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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s A des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. rrata o )elure, id □ 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 ■ 4 {' " ■ -'-■':'■■■ 6 6 REPORT OP OBSKaVATiONS ON Tllk: CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM OF NEW BRUNSWICK, I.\ THE COUNTIES OF QUEENS, SUNBUll'x AND A PORTION OF YORK. BT PROFESSOR Ji. W. BAILEY, A.M., AND Mr. G. F. 3IATTHEW, ASSISTED BV Mr. R. W. ELLS : ADDRESSED TO ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, ESQ., F.G.S., DIRECTOR OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Fredericton, New Brunswick, May, 1873. Sir, — The following Report embraces the results of observations made during the past season by Mr. George F. Matthew and myself, assisted by Mr. R. W. Ells, on portions of the Carboniferous System and older strata in central New Brunswick, and has been prepared in pursuance of instructions which I received in June last. The first published Report on the coal formation in New Brunswick A. Gesne^r, 1838. was made by Dr. A. Gesner in the year 1838. In this and the three following years he succeeded in determining its limits with some accuracy, embracing fully one-third of the entire area of the Province, and he like- wise described the general Uthological characters of the measures. Ont-crops of coal had been discovered at several points ; and from some of these, more particularly in the vicinity of Grand Lake, in Queen's county, it had been raised to a limited extent since 1825; but though the coal was of good quality, the seams were so thin that they oifered no inducement for any extended investment of capital in their development. The proximity of the magnificent coal seams of Nova Scotia, however, encouraged the hope that other and thicker seams might be discovered at some lower level than had hitherto been reached in New Brunswick, and in 1837 it was determined to ascertain if possible, by boring, the existence or otherwise of such workable seams in the Grand Lake district. Oper- ations conducted by a private company were accordingly instituted for the Coal seams of Cirand Lake. Boring opera- tious. REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 181 purpose on the left bank of Salmon River, about two miles north of its embouchure in the north-east arm of Grand I ake. The boring here was continued to a depth of 403 feet, but with the exception of one coal seam pn« foot ten- of one foot ten inchef; near the surface, and which is supposed to be the soam."°'" same as that now generally worked, and a bed of " bituminous shale and coal" of 0!,o>mi^ the con" upon the supposition that there exists in the vicinity some ridge or nucleus " of older rocks from which the fragments may have come, or else that they are the result of an igneous ejection. Upon the whole we are inclined to regard the latter as the more probable explanation ; for although there are in some portions of the area occupied by these fragraental rocks — as
'-'}\''"''' beds of compact trap of similur greenish hues. The cavities in the former f^P' rock, which is generally highly feldspathic, and also contains much iron, are usually filled with calcite, though oftentimes with a dark colored chloritic mineral and less frequently either with vitreous quartz or hematite. Usually also the rock is pori)liyritic with crystals, sometimes of half an inch but usually not more than one quarter of an inch in length, of pale olive-grey or flesh-red feldspar: the joints of the amygdaloid and of the compact trap are ordinarily occupied by thin veins of hematite. No important change in the appearance of the Lower Carboniferous series was observed on the South Branch of the Oromocto River, into which the Shin Creek discharges, with the exception that, at about half a mile south of Blissville station, the members above enumerated are covered by pale purplish lilac-weathering felsites. From the South Branch of the Oromocto River the out-crops of the Lower Carboniferous series pass through a low belt of wooded land to the head waters of the Nerei.is River. Here there is a considerable area of red rocks, including an out-crop of well developed Lower Carboniferous lime- stone which occurs in the lower Clones Settlement, about one and a-half miles cast of the saw-mill on Kelly's Brook. Tercbmtala ^'accidus, var : svfflata is very common here in the limestone, as well as a small species {■•■ 188 GliOLOCJICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. , ;i T,imMonrs ofSerpuld ; there arc also two or more species of small s'astcropofls, sevoral lamcllibranchs, including Ftcriwi-'a and a ca.st of a Ouctdl"it-]\ko shell a large Cytkoctrtu^ is also (juite common. Much of iho rock is cimipact and of a rcddish-grcy color , but portions arc of a more open texture, ijio interior of the shells and spaces between thorn being occupied by crys- talliiic calcite. Numerous fragments of dark red shale and sandstone, and a few of red petrosilex, porphyritic with white calcite, occur with the lime- stone blocks, but the surface of the country at this out-crop is so densely covered with a young growtli of trees that the relation of the limestone and arenaceous beds could not be determined. That portion of the Nerepis Val- ley which lies to the north of the range of Devonian slates in Petorsville (Re- port of Progress, 1870-71, page 19'J) has been eroded to the depth of several hundred feet through the Lower Carboniferous rocks, exposing the slates above named in the bottom of the valley as well as along the base of the enclosing eminence, while patches of felsite, such as occur on the South Branch of the Uromo; o, appear at intervals along the tops of the hills on the south side of the valley, and rise to the surface from beneath^the coal measures on the north side. In the intervening space there are one or more breaks or anticlinal folds, AuticiinniruM?. one ot wliich at Lower Clones, exposing friable red sandstone, sweeps over a ridge of Pre-Carbouiferous slates, of which a small area is exposed to view. This is about half a mile eastward of the Lower Carboniferovis limestones described above. About three miles farther up the valley, the red rocks leave the main Nerc[)i3 stream and ))ass into the valley of Summer Hill Brook, one of its branches. At the junction of the two streams, a small area of Pre-Carboniferous slates is exposed. Above this point on the Nerepis, there are no exposures for the space of about a mile. Then for a quarter of a mile, following upward along the stream, the red measures of the Lower Carboniferous series form a low cliff' oti the left bank. Here dark red conglomerates rise from the stream in a low anticlinal to a height of eight poioritic amyg-feet. Capped by a dark olive-grey and reddish doleritic amygdaloid in loose shelly layers. For n dLitanoo of half a mile further up, the stream Hows through alluvial flats without rock exposures, and beyond that pohit ont- crops of the conglomerate and grit pertaining to the barren measures at the base of the Middle Carboniferous formation begin to appear. Better exposures of the Lower Carboniferous series occur on Summer Hill Brook, above an out-crop of vertical Pre-Carboniferous slates at its mouth. The first ledges of the former series, Avhich come into view here, are red conglomerates, full of grey calcareous nodules, and holding fragments, chiefly of grey Pre-Carboniferous slates, flesh-grey and dark maroon colored felsites dotted with crystals of pellucid quartz and calcite, also fragments of dark grey petrosilex, and pebbles of white quartz. The conglomerates show in the left bank of the stream, and are covered by beds of hardened daloid. Exposures on .Summer IliM Brook. REPORT BY PUOFESSOU L. W. UMLKY AND Mil. (J. F. MATTHEW. 189 red clay and shale, which in their turn arc surmounted by a bod of rod limestone, varying from six inches to two feet in thickness. In tracing tli2S0 beds up the stream, the red shales wiiich at first possess a thickness often feet, are in a distance of fifteen paces reduced to a few inches, per- mitting the limestone to rest almost directly upon the conglomerates. Two hundred paces further up the stream there is another bed of conglomerate resting on a second small out-crop of PrcC.irboniferous slates. Here, how- ever, the conglomerate is grey and more calcareous. It is full of fragments of the slate, mingled with others of the hard purplish and flesh-grey felsite above described. And the ])astc of theconglomeratc holds shells of the genus rossmreroua Fmiudus. On the south side of the out-crop of pale green slates upon '''"■*'''""'"'"'^- which these conglomerates rest, purple felsites similar to those seen else- where at the top of the Lower Carboniferous series appear, and rest against the slates. The felsites, which, alternately with doleritic arnygdaloids and dolerites, arc exposed for some distance up the stream, are mostly earthy in fracture, of a dark purplish-red color, and speckled with small whiu earthy spots of feldspar, and with grains of vitreous quartz ; some masses, however, bear a close resemblance to the porphyries of Shin Creek, being denser, flesh-red in color, and having numerous imbedded crystals of pale red feldspar, and ot glassy (piartz scattered through the mass. Near the mill of Mr. John Corbitt, the felsites give place to dark purplish grey doleritic arnygdaloids, more feldspathic than usual, which a short distance above the mill meet a third out-crop of slates, covered, after a space of about one hundred paces, by atlr.i sheet of dark red calcareous grit overlaid by (iroy fossiiifo- a considerable mass of grey limestones, holding Terehratula sacouhis, var. sufflata and a Pterincea. These beds are exposed about a quarter of a mile from the bridge at the Gagetown road. About two hundred paces up the hill to the eastward on this road, there is a small outlier of grey sandstones and shales, dipping N.W. > 58", beyond which the red rocks are again repeated and extend nearly to the top of Summer Hill, where they are capped by a doleritic amygdaloid, in all respects similar to that described as occurring on Shin Creek, except that the seams and veins of hematite are larger and more numerous. Over all the belt of country from the Maine border to this point the Lower Carboniferous rocks have a low dip to the northward (seldom ex- ceeding five degrees) or are quite horizontal. There is on this, as on the north side of the Carboniferous area, evidence of a want of conformability inconforma- between the trappean and associated feldspathic beds, which occur at the truiipaan bcxu. summit of the Lower Carboniferous formation, and the coarser red sediments of the same formation, which underlie them. On Shin Creek the trappean members are separated by thirty feet, or more, of hardened clay, shales and sandstones, from the Lower Carboniferous conglomerate. At 'iv'-.,' 190 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. settlements. Fossils. Wilson's near the Clones coal-crops, whore the trappcan beds are wantin'^ similar friable members may be seen to intervene between the measures of the Middle Coal formation and tlie red conglomerates. There are pointi on Summer Hill Brook and on the main branch of the Nerepis in Clones where the trappean beds rest almost directly upon the Lower Carboniferous conglomerate. Other evidences of unconformability between these two groups in the Lower Carboniferous formation are also to be met with fur- ther eastward. Between the Gagetown road and the St. John's River, opposite Lono- iwouTrock^Tn'" I*^^^"'^^ ^^^ belt of Lowor Carboniferous red rocks occupies a somewhat ^nTnibl.r.,m "* ^"^'^6^ ^^^^^ being met with through the greater part of tiie flourishing set- tlements of New Jerusalem and Ilibernia (or New Ireland.) They here present much the same featui'es as those described nbove as characterizing this formation to the westward of the same thoroughfare the most conspicuous members being coarse red conglomex*ates, whicli under- lie much of Jerusalem, and the purplish-grey light-weathering claystone, In Ilibernia Settlement, thin beds of limestone occur, and on the farm of James McConnicky have been removed for calcination. These lime- stones, which in some parts are rather abundantly filled with shells of Tere- hratulu, are overlaid by soft yellowish -grey shales, and underlaid by pale reddish-grey feldspathic grits or earthy felsites, which are partly kaoliiiizod and filled with grains of vitreous quartz, and I»y red conglomerates; while from beneath the whole series appears a low ridge of slates of grey and dark-grey colors, sometimes shading into pink, red and purple, and which include also beds of dark-grey to black carbonaceous shale. These lower beds, which arc glossy and somewhat vmctuous and hold interlarainated veins of quartz, have a general southerly dip of 70*, but with many cor. rugations, while the overlying Carboniferous strata, though dipping in tlie same direction, do not reach a higher angle than 20^. The out-crops of the Lower Carboniferous formation, as seen on the west bank of the St. John River below Long Island, have been described in the Report of Progress for 1871, page 212 ; the general arrangement of the beds at this point being similar to those of Ilibernia Settlement above noted. The greatly increased area which they here occupy is pro- bably the result of a series of low folds, and possibly of one or more faults by Avhich the beds are repeated. Along the valley of Little River, and again near its mouth, bright red Lower Carboniferous conglomerates maj be seen at several points, as well as beds of claystone, the latter more dense and compact than those near Long Island, but both are too mucli obscured to make their relations evident. Parish of Along the post-road adjoining the St. John River, in the parish cf Wickhait). Wickham, the Lower Carboniferous rocks exposed to view are chiefly purple felsites with disseminated grains of quartz, in every way like those Repetition of the beds by fault!<, REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 191 seen on the opposite side of the river in Hampstead, except that they are here more often highly inclined, usually at an angle of 20° but sometimes rising to 45°, and having a dip about N. 10*^ W. About the mouth of AVashademoak Lake small ledges of Carboniferous red conglomerate appear, while a short distance in the rear or southward a considerable mass of reddish-grey limestone is exposed, forming u portion of the emin- ence known as Rush Hill. These limestones arc like those previously i-imostonos o; described on the shore near Long Island, and like tliem contain shells of TerelMtula in considerable numbers, and more rarely an Orthoceras. Here, however, the limestones appear to be the lowest member of the series present, being underlaid a few rods to the south by a heavy mass of dark green ITuronian diorite. Out-crops of limestone, which are Hnrnnian probably a continuation of the same belt, are also mot with at several points further eastward, more especially near tlie county line on the southern part of Shannon Settlement, where they may be seen resting upon grey and green argillitea of Devonian or Upper Silurian age, and are conformably covered by coarse red conglomerates, the limestones r>i'vonian or having an exposed thickness of about six feet. Both beds are wellrocks. exposed about the head waters of a small stream flowing through the last named settlement, and entering the Washademoak at the head of Belyca's Cove. In descending this stream the conglomerates, Avhich form a series of low bluffs, with a nearly uniform dip N. 25'^ E. > 6'^, were crossed for a distance of 1 ,51 1 yards measured from their first out crops ; but in approaching Jones' mill there appear from beneath them thick beds of fine-grained flinty petrosilex, mostly of a pale grey color and weathering nearly white, but which exhibit also shades of flesh-red, grey and black, together with delicate bands of color which, if the result of sedimentation, indicate a northward dip of GO °. These rocks have a surface breadth of about 400 yards : they are very like some of those met with among the hills which lie to the northward of Long Reach in King's county, and are probably of Upper Silurian age. A few rods further down the stream and below the mills, the red conglomerates again appear upon the right bank, but on the left there are other beds of petrosilex differing from those first described only in being conspicuously divided by a series of joints into pris- matic blocks and columns, many of which are quite perfect. From Jones' mill to its mouth in Belyca's Cove, the stream flows only through meadows or low land without rock exposures. Perhaps the most interesting view of the rocks in this vicinity is that B.'iyea^s covo furnished by the shore of the Washademoak Lake, between Belyca's Cove and Craft's Cove. The western side of Belyea's Cove shows only ledges of laminated grey sandstones, which are a portion of the Middle Carboniferous formation, and are nearly horizontal, though with much false bedding. Similar beds also crown the hills on both sides of the cove, but beneath I to C'raA 8 Cove. 192 GEOLOGrCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Section. False bedding. i^ Henderson ijcttlcment, them on the eastern side other beds are exposed which, both in color and lithological characters, resemble those of the Lower Carboniferous forma- tion, viz. : bright red shales with thin beds of limestone, the latter witli layers and nodules of bright red chalcedony. The following ascending section, condensed from observations and mea- surements between the two coves, will serve to indicate the relations of these beds : — Feet Bright red shales with grey uiarly hiyjrs and calcareous nodules, wiiich at some points ate replaced by thin beds of liard ])ale bluish and white nodular limestone, the latter containing much dissemi- nated (juartz, which is usually in small concretionary lumps, but sometimes in bands or layers conformable to II. i bedding. One of these layers attains a thickness of as much as two feet. This quartz, ■which is of a chalcedonic variety, is sometimes colorless, but usually some shade of red, and often a deep blood-red hue. In conse- (luencc of slight undulations, one of which discloses a small bed of brownish-red sandstone beneath the shales,the thickness of these, as exjiosed to view, varies consideraldy, but in the western j)art of the section, where it is greatest, is about 20 In following the shore to the eastward, the red shales, at a distance of about twenty paces, become reduced to an exposed thickness of about three feet, and are overlaid by the following beds dipping N. 15° W. ^ 20°. and which are probably of the Middle Carboniferous formation. Feet Grey sandstone with &tis;mari)e 10 Measures concealed 2 Black, rusty and carbonaceous shale 3 Soft bluish-grey rusty shale 10 No higher beds are visible at this point , but a little to the eastward, where the red shales and limestone are partly concealed by the beach, there arc above them b-'-ds of grey conglomerates, holding many white quartz pebbles, succeeded by grey, flaggy sandstones, their dips being usually N. 30. E. from 2° to 10"^, but with much false bedding, some thirty feet of these beds are exposed, but as similar rocks out-crop at inter- vals on the hills above, which cannot be less than one hundred and fifty feet high, their thickness must be much greater. To the eastward of Belyea's Cove, the only rocks met with along the shores of the Washademoak arc grey sandstones like the above, and whicli do not differ from the ordinary grey rocks of the Middle Carboniferous formation ; but among the hills to the southward, Lower Carboniferous rocks are frequently met Avith, and at some points cover considerable areas. Such for example is the case in Henderson Settlement, three miles east ol Shannon Settlement, where the red conglomerates, Avith some red shaIc^, rise into prominen' hills. A small stream flowing through this settlement, and entering the Washademoak at the head of Lewis Cove, in cutting throujjli I in color and ferous forma- he latter witli ons and mea- relations of Feet les, ish m\- but )of rtz, iiy se- lof as the 20 % distance of f about three ' W. > 20°, [>n. Feet 10 3 10 he eastward, y the beach, many Avhite ' dips being 3dding, some crop at inter- red and fifty itli along the >, and which carboniferous Carboniferous crablc areas, miles east of 3 red shale;, tleraent, and ;ing throujijh !■■* BEPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 193 these beds has also exposed the older rocks from which their materials have been derived. These in the lower part of the stream are a grey highly micaceous schistose rock having veins of white quartz, and in some parts approaching a genuine mica schist, being much like certain beds of rocks also exposed by the denudation of Lower Carboniferous strata in the valley of Hammond River in King's county. Near the mill, where these schists are directly overlaid by the red conglomerates, large unworn blocks of I'he schist may be seen imbedded in the conglomerate, in some cases from two to four feet in length. The dip of the overlying conglomerate beds isN. 30* W. <3^. A short distance farther up the stream tncj include some beds of deep red sandstone, and are overlaid by about twenty feet of deep brownish-red shales. These exposures are all to the south of the main mass of mica schists which are exposed upon the stream for a breadth of about six hundred paces. Beyond then" in the same direction the bed of the stream is occupied by fine red sandstones vhich are conspicuously divided into two sets of joints by rectangular blocks from two to three feet in dia- meter, and dipping S. 80° W. < 2°. No other exposures are met -with on the main stream, but on a small branch which enters the latter near the cross roads in Henderson Settlement, the coarse red conglomerates again appear at and above Shaw's mills. Here also they contain pebbles congiomcrateB of mica schist, imbedded with others of diorite, petrosilex and slate, in a di'orit'* petrol deep red sandy paste. Some of these pebbles may have come from ansoui'st" underlying series of feldspathic schists which come into view a short dis- tance above the mill, where they are interstratified with a feldspathic sandstone of greyish and greenish-grey tints, which are in some parts clouded with shades of purple ; others may have come from beds of fine, grained greenisii-grey schistose diorite, not observed upon this branch, but exposed to view about three quarters of a mile to the south-west, where on a second branch of the same stream they are associated with similar feld- spathic schists. From this point, which is on the main road to Bellcisle Bay. to witliin 800 yards of where the boundary of King's county crosses the latter, the hills on either side arc composed of red conglomerates dipping N. oo"' W. < G°. Beyond the county line the strata exposed are of Prc-Ciulo'iif'.rous age. Througli the remaining portion of the parish of ■\Vicklinm, within which the localities above described are included, as well as in that of Johnston, which lies immediately to the eastward, the opportunities afforded for the study of the Lower Carboniferous rocks are much k ss frequent than is the case to the westward. This is partly due to (^^,,3, dennd»- the fact that the country in this direction is but sparsely settled, but largely i^owe'r cwboni- iilso to tlie fact that the formation itself has here evidently been subjected*'""""^ "■"*""• to great denudation, in consequence of which it is now represented only in hmited and widely separated patches. A farther evidence of such denu- I' I l'' i' 194 GEOLOGICAL SURV3Y OF CANADA. liimestonc associated with dioritic mate- rial. dation, and, at the same time, of the want of conformity between this for- mation and the succeeding members of the Carboniferous system, is to bo found in the fact that the latter in this direction are often found restinif directly on the older mctamorphic hills, without the interposition of any red sediments whatever. Such for instance is the case in the settlement of Goshen, as w^cll as alonf: the Canaan river, and its tributaries on the southern side. There are, l.owever, one or two points at which the Lower Carboniferous rocks are exposed to view, the most considerable boin" those of the Scotch and English Settlements, in the latter of which are good exposures of the conglomerates, as Avell as of the underlying lime- stones. The conglomerate beds, Avhich may be seen in isolated patches on either cf the stre».ms, tributaries of Long Creek, which take their rise in this settlement, do not differ from the similar rocks s'-en to the westward. The limestones, however, seen only on the more southerly of these streams, and not far from the county line, are peculiar in containing; a considerable admixture of dioritic material, distributed through portions of the rock in the form of thin shaly layers. The source of this dioritic material is probably to be found in the waste of ridges of Ilurouian diorite, some of which are exposed a little to the southward at Pearson's mill, and through portions of the Irish Settlement in the adjoining county of King's. It is probably from a like source that the materials of certain conglomerates have been derived, which a fe^Y miles farther east cover a considerable area in the Snider Mountain Settle- ment. A portion of these are of a greouish-groy colour, containing pebbles of diorite, white quartz, and red slate in a dioritic paste, but others present the usual deep brownish-red tint so characteristic of the Lower Carbonner- ous formation. It is in the eastern part of this settlement that th« rocks of this forn.ation connect with those of the same age in the central and eastern parts of King's county, upon which our observations are still incom- plete. Besides the areas to which the foregoing descriptions apply, and which in the form of two narrow belts mark, as has been stated, more or less con- tinuously the rim or border of the great central Carboniferous area, there are several points over the interior of the latter, where the partial denuda- tion of the Middle and Upper Carboniferous formation has exposed the McLean's mill. Underlying Lower Carboniferous strata. This is perhaps the case in the bed of Long Creek, near the junction of its two principal branches at McLean's mill, where certain greenish-grey rocks are exposed, -.vhich are more or less amygduloidal and contain a considerable admixture of chlorite. They arc here compact and tolerably homogeneous ; but a few rods up the western branch, somewhat similar beds occur in the form of a conglomerate in which large fragments of amygdaloid?, much like that first mentioned, are imbedded in a fine greenish-grey feljpathic paste. In neither case, Snider Moun- tain Settlement n REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 195 however, do any distinctively Lever Carboniferous rocks occur in connec- tion with these trappean beds, the only other rocks noticed in the vicinity being coarse grey and nearly horizontal sandstones, containing Calamites and Sternberguc, and which cover those first mentioned unconformably. A second locality where beds which may be of Lower Carboniferous age — t thus exposed, is in the vicinity of Cumberland Bay, the more southerly of f^i'mbeuand the two indentations at the eastern end of Grand Lake. About a mile southward of Cumberland Creek (and at its eastern end where it crosses the line of the projected great road from Grand Lake to New Canaan, somewhat closer to the creek,) is a long, and as compared with the gener- ally low and flat character of the surrounding country, rather conspicuous ridge ; it affords but few exposures of the rocks composing it, but judging from such as could be found, both at its eastern and western ends, as well as, from the debris with which it is thickly strewed, would appear to be almost entirely made up of purj; lish-grcy claystones, in some parts fine- grained and homogeneous, but more frequently marked like the resemblif.g beds described in preceding pages by the dissemination of particles of vitreous quartz through its mass, and sometimes assuming the aspect of a conglomerate. The country immediately surrounding it is mostly low and flat without rock exposures. Less doubtful exposures of Lower Carboniferous rocks presenting their usual aspect of bright red calcareous conglomerates and sandstones occur to the northward of Grand Lake, at and above the Forks of Newcastle River, and are more particularly described farther on, in connection with thi coal measures which here partly cover them. Middle and Upper Carboniferous Formations. The greater portion of the counties of Queen's and Sunbury, and also Rocks of a portion of the adjoining county of York, is occupied by the series ofbilrj^ani Yorfe grey rocks, including conglomerates, sandstones and shales, long since recognized by Dr. Gesner as the equivalent of the great coal formations of Britain and Nova Scotia. In New Brunswick these grey rocks in various parts of their distribu- tion include beds of ceJ which, though thin, are in some instances work- able, and are accompanied by the usual assemblage of coal-measure plants. Full lists of these have been given in the (Report of Progress for 1870- jTl, pages 214-216.) The rocks which in the area we have examined I during the past season appear to form the lov.-est member of the Middle lor Productive Coal formation, consist of heavy masses of grey conglom- lerates and coarse grey quartzose grits, alternating with thin beds of rather coarse grey sanustone and sandy shale, the last named beds not lunfrctiuently containing ill preserved remains of plants. In their coarse- 196 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. / 1 t Rpsembianw to ncss and general aspect, and in the absence of workable coal seams, thescl MillBtono-grit " * . i • i • -vt oi I series of Nova rocks resemblo very nearly a portion of those to which in JNova Scotia the! Scotia. , , , r name Millstone-grit has been applied^ and which they probably represent, In New Brunswick, however, they are clearly separable from the great! mass of red Lower Carboniferous sediments which underlie them, and fori which, or for a somewhat rimilar series in Nova Scotia the same term hajl been employed ; while upwards they appear to graduate insensibly intol those of the productive coal-measures. Indeed, except in the comparal tive unfrequency of fine sediments and their more silicious aspect — manyl of the beds being a coarse conglomerate made up of well rounded grainsl and pel' ''^s of quartz imbedded in a grey sandy or feidspathic matrix-l these lower grey beds are scarcely distinguishable from those which over-l lie them, and to which they appear to be generally conformable. Theyl are, however, as a rule harder, and hence, having resisted to a greaterl extent the influence of denuding agencies, they rise into ridges which,! though usually of inconsiderable height, have nevertheless exerted anl .important influence upon the surface drainage of the districts in whiclil they occur. Such ridges are not unfrequently met with along the nortiT western border of that portion of the Carboniferous area to which tliisj report relates, and are not wanting over its interior, but along its southeni[ margin they are for the most part inconspicuous. It is among the finet| sediments which overlie the barren strata just described that the fossili' ferous shales, underclays, and the associated coal seams are founc', anJl which present the usual features observed in other coal measures. IdI this portion of the series also, beds of coarse character are by no meaDil wanting, and where occurring alone, are not readily distinguished froml those of the underlying barren measures, but besides being less cominoil and of less thickness, they are also usually more variable in composition. I They likewise resemble those beneath in the frequent occurrence of falsi bedding which to some extent is exhibited also by the associated sandl stones which, though often more or less flaggy, are sometimes suflicieiitljj massive and even-grained to be available for architectural purposes. Both the conglomerates and sandstones abound with prostrate trunll of large trees, Badoxylon, together with impressions of Calamites Sim laria, and more I'arely of Lepidodendra. The first named tree-trunks arl usually mineralized through the infiltration of silica or sulphate ofbarytil or by conversion into a black crystalline calcite. The ferns which artl abundant in the shales are regarded by Dr. Dawson as belonging to tliij Middle Carboniferous formation, though with an admixture of species perj taining to the Upper. From the softer character of the productive measures they are less codI spicuous than the underlying barren beds, and t^e usually met with in til hollows and depre sions between the ridges formed by the latter; Fossils tree- trunks. REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 197 jfhere the strata are horizontal, are exposed only in river sections. The (overlying soils which have been derived from them necessarily partake of soiia on the Itheir characters, and ave either very sandy or very clayey, and hence coai mewurei. loften unfit for successful cultivation, while large tracts, especially in the Lastern part of Queen's and Sunbury counties, for like reasons, together jwith imperfect drainage, are occupied by extensive sand plains, swamps land barrens. Over many portions of the region we have examined the jonly strata exposed to view are the grey rocks which make up the bulk of Ithe Middle Carboniferous formation. But others occur in which this color Igraduates into or is replaced by a purplish or purplish-red tint, which Isometimes, more particularly in the finer beds becomes a deep red color. Seds exhibiting a similar bright color are occasionally found among the lower as well as the upper measures of the Middle Carboniferous series, yet the bulk of thosj red and purple strata are probably altogether above |the productive measures, and appear to represent that portion of the Car- boniferous system to which Dr. Dawson has applied the name of Upper lor Newer Coal formation, though the thin limestone beds which are asso- Upper or Newer plated with them in Nova Scotia are apparently wanting in New Bruns- i?ick. Dr. Gesner has referred some of these beds to the New Red Sand- Istone series ; but besides differing lithologically from the latter they are narked by the presence, in the finer layers, of Cordaites, Calamites and Iferns, characteristic of the Carboniferous system. The Upper Carboni- ferous recks being, like the strata of the Middle Carboniferous formation loft and imperfectly consolidated, have been in a like manner largely iffected by denudation. Their debris, easily recognised by its peculiar color, has been widely spread, especially over the central and southern portions of the region examined by us, and has produced a soil on the per rocks considerably more fertile than they would otherwise possess. %taih of Observations in Queen's and Sunbury Counties, East of the St. John River. Though somewhat diversified by minor inequalities of surface, the most [rominont topographical features of the above region may be described- Top«graphicai p embracing three parallel swells or ridges, separated by two correspond |ig basins or depressions, of which the more northerly and broader one I occupied by Grand Lake, an irregular sheet of water, about twenty-five [liles long, and from four to seven miles wide. The second, which is narrower od deeper, is occupied by the Washademoak Lake and River and its hbutary, the Canaan. Both basins, at their western extremity, are con- jected with the St. John River by small but navigable channels. To the lortheast the dividing ridges gradually disappear and the basins merg« |to an extensive and nearly level tract which forms a portion of the 198 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Grand Lake. Salmon and Tiew Castlu Kivera. Coal Creek. Section on Ntw castle KiviT. I \^ Iraportant_ sections. 1:1 watershed between the St. John River and Northumberland Strait, and the greater part of which is wholly unsettled. The shores of Grand Lake and of its affluents afford many facilities for the study of the rocks of the Carboniferous system. The most important of the tributary streams, both as regards size and the aid they afford in the study of the geological structure of the district, are Salmon and New- castle Rivers. The former rises by numerous tributaries, mostly situated in the western part of Kent county, and the latter by two principal branches in the eastern part of Sunbury county, while both enter Grand Lake, by its north-east arm, at a distance of only six miles apart. A third stream. Coal Creek, enters the same arm at its north-eastern extremity ; and along portions of its course also affords good exposures of the strata. Newcastle River. — Of the sections afforded by the above mentioned stream the most interesting and instructive are those on Newcastle River, the course of which for much of its length, is nearly at right angles to the dip of the beds, which are inclined at low angles, and differ but little in relative hardness- They are exposed along the banks of the stream in an almost continuous series of bluffs, varying from twenty or thirty to two hundred feet in elevation, and exhibiting an almost unbroken succession from the rocks of the Lower Carboniferous series up to the principal coal-seams and their associated beds. As these sections are of mucli importance in their bearing on the relations of the different members of the Carboniferous system, as well as on the question of the thick- ness of the Middle Carboniferous series, and the probable produc- tiveness of the Grand Lake coal field, we shall describe them with some minuteness. As represented in the accompanying map, the junction of the two main branches of Newcastle River is situated about one mile, in a straight line, below the point where the south branch is crossed by the road leading to the Emigrant Settlement, in the parish of Northfield. Between the bridge and the Forks, and for about two miles from the latter up the North Branch, the rocks exposed to view belong to the Lower Carbonife- rous formation, and are in every way similar to those which have already been described in other parts of the Carboniferous area, being a series of bright red, more or less calcareous, conglomerates and sandstones, capped by heavy beds of hard grey feldspathic and ferruginous dolerite, which is often more or less vesicular. Above the Forks, on both branches, the beds present a succession of low undulations. Their dip seldom exceeds four or five degrees, and they are often nearly horizontal. Southward of the Forks the inclination is more uniform, being S.E. < 3° or 4°< About Si! yards from the Forks, measured obliquely to the strike, a cliff, about one hundred feet ,\ REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. 0. F. MATTHEW. 199 in height, affords a good vertical section, showing the following succession and thickness of strata : Feet. Palo red conglomerate and sandstone at Im.-o of cliiy 10 Measures concealed 10 ■- Bright red, coarse cnimhliiifr shales lo 2 Hard and compact line-grained doleritc, of gny color . ... 10 5 Soft and crumbling, soni;'what gravi'lly shales 2.") S Measures partly couceuled, but including be Is of dark iiur|)lish-grey < dolerite rock, which is more or less vesicular, the cavities being "^ filled with a flesh-colored mineral resembling stilbite 10 ^ Measures concealed 20 : Doleritic rock, in part shaly, with seams and joints bidding much red " heulandite ; the bedding distinct but much contorted about 20 11.". The dolerite rocks which form the summit of this section represent the Doiorice rocks, highest member of the Lower Carboniforou.s s'^rie3,and maybe regarded as the equivalents of the trappean . cks ah-cady do.3cril)od as occupying a similar horizon at Ilampstead, and also near Froilerictou a'.iil ols'^wlicro around the border of the Carboniferous area. They are directly overlaid, a short distance below the poction above described, by the coarse grey beds which form the buso of the Middle Coal formation. Tlieir relations to the latter are better shown in a second bluff about 044 3^ards south from the last, in which the following vertical and ascending section is exposed : f Lower Caubo.n'ifeuous. -Middle Carboniferous. Feet. /-Measures concealed at baseof rlifT. 00 \ Grey and dark grey dolerite rock, similar to I. that of the above .sections 20 J ]5rownish grey .slialy sandstones 1'' i Grey conglomerate and coarse grey grit 20 11. ■> In a bluff, a few rods further down the stream, the following ascending section is exposed : Lower Cardoniferous. MmoLE Carboniferous. r ?■ Feet. Red sandstone and conglomerate at base of cliff 30 Compact and somewhat columnar dolerite, tlie seams of which are coated with bright red heulandite 30 Grey sandy shales, coarse grey sandstones and grits 2:j 85 Along this portion of the stream the inclination of the beds is uniformly to the southward. Though not exceeding two or three degrees, it is never- theless suQScient to cause the gradual declension of the successive beds to and beneath the level of the river. Thus at a distance of 889 yards measured at right angles to the strike from the bluff last described, the cliffs, which are here about one hundred feet in height show only a succession of grey sandstones and conglomerates from base to summit. :f ' ■ i 200 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. i^ f FInt out-crops «f eoal in the Jlewcastlo district. From this point to where the main road leading to the Emigrant Settle- ment crosses Newcastle River, a simihr ascending series is exposed in the cliffs along its banks, and alxtut 382 yards beyond the bridge the first out- crops of coal in the Newcastle coal district appear. In the last section above desc "ibed the lower grey members of the Middle Carboniferous formation are separated from the red rocks which are referred to the Lower Carboniferous formation only by beds of dojeri- tic rocks, while no appreciable discordance between them in their dip ig observable. The felsitos, however, which at other points described in the remarks on the Lower Carboniferous formation, appear to be the highest member of that series are here wanting. From the point where the uole- ritic rocks No. 2 of the above section, are first covered by the coarse grey beds which mark the base of the Middle Coal formation, to the bridge over Newcastle River on the Emigrant Settlement road, the distance measured along the stream is 8,000 yards, or in a straight line about 1,000 yards. The beds in this interval have never a higher dip than two or three degrees, while they are often nearly or quiie horizontal, and the bridge may be taken as marking the ujiper limit of the barren grey measures. From the bridge the country on either side of the Newcastle Creek to its embouchure in Grand Lake, is everywhere occupied by strata of the Middle Carboniferous formation, (productive coal measures), and the coal croppings are (juite numerous. Lideed at almost every point where irre- gularities of the surface or tributary streams afford facilities for working, excavations have been made, seldom failing to disclose the existence of coal at moderate depths. Where the overlying deposits exceed eight or ten feet in thickness these openings are usually by adits driven on a slope till the coal is reached, and then following the latter nearly horizontal. But when the seam is nearer the surface it is simply laid bare by strip- ping. It was hoped that the positions of the openings, particularly of the latter kind, might throw some light on the structure of the basin in which the seams are supposed to lie. In this, however, we were disappointed ; the thickness of the measures above Jio coal appearing to vary for the most part simply with the accidents of deiuuUition. The following details of the principal excavations show the character and thickness of the measures in this coal field. The numbers attached correspond with those on the map No. 1. Robert McDonald's. — This opening is the first met with in descending Newcastle Creek from Emigrant Settlement road, from which ^bcrtMcDo- it ig about 300 yards distant. Limit of thu barren inca- mres. Namorous coal croppings. Excavations. Detail!* of tho principal oxca- Tatione. Coal^ partly covered by water. Coal shale Feet inches 3 2 REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. 0. F. MATTHEW. 201 Feet. Inches. Coal 1 1 Coaly shale 1 Grey, somewhat shaly sandstone, partly concealed 1 No. 2. Robert Libhifs. — This opening is about 417 yards south-west from No. 1, and on the opposite or right bank of the stream. Poet. Inches. Shaly coal o Grey clay 8 Slialy conl o c Grey clay 8J Corf/ softened by weatliering l 8 Coal shale ij Grey sandstone 5 Shale 2 Robert Libby'8. 11 1 No. 3. Is an old adit now closed ; its only interest arises from the fact oid adit, that the coal-crop here, which is about 711 yards south-west from the last, is about ten feet above the level of the stream, whil j those in Nos. 1 and 2 were at and below that level. This may, perhaps, arise from a slight eastward inclination of the beds, which, however, is not apparent, or it may be caused by a fault ; ot^herwise it would seem that there is more than one coal seam in this locality — a view which is supported by the marked differences in the thickness and character of the strata at the two first described out-crops. At No. 3, the coal-bed, the thickness of which we could not ascertain, is covered by ten feet of concealed mea- sures, above which are ten feet of grey sandstones and six feet of gravel. No. 4. Here, on a small brook about 1,400 yards S. 10° W. from Abandoned ' T J openings. No. 8, and six feet above the level of Newcastle Creek, there are several openings from which a considerable quantity of coal has been removed. These openings are now abandoned, and no observations could be made on the character of the measures. No. 5. Stone's. — This is on the creek, not far from No. 4, and has alsostone-s. been extensively worked, but like the latter is now abandoned. No. 6. Kennedy s. — This is also on the bank of the creek, about three- Kennedy's, quarters of a mile south of No- 5. In both No. 5 and No. 6, the coal is of good quality. There are other openings along the Newcastle Creek, between No. 6 and Yeouian's Post Office in Newcastle Settlement. In the northern part of the settlement there are several openings, the most important of which is No. 7, John Yeoman^. — This, however, was closed at the time of our Joim . . ' . ' Yeoman'* Visit, and we are therefore without particulars. vSJ-^JifiJ '■y^.^m'*''^ 202 OEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. rrincipBi Tho principal workings now in progress in the district arc it; the western distHet'!'' '"''''' part of Newcastle Settlement, about 1,600 yards from Yeoman's Post Office. Tliere are here twelve openings in a distance of 888 yards ; they are all adits, driven first with a slight downward inclination and then nearly horizontally, and arc along the south side of a slight valley or depression coni one foot falling towards Newcastle Crook. Tho thickness of the coal in the most inch^s!''^^*'" easterly of these openings is said to vary from one foot to eighteen inches. This is No. 8, Coakley and Kmncdtfs. McMahons. ^q^ q^ ^facMaJioti's. — This is to tho westward of No. 8, and was the only one being worked at the time of our visit. It shews : Coal, including a six-inch parting 2 feet C inches. A better view of the measures is exposed at O'Leary'8, ^y^^ -^q^ O'Leary's. — This is about 293 yards from No. 9, and exposes the following ascending section : Feel. Inches. Fireclay, thickness not known, hut exposed for 4 Coal, of good (luality 8 SLaie 2 C'otf/, of which eiffhteen inciies is good 2 4 Blue shale from to 15 Alons; the road connectinf;; the settlements of Newcastle and New Zion, there are numerous other openings, some of which are still being worked. Of these the two following are the most important-. : retor McKen. M. 11, Pcter McKenzie's. — This is about 1,600 yards west from No. 10. The coal is stripped by the removal of about six feet of soil, and is said to Coal ono foot be rathcr more than one foot four inches thick. As tho trench was full of four incliee. , l ^^ \ ^ water no measurements could be made. John May- No. 12, John 3Iai/nard^s. — Tliere are a number of openings here, most nerd's. of them abandoned, but one of which shows the following ascending section •• Feet Inches. Coal G Fire-clay t to 6 ft, Black coal shale 2 Coal, with pyritons bands at top and somewhat shaly below 1 10 to 2 ft 3 in. Yellow clay G Chocolate-colored clay 4 The coal from this opening is that generally employed for blacksmith's use. The seam dips E. 10» S. < 2^-3«. A second and scarcely less interesting series of openings has been made a few miles further south, in the vicinity of Grand Lake, and contiguous to the road from the mouth of Newcastle Creek to that of Little River. Of these the following are the most important ; — McMahon's, iVb. 13. MaoMahoH^s. This is near the steamboat wharf. — The coal near the steam- boat wharf. REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. 0. P. MATTHEW. 203 here Ims bcon laid bare by stripping for a longtli of about forty feot. It is from two feet to two feet six inches thick, and rests upon white firi'-elay. Above it is a similar material of which two inches only is <'oi»i ^.'i>m two white, and the remainder, from four to five feet, of a deep choco- late color. The seam rises slightly at the eastern end of the opening, and at the western enil there is a low undulation, causing it to rise about two feet above its general level, Avhile just beyond this bend the seam is abruptly cut off, as if by a fault, and is re[ilaced by clay. The coal is of the variety locally designated fine or still water coal ; it is much broken, but is well adapted for forge purposes. About 340 yards west from No. 1'), there are several more openings, otiioroiKuiinfts. the walls of which have fdlcu in. One of those is a level, about twelve feet below the surface ; in the other the coal has been reached by strip- ping. No. 14. Leonard Akerhi''s. — This is a little to the westward of No. 13. i^.onard Akcrly'^. The coal has been exposed by the removal of about three feet of chocolate- colored clay. It resembles hi character that from No. 13, but the thickness of the seam is reduced to about one foot four inches. Further west about 177 yards, coal, probably the same seam, is again exposed, shewing a thickness of one foot six inches. It is underlaid by fire clay and cove- lvwi scam, ono red by about three feet of yellow clay, with irregular pockets and thin scams of coal near the top, and succeeded by three feet of chocolate-colored ciayand soil. The seam dips slightly to the north-west, in which direction, at a distance of about one hundred feet, it sinks to nine feet below the surface, and has been worked by a level. No, 15. George 3Iorrison''s. — This opening presents the following asccn- g-oiku iiorri- ding section : Feet. Inches. Fireclay 2 o Conl of good (juality (blacksmith's).. 1 to I'8 Shale iind clay 8" 10 Coiil Shalo G ytmtilied gravel 10 The surface of the lower seam at this crop is slightly undulating, sinking a little to the westward where the upper or six-inch seam comes in. The latter appears to occupy a position similar to that of the upper seam in Akerly's opening. No. 14, and it is similarly broken and irregular. On its eastern extension, it becomes thinner and gradually disappears. In another opening, Richard Rogers', close to No. 15, the measures are much niciiar.i the same, except that the upper seam is less clearly defined, being repre- opening, sented only by several thin coaly layers mixed with shale, and covered by about three feet of sand and earth. " Throughout the district bordering the Little River road, out-crops of 204 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Scarcity ol exposures. ( ■ Abandoncil opcningij. the strata other than those exposed in the coal openings are very few, and such as do occur are of the ordinary grey sandstone in beds which are nearly if not quite horizontal. In approaching Little River, however, froth the eastward, these are partly covered and concealed by purplish- red sandstones, which are probably of the Upper coal formation. At Flower's Cove and Little River, the grey beds again appear, being hori- zontal flaggy sandstones of an olive-grey color, and much stained by decomposing pyrites. Coal has been removed at several points here. The openings are, however, now abandoned, and we could procure no details of the character of the measures. Beyond Little River no out-crops of coal so far as we are aware have yet been observed, the grey beds being in this direction mostly covered and concealed by the pur[)le and reddish beds of the Upper coal formation* In addition to the above o] enings there are a few others on Back Coal Coal seams on Mine Brook, a small stream flowing into the Newcastle River, nearly mid- Mine Brook, way between Grand Lake and Newcustle Settlement. In these, two seami* are exposed, the lower of which has a thickness of eighteen inches, while the upper is eight inches ; the intervening rock is a blue, flaggy shale, containing numerous remains of ferns. Beneath the lower seam, which is covered by from twenty-five to thirty feet of earth, is a thick bed of pyritous white fire-clay, the whole rising in a direction a little south of west about inches in twenty feet. These openings are indicated upon the map p.s No. 16. Salmon River. — The section of the coal measures afforded by Salmon River are altogether less instructive and less important than those of Newcastle Creek. The exposures along its Ijanks are much fewer and the coal crops less frequent. There are, however, several out-crops from which considerable (piantities of coal have been removed, and it was from near the mouth of this stream that the first coal found in New Brunswick It is here also that Pyritous fire- clay. Opening "far Francis Laud- ing. First coal niiniug in New • i i i t-, i Brun.«wick 200 was mined by the J^rench, n^^arly two centuries ago. vcftrs SCO, »/ '-' the boring for coal was made in 1837. The principal coal crops are those about Iron-bound Cove and near McDonahrs Landing. At the first named point there are three openings ; two of them arc on James II. llazelwood's land and close to what is known as F.-aiicis LiiniViiifr. Coal seams Thc coal in onc of these openings is fifteen and one half inches hai'nnchos, and thick, and is about one and a-lialf foot above low water; while at the inciies. second, about twenty rods north-westward from the last, its thickness is one foot eight inches, and it is several feet above the same level. At the third opening, on Widow Arbuckle's land adjoining, the searn is as n^uch as twelve feet above low water. The difference is probably due to faults, us the strata exposed upon the adjacent shore of the cove, which are coarse grey sandstones with much false bedding, do not show any appreciable t REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 205 inclination. The opening near MacDonald's Landing is about one and a- half miles to the rear or eastward of the left bank of the river, and has yielded coal of good quality ; but, as it was not being worked when we visited it, we could procure no further particulars respecting it. In ascending Salmon River from this point to the junction of Lake Stream, beyond which our observations have not extended, the only rocks met with were grey sandstones usually in nearly horizontal beds, but some- times, as at MacDonald's Landing, having a south-easterly dip of about 6°. Most of the country intersected by this river is low and flat, and extensively covered with sand, and showing few rock exposures. The same is also true to a great extent of that on either side of the Gaspereau River which up to Evan Burpee's, a distance of about nine miles above its confluence with Salmon River, shows along its banks only low bluffs of coarse grey sandstone and conglomerate. These beds are largely made up of small quartz pebbles, and appear to correspond with the barren grey beds on the unper part of Newcastle Creek, described page 199. Between Newcastle River and Salmon River, there are but few points at which the rock formations are exposed to view, and such out-crops as do occur, are for the most part those of the soft red and purple beds, which appear to belong to the Upper coal formation. Some out-crops of the latter may be seen a little east of Newcastle Creek, not far from where it is crossed by the road to Emigrant Settlement, as well as in the Middle Land Settle, ment, Iron-bound Cove, and Salmon Crock Settlement ; but it is in the latter, or rather along the course of Salmon Creek itself, that the best exposures are to be seen. This stream, which empties into Salmon River about three miles below the mouth of the Gaspereau, takes its rise by two principal branches not very remote from each other, in the central part of the parish of North- field. It is upon the North Branch that the more interesting exposures are to be seen, including towards its head, where the stream again forks, a small out-crop of coal. The latter occurs upon the Little West Branch, west ofcoaiou tiio its junction with the main stream of the North Branch, and presents the linuicii. following ascending section : Coal and coal sliale, i)artly covered by wutor about 1 loot Fireclay " 1 '• in. Rlmle " n fwt Gravel " 5 " yirutilied brown loam, with pelibles " 10 " About two and a-half miles up the North Branch is another crop, not pourtoon-iacu visited by us, in which the seam is about fourteen inches thick, of good"'* ^*''*°'' quality, with a one inch parting of coal shale. On both these branches the rocks are grey, rather coarse and somewhat 206 GEOLOGICAL SURV3Y OF CANADA. flaggy sandstones, with some conglomerates, and more rarely -with beds of shale, their attitude being nearly [horizontal. At the bridge where the two smaller streams unite to form the main North Branch, the dip is N. 70° E. < 2®. From this point to where the stream turning southward passes from Sunbury county into Queen's county, similar rocks are exposed along its banks in bluffs from ten to forty or fifty feet in height, being as before nearly flat, but usually with a low south-east dip, which sometimes rises to 6^ or 8'^. On the land of John Best a bed several feet Fire-clay. thick of soft bluish shale overlying a bod of fire-clay appears beneath the sandstones which make the mass of the bluffs. Though not exposed upon the surface a bed of coal may be looked for here '140 yards below the bridge, at the forks of the stream, there is also alow Ijluff of purple sand- stone, apparently of the Upper Coal formation. The rocks which we think to be of this age are, however, better seen in the lower part of the stream, i. e., between the county boundary and the point where the North and South Branches unite in Salmon Creek, and along the course of the latter. The transition from the grey to the red and purple beds is an abrupt one, being marked only by^a narrow depression filled with lebris, and which probably indicates the line of a fault. Just below this depression, where the bank is some thirty feet in height, the rocks at its base are soft purple-grey sandstones, and thin papeiy but somewhat sandy Fossil plants, shales, which are nearly horizontal. The shales contain in considerable numbers fragments of Calamites and Cordaites and more rarely a fern, the latter being also but imperfectly preserved. About two miles lower down a better view of similar strata may be seen on the main Salmon Creek, Avhere a bluff about forty feet high exhibits* Section on ^^^ following asccuding section : Salmon Creek. Ft. Purple sandstone 3 Purple rubbly shale 4 Fine papery pur])le shale 3 Purple red sandstone 6 Purple shale, with thin beds of sandstone... 20 The shales contain numerous remains of Cordaites and Calamites, while on the surface of the sandstone large fronds of ferns may sometimes be found, but usually in a poor stato of preservation. These fossil plants have been submitted to Principal Dawson, who has furnished the following note upon them : Note by Dr. " ^^^ plants from Salmon Creek and Cork Settlement, and a fossil i^'^yji'^l^^n'','^ "*^ labelled 'from the grey conglomerates' at Douglas Harbor, have a decided Upper Coal formation aspect. It is very possible therefore that the productive coal measures may underlie the beds containing them. In Nova Scotia such plants often occur several hundreds of feet above the highest workable coals, but as in New Brunswick, the whole formation REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 207 seems to be thinner, they may be more closely associated with the Middle Coal measures. The plants from the other localities have more the aspect of the Middle Coal formation, and some of them even of the Millstone-grit formation. I give below a list of those that are determinable arranging them ^,'*^°'/°^^'^ according to localities : " Salmon Creek. Oal a.tites duMus, Artis. Cordaites simplex. Dawson. Aletho^^teris nervosa, Goeppert. Neuropteris Loshil, Brongn. Pecopteris oreopteroides, Brongn. (or similar). Lepidodendron. Nenropteris, a species of which I have specimens from Grand Lake, and from Sydney, Cape Breton, and possibly new ; but I have not yet suificient material for its description. Cork Sifthmmt. Annularia sphenophi/Uoides, Zenker. A longifoUa, Brongn. Douglas Harbor. Badoxjjlon materiariiim Dawson, labelled ' from grey conglomerate.' Dadoxylon Acadianiim, Dawson. The first of these species is charac- teristic of the Upper Coal formation, the second of the Middle Coal forma- tion aud Millstone grit. Ferris Cove. Galamites Cistii, Brongn. Cordaites, borassifolia, Corda, specimens not well preserved. Clones. Cordaites, borassifolia, Corda. Trigonocarpum. Jemseg. Lepidophloios (not determinable). Coal Creek. — The interest which attaches to this stream arises from the numerous coal-openings along its banks, but chiefly from the information j.,i(jen(,goft,jo which it gives as to the probable shallowness here of the productive coal productive'^ coat formations in this district. The openings are entirely confined to the lower """'*"'''^^' portion of the stream, the first being about one and a-half miles, and the last about three miles above the bridge, at its mouth. They are evidently all in the same seam,'|^the strata which form bluffs along the creeks have a slight inclination to the noi'thward, just sufficient to free the levels of Avater ; and consist, as far as could be seen, of a soft blue shale, crumbling ivadily on exposure, which is capped by about ten ioet of soft grey and mostly thin-bedded sandstones, the shales being those from which most of i ■ I it 206 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. .1 i I' 1 I «l the fossil plants alluded to in a previous Report were obtained, (Report of Progress, 1870-71, page 214). Mines wo'kcd The mincs at this locality were worked more than forty years ago forty ye jr8 ago. ,-.ti». • ^ n ■, -, . , by Messrs. IJersey and Matthew tor a period oi three years, during which time about 800 chaldrons of coal were taken out and shipped to Boston. The work was then suspended owing to a duty of 12.00 per ton being placed upon the coal by the United States Government. A few years since operation? were again renewed by different parties, and considerable quan- Boring in 1869. tities of coal removed. It was here, also, that the ninety-six feet boring already mentioned was made in 1869, since when no further efforts have been made to develop the coal-seams, and the levels have for the most part fallen in. The only point at which a good view of the strata in this vicinity could be obtained was on the farm of William Hayes, four miles above the bridge, at the mouth of the stream. A bluff here shows the following ascending section : Feet. laches. Blue shale, of unknown thickness, being mostly beneath the level of thcstream — — Coal sliale 2 Impure slialy coal 3 Grey shale, apparently about 20 feet in thickness, but jiartly concealed towards the to]i, where it is followed by a thin ' bed of coal. This is also partly concealed, but where uncovered shoWs a thickness of about 8 inches — thickness of whole 20 8 Grey shale 12 Grey sandstone to top of cliff. about 8 42 II The above beds have a scarcely perceptible inclination to the eastward. About three miles up the stream there is another exposure of similar sand- stone forming a second bluff, but here these nearly horizontal beds may be seen to rest upon beds of bluish-grey and purplish-grey micaceous slates, which are exposed in irregular ridges by the partial removal of the overlying strata, and dip S. 70* E. < 70*. These rocks are the first of a succession of similar beds, embracing argillites of various shades, together with considerable masses of hard grey sandstone, which are exposed, at short intervals, for a distance of seven miles at least along the course of the stream. They are often spangled with scales of mica, and at some points are charged with pyrites, or much stained with oxide of iron. In these as in their other features they resemble the argillites met with on the St. John River, in portions of Ilampstead and Enniskillen, and which, as elsewhere shown (Report of Progress, 1871, page 197), are probably of Devonian rocks. Devonian age. The occurrence of such strata at this point, in the very heart of the coal-basin and over so extensive an area, is very significant, and, as will readily be seen, has an important bearing upon all questions REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. AV. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 209 connected with the thickness and productive capacity of the latter. The lateral limits of this island, if it may be so termed, in tho Carboniferous sea, we have been unable to determine, tho country on either side of the stream being nearly flat and covered with forest. Grand Lake. — Although usually low, there are many points around the rntprestmg shores of Grand Lake where the strata are exposed to view, while occa- strata around sionally they rise into bluffs, and show sections of considerable interest. Of these the raost important are those which tend to illustrate the relations of the grey beds of tiie Productive or iMiddle Coal formation to the red and purple beds, supposed to represent the Upper or Newer Coal formation. These relations may be well seen at and near Scypher's Cove on the north side of the lake, and again at Fcrris's Cove on its southern shore. Scypher's €ove is a small indentation about four miles west of the mouth of Little River. It has already been observed (page 204) that near the latter scyphor-s ,. , , ^ f , ,• ,, , , . , ami Butler's the purplish-rcd sandstones may be seen restmg on the nearly horizontal coves, grey sandstones of the Middle Coal formation ; with this exception, the latter are the only rocks met with along this shore of the lake to the head of its north-ec«st arm. In the opposite direction they also appear to be the surface rocks for some distance, but, the shore being low, few exposures are to be seen until Scypher's Cove is approached. Just east of the latter is another and smaller indentation, Butler's Cove ; and between tho two coves wc find the following ascending section : 1. Grey sandstones, like those of the coal measures, rather coarse and pel)bly, Aid' and containing sigillaria and other large prostrate trunks of trees, some section ot strata of which are 15 feet and more in length. There is much false bedding, and the stratification is obscure. 2. Measures concealed for 382 yards in a westerly direction, then an exposure of fine conglomerate or coarse grit of a grey color, slightly tinged with green. This tint appears to be due to the frequent occurrence of smaH fragments of pale green slate, whicli with similar fragments of grey and purple colors, and a little ([uartz, make up the rock. These fragments may have been derived from the abrasion of Pre-Carboniferous argillitcs. Twenty-six yards eastward, the same conglomerates become purplisii- grcy, and are covered by coarse purplish grits and sandstones, whicli are irregularly bedded, but have a slight westward inclination. Allowing to the conglomerate the same dii) as that of the beds mcntiouyu below, they may be roughly estimated as having a thickness of 3 ft. in- 3. Purple sandstones like the last, but becoming in a distance of 800 yards, mea- sured along a curve changing from west to west '20 south, deep purplish- rcd and then dark purple. The dip of the beds in the latter part being regular, S. 30' W. < 2". In consequence of this inclination the beds in ascending order sink successively to the water level, showing in a dis- tance of G22 yards a thickness of about 20 ft. In a similar way higher beds come successively into view as M ts : — 4. Coarse purple sandstone and conglomerate 12 ft. 5. Grey grit and conglomerate, similar in composition to Xo. 2, but coarser, partly concealed for four and a-half feet at the base, but with an exposed thickness of about twenty-five feat, the upper part becoming shaly 30 ft. P 5i 210 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. C. Dark purple, shaly sandstone 10 ft. 7. Grey conglomerate, dipping as before, and having a thickness of about... .« 12 fi. At some points there are thin beds of dark purple, papery shales asso- itnprpssions of ciatod with No. 0, wliich, together with the sandstones, contain a few im- fossil plants ' /. ii r- • i mdrainiirops. pressions of Calamites and ferrs, as well as oi rain drops, ihe plants are similar to those of the purple beds of Salmon Creek upon which the ol)3er vations of Dr. Dawson have been given. The series of beds described in the foregoing section occupies a distance of about a quarter of a mile along the shore, extending quite to Scyphcr's Cove, on the eastern side of which the grey conglomerate (No. 7) appears in low vertical bluft's ; a similar conglomerate bluff bounds the cove on its western side, the rock being coarse and crumbling, and made up mostly of small well rounded pebbles. A little to the westward, about 382 yardi^, purple beds again come into view, being rather coarse, shaly sandstones, overlying coarse, grey sandstones which are rusty and calcareous, and contain impressions of plants. A succession of similar beds is then met with ; the sandstones, which vary from grey to olive-grey in color, and often contain trunks of trees, frequently alternating with and sometimes shading into the purple beds. The latter are also mostly sandstones, but Scypher'sCove. half a mile westward of Scypher's Cove they include and are capped by a considerable thickness of soft, deep purplish-red shales. The beds along all this portion of the shore are nearly flat, or with very low undulations. The road which divides the upper and lower sets of grants on this side of the lake comes down to the shore here, and beyond it there is a curving beach thirteen hundred yards long, on which there arc but few exposures of the subjacent rocks ; but at its extremity they again form a conspicuous bluff twenty feet high. The lower five feet is composed of dark purplish- red sandstone, and tlic remainder of a rather coarse and rubbly chocolate- colored shale. The sandstones show much false bedding, they are also very variablo in texture, and often pass into conglomerates, which are largely composed of well-rounded pebbles of chalcedonic quartz, Pebbles of chai- ^^^^ *^^^^^^'^ of felsite, mica slate, etc. Similar chalcedonic pebbles are -cedonic quartz, abundant in the materials of the beach, and are often brightly tinted, recalling the beds of this substance mentioned on page 192 as occurring in connection with the Lower Carboniferous rocks on the south shore of Washademoak Lake. Beyond this bluff, is another long narrow beach, shutting in the basin known as the Upper Keyhole, beyond which to Grand Point, a distance of two miles, the shore is similarly low and without rock exposures. On Grand Point, which is a long narrow spit mostly of shifting sand, projecting half way across the lake, a few Hat beds of grey sandstone may be seen, containing trunks of fossil trees. Just beyond Grand Point is the Lower Keyhole, more commonly known as Douglas Harbor. On either side of its narrow ent"ance low ridges REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILxiY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 211 may be seen, composed of grey coarse conglomerates, much stained with iron, and like those of the blutF last described containing numerous pebbles of chalcedonic quartz, together with others of grey quartzite, slates of various colors, and fragments of sandstone, the latter scarcely harder than the enclosing rock. Coarse beds of sandstone also occur ; both rocks are very irregularly bedded, and both contain numerous prostrate trunks fo.-h troe- of trees, which have usually been converted into black crystalline calcite. i>X biH^'if"',! Similar beds also appear near the steamboat wharf, at the head of the hai- '''"""' '^'''"'''*" hour, but are there overlaid by coarse, purple sandstones which have a very slight easterly inclination. To the north and west of Douglas Harbour the country is low and level, and rock exposures are but rarely met with. 1. is probable, however, that most of this region is covered by the purple beds above descrioed ; fragments of them are abundant over its surface, while ledges of similar rocks occur at some points around the shores of Maiiuaspit and French "nquaspit and Lakes. Better exposures of these rocks may be seen a few miles further north, on Little lliver in Sunbury county. They occur in a bluflf, and in the bed of the river about three-quarters of a mile south of the point Avhere the New Zion road crosses it, and according to Mr. Ells, who ex- amined them, the beds consist of about four feet of very hard, dark purple sandstone, overlaid by a bed of reddish-purple shale of finer texture ; the latter interstratified with thin beds of fine, purple sandstone, extend- ing up the^ whole face of the cliff, which is from fifty to seventy feet in height. The bluffs extend along the stream for four hundred and fifty yards with good exposures ; beyond which, to the New Zion road, but little can be seen. About the same distance north-east of the road is a second bluff fifteen feet high ; but here the beds are grey sandstones and conglomerates with a southerly dip of two degrees. They contain numerous embedded trunks of trees. On Number Eighteen Stream, Number Eight- 11-1 J u , uL'u btream. ^^ about three-quarters of a mile above the portage-road bridge, and about one and a-half miles from the New Zion road, is a seam of coal apparently about fourteen inches thick. Another small seam, or a continuation of xwocoai-eeams. the same, also crops out at a point about four miles further up. The highest point reached by Mr. Ells on the main stream of Little River, was eight miles above New Zion bridge, where in a high bank, known as Whet-stone Brow, grey coal shales, full of plant impressions, are exposed. On the southern side of Grand Lake, the best exposures are towards its western end, and more particularly about Robertson's and White's Points and White's Cove. On Kobertson's Cove, the rocks are chiefly a coarse {|;;ck^^n ^_^ grey conglomerate about twelve feet in thickness, which rests, near the cove. water level, upon beds of grey sandstone ; the first named rock being largely made up of slaty fragments of various shades of color, together ^»i I' 212 GEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. coal u White's or Ferris' Cove with some quartz and more rarely a pebbli! of granite, the whole inclosed in a sandy matrix, through which are also scattered numerous white par- ticles, which appear chiefly to be a kaolinized feldspar. Similar conglo- merates and sandstones may be seen along the beach westwai-d of the point, and towards the outlet of the lake, and occasionally alternate with purple beds ; but their relations to the latter are best seen in Robertson's Cove, a small indentation just east of Robertson's Point. There is here a series of vertical bluffs about thirty feet in height, which at thei'; base show beds of soft purplish-red sandstone, separated by soft dark red shales from overlying coarse greenish-grey grits and conglomerates. These arc similar to those of the Point, but are more pyritous and yellowish stained, and arc further distinguished by containing three or four thin layers of Thin layers of coal, from onc eighth to one-quarter of an inch in thickness. Along por- tions of the bluff, wliich has a length of over seven hundred yards, the grey bob which arc nearly horizontal, though exhibiting much false bedding and some faults, appear to rest conformably upon the purple beds, into Avliich they may also be seen to graduate, but at others small angular ridges or points of the purple beds project upwards into the grey, as though the latter had been deposited on their eroded surface. At White's or Ferris' Cove, two miles east of Robertson's, similar beds may again bo seen, here forming biuffs about fifteen feet in height, at the base of which are bright purple and purplish-red beds, and above, sandstones and rather coarse conglomerates, which vary from grey to purplish-grey in color. Both hero and at Robertson's Point the grey beds arc characterized by a pale shade of green, and often look as if made up of granitic debris, or the waste of such cMoritic and granitoid rocks as occur at some points along the shores of the Long Reach of the St. John River, and which have been elsewhere referred to the Iluronian series (Report of Progress, 1870-71, page 113). Mingled with these materials of metamorphic origin, small pieces of unaltered sandstone are also met with, and occasionally small fragments of coal. The two sets of beds above described, 2. e., the greenish-grey and purple, appear to border the whole southern side of Grand Lake, at least as far eastward as Cumberland Bay ; the one or the other being the most promi- nent in accordance with slight undulations by Avhich they have been affected. At Wiggins Cove they are well exposed in vertical bluffs, about twent}'- five feet in height, of which the upper part is a soft rubbly chocolate-colored and somewhat marly shale, the base being a flaggy sandstone, similarly tinted. Along the shore west of Young's Cove they also form low bluffs (pale purplish-grey sandstones overlying grey pebbly sandstone) and con- tain ill-preserved remains of plants ( Oalamites, Cordaites and ferns,) simi- lar to those of Salmon Creek. The most easterly point at which they have been observed is Branscombe's Vortical bluff: at Wiggins Cove. REPORT BY PROFilSSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 213 Point at the mouth of Cumberland Bay, on the southern side of which they again form low cliffs, but do not present any features differing from those already noticed. At the head of Cumberland Bay, and near where Cumberland Creek is crossed by the high road from Cox's Point and the North-west Arm, are a few ledges of dark grey, rather fine-grained sandstones, which are somewhat O'l'^'Htic sand- dolcritic in aspect, and may be the equivalents of the doleritic rocks which near the Forks of Newcastle Creek constitute the highest beds of the Lower Carboniferous formation. The only other beds observed in this vicinity (excepting those of the claystone ridge south of Cumberland Crock, des- cribed in connection with the Lower Carboniferous formation, page 195) resemble those of the ordinary coal measures, being grey sandstone and'ongiompTntei 11 • 1 • \ ■ ? -i n stained with conglomerates, the latter sometimes much stamcd with oxide of mansjanesc ox«ido ot man- ..... ganoso Over the region which lies immediately to the southward of Grand Lake it is often difficult to infer the character of the subjacent strata, owing to the extent to which they have been covered by debris derived from the rocks of the Upper Coal formation which lies to the northward. It would seem, however, from such observations as we have been able to make, that the Upper Carboniferous rocks arc for the most part confined to the vicinity of Grand Lake, not having been met with in situ along the shores of Washademoak Lake, nor through the low ground separating the two, in their central and eastern portions. To the westward in Cambridge, how- Cambridge, ever, the Upper Coal formation covers a more considerable area, including tlie hills between Ferris' Cove and the depression of the Den Creek, as well as a portion of those overlooking the valley of the Jemseg. Hce too, unless extensively faulted, they must have a considerable thickness, seeing that their upper beds, which are greenish-grey conglomerates, much like those of the cove last mentioned, though still nearly horizontal, are at an elevation of fully two hundred feet above the latter. Below the mouth of the Jemseg, and west of the road between it and the Narrows of Washa- demoak Lake, the slope of the hills exhibits repeated alternations of dark purplish-red to chocolate-colored slates, with grey and greenish sandstones, both nearly horizontal, and both containing numerous but ill-preserved remains of plants. The depression occupied by the Washademoak Lake and River 'contrasts wn^jmdomoak with that of Grand Lake in being surrounded by much higher land, while ' the depression itself is at the same time narrower and deeper ; it is also nearer the southern border of the coal field, and in consequence the strata have usually a low northward inclination, though still often nearly hori- zontal. They may be seen at many points both on the northern and southern shores of the Lake, but Avith the exception of the red calcareous beds at Belyea's Cove, noticed on page 192 as probably of Lower Carboniferous age, they appear to I elong for the most part to the Middle Carboniferous for- f 214 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. •cam. Coal-spam on JiOng'9 Creek. miation. This is indicated alike by their color, which is almost iiniformlv jn'^p^fted coal- grey, as Well as the occurrence of coal-seams at various points. One of these is said to occur at the Narrows (where the hods arc coarse grey grits and conglomerates dipping a little east of north < 4° or 5°) and to have been struck in sinking a well, hut no explorations have been made. Still fur- ther eastward another seam of coal has been exposed upon Long's Creek near its confluence with Washademoak River. It is on the land of Samuel Stark ey, Esq., and was being proved at the time of our visit. Strata con- sisting of about 12 feet of sandstones, overlying grey shales, with CaJamites and about one foot of impure shaly coal were exposed. The dip at the opening is W. 10° S.< 3° ; but along the high-way nearby, leading uj) to McLean's mill, the beds which arc of similar character are nearly hori- zontal, though with much false bedding. At the mill mentioned, where they rest on chloritic rocks which have been described on page 194, they include a considerable mass of purple shales. It has been already remarked that in this portion of its distribution the coal measure series appears to have o'.'ten but an inconsiderable thickness, forming indeed a mere capping to the older rocks. One instance of this has just been pointed out in the case of Long Creek. A similar occurrence may be seen higher up on the same stream, and in the Settlement of Gos- hen, whore on the higher lands, the grey Carboniferous sandstones arc the only beds visible, while the bed of the stream is composed of hard Pro- Carboniferous argillitcs ; and again on the Canaan River, which joins the Washademoak at its eastern end, as well as on several of its northern and southern tributaries. Thus about three miles below the mouth of the Cftnaan North Fork, the banks of the river, which are about thirty feet in height, arc at the base composed of highly inclined Prc-Carboniferous argillitcs, upon the top of which, but in nearly horizontal layers, are about fifteen feet of grey Car- 5ferousargiiiitrs]^pj^jfgj,i^^jg sandstouc, the inferior beds along the line of contact being all bent and flattened to the eastward, as if from the pressure of the super- incumbent rocks. Ml. Ells ascended the Canaan North Fork, l)y wading, to a distance of eleven miles from its mouth. For nearly two miles up he observed Pro- Carboniferous beds consisting of grey argillitcs and quartzites, the former marked by darker colored bands and often containing white quartz. At vsomc points these beds rise into blufls completely denuded of overlying deposits,- but at others capped by thin beds of sandstone, which are most)}' grey and not readily distinguished from those of the productive coal formation, except that they are occasionally of a pale greenish tint like certain beds of the Upper Carboniferous formation. The view that thev belong to this formation is supported by the occurrence at many points of purple sandstones and shales, much like those of Grand Lake, and which rarboniu'roii: pandstonc on rrc-Carbon Canaan N.irtli i'ork. RLPORT DY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. 0. F. MATTHEW. 215 contain similar fossils. These purple beds occasionally hold spherical ""•"C"'" of mio» concretions, and are at some points overlaid l)y beds of j^rey sandstone. &c. ' ° ' Beneath them, on the upper part of the stream, shale and fire-clays were also observed, but no beds of coal, t , itg lower portion, and just north of the most northerly exposure of the ar^illites above mentioned, is a bed of breccia which is rusty and full of large and small angular pieces of raica schist, diorite, quartz and quartzitc, without evident stratification, and looking as if poured over the subjacent rocks. This breccia may bo of Lower Carboniferous age. The dip of the slates on the North Fork is about N. Go'' W. < GO'' ; that of the Carboniferous strata being very variable, but always low, usually at angles of only 2" or 3° and with much false bedding. Rocks similar to the latter were also observed by us on Alward Brook, which is not laid Aiwam Brook, down on the Provincial map, but is a stream of considerable size running nearly parallel to the North Fork, and entering the Canaan River a lif^e below the mouth of Thorn's Brook. The beds on Alward Brook are said to contain a thin seam of coal, but such, if really present, must at the time of our visit have been concealed l)encath the water. The rocks exposed along tlio streams which enter the Washadctnoak River on its southern side, (such as Rider's Brook, Porcupine Brook, &c.,) appear to belong entirely to the Middle Coal formation, being mostly grey sediments of a very coarse character, such as pebbly conglomerates and grits, often stained with oxide of manganese, but embracing also some finer beds, such as shales and fire-clays. The occurrence of the latter pi^j,.g,j,y^ renders that of coal not improbable ; but, though several of the streams which traverse this almost wholly unsettled district were examined, none was found. We may conclude this review of the Carboniferous formation east of the St. John River by a brief reference to a series of beds which, though not within the limits to Avliich our attention has boon devoted during the past season, is yet deserving of notice in connection with the question of coal supply, the investigation of which was the principal object of our labors. The strata referred to occur near Dunsinanc station, on the line strata nonr ., . , . pUuusinaiio of the European and North American railway, in the eastern portion oi station. .King's county. A short notice of these beds, not one, however, based upon any personal examination, together with an analysis of the associated coal, was given by one of the authors in 1865 in their " Observations on the Geology of Southern New Brunswick," and they were then considered to be probably of Lower Carboniferous age. A visit to the locality, however, since made, has shown that although the greater part of the valley in which these beds occur is occupied by rocks of the age in question, yet that these are here covered by an outlier of the true or 'productive coal measures. The ground in the i 21G GEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Twcnty-lncli coal-8vnni. Exposures on the Nercpis Biver. i 15 I f Limestone _ bbles holding 'osiiils. pel fOE vicinity being low and swampy as well as densely wooded, the oppor- tunities afforded for a study of the formation are but scanty, and its extent and thickness are therefore still undetermined ; but that it belongs to the Middle Carboniferous formation is apparent from the character of the rocks (grey sandstones and soft blue and grey shales) and also of the associated organic remains. In the shales there arc numerous and well pre- served impressions of Calamitea and ferns, Alethoptcris lonchitica being especially abundant. Some eight or ten excavations have been made, and the coal-bed which is believed to bo the same in all, has usually a thickness of twenty inches, though at some places including a one inch parting of coal shale. At one of the pits the rock removed is a soft red shale. Excavation to a depth of about sixty feet failed to show the existence of other seams of coal. Details of Olscrvatiom in Queeii's and Sunhurtj Counties^ West of the St. John River. The following observations on the Middle and Upper Carboniferous formation.! embrace a description of them as seen in the region watered by the Oromocto River and its tributaries, and in that bordering the St. John River in the neighbourhood of Gagetown. To these arc added a few notes on portions of York county ; chiefly along the line of the Frcd- ericton Branch railway. On page 188 the Lower Carboniferous strata were described as extending one and a quarter miles up the principal branch of the Nercpis River above Summer Hill Brook. Above the last out-crops of that series, the river runs through gravelly and alluvial land for a distance, measured along its course, of about one mile and a quarter, and affords a few exposures of the grey conglomerates and grits of the barren measures. For a further distance up the stream of about one and a quarter miles, the out-crops become more frequent, and the strata consist usually of coarse sandstones alternating with beds of conglomerate, of a grey color and abounding in thoroughly rolled pebbles of white ip'artz, with less numerous ones of hard grey slate and sandstone. The sand- stones are also grey and olive-grey in color, and become more abundant in ascending the stream. The measures dip at a very low angle, and both sandstones and conglomerates shew much false bedding. At and above the point last described, the beds assume a different aspect, being largely derived from the Lower Carboniferous series. Grey and olive-grey sandstones arc seen to alternate here with irregular layers of conglo- merates made up of pebbles of red shale and limestone imbedded in a matrix, which in some places is a red mud, and in others is grey and more sandy. The limestone pebbles contain Terehratula sacculus, var siijHata. REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. \V. BAILEY AND MR. 0. F. MATTHEW. 217 and an Orthoceras. Tlicso beds extend nearly to the mouth of Wilson's Brook, al:"*' a quarter of a mile. For a distance of three-fiuartcrs of a mile along the stream above Wilson's Brook there are no rock exposures ; but the soil is a red clay abounding in several places with angular pieces of Lower Carboniferous red shales. Above this, grey sandstones with poorly preserved remains of large coal-measure plants shew in the bed of the stream, and the strata dip N. N. E. < 2' or 3°. At a distance of one hundred and seventy-seven yards further up, there are dark grey and black shales lying horizontally, and enclosing Conlailes hornsaifoUa, Cardiocarpum (Sp.) ?, obscure ferns, and a carpolite (?). The same beds hold also a small species of Naiadlte^. 62:) yards up the stream, above the exposure of black shales, are the out-crops of the Clones coal- f.'°""" «'"*'• seams. Should coal-seams of sufficient importance to be econom- ically worked be found here, two natural outlets for the product of the mines exist. One of those is to the eastward, through the valley of the Otnabog, which rises within a mile or two of the Clones coal-crops, crosses the Gagetown road and discharges into the River St. John ; the outlet of the lake at the mouth of this stream being aboui; ten miles from Clones. The other available approach is through the valley of the Ncrepis xtiver, near the source of which the seams lie. From Wclsford station, on the Western Extension of the European and North American railway, there is an easy ascent along the Nercpis valley through a settled country in a north-easterly direction to the Clones coal-field ; a distance of fourteen miles. The (irops of some of the seams in this field were discovered about four years ago, but no attempt to ascertain the value of the seams ■was made until the summer of 1872. Then suiuc small excavations were irade in the left bank of the Nerepis River (near its source) just below the driving-dam, a mile and one eighth north of Mr. Hugh Wilson's house on the Upper Clones road. The most considerable seam exposed was found to be about three feet J^Ia';|',^"'''** '^^^^' in thickness, and to consist of : — Feet. Inches. Uoal 1 Parting of grey clay 2 Coal 1 foots inches to 1 10 It is a coking coal of good quality, and yields a light porous coke. This seam may be seen in a trench cut in the bank, about twenty-five yards below the dam, and it is here on a level with the bed of the brook. The seam is separated by an inch or two of shale from a roof of grey sandstone several feet in thickness ; the rock beneath the coal could not be seen, being considerably beneath the water level. About twenty feet to the south of this trench, another has been made, exhibiting a seam which, on the edge of the bank, shows only a few inches of coal, but when followed a short distance into the hill becomes more compact, and attains ii li 218 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Matthew and l»r. W. S Harding. ! I \'' a thickness of one foot. Like the first described, it is overlaid by an incb Examiimtion by or two of shale covered by grey sandstone. After the completion of these examinations, which were made by Mr. (i. F. Matthew, further explora- tions were made by Dr. W. S. Harding of St. John, and at a depth of about six feet beneath the smaller seams examined by Mr. Matthew, he found another which he estimates at two feet or more in thickness. About twenty feet up the stream, above the uppermost of the two trench- es, a square pit was made, and the top of the three-feet seam reached; but owing to the influx of water this opening was abandoned. A fourth excavation, made in the bed of the stream near the right bank, shewed the existence of a considerable seam of coal, which is probably the three feet seam, as it is on the line of strike of that bed. The coal-seams exposed in these trenches and pits furnish data for a rough estimate of the direction and amount of dip of the strata. They incline to the north at an angle of about 13°, a dip considerably higher than has been observed in the strata exposed further down the brook, and to the south-westward of the coal-crops. Going up the brook, from the points last described, for about fifty feet, indications of another seam wore seen in the left bank, at the level of the pond below the gate of the driving-dam. Since Mr. IMatthew's visit to Kxpioration by this placc, a twelvc-incli scam has been exposed hereby Dr. Harding and MViM?Lviufic\vMr. Andrew Corbitt. These gentlemen also had the water pumped out ^°'^ ' ' of the pond at the foot of the dam, and were thus enabled to examine a second seam which was found to lie at a depth of about four or five feet below that last mentioned, from which it is separated by beds of grey sand stone. The coal is a firm and brilliant, higlily biturainou" variety, and thu oed is said to have a thickness of fourteen inches. The bottom of the hole. on the sides of which it appears, is filled Avith gravel ; and as the water could not be kept out long enough to explore below the seam, it is not known whether any other seams appear here or not. From the abun- dance of grey shale thrown out on the bank opposite the dam, it is proba- ble there are soft measures 1 elow* the seam. It was the breaking up of this seam which led to the d'scovery of the coal at this place. The relations of tire ci al-beds at the pond to tliose seen at the trenches and pits further down the stream is doubtful, if the dip of tlic measures seen in the latter is maintained in the intervening distance, and there are no faults breaking the continuity of the beds, the seams seen at the trenches should pass at a depth of six feet or more, beneath those visi- ble at the pond. Further examination, however, is necessary to prove rrr,bai)ie rcno- ^^^^ ^^^^ latter are not the seams seen at the lower excavations, repeated Beams b"l'auiu.^-*y ^ ^^^^^ ^"^^ downtlirow of the measures on the south side ; such breaks are of common occurrence along the south side of this coal-field. No other out-crops were di':covered within half a mile of the dam, but REPORT BY PKOFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G, F. MATTHEAV. 219 on the Wilson roafl, about a mile to the west, there are coarse grey sand- stones, having a northward dip of only three degrees ; and on the Corhitt or Upper Clones road, one mile west of the Wilson road, there are ledi^cs of similar sandstones with poorly preserved remains of plants. These are close to the base of the series ; for at Wilson's they rest almost directly upon red indurated clays of LoAvcr Carboniferous age. The Nerepis River, above the driving-dam Avhcre the coal appears, becomes a small sluggish water-course, running through low land cover- ed with drift deposits, and it affords no exposures of the subjacent sand- stone and shales. At a distance of about two miles to the north it issues from a low tract of land, in which both the Otnabog and the Mercereau r.^ai crop on Brooks have their sources ; the former flowing to the St. John River and ai'i'V.^ioroerc'uu the latter to the Oromocto. On both tlieso latter streams out-crops of ""^ *' coal exist, but avc could not find them owing to the high water in the streams. Between the point where the Otnahog is crossed by the Gage- town road and the marslics at its mouth, it is bordered for a distance of over three miles by bluffs of grey sandstone from ten to fifty feet high. The dip of these sandstones is usually about N. 80^ E. < lO'^, declining at some points to three degrees. Tlie strata are mostly coarse and occa- sionally pi3bbly ivith much false bedding, but are sometimes finer and some- wiiat flaggy widi thin beds of shale. Westward (f the area to which the above remarks relate, the Carbon- iferous conglomerates rise into a somewhat elevated and uneven swell of land which where it crosses the old post-mad from St. John to Frederic- ton, presents good or.posures of grey pebbly beds and grits, in the hill known as Stony Ridge. The pebbles here are such as may have been <■ stony liiii-o." derived from the slates and sandstones on the north side of the Carbonifer- ous area, and are like those of the conglomerate of Twecdside, Cork tSettlemcnt and other ridges on its northern Ijorder. For a distance of ''>no and a-half miles from the corner of the Lowt:* Clones roail, the northern slope of this ridge is covered witli fine grey, shaly and flaggy sandstones of the productive coal measures, dipping northward at an angle of six degrees. Hero they arc crossed by the Mercereau lirook and extend down the course of the stream for about five miles, where they are covered by purple sandstone and shales, probably of the Upper Car- honiferous formation. The stream appears to run along the contact of thes" with the productive measures, to Avithin a mile of the bridge near Merccrcau's, where it is again ])ordcred by the grey beds of the latter. The measures here dip N. 20" W. < lU^. They consist of grey sandstones nnderlaid by grey and dark shales, and include a small seam of coal at the water level, some of which has been used in a neighl)ouring forge. Beyond the south branch of the Oromocto River the grey measures cover a considerable breadth, and extend up the North-west Rranch be- I ;.!;]? u IS* 220 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Conglonifiatc riiigcf. Shin Crock, Tracy's mills and Otter 15rook. yond Hart's mills to the junction of the Freclericton branch with the Euro pean and North American railway. Here the beds are chiefly olive-grey thin bedded sandstones of the px'oductivc measures ; but in going south- "ward from the mills, grey conglomerates with intercalated sandstones form a long ridge sloping gently to the river. Behind this ridge the finer mea- sures, including beds of soft olive-grey shale, are repeated, and in like manner slope northward from another ridge of conglomerate, soiitlnvard of which only repetitions of these grey sandstones and conglomerates were seen to within a mile of Shin Creek, where red sedime^its of the Lower Carboniferous formation rise from beneath them along the northern slope of the valley of that stream. Throughout this tract of grey rocks the beds dip northward, at angles of from two to three degrees, varying in direction from N. to N. 20^ W. ^Vost\vard of the sources of Morancy Brook, which joins the North-west Oromooto on the south side a little below Tracy's mills, the grey rocks are coarser, aiul at Otter Brook the surface abounds with blocks of grey conglomerate and sandstones, and there are exposures of the latter dipping N. 20° E. < 15°. In this part of the Carboniferous area the shales form but an insignificant part of the grey measures, and con- glomerates with coarse sandstones and grits abound. Such is the condi- tion also of the rock masses of the Middle Carboniferous formation south of the Little and tlie Groat Ororaocto Lakes, where the measures resume their normal dip of about four degrees or less to the northward. From Otter Creek westward they form the dividing ridge between the Magagua- davic and Oromocto waters. The ^ .aractcr of the beds of this formation, as seen to the westward and northward of the Great Oromocto Lake, has been already described Ity Mr. Charles Robb, Report of Progress 18GG- iiartt'f iiiiib. GO, pp. 179-180. From the vicinity of Hartt's mills several tongues of grey sandstones of the Middle Carboniferous formation extend westwardly along the valley of the Oromocto, and may also be traced eastward of that stream in out-crops along Brizzly Creek and the small streams flowing in an opposite direction to the River St. John. One of these crosses Morancy Brook about two miles south from the road, along the south side of the Oromocto. This is probably the same band as that \\lnch crossc; Fivt-iiKii Coal- the North-west Oromocto, below the mouth of Hardwood Crock, whore it contains a seam of coal of good quality about five inches thick resting on a bed of under-clay. Other grey sandstones of the type of those usual))" found in connection with the productive measures are exposed at the junction of Lyon's Stream with the main North-west Oromocto ; and also on the Yoho, above and at the mouth of Porcupine Brook. Elsewhere the rocks observed in the flat valley extending from Great Oromocto Lake- down the main North-west Branch below Tracy's mills, are purphsh-rcd shales and lilac sandstones, of the Upper Carboniferous formation. No evidence has yet been obtained of the cxistCLCC of the Upper Car- seam. Tracy's mill?. REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR, G. F. MATTHEW. 221 [boniferous formation west of the Great and Little Oromocto Lakes. A considerable area, however, on Lyon's Stream (the first northern feeder of the North-west branch of the Oromocto River) is occupied by purplish-red shales, and sandstones with lilac-red conglomerates at the base, which arc judged to be of this series. A more southerly belt of these beds probably connected with that in the low lands on Lyon's Stream, opposite Otter Creek, covers the northern slope of the ridge of grey sandstones and con- glomerates, already described as forming the divide bctwccu the valley of the North-west Branch of the Oromocto on the one hand, and Shin Creek and Peltoma Stream on the other. It runs out upon the North- west Branch ac Ilartt's mills, and the beds composing it dip northerly, at angles of from 3*^ to 5^. A parallel band of grey sandstones divides it from another area of purplish rocks which lies along the centre of the valley through which the North-west Branch flows. At several points the shales in this area have been eroded, exposing, especially in the valley of the river and along its banks, horizontal beds of grey thin-bedded sandstone. Similar purplish rocks extend along the road from Tracy's mill, and crop out along the Rusagonish River. They may also be seen along the line of the Fred, ericton Branch railway, both south and north of that stream, as well as in the vicinity of Fredericton itself. At Three-tree Creek, where the fos-riir.'o-troo sils, a list of which is given on page 216, Report of Progress 1871, were found, the beds are massive even-grained sandstones. At the base, where they rest upon the fossilifcrous shales, they are of a grey color, but above become clouded and banded with a purplish tint, and a few rods up the stream are covered by purplish-grey sandstones and sandy shales ; the M-hole dipping N. 15"^ W. < lO"^. Near Rusagonish station similar purple beds are apparently overlaid by rather coarse purplish-red conglomerate, with pebbles of quartz and metamorphic rocks, dipping W. 20' N.< 4". Through the district lying to the eastward of the (Jromocto River, between that stream and the River St. John, the country is mostly uncleared, and there being but a few small streams, the opportunities for a study cf its rock formation, apart from those already mentioned, are but meagre. Purplish-red rocks of the Upper Carboniferous formation show, however, extensively along the banks of Brizzly Brook, and judging from the charac- p^i^iy Brook, ter of the soil, probably also over considerable areas to the west and south of Gagetown. To the northward of the latter, the only beds observed between it and Swan Creek, and upon this stream for one and a- g^y^n Crcek half miles above the lake at its mouth, are grey grits and sandstones of the productive coal measures. Thickness of the M'uidh and Upper Coal Formations. To determine with any degree of accuracy the thickness of the several groups of strata included, in Now Brunswick, in the above division of ((•; t; I*. w% 222 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. the Carboniferous system, is a task of much difficulty, arishig partly from the unsettled character of much of the country >ver which they are dis- tributed ; but chicHy from the fact that over large areas, as already stated, the strata are nearly horizontal, and are only very rarely inclined at an angle of more than four or five degrees. In cousetiuence of this .slight inclination of the beds, and the general absence of prominent ridges, the opportunities aftorded for their study are not numerous. And such expo- Partiai view of suros as do occur aloug the banks of the rivers and creeks, and upon the till' coal fiirnia- . -n • ^ • n «. tions aiiorikd sliorcs of the lakcs, or m artificial excavations, generally afford a very by natural . . . » a ./ j exposures or in partial vicw of the formation, while from the very variable character of excavation:'. ^ .,.,,. , , , . the Strata, even withm shori distances, and the exposures being separ.aed by intervals more or less considerable, it becomes almost '■^possible to determine the relations to each other of tiie beds exposed in the various sections. Besides tiio difficulty in estimating the thickness of the coal Ditiicuity ill formation, arising from the above causes, ami also from the fact that it thickiic.*s'"oi- rests unconformably on all the older rocks, iiicluding the Lower Carboiii- tlu> coal lormi- „ _ . iif iii-- , i , tiun. ferous formation, and theretorc, tiiougli thin ui some parts, may be much thicker in others, it is also impossible to say to what extent the beds have been atfccted by faults which are concealed by the general flatness of the country and its superificial covering of drift. In the foregoing details, however, their general succession has been presented, so far as our obser- vations enable us to do so, and we may now offer such conclusions as seem warranted by these data a> to the probable thickness and productive capacity of the region examincil. The productive coal-measures not being separated by any well-defined line of demarcation either from the barren grey beds beneath, or from the strata of the Upper Coal formation above, no positive or exact statement can be given of their respective thickness, The barren measures are marked chiefly by the more frequent occurrence of coarse sediments, and especially silicious conglomerates, while the Upper Carboniferous formation seems to be indicated by the commoa occurrence of purple and other brightly tinted beds. So far as we are able to judge at present, the following estimate may be taken as approxi- mately correct : Barren grej beds 200 feot Productive lucasures 200 feet Upper Coal formation 200 feet Whole series Making for the whole series exclusive of the Lower Carboniferous for- Lower ('ariion- mation, a total thickness of only six hundred feet. And it is to be observed tion 600 feet, that the above may be regarded as the maximum thickness of the different members. At several points, and apparently over considerable areas, if not over the entire coal-field, the thickness must be much less. The occurrence of such islets of older rocks as that on the upper part ot Coal Creek in the very centre of the coal bashi, and again on the Cauaaa REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 223 River and its tributaries, to say nothing of the Lower Carboniferous out- crops both on Newcastle River and Cumberland Creek, certainly cannot be looked upon in any other light than as indicating an originally very uneven surface over the area in which the Carboniferous strata were deposited, and either that they never attained any considerable thickness, or else that they have suffered extensive denudation. That a large amount of erosion by glacial and atmospheric agencies has affected this rroiabic . , " aninniit ofao- " area in common with other portions of the Province is certain ; but as ""'J"''"", strata which, both lithologically and in the species of plants which they contain, correspond to those of the Upper Coal formation, are widely spread over the region, it may be doubted whether such erosion has anywhere re- moved much of the Middle or Productive Coal series. The coal measures as already stated He unconformably on all the T)re-existini!; ibrmations.includini- unconformity '' . . ■' ^ '^ ' o ottho coal the Lower Carboniferous series, and as these islets of older rocks repre- """">"■ ^'" i"''^ i I'xistiiig torma- sent the summits of hills or ridges, in the intervening troughs or hollows, 'i'^"*- the coal measures may occasionally have attained a much greater thick- ness. This supposition is of course possible, still when the very slight inclination of the Lower Carboniferous strata, not only around the border of the basin, but also over its interior on Newcastle Creek is considered, we cannot but think that the facts, so far as they are known, are unfavour- able to the view that t}>„» coal formation has a greater thickness in any part of the area than that above given, or that extensive seams of iniprobabiuty .. . ot t'xteiisivo coal are likely to be found beneath those which are now being worked «":ii-soams '' • *-■ bciipatli those at Grand Lake and elsewhere. already kuowBv While, however, our observations of the past year arc certainly opposed to any opinion Avhich would assign a great thickness to the coal formation within the region examined by us, or even to a belief in the occurrence of workable seams beneath that which has been so long known - nd removed near the surface in the Grand Lake district, it should not be forgotten that the area over which the surface seam may be presumed to extend is itself a large one, and that, even supposing the thickness of the seam to possible yield be nowhere greater than is shown in the openings already made, its pos-° surface seam" sible yield of coal, more particularly when the facility with which it may be obtained is considered, is such as to confer upon it very considerable value. The following estimates based upon our explorations of the region may serve to render this more apparent. The total area occupied by the rocks of the Middle and Upper Carbonifer-^^^t^j, ^^„^^t ous formation in that portion of the Province which lies to the westward of'/;y,',"!'J''lri,o,".^ the eastern boundaries of Queen's and Sunbury counties, (embracing the Wi^l^^"^ ''^""'** whole of Sunbury and portions of Queen's and York counties), and of which we have personally examined the larger portion, may be approxi- mately estimated at 2854.0 square miles. Of this about one-third, or 052 square, miles is apparently covered by the coarse grey beds which form the '..■4! I-'- ■h: V^h \i: 224 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Total area of Coal-scam, inferior portion of the Middle Carboniferous formation, and which, so far as known, are destitute of any workable coals ; thus leaving a residue of about 1,900 square miles, over which productive seams may be reasonably looked for. We are not yet possessed of sufficient data to justify tlic assertion that the various out-crops of coal met with over this area and at widely separated points, (such as Clones, the Washadcraoak, Otnabog, Little River, Nashwaak River, etc.) belong to the same seam as those at Grand Lake, though there are facts which favor such a supposition ; there is, however, no reason to doubt that those in the neighbourhood of the last named lake are all of the same seam, and that consequently the area over which it may be safely regarded as extending is a very con- siderable one. Thus the area of the Newcastle coal-field (adopting the position of the actual coal openings as marking its limits about thirty-two square miles ; that of Salmon River as also about thirty two square miles ; while that of Coal Creek is about forty-eight square miles, making a total for the three of about one hundred and twelve square miles. Adopting twenty inches as the average thickness of the coal-scam, and 79.4 lbs. as the weight of a cubic foot of coal, (the specific gravity being 1.27) and deducting one-fourth for the areas occupied by Salmon River and Grand Lake, the total amount of coal within ihe areas in question would be (at the rate of 2,000 lbs. to the ton) not less than 154',948,147.2 tons. It is, however, to be observed that the true area of the coal-fields in question, and more particularly that of Newcastle River, is probably much larger than has been stated above ; the line which has been chosen as marking its western limits really indicating only the point where the rocks of the Middle coal formation pass beneath those which form the highest member of the Carboniferous system, and under which they could pr3bably be reached at no great depth. The occurrence of a coal-seam on Little River lu Sunbury county, having about the same position and thickness as Thicknesfloftho thosc of Nowcastlc, rcndcu this supposition highly probable. Moreover, the thickness of the coal-beds at Clones does not differ very greatly from that of the beds at Grand Lake, and it is not improbable that a lari^c pan of the area occupied by the productive measures, and more particularly where the Newer coal formation exists, is underlaid by the same scam. Supposing this to be the case, and deducting one-third for the area occu- pied by the barren measures at the base of the Middle Carboniferous for- mation, or rendered unavailable by being covered with lakes, the possible total yield of coal from a scam of twenty inches covoring the remaining area would be not less than 3,510,430,357.12 tons. Setting aside, how- ever, this supposition as confessedly based upon too imperfect data, we can still hardly doubt that the area over which the principal seam of coal in the Grand Lake region may be reasonably supposed to extend, is at least Arf'a probarbly lar;);<1i' tliau stated. Clones coal' beds Possiblo yiold from a coal- scam twenty iucbcii thick. m REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 225 two or three times greater than that employed in the above calculations, and that therefore the estimate of its productive capacity may be fairly increased in a corresponding ratio. In conclusion, it may be worth while to review more fully the history ,J^,^^f and results, already briefly stated in the first part of our report, of the aul'm jts' to'"*'' earlier attempts to discover coal by boring in the Grand Lake district. The u,m" rana"uk" first and most important boring was that of 1837, which reached a depth '^''"■''^'" of 403 feet, and of which a synopsis from the third report of Dr. Gesner Y■^f^^ borin to the Legislature of New Brunswick is given in an appendix. In the *^'^ ''^'^'• above depth, coal is indicated at several levels, but at two only, in quan- tities suflScient to be deserving of attention. The first was struck at a depth of twenty-one feet, and was one foot ten inches in thickness, being evidently that which is known as " the surface seam ; " while the second, reported as eight feet of" bituminous shale and coal," was struck at the depth of 262 feet, the intervening strata being conglomerates, sandstones and shales, mostly grey but sometimes blue or red and marly, together with several beds of clay-ironstone, slate and a three feet bed of limestone. Consider- able uncertainty has always attached to this record of a second seam of coal, and the confirmation of it has been the object sought in all subsequent borings. There is no doubt that the whole return of these borings, so far as the names applied to the strata penetrated are concerned, is untrust- worthy and deceptive ; many of these, such as the three feet bed of lime- stone immediately above the coal, and the beds of quartz and slate im- mediately below it, are not known to occur anywhere in the true coal measure rocks of the Province. There are, however, pebbles of such rocks in the coal measure conglomerates, and therefore if correctly named their occurrence in the boring would indicate that an horizon beneath the coal measures had been reached. The same remark will also apply to the beds of whinstone and limestone found at still lower depths, and to the " blue slate " with which the borings terminated. It is, however, quite impossible, judging from such specimens of the boring as have been sub- mitted to us, and which are mostly in the state of a fine powder, to apply to them any such definite names as those alluded to, while the coa reported as associated with them at several levels, and of which there are but faint traces in the actual specimens, is only such as might readily have been washed from above, and have become mixed with the other materials in the process of sinking. It is certainly remarkable that limestones, red ihales, slates, quartz and ironstone, all of which occur in rocks which at no great distance are known to underlie the coal measures, should have been reported here, and tends to confirm the conclusion already arrived at from surface indications, that the coal measures in this neighborhood are of no ereat thickness. It is also worthy of note that the depth Thickness of lUo o •/ » coal measures j assigned to the deeper bed of shale and coal, viz., 260 feet, exceeds but not great. M ifeJs m ?*■■ ; * 22G GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Seeonil boring on Coal Crt\>K uiiiely-st'Veu feet, Tliinl bon*!,' 21S kct u ;l Diamond- ijointed rock- drill. Caroless and desultory manner of working. Quality of the coal. little the estimate already given as probably that of the procluctivc measures. The second boring on Coal Creek, five miles above the head of Graul ' Lake, and between five and si.x miles from that above described, was made I in 1806, and attained a depth of ninety-seven feet ; but the drill having then become jammed in the hole, the work was abandoned, and has not since | been renewed. It has already been stated that, at a distance of not more than five miles from this place, the older Pre-Carbonifcrous slates reach the | surface, and are exposed over a considerable area. TIio third boring was commenced in May, 1870, about a mile to the north of that of 1837, but, owing .to some ."'fficulty amongst the mombora of the company, was carried to a depth of only 21 8 feet. At the depth of | ninety-six feet from the surface, a thin seam of impure coal, about s'^ inches thick, was found ; otherwise these borings, as might be expected from theh proximity, corresponded. Convinced of the uncertainty attending all these operations and of the impossibility of reaching any definite conclusions from the study of the surface features of the region, I, in July last, recommended the Provincial Government to purchase a suitable apparatus to test the question by boring, In the first instance it was proposed to decide the matter by sinking a shaft in the vicinity of Newcastle. The amount appropriated for the purpose by I the Legislature, however, was entirely inadequate to meet the cost of sink- ing a shaft of sufficient depth ; and if in the depth to which it might have j been carried, no seam had been reached, the question would have been no | nearer solution than before, whereas by boring, while the result would be less costly and equally satisfactory at any one point, the apparatus employeJ could in the event of failure, be used to test the question at any number of other and widely separated localities. D' y considering these facts, the Government adopted my recommend- ation, and has purchased an American diamond-pointed rock drill. This I is now in operation at Newcastle, and Mr. R. W. Ells has been directed to superintend the work, and to carefully observe and note the character of j the rocks penetrated. We would only remark, in conclusion, with refci- ence to the so called "surface-seam" and its yield of coal, that the careless and desultory mode of working, too generally adopted throughout the district, is such as to greatly depreciate its value, both by increasing' the cost of production, and by rendering the supply variable and uncertain. No method whatever is followed, each man sinking on his own propeny I and extracting only as much coal as he thinks proper, or as ho has occa- sion to use, working the seam for a short time and then neglecting it, allowing the roof to tumble in, and thus necessitating considerable expense to clear it out or to run a new level. As regards the quality of the coal, j it is not unfrequently contaminated with pyrites, and as brought to market, id of Graivl d, was made 1 having then I laa not siuco 1 of not move ites reach the I .3 and of the study of the he Provincial Dn by boring, inking a shah le purpose by I e cost of sink- it might have have been m 1 suit woulil be itus employcJ iny number of f recoramcntl- drill. This been directed e character of n, ^Yith refer- oal, that the ed throughout by increasing and uncertain. own property s he has occa- neglecting it) erable expeniJ of the coal, ght to market, V REPORT BY PROFESSOR L. W. BAILEY AND MR. G. F. MATTHEW. 227 there is often a considerable admixture of coal-sliale ; but when care is taken to have it thorouglily screened, this docs not seriously impair its value, while at a number of points the coal is already free from such impurities, and of excellent quality. The cost of production is nearly asf^o^tofin-oduc- follows : ('ost of labor Twenty dollar-- por month with maintenance. Hauling Six jjliiiliiigs -per cjialdion, oi lt's.5, according to distance. Freight to St. John Six shillings p.T clialdron. Wliart'ugc Ten cents per chaldron. During the winter season, when the greater part of the miniiig is done, a considerable quantity of coal is hauled directly to Fredericton. The price of blacksmiths coal, delivered at St. John, varies from §4.50 to ?7.00 per chaldron ;* that of the " rapid coal," preferred for household use, being from S5 to -$8. 00. Economic Minerals. Besides coal a few other minerals of economic importance were observed -.vithin the region to which this report relates, and may be mentioned here. Iron Ores. — In the region about the sources of the Nerepis a laro-c iron OvMi. amount of iron is generally diffused through the strata. Veins of spathic iron from one to four inches in thickness occur in the lower beds of the St, John group, and according to Dr. Abraham Gosiier, a larg« bed of hematite exists on one of the upper branches of the Nerepis streau, near Coot Ilill on Head-line road. The overlying Devonian slates are also, in places, largely charged with spathic iron intimately mingled with the argillaceous and calcareous pax*- Spatuic iron. tides, of which they ai-e to a great extent composed. The Lower Carbon, iferous rocks partake of this metalliferous character, but the ores observed were impure ochre and veins of hemat:'?. On Summer Hill, in Jeru- salem Settlement, the amygdaloid near the summit of this formation is uomaute. [often largely charged with veins of hematite varying from half an inch to a line in thickness, which traverse the rock both horizontally and vertically. Ochreofis iron is freely disseminated t'-rough the fine soft beds of the series, in'a number of places j ro'.unngbeds ol ochreous earth, usually called mineral paint; such localities occur in Peltoma, on Sltin Creek and on the branches I of the Nerepis. In the valley of Coal Creek, Queen's county, within the limits of Ithc Newcastle coal-field, whore this stream has been described as travers- ing an area of Pre-Carboniferous argillites, the coarse gravel forming |tlie bed of the creek was at one point found to contain numerous well- *Tlie chaldron is a somewhat variable measure in Now Brunawic'.v. At Grand Lake It is Pbo It twenty-eight or twenty-nine hundred weight. 5 • -^ ■ ,', ' '/i'i ' i 228 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. I 'I rounded masses or nodules of hematite, varying in size from that of a pea to two or three inches. Their source is unknown, for though the argillites in questions are here as elsewhere much stained with iron, nol distinct veins of this mineral could be discovered. Similar nodules of hematite were also met with on Thorn Brook, one of the principal tribu taries of Canaan River, but here they are probably derived from the I dioritic rocks of the dark argillite series. Limcstomc. Limestoues. — At a locality on the cross road from the Lower Clones! road to Kelly's mill, there is an out-crop of Lower Carboniferous limestone.l This rock has been calcined in former years to a considerable extent, but the kiln is now abandoned. The lime produced is said to have beenl strong and of good quality, but rather dark for finishing. There is anotherf out-crop of limestone near Kelly's Stream, about a mile above the mill. Atl this point the rock is red in color, like a thin bed exposed on the side of I Summer Hill Brook, near the forks of the North Clones Brook. On tlie[ former brook, about two hundred yards below the Gagetown Road, there j are also some beds of grey limestone five feet or more in thickness. In Hibernia Settlement, thin beds of limestone have been described,! page 190 as occurring on the farm of James McConnicky, where they arel also removed and calcined in considerable quantities. The product is said^ to be of fair, though not of the best, quality. The other points at which limestones have been observed, and referred tol in the earlier pages of this report, are the west shore of the St. Jom River, opposite Long Island, Rush Hill and Shannon Settlement, in m parish of Wickham, and the English Settlement in the parish of Johnston! In each of these localities lime has been burnt to a greater or less extent] but only for local use, the product being inferior to that of the metamorj phic limestone so abundant nearer the coast. «reT to tiih i-eoislaturk cif m;\v KiirxswicK. 'I Ft.[n. VcK<»tnbI(> soil 1 ii Soctinnof sti;ita Sniid iiml j;iiivcl i; 2 bond llii()iif.'h ISroki'ii <\mU> mulclny 4 7 near Snlinou Slisilo ivitli iniprc-'slons ol' t'erii!', .Vc ri :, Hivcr. JHfiniiiW'us CiKil 1 1() Jliirly ( lay 1 u Do mill slialo , . 2 n Sl\aIos 7 II Siiiily sniidstonc In ."<;ni(l«foniMl.iluo grit) .Sa o ('OIlljIOllKMatc Ij s Shale {With n Httl<' oui/) 1 i; .* Marly -hali' and ^andstouc 10 .Sandstoni.'(hliii>arit) 'j o .Sandstoni' I'-itli i inch if con! 1 o C'onjilomiMati' \ o .Sandstor.'o and shnlo 10 (.'onplomcratp ,[ i q .Shalu and conji^lomi'ratf' , . { o Cunplomi'rati' irU/i ii littlv f-"il 2 Do and sandstono lo Shall' I. . 2 lied marly and tilue slialo i o Ui'd inarlv slialo. . . \\\[ 50 Ui'd and blui' sandstone ]'"] 10 SandPtiiiif I blno fjrit ) '.'.'.. .'i!> (.'lay iron^toni' '_ 2 (Quartz and pyrites y Clay ironstnno 1 Conglomerate '\ j Shall' ami ijuartz !!!!!!! 10 CougloniiTati' ..'..'.!..", 10 Clay iron-tono !!!!!! ,'J Shale and ijuartz '...,, 10 clay iroustono 40 ?!''i''-'v .'.y.'.".' 1 Limestone g (j ( oiiglDmeratP '!!.".".' 20 (lav iroii.-tono .!!!.! 4 (Quartz and ,«hale ', ',',',' go (lay ironstone '.'...., 1,3 Slate and ijuartz ...!.!.!!! 1 u Ff.I:l. Clay irnnston(> 4 Artfillo-lerruainons limestone 1 (1 Shale, with vcjiitahli-' impr.'ssions 2 ii llitniiihiii!i!< iili'ilf (iiiil oil/ 81) i.iiinrtz, slate, ironstone and tiro clay I 1) ( lay ironstone o :) Do with -lite and i|imrtz In Slate, shale and c'Ki/ lo Slate, quart/ and ^hale 4 Slaie, shale and iroustouo 1 (> clay ironstone i) 11 Do'l very red color) 1 i) Do with c-.a/ 1 ^i Do 4o Sandy shale and slate clay 1 clay ironstone 1 'i Whin-stone 1 1) Sandstone and loni 1 Coarse sanelstoiic le Sandstoni', .-halo and "a< 1 Clay ironstone •! o Coarec sandstone 10 HitMininous ■^hale 10 I darsi' sandstone with quartz 2 Shall' and quartz 4 Shale and coal 1 Hard blno-^liale In Sandy shale and klingel 2 Coarse sandstone '• Soft lihie shale -I (lav ironstone and sandstone 10 Sot't -hale • ■) Coars" sandstone 'In Soft lilne shale 15 Coar'^e sandstone 4 2 Soft slialo i H SaniUtone Soft shale 20 ( 'oarso sandstone 2 1 .Mnndic (pyrites) :) l>imestoiie '' Shale and freestone balls C4 Fine sandstone 2 3 ( oarsp sandstone 18 San(lstone(blue grit) 15 Limestone 2 1 Shale 13 Sandstone 3 •> Ironstone 1 H Shale 0> Ironstone 1 '' Shale ("f; Ironstone 2 '^ shale ft Ironstone <> ' Urey Slute 1 •^ 40'.' '.' r.