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Q^ Addittonal comments / Commentaires suppl^mentaires: Various paging*. C# QOCUmMIt Mt lOx I taux da rMueikm 14x IlK 22x 28x 7 12x Ita 2Qx a4x 2tx 32x MtiM fHfiMd iMf* IMM bMfi raproduMd thanks (MMfOWty off! L'wwnptaira fNm* fut raproduH griea « la Tha Uim§tm tu paari n g haw ara po M lb I a Mu iia M af l wg tha eawdH of tha arlgiiMl eopy and tai kaapin* baatq ua l lt v andlaflibMtv OHginal eopiaa in printad papar eovara ara fHmad tha laat paga with a printad m iHustiatad impraa- ■ion, or tho baeic eovar whan appropriata. AH othor originai eopiaa ara fHmad bagiraring on tha first paga with a printad ar iNustrrtad impras- ■ion. and anding on tho iaat pogo with a printad or HhMtrstod Im p rsaalon. Tho last raeordod frama on aoeh ndorofieho •hoN contain tha symbol — »> (m;.ioning "CON- TINUED"), or tho symbol ▼ I m ooning "END"), Mapa. platas, charts, ate., may ba fHmad at diffarsnt raduction ratios. Thoso Mo Isrgo to bo sntiraly inefcidad in ono SKposuro ors fHmod bo ginni ng in tho uppor loft hand eomor, loft to right and top to bottom, as many framaa aa raquirad. Tha foHowing dtayams Hhistraia tha mothod: imogoo suivantaa ont 4t« roproduitos svoe lo phis grand sain, compto tsnu do la condition at da la nattati da i'SKamplaira film«. st sn eanformiti avao loa conditions ^ controt do Las SKs m pi a lraa ari^naux dont la couvorturo sn popior cat Im p rimda sont fHmte sn oommon^nt par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la dami>ra paga qui comporto uno smprsints dimprossion ou dIHustrstion. soit par la saeond plat, sslon lo cas. Tous Iss sutros sxsmplalrss originoiM sont fHm4s sn common^snt par la pramiAra paga qui comporto ono smprsints dimprssiion ou dIHustrstion ot sn tsrminant par la damMra paga qui comporto uno toiio Un daa symbolos suhrsnts sppsrsltrs sur la damMra imaga da ehaqua mierofieho. salon la cas: la symbolo — »> signiflo "A SUIVRE". lo symbolo ▼ signifio "RN". Los cartaa. planehss. tablaaux. ste.. pauvant ttra fHmda « das taux da rMuetion diff«rsnts. Lorsquo lo document sst trop grsnd pour Mrs rsproduit sn un soul dieh*. 11 ost fHmO i partir da i'angla supdriaur gaucha. da gaucha * droita. at da haut an baa. sn prsnant la nombro dimogos ndeossairo. Las diagrammos suivants IHuatrant la mdthodo. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 "«oeow nouinoN ran ouir (ANSI and ISO HST CHAUT No. i) A ^'IPPLIED IM/Cgt= IMJ Cm MsIx S GEOLOGICAL SURVFi' OF CANADA A. P. LOW, DiBioTOi. REPORT OK THI COPPER DEPOSITS or TBI EASTERN TOWNSHIPS OF QUEBEC WITH A REVIEW OF THE IGNEOUS ROCKS OF THE DISTRICT JOHN A. DRESSER, M.A., F.O.R.A. >7 OTTAWA _ ^^tSD BT S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE KINli'S MOST I g ^H EXOELLBNT MAJESTY 1907 No. »74. GEOLOG [OAL | i o3B 2763 02 E2 A. R REPORT COPPER DEPOSITS EASTERN TOWNSHIPS OF QUEBEC wm A REVIEW OF THB IGNEOUS ROCKS OF THE DISTRICT 3RESSER, H.A., F.O.S.A. OTTAWA PRUO'EO BY 8. K. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE KINO'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1907 (pi i i H A. P. Low, Eiq., B. Be., F.H.O.8.. Direetor of tho OeologioU Sarvey Departinrat, OtUwA, CknadA. Sir,— I bog to tabmit beravith » report on the oopper-beMiag roeka of ■oniheMtem Qoebee, with • petrographie review ot the district The field work has been done m% iatenrala daring the MMona of 19C2-S-44. The m»p illnairsting this report ia bued on the lurrej of the arenl geology of the diatriot by Dr. R. W. EUa (Annual Reporta of the Oeokgicd Sarvey, 1886, 1867 per bearing property at Carbuncle mountain, Brompton lake. 'JMa waa one year prior to the organization of the Geological Survey, ot which Logan waa the firat Director. In 1847 die Geological Surrey report called attonticm to tho depoaits at Upton, and the reporta of succeeding yearn mentioned or (leaoribed other localitiea, until a compilation of these in 1866 givea a list of about five hundred localitiea in which copper waa known to oocur in the diatriet Thia mineral was vigorously aought for, and oxtonaively mined between the years 1859 and 1866. With the do- aiOLOOIOAL lOBVKT utili«ed,but the«ulphurirM «l«>«v«H f *u^ y ^ '""•• owe,, ^i. „i.. , ., ,_. p^ j> r^u^-^Ji - ,°;^'- OOPPBR DBPOSm 7 •ad tmuportotion faoUities were at leMt nomuUly favourable, suooeea to have followed. Since the diitriot was fint opened the conditions of mining in it have greatly changed. At that time only the Grand Tmnk rail- way croaaed the oopper-bearing district, and it was from ten to thirty miles distant from the majority of the mines. There have since been added the Canadian Pacific, the Boston and Maine, the Qoebec Central, as well as the Orford Moantain, and the Lotbiniire and Megantic, two local railways, all of which greatly facilitate transportation for mining purposes. For instance, the mines at Eustis and Capelton, which when opened were seven miles, from a railway, are now served by the Boston and Maine railway, which crosses the properties and gives a direct line to Boston and other Atlantic ports- The Suffield, King, Ascot, and several other properties in the southern part of the township of Ascot, which were eight or ten miles from a railway when opened, are at present about equidistant^ two miles, from the Boston and Maine on the south and the Canadian Pacific railway on the north. This central locality is one hundred miles from Mont- real, three hundred from Boston, and four hundred from New York, with direct lines of railway to each. The Quebec Central railway reduces the distance of the Harvey Hill mine from a railway, from fifteen miles to seven, and affects motit of the other deposits northeast of the St. Francis river in an equally favourable manner. The Canadian Pacific gives access to Roxton and vicinity, and brings the Sweet mine and other deposits of Sutton within one mile of a railway, instead of thirty, as was the ease when these were formerly worked. Similarly the Orford Mountain railway has improved the means of access to the copper deposits of Shefford, Ely, and Melbourne. This opening of the country has not yet proceeded so far as to exhaust the supply of fuel of the district, which, as well as the water supply, is still sufficient for mining purposes. Generating the electri- city from a neighbouring waterpower, the Eustis Mining Company employ electric power at their works, and a'e expected eventually to light their extensive mine by the same means. Labour in the district has advanced somewhat in price since the earlier mining operations, bat is still low as compared with the more recently established mining centres. Mine foremen receive about t2.50 per day, miners 81.50, and labourers, .*l.25. QWLosioAL mjurar O0PP.R DWKM™ 0, T„, ,^„^ TOWMHIK weakness proauced in th. «,,.-. . "'"■f®** *•>« rock along linen of which thej^ .ri;; tr Xe^'^ ?rr "'^"'"'' '*'""-« *<' distinct f„,n. the co«ntr,1^k is „!?,.,, «"«?" material when caloite. ^ " generally, qua^^ though .ometime. J^tSS*Jzj^;h':d'*''r';'':'"''*"' ^* "-» -<>-*• of irreicular b^ST 0^^^^ **' ^''^ '^^ <""■• T^^eee occur „ imrusives. The gai.gue matter i, largely calcite. Cambr^ilurian strata with intT.ive "ilC^ ^^""^ ''l ""•*~'* *»' from the ore bodies of the secoml L . . f^ *"• distinguished the ore and the pre^nl of r^^'-rr/ f\^' '^ '"^^^ «' second group aHl^v ^^ ^ "* *'~ ''^ '^' '•"* *»••* ^^e fK;»i • . s^e^'v extomorphic contact bodies. wK,i« *k third a«p„nc,pallyendomorphic features of t^ con^" M the mtrusives of the former are nni^Ti. T *^°*«* Moreover volume, but those of ZLrr cTal^a'^r' ~"^^*"^^'^ ™*» masses. The countnr rock of thl !Z /^ '^ mountainforming they have shown an7iZrUnfdi^^^^ '"^."* ^«P«^^. -herever sible exception, but^a T^W^rris ""*'"1''*' ''"^ ^ -e case, and other ^netamorphttrofrdLTltl^Tber ^" ****■ ^Sifcw. , cmFPSK DBPOtrr f 1. CaALCOPTRmi AND PTRim DiMun. In the Porpkjpy-Andftite S^rUt. The deposits of this class include the principel properties that were worked in the early devel<^ment of the district, and all that are at present in operation. They comprise three principal groups: (a) Some fifty mines and prospects, in the township of Ascot, and other townships near the city of Sherbrooke. Amongst these are the Eustis, Capelton, King, Suffield, Ascot and other less known properties. (6) The series of deposits long known to extend through the town- ships of Sutton, St. Armand, Brome, She£ford, Ely, Melbonme, Cleve- land, Shipton, Tingwiek, Arthabaska, Chester, Ham, Wolfestown, Invemeos and Leeds, as well as the divisions of the seigniory of St. Giles, known as the Handkerchief, and Ste. Marguerite, in the county of Lotbiniire. (c) Deposits in the little known district along the boundary line between the province of Quebec and the state of Maine, south and east of Lake Megantic. It may be seen by reference to the accompanying map that these grounds are in the form of belts, which have a general north- easterly trend, and are approximately parallel. For convenience they may be designated as the Sutton, the Ascot, and the Lake Megantic belts. In all cases the deposits of this class occur in, or in close associa- tion with, altered volcanic rocks, generally of the porphyry class. The country rock is always highly folded, and often twiated and con- torted to a remarkable degree, and this deformation gives their shape to the ore deposits. In form the deposits are much flattened lenses, which lie in conformity with the foliation of the rock. They are arranged en Echelon, generally along zones of extreme foliation. The individual lenses seldom exceed twenty or thirty, feet in width, and bodies of these dimensions would be from two hundred to three hundred feet in length, according to approximate generalization from observation of a considerable number of the smaller lense*, and from the experience of miners who have worked out many bodies. The third axis, that nearest the vertical, follows the dip of foliation. But its length relative to the other axes is not easy to ascertain, even 10 OWLOOIOAL aUKTIT ! I 2n^^is^""r?^u""i**'"" •««- *''*«^ •» wholly b«».th -TrilT „^' S ^ ^^ opportonitie. for ol»erv.tion «, n^ g^ ^ '""" •" '^ **•• °P'"^°° *»>.» it U g««,«lly i-^Z^Trn"'"' *?! «»»•"«•« ^i«*^ i. . matter of much «portonoeu,folo«angtheorobodi«. Thus in the Cpelton district th•northoM^ e«,h .ucceeding ten. appe.™ on the «.uthct «de of thi iouitit ^ ''•"' " '"" *^ **• ^« ^"^^ *«'•«!. the JJLnf*^' hT"?'"'? '"u*'"''''' •"*'•«•'"*>'" with the order of !hL„ M ! '' "^ ^'^ *''* ««"'"^ •*™»*'"« o' the Appal- northward «. .ncceeded by another lying to theea.t. It i. thi. or^^. ph^featur^ wh.h give, the AMan'J. coast iU gene«l northea,3y tioI*Tfh '■*""^' '^ T ^^ «^-'«J'y. cross the planes of folia- Tl.1 irV "^^^ ^"^ *^" ^'' *''« "I^* «'-"«"• running shghtly obhquelyto the strike, or more rurely, to the dip of th! exi f„r ^«- ---"ko n.«««a are, however, of verp'limitS extent, and are probably only the filling of local fractures between L3 "'^•^^'/'*''- 'T'-^y *« Pe'haps the better devel^^ed ^T mmor senes of fracture joints.* y^y«- wio The walls of the ore bodies are aot usually well defin^, thouirh one ., often more definite than the other. The ore. wWch Z ..sts essentially of chalcopyrite in pyrite. grows p^rertowa^ the edges of the bodies where there are no definiW walls. un«^ the proportio, of ore in the country rock becomes so smaS « to t 3T; r^ '^~" *'' •'"''•"^•^ "* P-^"* -"'"bte it canLy be «ud that these ores were primarily brought in by the vo^ f!";*" '" ^jl^gll^heyaregenent^^ th* sub«H,uLt folding p. wfif^.^'^*°'*''' ^""'^'"•g" Bo'ton Society of Natnr.! Hi.tory Vol. XVIII i^ comB i>MMin n and ■hMring of tbeM rooks devdoped pluiM of OMior puMgo in which th« •nbtomuMMi wftton, loMhiug out the meteUio mineisb from the rock, deposited them bj replacement of the rook. The better defined wall on the side of Uw ore bodies may be due to the fact that the rook on one side of a shear plane being more bighlj fractured tiian on the other, as is often the case, the greater replacement would take phM» on the fissile side of the water bearing orerice. Then after the first film of ore had been depoeited a protection is afforded by it for the ruck face on which it is deposited and all farther replacement is likely to be on the side of the more fractured rook. The foot wall is generally the one that is better defined. The common occurrence of chalcopyrite in crevices within the P3rrite, and as a thin layer upon a joint face, seems to indicate that the chal- copyrite was introduced later than the pyrite. But of this there is not enough known as yet to speak decisively. Actual crystal replacement has not yet been observed. The average of a large number of assays of specimens from the south side of the Capelton hill, *.«. from the Eustis and Capelton mines, and other properties of the vicinity, made previous to 1886, showed the copper to range from 4 per cent to 5 per cent ; sulphur, 38 per cent to 40 per cent ; and approximately 1 os. of silver to each unit of sulphur, with small amounts of gold. A number of assays of recent date from the nprth side of the same hill, from the Suffield, King and other properties, give a lower percent- age of sulphur, but higher metallic values, especially of silver, which here seems to vary without regard to the sulphur. As a very general statement the ores of this class of deposits may be said to carry 4 per cent of copper, 36 per cent sulphur, near the surface, and at greater depths to yield uniformly 3 per cent of copper, 40 per cent of sulphur, 3 oz. oi silver, and small amounts of gold. Gold, which does not seem to be present in appreciable amounts at lower levels, is often an important factor near the surface. Alluvial gold occurs in many of the streams which run over these copper bear- ing rocks, and the surface rocks yield gold in many parts. At a depth of a few feet from the surface most of such prospects have been aban- doned, but in one or two notable instances the gold prospects have been developed into copper mines, through the copper increasing as the gold values decline. Although it has not yet been found possible to get information sutB- ciently definite and accurate to make a satisfactory comparison of the IS oRouwicAt nttrn I !^ «« • fcw handrad fcet Tfci.^^ ^ "'***• *•»»•*• depth «H«., th.t they .„ p,«^„^! L^ J^i *^'' P~'*"^ •" -oh «H, enrich»e^h« thrill il^T"^"™''"^'' "^ '".t wiphide. we« depodted ia th^? ^*'' *''• '™" "^ »»•• <»Pper the .„nt^ rocT^ZTZn'Z:^^^ ^'^^ *''«'<-^*^o' «i.r;rxtotnr!:rrprfTr"'-----^^^^^ wUhin the«, rook.. .n»ll.r bodie. h!^^ ** u***"*" "«"'' "^^f found along th. c:Lt.ct Z^T^Z^^Z' .^'"* T '""~"'-«^ In such ca,e. the ooppep hu eW^M .^ ". *"*'''^'"« **«'<»»*»«• .«o«ly with the dolo^.; "wrf;"l ^" "•!»»•»«» cootea.por- on the «.u»ption tha. fhe »Sjyr^^J^', ' *'"• ^^'-^-^ ®"*^ wen3 reg«ded by him .. .n ex,^ llr^ ^ of «,aeou, origin, they depodf. Thu/he w.^ (Qxl^ ! r""?" '*' '-dimenfry a.ine.3 "I1...Wd.ncewhich1^^^'7^„2it''th ?• ': "' '* "*'•) copper depo«fe of the Qaebeo.rr«or!r ? ^ de«cnption« of the throughout th«el^ks w„Tl f" !'''"''' "^ °**«'» «>coa,pany it the «di.e„t, of tCrild wel'd^o^'r" '/ *'* -^^^rorwhich of organic n^.tten, it was^^^tThl .?^ *'' '«^"*'^ P^^^W^ P««ipita(«i with the .edi^:tte^hl;ira t". ." "."'''""* ""^ IK.™ frequently, in small nodulis o! 2k u f '^'^"'"^ "'••«' or ified with the iLesfones. the .llT S? 5"^*''"*• '^•""« ••'*«"t«t- oftheserie. A subaequentt jj^^rotwf ""*^ ""^ ^'^ "'"^^ ««''• which has metamorXsed a^d cXSr'^T™"^"^ "'*•• *»"•' of their extent, diJolved out p^r,^, 'TI;''' "^^^ ''^«'- * «-«» Part these beds and in cerUi. cl't;^ ^i iT^ '"'^'""*^ '■^- "!*« in the fissure, of the rocks TJ'T . ^'^^ q»»rUand various which have been describ^ ' * "* "^ *" *'" ^«''>« or courses noZ^7 ir:onii: r :Sfi^-i ^ ^"•"" ^^^ --- -^s Which are al^ent f.. g^^^^^of ^^ ^^^^^^ OOPPIH DIPMin IS Witti tlM knowtodge that tba oonntry rock ia \mrgtlj eruptir*, mmI Uw^wrapUve rook b pmmt M aU th* ocoumnoM of oiq>p«r of anj ptwbaUo imporUnoe in tha diatriot, tbs kbove opiokm sboakl •vidtntl j be reTeraed. 3. CBAtooPTRiTi, BomiTi, Chalcocitic, 4c. Formiitg Contact DepoiiU bttwtm Camltro-SUurian lAmMttme* and Certain Jntrwrivtt. The on bodiea of the Acton diatriot ue the best known of the aeoond olww of copper depoeita of the Eutem townahipa. The orea are chiefly 'iulphidea, bomite becoming important, while it rarely, if ever, oocura in the depoaita juatdaacribed. Thia group of ore bodiea ocoura in the vicinity of a aeriea of dikea which extenda from Roxton in the county of Sheffoid to Ste. Apol- Mlnairo in the county of Ix>tbini«re, a diatance of about one hundred milea. The principal occurrences known are at Roxton, Acton, Upton, Durham, Wiokham, DrummondTille, Nelson and 8t Flavien. The greater part of all the ore bodies, and practically all of many of them, ia found in the sedimentary rocks, geneially Trantou limeotone. But in several insunceu, notably at Boxton, Nelaon and 8t Flavien, copper occurs in the intrusive rock, an amygdaloidal diabase. At Upton a little native copper is also found. At Acton, which baa been by far the moHt important of this dasa of depoaita, a large amount of high grade copper, much of it 30 per cent ore, was produced for several years. The aedimentary rocks at this mine are a magneeian limestone, overlying a black shale. Both are cut by dikea or an irr^^lar intruaion of diabase, or aome allied greenstone. The productive part of the deposit was found in the limeatone, and when this was passed through the smaller amounts of ore in the shale made the work unremunerative. In the township of Durham, some twelve miles south of Acton there occurs a body of t if*e ores, the most southerly of the group. It is located near the southern edge of the limestone, which is here only fifty feet thick. The ore supply failed, just as at Acton, when the shaft reached the underlying shale. Upton, six milea northwest of Acton, is the moat remote of the depodta in that direction. Four different properties were at one time worked in this vicinity. Nono of the workings seem to have reached i ■ i 14 OlOLOniCAL •VSTIT • dqtih ti OM baadrKl i**t Tlw on oeMn io imRvbr *«ia% •trisfm in tlw UaMtOM, whioh k gMimlly eryttaUioe. It fa i findy dfaMBiiMtod tbroogh muy pwu of Um limHoiM. A n MMwat of bifh grade or* wu obteined by bMid pkskiiif. BMohtn o r y for cnubing or miaing mmim to bave bom owd. At Wickbam, eleven mika nortbeaat of Aoton, copper waa mined anuall extent. The geological oooditioaa are •imilar tc thoK* Upton, but tbe thickneee of the limeetooe waa not reached at eitl plaocii At DmmaondriUe, Neboa. and St. Fkrien. farther to tbe nor •aet, the copper ooenra in the intnniTe roeki, which nam to fo one or more dikea a quarter of a mile in width. Tbe principal wc wat done at St. FUvien, where aeTenl shafu wore sunk, and a dei of a hundred feet or more attained. • Althoogb oouidcrable development waa oiirried on at all of t looalitiea mentioned, aa weU aa at aoma otbera. no permanent orea ha reaulted. The £aot that tbe gangne mater*! with the oraa of tbia oh of depodU ia limeatone ahould make them valuable to mix with t ailiceoua orea of tbe other depodta, where even a very low penenta of copper would add to tbe value of tbe limeatone aa a flux. 3. Cbalooptriti iH Ptrbbotitk. Forming Contact Depotils betumn Intnuive Diabtuet oflht StrpttUi S«rie$, and Sodvmentt. The orea of the third ohua of depoaiUare diatinguiahed from tl otbera by the (Hvdominance of pyrrhotite. Iron pyritee ia alao preaei but ohalcopyrite aeema to be tbe only form in which copper occnra thode depoaita. They are known to occur at varioua points alrag tl aerpentine belt, eapeciaUy in the townahipa of Bolton, Potto Brompton, Orford, Ham, and Garthby, and ate liable to be four anywhere along the oontoot of the later eruptivea of the aerpentu area. The Huntingdon minea, in tbe townnhip of Bolton, have been tl mc^ extenaively worked of any of thia group. The ore foriaa a bod aome eight feet in width at the aurface along tbe inner orataot sot of Eastman, on the line of the Canadian Ptoifio raUway. In the obaraoter of their ore^ and their mode of ooouriwno*^ they an eswn- tiaUy similar to the laat They too are at present cloned. ^ ^ ^! Memphremagog mine is sitoatrd on the northwest slope of Hogsbaok mountain, two miles from Tucks Landing, in the town- .ship of Potton. The dcTelopment of this property consiate at present of a T«t.«l shaft eighty feet in depth, with an «lit driven in to meet the shaft at a depth of fifty feet from the surface. The ore-body wtends in length for three hundred feet in right, and exposum a thousand feet apart are probably the continuation of the same deposit In the adit, which is a cross-cut, one hundred and ten feet of ore reaciied. Thi. ore Turies in the amount of copper it carries from one to ntne per cent. There are also small amounto ot gold, geneivllv enough to be appreciable. ' In lot 21. range of Oarthby, there u a deposit of a rimihu- ore which u apparentiy of important ««e. It is known a« the Oarthby' or Lac Ooulombe mine. A ri,.ft, ..id to be fifty feet deep, has been sunk, and apparently much of the output remaini* on the ground. The sh^ seems to be sunk in solid ore. The surface stripping has not been •uftcient to make it po«iible to estimate, even approximately, the .i»» of the ore body. n. loKEODS ROCKB OF THB EaBTIKM ToWNSHIPS OF QOBBEC OuUitu. 1. Area defined. 2. Geography. 3. General geology. d M •mouemtejo. mmtn 4f iUnidi off pmvkNM i^towfjiMi hmmvIIi 6. FMragnfbiMl ProTinM ol Mm Sbb-proriaoM : (•) Copper Uoriiig towMhipt. Tolmiifi, Mid Mfooi (•) Onnitaa. ' (i) Luter dikaa. PMragnphioftl ProriiMM of Mm Mootor^iiiaB bilk. I. Th«t portioo of tb* proviao* at Qtteboo whioh haa baen dkeU tha Appalachian npUfi Uaa whollj to tha aonth o( tha St. Lawr riTor. It oompriaea two aomaTbat diatinot parta, tha moantal ragion al tha Qaap^ paninanla akw^ the k>war 8t Lawranee, and hilly eouDtry fron tha Obsadiare rivar to tha Intarna t io n al Bonn lina betwaen tha provinca off Qwtbco and the Stataa of H atna, Hampahirak Mid yanaonl. The interral batwaaa the two portio narked only bj a aabaidenoe in the Appalaohiaa hilla aoathaaat ol oitj of Qnebae. Hm •aoond ol theae two areaa ia oommonljr deaignatad m Eaatarn townahipa. Being leaa eaaily acoaaa iM e, <» aooonnto hilly ohanMster aa well aa ita poeition, and alao luw deairable othei for NttlanieBt, thia region waa not aurvayad nntil tome thirty j after the oeaaion of Canada to England. It waa then, aceordi divided into towna' ipa approximately aqnare, and it waa further divided into range* and lota, aeeording to the Ibiglith method, im of bring formed into aeigniories and pariabaa after the M Fr mode of aarve/. The general trend of the hilla of the Eaatem townahipa ia a n easterly one, conforming to the direction of the AppalaohiMi hit the anocessive ridges growing higher as they are more remote fron St. Lawrence valley. The principal rivers, such as the Yamaska Francis, Nicolet, Be^aacoar and Ohaudiire, cross these hilla abot right angles to their course, and drain the region into the St. '. renor. a. The triwa.~tries of these rivers, however, take their direction the Appalachian folds and generally flow in either northeast or s< ! :t o cnrria Dirosm IT d Mraototad m dkeUd bj 8t Lkwitnoe novnUiDoas moe, umI the ml BoaadMTjr iro porHoiu {■ ithwut o( Um [Bated M the MMoant of ite kbia oihanriw B thirty ymn , Mcordiafly, ■ furtbtr lub- ithod, initMMl B (dd Franoh * ia A north- ihian folding, mote from th« Sramuka, St. tills about at > the St. Law- irection from east or soath- waatooaiwa. Tha tribvteriM ai% tharefon, BvbwqMBt i tba Appal. aoUaahilkwUlatbaMiBriTtraara aithar aataoadant to tba Uter Mafia ol that apUft or barabaan anparpoMd on tba oidar roeka bv thaaitooaiTadanudatioDBof tha regton. Hanoa tha tribvtarlaa ara conoMolj mnoh yoaogar than tha main rivarfc Prom thaaa facta, and aiao bIbob the oouraa of ohief glacial action ha* bam paralM to tha vallcTB of tha principal rivers and transversa to tha tribatariasi it raanlU that many of tha Utter empty into the former bj falls and rapida. Tha water which these famish has givan rise Silurian have been assigned certein of the limestones, the calcareous and ferruginous slates ; to the Cambrian, part of tha quartsites, greywackiS, and Uw cUy sUtes; while similar rocks, with tba exception of the cUy slates, are referred to Pre-C3ambrian, as weU es the Urge areas of sUtes that are characterised by the presence of chlorite and epidoto. Igneous rocks are found to underiie the eariiest ledimenta, and to be intercalated amongst them, and to be intrusive through even the Utest. Altered volcanics of both acid and basic types are the oldest ; whiU closely aswcUted with them are Urge areas of stratifled rock,' which are thought to be in part, at least, much altered tuffs. Serpen' tines occur amongst the earliest sediment^ and probably also cut others of somewhat later age. The dUbases and Uter gabbrtMiiorites. which are closely assooUted with the serpentines in position, as well as the grsnites which Ue to the southeast of the AppalachUn ridges, and the syenitic rooks of the Monteregian hills to the northwest, arc Uter in age than any of the sediments. Still Uter than theeearvthe "ur™***""'*' **'*'"*' *"** bostonite, which cut all of the rocks m I ■ ! fri ^. I : ;(i ''III: •li! II cMMTMAt WBVIV 2llLTXr"*"'~"" ** •*-"• The PivCiMnbriMi oompriM* Ibne main rtdma wUeb u* th. n.^. terminjd by th. Appal«U«, folding .nd «, th««lm .boutT,^ J TWoA. oo«po,.ng tb« w.«. In tbe fint InT-tlgatlon. of th. 0«> 1^1 Honr^ under Sir W.R Log«. «d Dr. T%, Hun^ «™S wgmit.^ «nd.t«M«. cUoritic «d n.or«,u. «birt. *nd .Inti* In rtmUgrnph.0.1 nr«n«em.nt the«, ridg« we„ ,„ppo«d to be .ynolin.1 t~ugH wh«h h.d r^^»A denudntion better thTthe inf rvZg Thi. Tiew WH flr.t que.tion«l by Hunt on •tmUgwphionl ground., .nd Uter ,y Selwyn. both on .tr.tigr.phic.1 and lith*:i4i.^S:t Or. Selwyn rewhed the conoluaion that tbeM folded ridge, an anti- chp nofyncline.. «d held th.t tb. rock. compodng^The" ^.ri older tb^ the Quebec gK ,p «.d oo„«H,u.ntly foC no pert i' t thil ^w •"'""I''"'' inNe.tig.tion by Dr. Ell. iub.tMti.t«l •Sir W. E. Lofan, Oeolofjr of ChiuMlm 1863, at alitor. iHl! a,L •ribed»tMNMlM(thiatlw Oeoiotjr of OuMd^ IMS, MKi hare beM pnvioulj diMMMl bj Hial. BoUiHmImmI I^>8Mir«RM>dedllMMrpoatiMaM*ltMwiMdiaMale Md eomkled Umb •tratinnphioaUy with tU dohmitei, ia viwr of Ibeir iMgaMiM oontente. Dr. Selwyn eeem. to h«r. hoea the ftm to poial oat the probable origin of the Mrpentinee. nad aUo nggmtmi thai the ■tntigraphioal quaetioo. then uade. 'liMaa.ioa were oooipU. oalwi bjr the iut that tome of the other highly netnroorphoeed rooke wwe ia reality diegaiMd voloaaiee. A raite ^ i.pi eineu of dovbtful rooke eabnitted by him to Dr. F. D. AdaaM, (Annual Report, O.8.C.. l8M-81-«3) proved the Mrpeatinee to bo altered igneoua rooke geaer- •llyof the perkfotite olaia, the w>oalled dkiritw to be diabaMM and a|. lifd rooki, and eouo of the other highly altered rocke of the region to bo of MdiBantary origin. The r»oumination of the araal geokigy of the diatrict which waa nw«>Mitated by thi* iuformation, waa entruated to Dr. R. W. Ella, the roau'Uof ^a inveatigationa appear in the Annual repiHtaofthe yt -* 188«, 1887 and 1894, and in the napa which accompany them. In theae mapa the cry»taUtae belta of Snttmi and Htoke monntalna •re repreaented an Pre-CambrUn in age, and an area along tho Inter- natkmal Boundary Une ia included in the wme horiaon. The aedimenta intervening are aaeigned ♦« the Cambrian and Cambro^ilurian with the e«cr in of aome very minor areaa which, aa hui been aaid, were found to II. re been occupied with remnanta of Devonian and pomibly of Wlurian meaanrea. The aerpentine« are included with the igneoua rocka and the occnrrenoea of ' baaic eruptivea ' are ahown to be more numeroua than appeared in th^ earlier maps. ITie great body of the Pre- Cambrian, however, remained ainongat the sedimentary rocka. In addition to the acoounU of thea«< invesUgationa a few independ- ent papera have been publiahed on this regibn. In 1876 Sir J. Wm. Dawaon discussed the mode of entombment of certain foaaila, referring eaperialiy to localities in tho Eastern townships. Some of the occurrences of foaaila thua mentioned are of esaential importance to thik inveatiuation. 9144— 2 J so OIOLOOIOAL StrSTKr 'I i, .truct««af th, region and«. the title 'The Quebec ZupTJ^o^ In 1902 the present writer showed that in,port«,t part, of the Pr« («.) CoPPKB BKABmo VoLCANiC8._(PrB-Cambrian ) Th. «««i cro«« tb. St. Fn»m river belw„„ the cilT of Sh., 0.1. H«d „„„„toi„ JTk. M Jl ' >» ""ed from th, foot „l well, Wecdon and Stratford. The similar rock at the Gilbert RiT«r Tw i i *^: K-f COPrra DBP08ITII 31 The third of these belts, which crosses the St. Francis river new the town of Richmond twenty-five miles northwest of the last, is gen- erally known as the Sutton MoanUin belt. This is the largest and longest of the three as far as is at present known. While the Stoke belt is nowhere more than five miles in width, that of Sutton is quite twenty miles wide at the Vermont boundary line. It has a consider- able development in the counties of Brome, Shefford, Richmond, Wolfe, Arthabaska, Megantic, Beauce, Dorchester, and probably ex- tends also into Bellechasse and Montmagny, that is, to a point at least one hundred and forty miles from the boundary of the State of Ver- mont. • The rocks of the Sutton Mountain area were described by Logan, (' Geology of Canada,' p. 246,) as ' chloritic micaceous and epidotic rocks. Towards the province line,' he continues, ' these are of a slaty charac- ter and various shades of colour, from dark bluish-green or blackish- green to ash-grey. The gi-een bands are more abundant than the grey, and both have occasionally a talcoid lustre. The grey bands appear to deriv- their colour from a large amount of very fine grains of quartz which are uniformly mixed vith chlorite. These beds often contain certain nodules of white granular quartz, and crystalline pistachio-green epidote sometimes several inches in diameter, and fre- quently elongated in parallel directions. The two minerals are often in separate nodules, but as often are intermixed ; in the latter case the epidote is generally within the quartz. In the grey bands fine blackish-green lines of chlorite often run pai^llel to one another, but these are contorted by the nodules of quartz and epidote, with which orthoclase feldspar is sometimes associated. ' Radiated actinolite often occurs in the rocks, together with asbestus in short parallel veins which are found cutting the epidote in the direction in which the nodules are elongated, and occasionally botween the layers of slate. Crystals of specular and magnetic oxide of iron are abundant in the chloritic and epidotic bands, the magnetic species being more frequent* where the chloritic prevails.' ' Near the St. ■ ^ncis nodules of an epidotic character are richly dis- seminated througn the chief part of these chloritic strata, some of the nodules being six, eight and even ten inches in diameter. Some of the bands hold small portions of finely granular quartz which occasion- ally swell into beds of white quartzite of some importance, while many of the strata assume the aspect of fine quartzose conglomerates, or coarse sandstones with a chloritic base." oiOLoaioAL njBvBr **«»M*ng the rooks of Um 8<»k. k-u t froa. V,mK,nt»toO«SI^^rL:i;~f f"^ which com. „, Stok. to W:Z?^ JJ'^ J,^ 'S^^^'-*"P "-" in . bre^ith of .bout five J!^/^"* *"° P*"^*' "««« included Ha2 «"::;£ tn2:te"X~r oHefi^of chloHtic rock, in chlorite .l-te.. while °Shlrfe7^"'r" .'^'"*«" ~'"'«*"«°« With the« are ^,^^ ^^Tj^!"^' "I''''"^*' '^^"^^e! -«a -r, qu.rt«« charrTdThinT"" f *"*''**" P"**"*- •omewhat fibrou. texture a« J^l ^^'"' *»' -gabnatolite of a micaceou,andnacreous^trare:^Te ""* :?*''• ^'-^ «* the side of the range afford ex«lW !Z S ^'°^' "'^ °° *»»« «>«th the whet.tone Si, .llrTLlcI^*^?' ' """ '°°"- ^^ «' Some band, of the Ttea^ rtuddT'.K * m '^'"« '''^^ •^*«- brooke they enclo« a b^ 7bS^ "t ""*"''' '^^ '" S''^ red hematite, and mother of at^I^K^T'' ^'""^ ^^'^ » «"«»'». ouner of a somewhat sihceous conglomerate " thritnTi :^^;i::; :^r-- ^-^ - marked b, a gangue of white qS^^nl^-'tfT* * "*«« ««>« and dive, in' itic slate, are ofteL marlSbv Hn' *''V*~*'«'*«°°- The chlor- Hadcell hill, on lot 8 of ran^ Xuof w'T /',"*" ' "'^ °" Vide hold, .uch a ,uantity S copir oit^^ * ^"^ "' ^'"^^ «^« '-» fitable mine." ^ "^^ ore a. to give promiw of a pro- Selwyn pointed out that slat;^.. «,;„»,* i„ i tion of these rocks. * iithologic dercrip- i i I oornn DiMflm S8 and WHknte, or diabue, would originally have been the extreme types. Some of bade jdiaaea are altered to nerpentine, and all have been hi^ly metamorphosed. It ia only by very detailed field study, together with microscopic examination, that the volcanic character of some ol these rooks has been ascertained. Associated with these are stratified rocks of similar material, but which have an original clastic structure. Part contains bands of nearly pure chlorite, abundant quartz veins, jid much iron ore. These are thought to be stratified tuffs, while other rocks, generally more siliceous, as chloritic sandstones and grayw :kia, are probably true sediments. Although highly altered the volcanics of this series still show their original characters in localities in which the deformation has been least The acid phase of the rock is largely a quartz porphyry. A specimen from the hanging wall of the Silver Star mine at Suffield is light grey in cole r, and on the weathered surface the quartz phenocrysts are quite conspkonous. Uwing to the bleaching of the base the rock hi»« commonly been mistaken for quartzite, or a species of sand- stone. T bllowing is an analysis by Mr. M. F. Connor, B. A. Sc, Geological durvey of Canada, of a specimen of the essentially similar rock from the quarry at Sherbrooke, which furnishes road metal for the streets of that city: Analj/ni. *Ot 7a37 TiO, .17 A1.0, 11.27 P'lO, 80 FeO 2.68 Mgo aos CsO 2.3J *'*tO 2.63 KfO... I.ij6 CO, 3.60 H«0 1.96 99.5R In the thin section it is found to be a porph;yritic rock with a finely crystalline base, which contains phenocryste of quartz and feldspai. The latter are both orthoclase, and plagioclase, the orthoclase being more abundant. Small rod-like bodies of colourless mica are present in the rock, as well as irregular areas of a rhombohedral carbonate which is apparent- ly dolomite. S4 OBOLOOIOAt »V»VZX Ntw LMBoxviUe, on th« lin. «* *u. ^ .t the rn^rgia to granite i^^y^L^' 7^ '~" ''"•'»' P«'^byn tow^l. the interior. Th^K ^ .'^'^ ^"f "^ ^ * Porphyritic gLiti Principa, hill, of the cenTJu ^^'^ 7?.^ l' ^''^ P«*»^. "diothe determined. « the« a« prob.bl?7o ow ^'J'""' ** "^ P««i««ly The deeon,po,ition producU .«d Til Tu '"'"'"'*" "'"' P"-^''^ *<*te th.t the rocl had.^":! ff °^»'°" '*"«""« - f^hue, while in other, it w^ ribrt Jl ^^ '•*' ''""^**' «' « ferron..gne.i.„ tWn the di,tnct occupied by^l.n ^"wk?" "^^'o-'lj found pontine «en« to be cou.plete.'L^" 7^, J''"^ »»•• -Iteration to .er. the ^rpentine h« . ^^^^.t d^Zti^""^' "^* •^'"^ I«ft. from the olivine-rich rock, of the W ^^^"^'^ *~» '^t derived >«« district. Iti- di.tinguid.S blr "'^*" ""*• "'*''• •'^J°'»- of .erpentine derived frorho^blendl „ ^'"'* '"'''«'' -t'oclre forms rculting f™„ the.lterioi^f 1 '"«''*' '"'*«' «' the '-.esh' occur in the .rpentine. butll^^l'^ir™. '^.1 """ ^^-^"- diflerentiation. Thia i. ve, ^ ."*<» """"P'y defined mag^atic dnun the .uthern part of stke mo;n:ir'^r M ''' '''^' '^^ The rocks may be considered «. p.^„!^ "°'*"^ "^ ««-« brook. «o- for each belt. In the Sutton'^St 1 T''' '*'"' ^' "^ O"* In the stoke belt, however JaterdkLl" "'***' ''''''^*'>''' "-tion. yj they are chiefly of the cLmZni^ZaTl ''"'"'"** ''^"^°%' the adjacent Trenton sediments! and "t..''^''^ '"•*'^* They eu he described later, rather than to" " ^T' ^ * ^"^ °' "-k. to are not of Pre-Cambrian »ge. ^' °' '^^ ^''^'^^ class, as they -"p^^^S^^^ -aeed to tho. -hwa^andfo^alink^of the^t rtlr^of-:-? l^J oomB DRPoana 25 •M-Iy voIoMiiM that were deeoribed by the Ute 0. H. WiUiaipi in the • JouriMl of Geology,' J.n., Feb., 1894 ; (See alio Ancient Voloanios of South Mountain, by F. Baaoom, Bull, U.8.O.S., No. 136). PoMiBW PBi-CAMBBiAir SiDiMBiTO.— Of the «tn»tifled rocka in the metamorphio belt which are most dowly a8sociated with theae vol- canics, the extremely ohloritic portions are probably ancient tuff beda, or at least are compoaed of fragmenUl volcanic material, and so are pyroolaatic rocks. In the present degree of alteration they do not diftp eaaentially from certain portions of basic rocks just described. Beaides these are siliceous rocks, quartiites, greywack^s and chloritic aandatonex, which are possibly true sedimento. With these are fre- quent beds of dolomite, the origin of which seems a matter of doubt. The rock is frequently found resting upon a basic trap, filling pit holes and interstices within it, and enclosing fragments of it In other cases the rock passes by a rather gradual transition into a quartzose dolo- mite in masses of considerable extent. At the Eustis mine the portion of the country rock known to the miners as the ' green rock ' is of this type. Even in the thin sections small areas of dolomite appear some- times enc5 ng small quartz crystals and indicating the secondary nature of the dolomite. Certain of the micaceous chloritic slates also contain sufficient dolo- mite to cause a slight effervescence by hydrochloric acid, when heated. Along the St. Francis river the Sutton belt is some seven miles in its extreme width including nearly two miles of recognized Trenton measures within it. A detailed study shows the volcanics at the base with dolomite, quartrite and grey mica schist, in ascending order. Within the dolomite are certain peculiar inclusions of a bluish grey limestone which have been largely crystallized by intense regional metamorph- ism. One of thess inclusions, however, contains fostil evidence of iu Calciferous-Chazy age. It is, therefore, demo-otrated that in this part, at least, the Sutton Mountain Ijelt contains no Pre-Cambrian elastics. ' As it thus seems certain that the Sutton series contains no Pre- Cambrian elastics in the vicinity of the St. Francis river, it is conse- quently possible, if not probable, that all the clastic rocks of this series throughout the district are, as in this section, altered members of the Quebec group. The volcanics are the oldest rocks in this region, and from their lithologic resemblance to the Pre-Cambrian rocks of PennHvlvania and ! i oioioaioAi aoRTir "•tamorphic ridge., b/t « ot^f ^^'.f '' 'T'" ^^--n t*- o«ly to rooks of undoabted C^J^ ■ ^ •*" ^ "**** ""'ti'"'- degrae. of alteration maTTn r,^'!"^ ^.-.r'^'"'' *"' *'"^"-* or «rf .u^eptibility to »etamo,ZL rf tl "" "' ^"^^ •«»««nly theoam Aooo«l.- ? -.u ' ''■"""'' "^^8, it i, not C«.bri.n'.ediZu ii^fSCrlT'''*'''^'^'^"-"'^ open one. ^™ townahip« murt yet remain an (4) Smpehtiicm, BUBABia, nc -^^f^wtJ^tbr r ?nr^«^ -^ ^-"-^ - ^^ «.ere i. a "ck. of the region. gZj^ pj^l' '^J^^^"" '^^^^ ^^ ^^^ oti.„ M.g.ntic .nd P~babr^^wL atd""'\.^'"''"''' ^'>''«. roappear in the G«ipe hiiAu!^ I *"* ""'"^^ ''no^n to -nnuin. Ow„ H^, '"S"rj'- /--««* *•;- are the Bolton The rook, compcing tkem are ^r^^in^ H- 1'^*"' '"°"'*^'"- with frequent or .Waller n. JL oTJo^n J*^**' «»*'»"^i«rit« "tonally much smaller bodieT^ ''°™^''"«'« K™nite. and occa- «rpentine«.m,to 1^ in^ 1^ ^^^1.''' "^ '^'' *»"• of the other. andpo«ibly it isolTt^nl p . '"« *'"* ''^ •"*"»><»» ^•base.andgabCioritLwti:^;htJ^S '^^ thegreaterpartof all these hill.. T^^, "'the same magma form ine. through which they are comZ.^ ?""'«*"*""'*'•« "'P^nt- -^^sTi^trsi^r^-hr;^^^^^^^^ -ere matrix of a band of breccia. ^2Z»^Jlr'2''' """"' " *''« "frequently found along the soutS^Z o7th " "''*'■ *''** As far as it has been studied it .^^. .f ** ««'Tentine belt. «H>ntai„ing a little hornblende a^^throTlvt " ''"*'^'^ P*"T'''y"*« Mount Or'oH ^2860 f M- " ^ *""""'' "'"«'^*-"t- thegabbr^rtiri:^tr\rh^"'--"""*'>«>-'^t^ ^ ase mils. It has an area of not le« than oorpu DRPoun ft twMty tHwtn milM Mid an kvange Iwight abor* the inrrovuding ooontry ft 51 2.19 3.49 1.65 .87 !»9.8() I. Diorite, Brompton lake, Orford, Range XVI, Lot 2. II. Dionte, St. Franfois de Beauce. III. GianoKiiorite, Kutteco., Laoenprak, California. Owls Head (2,465 feet) is iiituated on the west side of Lake Mem- phramagog, sixteen miles south of Mount Orford, which Htandti at *J. A. Dresser, American Geologist, .January, 1901. M OMUMIOAL mjvm th.«»th«B«dol»be«».Wi.. Th. tavd of Ai. tak. to •boa* ■ix hpndnd ud tighty-two feet sbove th« aM. Th. look •* U.. «»tern bMe *kmg the kk. .iKwe to . oomiwH. b<|^ phMeof the Pit^^brtoB Tolewiic* On the weet skie the «lj* oeoTrioki ere .ediinentery. Between tbe«> the meM of the mounUin bM been intmded. It oonetote, u fer e. yet known, of extremely nltwed dtobew which wm flrat determined by Dr. Ad^ne. Suger Loaf, the mtme by which e continuation of the 0*»« »** njTTwiud. Orford to genereUy known^ h« been etoo -ho'" ^y J)r. Adam, to be iimUar in compoeiUon. (Repfe OeoL 8ur. Can, 1880-1-., P»rt A, appended.) Beddee Orford, Owto Head and Sugar Loaf, there are teveral hllto along thto line, preeumably limiUr in character. Theee eie Hog^ back, between the two mountain, lart mentwned Hawk ««i Bear mountain, at the «mth ol Owto Head, and Carbuncle and oU«r hUto Z the north of Orford. So fer m known th«» hUto are rimdarU, Orford and Owto Head in general structure a. weU a. » *»» «*«^ lu^ter of the rock. co«po«ng them. Fifty mUe. to the northea-tf^m Orforf, Big Ham mountain appears a. the next prominent point along the serpentine belt, although that bdt to almct conUnuou. through- out that dtotance. The mountein rto« fourteen hundmi feet above the neighbouring land, or twenty-four hundred feet above me«i sea level. Thto mounUin, a. far a. known, to a mw. of much altered diaba.. Near the eastern edge of the summit the dtobase pa«e. '»»<> • "^ intermedtote betweeu hornblende granite and d.onte. ^»»ich may be ,*nUtively cla«ed as a grano^iorite. The tran«tionis a "th''*^ one. a dtoUnce of only a few yard, separating typical •P«'»7" « the two rocks. The granoJiorite seems to form on^y a sma^l body and to probably the residual filling of the neck of the volcano which gave rise to the mass of the mounUin. Moose mountain, in the township of Cranbourne, beyond the jorth- e«.tern limit of thto map. to thought to belong to th.s senes, although there to not much definite evidence ~'»'«'"''8 *' ^^^'"^"'^.ts specimen from a spur of the mountain in the township of Frampton .s a%hyrite. a not uncommon marginal phase of these rocks, and. as Drmis reports the mountain to be intrusive in its relati«>nto the sedimenu of the dtotrict, it may apparently be safely correlated with the diabase seriee. oorpm DiPMin II Rotks Twy tdmilar to tboN at Orlord b»v« btM Jtioribwi fraa Adbtook BOOBtaiB, mad alao from Um townahip of Ptottoo, bj Dr. F. . D. Artaaa {op. eit.) Dr. Aduaa foand s •paeiiiMn from Um mimmit of Adutook to be a diabawt, mkI one from anotbor part of tba same moo"' J bo a diorito, botb being maob altered rocke. Conoeming ^ be wi 'tea : * It is a ralber ooareely oryaUUine, manire, aad i . . ^rajiab-green eoloar, and ia compoaed of bombiende and plagio- daaa. "Ik hornblende ia green, or, in lome plaoea, bro wniab in colour, and ia diatinotly pleehroic It ia often twinned. Muoh of the bomblonde ia deoompoeed to eblorite. In many caaea the altera- tion appeara to paaa through an intermediate atage in which the horn- blende aaaumea a very finely fibroaa appearance. The flbrea are generally approximately parallel, but dn not aa a general rule extin- gniah aimnltaneonaly. Individual flbrea can often be aeen to have an extinction inclined at a amall angle to their longer axea. Some of theee flbrooa graina ahow a diatinct biaxial flgnre. The plagioolaae ia dull from incipient decompoaition but generally ahowa well defined polyaynthetio twina, of which two aeta are frequently preaent croaaing one another. Although the two minerala have interfered with each other in cryatallizing, both hIiow good oryatal forma. The feldapar ia peihapa upon the whole the bettor cryatollized of the twa The fibroaa hornblende ia found everywhere to be mixed with chlorite.' The igneoua origin of the aerpentine waa alan firat pointed out by i>r. Adama in the aame publication. In a tpecimen from Melbourne the rock waa found to be wholly reduced to aerpentine, with the exception of a few graina of baatite or other mineral derived from rhombic pyroxene. In specimena from townabipa of Ham remnanta of the primary olivine were alao found. The following analysea of serpentine of the Eaatom townahipa are taken from the Oeology of Canada, 1863. Orford. Ham. Bolton. 8iUo».. Bif Mrniwia 40-30 3907 43 40 40-00 S-TO 13-00 43 70 40-68 Niokel oxide Ferrotu iron Water i 36 ! 7-02 18-36 s-si 1245 10000 100 00 100-34 ■l5»3*«il.- fejOiSB 'M M oMtooiOAL ■oaviT SL with the q«rt. U dtapUy. . '^•'^^'I"-* '^ '*'^;i^ I^n^ting in taft. .1 IIm a-dta. running Into «b« » 'howmg the Lge of magmaUc diftn^ntiation. and con-queutly t»»t t»»«^-^- porphyry wd erpentine a«. differentUte. of a «ngle original magma. KSe are the«treme. of chemical compodtion among.tthe v^ou. nKks of the region the probability of all being different»tion pnxlucf of a single primary magma is quite apparent. (c.) Granitbs. The aranite. of the Eastern township, occupy six principal areas, none of comparatively g«>at extent. They fom the gramte ^ of SUnstead. Hereford mountain. Big Megantic mountain. Little Megantic n.ountain, a small area on the e^t side of Lake Mem- phlagog. and another near Danville. There are r'tXTJ^Z other sldl occurrences in this district, but it is noticeable that all of the granites lie to the south of the volcanics of the autton ndge. None of the granite bodies have «. yet been studied in detail, but all are believed to he intrusive through T^wer Silurian sedimento. and «e thought to be of late Devonian age. The extensive quarries at n I kftv* mmi* tk« woaMBk laportMMa of tk»t oc cMWim w«U kaowB ta tlw pnviDMol QMbae, whMw StMMtMdgruita is iMgaly «Md tor ■tnwtoiml purpo M i. A ipMinM ol thia gnuiito baa bMa dMorihwl by Dr. F. O. AdMBi, * mkI •ho»n to ooaaiat MaMttbllr ol orthoclaw, qwurta, and bkttita^ with aooeaaory amotuita of miorooiiiw and plagio- olaaa, and ■eoondary moaoorita and apidota. Of Haraford movntain nothing daflnito ia known, aara that ita proi- imity to Stanitaad and tha graaraily ainilar appearance of tha ruck in tha hand qtacioMn anggast ita okise relation to that body. Un contact wiUi tha aedimanta ia nndoabtadly intniaiva. Eran leaa ia known of tha Big, and tha Little Megantio moantaina. The material in tha talua alopea of tha former ia a vary acid granite. The granite from Bootatown contain* pyroxene, in addition to bio- tite and muacovite, aa ferro-magneaian constituenta. The granite near Lake Herriphreroagog ia alao of the type of that of SUnatead. Near Danville there ia a •mall body of granite whoae relation to the aorrounding rocka hat not been aaoertained, nor ha* it received any detailed atady. Biotite ia the only dark conatituent tha^ ii notic- eable in the hand apecimen. It ia mentioned in the geology of Canada, (page 81 1), that it fumiahed part of the material for the Grand Tnink Railway bridge which oroaaea the Kioolet river in the vicinity. The granite from the qnarriea at Stanatead shows an incipient oata- oliatic atk aotnre in the microaoopic section, ant in the mass, a some- what distinct foliation, known by the qnarryroen as the ' rift' This structure ia apparently due to dynamic metamorphism, and shows tiie granites to have shared in the folding of the Appalachian uplift, and consequently to have been intruded before that movement had entirely ceaaed. Aa dikes of adjacent granite rnaaaes cut Devonian (Lower Heiderberg) strata on the shore of Lake Memphraroagog, these intru- sivea are thought to be of late Devonian a|je. (d.) Later Dikes. A series of dikes of much later age than any of the rocks hitherto deacribed is widely distributed throughout the region. They are ^mparatively fresh in composition and little disturbed in position. Camptonite, diabase and boatonite are the chief rook types repre- sented amongst them. * "Daacription of a S«rieK of Thin Section* of Typical Roiki," by Frsnk D. Adsmi, Ph. D., F.G., Montreal, 1896. M OMUWIOAl ■OBtMT A oMHploniM* •» RMiMwl wm iomd bf Um writMr to «iiiri«l «l koriMwdt Mid pUgioolM* with iMfnMito mmI aito. A liltto Immkmm Md Maall »sif«C»*M o* ahloriK MrpMt' «ad wOdt* ia^ «•!• thftl MiM dtgrw of dMonpositioa hM ' / bdgvn in Ik* rack. Tb* bornblemk i* brown in eoioar, uid ibowi (be eitinoUon nnglti lebtMbiKk il7'. Tbia dikt, wbieh ia ftbovt thrto tet ./id*, nU loww Tranton UaM* ■ton* which hM b?«n grantly fold«d and diatortad prior to Um injf«- Uoo of tb« dike. On* or two •mnllar dikwi occur in the vicinity nnd nnadlhillncnrbyiathourNttob* nndvriain bjr tb* mom ignootu rook. In th* vicinity of Bhorbraok*, twcnty-ttv* mil** Mntth of ihi* loenli^, dik** nr* known to occur in arrmrnl locnliti**. Nenr the Hn* of th* Oanadinn PkoiBo milwaj, in tb* northam oatdiirt* of th* villm* of Lmnozrill*, th*re ia m onaiptoaitP v*rjr dmilnr to th* abov*. It cuta both Pr*-C*Bbri«n volonnio* nnd aedinMntnry aintaa of Tranton ag*. At the Howard min*, Aacot, a dik* of . ■tt* UwMffii «Im oMntry. Maikwr nwk ipiMMi «l M. ApolUiMiif*, ■MllwpfiM^ iwk Ml villi • hm^j oioiwt. It b • Imni Jfatilrt mv- TW fiMk b MjpfeMM is i I •Mnril* ar ^Mfta iomllM •IUh I I te tUa iwk, Md «lw at ItMta% NalMi Md WMi- D niaii w J v lUfc In oikar piaaa% aa at Aatei^ Upte* aad WfeklMUB, tba eopper oeowa ia tha eztaaMiqiMa loatit mm al Ika aMlaaiaf i«ek. Tka axpoaara at Naiaoa k Miiallar than that at 8t. ViMla% wMla llwt at DramaMMdviMe ia apparantly ^ta aa larga aa Itblliaadaaeribadby Lofaa. (OaaofaM.lM3tp.34S,). "Tk« fMHiah M « *i lo BM oa tiw 8t Ftaaaia aw t at aiiaa t a d by MvanadUm ti diMll^ lU ooMiM af wkUk ara ilB a ganaral way 4im stiMM. Tha rodi of Um tall at DraniinotMlYilla appaan aho t« ka a diorita awl iaafagrayorgraeBiahooloar; it probably balonp to tha rtratifloation aad ia not known to hare any connexion with (ha dikaa. It ban a bnatli d aVrat half a mile, and aoMe parta an porphyritic from the pcaMBca of atnall cryttats of Kght, greanidh feldvpar while othan are aasyfibMdal, holding imall portiona of a light and ealo spar and oeeaaioaMU nodvlea of agate. Mnoh of it bean theanpeet of braocia, in •wUdt fragmenta of the diorite are held together by a eloM grained bat highly oryttalline oaleareona oement, approaching in colour tba general maM of the rock. The rock bear* a reaemblanoe to that of St Flarien, of which it may be a continuation, and liki« it highly cnpriferoaa.' So far aa yet examined, some half doMn specimens, the diorile of the above deaeriptkm proves to be a fine grained diabase. The diabase forma two bands crossing the St. Franob river here— one having a width ai a quarter of a mile and the other of about fifty feet. The diatanoa betwara them b rather more than a quarter of a mib and b ooomied by very dark g.«phite liuMatooe and greeobh 34 OIOUMUML SO«VBY graj aedinniUrj slAtea. What MppMn to be deritrifiad ghuw WM foand along the oootaot of the dwbMe and the Utter rook. TheM rocka have been here mentioned ender the bead ol • Later Dikeis' because Canadian OOPPn UBPOBITB 3S Chkhical amalvsiis op ttpk room prom thk Mortkrkoiaii UlLLa. MO.... Al,0,. r«;o.. FeO. . MvO.. Sio... kTo... fSo... iLd.. a H, O... 48'8B 17-91 S09 641 S'M 780 6'9B S-M J71 1 u 16 9W-96 11 48'8i> 19-18 4 au 4 94 a-on 798 B-44 1 91 3-47 123 •19 ■W lOO'OS III IV 83 10 1764 3 10 4'6fi 3-94 6-66 6-00 3 10 i-as '66 -46 Of 1 10 4400 27 73 S W S-90 3-30 '94 3-» -4t 1-SO -30 08 "" «0 90 84 10001 66 43 16-90 166 1 63 136 33 6-96 6-36 ■16 -03 40 04 83 U9'78 VI 6177 18-06 177 1 r 1-t '«' Cf. 6S '7'i 16 08 VII VIII 1-10 99-97 67 44 19-4< 1-16 S'Wl 1 281 I ri IX fiO'MI 65 68 19131 a0'.19 i'*i 2-10 1 08 99 60 '.•rai 3-3«l 6 ml 4 gil ■■•i' '49 110 U« 17 •«» ' V-;. O'C. • .'I 06 SI ISO 0U83 I. Kaexitt) (KHexaw) Mt. .Tuhnaon. II. (AndoM) III. (AkeiDK) Sheilonl. IV. .. (HeMow) Brome. V. Nordnukrkite(NoTdmurviko*e)MtJohn»m VIII. ., „ Hbeffuni. IX. Tingtiaite(LaunUltM«)Bruni«. A better knowledge of the igneous rocks of the Eaitem townships, espeoiaUy of the granites and diabMea, ia necessary before their gene- tic relations can be aatia&ctorily diaonsaed. Yet certain general relations may now be dednced, and these ooncluaiona, it ia hoped, may be amplified and more precisely applied at aome later time when all the rocka in qneation have become better known. In general terma it may be aaid that thoae rocks of a definite dis- trict belong to the aame province, (Dr. H. H. Waahington, Journal uf Omk)gy, Vol. VI and VII, " Petrogtraphic Province of Eaaex county, Maaa."), whoae phaaea in their neareat approach to one another do not diflTer more widely than the varioua di£Ferentiates of any aingle maaa. Thna the porphyry-andaaite aeriea diffisrs in ita acid phase from the granites, aa far as the latter are known, chiefly in d^ree of cryatal- lixatimi, not in compoaition. The more baaio phaae of the old vol- oanica, aa has been shown, paasee by differentiation in situ into a rock which has altered into aerpentine. Hence the oldest group seems to torm a connecting link between the granites on one hand and the dia- bases, serpentines, etc., on the other, and, accordingly, these three groups form part of a single petrographio province according to the d^nition quoted above. The Monteregian rocka appear more distinct SfF ■*^^8i oMUMUOAL anmnr tbtooflKMi* Um <|aito exteuive rani* of nuri«tioa witkin theaMlwa. The individafti hilla diibr from one MWtlwr in • oompMstiTvly miall dsgrae. Abo tbair distinotiTS ohMmoterictiM mo not yet found in ujr mBMara in the other xmape of rooks mentioned. SbooU • detailed stndj ol the gimnitea ihow that within them era diflhren- tiated portimis of more bade rook% aa, lor examine, ahould nepheline qrenite be found in amooiatioB with tham, aa it haa been found in aome caaea in die Ha.ting8 diatriot bj Dn. Adama and Bartow, thegr would then aiq>ear aa an aoid extreme toward the eaat of the Mooteragian aeriea. But thia haa not been done, nor is there at fn- sent anj valid reaaon for expecting auch phenomena to be found. While the Ifontengiana fprnr at regular intarfala at upwarda of ten milea aeroaa the plain, no rocka of oonauignineoua tjpea have beea found to tiw eaat of Sheflbrd mountain, although a careful examina- tion haa been made in that direction throaghout the district wherever igneoua rocka are known to occur. In the later dikea an indication of rocka of the Monroceaa of difforentialaon within the cruat of the earth, or during the procees of extruaion, or during die prooeaa of oooUng after extruskm, gives rise to all cl oomut paromi 9t Thtak ttentivM vjmt of *• ongin «f diibnnt I of igneoua roeki by llw fttct m of ilifciMi«iiiiu«- Fuilj ia oppoaitioB to thia ii thM known m tho omiiniUtion theory vhioh rap- poooa igneoua rocka to owe auuiy of their present difleranoeo to the cidor raeki with wUoh thegr twT» eome in eon act, and by whieh they haiTB been nodliled.* Thia theory eooM aoeroely reoei^ mdw any cireaoMtuieea, anoh wide appiiention aa that joat aaaipied to the M i r antktioa theeiy, n a i el y , dmt aU Nohs hate eooio fnm a nni- ▼eraal ooaunon magma and are difliBrentiatod «ady by the niak Batorial with which they oome in oontaot Nor ooaU it be counted a directly eaaential character in large extruaive rolcanic ontputa. But in the oonakleration ot intnuive rodu, where the invading lava nwy for long perioda of time have been alowly taking in and diaaolvi;^ the sur- rouding rook material, the proceaa of magmatio atoping may have made the aaaimilation factor an important one in the modifloation of ignaou» rooks. The Honteregian hills are all intnuive, and are oompaiativaly smaU ^{Beoua masses ; they have penetrated strato of difierent mineral- Ogical and ehemical oompoaitioD. Thus the Hndaoa River mud stones, Trenton limeatones, the graphitio limoatona and black slatea of the Famham and Philipsbuig aeries, as well as the quarts mioa schials of the Sillery, have been penetrated by these rooks, without producing any material change in the rocks themaelvea, beyond a generally well marked endomorphic contact zone. Moreover, the i>edimentary rocks through which the granitee and the diabase seriea have been intruded are generally very simiUr to thoae surrounding the Mn^teragian hills ; in fact, the Hudson River shalea ara the only roc.' . latter region not found in the former. Hence, it would seem hatever the cause may be of the primary magmatio diflerentiatioD '.^ magma which gave riae to the Monteregian hills was primarily diiferant from that which produced the other rocks discussed, with the partial exception already menti•) ^.Sf^-^'?'"**'^ (b«wa« latitudaa 40* and if iO'), by O. M. raiiw VaBMUVw lataiMl. byO. II. DawMm. IHO. (26e.). Oiribooi^iiicdiatriot, ^ A. Bowman. 18S7. (36e ) **«*/• lUiieraJ WeakI, by O. k Daw«m. ' ' W«8t KooUmt diatriot, by O. M. Dawwa. IMO-M. (Ma.). ^Mnloopa diatriet. by O. U. Damoa. 1804. (SSe.) Finlay and OmioMa lUvan, by R. O MeCoanaU. 1004. AtUa L^ mining dlr., by J. C. OwUUm. IMO. (lOe.) Ra«daiid,di 2rSi ^ *i^^w "!?^?' *« J »«• B«n. 1900. ' noi.) FMI aad Wind Rivan, br Cbaa. Can^ll. UpperStowart Rivar. by J. Kede. \n_ j. ,. ,./..« KkMdilu gravaU, Iqr a Q. UcCoimaa. / ^~°«' toother. (lOe.) ALBERTA. M7. Omtral portioo, by J. B. TymU. 1880. (2Sc.) S5- £^ ?""* Athabaaka Rivan diatriet, by R. Q. McConnaD. 700. Yallawhead Pum roata. by J. llnRvov. 1808. Oflc.> 180001 (38a.) ■AMUTOHIWAH. MANITOBA. tlT. •Tt. «■ nt. ■u. HIMtHS BmP, AW lnyh Bl^ W i irtt w n pw ll u * Wiwi tU^Mt " NorthMii Ki Oraw Mvw. BkwM Rtvw TkaOmkaol xnwATiN AMD numcLiif. Ik W:V A. rTUv. IHH. (|Q«.) »- tar D. B. DMritaf . ^ jm. 3»*> bar J.B. ^Mmi D. B. ISo^ioi b]rA. P. Low. l9QftT(l9.()0). ' ONTARIO. (lOo.) »i^»^rCik»'^^.byK.aUwmm. IH7. (28« ) 9M. Uto Buparior, niM* and BOttiMr, bjr B. D. ImdUI. IIM. OOt ) 837. HuntwWMidTby W. ri Anith 180041. (We.) KZ- 2^ »»»• f'«!h Ww thMt, by bT^bU. laiM. (IOb.) SS- J"'''T!^*5f^ TimhAa m i Bg mmfHiikmuAtv A. E. B4rioir. ISM. (la Vol. X. SOe S JS JK <»»P«»I«" 'Ion* KiMrton and Pnabrok* Ry^ by E. D. la^ IMO. (3Sa i ^BQ^^S)'^ countk., by R ^. £u.. l8Mr(3to.)(S» sT' Ml. Ottawa and Tfcdiyty by R W. Elb. 1000. (ifle.) 780. Ptrth ibNt, by R #.'Elk. 19«). (10c.) •73. ftidbury Ntekrt aad Omper drpo^t.. by A. K. Barlow. (In Vol. XIV. «0o.) •77. Report on Pembroke ehaat. Out., by R W. Ella. (10c ) 9«1. lUprlBl o< No. 873. * ' 003. " "073. \ IMS. QUEBB». 2I«. W e t aail n l espwlttlon, by A. P. Low. 1884^. (lOe.) 24a Oonapton, Btaaataad. Deaum, Richmond and Woi^e aoi.ntiae, by R. W Elb. *"■ *^*fLW'mr^i^T^3S'\^'^' ^•""'''•^ "xl Montraaitny oountiee. by 287. Mineral reMNireaa, by R. W. EUa. ISM. (25c.) «m. Portaeuf, Quebaa and Montmagny eountiee. by A. P. Low. 180041. (Ifle.) flTO. Eaatem townatiipa, Montreal theet. by R W. Ella and F. D. Adanu. 1804. ( Iflc). B70. Aunferou* dpporiU, Soutbeastera portion, by R. Chalrocr,. 18«S. (30o.) 52i- i^"T*?'*'»" •"*• ■°'**» "^ *•>• ImUad of Montreal, by F. U Adanu. t89». (15c.) 673. I^mwkanunc map-sheet, bv A. E. Harlow. 1896. (Stto.) (In Vi>l 10. 80c) Eaetem townahipa. Three Kiveni nhMst. by R. W. ElU. 18W. (3lte.) Arsenlettil, Wnght. I^belle and Pontine eountit^. by R. W. Ella. 1889. (35e.) (See No. 739, Ontario). Xottaway baain, by R. Bdl. 1900. (iSe.) .™. Welle on Island of Montreal, by F. D. A.lam*. 1901. (30e.) * 923. Clubongamou region, by A. P. Low. 1905. (lOo.) 707. 73B. 7RS. ma ri w 1 1 1 1; J ft VNOAVA AND LARRADOR, **f»ii MMl ■•y. ^ R- R^l. taoA ( ijw > of HildKMi May, l>r A. r. Ixhv. ' " P Low Ilkt5 (me I mmtw Bay, by A I*. I^» l« :aMlb liiof*) Biui I'imi m Hay, by A. l^ l»»;-«l. (M«.) «. (lOi.) P. Uw. ) . . ^- — J (Morlll ikor*), by R. IMI ?7>. rfuitiMi Ba«, MMt roaat. by A. P, Law ivt)l. t». Naatapoha laiaada, l><.i«aa Bay. by A P. Low I MM. trnh.) (Ma.) laul. (io») WEW BHUNHWICK AND NOVA SOOTIA. |1« Waatani Haw Rninawtrk ami Raatarn Nova »etiUm. bjr R. W. EUa. ItM. (90*.) 9ta. CariatuB aad Vl< t<>ria •■.m., I.v L. W. Hallinr. IMA. raOc.) Ma. Viatfiria, KMtir>ui-h« nn.! V.irUtumbarlanrt rawntiM, N.B., by L. W. HaUay and W Mrlnn«» IXM. (lOe.) 943 Ouy>tmr»U||h. AntiK.wi'.h Pwlou, OalnhaOw and HaIUa> aeuntlaa, N S., by Hit«h F&trlii-r mkI £. k. Kartbault. l8aS. (lie.) 3AB. NortlMrn portt<>t> mxI autbw««tiH« Nova itrotia ( PrtMininary ) , by L. W. Bailay. 198943. (lOa.) 039. Houthwwuini Nova Hrotla. by L. W. IMk>y. 1900. (9da.) Ml. Minaral mourcaa, N it., by I.. W HaiUy. 1N07. (I0«.) Now HruiMwirk fninay, by R. W. Ella tl«M7. (lOp ) 7it7. Cambrian rocka of Cape Hralon. by U. K. Matthew. IQ4M. 7m. CarbtHiifonMu nyMMD in N II , by L. W. Hailry. 1000. (l<>i.) 909. Coal i)ttM>p*eu IB N. H., by H 8. PI«. 1900. (tOe.) 971. Pletou eoal field, by H. H. Prxilo IINRI. (to*,) (OOl!., I liound tocothar. I4f I rg IN PRE8B. 070. Raport oa Niagara Falta, by Dr. .1. W. Spanoer. 969. Raport to aenonipanv map of thn Mnnw Mountain area. Alta . by D. D. Catmw. 974. Oopper Bearinc Rot'kli of Eaatem Towmhlpa, by J. A. DraaMr. (lOo.) 990. Hmitkampcn dbtript, U.C, bvCha*. CanuwII. (tiv.) 999. Conrad Mining diatrirt, Yukon, by I). I). CiUmva. (UK.) 999. Tallnra rallay, B C, by W. W. Laarh. (lUr.) IN PREPARATION. Roaalaad diatriet. B.C. (full rrtwrt). by R. W, Brock. Raport on Prinea EdwartI rounty, Rrorkvillc and KinRxton map-shept, by R. W. Ell.<. Baport on Cornwall aherl, by R. W. ElU. Reporta on Country between Lake Superior and AJbany river, by W. J. Wilion and W. H. (\jllin!>. Tranaooniinental loratiua between Lake XipigDa and Btunceon lake, Ont., by W. U. CoUina. Ml Naw Wt!>itmiiuit«r dintri' t«. H.C., by O. K. l.uKuy. (B.- -PvUithed 6v the .Vina Branth.) ilepoKita b>- magnetoinetrir meaauro- On tba kwatinn and examination of raaxnetir on- ments. Kufcrne Hanm'l. 19()4. Bapori of the (uiiuuiKiiiiu nji|i'>intf