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^ APPLIED IM^^GE In
^K 1653 Eaa! Mom Street
g'.J RochMter. Ne* Yort. 1*609 USA
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^B (^^6) 2S8 - 5989 - To.
PAMPHLET Ho. 4.
DOMINION OF CANADA.
CENTRAL IZPEHniFrTAL FABX.
WM. SAUNDERS, C.M.Q.,
Director.
W. T. MACOUN,
Herticulturbt
CONTEXTS.
How TO Make and ise a Uotbkd and Cold Frame.
Top-Oraktino.
Ilinv TO Transplant a TiU';e or Shri b.
Pbotection uf Fbi it Tkkes from .Mich and Raouits
akd Cake of Injured Trees.
HOW TO MAKE AND USE A HOTBED AND
COLD FRAME.
UY \V. T. MACOt N,
Horticnlturist, Ci'ntnil llxpriiintntal Farm, Ottnwa.
In ninking a hotbed, the first >tr|i i< In rim ■-!■ ii K'>')d situation on the south side
of a buildinf;, wall or cloge hoard friicc wIuto tlu' cold winds from the north will be
broken and all thi? sunshine pussilil.' will lir (il.taiiicil. After Juoiding on the site, the
frame should be made. The siuipir-t fniirK i^ i.m.' him If ciut of two-inch planks. It
should be so con8tructe<i that it iiuiy hi' r:ii-( 4, i;- ihi- nuiy l.i- necessary if the plants
get too close to the gla.ss. The fninio slKuil.t Ic ;it lc;'-r -ix iIl(•hl;^i higher at the back
than at the front, in order that the rain will run nlT n idily nud that the idnnt-i >.rpt
more ■uushine. The sashes (rencrally ucd are
made either above or Im'Iow grciund. IT ali'vc pr
where the water is not likely to lie. Thi' (nic In
can be made where the land is hifrh and wrll drained. T'l make the latter, the soil
should be taken out to the dcptli of about eighteen inches and about three feet wider
than the frame .«o that there will be room for banking. The barikiu;; is a very impnr-
tant part of th(> con-tructidu uf a hntbi'd as tli<> couservatiiiu nf heat in the bed de-
pends very much upon it. It will be ri-adily seen that nuich labour will lie ^avcd by
di'iuu the necessary excavatiuu for the frame in the autunui wlnii th'Tc is nn lr'i~t in
tli(' ground. IIors«! manure is the best to use in niaking tlie Imtl ed and it ^huuld be
quite fresh, not cold and rotten, and not alread.v hcatcfl. It -hould be piled near
wliere the hotbed is to he an<l when it Wgins to heat it should be turui'd to niakr it of
more iniiform consistency. Five or six days after turning, it should be tiiiit'' hot and
is now ready for use. The bed is started from one end and the manure shak^u in
freiii a fork so that the long and shcu-t manure will be well mix'-d. When one layer
is made it should be tramped well and then another layer start . aud so on. tramping
each layer well until the manure is the dei)th required. 'I'll plli will dcp.'iid on
when the l)ed is made. If m:iil, early, the manure slinuld be -om t-.vo to two and a
half fi">t in depth, but if nuidr during thr latter jiarl nf March when the weather is
not VI ry cold, about a foot of nian!'.r<' will suHice. After the manure has been put in.
the fr.inie -hiuld be placed on and then about four to six inches more manure put in
and banked well around the sides of tlie frame, both inside and out. Outsjile. the
i manure should bo banked to the top of the frame and from twelve to fifteen inches in
width. The bed is now ready for the lights and the frame should be so constructed
[that '.hey will fit snugly. Sh''liirs made of one-inch lumber the same size as the sashe*
36—1
three by six feet. A hotlx d may be
'iii:d. it may be luiulo iu any -iluatioii
w ground is usually preferable if it
•re ui«ful for covoring tbam m th«y help to oon»crvf the beat in cold weather. In
two or three dayi the saah should be removed, tho manure given • tramp all over,
making it level wht-re neoeaMiry, and then the soil put on. To get the bent re«ulUthe
aoil ihould be prepared the previeui autumn and left in a pile over winter. It should
be rich mid of iuch a eharacter that it will not hake. The loil ihould be from Are to
kIx iiiohei in deptli over the manure, and it ia bettor to have it a littU) deep thnn too
fliiillivv. The soil when it is put in should come near the top of the frame at the
lowrr Hide as the manure will sink considerably, and the nearer the plants are to the
ichf* later on the stookier they will be. In five or six days the hotbed will be ready
for the seed, but it is necessary to wait until the manure haa cooled a little and the
temperature has fallen to between 80 degrees Fahrenheit and 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
During this time, when it is hottest, some of the heat may be allowed to escape by
riiiiing the sashes a little every diiy. One ghould not be in a hurry to sow the seed, M
if th<- temperature is too high the results will not be satisfactory. When the bed hu
rpiiclird the riifht temperature the soil should be spaded over a couple of timM and
the surface levelled and made fine with the rake. The bej is now ready for sowing.
The see.1 i« usually sown in rows about four inebae apart and akonit the earn* depth as
nutniHe. When the young plants come up the frame nhould be iopt sufBoiently aired
by raising the back of the sa.-h to prevent tho planta from getting spindly or weakly,
whei' they are apt to damp off. Care «hould bo taken to prevent their being chilled or
frozen. The soil must be watered when necessary, care being taken not to overdo this
as the pliints would then be likely to damp off. As soon as the plants are large enough
tliey are pricked out into another sash or frame.
COLD FRAME.
A cold frame is much like n hotbed in appearance, but is without manure. It is
\'S(>d either for seeds or for growing plants taken from the hotbed before they can b»
•It out in tho open; or it may also bo used by those who start plants in the house ami
who csnnot g<-, or do not wish to use nmuure.
A well priitected place is chu^cn in the autumn and rich friable soil, six inches or
more in depth, is put where the frdiue i-= to be placed. This soil and the ground about
cliuuld be protected from frost by leaves or litter, which .should not contain weed seeds.
r.v thiii mulching the soil in the autumn, when the time coine.s for planting in the
;-pi'inK there will be no frost iu the ground about the frame. A frame should now bo
made with sides and ends of twelve inch boards, prcfernhly two inches in thickness
and placed on a slope so that the back part of the frame U A\ inches higher than the
froivt. The frame is now placed over the soil. As hotbed sashes are six by three feet
in siee, the frame should bo made to accommodate one or more of them. The soil is
now weM spaded and the frame protected from fro-it by earthing up outside or bank-
ing with manure. If the (jlass sash is over the top ;> few .lays before it is time to sow
or aet out tAe plant*, the soil will hi; wunncd up suffieietitly. Plants should not be
t^ken out of the li.iuse and planted iti cold soil or ihcy will ho chiUcil nnd injured.
The same attAntioo in reg-ard to watering and ventilation should be given to the eold
framo ai to the hotbed. By the ii3<- of a cold frame, plants will be well advanced when
it ia tiaie to set them oui. and several weeks will be saved.
TOP-GRAFTING.
BY W. T. MACOtJN.
ITrirtieaUarigt, Central Sxparimeotal Farm, Ottawa.
Where there are trees which produce poor or unprofitable fruit they may be made
to bear good fruit by top-prrafting other varietiee upon thorn. If it ie desired to grow
a good variety which when grown in the ordinary way proves a failure, on account of
root-killiiijr or KuiuwuMintf. it U p(..-*,il>lc to Kr..« it »iir. .^-i.illy by ioi)-gr«ftiii|{.
VBrit'lif^ which onlinitrily tukc ii loiin tin"' t.. •■■>ii\<' int.i W.-iriii;; 'viH tniil iim.li
-ooiicr when top-ftrnftt^l. Those iin- .-i.im> of ih.> u. m iiiip.»rt:ii't rf-siilt-* which may
I'c nblaincd hj thiK tnvlhuil.
I'll to tho Hrc-ont time in ('iiiiii.l;i. toti .rr.iiiiiw h.ii imially \ ii •loii« on ohi or
l.iurinif trees which proihiwil iHior iruli. .t\\>\ n^ vrry *iiti*faetoiy n-nlls huvo Ihm'u
ohtnined this prnrtioe will foiitimie to hi' iiopiilar.
The work is dom; in tli.- spriint hrforu khuviIi brtfins, but it is po^-iipK' to K'ra.i
Kucceitufully even when tbf tn.-, nro foiniiiK int') I'if. lii'ovi.lpil tbti »finii I i|iiiio cl .r
mMt. but tho chunci* of Hii.<T*t aro uiiu-li Ic-.uiud if it is doiio l.Uo. A-* lln' -h !•'.
to • Urge trf«> would be very Kr»»< >f "U ">■ w.xrly all tho l.rani'h< s on wiii« h tlif U-avi'^
derelop werf c-nt off tli.' fir^t -eaoii, from tlire.j to four y.'ari *houl I l>o .b'vofml to
removing the top of tho tree. If, howcvip, -.i larKu luunber of M-iou, aic iuviu-l ibr
top may bo chttiiged in leu* tirn.', but us a rul.' it i-* not wiw to .lu it in !• » tlimi lbri-,|
yoaw. Furtliprmore, a too bdv.t.' pniniu« at "no time will cauM^ a lari;.' luiniUT ul
•hoots to {trow on ihc tree, and .•oii-i.b ijl.l.' I.il.our will Ih- involviil in i. inovini; thrui
if many ti.rs arc Kr»ft'^d. Cleft Kraft lun i- u-ually adnpiod in loi>-workiinf trit* ii
being n aimplo and sBli^fticlory tut'tliod,
The brunchps to be ►.-raft .1 -liould not cx.m . d an inch and a lialf or two in-bo^ in
dUmeter. If they arc lai-p',r it i- '*« l-ui^' before il,.' -tub beat- .v.t that di'.pasr .ua.^
lot in. It i* po«»iblr. however, to «raft larger b.- inches by pulling in more •cionii.
The top-grafting of a larKi- tree should 1 e done with a view tu iur. inji ihe new top a-
iymmetrical us pos>iblc, und gnat can' sliouM be taken in seleclina: ilic branch. -. lo
be crafted upon. After tb." branch is ,-awn otT the stub is deft by means of a mallet
and strong kn.ic to the di'pth of an inch and a half or two luebes. It is h.'ld opi n to
receive the scion by driving a wed-e in it. Scions for u>e in t.^i.^Tattiiis; arc cut frmn
dormant wood which Im.s boon kept in good caidilion in tho niannur hereafter dc-
cribed They should have about ihree strong buds und be cut wedjic-sbaiif at thoba.-,
one side, howovor. being a little thicker than the other. Two scions arc now ln^ertod
in the cleft of the .stub, with tbc> wide side of the wcIkc on the outside, and thrust
down until the lowest bud is almost on a lino with the dure of the smb. Tho inner
bark of both scion nnd stub should mci-t at some p.dut. so that the union will take
plaoe f
slope V
tage < '
as it V
not «
on aiiu »Liiu ^ouin«» lin^v ,,^ .iw,,,, I"' -■
d this is more c^isily etfected if the scion is given a slightly outward
'. When the woiise hu.s bwn withdrawn from tho cleft the advan-
.. wedge-shaped end of the scion thicker on one side will be apparent,
inch more tightly than if both sides were the same. If the scion is
noi a .11 along thero is something wrong in the way it has been cut or the
stub has iiecn cleft. The cut parts should now be covere.l v.ith grafting wax tolcxcludc
the air and hold the scion in place. Cotton is also sometime* wrapped around the wax
in order to more effectively hold the scion in place. If both of the scions grafted on
a stub should grow, the weaker one should be removed after most of the su,rface of the
stub has healed over.
It is often desirable to top-graft young trees, and this may be done very readily.
The main branches are cut back to within a short distance of the trunk, and the
scions grafted on. either by cleft or whip grafting. The closer the grafted part is to
tho trunk the b«;tter, as the tree will be sl,ronger than if the union oeeurred further
out on the limb, since the growth of graft and scion may not be equal. It is possible
to cut off the whole top of the tree and graft siuvessfully on the mam trunk, when ibo
tree is young, but unless one is sure that the union will be perfect and the top net
outgrow the stock it is better not to run the rusk of losing tlie tree. Furthermore, if
the whole top is cut off there will be such a growth the first season that the scions are
liable to get broken off. In top-grafting, a young tree that has been planted from
three to five years, it is better to take two seasons to do the work, as the results wif!
be M a rule more nati-fartory. Fn ^n^,gt^U^t^g it it utually d. -iruble lo begin with
ibf i-entrol thIIht than iIhi ni.l. liriui<-li.«.
It in iiec«Har.v to .'xuiain.' iji, w.Utr.l tn.* from tinio to tiim durinv th* summer
•>ii4 remove any youii« nIiooI,. froo, ih.. «t.«.k-> whi.-h arn i.ii.rforing with lh« wioiu.
It la not wiiw, ho*...vi.r. v»i i.ill.v wl..,, th.. ir... tuis Im.i, n.t back miverfly for graft-
mg to rt.move hII th.. .hoot. ..mil th. un.ft. hav.. ^rn«n .■onMdiT.il.ly ami f,.r„i,h «
U«o,i l...f ...rf....... .M.-M:,i.,.„. Ila..- ,..,.! I|,|., r..,.l ; I,, ,„„k.. gooU .loL-k. whore th.-
winter* un very wvir. . uml Tolmuii u vmnJ oh,- ilm-wh. re.
SrioNS.
_ A« m.K-h of the iuoc^H !.. pruftinK .l..i«.„.U on th, .•o,i.lilion nn.l qiialitv of tin.
-Cioi... too mi.,-h »tr..g» an.i.ot I,.. I..i.i „„ tho import,... t having th.m of th,. bcM
'lualily and ni the be«t oo...llti„n at thi. time of nraltli.j{.
SHons n.a.v Ik. cut any tin,,, aff-r th.. w.o.l i. nvvII ri|...,.,..| iu tho nutumn a.i.i
MoH' ti... I,.„1h 1,,.„,„ u, -.wi.li in the sptwu'. Th,. h.-.t tin.... i.ovv.v.r, i» in tho »..t„mn
..» th...v „.«y ti.,.n 1... k.pt i.. th.. c..,.„litio,. ,U,.,ir,..|. If .l...y ar.. a in .-old weath.-r.'
.n w.ntor th... tr..-. fro,., whieh th.-.v aro taken may Ik,- i„j„rod if lurK- nun,h..rs ur..
ron.,,v,.d fro... th,.,... as tho hark i« l.ahle to »plit. Th.r.. i, k..- «ap aU.. i„ th.. ...i..„s
at that t.mo nn.l thus |1„. ,.h„„,^ „f !h«.ir ,iryi„K' up is ^r.-at-r lha„ if thev wer,. e„i
in I R. autumn. ()„o cannot tell vry w..ll. ,.ith..r in wi..l..r wh..lh..r th.. voumr wo.,.|
l.o» «•..„ .„j,.r,..l or not. Hvwm s' ,,,1,1 l„. ,.„t |r„m la.|,ii|,y. U.;,ri.,;; tr,.,-.' Tl„. h„o,I
of old troos iH liabl,. t„ I,.. .li„.,,H,..l. a.„l if .li,..as,..l wu,„l i, u.>d it is lik.lv to pro,!,.....
a dls,.|.*-d tr.v wh,... Kraft..,l. S.-i ...s sl„,„|,l also b.. c-ut from tho n,. -t" produotiv..
trees. Oo,.as.onall.v. .,„.. „r n.„r.. tr..,.« of a vari.iy will pro,l,H.o h..avi..r -roi.s tl.u,. th..
other*. If M.,o„. ar.. tak.>n fr.,... ti,,.-.. Ir,.... ti,.. pi-ubaUility is that ,. larjfi.r pr„,,.,r-
.,on of Ih,. tr..... ^.raf....| with tl.,.,„ will pr ,v,. ,„.,r,. pr,.,lu..|iv,. than th,.y oll-rwi.,.
^m.Id. TI.,- s,..„„« si,. „1,| 1,^ ,.„t fro,., tho w | „f the crr.nt H.-anon's growth aa
ol.l.T w.m,l ,s not sa.i..i;a..tory. Tho l„„N si, .1 Ik- W..11 dev, lop.,! and tho wood
th„r„u^.|,ly r,r>,.n...l. It. ,s ,„.t wi»<,. to nse th, water-.p,.o„ts o,- y„„„jr nh.K.t- whi.-h
«p,M.,(t r.>.n th,. ,„..,n l,rn„..h.s „r t,„„k for fhi« p„,,.,HO. Th.-v mav not Ik.
th„r..„^d, y n,H.„..., a...] it is also ,His>il,l.. that ^pro.itinK ,.rop..n.sities n.av ho th,..
d..v,.lo,«.,| ,„ th.. p,..,l,,.,| t,.,., -. TI... entire s..n8.„,'s wn.wth may he e„t oil an,l p.n,.ked
away „nt. r...|,..r,.| for jn-nftinR, wh..„ i- shonl.l 1,.. ..„t into picMx.s fron. four to si
in.hen in length e^eh haviiiif three, well .ii/ve.loi^d buibt.
Seioi..' may be kept in jr,..,.l ..omiitioi. in n.oss. sawilust, sand or for..st leaves Th,.
la«t-na..H.,l are fou.,.l ver>- ...lisfaetory at Ottawa. Th, ^ materials shoul.l he sliKhtlv
nn^.st. but not wet; the objeet beinK to keen the scions fresh an,l plump without then,
being any .lam^erof rotfinjr. They sho.ild b« kept in a cool cellar which is not too
dry, when they will remain dormant until ready for use.
GRAFTINO WAX.
Tlvere ar,. many kind? of irraftiiii.' wax re,.,.imnen,led. but it is unneecs'snry to
enum,.rate ti, -m ,ill. One of the cheapest and be-t is that known as ' Reliable \\\x"
the re<.ipc f.ir whi.h is n.s foll„w,s:— ' Relinblc Wax.'-Resin. four parts bv weight'-
beeswax, two parts; tallow, one part. Melt together and pour into n pnil of cold water'
Then prca,<e the ha.als aii.l imll the wax until it is nearly white. One of tho best
waxes for either indoor or out.loor use. This should be heated before using if too
hard.
A more pliable wax for out, In,. r .,*,. is made in the folh.wing proportions:— Resin
five parts by weight, beeswax, one part; boiled linseed oil. one and a quarter parts.
HOW TO TRAirSPLAVT A imSE OK nOLVB,
BV V\ T MACOUN.
ll"i»kullurii.l, <'»[itriil i;k|i*riiii»nUl Inrm. *ntu««.
Whpii triM* ilii< iiitir pliintiii^ ii
Somr kimU of tr.,., triuniilunt iniich fimicr tli.in oiImm and
ii^uiilly iliif ,i> riiri'li'Aatiriii in trnii*p'«ntiiiv.
»ora.' of thd* tliJit an-
plniitcl i.i.T.. .•„i„t.i..„|y thin, ..tli..r«. mi.-li im t»M« h.r.l mapio iin.l Amoriciui . Irii nrr
iimoiiK tl... ..,.M.,| t.. lr,iii.pl„nt. Iwii... .,;,« it likily to 1k,,.|,iu cur..lM» ihrouKi, .„. ,■.,
with tlu'M.. |r,.,H ,„i.| .hi ;Ih .houl. hf ,UK m carofiilly ns poi.ibU. ,„ a, i , ,..,,„„ a
liirff.. proportion of il„. ro,t«. Thn i„.ho root« th.T.i ar- tho -im-r on*, ii of K..ttiiiK
tho tree to lnr. The root, slmul.l not Im nlNiwi..! to (.•■.•omo .Iry from the tim.- ,.{ .Uu-
Biiw until tl,. tn..* nr. in tlir Kn.una opnn. Thry may U, prevmitc.i from .Iryiiig
in tr.in»it hv prot..ciii,« them with wi,t rao,« or wet Ku.'kina. H the rooU of ."v,.r-
^reen- c-»r.«M„lly pine.. I«..„„h. ,|ry even f..r „ «hort tin... the tr«H nr.. „hn.„t fure t..
(lie. When pi. Mtin«, « h..le .honl.i he .luj, h.r«.. enu.iKh *, that fh.v rooU inny he
>*I.re,.<l .Mil un.l n.,t emwW or .l..iit.le,| „p, aii.l .h,p ei.on^h no that ih.. tr.v or ^hruh
will !..■ fr..in one to two inehe-* .I.H.p..r than it wii» i:i th.. «-,k„N or iniri.ry. Uy plmt-
mtf n llltie .l«',)er thnn it wim h. for:-, provinion will Im iim.le f.ir a little ii.avinjt
wh,..|, .,ft..„ tak.'s pluee tl,,. tirnt wlnt..r. hut planting too ,|,vp in alinu,t as ba.l us
pIuiitiiiK ton -hallow. It i- important to have the tr. ,■ at h.ast as .|,vp u. it wa-l,..lore
.liKtTMiK .111.1. a- Htate.), heM to hav it a little .l...|«r. Th.' ^oil wh.n thrown ont of the
hoi,. .h.,Ml.| |... pnt in two »eparat<. heap,, the i.irfa.'e nr K.m.l -oil in one an.I the -nb-
Hoil in another. If the wiil js all po„r, t.) ffet lie- W«t nmu\l» some ffoo.l .-..il -h. nld
he l.roii^.lii I,, nl least partially (ill tli, lioh.. TUv tree i^ now pln..e,l in an upright
IK.«iti..ii ao.l th. (s„,„\ Hoil ij, first thrown ^..enfly l.io'k about the r.«.t« ..f the tree
Am It w imp.. riant for ili.-soil to e..me in clcw.> eontflet with Uio root« it Khoiild U' trotj
firmly .l..wii with the I. .,t, wh.'ii thr.iwn in. If tlier.. is not en.,iiKli k-jo.I .s.iil av.iili.1,1..
to fill the hole the poorer soil may ho placo.l on top of the iCHx\. Manure hIiohM ,,..1
l>e put in the hole with the soil n» it may burn the r.iot.^ an.l kv the <>,,{\ s,. |,H.«e
that it will .Iry ..iit .a-il.v. H.tter npi.ly the manure to the surfM.v of th<- jfroiin.l j,,
the autumn n:i.l .1!- in the ^h..rte-t ..f it the f.'lowiiiK ..^priiiK int.. th.' Mirfa... s.,il
After plaiitiiiK. the tree ..r slirul. fhonl.I |„. cut l.a.k well, the ani.iunt ..f liea.liii;^ in
.hpeihlinw iip..ii th.. am .t of root^ uii the twe. If a hirjre pr.ip..rti.in of th.- r-x.U
are eut off a lari:.. pr.. n of the t.>p gh..ul.l he r..move.|. ..th.-rwi-e the lartf.- leaf
surfaee will trnn-pire . .ii.h mni-tiire that the tree will dry up before tho root*
lienin t.) take in m..r... Tlii- i- why sha.l.. tr.,- nro cut baek so srver..|v when iilanled
liut it is not ii.'oes.*iiry f.> rclui'.. th.. trees to more poles a.s is too fpc.picmly .hme'
.ausinp a bad eroteh in tb.' tre,. lat.r on where the stub .lies back and where" r.,t i«
likely to t'.t in. '
Evorpreeii.* are not hea.l.-.l baek like deeiduoiiR trees as it would disfiKurj them too
much on.' they have usually a fair supply of roots.
Befor.. l.nvinK the tn-c the -urfai>,. soil shoiil.l be loosen.'.l iiKuin so as to kavo
a thin mulch of loose .-oil .m t.)p which will prevent the m .isturo evaporating' as
r.ipi.Uy as it would do if the ground were left hard. Th. surfaeo soil should be k. pt
lo...>e throUKhout the summer an.l the bcht growth will be obtaine.I by keeping a eirele
of from two to three feet or m..' i.i diameter c.round the tree free of ^rrass and weeds,
when- the s»i>il will be kept loo.se and where the rain nn.l air may tiii.l a rea.ly entrance.
If tr(K.s and shnibs arc transplanU'd with an- th. v should u.^iinlly live. Early in the
spriiiK is the best liiue to transplant mo« . kiii.l, ,>f tribes an 1 slirub-. everj^reons in-
eluded. Kverurreens may be transplanted in snimmer. but (trent.r pr.H.uuti.nvf must b«
taken t .lo it successfully and it is not recoraniende.l. Roth evergreens an.l deciduous
trees may also be planted in the autumn successfully, but ou the whole they do not do
so well as if plante.l in tli.' spring.
pmoTBOTxoir of fbvzt
rmoM Mxor and
RABBm, AJTD OAmE OF IH JUBED TmSEIi.
BY W. T. MA«;oi N.
Borllrullliri't, t'vlilul t:\|mllllll-nt«l ruin, Uttuttil.
Kv«ry .vrnr lhoti«NiiiU ni iritw uri' iiijiir<'.l in llniiiulu i-v mi.'' , ainl, in the ncwir
dUtrii't*. a luriiw iiiimiIh r li.v riibliil't iiUii. TIuti' chiiIiI Im' iiuiIhuk ii>i>ri' 'li'<iviiir.iu>i>t'
to a fruit isTi'\v»r, or wniilill'*- fruit |irc.«< r. lliin in we hi- inli jr.t wliii'h tii> hiiil I'lircl
for, |irrhii|», for flvn or nix .v<>iini, rninr.l bv inirc; ami .vrt llii.t frrqiiriitlv li«i»|i«'in.
All ihin roiil.l l>«« pri'viiitol if the fnrnirr or fri'it irrnwrr would hm' tin- iiiforiiiiilion
availalili- iiimI p^lt^•l•t liin lri«« from niiro. Sonu' viMirn lluro \* U'm injury thiin othi-rt,
anil this fact lend* to i'ar<>li-<tf<rii'!<a, nnd whin ii liuil yuir coim't iho trix ^ arc unpro-
tMt«Hl.
While Urn flopri'iliifiniii from inii-o anil riilitiitit in wintir ''.iry fro i one year lo
ntiolhi'r. iIi'iNniliiiir on ilii- m-iirriiy or Bbniirhiiii'o of f.iod. iln' iniinbrr of niiii' which
iiri' ill llip vii'inily nnd tin- I'hiirBi'tiT of the w, ir, llw inji'.ry i» iilwiiy* ifriiilMt when
Hn- ori'li.'ird !■< in •od, nnd whiMi tliern ii r\ihl]i-ih lyiiiir iilioiit; lioti.'i' tho latt4>r should
I'o rriiioV't'il lioforrt iho winter «iit» in. In nm^t i-aRca it is not ii wary nor adviHnbIn
t.p loivi' thi- ori'hprd in nod, pnrticuliirly when the lrr«>!« ari' yoiinif, althotiKli it iwhighly
iinp 'I'lant to h«v#» a covrr Top, whidi iiko iiiuy ^onii'liiii. •< lirconie a hnrlmur for niici'.
A* iiiii'o may l«< i-xix-i'twl in j^n-ati-r or li«t niiml«»rii cvpry winter, yoiinir trr<*« Nhoiild
I'C ri'unlnrly protri'tixl uffainiti their rnvatc*!! Mica ii«iially hi'^in working on tho
Kround iindvr ihi- iiiow, and when tiioy come to n trtv thi\v will hcKin to guavi it if it
i« not protpftod. A siiihH ntounil of «iil from eight to twelve inchcn in hi'i»;ht ruiiinl
alioiii liio hH«> of till- tr«» wit! often provmit tlieir injuring ilie Iree. ami even uni/w
triiMii>id nliont tlie tree has h<v>n (luite efI««('tUHl, lint the clk-ajie^t and direct practicti
is t<i wrap till- free with o^lillftry hiiildinc paprr, the price of which iit merely nominal.
Tar p:iper \s nUo effectual, Imt twi'H have liii'ii injured by U'^inif it. and it i* well to
».Miarc| aifainut thin when buiMint; paiier will do ii4 well, .\fter tlie paiM-r i-i wr:ipp<>d
around the tron anil tieil. a little «arth nhoul(l be put about the lowei end to prevent
tho mice from brjrinninff to work there, m if tiny (jet a start the p;i|H'r will not stand
in their way. It may U' i)tatt!<l, however, that althouifh two thou'tand yiuiiy; trii -
have been wrappeil with buihlinR pajier for several years at the ex|M'rini.iil.il farm w
Ottawa, there hove been practically .10 instanced where the mice have frnawe.j throu(tli
the paper to fet at the tree. Tho uko of a wire protector, or one inade of tin or gal
vanized iron, is economical in the end. as they are durable.
In the north. prot«ction from siinsfuld is oinio.n as important ns proieetion from
mice. At the Central Exp^imcntal Farm, wooden veneer protrcUirs have been iwed
for several years past for the standard trees, as these protect from mice and on acoouni
of being looae about the tree leave a good air ^pace which appears to protect the tree
from those sudden changes of temperature «'iich seem to be the main eau-n' of sun-
sen Id.
There are a number of washes .ml po..,ons recommended for tho protuction <,!'
fruit trees and tho ilestruction of the mice and rabbits, but none of thi'Si' ar<> very
satisfactory, as if the mice or rabbits are numoroui* the poison has not Huflicieni effect
Dpon them to prevent injury altogether. The following method of poisoning ha« lieeii
found fairly sivjcessful.
Make a mixture of one part by weigbt of arsenic with three parts of corn meal.
Nail two pieces of board each six feet long nnd six inches wide together so ns to make
• trough. Invert this near the trees to b« protected and place about a tablespoonful of
the poison on a shinglo and put it near the middlo of the run, leaewiutf the puiiton h^
often as is necessary.
TRKAT.MKNT Of INJIKKO TUKK8.
If A ine U tiii'lly air<lt>>| liv mii-o it umiiilly cli>'«. If aa mmii m th« wrxini \»
uutitiHl It It •■li'Niiml mill e<>veml with grrirtiiiir max or • »•• pMi*, mich m iiiliihiir
iliiiiK Hiiil i'l>i>. mill wrii|i|>i'il wiili I'liiili t<
rlind'
il
It the
hi fr
liriivtiiit
iir.vinir mil, iIhtc Id u ponailiijily uf «iiviliu till' rtn< if till' uirijli' i< II •iiiiill iitir, n* Itii'
«ap whicii riaoi titroiiyh Ur' wor,| will ooniiiitir to i|i. w), Bm' rctiirtiiiiH tiiruuirh tlw*
liiiiiT Imrk in uii ••liiliMrulnl i'i)tiiliti<iii will chiixi' urouiii '" !•• iimili' nil ht'iuihI tin- ii|i| ir
part of th« woitii.l, nmi if thu latt<>r !>« not Um lacip' tlii^re in a ohtiiu'ii of iti lu'iilititf
oTer. If, liiiw«»vi»r. ilu- wr.."! hrotimnM dry bi'forp ibo JHiii'luifi' n put on, the trcr will
almoRt wrtaiiily <li<>, nlihu'iiKh it may oontinim toymw thi Kl>'>'it thf wiaaon. WIk'h
the was and kaiiilNgti ara applinl the trtw RhutiM Imi IiiikIhI Im.'h >' 'H-iilnrahly to imi)u-ri
thi> amount f'f traniplration of inoi«tiir«<, ii« ilim' will not Im a* in\v\\ «ap rinn a« if
lh«' tr«< wpr.' uniiu'iriHl, ami tli« wood will lliin dry oiil xooniT lliiin if it wori' HmiIwI
back. If tlip Klrdle '.■* nenr tlw" ifriniiid, in inMition to cnvuriinr the itijurud p.irt 'vith
wa« or rowdiing and cliiy, it in inK i-^ililo to iiiniinil ii|> llu' -oil iibtmt the tr«' to cover
the wound and thua hi'lp to prcvi nt tlii- wood from dr.viiiif mit.
nirdlrd traca are froqumtlv mivitl. and mora »uri'ly naviul thiui by tlm abovi>
rnathoil, by ronnectiiiK the upper uiid low«jr edui'i of the ifir"ll« with xiionii, which art'
iiiierte.! about an inoh apart nil nrtr u . the trunk. 'I'liiii in known u» liridtfi« JfTaftinu.
Tha moro (n'ioim that urn iHed tlw nmoker they will grow together and form n new
trunk, hut two or thrie !ipion>( siiei'i'j^fully Krafted on a ainall tree will carry nnouHii
aap to k'' -I ihi" tree alive. A ^lllIlting cut i« mode at <moh end of th'' wound In I'n'
iitiinjiiri d wond in whieh the ciida of the m'iona are tr) bo in^ertod. S 'oti^j, plump
svioni of till' previ^iw Hoa'-oii'H (fft'Wth — tici nwi-Msarity from the same trif, nor eveti
the iarne variety -out a little longer tlmn the disliiiieo l>«tweeii lli" -laiitiiijf i-ut*, aro
iiiiide wed»,'e.|(hiiped nt each end. They are made a little loUKer than ill'' distance b«-
tween the etitM in oriler tliat when insert itiK the eud-< into tlie euts it will he neeentary
to bend them, and thim Iiiim' them imdrr pw^iiin-, whii'h help< to keep them in pi.M-
lion. After iiiw niiiK. »oi':e of tlm iiinid" bark of the !>t<K'U ithould rMnair in cont: . i
with the iimidi' bark of th'- scion, im it i* Iutc or at ili ■ e cmliiiiu. Ui^er where uni .u
Hikes place. An noon nn the scioii.-i are all placed the \. iind. espeeinlly ii'iout the riida
of the Heioii'< where iunerteil in tin .>toi'k. it', envored wi, (fr.iftin;; wa'!. 'e i •!.. ire
iilao Ml the same time baiiilii*.'eil with a piece of suckinff around ihe tr; lo ,ii 1 in
kiif plnif the acionii in (ilace and to exclude tlm iiir. The trei -.lioiild i he well
headed back. The scions, if proiiiply made hihI in.<(irte<l, I'houl.; m^ ':. unite with the
^toek and tlien uarry the aup to the top of the tree.
Anothe.r method of briilpriuj; i^ to cut buck th' uiiinjiirec :i\ evenly all round
the trunk and insert th'' we(lKe--liiii>ed ncioiis ui, , r:' 'iith tin: l.r'. nt the upper and
lower etuis of the woun.l. 'I'liere are other mith. . Uo emplovoil, such as lining a
-f?ion bevelled at each end. Al.^o, borini; liulcs with an uuKor uteach rjiil in the unin-
jured bark and shaping the scion at each end fo that it will tit into it.
One of the most satisfaelorv niothoils nf utiliziii;? the Kirilleil tree is to cut it off
close to the ground and insert u scion of some frnod viiriety. 'I'lii.s Rraft sh'Hild crow
at least three feet in hei^dit the first censon nnd make a nice younir tree.
A tree may sometimes l>e saved whin the yirdlinir U well above the (frafl hy cut-
ting the tree back so as to romoro nil of tlie iii.i'ire.l p;irt. TiidiT such eouditiong
yotinjr trees will usually start fresh prowth and tln' stroiufcst shoot may be aelectad to
form A new trunk and top for the tree.