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CIHM/ICMH
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CIHM/ICMH
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Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions
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1980
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Bound with : Letter to the president of the American
Society for the Advancement of Science on the
subject of Standard Time ... [Please refer to
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1
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9
1 2 3
4 5 6
nr >.MK\«aES'!£aE?«:sffiiSEg'i!»;i
STANDARD TIME.
REPLIES TO QUESTIONS
SUBMITTED BY
SPECIAL COMMITTEE AMERICAN
SOCIETY CIVIL ENGINEERS.
18S2.
PRINTED BY C. W. MITCHELL^,), 8 AND 10 ELGIN STKEET
1882.
4 . >
: ' . .' *>
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.
SPECIAL 2UMMITTEE ON CTANDARD TIME, •
t^A ■-.".
]■ i ■ •' '^
\:0 '■: 'i; '■1-'.'-;M-: :., chairman. ,v' \l j /t '-.'':"'-'•:.. ,,,
SANDFORD FLEMING, Escj., Ottawa, '
Ex Chi»!l' Engineer of the Northern Railway of Canada, the Inter-Colo-
uiul Railway, and The Canadian Pacific Railw ly. •
, CHARLES PAINE, Esq., New York,
; General Manager New York, West Shore and Buffalo Railroad. .• .
% THEODORE N. ELY, EsiriLTOONA, Pa.,
. ,;■ Superintendent of Motive Power, Pennsylvania Railroad.
J. M. TOUCEY, Esq., New York,
General Superintendent New York Central and Hudson River Railroad.
Professor J, E. HILGARD, Washingtox,
Superintendent United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.
Professor T. EGLESTON, New York,
School of Mines, Columbia College.
General T. G. ELLIS, C. E.,
Hartford, Conn.
■ (-,> " 'Vr l-"**'^')
'! '•,
v'l'j^t^ • i-i iJiJ^i,' ■,-:-'"
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SUBMITTED BY THE SPECIAL nOMMITTEE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
CIVIL ENOINEERS, AVITII Ql'ESTIONS AND OTHER PAPERS.
1. It is proposed to establish one universal standard time common to
all peoples throughout the world, for the use of railways, telegraphs and
steamboats, for the purposes of trade and commerce, for general scien-
tific observations, and for every ordinary local purpose.
2. It is proposed that standard time, everywhere, shall be based on
the one unit measure of time, denoted by the diurnal ro volution of the
earth, as determixied by the mean solar passage, at one particular
meridian to be selected as a time zero.
3. The time zero to coincide with the initial or prime meridian to be
common to all nations for computing terrestrial longitude.
4. The time zero and prime meridian of the world to be ef tablished
with the concurrence of civilized nations generally.
5. For reasons elsewhere given it is suggested that the prime
meridian and time zero shall be established through the Pacific Ocean,
entirely avoiding the land of any nationality, as shown in the plate,
(Fig. No. 1.)
SCHEME.
T). For the purpose of reguljiting tiini; everywhere it is proposed that
the unit measure, tletermined as above, shall be divided into twenty-four
equal parts, and that these parts aliall be defined by standard time
uieridians, established around the globe, fifteen degrees of longitude of
one ho\jr distant from each other.
7. It is proposed that the standard time meridians shall be denoted
by the letters of the English alphabet, which omitting ./ and V, are
twenty-four in number. The zero n^eridian to be lettered Z ; the re-
maining meridians to be lettered in order from east to west, as shown
on the plate (See Figs. Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4.)
8. It is proposed that standard time, determined as above, shall be
employed for general and local purposes in accordance w ith the follow-
ing definitions :
Standard Timk For General Purposes.
9. It is proposed that the unit measure of time, determined as above,
shall be held to be a day absolute, and irrespective of ^he periods of
light and darkness which vary wit/> the longitude, to be common to the
whole world for all non-local purposes. To distinguish it from ordinary
local days, this space of time may be known as the "Cosmopolitan" or
" (Josmic Day. " The hours, minutes and seconds of the cosmic day, and
the days themselves may l)e distingu'shed by the general term cosmic
time.
10. Cosmic time may be used to pi'omote exactness in chronology ; it
may be employed in astronomy, navigation, meteorology, and in connec-
tion with synchronous observations in all parts of the world. It may be
I'egarded as the time which would be n.sed in ocean telegraphy and in all
operations of a general or non-local character.
11. It is proposed to distinguish cosmic from local time by denoting
SCHEME.
the hours of the former hy letters, and of the latter, as at present, l»y
numerals.
.12. It is proposed that cosmic time shall he f o lettered that th«! hours
will correspond with the twenty-four standard time meridians.
When the sun passes meridians G or X it will be (J or X time of the
cosmic day. When it becomes Z time, that is to say, when the (mean)
sun passes the zero meridian, at that moment, one cosmic day will end
and anotlier begin.
:.,. ,1';; ■■ I ■
Standahd Timk for Lo(;al Purposes.
13. It is proposed to constitute the lettered divisions of the cosmic
day, standards for regulating local time everywhere. Thus reducing the
number of standards to twenty-four mid furnishing a ready means of
passage from cosmic to local time and from one local to any other local
time. , '
14. It is intended that local time at any place on the surface of the
globe shall generally be regulated by the standard meridian nearest or
most convient to such place in longitude.
15. It is proposed that the local day at p ly place shall commence
twelve hours before, and end twelve hours alter the (mean) solar passage
at the standard "meridian which governs the tine at that place. Local
days, so determined, to be regarded in the .'ame light in all ordinary
affairs as local days under the present system. :• . - 1 . ,
16. It is proposed that local time at any place or at any section of
country shall be known by tlie letter of the particular standai-d meridian
by which it is governed. If local time at any place or in any section be
governed by meridian *S' it may be known as Standard S time. If by
meridian J' it maybe distinguished as Standard T time and understood
to be one hour later than Standard *S', two hours later than Standard K,
aud so ou.
6
Sf'ff EM E.
• The Distkmu'tion of Standakd Time
17. It is ])ropos«'(l that stiindard t'luw sluill ])e determined and dissem-
inated under (Joverninental authority; that time signal stations be
established at important centres for the purpose of disseminating correct
time with precision, and that all the railway and local public clocks be
controlled electrically from the public timt^ stations, or otherwise kept
in perfect aijreenioiit.
Application op tfik System in North America. '
18. The adoi)tion of the system in the United Stat€s and Canada,
would, exclusive of Newfoundland and Ala.ska, have the effect of reduc-
ing the standards of time to four.. These four standards R, S, T and
U, precisely one hour apart, would govern the time of the whole coun-
try, each would have the simplest possible relation to the other, and
all would bear equally simple relations to the other standards of the
world.
19. It is not proposed to i)rescrilje the exact limits of the sections of
country within which, time would be regulated by each standard. In
this matter, general convenience would be the guiding principle. As a
rule the division lines would assume a central position between the
standard meridians. There would be no dithculty in •finding division
lines either natural, political or commercial, which would fall about mid-
way between each of the four meridians. Probably in some cases a city or
town may lie e([uidistant from two meridians. In such cases geograph-
ical considerations, business relations, and other local circumstances,
would decide which standard should be adopted. The time used by the
Railways would be determined by precisely simular considerations. The
time tables and i-ailway clocks would always clearly indicate the stand-
ards which regulated the running of trains over particular sections.
20. It is suggested that standard time would generally prevail in the
several states and provinces as follows ;
SCHEMlC.
STA.NUAllIt Tl.Mi:,
SrAMlAlll) TlMK,
St\.m»mii> Ti.mk.
Sta.mimiii Timh.
MklllDIAN U.
Mkhmiiw X.
MkIII|)I.\.\ S,
Mkiui>[a\ K.
Galilornia.
Moxico.
Louisiana.
Florida. -
Ne\ailn.
Texas.
Mississi|t|)i.
Georgia.
Oregon.
Kansas.
Aial.ania.
s. Carolina.
W'ashingloii 'I'.
Odloruilo.
Arkansas.
N. Carolina.
Br. ColiimhiM.
Nebraska.
Tennessee.
Virginia
Vancouvt'i- Islaml.
Wyt)mir)g.
Missouri.
Ohio. ,, i
Idaho.
Dakota.
Kentiick>.
Maryland.
Utah. •• r
Montana.
Illinois.
Delaware.
Arizona.
Miiriiloba.
Indiana.
P'Minsyivania.
Snskalcliewan.
Iowa.
Now Jersey,-
!'.. * '■ . ■ '■
Keewatin.
Minnesota.
New York.
Wisconsin.
Khode Island.
■ .'•'•' ' ', ', ■'. i'; ,'. ' '. •
.t^ ■,' ■ • ' ' -
Michigan.
C'Min(!Clicut.
Massachusetts.
Vermont.
■ , .' • '
New Hampshire.
Maine.
.,;., . ^ '■ • "
■ >
Ontario.
'. , ...'• :■
,;•► -• • n' . ^ ■'•." ' ". .
■.!''''
Qnehec.
New Brunswick,
' 'f.f. '-/ ' .. ')■ •'■: ■, ■ '
■■ ■ < s * ») • -* '.»,' *■ ; -
Prince Edw'd rid
No/a Scotia.
L*l. Reference to the diagraui will sliow that the four meridians, U,
T, ti and A*, iit intervals each from the other of one houi-, would effect-
ively regulate the time of day throughout the whole extent of the Uni-
ted States, Canada and Mexico. But the number of standards can be
increased or reduced without inteiference with the harmony, and cosmo-
politan application of th(> general scheme. Theories have been advanced,
still furthet to reduce tlie number of standards. If two standards l»e
deemed expedient-meridians U and J\' may be selected ; one adapted to
the eastern, tlie second to the western half of the Continent. If on the
other hand the opinion prevail, that there should be one uniform time
for tile whole of the North American Continent, meridian .S' might be
selecteed. Meridian S would be 90 ® to the east of the Prime Meridian
proposed for all nations. It would pass througli Lake Superior and
tlie Mississippi Valley to the Gulf of Mexioo. It would be generally
central, and Would best f-uit the great body of the population.
8
SCHEME.
The Division of the Day into Hours.
22. The pi-ewent division of tlie day into halves, ai..! tlieae halves
into twelve hours, each series of twelve hours being numbered idonticiUy,
lea'Js to error and inconvenience. This division necessitates the use
of the expressions ante meridian ami post meridian,, or forenoon and
afternoon, or the contractions a. m. and i', m., to identify the particular
hall day to which any hour belong;?. In railway time tables the expres-
sions ordinarily used to si)ecify the half day are liable to be omitted
misplaced or misunderstood. The conseipience is that innumerable
mistakes are made and uncerlainty freciuently arises.
The halvinj^ of the day and the use of dual numbers to denote the
hours is a very old practice, but it confers no sin;i;le benefit ; and
bevond its claim to antiquity, has nothing "w hatever to recommend it.
While it will doubtless be extremely diliicult to do away with the custom
so firmly established by long usagp, it is nevertheless important to ascer-
tain what change would be most advantageous, and what modifications,
if any, would be most likely sooner or later to meet wiih general accept-
ance. Two alternative plans have been suggested.
First! ij. — To have only one series of hours in the day, extending from
midnight to midnight, and Jiumbered from one to twenty-four without
interruption.
Secondly. — To number the hours between midnight and noon (one to
twelve) precisely as at i)resont, and to denote the hours between noon
and midnight by letters of t alphabet.
Both })ropo.sition3 would obviate the necessity of adding words of
explanation, or otherwise specifying, whether the houi's were forenoon
or afternoon. The first would be extremely simple. The second would
have the advantage of distinguishing the forenoon from the afternoon
hours by the character of the syuibols employed to denote them. The
hours of the first half 6f the day would be known by numerals, of the
•
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SCHEME.
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SCTJEMJi:.
socond half by letters. The second plan would have other advantages
to recomniend it. >* ; \. . • .
The emj.loyniont of r^osinic time letters to denote the hours from
noon to midnight, in Local reckming, would make the designation of
the afternoon hours everywhere concurrent.
According to the scheme herein submitted there would be, be-
^ tween the Atlautic and PaciHc coasts, four standard time meridians,
K, S, T and U. (See Fig. i.) The relative time of the day for
a few hours before and after noon under these several meridians would
I be as given in the table appended. An examination will show that under
plan number two the noon letter in every instance would agree with the
~ letter by which the standard m(!ridian of the locality would be known.
Advancing westerly, local time would become one hour slower from
it meridian to meridian, as indicated by the numerals which denote the
I forenoon hours ; while the afternoon letters would everywhere be in
I perfect agrecMnent. The time of New York would be regulated by
\ (Standard R, Chicago by S^andArd S, Denver by Standard T, and San
Francisco l)y Standard U, each standard differing by steps of one houi-,
yet at any given hour in the afternoon, say at W, it would be W o'clock
at the same moment in absolute time from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
•■* < • ■>-'"- " " ■ ' ' '■ '. ■ K. '', ■•' '."
5,-
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■?- ' f:f
QUESTIONS RELATING TO STANDARD TIME.
■ ■/.:■■»
,■',■'■;. y-'J-JMS "^J
Submitted hy the Special Committee of the American Society of Civil
Engineers.
by
Question 1. — Are yoii in favor of a comprehensive system of Standard
Time for North Anxerica i
Question 2. — Do you favor the idea expressed insome of the documents
referred to, of brinj^ing the Standards of Time of all countries into agreement I
Question 3. — In order to attain the object set forth in (juestion No. 2, do
you consider it advisable to secure a time syHtem ff»r this country which would
commend itself to other nations and be adopted by them ultimately ?
Question 4. — Referring to the scheme for regulating time (page 28) does it
seem to possess any features which gc:ierally commend themselves to your
judgment ?
Question 5 — Do you favor the proposal to have the standards of time
diffeiing by intervals of one hour, thus reducing the number of standants for the
whole of North America to four, viz.: Meridians Q, R, S and T ? (See 18 to 21,
page-^. 30 and 31.)
Question 6. — Do you favor the suggestion to reduce the number of
standards in North America to two, say "^[eridians U and R. (See 21.)
Question 7. — Do you prefer having only one Continental Standard, 3ay
Meridian S, and having one uniform time throughout the whole oi North
America ? (See 21 page 31.) 7
Question 8.— If the scheme set forth in the document referred to (page 28)
does not generally meet with your approval, is there any other scheme which
you prefer ? Please explain your preference for the information of the
Committee,
12
QUESTIONS.
^ Question 9.-Referring to the suggestions under the heading " Division of
the Day into hours" Cpage 31) please indi ate which of the three foUowiutr
plans you prefer, . *>
(A) The alternative plan No. 1, with the hours numbered from 1 to 24
without interruption ?
(B) The alternative plan No. 2, with the forenoon hours nun.bered as
at present and the afternoon hours lettered as described ?
(C) The present division into half days, known as forenoon and
afternoon, each half day having the hours numbered ideuticallv
from 1 to 12 ? ^
Question 10— In order to secure perfect uniformity and accuracv, do you
favor the proposal to have Standard Time disseminated throughout the country
by central authority controlled by government. (Page 30.) ,
Question U.-Have yon any particular views on the question of Time
reform, not embraced in the .luestions and replies above given ? If so please
state them for the information and guidance of the Committee. (If necessarv on
a separate sheet.) ^
'.'■ ■^■ T?"'""''' :;';■ J'i-.,-^','';.^
t-H;
NAMES OF PARTIES FROM WHOM REPLIES HAVE BEEN RECEIVED
IN ANSWER TO THE CIRCULAR OF QUESTIONS OF THE SPECIAL
COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE AMEIUCAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS. . ■ ».
No.
NAME.
V t
1. W.J.McAlpine.M I.C.P:^
2. M. Becker*
3. Martin W. Harrington.,
4. H. T. Eddy, Ph. D ....
5. Robert Fletcher, Ph. D*
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
P H. Philbrick*
E. A. Doane* . .
Henry B. Richardson*.
Clemens Hcrschel* ....
H. Stanley Goodwin*.
Official Title.
Past Pres. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. .
Chief Engineer P.C. & St.L. R.W.Co
Director A.str. Observatory .....
Prof, of Mathematics, Astr. andCvl.
Eng., University of Cincinnati,
Prof, of Civil Engineering
11. Robert Briggs*
12.
13.
14.
15.
16,
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
2(i.
27.
28.
29.
30.
S. Spencer
C. B. Comstock * . . .
M. S. Greenough*. .
James R. Maxwell*,
Prof. C. E., State Univ. of Towa
(^hief Engineer, Rome, WaCertown
& Ogdensburgh R.R.
Chief State Engineer
RR. Commissioner, of Massachusetts
Asst. Gen. Superintendent, Lehigh
Valley R.R. Co.
.3rd V.P, B. &0. RR
Lieut. -Colonel of Engineers ....
(ien. Agt. Boston Gas Light Co. .
Chief Eng. and Supt. of Const'u.,
i D. O. & O. R. R
W\ A. Doane* Principal Asst. Engr., R.W. & O.
! R.R
Francis J. Lynch, M, I. C.E In charge Canadian Pacific Ry, office
.lames H. Rowan, C. E . . j
R. M. Harrod. C.E* , . . . jMemb. Miss. River Commise.'on. .
W. A. May* Eng. Hillside C. & I, Co
C. S. Master* |Engineer in charge Western Div.
W.L. &CJ.RR.
James Hall, D.P.S Ex-Sherifif and Ex-M.P
Arthur S. C. Wurtelc*. . lAsst. Eng.. N. Y. C, & H. R. R. .
W, A. Sweet* | Pres. Sanderson St. Co
Wm T. Jennings ;Rest. Engr., C,P,R .
P.O. AUDKE.SS.
M. G. Howe*....
Robert H. Say re . . ,
Hubert Moore, C. E*,
J. Foster Crowell*
.John Notman
Eng. and Supt., H. *; T.C.R.R. . . .
Supt. and Eng., Lehigh Valh-y R.R.
Asst. Eng , .P :i R
Queen's Printer. Provinae, Ontario.
Bav Ridge, L. I.,
N. Y.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Ann Arbor, Mich.
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Hanover, Grafton
Co., N. H.
Iowa City, Iowa.
Oswego, N. Y.
New Orleans, La.
Boston, Mass.
Bethlehem, Penn.
rr20 Girard st.,
Philadelphia, Pa
Baltimore, Md,
Detroit, Mich.
24 West st, Boston
Olney, 111,
Oswego, N. Y.
Ottawa, Canada.
W^innipeg, Man.
122 Common st,,
New Orleans.
Scranton, Pa.
St, Louis, Mo,
Peterhoro', Out.
Albany, N.Y.
Syracuse, N.Y.
Keewatin. Man.
Houston, Texas.
Bethlehem, Pa.
102 North 4th St.,
St. Louis, Mo.
East Liberty,
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Toronto, Ont.
Member American Society Civil Engineers.
14
LIST OF PARTIES.
No.
NAME.
31. T. J. Potter.
32. W. B. Smellie . . . .
33. StephoQ S. Haight*
34. Julius W. Adams*
35.
36.
37.
38.
30.
40.
41.
42.
43.
F. N. (iiaborne . ..
James H. Harlow*
A. b. Cox*
Kdward S. Philbrick*
Mopcure Robinson*.
KivasTully
T. H. Terry
J W. Putnam*
Charles H. 8waii*. . ,
44.
45.
46
47.
48.
40.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Sir Charles Tapper
Jos, P. Davis'
P. S. Archibald
H. E. Stevens*
B. S. Henning . .
J. Milton ritlow*
Vvm. A. Norton. .
C. A. Voung . . . . .
Robert A. Shailcr*.
L. B. Archibild., .
R P. Stearns" . .
C. S Davidson
56. Edward Maguiro
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
(i5.
E. C. Ferris
CoUingwood Schreibc
Henry (lannett
James P. Howley
E. P. Alexander. ,
Official Title.
3r(l Vice-Pres. and Cen. Man.,
C. B. &(». R. R.
(^ODs. Eng., Canadian Pacific Ry...
C. E. and City Surveyor
Past Pros., Am. So. Civil Eng . .
Supt. Tel. Sig. S.:rv., Dom. Canada
Eng. Monongahela Navigation Co,
Vice-Pres, Cnnadian Institute . . .
Chief Eng. L.E. & W. Rd
N. O. & M. R R
Member of the Am. Met. Soc,,Met.
Bnr., A. 8 C E.
Minister of Railways and Canals . .
Vice-Pres. Am. Tel. Co
P. O. Al)I)KE.S,S.
Chicago, 111.
Montreal, Ca.
West Farms, N.Y
City.
155 Congress et.,
Brooklyn, N Y.
Ottawa.
81 Wood St.,
Pittsburg, Ohio
Cherry Valley,
N.Y.
12 West St.,
Boston, Mass.
Philadelphia.
Toronto.
Lafayette, Ind.
New Orleans.
25 Wabou st.,
Highlands, Bos-
ton, Mass.
Ottawa"; Ca.
1 44 Greenwich st ,
N. Y. City.
Monokton, N.B. "
St Paul, Minn.
Intercolonial Railway
U. S. Asst. Engineer
Pros Ohio Lo. if W. Co j 1 15 Broad wa' .
N.Y.
Prin. Asst. Eng., City Hall Philadelphia, Pa,
Prof. Civil Eng., Sheffield ScientHc
School, Yale College.
Prof. Asti'oni'y, Col. of New Jersey.
Asst. Supt. Edge Moor I'on Works
Supt. Prince Edward Island Ry . .
New Haven, Ccaa
Prince'ion, N.J.
Wilmington, Del.
Charlottetown,
r.E.i.
Atlanta, Mass. '
Asst. Eng.. Boston Tmn. Sewerage.
Supt. Hud. Div. N.Y., N.H. & Hartford, Conn
H.R.U.
Captain of Engineers. U.S.A. . .
Engineer D. & N.R.R
W. H. Wood
F. M. Towar
Julius J. Duraye
Thomas S. Sedgwick* .
Chief Eng. and Cea. Man, Canadian
Coveroment Rys.
Geographer of Census and of U.S.
Geological Survey.
Asst. Geologist
Yice-Pres. Louis & Nashville R. . . .
R. Co.
U.S. Asst. Engineer
U.S Asst. Engineer
U.S. Asst. Engineer
Land Agt., Atlantic k Pacific Rail-
road Co.
South Norwalk,
Conn.
Ottawa, Ca.
Washington, D.C.
St. Johns, Nfid.
Louisville, Ky.
St. Paul, Minn.
St. Paul, Minn.
St. Paul, Minn.
Albu(iuer<iue,NM
* M«inl)«r Aineri(;an Society Civil Eiigineors,
LIST Of PA I? TIES.
15
No.
NAME.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
81.
Geo. M. Dawson
T. C. Mcmlcnliall
L. J. LeCoute*..
Edvt'ard C. Pickeriog ...
n. F. lloyce
J. S. Sewall*
Wm. B. Hazeu
J. M . Buchan
G. Kcniiedy, M.A.,LL. D
E. 1). Ashe
Wm. P. J iidson*
Wilson Crosby*
W. H. Pratt
(Jaorge S Gatchell . . . .
H. S. Pritchett
Official Titi-k.
Aast. Director Geolog'oa) Survey.
Prof. Piiysics, Ohio State (niv. .
Res. Eng. Oakland Harbour
•director Harvard Coll. Observatory
Division Superintendent
C. .J. Ives ,
Asa Horr, M.D*...
.J. L. (iiUespie
William P. Anderson
85. Rufus Ingalls.
86.
87.
88.
89.
UO.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97
98
99.
W. E. Jacobs . . .
Winslow Upton ,
H. A. Howe . . ,
•-'rig. and Brevet Maj.-Gen., Chief
Signal Ollicer, IJ S.A.
Principal U. C. College
Law Clerk, Crown Land Dept
Director Quebec Observatory ....
U.S. Aast. Eng
C. 1<]
Cor. -Sec. and Curator Acad. Nat.
Science.
Gen. Supt. B. N. Y. P. R.R
Prof. Astron. and Director Obser-
vatory, Wasliington University.
(icn. Supt. B.C.R. & W. Ry
Pres. Iowa Inst , Sc. and Art ....
US. Asst. Eng
Eng. to Marine Dept. in charee con-
struction Canadian I.'.ght Houses.
Quarter-Master (Jeneral and Brevet
Mujor-General, U. S. A.
P. <). Adukksm.
D. R. Taylor . . .
J. R. P]astman.
< )ttawa, Ca.
Columbus, Ohio.
Oakland,. ^hmeiA
Co., Cal.
Cambridge, Mass.
Des Moines, Iowa
St. Paul, Minn.
Washington.
Toronto. . ,
Toronto.
Quebec.
Oswego, N. Y.
Bangor, Me.
Davenport, Iowa.
Buffalo, N.Y.
St. Louis, Mo.
Cedar Rapids, la.
Dubuque, Iowa.
St. Paul, Minn.
Ottawa, Canada.
Washington.
James R. Barber ...
Simon P. Newaomb.
DeVolson Wood*. .
Wm. F. Ellice
Alex. Murray, C.M.G.,
F. (}. G.
Edwin A. Hill
C. D Ward*..
M. C. Meigs .
Julius Pohlman
100. J. C. Wood.
101.
102.
Lewis Bass . ,
Melville Dui
Army Signal Office
Prof, of Math, and Astron., Univ.
of Denver.
District Supt., N.P.H.R
Prof. Math. U.S.N., U.S.N. Obser-
vatory.
Railway Superintendent .
Supt. Naut. Ahnaiiac, Naw D°pt.
Prof. Math, and Mechan., Stevens'
Institute, Tech.
Chief Engineer Conuotton Val. Ry
Company.
Director Geological Survey, New
foundland.
Attorrey, etc. Boston & New York
Air L ne Ry.
Windsor Hotel
Brig.-Gen. U.S. Army (Retired) . .
Curator Museum, Buffalo Society
Natural Sciences.
Gen. Manager's Assistant, Chicago
& Alton liy.
Director Dudley Obsprvatory . , . .
Sec. Am. Metro. Bureau
103. Ohas A. Schott Asst. U.S. Coast and (iodetic Surv.
Salt Lake City,
Washingtan.
Colorado.
Mandan, D.T.
Washington.
Cobourg. Ont.
Wasliington.
Hoboken, N.J.
Canton, O. •• •
St. Johns, Nfld.
NcwHaven,(!onn.
Jesey City.
Washington.
Buffalo.
Chicago, 111.
Albany, N Y.
32 Hawley st.,
Boston.
Washington.
Member Americau Society Civil Eiitfiiicers.
10
mT Of PA It TIES.
No.
NAME.
104. David H. Jerome.,
105. VV. T. Sampaon ...
lOfi. Ormond Stone
107.
lOS.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
ll.'>.
116
117.
118
119.
120.
H. S. S. .Smith . . . .
Wm. Brydone .lack
John B. Hamilton. .
Henry F. MoLeod, M.I..
Jacob M. Clark*
Geo. C. Wilkina.
H. P. D wight...
OKFiriAL Tple.
Governor of Michigan
Commander U.S.N., Aast. to Supt.
Naval Observatory.
Aatronomer Cincinnati Observatory
Prof, Astronomy, K.S.U
Pres. University, New Brunswick .
Supervising Surg. -Gen. U.S. Marine
Hospital Service.
Resident Engineer, Canadian Pacific
Railway.
C. E
William F. Bradbury.
S. L. We dan
T. W Pearl
M. Giddinga
R R. Call ,
J. W. Mallett ,
Fred. T. Newberry . .
121. D. Hudson Shedaker
122.
12.S.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129
l.SO.
LSI.
1.32.
1.3.3.
134
1.3.').
1.36.
137.
Edwin Gilpin, jr., A.M.,
F.G S., F.R.S.C, Ac.
■'ohnTwigg. ...
F. P. Dunnington
Franc's H. Smith
Clarence J. Blake
Wm. M. Thornton ....
Albert Chapman Savage
M. C. Fernald
.John H. Plake
Ed. Fontauie
Fred. Brooks*
N. Bouthillier de Beau-
mont.
Andrew Ingraham
JrsephTrutch, M.I.C.E,
Alex. S. Christie
E. P. Hannaford
Supt. Bait. T)iv. Northern Central
Ry. and Bait. & Potomac Ry.
(Jen. Manager Great North- Western
Telegraph Co.
Hd. Master, Cambrid^ie High .School
Vice Pres. and Gen. Man. Houston
Belt Ry.
U.S. Asst. Eng
P. O. Address.
U.S. Consular Agent
Prof. Chemistry, Univ. of Virginia.
Atst. Eng., Southern Pacific Ry . .
Civ. Eng
Govt. Inspector of Mines
Town Clerk
Prof. Anal. Chemistry, University
of Virginia.
Prof. Natl. Philosophy, University
of Virginia.
Fellow American Academy Arts and
Sciences, etc.
Adj. Prof. Eng., Univ. of Virginia.
City Engineer
Pres. State College
Lansing, Mich.
Washiugtou.
Mount Look Out,
Phio.
Lawrense, Kansas
Frederickton, N. B
Washington.
Dry nock, B.C.
119 Liberty St. ,
New York.
Baltimore, Md,
Toronto.
Cambridge, Mass.
Houston, Texas.
Brownville, Neb.
Bangor, Me.
Newcastle, N.B.
AlbermarleCo.Va
Townsend st.,
San Francisco, Cal
425Soutli Broad st
Philadelphia.
Halifax, N.S.
Picton, Ont.
Professor, etc., etc
Asst. Eng. Ferro Carril Central
Mexicano.
Pres. de la Societiti de Geographic .
Principal Friends' Academy
Dominion Government Agent . . .
Coast and Godetic Survey
Chief t^ngineer, Grand Trunk Ry. of
Canada.
226 Mar'iboro'st.,
Boston.
El Paso, Texas.
Orono, Me.
Boston, Mass. ,
Jackson, Wis. '
San Luis Potosi,
Mexico.
Geneva.
New Bedford,
Mass,
Victoria, B. C.
Montreal.
* Member American Society Civil Slngineers.
_.■'.: >a^sr>--!5',;i?
./ i;i(,V.,
M
< 1- / /'
: .■. ,4:! I
' V ' ''' ,' i '. '
J -A' .A ■ r
REPLIES
l\^i':
:h.i'
LV ANSWEJ? TO CIRCULAIi OF QrTESTfONS ISSUED BY SPECIAL
COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.
STANDARD TIME. ^ ^^ *
't^^Aic^t-. ,s^ix .1
-■■:^is«l^*'-
Id
REPLIES'.
3
NAME.
QUESTION 1,
A n jiiiii i',i fauof of a cumiiri-licH^iw system a/
Stmuluril TiiiK'J'oi yuiih America/
1 W. J. McAIpino, M.I.C.E.
2 M.J. Becker
3 Mart W, }f arrington
4 H. T. Eddy, Ph D
i ilobert Fletcher, rii.D...,
(J r. H. Philbrick
7 E. A. Doane
8 Henry B. Richardson
9 Clemens Herschel
10 H. Stanley Goodwin ,
11 Robert Briggs.
I'J S. Silencer....
Yes.
Yes.
] am.
Yes, emphatically.
T am,
^'e^. <.
^'es.
Yes.
Certainly.
Yea,
1.3 C. B. Conistock. Lieut. Col nel of
Engineers, U.S.A.
14 M. S (Jreenougli
IT) JumeH R Maxwell
1() VV. A, Doane
17 Francis J, Lynch, M.I.C.E
18 James H. Rowan
19 B. M. Harrod
20 W. A. May
21 C. S. Master
22 James Hall, D.P S.
2.3 Arthur S. C. Wurtele,
24 W.H. Sweet
2.5 VVm. T. Jennings.
2() M. G. Howe
27 Robert H. Sayre.
28 Robert Moore . . . .
29 J. Foster Crowell .
30 John Notman.
Yea. • •
Yes. . • , , -
Yes. .
Vea. > \ v^,v ,.. .
I am.
I am very strong'y in favor of it.
Yea. •
Yes. ■■ ■■■ ,- ' ' >' " '■,'■■." ,^. -■''■:''.
Yea.
1 am most anxious to have it estab-
lished.'
Not as a new system, but I would
favor a uniform railroad time.
Yea.
I am.
Yes.
I am, decidedly.
Yes.
Yes, most decidedly.
1 am, and hope to see it effected soon.
31 T. J. Potter
32 W. B. Smellie
33 Stephen S. Haight
34 Juliun \V. Adams, Past Pres. Am.
Soc. C.E.
36 F. N. Gisborne
Yes.
I think it greatly to be desired.
Yes.
Yes.
ft EP I. lES.
19
QUESTION 2.
Do t/ou favor the idea exprenHed in mine of the
dfK'iiiiir.iitu referred /o,ii/hriii;fiii;i the Stnndnrds
Uf Time ijj aU coxn/rics into wjrccinent!
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
U
15
16
17
18
19
20
Yes"
Yes '. . . . .
No
T think it most desirable
Yes
I do
Yes
I do
Yes
Yes
Certainly
Yes ; but I think it will be best for
America to lead and not «vait for
foreign co-operation.
American t me should have Green-
wich for zero meridian.
No
Yes
Yes
I do
I do
Yes
Yes ; ... .
giTKSTION 3.
It) iiri rr to attain thv nhp.ri Mt/nrlh in QifHtion
>V". .', do iioii eoiiKider It adi'lnnttle to secure r,
time Hjininii Jdr thin cuitiitfii lehirh irt>iilil emn-
iiii'iiil itself to other nations Hint tie <uloi>t"d Itij
them idtiiiiatelij I
Yes.
Yes.
No
Id
Yes.
I do.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Certainly.
Yes,
Yes, if practicable ; if not, ac'. inde-
pendently ot them.
No.
Yes. .
Yes.
I do.
I do. ..."._ i r. f' •■!
Yes. t:'."! <', .'• :l ''I
Yes. . ■'"■<■-' "I H V-
i
21
22
2.S
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
I do, and think it would confer a
great benefit on the civilized world.
The thing is chimerical : all coun-
tries will probably take care of their
own time.
Yes
I do
Yes
I do
Yes .
Yes after the North American sys-
tem is in successful operation.
I favor that i
31
32
33
34
Yes .
I do
Yea .
Yes .
35 Yes
Ido.
iV.
Who could be the judge whether a so-
called system wouKl so commend itself?
Certainly.
Ido.
Yes.
I think it very desirable.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes, for North America, or rather the
American continent.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Y^es.
I think it will be necessary to take the
initiative movement in North America.
30
HErLIES.
NAME.
36 James H. Harlow ,
37 A. B. Cox
36 Edward S. Phill)rick .
39 Moncnn; Robineon , . . .
40 Kivaa Tully.
41 T. H. Perry
42 J. W. Putnam
I itm.
I am.
I am.
Yes.
Ye«.
QUESTION 1.
43 Charles H. Swan Yes.
44 Sir Charles Tupper '.\ Yes. I «ave evidence of this hy
estrtblibhing a stnn.lard time for the
. ,, Intercolonial Failway, 8i0 ni les in
*^ ■ V - lergth. which was worked on three dis-
tinct times, when I became head of the
.^ _ . Department of Railways.
45 Jos. P. Davis Yes
46 P. S. Archibald Yes
47 H. E. Stevens " ■' Yes. • •• - ■ • '^ v t ''
48 B. S. Henning ',\ Yes. " ;..-'! f,
49 J. Milton Titlow Yes.
50 Wm. A. Norton ] Yes! " ' '; ■
fi C. A. Yomig Yes ; by all means.
52 Robert A. Shailer Yes,
53 L, B. Archiba'd * ] am
54 F. P. Stearns ',',',,', Yi s. '
55 C. S. Davidson Yes!
56 Edw. Maguire Yes* v v ^
57 E. O. Ferris "!!!! Yes!
58 CoUingwood Schreiber Yes
59 Henry Gannett Decidedly.
60 James P. Howley i think it w uld tend greatly io
simplify Lime reckoning.
61 E. P. Alexander I »,„, most heaitily.
REPLIES.
21
QUESTION 2.
QUESTION 3.
3()
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Y*!s Yes.
I (In, though it (b a matter of less It would bo hottor for uh to do tho brst
iniportuucu to us. wo can for ourHolvcH, and not ^'auiifioo
our plan on tho grand idea of revolution*
izing the world.
I do favor it I <lo. by all mcanH ; auoh a change
» should be Well considered and ntit kuhjeet
to future amvndmiiU, to beeonio ousuio-
])olitaD.
I do I do.
Yes Yc».
Yci ....- Yes. '
I think a continuo'js numbering of
hours and HuljdivisioHH upon the decimal
plan advisable, and a new arrangement of
I . the days into months, giving .SI dwys to
'['^ , ■ t'jc first five mouths, and six months in
; , , leap year, and 30 days to each of the
,,, remaining months, would be benetioial.
Ypb ...... Yes.
Yes Yes.
45 Yes Yes. ' . i.,
46 Yes Yes. .:
47 Yes Yes.
48 Yes Yes.
49 Yes Yes.
50 Yes Yes.
51 Yea Yes ; meridian 12h from Grecnwicn.
52 Yes Yes.
53 I do I do.
54 Yes Yes.
55 Yes Yes, provided it can be so arransed.
56 Yes Yes.
57 Yes Yes.
58 Yes Yes.
59 Eventually this can be and should If, as is probable, we are to be the first
be done. to adopt such a system, we should make
provisicm for its universal application.
60 It would be very desirable, but The adoption of such a system in
probably very difficult to effest. America would. I have no doubt, recom-
mend itself to all English spcakirg peoples
at least.
61 I do, but favor «arhj action hi the
U.S., without waiting on other
count ies.
It will, of course, be very desirable
that the system adopted for the U.S.
should be capable of extension to the
whole globe.
32
JtKPLTKS.
(fit
<
NAME.
QUKSTION 1.
r>2
«4
({5
67
W. H. Wood
F. M . Towiir
.luliuH J. Dumye . . . .
Thomas S. Sodgwiok
Clco. M. UawMon
T. f. Mondeiilmll
68 L. J. l.ci;onte
m Edwiml (*. Pickiring.
70 II. F. lloyco
71
7J
73
74
75
76
J. S. So«ell
Wrii. H lla/.en, Maj(>r-(jun. U.S.A.
•J. M. Huchan
(Jcor(;o Kennedy
K. I). Aehc
Wni. P. Judson
YcB.
Ye«.
Yo8, '
\ am,
Vl!8,
Yes.
Yea,
Yes,
YcB.
Yes.
Yes.
YOH.
Yes.
Yes, deeideilly.
•■>;*,
77 Wili-on Crosby.
78 W. H. Pratt. . . .
Yes.
Undoubtedly,
79 (Ico S. riatchcll.
80 H. S. Pritchett..
81 C J, Ives
82 Asa Horr
8:{ .1. L (iillespie
84 Wni. P. Anderson.
8.3 RufuH Inga'Is
8() W. E, Jacobs
87 VVinsIow Upton
88 H. A. Howe
Yes.
Yes.
Yes. ^ '' ■' ' -
Yes.
Yes. ^ , . , ..
Yes.
Yes. ^. . ■... ....;...:,.:.. ..-
Yes ; I (|uite concnr with the
argunionta in its favor given
pamphlet, especially in regard to
time.
Yes. .'■-:':.- Z-;^
I am. .'.''«
various
in your
railroad
89 D. \\. Taylor . .
90 J. 1{. Eastman,
91 James 11. Barber
Yes.
I am for the United States.
Yea.
82 Simon P. Newcomb.
9.3 DeYoIson Wood.
94 Wm. F. EUicc...
Yes.
Yes.
Yes, it if. very desirable.
liEnLtBS,
28
yUKSTloN 2.
gUK.STION 3.
62
63
({4
(I.*)
m
07
Yes
Yoi
'••I
it
Y-
68 Yea
69 Yes
70 Yes
by c<|Uation8 of ('<|iiality.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes. if tliey sliould l)0 pleased to so do !
Yes.
N'cs, decidedly, for many reasons — this
is the place tu beg'u.
Yes.
Yes. 'i'» '■■ ■••■-
Yes.
71
72
73
74
7ft
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
The idea is a good one, but do not
ooiihider it now practicable nor
CBpf ciuUy important to us.
\ 68
Certainly. Whatever be adopted
it HJioiild be with that view.
Y.s,
Yta .
sir.
Yes
^'ea
Yes
Y'es
Yes, so far as practicable
I think it Mould be an advantage,
though not to so great a degree .i-s in
each great division of tbe world
Separately.
Yea
I do
89 .Yes
90 No
91 Yes
92 No ; it is s'mply burdening the re-
form with a useless condition.
93 Yea
94 Ce.tainly
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
■J<
Yes.
Highly desirable; the sooner a iv^U
t/li/tsfii/ system can be inaugurated the
better.
1 do.
Y'es. . .V ".', ".,, ,
Y'es.
Yes. •
Yes.
Certainly. /
Moat certainly.
Yes ; with ourgrcatexi)anse of country
the question assumes greater importance
than to any other nation.
Yes.
i favor a meridian passing through
Greenwich, and think that if it is
ISO® from Greenwich the W( rid would be
more likely to accept it than if it is in
any other place.
Yes.
No.
Yes; I think the representatives of
other countries should be conaulted even
though these nations did not at present
af^opt the improved system.
No ; we don't care for other nations,
can't help them, and they caa't help i.r;.
1 would aim to do .so.
Unless we secure such a syste: ■ e
fail to secure the objects aimed at in
No. 2.
ii
f
m
u
JiEPLlES.
15
NAME.
QUESTION 1.
95 Alex. Murray
96 Edwin A. Hill.,..
f\'if \ ■ -.rl. nf\f:i:j vrtf.M.: ;':
1. ■■!,■! ,:>v^■•
97 C. D. Ward
98 M. C. Meigs, Prig. -Gen. U. S. A.
99 J uliuB Pohlman
Most certainly.
Moat decidedly.
Yea.
Yes.
Yes.
100 J. C. Wood.
Yes, for transportation and ccmmeraial
purposes.
101 Lewis Bass .
102 Melville Dui...
103 Chas. A. Scott.
104 Davi 1 H. Jerome
105 VV. T. Samuson , . .
Theoretically yea, with the restrictions
as to local time hereinafter mentioned.
Very strongly.
Yes, for the Railroad and Telegraph
service but not for ordinary local busi-
ness life.
Certainly.
Yds, for all purposes of communication
between different points.
lOfi Oimond Stone
107 H. W, 8. Smith
108 W, Bryndone Jac k .
109 John B. Hamilton.
Ye».
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
110 Henry F. MacLeod, M.LC.E...,
Yes, I think it would be a great advan-
tage. ,
111 Jacob M. Clark ..... . .. ... .. . V V - Negative. ' ^^^ ^ f % ? : >'^«* : ;m
112 Geo. C. Wilkins... Yes.
ll.S H. P. Dwight Yes.
114 VV illiam F. Bradbury Yr s.
1 15 S. L. VVerdeu Emphatioelly I am.
116 T. W. Pearl Yes?
117 M. Giddings Yes.
118 K, R. Call For the iraveH'ng public it wou.d un-
doubtedly be a coDvenieoce; for local
purposes its utility would be question-
able.
REPLIES.
m
95
96
97
98
99
100
QUESTION 2.
QUESTION 3.
C()"8iiler8uch would be of very great I highly approve of the plan proposed
al vantage to the whole world if once and believe its success in America would
effected. insure its success in Europe.
Yes if it can be done Yea, provided that in so doing the
system ad pted would bi suite 1 to our
requirements and not compromised too
' • much for be sake of International uni-
formity.
Yes Yes, d cidedly.
Y^es Yes.
Yes, if possible I would be in favor of standard time
' whether acceptable to other nations or
not.
Yes, commercial time Yes. . .. ,
101 In the spnse of reply No. 1, that
would bo desirublo I think.
102 Yes
103 Yes, for all international communi-
cations.
104 Yes
Yes.
Yes.
Y'es.
Yfs, for the internal administration of
all Railroads andTelegrai>hic service only.
Yes.but the system should be primarily
for the convenience of Americans.
Ihmk it dosirable that the standard Yes.
used on each pontinnnt for purposes of .
communication should be aaopted •
after the samo method.
X«s '.\\ Yes. •'
\«s ... Yes.
^^^ ' No ; the cha ige must be adopted by
general treaty or it will never come into
use. It is less likely to become general
if any single nation originates the move-
ment.
110 \ es, and hope it will soon be acct u- Yes The satisfactory working of the
P^'^*'*^^^- system in such a vast country as North
America would no doubt tend to its
' universal adoption.
105
lOfi
107
108
U)9
111 Negative, except for the civic dale.
112
Yea
113
Yes
114
Yes
115
Yes,
lie
Yes
117
Yes
118
Y'^es
I do.
Only to the extent of establishing a
prime standard of ri'ference.
Yes, by all means.
Yes. , ■■■ "■
Yes. ---- ■---;-^-:;.— V ....,.;■—:■
I do. .^;:.; ■'.:■/'-' ■■:.■':;■■
Yes.
Very desirable.
The adoption and aucoos.- il use of
Bunh a system in America would pro.
babry lead to it^fcjtablishment in Europe
also.
2d
Replies.
6*64
NAME. ,
QUESTION 1.
119 J. W. Mallett
120 Fred. T. Newberry ....
Yea.
Yes.
121 D. Hvlaon Shodakcr...
122 Edwin (Hlpin
123 John Twigg
124 F. P. Dunnington
125 Francis H. Smith . . .
126 Clarence J. Blake
127 Wm. M.Thornton
i2S Albert Chapman Savage.
129 M. C. Fernald
130 John H. Blake
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
I am.
Yes.
Yes.
Yc-e.
I favor such a syst'
Yes.
ra.
131 E. Fontaine.
132 Fred. Brooka.
Yes, but the coam'c meridian or zero
for the calculations of latitude and longi-
tude and time should, be at (xreeowich,
England. ■
Yes. • ,'- . ' ,''>';
133 N. Bouthillier de Beaumont.
134 Andrew Ingraham
135 Joseph Trutch, M.I.C.E
1.% Alex. S Christie
137 E. P. Uaunaford..
Not entirely.
WJ,_ ...- .-jj,-. ....
1
REPLIES.
27
QUESTION 3.
119 Yes Yes.
120 No. 1 'refer to begin with Nortli First two lines, yes; latter part of no
America. particular interest.
121 Yes Yes.
122 Ultimately . Yes - •
123 Yes : Yes! ,' . .;
124 Yes Yes.
125 I do , I ,lo'
126 Yes Yes " • • >
127 Yes Yes.'
128 Yes Yes.
129 Ido Ido.
130 Yes Yea
131 Ye?, nothing is more necessary to
satisfy the practically sc entilic wants
of the 19th century.
132
1.33
1.34
135
13G
137
The time system for this country and all
others can be best regulated at Green-
wich, England.
^^^ ' Yes; I think the time system secured
ought to be a system for all countries hav-
; ing "othiog dist nctively Am. rican about
' '\ it, so that other nations rould adopt it
either before or after the North Ameri-
. «an countries, as a cosmopolitan system
and not subordinate themselves thereby
to North America.
^'^ I do not consider it favorable to obtaia
a good result.
-V ,'.-
28
REPLIES,
QUESTION 4
.2
NAME.
liit/(in-i}i!i til the xfJienif fur iviivlatinif time (paye
ilii), doeti it neciii (<• jyo^icx.w anii J'vatun'.n which
tjeiwmll}! commcml (hcmai'lvcn to n'tur jmhj-
inent {
1 Wm. J. McAlpinc, M.I.C.E Yes.
2 M.J. Becker The scheme set forth on pages 28 to 30
seems to cover the entire gruunil within
- ' . the limits of reasonitblepraoticihility ;iu(l
hope of ultimate accomplishment.
3 Martin W. Harriniiton
4 H. 'J'. Eddy, Ph.D. The siigifest'ons n the main cmimend
themselves to my ju<?gment.
5 Robert Fletcher, Ph. D In my judgment the scheme is well
u ■ :'n; :".v; / ^^'^'^^^ , ■ I i; adapted to the ol)ject in view.
6 P. H. Philbrick...., Itdoes. .■//,'
7 E. A, Dfanc Yep.
8 Htnry B. Richardson Any uniricationof t'mcstanda ds?cems
to me an improve mtnt on the prist nt
system, or no system, of marking local
: , time, but I "ec no objection to the
general and lond u e of what is called
, . "cosmic time" (p. 29). Why it should
• be of .'iny importance to me whether the
Bun is on my meridian at 12 o'clock or at
19 o'clock I am.at a loss to und<rstand so
that I and my niif;;hbors know wh»'n it
is and have the same name for it.
9 Clemens Hersehel ....:......... Yes.
10 H. Stanley (Joodwin Yes.
11 Robert Briggs Except 5, where I hold the meridian
should be (Greenwich, and the zero ex-
actly 180" therefrom.
12 S. Sj^cncer Yes : I think the tchcmo on the whole
a good and suiiicient one.
13 C. «. Comstock 1 to 7, 13 to 16 and 17, 18 to 20 seem
judicious.
14 M. S. Grcenough I (|uestion the advisabilitj' of .ittempt"
ing too much at first. We shall, I fear,
accomplisli nothing if we seek for too
ladieal a change.
1.5 Jas. R. Maxwell Yes.
K; W. a. Doane Yes. " - ^
17 Francis J. Lynch, M.I.C. E It decs. A pr'me meridian, for the
use of all nations for scicutitic purposes,
I consider to l)e a fast grownig necessity,
and its proposed establishment mid
REPLIES.
QUESTION
Do ami favor the proposal to have the KlandnrdK
o/tiiiir (iiffi'i-iiiii hi) intermix of one hour, thii-s
rriliiriwi the nil inhcr of n/anilards for the vhnle
of Xorth Ainrrira to four, i>iz.: .iliriiliiinx, (f,
J{, Sand T.' (See IS to .'/, paijcs -in and .11.)
Do i/oii favor thr nit;/;fention to reduce the ninnlier
of xtandantti in North Ainorica to two, my
Meridiann II ami H /
1 Yos ,;..........
2 Yos ;
3 Yts ...........;..?.... _,.:1...
4 I think this the more practioai)le
system.
5 Yes ; this is more in accordance
with th« scheme in its general rela-
tions.
6 I do, but I would prefer but 10
hours and 10 mcriiiiaus, etc.
7 Yes
8 ■■■.
No.
No.
I prefer the sinj^le meridian for the
ccmtinent. •
No. .■.;:'■„,- ■ ,*,v'
Yes ; if there were 10 in all there
would be only 2 in North America.
No.
9 Yes
10 Yes
1 1 Certainly
No.
No.
No.
12 Yes ; I am inclined to think this
the plan promising most satisfactory
results, and most likely to meet
with public favor.
13 Yes
14 Yes
I pref«r 4 stand ards. ^r
No.
No.
15 Tdo.
16 Yes .
17 No .
No.
No.
80
REPLIES.
;i«E
NAME.
QUESTION ^.
Pac'fic well chosen, by reason of its
relative pOHition to (Jreenwioh. Tho
division into standard time meridians,
one honr apait, and desij^nated hy
letters, will afford a convenient method
of conipurinjr local times, tliough in mat-
ter of looal time I advoiate the smallest
number of standards found p'aetieable.
18 James H. Rowan, C.E It does generally. With reference,
however, to the "time zero" and '"prime
meridian" for the whole world, I have to
say that, while there is much to com.
1 , mend the zero referred to as l)eing placed
in the Pacific Ocean for national and
political reasons, there arc h'gher, bettor
and cosmical reasons (too extensive to
enter into a detail of here) why tho
longitude of the Great Pyramid in
Kgypt should bo adopted as the prime
meridian.
19 B. M, Harrod, C. E I approve generally of the scheme set
forth by Mr. Fleming.
20 W. A. May Its simplicity and its basis, as well as
its adaptability and practical character.
21 C. S. Mflster Make time uniform for this coun' ry.
22 .James Hall, D.P.S It does.
23 Arthur S. C. Wurtelc I think the scheme complicated and
absurd, and think all this fancied uni-
formity is a kind of philosojjhers' stone.
The prime meidian has been observed
■ (sic) over and over again, but the matter
of convenience has prevented any change,
The use of letter meridians would only
complicate a simple matter.
24 W. A. Sweet Yea ; the scheme seems to fully till all
rccjuirements.
25 Wm. T. Jennings The who'e scheme appears to me prac-
tical, and would, if carried out, result
satisfactorily.
26 M. G. Howe I think tJfiat it • will be only a partial
remedy f<ir inconveniences now experi-
enced. There will be the same c(m fusion
at bcalities near the ' standard time
meridians" that we now have every-
• where, and a railroad crossing such
meridian could not change its time at
1 * such crossing unless it happened to be at
a terminal point.
27 Robt. H. Sayre It is the best scheme that has como
under my notice.
28 .Robt. Moore, C E..,. , , I think the scheme an admirabUi
one, and can suggest no better.
HEPLISS.
h\
QUESTION 5.
QUESTION 6.
18 I do, because more in harmony with I should buf tK«f T m • i ^ ii
• voreahty of the whole sdieme.
'» ^'^ No.
20 P'our standards for the U. S No.
21
22 Yes, J do..'.V.V. YeT"
24 I do favor this, aud it shows much No
study,
25 Ido , ,
■y" *■*••• J do not.
26 No, for reasons above given No.
27 Ido....
28 Y
es
t • • « • ,
I do not.
No.
m
HJSPltER.
y, go
■<
NAME.
29 J. Foster Crowell .
30 John Notniaiti.
31 T. J. Potter..
QUESTION 4.
In the main this scheme s-'ems to me
admirable, and for the use of educated and
especially scientific perscms ahuost per-
fect ; hut to render the universal adoption
of a radical change possible it must be
popular, and the use of let' ers to designa^'e
the meridians wouLi complicate the
subject to many minds, and create a
prejudice. Geographical names or simple
numerals, it strikes me, would be better
rdapted for ordinary use.
I would support the whole cosmopoli-
tan scheme.
Would approve of the division of the
globe iato 24 time meridians, having
zero in the Pacific Ocean, and t):' em-
ployment of staiulard time f -i" general
and local purposes.
32 W. B. Smellic The sohomo generally commends itself
to my judgment.
33 Stephen S. Haight Yes.
34 Julius W. Adams In general and in detail, I can Cvinceive
Past Pres. Am So C!. E. yf no method which promipes to effect the
, , ; ,,, '^ ; v, end hi view, through all its compli'-ations
I, : . - . withsolittlederangpment to the methods
of " time-keeping in use as the 'ne advo-
cated in the paper read by Sandford
Fleming.
35 F. N. (Usborne Yes : as very clearly explained in Mr.
Sandford Fleming's address to the Ame-
rican Society of Civil Engineers.
36 .lames H. Harlow ,
37 A. B. Cox Tlie scheme is a good one for certafn pur-
- , , : ! poses,/, e .railroads, telegraphs, &c. ,and
provided it could be made perfect'y reli-
able, it would be useful for exact observa-
tion to places connected by telegraph, and
also to the standard observatory. It would
; be useful to determine local time by and
regulate it. But would be useless unless
' . the means of distribution were general.
38 Edward S. Philbrick ' It certainly dees ; it is based upon good
sense, There would, doubtless be local
inconveniencifs, arising along the border
Inea where we pass?, from one meridian
to another. But these would be incom-
parably IcBs important than tiie detes-
table muddle into which we have thus far
drifted by the course of events.
lilCrLlES.
QUKsTION 5.
2U Vcs
QUESTION G.
d8
No; that could easily be done in the
hiture It desirable, but "the time is not
yet. '
'" fo/S'',il';;L°' "■'>"'■■"-' '■"'- i„/„t,'l; -. ''Ut would „.for the hour
31
32
33
34
Ihe .]UPHti(.ii arises wlicthcr, in
tiiickly SfttK'd nations :iko tlu! I nitcd
«tate.s, lialf liour .stations would not
be better ? Thus we would have
Aew V()tk. Cleveland. Chieauo,
Omah •, Denver, ( )gden and San Kian-
ciseo tune, vaiyinjr by half hours
butagreein<,'ontliegeneralmeridian8,
1 hivor tile lavpc.sal to have four
standards for tlie whole of Xortli
Anieriea.
\'es _
Vea ,
.Should not consider the reduction of
moridians to two or one advisable.
No.
No.
35 Vea
No.
3G Yea: R. S. T. .t U. '
37 A dilleu'Mee of an hour is too lafe
if auythiog "
38 I do.
I don't see the advantage of this.
34
liKl'Ll h:s.
NAME.
QUESTION 4.
39 Moncure Robinson Tt aeeniH to mo to have many. ^
40 Kivas TuUy Scheme approved.
41 T. H. Perry Y«!s ; from p. 1 to fl, but not agreeable
to 6 iintl 7.
42 J. W. I'ulnam
43 Charles U. Swan Yes ; answered more fully in reply 11.
44 Sir C/'liarlea Tupper Yes.
46 Jos. I*. Davis The scheme is a good one.
46 J. S. Archibald Yes ; I can suggest nothing better.
47 H. E. Stevens Yes.
48 B. 8. Htiniiins^ Yes.
49 J. Aliltoii Titlosv Yes.
60 Wm. A. Norton , T approve i>aragraph.s 1 , 2, .*?, 4 and 7.
1 should prefer the meridian of (ireen-
wich for the prime meridian certainly
' one running tlirougii some ol)Kervatory
tliat all nations migh^ agree upon. I do
not favor tlie atteiiii)t to divide tlie day
into twenty four liour.s for civil })urposes.
51 C. A. Young I like it in nearly every respect, but
would pnsfer geograpiiical derignations
for the time standards, f.ij. Atlantic,
Mississippi, Mountain and Pacific times,
but am not strenuous.
52 Robert A. Shailer N'es.
53 L. JB. Archibald I think the sclieme a good one. Some
diHiculties might arise at first in carrying
it out, but eventually it would be found
a great improvement on our i>resent
system.
54 F. P. Stearns Yes; nearly all of the features seem
good. I think reducirg tlie number of
meridians in Nortii America to two,
would cause too large a variation from true
local time. 1 do not think standards
varying one hour would cause confusion;
pa: tiuularly if radroad and other clocks
wt re marked on the same dial with the
figures of local and the letters of stan-
' dard *• cosmic" time, thus familiarizing
people with tlie relations between the
two.
65 C. S. Davidson Sec, 1, 6, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17.
56 Edw. Maguire , The scheme appears to me to cover all
points, and ia satisfactory.
57 E.G. FerriB.... Yea.
58 Collingwood Schreiber Yes.
59 Henry Gannett
RE r LIES.
85
QUESTION 5.
QUESTION fi.
2;1 v^""?*' ViV- IdoDot.
40 ioh; for local tunc ^y^
41 No.......... No.
42 I think not 1 do not
43 Yes: lor municipal time only No ; moie fully answered in re,)licH 7
,, -- an.l II.
t^ Jf" ■• :.... No.
"^^ J.^« No.
4<> ^ tJS No.
47 Yds No .7
48 No So'
50 1 do. ...!"'!'■ ■■■'
51 Yes ; Itut I do not like tlie desig- No.
nation by letfcm.
52 Yes
53 See answer to Q. 7
54 Yes
No ; 1 think four meridians preferable,
Set! answer to t^». 7.
No.
65
56
Yes
Yes
57 Yea, but only one standard should
be used in anV one Stale.
58 No
59 I think this preferable to the other
plans proposed.
No.
No.
No.
No.
86
REPLIES,
NAME.
QUESTION 4.
(K) Jamua I*, llowlcy,
The rcheme niipenrit toheaonpita. ore,
and if onutt iiniversully ii^'ritrd to would,
I hiivo DO doiiht, \i\\v uciit;ral HiitiMt'ao-
tion. I would .•iiititi|iatt', !ioM<'ver,
much nj>i>o«ition tn it. owiii^' to imtioniil
pnjudioeH mid from ii Htrong (ibjtictidii
to alte»* in any way tho existing modo of
rockouiog time common to each eountry.
f)l K. P. Alexander It^aeenia aw simple and perfect as poa*
uible.
62 W. II. Wood Yea; except th.^t I think it l.- tter to
nuuibjr the standard meriiliany iHt, '2nd,
&c.. instead of hitterinjj them.
(i.1. K. M, Towar No improvement in tlie suggestions on
page 28 presents itself to me. The wlmh'
scheme seems to iiave been thoroughly
thought out before being presented.
(j4 Julius J. Durayo Yes; pre'er to use numerals in place of
letters to designate meridians.
(3.5 Thomas S. Sedgwick I agree generally with the scheme of
page 4.
(56 fxoo. M. Dav son The adoption of the cosmic day
w. uM render it desirable that all
ephemerides for astronomical or nautical
, purposes slinuld be calculated for the
init'al meridian instead of to difl'erent
me idia"8, as at pr sent and result in a
great saving of labour.
fiT T. C. Mendcnhall 1 like it on the whole l)otter than any
other with which 1 am ac(iuain ed.
68 L. J. TjcL'onte The proposed scheme is commendable
in every respect. In regard to division of
day into hours, however, I fail to see pub-
lic necessity of a radical change The first
suggestion of 1 to 24 is the most natu al
one to adopt tor professional purposes.
00 K I ward C. Pickering; Yea.
70 U. F. lloyco Yes ; it seunis practicable and desira-
ble in general,
71 J. S. Sewell I see ao better way.
72 \Vm, li. llazen, Brig. (Jen. T.S.A. Yea. In the main the system com-
mends it-elf, but there is no objection to
the o-nission of some of the meridians,
. and the adoption of some one over a large
' .' ' area of country that is well [lopulated.
' Thus the use of the S. meridian for the
whole of the I'. S. is advised as below.
73 J. M. Hnch.in Yes.
74 George Kennedy I approve generally of the schenne.
75 E. D, Ashe Yes ; excepting clauses 7 a':d 12, and
those depe ding on thena.
HEP LIES.
37
Ql'KSTI(>N 5.
QUKSTIUN «.
m
I ' = ""!!.•' on!."'!. Zf\ i"*'"-^'=^'',;'^ , "•""•IV Htandarcla woulJ, 1 imagine. b«
i-> , () one hour bctweoii tlie fur prt'lcDible. h . -^
otaudards
Not HO much aH four. We r/.s/- arousing'
ignorant prujndici by gcltin;,' R. |j. '
(;.> vr.a tif^e m-.y/rM' out from Holartimo.
^^ ^'^^ No.
^•-^ ^" ••••••• No.
"^ N' No.
(>(J
(J7 Yes ^
•••• No,
G8 VcH ; by all means ..,.. -^q, '
^l y^' No. 7^ i. \ a
'0 ^«» No.
72 No ^"'
7'? Yes XT
74 Yes ^«-
75 No "::;::: ^."-
• No.
t6
replies:
6Z" NAME.
^ HO
QUKSTFON 4.
70 Wm. P. Judaon . . , Can see notliin^' to suggest in additioa
to the scheme tjet forth.
77 Wil.oa Crosliy Yea,
I
I
78 VV. U Tratt 1. An absohite essential and nius*;
ultinfiately l)e lUnu', even if not at firsst.
'2. Th(! only suitabli; unit of measure.
' \ _ 3. Certainly. 4. (,'oncurrenoe of all f*'j-
sirable and sure to l»u a^conleil .sooner
(>r later. .'). Heat, aa being simpler and
av( iding jealousies, &e. (i. Tlje beat
diviKifin as being in univertiial use, it w ould
be ditliciilt or impracticable to change it.
9, 10, 11, 12, seem to be well arranged.
It would doubtless ))e desirable to adopt
such plana in det uls as would, while carry-
ing out the principle fully, entail th ^ least
inconvenience in the way of changes of
modes ol^ expression, and of computaticuis
for practical jturpnijcs of everydayl ife,
with the mass of the people. For scicn-
titic i)urpo3es there will be no dilliculty.
79 George S. ( latchcll It dtes.
80 H. S Pritchett Yes.
81 C. J. Ives Yes.
82 Asi Horr Y'es ; most decidedly. Last evening I
met with a club of very intelligent busiuesa
men to whom I explained the scheme, and
after fully discussing its merits and de-
merits they unanimously gave it their
uncjualiHed approval, ])referring imc stan-
dard S for commere al purposes for the
North American Continent, .and the
numberirg of the hour.^ from 1 to 24.
83 .1. L. (Jdlespie I approve the scheme in general, but
think details should be left to the Com-
mission asked for in the memoiial of
the society
84 Wm. P, Anderioa Yes ; the scheme as a whole must
commend i*^^self to every man whose busi-
ness is in a:iy way c(jnnected witU 'e-
gions lying at some distance'apart. The
fixing of a prime mei idiaii, commo i t > all
nations, would be of immense commercial
convenience, and that chosei would suit
the nu e ous Kngli h colonies that now
, usetbeffreenwichmerldian. Dr. Barnard's
idei of nanrng the ir.eridian-j 1 y the
. regions they travel se, is one that would, 1
tliink, be more popular, t an di^tinguisli-
iny tiicui by letters of tlie alphabet.
JiKP LlkS.
QUESTION 5.
QUESTION (!.
70 Yes
No.
77 Yes. Stan.Urda d ffering by one No ; not at vreseut j t.y the other 5
hour, but tins would ro(iuire 5, first. j "«= owicr j
viz. : MiTidiiina Q., 11., S., T., U.,
and perhaps W.
78 Do not see any dillicultios in the Think the division into four f«r thia
^^'^' country wouKl bs bttter.
79 Ido.
80 Yes ,
81
82 No ,
No.
No.
No.
83 Have the four standards by all No.
ujeaus.
84 I vvou.d not bke to tee sta-dirds No ; Tliere would be great iH-actical
tartlK^r apart than one hmr. Kortlu' irconvon eneo from haviuK the tinu- at
Dominion ot Canada 1 sliouhl like to some po nts differ as much as it would
see both Q. and U. mer.diana used. under this system for local astrononvcal
time.
>*»",'. •-.» I
40
liEPLIES.
>'. go
NAME.
QUESTION 4.
85 Itufuelngalls The scheme is a move io the right
il'rectiou fi)r oonvt'uiotit atandard time.
8(5 W. E. Jacobs....' I approve of the plan generally.
87 VVinslow Upton This system .seems the best that can
be <le vised as a general system. It would
however, be in praetitje dillicult to estab-
lish the division lines l)etweon adjacent
sections using times difieri g by one
houi. These lines can best be drawn over
large l)()rdera of water. Over large areas
of land it would be well to use one meri-
dian which should be the central one be-
longing to the cosmopolitan .^^ystem in
that country.
88 H. A. Howe All the features of the scheme suit me,
but if civilized nati' ns do not concur, I
think that I'^ugland and America — if
• they can agree -ought to go ahead; at
any rate the I'nited iStates ///«^7 liave a
standard time.
89 D. R. Taylor Ves.
90 J . K. Eastman No.
91 James R. Barber Yc*. I think it very good, especially
sections 1 — 12 inclusive.
92 Simou P. NewcomI) A capital plan for use during the mil-
lenium. Too perfect for the present state
of humanity. See no more reason for con-
t^'deriog Europe in the matter tlian for
consideriug the inhabitants of the planet
Mars.
93 DeVolson Wood As soon as absolute time is once given
to a community, the difference between
it and local time will be noted, and thus
the regulation of local time will take
care of itself more easily than if abso-
lute time be divided into 24 HtainUtrd
time?.
94 Wm. F. ElTce I like the general features of the plan.
It seems to me that it would be more
likely to secure adoption by selecting
(Jreenwich for the prime meridian. It
is now so used by a large portion of the
civilized world. We would lose \ to ^
a day which could easily i)e adjusted. Jn
arranging a vnircrKal system of time care
should be taken not to make it so scien-
, tilie that the "plain people" cannot
understand it.
liKP I. I Kfi.
it
Ql'ESTION 5.
85 ^'os
QUESTION (),
8G I tliink ths luotlKKl proferable to
eitlier of tlie two following, as the
staiidiinl time would di Her from the
sun's time by to much less, not ex-
Cfediiig ha'f .in hour.
87 This seems loss (le3iral)Io than the
plans following.
The four standard meridians seem tie
best systems.
No ; sre above.
Ves ; unless the next i)lan is adopted
1'he Mississippi llivcr makes a goot
dividing line.
88 r do I do not.
SJ) Yes No.
DO No Ko.
91 Yes. Conditionally. See No. 8..
92 This seems to me the best scheme.
No.
9.3 I do not .
This may hv. better than Q. T).
94 Ido
No.
V'^i*
^ s
4ii
REPLimS.
<
NAME.
QUESTION 4.
95 Alex. Murr&y Tlie scheme in general seems to me to
})e highly commendable, but there may
be ditfioultiea in the way, in the first in-
stance of getting the concurrence of all
nations. The plan of placing the prime
meridian, and time zero in the Pacific
Ocean 1 think very desirable, thus obvi-
atiut; all national claims of precedence.
The system proposed for regulating time
all round the globe by establishing meri-
dians one hour apart from each other,
and the plan for indicating the meridians
by 21: letters is admirable.
96 EdM'in A. Hill , It does. [Some remark? are appended
with regard to the naval observatory at
Washington , likewise as to train des-
patching.] VjH.
97 C. D. Ward Think well of having prime meridian
established through the Pacific Ocean.
98 M. C. Meigs Yes ; generally. It is difficult to
lirig.-Oenl. U. S. A. change the habits of fifty millions of
people. Therefore, I think it batter to
adhere to the practice of divifliDg the daj'-
light into, before and after the periort at
which the mid-day rest of all working
people, except scholars, literary, railroad,
and other persons begin. A.M. and P.M.
should be i)reserved.
99 .Julius Pohlman If we are to have standard time, and
local time every where, we may as well
keep the present system; but if we do
away with local time altogether, we
simplify everything. What difference
does it make to a man whether his 12
o'clock standard time is really 12h 45m.
local time ? None whatever. But wh4e
the adoption of standard time greatly
facilitates travel and commerce, it does
not make the slightest difference to the
average man whether he counts his day
by standard or local time We s' ould
therefore have one standard and no local
time for each meridian.
100 J. C. Wood It does as to a standard time for railway
and commercial purposes. But for
local purposes, so radical a change would
encounter much opposition. A difference
in ti:/ie of one hour at a given meridian
would occasion more inconvenience to
the public, and be more dangerous on
railway lines operating across that meri-
dian than the present double standards of
time. .
95
REPLIES
It might be of advantage to increase
the nun ber of standards hy letters
P and W, so as to inclmle New-
foundland and Alaska. The meri-
dian of 45=" W. strikes the y.W.
extremity of Greenland.
i\o. I should much prefer to have the
standard at hourly d visions.
96 In general yes. Subject to still
further sub-division into 10 minute
standard, if a comproni se were
deemed desirable.
97 No
98 Yea
No ; as in this ca.se I should consid-r
ittoogrejt a departure from (rue 1 cal
time.
No.
No.
99 Ye J
No; the diffeienre betwe n the stan-
dard and local time vould ba too gre.it.
100 I do not considtr this p acticable.
•• \
Two standards would wem to bo less
objectionable thm four.
41
TJKPL fbJS.
:"ME
NAME.
QUESTION 4.
101 Lewis Bass For accompHshini; the objects there
assumod to be deniable, the scheme
ap])ear3 to be a good one,
102 Melville Dili Yes ; all (lualified aa shown here-
after for alternatives. It seems to me
based on so thorough a study of the
tiul)ject as to leave littlu possibility of
change for the better in all its essential
features.
103 (-'has, A, Scott Yes; the proposed use of the Green-
wich meridian, and the counting of
the hours of the day continuously to 24.
The introduction of this count of the
hours in R.R timetables is greatly to be
desired. The continuance of counting
terrestial or geographics'.l longitudes
from Greenwich is highly desirable, and
this use should be recommended to
navigators and geographers of other than
Engl sh -speaking nations.
104 Divid H. Jerome ... Yes, it has many very good features.
However, the term "Cosmic time"
seems to me to be an extraordinary and
novel use of the word "Cosmic," which
has reference to the Uninrxi' and not
to the Earth, while the system of time
designated "cosmic" in your documents
is entirely terrestial. Also, I th'uk that
tiie prime meridian should be lettered
"A." The prime meridian might as well
be lettered "P," the initial of "prime,"
as "Z," the initial of "Zero."
105 VV. T. Sampson (Consider the objects to be secured by
tirst five paragraphs desirable, but pre-
fer to use local time for local purposes.
10() Ormond Stone
107 H. S. S. Smith , . . Three specially : 1. Grcenw'ch stan-
dard. 2 Local times differing by even
hours. '^. Cosm'c t me for astronomical
and simi liar purposes.
lOS W. Brydonc-Jack It does. But it seems to me that the
use of 24 letters to designate the standard
liour meridians is objectionable, as l)eing
clumsy, as Eu^gesting 1 ttle, immediate
or vis'ble connection witii the prime
meridian, and because t!\e Fre(iuent
change of letter might lead to hesitancy
and confus'on. Without having had
much time to consider the matter, I ven-
ture to suggest the use of only four
standard t nie meridians — the lirst des g-
natedAatlSO® west of Greenwich — as
the prime meridian; the second B 1>0°
• west A; the third C, passing throuyU
BEPL fES.
46
QUESTION 5.
QUESTION 6.
101
102 For lo'-al times uso each IT) = tn?ri- Strongly no. Either 1 or 4. This
dian till all can be taught to uso eomhines disa'^lvflntagoa of b-^th the
cosmic time. others. See Acs. 8.
103 I am not in favor of the scheme. . I do not.
104 Ye?, at least to begin with,
No.
105 1 do not favor th"a proposition
I do not favor this suggesti )n.
lOf) Y.'s
107 Vts ]. Ko.
lOS Se answer to (jueslion 4 See answer to 4. I prefer that easterly
fromOrecnw cii C, the hoar meridian ba
dewjiialed »Ji, C-, C; C, (.'5.
^'
46
REPLIES.
NAME.
QUESTION 4.
109 John B. Hamillon .
110 Heury F. MacLeod
111 Jacob \I. Clark .
fJreenwich; tho fourth D 90' west of
Greenwich, and which would corresponil
to S in scheme proposed. 1< or general Dur-
po8P8 Ihe times to irenl of each of these
standards up to the next would be the
local time of Ih-i stamurd. For the con-
'enience of approximating to tbe local
time of places mtermcdiate between the
standards, I would use the following
notition A", A', A-, A', A', A'', for hour
meridians from A" to B'>. Thus if an
office on D^', where the clock was keeping
the standard time of 1)0, the hour
indicated by the clock was 5h. Jom.,
tho local time at that office would
be 2h. I5m., and the absolute time of day
would be 23h. 15m. Tho local time half
way to D' on one tide »ud to D- on the
other would bo approximately to local
time of D"', subject to a maximum error
of 30 minutes. The local lime of a meri-
dian 3 hours fast of D", and which would
be marked C-, might be found by adding
3 to the DO time or pubstractiog 2 from
the C time. In America it would perhaps
be moat convenient to k' ep standard 1)0
time, and adi/, allhougli for Atlantic
shipping the other might be preferable,
as being in accordance with long practice.
Paragraph 5, page 28, seems especially
well adapted for the basis ; the avoidance
of national jealousy — a not unimportant
factor — is assured. The experience of
this service in inaugurating the use of
the metric system for medical purposes
is one that shows us on a small scale how
great the opposition to any such radical
change as this would ba. When it was
attempted to put it into active practice
and to pave the pioneers from being
c uslied, it ought not to be commenced
until the scheme ehall have been uni-
versaUy agreed to. It is only a question
of time and agitation.
Yes. Tlie proposed selection of the
prime meridim is very well made. Aa
it will not interfere with the computa-
tions made for the Nautical Almanac,
and with the zero of longitude at Green-
wich.
Section 1. — For scientific observations
onlv. Railroads maj'tseit as connected
with local time. Sec. 2. — The basin of
slaudj^rd linie ia determinable any where
liEPLfES.
4t
QUESTION 5.
QUESTION 6.
T ,i|
109 Yes
No,
110 Yea. See pa-re 4
No. Prefer the hour raeridiais.
Ill Negative.
Negative.
48
IfKPf.fES.
i*'j
-<
NAME.
(QUESTION 4.
antl is al'uady Hufficienlly FHlahliHhed.
It is llic mean . solar tlay for civil lime, and
aslionomy re(|uire8 sidereal lime a'so,
Sees 3 and 4. — The prime meridian for
laiKjitiiilc to be common lo all naliona and
eslabl ahed for general concurroncc.
Sec, 5. — 'Die prime meridian lo be the
best one obtainable for (*// scientilic use,
with reference lo geo^^nosy, geodesy,
metrology and pbysical geograi)hy in-
cluded. The longeal accessible are for the
Jiitiirc. The zero meridian lo juvirflrdi///
avoid hal) I able regions. Sees, (i ani 7.
— Meridians one hour apart (whatever
the length of the hour) to be designated
by letters. Sees. 9 and 10. — C'oxniic lime
for spcrid/ use : locul lime for <i( ncrdl.
Sec. 11. — "Cosmic" time should be
distinguished by letters. Sep. 12. — The
letters Ihe same as on the meridian, one
wi'trical hour ap«rt. Sees, l.'i anrl 14. —
No. Sec. I.') The cosnn'c. local, aslro-
Doniical ard sea day lo begin and end
at midnight. The civil near and civil thitc
at roxmir inklnhjht and uniform the world
over. Sees. 18 and 22.— Nautical and
astronomical date to be the same. General
answer negative.
112 George C. Wilkins The plan proposed is in my judgment
aimple and comprehensive
113 H. P. D wight The scheme seems simple and prac-
ticable, t
114 William F. Bradbury Yea.
115 S. L. Werden As a whole it is i\ move in the right
direction, but I doubt whether any par-
ticular benefit to the people at large
would accrue in the transportation by
rail or water of freighv or paateugers. It
would, no doubt, prove a benefit par-
ticularly to througli oi- local lines con-
necting therewith,
llfi T. W. Pearl Yes. Many.
117 M. (Jid(hngs It does.
1 18 R. li, Cal' The establishment of the cosmic day
and the distinguishing of its hours by
the letter of the standard meridian at
which it is noun, aeem very commend-
able features.
119 J. W. Mallctt.
120 Fred. T. Newberry..,
121 D. Hudson Shedaker
Yes, many; chielly delinitoness, com-
prehensiveness and simplicity.
No.
All the features of the plan proposed
sccui to be desirable.
HEP LIES.
4d
QUKSTION r>.
QUESTION «.
.;' II
112 Xo
113 Yes
114 Ves
115 No .
No.
No.
No.
llfi No ....
117 — .....'.■■!*.!.";
lis Yea ; a smaller ' number' of' ■stan-
,^ dards would be apt to create confii-
y 8'on as regards local business, more
especially in the period of transition
trom the old uc-system to the new
scandaid.
lln Yes
120 No ....
121 Yes
No.
See No. 5.
No.
No.
No.
50
fnj/'Li/cs.
NAME.
QUESTION 4.
122 KdwinOilpin The scheme seems generally to be the
bust.
12.S Jolin Twigg I have pcniHed the Hclieme as men-
tioned on ))age 28 and thu Huitofcding
|iages, and I fully concur with it, and
hope tha*; it will In; carried out.
124 F. V. DunniDgtoo Am of opinion tliat the H^^htMnn of
Qut'H. .'i )f adopted l»v the H. K. of the
Tiunk lines only, will so comniond itself
that there will he nothing more re((uired
to caune its adoption by all newspapuiH,
etn.
123 Francis H. Smith It does; almost all of its features are
such as I would approve. I f>h(>uld like,
however, that some designation of the
standard time, Q. K., etc., should he
adopted, which would preclude it being
called the 'local time,' for poin's of
its time not situated on the Htan-
dard meridian itself. ^iocal time
has a definite and valuable meaning,
which I trust it is needless to abandon;
so, too, brief and appropriate; names for
the errors of a clock on cosmic standard
and local time would be very acceptable
and useful, ('"H. 'cosmic error,' 'standard
error,' 'local error,' apparent or mean)
126 f Marence .T. Blake Yes.
1*27 Wm. M. Thornton See below.
128 Albert Chapman Savage Yes, in its general scope, and in almost
all its details, it would seem to be as
nearly perfect as is possible.
129 M. C. Fernald Several.
130 JohnH. BI"' Yes.
131 E. Foil I prefer 24 meridians numbered from 1
to 24, to coiresiKind with the 24,000 miles
of the earth's circumference and diurnal
revolution of the earth at the rate of 1,000
miles per horam nearly ; and the exact
time to be determined at the central or
cosmic observatory as proposed on page
12. The numbers — capital letters or
Arabic figures. The deai^natiotis of the
* meridians by letters A, B, C, etc., would
not serve the memory or aid simple calcu-
lati<ms of place and time so well as the
Roman numerals I, 11, 111, IV, V, VI,
etc., or the Arabic 1, 2, .3, 4. Greenwich
should be the central observatory because
the latitude and longitude of it is the
most generally used and the best known
• by the largest number of navigators, ex-
HE n LIES.
01
QUKSTION 5.
QUESTION 0.
^22 VeH j^^
123 Ido jd„
'\ '; '■ ,1
124 ves. ....... :...;... No. ^ •
J25
" ■ ■; " • ^" v'«w of the other remark I would
preftr two staudftrds, or wen one.
12« ..
J Ojj -^^ c>
, Yes, only making R, & T the standards
tor reasons hereafter given,
120 i favor standards of time d'ffering I do not
hy hourly inttrvaJH.
l.SO ,
1:J1 No. It w^ould mate the matter too No There shonlrl ho Knf «„
I
3,";
52
HEP LIES!.
x
t^H So
. NAME.
QUESTION 4.
132 Fred. Brooks
133 N. Bjuthillier de Beaumont
134 Anilrev Ingiaham.
135 Joaep' rriitch
13fi Alex o. Christie...
137 E. P. Haiinaford...
plorers and iiiorcliants on earth ; and all
the calcuhitions of time and place have
been made from (irceiiwich as the zero
for the greatest lapse of time, and it is
in the keeping of a government whose
possessions in all tlie zones bt^lt the entire
globe, and which (!()nsc(inontlyis the most
deeply interested in having all the calcu-
lations of time and locality the most
acciuately made.
The general features ot the scheme*
seem to me very meritorious. (Forcriti-
ciem of them see reply II) In particular
1 object to any designation of meridians
by letters of the alphabet. Because they
conceal the dittances apart of the merid-
ians, it is diflicult for me to tell \vo\f
many hours there are between H and T.
I demand the designation of meridians
by number, becau.se I can tell by inspec-
tion their distances apart. Thus from 23
hours of lonj, itude to 9 hours of longitude
is just a 10 hours' interval. I objejt
especially ta the use of the English alpha-
bet (with the omission < f two letters)
because that at once gives a local charac-
ter to the scheme. Here io Mexico which
is explicitly included in the initiation
of the system, we use an alphabet
of 27 letters, which does not contain
W but does contain ch, II and >7 not m
the English alphabet. Numerals are
uniform in France, Russia and all civilized
countries. On the other hand, Russia,
with a peculiar alphabet, is the one
European countiy where the scheme has
been favorably received.
I consider as necessary to bring all the
nations meanwhile to the adoption of the
cosmopolitan, not national meridian
M'hich will be used to the establishment
of all the longitudes of the world and of
the hour.
HEP LIES.
QUESTION 5.
53
QUESTION (5.
132 Yes. I am luuler the impression
that that will give 5 or 6 standa ds
for the whfle of North America
without including Greenland or
Alaska.
No. That would neither aocompli.sh
uniformity nor suit local cnvenience : it
attempts to 'straddle' and fails.
H'
I
133 Yes. For the division hy h
ours.
No.
134
1.33
136
137
54
HEP LIES.
V c
'It
QUESTION 7.
NAME.
1 W. .1 MoAlijinc, M. I. C. E
2 M. U.Becker
Do iinit pn-fiT hnriiif) onli, mip Cniifiiieiital
Stdiidaril, Hdii Mfriiliiin S, tinil hiiriiii/ ane
iiiii/cnii. tiitw thniuyhinit the irlinle of yoi'lk
A Hit lien ! (See 4 1 page J I.).
No.
No.
3 Mart. W. HarriP/zton
4 H. T. Eddy, I'll J)...
5 Robeit Fletcher, J'h.D.
I ]irufer the shigle jujidiaa for the
continent.
No.
6. r. H. Philbritk,
7 E. A. Doane
8 Henry B. Kichardson.
9 Clemens Hersliol...
10 H. .Stanley (ioodwiu.
No.
I prefer this to the jtlans suggesteil in
ijutijtiona 5 and G.
No.
No.
1 1 Ikoht Briggg No.
12 S. ISptMicer I prefer four standards.
].S C. B. Comstoek, I^t Col. Engineers, No. Not practicable fnr daily life; of
U. S. A interest mainly to astronomers, who oau
arranjije it for *' "uselves.
14 M. S. Clreenough.
15 Jas. R. Max«ell .
1(5 W. A. Doane
17 Frantis .1. Lynch .
18 JameB H. Rowan,
No.
No.
Yes.
No.
19 B. M. Harrod
20 W. A. May
21 C. S Master
22 James Hall, D. P. IS .
No.
No.
Yes.
Yes.
nEVltES.
/)r,
QUESTION 8.
QUESTION JO.
1/ the xcJieiiii' net forth in the dwvvipiit referrnt
ti'ipage JS) iliifs imf (/fni'i-iilti/ nn'rl irith i/diir
npiimml, in tliire (iii/i nt her ache me which i/iin
prefer f I'leaxe e.v/ildiii iiiiiir pre/ereiwe for
the iii/iiriiiatioii of the Ci)iiuiiittee.
In order to seen re perfect luiifonmltn nnd aeeu-
r/icii,ilo i/iiii faror the priipos((l to hare Staii-
ilanl Time Dis.temiitdted fhroii</hoiitthecountrii
III/ Ventral uiithoriti/ cniitniUeil liii ijocernmeni'
(/'age -III,)
1 Ves.
2 I cannot think of anything that Yes.
would seem as well oi- better than
the schcniu nnmoHed in the paniplilet
3
^ I not only favor it but think it M,w///V(/
_ „ . . to make the reform a practical .success.
5 No suggestion prescnti itsolf to my Yea; by all means:
mind which would beany improve
nient on the scheme presented as a
whole in regard to details. My views
are stated below.
(> 1 like the scheme, l»ut 1 would have I do.
everything on the decimal ])lan —10 * •
liour in the day, 10 meridians, 100
minutes in an hour, &c.
7 Appioved Yes
8 Qf course.
9 Yes.
10 I approve this scheme. Yes.
11 _ By all means.
J? Yes.
few conlroling points in each t late.
14 YfiH
115 — :;:;;;:::: - __
}^' --- Yes.
' ' consider government control abso-
,o mi , ., lutcly necessary.
18 The scheme generally meets wtli I do.
my approval. But J siiould like to
see for slroug reasons (which I could
give were tini'' placed at my dis.
posal) the prime meridian placed as
previously stated and the leltoring
of the others chinged to suit, thai is
Great Pyramid Z.
19 If the above scheme is departed CertaiBly.
from I prr/er one htiuidard for the
world rixed at meridiaa S.
20 Ido.
Yes.
I
21
22 I prefer no other and am (juite
pleased with this.
66
HEPLtES.
NAME.
QUESTION 7.
23 Arthurs C. Wurlele For Railroad purposes it would be
i advantageous.
24 W. A. Sweet
25 Wm. T. Jennings
No.
I do not.
26 M. G. Howe
es.
27 Robt. H. Sayre.
28 Robt. Moore . . .
I do not.
No.
29 J. Foster Crowell ,
30 John Notman
I think it loo few, and fancy the hour
intervals would be of sufficient general
benefit.
REPLIES.
Hf
QUESTION 8.
QUESTION 10.
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Let one meridian be fixed on for
Railroad lime, bat do not undertake
to interfere with local time. Clocks
with double dials could be used with
diti'ereni colours so as to avoid con-
fusion.
This meets my approval in every
way, and I will do all 1 can to aid in
its being carried out.
The scheme proposed on page 28
appears most complete, and is evi-
dently the result of careful study.
The scheme as referred to in (jues-
tious 7 and 10 is the best that now
occurs to me.
As before stated — in 4 — I approve
the scheme and have no other to
suggest,
It generally meets my approval. . . .
30 I would be willing to keep the dials
as at present f o prevent erihrgement
to incovenience, for we have no dilli-
culty in night and day discernment,
and it might be unwise to create
changes that would bewilder the
illiterate great majority, butl advo-
cate a prime meridian for the whole
world. A 24hour diurnalcomputatioa
of one hour in ervals, and these are
the two grand attainments with me.
These two poinds have become an
ftlmosb necessity. The great re-
gard now exercised for the main-
tenance of human life; the general
objection to the settlement of na-
tional disputes by war; <he rapid
facilities afforded and adopted for
enlargement in knowledge, prac-
tical and theoretical, tend to ful61
the prophecy of s:ripture, viz : that
the time hmII come when " a nation
shall be born in one day."
The facilities, and even induce-
ments afforded for travel, are foster-
ing an inherent disposition in ua lo
that result, viz: of seeing and visiting
other localities, and in so doing every
one experiences the inconvenience
through the variance of local lime.
1 do rot believe in constantly calling
on government it will end in curfew.
Most certainly by the Government.
I do.
Yes.
I do.
This method seems the best.
Yes. Provided there shoald be a num-
ber of national observatories in different
parts of the country of course in com-
munication with one another to check
results and provide against interruption.
Certainly, have some authoralive
security.
m
1)
o
NAME.
napLiMs.
QUESTION 7.
31 T. J. Potter See query 6
32 W. B. Smellie
33 Stjphen S. Haight No. .......
34 Julius W. Adams No.
Past Prea. Am So. C, E.
^ 35. P. N. Gihborne No.
36 James H. Harlow __! '
37 A. B. Cox . }
38 Edward S. Philbrick I think this would be objectionable by
making the time on the west co<>sl differ
so much from apparent time as to lead to
various inconvenience.
39 Monoure Robinson I do.
40 KivasTully No. ■ '
41 T.H.Perry 1 do most assuredly. ' •
PEPLfES.
59
QUESTION 8.
I visiledl Chicago last week and
on my arrival there, and aa 1 in-
tended to remain there for a few-
days, J realized the propriety of find-
ing the difference between my watch
and the hotel clock I walked off and
when, intending to return, consulted
my watch. The difl'erence was so
much, but the difficulty arose as to
the direction. Was it slow or fast ?
A geographical reflect ion solved the
doubt, but how many travellers are
ignorant in that respect ! The local
time difficulties are so frequent, so
continuous and po embarrassing as
to require no exposition from me, and
a remedy would doubtless be a most
important reform.
QUESTION 10,
31 Answered under 5.
.32 The scheme set forth generally com-
mend* itself to my judgment.
33 In the division of the day into hours
if letters were used for the forenoon
hours, as well as for the afternoon,
there would be a great advantage
derived from the uniformity of all
time keepers in the world, they bei ig
80 made that their hour hands would
make one revolution in 24 hours.
There is Bone.
34
35
36
37
38
3<J
40
No
I have not given sufficient thought
to the subject to either object or
suggest any other scheme.
The sinipMcity of this scheme will,
I think, recommend itself to all in-
ttilligent persons, at least to all those
who value the elements of certainty
and accuracy whi(3h it contains,
I have no preference for any other
scheme.
Approve of scheme page 28. . . ....
Would be in favor of Government de-
termination of time at meridians.
Think this highly desirable.
Yea.
No other means would be eflTectual but
Governmental.
Yea.
Yes.
It depends on what the control
authority is.
By all means Oovernment would be the
proper source, and should do the work at
pub ic cost.
I do, provided such
stitutional,
Yes.
control be con*
41
It does, except the establishment of
more than one meridian in this coun-
try will he "confusion worse con-
founded,"
Yes, it is the only true way.
eo
IfE/'LfKS.
<
NAME.
42 J. W. Putnam...
43 Charles K. Swan..
44 Sir Charles Tupper.
45 Jos. P. Davis.
4<) F. S. Archibald.
47 H. E. Slevens.
48 B. S. Henning ..
4U J. Millou Tillow.
QUESTION 7.
1 do not.
Yes, for railroad time. The use of
Q. U.S. & T.. or U. & R, will merely
moiUfy the prescLt confusion, tlic useof a
siiij^le meridian will remove it aatirely.
See reply II.
Yea. .,.,,,.
'■'■■■■ '■-.'■. ■■''_', ;h ! -: I
No. ■; ; '"' "'''^ '[''*'' "C" :'
No. ^' ' . '
No. _ ' ' ■ '
Yes,
Yes,
50 Wm. A. Norton
51 C A Young No.
52 Robert A. Shailer No.
53 L. B. Archibald Prefer one standard for the globe say
meridian Z.
54 F. P. Stearns , No.
55 C.S.Davidson No.
56 Edward Maguire No. '
57 E.G. Ferris No.
58 Collipgwood Schreiber Ye'.
59 Henry Gannett
60 James P. Howley I do not think this plan would be so
cc?uvenieDl as the hourly standard.
01 B. P. Alexander Same objection as above only more so,
. . Wwunh l)u/iri(li(i(fli/ 1 would prefer this.
" "' But it would certainly be harder j,o intro-
duce and have understood.
liKPLIES.
43
" ' I think so, and correct ions made at h
,. Po'n'' for longiludioal difference, and 1-
See reply U ''«*Uo or subslracled from the lime given.
44 I Uvnk the scheme suggested will Yea
meet the re(|uirements fully *
45 . . . , -^
4<) No ol her I prefer ....... ...WW Yes '
47 I would prefer to have fetandard Yes'
time numbered instead of lettered.
48 — .
49 Tre scheme of el andards* is very Yea
good ; ]>ut lliink it would be better to
have one standard time extend over
a larger geographical a'ea. Say one
'/»«da';'i ''me S. for N. America 2
tor S. Am. rica and say six others on
• Jiaslern Hemisphere fixed by the
standard pa»8mg through the middle
ot a large and well defined geographi.
cm tir©^ ,
50 • ^
51 No.. .. J.^'-
ko Yes.
^^ Yes.
54
^ Desirable but not an imimrtant feature
l^ocal time balls whioh drop within a
fraction of a second answer the purpose
55 M^e\\ as thosecontroUed by (Government.
56 Controlled by Government,
57 \^^-
Yesstindard time would be useless
58 No.. "tvilhout Government control.
" Yes it appears to me to be the only
59 Practicable way of having it done.
60 ' Certainly.
I think it would be absolutely neces-
' . sary to have such a pla 1 adopted other-
iwise It would be almost impossible to
Koad, I have long contemidated an
earnest ellbrt to unite all roads east ^^;;: JL :. .
of Mississippi River, in use of Wash-
mgtjn city time for all time tables. ;-■ .
But Ihis scheme is preferable. It
seems to me, too, that i: even nnhi two
or three Qi th^ largest R. R. sy tseins of
62
REP LI EH.
NAME.
QUESTION 7.
«;2 W. H. Wood No.
(j;^ V. xM. Towar No.
(i4 Julius J, Duidyo Yes,
65 'I honias S. .Sedgwick 1 do not.
«
•
66 George M. Dawson Would suggest Die adoi)tion of this
plan « r the use of twice, as nnny meri-
dians as suggested in Question 5. 'J'he
latter plan would render it sufficiently
near local lime for all practical purposes.
67 T. C. Mendenhall N j.
68 L. J. Laconic No.
69 Edward C. Pickering 'No.
70 H, F. Royce '^o.
71 J. S. Sewa'l ■ \o.
72 Wm. B Haze, Maj.Gen, U.S. A. , Yes; merid'an S.
73 J. M. Buchan No.
74 (ieorge Kennedy No.
75 E. D. Ashe Yea. - :
HkPLtk^.
c^
QUESTION 8.
QUESTION 10.
(-.2
G3
('•4
05
the U.S. vhU he.ii'm at onre and
adopt the Byslem, it will rapidly
spread. The " Division into Hours"
part of it nted not necessarily be
adopted at once, us on that there
maybe less unanimity.
The scheme sei forth on page 28
meets my approval.
I prefer the suggestion niada on
pages 18 for the U. S.
Eastern 'J'ime Newfoundland;
Atlantic Time, Meridian of New Vork.
Valley " " New Orleans.
Mountain " •' Denver,
racific " " Santa Barbara
This is a matter of nomenclature.
CO Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
,r *
Yes.
Yes, to 1)0 transmitted electrically to
each standard.
67 I have always favored the adoption Yes. *
of meridians one hour apart as likely
to lead to the least confusion, and
the most likely to be generally ac-
ceptable to the masses of the people.
68 I approve of said scheme in all Yes, for the only reason that I believe
respects except as above mentioned that it would be cheapest and most reli-
in reply 4. able.
69 I'robably more accurat a limo could be
furnished by co-operalion of local obser-
tories, but avoiding effects of local storms.
70 Yes.
71 Yes.
72 The practical ditiiculty in deciding This is not necessary; the co-operation
upon the lines of division through of the several astronomical observatories
a well settled country (which is not would be advisable,
met by paragraph 1!>, page ,30) rea-
ders advisibie the adoption of a - •
single meridian for the whole of
North America.
73 Yes.
74 1 have no other scheme to propose. Yes.
75 It. does generally, with the exception Certainly not, knowing, as I do, the
of the — to me — unnecessary compli- impossibility of depending on telegraph
cations of standard meridians — Z to connection over large distances and at
K. If a change i^ made let us at once an exact instant.
adopt the most simple method of a J]stablish the difference of longitude
universal standard time. of several important points from the prime
meridian ; and let these points distribute
the universal lime to as great an are*
^ as possible,
m
I
C4
HflPlIilS.
<
NAMB.
76 Wm, R Judson,
77 Wilson Crosliy.
78 VV. H. Pratt .
79 George S. Gatchell.
80 H. S. Pntchett
81 C. J. Ives
82 AaaHorr, M.D.
QUESTION 7.
No.
No; not at preson'^.
Thia would not be as readily accepteJ,
I do nut.
It seems to me not feasible at the pre-
sent time.
Iowa being in S would prefer all to
come to our time.
Yea.
8.3 J L. Gillespie
84 VVm. P. Anderson,
85 Ilufua Ingalls,
No.
The objection slated in reply G would
apply with greater force.
The four ttamlard mer'dians seem tlis
best system.
86 W.E.Jacobs...
87 Winslow Upton.
No see above.
By all means.
88 H. A. Howe
Most ceitainly not.
89 D.R.Taylor..,
90 J. R. Eastman,
No.
lam strongly in favor of only one stan-
dard of time for the United Stales.
91 Jaa. R. Barber See answer to No. 8.
f!K/'LlES.
es
QTTKSTI(»N 8.
itan-
QU KSTION 10.
7«> Scheme seomH complete iih given. Ych, through liio inodium of llie aignni
sorvice.
77 Vi.H.
78 'I'his is no (loulil llie best, iiideod, pro.
liabij-, (lie only fcaMible, ellicioal au'lhud.
7** The Hi;lii!nie sel foilh iiicels my Vea, air.
approviil.
80 No, This work can undonbledly bo
best done by llie separate obaervatuiioa.
81 Vea.
82 I cannot conceive of any other Yes.
sclieniu thai could be pri'feral)le to
that already outlined.
8.3 II mn be done in no other way.
84 11 is the only way in which it oouM
elTeclively be inaugurated and carried oul
8.5 Having no other schenio before nie Yes.
with wliioh to make comparison 1
wouKl say the scheme presented
meets with iny approval.
SO See at present no sclieme pieferalde Yes and made compulsory on all trans-
to the one prepared by Mr. Kleiniofi. porlation comjtanies.
87 One continental standard is prefer- No, Inil ))y Hie several astronomical
red : among tlie reasons for the pre- observations,
feicnce are :
J. Jt wouM be the simplest plan.
2. It Would coi.Mmcnd itself to
transportation companies, and be
adopted by them at once.
3. It would ijniihiiilhi come into
use by the people at large.
4. When once in use there would
be no confusion at tlie division lines.
88 On account of the vast extent of the
country 1 think it would be beat to have
at le.<»sl one lime stalioi for each meri-
dian. Each station should be under
governmental control.
80- Yes.
90 1 am in favor of a .•<//)(//' standard This cannot ba done by the method
now 'n vogue wilhout enormous expense.
Some occasional check should be em-
ployed, but all good observatories would
be competent authority in their respec-
tive h)calities,
91
1 am in favor of a .-(//(f/A standard
time, for all transportation purposes
In the U. S. Local time is now used,
and always will b '-^r domestic pur-
)»oses. An arbitrary standard, is
always used for transportation pur-
]»ose8, and the multiplicity of these
standards is the source of all our dif-
ticnUies.
Why have both ' cosmic' and ' local'
time V Would it not be preferable
to retain the first alone and make
clocks the world round point to the
By all means, if possible connected with
the signal and meteorlogical service and
controlled l>y it.
66
<
iiEPLJEFi.
NAME.
QUESTION 7.
92 Siaion P. Newcomb ^f »"t four -use one ; cannot paj' which
li easior.
93 DcYoIson Wood I do prefer ore aiamlanl of time.
■ 94 W. F Ellice No.
95 Alex. Murray I Hiirk I hat hrnrly atandards or IH®
of lon^dlndo should bepermantiilly estab-
lish eil.
96 Edwin A Hill j^ee reply to Question No. (i.
97 C, T). Ward
98 M. C. Meigs, Brig .Gen U.S.A.
No. It would be inconvenient to the
inilliouf*, and be advantageous only to
U.K., andK.n. travellers.
REPLIES.
67
QUESTION 8.
QUESTION 10.
kvhich
r 15®
estab-
h> the
Illy lo
same hour at the same moment of
absohite time V I am perftotly
aware that thia would seriously dis-
arrange our ideas that are so fixed
with reference to noon comirg at
12 o'clock ; but people would soon
get used to mid-tlsy coming at 4 or
7 o'clock uo the casi might be. After
studying the (juestion I think the
disadvantages would be out-weighed
by the advantages.
92 Tlie easier and simplest plan is to
takeoither New Y^otkor Washington
time as the standard, and if necessary
use these subsidiary meridains each
ditlering an integral number of
hours from the standard
93 Not having the document at hand
just now, I can not reply, but have
a remark under Q. 11. It seems to
mo that the objections to several
standard meridians 24 are so numer-
ous and so strong I hope the scheme,
will find little if any favour.
94
95
96 See rc])Iie8 to questions Nos. 4 and
o. To the objection urgi'd al Wash-
inglon Ibal .'iO minutes is too great a
departure from local lime for the
masses, etc. I had thought that if tlco
o))jeclion were likely lo j»revonl the
adoption of tlie sys*em of page 28
subordira'e standards of lOminutos
each could be used by the conunon
]teoj)ie for local aflairs, and the hour
standards by the Railroads thus re-
ducing all difl'erences of time to mul-
tiples of lOminu es. Hut 1 should pre-
fer the tystem of page 2S if the people
could h«'reafterbe induced to adopt it.
97
98
I like the meridian of (JroeLwich
or 180 '^ therefrom. The d.ay cannot,
in popular use, be made to conform to
the astronomical, or sidereal, or sea
day. All these are inconvenient to
the former. His day is the day
tlirough wliich he works n»d
Viikes only,
Tliis is very des'rable.
It would baldly be possible to carry out
the plan without co-opt ration of the
(liovernment
By all means.
Yeii, but if the changes arc too radical
the system will projiiress but slowly as
is the case of the metric system of weights
and measures ; and hence while universal
time signals transmitted would always
be des rable, legislation looking to the
c()ini)ul8ory adoption of standard time by
the ma-sbs could uut be enforced against
their wdl.
Yo3.
Yes. The national naval observatory
at Washington U prepared with the
nu'ans of dutermininv time with all pos-
sible accuracy. It already drops some
time balls,aiid would drop them in every
city if the sociity will pioiute fmrn Con-
grtss the moLiy 'o pay for the work and
the iDstrumcnts,
68
REPLIES.
o
NAME.
QUESTION 7.
9y Julius Pohlman .
No. For the same leasoa as above.
100 J. C. Wood.
Yes. One unifo ni time for trunsporta.
tion and commercial purposes ouly.
101 Lewis Bass.
102 Mtlvillo Dui.
I would keep all skemes(sic) [.^/'Jout of
aiglit except pure, cosmic ietCered A.-Z.
and tixe "-'4 me:idian.
103 Chas. A. Scott.
I consider this is unadvisable and iui-
pracL,icable fur ordinary local business
tian.-jactions and common atfairs of life.
104 David H. Jerome , .... Possibly ultimately.
REPLIES.
69
QUESTION 8.
QUESTION JO.
99
100
lOl
102
103
104
All the foregoing answers are given
in the expectat on of a standard timu
for America.
A uniforui time. Say meridian S
for transportation and commercial
purposes, but localities to regulate
their time hy their distance h'oiix
meridian S.
Masses wil (i^k) rebel agenst {sU-) a
system that l)rincs noon an hour or
more out of tlie true noon. The 15 ^
cliange is always wilhin 30 min. and
Will bcaccc'])tod readily. If there is
to 1)0 a compromise let it be liy all
means cm 8 main meridians i.e. each
45 ° , This harmonizes with the
centosinial system likely to prevail
in future generations and gives us S
for N Am. standard.
I do not favor tht' scheme proposed,
it does not .strike at tiie root of the
evil, puts the majority of the popu-
lation between any two lettered meri-
dians to constant and intolerable
inconvenience ; since near the boun-
daries they may be in discord with the
sun 'l of an hour or l hour maximuni
of e(|uation of time or 10 niinutes,
and will titjd themselves an hour out
in intercourse witli their neighbours.
Confusion in runnirg railway
trains across the hourly boundaries
still exists. *
Have nothing more to suggest
than is embraced in your documents.
Yes, if we are to obtain any reaulti.
Ves.
By no means. Time can be furnished
from various centres witli greater con-
venience and accuracy, and with less
expense than from a single one in a coun-
try as large as this. In my opinion tlie
recommendalion of a single centre for
distribution of time would be fatal to the
whole scheme.
Strongly.
Yes. By the national observatory at
Washington for the dissemination of
Greenwich time.
The Signal Service should undoubtedly
be. as it is now to a certain degree, the
princii)al agents in the distribution of
correct time, ))ut in order to have this
new system generally adopted it would
need, primardy and princi[ially, to be
adopted by the railroads. The co-opera-
tion of the principal business centres
would also l)e, of cour.se, reressary.
Local jealousies will doubtless impede
its introduction. I think it would be
impracticable to introduce at once one
Staudiud Coiitincutal Time. Although
70
NAME,
liEPhlEfi.
QUESTION 7.
105 W, T. Siirnuson
T prefer having' a single standard for
each continent to be used ])y railroads,
steamboats and telej^raphs.
106 Ormond Stone ,
107 H. S. S. Smith .' X<,.
108 W. Brydone-Jack Yes. East of S. designated as above
an \ referred to (ireenwicli S. des gnated
D" and hour meridians next or D^ Mi D^
109 John B. Hamilton No.
110 Henry F. MacLeod, M.I.C.E No.
111 Jacob M. Clark Negative.
112 (_ieorge V. Wilkins Yes, meridian S, 90 'from Orcsnwich.
ll.i H r Dwiglit
114 William ' f. Bradbury ,'.".": No.
llo S. L. Warden Yes, bat that the meridian which tra-
vtrses the greater distance on land and
8u))serves tlie interests of the greater pro-
ducing section which is bound to be the
P'jwer sooner or later say meiidian T.
11»{ J. W. Pearl Yes.
117 iM. (biddings 'j'hink this most desirable.
lis K. il. CVl See No. 5.
nEPLtEl?.
71
QUESTION 10.
for
id 8,
lOVO
ited
ch.
tra-
and
)ro-
ttie
])088ibly this would be the better way in
the Olid, and could perhaps be ultimately
introduced if the first plan is found to
gain popular favor. I favor this plan.
105 I prefer that each continent should I favor this plan,
have a single standard to be used for
purposes of communication to be
regulated from a central observatory
which shall also regulate the local
time of every place of importance.
The standard of each continent to
diH'or by an exact number of hours
from the other.
106 No. By no means.
107 I think of no change Yes, but should have a number of
observatories to prevent interruptions.
108 Yes.
109 I think well of the plan Under naval obseivatory, yes; if a now
bureau is to be created, no,
110 Can suggest no improvement Yes. Consider this a matter of great
importance and convenience toallc'asses.
especially to railway and telegraph com-
panies, surveying operations, Ac.
111 The difference between local and Negative under reply 8 : such local or
cosmic time is so simple, and the district local standards, if any should be
devices by which the perfect know- required, would be best regulated by the
ledge of its nature and amount may people according to tbeir needs. Rail-
be diffused everywhere are so ready roads, &c., could be safely run by either
and inexpensive that effort in that cosmic or local time as advertised. But
direction after a prime meridian the diffusion of knowledge on the sub-
shall have boen adopted would in ject should be aided by (Jovernmeut,
accordance with the answer I have
given, very soon extinguish the
main difHculties.
112 Yes.
11.3 Yes.
114 Yea.
115 It meets my views to a certain ex- Ye.s, and at the expense of Govern*
tent, but the advantages are con- meut.
fined and only availal)lc to a class
of citizens who are very well satisfied
at present other than the establish-
ing of a standard of time which is
only of moment to the professional
and travelling community.
Yes.
IIG
117
118
By all means the best and most effeC'
tive.
Without Oovcrnmentcontrol the stan-
dard would be difl'icult of maintenance and
would soon become a mere iionuitiis umhra.
H
■ a!
o ■ .
liEPLtKS.
NAME.
119 J. W. Mulltt.. .
120 Fred. T. Newberry
QUESTION 7.
No.
Yes, adopting the meridian of Wa8h-
ington Observatory,
121 ./ Hudson Shedak r No.
122 Ed ward (iilpin No.
123 Junn Twigg Moat certainly J ilo.
124 F. i*. Dunnington No.
125 Francis H. Smith One.
1 2(> Clarence J . Blake Yes.
127 Wm. M.Thornton No.
12S Albert Cha2)nian Savage
129 M C. Fernald I thnik a single standard would be
(' " ol)jectioEable.
inO John H. Blake ' \
l.*?! E. Fontaine Y > ., that rontiwntal standard is to
serve • >r all nations J think there should
be but one standard and tliat ought to be
tf'lhtrir to be international; only one is
necessarv, and I prefer M or Greenwich
to S, making my national pride and pre-
judice bow to the welfare of all nations.
1.32 Fred. Brooks No. I think that for some purposes
only one cosmopolitan standard and uni-
form time throughout the whole world
may be used and tliat would not be
meridian 8. For local purposes i believe
as many as 24 standards needed.
133 N. Bouthilier de Beaumont.
134 Andrew Ingraham
135 Joseph Trutch
136 Alex. S. Christie
137 E. 1\ Hannaford
No.
REPLIES.
78
,8h-
be
to
lid
je
is
Ax
re-
13.
les
li-
d
»e
ve
QUESTION 8,
119
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
•130
131
rrefereace for a atandard tiim; fur
Itailroads, Steamboats, kc ,ou which
the daj' from niidni^'ht to midnight
is divided into 10 jiarts. All nub-
division being deciuiaiti thereof. Local
time rot to be interfered with.
No preference for any other schenir.
the
I am perfectly sati&lied vvith
scheme mentioned on page 28.
On the whole I prefer the proposed
scheme, yet I append under rejjiy
No. 11 (juite a s-erious objection not
met in this sdiemc.
The scheme I regard a good one,
but suggest consideration of a single
feature of it presented in reply to
No. 11.
It does meet my approval.
The general scheme of the commit-
tee is excellent, and I have nothing
better to offer than a condensed
electicism of the whole plan, which
only needs the additi' n of details for
practical use.
132
133
134
135
13li
137
Opposed to the division by 24 hours
instead of 12 so useful in ourrehitions.
QUESTION 10.
Yes. •
Yes.
^ 03.
The private interests of railroads would
render l'. S. aid unnecessary.
Ido.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Such a .system of disseminating time is
very desirable.
Yes.
Yes, just as the Government regulates
the currency and as it should control
navigation commerce, the inter-state, and
international telegraphic and railway
lilies and prevent their corrupt and
injurious management by swindling and
oppressive rings and monopolies.
I don't know about the Mexican and
Canadian ( Jovernments, but I objec'., as a
proud citizen of the U. S. A. having my
Government undertake this business.
The separate State Governments may if
they like. The National Government
does not regulate the clocks of the coun-
try. It buys what it needs for its own
use like any other corporation. It should
use the cosmopolitan time, as it probably
now uses good clocks in preference to
poor ones. . But the setting of clocks
right every twenty-four hours as well as
the manufacture of clocks that will go
uniformly seems to belong to science and
not to politics, and not to be provided
for in the constitiition.
I do not find necessary the control
of ( Jovernmeut.
m
74
JiEPL/L6.
QUESTION 9. — Reffrrinij to the Hurjfjestionn under the headimj "Divixion qf the
Day into Houra" (paye >^1) please indicate which of the three JoUowinfj plaiix i/oti prefer.
NAME.
1
2
3
4
5
W. J. M'c Alpine
M. J). Becker.
Mart. W. Harrington ..
H. 'I'. Eddy, Ph. D
Robert Fletcher, Ph.D.
(A) Tlie alternative plan No. 1, witti the hnuri,
nu inhered /mill 1 to i't without iuterriiption.
Yes.
Yes,
Prefer this plan.
Prefer this system.
This is the best plan for popular use.
6 1». H. Philbrick ,
7 E A. Doane
8 Henry B. Richardson,
y Clemens Herschell . . ,
10
11
12
13
14
15
10
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
H. Stanley Goodwin.
Robert Brings
.S, 8i)eucer
C. B. Comstock, Lt.-Col,
neerp, U. S. A
JM. S. (Ireenough
Jas. R. Maxwell
W. A. Doane
Francis .1 . Lynch
James H. Rowan
En<d-
R. M. Harrod
W. A, May
(;. J. Master
.Jamc3Hall, D P. S...
Arthur g. C. Wurtele.
W. A. Sweet
Wm, T. Jennings
M. G. Howe
Robt. H. Say re. . .
Robt. Moore
J. Foster CroweU.
John Notman
I prefer this, but with 10 hours per
day.
Fi'efer tliis one.
I ])refer thi.s plan, No. 1.
Thi.splan, but modified thus : 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, H, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12-1, 12-2,12-3,
etc., o'clock. It would be awkward to
say 22 o'clock, but 12.10 o'clock is easier
said and understood.
YtiH,
Numbers merely 1 to 24.
I prefer jdan 1.
This plan.
No.
Yes.
1 think this preferable,
I consider that numbering from Ito 24
would be the best plan.
1 prefer tliis plan.
One to twenty-four.
No. 1
Would be inconvenient.
Would prefer 1 to 24.
I prefer the renumbering of hours from
one to twenty-four.
Yes.
I prefer this,
s Plan No. 1 seems to me the best.
1 regard this the best.
Would retain the present dials.
31 T. J. Potter
Can see no solid objection to prevent
method of numbering from midnight and
noon.
UKP LIES.
7.5
QUESTION 9.— /TrA'/TJw// ^< f/w sn<j!ji->tti(>}i.'< umh-r the fiemlin;/ *'Diris!oti ttf f/,e
Day into Hoin-M" (/>a;/f::/)p/m.v'miliraf,' whirl, of the three folloiriii;/ platm t/ou prefer.
(ft) ///(■ (ilti-rnatirf plitii \o. .', nit/, the forenoon
tioiirs niinihercd iik at /jie^eitt ami the after-
noon houiK lettered ax denciilied .'
1
i>
3
4
5
No
No
Not to be pre(er.o(l to A. The
advantages of H are inoru than met
by the simplicity of A .
Don't like it .
(C)The preHfnt dlviKion intitliulf duiin, known n*
/orenoon and (4jteinoon, eaeli'halj dan haelmj
the hourx ninnliered identlealhi J'foni l to /* /
No.
No.
This ehould be abandoned iu any case.
Don't like it.
/
8
9
10 No
11 The alphabet arrangement could
not be fixed.
12 ....
1.3
No.
14
1.5
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Oil
No
This is preferable
Decidedly objectionable ,
I prefer this.
Would be absurd.
26 No „.
27 No sir
28 Inferior to plan No. 1
29 Too complicated ....
30
31
Yes.
Don't see anythipg new in that.
No.
No.
Inferior to plan No. 1.
A relic of ignorance.
Yes; retain as nmcb of the present
system as possible without serious con-
flict.
76
liErj./t!S
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
4G
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
5()
57
58
50
60
(51
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
W. B. Smeliie Tbe hours numlicroJ frinn 1 to 24.
Steiihen S. Haiglit
Julius W. A(l»iii8 Tliia l>v nil means.
Past PrcH. Am. So. (" ll.
F. N. < linhonie ^'o.^.
James H. Harlow ^'es.
A. B. Cox Tlie rotation of the hours can 1>e
changed at any time, and it would be
better to leave it alone until a standard
time can be Hccured.
Edward iS. Philbrick 'Phis is good enough, and has already
been used and tested a long time in Italy,
&c,
Moncure Robinson
Kivas Tully Numbered from 1 to 24.
T. H. Terry , From 1 to 24.
J, W, Putnam I think this plan or divided into 20
hours jtreforable, and if practicable, the
hours to contain 100 minutes.
Charles H. Swan Possibly.
Sir Charles Tupper I have preference for this.
Jos. P. Davis 1 prefer plan Xo. 1 .
P. S. Archibald This i)lan I prefer.
H. E. Stevens Yes.
B. S. Henning Yes.
J. Milton Titlow . , Prefer the above,
Wm. A. Norton
C. A. Young Yes, for some purposes,
Robert A. Shailer . , I prefer plan 1.
L. B. Archibald [ prefer plan A.
E. P. Stearns . . . . Yes.
C. S. Davidson 1 concui'.
Edward Maguire Yes.
E. G. Ferris I prefer this.
Colliugwood Sclireiber I prefer this plan.
Henry Gannett Yes.
James P. Hcwley 1 think this decidedly preferable.
E. P. A. Alexander 1 prefer this for Iv. R. schedules only,
as perhaps possible to bring into common
use.
VV. H.Wood Yes.
F. M. Towar I favor this division of time.
.1 alius .T. Duraye Yes.
Thomas S. Sedgwick This. 8ec 22, part firstly.
Geo. M . Dawson , Would prefer this plan decidedly.
T. C. Mendenhall I prefer this plan A.
L. J. LeConte This is naturally best.
HE r LIES.
77
QUP^STION 9.-B.
QUESTlOxX 9.-C.
32
33 This on account of jtH uniformity
throughout the woiM.
34
35 No xr
30 . No.
37 •■•''.'.'.'.'.'■'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'.'.'.
6 """ '"""'"u. iPSd, and leading,' to contusion.
39 ...
40 ..
41 No . . . ', — : —
This must be made hy a mechanical
contrivance of the clock to shew botli
S. and L. till communities are educated
42 to the one standard system.
44 ^ Should l)e abandoned.
45 ...'..'.
48 ■
47 No ;.'
40 No J."-
50 '•'■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.,.[
52 '.'_ , I^" i>ot object to this.
53 '
54 No '.'.'.'.'..'.. ■;^
55 No .... ^J^-
66 No : No.
57 Don't like it.... '..!;; Kn i ^ 1 1 i
58 , . iNo. 1 would be an improvement.
69 . \\'.'.'.'.'.'.'^.\'.\'.',\\\\\\\"
60 The lettered liours oould not he in-
dicated by sound i. e. striking clocks
— a great incorwenience.
62 No
64 No No.
65 No .... No.
66 No.
67 No .....'.' ~ — : ,
i
78
/iKr LfES.
NAMK.
Kdwanl (y'. IMokeritif,' .<
H. K. Kcyce
J. H. Sewall
Wm. 15. Hoziii, Maj. (;un. U. S, A
J. M. itiicliiin
74 George Kenut-dy
75 E. D.Aslie
70
71
VI
73
7<! Wm. 1'. .Iiidsdii,
(^UKSTION n. -A.
I'nf.md
No. 1 most (IfciiliMjly.
Vt'-i. If practicible to intrixluce it.
Thia JH proferretl.
'J'his (Iccitli'illy.
No.
77 WilHon Crosby
78 W. H, I'ratt.. .
79 Oeo. S. Catcliell.. .
80 H. S. Piitchett
81 K J. Ives
82 Asa Horr
8.S J. L. Oillospie
84 Will. I'. Anderson.
I jiivfer this.
Till' No, I. By 111! means.
It' any change is made I piefor thia.
Thi.s plan seems to me best.
Prefer No. I,
V.s.
This plan deoiiledly.
I prefer tliis arrangement.
85 Hufus Ingalls.
80 W. K. .Jacobs.,
87 Winslow Upton,
88 H. A. Howe . . .
81) D.R.Taylor...,
!)0 T. U Eastman .
91 Ja^. R. Barber.
92 Simon P. Newcomb.
93 De\'o!son Wood . . . .
94 Wm F. EUice.
95 Alex. Murray ,
9(5 Edwin A. Hill
97 C. I). Ward
98 M. C. Meigs Brig. Gen. U.S.A.
99 Julius Pohlinan
100 I. C. Wood
101 Lewis Bass
102 Melvil Dui
103 Cbas. A. Scott . . .
J04 David H. Jerome,
Thi.s has the elenient of simplicity and
is therefore preferred
Prefer Plan No. 1.
Ves.
I prefer this plan.
Ves, l>y all meium. ,
Yes.
i prefer tbis plan.
Too radical for practice.
I have decided prefereire for this,
Hours numbering 1 to 24.
The principle i.n the right one, but the
number of figures on the dial might be
confusing and the itrikin;/ time a ditti"
culty.
This if the common people could be in-
duced to adopt it, which I doubt.
[Compjire metric system.]
This plan decidedly.
No.
Prefer this for railway and commercial
purposes
I should favor this by all means.
No. (See No. 11.)
By far the preferable and satisfaotory.
This by all meane.
li t: r I, I ES,
70
QUESTION !>. -IJ.
QUESTION 9.-C.
<»!> Mot nniiroved v^* ^
yjj . •' i>ot approved.
71 No
72 No
73 — . .
74 No '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.."
15 This liivs tin; saiiio (.i-juctioii as A
M aiui I'. M. liavt;.
76 Yes. Kxcej)t that tin; P. M. hours
should bu ik-notctl I)v Homan
nuiricralg.
77
7H I'crpltixinir and not iikdy to be' ac-
ccptable.
79 ..
80
81 —
82 No
83 ■■'■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'"
84 This Mould lu- ol)jtcti..ti.il)Iu if (.iily
on account uf th.' .iiliiculty in cal-
culating tlie intoiwil between dif-
teront hours.
So ...
8()
87 No
«S
89
Of)
91 I tiiink this better than C, but A
the beat.
9? Too radical tor practice
No.
Yes.
No.
No. See I{ei)iy 1 1.
»
This is one of the groat proient<lefect9.
No.
9.3 0I)jeetionil)l9 because mixed, and
woidd not come into uw.
94 By no niauner of nieuns
95 Mi^ht answer very well . . '.. . , , ,
• •referred to B.
Not at all.
TI'H. Intimetaldes distinguish ,lay
id night by the tyi.e. ^
aim niglit by the tyi _.
Tills is better thac h.
Present division is troubles >me
W'tli a double dial face, 1 think would
be convenient.
96 Do not favor this..., \Vh;i» r in
advanced above lead me to indicate C.
97
98 No
99 —
100 Not considered practicable.
101 —
'02 No
104
?ons
es.
^.jj^';;""^*' «''"Plify its aloption every.
I'lcfer this for local lime.
103 ot^ionawc.,, uHic,,-.: ;; ;;;;:; S^SSe tr " '"'
confusing.
80
55 .
JfEPLIES.
NAME.
QUESTION 9, -A.
105 W. T. Sampson, Com. U. S. A.
KN) < Jrmond Stone
107 H. S. S. Smith
108 W. Brydone-Jack
lOif John B. Hamilton
110 Henry T. Mcl.eod
I j)rcfor plan "A."
In doubt.
1 prefer numbering the honrs 1 to 1.4.
"KirHtly" approved.
Prefer tiie hours to number 1 to 24. . .
Ill Jacob M. Clark
112 Geo. C. Wilkins
1 1.8 HP. Dwight
114 William F. Bradbury,
115 S. L. Werdea
116 J. W. Pearl
117 M. (iiddingH
118 R. K. Call
Metrical hours to nun.ber consecut "vely
round the circle.
Prefer this.
Ibis plan.
Prefer Ibia.
119 J. W. Mallet
120 Fred. i\ Newberry . .
121 H. Hudson Sliedaker
122 Edwin (iillesjiie ....
123 Jtbn Twigg
124 F. P. Dunnington
125 Francis H. Smith
126 Clarence J. Blake
127 Wm M. Thornton
128 Albert Chapman Savage.
129 M. C. Feriiald
130 John li B'ake
131 Ed. Fontane
132 Fred BrcoKH
133 N. Bouthillioidj Beaumcul
134 i^.idrew higraham ,-
1.35 Joseph Truteh
136 Alex. S. ChriHtii
137 E. P. Hanuafoid
Prefer No. 1,
No.
I Ihink this is the best.
I prefer the consecutive numbers 1 to
24.
Jiest for railroad tables.
1 like No. 1 best.
Thin.
I prefer plan No. 1 .
I regard thi;-: '.l.c ^"st plan.
Thi«.
I have already answered these four
()Uerie.s. Time should be measured by
24 divisions regardless of the various
shifting siiadows of the earth distinguish-
ing night and day.
Yes ; I prefer No. 1, because with that
Ihe intervals betwteiKliflerent hours ni'iy
be .seen. From 6 o'clock to 13 o'clock is 7
hours fir instance.
No.
HEP LIES,
81
QUESTION 9.-B.
QUESTION !». C.
10;-) ..
10() ''■'■'■'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..''
107 In doubt, bul sliyiitly "preferable
to A.
108 Ido nol like Ih'.s
No.
109 No
110 Think the lollens in thi' afternoon
would cauwe confuaion in adjoiniuL'
towns "
111 Negative x' .
" Negative.
1 prefer this.
1 would not very nnieli objcd lo tJii.s
t It will be found bard lo clian;,'c. ' '
but
No.
Prefer A
112
114
115 Yes
116 B
117 — ^^^■'^v^v.'.'.'.v.'.','.\',[ ''
118 The alternate plan No! *2, as mosl
easily .sbuwing the connection be-
Iween the standard of the place and
the eoHinic day.
]j'J . •"
120 No .'
121 No ....
J22
123 -.
No intcrferen t ;\ith local t
No.
Yes.
inir,
12-1
12.-.
12(J
127
life
'f'hia has many ad\ auta,i,'eK in
|ii'i\a(H
128 This seems the better plan..
1-'J> \ht not like the letters. v- .
VM) No. £««>t8ogoodas A.
VM 1 ^o-
132 1 object to this. If
beg
alal
)oringman I object t.. Ibis, but
J.ns to work at N' ..ul end at W, local dTy bo.
in.si.sl Ibal II
now many hour.s do.'s he work
How will the clock strike W
iisal nidnighl, nol
If
1.33
i;m
135
13f3
1.S7
oec hir J. Herschel-.s Oullinesof A.sln."
»on.y. He condemn h Ihe tmiriirr of
astroaomers l»eginiiinc at noon.
^
08.
82
REPLIES.
'
QUESTION 11.
1' 1
^%S>^ NAME.
is
Ilawi I/01I any particular views mi the qiiention of
Time rffirr)n,iiot embraced in the iinextimix and
replies abimc j/inen > If .so, pleane ufatc them
for the information and (jiii<iance of the Coin-
mittec. (Ifneccsmrn on a separate xheet.)
1 W. .J. MoAlpmo, M.I.C.E
2 M.J. Becker
H Mart W. Ha^rillg^on
4 H. T. Kdily, Pli I) Nothing further.
5 llohert Fletcher, L'h. \)
(5 P. H. Philbrick
7 E. A. Doanc
8 Henry B. Richardson
9 Clemens Herschel — — —
10 II. Stanley Goodwin None difTerent from those expressed in
the document, page 28.
1 1 Robert Briggs
12 S. Spencer None except to concur in the general
view that the question of uniform stan-
dard time is one of great public interest,
and especially so to the railways of
America.
13 C. B. Comstook
14 M. S Greenoiigh
1 f) James li Maxwc'l
IG VV. A, Doanc
17 Francis J. Lyi.cli, M.I.C.E
18 James H. Kowan
19 B. M. Ilarrod
20 W. A. May •
21 C. S. Master
22 James Hall, D.P S I have no particular view which is not
introduced iu the above (juestions and
repli'8, except that I think if the prime
meridian could be iixed at 180 '-'from
Greenwich, it would render the chanue
easier made, and might answer the pur-
pose e({ually well,
2.3 Aithur S. C. Wurtcle 1 consider these time reforms to be
time confusions. The matter of one rail-
road time could be easily settled by our
great transcontinentnl lines setting the
txaiiiplc with the cooperation of obser-
vatories in toe ditfcrent States,
24 W. A. Sweet , Whoever has devised this echcme has
given it lots of study and careful thought
and no doulit fully caveredall the ground
rt'ell, .and without devoting any time to
it — only reading the circular— it seems to
me carefully and thoroughly planned,
;ind worthy of support.
REPLIES,
88
is not
and
irime
from
anue
pur-
has
ouglit
[Oil ad
ae to
nia to
nued.
QUESTION 11.
25
2(J
VVm. T. Jennings,
M. G. Howe
"27 Rolieit H. Siiyrc.
28 Robert Mooro
29 J. Foster L'rowell
None.
I have not given attention enough to
1 he subject to be able to suggest a scheme
that appears to nie to promise better than
<he one outlined, in Questions 7 and 10.
There is no doubt but tliat reform is
needed, and 1 sinoerely hope that tlie
efforts of those who are agitating the
subject will be crowned with success.
lam decidedly in favor of '"time re-
form," have no particular view's to put
forth, the scheme suggested on page 28 is
pimple and sensible. I hope you will
urge this and refuse to entertain any
other. If other nations refuse to come in
to the measure now, let the United
States adopt it. There is so much to
recommend it, that the world will come
to it in a few years.
1 think that it the railroads and steam
lines would generally adopt this system
the general puldic would follow, and that
every elTort .shovild be made to enlist co-
ojjeration in tliose directions. To this
end the scheme shi)uld be studiously
practical and not too eweeping at first.
.30 John Notman
31 T. J. Potter None except as stated.
32 W. B. Smellie Have no special views on tho<iucstion.
33 Stephen S. Haight As cosmic time is proposed for days be-
ginning at the time of the passage of the
sun over tlie prime meridian, and as in
nautical and astronomical time the <lay
begins with tiie passage of the sun over
the meridian of the observer there would
seem to be an advantage in having the
days of local time begin at the noon hour.
Aa this has probably been considered and
rejected for sufficient reasons by the able
members of the committee, I am prepared
to cordially agree with their conclusions.
34 Julius W. Adams, Vast Prcs. Am. None other.
Soc. C.E.
35 F. N. ( Jisborno No.
.36 James H. Harlow
37 A. B. Cox The most necessary thing to secure a
standard time, valuable to peojjle at large,
is to iiave the time accurate and easy of
comparison. When people lived far from
these meridians, so that the standard
time diflers from the local time by ten
minutes or 1.0, they would use local time,
but if the bi.audard time should prove
s4
/?A;/*/. /A' .9.
NAMK.
(,>rKSTI()N II,
as I'lawd. s. i'iiiii)iifk
'A'J Moiicurt! Kuliinsoa
, -Id KivjlH 'I'lllly
II I'. II. IVrry
\-2 J. M. I'utinuu
a('Cunite,tlioy would make the ueceBsaiy
ullowanci! in Ht;tting their time pieces. I
have noticed that when; an hour or two
during the day ia Htruck on tlu; alarm
bellH, UH it itt done in Honie placei, thu
time pieces are regulated and are kept
exact. When in .such phices the railroad
time varieH from the local time, the peo-
ple know that the dillerence i.s constant
and allow for it when they travel. Hut
I don't think any Het of ])eople would
Hubmit to have the 8un rise and set half
an hour before or after he should. They
would simply use the standard time to
regulate their local time by.
Have not given the subject sullicient
study to criticise the scheme with intelli-
gence, but it iiKicts my hearfcy approval.
If adopted the habits of all civili/ed j)eo
pie will soon conform to th(! change, ami
and after a few months the wonder will
be why they tolerated the present clumsy
and outgrown system bo long.
I have no particular views on the(|Ue.H-
tion of time reform not embi-aced in the
(|U(!8tionR and replies abov*; given.
A'ctended meeting at the ('anadian In-
stitute, Toronto, when the (piestion of
standard time was discussed, and agreed
with the decision that there should bo a
" prime meriilian" inacconlaneo wit!i the
recommendation of Sandford Fleming,
(J.H., CM.G. 1 can sec no just reason
for altering that deci8i(m.
The only objection that can |)088ibly
be raised to a standard tinui will arise in
identification, i'eople will Ik; slow to
abandon local time marks, and while
they may become reconciled to a stand-
ar<l, th(^y will neviir con.seut to an error,
as the proposed hourly meridian would
give at inturnutdi.'iti; points. Standai'd
time has become a necessity in many of
the atl'airs of life, but to be available, it
must be made so to all. By the simple
alteration in the construction of a clock,
so as to show both times by a single set
of hands. I believe its iutrodiu:tion on
this continent m ould be assured. How
would, as the enclosed sketch (»f a clock
answer '!
It appears to um that there are rational
obstacles to universal or even continental
time, which we cannot overcome, and tu
A'/v/'/. I ICS.
85
NAMK.
gl'KS'I'loN II.
43 diaries M. Swan ,
which wo imiMt conform. There i« %
natural diviHion of time on oui' globe intu
periods marked by the revolution of tti«
earth. These [leriods are e(|ual in lengtli
atiti eo!i8tilut(3 the nntural day. 'I'hu
natural meridian of midnight seems to
constituto the proper divitling lint* be-
tween two day.s. It is so natural and
easy of I'omprehensioii that a person
yoing from London to New York, has
but to turn the hand of his watch to
move easily and naturally in the groove
of the pei)pi«! wherever he may l)e.
If, liowever, a universal standanl weru
adopted, he would l)e always at a lo.sa to
know at what time of day a given hour
would occur. There would be a continual
confusion witli people travelling and
doing liusinesa in dillerent jiarts of tiuj
country.
If it were possible to flatten out tlio
world, ot (-o arrange the distribution of
light, or induct! p(!oi)le to commence their
days' Work r<'gardle.ss of the sun, so that
all would <u)mnience their days' work at
the Hume moment, then a system of uni-
versal time'would \n' desirable.
There are certain laws and forces in
nature to which we must adapt ourselves,
and whoever attempts to disregard them
or counteract their iidlueneo will have
uphill work. Scientists well know that
uulesa friction and the resistance to
motion can be overcome, tiiere is no
possibility of a perpetual motion. The
true promise of science is not to cond)at
th(! forces of nature, Imt to discover
wherein they lie, and to .so adapt our
])lan.'' to thitm, as to make them do our
work for us, whib- following along in
their well imlicated channels.
If four meridians wcrt; adopted for
North AuH^rica, the railroad linen operat-
ing east and west, would necessarily cross
their dividing lines, and I think the
change in time would be so great that
the confusion would b(( as great as at
present. Two towns only an hour's ride
apart would have an liour'a dillcrence in
time. It seems to me that there will be
least confusion by keupipg as close as
practical to the natural day.
The tendency of m<»dern practice is
towards the decimal division of all
8G
REPLIES.
<
NAME.
QUESTION 11.
weights, measures and coins. This ia
frhown by the rapiil spread of the metric
eystem among civilized nations. During
the tlrat ninety years of its history it has
hfien legally adopted by thirty difl'erent
countries including some of the most im-
portant nations on tlie Globe. It is also
shown by the fact that the opponents of
the metric systeju u&ually advise the
decimal division of the ancient measures
retaining a few of those most in use in-
stead of the adoption of the more perfect
decimal metric system.
The decimal or centebimal division of
the quadrant has been adopted, but lias
not yet been extensively used. It is
Mill ill iiw, and with the development of
decimal methods in other branches of
metrology, it will liecome more and more
pronunent and will eventually supersede
the sexagesimal method.
A reform in the method f)f defining
time looking so far into the future, and
coutemjjlating such universal use, as does
the scheme of your conunittee, should
embrace the probability that the centesi-
mal measurement of longitude and time
will eventually supersede the present
methods.
The plan adopted should be based upon
elements common to both methods. The
change when made, will be made conse-
quently, for all time, and no revision will
be required upon tlie adoption of the
centesimal method.
The details of the centesimal method
have been ably presented in two papers,
upon the division of the circle and the
division of the day, read before the
American Metrological Society by Mr.
Fred. Brooks of the American Society of
Civil Engineers. Copies of these papers
are hereto appended, marked A and B,
and form a part of this communica-
tion.
The following suggestions are offered
for the consideration of your committee :
I. That, regarding time, the adoption
of the centesimal method will merely
alter the houi' and its parts but not the
day or year.
II. That regarding longitude, its adop-
tion will render the kilometer available to
the travelici' by xia, aadforall geograph-
REPL lES.
87
NAME.
QUESTION 11.
ical purposes, in place of the nautical or
geographical mile.
111. That the 24 meridians of tha
cosmic day be used temporarily for
Mandard mvnicipal time until the adop.
turn of the centesimal meridians.
J ^^;J'^^.^'*, 'neridians of the cosmic
day differ in longitude 10^ cpntesimil
grades. The interval between every
tinrd meridian is r,o n-„t<:.;mal ,,r,vh',
and every third meridian from the initial
point 18 common to both methods, it is
therefore suggested that standard rail-
road tnm be based upon the tight conti-
nental meridians C F I M F S VV and
A which are common to both methods,
either exclusively or to the greatest prac
tieal extent. ^
These meridians are well situatfd for
governing continental time, as is shown
l)y the following table and by the diagram
ot your committee.
V. That in telegraphy the cosmic day
be used exclusively. The primitive
meridian /. of the cosmic day is common
to both methods.
VI. That the present division of the
day into 24 hours of (50 minutes of (JO
seconds be retained only until a methcd
dividing the day in conformity with the
cente.simal mctho.l of measuring longitude
shall have been adopted.
Table sh.miug C(,ndnental Meridians common to the Centesimal
and feexagesimal Methods of Measuring Longitude and 'l"mc
CKNTKsrnrAL
1
Mktiiod.
AS.
■^
rt
c
1 'JQ
*t! 1
"^
1 O
' r/,
t
S C
|J=
m
i c
U
;•*
Sfxagksi.mai,
Mktuoi)
■f. i -
c
F
(
M
P
S
w
z
.= ■0 i"
5,(it/0
10,000
1.5,000
25,000
30,000
35,000 '
40.OC0 I
ii^
e;:^
<
H li
50
6
IfO
10
150
15
•20(1
20
2,50
25
MOO
30
aso
35
400
40
c s
■"* ■♦-»
c .S
3,112
(i,224
!»,337
12,44»
lo,.5fil
18,073
21,785
24,81*8
I'riiicijial Country or City
on or near meridian.
Japan, Auatralfe.
Central Asia, Calcutta, fRngrtiid
Ku.ssi.v, Mesopataniia, Arabia, Mocha
hrecnuirh, W. Europe, W. Afriua
South Anitrica, Hr.v/.U, Hio .lanerio
Afir t)rl('(i,).s. North America
Alaska
I'ol.x nesia
d8
REPLIES.
5
y. = -J
■<
NAME.
QUESTION 11.
44 Sir Charles Tupper No.
45 James P. Davis
4(5 1*. S. Archibald Having no j)articular viewa
47 H, E. Stevens I consider the change practically feas-
ible and of great importance, and woiiM
have it consummated in accordance with
above as soon as possible.
48 B. S. Henning No,
49 J. Milton Titlow
50 William A. Norton ....
51 C A. Voting 1 think it important in the present
state of horology that the standard time
should not depend upon the work of any
one obsorvatory, Ijut should be deter-
mined by combining signals from a num-
ber widely d istributed over the country so
as to insure clear weather, and actual
star ol)scrvation8 every day.
52 Robert A. Shailer No.
53 L. B. Archibald
54 F. B. Stearns
iin (_'. S. Davidson
66 Edward Maguire
67 E. (i. Ferris
58 Collingwood Schreibor No.
59 Henry Clannett
60 James P. Howley I think it would be very advisable, as
, Mr. Fleming suggests, that some plan
should be adopted by which existing
time keepers could still be utilized with-
out much alteration. The loss of wealth
in condemning all such entirely, would
be enormous, and would operate greatly
against the acceptance generally of the
scheme.
61 E. P. .Alexander The answers give my views fully ex-
cept in reference to division of day into
hours.and dispensing with A.M. and P.M.
J favor the I to 24 plan to be started by
R. R publishing all time tables in that
form. At least I favor that in theory,
but I am not prepared to say that I
would yet venture to try it in practice. I
fear that until the engineers and con-
ductors become used to it, which would
take some months, and whenever new men
began to use it, there would be danger of
accidents. It would certainly be neces-
sary to give a good deal of instruction
an(l some practice in it before adopting
it fully.
62 W. H. Wood
63 F. M. Towar
64 Julius J. Duraye.
liErLIES.
89
.1
ex-
into
.M.
by
I that
-ory,
lat I
36. I
I con-
rould
I men
|er of
2ce8-
btion
tting
6*M
'A Si>
NAME.
(,)UESTION 11.
65 Thomas S. i-'etlywick
f)() (ieoryc M. Dawson,
I favor sectional time areas for tlie
running of railroads. J.ines east of Hud-
son Hivtr to l)e run at Hontontinio, tlioso
west and cast of Alleghany Mountains on
W'iisiiingtdu time, 'I'liose next, west and
east of Mis.sissipiii liiver, Indianajioii.s,
thence to I'tah Viilley, Home central timr,
Cheyenne or Denver, or Austen, Texas,
on the Pacific .Slojie. ""Sacramento time.
1 lie changes to ]»! niade at convenient
places as suggested on l>age 18.
In the regulation of time hy standard
meridians a dithcuity suggests itself in
llie time of rising and s';tting of the sun,
moon iuid fctars. Instead of rising at the
same clock time in all ji'aces on the same
parallel of hititude, the rising and setting
would recjuire to hs given separately in
almanacs, etc. , for every locality. Besides
the actual change in timedueto latitude,
an artitical diti'erence <luo lo longitude
would he added. Result, complication
in a matter closely atl'ecting the routine
of ordinary life.
07 T. C. Mcndeuhall No iiarticular views excepi as indicated
in the previous answers.
6S L. .J. LeContc I have cone other than embraced in
the scheme.
W) Edward V. Pickei ing —
70 H. K. Koyes Life is short, and it is a big contract.
71 J. S. Sewall To make it practicable to introduce
such system, the changes should he as
few and simple .ts possible. To be con-
sistent, and to com2)letely carry out the
system, all the hours everywhere, should
be called by the standard meridian let-
ters, but 1 don't think it possible to make
so great a change. If the minutes can be
made to correspond everywhere, keeping
the hour as nearly as possible to what it
has always been, a long step will be t iken
in the right direcUon, with such slight
actual change as not to confuse anybody.
72 W. P>. Ha/en, Major (Jen As a minor matter, 1 would sugrgesi
that it would be well lo use the name
" U.S. standard" or " American lime" in
preference to "standard S lime" or "90"
(h-eenwich lime. The people at large
wouhl not understand the significance of
• , the letter .'^., and prejudices against the
system might bo awakened by the iiso of
the word <ircenwi(;h. 'I'lie .system, how-
ever, should be ./ased upon the (ircen-
wich meridian.
DO
HEP LIES.
X
NAME.
yUliSTlUN 11.
7.3 J. M. liudmn
74 (j«'ortfc K(!iiii(Mly I lijive nothing to lulil
75 K. I). Ashe....'.
7G Will I'. Ju<l«on 'I'he use of lelhra of the ftl^hjil)ft f'»-
llie I'. M. hours would 1 »• iiupnioliofibh-
for piipiiliir use. To say .'{() mimites jjumI
X woulfl cdiivcy itth; uXvvt,. The use of
A.M. iviid I'.M. would lie iiiaile uuiu'lcs-
H.'iiy liy ki(|)inn tin; hjiiiio (iivi.xionn as
now, ami letU-rinj^ tlie hours tliua- A.M.,
I, •-'. .'{, 4. f), (;. etc. r.M. I, II, III,
IV.. V, VI., etc.
77 Wil«'tn Croshy No.
78 NV. II. I'ralt 'I'hn altovc coiiipn'hciid.s all that we
could Hay as far aH I know. I lak".,the
rosporsibility of answeriu!,' thi.s, as I <;an
do no l)t;lt r without ^reat delay, if at
all. 1 .siii'ik onlj' for niyrclf positi\'i ly,
i(Ul fo far a.s I know or can ji'd-M- from
* paHl diHcus.sioiiri of the .sulijecl, believe
I hat our ni Mnbers will nencrally (Dnciir
ill what I have atai'd as my ovvnidcasiu
rei^ard lo il. Iviriastly hopiiij^ tliattlii.s
j^ffeat step forward will he taken, and that
our country will take the iniliative.in it.
7n (jeori.'n S. (jlateiiell None at prcsei.t.
HO H. S. I'ritehetl
bl C.J.Ives Have not M'Viii llie matter wpcial
attenlion. Bui the great ineonvenieiiee of
.so ni'Uiy '"tinie.s" inakiiH it ohvio.us to
my mind that if there wen; /'•«, i;
would lie much belter.
I have only to f n;;^et.t Ih^l the dials
of time pieces mij.;hl be eoiislnieted
wilh revolvinj,' / nies, carrying the let-
ters denoting eosniie hours, that eould
be sel an reipiired for lueal tinu! at nny
given meridian, siieli dials to be num-
bered from 1 to 'Jl.
8--' A.sa Horr, M.D.
.S3 .1. I.. Cillespie.. ..
81 Win. I'. Ander.sou
Unfus liigalls.
I bhoulil like lo sih; the di\ision.s <.f
time and of a circle made more corres-
ponilenl than iit priMent. Now the
divinidiis in bith eai-c8 are a mixture
of Ihe duodecimal and decimal syslems.
It would be much morc! sciciiitilic if a
pure system (hiinUcimil prtifeiable
were ailoptt^l, but 1 can .see that the
])raelical (lilliciiltics in the way of doing
this would be almost iusurinountable.
The subject not having been nnde a
study in this oliice, I do i.ot desiie to
otFtr any extended views on tlie (luea-
tion of time roforni.
/.'/•;/• A //•;>•.
!»l
n
J:
/, SO
NAMK.
fi(5 W. K. JncohH .
N7 Winslovv I'l*! m
8S II. A. il
IIW(!
89 D. R. Taylor .
!»0 .). R IvLstiimti
!tl . rallies R. harlcr...
•.••2 .Simon !'. Xowooiul).
[VA DeN'olson Wood
(^HKSTION 11.
It would help thn movfUKMit if an
aliiianac wore puhlisliod, giving' IJio
liinu.s of wnniiHe, cli;., in Hm; ntandard
tiiiK! of tliu country at different plact-B.
'I'liis would ]•■ a iiscfnl Mi|)plt,'ini'nt lo
the time tallies iH.sncd Ity tlit; railway
c(iiii|ianieH.
Ah to tlio diviHion of tlio I'. S.,
I ihivk a8 follows : The division Blionhl
l)(! liy State?, so l|i;vt everybody no-
<|Uainttd willi tlu; treoj^'ruphy of tlio
I'.S. would (ind no ditliciilty in iinder-
standiii^I I he seheiuw. (Ith from (ireeii-
wi.'h, Ihe States liorderint,' upon Ihu
Mississippi and tlinso lakes (Superior,
Mulligan and Hiiroi) togliu-r with
Alabama; ,"itli, from (iieenwieh all easi
of Ihe (ith Stotos; 7th, from (Jreeuwieli
tlio double row of Stales webt of tliu
(;L!i Stales; (Sili, from Oreunwich, all
Stales west of Ihe 71 h States.
I 8<ieno;,'ood leasoii whatever for adopt.
iii^'astan(lar<l meiidiaii outside of our own
eountry. or for iiiiiiliplyiiit,' standards
within its borders, in fact I am utterly
opposed to bulb sebenies on the ground
that th<;y are not desired by transpor-
tation coni|)aiiieH or for .scientific pur-
poses, and the mas.s of the people will
always use loeal time. 1 will add that
I have had .•iboiit tifteii years' expe-
rience in preparing and tra-sniitting
lime si^naLi.
The ])laii proposed, I belicjve by the
Metrologieal Society fi having four times
difl'ering an hour, to bo called Atlantic
time,Mis.sisHpi N'ulley tiiiu', IJoeky Moun-
tain time and I'ac fie time, seems to me
to be the most praetieable. Hut Atlantic
time shoiilrl correspdiid to the meridian
of New ^dl•k, unless Washin^^rton is pre-
ferred. We tiieii have a familiar stand-
ard to begin with. It is a practical (pies-
lion for the railroads whether to use only
th(! one standard time, that of \ew York
or NN'ashii'gtnn.
Absolute time will diHer from local
time, except on one meridian, and the
areater the difference the more marked
it will lie, and the more certainly will
both be kept. These make the notation
■,%.
.V^a.€#
^."^ N-^0,
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
A
'^ .#.
f/-
1.0
I.I
» — mil 2.0
11:25 ■ 1.4
1.8
1.6
V]
vQ
'W
'"^y
'>
/
V
/A
'ij,^
92
nEPLIES.
NAME.
04 William F. Ellis
(to Alex. Murray.. . .
0(5 7':dwinii.Hill.
07 C. D. ■ Ward . .
QUESTION 11.
of absolute time as simple as possible.
For this country only, the meridian of
Washinton would commend itself. Next,
for the scientiHc,Greenwhich would have
the first claim; but for the world at large
a meridian in tho Pacific Ocean has the
strongest clnim 180^ from CJreeuwich.
Do not call it "Cosmic," — that would
kill the entire pcheme. Call it "Clock
Time" or ' R. R. Time" and present
time "Sun Time." Absolute time will
not^take the place of local time, the
former will be used generally for business,
the latter for the convenience of a com-
munity or for the town.
For the purpose of regulating local
time conveniently, I think the principle
proposed by Mr. Sandford Fleming at
fig 7, page 20 of bis pamphlet of 1878 is
all that can be desired.
None except those given in my letter to
Mr. Allan
I fear that having standards of t'me,
differing by intervals of one hour, would
still give great trouble, especially to rail-
roads, as they vrould be compelled to state
what standard was to be used, and every-
one wouM be uncertain which standard
their watch was set by when travelling.
At places half way between the standard
time meridians, there would be great
contusion from ignorance as to exactly
where the change of tlie one hour was
made, or knowing it, it would be often
forgotten.
I would propose that "Co.w)«V" or
"Cosmopolitan Time" sliould be used,
the time zero to coincide with the initial
or prime meridian and thus the time
pieces around the whcle world could be
always indicating the same Iioiir nii((
nil nil ft'.
This would be much more convenient
for railroads, telegraphs, &c., than any
other system, and seems to l)e perfect so
far, but for the local civil day, it would
bg impossible to iTiake one day end and
another begin during the busy hours of
the day, but the difficulty would be
gotten over by beginning the local dpy
at each jjlac^ as now, 12 hours before the
sun passes the meridian.
This would, of course, bring odd hoMra
HE PLIES.
93
93 M. ('. Meigs, Brg.-Gen. U. 8. A.
99 Julius Pchlman
100 J. C. Wood
for the beginning of tlie day. as, for in-
stance) here in New York the day wouhl
begin at 5 o'clock aa indicated by th«
time piece, though it would be midnight
all the same, and noon would l)e about
17 o'clock,
This plan would rendfr unnecessary
the designating of 24 standards one hour
apart.
This plan, of course, has its objections,
but is, I think, simple, and would soon
become familiar, and would render un-
necessary any resort to the use of letters
for numbering which would be re?-//
tnmblesome indeed.
In all great reforms success depends
greatly upon making the steps convenient
If you derange the habits ot a people too
much they will have none of it. We
travel greatly, but moe millions stay at
home than go abroad. The house wife
keepa the time for the hours of meals and
retiring. We men and b^ya only follow.
No clocks are accurate. • I'^he best do not
keep universal time, but have a ruling +
or -. Sometimes both + and - are in-
variable. It reqires correct observers by
good instruments of the Heavens to know
what hour for tlic clock is wrong. It is
always wrong.
^Vhile it would be v.iry nice to have
a crsmopolitan time. I don't think it
would benefit the public as much as a
purely standard time for the American
cont'nent would. If we take the first
standard meridian for America through
New York or Philadelphia, we will
have local and standard time less than
one hour apart, all over the Continent,
and eve ybody will find that reasonable
and plain. But if we count time from
the Behring Straits meridian, we will
find it to be a gracelobs and severe task
to make the average man believe that it
IS easier and better to call, for instance,
his 12 o'clock noon 19 o'clock or 7
o'clock, or |,.(/r].
If the hours of the day of commer-
cial time are numbered consecutively,
and the hours of the day of local time
as at present, I think it would tend to
make the timt so distinct tha^ there
would be b.ut few mistakes. Time
pieces with dials to i agister the ^4
\)l
REPLIES.
<
x\AME.
QUESTION 11.
101 Lewis Bass.
102 Melville Dui.
hours would soon he introduced, and
Dersons would learn to designate the
time ([uoted- with &ome distiDguiehin^
aflix.
I must confess to liaving "views" on
this suhject. 1 hojio to ]ire8ent them at
the Mcmtreal meeting of the American
Society for tlie AdvanceinenI of Science,
when the committee on standard time, of
which I am a member, nieels. We should
not attempt to secure whac is impracti-
cal)Ie. To abolish local time is not, in my
opinion, even ideally desirable. If we
could have a standard "traveller's time,"
I think it would be a good Ihing.
(Ireenwich time for tiiat, [lurpcse scjms
to me just what is wanted. So far as
my observation goes, even the travelling
])ul)lic are not very anxious aliout it
Still I think they would acknowledge
the great bene6t if the system could be
in8ugurate<l.
Considerable stmly of the (|uestion
leads me to tiie idenlical conclusions
except as to numbering hours. The
leport errs on page 'A2. 11 does not
show without explanation whether it is
cosmic time, or 11 a.m. or 11 p.m. old
system. New time must come in
gradually, and to recommend an entry,
I I o'clock would be fatal to its success.
It may mean as above either of three
tilings. If 1 to \'l are used at all they
must be marked as new time by some
symbol. To this and to Nos. !3 to 24
is the objection if space and characters
taken — a serious matter in determining
a universal system. To add p.m., a in.,
N.T., &o. , to all cablegrams and tele-
grams won't do.
Plan 2, 2nd i»t. , to number hours from
noon to raidnigiit by cosmic Icttsis has
only to 1)0 extended to forenoon to meet
all objections, mechanical and popular,
viz.:
1. It is xliortcut pn.-<sil>l)', one character
for each hour.
2. It carries its own explanation and
cannot be confused with any other time.
It in clmreHf,
3. It is itself the cosmic universal
time, .saving all translation and pos-
sibility of error. It is mod iinirersdl.
. 4. Jleing only cosmio time it may be
ItEPLULH.
05
6^V
<
NAME.
QUESTION 11.
103 Charles A. Scliot
given to tlit' pul)lic in the Hiiuplest and
l)riefest uxplivratiou of all plans pro-
jHised, and tlie gri^at public must
have a very brief and simple description
of the new plan, or they will reject it.
It is fa»ii'st (-.ijt/a'uK'd.
,"). It is applied lo present clocks and
watches, i-wli'-sf oitil cimtpext. Single
symbols lettered m old dials (with a
l)«n) putting the proper noon letter for
each locality under I'l would do it all.
In changing localities the traveller would
simply hold his watch with the proper
letter at top, and the eye would recognize
instantly (he time relation to noon c.tj,,
my dial has now R at 12. I may go
to New Orleans where noon is 8., and
1 tak-j my watch out and hold it with
1 at top and S under it, and recognize
T. IJ., Lc. as ecpuvalent to old 1 ami
2 p ni., though my old dial luvs 2 and
3 above tliem. The habit of reading
liositiou or dials is stronger than the
figures.
A number of cheap antl practical
devices for marking the noon letters
occur to me, when it shifts from old
12. An under.-'corj circle of red or
other mark on dial. A bit pasted on
dial or crystal, an inilex attached and
moveable, or more perfect (and costly)
a plan of setting works, so in the case
in 12 varying portions, so the ring and
stem could be always over the noon
letters.
1 Hnd this plan meets all the ditti-
culties which arise for all the others,
and hope it may be adopted.
Each locality would learn its fore-
noon letters, as easily as the report
shows, it would learn its p.m. letters as
eijuivaleiit to old !), 10, &c.
This method has simphcity, economy,
accuracy and practicability, all in a
higher degree than either 1-24 or 1-12
and cosmic p.m. letters.
1 sincerely hope the efl'ort will be
for the adoption of the plan above. If
I am wrong in any of my conclusions, I
should be grateful for correction, as 1
wish to prut the skeme in our bul-
letin.
To express my views in brief : I favor
the us» of local mean time for all ordin-
^iJ^PLlES.
NAME.
QUESTION 11.
ary business of life, everywhere as most
natiindanA ronreiiii'nf (a large city wil',
of course use I be siune central tirne.a devi-
ation from it of Im will, tberefore be
rare) all Ulcgraph conipunys and niib-oad
corporatioi s to use Greenwich civil mean
time ('^ounted from midniglit to mid-
night, 24 houra) for purposes of ADMIN-
ISTRATION, I bus all (rains to be run
by, and all telegraph messages in any
place, or country, to be used by Green-
wich time. Bui ail lime tables, arrival
and departure of trains at every place to
be started in Ivntl mean time liiniriahl;/.
The showing of (>ieenwich time at de-
pots or offices to be marked (Jreenwirh
time otherwise the clocks are supposed,
and should give local time, which latter
only is of interest to the public a"; large.
The introduction of this scheme will not
interfere with the habics of the people,
and. accomplish all thai is necessary for
the regulation of intercourse and safety
of travel.
104 Da\ i I H. Jen. me
105 W. T. Sampson 1 think the plan of dividing the c n-
tinent into time zones of one hour each
is objectionable, because I think i'. would
be found to increase the difficu'ties
which now exist in railway travelling.
The mainlines of K. R. running east and
west have already divided the country
into time zones in the most practicable
way. For instance the Boston and Albany
R. R. run on Boston time, and the N. V.
U, on New York t-me the Lake Shore
& Michigan Central on Columbus time.
I'he officers of er.eh road always use the
sanie lime, which is" a consiJeration of
vital importance. A division into time
zones of one hour each, would in some
cases rt'(iuire a train to chaige its lime e/t.
roufp,
iO() Ormond Stone I am in favor of a number of standards,
each ditiering by one hoar. As to what
meridian .shall be initial I do not care at
the present time to commit myself.
107 H. L. S. Smith — • '
108 VVm. Hr\ d.ne-.Iack
109 .John H. Hamilton
110 Henry F. McLeod No. I take much interest in keeping
cjrrect local time, and generally establish
an astronomical meridian wherever 1 may
I>e, as I have done here for the purposa of
HEP LIES.
Ill Jacob M.Clark
gelling Ihe Sun's mcridisn transit with
convenience.
The greatest error in clocks aa
compared with local lime will only
be half an h- iir slow or fast, as the
place ia east or west, of Ihe nearest stan-
dard meridian ; but the clocks in two
adjoining placea, regulated hy different
adjoining standards will show a difference
of one hour. This cannot be avoided ;
and the advaiitage of Iiaviug theexact hour
difference, vvilh synchronal minutes and
seconds, will probably more than com-
pensate for llie inconvenience.
Tune reform is so inlinialely connected
with general metrology that I think no
radical change should be made except
those which are in harmony with a gen-
eral system, as scientifically perfect, as
possible.
Tli9 first step is a rational metrical
division of Ihe circle, which we do not at
present pos8es9,allhough there are rational
features both in the general division and
that for lime.
Then the division for lime should be
identical with that for general purposes.
Also longitude .should reckon consecu-
tively around the circle, the same aa
lime; the zero ujjon the nether cosmic
meridian. 11 would then harmonize with
right ascension and greatly simjilify all
a,3lronomical and chronological work.
Such a cliange would be specially accept-
able by navigators.
My dissent from some of the positions
taken as 1 understand the documents by
no means implies doubt of the import-
ance of the main objects souglit or the
great value of the suggestions made.
But to me the subject appears so
comieot»d with metrology that I
believe its l)est solution will grow
out of the general adjustment as a
matter of course, or if found in ad-
vance will be in that direction. A
fundamental objection to interference
M'ith local time is that it tends to derange
the order under which natural pheno-
mena appeal to the intellect. Experi-
ence of nature is the very mother earth
and habitation of science — day and
night— the processional cycle— are not
•98
REPLIES.
NAME.
QUESTION 11.
more inevitable ilinn that human
iictivity follows the sun. Aod the
iincieni thcorcni soiii*!t)m<'s obscured of
a cosmos in wliich tiie known and un-
known firn alike ri-lali.'d ro intinite in-
telligence under all pervading; mathe-
matical laws revt'dls no way of sup-
planting Keiiffal by special factors,
without as it wnc lendei-ing the dues
of science lo Caesar. The natural order
is the scienlilic one — and ilic advance
of apparent time from east lo wi'Sl is,
even to the ludest of nncii one of It.e
uiosL striking and thought-awakening
things Im nature— and where the rudi-
ments of popular education exist, its rale
in distance and longitude is likely to be
frtirly understood as a Ihin^'^ of precept in
the school and folk lore at home, and I
am convinced thai for all main purposes
tbe peop'e will .idliere lo local time
the mftre persistently as they advance
in knowledge. Dfmestic clocks will be
set by the sun accoi'.ling lo tiiealniana <
Surveyor s,navigatorsandexplorers must
find iizinuith and position in terms of
Iccal timi!— ,uid observatories must 1)3
erjuipped .ind observations conducted
strictly according to the local meridian.
Communities will seitle standards of
local reference better and more ac-
ceptably without civil inteivenlion than
with it, and of the thousand (jr more
millions upon earth the comparative!
few who need refer spooifically to
cosmic time are mainly of those most
competent to make the calculation
for themselves. The dilfoience between
cosmic and local time can be made ap-
parent everywhere by the simplest
means. A concise table for instance, a
diagonal line upon co-ordinately ruled
paper, a dial with a revol'dng rim and
in various ways. 'l"he division of the
day into '24 consecutively numbeted
hours which I ihouid insist upon is
rather small lor mfirking lime dials
esjicciaHy walche?. I would continue
the numbers upon an inner circle and
so of the cosmic symbols on the re\ olv-
ing rim. The reckoning commencing at
midnight the outer row of each would
REPL lES.
<
NAMK.
99
MITESTIOX II.
designate forenoon hours. New dials
at trifling (^nst wtxiM save all existing
machinery.exrepi where (ho second hund
might bt'come important in coso of
decimal sub-division, and tnen then but
one menibei' of the Iriiin would have to
1)0 chdngcd, and so tim^^ pif-cos could
show boLli local and cosmic time by
simply adjusting the rim. And it is
clear to me, that by adopting some sucn
device, tivinspurtatioii and telegraph
rnanagei'3 could conduct their alia lis
with pt'rlect saloty by convention eithci-
according to local or cosmic time, as
they might please to advertise, audit
might be doubtful whethei'<}o\t'rnmenls
need go further in this particular beyond
permissive legislation than to settle
upon a prime meridian aceordinifto the
broadest retjuironieiits of science, to aid
the people through signal siTvice and
otherwise in fully uuderslanding the
subject, and te a fair extent and at the
proper juncture in re-forming their
dials. And loi- reference longitudes
being known, it is as easy to compare
local time with that of any one stand-
ard meridian as with that of
another ; and vastly simpler to have only
one, than a greater number however
symmetrically disposed. I would by
all means have but one standard, the
cosmic, for all purposes o^' reference.
The statement I ventured that time
should be reckoned aceording to a me-
trical division oftherii ;lr, and that lon-
gitude should be marked around the
circle to (correspond, and so har-
monise with right ascension was
made without being clear at the tinje
what that metiical division is. f
think, however, it can be understood
by seekin;^ the gieatesi commoa divi-
sor of all the commensurable ares
which can be obtained by pure geometry
without repeating a method. Such re-
petition is of course a blunder which
eflectually " begs the f[uestion" by in-
troducing a special factor out of its
place. .Without resorting to bisection
of chords (the only general means of
subdividing arcs geometrically) we oh-
i i
100
REPLIES.
Uiiiiiiino comnicnsnrablc arcs. One (jC
thf'sr tlin (lotaiit, liiis its tang'Til eijual
lo nnlius, find is al the same tirrif thf sum
nt' t\V(i incoiiiincnsuiablt^ arcs whose
tan^'enlsar(!comm<'nui(ibl(' with radius.
Hiscri it, and we exhaust thi' methods
with ii resuil of ten cona mensurable
arcs, viz., the A, h h «- A- i- l-'O-
1-1'2, 1-15 and 1-1(1 of the eircu inference
and their greatest common divisor is
l-2i0. Now if we select the coinmen-
surdble ([uadric ur.'s, or those wliich
have a trififoiiomelrical co-ordinate com-
mtMisurable with radius namely \, }^, ^
and 1-12 their jrieati'st common divisor
is l-2'i. This lixes the },'rand divisiono
at 24 fcr all the re(|uii'ements of ti'igo-
nomotr\ , and indicates decimal sub-
division by the main result as well us
by the iinud)cr of factors, and this
accords strictly with an indestructible
law of the mind, whereby ukmi arran;,^e
categnri( s in simple groups and divide
into simple! fractions for simple oil-hand
purposes, but I'nr extended eninnera-
lion or indelinitc' subdivision invariably
proceed, under the powers of ten— and
the 1-240 by its outer and innei- polygons
lixes the j) ratio (^orrect'to tlu^ f(mrth
decimal. Kor these leasons I i-egard the
1-2 'i as the metrical unit of circular
measure, the tenth of this the metrical
degree, and decimal subdivinon, both
for time and ai-cs the metrical metliod.
One of th(!wa\s Jty which a metrical
system might grow out of this arrange-
ment would be this, the metrical degree
would span upon the earth at)out 100
niles, aiul it we lakeCallets suggestion
made 100 years ago, of the axes of the
earth — a straight line— foi" a Itase, it
contains 500,500,000 English inches
very closf ly. Increase this inch by its
i-1,000 part, as has been i)roposed, and
it becomes a metrical inch and 25 such
inches a metrical cubit 1-10,000,000 pai t
ofthesejui axisanda pendulum at the
equator beating,
4.ti<«i tiiiKw nil li'inr wnulil measure ;JI,ii0'2 iiiotrlriil
.'),iii'n •• -JO.'ir. iiH'lir^
KMKKp " :,y,f>
(very nearly) 5 digits=5 inch<es=-tl^e
REPLIES.
<
^AME.
QUESTION 11.
'Ql
:?=:■=:
natural Ijaiid hroudili including width
of thumb: 6A inches cthi' nalumi span
or er.tt>nded hand.
'25 inches-tho cubit llio natural
arm's length, also the legionary stcip,
10 inches the natural lodl— and there
might rpsull:
For (he arts: inch (docimallv sub-
divided): '
10 inches— 1 fdot.
1(» feet— 1 reed rbiiihlers, BhipwrijfhU), eto.
K) reodH-40 ciil)it.s (chain of loO feet 83. J2 KiiKlish
foet.
For rural purposes (convertible),
Foot cubit reed and chain as above.
40 inches— 1 jard or ell (cloth, etc.)
.">() inches— 2 cubits -1 Btaff (wn.Hletc.) (Ki soli 1
cubits— 1 cord.)
20 feet— 8 cui)it.s— 1 rod.
•2.50 feet \
100 cubits , ., ^ ,
12i rods — lat're suIe-»)8..')i-l()0Knjrli8hfeet
-l] chains j
lO.OoO 8(|uare cubits ) 1 acre— l:i,48!t«-10 English
62,.|)00 square feet l" S(iuare feet.
KxlstinjT acres reduce to metrical hv addinL'
l-fi of 1 per cent.
Engineering and Geodesy.
(Cubit decimally Kub-divi(:ed):
10 cubits -1 pole (base bar).
100 cubits -1 acre (a convenient lenjrth for steel
tajHi chain).
1,000 cubits -1 stand (tally or halt).
l(i,f'00,000 cuMts -polar nidius.
Levellinj4byeubits-.Solid cubit, the measure of
enffmeennjf work—
Geographical, road and ftea measure.
0,2(i-24 cubits
() .50-100 inches
)
10 span.s -1 fathom.
10 fathoms -1 road chain.
,-—1 .span.
\ Knot meaure, jjIuhs
llOOof anhour. Mast
' 'i the height
1 ■ hich the horizon
,•„„-., , , ,. In. vrs 10 miles away.
100 fathoms -1 stailium.
12.5 fathoms— 1 furlong (cable length.)
1 mile , i mile 41 rods.
5,472 ' ' ' ■
Knglish
iS of a furlong -41 cubits.
1-1(1 of a stadium—
41 feet.
8 furlongs
10 stadia
:V28 rods
2,024 cubits I feet.
«,.5(i0 feet '
10 miles— the ofBiij^.
100 miles! degree (mean terrestial un(m radius
of volume),
240 degrees— the circle.
SOUND .NGS I\ CI'HIT.S.
The ofBceuof geographical measure to
Wliicli iho civil mile really belongs, is
■;!
102
BEPLimS.
t! '
s|incilinilly ilLsiincl: hiuI il mii>^l in
s(im(! way involvf tlin ^) fnclor which W
out of jtloce ill lirii'nl, sfjuare or solid
iiH'Hsiin'. By the abovf schomc. how-
I'ViT, I his iHclor is (i(<Juslt'(l out ofsiglil,
t'lif X'^THTul |)iir|)ost>s ill Ihf stfidiuiii and
I'lirlong— and fxcepfin;.' I hi' lut'iiii oH'cot
(.r.'lliltlicily radius lit'iiig 10. 100. 10(10
(•iil)its, and so on, tht* span and othor
decimals or tlu? mile art! lengths oC lh(>
nii'lrical dcprt-e. For po]iultir com-
parison the Froiich kiloiin'lrt' ibdIO of
mt'li i-al mill' and so on. For I'xplnra-
iioiis itinerary odomi'Sti-e work, and I ho
liki', till' mi'trii'iil mih' will ho loiind
incomparably the Id'sl.
So long as miilhemalicians chose to
ri'lain two divisions of Iho cin^le geo-
graphical mcasnri' (uight tc conlbnii lo
that whii'li is logically Iho hi'st 1 hi'
rodiiiMiig factor is I ho sanio cither way
hy inversion.
As to measure of weight and capacity
1 will only siiggesllhal the avoirdupois
]iound o» water, measuring 'i?..")^^ metri-
cal cubic inches, contains not far from
10,000 drops, and the pint contains
2S.7S9 such incites; and 1 think that by
fairly disposing fintors a metrical sys-
tem of simple design might be reached
expressed in tolerably familiar terms.
Tin; I'lll.MU MKHJlllAN.
To insure speedy and ])e!inanenl
adoption it might be well to select the
Cosmic meridian on such principles as
would attract the spontaneous and con-
stant notici! of scii'iililic men the world
over, from other high ronsiderations
along with those connected with time
and longit e. It need not intersect
any obsi'rvalory, provided " ordinate
he known.
Maury is accredited with . ..gindi.
cated a zero meridian some distanc^e east
of Greenwich. Its nollier lo avoid in-
habited parts, and so obviate the difli-
culty complained of as to dates, I
cannot J)elieve so eminent an authority
overlooked I he advantages of the longest
accessible arc, for connected observa-
tions for th(! higher aims of geodesy and
ipeteorology, thetigures, dimensions auc}
REP LIBS,
108
QUESTION 11.
density ol' the earth, mugiielisiu and tho
law of storms. Those who have; not
given specifil altcnlioii lo the suhj.ict
can iindersttind cleuriv tlie numerous
find trying dillicuities "whirh beset llu-
experim.'iil orass-mhlini,' seiiiiored arcs
howcvfi' am}tli> nnd perr.vi the data, by
rradin},' sonn- irciures hv I'rol' Sanlield
Merriman, published in '\an Nostronds
Magazine, vol. 22, p. p. .i.'], | \:, ,„jcj -13.
The lon^fest land arc is in alxnit 25®
east longitude, from near North Cape to
t he southern sweep of Africa. Tlirouyh
Elurope its posilion is unexcej)lionabh'
J)ut south of thi> Mediterranean its'
siretch of '1,000 milcv is largely in Avaste
and untenable ri'gi(.ns. Cronstadt and
8t. Petersburg are ncaivr tin- mark
But, aecreditinK Stanleys latest disi
covei'ies, the meridian of eitner place
mnsfora longdistance Ifcnythw fse upon
an unexplored divide, for ooo miles
more, lengthwise tluough a svstem of
inland seas as yet imperfeclly known
and for another (iOO, the best, incon-
veniently lo one side of Ihe future main
thoroughfare, the Valle\ of the Nile
Probably there is no better lino afterall
than of the Pyramiil. It is 100 degrees
present division in amplitude. For
1,600 mdes, the northern limb is
through the heart of a populous and pro-
j,'ressive empire of \ ast i-esouices whoso
eollaborateurs in scieni^e are perhaps
second to none. The southern limb
]ia.sses mainly between the great in-
terior lakes, and in fair |troximitv to the
j)oints for primary Irianguhition. It
ascends along the Nile for '.',000 miles
lothe eijualor, wheie it attains a mean
altitude of some 4.,j00 feet, which it
maintains for 1,>200 miles among the
liead sources of the Nile and the Liviiii--
stone 01 Congo and the Zambesi, cross-
ing th« divides at rijjht angle*-, respec-
tively in lU^ and [•- south latilude
and ccntif.ues ihn.ugh the Tr.msvaal
and Ihe Zulu couiilrv to Port Natal in
30° south. Through ihe central pla-
teau it traverses the regions already ex-
plored by Jivingstone, ytanlev and
others, in kingdoms which, thougk
I
104
nEPLlhja.
NAME.
nidc, an' in pari frioiidly mid incliiU'd
towards civili/ation.
TIic wliolc cxtf'iil of (i/JOO milos is,
with iii-npor ontcrprisn, ninjj(!able, t;x-
(;epl, aci'Oi-s Ihn Medilernin<;aii and
Black Seas, iind allbrds a jjfreater niiin-
])i'r of eligible positions for connected
observations than can elsewhere be
found. It. is symnielrita'ly situated
witli respect to the grt'at Indian arc.
Its nether lra\erses Alaska for somi'700
mill's and nearly or ipiile strikes
Otahoilc. This may prove an advan-
tage in I'espoct of snpj)lementing the
main arc ))y pendulum observations.
Those of US who have advocated what
is here termed the cubit as a metre,
have found it somewhat diflicult to con-
nect it logically with geographical
measure in a sidljciently simple way.
This diflicidty is removed in a mea-
sure by the introdu(;tion of hour meri-
dians. And it need not disturb the
bearing offaelstiiat some have proposed
the same metre, as well as the Pyramid
as a reference for longitude, partly on
esoterical grounds.
If we adoi)t Callels suggestion, the
most sensible one ever made, we liaM!
but to choose between the cubit of 2.')
and the unslridable slalf of 50 inches.
And if we enbM'tain in its full scojje,
Maury's grand idea of a meridian arc,
we can scarcely avoid the astonishing
proportions of lh<' oldest monument on
earth.
And it would seem that no JDiire heir-
looms of a i)re-histori(5 metrical system,
if such there was, ha\ e survived the dis-
persion, (>\cept the decimal factor (some
claim tile inch — the\ might intdude the
Guz of Araltia) the hours— emphatically
the four and twenty cldersofastrononiy,
and the older twelve, the regal glories
of her amazing zone. The rest sa f'Urs
strongly of the sarcasm of the seers
upon Babylon — convolution- a rejte-
tend — without which no man may buy
or sell.
REPLIES.
106
NAME.
QUESTION 11.
112 Geo.C. Wilkina I H'"gla.l that the American Society
of tivil Engineers have taken the initi-
1 13 H. P. Dwight '" '"°^' imnorlaul movement.
1 It WiUian. F. Bradbury' ." ." ! 1 ! ; ! . i i ." '. Though it makes no diflbrence and does
not artecl in any way your daily time
suggestions, I hope the days in the
month may be better arrangei. The odd
• nionths say having .SI,! he even .-{O— add-
ingonelooneoftheHOdaynionlhsforleap
year. Feln-uaiy is a nuisance now. Janu-
uary. March May. July, September.
November, .31 days; February, April
115 S. L Werdcn '^»"«. Augu8t,0ctober, December, 30 day^
vvuclcn Ihe only feature that is apparent to
me IS tliat in the lettering of 12 out of
the i?4 hours, the danger of collision or
accidents either by rail or water is less,
and the chances of serious accidents
resulting too fre(iuently therefrom re-
,, T ^\' duced.
1 16 J. AV . Pearl With afhrmation to questions 5 and 6
division of day into hours should have
torm A; as with form B, a time piece
numbered for one meridian would not
117 M. (iid.iings be adapted to another meridian.
118 K. n. Call...' .'.".. ".'.*;
1IJ» J. W. Mallet : : ; ; None, save that if such a system as
tlie one proposed were adopted, it
would seem desirable that for a series
of years at least all the principal time
signal stations should be maintained in
teleg.aphic connection w.tli all the
trustworthy, permanent astrononrcal
observations, so as to bring up to the
highest all ainable point of accuracy, the
knowledge of longiiu.le .lifferences and
120 Fred T Newbcrrv eonse.iuent differences in local time.
i^rea I. JNewbeny I he importance of the subject herein
sel forth requires no words of introduc
lion: all that has been said and writ-
len thereon has not fatlx.med its depths
but in that direction to look for relief
from the perplexities into which we are
rapidly drifting is an excee.lingly
difhcull matter. ^^
The railroads which are one of tlie •
greatest civili/.ing powers of the age in
which we live are the greatest disturbinK
^*"8.«' an<l il '8 to this point we now
particulariy direct our attention in
looking round for a remedy. The firsi
questiun which arises is, shall wo seek
^^
106
REPLIES.
dwtd
!< ad
■<
xNTAME.
QUESTION 11.
a remedy by readjusting civil time ?
If we examine this matter closely, we
will find tiiat any remedy which may
be obtained from this source will only
be partial, and will inbvitably be at-
tended with more or less confusion.
In an island such as Great Britain,
this may be accomplis'iei^ without much
inconvenience, but in a great country
like the Continents of North and vSoHth
America, this is impossible.
On the other liand it must be con*
ceded that civil time, on account of
its universal prevalence, and the hold
which it has upon the literature, man-
ners and customs of the people (besides
the millions of dollars invesled in it),
is clearly beyond the power of the
greatest power in the land to alter.
The question then to be considered
is, if civil time cannot be amended or
altered to give the necessary relief in
the operating of lines of railroads, it
becomes imperative thai railroads should
have a time of their own. This time
we shall call standard lime, to dis-
tinguish it from civil time, and pro-
ceed to consider what this standard
time shall be like, etc.
1st. it will co-exi.st with civil time,
therefore it must be altogether unlike
it, it must register one complete day in
continuous ordei, thuo avoiding a.m,
and p.m.
2nd. It should have neither hours nor
niinutes knoM'ii as such, and be so sub-
divided as to record the smallest (used
or to be used) inlervals of time.
3rd. It should have but one meri-
dian or zero, \\\)on this meridian must
be a liret-class astronomical observatory,
so situated as lo be readily placed in
telegraphic connection with all parts of
the United States.
4th. It should be expressed in
figures altogether different to the man-
ner of written civil time, and also
follow the decimil system of notation,
so that the aggregating of any number of
intervals may be readily obtained in terms
of an entire day or any number of .days.
5th and lastly. This system should
be capable of indefinite ext3Dsion over
the whole of the continent.
REPLIES.
107
QUESTION 11.
Having thus outlined the wants of
the railroad service in connection with
the expedition of its trains, we now pro-
ceed with our solution of the probleui.
Isl. Divide the day from midnight to
midnight into ten parts — midnight being
zero of th( new day and the completed
ten portions of the proceeding day,
a.m. and p m. will thus be eflfectually
set aside. The major divisions of the
day will be entirely different from the
major divisions of civil time, so that the
one can never in appearance be mistaken
for the other.
2nd. It is proposed to call the intervals
of time recorded by our standard E.c Die,
meaning " oul of a day," being written
and spoken simply as E:., thus I PjX or
1..35Exor 2 545 x or in full, Jan. 16t>i
5.375 Ex Die. The whole numbers will
have a value in civil lime of 2 hours
and 24 minutes, the first decimal 14
minutes 24 seconds ; the second decimal
1 minute 20 4-10 seconds ; the third
decimal 8 G4-100 seconds, which we
think will bo fwund a small enough sub-
divisicm for all practical purposes.
'Ard We propose the meridian of the
observatory at Washington as the zero of
standard time ; in its favor we agree
that it is an honor we concede to the
capital of our nation. It being also the
headquarters of the signal service, whose
officers would be, ci-officio, the executive
officers of I he standard time signalling
corps. Having regard also to the fact
tiiat the longitude of all important cities
and places of the United States is already
published and known in reference to the
meridian at Washington ; also that the
facilities for telograpliic connection
between Washington and all parts of the
United States are second to none in the
country.
4lli. The notation proposed for this
service is entirely different from that of
Civil Time and is expressed wholly in
decimals ; the major division of the
day being in tenths and the minor divi-
sions in continued series of decimals, for
instance, 44 minutes past nine o'clock
a.m. at Washington would be 4.055
Ex. Die., 44 minutes past 9 o'clock P.M.
at Washington would be 9,055 Ex. Die
108
HEP LIES.
NAME.
QUESTION 11.
It is apparent that any aggre-
gations of aniall intervals can be
readily expresHcd in days and parts
thereof. It will also be found much
more convenient in communicaling l)y
telegraph with employees, to send state-
ments of time in this notation, and also
nmch more concise, and with much less
liability to error than tlie same expressed
in terms of Civil Time.
r)th. It is evident that no possible ex-
tension of the railroad system could possi-
bly outgrow the limits of our pro])08ed
system, when once the prejudice of our
foreign neighbors was overcome to receiv-
ing time from Washington all would 1)6
plain and straightforward as in our own
States,
One other advantage is, that the rail-
road centres receiving time direct from
Washington each day, and the longitude
of the railroad depot being known, the
change into lucivl time is at once obtained, .
so that the inhalutants of that locality
are at once delivered from the cai)ricea of
dealers in watches, etc., who generally
consider that to stand well with the com-
munity they should have a time of their
t)wn, which of course no rival establish-
ment would think, it wise, prudent or
jtolitic to foHow.
All time tables for the government of
employees would be made out in terms
of Sfinnhirii Time, and they would be
l)rovided with timepieces corresponding
thereto.
Clocks upon which the electinc current
from NV ashington will act and regulat ^
automatically will be maintained at ttio
principal depots.
Time t.ablcs for the public will all be
made out in local time corresponding to
the locality of all im^iortant cities, and
Htations, railroad crossings, ferry land-
ings, etc.
By means of an apparatus (design sub-
milted) the conversion of standard time
into local civil time is readily furnished,
DO as to avoid all possible errors in calcu*
lation.
In conclusion, it becomes manifest that
standard time thus outlined, being ac-
cepted and generally adopted, that at any
instant, say 4.36 Ex. Die,, the actual posi-
RrpLIEfi.
109
NAMK.
QUESTION 11.
Wo" oi any !.rain i inning according to
the Fchedulo, would become known all
over the I 'niled States. Operating time
tablcH would be readily exchangKl and
fully understood, and tlic movementB of
trains fixed with good judgment, would
be carried out with certainty and confi-
dence by those iu charge, though the
light of day be obscured l»y fog, or in the
blackness of stormy night.
121 D, HndFon Shcdaker No Sir.
122 Edward (Jilpin
12,3 John Twigg. , . . I have explained in my replies to the
foregoing (|ueries and I think their sub-
stance is sufficient, and I have to express
the wish that objecis .sought for will be
o1)lained.
124 F, r. Dunnirgton In reading an account of any occurence
in private life, when there is litlle differ-
ence in lal "I udo (••«>/ longitude) we can
correctly assume llie advance of day by
tiie (present) local time when given to
lis, but if the time were quoted in the
proposed standard we might need to con-
sult a map to determine whether the
occurrence was before or after eunset,
sometimes a very important difference,
while now we need only call to mind tlie
time of the year to settle such doubt.
12.') Francis H. Smith I have uotliing to and at present.
12(1 (.larince J. HIake
127 Wm. M. Thornton It is to Ixi regretted tliat it is not possi-
ble to introduce concurrenlly with this
reform the "metric" or centessinial divis-
ion of the quadrant, giving 400 degrees
of longitude, dividing the day into 4
periods of 10 hours each, using 40 stan-
dard meridians and having a maximum
deviation of local from convertional time
of only 1 SOtJi of a day, in our present
units, 18 minutes. The modification in
pure and ap))lied mathematics will, in
time, surely come, but it is perhaps too
soon.
128 Alljevt Chapman Savage I would only say with reference to my
reply to ([ueslion (5 that the standards
N and T seem to divide the territory
better than those mentioned, Ror Allan-
* lie time wtmld thus control all territory
east of the Mississippi Hiver ; and T oi
mountain time all vest of it in the United
States: British Columbia or Alaska time
would be controlled by standard W.
Trains run now to this point from St.
I
no
REPLIES.
ii
j|w NAME.
120 M. C. Fernftld ,
130 John II, Blake.
131 E. Fontaine...
132 Fred Brooks.
QUESTION 11.
Louis on Jefferson City, Mo., 'Ime, west
of here, on San Franoi .co time, 2 hours
earlier.
Instead of using the letters A,B,C, etc.
why rot ase the numbers 1,2,.S, etc.,
since the letters are hut arbitrary sym-
bols, and all Ciinpiitations as between
standards must be b><Hed uprn the
numerical relations of these symbols (or
letters) in the series? Instead of saying
meridian R say meridian 17, instead of
standard R, standard 17. The corrections
for hours become very simple.
I might possibly give some suggestions
if 1 were employed as a professor of physi-
cal geography in some institution which
would give any weight to my opinions; but
having no talent for getting office or ac-
(juiring notoriety, and forced into retire-
ment by either the greater meri*-, or the
greater shrewdness and activity of others,
and engaged as I am in solitary studies of
subjects somewhat in advance of the sci-
entific progress of the age, and which
have employed me for years, I have not
the. time to make the important subject
of measuring time projierly — a speciai
•work — nor the money to enable me to
attend the meetings of the associations of
science, and especially of the Civil
EBgineers, which I greatly regret. I was
compelled lo donate a volume of some of
my holf ciitlahicd, but I'lttl)' itmlcrstood
"contributions to the science of Hydrau-
lic engineering" to the U.S. Government,
not having the money to publish it pi'o
honnpuhUfiK It was published by an Act
of the 4fith Congress in 1879."
The Committee's scheme reduced to
its lowest terms is to use Creenwich
time all over the Avorld, and is to my
mind very c(mimendable, (for fear of
offending prejudices, however, some ad-
vocates of the scheme seem desirous to
disguise its character.) For railroad,
telegraphic and some other purposes,
the advantages of the scheme is
sufficiently evident. But for some other
puri)0se8 local time is retfuired ; for
instance the almanacs give the local
time of the sun's rising and setting the
same over a large territory, whereas
(.litterent places would have their times
REPLIES.
Ill
XI
o
<
NAMfJ.
QUESTION 11.
of sunrise iiiul sunset dillen-nt if staled
always in Greenwich lime. Reference
to daylight and darkness is ui)soiiiti'ly
ni^cessarj- for a great many human
aflairsofRiuoh importance. Theess.fnce
iflhe Conimilti'cs b'rhemr is to slate the
(Irt'cnwieh limt' in two parts, the first
of whicli is suljstantially ioiigiiudi'
^yl■st <tf vjreeinvich, Ihf second local
lime at the mcndian of tliat longilude
Ihus cond)ininK ill tlie Greenwich lime
statement, a h)cal lime also. Foi-instancM
a time of six hours f.Jh ;iOm is half past
5 o'clock al I he meridian six hours from
Greenwich. Greenwich time at that
instant Ijcing 1 1 h :iO(n,(l dont think there
Ihcraisany real advantaL-^ein inillingthe
letters in placi- ol' Ihe ligure six. On
the contrary 1 tinnk it a disadvantage)
The Gomuiitloe remarking that most
people now use, not the exact local
lime(jf the place they are in, hut the
local time of some other j)lace, conclude
that 2i local times would he sullicient
for most of Ihe wants of thi; whole
woi'ld and would he a g;-eat simplilica-
tion. In this conclusion I concur. The
iiumhei-24 ol (iourse is prefei-i-ed hecause
of the universally estahlisiied practice
of dividijig the day into Vs. parts.
Were it not for that, a larger number
of local times would appeal- to me prefer-
able, I think the gi-eatest real oijjection
l() lh(^ ( lomniiltee's scheme consists in the
discrepancy which it would iidroduce
)»etween dock time and apparent solar
time The sun is now on the meridian
at ditferenl seasons of the year, a((uarter
an hour heforeand a i|uartei' of an hour
ttftftr clock noon. By the adoption of
the Gonunittees scheme the discrepancy
would be increased in some jilaces to
three (juarters of any hour, whicli I
think would hc^ found .-i perceptibh)
inconveni<'nce, and might conceivably
justify the introduction of an interme-
diate local meridian for re(;koning lime.
For instance, at a meridian (i^ hours
fromGreenwi(!h,a local time of 2| hours
might be stated so as to be understood
elsewhere as G^ \\-\--l\ h which would
be 8^ hours of Greenwich lime. The
112
JtiJPLJ h'S.
esluMisliitij.' of ii system or lillrrinf/ f jr
5luii(lai'il iiii-r-i(liaiis would noi adiiul dI'
smdi a iiKxIilication, if such sliould |ii-ov(!
to Ite ni'C(!S!?iiry : wlKH'njis a systom of
ninnhrrinu would lend ilsi-U" nuidily
ti; niodiliciitiou.
Oil"! (diaii^t! which lln- iutuic may
brinK 'iliout is ii dccimali/at'on ol' llie
reckoning ol'tiinc and lonjj[litudi'. 'I'jie
division ol' Ihc day into '24 hours wi'!-
soxa^/csiuiiil subdi\ isiou.aud liic divisii i
ol" the f(uadraul iulo 90 dfffi'i'cs with
sexagesimal subdivision (lliou},'h relics
ol' ai(<;icnt iguorau(;e) have lo recom-
mend lliem the same argument that the
C(<uunitlee oiler I'or their standard liuie
sidieme, viz., thai ol" luiirormity near-ly
the whole world over. I.^iit lo secure
this same great heuelit of imirormily in
rt'gard to I he much more imporlant
matters of coinage and ordinary weights
anil measures, uiosl ci\ ili/cd mitions have'
made strenuous cjlorls resulliug in the
general establishment of decimal siili-
divisiou. The KngMsli f-peaking nations
hav(! thus far shown comparative indif-
ference to this gi'and movement. II(,'re
in Mexico decimal coinag*; and the
in(*tric system ol' w<Mghls and measures
have been intrcjduced. The Oonnuitlee's
scheme for unilorm international time
is therefore iiarti(;ularly pleasing lo me
as indicating an increased ai)precialion
in the llnilcMl Slates and Canada of the
iiei-essity of international liurmony.
IJut with otiier units of mi'asure uni-
forndy decimal, I believe that, ultimate-
ly, the measurement of lime and arc,
though alre.idy nearh uniform, will bo
(dumged to u di'cimal systfun
aufl one in whi(di the two will
liarmoni/e with each other, better than
they now do. In planning for the future
J think the Commiltee ought to consider
all such ijossibililies, though it may not
l)e their duty torepiat upon that branch
(lithe time(|uestion. I have accordingly
mailed in a sejiarate circular to .lohn
Mogart for the Gonimitteo, two little
jiapers, "Sur la division dt^cimale do
I'angle et du temps par M. A.I)'Al)badie"
and " Bur le choix de I'unite angulaire
wr
REPLIES.
113
NAMK.
QUESTION 11.
pitr M. .1. Ifiitiel." ArixrllK! Coiiniiitli'O
liiivfl fxaiuiiK^il llit'Ti, if llii'v liavc im
olIii'iiiM' for lliciii tliey iiiiglilbo lurncd
into Uif lil)ruryorilit! A.8.(^.E.
My own upiriirtiis willi idgniil lo tliis
imilltjr \vt'ri'>liili'(l ill I wo impiTs pniiliMl
byll"' AiiM'riciiii Mnl,i'o|o;j;ical Soridylo
which Prof. Kfflcsori ol" your CoiiuniiUfo
will |iroliiibly ^:i\r jicoess. Tlniy wi-re
n^ad br'Toro lluil, sixioty in Miiy |S7S and
hdct'iiiltor 1878. (Jnc of llii'in was
iiii-luiiMii also in an arlicl)^ in Van
Noslrands Maga/ini' loiJiini' 1878 cn-
lilitMl •' Deriiiial ami cIIhm' arilliiiiolical
notations. ■ I lliink tlial a movoiiiont
lor altering •ingiilar and lirar iiinasun's
should Ih' iiiilial«d by usIronoiiHirs ratiicr
Ihiiri h\ Eni-^Mi'iM's who aro l<!ss coii-
<f!rnf'(l tli(;rt'wilh. Wliat il bfhoo\HStho
(iomniiltee lo noilco (as I think) is the
lollowing poinl. Il'tho iiHiidiaii passing
IhroiiKh pailiciMar places upon Iho
t!arllis sui t'aif* bo arbitrarily denoted l»y
parlii-ular Irllrrs of tho alpiiabct and
ostaldishcd as Iho plat^os of standard
linio, IIkmi so iiiucli moid obstruction to
bo uprooted wi'l bo pla ,!d in tiio way of
rfMonning the n-ckoniiig of time and
lon^'itudo, wlioicas if staiKbird iiiori-
iliana Ijo, (Usignated mnncrioillii by
tlii'ir longitude from (ireonwiih, any
altoration introduced in tlw mode of
reckoning' loiigitn(h! an<l tinui would
naturally carry with it the correspond-
ing alteration in the standard refei-ence
meridian, without miicii increase in the
mental etl'ort retpiireil. Suppose for
instance, that the (piadrant sliould be
decimally divided, let iis for convenience
in sjieaking, call (.ne limtli of the quad-
ranl a rlekaf,'rade of arc. Suppose also
that the da\ should be coiTespondiii{j;ly
di\ ided into 'lO |>arts each of which, for
conveuienctj in speaking, wo may coll
a dekagrade ofliiu'3. Then ifT be a
sUmdard meridian iiere in Central
.Mexifio, and people should be in the
the habit of desigiialiiij.' a time as T,
2 hours or other lime of the cloi'k, to
introduce the change I suggest, would
necessitate two things : one the intro-
duction of the dekagrade of lime as the
f
lU
PEP L FES.
I
I
I
I
■vt
1
■^
NAME.
133 N. Boulhillicr de Beaumont
QUESTION II.
unit instead of tho prcsont clock hours,
and the other tlic use instead of T of somc^
other designation of the meridian of
nsforencc, as meridian T would cease to
he at a convenient dibtanco from the
otiier reference meridians Jf on lliu olhei
hand the standard meridian be indi-
cated as 7 hours from (Ireenwich and
time in Tentral Mexico as 7 h + 'l h or
other time of the clock, then to introduce
the (;haDge I suggest would he sub-
stantially our operation instead of the
two hours or 'M4 of a day of local time
wo would have us before to siibstitute
3,333-40ths or 3,333 dekagrados of time.
Instead of the 7 hours of longUtude or
l-Vi of.a circund'erence, we fhouid have
by an operation of exactly the same
nature, to substitute li. GO 7-40 of a cir-
cumferen((; or 1I.G67 dekagrades of
ai-<!. But insliNid ol' actually using
1 1,007 dekagrades + 3,333 dekagrades to
denote lime, we should of course use Vl
dekagrades, + 3 dekagrades or speak of
3 dekagrados lime at the meridian of
12 dekagrades arc, thus substituting the
the meridians of 12 dekagrades as a
standard of reference in the place of that
of 7 hours as the natui'al and obvious
outcome of the change in the unit of
measurement
I hai>peu to think that if it were the
established custom to divide the day
into 40 units of time, as it is the estab-
lished custom to divide il into 24 iinils
that it will be much moi-e convenient to
adopt exactly 40 local times for all the
local business of the world, than it now
is to adopt exactly 24 local times for all
local business. I hav(* no invincible
objections however to any other
system of decimalizing time and longi-
tude besides that one here used as an
illustration. The thing I wish to sug-
gest to the (lommittee is simply that the
door be left open in their project of
uniform standards for any jjrobablo re-
form in luiits of measuremont.
The establishment of the Isl meridian
must be independent ot all nationalities,
must be perfectly ck^ar and natural by
its situation on the surface of the world
HEPLJKii.
134 Andfow Iiigmlinm.
and known by all nations. Tli.- \h'h
ring's strait .lividin^' exactly th,. con-
tin.'nt?, scorns to nic Idvouiablc ibr this
ojioice. Thus Ibr ex. (wipo of I'ri,u;e oC
\Vules .,h (luldni^'hl). WnshinKton
h, centre ot iiiuojM^ Pi h (mid-dny) ii-
Ih(! li.vution or the hours llius J.v 15
per (legrdo is nunihereil hy twelve on
cuch sidf! of the meridian liiid-dav
In heu of answer to the l j (nresiions
containedni your circiihir, please accept
the lollowuig. '
I. Modern lif(> is },'rowing mure and
nioronidilleront to the distinciion of day
and ni^ht; science, l»nsin."ss,lahor,pIea-
sure disregard it more and more. ' The
evidence ibr the statement uhounds hut
Its truth might ho inlerred Irom our
knowledge of the m«ans nt our disjiosal
for turning day into nigh! and night into
day.
2. The more radu-al the rhange, Hio
less It IS connected wilh the hinguage
and calendar of any parli.-ular nutioii.
the more likely ji is i„ mrut wilh "en-
oral acceptance.
3. Local lime is easily provided for
Tho snn and the stars, tln^ ordinary time
piece, almanac, newspapers, ^Vc, insure
sulhcient accuracy. its relation to
universal time can he ea&ily settled
oven by mechanical eonlrivances which
will save the trouble ef icckoiiirg.
4. Let the passage of the sun (moan
sun) across the iiif,,ricr meridian of
(Treenwich, be the iiegimiing ol' the
lirst Hemer; and each suhseipienl pass-
age be the beginning of aiiother liemer;
let this Ilemor be divided into any
convenient number of parts, or for
instance ten, to be again subdivided
into ten and so on. and let a thousand
oJ those Homers make an Eter (or what-
ever other name may be prefered). Let
the time of the beginning of the liist Eter
lie hxed by the position of the planets,
and recorded and published bevond the
possibility of loss; let almanacs, calen-
dars, timepieces or pictures that will
illnstrata their nature be introduced
that will follow Hemer time.
J. Such a system independent of an-
116
HEP LI ESI.
135 Josej.h Trulcli.
niial sun iirtM^i'ssioii itl' f(|iiiti(ixi'H intfr-
fuliilioti cliun^'i' of stylt'.iV';., would servfl
as II stun. In 111 (if i")iii|iai-iHOii lor all
OlhlT riileillliirs, lllld ill' III)! llllWHlcomi'
i thf hislorii'iil iiiiil i;lironolo«iral
Ht» Jil.wliili* thi'ilay ialiorers wliohavn
foifio li'ii llii- stars ami .'Vi'ii liiivto lull
l!!U)> lis Ihff siiii, I'lMilil Iti'giii ami (|uit
work liv till' Di'c.iti's III" ilonier i'mw, as
wi'll as liy till' lioiir of loral tim*'.
In a yonr rioiii now all iho railroads
of this coiiiiliy iiiif-'lil Jn' niii on IIoiiihi'
liino I'liriiislicd i>y soim'ohst'rvalory.aiid
aKrciM wpon aiiioriR tliiMiiselvi's willioiit
waitinj:: fur tJn' I'slalilislinii'tU of an
• ICti'i"' or iiiiy gi'iioriil arlion on Iht*
siihji'ci.
Tho ili'tails oT tin- dnvi'lo|»iiienl nl'
Jiiy sui;li plan as lliis mnst Ix; iel'l to
loinpelenl inimis hy wtioni. indi't'd, it
iiia> JiHve alri'aily hi-'i^n ••onsiilcri'd ami
ri'jo(!<''.i.
Having bi'nn ii'ipu'sli'd to express my
viows on lliis ipiMstion, I iwin only say
that alli'r cari'lul iic.-iisal of lli<' various
jiapers horowitli, I fail to porroive that
Iho aysti'm of Standard Timo proposed
therein to ho siiJisliliiU'd fortho oxisliniJ:
practici', i:oiild he cariM'd into eli'i'ct
witlionl cnlailini,' at least as nmny, and
as inalerial coniiilicationsas occur under
the natural system of nieastn-ini,' record-
ing:; Time wliii'li now prevails.
TheonMically the proposal systiun
would no doiihl he a seienlilie improve-
ment ill sonii' respects on that now
.idopti'd, ami wliirli is eslahlisheil hy
the jiractice of ajfes, hut its introduction
into }j;em'ral iisf would — so far as I can
jud;/e — he productive of hut little prac-
tical heiielit ; whilst it would O'-casion
anomalies in time reckoning,' as jxitween
jilaees closely adjiceiii to each other hut
on opposite sides of the proposed arbi-
traiy lines oftiino limitation, liitle if at
all, loss considerahle limn those now
cxistirip;.
Un the wiiole I think the halancij of
advantages of the existing and proposed
systems, so, even that I cannot favor
the change whicii is suggested hy these
papers.
nEPLfKS.
130 Alex. T. Chrislic.
I. Ailopl primi- iiKTitJidii limp Un- nil
longiliid.'s. Hi'Diiii Ihn (iidiiiniy dial
luin.'d lliiougli (in imKln doiihlo i.r ih,.
loiigiliidi'. Willi (•or-lniiy sign. This
lirings till" lioiirnlliical nit'iidiiui Ininsil
or mean sun to Hit- /<■ lilli iil' llitsdinj and
dis|if)S('s llif hours oi the natiu'iil day
8yninn'lri('.(ill.\ with n'spctl id this /cnilii
When Ihu dial is nnnihtMod u> 'i\,
luiM it thmugh an angle ('t(uul lo ihtt
loiigiludc.
'i. To overcome a porhaps disagrt'(>-
nl»lt« diss\ninn'liy o/llio niiinhors in Ihi-
pi-('<('ding scIkmik), sujieisedc thoni by
symbols having no inuntTic^ai signiii-
c/mco— say by Up ^odiaii'ilsymbols.and
al tliH prinii! infri ..aiis.
.'{. PrdjHct llio carlli itsi-ir upon ihi.
dial \)\nU\ north pole to ccnhc, E(Mit|i
pnit', t'qnator or any cdnvcniiwit parallel
lo (Mrcumli'rcnce. Dcline and properly
desigfiale-,"! nieiidiansat lionr inlt;rvals,
• •ring lh« local niPridian to the zenith ol'
Ihe dial, and direcMlie hour hand to iho
iiKi'in sun. Us(! one of the meridians-
say Hehrings Sirait - to mark the dis-
oimtinuity ol'tlii! day, and the /erool'tho
minnl(i hand, (a' j 'ace IIk; minute hnnd
with tim second liand in an eeeenlrie
rircle (large as |)ossibli') divided to sixty
parts. The quadrants .sav (1) Paelic,
(2) Asia. (;J) Europe an(i Alriea, (4)
Amorira might b,>, distinguished by
colors or otherwise, ami by the actual
forms of th(( land and water di\ision8,
leaving the observer to grapple more
n.'adily with IIk^ live* included merid-
ians of a ifuadrant, etc.
It will be senn that I ami 2 arH the
jiresenl system modilied so that stan-
ilard meridian lime might possiblv
serve the purposes of locij lime and
exclude the latter; 3 does awny with
the odious distinction altogether by
dropping the crude and artilicial, I
might say barbarous device of numlxTS,
and substituting the earth ilaelf for the
dial. The Sun is then the iiid(!x,and we
have returned to thi^ simplicity of things
as wo find them in nature. The great
•Mock maker or the great clock to tell
what time ills, islo tell where the Sun is,
118
REPLIES,
1.37 E. \\ Hannaford.
nnd tlie answer must Jxi llio sumo in all
i|uarler3 of the Crlobe. I mjed not
troul)lc Iho Committee at |jres(!nt, witii
(If'tiiiis ; siionld liic scheme meet with
any degree of approbatirm. I am at their
service with snch details as they may
call for. I may sayth/it I iiave sullicient
conlideiice in the practicability of thr'
plan, to be willing to test tJif matter in
iiny public school in the city. A rougfily
drawn diagram partly, perhaps snllic:-
ently, illustrative of my views acconi-
panifis this paj)er. Not having seen the
(pieslions sent out by the Secretary A. S.
C. E. I can only say that the plan of 2i
lines of discontinuity |)roposed in the
paniphlfM, on S'andard Time set m<? to
thinking imru. .liately how to get rid of
them. None but a (ii'odesist could tell
where they run and hf only after a
trigonometrical survey.
In these remarks 1 desire to be un-
derstood as referring to one universal
standard time (lominon lo all peoples
throughout the world. Appimdix 4,
page 2H.
The division of the earth's surface
into twenty-four meridians, rspresenting
twenty-four hours, and lo conline stan-
dard time to these meridians, although
presenting at first sight a simple method,
yet I think in detail it will be found
complex.
Inf connection w''h this proposal
I submit: it doi's no. appear lo me to be
so objectionable lo make the hours read
to twenty-four consecutively as to sub-
stitute hitters for numbers from 12 to 24.
In nigard to letters as a measure of
time. Such symbols .ire not appre-
ciative. For instance in the ordinary
duties of the day in (uilculating the
number of hours between certain periods
say B o'clock, and V o'clock a person
would have to reduce Band Flo numerals
viz., 2 o'clock and fi o'clock (•both P.M.)
of our present system, and thus obtain
their value as othei'wise B and Fare only
symbols or terms and are not ajjprecia-
tive.
'Ihen in regard to numbering the
hours of the day to 24 copscculiveiy.
REPLIES.
119
NAME.
QUESTION U.
Tliis sy8l(3iii of llio two appears to me to
b*^ the least oJ>jeclionablo.
liiit to a(Joj)t either cawi', and to
destroy the terms A.M. aii<l I'.M. could
not it seems to nw he done, h('cau8(f
these terms sejjarati' the day I'miii the
night. For instance Vi o'clock or mid-
night to us, wcmid ])e noon at our anti-
podes (hut slill U o'clock) and it will
ho seen that as W(! an- legislating ior
time (" throughout th(! world ") there
would hf! ir the hours arc continued
consecutivcily to U, a zero at midnight
and a zero at mid-day ; and as it is pro-
posed to make the local day (|)aragraph
15, ]»agc 20) everywhere comuifmce at
mulnight, it follows that when it is
midniglit with us, i.e.. zero or Vi o'clock
it will he Vi o'clock mid-day at our aidi-
podes 01- 12 liours wrong to accord with
paragraph 15, h<!cause it should h(>
midnight also with th-Mu. Hence then!
is a conlliction that slujws the divisions
A.M. ami P.M. with 12 hours to each to
be necessary, dividing us iliev do the
night from the day,.
The iimchanical alteralions of the
works or dials of all clocks and watches
would be objectionable. The dials must
bt! numbonid from to 2
'» in one circle,
or by a double series of numbers and llu!
i.ino\alion would not be hailed witli
htvor, unless perhai>s bv clo(;k and
watchmakers.
Putting th(! zero meridians in Beh-
'■'"/s straits and making (Ireenwiih
180° partly overcomes a dilliciilty that
would otherwise entiri'lv nullify the
charts commonly used liv iiavigalor«
VIZ., those of (ireat Britain. The (;om-
Jilimeiit to that country is deserved but
il IS only partly done"; and sentiment
aloiK! stands in the wav of naming
(.reenwich UK-ridian (Z) zero instead of
meridian M,
Cities like -New York, Ci.jcago, Ptc,
will, I think, fei'l slighted -m a meri-
dian passes to the f:ast or west of
them and their own local lime now
standard has to b.* sacriliced for a meri-
dian pas.sing through a village or ia tln'
country districts; and this will be
120
REPLIES
<
KAME.
QUESTION 11.
fiugmtMited as capilals und otlier cities
come midway helwecii these slaiidards
Then it w ill bi; that a conllictioii of clocks
will take place involving three diliereiit
tiiiiop, viz., the standards east and west
and local or true time and each clock or
watch will have to Jj-^uir on its face the
initial letter meridL.u it lepresents oi-
there will he still more confusion.
The foregoing are some of the reasons
which in my Judgment are against the
the proposed system, and it fui'ther
appears to me the more llie project is
worked out in detail, the more dilli-
culties will arise, and that the present
method of time, dividing the day
into two series of 12 hours (?ach, A. M.
and P. M., has been devised with a
knowledge of our acquirements and
which has sto(jd the lest of time and ex-
l»erience.
I beg to say with all deference to
the 8))e(:ial Committee of tht- Associd-
tion, I fail in my experience to trace a
single accident to the system of time
now in use : and if, j)ei'chanci', engage-
ments are broken by reason of the
change of time, I think it must be con-
ceded that it will b(! so under the pro-
jtosed system, and that midway betwe n
two meridians will especially be unen-
viable l(>calities to reside in, for they
will b? subjected to three diiferent times
as I have explained, and these
having a maxinnim dilference of one
hour between them. Hence, I think, the
proposition of meridians at stated inter-
\als, and irresju'Ctivc of the cities they
would pass through, together with the
alteration of time, making the hours
consecutively to "2 'i. and with no divisions
of day and night, w«uld be impracti-
cable, and as ajiplied to all peoples
throughout the world wovdd be opjjosed
to the laws of nature.
/>/
3sr O T E.
It. has been comidered advisable to give the replies in precise conformity
with the written text : consequently the numbers of the pa,,e, as thmj are
found in the Pamphlet of the American Society Civil Engineers have been
retained. This course exacted the retention of the same figures in the
questions.
The equivalents in these pages are as follows :
Pamphlet Am. So.. Oivil En«. Present Pamphlet.
Page 28
jrag(
i 4, 0.
" 29 =
* * • *
(f
4, 5.
" 30 -
u
6.
" 31 =
• • • .
<<
7.
" 32 =
• •
...
<<
8.
" 33 =
• .
a
9.
*• 34 =
•
• •
u
10.
i:v\
ALPHABETICAL REFERENCE.
NAME ^^
y,-<
A
Ailams, Julius W H4
Alexander, K. P 01
Aniiersoii, Will. P 84
Archibald, L. B 53
Archibald, P. 8 46
Ashe, E. D 75
B
Barber, James R 91
Bass, Lewis lOl
Beaumont, de N. Bouthillier ; . . 133
Becker, M. J 2
Blake, Clarence J 12(5
Blake, John H IHO
Braflhury, William F 114
Bri^'jfs, Kobert . . 11
Brooks, Fred 132
Brydone-Jack W 108
Buchan, J. M 73
C
Call. R. R 118
Christie, Alex S 136
Clark, Jacob M Ill
Comstock. C. B 13
f^ox, A. B 37
Crosby, Wdson 77
Crowell, J. Foster 29
D
Davidson, C S 55
Davis, Jos. P 46
Dawson, Geo. M 66
Doane, E. A 7
Doane.W. A 16
Dui. Melville 102
Ounnington, F. P 124
Duraye, Julius J 64
Dwijfht.H.P 113
e
Eastman, J. R 90
Eddy, H. T 4
Ellice, Wm. F 94
P
Fernald, M. C 129
Forris.E.G 57
Fletcher. Robert 5
Fontaine, Ed 131
G
Gatchell, George S 79
Oannet, Henry 69
Oiddintfs, M.! 117
Gillespie, J. (j 83
Gilpin, Edwin 122
Gisborne, F. W 35
Goodwin. H. Stanley 10
Greenough, M. 8 16
NAME
3g
■ii
H
Haiffht, Stephen S 3»
Hall, James 22
Hamilton, John B 109
Hannaford, E P 137
Harlow. James H 3ft
Harrinj^ton, Mart W 3
Harrod, B. M 19
Hazen, W'n. B 72
Honninff, B S 48
Herschel, Clemens 9
Hill, Edwin A 96
Horr, Asa 82
Howe,H.A 88
Howe,ivI.G 26
Howley, James P 60
Ing'raham, Andrew J'-A
In^'alls, Kufus 85
Ives, C.J 81
Jacobs, W.E 86
Jennings, W. T 25
Jerome, David H 104
Judson.W.H 76
K
Kennedy, George 74
LeConte, L. J .68
Lynch, Francis J 17
91 ■
Maguire, Edward f>6
Mallet, J. W 119
Master, C. S • 21
Maxwell, James R 16
May, W. A 20
Meigs M. C 98
Mendenhall, T. C 67
Moore, Robert 28
Mnrrav, Alexander 95
MacLeod, Henrv F 110
McAlpine, VV. J 1
N
Newcomb, Simon P 92
Newberry, Fred T 120
Norton. Wni. A 50
Notman, John 30
Tearl, J. W 116
Perry, J. H 41
Philbrick, Edward S 38
Philbrick, P H 6
Pickering, Edward C 69
Pohlnian Julius 99
ALPHABETICAL REFERENCE
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3»
22
109
137
36
3
19
72
48
9
96
. 82
. 88
26
, 60
. r.A
. 85
. 81
. 86
. 25
. 104
. 76
. 74
. 68
. 17
. B6
. 119
. 21
. 16
.. 20
.. 98
.. 67
.. 28
. 95
. 110
1
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.. 120
. 50
. 30
.. 116
41
. . 38
.. 6
.. 69
.. 99
NAME ^'i
-/;■<
P
Potter, T. J oi
Pratt, W. H 78
Pritchett. II. S '.'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.[ 80
Putnam, J. W ' '" 42
B
Richardson, Henry B g
RobinHon, Moncure 39
Rowan, James H ....'..'.'." 18
;ioyce, H. F 70
S
Sampson, W. T jqs
Savage. Chapman Albert l-'8
bayre Robert H 27
Sehreiber, Collingw'ood 58
Schott, Char. A ........ 103
^<edifwick, Thon-as S ««
Sewell,.!. ^ '...'.'.[[[[['.' 71
Shedaker, D. Hudson ............ 121
Shailer, Robert A ko
Smith, H. S. S .".'.'!.'!.".'." 107
Smith, Francis H joe
Smellie, W. B .'."!'.'.'."".'.'.'."! 32
Spencer. S ....!.'! 12
Stearns, F. P !!.'.!....! 54
Stevens, H. E 47
Stone, Orniond '.'..'..'. 106
Swan, Charle.-i H 40
Sweet, W. A. .'.".'.".'.'.'.■.■ 24
Taylor, D. R gg
Thornton , Wm. M ' . 127
Titlow, J. Milton 40
Towar, F. M '.'.".'.'.'.'.\'.\\'.'. 63
Trutch, Joseph ' " " 135
Tully, Kivas 40
Tupper, Sir Charles , 44
TwiKi,', John ....'.'.'.' 123
Upton, Winslow gy
Ward, CD.... 97
Werden, S. L ".'.'.'./.'.'.'.'!... n.^
Wilkins, Geo. C 112
Wood, DeVo'son 93
Wood, J C 100
Wood, W. H .'.■ 6^2
Wurtele, Arthur S. C 13
Young, C. A 51