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Tous les autres exemplaires originiiux sont film4s en commcn^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'Hiustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symbpler suivants apparaitra sur Ja dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, salon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUiVRE". le symbole V signifle "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tabieeux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. 11 est film6 A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche i droite, et de haut en bas. en prenanr !o nombre d'iniages nAcessaire. Les dia^rammes suivants illustrant la mAthode. lure, J 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 IBP ?' O V ^ ' ^•^ OTTAWA : THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1884. WM WmmM mmmwmm AGENTS OF THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT. TO WHOM REFERENCE MA Y BE MADE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM :- LONDON Sir Charles Tuppcr, K. C. M. G., High Commissioner for the Dominion, lo Victoria Chambers, London, S.W. Mr. J. Colmcr, Secretary, High Commissioner's Office, (address as above). LIVERPOOL. Mr. John Dyke, 15 Water Street. GLASGOW.. ..Mr. Thomas Grahame, St. Enoch Square. BELFAST Mr. Charles Foy, 29 Victoria Place. DUBLIN Mr. Thomas Connolly, Northumuerland House. BPaSTOL......Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge. IN CANADA:- Tho following aro tbo agents of tho Canadian GovTornmont in Canada : — QUEBEC. ......Mr. L. Stafford, Point Levis, Quebec. TORONTO.... Mr. ) A. Donald- 1, Strachan Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. OTTAWA Mr. W. J. Wilis, Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario. MONTREAL.. Mr. J. J. Daley, Bonaventure Street, Montreal, Prov. of Quebec. KINGSTON ...Mr. P.. Macpherson, William Street, Kingston, Ontario. HAMILTON. . Mr. John Smith, Great Western Railway Station, Hamilton, Ont. LONDON Mr. A. G. Smyth, London, Ontario. HALIFAX Mr. E. Clay, Halifax, Nova Scotia. ST. JOHN Mr. S. Gardner, St. John, New Brunswick. WINNIPEG... .Mr. W. C. B. Grahame and Mr. H. J. Maas, German Assistant, Winnipeg, Manitoba. EMERSON... .Mr. J. E. Tetu, Railway Station, Emerson, Manitoba. BRANDON....Mr. Thos. Bcnnet (Mr. Julius Eberhand, German Assistant), Office ?«■ the Railway Station. QU'APPELLE mx . J. Baker, Troy, Qu'Appelle, N.W.T. PRINCE ARTHUR...Mr. j. M. McGovem. VICTORIA, B. C Mr. John Jessop. Theso Qlflcers will afford tho fullest adrico. Thoy should be immediately applied to on arrival. Ail complaints should be addressed to them. They will also furnish information as toLandis open for settlement in their respect- ive Provinces and Districts, Farms for .Sale, demand for employment, rates of wages, routes of travel, distances, expenses of conveyance j and will receive and forward letters and remittances for Settlers, &o. f/at Maps and Pamphlets will be furnished pratis and post-free on •pplication, by letter, addressed to «* Department o? Agricultui , Ottawa, Canada." tr the Idress da :— ucbec. 1, Ont. iistant, stant), liately They sspect- :, rates 'eceivd ication, newTbrunswick VthIt??;5res°o?Sm^ '867 and consisted ori^'nally then British Columbia, Prince Edward fLla^nKf^^^^'l ^"^ i^'=^ Brunswick fsincJ tones have been added, so tSt CaTada his now an"'^^^^^ '."^ '^^ ^^"^ West Tm'! square miles, nearly as large as all EuroDe and h^« .^^ f ?''*''*' *^^" three million million sous. Each of Ihe K^es of Can J' '^'' ''*"" °^ ^°"' ""'^ "^ ^""^^ distinguish It from the others. British Columhf.K-t,-^ *«atures which grazing and lumbering count yrrndalSen^aees?^^^^ "" '^^ ^^^'■«^' '^ ^ *"«"'"?. toba and the North West IWri/rTritc i- ^"S^^^s m fjshirtg and agr culture ManN being a valuable grazing re.io?OnLnn if °" • T*'* ^^^^^ ^^'^^ a port oTof it also also valuable lumberi,rg3 minbTint^rest^l^l'.t ^^T"'^"'-^^^"""^^ bm has agriculture and fishing""; Prince Tdwa?d Island i^^^ itself to 'lumber, engages m the fisherief. In Nova ScoHa thi fil • ""^'"^^ agricultural, but also the leading industries, while in New Brunswick Z^' '^"?''r ?"^ '^'"'"^ ^'^ fishing and mm ng,-the latter to a iTmi ted extent Ill^'ll lumbering, agriculture, Canada engage largely in manufacfurini and fn M i the Provinces of Eastern who desi?es\f b ueH s cS^? bTIr.'"^- "^ ^'^ '° ^''^ '"^-b''t-"t of Europe in none of the Provinc^^l of Canada ca^ST ,!*'*" '^^ Dominion of Canada a Jd better prospect of rising by his own fndJt^^a ^IT%:^'^''\^'''J"'^^^ «««Ie with a New Brunswick. ^ ^ " mdustry to a condition of independence than in part of the Austrian Emnire lie in a n.!l. V , 9^™^" Empire, and u great New Brunswick. To iSuafe his fn^f "^''therly latitude than any portion of of New Brunswick, is in he ttitude "f' LvVn's K f ^ 5^*. ^^ J^"^"' ^he^hief city capital, IS in the latitude of the lake of Como ' ^I'r '^"^^Xf "'" I F'-^dericton, the town in the Province, is in the l-tiM.rf^ nf J^ '• . "^ Campbellton, the most northerly Brunswick is, theiefo're o peak "Sne^aUerm^ and Vienna. The climate of New the inferior of Europe 'which He in^e lameTatir Z f l""-}^'^' ""^'^""'^ P°«'""s ^f trom that of the British Islands. latitude, but it is materially diflFerent CLIMATE settle? wh"l""°/.ot'rriTau^^^^^^^^ ^^"'"^''"^ blocks of the intending concerns his h^aS^ih'anJ^'oSt irtheTaKX"h\'"^J'f' ^^''^ very closely resident of the British Islands knows thartheciTm.i f i"- ^^°"^ *" '■^'"°^^- ^he mam delectable, that it is damn and nnhP^U,, *? °^ ^"^ ^^""^'■y '^ "ot in the and bronchial affection ye L shudders wh'eKT?'"^ rheumatism, consumption as if snow and frost were utterlv , ni. when he hears of the snows of Canada that cold is the onlyl'hrng'to be gu'arSed "dnst ht n"^ °^ ^'' '''''''' ^his feehng Of mducmg people to 'rni,rJ''t^f^:,S',^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,2, un^iiilcct to European contetitut'ions, and where a native of the United Kingdom becomes speedily afflicted with incurable diseases, which shorten his dt.ys. Jf the climate of a country is to be judged by its eifects on animal life, then the tlim; >te of New Brunswick may be pronounced one of the best in the world. Nowhere do men and women grow to finer proportions than in New Brunswick ; nowhere docs the human frame attain to greater perfection and vigor, or is the life of inan extended to a longer term. This is proved conclusively by the statistics of inortality and by the records of the British army, which show that the death rate is lower in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia than m almost any other country gar- risoned by British soldiers. As it is with men and women, so also is it with domestic animals in Canada. Horses, cattle and Hve stock of all kinds, imported from Great Britain, not only maintain their excellence but improve in the Canadian climate, and so much is this the case that many cattle bred in Canada, of the best strams o. Dlood, have been sent to England, and there commanded very large prices for breeding pur- boses, as superior to any animals of the same blood in England. , • j In this matter of climate, however, it is important that the emigrant who intends to go to New Brunswick should not be, in any sense, deceived. The climate of New Brunswick is radically and essentially different from that of Great Biltain in two respects : the air is much dryer a d the range of the thermometer is greater. There is a considerable difference betwec: J the climate on the coast of the Bay of tundy and that of the interior, the former being milder and less subject to extremes of heat and cold. At St. John the range of the thermometer is from 17 below zero to 88 above, a range of temperature which differs but little from that observed in Scotland. At Fredericton, which may be taken as a fair representative of the climate of the interior, the range is from 100 above to 24 below zero. These ranges are, however, extreme, and may not be reached once in five years. At St. John the temperature "but rarely falls below zero, and the average winter temperature would probably be ao above. In the same manner, the extreme of heat is rarely reached, but the heat and •cold are more felt in St. John than they would be in the interior at the same tempera- ture This is owing to the air on the coast being damper than in the interior ; and it may be safely affinned that the cold would be more felt In Scotland with the ther- mometer at zero than in the interior of New Brunswick with the thermometer at 24 below zero. Such extremely low temperatures are very exceptional, and are simply episodes which vary the ordinary winter climate, which is, as a rule, moderate and plea«:ant. These '^cold snaps," as they are called, never las. more than three days, and frequently but one, and they seem to be caused by Arctic currents of air which svieep periodically across the whole of North America, rapidly lowering the tempera- ture from Canada to Florida. These " cold snaps " are really felt more, and are fre- quently more severe in the United States, than in any part of Eastern Canada, and New Brunswick and Nova Scotia often escape them altogether, owing to the impulse which sets these moving zones of cold in motion being exhausted before these Pro- vinces are reached. . , . j ,• 1 r 1 i.-i- * Viewed as a whole, the winter climate of New Brunswick is delightful, exhilirat- ing and healthy. The winter is the farmer's season of recreation and enjoyment, of drives and merry meetings, and in the towns it is the time of social pleasure, of parties and balls. Moreover, the action of the frost on the ground has a high economic value, and enables the farmer to dispense with the many ploughmgs which are necessary in England for the purpose of getting the soil into proper condition for The usual range of seasons in New Brunswick is quite uniform. Winter may properly be said to begin about the middle of November, and between that and the end of the month the rivers will be sealed up with ice. Snow sometimes falls in November, but always in small quantities, and at St. John it rarely remains on the ground until about the middle of December, but in the interior it may come a lew days earlier. By the end of March the snow will have mostly disappeared, and in April the rivers reopen. The .spring is short and somewhat raw, but the summer comes on with flying footsteps, and the transition irom winter to summer is extremely rapid. It is like a grand awakening of nature,— the buds open, the grass springs up, .3 suTmerTvclre'rvml^^^^^^ ZT' l^^^'f'- ?"^ '"""^'^ ^^ ^ew Brunswick and September, and then comes the «o. luSi ■^"'^' ''*"? 'j^'-^es^ns '" August ,ca, t£ autumn, which oZlZ wiVSh'aJJSnT^^^^^^^^ lio^e^mTer'^"'"^'^' All u RIVERS. sides''ii'S"?L^1n,ST nearly square, being surrounJed on three Chaleur, to the 'c.U ward the Gulf of s/ l." "' northern boundary lies the Bay of land, and to the sou hUie Bay of FuLv TW?'^ ^""^ '^^ ^^'^''' ?^ Northumber- and very few hi-h 1 llV the p?L,«? n'^' T*^*^'^* ^J^ "^ mountains in the Province feet above the ivel of the sea^Sv^^^^^^^ bemg not more than two thousand may, therefore, be be t de'-cribcd as iLlllnr^'' '? '"&>? .^^ ^^at. New Brunswick level land, but in peiSrisin"imo<^.nH,? countiy, with some tracts of perfectly For this reason it fs one of Z hi. ^J^ imdulating hills with wide valleys between, a square r^Ue of errUory wUhom 'i^ unnlnThJ^^^^ '" '^-^ ^^''%l^'^- Y^^^g hardly ihS^r^^s^i- BBS i{^^^!!^ be counted iar<-e rivers in Fncrlnn!}' a u"^ °^ ^"^^ volume that they would Aroostock" TS,iq«rKesw^?k J^^^ these may be named the Madawaska. some of which are naA'iSe' for rS' ^'P'^of'". Nerepis and Kennebeccasis the latTcr behf^ on^^nf/h ^^% Lepr^^"^. the Magaguadavic and the St. Croix, Maine EastTf^St^ohJ tr,.™1fy ^^'r^"" ^^^^ Brunswick and the State of the Bay of Fundy ^ " ' °"' ^^'^^ "'''' '^^ Petitcodiac, flowing into bein^?m4°rd^s^nf IwKIh P.?'"'?^ '•''^ ^^^ Restigouche and Miramichi, both th^Bav Chalenr w ^i""''''"? "-V'^' '•" '""^th. The Restigouche, which flows into sahnon^ ht M^ • f^T""^ nnutanes and branches, and is a famous resort for salmon. he Miramichi flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is & -Vnf Jr^pt tho'e'from ;hT°?f"?'.^''%?'P"^^"^^ "f l"-'^«r from [fbdng only con^to tributarLs Th. S^n'^?^"; l\ ^J^'^'-^}^^'^ has two great brafches^.J ?«any iMDutanes The Nepisiquit which flows nto the Bay Chaleur is also i lartrp r CJ^r fefh.,?/ ''' f n "" P°?'^' ^"' "°* "•'^^•'•^^^'^'^ .''.bove\-ts estuar^ The TaSsii Sc' Uwre^nco fu thT-'^'"" are considerable rivers w-hich flow^into fhc Gulf o It! tif/prn • ■ : "^ "''^'■'' "^'"^ ''^^■'' '"numerable branches and tributaries oenetrate Ch\leur rd^G^lf of s7 T""'' '"' '''' ^"\^ ''''''' ^^ ^^^ "^^- flowing So^KBay Barof Fundv fw^t" V^^-fe^^aPProach so closely to the rivers flowing into the traveSe from onL se. ^n /i""^'?.' ^'^^% '^^""^ '™^ immemorial been accustomed to Ai^fZrl ^u ^ ^.'^ *^'° °^'^^'' '" their canoes, having to carry them but a short hasTassed7nt?rV^';7'"^ ^'"'" ''■\"''^"^? "portages" b| the Indians and "the te^ M^ior Rnhin^T t"^'^ ^™"'?8 ^^o^ °^'^«^ inhabitants of the Province. • of the Ssh Govern'n^lnr^ '1^5 explored New Brunswick, under direction Parliainent :- ' describes the Province in his Report io the Imperial to SDeSftoo1,icSi^''^ Ti.'°'''- •''"'^ capabilities of New Brunswick it is impossible waSred An S; ,?^'^''Vl"°* ''* ^"."ntry in the world so beautifully wooded and SouHts s rSsTn^^'tl '^^ '"^ -P '^i" '^^^' ^'^'-^^ '^•^'■^ '^ scarcely Lection of it iteb^Snrrvare^^'.W K, f '"""'"^i ^'"^^^ -^^^'^^ navigable river.' Two-thirds of \is Doundary are washed by the sea ; the remainder is embraced by the large rivers. ^-»- • }^A % J°^",^"'^ Restigouche. For beauty and richness of scenery this latter river and us brandies are not lo be surpassed by anything in Great Britain. The lakes oi jNew lirunsvvick arc numerous and most beautiful; its surface is undulating, hill ana dale varying to the mountain and valley. The country can everywhere be penetrated by its streams. In sonic parts of the interior, by a portage of three or oTth'^Ba' orFund^^" ^°^'*^^ *'*'''"' *° ^'^^ ^^^ °^ Chaleurs or down to St John, THE SOIL. PROFESSOR JOHNSTON'S REPORT. The greatest length of New Brunswick from North to South is 230 miles and its width 190 miles: its urea is 27,178 sauare miles or 17,394,410 acres. This area cor- responds pretty closely with Scotland, which is put down by the Board of Agriculture . at 18,944,000 acres, but not more than one-fourth of the area of Scotland is capable of cultivation, whereas three-fourths of the area of New Brunswick is capable of profit- able cultivation, and much of the remainder could readily be brought into use should land become scarce. The most complete account of the capabilities of the soil of New BruKSwick was that prepared by Prof. J. F. W. Johnston, F.R.S., in 1849. That gentleman, at the instance of the Legislature, visited the Province and made a very thorough examination of its soil, which was embodied in a report published in 1850. Prof. Johnston was the most eminent agricultural chemist of his day, and, although fuller information in regard to the geological character of the country has since beeivs obtained than he possessed, hi.s report being based on correct principles, still holds its place as the foremost authority on the subject. Prof. Johnston constructed an agricultural map of the Province, in which he' divided the soil into five varieties, numbered from one to five according to quality. >' The first quality, of which he estimated that there was 50,000 acres in the Prov- ince, consisted of river intervales, alluvial islands and marsh lands. This area was mostly confined to the course of the River St. John and Petitcodiac and the neighbor- hood of Sackville. This land he estimated as being capable of producing two and a ■ half tons of hay or 50 bushels of oats to the acre. The second quality of land, which he estimated at 1,000,000 acres, comprised the best upland of the Province and a consideiuble area of marsh and intervale. The upland under this class lies mainly in the counties of Carletor, Victoria, Madawaska and Restigouche. Prof. Johnston estimated this land as being capable of producing two tons of hay or 40 bushels of oats to the acre. Later investigations have shown that the area of land of this quality was estimated by Prof. Johnston far too low, and that the estimated area should be increased to a.ooojooo acres. The thhd quality of land, capable of producing one and a half tons of hay or 3© bushels of oats to the acre, consisted, according to Prof. Johnston, of good second rate upland, and had an area of 6,950,000 acres. It represents the medium soils of the Province, The fourth quality, of which there were, according to Prof. Johnston's estimate, 5,000,000 acres, consisted for the most part of light sandy or gravelly soils, hungry for manure, but easily worked, or of stony and rocky ground, which is difficult and expen- sive to clear, but productive when cleared. He estimated the agricultural value of this land at one ton of hay to the acre or 20 bushels of oats. The fifth class of soil was estimated at 5,000,000 acres, and consisted of soils which in their 'hen condition appeared incapable of cultivation. It •'vcludcd bogs, barrens and tracts of swampy country. This land he did not consider >.^ u? all abso- lutely irreclaimable, but to be unfit for culture or settlement until much larger progress had been made»in the general improvement of the Province. As a matter of fact, some of this land, as will be seen further on, has been reclaimed and is among the best and most productive soil in the Province, superior even to that rated by Pro£ Johnston as No. i. Prof. Johnston, basing his conclusions on the above estimate of the land, entered into a series of elaborate calculations to discover what population New Brunswick could support from its agriculture alone. His estimate was that if all the availab e 8 land in fhe Province was devoted tff the growth of human food it would suooort • Dopulatmn of 5 600,000, supposing the coal beds of the Province to be a vaZbtefii fuel. But on the supposition that the whole of the fuel needed «ouW have to l« ^ tamed from the forests, he est mated that the Dooulution wKJrK T- v ■ ?1 which could be supported by agriculture probably lies between these two cstimaLtM for there can be no doubt that a very considerable proportion ^f thrfuelTeeSd^S be obtained from the mines of the Province Thp fnlL«,s«„ ^^^ • "*^^ couw inate,of Professor Johnston as to^he popufatiorLd Hrftorrfhr p" °' *''' ^" support from agric'ultur.. relying wholfy Sn ifrfo?"", t fS and Vhaf iricSSK fntSestCfg"- ""''"^ '° *'' ""="» '' •'«'• «"^ "°^ ^» by aViciStuTe.'iill li'SliSl M«n. jomen . ^d child«n ., H:' .^t2X'o^*^ '^"H^T' c«ui";:;::v.'.*.'.;**.'." .'v.v.v * ^^'^^ 's»!97s Sheepand Pigs.... .....V J'^'^ ^"'S^ wick^were :- ^"''"'*°"'' """"^"^'^"^ •■" '■^g^'-d to the soil and climate of New Brunf tiono/Jm're\Vst min^^^^^ '^^P^'''^ '' P-^-'"^ food for a ppputo.; K«,=ri' -^f *V" ^H capability of growing all the common croos on which man and in quantity or quality, to those of average soils of Lr ' ''^^■"°'' *''*'' • 1 . fac^. 't may be stated that at London an jjons New Rnm.- wick took the first prize for oats, the weight being til,. "J Uie bushS^ ' OTHER INDEPENDEiVT OPFNiC;- WooLU-?^^'"' J^^^* Sparrow, an English tenant farmer v..v) tksn resided at Seta^ffifc :S^:'S^:^Stit^^^t^^ ^^"'^"^-^ of agriculturist "1^^^^ inter^aTetoShe ?t ?nhf r'fi°" !'' J'^'''^ ''\^l'' '^^" "^^'"gable character, the nViA iniervaies ot the M. John, the fine landi around Sussex, the rich marshes of Sarkvill*^ and ferule lands of many other parts, much richly timbered whrhSdwocSD-^n^ nn!5 i??' hacmatac, spruce, etc. Us valuable fisheries, healthy climate anrpu^'waS? ^.n hi ^''^^"^"t. harbor for ships at Saint John, I do' not think that N^wEnlSS raJt'^fr^:^;^^^^^^^^^ ^-*"- ^^ ^-^^^ --pt by some ^f ?hrriS «,»,«o» i!f well adapted for grain, such as wheat and barley, and especially oats buck- wheat, etc. I believe that fall wheat may be successfully cultivated It fs a JSd country for producing root crops, such as Swedish turnips, Mangolds beets ^m^ nS« f ^^^'^r"-^'"^' of vegetables to the greatest perfection. There'areS parts of the Province well suited for fuit growing ; The apple -rowlTo maSritl ataosc as well as .„ the Province of Ontario, if the trees be plamed in Theltered oS with a southwest aspect, and protected from the northeast wint I" ^''''''"^ P^«» Archbishop Connoiiy, the late Roman Catholic Archbishop of Novra Scotii^ speaking of New Uriinswick, said : — " He had sncnt years in Italy, hat! been twice in France : he knew every co-imy in Ireland, and had seen most of Engl.ind and many other countries, but he never saw any other country teeming wiih greater abundance of everything ne( essa^y for the sustenanre of man ; no country more highly endowed by Providence with beauty ind fertility than New Brunswick appeared to |iim to be when on his visitation ; during the sum'ner season he travelled through variour districts, and saw on every side field* of potatoes and corn and vegetables, such as could nowhere be exceeded, and tbo people .. a corresponding degree comfortable, happy and Independent." Macgregor, in his work on British America, speiiking of the forest, says :— • " It is impossible to exaggerate the beauty of these forests— nothing under btiaven can be compared to its effulgent grandeur. 7wo or three frosty nights in the decline of autumn transform the boundless verdure of a whole empire into c. try pos- sible tint of brilliant scarlet, rich violet, ever/ shade of blue and brown, vivid crimson and glittering yellow. The stem inexorable fir trees alone maintain their eternal sombre green ; all oth';o4 Peas and Beans •' ^0677 Buckwheat, " " noA^ar Corn, .. ::.: •.::•.:: T;:^ potatoes, " 4,041,339 ujrcr roots, ■■ ^^^j^^ **ay» tons 324,166 1871. 203,592 70,547 3044.134 23.792 45.056 1,231,091 27,658 6-562,355 6o5.72I 9C358 344,793 I881. 521.956 84,183 3,297,534 18.268 43.'2i 1,587,223 18,159 6,961,016 » 59 ,043 -414.046 12 The following table shows the yield of the principal cereal crops in each county of New Brunswick for 1880, as shown by the census of 1881 ;— WHKAT, OATS, BARLEY, BUCKWHKAT, COUNTIES. bushels. bushels. bushels. . bushels. A»*»* 21,487 98,413 3,519 76,18a St. John 1,145 46,867 80 9,734 Ch"lo»te 30,424 89,631 3,633 28,446 ^n^s 4S.60I 333.995 '.033 3".348 Qn«»e »7>8ii »59.o5i 174 176,191 Sanbnry 12,204 60,496 2,463 47|32I J[o* 59,440 390,444 2.129 169,834 f^^^'c*?" 90,869 ^850.851 5,304 324,556 Victona 30,013 132,754 2,057 70,959 Madawaska 14,255 66,267 2,8l6 ^/68,73B Kent 57,730 282,858 6,830 70,921 Northumberland 20,662 243,966 2,232 35,593 Gloucester 28,353 153-834 20,977 24,187 Restigouche 10,984 77,534 3,827 16,930 Westmoreland 81,495 3^0,574 27,453 156,389 Totals for Province 521,956 3.297,534 84,183 1,587,223 The following table, compiled from the census of 1881, shows the yield of root crops, peas and beans and hay, in each county of the Province for the year 1880: — POTATOES, ■ TURHIPS, OTHER ROOTS, PEAS AND BEANS, HAT, COUNTIES. bushels. bushels. bushels. bushels. tons. Alhert 3i7>399 33,093 3.389 895 27,670 St. John 128,824 28534 14,813 281 12,835 Charlotte 304,811 104,516 15,810 3,604 27,516 King's 7.34.369 83,591 13,793 2.452 63,330 Qaeen's 405.9J9 30.459 5.347 »,85o 34,001 Snrbury »94.937 34.804 12,922 1, 194 16,595 York 558,862 193,402 26,853 4,785 45,499 Carleton 662,595 112,687 10,433 8,302 42,209 Victoria 129,102 4', 73° 1,I79 3,261 7,906 Madawaska 122,664 6,074 339 8,383 8,245 Kent 975.630 37.915 »,6i8 832 18,286 Northumberland 512,944 70.098 4,817 1,960 21,026 Gloucester 717,567 47,848 2,137 1,738 14,435 Restigouche 189,501 29,094 1,682 872 - 6,566 Westmoreland 1,005,802 134,491 43,899 2,712 67,957 6,961,016 990,336 159,043 43,121 414.046 The following table, compiled from the census of 1881, shows the quantities of the various products named which were produced in each county of New Brunswick in the year 1880 : — Home Made Home Made Home Made .1 •• » 1 t- Coun*i«B Butter, Cheese, Woollen Cloth, 0^? , * Maple Sugur Pou ids. Pounds. Yards. Bushels. Pounds. Albert 365.752 4,223 35.434 10,996 82,620 St. John 155.129 476 2,234 756 150 Charlotte 614,295 1,179 30,220 13,704 702 King's 971.184 11,620 68,766 24,350 24,287 Qaefn's 511.253 58-395 53.495 23,130 4,141 Snnbury 202,278 6,035 18,846 7,960 >,395 Vork 883,808 34,003 81,944 54,624 43,186 Carle:on 1,003,359 15,738 82,903 68,788 58,828 Victoria iSr" Madawaska 214,634 3'7** 58-963 237 142,500 Westmoreland 848,175 28,087 117,086 13,998 33.377 Kent 217,539 1,481 97,113 10,587 24,531 Northumberland 291,622 2,458 55i02o *»5i6 3,705 Gloucester i47,oi4 134 86,433 37^ 26,312 Hcstigouche 191, x34 4,S94 20,005 74 7.280 6,527,176 172,144 808,462 231,096 453,124 13 f ■ ' UNGRANTED AND IMPROVED LANDS. Below we give a statement of the estimated contents, in acres, o*- the Province of Jltrn?"'"^''^' 'ir'"i? 't *".'^^ '^^?*^"*^' ^"'^ Sra^'^d and located and acres stiH jracant_and owned by the Provmce, in the respective Counties, at 31st De"e" be" Connty. '^°^*^ contents Acres granted Acres still in acres. and located. vacant Restigouch... 1,849,000 216,332 1612668 Gloucestrr ,,077,060 438 ^^5 ''^^2,668 Ke°nf :"'.".'!!'.. ::::.: vt't^ ^'^^4 ^96?:'" TiSr^'-^ i'^ '-:°7^ ^:^ ^/"!" 429,000 363,649 6?7ei St. Tolm 174.810 ^^n nT^ °5>35' Charlotte fj'^ l£,7i6 25,094 Kin<»'o o'f/.wo 424,9»9 422,011 5^'"S8 901,000 760,652 r4o,,48 Car, eto; 'I'.l'T ''^01,943 820 057 ™"'^-, 1,208,200 1,090,399 u/soT ■^"'^^^ 17,393,410 9,982,498 7,410,912 The following statement, compiled from the census of 1881 shows the area of each County m the Province, the acreage of land occupied, and the acreage improved showmg Its condition at the time the census was taken :_ ^ improved, Counties. L^U o^Z%,. Infp^c^^d. Unde^s. ^^^ ^HT.T i}^'\ 429,000213,871 61,798 38,723 22.266 '"■"''''&XJ ?M,°';r' »374,8io 1,3,088 25,497 14 301 1097? S? SK ^'7'°°° "'^/^^ 97,9S3 48,600 48,652 70? Ou"fn%" ^°''°°° 446,944 189,531 "3.640 74,328 ,.s?3 g"Xrv ^47'°°° 325.333 100,319 68,686 30,513 lA^ ?""k y' ,r°'"°° ^33,281 36,902 28,756 7,654 'IT2 i,°^^ 2,222,000 496,226 132,753 88,477 42 ■:2Q jZit ^^:' /f8- 383.328 i5'o,7'?? iio:^^; tif,i \:iti »vi '; i,2o8,2co i4o,7i;9 32,316 2i;,i74 7004 1,8 ^t'r"'' 971,000 149.893 46.859 32487 14^6 '^6 Kent i.ioi,coo 269.845 83,642 64.498 18 471 at, Nortflumberland 3,046,640 265,148 53416 44,934 lilz til ^^''"^"'^•- 1.077,960 189,346 J8.639 2 612 5845 Ul Resugouche, ,,849,000 ,02,558 21,8^3 76, 566 5,4? S Westmoreland. __822^ jeo.^is^ ^090^ n^_^23 I stU t,^l » 7, 393, 4 10 3,809,621 1,253,299 849.678 392,169 "i,"]^ LIVE STOCK. ^.uV^^ f>5"owing table compiled from the census of 1881 shows the Live Stock in each County in the Province at that period. Horse,. Work|j,g MiW. Otho^^omed Sheep. Swine. si-Tohn.:.::::::::::::: ''^^^ ^it t^iii -:'°?« ^^-^^s ,,6,s KYnLc I' 4^ '♦^'^ 7,970 6,1 „ ,5,136 2.464 King?................. 6,3,0 ,,7,3 ,4,76, ,2,709 28,702 5,47? 14 HorscB, Working Milch Other Homed Sheep. Swine. Oxen. Cows. C*ttle. Queen's 3- "4 '.03S 8."3 7.084 13.743 J.734 Sunbury 1,342 226 3,566 3,978 5,923 1,588 York,.!^: S.998 445 '3.066 10.862 22,537 4.414 Carleton, 6,380 352 12,435 '^.972 24.637 4,34l Victoria and j 061 4,422 4.369 '2,756 3,921 Madawaska, ) o>j j ^ Kent 3.761 337 6,612 8,103 19,034 S.599 Nortl.u'n-.berland 3,5'6 222 6.765 7.028 16,534 6,732 Gloucester, 2,381 768 4.619 4,446 .3.7'9 6,495 Restigoucbe i,i45 56 2,136 1,762 5.623 '.247 Westmoreland 7.29« '.659 ".54 » '5.47' ^9.992 5.407 Totals 52,975 8,812 103,965 99,783 221,163 53,087 The following table, compiled from the census of 1881, shows the animals killed or sold, the pounds of wool obtained, and the honey made in each county of the Prov- ince for the previous year : — Catlle Killed Sheep Killed Swine Killed Pounds of Pounds cJ or sold. or sold. or sold. Wool. Honey. Albfrt 1,98^ 4,378 2,858 37,75' 662 St. John 827 956 I,i3» 7.228 36 Charlotte 2,487 7,365 2,730 48,148 4,646 King's 4,Cr4 14,974 8,449 108,561 12,766 Queen's 2,510 5,814 5,100 53,369 4.546 Sunbury 1,037 1,956 ',819 22,256 3,100 York 4,13' 'f^.747 5.896 87,709 29,818 Carleton 4,^26 12,499 6,703 103,020 12,910 Victoria and Mad.waska i,8-,o 4.807 3,752 42,346 2,6o6 Kent 1,884 3,810 5,065 53,843 145 Northumberland 2,on 4,463 4,o74 39.691 1.177 Gloucester 1,176 2,265 4,556 36,358 Restigf.uche 626 1,883 1,145 '^.252 17 Wesrmoreland 5,783 12,826 6,626 102,196 5,774 35,414 88,743 59,904 760,531 78.203 A great deal of attention has been paid of late years, both by the Governmentand by private breeders, to the improvement of the live stock of the Province. This is a matter that for at least thirty years has excited a very lively degree of interest in all connected with agriculture, and although there is still great room for improvement, the stock of the best New i3runswick farmers M'ill compare favorably with that of any country. Recently the government has established a stock farm, which, in ccnnec- tion with the efforts of private enterprise, is likely to be productive of much benefit. The "native" horned cattle of the Province, as they are termed, originally came from New England and New York, and were of mixed breeds. They are hardy and active, generally good milkers, and although not well adapted for fat cattle,-have many excellent qualities for crossing with the improved breeds. The grade cattle, the pro- geny of short horn bulls and native cows, are an admirable stock for the butcher, and attain a large size and weight at an early age. At the Exhibition of 1880, a pair of grade short horn steers, 3J years old, were exhibited which weighed 4,300 lbs. and dressed 2.550 lbs. of beef. At the same Exhibition a pair of grade yearling short horn steers were shown which weighed 2,260. The<5e weights are by no means un- common, and can be paralleled or beaten any year by New Brunswick breeders. The introduction of improved breeds has led to the raising of large numbers of cattle for the English markets, a business which is now conducted on an extensive scale by the farmers of Albert and Westmoreland. Some of the establishments in these counties btail feed as many as 200 or 300 head in a .vintcr, and the aggregate of the number exported reaches a high figure. 15 PURE BRED CATTLE IN NEW BRUNSWICK. The following communication in reference to pure bred cattle in New Brunswck is from Mr. Julius L. Inches, Secretary for Agriculture : — " The Herd Book is the only means by which an estimate of the number of pure bred cattle m the Province can be made. I do not mean to imply that there are no pure- bred animals in the Province except those registered in that book, but I am in- clined to think there are not many that are known to be absolutely pure beyond those recorded. Within a few years, the owners of stock have learned how much more valuable their animals were when registered. This ha? induced the owners to record the pedigrees when they could do so. No doubt there are a great many fine cattle that are supposed to be pure-bred, but in fact they are only grade, and cannot be regis- tered in any Herd Book. " It is over ten years since our Herd Book was commenced, but only a few pedi- grees were recorded for some years after it was opened. "Up to this date I find the following are t^e actual numbers of pedigrees entered : — Short Horns Bulls 162 Cows and Heifers. 181 343 Ayrsh'res Bulls 186 Cows and Heifers. 280 466 Devons; Bulls. 48 Cows and Heifers . 70 118 Jerseys Bulls ., .. 43 Cows and Heifers. 80 123 Add for Stock Farm, not included in the above . . .' 35 Total number of pure breeds registered 1080 " It can only be a mere guess to say how many of these are now alive, but by reference to the Herd Book I find that some 1 57 Bulls have been recorded since the spring of 1879 ; it may be safe to say that one-half are still alive, and 234 females wer«* recorded within the same time, and as they were nearly all quite young and would be kept much longer than Bulls, I think we may put down 200 of this class as still alive. This would leave some 377 females recorded previous to ihe date mentioned, say 4 years, which would be too soon to expect all the cows to be disposed of ; this class being valuable are kept till old age in most cases. We may safely estimate 100 of tiiese animals as being alive. To these we may add those put down to the Stock Farm, 35 as I have not heard of any deaths among them ; this gives us still alive 433 animals from thosr recorded in the Herd Book. How many pure breeds there may be beyond those I cannot form any opinion, but certainly far more than sufficient, to make up for any possible shortcoming in the above estimate. "These are all confined to the four breeds named, viz. : Short Horn, Ayrshire, - Devon, and Jersey, except a very few Polled Angus and Red Norfolk included among the Stock Farm list. There are a few Herefords in the Province in addition, but I do not know of any HolsHns. " The herd on the Stock Farm consists of 9 Short Horns, 6 Ayrshires, 5 Red Norfolk, and 4 Polled Angus, and some 15 or 16 young animals of the breeds men- tioned, or say 40 head of all these breeds. I have not alluded to our sheep ; indeed I have not time to do so at present. New Brunswick is as well able to produce fine mutton as Scotland, and I trust the day is not far distant when more attention will 1)e given to this most iiupoiiant branch. I bciicvc more mocey c^n be made by sheep than most of our people are aware of. Our neighbors in the United States are most 16 anxious to buy all we will sell, and give a good price for well bred animals. TTi* Shropshire Downs that have been lately introduced are promising to bc very valuabk^ and I am quite sure will be generally sought after within a short time. " I am Sir, yours respectfully, "Julius L. Inches,. ♦ " Secretary." EXPORTS OF ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. The following is the official statement of the exports of animals and their products fix>in New Lirunswick in 1887 : — Horses i»057 Homed Cattle , 39 Swine i Sheep 12,120 Poultry .... Bones 2,885 lbs. Butter 20. 199 lbs. Cheese 135 Eggs 1,096,253 doz. Hens , .... Hides, dr»c . , , , Beef r,6i61bs. Mutton 287,790 lbs. Pork 565 Tongues 70 Other Meats 70,520 Wool ••••... 6,450 Other articles .... Value. $106,176 5 34,044 4.484 3,413 4,495 «7 162,647 4,226 56,882 87 16,867 4* 7 6,706 1,600 2,233 $405,231 HOW TO OBTAIN A FARM. The farmers of New Brunswick are almost without exception the owners of the farms they cultivate. If a man rents a farm he only does so for a short period and for the purpose of employing his time until he can do better. Every man can become a land owner if he wishes, a.id therefore the relations of landlord and tenant, so far as they apply to farmers, are almost unknown. If a man comes to New Brunswick with suflScient capital he will have no difficulty in providing himself with a suitable farm, for there are always farmers who are ready to sell their farms, and take a fresh start in the wilderness, while in other cases farms are thrown into the market owing to the death of their owners and other causes. Farms can be purchased with from 30 to 200 acres of cleared land and provided with buildings, at prices varying from ^£300 to ;£2,ooo sterling. The latter sum will puchase a first- class farm, and an excellent farm can frequently be bought for half the money. To persons who desire to settle in the Province and who have money, the only advice it is neces- sary for us to give is to look well about them until they find a farm in the market that suits them, and then to buy it. All men who wish to emigrate do not, however, possess enough money to buy a farm, or even to stock it if it was bought. To such the free grants and labor acts passed by the New Brunswick Legislature offer an easy way for them to become land owners, and in the end farmers of independent means. Ten years ago the free grant system of settlement was introduced, and it was iOun« a great success. There are now about fifty free grant settlements in the Prov"- ince, settled by thousands of industrious men who hati no means of purchasing farms, 17 but wha will soon be in prosperous circumBtances. The aggregate value of the im- provements in those settlements vhich have been thus carved out of the wilderness within the past ten years is probably not less than one million dollars. THE FREE GRANTS ACT. The Free Grants Act authorizes the Provincial Government to select and 3et apart lands suitable for settlement and cultivation, and to cause public roads to be made to and through the same. These tracts are surveyed and laid oflFjn lots of one hundred acres each,having a front on such roads. The conditions necessary to enab'e any person to obtain a free grant of one hundred acres are as follows :— The applicant must be of the age of eighteen years or upwards ; he must be possessed of no other real estate ; and he must be prepared to made affidavit that he desires such land for his own benefit and for the purposes of actual settlement or cultivation. He must also : — " /7>j/.— Commence chopping, clearing and improving on the lot assigned to him within one month after publication of his approval, and shall within three months after the publication of such approval, improve as aforesaid on his lot to the value of twenty dollars ; " Secofuffy.— Within one year from such publication build a house thereon, fit for habitation, of not less dimensions than sixteen feet by twenty, and shall chop down and cultivate not less than iwo acres by sowing or planting the same ; " Thirdly. — Chop down, cultivate and clear not less than ten acres within three years from such publication, and shall each year actually and continuously cultivate all the land chopped down during such three years ; ^'^ Fourthly, — Reside actually and continuously upon such land for the term of three years next succeeding such publication, and thence up to the issue of the Grant, except that absence during the months of July, August, January, February and March, in any year, shall not be held to be a cessation of such residence, provided such land be cultivated as aforesaid ; ^^ Fifthly. — Compliance with the first, second and third conditions above men- tioned within a less period than three years, and actual residence up to the time of such compliance, shall entitle such Allottee to a grant. On failure in the peifrirmance of any of the Settlement Conditions and duties in this section mentioned, the allotment shall be forfeited, and all right of the Allottee or any one claiming under him in the land cease." The trees on lands so allotted under this Act remain the property of the Province until the grant issues ; and the person in possession, until he receives his grant, is only entitled to cut such trees as he needs for building, fencing, fuel and for the bona fide clearing of the land ; but after complying with the first and second conditions named he can obtain a license to cut on his lot beyond the limits of his clearing. The object of this regulation is to prevent persons who have no intention of becoming bona fide settlers from stripping the land of its timber. All the forms necessary to enable the emigrant to make application for a free grant under this Act can be obtained either at the Crown Land Office, Fredericton, or the Emigration Office, St John, so that they need not be given here. Every facility will be given the intending settler at these offices. DESCRIPTION OF THE FREE GRANTS SETTLEMENTS. The following description of the free gi-ants settlements is given for the convenience of those who intend to settle in some one of them and wish to have sufficient information to enable them to make a selection. Balmoral. Balmoral is in the County of Restigouche, Parish of Dalhousie, about six miles south-east from Camobellton. and about ten miles south-west from the Town of outh-east from Campbellton, .-auiuusjr: j unci ii-;a wuuixi iiv C I'WiCb \j Jic iUtciCOiOiiiai Kuiiway. ■. zii; SCllICXilCIIl, if need be, may be extended to the southward, as large tracts of vacant land lie in li that direction. To reach the settlement, if at Campbeliton, onepoes via the Tob'que Road, so called, a distance of nine miles, or if at Dalhousie via the Eel River Road, a distance of twelve miles, Campbeliton and D.ilhousic are reached from the eastern and southern portions of the rn)\incc by the Intercolonial Railway. The soil iE rich and lonmy, being timbered with Maple, Birch, Spruce and Cedar. The produce to be raised maybe disposed of either at Campbeliton or Dalhousie or shipped by rail to any part of New Brunswick, or westerly to thii Psovince of Quebec. There are a post office and a school house in the settlement. 1 he people are a few Englizh and the remainder French. The advantages of the settlement are its good farming lands, which are valuable for their timber, its ready and convenient markets, and the facilities on Fcl River (which runs through the settlement) for the erection of mills, etc. The settlement contains 13,000 acres. Colcbrooke. Colcbrooke is in Restigouche County, in the Parish of Addington, or five miles south of Campbeliton and northwest of Balmoral. It contains 5,700 acres. The settlement is well watered by Christopher and Walker Brooks and their branches. The means of approach are via the Tobique Road, from Campbeliton, a distance of live mileo. It has good loamy soil, timbered with Birch, Maple, Peech, Spruce and Cedar. The crops are similar to those raised in Balmoral. The market is at Campbeliton, five miles from the settlement. The settlers are generally native born and of French descent. There is a grist and saw mill within two miles of the settle- ment, and the Intercolonial Railway runs witliin five miles of it. Alex. Stewart, Esq., is Commissioner for both these settlements. — P. O. address, Dalhousie. Dawsotvuille. This settlement is in Restigouche County, in the Parish of Addington, and is situated on the Glenlivet Road between Flat Lands and Upsalquitch, and comprises an excellent tract of land quite convenientto the Restigouche River, at onepointabout five and at another only two miles distant. At the former distance there is a country store, where the settlers can dispose of their surplus produce. - ■/( r, < . Sunuyside. Sunnyside is in the Parish of Durham, County of Restigouche, on the north- west side of the Jacquct River, six miles south of Bale des Chaleurs, and the same distance from the Intercolonial Railway, along the Bay shore to a by-road known as the Black Road, which runs southerly to the settlement. The soil is of a gravelly nature, but in some parts the land is low and damp. The timber is Maple, Birch. Beech, Oak, Pine, Spruce, Cedar, Fir, Ash, Elm and Poplar. The principal market is at Jacquet River Station, within easy distance of the settlement. This settlement is in a floinishing condition. The Commissioner is Angus McLean, Esq., whose ad- dress is Sunnyside, Durham, Restigouche County. Lorne. Lome lies in the Parishes of Colborne and Durham, in Restigouche County, five miles south of Bale des Chaleurs, west of Sunnyside settlement, between Benjamin and Jacquet Rivers. It contains 7,000 acres In the vicinity of this settlement and of Sunnyside and of Mitchell are large tracts of ungranted Crown Lands. These set- tlements can be extended at any time, when required. Lorne set'lement is reached by a by-road leading south from themouth of Louison Creek to near (JNT OF N RTHJMBERLAND. Carleton, I. C, H. a«^ I tract includes Barnaby River, Rogerville and Pleasant R -e Senlements and lies on both sides of the I. C. Railway in the vicinity of Carletozi Stulion-ajr in the Pansh of Nelson, County of Non'uimberland. The whole tract contZs 21^68 from which roads le«d to and throu,^h the diffei^M'setUemenS"^ 'K.c soH is^ra^^^^^^^^^^^ ^:^t^^^Z^Si:r^^:^'^ ^^^"^^^ becd, hemlock .nF^^^.\ settlement : — i^cc in ins WhMt, BttckwhMt, Rye. Potatoes, . Turnips, Carrotf, Beeu, H»y, per acre, 60 tmiheli, wortn per buihel, 50 cenU. .; • ;. ind loamy and slightly inclined to be sandy, and is entirely free fronrstone." The 2Si timber is birch, beech maple and cedar. The crops of the past season were good, and the prices rcahzed shgluly exceed those quoted for the foregoing settlements. A market may be found at Boiestown for farm produce, which is advantageously dis- posed of to lumbermen who operate in the vicinity, thus securing good paces, while the buyer gets his goods without having to transport them any great distance. The settlers arc natives, and the denominations arc Presbyterian, Catholic and Baptist. No£mSnr "'' '^"'^"'^"' '' ^' '^''^^^"' Esq., P. O. address, Boiestown, Saifii Joseph Is situate about four miles north of the mouth of Burnt Church River, Parish of Alnwick, County of Northumberland, and lies north of the Fair Isle Tract. This set- tlement contains 5, 1 60 acres. This settlement has been but recently surveyed, and no settlers are yet allotted. The soil is scuo/ally heavy.and rich, but a few lots in front are covered with a heavy growth of spruce. The remaining lots are heavily wooded with yellow bi-ch maple and beech. The principal markets will be at Chatham, Douglastown and ^Icwcastle, and to persons lumbering in the vicinity. The settler here -.vill be convenie.-t to the fisheries in the Guif of St. Lawrence and of Miramichi day. .A good water pouter is within the tract, which may be utilized when the settle- ment IS sufficiently far advanced to require it. Warwick Is situate in the Parish of Derby, County of Northumberland, between the north-west and south-west branches of the Miramichi River, on the road from Indiantown to Red Bank and about eight miles west of the I. C. Railway. It contains 2,602 acres. The road n-om Indiantown to Red Bank, running through the settlement, makes it ap- proachable from either ot the branches of the Miramichi River. The land is good, and is timbered with birch, beech, maple, spruce, hemlock and cedar. The crops raised are reported equal to tliose in .nher settlements in the county, and the principal market for them is found at Newcasae. The settlers are of mixed nationality. There are a school house, post office, grist and saw mill, and churches at Red Bank, distant from the settlement but two and one half miles. The Commissioner for this settlement is John Keys, Esq., Derby, Northumberland County. Hazelton. This settlement lies in the Parish of Blissfield, in the County of Northumberland, on he north Side of the .SW. Miramichi River, south of Bartholomews River, and east ofthc big Mole Ihook. A road runs northerly from the S. W. Miramichi River to and through the settlement. It contains 2,944 acres. Large tracts of vacant Crown land he to the cast and west of this settlement, which may be surveyed as re- quired. 1 he land is of fair quality and covered with a second growth of small trees, the whole tract having been burnt over at the time of the great Miramirhi fire The following crops are reported :— Oats, Wheat, Buckwheat, Potatoes, Turnips, Carrots, Beets, Hay, per acre, 24 bushels, worth per bushel 40 to 50 cents << 20 35 2CO 400 200 200 2 >( i< tons. << ton, $1.00 0.60 0.33 0.28 0-33 0.33 $12.00 n were good, tlements. A ageoiisly dis- prices, while stance. The and Baptist, s, Boiestown, 'cr, Parish of ;t. This set- i^eyed, and no r lots in front avily wooded at Chatham, The settler )f Miramichi 2n the settle- le north-west itown to Red acres. The makes it ap- > good, and is ps raised are cipal market TJiere are a distant from ettlement is 23 Eel River. This settlement lies in the Parish of Hardwicke, in the County of Northumber- land, on both sides of Eel River, which empties into the Miramichi Bay at Lower Baiedu Vm. It contains 2,450 acres. Large tracts of vacant Crown land surround this settlenient on all sides but the north. The soil is good, and timbered with birch and spruce. The crops are reported as slightly less in quantity than those in other settlements of the county, but the prices received for them are quoted somewhat in advance of the other settlements. The nearest market is at Chatham, twenty-eight miles custant. The inhabitants are French, Roman Catholics. To reach this setfle- ment from Chatiiam you take the Great Road leading to Richibucto, to Black River tlience down north side of said river, via Victoria Bridge, to Eel River ; or you leave Chatham by way of Black Brook on south side of S. W. Miramichi River, striking the I n;ad running through Lower Napan to Victoria Bridge, and thence to the settlement I The Commissioner is Jonathan Noble, Esq., Hardwicke, Northumberland County. J 'I Lockstead Is situated on the road from Fairley's Mill to Renous River, in the Parish of Black- ville, County of Northumberland, and between Renous River and Bartholomews River. It contains 1,200 acres, all taken up, but the settlement may be extended in a westerly direction over a considerable distance through some excellent high land The soil IS good, timbered principally with hard wood, and the crops have been very fine Blackvilleis the nearest market for produce. Here are a post office, church and school, only one and one half miles from the settlement. The settlers are of mixed nationality and of various religions. The advantages claimed for this settlement are Its convenience to the grist and saw mills at Blackville, its good markets for produce and Its access by land and water to Newcastle or Chatham and the Intercolonial Rail- way, Gistant twenty-six miles. The Commissioner is John L. Scofield, Esq., who can be addressed at Blackville, Northumberland Co. Bredalbane. this settlement is in the parishes of Blessville and Blackville, dnd has only re- -ont y been settled. The land is of excellent quality, aixl the crops last year were all iiood. 1 he future prospects of the settlement are considered to be bright. Iiumberland, : River, and imichi River s of vacant veyed as re- small trees, li fire. The COUNTY OF KENT. Rhomboid and GirouaYd. North Rhomboid, South Rhomboid, and Girouard settlements may be said to be all in one tract, as they adjoin each other. They lie in the Parishes ot Weldford St Mary sPIarcourt and Dundas, on both sides of the Buctouche River, and east of the Intercolonial Railway. South Rhomboid is part of a tract on the south side of the Buctouche River, while North Rhomboid and Girouard lie on the north side of said river. South Rhomboid contains 9,700 acres. North Rhomboid and Girouard con- tain 21,200 acres. These settlements may be approached from Buctouche by a road on the north side of the river or from Coal Branch Station, from Birch Ridge siding and Irom Canaan Station on the Intercolonial Railway. The soil is fertile, and the timber a mixed growth of hard wood and soft wood, the former Ii-ing more abundant Lr«ps have been uniformly good. The principal market is at I icton, now reached Via the Intercolonial Railway. There are three school house, a post office and a church in the settlements. The settlers are principally Acadian French, and are Ro- man Catholics, except in Girouard, where nationajity and creed are various. The --Oiiimissioner is Luke Johnsun, lisq.; address, St. PauFs, St. Mary's, Kent Co. 24 Acadieville !s in the County of Kent, in the Parishes of Acadieville and Carleton, on the nortk' side of the Kouchibouguac River, and east side of the Intercolonial Railway. Acadie- ville contains 11,500 acres. Tweedie's Brook Settlement lies north of Acadieville, and contains 4,900 acres, of which acres are still vacant. There are large tracts of vacant Cr vwn Land in the vicinity north of Acadieville, and on the south side of Kouchiboug ..ic River is a large tract already surveyed, known as Caie Settlennient The settlement may be reached by the Intercolonial Railway to Acadieville Siding or Carleton Station, thence by the Acadieville Road to the Settlement. The soil near the streams running through the settlement is deep and rich, but these strips are di- vided by spruce swamps. Parts where the soil may be said to be good are timbered wirii hard wood, such as birch, beech and mapl , but the larger quantity is covered with spruce and other soft woods. 1 The market is with lumbermen operating in the vicinity, and at the stations on the Intercolonial Railway. There are three schools in the settlement. There is also a church there. The settlers are nearly all Acadian French, of the Roman Catholic religion. The Commissioner is John Stevenson, Jr., Esq., who may be addressed at Kingston, Kent County. Colebroohe Dale. This settlement lies in the Parishes of Weldford and Harcourt, in the County of Kenf, on Hudson Brook, south of the Richibucto River, and north-east of the In- tercolonial Railway. It contains twenty lots of 100 acres each, being 2,000 acres in all, and is wholly occupied. The land is good, and the settlement is easily reached from Richibucto River or the Intercolonial Railway. As the surrounding lands are nearly all applied for, this settlement is not capable of extension, but small quantities of Crown Lands are vr.oant to the north-west and south-east. The Commissioner is John Stevenson, Jr., Esq., of Kingston, Kent County. Adamsvilie Settlement^ in the Parish of Harcourt, lies on both sides of the Intercolonial Railway, but a short distance north of Coal Branch Station, north-west from Girouard Settlement and south of Colebrooke Dale. This settlement contains 4,000 acres. The land is good and the locality convenient, and most of the lots have been applied for. The progress of the settlement has been quite satisfactory. CHARLOTTE COUNTY, Canoose. Canoose Settlement is in the Parish of St. James and County of Charlotf- It lies on the Canoose River, about five miles west from the New Brunswick ftnd Caiiada Railway. It contains 2,502 acres, still vacant. The road to this tract leads through Lynnfield Settlement, and thence by the " Horseback Road." The soil is a dark loam, dee;; and free from stone, and well adapted to the growth of root crops. The land is chiefly timbered with hard wood, mixed with hemlock and spruce, where not burnt. A market may be found for produce at the towns of St. Stephen, N.B., and Calais, Maine, both about eighteen miles distant ; or at Vanceboro, on the St. John and Maine Railway, only eight miles distant from the settlement. The applicants are cl.lefly New Brunswickers, with a few from the State of Maine. About half are Roman Catholics and the other half Protestants of various denominations. This settlement claims the advantage of having better markets to buy and sell in than most of the settlements of New Brunswick. Very little vacant land lies in. the vicinity of this settlement, but a new tract lying on the Cheputnecticook River, above Canoose River, ha^ recently been surveyed, and is reoorted as being good land. The Commissioner is David F. Maxwell, Esq., St. Stephen, N.B. ooo acres m 25 Beaconsfield. This settlement is situate in the Parish of St. James, Charlotte County, east ol the Cheputnecticook River and west of Porter Settlement and Canoose Settlement It contams about 5,000 acres. The surrounding lands are nearly all granted. The land is good, generally free from stone, and easy to clear and culti\ate. The principal timber is hard wood, but there is enough soft wood for buildings and fences. A road leading to and through the settlement strikes the road from St. Stephen, via Lynn- field, to Little Falls, on the Cheputnecticook, one or two miles from ihc lower end ol the survey. Tlie general remarks concerning Canoose settlement, which lies to the east of this, are applicable to Beaconsfield. The Commissioner is D. F. Maxwell, Esq., St. Stephen, Charlotte County. Juvenile, This settlement lies on the County line between Charlotte and Sunbury, and is partly in the Parish of Clarendon and partly in Blissville. It contains 2,910 acres. It is within easy reach of the St. John and Maine Railway, by which produce can be sent readily to St. John. The land is good, and settlers are doing well. The Com- missioner is William E. Hoyt, of Central Blissville, Sunbury County. Hartville^ 'A This settlement is in the Parish of Gladstone and County of Sunbury. The land Is good and is being rapidly settled, the crops having been excellent. The New Brunswick Railway is abc jt fifteen miles distant. The Commissioner is Jeremiah Tracey, of Tracey Station. Mersereau This settlement lies in the Parish of Blissville, County of Sunbury. It lies on the Mersereau stream, a branch of the Oromocto, and is within a few miles of the New Brunswick Railway. The land is good. The Commissioner is Fred. Dup- lisey, of Blissville. Peltoma li*s on both sides of the County line, between Sunbury and York, in the Parishes of ^ .Gtone and New Maryland, south of the North Branch of Oromocto River and no;th 01 Piskehagan River. The original survey contained 10,000 acres. Any in- formation concerning this settlement may be obtained from the Commissioner, Jeremiah Tracey, Esq., at Tracey Station. The crops in this settlement have been excellent, and the general progress has been satisfactory. The settlement is but a short distance from the New Brunswick Railway. CARLETON COUNTY. Beaufort, Beaufort is situated chiefly in the Parish of Kent, Carleton County, but a small portion extends into Aberdeen Parish. 1 1 lies on the head of the South-West Mira- michi River, which runs easterly to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and also on the head waters of the Shikitihauk River, a branch of the St. John River. The settlement- is under the direction of W. B. Mills, Esq., who is Commissioner, and whose postofKce address IS Foreston, Carleton County. It contains 13,300 acres. The means of ac- cess to this settlement is from Kent Station, on the New Brunswick Railway ; thence easterly about fifteen miles, through Glassville, Johnviile and Foreston to the Beau- fort Road, leading to the settlement. The land in this scttlrmpnt is crnnd it /-/.a- 2$ cists of a red sandstone formation varying from light red and sandy to a fine rich red loam. The lots are heavily wooded with a thrifty growth of rock maple and birch, intermixed with cedar, ash and elm. A ready market is found in the settlement itself, by selling produce to those ert- gaged in lumbering in the vicinity. The settlers are principally New Brunswickers, and of various denominations. The advantages claimed for this settlement are its central location, good roads leading to it, its level land, which is comparatively free from stone, and its convenience to the New Brunswick Railway, to Grist and Saw Mills, and to numerous other settlements. The Plaster Mine on the Tobique River is also within reach of this settlement. The land may be cleared ready for crop for eight dollars per acre. Lumber for building purposes costs at the mill, four miles distant, from three dollars to six dollars per thousand feet ; while provisions may be purchased af. a slight advance on city prices. Chapmanville. This settlement lies in the Parish of Kent, Carleton County. It adjoins Beaufort Settlement, on the west ; Glassville on the north ; the Kincardine Colony on the south, and lies about twelve miles east of the River St. John. It is part of the John- ville survey, and contains 12,000 acres. Old settlements atJjoin this tract on the west and south. The land is good for settlement purposes und capable of producing crops fully up to the average. The settlers are of mixed nationality ; the majority are New Brunswickers. A road leads from this settlement, in a south-westerly direc- tion, to Bath Station, on the New Brunswick Railway, about eight miles distant. The con''enience of the settlement to railway and water communication makes it a desirable locality for farming purposes, irrespective of its good land and its close vi- cinity to old settlements. The Commissioner is John Clancy, Bath, Carleton County Clover dale, Cloverdale lies in the Parishes of Brighton and Bright, in the Counties of Carleton and York, but the larger part is in Carleton County. It is situated on the northern side of the South Branch of Becaguiniic River, about eight miles east of the River St. John. The tract as at present surveyed contains 4,493 acres. The settlement may be approached from Millville Station, on the New Brunswick Railway, thence to Faulkner, a distaacc of about 4^ miles, striking the road as laid out through the settle- ment ; or, starting from Hartland, another station on the New Brunswick Railway, you can follow a road leading to Vince's Mills, distance twelve miles, thence along the Becaguimic River si miles to the settlement. The first settlers took possession late in 1878, and have done well, as the land is well adapted for the growth of grain or root crops. The soil is of a reddish clay containing considerable quantities of plaster or gypsum. On most of the lots fronting Becaguimic Stream there is more or less inter- vale land. To the north and west of the tract already surveyed is. a considerable quantity of vacant Crown Land, good for settlement, and which when necessary may be extended to this vacancy. The market for the produce raised is at Millville, Hart- land, or Woodstock, or it may be shipped from any of these places. The nearest post office is at Millville, where there are churches and srhools. The settlers are native born of different denominations. The principal advantages claimed for this settle- ment are its good soil, central location, convenient railway communication, and its easy distance from Woodstock and Fredericton ; add to these its convenience to other settlements, and to grist and saw mills, and the ease with which the land may be cleared for crop. The Commissioner is R. H. Morgan, Millville, Carleton County. VICTORIA COUNTY. New Denmark. New Denmark is situated north of Tilley Settlement, south-east of Salmon River, and east of the River St. John, in the Parish of Drummond, and County of Victoria, approach miles. C sandy loa and elm, by natura ment itse! ment at \ houses foi inhabitan ment is c( to farminj Esq., who formation Tilley tending nc the east. Lieutenan is reached Perth Stal south side road lead! Little Riv« through b Tilley, M buyers w selves. T population religious d containing easily rlea: there is no This C the Tobiqu Kin tore sei This & east of the for Scotch John, Fret Station, 1 station, anc miles, Thi parent whe stratum of a The princip Wheat xo 20 bushe titles. All settlement, sou^h s!de oT'th." T.^ •''^'' P • =''^" °I ^'- J°.'^" ^•^^'•' 'hence following the road up^the S 1 ^-^ ^^^ Tobique River and crossing the same at the Cmi^r Bar • thence bv a LUtlwvt^ai'thell'&Ri^'/r f ^"4 , ^"•^'^^^ '"""^^ '^ ?^om^'he m^uthVf thmn'Th kT' t Y xV-'? , ^')1^'^' '^7 * '■^^•^ leading up the said LittJe River to and T^lf.v^ Mo w^. Malcolm Campbell, Esq, is thi Commissioner, and resides a1 Tilley. Markets for the products raised are found at Andover and Perth or ^!ith seT/s' rw ''IT '^^- .««"l^»'«"t --»nd ship the produce procuedth^m selves This settlement is m a thriving condition and the crops have been eoodTh,. fH?±"°:} '°"''-''' °^ ^'""''^^ ^"^h ^"S French settler pr'nc^paly native born tII conSnf""'"4'T*'r '•''*'■? ^''*"'?V«- This settlement i's in a desimSe loS' and contammg good land, is mcreasing in value rapidly. The land in manv Sees is' 77/5 -,via^.tL New Brunswick RShl^y t M^iiac Tfl/- J^^ settlement road joins the highway along the River St John near thi^ mUes "' The tot.t'^T '^ f' .f"'^"-"' '^y -distance of some one^td one £ mrent wSn ^?c ^y^' *''"''/".'' ^^^•!•'°'' P^""' ''^^P' ''^ excellence becoming more ap- parent when Its qualities of durability become known : it is comnosed of i siir^r stratum of vegetable compound, and a subsoil of a fine loamy c?^ to a%rea" ffi' wire'.?r^ """".^'f '•■" ^"■''' '""^ •"''^P^^ "'"^ ^ ^P""kling of fir, 'spruce: and beech" vn ,. K kS''^'"°*, been grown to any great extent, but when grown has vidded from c hies Allt'", ' ^^^h^l/«^^"• Carrots and Beets have not been grown lUargequTn? sptflpm««f „""".. Vf""- ;,"'."•'" '-■^ ""H"^-" "5 ac ciuicr oi tne two stores in the settlement, or at Muniac Station, in the vicinity. A good market is also found a4 28 Andover which is but eleven miles distant, and goods may be shinned bv th^ N..W Brunswick Railway to Woodstock. Fredericton, and St. Joh^n ThTs^Snfem bo^stT fi P° ''t' '^:^^^h°°J ^«"«« ^nd a church. Mails are received and deWed three dZ %rZl The school houses and church aregcod frame buildings, and free from debt. Schools have been in operation for the last six or seven years. The settlers w?S n ,Sf ^T?- °^*:? ^""'''t'' ^'t ^""T^ Presbyterians, and emigrated fromSland ZJPni 1^%'^''}^""^^' ^^' the advantage of a central locality, easy a^esso ill parts of he Province, a good grist mill in the settlement, schools, churches e!c Several old settlements are n the v cinity, viz • the old sPttl^m3 «« ♦[ ' . bank ofthe St. John River, the Moose McCain a^djohnvre si south, and the Kintore Settlement on the north. On th7east is a iTri tract of Crown Land yet unsurveyed, but which is reported eaual to anv iL^ fn fhf p • for settlement. It could L made available Tr the eSLion of S?one Wn.^™"'°" r Kinton. from .he S.„„eh?ven road' to .he hiUvay ;oadl':f,fso„S,1r'„T* T^Wqu".' wm^smmm. Red Rapids. .f Go'rdon'ndTenh, ILVe^Co^ntyt'^icfr i.^'^ff '^""^T ^'T' '" «- P^^^- oSi^'S^r',^^^-?!^^^ mixed with spruce, and. the Sops have been .n ?* 1^^- ^ ^1"* ""^^^l ^^''^ ^°«d '"»«'- ductive. AmarketmaybehaTwththemrK.^^^^^^ '"""^ *° ^^ ^^ry ^x^- or goods may be sold aLr shtppS from Er h ^n/Sover ""Th""l " *^' ^'■^""'•^y' born, and of various denominations TM«i Jnl.^i;. i . /^^e settlers are native locality, being only i6 milerS the N?wR^^^^^ road down thli Tobique R^ver fTtha" dfst.ncf ^^1, . ^'^^^y' ^""-^ ^^"'"^ ^ S°°d tlements and to postal accommodatfons Th^' r • -^ <^o?venient to other set- E-sq, Bkch Ridge, Victoria SSy! ' Commissioner is Thomas Knowles, 29 Si'sson Ridge. *e ^^;^^^^^^^i^t^, o'rT r /^°^^?"' ^'^^°- c-"*y. - 5,800 acres. Leaving Perth S Itio'n nn Lf m ^^i"''" f™"* "s mouth. It contains np the southern side ^of the ToSue R ve' m'p ^'•""^V^k Railway, the read leadJ northern side of the Tobique RiveTL Zee n^^^^^^^ ^"u^^^' ^i'^"" ^l«°g the the settlement. The land Is veryTood «-n w^t?r^^ \' '^k"'!, ^^ -^ '.^°" ^'^^^"« *<> wood, and produces good crops and^s onJ .f r^' ^""bered prmcipally with hard Province. Its vicinity to the ol'de? settlem.ml i^^.^'^^'V-^^"^'"? settlements in the Plaster Rock, and its'good land a e ^ fin i^ffavJr fo'r Tn^^^"" ^''•"''^ '^^ '^°'''*1"« .n,sstoner is John Smith. Esq., Sisson R?dg:/ToEfqu; VicTodI STy"' '''' ''°"' MADAWASKA COUNTY. Commeau Ridge. east from Gmnd Falls, and about eight m S drin/' rlf ^T}^' ^\ ^'^^ "^^'^i! iains 3,800 acres. These, however, may b? Si to b " ;il ?u ^^'I'oJe settlement con- of the settlement, and distant th ee or four mn« • ^" Z'^^-" "P' but to the north already surveyed, containing some 10,0^ ^C es™ f ^^crnt^'^^Thrro^^ Crown land Commeau Rdge s Basil RnnlliVi- Vcm ,.i ' vacant. 1 he Commissioner for About two-thirls of the setdement co^;,^ tsT^ '^ St. Leonard, while the remainder is swarnprcov.refw h drf ?! ^"^A ^'"Sf' '^'^ ''"'^' ^^^^^ ^^o°d, ihe produce of this settlement is at Gnnr Fnlic^ f 'T^'v 7^^ ^^"^'"^1 '"'-^rket fo^ are Wench, and of the Roman Cau/ol c rcliiion°" T ^' |-^^'? ^^'^J''- "^^^ «=«'"« claimed for this settlement iTselfbiMW.^f ^ ^^ Pa«>5^"lar advantages can be which are easy of access and cofnenl'ml^^Sted"' ''"''' ''''''^ '^"^ '" ^^^ ^-'"^'x' Patrieville. to 600 lbs. of maple sugar in a season, worth eight cents oer 4\inf %,.T-! River's? flh ' -r'^"?,"' ^°r^"^;-^^ " ^'-^'"^ """^"^^^ "'^ smLf^ndTough STp he iKlver bt. John. Its railwav fariHtio.; v,>pri' •• !► i—irl-"' mi 'ru ?• ''''^."P ^"® is Johr Lynch,'Esq.. St. Jacques," Maciawaska.^^^' '-^^^' ^^^ Comuu..iuner do * Michaud. This settlement is in the Parish of St. Ililaire, County of Madawaska, and con- tains 5.50b acres. It lies between Michaud and Baker's Brooks, and is only a short distance from the St. John River. It is also quite convenient to Edmundston station on the New Brunswick Railway. The land is excellent, and the crops have been good. EUROPEAN SETTLERS AND FREE GRANTS. TheFi and is able and willir irork. uropean emigrant who is without money, cannot do better than locate himself in one of the Free Grant settlements of New Brunswick. If there are a number of persons, ten or even less, from one place., who desire to settle together and form a community of their own, the Provincial authori- ties will locate ihem anywhere they please in the district surveyed for free grants. Europeans will, however, do better as a rule to locate themselves near the natives of the country, fiom whom they will learn much in the way of woodcraft, and more speedily become expert with the axe and i;i clearing land than if left to their own re- sources. A New Brunswicker makes very light of a task of land clearing, which would seem appalling to a European just landed ; but the European will learn rapidly from the New Brunswicker, and soon think little of the task himself. There are two strictly European settlements in New Brunswick, the New Kin- cardine Colony and New Denmark. The first named was settled by Scotch emi- grants, mainly from Kincardineshire, in 1873, antl is the only Free Grant settlement in the Province in which the lands were selected by other than the Provincial authori- ties. In this case the selection was made by a certain Captain Brown, who brought out the colony, and who tried to get a tract of land resembling the "glens and braes" of Scotland. The effort was only too successful, and the result was that the land, al- though good, proved much more difficult to bring into cultivation than that cf almost any other district in New Brunswick, but the responsibility for this must rest entirely with the man who selected it, and who could just as well have had a good location for the colony as the one chosen. Captain Brown, to cover his own blunder, picked a quarrel with the Provincial authorities, entered the service of one of the Kansas land companies, and induced a number of the Scotch colonists to remove to th?t State, where they have since learned that the much lauded Great West is not as good a country as New Brunswick. The following extract from Commissioner McPhail's report of the Stonehaven section of the colony for 1881 is worth quoting ;— "In the aggregate the crops will amount to about 20 per cent, over the crops of 1880, the increase being due to the larger extent of land cropped. Several frame houses and large frame barns have been built during the year ; the number of horses has increased from 35 to 49. There have been 31 colts raised, nearly all bred by ♦heir owners. The number of cows has increased from 116 to 135, and the breed is being improved by the introduction of Shorthorn and Ayrshire bulls. There is 3 general improvement in other stock as well. "The stores in the settlement sent to St. John market during the summer over $1,200 worth of butter and $700 worth of eggs. The settlers also sold at said stores during the sau period $748 worth of dead meat [beef and pork], besides send- ing a few fat oxen and from 30 to 40 lambs to St. John market. "As you have shown mi ch kindly interest in the people ot this colony, and given countenance and encouragement to those of them who most needed it, I am sure you will be pleased to lea n that they are now so well pleased with this Province as their heme, that even the yoing men just going into the world on their own ac- count, could not be easily induced to leave it. Numbers have made trial of several of the United States, and have come back, after a year or so, satisfied that for a man who intends to become a farmer and is without capital, New Brunswick is on the whole the most promising, hz you are aware, privations were suffered by the people 31 ofthiscolony, which would never have been Mt i,. i i i , dear, of whfch there is abundance in U^cffovtnceSl.'"?' }T. '""l^^ ''^"^ ^^"^ '^ aJso aware that, discouracrcd bv thr^pln i i ', ^" ^^'*^*^'^^ ^o*" »''cm. You are the State of Kansas, and mVe wU c In v^^forS'^^.^V",? "'^ '°"^ '^'""'^^ ^-"* '' Since these left, only three young men \vZ Inn. .l"""^ they possessed the means, the country and working thereabout ci^h..F T^ ^? ^^""^ State, and after sceinff fied with their experience of Wes^SnHfrTf '''"''''' ^''f ^ ^" ^--^"^^^ ^'^^^ Q^ite .as? Kansas are not so well off as those w£ r.I -^ 'I'Y^ ''^'''* ^'^^ ^^"^i"" vvho went to good health One family came from the%aTe"o? N'T'' v^'l^"'" ^? '^^^^ ^^-^J^y ^^'^^ spnng. They are well pleased witlTthefr change of plac'e.'^^'^ '"'^ '""'"^ ''^^^ J^^» The New Denmark Colony, which started fmm . ,, . . years ago, now contains upwards of 7 L. somU IlTu ^f y^IT'l" beginning a few not less than lioo.ooo. The peoole w?^nTl.« ^ ^^^ ^""'"^ ""^ ^'^^ improvements is very industrious, and being loc^a ^5 on a rood t 'actTlw'tr^^''' ^V'^'l^^"' ^een per There are millions of acres of land in?S. pS • ''' *'T/ ''^^''^ ""'^^'1 to pros- await the arrival of the emi|ran °o become b a Zh ^'^^^S^ «"°^' ^" ^^ "hich only settlements. Mr. Sparrow, one of the Sshtenl^.Tk''' '!. f ''*' °^ prosperous speaks of his visit to the Danish settlement :~ '"'"' '^^^^^S^'es of 1880, thus .«>drt^STs\hX"'deTsfftsts ^"^^^ ^'-^"f' P--^ --y^ice farms, we reached there, Lt the mana^ememlL^ agricultural show the day before order that we might SlTtrfSran id., "f.i^^^ ""'" °"' ^^"^^^^^ advantageous terms of any of them n^ie^^^^^ ^"^''"^ r^ ^^^not speak in dis- with the enormous size of tlS vSnb es mrtin,^!^ ^f '^- ^ ^'"^^ specially struck also noticed some speciml^L f?'bSnke^s^'Sc t'ov n CT''r ""'' "i'^^'^'- ' daughters; and the butter I saw iva, nUn '.^.L' r ^ ^^/'^^ farmers' wives . and Falls we visited the new Dan sh seulemlnt .K ,"/^f°°r- ^^'^"^ ^' '^^ Grand ing their little show, too. cn"he dS of ou" v^l°^l f, !?"" ^'^^^"^- '^b^M were hav- affair. These people settled here somAI.rf.^i 'r''^ "" ^^'^ Primitive sort of la.- each. Each fSmily or adult obtaTnecfrGo^^^nmlf ''''"' T^ ^^^^ '-^ ^^^ dol forest land. When the timber sdSedthevnSnS ^'''n "^ '°° ''*"'■" ^^ th" stumps, and the soil being a rich sind5 Innm ? J^ F'°m ^^''i''' ^^P^ between tu- The cattle on show were fied to the strumas of fh." tT ^'"'''f S'^'<=l««"ent crops peculiar sort of ^3ens. Inside he shed SK i?\i i *'*'"' ''"'^ ^^^ '^^^P «"d pigs in duce. The exhibitors were comintlt ?.^^^^^^ P/'S "^ ^'"''^ ^^^^ibits of^pro" oats, carrots and cucumbers some of S^H? ^ ^^^ wheat, barhy, vegetable marrow-. In facfihev seemed virv n ^ 'V^f^"' long and many kinds of ing the way in which they had sUteT.nHH^.P"'':?!,^^''^': ^j^^'bition, and consider- as it was wk forest, it mL^llSeSrh^tthrbav^^^^^^^^^^^ WHAT FNGLISH FARMERS SAY OF NEW BRUNSWICK n>ust"pJi^as1frxcus"e'^mrn^^^^^ '^-d hotter. You writing longletters home iTent youlrkmnTes of n^^in'^?' ' /" 'l^ t'^^y ^"^ you received. We shall be verv ,tLh nf L ^^ f , °*^ ^^'" '^''^ "'^'^'^'' which we hope iSHiK/S 111 Ti,«~ iT i">-o«;ui vuMun 15 me nestPiace to sliip from : it is There, however, the Yankees come on this side and hnv .1. .k1 u,c r ail, ana Uke them to Boston for England. Tliey have to pay 1. . pay 40 per ^ cent, duty ; wc shall have no duty and not half the expense, as we shall get 50 per cent, more than they do. If we are fortunate we arc suie of a profit. Use wheat here and on the otherside of theriveris not half a yield this year. We have 50 bushels, and 400 bushels oats. If it had been a good year we should have had 700 bushels* We have had buckwheat enough to feed 10 cwt. of pork meat for ourselves and seed saved. Wc sold 2 cwt. of jiork for 10 cents, per lb., and wc have 4 cwt. to sell next summer. Wc cut it into 1 5 or 20 pieces, and put it into 2 cwt. barrels with salt. I have salted the faces and hams for our own use, also the side of a littlo pig. We have one to kill next month, and five good shoats, all kept with our own corn. They sell Indian meal corn flour here ; it is six dollars a barrel. There is duty on it. It is not used for feeding. Buckwheat is cheaper and better; it is used with eggs and cream for ivn cake ; it is also good for chickens. Wc arc selling hay at 12 dollars a ton, 100 lbs. to the cwt. A gentleman wants some to morrow. Wc th-nk of raising it to 14 dollars. So you see hay and pork sell well. I have had 18 cents lor all the butter in exchange that I have sold here. Of course wc want many things, and it's the same as money. I sent 78 lbs. to St. John and got 18 cents, in money. Eggs are 20 cents, per dozen ; we get money for them. We can get money for everything besides butter and lard, at Andover, with just waiting till its wanted. We get good tea at 40 cents. The po- tatoes this year rotted in the land through the unseasonable wet, so that we have only sufficient for our own use and some for seed. Other years I believe there has been an abundance, and the cattle and pigs are fed with them. So, I suppose, we must have had a bad year ; but it is very much better than the best we had m ■^rr'aiid. We are getting cord word ; when dry it is worth three dollars a cord. We should be glad- of an Englishman to help to fall ; then "-e could keep the horses drawing home. A man can earn his money summer or winter. We are gomg to sow turnips and potatoes on the new land. If anyone is too far from town to sell wood, the first crop of oats or bulbs pay for clearing. We are blest with the best of wood to burn ; in some parts of the West there is no wood, and what they fetch from a distance is soft and soon gone. Wood and water are two essential things. We have both, and the crop is ready to harvest in fourteen or fifteen weeks. We art paid for all we do in a few weeks. Last year we had to buy everything to live upon for fifteen weeks, and also the seed. This year we have plenty, and-wood to sell, which will be very different. We can drive one or two horses without duty. Wc are hampered with nothing, no disgusting agents to find fault. People driving wagons for a pair or single horses — sleds the same. Poor people from Ireland, who came here 40 years ago, they and their sons have first-class turn-outs. Crockeiy is very dear. Common whit*; plates are one dollar a dozen. Dinner napkins arc in general use, " The first settlers here think English people live better than they do. They con- sider themselves careful, and will use all the profit from six cows in thair own family, but, we think, if they were in England the>; would soon be in the workhouse. The young I ople wear rings and car-vings, their cashmere boots and wool-lined over boots to drve in, buffalo rugsto sit upon and cover them in the sleds, which are very comfort- able ; and you will hear in a letter to my mother what a happy Christmas we spent. No intoxicating drinks are used here, but everything that is good to eat. What are called luxuries in England are considered necessaries here. There is only one family needing help here : he is an Englishman who came from London last summer, and has very delicate health, and is not switable for farming busiue':,s. His family have been well cared for, and our minister has proposed sending him to pass his examination for a teacher, as he has been well educated, " There are excellent cheese made in this neighborhood. I intend making some this season with the rennets you gave me ; the cheese sell well here. If you know anybody who wishes to come here we will ];eep them a little whhe, and they can soon have a suitable farm. If a man reaches here with ;£50O he is independent at once» One who came here last spring gave £40 for a log house and barn, a ,->i>^ and wheat. Then at harvest he had 40 bushels wheat, 70 of oats, 30 of potatoes, and a lol of turnips and beans. He has now bought another cow off us, and is very comfortable. He had 12 acres of land clear, and is now clearing 10 more ; he will sell his oats and buy a pair of young steers to work his land; so if a man his ,£40 he can do well, but if 83 Wool IS dearer Jhnn : i° ''""ars to a memhfrr!t\l ""P'^ove the r stock A Ij, J/ a .l,a,v and Cir^Lln':'"-' ""' "'"^' '' "'™*X7/ •o^'.JVS'l"''' ''-' fo' •-» and .he Ji^K 3 """"^ "»° '^^e day, „ a ,■ J "'" " °"" After -nother ySs evS^W ''^ ''r*^ ''«'■>' ^"'nfortabS'"^- '°'^^'. and we have over* Mr- S. Gardner : Andover, Dec 27th, 1882. "Sir— I ' "Yours respectfully, ^^^HOw .... ,3 OBTAINED UNDHK THElro^r^^^^^^^ S^feSij i?£^ - - e^diSriZ a ^^-Sd the ag. -?rot-dS4TT^ district the lanS.ry he 'tSS' "' '""^^^ ^'" ''"sue to tt LanT? ^""^ P^''''°» t^« applicant, andsubJts a reSn 0/^^°'' ^^*^" "^'"ikes the su^ev J fh '"'y^'' '" "^^^'^ satisfactory, entitled fh .^^^ ^^^ If ^le land «PP^;^,,;^^„ order of survey to P-^rooveln„Co>,„cUfavo™«vg.n..«-.7^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,e,!n^rrpX:dKe.Uca;o.J.e^ ^hi fi*VuUry in eadi month. ,,, „^,, de,„,ntaed bv ^^^^j-,..oK' naifl. or 1 upset price, A«»5°VCSle No Conditions of se.tlement SSS; paS; or.4-5J^S^*oftp'?uSL,and so_ soon as .he purchaser ^^^sidence are required under tus^^^ ^^^^^^^.^ .^^^^^ ,^ ^,^ has paid for the lar.r. •^■v-o..-, - ar/le oadt oads id by rrnis- rnby f .said tie ex- ist ten ribed, , acres tng as iibscnt If and id cul- formed lu haul ise dit- •t c cu- es^ and preced- ollars in ore pro- 51 Crown ject to a jn the lot he may ec dollars eyed, one survey to than tvko vidual, no y, firm of the sale of -one days, at noon on irmined bv fee. price, he is [ lie sold at icy must be settlement le purchaser SITUATION OP THE VArAMi- S^q™.&^|^-^^^^ -n., ... „„„, ,„ county, the grams'rJ;n';!J'^T''''"<^'P'^"y •" th( 5 Of the Gulf of St iVJ^rLTJ'^ "?'S '0"nty the ar.n.:!. .__*•. ^**"en«^e western parts of the shori^rthe'cHlf'^o^St '{'''''''^-^'-"^"^'^7^%'^^^^^^^ "' "" S. W. MiramicS RLfh^^rT* «"d up SsidJTl'^ 'i?''' *=*'«"d ^'ong the In Kent County the eranterf i. ^ remaining large portion parts of .he coumy"'^; ^.ri:-^"^ '^nds are scattered ry^r the nn „ SUGGESTIONS TO SETTLERS be . 40 .. nu. depend in a ,reat ^^l^r^^:^:;^^^^:^^ uSr pernon to select fo^. j'-J "^^ ^ ^^^^^.^^^ i^^nd office without delay, ,vhen,.if found cor- SS; ;u ap^tTi'puM^d i^^;he I^oy.. Gazette. This publicat.on g.ves the pet. tloncr pcsscssion ot the lot. nrrrcc;Trv that the petitioner com- '""N.L. H.iatelv after f ^-"''^^ '^foSo \he Act u k^^^^^^^^^^^ n.7y have applied. ply with tl^-evera isettlement^on ht on^^ ^^^^^^ _^,^^^^,^, ,^^^^ ^,^ ^^^i,,^. . in Older to secure his g''^"^V, *'^^/^'!: T;^ by the Rvowth of its timber requires con- To determine ^l-^^^^^^^^^X^ "^Vi i^n^^^^^^ birch (hardwood.lancU i. adc- siderable experience. Land/XY^^ ^^^^^^j ' p,,,.poses ; but land limbered nith nowledr.ed generally to ^^ t^« '^^^t 'Y, '''Xn the 'rowth is hemlock and the land soft wood is frecjuently good e Peaal y N^^^^^^^^^^^ .:^r , ^^^ j^ ^^ ^^ ^e somewhat rises from large knolls to^'^a I "^^' 1 ke readily, but is generally free from stone damp in the spnng, '^^V-fnAtin bered en ireW with spruce is seldom fit for cultwa- and easily cultivated. J^and t,mbe.-ed ^lU e y i ^^.^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ tion, although r";^I ""^,^;^t\lytiA^e the bes grass' crops the farmer has. "^'"TCLtki'irfi^idk^rhi's 'advantage to' take the following articles v.ith htm when taking possession of his lot, viz. ;— One axe and one grub hoe, These two articles are indispensable. In additto, to these he should be supplied with— I Cross-cut saw, I Hand saw. I One-iiich augur, ,. I One-and-one-half mch augur,, I Hammer or hatchet, I Peevy. ■, , , I,:. -For cooking purposes he Will require,- ^_,^£f;^^|; ■^■' 1 tin Bake-oven, ' ' ' > 2 tin Pails, . .wn) Ih;.a. ^ud .iU->o.T . Cups and Plates, ....rU ^1 1- V Frying pan, ^ r. r-,^ ■ ■- Knives, Forks and bpoons. With these articles he can manage very w.U for t^ie first season If he ha-.;!-J he will require to take eight -.^"XTd^c^S Uee t^e cro^ required being in the can himself make from some J^^^^^^^l^^/J^^^^ such farming implements as h« form of -a V. As his operations progress ne can au may find necessary or advisable. HIGH FARMING : RECLAIMING WASTE LANDS. 1 A .fcrnnd land in New Brunswick that for a century to ' There is such an abundance of S^^j^ >^"^;" „4, ^,„der very exceptional circum- come there will be no ""^f ' / .^/^^^.f^ ,^Sgs and othei' waste lands,.but for stances, to curn h.s ''^y^"""" ^" ^^'s .eXccs blossom as the rose, the experience of those who have a taste f^V^^;^"?^^' J^*!^;" ^Wb"i the wa=te land is situated near a city one who has tried it may be c.f '"^^',\^'^^; ^>V'^' V^ble property, it may be a matter of orformsa prominent f-;^^^''-7;\;:'Y; ^^';^^^\ ^^^^^^^ from a well known ama- importance to ledaun it, ^'f\^ *^/^)'';'' "^,i', ,^\uat the most intractable and worth- Ire to .-Jll the expanse lavished upon It :- TO m\ throuf m. ■a )iiv 37 acres w£ ^'u 's^JwLn'vl'.^ir'^ T""^ ^° '^^^'« ^ description of the field of ei^ht and Mr. SpalJrow I o ^e 4u tlieVol n"" "'"*' ^^^? English delegates, Prof SheWon tliey are worth anythin^o vou wl vn .7"T Particulars without any comment H and be.the "jeans'of en''cou.lging ^fa nn^^^^^^^^^^ T ^^"""^ information flSm^hen terest m underdraining their we! land TnH i. • ^T ^^"sw.ck in taking more in- shall be much pleased "^ ^"'^ ^^^'''"S the stony farms severely alone I Piles'of 'rock tt'Li^^bt^^e^c? for^v^rr'^^ ^"^ ^^f S-^-' -^iced the ploughmgand the same ^nnoy^^cT^ndJxZ7'\^^^^ ^he road when same farm I find a black swamp of mXrcIavTanH i^ 7fV-^t''' P^^'^'-'P^' °" the not have cost so much to reclaiS it, and' '^ou'l^S £?^.^L^£' S^^.S^, work^JirmLt d"7adl^^t:res'ri[LTt'oV^^^ to'^"V,° ,'^^^ T'^'' ^^ ' -"' *» tend and taking out the stumpsX^;f of conr.. J . -rj? help and noone to superin- But ,f the farmers would keep anSounfof the lim^ !? consulerable extra expense, poor sod. they would be quit? astoSS "^i'^T^oTl:!-^^^^ ^^^^^^^ --ry7eib^i!.^;i^^^^^ -Eight acres of strong clay land ; take horses on the field t^lfauUl e dnin oToe S? wet so much so that I could not' to be taken with hand barrow Trffl^i'^i'f'L^^^^^ commenced with it. The trees were rhnn^H • • f ^^'' ^"'."^^ ^"^ stumps xvhcn I and the green stumps tak^n ou Thb T cc^^sT wL' 1" '^^ summer brSsh burnt could not wait for the stumos tornt h u ^I. f i T' ^* ^ "^^ expensive job, but f three horses abreast. When cleared of sturSifr *'?''? ""f '"'i" '^'^^'^ ^"^ ti'^kie with inchpipe-the small dra brtw^fch Th? dra1n','"'^T ^^e feet apart, and three feet six iTc les dee« ' "-i" ^^°^ ' ^^^''''^^ twenty-four (24) drained I had it ploughed foun mes wit^thr'ee i o .f"* k ^"""'f'"' ^""P" When'^l ing. The first ploughing the ground las o Sri fn^f ^Y^^''.'^"^ «"n^n^er after drain- plough would only turn a furrow thre/in.K/^f'^ ^I'-^yey i24 bushels .... 197,847 Vegetables, ; 12,14a Other Articles, ., 103- : ROADS. ^^-^I Good x^agon roads intersect the Province in all directions where settlements have been formed. La-ge expenditures are made yearly by the Provincial Government for keeping those roads in repair, and in addition to this each resident in the country dis- tricts 4s taxed an amount, according to the value of his property, for such repairs. Many residents in the country districts, instead of paying the amount of road tax in cash, perform work on the roads to an amount equivalent to the amount of tax : fifty cents in cash being equivalent to one dav's.work on the roads. By this means the roads throughout the Province are generally kept in good order, and at little expense to the resident. The aggregate length of the ^rent roads, as they are tern^ed, thai name being applied to the main lines of communica >n which are maintained directly by the Provincial Board of Works, amounts to 2,437 miles ; the bye roads or local roads, which are kept up by special grants made by the Provincial Government to the municipalities, aggregate in length many thousands of miles, and extend to every sec- tion and comer of the Province. Fully one-fourth of the revenue of the Province s annually expended in maintaining roads arid" bridges. Many of the latter are very large and costly, owing to the great size of the rivers, but there is neither a toll bridge nor a toll road cf any kind in New Brunswick ; all are free. MINING LICENSES. , ' ■''"''',.,, ■ . ■ ■ • >fl bur, . •• Mining licenses can be obtained in New Brunswick, either for granted or ungranted lands. 35 'will b^giv^f tTsr'o're^rfihrs^^^^^^ ^^^"^"^ °^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^- d«"-^. - '--^« coal is ?wenTyVems p :c\T:rio„''f^^^^ °'*^" >'^^^^'*^« -"^ or royalty upon metalic ores/except gold and Sverfwo.nH^' '"u fc"^' P'"" ^'^^'^^°" : ^"d upon all when raised or dug -provided IE k ^"'^ one-^alf per cent, upon the value thereof ance of such licens^' if Se li^eSe or .'''"^ '^ "^ '"' ^' '"""^ "^"""^ '°"''"" the satisfaction of the LieuttS Governorln^'S;' "^f l^^^l '' ^PP^^^ "P«" °^th, to . taking, over and above rSab^ exn ° Jc T.u^' ^''^^'''^ P''"^'^ "^ the under- exceed six per cent, onthe capUal inv?s?e3. ' '^' '"^"^'^ '° *^" ^'■°^^"' ^o not lease u^rSl4"sf:llVofS'a^^^^^^^ P^^T^'' P^^^''^^ ^^^ ^^e date of the however, to tb-. abovcTrSso^ ^ "'''" '"'"''^ by any mode whatever, subject ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ?-ry..on the first day of tion in the /foyai Gazette io^ot mS The unS ^'^ ^^X^t.sed for sale by pMblica- mile, and the sale takes place athTcrownT.nfi?"''^ " ^^^^"'y ^^"^'■s per square After the sale, and upon avment n?Til k °*''^' ^' *^« *'"^« advertised. * to a mining Hcens^rthrfoi/oiSg^ondi^^^ "^""''''^ '''' P"^^^^^^^ '^ ^"titled ceptg^^S^ &si;^sr -^ ^" «^^" -^-'^' - five squtre^m let'i^^'^bVa^VneTf^rS ^'^"' "'^t'" ^ ^^^^ -^ ""^-^-g rent of twenty cents per chahtSfnnn ? ^'*^"" ^"y county, shall be put up at a fixed minerals, incYuSing gdd and sHver raSd Tr^l^^U ''"^:^°" '^^ ^''"« «^ ^" ^'hlr ary April, July afd' October n each Te^tf the K^?ePe? f>n ^' f ''' clay of Janu- such royalty shall not be sxacted durino^ h^ rnnfin.,; r r^?^""^^ ' Provided that his Assigns shall make it appear on^^^^^^ ^f'"' '^'^" ^«^^«« °^ .n Council that the profits^S?L uSrtlk nrover^^^^^ and the royalty to the Crown, do noJexceed sS oer rent nt 7^ reasonable expenses, provided also, that the Lessee or As.1^nr>. T.n r '^^"V"" '^^ ^"'P'*^' invested ; and such Agent as aforesaid, Sery at tlied-^l^^^ '"^ ^ Receiver-Generkl, or the quantity oUo.U.^.lV^^^,^^^^ oath of posse\^ron"rnd%te"trSr';rrS-'^^^^^^ that't?,??^!^"^., resume pomted, one by the Surveyo^r-G^nerTand one b- he Lessee'or his^I Arbitrators ap- durmg the continuance of L leaseTlhe" S sIkUI reron^'o^^el'^ '''" ''"P'^'^' FORM OF GOVERNMENT. Britll'anTSA' vrmTdifiJiFoS '\ r ^^ °^ ^^^^ °^ ^-* Governor-General who resides S Ottawa the f^dl. .f ^'% character. There is a Crown, and who is appointed bJ,ho°"^;t;i^'noSl5-^P""l'.f° represents the -*" / --- ^--'." -Or^rmucm. ihere is a Senate of 36 seventy-eight members, who are nominated by the Crown, and represent the various Provinces of the Dominion : this body has legislative functions similar to the British House of Lords. Then theie is the House of Commons, in which each province is re- presented according to its population adjusted after each census ; there is a Privy Council or Cabinet, similar to that of Great Britain, responsible to the people and de- pendin-^ for its existence on the possession of a majority in the House of Commons. The Dominion Parliament has jurisdiction over a large variety of subjects, including the tariff, trade and commerce, criminal law, bankruptcy, the fisheries, navigable waters, and matters of a general character. Each province has its Legislature and Lieutenant-Governor, the latter being ap- pointed by the Dominion Government. The subjects over which the Provincial Legis- atures exercise jurisdiction are of a local character and include such matters as civil rights, procedure in courts, the chartering of local railways or companies, roads and bridges and matters generally connected with the management of local affairs, includ- ing tlie power to impose taxes for such objects. The Legislature of New Brunswick consists of a Legislative Council of eighteen members, who are nominated for life, and a House of Assembly of forty-one members elected by the people every four years, in case there should be no dissolution in the mean time. The Government consists of an Executive Council of nine members, of whom eiglit are usually members of the House of Assembly. Of the members of the Executive Council five receive salaries,— the Secretaiy, who is the Finance Minister of the Province, the Chief Commissioner of Public Works, the Surveyor-General, who has the Crown Lands of the Province in his charge, and the Attorney-General and So- licitor General, who are the legal advisers of the Government and conduct the criminal prosecutions. The salaries are :— Attorney General and Secretary, $2,400 each ; Chief Commissioner and Surveyor-General, $2,000 each ; Solicitor-General, $1,200. The members of the Legislature receive an indemnity of $300 each session and mile- age at the rate of twenty cents for each mile travelled going and returning from their homes to the seat of Government at Fredericton. The Speaker of each branch of the Legislature receives $600. The qualification of a member of the Assembly is $1,200 in real estate or leasehold property over all encumbrances ; the qualification of a voter k, the possestion of a freehold of the value of $100, or personal property of the value of $400, or an income of $400 a >'ear. The revenue of the Dominion is derived mainly from Customs duties on imports, excise duties on spirits and tobacco, and the revenue derived from railways owned by the government, can; s and other public works. There is no direct taxation. The revenue of the Province of New Brunswick consists of an allowance of eighty cents per head annually on its population of 32 1 ,000, amounting to $2 56,800 ; a grant for the expenses of the Legislature of $50,000, both these sums being payable by the Do- minion Government under the terms of the Confederation Act ; an allowance of $150,000 a year, also from the Dominion Government in lieu of export duty surrendered by the Province ; and the revenue from Crown Lands and some other minor sources. All these items give the Province an income of from $600,000 to $650,000 a year, a sum quite sufficient to meet all the ordinary expenditures without any resort to direct taxation. The debt of the Province is small, about $1,000,000, and has been almost entirely incurred by subsidies to various lines of railways. The only other portions of the governmental machinery of which it is necessary to speak arc the municipalities. Each of the fifteen counties into which New Brunswick is divided has a municipal council elected by the people annually, which has control of the various county matters, such as the regulations of jails and alms houses, the care of the poor, the licensing of taverns, the expenditures on bye-roads, the payment of Coroners and other matters appertaining to the government of the country. The management of various departments of county administration is entrusted to Com- mittees of the Council, and disbursements are made through the Secretary-Treasurer, who is the paid officer of the Council. In addition to these county municipalities, cities and towns like St. John, Fredericton, Portland, Moncton, St. Stephen and Woodstock, have municipal organizations of their own. 41 COURTS AND LAWS. t The system of jurisprudence which prevails in Niw Brunswick is based on the Common Law of England, modified by such statutes as are from time to time enacted by the Legislature, The highest tribunal is the Supreme Court, which is clothed wilh original jurisdiction both in common law and equity cases. The judges are six in number, one of them being entitled Judge in Equity, although all the judges may hear causes in equity. The Supreme Court sits in iauc four times a year, viz :— in Feb- ruary, April, June and October, to hear Equity appeals, motions for new trials and Oth«r business. The Judges hold Circuits or Assizes in the several counties at stated times for the purpose of hearing civil or criminal rases, in the same manner as in the United Kingdom. There are also County Courts, with six judges who have jurisdiction in all actions ofdebt or ex-contractu when the sum to be recovered does not exceed $200, and in ac- tions oltort where the damages demanded do not exceed $100. The County Court Judges have power also to dispose of all criminal cases except capital felonies. Small debts are recoverable in the Magistrates' Courts iw the several parishes, and in the » 't'fts and towns there are special courts for the collection of small debts, with jurii •A\' - in ca^cs as high as 98a ORIGINS OF THE PEOPLE. 1, ; Brunswick was originally settled Tiy the French, and the descendants of thess original settlers still form one-sixth of its population. The first English settlers did not arrive until 1762, and it was not until 1783, at the close of the American Revolu- tionary war, when the Loyalists came, that any substantial progress was made in settling the Province. The following table shows the origins of the people of New Brunswick by counties at the census of 188 1 : — j English* French. Irish. Icotck. Albert r ^>I37 "8 3.219 1,379 St. John 14.364 443 28,340 6,79a Charlotte ;..., 9,019 239 10,056 5,374 King's 9,28s 284 10,651 3.491 Queen's 4,328 116 5,342 2,184 Sunbury 2,836 157 2,373 709 York 10,405 730 »o,793 5,054 .Carkton ; 10,134 458 7,701 3.044 Victoria 2,162 723 1,906 1,490 Madawaska 164 8,131 276 6C Kent 2,881 13,013 2,485 3.837 Northumberland 3.972 ^>T^ 9,200 0,329 Gloucester , 1,065 15,687 3,45* 1,179 Restigouche 792 2,002 1,118 2,928 Westmoreland 15.843 11.798 4>37i i>S56 93.387 56.635 101,284 49,829 In addition to the above there were 6,310 persons of German origin in tke Prov- ince at the time of the Census ; 4,373 of Dutch origin ; 932 Scandinavians ; 1,474 Welch; and 1,401 Indians. The Negroes only numbered 1,638. Of the Irish fully one half or 50,000 are North of Ireland Protestants. There are 12,000 of this class in the county of St. John, 7,000 in King's, and the same number in Charlotte and York ; Carieton County ,.has 5,000 of them ; Queen's 4,000, and Albert nearly 3,oo« 43 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. There is no state Church in New Brunswick, and all religious denominations stand upon an equal footing. The religious wants of the people are well attended to, and places of worship are numerous. About one third of the population or 109,091 are Roman Catholics, half of whom ;ire of French origin. There are 46,768 adherents of the Church of England, 42,888 Presby'iians, 81,092 Baptists, 34,514 Methodists, 1,372 Congregationalists, and 1,476 Disciples. The following table shows the distribution of the five leading religious denominations by counties : — Baptists. Church of England. Methodiftt. Presbyterians. Roman Catholic*. ^^'jert 8,285 4^6 2,187 377 950 r John 8,719 12,522 6,390 7,101 17,024 ' '^'■lotte 6,995 5.668 3,761 4,118 3.489 i^'ng's 8,374 7,153 3,322 2,877 3,566 . Queen's 7.461 2,292 1,629 I1236 I>33S Sunbury 3.742 789 822 254 941 . York 10,641 5,443 4,319 4,481 4,466 CarU'ton 12,078 2,434 2,995 2,061 3.085 Victoiia 2,168 1,160 560 1,002 1,684 Madawaska 33 1 63 64 8,408 Kent 593 1,513 760 4,007 15.700 Northumberland.. 1,298 2,528 ',448 7>986 '1,657 Gloucester 63 1,13? 531 1,095 18,745 Restigouche 149 ,- 4<38. . 134 3.03.1 3*267 Westmoreland..., 10,493 3,054 ' S1655 3.286 14.774 81,092 46,768 34.514 42,888 109,091 RAILWAYS. .....,., There is no part of the world which in proportion to its population is better sup- plied with railways than New Brunswick, there being more than one thousand miles now in operation, although twenty-five years ago there was scarcely a mile of com- pleted railway. This abundance of railways is r -natter of the very highest importance to the settlor, who is thus enal^led to send his products readily to market, rapidly and at a small cost. Some account of the several lines of railway in the Province will, therefore, be appropriate here. THE INTER-COLONIAL RAILWAY. Of this splendid line, which connects Halifax with St. John, and both these cities with Quebec, there are 345 miles in the Province. The portion, 108 miles in length; which runs nearly north-east from St. John to Point du Chene, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, was built by the Government of New Brunswick prior to Confederation at H cost of nearly five millions of dollars. A continuation of this towards the Nova Scotia boundary was in progress at the time of Confederatit n. The completion of the Intercolonial Railway by the Government of Canada was one of tlie stipulations of the Confederation, and it was opened from Halifa.x and St. John to Riviere du Loup in 1876, joining the Grand Trunk at that place. Since then the portion of the Grand Trunlc between Riviere du Loup and Quebec has been purchased by tlie Government and it now forms a part of the Intercolonial. The whole line is 840 Iniles in length, and it is one of the finest roads in the world, laid with steel rails, with iron and stone bridges throughout, and with a splendid roadbed. The guai^r, like that of all the New Brunswick Railways, is 4 feet 8>^ inches, the same guage as thp English roads. The total cost of the Intercolonial was about ^40,000,000. The principal New Brunswick towns which are connected with St. John by the main line of the Intercolonial are Hampton, Sussex, Petitcodiac, Salisbury, Moncton, Dorchest ter, Sackvill are a numbe colonial, not The bra ment, are as The St. Martin's on I The Elg The Aib and Hopcwe The Ric Intercolonial The Ch to Chatham. In additi is about com] This rail amalgamated wick and Car which becami as a contJnua ^private com ways which g without a bre£ The St. Branch, and m ince also takii The Fred John and Mai The New of connecting this could not Woodstock or branches were flowing into th the New Br^n eat and west built an indepi in Maine. The New Lawrence, its at ion Riviere <: mile by tlie Pr feet six inches, and a luilf inch wi>' .canches in the line wa? stock, and brid virtually a bra and St. John ai Edmunston to line is about to ninety miles fu 43 It!!' f'''^''^'"*'' Shediac, Newcastle, Bathurst atfcT Campbellton. In addition to these are a number of important places, which are connected with branches of the iS colonial, not, however, owned by the Government, ^ THE BRANCHES. ment'!'aret''VSlows :- ' Intercolonial in this Province, not owned by the Govern. MarS on t^ bL^^^TfJ,;?''"' '° '"'" '""^' "'"'' """ ^^"^'^ ^^^^ "^-P^«" »« ^t. The Elgin branch 14 miles long, which runs south from Petitcodiac to Elgin anH Hon n'- r'l^"'''' ^^ i","'^' '""^' ^^''"^'* """"^ '"''""^ Salisbury to Hillsborough Hopcwc Im Chignecto Bay, an arm of the Bay of Fundy. »*oorougn l»e Richibucto branch or Kent Northern, 27 miles long, which runs from the Intercolonial to Richibucto on the Gulf of St. Lawrence to ClSlham!'''"'^'" '''''"''''' '^ '"''^' '""^' ^'■"'" ^''^ Intercolonial, near Newcastle, is about^completed.'^' "''"''^ '^^'^ '' *''' ^''''"'^' '° Dalhousie, 6 miles long, which THE NEW BRUNSWICK RAILWAY. »«,n7^'' ^'i'^*^ which now has a length of 443 miles in operation, consfsts of several amalgamated l.nes, the St. John and Maine, the Fredericton Branch, the New Bruns wick and Canada, and the ong.nal New Brunswick Railway. The St John and Maine which became a part of the New Brunswick Railway in .683, may be aptly described as a continuation of the Intercolonial from St. John westward, although ft X owned by apriva e company:- It connects at Vancebo.o with the United States system of iii^ Som atek!° '^"''' '^""''"'^' '''^'''"' ""^^ ^°^^' ^'"^^^'" and San Franci^o, Rr..nTh^n^!' ^°''". ^■a'^ J^*'"f If *^? '"''^^ '■" '^"Sth, including the Carleton Branch, and was subsidized by the Province to the extent of ?io,ooo a mile, the Prov- ince a so taking stock in the on-inal company to the extent of $300,000. TnH„ o i\!f • ""'''2. ^^7"V-''' 23 miles in length, extends from its junction on the St. John and Maine to Fredericton, and is now a part of the New Brunswick Railway ^fnJ r ^'■""^^;^"='^ ''^"'1 Canada Railway was chartered originally for the purpose of connecting St. Andrews on the Bay of Fundy with Quebec. Owing to various causes Iwul 1."°^ .? accomplished and the line stopped at a point intermediate between Woodstock on he River St. John and Houlton, in the State of Maine, to which places branches. weiT. bu.It. A branch was also built to St. Stephen on the '^t. Croix, a river fr N^ V '''' ^^V^^r^y- When the St. John and Maine was completed it'crossed the New Lr^nsw.ck and Canada at the McAdam Junction, and gave conveniences eat and west to St. John and Bangor. ^terwaids the New Brunswick and Canada built an independent branch some six . in length from McAdam to Vanceboro in Maine. The New Brunswick Railway was also chartered as a through line to the St LawreTice. Its point of departure being (iibson, opposite Fredericton, and its destin- ation Riviere du Loup. It was subsidized to the extent of 10,000 acres of land per mile by t.«e Provincial Government. Originally it was a narrow guage road of three lee SIX inches but it was afterwards chan-ed to tlio standard guage of four feet ei^ht auc a luilt inches It was built from Gibson to Ednnindston on the upper St John wr .ranches to Woodstock and Fort Fairfield, the latter being in Maine. A change in the line was afterwards made by building a new portion from Hartland to Wood- stock, and bridging the St. John River, so that the Gibson part of the road has become viituallya branch and, since the amalgamation witli the New Brunswick and Canada and ht. jolm and Maine, the New Biunswick has a throuijh line via Woodstock froni Edniunston to St. Andrews, St. Stephen, and St. John. A continuation of the line IS about to be built through to the St. Lawrence, a distance of some eighty or nin-ty miles further. Tiiis will give St. John, St. Stephen and St. Andrews S much 44 thorter line to Quebec than they now have, and realize the dream of the original pro- moters of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway. THE GRAND SOUTHERN. This railway, eighty-three miles in length, extends from St. John to St. Stephen by the shore route, passing Lepreaux and St. George, and going within a few miles oi St Andrews. It received from the Province a subsidy of $5,000 a mile, and was com- pleted in January, 1882. It is intended to form a part of a through line from St. John to Boston. THE FORESTS AND THE WOOD TRADE. Next fo agriculture, the industry which in New Brunswick employs the largest number of men and yields the largest returns, is the lumber trade. The whole of the Province was originally covered with magnificent forests, and these forests are still a great source of wealth, their products forming by far the largest item in the exports of the Province. This will be seen by the following statement of the exports of New Brunswick for 1883 : — Produce of the Mine ,, , $ 1 10, 150 " " Fisheries 974,414 " " Forest 4,408,203 Animals and their Produce 405,231 Agricultural Products 245.553 Manu&ctures 497,342 Miscellaneous Articles 37ii8a 16,678,075 In addition to the above, New Brunswick exported in 1883 goods not the produce of Canada to the value of $842,032, of which $797,503 were products of the forest^ chiefly boards and plank, the produce of logs cut in the State of Maine, floated dowa the St. John river and manufactured in St. John, and shipped to the United States. The following statement shows the items in detail of the forest exports of New Brunswick for 1883 : — Bark Tor Tanning $ 80,115 Firewood 24,880 Hop, Hoop and Telegraph Poles 7»588 Knees andFuttocks I7ii3l Lathwood 147 Spruce Logs 44 All other Logs 36,250 Battens 4.578 S**{V;-; 3.495.585 Deal Ends 107,847 Laths, Palings and Pickets 108,124 Planks, Boards and Joists '83,730 Scantling 56,41a Staves I^jjg All other Lumber 1,869 Masts and Spars 1, 1 16 Shingles 12,806 Sleepers.. 72,718 Sugar Box Shocks 31,069 Timber, Ash g " Birch : 81,373 " Maple 20 *• White Pine 71.04a «• All other 7,123 Other Woods 3.689 Total from New Brunswick forests . . . . » $4,408,203 Add exports from Maine forests 707,503 $5- "5. 706 al pro* tcphen [iles ol 5 com- :. John argest of the re still xports fNew odur« forest^ dowa tes. fNew J 451 board^' BtfiP^e slwe'd "usual'Th"" ll£ E"f ^''''''- '^ '"^^^ '"^^ <^-'« -^ and from twelve to eiRhteeu feet loS^ Mos of 'ti?M "'"n'° '^"^*" '"^^^ ^^^e, spruce, although a few aro made of oine SnnL L i New Brunswick deals are of struct on ofveasHs. It isTlSh^ strong and duaht'' "^^^^ superior to any other. "gnt. strong and durable wood, and for rough lumber .carcT.tt Fs':ar£ig'el7urd7off!rhi!irtSm '" the Province, is now becoming Birch, of which rtiere are several variftes UU '^°^ ^°!!'^' ^?^ ^''"''^'^ work. ^ exported in considerable quantUiesTn X SJ nt ^^^^ "'^"^ u'" shipbuilding, and is which is abundant, is well adaped for furnitJr?.nH •'''"'''•^- ""?^"' ^^e black birch, purpose. -iuaptea lor turniture, and is coming into general use for that M^pl^l'V^tS^T^^^^^^ '"' ^'^"^"'"^ P-^-"^ of it for ship work Brunswick. Some of i 'v^rS^^^^^^ well suited for furniture and fancy work ^^ ""^P'^' '^^^ ^ ^"« PoJ'^h and are HeS^l ve'r^lfmSant in somf^.f^^r ''''>- '^, "^^^ ^^ ^^^'P building. Hemlock bark is exTeSfy employed in fn'iin'.;^"''^!'"''^^'^ "^^^ ^"^ rough lumber, •n 1883. in addition to mlZVolth oVemac^^^^^^^ °^'^ ^^^ ^'^Po^^d Province. ■•' h, ^ wurm 01 extract of hemlock bark manufactured in the is in'^rfqlUtKriJ'!^^^^ tdn^rdtr^ ^'^•''"*^ ^"^ ^^"^ ^^ ^^s durability weather. ^ ' "^"'''"^ '^"^ ^'^^r uses in which it is much exposed to the MANUFACTURES. worid^hlsmX'IdvkSeVaVi^SX P-imity to the markets of the number of extensive SfacturinSu^tr L whfr"''^^ ^' '^, "°^ '^^ «««' of a the field for their products beSes wider ^w'o'^r ""'^ constantly been added to as >nce. two in St. John, one Sst Stephen IndZnl^ ^""I t^^ ^°"°° """^ i" ^^e Prov- cotton cloth and cotton yarn of all khds'nnH «,? ^"^ f Mo"«^ton. These mills make red persons. One of the ?a?geL coUon So/^^^^^^^ ^? ^^out thirteen hund- Marysville. near Fredericton. The?" are smal ?r f! ^Z ^'"'^^ '? "^•^'"^y completed at cotton andwoolatMispeck,BayVer?e Har^evr'ir'^"^^^^ and weaving other points. A large quantity^f "homesDuJ" ^^h'^K^^T'T^ SackviUe, and power mills in the rural Sistricts^ of excel^q^ality and Lapfy""'^ '" '™'" ""^^'•■ f^^P^^l^^^S^^^:"^^ shoes, Which John, Sussex, Sbediac and Dorc'iester mos» extensive being located at St. girlsiS'r^^^^^^^ sea', in St. John, and hundreds of mosteSUr'oVTe^rbr^^^^^^^ also engaging in the build n? of loconiodve ' llrXT^ -f^^'^ ^^^^ establishments Engines and boilers of all kfnSs are Sso made ' '"'"^^ ^ollingstock generally. numerorsVnnerSl'a"^^^^^^^ mills, niture, besides planing niiU^bru^h far nlT^ establishments for the making of fur- factories for the Taking k rone? l^ ^^^ ^^*='°''^s, and manu- nails and tacks, edge toe's bricks andt^rr^fn ^'i^u' »&"cultural implements, tablishments e^ploy in the ae" reea?e a ^rei'/r^.n t I^^'^ numerous industrial es- demand for the articles which they rJiake ^' ^'^"^''^"^ supply most of the local place^mpCSt'?Ju\ hun'd^^^^^^^ ^^^"7' 'f '^p-^^r^ "-^^^°P^ -' '^"^ hundred persons """ared hands. Brass works at this place employ about. 46 At saddle nud harness makinjj tlifre were one Iiundred and tliirty-threc persons employed 111 1881, wlio received 142,255 in wages, and produced $155,118 worth of The manufacture of clothing ^ave employment in i88i to 164 men and 55c wo- men wlio received $125,561 in wages, and produced $531,219 worth of joods. Tin and sheet iron working gave employment to 14G persons who received $-16,700 inwages, and produced $139,645 wortii of goods. , In 1881 there were 2t printing offices in the Province employing 252 men and boys, and 43 women. The wages paid amounted to $94,234, and the value of the articles produced to $320,436. Sash, door and blind factories gave employment to 124 men who received $45,36? m wages, and produced ^126,900 worth of finished goods. The manufacture of boots and shoes in 1881 employed 733 men and boys, and 178 women and girls. Of these, 251 men and boys, and 139 women and girls were em- ployed m St. John City and country. The number of establishments has smce in- cicased, and the number employed is much greater than when the census was taken. Ihe wages paid in 1881 amounted to $230,229, and the articles produced were valued at $97 1, 730- lirick making employs 188 persons who receive $19,161 in wages, and turn out $43,650 worth of goods. In carriage building 491 persons are employed who receive $124,583 in wages, and turn out $327,812 worth of goods annually. In 1 88 1 there were 32 foundries in the Province, employing 604 persons, payine fi73,330in wages, and turning out $697,174 worth of goods annually. Lime kilns employed 196 persons who received $20,592 in wages, and produced $58,994 worth of lime. The saw mills of New Brunswick absorb a very large amount of labor. In 1881 they numbered 478, giving employment to 6,440 men and 707 boys of and under 16 years and paying m wages $1,243,628 annually. The total value of the articles pro- duced at these mills during the year was $6,532,826. Shingle making employed 319 men and boys, whose labor produced $128,718 in the course of the year. • J'^^*"® ^^^""^^ ^3 tanneries in New Brunswick in 1881 employing 355 persons, pay- ing $109,048 in annual wages, and producing $877,545 worth of goods. At blacksmith ing 904 persons were employed, the wages paid being $178.^07, andthe value of the articles produced $461,127. «> v / o /> There were 47 shipyards in the Province in 1881, giving employment to 933 men, paying $224,407 in wages, and producing $722,132 worth of vessels Stone and marble cutting employed 218 men, who received $ {,032 m wages, and produced $172,834 worth of^goods. 400 , ood fuming establishments 182 persons were employed who were paid $58,. 'ages, and produced ^126,500 worth of finished goods. putting up of preserved articles of food, there were 1,523 men and boys, omen and girls employed, who received $158,177 in wages, and produced i In the and 1,054 women „.. goods valued at $606,913 K' 41 Bocks, ..o . Can ia^-- ' ' • f 23 <"iol' ,.,, 250 Cottwu, '.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'."[ 92 Extract of hemlock liark ^S Grindstones '%937 Ground gypsum '. ' 3'*> S4^ Castings '/. . . . 8>'74 Pig iron *.*..'...... 9 Other iron and hardware , ! . . . i i .i "7 Junk and oakum U|292 ! Lime 14.183 I VVhi«kcy .".'!.".'*.'.'!.".',' > '^ Macfcnery , 3° Organs \'\ 872 Piano.s ', ...,.'.'.. 9*^ Sewing machines .... 5° SKipi 430 Soap ■■.■.■.'.'.■■ '^^'076 Wrought stone ^ Furniture ...'.'.'.'.*.!,.,. '71664 Doors and sashr* '.'.'.'.'.*.' '^ Other manuf" Jtures of wood ''♦S Woollens iQ.S^o Other^rKcles "S >M39 $497.34* . THE FISHERIES. mi^n'^^'L'!.^''^'"'*'^ ?^^.^'^ Brunswick are very valuable, and employ a larffe number of Brunswtcrfi£^'° '■''""'"' °^ 'i^' the number oKesselsemployX X New mer£i/6,TS'''''°5''"^""'1.''y743men, and 4,284 boats nLnned by 5 956 mdude lar,e quantities of fish sent to tL^'a^rpTovin e^'ot'il^'d^^ offish caught ore cod, haddock, hake, pollock, herring, alewives, mackerel halibut salmon, shad, sardmes smelt, sturgeon, eels tcout, lobsters ar^d oysIS^ most of xdnch are Identical with the same species in Europe. All the waters which lave th/ ttTa'lnlndTout" ^^r""'-"''' '''''' ^"^ *\^ ^^^^ "^^ -" the n^tura iome of tie sa mon and trout. There is no country in the world which ofifers such unrivall J opponm.t.es for the angler as New BrunsTvick. Every river' brook and lake abounds .,,1 '^'^r X°"2";'"^. *''*'^«" ^""^t" the official returns is a Recapitulation of the vield and value of the fisheries of New Brunswick, in the year 1883 .1'"'^"°" °^ ^"^ J'^"^ ^""^ Quantities. Salmon, pickled ,^ ui 1 Salmon, ^esh in ice .,/;. J^ f*: Salmon; preserved •;;:;.•.:::::•;;;;.::::; ''nil ctv 48 THi;. nSllERlES -CominueJ. Quantitiet* Mackerel 4, l66 bris. Mackerel, prestrvcd 236,310 cant. Herring 106,806 brli, *Ierring, frozen 20,775,800 hrds. Herring, imoked 1, 137,830 bxs. Alewivei 18,502 bri*. Cocl T 81,136 cwt. Cod tongues and sounds 147 brls.. Pollock 11,524 cwt.' Hake 37,218 cwt. Hake r.ounds , 40,785 Ibu^ Hadd. ck 17,022 cwt. Halibut 29,900 lbs. Sturgeon 125,280 lbs. Shad 1,634^ brls. Bass 298, 162 lbs. Trout 56,055 lbs. Frost fisli 370,250 lbs. Squid 104 bbl«< Flounders 18,578 lbs. Smelt 3i822,793 lbs. Pickerel , 34.500 lbs. Perch 10,450 lbs. Sardines 37.717 ahds. Eels i,078>^ brls* Oysters 10,317 brls. Lobsters, preserved 4,042,954 cans. Lobsters, fresh 925 tons. Fish oil 69,438 gals. Fish roes 38 bbls» Fish guano 1,275 ^°^^' Fish used as manure 23,97 1 brls. Fish used as bait 41.487 bbls. The following is a statement of the value of the catch of fish by counties ttt 1883:- Restigouche ■. r $ Gloucester Northumberland Kent Westmorland Albert Victoria , Carleton ' York Suubury . , Queen's . . King's . . . St. John. Cliarlotte . S9.»8i 632,872 316,196 375.927 203,51* 3»»49 770 1.336 1,960 8.50s 5,020 13. 'S* 230,688 > 334.42 1 Total value for l8Sj. Total value for 1882. Total value for 1881. .$3,184,674. . 3.»92.S44 . 2,930,904 I 40 from^i^'wIlZl'Siil ■:r;Sl''"'"'»"' "^ "- •»-'""• of-.F..I,erlc...p«,.. Quantities. 'ar,d pollock j,o^^ Codfish, haddocl.. .. „.,„ uo,,ocii » M.>ckertl, fresh . . ""'" l'"""*'^ $103, 5l Mack, rel, pickled '. *'°''^ Halil.ut ■.*.!*■,, '7.8^2 Heriinj-s, fresh '.,.,.. l^^ Herriigs, pickled 22,654 Herrings, smoked ^1'^^ Other sea fish, fresh.... rs».425 Other sea fish, pickled. ...'*" ".'.'.' •39.30'! Other sea fish, preserved........", *''"| Oysters ; ^6 Lob-ters "".* ' Salmon, fresh .'.' "9,1 4 almon, smoked '°9.8 •5.1 1, canned '.■.■ '•"*? Sk men, pickled 3» "° il other fresh fish .* - ,3° wodfi'lioil '^•*7» Other fish oil *'32» etWarUclet V. S.017 * I2,20< |974.4'4 POST OFFICES. -n.»,^* l^l**' facilities are everything that could be desired. There are dailv mails t w?nra% dS5" o lin'.'in"""^ ''•^'"n ^"1^°""^ °^ '"^^ province, t^VJ? somj c"I?e iwo mai.s aa ly (morning and evening) each way. Then there are tri-wi>«klu maJk as no"?^o rS? "''•. ""'' '''' ^^^«^• ^here^s no settlement so fSorand rem^^^ attached The no.^ Xl°" f\" ^"^"H- AH the principal railway trains have postS^an sSment an^Ha^e P l^ SdS Thewil^L ^'^"•'^.S'y^o country in the world is better supplied ir. thil nf thl t\ • • '«"^r postage is three cents for a single rate (half an ounceTto anv cart rln?=.^°"""'°"°^^^"?.^* "' the United States, and will probaWy be reduced to !wo "coardTs7vrc7ntf '■'Sf w'i'; ''''' '"''- ■'4V'"^'« '^'^ to E'ngTant?rdand Z CanadLn fournaU f .t^.^lT?^-'-'"'* '''''"^'^ ^""^^ °^ P°*'^^ »° *» subscribers to rhS of^^wo cents if n.n?H"'f'"'^ """".y ^/^ registered on payment of an ex.ra ^nv nL of Vh. ?? •» J o^"'*^** *° P°'"'^ '" Canada, or five cents to places in iSted StL, or^""'i ^'^'*?- ^°"«y °''^«"' P^y^ble iu any part of Britain, the iYTlso a Post OfrSf*?"^'"' «•■« '^^r'**'" P^y'"*^"* °f *^«ry small commission. There IS also a Post Office Savings Banks in most of the towns of the province. EDUCATION. /rnmTJf p'^'^°°'^. ?^^New Brunswick are free, being supported by grantt of monev IXritiesTnTtt ^.°r'",T"^'"PP'^^"i^"*«^ ^^ ^'^«« »«^^t'°" levifd by tSe Zmy autnonties and the school districts. These school districts are laid off over ill the Tt;e^ra"prt?'ciSZrmkrs''r ^---P^'""^' ^^^^^'^ -e estabHsheXn'uLt wh^rTfL^^i, i • °"^'?^' School at Fredericton supported by the Government where those who desire to become teachers are fitted for that service by tCou^lTSd m systematic training without cost to themselves. The term extends to five mon hs, and tlie students arc then examined and receive licenses to teach graded schools according to their proficiency. There are grammar schools for the teaching of the higher branches in each county, and also allowances for superior schools. At Fredericton there is a Provincial University which is largely endowed by the Government, and which has power to confer degrees. In the summer term of 1S83, the number of schools in operation in New Brunswick was i,447, taught by 1,524 teachers and assis- tants, and the number of pupils who attended school during the year was 66,775, or in the proportion I to 5 of the population, a remarkably high average compared with other countries. SHIPBUILDING. Shipbuilding has for more than sixty years been a prominent industry in New Brunswick, and the vessels built in the Province have a high character, and are in much demand for all trades in which wooden ships are employed. The very general use of iron and steam ships for long voyages has tended to lessen the number of ships built in New Brunswick, but the industry still employs a large number of men. In 1883 76 vessels measuring 20,008 tons were built in the Province, and ships to the value of $186,076 were sold to other countries. The fleet of vessels owned by the Province is a v.iy fine one, and includes 1,107 vessels measuring 315,906 tons. Of this fleet 683 vessels measuring 255,607 tons belong to St. John, which is thus the fourth port in the British Empire in point, of tonnage, coming next after Liverpool, London and Glasgow. , NEWSPAPERS. New Brunswick is well supplied with newspapers. There are six daily papers, four of which are published in St. John and two in Moncton, while in Fredericton there are ^ tri "eekly, a pemi-weekly and four weeklies. There are a semi-weekly and two weel ^ at Cb.itham. In addition to these there are nearly twenty weeklies publjshedin i diflferent citie;. and towns of the Province. The daily newspapers all have cheap weekly issues. The subscription prices are $5 a year for a daily and, in most cases, an' Nc ¥ The Electric Telegraph system is perfect. Every railway has its own telegraph line, and pearly every railway station has a telegraph office attached. There are We are wat Ea< of 11 the in a ent: "'WlPKl^ 4fr* 61 offices in all the cities, towns and" principal vilL.-es of the province. The wires are carried to all the principal fishing stations as well. There are in the province altogether ninety-two telegraph offices ; so that few back settlements are more than a few hours drive from a telegraph station. The lines are operated by the Western Union Tele- graph Company of the United States and the Great Northwestern Company of Canada. The general charge for a message of ten words throughout the Maritime i?rovinces is twenty-five cents (or twelve and a halfpence sterling) or thirty cents to any part of Quebec or Ontario. The following is a list of the 'elegraph offices open in New Brunswick : — ^ Albert Mines, Anagance, Andover, Apohaqui, Barnaby River, Bartlbogue, Bathurst, Bathurst Station, Bay Verte, Beavt Brook, Belledune, Berry's Mills, Bloomfield, Bridgetown, Buctouche, Campbelltrn, Campbellton Station, Campobello, Canaan, Canterbury, Cape Tormentine, Carleton, Charlo, Chatham, Chatham Junction, Clifton, Gloucester Co, Coal Branch, Curryville, Dalhousie, Dalhousie Station, Dorchester, Edmundston, Edwards, Fairville, Ferris, Flagg's Cove, Florenceville, Fredericton, Fredericton Junction, Gibson, Grand Anse, Grand Falls, Grand Manan, Hampton, Hartland, Harvey, York Co, Harvey Corner, Co. Albert Hillsboro, Hopewell, Hoyt, Indiantown, Jacquet River, Kingston, Kent Co, Kouchibouguac, McAdam, Memramcook, Moncton, Musquash, Nauwidgewauk, Newcastle, Newcastle Station, New Mills, Norton, Painscc Junction, Penobsquis, Petitcodiac, Petit Rocher, Point d« Chene, Point I.epreaux, Pokemouche, Portland, Red Pine, Richibucto, Rockland, Rothesay, Sackville, St. Andrew's, St. George, St. John, St. Leonard's, St. Peter's, St. Stephen's, Salisbury, Shediac, Shippegan, Sussex, Tracadie, Tracey, Welchpool, Weldford, Wellsford Westfield, Woodstock, Woodward's Co^e. Campobello is an island adjacent to the United States. The telegraph office is at Welchpool. Grand Manan is an island south of Campobello. The telegraph offices are at Flagg's Cove and Woodward's Cove. Extensive fisheries are carried on in these waters. A government telegraph cable extends from the United States shore at Eastport to Campobello, and another from Campobello to Grand Manan. MINERALS. i There are indications of mineral wealth throughout the province, and a number of mines have been successfully worked. What is known as the Grand Lake Coal Field covers a large tract of country in the vicinity of Grand Lake in Queen's County. The coal ic bituminous and is found in a thin seam near the surface, and is easily and cheaply mined. Many of thw resid- ents ha' e deposits on their farms. The coal is excellent for blacksmif nng use and is OS in demand for this purpose. Large sales are made in St. Johp and other parts of th< province. It is believed that many millions of tonaof their coal await the enterprist of the mines ; and there can be no doubt of this extensive coal field being developed at an early day by the aid of railways. It lies adjacent to summer navigation which 13 a ch^ap means of transportation. There are large deposits of iron hematite and limonits near Woodstock, and as much as 40,000 tons is said to have been melted here. The ore is of a superior quality in some respects, but the mines are not worked at present. They have attracted the attention of English and United States capitalists from time to time. Hematite is also found in large quantity at West Beach in St. ,^ohn County. Gold and Silver have been found in various parts of the province, but not in en- couraging quantities. Considerable expenditures have been incurred in Charldtte and Gloucester counties in testing the value of the alleged silver mines. Antimony has been successfully mined at Prince William in York County, where a number of rich veins exist. Considerable quantities have been cKported from this province in recent years. The antimony district is believed to be very valuable. Manganese exists in great quantity at Markhamville, near Sussex, in King's County, where successful operations have been going on for many years. The export to European countries and the United States for several years has been large. Man- ganese is also found in quantity at St. Martin's, St. John County. Both at Mark- hamville and St. Martin's, the ore is formed of every variety of quality, from the richest to the poorest. Albertite, producing the finest burning oil in America, was mined at " the Albert Mme," at Hillsboro, Albert County, for many years, the mines having enriched a number of United States capitalists. The mineral, it is feared, has given out at this point, but for some time borings have been in progress at Beliveau on the opposite side of slie Petitcodiac River in the hope of finding another deposit of this remarkable and very valuable mineral. Oil-bearing shales are found in unlimited quantities at Baltimore, in Albert County, producing from 65 to 90 gallons of crude oil per ton. Copper is found in twenty or thirty localities, principally on the coast of the Bay of Fundy. No copper miue has been successfully worked of late, but it is believed that only capital is needed to give satisfactory mining results. The following is the official statement of the products of the mine exported from New Brunswick in 1883 : — ^°*; $ 18,368 Crude gypsum 24,977 Antimony ore ,1^842 ]ZZ.::::::::::::::::::::::::: .••:;;;; -"f ^^:::::::::::::::::::/:/::::::-:::::::::::::::.: '"?' Unwrought stone 20 C2q Other articles !...'.'..'.".".'.'! ^[loS $110,150 The gypsum beds of Hillsboro hav« been mined for many years. The gypsum here IS ground near the beds and, being a valuable fertilizer, is exported in great quantities to the United States and the upper provinces of Canada. There are also large deposits on the Tobique River, in Victoria County, at Hopewell, Albert County. ^i)d near Petitcodiac (Railway) Station in Westmoreland. *^ ' " x m I m 63 Limestone Js found throughout the province, and is mined and burr^ fnr acrrJr^t tilral purposes by agricultural societies Tnd pri^ ate parties"n scores oH^cShief The quarries of freestone at Rockland, in Westmoreland and St V rv'- p^:1. • United States " "''"' '"^ """"^ " ^^°"^^ ^°""d here is principally ?n the foun^p^^r^^/sr^^si^^ji— -t^ and br.ck makmg .s earned on extensively at St. John, Moncton^ nd other pS' There are salt sprmgs at Sussex and Uphara, in King's Coun.y Graphue has been mined in limited quantity at the Suspension Bridge, St. John. CONCLUDING REMARKS. .he^parishes and counties, is' r.mar.a''b!';i„%'°T;;l/se?u''er ir'S'lS* ^l from the great number of persons who snend Atif,^lh,f If^ * '^^PP"""' and peculiarly pleasant without being enervating summers are warm .n„ I^"" opportunities for successful farming and mixed husbandry are not exceeded anywhere, there being a ready cash market for all surplus farm Sduce The ?acili ties for marketing supplied by the ordinary road system of tie province byrlilwavJ yL^LttrbfsX^Js'ed^ run on the inland Waters during s^ev^i^^mo'n^h?^: hv fZ^^ '''^'°°' '^'^^"1 is among the best in existence, being liberally suslain-d both ,ttciLTardrdT,v.';=eS5r,?::ki?^/'°^^ m«m?"'''^^"M"'*,M^''^',?"^/°"Sregations are very numerous, and the zeal of their ZT^lZ%'S:^':^''^lLllV'''"'''^>^''- ^""^ '^ no elta^isfeVSirctanJ The social condition of the people leaves little to be dp<;irp-l An »i,- .,1 and -nu-n-nts suitable to thejeo?le and tU'ctate'lrf" jo^ed w hou stT"" While party politics flourish as in all other British possessioii^s then, if HrrU t« complain of in regard to the system of government, wheE p Siair mun cinal of J.t ^'^'"'5 ^^' ^.,'°^^* ''"^' ''" th« ^'"If °f St. Lawrence anTthe Lav fFuSv Df about SIX hundred miles, studded with fine harbors, a number of tSemoyenXhe year round (such as St. John, St. Andrews, St. George, L'Etang, etc.) By means ol the great number of rivers with th'^ir tributaries, and the lakes — the springs and brooks abound everywhere— it is probably one of the best watered countries in the world. Along its shores and in its rivers fish of every variety are caught throughout the year, except during the "close season" necessaiy for the due protection of the fisheries. Herring, bass, smelt and frost fish are caught during the winter as well as in the summer month"--, and command good prices both at home and in the United States. P Dd fishing is indulged in in the scores of rivers and' lakes, for salmon and trout. Certain streams are leased to anglers for salmon fishing in the summer months, and other streams are leased for trout fishing, but any one who wishes to spend a few days in the enjoyment of this sport can without difficulty arrange to do so. Stress has been laid upon the agricultural resources of the province, and pains have been taken to explain fully the system of granting public lands. It is an agri- cultural population which the piovince needs more particularly, and it is for this class of ])eople that the facts here presented have been specially prepared. Ths attention of agriculturists is invited to the character of the lands and the results secured under t)»e .nmrnonest forms of husbandry. They will also notice the remarkable agreement in fre estimates made by men of science and the results obtained by practical farmers. 'ib\\ facts here given leave no rootu for doubt in regard to the solid comfort and pros- perity which await those who have the will and the ability to apply themselves to farming, or whose capital may be directed by intelligence in the same direction. Finally, it is always well for the emigrant to remember that in coming to New Brunswick he is comin;; to a settled country ; that here are already provided all the civil:7ing .igencies of modern times ; that he is within a week or eight days steaming of iLiiro(_>c, while connected by railway with every part of the American continent ; that he is roniing to share equitable laws, light taxation, and all the privileges which are possible to a British subject in any portion of the British Empire. im ''^s:^ im llot« for Intending Emigrants to New Brunswick. Partios who may wish to open correspondence with some one in New Brunswick, in order to obtain information in regard to the country not contained m this pamplilet, should address " Mr. Samuel Gardner, Dominion Immigration Agent, Custom House Building, St. John, New Brunswick, Canada, with the certamty of receiving prompt reply and all the information that it IS m the Agent's power to oflcr. Immigrants arriving in St. John, N. B., with the intention of settling in the Province should report to Mr. Gardner. The same class of persons, frr?ving when ra clicable ^° ^""'^^ °^ Canada, should also report to Mr. Gardner K„ .^\\ fohowins general directions for emigrants to Canada have boen issued by the Department of Agriculture, Ottawa :_ 1^ Ca-eaxerail nDiroctloaos. The intending settler in Canada is advise.l not to encumber himself with heavy luggage uniess it is absolutely necessary. Cumbrous and heavy articles of furniture such as chairs, stoves, tables, etc., would probably cost as much in transport as they would be worth, and things of this sort can be obtained rea- sonaby in Canada. But beds (unfilled), bedding, and clothing of all sorts Should be taken. Agricultural implements (which should be of the kind adapted to the country) would be better purchased after arrival; also tools, unless those belonging to special trades. Sometimes, however, when a settler desires to move to the far west and engages a car specially to take up his efTccts, he may find it convenient to put everythmg m, and there is very frequently an economy in this kiad of arrange- Tndividual settlers are allowed 150 lbs. weight of luggage on the railways •nd parties going together may arrange to have their luggage weighed together* «n^ so h^ve the whole averaged, but everything over 150 lbs. weight is charged! and this cliargc, in the case of freight of the kind referred to, is often found to be exp.njive. Al! intending settlers will obtain either from the Government Immigration A gents, or Irom the Land Officers, directions as to where to go and how to pro- ted to select land, if their point of destination is not previously determined All settlers are especially advised to look very closely after their luggage and see that it is on the trains or steamboats with them, properly checked. It IS better for the immigrant not to proceed until he knows his luaeaee is on the train. ^^ ** ^ Settlers' effects, including their cattle in use, are passed free through the Custom House. *