much in the East, has written a readable book of most solid merit, has been Private Secre- tary to Lord Salisbury, and has had five years' party experience. Mr. \V. Jackson, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, was, on November 23rd, iiill 338 The History of the Year. returned unopposed for North Leeds, the Liberals concluding that in view of the near approach of the general election it was not desirable to contest the seat. The Gazette announced on November 27th, that Parliament would assemble on February 9, 1892. It was announced on November 30th, that the Government, after consulting with the Law Lords, had decided to introduce a bill at the coming session of Parliament recasting the whole law of evidence, mainly wiih the object of allow- ing criminals to give evidence in their own behalf By the death of the Duke of Devonshire, on December 24th, the Marquis of Hartington, leader of the Liberal Unionists, who succeeded to the title, had to resign his seat in the House of Commons. Much speculation was indulged in as to who would be his successor as leader in the Commons, and it was ultimately conceded that Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, the Radical Member for Birmingham, was the man to fill the position. EXPULSION OF RUSSIAN JEWS. FEW, if any, events of the present century so thoroughly aroused Christendom as the persecution and atrocities to which Jews have been subjected in Russia. It is the greatest outrage of the kind that Europe has seen since Louis XVI. persecuted the French Protestants, and drove from France vast numbers of the most industrious, intelligent and thriving of his subjects, a proceeding from the evil effects of which the country suffered for generations. There were about five millioMs of Jews in the Russian Empire. Being greatly superior to the Russians intellectually, and in habits of industry, they obtained such power and influence as to arouse first the jealousy and then the most bitter hatred of the Russians against the race. The Russian court joined issue with the masses, and all that was wanted was a pretext for getting rid of the hated race. That was soon found in the shape of a belief that the Jews were the greatest supporters of the Nihilist revolutionary movement. That was enough. Towards the end of April notice of expulsion was given to all the Jews in St. Petersburgh, which was immediately followed by a similar notification to the Jews in Moscow. Business, in consequence, became utterly disorganized throughout the country, many traders in the Jewish quarters having to face bankruptcy, owing to the departure of the Jews. In many cases the Jewish emigrants sold their belong- ings for the merest trifle, while others destroyed them in preference to selling them at a sacrifice. Heartrending .scenes were witnessed daily in the synagogues, the people weeping and praying to Jehovah to help them. All speeches and pamphlets in favor of the Jews were prohibited. Thousands joined the Greek and Lutheran Churches, each one embracing the orthodox faith receiving a Expulsion of Russian Jews. 339 gratuity of fifteen roubles. Terrible scenes were of daily occurrence, many of the emigrants dying en the way. On May 6th the authorities suddenly suspended the decree of expulsion from Moscow, but two days afterwards the expulsions were continued with increased rigor, and the Jews kept flocking into England, France, Germany and other countries. A plausible statement was published, defending, on a novel ground, Russian persecution of the Jews. It was to the effect that at the rate of increase of Jewish families, compared with the increase of the Russians proper, the empire, in the course of a few generations, would be mainly Jewish, and the orthodox subjects of the Czar would be in a hopeless minority. The sufferings and persecutions of their race roused the wealthy Jews in other lands to action. Baron Hirsch, who made a vast fortune in railway enterprises, decided to use it towards the alleviation of the condition of his expelled countrymen, as he believed that the Russian Ministry had determined as a matter of State policy, upon the expulsion of the whole of its Jewish subjects. He proposed to give $15,000,000 to start a scheme for transporting them to other countries where they could enjoy the same rights as the people among whom they lived. He was prepared to buy vast tracts of land for the refugees in the republics of South America, where they would be formed into agricultural communities. He appealed to the Czar's personal " humanit}-, justice and mercy," to grant an extension of the period in which the work of expulsion should be completed, or in other words, that the work of banishing the poor Jews be proceeded with more slowly, and that their persecution be moder- ated by the absence of torture or confiscation, if they agreed to fly his dominions in a continuous stream for twenty years. If this were agreed to, the Baron gave the assurance that the necessary funds would be regularly forthcoming to convey them to new homes in oLher countries. Baron Hirsch and those associated with him in his philanthropic plans, sent Mr. Arnold White, the well-known English- man, to Russia on a mission of investigation and inspection, and to open negotiations with the Russian Government on the lines laid down in the Baron's appeal. At a conference held at Limburg on July 8th, between Mr. Arnold White, representing Baron Hirsch, Herr Franzois, representing the Jews of Berlin, and Dr. Kuranda, of Vienna, it was agreed that the best direction in which to guide the tide of Jewish emigration was toward the Argentine Republic. It was decided that it was impossible to come to any arrangement by which the emigrating Jews could be allowed to settle in Palestine. Committees were formed at Odessa and other ports, with the object ot carrying out the plans of the conference. On his return to England about the end of July, Mr. Arnold White gave some particulars of the result of his mission to Russia. He was everywhere received in the kindest manner by the Russian officials, and found that they had been most grossly misrepresented. He had also found the Russian Government very willing to listen to him, and most sympathetic. Whatever had been done ill lii 340 The History of the Year. in Russia, he was satisfied, had been done from a sense of principL and devotion to what they believed to be their duty. Russia had been the victim of innumer- able lies, and as she was very proud she had contradicted nothing. The consequence was that Western civilization had ceased to have any very marked effect upon her. It was only natural that the Hebrews, who had suffered, .should have exaggerated largely. Personally he had the greatest objection to the emigration to Palestine, chiefly because he considered the climate unsuitable. It was probable that colonies would be formed in Argentine, Brazil, Australia, and perhaps in Canada. The work of colonization would probably take twenty-five years to accomplish, and would not be begun with more than 30,000 emigrants at a time. But after the second year they would probably be increased to 50,000, and after the third year again increased. The ultimate result of all this work would be the deliverance of the Hebrews from a condition under which they were now suffering an assassination of their spirits — a condition of being regarded as pariahs — to a condition in which they could hold up their heads and enjoy all the advantage their extraordinary industrial and intellectual pre-eminence entitled them to. At the present time the po.ssessiun of these virtues of temperance, frugality and industry by the Hebrews in Russia was not a stepping-stone to success. Thirty-six thousand Hebrews were taken into the army every year, and yet not one Hebrew was permitted to ri«e to the rank of officer. The Hebrews were not allowed to buy or sell land, and the consequence was that they were crowded into the towns, and took to commercial pursuits which were sometimes positively obnoxious to themselves and to the Russian nation. Baron Hirsch, while at Carlsbad, for his cure, signed a document on August 14th, empowering Dr. Lowenthal and other gentlemen to purchase lands in the Argentine Republic to the value of $10,000,000. The Czar gave an audience to Mr Arnold White on September 4th, at Copenhagen, and it was reported that the interview was satisfactory. On September nth, the Jewish Colonization Association, was registered in London, England, under the Companies Act, with permission to dispense with the use of the word " limited," although its liability is limited. The capital is /r2,ooo,ooo in ;i^ioo shares. There were eight signatories. Baron Hirsch has 19,990 shares, and Baron Rothschild, Julian Goldsmid, Ernest Cassel, F. D. Mocutta, S. H. Goldschmidt, of Paris, and Benjamin Cohen, of London, have one share each. The objects of the association, v/hich were set out at great length, may be briefly stated as to promote a vast emigration of Jews from Europe and Asia to any other part of the world, anc" to establish colonies in North and South America, and elsewhere for farming, commercial, and other purpo.ses, the maintenance of public works of all kinds, roads, railways, bridges, harbors, watercourses, telegraphs, factories, and even forts are provided for, as well as synagogues, clubs, and everything conducive to the religious and social welfare of the colonists. The Association also reserves the right of a great ll! Exi'ULsioN OK Russian Jews. 341 trading corporation. It may procure mining concession.s, loan coloni.st.s money, and buy equipment for industries, act as bankers, and carry on any lawful commerce trade, or business. The Conference of the Central Committee, formed for the purpose of rendering assistance to the Russian Jews, was opened in Berlin, Germany, on October 20th. Dr. Meyer was elected President, and Mr. Goldman, of New York, one of the Vice-Presidents. It was announced on the 27th that the Argentine Government had sold a track of land in the Grand Chaco, tlie northern part of the Republic, to Baron Hirsch, for the establishment of a Jewish settlement. $1,000,000 in gold had been paid for 1,000 square miles of territory. Serious anti-Semitic riots occurred in Starodoub during October. Twenty Jews were killed, and five young unmarried Jewesses were so barbarously out- raged and maltreated that they afterwards died. The authorities took no measures to quell the riot. Rioting similar to that at Staradoub was also reported from Bulta, in Russian Polland, and its suppression was a matter of :i;:ficulty. The Porte issued a decree in October, prohibiting Jewish families from entering Turkey, and several steamers having on board families of Russian Jews, seeking refuge from persecution, were refused permission to disembark at Con- stantinoiJiC. The immigration scheme submitted by Baron Hirsch to the Russian Government provided for a central committee in St. Peterburg, and fifty sub- committees in the provinces. Towards the close of the year it was announced that there was good reason to believe the scheme would shortly pass the Council of Ministers, lilill NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES ASSEMBLY. NOMINATIONS for the new Canadian North-VVest Assembly took place on October 31st, and the elections on November 7th. The chief issue of the contest was between the license and prohibitionist factors. The license men had a large majority. The members elected were as follows : Mooscmin, J. R. Neff; Wallace, Joel Reaman ; Whitewood, A. G. Thorburn ; Souris, J. G. Turriff; Wolseley, B. P. Richardson ; South Qu'Appelle; George S. Davidson ; North Qu'- Appelle, William Sutherland ; North Regina, D. F. Jelly ; South Regina, John Secord ; Moose Jaw, J. H. Ross ; Medicine Hat, Thomas Tweed ; Macleod, F. W. G. Haultain ; Calgary, John Lineham, and H. S. Cayley ; Red Deer, R. G. Brett ; Edmonton, H. C. Wilson, and Frank Oliver ; Battleford, James Clinskill ; Prince Albert, William Plaxton, and J. F. Betts ; Batoche, Hilliard Mitchell ; Kinistino, James Hoey. m 342 The History of the Year. The first session of the Assembly was formally opened on December loth by L'eutcnant-Governor Royal. Mr. J. H. Ross, Member for Moose Jaw, was appointed Speaker. On the 14th, the Lieutenant-Governor sent a messaj^e to the Assembly, transmitting a copy of an Ordcr-in-Council which virtually conceded what the members had been a^jitating for during the last three sessions, namely, control of the funds voted from Ottawa for the Government in the Territories. A debate on the liquor question was commenced on a motion by Mr. Cayley for a special committee to prepare a license bill. Mr. Cayley favored a bill on the same lines as the McCarthy Act, with liberal local option provisions. The motion was carried on a division of 15 to 9. On the 17th, a letter was presented to the Assembly from Deputy Minister of Justice Sedgewick, the gist of which was that the Assembly had power to repeal Section 13 of the Act of 1888, creating an advisory council. Accompanying the correspondence was a letter from His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor, stating that it was not his intention to appoint an advisory council unless the Assembly said that business required it. His Honor said further that he was ready to work with the Assembly in any way that was for the public interest, an announcement which was received with cheers. A resolution was unanimously passed favoring voting by ballot. The bills creat- ing a new form of Government were put through all their stages and received the Royal assent on the 25th. This gives the Territories what practically amounts to a Provincial Government, although the promoters named it " An Executive Com- mittee." It will consist of only four members, to be selected by the Lieutenant- Governor, and on being called to office the members will not be required to seek re-election from their constituents. UNION OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES. A UNION of the seaboard provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island was on the tapis in 1865, when the larger project of Confederation came to the front and overwhelmed it. Dr. (now Sir Charles) Tupper, then Premier of Nova Scotia, had the matter in hand, and, partly, through his influence, the Charlottetown Conference, was called to draft a plan of legislative co-operation. The Upper Canadian delegates visited the Maritime leaders at this conference and succeeded in diverting their attention to Confederation. Since then the question had slumbered, to be aroused, however, now and then when the public mind had been directed to the large and growing provincial expenditures. This was particularly so last year. It was pointed out that Prince Edward Island had drawn upon its capital account and was still Union of the Maritime Provinces. 343 December loth behind, while Nova Scotia and New Brunswick had incurred large debts, and the former province was agitating for the assumption by the Dominion of a $1,500,000 of its liabilities. The cause of the disparity between income and expenditure was not extravagance in the matter of salaries, which compared favorably with those in Ontario and Quebec, but it was owing to the multiplicity of Cabinets and Legislatures, each of which has a second Chamber, the trebling of all administrative work, the repetition for each province of the educational and legal machinery, and the growth of the public works policy in the little communities. That there should be three Governors and three Parliaments, three Cabinets, three sets of Judges, and so on, for a population of about one-third that of Ontario was looked upon as absurd. On November 30th the views of the Premiers of the three Provinces, and three of the Federal Ministers, on the question as to the possibility of a combination of interests, and the formation of one province out of the three, were published. Mr. Peters, of Prince I'Mward Island, said his province had evinced no desire for a change, and added the significant remark that if there were a change municipal government would have to be conferred upon the Island. As it was, the Government did what in Ontario was regarded as municipal work. Premier Blair, of New Brunswick, thought union was not popular in his province, but was too busy to discuss it. Premier I'ielding, of Nova Scotia, did not entertain the opinion that the Nova Scotians would support union, but said that if Prince Kdward Island would take the initiative he would be prepared to consider a fair scheme. The Dominion Ministers were entirely favorable. THE YEAR'S FAILURES IN CANADA. THE mercantile failures in the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland for 1 89 1, as reported to Bradstreet's, aggregated as follows : Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Newfoundland Manitoba North- West Hritish Columbia .... Failures. Liabilities, Assets. 1 89 1. :8go. 1891. 1890. 1891. 1S90. 834 837 $5,371,000 *5.fi57iOO" $2,143,000 »2 ,459,000 680 491 7,538,000 4,027,000 2,751,000 2 ,585,000 93 66 599,000 1,108,000 342,000 736,000 122 114 594,000 607,000 310,000 353.000 10 7 106,000 40,000 73,000 23,000 7 6 96,000 141,000 50,000 96,000 51 53 340,000 565,000 225,000 303,000 17 17 159,000 i58,cxx) 85,000 85,000 23 35 8l,OCXD 178,000 55.000 101,000 1,846 1,626 $14,884,000 $12,481,000 $6,034,000 $6,741,000 THE ELECTION COURT RECORD. NO fewer than 109 Dominion election protcstn were on the docket for trial, 47 in Ontario, 35 in Quebec, 16 in Nova Scotia, and the other 1 1 in New Brunswick, I'rince Edward Island, and Manitoba. In Ontario 17 cross-petitions were also filed. At the close of the year the record stood as follows: Members confirmed in their seats and petitions dropped : C.OVEKNMENT. Ross, in Lisgar, Man.; Baker, Missi.squoi, P.Q.; Roome, West Middlesex, Ont.; Hutchins, North Middlesex, Ont; Pellctier, Laprarie, P.Q.; Lanj^evin, Richelieu, P.Q-; Grandbois, Temiscouata, H.Q.; Caron, Rimouski, P.Q.; Mills, Annapolis, N.S.; Cameron, Inverne.ss, N.S.; Burnham, East Pctcrboro, Ont.; Montague, Haldimand, Ont. Ol'rOSITION. Leduc, in Nicolet, P.Q.; Mulock, in West York, Ont.; Campbell, in Kent, Ont.; Watson, in Marquette, Man.; Eremont, in Quebec, P.Q.; Bain, in Went- worth, Ont; Charlton, in North Norfolk, Ont.; Rider, in Stanstcad, P.Q.; Guay, in Levis, P.Q.; F. Langelicr, in Quebec Centre, P.Q.; Amyot, in Bellechassc, P.Q.; Cartwright, South O.vford, Ont.; Semple, Centre Wellington, Ont.; Eraser, Guysboro, N.S.; Mills, Bothwell, Ont.; Bowman, North Waterloo, Ont.; Grieve, North Perth, Ont.; Dawson, Addington, Ont.; Monet, Napierville, P.Q.; Allen, in South Essex, Ont. DISQUALIFIED — OPPOSITION. German, Welland, Ont. MEMBERS UNSEATED— OOVEKNMENT. Henderson, in Halton, Ont.; McDonald, in Victoria, N.S.; Miller, in Prince Edward, Ont; Ingram, in East Elgin, Ont.; Eairbairn, South Victoria, Ont; Dyer, Brome, P.Q.; Gillie.s, Richmond, N.S.; Marshall, East Middlesex, Ont; McLennan, Glengary, Ont.; Dupont, Bagot, P.Q.; Kenny, Halifax, N.S ; Stairs, Halifax, N.S.; Dickey, Cumberland, N.S. OPPOSITION. Trow, in South Perth, Ont.; Gibson, in Lincoln, Ont; Borden, in Kings, N.S.; Tarte, in Montmorency, P.Q.; Forbes, in Queens, N.S.; Truax, East Bruce, Ont; Spohn, in East Simcoe, Ont; Brodeur, in Rouville, P.Q.; Bowers, Digby, N.S.; Baron, North Victoria, Ont; Hargraft, West Northumberland, Ont.; German, Welland, Ont; Proulx, Prescott, Ont; Allison, Lennox, Ont; Mousseau, Soulanges, P.Q.; King, Queens, N.B.; Featherstone, Peel, Ont. • Brown, Monck, Ont; Harwood, Vaudreuil, P.Q. 344 The Election Court Record. 345 SEATS VACANT — LAST CARRIED BY GOVERNMENT. Kingston, Ont.; Halton, Ont.; Richelieu, P.Q.; Quebec West, P.Q.; Victoria, N.S.; Prince Edward, Ont; East Elgin, Ont.; South Victoria, Ont.; Brome, P.Q.; Richmond, N.S.; East Middlesex, Ont; Glengarry County, Ont; Bagot, P.Q.; Two Mountains, P.Q.; Halifax (2), N..S.; Cumberland, N.S. CARRIED BY OPPOSITION. South Perth, Ont.; Lincoln, Ont.; Montmorency, P.Q.; Kings, N.S.; Queens, N.S.; East Simcoe, Ont; East Bruce, Ont; Digby, N.S.; North Victoria, Ont Rouville, P.Q.; West Northumberland, Ont; Welland, Ont.; Prescott, Ont Lennox, Ont.; Soulanges, P.Q.; Queens, N.B.; Vaudreuil, P.Q.; Peel, Ont Monck, Ont The first bye-election took place on December 31st, in North Lanark, Ont, resulting in the return of Mr. Bennett Rosamond, Conservative, by a majority of over 400. West Huron, Ont, was also rendered vacant by the court. SCANDALS AGAINST THE MERCIER GOVERNMENT. BESIDES the Baic des Chaleurs railway scandal, referred to in another article, a fresh sensation was caused on November loth by a charge of boodling being made against the Mercier Government in connection with the contract for the Quebec Court House. It was alleged that Mr. Mercier, his colleagues and political friends, had levied upon Mr. John P. Whelan, the wealthy contractor of the Court House, toll to the extent of $115,000, and that he also contributed $14,500 to assist the Liberals during the Dominion elections of 1887. It appeared that the original cost of the Court House was $250,000, but before it was completed it had mounted up to about $900,000. Mr. Whelan's claim was not settled until after a good deal of difficulty, and he threatened from time to time to split upon the Liberals. This he was credited with doing on the date mentioned above, but he subsequently denied making any such statements and that he never gave Mr. Mercier any money except for professional services. Mr. Mercier also publicly denied all the charges made by Mr. Whelan. Mayor McShane, of Montreal, whose name was mentioned as among those who obtained part of the alleged boodle, instituted an action on November 13th against the Toronto Empire for pulilishiiig that he had received such money. Mr. Mercier also threatened to institute proceedings for seditious libel against the proprietors, editors and correspondents of the Montreal and Toronto Conservative organs, who were responsible for the publication of Mr. Whelan's statement. Mr. Whelan on the 20th instituted an action for $10,000 damages against lamest Pacaud for the publication in IJ Electenr of certain statements regarding his alleged charges. On November 24th, warrants were issued at Quebec, at the instance of Mr. Mercier, 23 346 The Histokv ok the Year. for the arrest of Mr. VVhelan and Mr. Richard White of the Montreal Gazette, and were served upon them the day followinji. H^'-' prchminary investij^ation into the case commenced before the Police Magistrate at Quebec on December 1st. Mr. White was, on the 2nd, committed for trial at the Assizes and admittcil to bail. He lod<;ed a protest aj^ainst " the malicious conduct of the complainants* in taking these proceedings away from the district of Montreal, where both the complainant and myself reside and the Gazette is published." So far as Mr. Whelan was concerned, the hearing was adjourned on December 17th till February 2nd. The hearing of another criminal libel suit at the instance of Mr. Mercier, against Mr. Berthiaume, publisher of La Presse, Montreal, was commenced in the Montreal Police Court on December 7th, and still another against Mr. Tardivel, proprietor of the Verite, at the Quebec Police Court on December i ith. RECONSTRUCTING THE CABINET. UPON the resignation of Sir Hector Langevin, as Minister of Public Works, Mr. Chapleau assumed the position as leader of the French-Canadian party, and commenced to agitate for the vacant portfolio, which he claimed had been promised to him by Sir John Macdonald. His demands were not then acceded to, although he and his friends made a most determined attempt to force the new Premier into carrying out the dead leader's alleged promise. So strained were the relations at that time between Mr. Chapleau and Mr. Abbott, that reports were set afloat that the former was to sever his connection with the Conservative party and transfer his support and that of his following to the Liberals. Mr. Chapleau continued as Secretary of State on a promise by Mr. Abbott, so it was alleged, that he would receive the portfolio of Railways and Canals at the close of the session. After the prorogation of Parliament the agitation was again started with more vigor than before. A grand rally of Mr. Chapleau's friends was held in the St. Lawrence Hall, Montreal, on October Sth. Mr. Chapleau delivered a lengthy speech in which he made a spirited defence of the Government and himself, denounced the interference of the clergy in politics, and attacked the press, which he said was being degraded to the spreading of scandal and immorality amongst the people. A vote of confidence in Mr. Chapleau was passed amidst great applause. This was the first of a series of meetings held throughout the province, with the object of showing the Govern- ment and the people, that Mr. Chapleau's friends had decided that their chief must be recognized as the Quebec leader and receive the portfolio of Minister of Railways and Canals in the reconstructed Cabinet. All sorts of rumors were afloat on the important question of Cabinet reconstruction, and through them all Klconstkuctinc; tiik Cabin kt. 347 1 olicc ^ourt on Mr. (!haplcau'.s hopes of securing the coveted position did not, apparently, sink. Hut on October 26th, the llmpiir, the Government orj^an in Toronto, in a leading article — supposed to be inspired -ilashed his hopes to the ground. This article declared that it was out of the question that in the reconstruction of the Cabinet Mr. Chapleau should be given charge of the Department of Railways and Canals, and that the exposures of dishonest practices in the (lovernment Printing Hureau made it imperative that he should remain at the heatl f)f his present (Ic[)artment until the state of affairs in that most important branch of the department was set to rights. The crisis had come and an interested public watched with curiosity the result of the struggle between the Premier and the Secretary of State. On the 27th it was reported that Mr. Chapleau had a conditional resignation of his portfolio placed in Premier Abbott's hamls. It declared that unless the claims of the Province of Quebec, which were identical with his own claims as represen- tative of that province, to a high place and power in the Dominion Government were recognized and granted, he would withdraw from the Cabinet. That evening Mr. Chapleau left Ottawa for Montreal to consult with his friends. Mr. Chapleau made another move by instituting in the Superior Court at Montreal an action for $ I o,coo damages against the Toronto 6' AV^^- for alleged libel. The basis of the action was a recent assertion of the Globe that Mr. Chapleau, during the last session of Parliament, offered through an intermediary to cross the floor of the Commons with his following and join the Liberals. On the 29th Mr. Chapleau returned to Ottawa accompanied by .several of his supporters. The press devoted considerable attention to the struggle between Mr. Chapleau and the Premier, and all sorts of rumors were afloat. Finally, on November 5th, Premier Abbott gave an authorized statement for publication as follows : " So many rumors having appeared in the press with reference to the position of Mr. Chapleau and the Cabinet, the following statement was authorized to-day to be made public by the Premier, with the concurrence of Mr. Chapleau. A conference took place a few days ago between the Premier and the Secretary of State on the subject of the Department of Railways and Canals. Some of Mr. Chapleau's friends have long been anxious that he should be placed at the- head of that branch of the Government, but Mr. Chapleau, realizing that a transfer at the present moment from his Department of Secretary of State to that above mentioned would be attended with some embarrassment to the Government, finally decided to relieve the Premier from all such embarrassment, and to state that he would not press any claim which he might have for the portfolio of Railways and Canals. He was naturally anxious that the Province of Quebec should not be in a less advantageous position on the reorganization of the Government than if he had received that portfolio, and as it had been Mr. Abbott's intention from the first that Railways and Public Works should go to one of the Quebec Ministers, there was no longer any difficulty on that point. A great deal of surmise has attended the rumoured resignation of the Secretary of State, far more than has been justified by the facts. All the Ministers, IIS 348 The Mistokv of tiik Year. including Mr. Chaplcau, yesterday placed their portfolios unreservedly at tlic disposal of the Premier, so as to leave his liaiids perfectly free as to the choice of those who arc to assist him in the various departments when the reorganization takes place. All hold their i)ortfolios in the meantime as before. It is impossible to say defim'tely at the present moment uliat position may be accorded to any particular Minister, but it will be found when the rcorj^anization is comi)lete(i, that Mr. Chapleau's past services to the country and his recognized influence among his fellow-countrymen have not been overlooked, and that his abilities will be made available for an important post in the Government." It was also announced that e.\-Speaker Ouimet had been taken into the Cabinet without portfolio, pending the reconstruction. Rumor also had it that Lieutenant-Governor Angers was to be taken into the Cabinet, and that Mr. W. R. Meredith was also to be made a Minister to satisfy Ontario's claims for representation. But before the close of the year it was apparent from the strenuous opposition of the I'^-ench press to Mr. Meredith, owing to his stand on the Separate School question, that his chance of a portfolio was doomed. CANADA'S TRADE FOR 1891. THE trade of the Dominion, for 1891, was satisfactory. Although the official figures had not been published at the close of the year, it was known that the aggregate trade of the Dominion during the fiscal year ending June 30th, had been $2 18,384,934 as compared with $218,607,390 for 1890. The exports for 1890 were $96,749,149, and last year they had increased to $98,417,296. The imports in 1890 were $121,858,241, as compared with $1 19,967,638 last year. The exports last year were the greatest on record since Confederation, with the excep- tion of 1882, when they were $102,237,203. The export.s to the T"nii' -1 K' dom have grown from $48,533,694 in 1890, to $49,280,858, the I ladus history, and by over $8,000,000, the most sent to any one rfH* j \ ports to the United States have grown from $40,522,810 in , 8,7^ Those to the West Indies are $3,122,770 in 1891, compared w $2,7i( fi in 1890, and to Newfoundland $1,467,908 in 1 891, compared with :|)i,i85,7,9 in 1890. The exports in detail are as follows : Great Britain $49,280,858 United States 41,138,785 France 253,734 Germany 532, 142 Spain 67,110 Portugal 120,61 1 Italy 90,999 Holland $14,741 Belgium 72,672 Newfoundland 1,467,908 West Indies 3,122,770 South America 1,063,172 China and Japan 78,791 Australia 589,100 Other countries ^523,903 Canada's Tuadi-: for iSyi. 349 iscrvcdiy at the to the choice of e ieor},'aiii/.atioii It is impossible accorded to any »ii is coinplctcci, ,Miize(| influence hat his abilities taken into the also had it that ihI that AJr. VV. rio's claims for irent from the to his stand on oomed. ugh the official IS known that ng June 30th, 'he exports for 417,296. The ast year. The ith the excep- itf'H Ki' .dom "■ lada s ^ ports ^,7^ Those I in 1890, and 1 1890. The 114,741 72/172 i.4''7.9o8 3,122,770 1,063,172 78,791 589,100 Canada took from the United Kingdom imports valued at $42,047,000, and from the United States imports valued at $5,3,685,000. Vov the five months since the close of the fiscal year, viz.: July to November, both inclusive, returns were published at the close of the year, which showed that the exports were $63,085,287, against $57,138,793 for the same period of 1890, or a gain of nearly $6,000,000. The bountiful harvest had, of course, most to do with it, but the increases were nearly all round. The increase in agricultural products was .$6,862,125 ; in products of the mines, $614,473 ; in fisheries, $1,051,- 492; in animal produce, $699,217; in manufactures, $171,601, The imports were $48,494,137, so that the exports for the five months were over $14,500,000 greater than the imports during the same time. SEPARATE SCHOOLS FOR THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. A SENSATION was created throughout Manitoba on December 5th by an application before Chief Justice Taylor, at Winnipeg, on behalf of the Church of ICngland, to tpiash the by-law of the city of Winnipeg levying school assessment. Affidavits were filed, the most important being that of Bishop Machray, metropolitan of Rupert's Land. In it he expressed his belief that if Separate Schools did not receive State aid as well as schools under the Public Schools Act of 1890, children of the parents of the Church of England would be prejudicially affiicted; and he claimed that if Separate Schools were granted to any body of Christians because of rights secured owing to a practice existing prior to the union, the Church of England was peculiarly entitled to such Separate Schools. The Chief Justice appointed December 17th for the city to .show cause why the by-law should not be quashed. Afterwards the Chief Justice, on application, agreed to have the motion argued before the full court at once, .so as to save time. Accordingly the argument took place before the full court on the 14th. A number of affidavits were filed, among them being one from Dr. Bryce, the oldest Presbyterian minister in the Province, which set forth, on behalf of the Presbyterians, that they never complained of the injustice which they suffered under the present school system, and although they had denominational schools prior to the union, they never felt like complaining when the Public Schools were established, but hailed that event with delight. They did not .set up any claim that their interests were prejudicially affected, and he believed the Public School system was generally approved by the great majority of Presby- terians in the Province. After argument of counsel, the Chief Justice delivered the judgment of the court that the by-law must be declared to be illegal, and must be quashed. PUNISHMENTS AND PROSECUTIONS BY THE DOMINION GOVERNMENT. I^HE Dominion Privy Council, on October 6th, conferred on Sir John Thompson authority to take what action he might judge advisable in the prosecution of persons against whom the evidence, brought out before the investigating committees of Parliament, was reported by Messrs. Foster, Dewdney and Haggart, who were going over it, as of sufficient weight to demand that proceedings be taken against them. On the recommendation made by the three Ministers, the suspended officials in the Department of the Interior, Lynwoode Pereira, K. J. Henry and M. Palmer, were reinstated. Ernest Dionne, one of the clerks of the Department of Public Works who was implicated in irregularities in that department disclosed before the Public Accounts Committee, was suspended on the 9th. An action was instituted against Andre Senecal, ex-Superintendent of the Government Printing Bureau, in Montreal on the 19th, at the instance of the Government. The Department of Justice had instructed a legal firm in Montreal to take such action against Senecal as it judged best advised. The action was a civil one for the recovery of commissions received by Senecal amounting to $14,317. At a Cabinet Council on October 23rd, the suu-committee's report on the irregularities in the Department of the Interior was submitted. It stated that no less than sixty employees of this department had been found guilty of the same .sort of irregularities and violation of the Civil Service Act as those which were expo.sed among .so many other dishonest practices before the Public Accounts Committee last session. The report recommended that the resignation of A. M. Burgess, as Deputy Minister, should be accepted, and that as a punish- ment for his ill-advised action in irregularly paying his father-in-law $100, which was justly due, he should be offered a place as a first-class clerk in the department. It was also jecommended that each of the sixty clerks should be docked one month's pay. On the same day Owen E. Murphy and Robert II. McGrecvy disappeared from Quebec. They were to have been prosecuted for their frauds upon the Government, and were supposed to be under police surveillance. Besides, that afternoon, a verdict of guilty had been given in the Quebec Criminal Court against them in the suit for conspiracy to defraud Michael Cc,;in^.'ly, and bench v.'arrants were issued for their arrest. On October 28th Michael Connolly, while in Ottawa, was scrvv-vi with a summons to appear at the Police Court of that city on November 4th, to answer to the charge of cheating and defrauding the Quebec Harbor Commissioners of " divers large sums of money." The following day summonses were served upon Thomas McGreevy, Nicholas Connolly and Patrick Larkin. On November 3rd, Ernest Dionne, Horace Talbot and A. C. Larose were 350 Prosecutions by the Dominion Govekment. 351 .arose were arrested on a charge of conspiring to defraud the Government out of $644. Dionne and Talbot were the two officials of the Public Works Department whose dishonesty in having goods purchased from Larose, who was formerly a dry goods merchant in Ottawa, charged to the department and paid for by the Government, was exposed before the Public Accounts Committee. Larojc was bailed out, but the others were not so fortunate. The prisoners appeared before the Police Magistrate on the 4th and were remanded until the iith. The conspiracy cases against Michael and Nicholas Connolly, Thomas McGreevy, Captain Larkin, R. H. McGreevy and Owen E. Murphy were then taken up. All the defendants were present except R. H. McGreevy and Murphy. B. B. Osier Q.C., appeared for the prosecution and obtained a remand, the defendants being admitted to bail in $1,000 each. On the nth the Police Magistrate investigated the case of Dionne, Talbot and Larose. Dionne was discharged, and the other two were sent for tr'al at the assizes next January. On November 14th, Lieut.-Colonel Tilton, Deputy Minister of Marine and Fisheries, was suspended by his chief It was alleged that he had made an improper use of Government funds which had been in his hands for the payment of fishery bounties. It was, apparently, not charged against him that he had misappropriated those funds to his own use. Mr. Tuppcr, after investigating the matter, reduced the whole case to writing, and submitted it to Messrs. Foster, Dewdney and Haggart. The ir""stigation into the charge of conspiracy respecting the cross-wall contract, against Larkin, Connolly & McGreevy, commenced before Judge Ross, at Ottawa, on November 17th. There was a large array of legal talent present. On the 1 8th Captain Lirkin was dissociated from the other defendants, the Crown counsel formally acknowledging that no suspicion of wrong-doing attached to him. As the Crown counsel insisted upon the defendants producing the books and documents which had been forcibly taken from the Government officers at Quebec, an adjournment was made till the 26th to enable them to be filed with the Court. John R. Arnoldi, late Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Public Works Department, was arrested on November i8th, on a warrant charging him with conspiring to defraud the Government. There were three distinct charges in the information. The fin-t charged him with unlawfully conspiring, while in the employ of Her Majesty, with James R. Wilson, of Montreal, to obtain for his personal gain the sum of $2,800. The second accused him of conspiring with F. Merritt, of Ottawa, to obtain and acquire for himself $120. The third charge covered forty pages of foolscap, and related entirely to the alleged fraudulent and false pretences resorted to in obtaining various sums of money, aggregating close on $3,500, for the services of the steamer Joe, which was used in connection with the dredging done on harbors and rivers. The information stated that he disregarded the duties of his office, while Mechanical Engineer, to make an undue and unlawful profit and advantage for himself. He was admitted to bail. 352 The History of the Year. On November 24th, the Cabinet discussed a proposal made by Nicholas K. Connolly and Michael Connolly to Hon. Frank Smith, Acting Minister of Public Works, but no decision was arrived at. The proposal was to the effect that a full investigation be made into their different contracts with the Govern- ment by competent engineers, and if they found that they (the Connollys) ever obtained any moneys to which they were not justly entitled, they were quite ready to make good the full amount of such sum or sums to the last cent, and pay the entire cost of the investigation. If, on the other hand, the engineers' award should be in their favor, and it be shown that the different works referred to had been honestly constructed in accordance with the spirit of the contract and speciiications of the same, then, in that case, they expected the Government to pay the amount of the award, the entire cost of the investigation, and to recompense them for the damages they had sustained by reason of the publication of the injurious statements against them. On the same day the hearing of the Connolly-McGrecvy case was resumed before Judge Ross. As the books had not been produced, Mr. Osier proposed to put in secondary evidence, to which counsel for the defendants objected. Judge Ross ruled that it had been clearly proved that the custody of the books, with power over them, had been traced to one of the accused, and that the order of the Court for their production must be obeyed. With regard to secondary evidence he ruled that it was admissible, but that all copies of books and documents produced for that pvrpose must be proved to be true copies. On the 30th, Judge Ross, having ruled that evidence taken before a Parliamentary Committee was not admissible, an adjournment was made till December 22nd, to enable an appeal on the point to be taken to Osgoode Hall. John R. Arnoldi was, on December 2n(l, committed for trial by the Police Magistrate at the County i\ssizcs upon the charge of misconduct and v/ilful neglect of duty as an official in the public service, the other charges being dismissed. He was bound over in his own recognizance of $5CX) to appear to answer the charge. On the 3rd an Ordcr-in-Council was passed formally dismissing from the service of the Government John R. Arnoldi, A. P. Bradley, Andre Senecal, H. J. Bronskill, Horace Talbot and Ernest Dionne. The ConnoUy-McGreevy case was again proceeded with on the 22nd, when the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas on the admissibility as evidence of the testimony given by Thomas McGrccvy before the Committee on Privileges and IClections was handed in, which dismissed the motion for a mandamus to compel Judge Ross to admit the evidence. Judge Ross, however, announced that he had come to the conclusion it was his duty to allow the evidence in question t(j be put in, which was accordingly done. On the 23rd the argument of counsel was heard, and the following day Judge Ross delivered his judgment committing Thomas McGrcevy and Nicholas Connolly for trial at the next sessions of the Carleton A.ssize.s. Michael Connolly was practically acquitted. ERRATA. Page 72. —" Then he draws this glowing picture," should read "gloomy picture." Page 172.—" In 1833-4," should read " 1883-4." Page 209. — " Elegant address," should read " eloquent address." Page 261.—" Inaccepted doctrines," should read "accepted doctrines. ' Page 274. — The date of the meeting in Toronto to hear Prof. James re University Extension, should read " November 5th," instead of " October 5th." Page 313. — " Concealed by Great Britain," should read " conceded by Great Britain."