'^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) * 1.0 I.I iai2.8 Ut 112 I IM 2.0 1.8 lyii^u^ I . Riotographic -.Sdmoes Corporation ^ i\ ^ 19 Wnr MAIN ITiHT WIMTHjN.y. I4SM (n«)«71-4S03 '^ '^ CIHM/ICMH KSicrofiche Series. / V 4 '# .- ■ CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. f Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquaa J Technical and Biblioflraphic Notat/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquas Tha Instituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy available for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographically unique, which may altar any of the imagea in thp * reproduction, or which^ may .significantly change the usual method of filming, are chackad below. D D D D D a D n □ n Coloured covers/ Couverture de coulaur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommajg^ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restauria at/oii pelliculAe Cover title missing/ Ls titre de couverture manque Coloured mapa/ Cartas gtographiquas en couieur Coloured ink^li.e. other than blue or black)/ Enere de couleur (i.e. autre qua bieue ou noire) Coloured plataa and/or illuatrationa/ Planchee et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relii avac d'autrea document^ Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liura serrie peut cauaar da I'ombre ou de la tliatorsion la long da la marga jnt4ri«ura Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certainea pagae blanches aJoutAas Ion d'line restauration apparaiaaant dana la taxta. mais^lorsqua cala itait possible, ces pagaa n'ont pas At* filmAas. Additional commanta:/ Commentairas supplimantairaa; L'Institut a microfilm* le meiileur exemplaire ' qu'il lui a *t* possible da se procurer. Las details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-*tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger una modification dans la m*thoda normaie de filmage sont indiqu*s ci-dessous. D D D D P D D Coloured pages/ - >' Pagaa da coulaur Pagaa damaged/ ^ Pa(|as endommag*es Pages restored and/or laminated/^ - Pages restaur*es et/ou pellicul*es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dacolor*es, tacheties ou piqu*es Pages detached/ Pages 'd*tach*es $howthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Qualit* inigala de I'irhpression Includes supplementary materiel/ Comprend du material supplArnantaire Only edition available/ Saula idition disponibia Pages wholly or psrtially obscured by^rrata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmeo*to ensure the best possible image/ Lea psges totalament ou partiailament obscurcies par un feuillet d'srrata. une pelura. etc., ont Ata filmAes A nouveau de facon a obtenir la mailleure image possible.- toth Tha poss of til film! Orig BagI thai sion otha first sion or ill The shal TINI ..^hh Map diff« antii bagi righ mat ■»«. This item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document eat film4 au taux da reduction indiquA ci-deaaoua. 10X. 14X 1BX 22X 2tX MX 12X 1« iXMi***" J 24X i • 12X . I- ib e hails s du modifier r une Image IS ' 1 ■-. -\' Tl}* copy fllmad h«re has bean reproduced thanks to the generosity of : Library of the Public Archives of Canada The imafles appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and iegibility of the originai copy and in Iceeping with th« filming contract specif ications. Original copies in printed paper coyers are filmed Beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page wbdi a printed ^or illustrated impres- sion, or the becK cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, end ending on the last page with a printed - or illustrated impression. ■ The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — »> (meening "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol ▼ (meaning "END"(, •whichever appiiee* -*. _ .<<■■: IMaps'^ plates, cherts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too ierge to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand coAior. left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grAce A la gAnirotltt de: La bibliothique des Archives pubiiques du Canada Les images suivantes ont 4tA repi'oduites avec le plus grsnd soin^ compte tenu dejia condition et de la nettetA de rexemplaire f ilnw. et en conformity avec les conditions d{u contrst de filmage. Les exemplaAres originaux dont la couverture en papier est ImprimAe sont fiim6s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iilustration, soit par le second l^t, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires origineux sont fHmAs en commenqant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iilustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle j|mpreinte. J^i» Un des symboles suivants apperaltra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — »> signifie "A SUIVRE ", lo symbols ▼ signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre f ilmAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui clichA, ii est fllmA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bes. en prenant le nombre d'imeges nAcessaire. Lee diagramnnes suivants illustrent le mAthode.. Brrata 'to psiurs, I . 2 3 ■ ^S'*"» -V. 32X rl k' l^.- (All rights reserved. ADVANCE PROOF— {Subject to revision). This proof is sent to you for discussion only, and on the express understanding that it is not to be used for any other purpose what.^ ever,— (»?«« Sec. 47 of the Uonttitution) . ^oimdiai; ^ocietij.-of Hioil ffngineers, -- ' ' INCORPORATED 1887. TRANSACTIONS. N.B — This Society, as a boJy, does not hold itself re.^ponaible for the facts ' and opinions stated in any of its publications. LOCATION AND CONHTRUCTJON OF THE GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY IN TllK ROCJFvY MOUNTAINS. By Ja8. II. Kennedy, M. Can. Soc. C.E. The Groat Northern Railway systim, composed of the old St. Paul, Minneapolis it Manitoba, Moiit;ina Contial, Eii.stcrn Minnesota, Fairbavcn & Southern and otlur railways, under tlfo control of Mr. J. J. Hillj is the la.st additiui to the ihcreasing number oC tran.seonti- nehtal railways competing ibr business between the Pacific .slope and the East. The surveys f\ r the Pacific extetisioii of this system were begun in the year 188t), and, witii the e.Kccplion of the Cascade tunnel construction were finisiied in 1802, so tiiat by the use of a switchback in tiie Cascades, the line was opened for through business. This lino is unique in being the only through line ever' bililt over the Kooky Mountains without government aid .either ;is a subsidy or land grant; and it is claimed to have advantages in t lie w:iy of grades, distance, etc., over its competitors. TJiis of course is tiie second line over the summit of the Rocky Mountains owned by this compjiiiy, the other being from llelena to MulteCity, Montmiii.. This paper is written with a view to giving the members ol our Society a little intormation with respect to the details of the surveys iind construction in the main range of the Rocky Mountains, with the hope of provoking a discussion that may elicit from otiiers po.ssessirig it, more compleU; information ; as well as to draw fortli a comparison the other transoontinentfil lines, or with similar work elsewhere ; et it be remembered that tiie informalion here intended U) be given miiteji to the IJocky Mountain section, or say to the part between Havre on the east and Kalis|Kll on tlie west'sideol' the range, — ^a dis tance of 2liO. uiiKs. Of this 2(10 mili's tiio first 150 fi-flui Havre to Blaekfoot was mostly ordinary [irairie work, and offers uolhirijj specially interesting, except iildced tlu' two higli bridges crossing theCutbank and Two Medicine Creeks. These bridges will be noticed later. Again, on the west side fiom Coram to Kalispell, 2,') miles cannot be said to f be mountain work, although (juile as heavy in one or two places, That leaves an inttirmediate distiuiee of some Sf) miles tliat may fairly be • called mountain work, and ii is to this latter district that this puper is juore particularly inU'nded lo ajiply. (Sw Map, I'late V\.) Thn snow shoes, uidod by old trappiirs and hunters. The plan deeithMl on was lo slan, in frym the west side of tlu' range and follow up the middle (ink ot the h'lathoiid River to as ne;ir as iM)8sible tn tli(! Marias I'ji.ss, and to return Irom the Pass by Ibllow ing down a orwk, siuec called Summit Creek, some 12 miles l^o ilo out- let into tlwi Middlo Fork of the I'lalhoad, thence down this latter river to the Flathead Valley. The dillicultie!, and hardships met with in making t,liiii trip in midwinti^r with several foot of snow on tho 11, mi --■ffl =F .^ ground*! the f^ce of cold and linnger, and in which the participants were atone time feared to have been lost, cannot be very well described^ but can be appreciated by those, wli^ subsequently passed over the same ground. , The route, however, was reported as quite favourable, the elevation of the summit being about 5200 feet, with no insurmount- able diffioultieo to be' overcomie. The route leading up to tlio Pass frpm,the East had been known for some time to be quite practicable, the writer being unable to say who explored it, or who discovered the Pass . It is claimed by some, how- ever, that the Pass was known to the! Indians for nearly a century, and had been used by traders of the Hudson Bay Company. Be that as it " li»«y, there is still to be found the evidence of an old and pretty well defined' trail leading up towards the Pass from the west side, but it divides up" and becomes so obscure in places that it is hardly pbasible for a stranger fo follow it up. Indeed, a party who made the attempt was after 10 days search lor the Pafes compelled to return for a guide without having found it. " In "the spring of 1890, three survey parties were placed in the field to make preliminary surveys. Onepkrty started-westward ffom Havre. . The second w:a8 started nearer the foot of the mountains to work west- ward, while the third was started frpni the west side of the radge with instructions to work eastward up the middle fork of the Flathead river to meet the other party working westward in the mountains. The progress of surveys in the mountains was necessarily slow on aceouut of the difficulties to be overcome. Supplies had to be for- warded by pack train, and the trail had to be cleared, and in plaoes graded. Again, the season was very wet, indeed it rained move or less every day from the 12th of May until the 4th of July. This kept the stream crossings so high that supplies had to be ferried on rafts and the horses had to swim. Another difficulty wiis the scarcity of horse', .feed, tiiere being but a veiy few plaoes where grafs could be found -at all ; consequentlj', when tiie pack train iirrivcd at camp with a cargo, it was always necessary, rain or shine, to move camp hurriedly, and get the horses out to feed as quickly as possible. This, of course, made moving camp very disagreeable, as the rain never omitted to pour on moving days.- The two parties in the mountains met on the 30th of July, about 20 miles west of the summit, and, according to instructions, each turned and located bi^ck over its own preliminary. On the prairie, of course, camp outfits and supplies were moved for- ward by wagons, but in the mountains the pack train was the only way practicable. The usual load for a pony or oayuse was from luO to 200 lbs., and the average ef pease 75 cts per day for each animal, with $60 per month for the "head packer," and $40 to $45 for each assistant. A man who doesn't understand the "diamond hitch," by which the pack is " oinched " to the horse, is useless with a pack train. This work was all done with hired animals, bu't it is very probable that it could be doue as economically and in other ways more satisfactorily by purchasing the animals and placing an experienced man in char>^e of them. There were a few places along Summit Creek and on the Flathead that showed evidence of former snowslidcs where the timber had been stripped ofi* in streaks from the t stored there before the dose of navigation on the Lake. Demersville thus became a distributing paint for the work both cast and west of the Flathead country. Grading was classified under the four following heads : stilid rock, loose rook, cemented gravel and earth ; and the following may ,be quoted from the classification, vi«. : '" " Solid rock will include all rock in place (except slate, shale and sand rock, and disintegrated granite that can be removed without freijuent drilling and blasting), and detached rooks or boulders which measure * '^%. one cubic yafd or more, in removing wliich it is necessary, to resort to drilling and blasting. " Loose rook will include all detached masses of rook measuring ono cubic foot and less thun one cubic yard, and all slate, shale, sand rock,' and disintegrated granite, which oiin be removed by' picks and bars without frequent diilling and blasting,' although blasting will be occa- sionally resorted to. " Cemented gravel will, include compacted parth, hard pan, cemented gravol deposits, and all material, except solid rock and loose rook, as above described, which- cannot practically be plowed. "Earth will include all material in excavation of every description not embraced in the foregoing classifications for solid rock, loosp rock, and cemented gravel. " Embankment will include all borrowed rpaterial for formatiqn of roadbed or for other embankments wherever required." The free haul fot' earth was 300 feet, and for classified material 1000 feet. When- the haul extended beyond 1000 feet, embankment price was added to the price paid for excavation. The rook was not a .very difficult material to handle in most cases. It varied from slnte and sand rock to a hard brittle quartzitc, and all tilted up to a dip of about 40 degrees to tho northwest. There were a few instances of cemented gravel that were as difficult to remove as rock, or more so, where powder had to be used to shake ^p the material ; but in general the material varied so that it was difficult at times to decide what classification should be given. The method adopj^d, how- ever,' was to classify the harder material as cemented gravel and the looser as earth, wfth %,yaryipg percentage of classified material accord- ing to hardness. It will be noticed that the specification for cemented gravel is somewhat elastic, ^aofh leaves considerable to the engineer's opinion as to what he considers J" may practically be plowed." While such a rlause as the above in the specification very often enables an engineer to do justice by a' contractor by giving him the nefit of the doubt when it might otherwise bo impossible, neverthe- it has a tendency to induce contractors to take work at a price they know to be too low with the expectation of getting classified out by the engineer, and this is an evil that appears to be increasing more and more as competition becomes closer. There are five tunnels' in the district under consideration, all west of the summit. They vary in length from 180 to 7^0 feet, the total amounting to about 1,600 feet of tunneling. Of this, the whole, with the exception of about 150 feet, is timbered. There were no special diffic'jlties connected with thestunnels, the whole being in rook, and sufficient timber was obtained close by. '^The timber used was hewn t.tmaracl< and red fir. Logging was of red fir 4'' x 6". Tunnel work was let at a stated price per lineal foot {of the standard dimensions, and when necessary to be enlarged for timbering the increase in size was paid for per cubic yard. Timbering was paid for at a rate per M. ft. B.M. The drilling was all dtne by hand. (Sec Standard Sections, Plate V.) ■* There arc four high wooden bridges in the district under considera- tion : two on the east sid) 'of the range crossing the Cutbank and Two Medicine Creeks, and two crossings of the Flathead river on the Western slope. The Cutbanlr bridge is about 1,200 feet long and ISOfeethigh, and consists of 4 spans of 120 feet bach and the rest 1 6 feet spans. Tho Two Medicine bridge is probably one of the highest timber trestles ever erected, being 751 feet long and 211 feet high. It consists of one span of 120 feet, 4 spans of 40 feet each, and the rest 16 feet spana. Thw bridge contains about 760 M.fl. B.M. of timber. (See Plate VIII.) Tho two ciossingB of the Flathead river are 140 and 90 feet high i-espectively, and each contains 2 long spans and a number of 16 feet openings ; but writing from memory, definite figures cannot be here given, and indeed it is possible some of the heights or lengths given may be found to be ilightly in error. ' t -^1 ■, * .-^ I The speoial feature^ of tliesc high treaties aye continuous poste from foundation to cnp, packed at every story -^th a 4" x 12" plank G' long. (S3e Plate VII.) The stories are all 17^ feet high, so as to . permit th^o use of 18 fqet lengths in posts, and also to avoid using too long pieces in the longitudinal and sway braces. Long timber is not very-' plentiful in Montana. The inside posts have a batter in order to afford a better system of bracing in the lower storie.s than could be had with plump posts, and additional posts are inserted as the height increases. The assembling of the various parte is made in • such a way that the trestle is easily raised piece by piece, and any piece can be removed without disturbing other parts of the bridge. The floors are of 6 in. x 8 in. ties laid flat, and spaced 12 in. centre to centre. Inside and outside guard rails aie used well notched down and bolted. The timber was mostly cut and sawn i)y portable. mills in Ahe vicinity of the bridges. Red fir was used for all stringers, as it is by far the best timber for the purpose to be found in Montana. Wlnto pine i^ scarce, but Norway pine is more plentiful, and was used for posts and caps where fir was scarce. ' Outside of those four large structures the smaller bridging and trestling was very light considering the rough character of the coun- try. Fir timber was used for piling and stringers, and indeed it was used /or all purposes when it eould be bad, which was not always the case. The following is a partial list of the prices paid to contractfjrs on this work ; — Solid rook % 0.90 to % 1.00 per cubic yard. Loose " ' ' 0.^5 to 0.40 Cemented gravel 0.35 " " Earth,' etc., 0.16 ' ^Embankment 0.16 « « Tunnel 40.00 per liil. ft., stan. sec. Tunnel Excavation 1.50 per cubic yard' The latter item was for enlarging the standard section to admit the timbering when neces.«ary. Ordinary labour cost 61.75 to $2.80 per day. ,, The above prices will no doubt be considered low in eomparison with prices paid for .similar work elsewhere, and it may be here said*, that while there were no fortunes made by contractors, it is believed that all 6r nearly all competent men pulled through with more or less to their credit. As before stated, the most serious drawback was the expense of hauling in supplies ; consequently, the maintenance of the camps was a serious drain on the profits of the wof!^. In regard to the cost of the work, the writer ^||^ having no esti- mates at hand, with the exception of 20 mile^iwreen I^yack and Coram. The heaviest mile in this 20 was 43,000 tub. yds., and the average cost of grading for the 20 was $14,200 per mile, but in this is included three miles of a flat where the work was light, and which considerably reduces the aver.ige from what it otherwise would be to 30,000 cub. yds. per mile ; fiom' Nyack to Summit the quantities were considerably honvier. In conclusion, it may be stated that Mr. E. H. Becklcr of Helena, Mont., was chief engineer of this work ; and his originatioti of his staff Wins this: the whole work was divided into divisinns in charge of division engineers. These divisions were suhdividid into residencies in charge of resident engineers, who npnrted to tlio division engineer ; and each residency was siibdivliled into seetinns of 6 to 10 miles, with nn assistant eiisrineer in charge of each, who reported to the resident engineer. The length of these divisions and residencii's of course varied considerably .-iccordinL; tn the difficulty of the work, in that particular locality. / ^i» >.iii - • Note added 1st March, 1894. The drilling in both tunnels and open cuttings was dona by hand there not Being a steam or electric drill on the district. The tunnels' were all in k)ck, and were oxcavuted in tliis vfa,y. An upper heading of about 7 feet iiigh was cnrried fo,r\vard ^and kept several feet ahead of the bench. \ I'nthi.s heading the timber plates wore eiirefuUy set in varying lengths depending on cij^tumstanei's, and the arcli timbers and lagging put in njaoc ; after wliich the' ^paco around the arch was well packed with roclc^or cordwood. The si^s and posts were placed after- wards according Vis the bench was ri^uoved to admit them. The specification callcduor roik packing aroi|nd the timbers, but contractors preferred to use corkwood instead, and^;tiley were allowed to do so by furnishing the wood\at their own expdise. The wood is mucli more convenient for handliljg tlian rock, and {)robably as good in every way. The timbers were kepA protected from igctting shattered by shots and flying rocks by slabs of wood spiked toi their faces ; but occasionally a timber would get shatteycd ,so, that it ^ould be necessary to remove it, no matter what care wasxlakvu lo protect it. iThc bench was alwajs kept up as close to the heading as possible, s) that as much as pn.ssible of the mateml shot from the iieading would fall clear of the bench, thus avoidiijg tiie labour of removing it. This item of clearing off the bench after a shot is often important. About Ki drillers, or say 7 men, in the heading and 9 on tiie bench is as great a force as can be worked advantageously at one time. This was the force worked in No. 4 tunnel, which was worked from 6ne end oiily. Tills was probably the most difficult tunnel to work, and work- ing the usual hours per day the monthly progress was from 30 to 35 feet. It was not always necessary to keep the timbering in place close up to the workmen. In one case the timber was not put in place until the excavation Wiis completed ; and iiad not the limber been on the ground and framed before the completion of the excavation, it might not have been used at all, as the roof turned out better than was expected. Material! from tunnels was liauled out in ordinary carts. Road-bod excavations were made 20 feet wide at grade and slopes 1 to 5 in rock and generally 1 to 1 rh eirth ; but this latter was not strictly adhered to in all eases, however, for various reasons. Tliere is a class of hard pan or gumbo in places that was found to stand well at a slope steep enough to keep it dry, but at a slope flat enough to allow it to got wet, it became semifluid, and ran down upon the road-bed. Again, there are places where a 1 to 1 slope would run into the moun- tain side, the natural slope being about the same. In these cases steeper slopes were used. The width of embankment for 5 feet and under was 14 feet, and for over 5 feet, 1(5. foci wide at grade ; slopes Ij^^ to 1, except along stream.s, where they were made 2 to 1 f ir rip rap or slope wall. (See Plate yill.) The primary diff>irence belwecn these two classes is that slope wall is supposed to bo hand placed and rip rap thrown down more roughly. Prices ranged about $1.00 per c. y. for rip rap, and $1.50 for slope wall. — — r A oonsiderable part of the grading was done by4it«tionmen in sttiall oontraots of a few statious each ; and on aocount of the difficulty flf getting heavy plant into the country, and cost of muiajtaining horses, much of the material was hailed ouUof cttttings in "'Swede carts;" that is nn ordinary dumping cart turned about to run backward, and hauled by men while one (^ them direct!) it from behind by a long pole which ijeplaces the ordinary shafts. Others made "godevils" to run on rollers on a wooden track, while for short hauls others used trays to slide on greased poles. These " godevils " were hauled by horse power^ of course. Pile foundations were used where practicable to drive piles ; and where they could not be driven on aocount of rock, cedar mud sills were set, or cribs were built and filled with roofc There -were no special difficulties met with from the nature of the materials in foun- dations ; of course it will be remembered that there were no heavy masonry piers or abutments erected. A detailed account of the found- ations of the 4 large bridges cannot be given herfe with accuracy.' Thene were places on steep side hill where, cribs or retaining wuUs were necessary to maintain tiic slope of embankment. These cribs were built of round logs according to 'the general plans (see Plate VIII), and were paid for at a stated price per lin. ft. of logs in structure when completed. ^ The track, a 68 lb. steel rail with 36 inch angle bars, with 6 bolts and hexagonal nuts, was laid with square joinisr and 16 ties to the rail. The" rails were cut in 30 feet lengths with a number cut 29' G " for inside of curves. These short rails had their ends painted 4 «l ( • ■» \ »— 1 ' < . t^ t :^\^v.:.: :.:..]:. -^ *> /■ ■ y ,r » » ^^ ■#*• • -^I- GREATTlvlQF{THeF|, ' 6tA N PAR D ■ S ECTION 6 ^r ,^ r— ' , — l,_r-o'-^ — X^ , I N f -•— "^-^^^ »* 1 ■s-«. SOLID ROCK SE€TION 1 1 '07,Cub. Vds. per' lineal Fool- . 1 f ~ '\ /*■" « - ■ - . .' . , . ,8'.8" ._. .^. • ^ V. (29« fh BL-M p«r lin. fh la^m^ or»ly arbu^d arc* •(403 « « -, , all •• •• N ^ -'1 ^ - • ^_,.'.^" ^ ^ :\ ^ ' , / .SsavtCubT^ ■ j^'J-T^T'ii*' ^.^^^^iSl^S^B^^^^^ TtMBERED SECTION l4-*585Cub.\^S.p«r' lineal FooJ- / r- <,«ij«^