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••aocory rbowtion tbt chart

lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 21

136

■ 75

1.8

^«^

A APPLIED IIVHGE

:ay- '653 East Ma.n Street

p^S Rochester, Ne<w rort. ■--5 iit;

^g (?'6) *82 - 0300 - Phore

^^ (^16) 2B8 - 5989 - Fo»

frmlittntei.

I'UTK. I.

Wolf Cttfti.ii, P.'lly Kiver.

PuvrK II.

51111

Kws Kiver, belnw Kapidn.

CANADA

DEPARTMENT OF MINES

OEOLOOICAI. lUXVZT BBAHOH

Hon. W. Templeman. Minister, A. P. Ixjiv, Dkpity Mixutu;
R. W. Bkock, DiRErToi.

A RECONNAISSANCE

ACROSS THE

MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS

ON THE

PELLY, ROSS, AND GRAVEL RIVERS

Yl KON, AND NORTH WEST TERRITORIES.

JOSEPH E££IE.

OTTAWA
GOVERNMENT PRINTIXCJ BURKAU

1910

5419-1

No. 1097

ac.

^985

Ottawa, April 27, lOOff.
To 1{. \V. Bmn.'K, Ksq.,

Dirci'tor (ic(>loKi<'al Survey,

Department of Mine«.

SiH, — I heg hiTiwitli In *iiliinil a ri'port un an exploration aeDss
tlie Araokcn/.ic nupiintaiii'i in the Yukon, ami North WVst Tcrritoric-i.

TIk; report i» aeemn-'auieil liv a iiuip an<l photOKraplis for illus-
tration.

I have the honour to be, sir,

Your obedient servant,

(Signed) r. KEKLE.

.Ml!) li

CONTENTS.

I'M.f

Iiitrfnlii'ti(iii '

Hi^tdriial '"

IiMliarix "

'rnprtKrajiliy —

• ii'iicial <l<'s< ription '-

Yukim iilatt'nii •♦

IMiitoini raiiKi-" '*

Maekfiiiif innuntainit 18

MtK'ki'iizli' valley l"

I)iaiiiaKt> '"

Cliinntc 22

I'auiia 2*

I'lir tittdf 2B

V»r>-^'< »

Tiaii-|iiirtatioii 2"

r,..„lc,i,.y- -

rjpfipral fU'^cription •»!

Kork f(iiniati"iii« ami <li«triliiitinM S3

Stratiti'd n.. ks 30

Siipc'tticial ili'pi)»iti 42

Olaciation 44

Efonomir peoU>j;y 47

Index SI

ILM'STRATIONS.

piinrnnBii'iis.

riatc I. Wolf cafton, I'plly river Froutif>pirce

II. Ross river, below rapi<N

" III. DiRKram of mountain systems in northwe-tern «"anaila. 12

" IV. View of Mount Sli.'Mon fron, Sheldon lake IB

" V. View of valley of the .toss river at Field lake 16

" VI. Terraces of ({ln''ial clay, Ross river alKivo Sheldon lake. 18

VII. View of It«i niountaiiiM from Ross river 18

" VIII. Wilson peak, from Christie pass 22

" IX. Olariated mountains near source nf Oravel river.. .. '."2
X. Post-(flacial oanon on brook near Sprinu ramp, dravel

river SO

" XI. Indians in nmnseskin boat deseendinu Oravel river.. .10
" XII. View looking up vnllev of "^'> Oravel river from Mt.

Sekwi ".. .18

" XIII. Sekwi canon, carved in Sil' ■ limestone ,38

" XIV. Mountains of the .'sayunei .^e, .N'at'a river »»

" XV. Mount Helthore, and Shezai cafion, Uravil rivi'r.. .. 44
" XVI. Valley of Oravel river, and Tigonankweine rang.', above

mouth of Twitya river 46

" XVII. Cliffs of Or.lovician sandstone, overlyinir a sill of

diabase, slopes of Mount F.duni, Oravel river.. .. 46
" XVIII. Oravel river flowing through foothills in Markeniie

valley 4H

" XIX. .Ti'iiitiiiri of Oravel river with the Mackenzie (f

innn. i!,f..i..

Yukon.

Mill, '.f IN

i.nd Oravel

A UKCoNNAISSANCE

ACROSS THE MACKENZIK MOINTAINS

UN TIIK

PELLY. ROSS, AM> CRAVEL RIVERS

■T

.losKPii Kkki.k.

INTBODUCTION.

The prt'iient report is based on the results of invent ipat ions made
during a portion of thf years liK)T-», in the niountiiin rt'Ki'i'i lying
Ictwivn the Telly and ilackenzie rivers.

Since 1897— the year following the dii<i'ovcry of sold in tlin
Klondike— field work has l.een larried on in the Yukon territory l>y
various members of the Ceoloxical Survey. This work has, hitherto.
been confined principally to the areas where aetive mining was in
operation, and these have been described more or less in detail.

Owing to reports brought in from year to year by prospectors and
others concerning minerals in the outlying districts, a more extended
knowledge of the territory- sec.n<<l dc-xjnible, he.ice I \va.4 instructed
to examine the country in the vicinity of the upper Felly river, and
sub-iequently carry m an exploration aeross the mountains to the
Ma<'kenzie river.

I was accompanied throughout most of the journey by two resi-
dents of the country engaged at Dawson: namely, R. B. R"iiu!'..
and J. M. Christie. It is impossible to speak too hiKhly c' 'v.-
services rendered by these men; suffice it to say here, that owing to
their :«kill, energj- and foresight, an expedition, which in less capable
hands was liable to be attended by disaster at any stage, was carried
through in safety and comparative comfort.

Through the courtesy of the Yukon government, the services of
Mr. Robert Henderson— assistant to the territorial mining engineer

Cii;OI.O(iICAL SUKVEY, CANADA

— were placed at our disposal during the summer of 1907. Mr.
Henderson did some careful prospecting, and collected specimens on
the Pelly, Iloole, and Ketza rivers, and on several creeks.

From July 1, 1907, until July 20, 1908, was spent in the field,
only a portion of this time being spent in actual survey work. Inac-
tivity through stress of weather; the labour incident to travelling
through a mountainous country, and the necessity of procuring a
portion of our food from the region passed over, consumed the
remainder of the time.

The early part of the summer of 1907 was devoted to an examina-
tion of the main Pelly, for a distance of 140 miles above its conflu-
ence with the Koss river; the object being to gain a knowledge of
as much of the topography and geology in that direction as time
permitted; also to inquire into the truth of a report brought down
by some trappers of the existence of an active volcano in that
region, and if possible to trace out the Pelly river to its source.

After overlooking the region from several mountain tops, and
examining the bed-rock and stream gravels for evidence of recent
volcanic rocks, the conclusion was forced upon me that there was no
truth in the statement.

The course of the Pelly river could be traced for a considerable
distance beyond the point at which I turned back, and up to
which an actual survey was made. Afterwards, during the winter
journey, the source of what is believed to be the main Pelly river
was seen from a hill near the head of the Ross river, the drainage
being placed on the map provisionally, according to these observa-
tions.

Before setting out on the journey, it was decided to use the
Ross river — one of the main tributaries of the Pelly — as a route most
likely to lead across the summit of the Mackenzie mountains to the
head-waters oi the Gravel river, which flows into the Mackenzie.
This surmise subsequently proved correct; for, after following the
Ross river nearly to its source, a gap was found in the mountains,
about five miles in length, and containing the divide. After passing
through this gap a small stream was found at its northeaatem end,
which proved to be the extreme head of the main branch of the
Gravel river. The unnavigable jwrtions at the heads of t'"
Ross and Gravel rivers and the divide, were passed over during the
late winter; the necessary outfit being hauled on sleds by three dogp,
in relays — the distance being about 100 miles.

MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS, TUKOX

We were entirely thrown upon our own resources after leaving
the mouth of Ross river. During the jouriiey we built two boats
and one cabin, and, until the Mackenzie was reached, saw no person
except a small band of wandering Indians at the head of the Gravel
river.

This report is to be regarded only as a fir?t contribution in a
study of the geology and topography of the ^Mackenzie mountains,
from observations made on a single line across their greatest width.
The method by which the survey was carried on varied with the
conditions and exigencies of travel. A micrometer and compass
survey was made of the portion of the Pelly river examined, together
with sketches from transit bearings on some of the moimtains along
its course.

The survey of the Ross river to Lewes lake was made by estimat-
ing or pacing distances along the river bank, and compass bearinps.

From Lewes lake to our spring camp on the Granil river, the
distances were measured by a 100 foot steel tape, and ponipass bear-
ings; sketches, and bearings on pro linei.t mountain peaks with the
transit, being taken at intervals.

The Gravel river was surveyed partly I y micrometer and compass,
ati^l partly by estimated distances; but in addition to this, mountain
peaks were occupied at intervals of six to ten miles along its course,
from which sketches of the neighbouring country were made, using
transit bearings.

Differences of elevation were measured by careful readings of two
reliable aneroid barometers.

On the map that accompanies this report, the Pelly river from
Ross river to Campbell creek was taken from Dawson's survey in
18S7 ; and the portion of the Mackenzie river shown is from Ogilvie's
survey of 18S8. The !Macinillan and Stewart rivers are from surveys
mndo by the writer in 1902 and 1905. Where the streams are shown
by dotted lines, the drainage is known to exist; but has not been
surveyed.

Only such features a^i can be shown on such a small *cale are
placed on the finished map, a fairly comprehensive idea of the relief
of the region being expressed by means of approximate contour lines
placed at vertical intervals of approximately 500 feet. The map is
by no means an accurate one ; but it will prove a reliable guide for
the use of future travellers in that country.

GKOI-OfilCAL SUUVKV, CANADA

HISTeBICAL.

In 18S7, Dr. G. M. Dawson' made a journey from tlie Stikine
river to the Yukon, fcillowing the Liard, Franeea, and Finlayson
rivers. Crossing tlie Pacific-Arctic divide at the head of the latter
river, he reached tlie banks of the Polly a few miles above the
mouth of Campbell creek, and descended that river to the Yukon.

In Dr. Dawson's report is an account of the first exploration of
the Liard and Polly rivers in 1S40, by Mr. Robert Campbell, of the
Hudson's Bay Company, llr. Campbell named the Pelly river after
Sir II. Pelly, a governor of the Company, and the Ross river after
Chief Factor Donald Ross.

In the winter of 1893, ifr. Warburton Pike^ crossed from the
Liard river to the Pelly lakes, by way of the west arm of Frances
lake and Ptarmigan creek. When the spring opened he descended
the Pelly and Yukon rivers to Bering sea. The published account
of his journey contains a map of the Pelly lakes and vicinity, and a
short account of the geology by Dr. Dawson, based on rock specimens
brought out ly Mr. Pike.

The years 1897-8 saw great numbers of people — attracted by the
newly discovered rich gold-tield of the Klondike — travellinjr "vcr
various routes to reach that desirable goal. Owing to a defective
knowledge of the geography of the country, many attempted to reach
that field from the valley of the ^Mackenzie. Of the thousands who
chose that route, several died, the greater number turned back, but
a persistent remnant filtered by various passes through the mountain
barriers into the Yukon country. Of the latter, was a party which
started from Fort Norman on the iiaekenzie river in the month of
November, 1897, hauling their outfits on sleds, under the guidance of
an Indian. They followed the Indian trail to the Gravel river, and
went up the Twitya river to the divide. After crossing the divide
they followed one of the branches of the Iless river, reaching boating
water on this stream in April, 1893, and descended the Hess and
Stewart rivers to the Yukon. Little was learned from their experi-
ence besides tales of hardships endured, except the fact that they
crossed the divide through a low pass containing several small lakes
which were at least 1,000 feet below timber line.

t G. M. Dawioii. The Yukon distrirt ond British Cnhimbin, Ann. K"p.
Geol. nnd Xat. Hist. Survey of Canada, Vol. III.. Part I. B.

- W.irhurton Tike. Through the sub-Ar<tic I'orest. Kdward Arniild,
London. 1891!.

MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS, YUKON

Diirinjt tlio season of 1902, Mr. R. G. McConucU' ami mvsdf
made a reconnaissanco survey of the MacmiUan river and a portion
of its main branches, to within about .. ighty miles of its source.

In 1905, r explored the Stewart river as far as the Tasin
nioimtains, and during the same year Mr. C. CaniselV' crossed the
divide and surveyed the Wind and Peel rivers.

Previous to the present exploration nothing was known of the
upper Pelly, the Ross, and Gravel rivers, and the great area which
they drain.

Some of the early explorers who travelled down the Mackenzie,
noted the mouth of the Gravel river in passing, but there is nothing
more co icerning it in their journals, with the exception of ;Mr. A. 11.
Murray,* of the Hudson's Bay Company, who mentions it as a prob-
able route from the ilackenzie to the Yukon waters. He, however,
ascertaine<l from some Indians who knew the country, the impossi-
bility of using such a route.

The name of the river appears to have been given by the fur-
traders, from the number and extent of the gravel bars on its lower
reaches. The Indian name for the main river is the IJaeotyeh,
signifying the ' meat drying river,' and the north branch they call
the Twitya, or the ' river that flows from a lake.'

Indians.— A small band of Indians, numbering about 110, includ-
ing men, women and children, inhabit the country in the vicinity of
the Ross and Pelly rivers. These people trade their furs with Messrs.
Lewis and Field, who established a small trading post at the mouth
of the Ross river about 1900. Previous to this they traded at the
distant Hudson's Bay Company's upper post on Liard river. The^e
Indians have always been careful during their hunting expeditions
noi to approach too closely the headwaters of the Ross or Pelly rivers
on account of evil spirits, in the shape of gigantic Indians, who were
supposed to inhabit the mountains about the divide.

About 100 Indians hunt and trap on the Gravel river and il:;
branches, trading fur and dried meat at the Hudson's Bay Company's
post at Fort Norman. They are called the Mountain men in dis-
tinction to the Indians who hunt on the plains around Great Boar
lake and trade at the same post, and are a superior class of men

1 Summary Report of the Gool. Survey of Canada, 1902.
2.1. Keele. The fper Stewart River region, Yukon.
3 C. Camsell. I'cel river and tributaries, Yukon and Mnckenzie.
■♦ A. H. Murrav. .Tournal dated Youcon, May 1. 1848. Bulletin of the
Archives Branch, Ottawa,

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, CANADA

to these or the Pelly Indians. The Mountain men nml tlieir fnmilics
generally leave Fort Norman in [September, walking over a direct
trail to the Gravel River valley, up which they trnp and hunt. Some-
times (luring the late winter th'^y cross the divide, to the headwaters
of the Stewart, Macmillnn. awl Ross rivtis, whero certain l<in(ts of
fur are more plentiful. In the spring they r"turn to the Gravel
river and build mooseskin boats, in which they descend that river
to the Mackenzie. The Mountain Indians have hunted on the Gravel
river for a long time ; thee are meat-drying racks everywhere along
the stream banks. Some of their signs are very old, showing evi-
dence of stone implements having been used.

It was probably a long time before they grew bold enough to cross
the divide, but even now they are careful not to go far down the
streams on the western slopes for fear of meeting the fierce Yukon
Indians; so that mutual fear and distrust have established a dead
line over which representatives of neither side pass.

The white trappers who came up the Yukon tributaries in the
years following the Klondike rush, having no traditional fears, made
large catches of marten and beaver in this avoided territory.

In 1898, Mr. Frank Braine brought a party of Indians from Fort
Good Hope, across the Mackenz' mount.oi-s, and established them
on the Stewart river at the mouth of Lansing river. He erected a
trading post at this ijoint, bringing up his supplies from Dawson
every summer.

The Indians on the Peel and Wind rivers have gone over the
summit to Dawson to trade of late years, instead of to Fort
JfcPherson as formerly. So that gradually tho evil repute of this
great mountain divido is passing from the life of the Indians.

The Indians, unfortunately, are not thriving; disease yearly
decimates their thin ranks, and even tho picturesque and hardy
Mountain men are succumbing under its dreadful influence.

TOPOGEi^PHY.

General Description.

The highlands which lie between the Yukon and Mackenzie rivers
are a portion of that great mountain system known as the North
American Cordillera, which forms the western border region of the
continent.

I-IMK III.

.■>41!l l'. 1-'

hia^rain nf Mnniitaiii S\>ti'lii> in \i'rtli\\H..tfMi CiUiitfla.

MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS, YUKON

Two of the well-known topographic types that exist in the better
known southern portion of the Cordillera have their nortliern
counterpart in this region.

Tl\e ooutitry of coir.puratively low relief bordering the Lewos
and Yukon rivers, to which the name Yukon Plateau has been
appli'jii ciirrcsiKiiid:* in position and topography to the Interior
Plateau region of British Columbia.

The higher and more rujr>{cd mountains to the east, which form
the wutiT-parting betwaen the upper iviard and Yukon on one side,
and the main ilarkciizie river on the other side, represent the north-
western continuation of the Kocky mountains proper. The name
Mackenzie moun; ilns is given to this portion of the system.

The ilaekenzio mountains appear to be well defined; their axis
is crescentie, the southern point lying in the valley of the Liard
river, and the northwestern extremity reaching the lowland between
the Yukon and Purcupine rivers.

It is the greatest mountain group in Canada, and appears to
consist of two ranges, an older western range, against the eastern
edges of which a newer range has been piled.

The names Selwj-n range and Ogilvie range have been applie<l in
former reports and on previous maps, to cover a considerable portion
of these mountains. It has been found impossible to define the
limits of those subdivisions, on topographic grounds, hence the name
Mackenzie mountains hns been given to the highlands as a whole.
The name Selwyu mountains has been restricted to the mountains
lying between the forks of the Macmillan river and IIoss river, but
it remains for future investigators to assign the proper limits to the
Ogilvie range.

A number of important rivers have their source in, and flow for
considerable distimoes through the !N[aekeiizie mountains. Draining
the eastern slopes and falling into the Mackenzie are the Nahanni,
Root. (Jravel, Cnrciijou. Arctic Ked rivor, and Peel river. On the
western side and tributary to the Yukon are the Pelly, Stewart,
Kloiidike, and ('h:mdin<lu: while the southern and southwestern
slopes are drained by branches of the Liard.

The western front of the \ii ckenzie mountains merges into the
Yukon plateau at various localities, so that it is often difiBcult to
define the bordci- line between these two topographic provinces.
Se%-eral detached mountain groups are so well separated from the
main range that thoy have been treateij on former occasions as

OKOI-OURAI. SfKVKY, I ANAUA

distinct fentiireg, and they are also de^cribt'd accordingly in the
following pages.

On uocount of structural differences, the eastern portion of the
Muckenzie mountains is more capable of subdivision as regards topo-
graphic features than is the western side.

There arc two, or probably three parallel ranges which cross the
Gravel river, trending in a northwest-southeast direction, with crests
duminating the country on each side of them.

On Pere Pettitot's map,^ published in 1875, the mountains flank-
ing the western side of the Mackenzie river are designated the
Sa-yunne-kwe or Ti-konan-kkwene, signifving 'rocks of the big-
horn' and 'backbone of the earth.' These names, with a slight
variation in the spelling, have been adopted for two of the ranges.

The Sayunei range crosses the Gravel river at its junction with
the Natla, and the Tigonankweine range crosses below the mouth of
Twitya river.

Tnkon Platean.

Bordering the Lewes, Yukon, and lower portion of the Pelly rivers,
is a broken upland country in which hills, valleys, ridges and moun-
tains succeed one another iu an irregular manner and without
system. A spectator, standing on one of these hills at an elevation
of 2,500 feet above the river, sees flat-topped or dome-shaped hills,
connected by a multitude of long, level or gently-sloping ridges, the
whole forming a fairly even sky-line. Overlooking the depressions
in which the drainage channels lie, the observer could conceive the
tops of the ridges and hills to indicate the remnants of a former
plain, of a rolling or undulating character.

The assumption here is, that a plain of such a description once
stood at a much lower elevation, but hus since been uplifted. The
effect of the uplift was to increase the erosive power of the streams
over the area, and consequently to cut the plain to pieces, thus
evolving the present type of topography.

In the vicinity of the Yukon and Pelly rivers the flat-topped
summits of this region have a general elevation of abcut 2,500 feet
Hbove the rivers, or about 4,000 feet above sea-level.

The principal valleys within this area have gently-sloping walls,
with a tract of fairly level lowland a few miles in width borderinp:

1 Bulletin <le la Society de G4ographie, Paris, 1875.

MAfKK.VZlK MOUNTAINS, YtTKOX

the rivers. These strips of lowland along the main rivers constitute
the only available land for aBricuItural purposes in the region.

The higher portions of the plateau are covered with grass or
scrub, while dark-green coloured groves of spruce partljr cover many
of the bottom lands and extend a considerable distance up the sloiies
of the valleys. In many places level terraces follow along the sidea
of the hills, forming wide and easy steps, which are usually thinly
wooded with poplar or small pine or covered by a rich grassy turf. In
fact much of the Yukon plateau resembles the attractive foothill
region east of the Rocky mountains, in the Province of Alberta.

Plateau Bangei.

The Pelly river flows through the plateau region, from the mouth
of the Macmillan river to the Yukon, a distance of seventy-five
miles. East of this point is a belt of broken and rugged country, but
with mountains of Alpine character, whose higher peaks rise to a
height of 7,000 feet or more above sea-levol. These mountains, which
roughly trend northwest, are g^roups rather than a continuous range,
being often widely separated by extensive low-lying drainage
channels, or by stretches of hilly country of low relief.

Several of these mountain srroups are known by distinctive
names — the Pelly and Glenlyim mountains border the Pelly river
to the south, and the Macmillan, McArthur, and Kalzas mountains
lie to the north of the Macmillan river.

The change from the plateau region to the more rugged typo of
mountains is generally by a gradual transition, but in some instances
these rugged masses rise from the plateau as from a pedestal, hence
the name plateini ranges is used here for purposes of description.

Spurs from the main ranges lying to the east approa;ih close to
these plateau ranges, so that it is often difficult to define the western
l)order of the former, especially as the same type of mountain and .1
similar topography exist in both divisions.

The vall°ys that branch in all directions through the plateau
ranges are generally basin-shaped, having broad alluvial flats border-
ing the rivers, and easy side slopes reaching to the summits.

It has be-'n suggested by Dr. Dawson that these isolated moun-
tains may represent the remnants of a former range, having an axis
nearly parallel with the main range, and antedating it as a physical
feature. But since several of these mountain masses are known to

OKOLOOICAL BURVEY, CANADA

h«ve granite cores, which harden the atdimcntary rocks in their
vicinity, and the g'Sat thickneinet of artrillite* in the country rock
elsewhere are easily weathered, their isolation may be due to pro-
longed differential erosion, acting on a generally uplifted and de-
formed region.

The Polly and Olenlyon mountains, however, are more widely
separated from the main range than any of the other groups, l>y a
belt of plateau country — rather higher in elevation than the Yiikon
plateau— which extends south ard from the Pelly river, embracing
the upper Liard and the I ances rivers. There is not siifficient
knowledge at present concerning these mountains, to state their
relationship to the plateau or the main ridge with any degree of
certainty.

Xaokeniie Xonntaint.

The high, rugged mountains, farther up the streams, east of the
flanking groups, and including the divide, present a fairly massive
front, with no important lowland oreas breaking their continuity.

The crest line of these mountains is uneven both in course and
in profile, for included within them are groups of mountains of a
more subdued type, and many wide, branching valleys, that are
trenched well back to the main divide. The structure is charac-
terized by folding, genurally on a broad scale, which has thrown the
strata into a series of anticlines and synclinea; but the folding is
sometimes close, and in certain cases the folds appear to be over-
turned and overthrust. Many structural details, however, are con-
cealed by the easy, well-wooded v ey slopes, but the outcrops for
long distances on the rivers often show steeply-inclined beds of th"
same kind repeated at intervcls.

The topographic features are governed to some extent by the
geology, for although the main drainage ways, as adjusted at present,
cut across hard and soft strata alike, many of the wide valleys are
carved out of the soft strata, while the higher ridges and peaks are
formed of the uptilted hard beds. The highest peaks and the ones
displaying the most rugged crests are built of granite stocks or
pillars, which from their hardness, and greater resistance to weather-
ing, continue to stand above the surrounding sedimentary rocks.

Ihe surface features in general, are those which result from long-
continued differential erosion, acting on a generally uplifted and
deformed region. Certain modifications have been introduced by

I'l »nt IV.

•'^-.V

r. f '

Vii'M iif Mount "^hrliliiii from SlifMiui l,tik<'

ri.AT>: V.

MIH 1). 1(1.

Vii'W iif vallfj- of the Kiisx River lit Fiilil Lake.

MAiKKN/.n MOrXTAINN, Yl KOX

KliM-i il ii'tioii, Hurh RK tlic Kimxitliinii of iii'fiuulitii"* in tlic Unl-WM-k,
»nj the Aixmng of th • im in yallty* with drift, thui iubmerffing the
lower slope* of the niomitnini4. Tho lakes anil iwnd* of various size
which so often oceur in the valleyf, owe their origin, in many cm«,
to glacial action.

The higher inouiituiii p»aks of thi-t region often exice<l 7,000
feet in height above xeii-level, Hnil ii few isoliited peaks probably
measure 8.000 feet, while the »iimniits of many of the groupii asso-
ciated with them di> not txi-eed alKiiit «,000 feet, the vertical lief
being from 3,000 to 4,S00 feet.

Tho summit of the Christie pass, btitween t'r e heads of the Rost
and Gravel rivers, stands nt a considerable clevution, being about
4,525 feet above nea-levcl, but there are roiitrs on the Miumillnn and
Stewart river*, leading to the Mackenzie waters, which arc said to
traverse valleys lying well below timber line, containing t^mall lake*
and on ill-defined water parting at tho divide.

Tho mountains in the vicinity of the wafcrshod are not higher
than many of the groups situatcil nt considerable distances from it,
so that tho divide is not the most important clement in the relief of
til ' i-es;ion, and does not form a natural division line separating tlw
eastfrn and western lopes as distinct topographic provinces.

The devc .j>ment of valleys at the headwaters of streams is
furt'..er advanced on the western side of the divide, this advantage
being probably due to the greater amount of precipitation, and con-
sequently the greater erosive power excri"ise<l on that side.

About forty miles cast of the divide the topography changes in a
marked degree, and a more compact and rugged mountain region is
entered. The drainage channels of this region are confined in narrow
valleys, with stoep, barren slopes of rock and talus, the rivers in the
bottom flowing in a very contracted bed, which at rare intervals
opens out into a narrow alluvial flat.

The structure of these mountains differs from that of the ranges
to the west, being apparently due to fracturing, buckling and
faulting of the strata, and the residual masses present the appear-
ance of a series of faulted and tilted blocks. The principal lines of
fracture are in a northwest-southeast direction, and the beds have a
prevailing southwesterly dip.

Escarpments produced by tilted strata, overlooking fault valleys,
are the most prominent features, but they do not appear to persist
in alignment for any great distance.
5419-2

GKOLOOICAL SUBVEV, CaNADA

The highest peaks are roughly pyramid-shaped masses, carved
from the harder of the stratified rocks of which the mountains are
built. They vary in elevation from 6,500 to 7,500 feet, with a height
above Gravel river of 3,500 to 6,000 feet. The denudation of these
mountains has not reached such an advanced stage as that exhibited
by those to the westward; the valleys are narrow and steep-sided,
and the grade of the drainage channels is much stoeper.

The Mackenzie mountains, as a whole, have a maximum width of
about 300 miles ; there is no well-defined crest line, but they appear
to be rather a complex of irregular mountain masses, which are the
result of deformation and uplift. The topography of the western
portion bears evidence of long-continued differential erosion, while
the eastern portion has the appearance of being in a more youthful
topographic stage. Both in geology and structure the eastern por-
tion of thi-se mountains is olosely related to the Rocky mountains
in southern Canada.

Mackenzie Valley.

On the Gravel river the high mountains approach to within a
distance of about fifty miles of the Mackenzie river, and are then
rephu^od by a belt of foothills about ,3,000 feet in height above sea-
level. These foothills in turn decline in elevation and finally die out
in a broken, wnndeil plain, about 600 feet above sea-level, bordering
the Ifackenzie river.

About twelve miles eastward of the Mackenzie rises a narrow
range of mountains, parallel to the river. These are known as the
Franklin range. They are a spur of the Rocky mountains which
crosses the JlnokeTi/ie rivrr at latitude 62° .W, or near the mouth of
the Nahai.ni river. They nttain their greatest elevation opposite the
mouth of the Gravel river, tlie principal peak being Mount Clarke,
about 5,000 feet. According to Pcre Pettitot, this range can be
traced almost to the shores of tlio Arctic ocean.

DRAINAQE.

A portion of the drainage of tlie western slope of the Mackenzie
mountuins falls into the Frances river, and thence by the Liard and
Mackenzie rivers into Beaufort sea, but the greater part is taken by
tributaries of the Yukon river to Bering sea. All the drainage of
the enstern slope falls into the Mackenzie river.

I>1 \IK VI.

■Ivrniir .,f <;lMiiiil rhy. I!..-. Kn.r. alnnc Shililcn I.;iU.'

I'l.MK VII.

r.4iii p. IN

VirH of Itsi MoiiMtaiii* fi'iiiii Km>s l!iv>r.

MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS, YUKON*

1»

There is a great disparity both in river development and stream
grades between the two sides of the divide.

On the western slope the water flows from near the divide, for
a long distance, through valltys of mature erosion with an easy grade
Lefore reaching the master stream, the Yukon; while the streams
on the eastern slope fall rapidly for a comparatively short dis-
tance and reach a much lower level at their junction with the
Mackenzie. For example, the Ross and Pelly rivers have a com-
bined length of 450 miles, and enter the Yukon at an elevation of
about 1,500 feet above sea-level, while the Gravel river, 255 miles
long, enters the Mackenzie at a height of about 200 feet above sea-
level.

Owing to the great difference in precipitation the streams from
the west side of the divide carry down to the Yukon more than twice
as much water as the streams over an equal area on the eastern side
Thus the Gravel river am ts branches do the work on the eastern
side of the divide, while the combined efforts of the Hess, :Macmillan,
and Ross ■^rs are required to carry the water from the western
slope; tl .iravel river being about equal in volume to the
Macmillan.

The higher mountains of the western slopes are more or less
covered with snow during the greater part of the year, and receive
a moderately copious rainfall; so that they are the gathering ground
of numerous streams. These flow into the forks of the Pelly,
Macmillan, and Ross rivers, which have a general southwest direc-
tion before joining the main stream. The grr-'cr part of the main
drainage ways, therefore, lies transverse to tlie strike of the rocks,
and to the trend of the mountains. The main Pelly river, however,
flows in a general northwesterly direction, along the strike of the
rocks, and in a valley flanked by parallel mounta'n ranges.

The time of flooding generally occurs ccrly in June: when the
rushing waters of the streams become powerful erosive and scour-
ing agents, effectively removing the surfai-e deposits of various kinds
which floor the valleys, sometimes to great depths. These deposits,
which consist of glacial drift and silts, form the banks of the
streams, but an occasional spur of rock outcrops on the river.

In flood-time the water reaches far up the banks, sapping and

undermini „ them, and the rivers, with the greatly increased current

due to their swollen condition, quickly carry away the material that

falls in, so that the rivers are constantly widening the trench in

5419—21

i i

_'0

(il.<JI.O(!If AL SLI!vf:V, CANADA

which they flow. There is a certain amount of constructive work
done, as bars and new islands may be built up or banks made higher,
but the whole process is a continual shifting of material from one
point to another down stream.

As the rivers shrink in volume, long beds or bars, composed of the
coarser pebbles derived from the banks, are exposed along the water's
edge, and the water unable to attack the friable banks becomes
clear; then the rivers cease to be active agents of erosion until next
flood-time.

During the winter the rivers shrink considerably in volume, being
fed altogether from underground water. In some of tlie small
branches, water from a local source is liable to overflow the ice at
intervals, and promptly freezing after each overflow builds up a
considerable thickness of iee, which may extend down-stream for
Kiiles. The remains of these icefields, often 10 feet in thickness,
may be seen in July.

In spring, the small side streams are the first to open, then the
pressure from the increase of water in the main streams arches the
i<?e-sheet, and finbily breaks it up. The broken ice usually jams at
some point lower down, the pent-up water behind the jam breaks out
again, and sweeps the river clear of ice. This operation is repeated
until the entire river is open, no ice being left at the margins.

After the ice goes out there is generally low water in th** rivers
until the summer floods come.

The small lakes which occur at intervals on the Eoss river are
features not possessed by any of the other rivers, for although lakes
of various sizes are of common occurrence in the valleys of the
region, they arc not situated directly on the main drainage system,
but drain into thejn by brooks.

The lakes on the Koss river are shallow basins, a few miles in
extent, and not more than 45 feet in depth. They are gradually
heinfe filled by sedimentation, and their level lowered by cutting
down at the outlets; so that if i»rcsont conditions continue undis-
turbed they will in time be obliterated.

The Gravel river on the eastern side of the divide is a vigorous
stream, still in its youth, but sufficiently developed to have eroded
its bed for the greater part of its course to a fairly even grade. It
gathers a considerable volume of water in its early stages, and flows
in a general northeast direction to join the Mackenzie.

MACKEXZIK MOI'XIAINS, YUKO.V

From its source at the diviiks to the point at which it leaves the
inountdins, the river scours beil-ro<'k in a continuous rapid, or tlows
over boulders which are too large to be carried.

The Gravel river receives three large tributaries — having a
slightly higher grade than the principal stream — which probably head
at the main divide.

The principal streams nre independent of rock structure, and
except in a few minor deviations flow across the strike of the rock-';
but most of the smaller streams, conforming to the trend of tho
rocks, enter the main streams at right angles, thus producing a
rectangular system of drainage.

The side streams are all steep and carry down a great deal of
debris to the main stream, which, owing to its high grade and volume
is able to handle all the material delivered to it.

As the river leaves the high mountains it drops some of its load,
due to a slight decrease in velocity, and not having time to sink n
bed in this material, the river flows across it, and splits up into
several smaller channels. On entering the plain bordering the Mac-
kenzie ... -e is a further deposition of load, and as the river now has
room to spread out, it forms a network of channels, about a mile
wide, all flowing swiftly around gravel bars. Thet'C bars are nearly
all composed of coarse gravel and small boulders, the fine material
being all swept down stream, the amount of the latter material
carried by the stream exceeding the amount of coarse material
deposited.

There is very little decrease in velocity as the Mackenzie river is
approached, and the Gravel river finally rushes into the greater
river, with an impact that carries its water and sediment several
hundred feet into the latter before it is brushed aside by the flood ml"
the great river.

The Gravel river has built up an alluvial flat at its mouth, and
several alluvial islands in the Mackenzie 'elow this point are prob-
ably due to the great load of sediment carried in at flood-time.

A rough measurement of the Gravel river above its mouth, taken
on July 1!^. gave a width of 700 feet, a middle depth of 8 feet,
and a surface velocity of five miles an hour; the approximate dis-
charge being 25,000 cubic feet per second. It is probable that the
river shrinks greatly in volume by the end of August, as tlu-
snow is then almost completely gone from the mountains, and the
rainfall is very light.

17'

22 OKOLOOICAL SUnVEY, CAXADA

There are no lakca in any part of the valley of the main Gravel
river, and none were seen from any of the mountains overlooking its
tributaries.

CLIMATE.

The region lying between the Yukon and Mackenzie rivers
possesses, as a whole, an extremely variable climate within the year,
while t)ie topographic provinces included within this area exhibit
certain climatic difiFerences; the peculiarities being chiefly as regards
precipitation.

The Yukon plateau, protected from the prevailing westerly winds
by mountain ranges from .''>,000 to 10,000 feet in height, has an arid
climate, very little wind, and temperature ranging from 80° in Juno
to -00° in January.

The western slopes of the Mackenzie mountains, of higher eleva-
tion and exposed to the prevailing winds, have a comparatively high
prccii)itai'on, and periods of high winds, while the eastern slopes
being on the lee side receive a small precipitation, and immunity
from the high winds. The average monthly temperature, however,
does not vary much over the three provinces.

June is a perfect summer month with practically no darkness,
and on fair days nearly twenty hours of bright sunshine; the
temperature sometimes reaches as high as 90°.

January is the coldest month of the year, with about five hours'
sunshine on unclouded days; the temperature seldom rises above
zero, and for several days is down to 60", or lower.

Three months of the year, from May 25 until August 25, are
practically free from frost in the valley bottoms.

July, August, and September are the .months of greatest rainfall,
which is scanty over the Yukon plateau, being only LDout 7-5 inches
in the year. There are no recorded measurements in the mountains
to the eastward, but it is probably not less than thirty inches an-
nually.

The greatest amount of snow falls during the late autumn and
early winter. In March, 1908, the snow was five feet deep in the
valley of the Ross river near the divide, but on the Pelly river it
would not be more than half that depth at the same time.

On the east side of the divide the snowfall is light, being three
feet less than on the west side in 1908.

Pi.AT« vni.

Mi'.i p. •-••-'.

iniici;iti-il M.imitMiii- iifiir -oiiiii- "t i;i;im1 Hi

MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS, YUKOX

On and after September 1, fresh snow begins to appear on the
mountains, while rain is fpUing in the valleys. The first few falls
of snow generally disappear from the valleys, but remain on the
mountains, consequently there is a much greater accumulation of
■now there.

The small watercourses begin to freeze about the mi<ldlo of
September; the ice benrins to form on the larger st-.enm* early in
October, and they are generally closed by the end of that month.

The water becomes very low in winter, the streams being fed
altogether from underground sources, and very little erosion of any
kind goes on then, as no rock fragments or debris of any kind were
seen on the snow slopes oii the mountains.

In the lengthening <lays of May the snow begins to disappear in
the valleys, principally by insolation and evaporation, and by the
first of June very little remains except on the mountains.

The rivers open between ilay 10 and 20, and flood-water comes
down early in June, after which a period of high water continues
until about the middle of July, or later if the season is a rainy one.

Owing to the thawing of the frozen ground, there is considerable
moisture in the mountains above tre? line, even after the snow is
gone. This water collects in pools or runs down the slopes in rills,
carrying a certain amount of rock waste to lower levels.

When mountains become low enough to permit a growth to cover
their summits the protection thus afforded by tree, shr\ib and moss
keeps the frozen ground beneath from thawing, so that those moun-
tains are practically at a standstill as rcijards sub-arcal denudation,
and can only be attacked by headwater stream erosion.

The effect of insolation in east and west lying valleys is well
marked in the difference presented by the aspect of the valley slopes.
Those facing the south are generally of easy and uniform grade, with
large, open, thinly-wooded tracts, or bare jiround; while those facing
northward have steeper declivities, which are closely wooded or moss
covered.

On account of the long period of sunshine during the days, nearly
all the snow disappears from the Maclirnzie moimtains hciorc the
summer ends.

Vegetation advances very rapidly in summer, and where the soil
is good, vegetables of many kinds may be grown along the river
banks in the principal valleys

(JKOI.UOKAL HL'UVKY, CANADA

SmuU fruits, Mich as ru>iibcrrie«, blui>berrici<, red and black
curruiitit, and two vurietiui uf cranberry are abundant and of good
iiuulity.

TIio changv from iiu iirid vliinate to one of greater humidity if
ii|)piin'iit by tile ftrowtli. to iiiiy one o«<^ndiiit? llio Pt-Uy river. The
lipwcr piirt ol' tliii* river is very iittnu-tivc in apix^aranw, the valley
lifiritf boriliTcd by ojii'ii. (frii^^v tcrriici's, mid the inimi'<Hi>to banks i>f
tlic river bearing griivi>H of tall wbiU? spruci". This iiapoet disapprars
"11 the IJiw* river, where n riipifed growth of white and black spruce
covers the bank!) and the valley bottom, and the slopes are covered
with a thick carpet of moss, under a light growth of black upruce,
intersiierned with willow and alder swamps.

In passing over the divide an arid region is again reached on the
lee side of the mountains, where growth is sparse anl the soil is of
poor quality.

Tree growth extends to within a short distance of the summit of
Christie ■, : 3 on the western sid", but on the eastern side trees are
not seen until a descent of about 900 feet is nia<le.

FAUNA.

The Yukon territory contains some of the iK'st sect'ons of game
<'ountry in Canada, and many trappers and prospectors have been
able to live for long periods almost entirely on the proceeds of the
rifle and net.

Of late years, however, game of all kinds has become very scarce
in some localities, owing to the extensive killing carried on by those
who hunt for the market offered by mining camps.

TIk! Indians having lately acquired high-i)ower magazine guns,
are responsible for a great deal of slaughter, as the average Indian
who gets into a band of big game shoots as long as his cartridges
hold out, whether he can use the meat or not. Head hunters who
come into the country in search of fine specimens, do a great derl of
damage, as they have been known after a day's hunting, to leave
enough meat to spoil on a hillside to supply a prospector with pro-
visions for a whole winter. These men at the end of their hunt
will take out about twelve heads each, whicli would mean the killing
of twenty animals.

The moose is the chief game animal, and is still plentiful in the
valleys of that part of the Pelly river and its tributaries which flow
through the Mackenzie mountains.

MACKKNZIK MOl'HTAIXH. YUKON

Almo.t any fine day in summer, from the top of • mouiit.iu, •
few moose can b. located in the valley* below, by the aid of a pair of
field Klo-sses.

The valley of the Uoss riv.-r ntfor.U a good range for niooBc. aa it
ia uprinklcd with numerous Mnull lakes, and Heveral extensive willow
patches, which furnish the mo»t desirable foo,l and environment.

There ani a few moose »eattere<l along the valley of the Gravel
river, but it is not a koo.1 moo»e country, as there are no small lakes,
and on account of the narrow valleys, and low timber line, the area
<jver which they can feed is restricted.

Cariboo arc found in small bands on some of the mountain
groups on the Pclly and Maeu.illan rivers. They selo.t m.-untmns
of a «..bdue.l ty^H^ havinp lurgc exiu.nscs of table land, and as long
as their favourite moss is plentiful .lo not leave that neighbourhood
unless forced to.

It is true thut earibo,, e..ll. . t in larsc numbers in the northern
part of the Mackenzie m.Mintains. and moving herds were frequently
seen on the headwaters of the Klondike river, but there is no such
herding ..r nu.vrment on the part of the small bands on the Pelly
branches.

Cariboo were observed only at one locality on the Gravel river,
near the edge of the first timber, about twenty miles from the divide.
The mountain sheep are in small scattered bands, and inhabit
only a few selected mountain groups. They require a feeding
ground "bove timber line, from which the wind blows the snow .n
the wint-r time, and convenient crags to afford a place of retreat
from enemies. During the summer the sheep -nturc down to the
valleys, in search of alkalin.,' clay, which they desire to lick at eertam
periods; ')ut for the most part they keep above timber line.

The sheep on the Stewart river are all pure white, while those on
the iiaemillan and Pelly rivers rauRe in colour from white to almost

black.

Sheep are plentiful on parts of the Gravel river, particularly on
the low mountains between the Sayunei and the Tigonankwelne
ranges. Among the hundreds of sheep seen by the writer in this
locality none but those with pure white wool were observed.

The sheep are highly prized for their heads, and on account of
their flesh, which is the best of all the wild meat, consequently tl..-y
are hunted to extermination in any of the accessible localities.

»e

OKOMHilCAL 8URVKY, CA.VADA

HIaek, brown, aii<l grizzly [>ean are more or lwi>i iiiiiiicrou*, but
•re not often met with, except in the month of August, when they
tome out along the bankn of the Yukon tributurieii to feed on the
vutmon.

llluck auil grey timber wolves are ncattercl throughout the
n gioti, hut they are very rarely seen during the summer montlm. In
winter they nssmililo in paik", and make regular hunting trifw up
and down the valley:*, killing large numbera of moose.

The salmon come up the Telly river and itn tributaries about the
latter end of July, reiieh the spawning grounds in August and are
all dead by the end of 'hat month.

Thousands of salmoa in all stages of decay were lying along the
bars and on the bottom of the Uoss river, when we descended that
stream in August.

Whitefish, inconnu, and pike are found in greater or less nbund-
ance, in all the titreanis and lakes in the region. A net set in any
favourable place rarely fails to take some of the above varieties.

Grayling were plentiful on the Pelly river, and numbers wore
eabily taken with a rod and line, using an artificial fly for bait.

(Jraylinf , herring, and a variety of brook trout were the only fish
f'jnd in the (iravel river, there b<:ing nn abundance of grayling; but
herring and trout vero rarely taken.

Great numbers of wild geese breed along the main rivers tribu-
tary to the Yukon, the nesting sites and feeding ground being among
the willows and on tbe mud bars close to the streams. Scattered
pairs of swans frequent the small lakes in the wide valleys during
the summer, but they gather in large flocks in the late autumn before
taking their departure to the south. The geese and swans do not
frequent the Gravel river, ns the conditions there are unsuitable.

Fur Trade.

Furs are the principal articles of value at present derived from
the Pelly river and its tributaries.

During the year 1898, and the few following years, numbers of
white men ascended these rivers in the search for gold, but never
succeeded in finding it in paying qinintitics.

Some of these men, attracted by the great extent of country in
which fur-bearing animals were found to be numerous, settled tem-
porarily in the country to make a living by trapping.

•mmm

MACKEJIZIF. MOt'JCTAIXH, VlTKO\

Tlic ftw th«t otill kp<i) lip tho sean-h for k>M av forccl to »p<-ii(!
coiiMfkrobli' i.f tliiir tiiiif in truppiiiR nn<l liuntitiK ii* a iii'iiii-< of
Kub>ti«tL'uai'.

The following estimate l.y Mr. R. B. Riddell, who trnppo-l f-r
several year* on tho Macmillan river, fi\ii^ nil approximiito i<lea ■ '
tho value of the fun* taken on the I'elly ami Macmillon river*:—

YfM.

X f

'rr«|i|«'r«.

Kind of fur.

Vrtltif.

IWl.

lims

iau5.

.'ill
w

PrinciiMitly ninrt*-ti

Martin am: lynx.
i'rinci|>ally lynx.

I* 7,'"io

■JIl.tMII)
H.IMK)

There were al«o a sniull number of b»niver, wolverine, and Ic.x
taken each ycnr, an<l ineludcd in the above estimate.

The Indians take nearly an c<iuul amount of fur, making a total
for the Pelly trade during the above five years of $136,000.

In 1904. lynx invade.! the Pelly region, coming from the south,
and disappeared tluring I'JOT, moving northward.

The marten disappeared soon after the arrival of the lynx; they
returned in 1007 to tho parts of the region not fre<iuented by lynx,
but i!. tl i:^ .v<ar both marten and lynx arc reported as being very

scarce.

The movements of the lynx were probnbly governed by their food
supply, because in the years previous to 1»04, rabbits were extremely
abun.lant in the I'elly eountry. and the lynx appear to have followed
the rabbits. In the following years the number of rabbits steadily
declined, and in 1907 they had praetienlly disappeared.

While the movements of small carniverous animals are governed
by food supply, their disappearance from a certain locality can often
be accounted for by the fact that they are trapped almost to ex-
termination.

The Indians seldom trap a locality out, as they are forced to
move their camps often in search of game, and consequently trap
lightly over a large area.

ZB (.KOLIX.ICAT SUEVKV, CANADA

The wiiite man 1 iii:„. i \ r;ii. ' of his provisions, establishes
himself in some chose ' ^iiv, V.' U a headquarters cabin, and a
number of small outlyinj^ ' ..,:ra, and devotes all his time to trap-
ping, using steel traps as well as dead-falls. Consequently in a few
years the fur in his neighbourhood diminishes to surh a degree that
he is forced to select new grounds or seek some other employment.

FOBESTS.

A monotonous growth of coniferous forest ot' var.viiit; density
covers the bottoms of the valleys in the Pelly basin, and reaches far
up the sides of the mountains.

The limit of tree growth averages about 4,500 feet above sea-
levei ; it varies according to t lie aspect and nature of the slope.

The forest consists of white and black spruce, aspen and balsam
I oplar, black pine, balsam fir, and birch ; and a few small larch were
observed on the Pelly a few miles above Woodside river.

The principal tree is the white spruce, which grows at its best on
the alluvial banks and islands on the lower part of the main rivers,
where it af'ains a diameter averaging abcut 12 miles. Timber
of this size is confined to a narrow strip on each side of the rivers;
in the valley beyond this strip, the trees arc smaller and of poorer
quality, having an average diami.-ter of abo'U 7 inches.

A small quantity of tinibcr is cut every year along the Pelly and
^raeniillan rivers, and ts.keii down to Dawson in rafts, where it is
sawn into lumber, but the supply of commercial timber is limited,
there bi'iiig only suiKciont tor local use.

The black pine grows oidy on a limited area, being confined to
terraces along the lower part of the rivers ; the trees do not exceed
about inches in diameter.

The balsam fir is found on the mountain slopes all the way up
to tri'o line, but does not grow in the bottoms ' the principal valleys.

Toward the headwaters of the streams the umber bbcomes smaller
and more scattered. Except for a few stunted balsam at the southern
entrance, the Christie pass is quite devoid of tree growth.

The valleys at the headwaters of the C! ravel river are entirely
bare of trees, the first timber met with after leaving the Ross river
being fifteen miles beyond the watershed, anil consisting of a meagn^
growth of black spruce confined to the river bank.

MACKKXZn: MOrXTAlNS. YL'KOV

The balsam fir niul black pine arc absent on the Mackenzie slopes,
but ilie larch extends up the valley of the Gravel river for about 150
miles.

The timber resources of the Gravel river are very moderate, the
white and black ppriice trees of nny importance being cor ^ned to the
idhivial flats, which on this river are very limited !• '.^'■"■. . . ."I tho
best white si)rucp groM's average about 10 inches in liarn ter.

The height to which timber will grow on the vi i-.-itain si ixm
varies very considerably in the (iravel Klvcr valley ; in the ; v. rap
lieight is about 4.000 feet above sea-level. G<>ncrally very icw trc'-s
prow higher than about 1,000 feet above the river, owing to the steep
slopes of rock and talus of the valley walls.

The valley of the Mackenzie river in the neighbourhood of the
Gravel river is sparsely wooded with an inferior tree growth.

TRANSPORTATION.

Small steamers of light draught and sufficient power c;in ascend
the Pclly river, during high-water .stages, as far as the mouth of the
Koss river, a distance of ^.'.0 miles from the Yukon, or up the
MacmiUan river as far as the forks. At least on' steamer comes up
to Ross river every siinimcr, carrying trappers and prospectors with
their freight; also bringing supplies for a fur-trading pwt at this
point. The charge on freight from Dawson is $50 a ton, and for
each passenger S.IO; the journey can be made in six days, btit usually
takes longer.

The traveller who wishes to go further, either tracks his own
boat up stream or walks across country.

Pack-horses could be used over a limited portion of the country,
particularly along the open benches of the main valleys, but the wet
mossy floor, the thick growth, and the scarcity of feed in the upper
valleys would be found serious obstacles to their use.

Dogs are frequently used as pack animals by the trappers and
Indians during the summer; a good dog will pack forty or fifty
pounds. In winter most of the travelling is done on the rivers, with
dogs haidinp the necessary outfits on sleds or toboggan-s. If the
loads to be hauled arc heavy, the trail must be broken a day ahead
to allow it to freeze hard enough to hold up the dogs.

It is quite possible to boat up the Pelly river, but with heavy
loads it is a hard task, as the current is strong and steady and there

GEOLOGICAL SURVKV, CAN.VPA

are numerous stifiF riffles. Two portages must be mado, cither going
up or down stream : one nt Hoole canon of half a mile, and another
at Wolf cufion of one and throe-quarter miles, these ciifions being,
respectively, 23 and 14.", niilos above Ross river. Two rou.uli bed-rock
rapids occur: Hoole rapid, just below the river of that name, and
Slate rapid, about sixteen miles above Campbell creeit. A boat witii
small load can be lined up both these rapids, on the west bank, and
they can be run with safety by competent boatmen coming down
stream.

Beyond Wolf canon the Felly is navigable for small boats for a
distance of at least forty miles.

About six miles of swift broken water is encoimtere<l on the
Koss river, after leaving the Pelly. Above *.his there are about seventy-
five miles of river with a moderate current, and several shallow riffles.
Above this there is a stretch of twenty miles of swift wat-r, in which
occur four short rapids, past which goods have to be portaged, but
the empty boat can be hauled up with the line.

Sheldon lake is the limit of boat navigation in low water, but in
high stages of water, John lake, or even Wilson lake, might bn
readied, with light loads, and much labour. Wilson lake is about
thirty miles from the divide, over a winter trail. Suitable water for
boating on the Gravel river is reached at a distance of about thirty
miles beyond the divide, and from this point to the Macken:de the
current never moderates, the river being swift throughout it- fourse.
Tlie Gravel river is best descended at high water stages, when the
larger boulders are covered and the rougher rapids drowned out.
The Indians use mooseskin boats about 30 feet long, G feet wide and
4 fei't deep, made of eight or ten moososkins stretched over a stout
green spruce frame.

It is practically impossible to take a loaded boat up the Gravel
river.

The Hudson's Bay Company have recently placed a new steamer
on the Mackenzie and Slave River route, which has acconiii.nilatioii
for several passengers, as well as a good freight capacity. This
steamer makes two trips each summer down the Mackenzie, on the
first trip going to Fort McFherson on the Peel river, but on the
second journey not farther than Fort Norman. On the first trip
up stream this steamer connects with a regular line of transport to
Edmonton.

MMMMIi

I'l.MK \

I'l UK \l

MACKENZIE ^'OUNTAINS, YUKOX

:{i

GEOLOGY.
General Description.

The rocks which wore found in the vicinity of the Pelly, Ross,
and Gravel rivers may be divided into three main groups: (1)
Stratified rocks, (2) Intrusive rocks, (3) Mctamorphic rocks, the
first group beinj; by far the most widely distributed.

The term stratified rocks is used to include shales, slates, sand-
stones, conglomerates, limestones, dolomites and cherts, and beds
of lava and tuff. Beds of these rocks occur interstratified with one
another, and with few exceptions have been disturbed by various
causes from the attitude in which they were originally laid down,
the" deformity of the beds being often extreme.

The intrusive rocks are mostly coarsely granular, being of a
granitic character, and occur only in small bodies widely separated
from each other.

The metamorphic rocks wliieli result frani the nlteration of cither
of the others, have a wide distribution in some parts of the Yukon
t rritory, but arc limited to a small area on the Pelly river. They
consist chiefly of schists and gneisses, the metamorphism is very
pronounced, the original characteristics of the rocks being obscured
by the development of new minerals and different structure. The
term metamorphic rocks is us< J for this series, because it is descrip-
tive of these rocks as a whole; in the sedimentary group there are
also metamorphosed rocks, but tl e alteration in those is not usually
so marked, and it seldom obliterates all clue to their origin.

The group of sedimentary rocks of which the Mackenzie moun-
tains are built shows a generally ditlerciit litholoKie character on
either side of the divide. The western portions of the mountains
are composed of rocks which appear to have been laid down mostly
as shallow water deposits, with frequent changes in the kind of
material deposited, and under unstable conditions due to intermit-
tent volcanic action. The processes of mountain building, and the
intrusion of various bodies of igneous rocks have partly changwl
the original character of many of the beds in these sediments.

The sedimentary rocks on the eastern side of the diviile are, for
the most part, the result of sedimentation and pruipitatior carried
on farther from shore lines and under conditions which were un-
changing over long periods. The n.ountain building has not altered

.•52

OKOHX.ir.VI, LUVKV, CAN.VrA

these soflimcnts to any rxta.t, at.d vith one exception they were,
wherever observed, entirely free from association with igrsous rocks

of any kind.

The main line of traverse followed from the Pelly to the Mac-
kenzie was in a northeasterly direction, or across the trend of the
rock formations, so that all the principal members of the rock groups
were observed at some points. But there are large areas where no
rock exposures were seen, this being the case in the lower part of the
Ross river and during the winter journey across the watershed. The
observations on the Ross river are supplemented by observations on
the Maoniillan and Stewart rivers made in f timer years, over similar
rooks; observations on the eastern slopes are confined to the Gravel

river alone.

Fossils collected at a few localities wcrs sufficiently preserved to
give .1 definite position in the stratigraphic column to the beds in
wi.ich thoy wer. found. A brief account of the fossil fauna, and
their relationship to the stratigraphy, a? far as known, is given in
the subdivision on stratified rocks.

Owing to incompleteness of data, in a region of folding and
faulting, the writer is unable to give the proper sequence and thick-
ness of the strata, and for this reason no local names are given to
any subdivision because they cannot be defined at present as strati-
graphic units.

Sock Formations and Distribution.
The crystalline schists which occur on the Pelly river at many
points from the Yukon up to Ketza river, are tli.) most important
rocks in the region, as placer gold is generally found associated with
them. Above Ketza river they are exposed »t only a few plaeea, and
are not seen at all beyond Campbell creek.

Their extension south of the Pelly is not known, but as they are
found on Hoole river it is probable that they extend to the base of
the Pelly mountains, and then trend in a southeasterly direction
along the upper Liard and Frances rivers.

The crystalline schists are found along the Ross river for a dis-
tance of about twenty miles above its mouth. They consist in this
locality of greenish and dark grey quartz mica schists, and actinolite
or taloose schists, derived from both sedimentary and volcanic rocks.
The greater part of the schists are highly altered sediments, but
associated with them are some basic igneous rocks which have been

MACKK>-ZIE MOUNTAINS, YIKOX

3!)

intruded along the bedding plane* of the old^r formation and subse-
quently sl.oared and altered.

The various rock members which iiinke up this formation have
been subjected to such u liiKii deproe of metaniorpliism tiiiit their
boundaries and original structure have been destroyed, and a achis-
tosity common to them all has been developed.

The strike or trend of the rocks is generally northwestward, and

they dip at various angles, the strata being broadly folded as a rule.

Quartz veins and stringers are numerous in places, but on the

Pelly quartz docs not constitute as large a portion of the rock mass

as it does in similar rocks at other localities.

The crystalline schists have a wide distribution in the Yukon
territory, and have been described in a few localities under the name
Nasina series; the rocks in the area under consideration probably
represent the same scries.

Nothing is known of the age of these rocks, except that they are
older than adjoining and overlying sedimentary rocks in which
fossils of Ordovician age have bwn found, but they may be pre-
Cambrian.

The contact between the crystalline schists and the Pala;ozoic
rock has not been observed at any ixjint where traverses were ma<le
from cne to another.

The crystalline schists on the Pelly river are replaced in the
vicinity of Ketza river l)y tliiidy-bedded i)iuck und grey cherty
quartzites, associated and interbedded with white marble.

Above the mouth of Campbell creek several masses jf greenstone
occur which are intrusive in the quartzites, and the marble is re-
placed by massive licds of yellowish weathering crystalline dolomite.
At Slate rapids, and for some miles above, grey argillites both of
shaly and slaty varieties, with some limestone beds, form the banks
of the Pelly river, the slates at the rapids being overlain conformably
by several thick beds of chert breccia, which ave made up princi-
pally of small frafeinents. The mountains above the mouth of Wood-
side river are made up of very compact laminated quartzite inter-
bedded with schistose slates. The beds seen along the river assume
all possible attitudes, and no fossils were found; so that from the
brief examination given to them, it is impossible to state what the
sequence is. Some slabs of black argilHte containing graptolites
were found among the gravel on a bar near Slate rapids, -which
M19— 3

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, CANADA

would imlicate that a middle Ordovician horizon exists somewhero in
this vicinity.

On going up the IJuss river, the black shaly argillites of False
cauon. seventeen mik« from the Pelly, succeed the crystalline schists,
which were liust seen a few miles below this point. Beyond False
canon the few exi)()>>ires fccn fur the next fifty miles consisted of
thinly-bedded «iuartzitiB and nrgillitcs, similar to those on the Pelly
river, or of small detached masses of diorite, and andesite.

A fairly continuous sectiou, of about fifteen miles in length, seen
along the river below Lewes hike, shows n remarkably complex series
of closely folded rocks, witli rapid alternation in bedding and com-
lx>sition. Thes," consist of red, green and grey slates, or argillites,
chert, (luartzite, limestone, saml>tone, grits, and volcanic tuffs.

No organic remains of any description were found in this group,
but they are placed provisionally as Silurian, for reasons which are
given further on.

Thr argilhiccou- rocks of the group are varied in colour, and in
the degree of alteration, and exhibit a slaty cleavage at right angles
to the bedding, or a shnly structure, where the beds are made up
either of thinly laminated layers or of wedge-shaped fragments.

The most important limestone band in the series varies in thick-
ness from 10 to 150 or 200 feet in thickness, in beds of 2 to 12 inches
thick, and <lark grey in colour.

The sandstones are nnidt up chietly of quartz fragments; they
are very hard, and do not weather easily. A thin section under the
microscope shows that the material has been crushed and strained
prior to the consolidation of the rock, so tliat it is evidently derived
from the erosion of the underlying crystalline schists.

The grits are made up of quartz grains about the sizo of corn,
without much cementing material, and occur in rather massive beds
which are well displa.ved in the walls of Prevost canon. There are
varying degrees of coars, ness in these quartzose elastics, and they
often occur interbedded wii'i grey shales.

The strong red colour of some of the slates, and the rather re-
markable quartz grits, have served to identify this group of rocks
at the following widely separated localities: The Pelly river, in the
vicinity of Wolf canon; the Macmillan river, near Russell creek;
an<l the Stewart river at Tasin mountains.

On the Ross river this group of rocks is succeeded .-ind appar-
ently underlain by dark grey argillites or black slates, cherts and

MACKEN/.IK MOLNIAINS, VIKDN

qunitzitcs; and the exposures from I,f\ves laku to thi- divide show a
nioDotonotig succession of these tyiies.

A bed of black indurntcd shale from one cif those exposures about
sevt'n miles below John lake contained graptolites of upper Ordo-
vieinn ago.

There is a gnat quantity of argillites and cherts with some dark
eoloured limestone ou tiio upi'cr part oi' tlie Macmillan river, which
.Mcronnili' pliK'o.-i ahovo the red slates ami as>()(Miitf<l rocks, but
tliey ore similar in every rcsiwet to the Koss Itivcr rocks, above
Lewes lake.

The beds of chert breccias whirh form a con-ide'abl thickness
at the upper part of the section on the ilacinilioti river were not
seen at all ou the Ross river, otherwise the sections on the two rivers
are very similar.

There is a wide band of thinly-bcdde.1 black ehert south of the
red slate beds on both strtams. Whether these cherts are part of the
main area of similar beds which occur ou the upper port of tho
streams or not, is doubtful.

On the Koss river the red slate and associated beds appear to Ho
in a basin formed by the cherts and argillites. On the Macmillan
river the attitude of the rocks ap!)arently indicates a descending
series on going up stream, until th; red slate beds are reached., but
ifcConncU remarks that the regularity of tho dip is probal'-y duo in
a largo measure to overturn folds and faults.

The mountains of the watershed at the head of the Koss river are
formed of alternating bods of dark compact quartzite and grey shale
a -id slate.

About ten miles east of the divide some yellowish crystalline
limestones occur in low isolated cliffs along the embryo Gravel river,
but the principal rocks are dark sandy shales, strii'od grey slates
and micaceous sandstone or quartzose schists. Rocks of this char-
acter extend eastward to Mount Sekwi, about fifty jiiles from the
divide, and then end abruptly.

The relationship of the rocks on the upper part of the Ross and
Gravel rivers— including the divide — to the great body of cherts and
argillites lower down the Ross river was not determined, and no
fossih were found, but the striped grey slates included in them
resemble those associated with the red slates and quartz grits.

iScmmary Keport, Gei-.l<igicBl Survpy. 190e, p. ^1.

3rt

OKoi.ooirAi. siruvKY, Canada

A radically diffprpiit gooloKiPiil prdvinoo bedim at Mount Sckwi,
ami li.uestoiies, dolomites. saiidHtom-s, and conjjlonierateg. etc.. of
various bright colours, replace the sombre rocks to the westward.

The distribution of these rocks i» at present known only in •
very limited way. but it is probable that formations similar to those
.ub.e<,uently noted here, will be found to have a wide northwest-
southeast extent on the eastern sloiies of the ilackenzie mountama,
from the Liard to the Arctic Red river.

The structure, the character and »e<|ucnfe of the strata, and the
organic remains, all indicate that the eastern part of the Mackenzie
mountains is geologically as well as physically the northern counter-
part of the Rocky mountains, and that at least two series of rock*,
the Bow River and the Castle Mountain groups of southern British
Columbia and Alberta, are represented here.

Stratified Bocks.

PALEOZOIC STRATA.

Cambrian.
Purple and greenish argillites. in beds from a few inches to over
a foot in thickness, are exposed at the base of the mountain, at the
junction of the Natla with the Gravel river. .Sbove the argilhtes
are dolomites, calcareous sandstone and li^ie-. ^..:; these beds have
a total thickness of about 4,000 feet, and incline at a low angle to
the southeast. The dolomites form a considerable portion of the
section the lower beds are white and crystalline, while those near the
top are a striped grey colour. All have a soft yellow coating on
the exposed surface The limestone occurs in thin slabs containing
fossils, is rather impure, and weathers to a bright yellow colour.

A small collection of brachiopods found in these beds was sub-
mitted to Dr. Ami, who referred them to Billingsella of Hall and
Clarke, a form usually characteristic of the Cambrian system. Not
having foreign material to compare them with, he sent them to Dr.
Schuchert, of Yale University, who recognized the species to be
'Biningsella Coloradamsis.' Shumard, usu lly referred to the middle
Cambrian, but which has also been recorded in the upper Cambrian.
The form Eo-orthi$ desmopleura. Meek, sp., was also identified in the
game specimens. _ ,

Below the mouth of the Natla river the mountams are composed
of rocks quite different from the foregoing, which dip up stream

MACKEN/.IK MOIMM.N:^. YIKoX 37

and npptur to pus* under them. This strutu is mndo up in descend-
ing order of —

Brown micaceoui sandy glatcs 1.1'X> ^fc*-

ConBlomeratc 2,000

Cjars<ly laminated hematite and siliceous

date 100 ;;

Dolomite and argillite 1'0*W

4,200 "
No fossils were found in any of these rocks, and they were only
seen along this portion of the river, being cut off by a fault at their
northern end. The conglomtrates form the wall rock of Shezal

canon.

These rocks from their position probablv constitute the middle or
lower portion of the Cambrian,' an<! probably correspond to the Bow
River series described by McConnell.-: while the rocks found above the
mouth of Natla river arc referable to the Castle Mountain group.

OrJovician.

That part of the Tigonnnkweine range through which the Gravel
river flows is built up of rock? which ore here included in the Ordo-

vician.

Below the mouth of Twitya, on the north side of the Gravel river,
the ijcks lie nearly horizontal, the base of the section showing about
4,000 feet of alternating beds of argillite. dolomite, and limestone;
aoove these are about 1,500 feet of sandstone. Just below the sand-
stone is a sill of diabase about 100 feet thick and several miles in

extent.

Fossils were iounC ' " thick bed of limestone on a mountain a
few miles north of th. uth of Nidhe birok. :Mr. L. M. Lambe
reports the following forms from a small collection of fossil corals
brought down from this point: —

Favosites a.sp'rrt?, d'Orbigny.

Calaptecia canadensis, Billings.

Halysites catenularia, var. gracilis, Hall.

Columnaria rugosa, Billings.
Also a cephalopod, referred by Dr. Ami to

Actinoccras Bigshyi, Stokes,

1 It is possible that they may be pre-Cnmbrian.

•i R. G. McConnell. Ann. Rep. Gt-ol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada,
18S6, Vol. II., part D.

OEOLOOICAL BUKVEY, CANADA

a fonn cminoiitly clinracteristic of the Rlaik Uiver formation In
t'OMtcru Ciiiiiidu.

The great development of Knndxtoncs in thii section ii rcmark-
•blo. They get thicker going eastward, and opposite the mouth of
Nainliri brook, they form, with only an occasional "haly parting, the
ertiro mountain mn*-i, or nbout 4,500 twt of horizontal strata.

The prevailing colour of tlio sandstone iff reddish, but in several
places it is grey, with rusty siMcks. The beds vary in thickness from
n thin. floKgy varii.'t.v p to :! feet. The red siindstnnes are mostly
induriited, some of tlio beds being changed to quart»;ite.

About feven miles below John lake, on the Ross river, a small
<-oll..ction of trniptolitcs wan obtaimnl from some black iiiilunite<l
shale interbeddcd with cherty argillites, and cherts. Dr. Ami reports
the following forms, and refers the beds containing them to the
upper part of the Ordovician system: —

Orthngraplus quadrimunonalus, Hall.
Leptograptus flaccidas, Hall.
Orthograplus or Glosaograplus, sp.

Silurian.

The eastern part of Mount Sekwi, on the Gravel river, is com-
pose<l of dove coloured limestones in beds, varying from a few inches
to a foot or more in thickness, thrown into a vertical attitude.

The limestone beds pass into grey argillit.s, having slaty and
schistose phases, and are interbeddi J with sandstone or quartzite.

The bulk of the limestones appeared to be unfossiliferous, but a
small loose piece found on the mountain side contained some fossil
shells, which proved to be a Camarotoechia, dofely related to
C. acinus. Hall; also part of a corallite of a Cyathophyllum.

Some distance east of Mount Sekwi the above beds assume a
nearly level poc'tion, but gradually rise again until they are tilted
toward the west at a high angle.

The section here shows over 2,000 feet of rather pure limestones,
the bottom beds Ijcing of a compact dark grey variety; the beds at
the top are light coloured, porous, and semi-crystalline, and some
ahaly and silicificd beds occur at intervals.

A partly silicified bed of limestone near the top of the section
showed a profiision of badly preserved organic forms, principally
large branching corals.

I'MTK XII

VI. w lin.kintt ii|i >alUv of thi- (irawl KiMrfn.ni Mt. St-wki.

I'lMK XIII.

Sikwi Ciiiicin, carvfd in Silurian liiiientiinf.

5U!I— p. :«.

MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS, YUKON

Of the few of these brought out, Lambe reports the following
forms : —

Favosiies, sp.

Streptelasma, sp.

Acervularia gracilig, Billings.
Also two specimens of a StromatoperoiJ, Aclinodictrjon Keelei,^ des-
cribed as a new species by Dr. Parks, and a TPentamerus, which was
kindly examined by Dr. Charles Schuchert. of Yale University. New
Haven, who pronounces it to be apparently an undcscribcd species,
and nearest to Papillosus.

Devonian.

The sandstones classed as upper Ordovician extend down the
Gravel river nearly to Inlin brook, and are then replaced by lime-
stones, more or less maasive, but the contact with them was not seen.
The limestone beds are broken into several faulted blocks, dipping
to the southwest, with low escarpments facing the northeast, and
here constitute the eastern foothills of the Mackenzie mountains.

No fossils were found in the limestones of the foothills, but they
are probably lower Devonian. As the foothills decrease in altitude
going eastward, the limestones become less tilted and broken, the
bedding is thinner and several shaly layers appear. Brachiopods are
abundant in some of these beds, particularly Atrypa reticularis (L.)
and Alrypa spinosa. Hall, and the following corals which were deter-
mined by Lambe : —

Streptelasma rectttm. Hall.

Phillipsastraa vemeiiili, Milne-Edwards and Haime.

Uederella canadensis, Nicholson.

MF.SOZOIC STRATA.

Fossils of Triassic age were found by the writer in some impure
limestones, in the upper Stewart River region in 1905, and a large
area of rocks was coloured as Triassic on a map of that region
published a few years ago. Since then there has been reason to
believe that these rocks are Pala;ozoic, and that only a small remnant
of Triassic rocks was enfolded with them.

A similar case occurs on the Pelly river below the Ross river,
where a small undefined area of rocks was found by Dawson to

1 W. A. Tarts. ' Silnritru StroniRtoperoids.'

OEOLOOICAL 8UBVET, CAKADA

m
^

contain plants of upper Cretaceous age, but the different character
of these rocks to the surrounding crystalline schists renders them
conspicuous in this locality.

A few exposures of soft sandstone and conglomerate were found
lying unconforniably on the chert beds on the Ross river above
Sheldon lake. No satisfactory examination of these could be made
at the time, on account of the snow, but they are probably of
Mesozoic age.

About twenty-five miles from the Mackenzie some soft sandstones
and conglomerates are exposed for a few miles, along the north bank
of the Gravel river; the beds are inclined slightly toward the west,
and have a thickness of about 200 feet.

The sandstones are coarse grained and nodular, of yellowish or
grey colour, grading into fine conglomerates, which are made up
chiefly of black cherty argillite fragments.

No fossib were foimd in these rocks, and although no exposures
were seen below this point, they are probably part of the same series
found on the Mackenzie river, in this neighbourhood, which
McConnell refers to the upper Cretaceous.

The Cretaceous beds occupy the depression between the base of
the Mackenzie and the Franklin ranges, and have a width of about
twenty miles in the vicinity of the Gravel river. They overlie
Devonian limestones and shales.

TEBTIARY STRATA.

The Tertiary rocks which occupy a basin of limited extent on the
Mackenzie river at the mouth of Bear river, are described in detail
by McConnelU in his report.

Basalt occurs in low bluffs, for a distance of about fifteen miles
tlong the Pelly river near Hoole river. It is pre-glacial, and
Dawson has classed it provisionally as miocene from analogy with
similar deposits in British Columbia. Nothing further was learned
of its age or origin by the writer.

IGNEOUS ROCKS.

The unaltered igneous rocks appear in this region only as small
isolated masses among the sedimentary or metamorphic rocks.

Granite was seen about ten miles up the Ross river, where it
forms a ridge about 1,800 feet hign on the north side of the river.

1 H, n, MrConnell. Ann. Rep. Gtool. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada,
Vol. IV.. ltj.S8-8», Part 1), pp. 95-100.

MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS, YUKON

The rock is a fine-grained, brownish coloured, biotite granite,
and is intrusive in the crystalline schists which are seen exposed
around the base of the ridge.

This granite is different to the bodies which sometimes form the
centre of the mountains in the sedimentary rocks, being finer grained
and of a more acid type. It has been exposed to erosive influences
for a long period, and the profile of the ridge is similar to adjacent
ones composed wholly of sedimentary rocks.

Several important bodies of igneous rocks occur as stocks, or
cores, in the higher mountains, or mountain groups. Mount
Sheldon, overlooking the lake of that nar a the Ross river, is so
formed.

The rock here is a granite porphyry, ^ 7 coarse grain,

in the form of a pillar, which has eaten its way up through the
Palaeozoic sediments.

The contact is well defined; the granite has merely baked, and
rendered brittle the argillites enclosing it.

The granite is well jointed, and weathers into a serrated crest,
the argillites being worn away for a distance of several hundred feet
below the summit.

As the granite stocks or pillars become unroofed they offer
greater resistance to weathering than the mountains composed
entirely of sedimentary rocks, hence the mountains possessing
granite centres persist longer at high elevations, and are also more
conspicuous by reason of their bolder outlines and more rugged

crests.

Itsi mountain and Mount Wilson are of this character, and
several mountains on the Macmillan and Sttwart rivers, which are
prominent topographic features, were found to be built of granite.

On the banks of the Ross river between Big Timber creek and
the first rapid, are a few isolated exposures of granodiorite and
rhyolite, both bedded and massive, but the relation of these bodies
to the sedimentary rocks and to each other was not seen.

On Pelly river below Slate rapid are a few outcrops of diabase,
intrusive in slates and quartzites. This rock is fine grained and
much altered, is traversed by veinlets of quartz and calcite, and
becomes slightly schistose at the margins.

Large boulders and blocks of similar rock were seen on the lower
part of the Ross river, but were not found in place in that locality.

Igneous rocks appear to be almost absent on the Gravel river, the

OEOLOOICAL BDKVET, OAWADA

Sill

only occurrence observed being a sill of diabase intruded between
beds of horizontal sandstone.

The diabase was first seen below the mouth of Twitya river, where
it forms a cliil 100 feet high, about 3,000 feet above the river, on
the mountain on both sides of the valley. Some miles farther on a
fault brings the diabase down to the level of the river. It is coarse
grained, and much decomposed, with a roughly columnar structure.

Superficial Deposits.
The valley floors of the Pelly river and its tributaries are all
covered wi-h drift deposits of varying thickness. Most of this
material appears to have been laid down by the complex action inci-
dent on the occupation of the region by glaciers.

A complete section of the drift shows rolled gravels at the bottom,
then boulder clay, above which are sands and gravels, usually strati-
fied, with silt on top. The deposits are very irregular, and their
sequence varies in every section examined, it being frequently found
that two layers of boulder clay are scparate<l by .stratified sand and
gravel.

The drift is usually thi. : ost alwip the lower portion of the
streams, where sections are j cnerally seen rising to a height of 300
feet above the river, while older terraces of similar material rise to
a height of 900 feet.

Although there are some detached thick heaps of drift material
in the upper valleys, the drift sheet is usually thin, and boulder clay
is cither altogether absent or else confined to patches of small extent.
Deposits of drift are found on the Rosa river throughout the
greater part of its course. The immediate banks are usually low,
averaging about 15 feet, and only rising in a few places to 40
or r)0 feot, but remains of older terraces of drift 100 feet or more
in height occupy the b»»e of the valley slopes. The boulder clay
member of the drift .^ the Ross river is dark in colour, not very
coherent, and contains mostly fine pebbles, differing in many respects
from that of the Pelly, which is yellow in colour, generally stiff and
carries chiefly large pebbles. The gravel, clay and silt on the Ross
river is stratified in fairly regular beds, and does not exhibit the
confused arrangement so common on the Pelly and !Macmillan rivers.
The wash gravel in the river bed is principally composed of small
fragments of chert or argillite derived from the prevailing country
rock, which crumbles down very fine, but in contrast to this fine

MACKENZIE MOUSTAINS, YCKOX

material large angular or partly rounded blocks of granite and fine-
grained greenish diabase are strewn at intervals over the bed of the
river, or are perched on the banks.

A large deposit of unsorted drift material which contains a good
percentage of rounded granite pebbles occurs on the river below
Lewes lake, and terraces of the same material rise to a height ot 300
feet above the present level of the lakes. The wide valley contam.ng
Prevost river intersects that of the Ross at this locality, and it is
probable that during the shrinkage of the ice an overloaded glacial
stream from both valleys discharged at this point, bu.hhng up suffi-
cient material to act as a dam and pond the water for some distance

ADOVG

Another extensive deposit of glacial material occupies the valley
bottom about ten miles above Sheldon lake, of which bluish earthy
clay, abounding in pebbles, is the chief component. In this the Ross
river has sunk its channel to a depth of 450 feet, leaving two series
of very perfect terraces which bord-r the valley for several miles.

In the upper part of the valley •.: the Ross, the principal deposits
of drift are in the form of cskcr ri.lges extending from tho base
of the slopes, the material composing these ridges being sand and
gravel or boulders, with very little clay.

About the middle of Christie pass there are some mo
OOO feet high composed of angular quartzite and fragmenv
from the surrounding mountains, also several rounded anc
angular granite pebbles, but very little sand or «"« "'"t"""'"
of the mounds occupy isolated positions in the middle of the pass,
while others are attached as benches to the northern side. They have
a gently-rounded outline with fl-^ttened summits, and appear to bo
remnants of a large area of drift. , ,, „

The Gravel river after leaving the divide flows in a shallow
trench sunk in the rocky floor of a poorly developed valley.

No superficial deposits of any importance were observed above
the mouth of Tsichu brook; below this point are a few sections of
roughly stratified gravels about 100 feet in thickness.

This deposit is not of any great horizontal extent, as a bed-rock
bench 200 feet higher than the gravel bench rises a short distance
beyond the latter. A few patches of typical yellowish boulder clay,
but showing peculiar lines of bedding, are found '"^ /»>'« 7;"^;^^^
Granite boulders of large size are very numerous; these litter the
beds of the side streams, and are scattered over the valley slopes.

'bout
'ate

S-

GKOLOOICAL 8UKVKV, CANADA

*kv

\n important terrace of gravel about 200 feet high occupies the
triangular space of a few miles in extent at the junction of the
Katla with the Gravel river.

The terrace is composed of river gravels, with boulders and
pebbles of sandstone, dolomite, limestone, and slate, but only a few
small grnnite pebbles arc present, and below this point granite is
altogether absent from the river wash.

Where the bonks of the stream are not f solid rock, they are
generally composed of the above material, but mostly in low banks
from 10 to 20 feet in height.

At several points, the river banks are the truncated alluvial
cones brought down by the side streams, and these generally con-
tain a large proportion of angular or only partly rounded fragments
of rock.

Sections of a thin sheet of boulder clay are seen at intervals.
This material is generally stratified, and contains a layer of gravel
and sand without admixture of clay.

Above the moutl. of Nainlin broo'', the river bank is composed of
about 120 foet of dark blue clay, quite structureless, and containing
a few pebbles, the larger of which have flattened and scratched
surfaces. Most of the pebbles are small and well rounded, the greater
part being of granite and gneiss of various character.

Granite pebbles are absent from the gravels for a distance of
seventy miles above this point, and they were evidently carried up
the valley of the Gravel river by glaciation from the east, the pebbles
being typical of the rocks of the great Laurentian area.

On the opposite shore below this point are banks of the usual
Gravel Kiver boulder clay about 80 feet high, showing bands of
gravel and silt. The boulder clays from the two sources show marked
differences in colour, composition and structure.

Below this point the granite pebbles in the wash increase iu size
and number, but are not found up the side streams above a level of
about 200 feet higher than the main river.

The thickest deposit of drift on the river occurs about eight miles
below the mouth of Inlin brook, where the river turns eastward
through the foothills.

The base of this section shows typical boulder clay, above which
are bedded silts, and above the silte is another deposit of boulder
clay ; on top is a bed of earthy non-coherent clay containing only a

I'HIK \IV.

MiMiutuiii-' "t th" Sii.Miiii-i r;iiii.''\ NMtlii I!

I'l ATK NV,

MACKENZIE MOCKTAIN9, YCKOW

few pebble.. All these m.teri.U .re of a dark-Btey muddy colour,
and have a total thickness of ab. .t 600 feet. , , . . w .„

The broken plain bordering the Mackerzie is underlain by blue
clay with a more or leas gravelly admixture, on top of wh.ch «
yelLish sand or sandy gravel. The gravels contam -^ !-«« P-^-
tion of black chert or slate pebbles derived from the underlying

Cretaceous conglomerate. . _ , . _:„^

About four miles from the Mackenzie the Gravel r.ver swmgs
against a clay bank about 200 feet in height, and of a dark-gr^
cLr. The lower part of this clay is stratified, and appears to be
quite devoid of pebbles, but the upper 50 feet or so contam scattered

""Te river is undermining this bank, and at intervals large masses
of day. becoming detached from the face, fall with a roanng no.se
into the swift water.

Glaciation.

It would appear that during the glacial epoch a thick <lePO«it. »«
ice acrumulat^d among the mountains, the gathering ground being

•"^ ^hlTrsLtrd^in^ from the height at which foreign material
.as fo nd on 1 mountains, was about 3.000 feet in thickness, and
Jhou^h It did not cover the highest peaks was thick enough to over-
ie the lower mountains and ridges, so that the glacier was a
ronfluent one over the region and also the northern extension of the

Kreat Cordilleran glacier. „„„„» „««

The movement of the ice during its maximum development was

controlled to a great extant by the main drainage valleys, and flowed

down those almost, but not quite, to the Yukon river.

When the ice became thick enough on the western slopes of the

HalenTieto^iains it began to pour thrc^gh the ga^ and pass.

of the divide and to send streams down the valleys of the Gravel

"TetilT'p^^ars to have been situated at one ..riod of the
, ^tirto the wesfof the present watershed, because granite drift

1 ct:U from the Istem'side part of the way down the easte^

iLsTut it is probable that on the shrinkage of the glacier the

"1 ' ^shifted to th" present watershed, as the accumulation of

i^lff ^C;^ pl apiars to have been deputed at a zone of

stagnation, or where there was no movement of the ice.

OCOLOaiOAI. IITBVKT, OAITADA

Tba depth which the ice of th« Cordilkran glacier attained in
the yalley of the QraTel riTer wa« not eatisfactorily detennined, the
effects of glaoiation not being eo pronounced as on the Pelly and ito
tribuUriet. It it probable, bowerer. that there waa a depth of at
least 2,000 feet on the lower part of the rirer.

The valley of the Mackenzie river was occupied by an ice sheet
of considerable thickness, which pushed up the valley of the Gravel
river, before the ice from the Cordilleran glacier began tj pour down.

A large boulder of gneiss was seen at the mouth of Nidhe brook,
at a height of 1,800 feet above the Mackenaie river, showing that
the two ice sheeU merged somewhere in that vicinity. The drift
pushed up by the Mackenzie glacier is meetly all cut away by the
present stream for a hmg distance below that point, and the first
large accumulation occurs above the mouth of Nainlin brook, thirty
miles below the mouth of Twitya river.

According to McConnell's* observations, the ioefrom the gather-
ing ground on the Arehiean area to the east, poured weH^ard
through the gapd and passes in the franklin range, and, flooding the
Mackenzie valley, was deflected northward by the great barrier
formed by the Mackenzie mountains, in a stream approximating
1,600 feet in depth.

Camsell* noted water-worn pebbles and boulders of gneiss on the
summit of Mount Goodenough, a mountain buUt of Cretaceous
grata, about 8,000 feet high, overlooking the delta of the Mackenzie.
According to these later observations then, ice from two gather-
ing grounds, an eastern and a western one, combined in the Mac-
kenzie vaUey, and the maximum thickness of this ice must have been
considerably over 8,000 feet.

It is probable that local glaciers remained in some of the higher
mountain groups after the general disappearance of ice from the
field. The only permanent ice of any account now remaining in the
region is confined to a few small patches about a square mile in
extent, in the cirques of the Itsi mountains, which lie between the
Ross and Macmillan rivers.

1 K G. MoConnell. Ann. Rep. Qeol. and Nat. Hist. Surrey of Canada.
Vol. IV., i8S«49, Part D, p. 27.

2 C Camsell. Peel river and tribntariea, Geol. Snrr. of Canada, IMP

p. 10. ■

I ill

PukTK XVI

VMfy of <ir«v

,i«vel Riv.r .nd T>Kon.nWw.in.. Rh„k.. "U.ve m-mth of Twit.VH Riv.r.

VVII.

Cliffs of OrdovicUn S«nd»tone, overlying
M19-p. «i

, .m of diabwe, ^lope. of Moui.t Eduni, «r»»el River.

'G3

MACKKSZIE MOCWTAIHS, Yt'KOM

ZOOHOXIC GZOLOOY.

Pro.p.c,in« for ,M began on the Felly n.er m «rly - 1««2j
For .o«e v.ar- .uUcqucntly. . few miner, working ou the ,r.v.l
ba« n...h. a. n,uc.h a. $10 to $20 a d.jr < «ch. the.r opcrat.ou. b ng
craned to the lower portion of the river. Since then pro.pect,ng
h«.ten earricl on along the ^.ter part of the river ami m.ny of
U. tHhlric-; but no n.ini.,. .f in-portance ha. yet been done n.

'^"fT";..! coarse colour- of g-ld are found in the Krav.U over .
larr- area. H,t no coarse gold in paying ..uant.tK.. lm» yet been

''^'^:^'\o be a clo. con.,..x.o t,», Yukon territory

betiinthe'^Ulline-hi.^ l.ccr depc^it.. In the v. ley

of the Felly. the,e rock, appear ' . occupy «»*>».-'-":«, ^;*
dUtance ..-about t.n miles on each side of the r.ver. w nch flow,
g neTally parallel to their strike. In the vi.inity o^^.^-P^" 'j-^;
however! the Felly river turn, northeastward, wh.le the belt of
c^BtaUine .-hi^ts continues in a southeasterly direction .long the
Frances ana upper I.iard rivers. ,,„,,. ,,

In 187:.. some pros,«ctors from the Cassiar gold-field., .n search
of new ground., reached the headwaters of Frances "-''«;'» ^'^^
on some bars, obtaining gold which pa.d at the 'ate of $8 o $0 a
day. and there i. no doubt tUa. the Yukon gold-fields -uld have
Zn en.end and discovered at that time from t ns quarter .f the
route ^vc.re an easier one, and not so remote fro„. any base of

""tlr'the last few years work in the Felly district has been con-
fined to the streams entering the Felly from the south, from and
iucludinK Lapie river to Hoole river.

These streaxns head in the Felly mountains, a high -nge. lymg
south of and parallel to the course of the Folly. Along the base of
he e mountains lies a wide abandoned river valley, floored w.th wash
gravels and containing several small lakes. This old vdley .s se^aj-
ated from the Felly river by a narrow belt of low rocky W^-s. th o„gh
which the streams have cut channels. The gravels of the old valley
Tarry coarse and fine «.iours of gold, and the streams m flowing
.cr„ss it conccutrnte a portion of this gold on bed-rock.

The best prospects so far have been found on some of the small
tributaries of Hoole river.

OKOI.(M!KAl, SURVEY, CANADA

The Duncan mining district, to the north of the Telly, resembles
the country in the vicinity of the latter in many respects. Coarse
gold in paying quantities was found in that region about ten years
ago, and almost every year since then discoveries of more or less
importance have been made. In spite of the large area over which
gold has been found in the Duncan country, there are serious diffi-
culties hard to overcome, which prevent it from becoming a success-
ful niininK camp. These are: underground water, large boulders,
and lack of adequate transportation to ensure a supply of provisions
for miners.

Fine gold is found in the gravels all along the Felly, from the
Yukon to Campbell creek, but none is found above this point.

Mr. Henderson tested a few bars above Iloole cafioii, using two
sluice-boxes, about 12 feet long, and collected several pounds of
the lieavy dark sand which accompanied the gold. A greyish-white,
malleable mineral in small scales, which was presumed to be plat-
inum, is abundant in this sanil.

The samples were 8ubmitte<l to Mr. R. A. A. Johnston, mineralo-
gist to the Geological Survey, who states it to be ferro-nickel, a rare
mineral, but of no commercial value in such small quantities. The
bulk of the black sand is composed of magnetite and garnet.

The bars that produce best on the upper Felly, begin about a
mile below Hoole canon and extend up stream for about sixteen
miles.

The surface gravels to about a foot in depth yield approximately
2i cents to the pan, and IJ cents at two feet below the surface. The
boulders are not large and the gravels are not frozen.

A few years ago three men rocked on the bars above Hoole canon,
and made about $2.50 per day each. The gold is very fine and hard
to save, but Mr. Henderson says that with better appliances for
washing the gravel, and saving the gold, it is possible to make from
$5 to $6 per day.

Veins and stringers of quartz, which ere probably due to the
after-effects of igneous intrusions, are abundant in the crystalline
schists. The occurrence of gold was not traced directly to the quartz
seams in this locality, but the gold in deposits of economic impor-
tance has been limited to those areas in which the rocks are highly
altered, and disturbed by frequent intrusions.

During the glacial period part of the ice which filled the Felly
valley came from the southeast, and moving over a large area of

I'l m .Will.

I'l.ATK XIX.

MMHI

|a^

MACKKNZIK MOUNTAINS, YUKON

schists and slates, transported some of the pre-glacial accuiuulation
of gold from these rocks. It is probable that the gold in the bars of
the main river is derived from the glacial drift. The river does a
certain amount of cutting into these deposite at every tlood stage;
the gold scattered through the drift is fine enough to be carried in
the turbid water. The concentrations of gold are generally restricted
to small areas at the head of each bar, and on account of their
shallowness and small extent, diggings of this nature are soon ex-
hausted.

The mineralization of the schists by the igneous intrusions was
not confined to the deposition of gold, as in other localities various
minerals of more or less importance are found associated with coarse
gold on bed-rock. These minerals are cassiterite (oxide of tin),
scheelite (calcium tungstate), bismuth, stibnite (antimony sulp-
hide), zinc blende, arsenical pyrites and iron pyrites.

Although these minerals have not been reported from the Pelly
regiv/::, it is possible that they occur there, and on accoimt of their
heaviness are likely to be foimd concentrated in sluice-boxes.

Under present conditions, however, it is unlikely that anything
but gold, which is by far the most valuable mineral known to occur
there, will be sought for.

From the superficial examination given to the country in the
vicinity of the Eoss and Gravel rivers, it appears to be a most unat-
tractive one to the prospector or miner.

There is a marked absence of voiii quartz either iu the bed-rock
or stream gravels along the route. The intrusion of the granites in
the sedimentary rocks does not appear to have been accompanied by
any mineralization. The excess of silica usually ace npanying
granite intrusions appears to have permeated the argillitea in an
amorphous form, altering them to cherts. The silicification of the
bedded rocks is on a large scale, as there are several thousand feet
of chert beds extending over a large area.

An assay was made of a specimen from the bed of quartz con-
glomerate which crosses the Ross river at Prevost caiion, but no
trace of gold was found.

At least two parties of miners have prospected in late years on
the Ross river, but without success. Chas. Wilson, who has pros-
pected on the upper portion of the river for the last three years,
informed mo that he only got colonra of gold in ono small
5419-4

r>o

OEOLOOICAL SUKVKV, CAM ADA

Stream flowing into the Macmilirn river, and that he found no coarse
gold at all.

The explanation of Wilson's pc.sistence in remaining in an
apparently barren field is that l.e i : in s enrch of the legendary
McHenry mine, a phenomenally ri"'a deposit of placer gold suppo«°d
to exist in this vicinity. McIIenry \i said to Lave been a miner from
the Dease Lake diggings, who penetrated to this region on a prospect-
ing trip many years ago, and took out forty pouaJs in weight of
coarse gold and nuggets. Various reasons were given for not return-
ing again to his Eldorado, but he gave certain approximate direc-
tions by which it might bo located, and many prospectors have been
beguiled into the quest. A great deal of the country between the
Macmillan and the headwaters of the Nahanni has been traversed in
search of this lost mine.

Quantities of drift lignite are found along the lower part of
Campbell creek, but the seams from which it was derived were not
found. There is probably a small Cretaceous area lying on the
schists in this neighbourhood similar to the one at Five Fingers on
the Yukon river.

Drift lignite is alS' foui.d on the lower part of the Gravel river,
which is no doubt derived from the Tertiary coal-bearing areas of
the Mackenzie basin.

Hematite occurs on the Gravel river about ten miles below the
mouth of Natla river. This iron ore is coarsely laminated with red
siliceous slate, having a thickness of from 50 to 100 feet, and is
interbedded between conglomerate and dolomite. An assay of an
average sample of tLij ore was made at the assay office of the Mines
Branch, and gave only 25 per cent of iron.

INM)RX.

^ Vmrn.

Agricultural land •• •• 35 37, 38

Ami. Dr., brachiopods. etc., earned hy • • • j,

Arctic Red river

Bacotyeh river. (See Gravel river) • ■■ ^

Basalt on Pelly river ,.....!!! .^ 36

Bow River group " ..36,39

Brachiopods U

Braine, Frank

Ca„,pbell, Bobt.. Brst exploration of tiard ami Pelly river- by. . ■ J"

Camsell, C. re pebbles and boulders on Mt. On«le„onRh ^^

survey of Wind and Peel rivers b> ^^

Cnrcnjou river 36,37

Cnstlo Mountain group 3-

Cephalopod 13

Chandindu river • -

Christie, J. M., acconii>:»n"l «" ''"■•^^•^ ^ '.'..'.'... 18

Clarke, Mt .. •■ 22

Climate

. 10

Dawson, Dr. O. M.. journey of.. ■ • jj

,. << suggestion by re mountains

Drainage system of district..

Drift. (See Superficial Deposits) ^

Duncan mining district, gold in

liaise cafion, rocks of 24

I'auua of the district ^g

Ferro-nickel found on Pelly ri»er ,'.'.'..'.'. 28

Fish .... 28

Forests '" n

Fort Norman ' " " " " ..32,38,37,38,39

Fossils 47

Frances river, gold on '' jg

Franklin range " '' 34

Fruit .. 11.12

Fur hunting " ' gg

•• trade

.51

OKOLOOICAL SIIRVKV, CANADA

1*1

Qaroe animala a

Geology, economic 47

Oeology. general, of thp district SI

Olaciation 4S

Glenlyon mountains 15,16

Gold mining 28,32,47,48,49

Ooodenongh, Mt 46

Granite. ('•« igneoaa Bocka)

Graptolites 38

Gravel river 11,13.19,20,30,35

" " district nnattractivr to prospectors 49

" high clay bank on 45

" origin of name 11

" rocks on 40

" source 8

" survey of 9

Hematitp on Gravel rii-er 50

Henderson, Fobt., services of acknowledRed 7

" tests of Polly River santl »8

Hess river 1!)

Historical spmmary 10

Hoole rapid 30

Igneons rocks 4]

Indians II, 12

Iron. {See Hematite.)

Itsi monntain 41

John lake 30

Johnston, R. A. A ^j,

KaUas mountains j5

Klondike goldflelds, disoovery of ^

'''•'• v. V. 13

Lambe, L. M., on fossil corals, etc 37 39

Lewis & Field, traders ' U

Lignite found on Campbell creek and Gravel river 50

Limestones 84,35,36.88.39

IMDVX.

<• snrTcy by

MrHenry mine ■■.■. .. ..

Mackenzie monntMnsdefinea.... • •• ••

topograpny of

Mncmillan mountain' .....!.•

■• river

" mirvpy of

Moce^kin boat, n^ by Indian" ••

Mountain Men of Gravel "'"" " "^ w. . ..
Murray. A. H.. Gravel nver mentioned By

Nahanni river

Nnitina ««ries ."'i/nnV

Navigation. {See TransportaUon.)

Pao»!
^^

<n
nr.
11
.w
V'

. 14. Ill
IS
t»
11

..11.12

Ogilvie range.

Peel river.. •• "

PcHy mountains

" river , .. .

" gold found in ' "'„, of

.. micrometer and compass aurvey ol.

" origin of name i>f

Pelly. Sir H.. river named ffter.. .. .• •• ••

Pentamorus

Pettitot, Pftre

•« " map

Pike, Warbnrton. ionrncy of ■..■*..'".",

Plateau ranges.. .. ■• •

Pr«vo8t canon, rocks ol..

. . . . IS. 16

.13. 15, 19. 30

... 9
10
IC
89

18
It

" . .. 10
IS
S4

ied on survey by.

oAA^n R B.. acroinpaniea on »u."=.t --
Riddell. R. B- t,, by. of fur values

K.'S^^l^d.^blef factor H^b; Co., rWerna^edafter.

^ ''Tr-d^tri;; unaitracti'veto" prospector... •• •.

■• orisin of name /'■ 'J ' .. .

.. .. rouu to «""""" "' •"°"°*';'°;;- .;• ;; ;; .. .

<• •' survey of

2"
IS

. .. ■• W
19,30.35.43

... w

W oKot.ooirAr, mukvkv, canaiia

BandstoDM ^*^

Sa7un*i range ,,

Ss-yanne-kwe mountains j^

Schnchert, Dr., brachiopods, etc., namrd by as as

Sekwi. Mt ' "

Selwyn range 'u

Sheldon lake 3q

Sheldon. Mt .................. 41

Shesal oafion w

Slate rapid 30 33

Stewart river ' " ' " " \ '13

" " explored n

Stratified rocka .' " 3^

Stromatoperoid 39

Saparflcial deposits 42

Tigonankweine range 14 37

Ti-konan-kkirene mountains ' j4

Timber 15 24 28

Topography of the district '. .' ' [o

Transportation 29 30

Twitya river. <5ee Qravel rivir) 'u

▼
Volcano, reported g

Wilson, Charles, prospector on Ross river 49

Wilson lake 39

" monntain 4j

Wolf caiion portage 39

" rocka of 34

Yukon plateau I3 n jg

" route to via Gravel river 11

CA5JADA

r,rrxivKT OF MINES

4 H. U)W,

Utrctt «!««•"• >

Wn^D LKt OF luxmiTS and mai>^

„, ....xnAi. «:oNoMic >NTKU..:si

^1IKI> lllf

Tilt"

H 111.1X11

.OKOl-OCaCALBtUVKY,

Report, of the Mi«- •••«;»;:,, :,., ,^,.,. Kr,.on o. Min-^

Sci'iicn

No -MV
;lol

I. '.••'■

li,.,,„rt o( Mi..o»^Se.-.i"n

ls'U-4.

71 »

SKI

h;i:>

SfCt

071

1«'<7.

IVI*!.

I'.V'l.

|<tlF2.

I'.li' '•
I'li.l

«*:«.! p'-«««':,:=:!:*^

414

41'"

41ii

417

41H

4tO

420

421

War 1H>^>
Ihs.

ISHS.
lh^O.

IKilO.

is«l .
lSKO-91.

1S<J2

r>77

f.l2
f.2:»
640
071

6SG

YearlSOS.
1S04.
ISO.'..
1M»'..

lS.sf.-96.

1«>7.

IS'.IH.

Ih'jO.

No.7t9. Y-.r.;;oo,

71'.>ii

sj:«

Htil
S'.Mi
024
9S1

Jlill.
I'll 12.

>'.»>i;i.

190.").
lUOrt.

«»;.«.! K...»-. B-^.«-

No. 'SIS

M.-.l.

•S.''>4
s.")7

f>5'.l

I'lnt immi
fiml

ln(ii-.'ri;>l Earth
Mnnpinc^o.

No. «■•"• Jip""-

a?':VMulyb.lonumand
° ■ TunRsUn.
877. Graplii'-e.
HSO. Teal.

So R.M. ri.o~!'l'»<"

S.H2. C'M'I"''", ,,. ,„„,,

(Ircnii'J.

f.5'.l. t^uH. 4 JClneraloKT

Year 1874-5.
1875-6.
1H76-7.
1877-«.
1878-9.
1879-80.
1881V1-2

^ « 18H.H-9.
^ . 1890-1.

3W " >^«-!-3-

580. Year V^-

111 - is;««-

794 i8^»y.

Li\ ' 1900.
^58 " 1906.

-— - ■ marked thu. .re out ol prmt.

REPORT&

T4»

•07J

•20()
205.
687.

•WW.

043.

051

070.
W>2.

1016

lOAO.

313.

•23-..
236.

263.

•271.
•294.

•.'.73.
574.

743.

039
040

9.S0,
088.
906.

1035.

oy.sr.RAL.

Altltiwlr* of raim.l:,. by J Wl.iif, iHim
'"'VminK' '""''"*'"■ "' *""""'" •"'* "'-■'"■ '>y «• A A. Jolm-lo., „n.l O \.

YUKON.

^'"^"^:^':::ir ''y *' " i>»««..ii. iss?. m«,« n.«. 274, nc„u- m m _ i in ■

-■•'—-<■, ■. Illi- S 111. — 1 111. " '

■k iik.jn MI..I Ma. k. n/1.. I,n.ln-. by H O MH'„nn..||. ISHO. M,i,. \„. ri(,i. „.„!,
'^'""►'illr '",',',' '"Vi '''"•"""■""■>•'• '-y ^ *i M.Conn,ll. HMMI. .\|„,, .\., ,iss,
Kl..n.likt.Knhlfi..l.l, i,vU.(i. MKonnrll, lOfll. Map .V, 77.' .,al.-.|„ _ 1 in

UpiHT Hiinurt riv.T, by J. Kwli-. M.ip No. 038 1

wrjili' .H 111. M- I ill * i I» . . 1 . .1

Peel mi.l Win.l river-, bv Cho.. Cmu-.ll. Map Vo ' '"*""r.

'•■t.!, HCMie >» III. ■- 1 in.

Kl<m.like Kr««l,. by U <i. MrCmnell. Mnp X,. Kill, -rule 40 rh -I in

'^"T.m;'"™.)'^"™'':;?;,:"'-""' •'''"'^■*'' ^>' "• "• «'^'i™'- 'ooi .m',."no.

'"°"liiM,V"aTe%r'i.'l"l ir""' '"' ^ ° MoCmmll. (Fremli). M„p No.
WliiNlmiNc f,.p,«r IJelt, by H. O. MrConnell. Map, No.. I,(i2fi, 1,011, |,,)M.

BRITISH COLl'MHI.X.

The Rorky mountBiM (between latitude, 40° anil .•.(•. 10°^ bv O M n.«. „„
1W6. Map .Vo, '..aa H, ale 6 ni. - 1 In. Mu" No 224, .,„fo li m ~^^T

No ii?'""".!" "■* «™''5K'.'-»' -""-"TC, by /{. <;. MiCV.nnell. W \Up

•337.
S24.

Van

111^ ••>"■■• (•■u.iiii ti u... K*'uiu||[ii'ai
•No. 24H, f-rali- .i III. — 1 in.

Carlho<i niininKilMri..t. by A. Howiuan. 18.S7. Mniw Nos "78 >si
Mmeriil weallli, bv <i .M. Daw.son ' -">--l.

^""'..'^."'I'in"' '^'■"■''■'' ^y *' •^'- I'awon. 18.88-0. Man No. .m, .~,nlc S

Knniloops,listri,.t,byG.M. Dnw-on. I,><n4. Maps No,. .VV,.7 Mal..4m -tin
Jmlay_m,.l Omine... river,, by 11. C. MiConnelV. l,s.,4. Mip No .W, „ita

Atlin^ Lake mining tlivMon, by J. C. Gwilllm. ISOO. Map N„. 742. Male 4

Ro«.|imd <li,lrii-l by R. \V. Hroik. Map No. 041 , scale 1 mm ft » 1 i,,

Nanaimo an.l New Westminster dUlriets, by U. K. L.Uov. H.07 M , \„

097, "lale 4 m. - 1 in. ■ '

C«al-fi..|dso^Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, imu Kus.ern Hriti.sh Columbia.

AI.BKIITA.

^"'J^'.fTV,;!'"' ^^ ■'■ ^ '^-"'■''"- "*•'"''■ "^'t'- ^'» 249 and 250, .«.alo S
Peaceand^Mbabaska Ru«s district, by R. G. McConaeU. ISOO-l. Map No.

703.
MU

WW.

rllowhaad

I iit.-L
"•"•I' Muuni

'tei;;/;''^:?!^ ^-'fe^Ji!.«^^-^

** m. - 1 In.

:'"^''r ri^^i " " '■•'™'- w-^- No ««-i

(■o>.l-ri..|,l, of' M«nitob«; HMk",

"'ule 3 m. - I in

t; R •y.r:!;^' 'S:^^^':^;,^;::;;;^.^'- ""ti-h c.u„.,>^

213

KfiM

fypr#«< hilN iin.l W,

8A8KA mil;W.%N,

204.

32.^.
704.
70.'i.
KCtS

.>.•« ■ ""'' **'"^1 """II

^..1 aoil ai'tt. male H m -I m """• ""P" •■«o»-

MA.Vi iOBA.

N!::;i^i::';„^i:..,''{;;^. "j-'r^ry^.:^"" >"- ^i*. 3.«, 3.,.

«'»I.Mn. -Iln '>frcu iwiit-i. M«|« .\,„ 339 »n. J 350

217.
238.
239.
244.

NORTH WKST TKimiTOIUES

207
S78

•«84
618

CB7
6«0,

Att.wapl.kat ami .VIbany riv.-V. lyU n,.|i i>.>m>

ilAfn^a Kbit nn.l . _ . .

7)-fi
815

Sin

905.

.<wD «.«) ni. ~ I in. - ■• >^-" .nap .-NO. :»5,

, _ -rale H ....HTln "" '^'"' ^^' ^' " "°*''''R If'W. Map No. a7«.
■ '•auraclorpfnin^ula. bvA P Lon. ifcor \t

-.al,. J5 ,„. «1 in. •'^^" ""'^' '->• •> "• fyrrell. lM«i .Map No. COS

^""Map'r ^!;y'ri:'^v' rV"-- '-•>•■ »'^ « '«■.■ 1 ' "" •"^"""•

.. Hni.-lin. .»•». 1.1.0W IWK). Maps . N.w 779. 7H0,7S1,. rata

OXTAUIO.
215. I.akcof ihc\Voo<l.sriirion hv A n i
'-'■•1. I'aiTu I akr niriiin hv A f t

.cale 4 m.-l in.; Ho. 2bS, £^20 ch -iT ' ^^ ""»" '"'°*- 2«'

320

327

33J

357

678

Suilbury mining district, by R. I»pll
Hunter i.-land, by W. H. C. Sniitli

.. ".."I... ..-.»..>4, uv ., ,1. I, Bniiiii. iv.iim. Map No. 342. »en n 4 m - I i

iJ. V.turalOjusandt'etroleun. bvH.P, H. Ilrunull. 1N()0-1. M»p.H Xo. .Tl A

-■ <.".? "u- 'eterboroUKh, and flHstinK^* .ounties. bv K. D. A.lain,. IMtJ-:)

'■ <'nthel'r,.n<hUiverHl>re.,bvlMl.ll. IsiW. Map No. 570, male 4 „. i

723.

739.

741.
7'JII.
IHil.

Q(i2.

ISOO-l. Map No 343, scale 4 m. -1 In
IVio-l. Map .\o. 342. iicnlo 4 m. - I in.

l-:t»u.

Stine river and l.alte Sliebandow.m i.mp-»l,'cet«,'by W. Mclnics. 1897. Map-
Nos. SSi) and 5(i(), male 4 in, -1 in

°°ijiT"''» "'"J'' "'* Kingston and Pembrol«- railway, bv E. I) Incdl
i uc'bcc T" "^ 1 '■"s'-o" tountira, by R. W. IJU. 1S9«. (fee No. 73y.
Ottartu and vicinity, by 11. W. ElU. 19(J<)
1 irll. »li,-,.t, by U. W. ElU. li».)0. M,.p No. 7K9, «<ale 4 m.-l in.

.siidlmry .S|.-kei and Copper depo>it^ by A. E. Harlow (Hc|.rint1
< '.•'• *'-"'■, ■■;;:'.''"'. ', "> - 1 in. ; 824, s2.5, ,sti4, s, ale 400 ft « 1 in

Alpis>ing ami liiniskaininK map-sli.et.s, by A. E. Harlow. (Itcprint)
.So.H. oWl (KM,, scale 4 m.-I in.; .No. 044, s. ale 1 m. - 1 in

Sudlmry .Nii kcl anil Copper d

Mapn Nos.
Map^

998.
1075.

. - -"1 in.

Repo^rtjin IVmbroke sheet, by H. W. Ells. (French). Map No. WiO, scale

Gowganda Mining Division, by W. H. c„l|i„s. Map No. 1,076, scale 1 in. ~ 1 in.

2ir,.
240.

2ftS.

^7.
328.
679.

691.

670.

707.
739.

788.

8«a.

923.

9V2.

974.

976.

!I98.
1028.

1032.

-1 in.
Ells.

QUEBEC.

Mistas.sini cxiK-dilion, by A. P. Low. ISS 1-3. M.ip No. 228, scale 8 m
tompton, hlmi.teml, Heauce, Hi, hmond. and Wdl'c ,,„mtie. bv H \V

Mcganlic \'f''';:;'-./>o^'^r''''.,'-^-i:. H.;ll.:.l.a.<r. and MonlinaRny countic,

Ponneuf tiuelM-c, and .Montin.mrnv counties, bv A. P. Low ISOO-l
Lasicm rownsj.jps, Montreal >l.crt, by It. W. Ells and F. 1). Adams. 1S94

.M.ip .>o. .xl, .scale -I ti.. -= I in
Laurent ian area north of the Island of Montreal, bv F. I). .Vdaiiis. 1,S9,', Ma,,

.No. aW), siale 4 in— 1 in " '

Auri^-rous deposits, southeastern portion R. Chalmers. 1895. Map No.

Eastern Townships, Three Rivers sheet, bv H. W Ells ixos

ArRemeuih ()ttawa, and Ponti.ic counties, by R. W. Ells, l.syj. ' (See No. 739,

Noltaw.iv basin, bv R. IVll. 1900. (Map No. 702. s.ale 10 m -1 in

\Se Is on l.hmd .,1 Montreal, by F. IJ. Adams. ' jOl.' .Ma,,s nJs.-874 ,"75 S7U

( lubouKamau nuii.n. bv A. P. Low 1905 "■ . <s<-i, i/o, ^<u.

''"'^;';;;;:'T': "':'>;;!;"■•;, t7 ■'' /•-. Ranow.; fRepHnt). Maps no,. 599, r.o«,

Mail ■» m. =■ 1 in , 9H, scale I ni.-l i.-.
Report on (•opper-l.earinR rocks of Ea.,tern Town.sl.ips, by J. A. Dres-ser. Map
.No. t»(h, scale .8 in. -- 1 in. '

'''"'i'-rJnllo"'''*'"'*''""'^ ■■"'■ks of ICastern Townships, by J. A. Dr.^sser.
Report .m the Pembroke sheet, by R. W, Ells (Fren.h)
Report on a Recent Discovery of Cold near Lake McRantic

l>rcs.ser. Map No. 102!). scale 2 in. = l in
Rei-ort on a Recent l)isc,.%,.ry of Gold near Lake McRuntic,

Dresser. (French). Map No. 1029, scale 2 in -1 in

, Que., by J. .\.
Que,, by J, A.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

218. Western .New Brunswick and Eastern Nova Scot la, by R.W ElU 1S,S,-, M'ln
No, 2W, scale 4 iii, — l in, ■ ■ -i

ai9. Carleton and \ ictoria counties, by L. W.Uailey. ISiSo. Map No 231 seals
4 ni, - 1 in. ' ■

242

2G!).

3.10.

661.

7!)B.

HiU.

9,s:<.

lU.'i4.

243.

331.

35».

62H,

fiS.5.
7!I7.
S71.

Mineral re.-.our, ch,' b/it \V l- li"^' n"r"'' t^"' ??»• "•»'" '« "' -r'n

y«. V. Ul.. (Irtn.!,). Map No. UUU. scale 10 m. -lin.

NOVA SCOTIV

8ou,..w...e™ Xov.S.o.ia: by ... W. „„ney. 1H96.
tambnan ro. ks of tail HrnV''", ""'"^ '^■"^ "SZ. fiM f.54

Map \o. on. sruli- S
■wie 1 ni. ^ 1 in.

MAPS

1042. Dominion of Canada. .MinoraU. Seal,

80,5.
891.
S94.
CIO.
990.
O'tl.
lull.

io;w.
inn

1UL>0.

e 100 m.-l In.
YUKO.V

f onra,l an.l Whi-.-L.", •;,„„',■'' *■''"'"«■■ -il Map, s, .nic 2 m
lantahi., ami l-iv,' I ,m. l""""? J'.-t"' ts, scale 2 ni- 1 „

-1 in.

278,

604.

771.

767.

791.

792.

82,S.

890.

041.

987.

0S9.

097.
1001.
1002.
1003.
1004.
1068.
1074.

BRITISH CX)Li;MaiA.

Cariboo Mining di^tri.t, scale 2 m _i ■„

Special Mapof ir,"si;nd T '" *"" "i^ •''■^•'-'■"'. '^ "l" 4 m - 1 in
Special .Ma , of iCJCj f."l"'Kraphi,al .h,^, . ,S u|o .,«o H li i„
I ossland .^^il.inK ,-a .m npr"''*"." "'"■♦• S<^»"'- 400 ft i I Fn
Uossland .MininK c,^ f' r? 'i *™l!'''''al "iM'.t. Scale! "ooff i i

sh«.p Creek M"^i'n""'imp°"G:s;;fJr''ri- *■"'•' ' 2^)0 fr."!iiV '"•

.1 In.
1 in.

ALBKRTA.

594-696. Pearc and Alhabanka rivers. ccbIp in m. -1 la

808. Blalrmore-Frank roal-fieldn, gralf 1K(I ili —1 in

892. Costiean roal La.sm, male 40 rh " 1 in

92i»-93fi. ( a.srade coal ba«in. Siale 1 in. =1 in
.SV^'^'iJ'.L *'°"'"? *!""","''" ""B*™ f"'l Anas. Srale 2 m - 1 in
1010. Alberta, Sa«kat< liowan, and Maui ...i.a. Coal .\rea». 8<-alc 35 m -1 In.

SASKATCHEWAN.

1010. Albert*. Saskatchewan, and Manitobn Coal Arca«. S<ale a; m. . 1 in.

MAMTOHA.

i,^?,1' Kf!* °' TV*)'' mountain showinR coal area-, scale 1 5 m .- ] in

1010. Alberta, baskatchcwan, and Manitoba. Coal Area-.. S( iilc .« m. - 1 in.

O.NTMUO

227. Lake of the TVoods 9he<t. scale 2 m. = 1 in.
•283. Rainy I.nke sheet, scale 4 m. - 1 in

I
I

Hunter Island sheet, s'alc 4 in. . ..,.

Sudbury sheet, scale 4 in. = 1 in.

Rainy River sheet, scale 2 m. = 1 in.

Seine River sheet, scale 4 m. - 1 in

French River sheet, scale 4 m. - 1 in.

Lake Shebandowan sheet, siale 4 ni 1 in.

Tiiniskamini; sheet . scale 4 ni. - 1 in. ( .Neiv

Manitoulin Island sheet, scale 4 in. =. 1 in

Nipissing sheet, seal.' 4 m. - 1 in. (.New E.lit i„n

I'cmbroke sheet, scale 4 in. " I in.

Ignace sheet, scale 4 m. = l in

Iialiburton sheet, scale 4 m. ^^ t m.

Manitou Lake sheet, scale 4 m. -I in.

tirenville slieet, scale 4 ni. ■» 1 in.
770. Bancroft sheet, scale 2 m. -1 in.
77.5. Hudbury district, Victoria mines, scale 1 m ■
7«9. IVrih sheet, scale 4 m. - 1 in.
S2n. Sudburv district, .'<udburv, scale 1 m = 1 in
t?^-**^S Sudbury <iistri,t . Co,")per Cliff mine-. - ale 400 ft. - 1 In
8Ri' i'^.L j: "•' of V'Tm'Ton Iron ranp.. rirnuRami, scale 1(1 ch. -I in
864. .^jdbury district, El-i.. and Murray mines s, ale 400 ft. - lin
WM. intawa and Cornwall sheet, scale 4 m 1 in

944. Preliminary Map of Tiniagami and Rabbit lakes scale 1 m - 1 in
,XS?- J?*-"!"!!,""' Map of part.s of Alcnm an.l Thunder bay, s. ale 8 in -1 in
1023. (orundu.n Bearing Rocks. Central Ontario Scale 17* m. -1 in
1076. Oowganda Mining Division, scale 1 m. -1 in.

•342.

343.

373.

560.

670.

589.

599.

GO.'i .

606.

660.

663.

708.

720
•7.'iO.

IMiiion 1907).
1907).

■1 in

231 .

2K7.

375.

571.

665.

667.

668.

918

976.
1007.
1029

QUEBICC.

Sherbrooke sheet. Eastern To«-nships Map. scale 4 m 1 In
1 hetford and Colcraine Asbestos di-trict, s' ale 40 ch 1 in
Quebec sheet. Eastern To«nshi,.« .VJap, g.-ale 4 in. - in
Montreal sheet Eastern Township, ^U-Kt. s.-ale 4 ni Tin
I hree Rivers sheet Ljistern lowTi-hip.s Map. s.ale 4 m =.1 In
t«ol<l Areas in southeastern part, scale 8 m •» 1 in
(.raphite district in l.aN'lle county, scale 40 eh. -1 in
CnibouKamau region, scale 4 m — 1 in

The Ol.ler C„pp..r-bearinB Hocks of the Eastern Townships, scale 8 m
Lake I imlskaming rcRion, scale 2 m. - 1 in t- , -i-is o

Lake Megantic and vicinity, scale 2 m. - 1 in.

»1 in.

M
Ml

NEW RRUNSWICK.

fi7." Map of Prlni-ipnl Mineral Orrurrenci-si Srale 10 m - 1 in
9«» Map of I'riniipal Mineral Localities. S.ale 10 lu. 1 in.

SI2.

807

927.
937
94.>
9H.>
1012
1010.

loan.

lO'tti.
10:t7.
llMli.

NOVA SC,-II.\.

Prpliiiiinarv Map of SprinRliill coiil-fi.l.l. srali- 511 rh ^ i i«

I'iciow riinl-ficlil. siale 2.") .li.-l in.

Priliii'iiiarv (JfoloKi' al I'lan of NiciaMx un.l I . .rl)r.j<>k Ir.m ,li«rli't »r-i!i- ■'.-, ,!i.

nrniriil Map of Provini c .^liowinn Kold di-.tri.-ts. .siak- 12 ni - 1 in

l.i'ip igai< Gold distriit. srnlp .'viM) ft. - 1 ,n

lliirri^an i iiild disirirt, .-^-alc -KHI ft. — 1 in

MalnEa liiild district, srale 2-">(( It -1 in.

Hrooktii-lil (i.ild disiriit, si-iili- L'.")!) ft. - 1 in

llalifiit (;i-..|..ci.al sheet. No. »iN. !>. nli- I

Wavirlpy <i.-.iln)siial sln>pt. No. 'i7. S..-ili-

St. Margnrct Hnv ("ipoloKical «.lii-ii Nii 71

Wind-or (ii..l.,tti.al siicft. No. 73. Srali- I

= 1 in.
tn. ' 1 in.
.Soal«" 1 m. — 1 in.
I in

: ».■ -i.^-r,. .1... I.). .-»(-;iii- 1 n: =1 in

.\spotoRan <;.., logical sheet. No. 7(1 .Scale 1 in. - 1 in

Nori:.— In.lividual Maps or Reports will be furnished free to /«;;m tldr fun . li-in
applifants. '

Hcivirts and Maps may b« ordered by the numhers prefi\.'.l -o titles
.\|-.|.ii<;ations -liniild be addrea«ed to The Director, i icoltigi. al Survey,

meut ot Mines, Ottawa

ey, Umiuri-

■ — S^i'

MMMCOrr MWUITION nST CHART

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

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SSSr. 1653 East Uain SIrMt

RochMt«f. Nt* Yortt U609 USA
(716) *82 - 0300 - Phoftt
(716) 2M- 5989 -Fox

EXPLORATIONS

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mnd 7^09 fmt a^wK ».■ Ii i »t.

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rf>jtf>»- Jn t^rwtt «trmtftmrm •Ml e«lMM- /^m IA«mi to tiUi ar<i«« a/
•*"' |M><||«, r*« ir»««ll' i i pxvtoa f <k« «|Mtoin Jkau torn*
mhhruid to to<^ «*«(<itM«<l rrMtott, M« mi/(«y« a«w ■» « «
irtlA fmrm totoi x t mUprt rUtnf in »mty rmrmn, am* aft*
k'trifr |M>a*« am M< aprll »ar* fi-mmt Mo •al<>'« >»» » «a u . ia
th^ *astf-rm pm ri i m m the Nt««Hia<N« mtf t^rtdimHlf '** m mtmr*
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/Wk«, (M M«M/WiN Mr Patfy. « "'^-TTfr n oiii.j

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m. Om M—m H—r, lUirUtm Mk* <* M« NmM a^»MM

>r awM •'UMtt fak<i, iM« to !■—■*■ A Jli lm Cw««
k«r» Urn itrtlt* mf HO mtiM af rnHft wmtrr, wUk l^mr
rmfUa JMM* «M<* r»„d» an > ■ » ■ > »<. Tlka Srm—I
>M|r *« tt tmtn t t * ky »M< Am> AMtaWMft to «k«

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HKoumr.

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wmr^s4 mm trm-OHUrlf4»m, —mr mUmt Uim pmr* mf Uk*

Hmr tkmm u lu utm «»i«tti» mi I'li nsnuv V' <*• ili«>,
•MM to t« n i v t m iil lf> M<« arva md 4m mmt a j i y i to
rM » »■«»>» /*tHnl Imllir Mill* in* M> .nM<a««a« r<«*r.

n^TiiriM i rttT ii J <iWrfu(nv MMrf Minmlna ara prmmmt.

!»• fmlmgr mf M« ■ ■ rt llii yM<to» V •*

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fmm^aim mf M» J(ar*nu<», dl/fiir* to Many »-»iynto /Vuni
Mat to Mo MWMarartf. JTraaMy ttddmd Umtimtmnmm, dmimmuir,.
mmmdmtmnmt m»d nmgl mm t rimt m , ataMly tvaaMarlMy tm*rli,kl
mmlmHrm, ar* (*« yrMatMN* rat**. CmmihHmm, OnlaaM.ii.
•m4 Ji ii iaa l aa /'aa><l> laara /bM>rf a«a Miitot ur mflmtmUtl"
or tus /SutI /.rau /Saaail, OU atoat i nimr r m l int jii n.>|, ia
BMWiHraW/a ( W ara rf a —to . twMaaMn* a MMrfia ar rn.fr
Oaaakrlaa kariaa*. /•• t»a a a a to »-w xaytoa, I gaaaa a rarAa
■wra /a<na4 mmlpmt mmm r ia« ll % wHmrm, talaa- tlla -ritiilft .
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<* anilaWato ky aaM« <toMt*^ mr,mm mf Mmmmmmlm r<H*. ,/■
Vitprr Ciwaeaaoa aa^ IVrMary ay. nbaaa rmmlim -"

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to. I' c'-tM/, "/fcr trfMl^rn /nrrttttm i>f thr m*.mt»Ht hut *•*»..

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'rt^tm »/■ rA^ ftrinfiftMl rirrt-m. Th* r^ifinn is rhnrnrf^rit^ti
^'|» 'nwy. ff^ntlff «lwfii>»ir< irr^yntur hlll» rmr^r^ «/ih«»«# r«
'Artr cMmMttJ* iWfA w «AiM yrttfih of m*Hall mprttrf mmtt bMtmmnt
tnrf fAr m«jM rJtvr* tend CA'-'f rhirf Iribrntttrif-a orrupy
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tmtmfl Ittk^m tinH pHnHm, ttimm ^jr$^tnnff A«^r^r- iN^««f«rw>a
'tn4 i/rnr^m of g*Hni mprurr. Thim typm n/'roMnfry 9efuj*i^% *t
ti^fl ejrt^wtHittff anuiht'mst^rlif f'mmt th* f'^flff nttntmimirui, i*tH
4»tilnt^H, hijfh ffronp\, <« fAf HftrhmMir mauttUiina.

Th^ high mmg*'* of <A^ M'trkmtif ntounUtlns ••> ihrir
• mstfrrt aitl^ ntmng th* fimr^ rir^r, ur* aMrr»-^^H. ,10 ntil^m
irftn th* Mnrkmzif fiwtr. by n hrlt uf fonthUlm mA«mI .t.ttOO
•>rt in hfigM nhnr^ a»>a-l^r^. Kasttmrd th* foothUls dfi^in^
'N h'-ight an*t fintiUft trrmtmmt^ tm m krwItrM, tnw^fnt ptaiwt,
'•urfirriHff th*- "•firrMAif fif^f, trith am rirrmtium of tthtut

Thr Mvaf^r- ifiapma 0/ thr Mnrkmntir mmmmtnins mrm tftm
■rnlhi-Hng gmntut nf nHm^rnHM mtrrmmm that ftow tn*m tk*
I'rttu. Mm^ntiUMH fiMtf «*«•• rir^rm. trittutarir* nftk* S*Mlt«t».

1 »H^4tU pttrti^n •/ IA«» dmim^gt- nf th* trrml^m mtnprm. in th^
•I r*a jA«m>h >MHir thr »»mth*rn h»rti*r *f tkf mmp, falls iMta
/>«»*■•■* rh^r u^irh Joina it** lAnr*l, a trilputttt-jf nf th*

tfnr-kettaim. Th*t dmin^ff* nf th* *nal*rm mtnp*m nj th* »t/m$*9M
>« r**rie*4 kfi th* Mnrk*u*ir rivrr. Om th* w*a1*m »l**p*m.
>rh*r* thm pr*ripttmiio»* *« li*mrp. thr atrrama nt*nn*lrrr
thrangh iritir, tr*U •i^t>*lnp**i mlirfftt hmring *m»p grnwlrs.

tn the *i»sl*'m miflf, tfh^rr th* pre4^pitmli»*t i» tight, th^
(Jrainag* ch*nn«<U nrr routnaet*d mnd «r# f<ott/tmi»d in
nnrrte ratimpm with mt0t*p ^mttma,

rhf V*Hh rirr ilnrtng A
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tttnf-irt'f ttt 7.10 tMil*m. Th*
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ti'-M atut iiil th* r

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«rr regnritft mm p**- **rrf»»-(<^ *<• ■
f*tif/ rtrrt aAo.fM (W th* Ji ''
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th' ntrth *h*»Hgh fnunt In fh- >'
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th'- ini-l(€ (I rt >M<i lull/ *'t *• '
rtitrrfrl, t.artug a ■rtfrntMll ■ ••
BtrMriHf* (/MnrfJt-Mitr-M mrht-
rntoMr nrr Ihr i-nn*m*nm*at it"
hg ffH'trta ^**nit nnti mtritti/' t *

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mrtlit**' ttturg rorka i»**ifl—v »h*%lrm, mt*»t*^m, r.
mt»mfM, vt>nitlttf»t*r-Ht*m, ttm- *t*'Hrm mtfl 'tntutftll*
ntt I'/' #*«•!«<«-»«•*«> agr, r»"'li*»g frtnt* I pprr <
.HittiH* t»'-**^**tMH. Th* gi ••****■ pnrt <*/ eA*- nr*
fmm tkr i'*il»t fntlt-g lv */'-mm# .SrArtr* »m tkr 1
im Nnrff WMtM hif mhtil*a itMil -l^lt**, nrrt*tnfH»9tifd i
nt%'l n htghtg tttttumtrd. hf-'tH*^ r9*k t-f/^rr^tt
Itrnpfnlit** «/ I ppt'r ttrtl-'if-itim Hg* t^^rr /.*«
mhutf xM Itu^m .-irt-r fhwul /irr mit^m k*lmtf J*
httntl, m*w^riit n*U*m •riff'. "' *nt*iisttM*^, /tm*
gln»M*rntr, ii*»a rtmit^ at%44 li»*wMltn»*. crfmrnra P*ll\
firiMitguf tittttf ranoM »*tt»t. *^*tUH—g in
d*t*rt44^**- rrMMca IC<m« rif*r •" i'r^rtt rmXt
fitt'iH fift-r Hrmrlh* fmrka. I IhihH nf mimitttri
Sl*t*nrt rir*r «t the Tm»*u iiit.HmtaimM. Thmm
mMpfiom*it Im Art uf tatwr ilair than fA#' gmpt^
Bkmt*m »tl M«M« rir*r mttfl »m»f/ '•*■ SilHritin. Vh-
nrrriging »li%t*m m«mI thrftm inpni th* gr^mtff p
«/' fh* high iM^tiMtninm »f th* .^*-ttrgn rmnffm^ «fM
mfthr MVMtr m^m**riHi mggtfguting «A«»Mf itO fuM i
r'mrti*mlmt4>mmt Htntm rupiH uu f*Ug r*Kmr. Tk*i
rcrka, ui rur%o9tm /tmints, ar* iiUrvul^^ kp •tn*
iftnevHm rork: A MMM^rr of hight^ nfmmtnit
knniem to A«* rttmt p mmrti »f grnniu mnii tJnmkUtma
h^fk iH-nkm mnd m»9mnii»iH grottpa Mt>« th^ir
ruggmHn»ma to this rmuar.

Th* MtiNitm «/' th*- %r*mt*r„ pcrNMt •/ th»
mnuHtaiH* A«i^«t, thtMigk witt^ tnanp tmin9r «f
gen*rnl H*rtk**'9»t atrik* nttd ttip nl rarioHS «Mfl
th* itBr$4**n^ mr »outktr*at. iu a trk^l*, th^g <
fmlH*ti.kHt iu plarna th* jnidiuy ^a ri«ae„ Th^rtt
mf fnnlting. mntl th* r^p*titiaa of aimUimr kmt
Imng diatnttfttm, th* amnt* inH>„nlimn, wmg W <
*«ii^««4 f«l*lm.

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SOURCES OF INb'ORMATlON

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W (irtUvif , IftHS.
Miit> '■'•tnpilation. hy :-

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nrigaht,- hff 9mMtl

ftl tttntl» f>r rnunrm
If Itntt $>tU mtlr»
If HutUm nnH H «*//

th • limit n/ h*^t
high mimp^rn. Jiihm
tl. Ilrlftr I ^trt-m
' uufff. ifith jnMr
'V^. I If iimr^l
trhu hrauk t*t lA*
t it t» j'rttrfirnlttf

N|/ thf f'ifri nf tk^

ft*'-!' '•; iMr tH4tf.
• I<* ttttt ll/tfH'tr I"

t- itt/'tfMun rtr^r.
uirm aif f>rrm>'*»l,

thr r*"'km art' rut

f wtp nt^ittlff •/*
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ttttit*-^. I fc^RT —rm
>p^r t nm^hrimm *•
r Mrcft fJHt'mtltmp
lAr tirmrH rirrrf
ttirtt htf ^m<iHtH^s
r r^*l tH <*• •■ rhmrt.
V f,*HH** im 94meh
«r Jmhm^ imk». A
ftm^ ^*imrt» rmm*
< l'^tl0 Hrt-rinth^

rflH»M mutt Mmr^

Th^m^ rfkm mr9

ilrr pmrt •f minmm

r tmnti km^t^ m «/
mtmim pmmk» mrm
iMfWC mn mp mth^r
fhHr hM^M mmd

f th* Mark^mgim

I itMfff*^ Mthmetm
'h^p mrr kr9ta dl p
^k^r^ is <»r<rfr«M>«>
> kmiU with, tnH^r
I W dmm t* or#r-

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tnt.unt'»inm, ffni Wtntnt Mrk*ri nit *imrrt Hr^r l» '.
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h^itm «#■»• -ttk*r h»trit»nl*tt .•/• pt-rtfttt M»*rf»*V«/»»Hi. I

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mamttHiU^^ rmrkm dij^ mtmtk : tk-4r «■)»<• iu ut^nfr,.
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d^arwndimg ard^r mf thf mtna*« in tk^ u^tfgkk^»fl.

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drift. Ihffinm: " J.' "kieh emrirkri* thr rir. i

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k^fofk h*i~ ^*-i« foumd tm Ihtt rryittn. Tkf kwMt t—
VmUp are S^ttrefm Hoolf ritrnttH nn't Ifntttr rif-'-,
purtiam of tkf 6«r« trhen- tk*^ »♦•/*' i» rnttrfHt.n*.
pitmnikim,trtik /n-tpt-r mppltnnrt-m, t» trnnk nut •tUtnti S.
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ltm*ii^ mrt^mt.

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