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This ttem It filmed at th« reduction ratio checked below / Ce document est fitmt eu taux de rMuction indiqui cl-destout. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x y 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x The copy filmtd her* has b««n reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library Agriculturt Canada The images appearing here are the best quality poasibie conaidering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract apecificationa. Original copiea in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or Illustrated impres* slon, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copiea are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illuatrated impres- slon. and ending on the laat page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the aymbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grAce i la gin*rosit4 da: Bibliothiqut Agriculturt Canada Les imagea sulvantea ont M reproduces avec le plua grand soin. compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet* de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec lea conditiona du contrat de filmage. Les exemplairea originaux dont la couverture en papier eat imprlm signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbolo V signifie "FIN". Les cartea, planchaa, tableaux, etc., peuvent itra fllmtr|i i< In rim ■-!■ ii K'>')d situation on the south side of a buildinf;, wall or cloge hoard friicc wIuto tlu' cold winds from the north will be broken and all thi? sunshine pussilil.' will lir (il.taiiicil. After Juoiding on the site, the frame should be made. The siuipir-t fniirK i^ i.m.' him If ciut of two-inch planks. It should be so con8tructe.rpt more ■uushine. The sashes (rencrally ucd are made either above or Im'Iow grciund. IT ali'vc pr where the water is not likely to lie. Thi' (nic In can be made where the land is hifrh and wrll drained. T'l make the latter, the soil should be taken out to the dcptli of about eighteen inches and about three feet wider than the frame .«o that there will be room for banking. The barikiu;; is a very impnr- tant part of th(> con-tructidu uf a hntbi'd as tli<> couservatiiiu nf heat in the bed de- pends very much upon it. It will be ri-adily seen that nuich labour will lie ^avcd by di'iuu the necessary excavatiuu for the frame in the autunui wlnii th'Tc is nn lr'i~t in tli(' ground. IIors«! manure is the best to use in niaking tlie Imtl ed and it ^huuld be quite fresh, not cold and rotten, and not alread.v hcatcfl. It -hould be piled near wliere the hotbed is to he ant in depth, but if nuidr during thr latter jiarl nf March when the weather is not VI ry cold, about a foot of nian!'.r<' will suHice. After the manure has been put in. the fr.inie -hiuld be placed on and then about four to six inches more manure put in and banked well around the sides of tlie frame, both inside and out. Outsjile. the i manure should bo banked to the top of the frame and from twelve to fifteen inches in width. The bed is now ready for the lights and the frame should be so constructed [that '.hey will fit snugly. Sh''liirs made of one-inch lumber the same size as the sashe* 36—1 three by six feet. A hotlx d may be 'iii:d. it may be luiulo iu any -iluatioii w ground is usually preferable if it •re ui«ful for covoring tbam m th«y help to oon»crvf the beat in cold weather. In two or three dayi the saah should be removed, tho manure given • tramp all over, making it level wht-re neoeaMiry, and then the soil put on. To get the bent re«ulUthe aoil ihould be prepared the previeui autumn and left in a pile over winter. It should be rich mid of iuch a eharacter that it will not hake. The loil ihould be from Are to kIx iiiohei in deptli over the manure, and it ia bettor to have it a littU) deep thnn too fliiillivv. The soil when it is put in should come near the top of the frame at the lowrr Hide as the manure will sink considerably, and the nearer the plants are to the ichf* later on the stookier they will be. In five or six days the hotbed will be ready for the seed, but it is necessary to wait until the manure haa cooled a little and the temperature has fallen to between 80 degrees Fahrenheit and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. During this time, when it is hottest, some of the heat may be allowed to escape by riiiiing the sashes a little every diiy. One ghould not be in a hurry to sow the seed, M if th<- temperature is too high the results will not be satisfactory. When the bed hu rpiiclird the riifht temperature the soil should be spaded over a couple of timM and the surface levelled and made fine with the rake. The bej is now ready for sowing. The see.1 i« usually sown in rows about four inebae apart and akonit the earn* depth as nutniHe. When the young plants come up the frame nhould be iopt sufBoiently aired by raising the back of the sa.-h to prevent tho planta from getting spindly or weakly, whei' they are apt to damp off. Care «hould bo taken to prevent their being chilled or frozen. The soil must be watered when necessary, care being taken not to overdo this as the pliints would then be likely to damp off. As soon as the plants are large enough tliey are pricked out into another sash or frame. COLD FRAME. A cold frame is much like n hotbed in appearance, but is without manure. It is \'S(>d either for seeds or for growing plants taken from the hotbed before they can b» •It out in tho open; or it may also bo used by those who start plants in the house ami who csnnot g<-, or do not wish to use nmuure. A well priitected place is chu^cn in the autumn and rich friable soil, six inches or more in depth, is put where the frdiue i-= to be placed. This soil and the ground about cliuuld be protected from frost by leaves or litter, which .should not contain weed seeds. r.v thiii mulching the soil in the autumn, when the time coine.s for planting in the ;-pi'inK there will be no frost iu the ground about the frame. A frame should now bo made with sides and ends of twelve inch boards, prcfernhly two inches in thickness and placed on a slope so that the back part of the frame U A\ inches higher than the froivt. The frame is now placed over the soil. As hotbed sashes are six by three feet in siee, the frame should bo made to accommodate one or more of them. The soil is now weM spaded and the frame protected from fro-it by earthing up outside or bank- ing with manure. If the (jlass sash is over the top ;> few .lays before it is time to sow or aet out tAe plant*, the soil will hi; wunncd up suffieietitly. Plants should not be t^ken out of the li.iuse and planted iti cold soil or ihcy will ho chiUcil nnd injured. The same attAntioo in reg-ard to watering and ventilation should be given to the eold framo ai to the hotbed. By the ii3<- of a cold frame, plants will be well advanced when it ia tiaie to set them oui. and several weeks will be saved. TOP-GRAFTING. BY W. T. MACOtJN. ITrirtieaUarigt, Central Sxparimeotal Farm, Ottawa. Where there are trees which produce poor or unprofitable fruit they may be made to bear good fruit by top-prrafting other varietiee upon thorn. If it ie desired to grow a good variety which when grown in the ordinary way proves a failure, on account of root-killiiijr or KuiuwuMintf. it U p(..-*,il>lc to Kr..« it »iir. .^-i.illy by ioi)-gr«ftiii|{. VBrit'lif^ which onlinitrily tukc ii loiin tin"' t.. •■■>ii\<' int.i W.-iriii;; 'viH tniil iim.li -ooiicr when top-ftrnftt^l. Those iin- .-i.im> of ih.> u. m iiiip.»rt:ii't rf-siilt-* which may I'c nblaincd hj thiK tnvlhuil. I'll to tho Hrc-ont time in ('iiiiii.l;i. toti .rr.iiiiiw h.ii imially \ ii •loii« on ohi or l.iurinif trees which proihiwil iHior iruli. .t\\>\ n^ vrry *iiti*faetoiy n-nlls huvo Ihm'u ohtnined this prnrtioe will foiitimie to hi' iiopiilar. The work is dom; in tli.- spriint hrforu khuviIi brtfins, but it is po^-iipK' to K'ra.i Kucceitufully even when tbf tn.-, nro foiniiiK int') I'if. lii'ovi.lpil tbti »finii I i|iiiio cl .r mMt. but tho chunci* of Hii. would be very Kr»»< >f "U ">■ w.xrly all tho l.rani'h< s on wiii« h tlif U-avi'^ derelop werf c-nt off tli.' fir^t -eaoii, from tlire.j to four y.'ari *houl I l>o .b'vofml to removing the top of tho tree. If, howcvip, -.i larKu luunber of M-iou, aic iuviu-l ibr top may bo chttiiged in leu* tirn.', but us a rul.' it i-* not wiw to .lu it in !• » tlimi lbri-,| yoaw. Furtliprmore, a too bdv.t.' pniniu« at "no time will cauM^ a lari;.' luiniUT ul •hoots to {trow on ihc tree, and .•oii-i.b ijl.l.' I.il.our will Ih- involviil in i. inovini; thrui if many ti.rs arc Kr»ft'^d. Cleft Kraft lun i- u-ually adnpiod in loi>-workiinf trit* ii being n aimplo and sBli^fticlory tut'tliod, The brunchps to be ►.-raft .1 -liould not cx.m . d an inch and a lialf or two in-bo^ in dUmeter. If they arc lai-p',r it i- '*« l-ui^' before il,.' -tub beat- .v.t that di'.pasr .ua.^ lot in. It i* po«»iblr. however, to «raft larger b.- inches by pulling in more •cionii. The top-grafting of a larKi- tree should 1 e done with a view tu iur. inji ihe new top a- iymmetrical us pos>iblc, und gnat can' sliouM be taken in seleclina: ilic branch. -. lo be crafted upon. After tb." branch is ,-awn otT the stub is deft by means of a mallet and strong kn.ic to the di'pth of an inch and a half or two luebes. It is h.'ld opi n to receive the scion by driving a wed-e in it. Scions for u>e in t.^i.^Tattiiis; arc cut frmn dormant wood which Im.s boon kept in good caidilion in tho niannur hereafter dc- cribed They should have about ihree strong buds und be cut wedjic-sbaiif at thoba.-, one side, howovor. being a little thicker than the other. Two scions arc now ln^ertod in the cleft of the .stub, with tbc> wide side of the wcIkc on the outside, and thrust down until the lowest bud is almost on a lino with the dure of the smb. Tho inner bark of both scion nnd stub should mci-t at some p.dut. so that the union will take plaoe f slope V tage < ' as it V not « on aiiu »Liiu ^ouin«» lin^v ,,^ .iw,,,, I"' -■ d this is more c^isily etfected if the scion is given a slightly outward '. When the woiise hu.s bwn withdrawn from tho cleft the advan- .. wedge-shaped end of the scion thicker on one side will be apparent, inch more tightly than if both sides were the same. If the scion is noi a .11 along thero is something wrong in the way it has been cut or the stub has iiecn cleft. The cut parts should now be covere.l v.ith grafting wax tolcxcludc the air and hold the scion in place. Cotton is also sometime* wrapped around the wax in order to more effectively hold the scion in place. If both of the scions grafted on a stub should grow, the weaker one should be removed after most of the su,rface of the stub has healed over. It is often desirable to top-graft young trees, and this may be done very readily. The main branches are cut back to within a short distance of the trunk, and the scions grafted on. either by cleft or whip grafting. The closer the grafted part is to tho trunk the b«;tter, as the tree will be sl,ronger than if the union oeeurred further out on the limb, since the growth of graft and scion may not be equal. It is possible to cut off the whole top of the tree and graft siuvessfully on the mam trunk, when ibo tree is young, but unless one is sure that the union will be perfect and the top net outgrow the stock it is better not to run the rusk of losing tlie tree. Furthermore, if the whole top is cut off there will be such a growth the first season that the scions are liable to get broken off. In top-grafting, a young tree that has been planted from three to five years, it is better to take two seasons to do the work, as the results wif! be M a rule more nati-fartory. Fn ^n^,gt^U^t^g it it utually d. -iruble lo begin with ibf i-entrol thIIht than iIhi ni.l. liriui<-li.«. It in iiec«Har.v to .'xuiain.' iji, w.Utr.l tn.* from tinio to tiim durinv th* summer •>ii4 remove any youii« nIiooI,. froo, ih.. «t.«.k-> whi.-h arn i.ii.rforing with lh« wioiu. It la not wiiw, ho*...vi.r. v»i i.ill.v wl..,, th.. ir... tuis Im.i, n.t back miverfly for graft- mg to rt.move hII th.. .hoot. ..mil th. un.ft. hav.. ^rn«n .■onMdiT.il.ly ami f,.r„i,h « U«o,i l...f ...rf....... .M.-M:,i.,.„. Ila..- ,..,.! I|,|., r..,.l ; I,, ,„„k.. gooU .loL-k. whore th.- winter* un very wvir. . uml Tolmuii u vmnJ oh,- ilm-wh. re. SrioNS. _ A« m.K-h of the iuoc^H !.. pruftinK .l..i«.„.U on th, .•o,i.lilion nn.l qiialitv of tin. -Cioi... too mi.,-h »tr..g» an.i.ot I,.. I..i.i „„ tho import,... t having th.m of th,. bcM 'lualily and ni the be«t oo...llti„n at thi. time of nraltli.j{. SHons n.a.v Ik. cut any tin,,, aff-r th.. w.o.l i. nvvII ri|...,.,..| iu tho nutumn a.i.i MoH' ti... I,.„1h 1,,.„,„ u, -.wi.li in the sptwu'. Th,. h.-.t tin.... i.ovv.v.r, i» in tho »..t„mn ..» th...v „.«y ti.,.n 1... k.pt i.. th.. c..,.„litio,. ,U,.,ir,..|. If .l...y ar.. a in .-old weath.-r.' .n w.ntor th... tr..-. fro,., whieh th.-.v aro taken may Ik,- i„j„rod if lurK- nun,h..rs ur.. ron.,,v,.d fro... th,.,... as tho hark i« l.ahle to »plit. Th.r.. i, k..- «ap aU.. i„ th.. ...i..„s at that t.mo nn.l thus |1„. ,.h„„,^ „f !h«.ir ,iryi„K' up is ^r.-at-r lha„ if thev wer,. e„i in I R. autumn. ()„o cannot tell vry w..ll. ,.ith..r in wi..l..r wh..lh..r th.. voumr wo.,.| l.o» «•..„ .„j,.r,..l or not. Hvwm s' ,,,1,1 l„. ,.„t |r„m la.|,ii|,y. U.;,ri.,;; tr,.,-.' Tl„. h„o,I of old troos iH liabl,. t„ I,.. .li„.,,H,..l. a.„l if .li,..as,..l wu,„l i, u.>d it is lik.lv to pro,!,..... a dls,.|.*-d tr.v wh,... Kraft..,l. S.-i ...s sl„,„|,l also b.. c-ut from tho n,. -t" produotiv.. trees. Oo,.as.onall.v. .,„.. „r n.„r.. tr..,.« of a vari.iy will pro,l,H.o h..avi..r -roi.s tl.u,. th.. other*. If M.,o„. ar.. tak.>n fr.,... ti,,.-.. Ir,.... ti,.. pi-ubaUility is that ,. larjfi.r pr„,,.,r- .,on of Ih,. tr..... ^.raf....| with tl.,.,„ will pr ,v,. ,„.,r,. pr,.,lu..|iv,. than th,.y oll-rwi.,. ^m.Id. TI.,- s,..„„« si,. „1,| 1,^ ,.„t fro,., tho w | „f the crr.nt H.-anon's growth aa ol.l.T w.m,l ,s not sa.i..i;a..tory. Tho l„„N si, .1 Ik- W..11 dev, lop.,! and tho wood th„r„u^.|,ly r,r>,.n...l. It. ,s ,„.t wi»<,. to nse th, water-.p,.o„ts o,- y„„„jr nh.K.t- whi.-h «p,M.,(t r.>.n th,. ,„..,n l,rn„..h.s „r t,„„k for fhi« p„,,.,HO. Th.-v mav not Ik. th„r..„^d, y n,H.„..., a...] it is also ,His>il,l.. that ^pro.itinK ,.rop..n.sities n.av ho th,.. d..v,.lo,«.,| ,„ th.. p,..,l,,.,| t,.,., -. TI... entire s..n8.„,'s wn.wth may he e„t oil an,l p.n,.ked away „nt. r...|,..r,.| for jn-nftinR, wh..„ i- shonl.l 1,.. ..„t into picMx.s fron. four to si in.hen in length e^eh haviiiif three, well .ii/ve.loi^d buibt. Seioi..' may be kept in jr,..,.l ..omiitioi. in n.oss. sawilust, sand or for..st leaves Th,. la«t-na..H.,l are fou.,.l ver>- ...lisfaetory at Ottawa. Th, ^ materials shoul.l he sliKhtlv nn^.st. but not wet; the objeet beinK to keen the scions fresh an,l plump without then, being any .lam^erof rotfinjr. They sho.ild b« kept in a cool cellar which is not too dry, when they will remain dormant until ready for use. GRAFTINO WAX. Tlvere ar,. many kind? of irraftiiii.' wax re,.,.imnen,led. but it is unneecs'snry to enum,.rate ti, -m ,ill. One of the cheapest and be-t is that known as ' Reliable \\\x" the re<.ipc f.ir whi.h is n.s foll„w,s:— ' Relinblc Wax.'-Resin. four parts bv weight'- beeswax, two parts; tallow, one part. Melt together and pour into n pnil of cold water' Then prca, riiri'li'Aatiriii in trnii*p'«ntiiiv. »ora.' of thd* tliJit an- plniitcl i.i.T.. .•„i„t.i..„|y thin, ..tli..r«. mi.-li im t»M« h.r.l mapio iin.l Amoriciui . Irii nrr iimoiiK tl... ..,.M.,| t.. lr,iii.pl„nt. Iwii... .,;,« it likily to 1k,,.|,iu cur..lM» ihrouKi, .„. ,■., with tlu'M.. |r,.,H ,„i.| .hi ;Ih .houl. hf ,UK m carofiilly ns poi.ibU. ,„ a, i , ,..,,„„ a liirff.. proportion of il„. ro,t«. Thn i„.ho root« th.T.i ar- tho -im-r on*, ii of K..ttiiiK tho tree to lnr. The root, slmul.l not Im nlNiwi..! to (.•■.•omo .Iry from the tim.- ,.{ .Uu- Biiw until tl,. tn..* nr. in tlir Kn.una opnn. Thry may U, prevmitc.i from .Iryiiig in tr.in»it hv prot..ciii,« them with wi,t rao,« or wet Ku.'kina. H the rooU of ."v,.r- ^reen- c-»r.«M„lly pine.. I«..„„h. ,|ry even f..r „ «hort tin... the tr«H nr.. „hn.„t fure t.. (lie. When pi. Mtin«, « h..le .honl.i he .luj, h.r«.. enu.iKh *, that fh.v rooU inny he >*I.re,. eontflet with Uio root« it Khoiild U' trotj firmly .l..wii with the I. .,t, wh.'ii thr.iwn in. If tlier.. is not en.,iiKli k-jo.I .s.iil av.iili.1,1.. to fill the hole the poorer soil may ho placo.l on top of the iCHx\. Manure hIiohM ,,..1 l>e put in the hole with the soil n» it may burn the r.iot.^ an.l kv the <>,,{\ s,. |,H.«e that it will .Iry ..iit .a-il.v. H.tter npi.ly the manure to the surfM.v of th<- jfroiin.l j,, the autumn n:i.l .1!- in the ^h..rte-t ..f it the f.'lowiiiK ..^priiiK int.. th.' Mirfa... s.,il After plaiitiiiK. the tree ..r slirul. fhonl.I |„. cut l.a.k well, the ani.iunt ..f liea.liii;^ in .hpeihlinw iip..ii th.. am .t of root^ uii the twe. If a hirjre pr.ip..rti.in of th.- r-x.U are eut off a lari:.. pr.. n of the t.>p gh..ul.l he r..move.|. ..th.-rwi-e the lartf.- leaf surfaee will trnn-pire . .ii.h mni-tiire that the tree will dry up before tho root* lienin t.) take in m..r... Tlii- i- why sha.l.. tr.,- nro cut baek so srver..|v when iilanled liut it is not ii.'oes.*iiry f.> rclui'.. th.. trees to more poles a.s is too fpc.picmly .hme' .ausinp a bad eroteh in tb.' tre,. lat.r on where the stub .lies back and where" r.,t i« likely to t'.t in. ' Evorpreeii.* are not hea.l.-.l baek like deeiduoiiR trees as it would disfiKurj them too much on.' they have usually a fair supply of roots. Befor.. l.nvinK the tn-c the -urfai>,. soil shoiil.l be loosen.'.l iiKuin so as to kavo a thin mulch of loose .-oil .m t.)p which will prevent the m .isturo evaporating' as r.ipi.Uy as it would do if the ground were left hard. Th. surfaeo soil should be k. pt lo...>e throUKhout the summer an.l the bcht growth will be obtaine.I by keeping a eirele of from two to three feet or m..' i.i diameter c.round the tree free of ^rrass and weeds, when- the s»i>il will be kept loo.se and where the rain nn.l air may tiii.l a rea.ly entrance. If tr(K.s and shnibs arc transplanU'd with an- th. v should u.^iinlly live. Early in the spriiiK is the best liiue to transplant mo« . kiii.l, ,>f tribes an 1 slirub-. everj^reons in- eluded. Kverurreens may be transplanted in snimmer. but (trent.r pr.H.uuti.nvf must b« taken t .lo it successfully and it is not recoraniende.l. Roth evergreens an.l deciduous trees may also be planted in the autumn successfully, but ou the whole they do not do so well as if plante.l in tli.' spring. pmoTBOTxoir of fbvzt rmoM Mxor and RABBm, AJTD OAmE OF IH JUBED TmSEIi. BY W. T. MA«;oi N. Borllrullliri't, t'vlilul t:\|mllllll-nt«l ruin, Uttuttil. Kv«ry .vrnr lhoti«NiiiU ni iritw uri' iiijiir<'.l in llniiiulu i-v mi.'' , ainl, in the ncwir dUtrii't*. a luriiw iiiimiIh r li.v riibliil't iiUii. TIuti' chiiIiI Im' iiuiIhuk ii>i>ri' 'li'i>t' to a fruit isTi'\v»r, or wniilill'*- fruit |irc.«< r. lliin in we hi- inli jr.t wliii'h tii> hiiil I'lircl for, |irrhii|», for flvn or nix .v<>iini, rninr.l bv inirc; ami .vrt llii.t frrqiiriitlv li«i»|i«'in. All ihin roiil.l l>«« pri'viiitol if the fnrnirr or fri'it irrnwrr would hm' tin- iiiforiiiiilion availalili- iiimI p^lt^•l•t liin lri«« from niiro. Sonu' viMirn lluro \* U'm injury thiin othi-rt, anil this fact lend* to i'ar<>li-r should I'o rriiioV't'il lioforrt iho winter «iit» in. In nm^t i-aRca it is not ii wary nor adviHnbIn t.p loivi' thi- ori'hprd in nod, pnrticuliirly when the lrr«>!« ari' yoiinif, althotiKli it iwhighly iinp 'I'lant to h«v#» a covrr Top, whidi iiko iiiuy ^onii'liiii. •< lirconie a hnrlmur for niici'. A* iiiii'o may l«< i-xix-i'twl in j^n-ati-r or li«t niiml«»rii cvpry winter, yoiinir trr<*« Nhoiild I'C ri'unlnrly protri'tixl uffainiti their rnvatc*!! Mica ii«iially hi'^in working on tho Kround iindvr ihi- iiiow, and when tiioy come to n trtv thi\v will hcKin to guavi it if it i« not protpftod. A siiihH ntounil of «iil from eight to twelve inchcn in hi'i»;ht ruiiinl alioiii liio hH«> of till- tr«» wit! often provmit tlieir injuring ilie Iree. ami even uni/w triiMii>id nliont tlie tree has hn (luite efI««('tUHl, lint the clk-ajie^t and direct practicti is td around the tron anil tieil. a little «arth nhoul(l be put about the lowei end to prevent tho mice from brjrinninff to work there, m if tiny (jet a start the p;i|H'r will not stand in their way. It may U' i)tatt! very satisfactory, as if the mice or rabbits are numoroui* the poison has not Huflicieni effect Dpon them to prevent injury altogether. The following method of poisoning ha« lieeii found fairly sivjcessful. Make a mixture of one part by weigbt of arsenic with three parts of corn meal. Nail two pieces of board each six feet long nnd six inches wide together so ns to make • trough. Invert this near the trees to b« protected and place about a tablespoonful of the poison on a shinglo and put it near the middlo of the run, leaewiutf the puiiton h^ often as is necessary. TRKAT.MKNT Of INJIKKO TUKK8. If A ine U tiii'lly air>| liv mii-o it umiiilly cli>'«. If aa mmii m th« wrxini \» uutitiHl It It •■li'Niiml mill e<>veml with grrirtiiiir max or • »•• pMi*, mich m iiiliihiir iliiiiK Hiiil i'l>i>. mill wrii|i|>i'il wiili I'liiili t< rlind' il It the hi fr liriivtiiit iir.vinir mil, iIhtc Id u ponailiijily uf «iiviliu till' rtn< if till' uirijli' i< II •iiiiill iitir, n* Itii' «ap whicii riaoi titroiiyh Ur' wor,| will ooniiiitir to i|i. w), Bm' rctiirtiiiiH tiiruuirh tlw* liiiiiT Imrk in uii ••liiliMrulnl i'i)tiilitir !>« not Um lacip' tlii^re in a ohtiiu'ii of iti lu'iilititf oTer. If, liiiw«»vi»r. ilu- wr.."! hrotimnM dry bi'forp ibo JHiii'luifi' n put on, the trcr will almoRt wrtaiiily , nlihu'iiKh it may oontinim toymw thi Kl>'>'it thf wiaaon. WIk'h the was and kaiiilNgti ara applinl the trtw RhutiM Imi IiiikIhI Im.'h >' 'H-iilnrahly to imi)u-ri thi> amount f'f traniplration of inoi«tiir«<, ii« ilim' will not Im a* in\v\\ «ap rinn a« if lh«' tr«< wpr.' uniiu'iriHl, ami tli« wood will lliin dry oiil xooniT lliiin if it wori' HmiIwI back. If tlip Klrdle '.■* nenr tlw" ifriniiid, in inMition to cnvuriinr the itijurud p.irt 'vith wa« or rowdiing and cliiy, it in inK i-^ililo to iiiniinil ii|> llu' -oil iibtmt the tr«' to cover the wound and thua hi'lp to prcvi nt tlii- wood from dr.viiiif mit. nirdlrd traca are froqumtlv mivitl. and mora »uri'ly naviul thiui by tlm abovi> rnathoil, by ronnectiiiK the upper uiid low«jr edui'i of the ifir"ll« with xiionii, which art' iiiierte.! about an inoh apart nil nrtr u . the trunk. 'I'liiii in known u» liridtfi« JfTaftinu. Tha moro (n'ioim that urn iHed tlw nmoker they will grow together and form n new trunk, hut two or thrie !ipion>( siiei'i'j^fully Krafted on a ainall tree will carry nnouHii aap to k'' -I ihi" tree alive. A ^lllIlting cut i« mode at «tweeii lli" -laiitiiijf i-ut*, aro iiiiide wed»,'e.|(hiiped nt each end. They are made a little loUKer than ill'' distance b«- tween the etitM in oriler tliat when insert itiK the eud-< into tlie euts it will he neeentary to bend them, and thim Iiiim' them imdrr pw^iiin-, whii'h help< to keep them in pi.M- lion. After iiiw niiiK. »oi':e of tlm iiinid" bark of the !>ttoi'k. it', envored wi, (fr.iftin;; wa'!. 'e i •!.. ire iilao Ml the same time baiiilii*.'eil with a piece of suckinff around ihe tr; lo ,ii 1 in kiif plnif the acionii in (ilace and to exclude tlm iiir. The trei -.lioiild i he well headed back. The scions, if proiiiply made hihI in.<(irteed ncioiis ui, , r:' 'iith tin: l.r'. nt the upper and lower etuis of the woun.l. 'I'liere are other mith. . Uo emplovoil, such as lining a -f?ion bevelled at each end. Al.^o, borini; liulcs with an uuKor uteach rjiil in the unin- jured bark and shaping the scion at each end fo that it will tit into it. One of the most satisfaelorv niothoils nf utiliziii;? the Kirilleil tree is to cut it off close to the ground and insert u scion of some frnod viiriety. 'I'lii.s Rraft sh'Hild crow at least three feet in hei^dit the first censon nnd make a nice younir tree. A tree may sometimes l>e saved whin the yirdlinir U well above the (frafl hy cut- ting the tree back so as to romoro nil of tlie iii.i'ire.l p;irt. TiidiT such eouditiong yotinjr trees will usually start fresh prowth and tln' stroiufcst shoot may be aelectad to form A new trunk and top for the tree.