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Tous les autres exemplaires ongmaux sont film6s en commengant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la darnidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symbc'os suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul cl(ch6, il est film6 d partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 HIGl I NOTES ON THE HIGH SCHOOL RFADER AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ftV E. DAWSOS, B.A., T.u.D.. HEAD MASTER WESTON HIGH SCHWU TORONTO : G. M. ROSE & SONS, 03 MOiMUMujaua^B^ EnttT^d ar^curding to Act of Parliament of Canada, iu thij year one thousand eight hundred and eighty seven, by Honteb, fCosB & Co., at the Depart- ment of Agriculture. FKEFACE. Bchoote, High Schoolg/L c„iu't„£ t"^*!''?''''™ ^ ""« I^Wio reception accorded to t ta luZ JohuJT^''^' '"' *■"> '=°''Jia) selection, issued a few raLTs ,Z '7. ?''" "" ""»" °' ""» completed edition ^ill bo found ??',™? > *"«'= that the now fr-in-^Er-d^^.?:^^^^ of «uch inforiTiation as will enable S f '^^''^* ^ possession N^"^^ of the passage imder lonsilr^f u^""^^' ^° «^ inielUgent carefully avoided tSo common nf^ff'' V ^ ^^^ annotatorhaa f^d labeling, or libeling tie aSo ? v^tr ^«^f «^'^'^^ statements, tions of the opinions of The cribcl He h '"t l^^ ^™^ ^^otal ously avoided the discussion of anvtliW Hf'"''*' ^^^^^^^' ««°««i- ikely to cause serious difficuUv ?o 1>^ ^^^ '^^"^^^ *° ^^ at all lie adopted the easy plan of «h^..^!. ''" "^'^^^^^^^ student, nor has ^TII'TCT^^ -^ettTan^-^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ -^- Skkcies, atCsUt^e'Tore'l^^^^^^^^ «-^ Biographical the student with a living TnteeK^if^^^^^^^^ f ^^^^^^ i^«Pire Nothmg is related of any author 1 I ^^^bject of the sketch, to bear directly either on^^efLS n^f "f^^^^^ ^ '^^'^ Btyle; and wherever it seemed aS'h?. ^ ^^^"^^'^^^ "^ «* ^^^ a fair estimate of his authoT such clt ^ ^?'^' *^^ ^^^^^^^ to appeared most likely to an^^erthe ;"" '''" ^"^^^ ^^ ^ these divergence frortLLTdfr 'f '' "' Tem.yson-U'S purpose, they may at W h^ ^e .unii:? ^"'.^ ''''' "« °^^«' neip tne pupils to understand that the IT PREFACE. chidns of mere authority may be too galling, and that in literarj criticism, as in all other branches of human learning, the gr.uid desideratum is that each should learn to think for himself, fmd be able to give a reason for the faith that is in him. (4) If the pupil has been very Irequentiy warned against the sceptical tendency of much of our verse of to-day, it is not only because it seemed well to guard thoughtless readers against the subtlety of Agnostic poison, but because, from a purely hterary view, it seemed that the baleful influence of the new No-ckeed is likely to be as fatal to poetry as to morals and religion. (5) It ought not to be necessary to offer any apologies for the introduction of so much Etymological matter into the notes. Surely the time has come when we ought to make an effort to lift our more advanced pupils, and especially those who are about to become teachers of otliers, out of the worn rut of mere Latin and Greek rotjts, and to let them see that their language, the noblest and most useful that has yet been developed among men, belongs to an immense family of languages, of which Latm and Greek are but humble members. It will be noticed that wherever the Ety- mology clearly pointed to an Anglo-Saxon root, this has been given to the exclusion frequently of the other forms in which the same root appears in cognate dialects; this has been done partly to avoid unnecessary detail, partly in order not to impose too severe a task on the memory of the student. For the same reason the anno- tator has, except in a very few instances, shunned the temptation, to which his early studies exposed him, of referring words in our language back to the Sanscrit roots in which most words in the Aryan languages occur in their most ancient, and the. fore purest forms. The imperative necessity of economising space must be accepted as the reason for the neglect of all " paragraph laws," in the Bio- graphies, sepecially ; though, after all, there is no very deep moral obliquity involved in even the utter ignoring of these and similar fabrications of the theoretical grammarians. In conclusion, any suggestions for the improvement of these notes will be thankfully received by the pubhshers and the author. K. DAWSON. QiOE School, Weston, Sept., i8B7. lS5"C)TJi]S OH THE HIGH SCHOOL KEADER FEOM THE FIEST BOOK OF KINGS. King SoiiOMON's Prayer and Blessing.— Extract I., page 3S> Introductory SkcJeli— The Books of Kings are so called because they relate the history of tLp Kings of Israel and Judah from the time of Solomon (c. 1015 B.C.), tiU the final dissolution of the kmgdoms and downfall of the state,— a period of four hun- dred and fifty-five years. They are evidently compiled from older and more vohumnous records, more than one editor, in all proba- bility, having been engaged in the compilation ; but by whom these old records were digested into their present form is not known. A Jewish tradition ascribes the work to Jeremiah ; while others attri- bute it_to Isaiah, and still others to Ezra. Space would not permit a full discussion of the subject here ; nor, indeed, would this be a Billable place for such a discussion. In the original the two Books of Kmgs formed only one book, as was the case also with the Books of bamuel ; the division being made in each case by the translators who prepared the Septuagint, or old Greek version. These transla- tors gave the title Books of Eeigns, or Kingdoms, to the works known m modem versions as the Books of Samuel and Books of Kings the Jatter forming the third and fourth books of the series. It would have been a more artistic sub-division had they arranged the Kings in three books, corresponding to the three periods covered by the events described :— 1, narrating the history of the reign of Solo- mon ; 2, the histories of the separated kingdoms of Judah and Israel ; 3, the history of Judah, after the disruption of Israel The lustoncal credibility and value of the Books of Kings is attested by strong external and internal evidence, and they have in all ages been regarded as strictly canonical both by the Jewish and the Christian churches, (The absence of notes on this extract and the one immediately foUomng It will be readily excused by those who do not beHeve that the Bible should be made the vehicle for the communicatior of eeoular knowledge in the flchool-room. > XSAIAS, ISAIAH. Invitation. — Extract 11., page 89. Tnfrodiiotory Sketch. — Nothing is rejiiiy knovm, imich liaa been ii^-jc^nioiisly coujocturod about the parentage and history of Isaiah, the first in order of the four Greater Prophets. Even* hie psrsonabty has been denied by some writers, who would have it tiiat the book of Isaiah is iiieroly a compihition of isolated and scat- tered prophenies, collected and arranged during the Captivity at Bttbylon. This position has been vigorously and successfully at- taokod by Hengstonborg, Loo, Jahn, and others ; but we cannot here discuss the merits of the question. Ho prophesied during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hozokiah ; and from the fre- quency of his predictions concerning the Messiah, he has been called tho Evangelical pro])het, A Jewish tradition asserts that he was sawn asunder by order of Mfiuasseh ; but, needless to say, the story is a very doubtful one, and in fact we know as little of the manner of his death as we do of his mode of life. His style is marked by the absence of all straining after effect, but is lofty and well sustained tbroughoiit, possessing in its perfection all the har- mony and grace of tho old-time Hebrew poetry. Pre-eminent among the sacred poets of antiquity are Job, David, and Isaiah; — Job excelling in strength of description, and David in tenderness, while Isaiah transcends not only these but all other poets in sub- limity, la many respects he resembles Homer; but even Homer is far surpassed in dignity and grandeur, both of conception and expression, by tho Hebrew poet. Comparing the writings of the four Greater Pro}>hets, we observe that Jeremiah is distinguished by the yearning tendorness and plaintive melody with which he treats subjects of a mournful, elegiac character; Ezekiel blazes forth with an uncommon energy and ardoiir, denouncing God's judgments with a fiery earnestness too truculent to admit of poetic grace and elegance; Daniel pours forth his soul in humble prayer, and offers the pious thanks of a grateful heart in language of the utmost plainness and directness ; Isaiah chooses magnificent themes, ajid clothes his grand ideas in n majestic diction peculiar to him- self. There is, however, little advantage to be gained from the discussion of excellences of Hebrew composition, and but Uttle difference can be exhibited in an EngUsh translation between the style of Isaiah and that of the other prophets. (Besides^ these opening extracts have been placed here rather in recognition of the surpassing claims of our Holy Scriptures than as subjects o/ literary criticism.) WiLtlAM SHAK8PEA11E.-1664-I6ie. Thk Trial Scene in the " Merchant op Veniob."— . Extract III., poge 40. vot"an L'wn?t'!ri! ?'''^"T^^^" "^"^' Shakspeare remains a. yot an imwntteu book. We have, it ie true, an indefinite number D biographies each containing aU the ascertained material Sof his career, and giving us here and tliere a vague KlimpseTf the outward environment of the man ; but no one has yet told us wUh any degree of definite distinctness what manner^of man Shak rcTdatfon o^f r- '^ilTf'^ ^^P"^^^« have been devS ^ he « Jw • ?. , ^ ,^«/ks, but very little has been done to paint the author m the hght shed upon his character by those works It i! to be earnestly hoped that Shakspearean studLis sclTokrs clubf ^av^m" ^'^T ^^^^ to'devotetheL^ene;gTest^'^L^^^^^^^^^ £^»r/^i- J- S-bsir on^nHr9^'T\ ?^, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England on April 23rd, lo64, the day dedicated to St. Geor-o the i^atTon saint of England ; and it is at least a curious cSence that he rdWreTtir' ''^'' (l'^t«)'-thatthebirth"ndde"tho^^^^^^^ md 8 greatest genius may be commemorated at the same time hp hor patron samt. His father, John Shakspeare, was a wellTdo burgessof Stratford,a glover by trade; carrying oiTthesImeLe scale. The poet s mother was Mary Arden, a member of one of th« . oldest f amihes among the gentry of the county. OtZ youth we Xnt'thllTSf TT'^l'"'^ he^as sSthe'fr:: feTdmmar scnool of Stratford, where he must have at least beo-nn iTtSmot'r'^'''"^^^^^ Aftpr l..!,-^ kTI^"'''''' *^°"S^ judicious, readers of the time After leavmg school he seems to have been apprenticed in a 1^' more S^r^ ''^^' *'^^*^°^^ ^"^^^ ^™ toTve b^n^ty^it lin 15»^, when only eighteen years of age, he married a rpsnftPf nhio young woman eight years older than°WmseTfXnrSfwav^ tete^' t.' ^'^'""^ ^ *^^ neighboring haktr^?^^^^^^ loi vf7' ^?? "carnage does not seem t» have been an Sappv e'^eme y'outh of Ihf h'n '' "^ ^"^^^^^^^ ^^ onTcc^u^of^tSI C^tW .^-^i^^ bridegroom, and the utter impossibitity of supporfong a wife during his apprenticeship. Tradition again is ti I^ILLIAM f^HAKSPEARX, only authority for the etatoment that Shakspoare ccntmued after hi« marriage to be the same wild ringleader of his boon companiona that he had been before it ; one well-known and possibly true story tails us of his stealing deer from the park of Sir Thomas Lucy at Oharlecote, by whom he was detected aud piosecuted. Fear o' the consequences, it is alleged, caused Shakspeare to leave his native place for London ; but it is more probable that he found himself forced to take this step in order to provide nieans of subsistence for his wife and three children. At all events he did go to London, about 1586, leaving his family at Stratford, which he continued to regard as his home. NaturfU inclination, and no doubt an inner conscious- uess of dramatic power, directed him at once to the stage, where he acquired some reputation as an actor, spent some years in acquiring a thorough knowledge of stage business by adapting old pla-^s tc '■he taste and requirements of the ^itne, and began the production of those marvellous plays whici. have deservedly placed him at the head of the list of dramatibis not only of his own country but of all countries, not only of Lis own age but of all time. ' He enjoyed the friendship and esteem of Queen Elizabeth, James I., the Earl of Southampton, and others of dis- tinguished position. He lived on terms of intimate friendship with Ben Jonson ; and seems to have been alike honored by his con- temporaries for hio excellence as a poet and beloved for his kindly dispositic i as a man. Thirty-seven plays in all ( of which seven are doiibtful) are included in modern editions of his works, and the profits accruing to him from the production of these, together with his income as one of the shareholders in the Blackfriars and Globe Theatres, supplemented probably by the princely munifi- cence of his friend and patron, Southampton, enabled him to pur- chase a property known as New Place in his native Stratford, and to retire about 1612 to spend there the quiet evening of his life in the bosom of his family. He died on the anniversary of his birth, April 23rd, 1616, and waa buried in the chancel of Trinity church, Stratford. The first printed edition of Shakspeare's collected works was published in folio form, in 1623, eleven yearB after hid death ; thii edition is always spoken of as the First folio. There were thres othei folio editions, published asfollows:— the second folio in 16S2 ; third iolio, 1664 ; fourth folio, 1685. Separate plays had been previously printed in quarto form, and these are known in Shak- epearean literature as the quartos. Sensational criticism has started an absurd theory, denying that Shakspoare wrote the plays that have come down to us as his, and attributing the authorship to Lord Francis Bacon. The subject is briefly discussed in the Biographical Sketch of Lord Bacoa See Notes, p. 18. Qu the subject of the " Unittee," See Notes on Cato^ p. 71. NOTES ON " THE TRIAL -"'^■PNE:* THE TRIAL POENE. From "The Merchant of Venice," Act TV., «o. 1. This is one of the most intenaaly dramatic scenes in the ^r'«ole range of hteratnre, and the development of the action till it reaches tue climas of the ddncuement is managed with the utmost skiU. m order to fully understand and appreciate its artistic beauty we must bear in mmd the characters and motives of the several dm- niatis pevsoncB (or actors in the drama), and especially of Portia She IS mfiuenced throughout by two conoiderations : (1) by an earnest desire to have the loan repmd in money, and ihua SLve the honor of her husband, Bassanio, for whom Antonio had incurred 3 debt and danger, and (2), by a fixed determination to save the luo of her L isbaud's friend at all hazards. Hence she is not only mllmg to masquerade in male attire in order to act, in lieu of her nsman BoUario, m assessor to the Duke ; but even when she ap- pears in court, armed with a special knowledge of the law which o^leTo.^ f/'^' ^"^'r^^' ^ ' '' '"-^ ^« --^-- - 1-S scene «r.^ii f- ^^^^^^''f '^^^^"Ptio^. exhausting every conceivable appeal to mduce the Jew U> accept his money. She knows well Waat she must win her suit in the end, but she does not want to win !;f a •f.^''^ ' ^^^ 18, therefore, at once calm and serene amid all nenl^fn^^r"? Tf ^u-^^"' ^^ ^"""^^^^ ^""^ impassioned in her ap- peals to Shylock to his mercy, to his avaricefto both these con- siderations combmed. And it is only when all her arguments Td Antonio's noble an% ne.s hae never stood TeryhlS.* * «"«" for mercy andmild^ that « h"! h"re"a ™;~^th: '^^''T.^™ ?^-' " edition suapeeta nave poMMeHs'd voiir *«.««. won, have informed you. ^ . - S»bb«||,.-In Heyea- quart.; (ICOO) the reading is S«i«<,tt, pn. yuur grace ia poeeea- WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE. the two vnrdB havo been frequently confounded, and even by siioli authors as Bacon, Dr. Johnson, and Sir Walter Scott. The Olaren- tlon edition accuses Sponser also of falling into the same error, in " All shall rest eternally With hiiu that is the God of Sabaoth hight " (called); but Spenser may have meant the title given in Rom. IX. 29., the reference being to the all in the preceding hne rather than to the word rest. Sabbath - Heb. shabdth =^ rest ; Sabaoth == Heb Isebddth --^ armies, hosts. Your cliarler uinI 1Vcc«Ioiii. — This passage may raeai) either, (a) let the danger rost on your national constitution, whicL professes to secure your city's freedom equally to all, to aliens ah to citizens, i.e., if you deny me justice, foreigners will lose faith in your professions and Venice will lose her trading supremacy ; o", (6) let the danger rest on the charter, by which the freedom of your city is secured, and which may be revoked if you do me wrong. But we know notliing of such a charter, and so the first interpreta- tion (a) is to be preferred. Carrion Ik^sli, — Low Lat. caronia, Lat. caro = flesh. The flesh is redundant, s^nco carrion means putrefying flesh. Wucals. — Lat. ducattts, so named from the legend, or inscrip- tion, on it :— " Sit tibi, ChristC; datus, quem tu regis, iste ducatus;^' cf. the English sovereign. Its value was about $1.53. p. 42. But ,*ay, it is uiy liiinior.— How would the omission of the commas change the meaning ? In hwiwr we have a lingering trace of the old medical theory that a man's disposition depended on the hnmors, or moistures, in his body. To have it baii'd.— Al. baned, i. e. poisoned mth ratsbane. Soiiio men lliere are love not.— The omission of the re- lative in such cases as this was common formerly, though no longer permitted. What is the present usage ? Oapintf pig— may be either a living pig or a dead one, — most probably the latter. It was, and still is, customary to serve up a boar's head with an apple or a lehion in the open, gaping mouth. Cannot contain tlieni»eive§ ; for alieetion, &c.— As the passage stands in the text it means thiit affection (i. e. the way in which we are affected), the master of passion, or emotion, sways it according to its likes or hatreds. This is the common reading of the modern texts, but does not seem to make very good sense : how, for example, is affection the master of passion ? and to what does the second it refer ? The old reading is better :— *' Cannot contain themselves for affection. Masters of passion Huay it to the mood," «.a '*for affection," i. e. because of the way in which they are affected ; le error, id iesh. The one, — most NOTES ON ^^TUE TRIAL SCENE:' 9 maaters of passion (whether things or persons) sway it in aooord, flnce with Its predisposition to liking or hatred. ^ this sensT* "****'*' ^ °^°''''* endure^-^m used provincially in 1.^ T!;**"?;' «»«K:i»lpe.-Thi8 is the old rending, and is usuallv defended on the ground that it waa customary to keep the LSs ma woollen case ; but it is not the sight of the case\hat pSe« the unpleasant effect, it is the sound of the bagpipe,-that W« 1' the nose." Various amendments hav. been pKpLd,_L Xn hollen (== swollen), wooden, and, last and best of^.ll, Waulini' the readmg now goneraUy adopted. w«»u»inff, Of forcc-of necessity. Analyse this sentence. 4-Vcf.tlo;,- •-''"''^^ °^^'^'^^^^ ^^^ ^-— - Shak- T ^. . "/*"''"'<^ t'i« ninuntain pines 1.1 waa tlieir higli toijs a.ij to mike no mite." i".'.V.'!*."*.".'"""' ^'■"•"•J-persfetentBnd unohnnKinR course le tho «!Z. '' '^"'"'"' '^"-^ " ""™™ " ; ""t tie meaning With such speedy and direct ac^tion as may be seem^l' w*^;Z receive sentence, &o. •'^ seemly, let me Itlaiiy a piirc>liaNC€l slavo At% ai„« ties, employments. M.iiiy a~See Inde" ^ ^ '' helplessly waiting rBeUaria" UcUnU^.c-torrT ' T^^ ^^44. EpU„p..._Oi,e the d^ar "a^d'°rX° 0?°^ 1^0 eut. the ft«»rAi*»«» jk.„ 1 ,, 10 WILLI A M SflA KSI'KARB. IVof on lliy «ol€% ImiI on *\iy aoiil, Ac- Wlmt flguro of B|)oooh iB thin t Clf. 2 lion. IV., iv. 6. K ' Thdu liftii'Hl, a (.liiniRftiwl (iHg^orH in Uiy thotiKhtu, N\ Iiioli tliotj linHt whettcii on thy nUmy Iumu t. ' Tho samo pun is found in Julius Civsar, Act I., Ho. 1. llaiitfiiiiiii'N Hxc— 8hnkHpouro ropniUHlly uhob (,1m word hautfUKin for i^xocutionor. Xuit lor III) lllc, Ac- for allowing Iboo to live, for not put- ting thoo to (loath. I») llitiKorii^t waH born at tlu^ ishmd of SaniOR, about (JOO U.O., his fathor boin^ a Tlurnioian or Ttlaisgian niorohant. llo taught tho doi'iriuo of .l/./f m/)N//c//o.s/,«<, or ' trausnugration of Koulw'into otlior bodioH. llo alHo (>njoinod tho pniotico of kindruw to auiniulH, and forbado tho uho of moat aw fo»)d. llo aottlod at Crotou in tlie pouth of Italy, from which oontro Lie doctrinoa spread nipidly through Magna (Jrjooia. U'li«», IiiiiikM lor liiimtin wliniKlUcr, &c».— If the comma bo rotainotl nftor trho wo havo an iuHtanoo of anacoluthon, who being a subjivt without any v<^rb to follow. Tho conunon Heading omit« tho conuua, making who nom. ubs. i'or =^ bocuuso of. I''l*)t«|— another form otjlit.Jivc, etc. ^Iiirv'«l uua vn\i*noun. —Starve, A. 8. ntcorfnn, originally mojuit to dio, but wa« afterward rostrictod to dying of coldov hun- ger. What is its present, meaning ? liavenous, Ft. ravine^ Lat. nij;)r;},j=^ plunder; of. rapine, ravine. To N|>euk NO lon«l.— CJorundial iu(\nitive=ui sponldng bo loudly. I o curviesii ruin, the text of the quartos ; tho folios have endle.'^s. p. 45. Go islve lilm, Ac— This use of go followed by another imperative is conunon : go aud conduct him courtoouBly. To nil ns»=to fulfil. ■.eliilMlack olyeur»=letnothi8 youth prt>vout him front roc;eiving a rovertmd entimatioii,~double negative. Vou are ueU'ome.— i om are is hero a monosyllable. Tlirounflily is the same word as thoronyhly^r^ullyt com- pletely. p. 46. Yet III Niicli rule, &e.=yet so strictly in conformity with all tho rules and regulations of the court, liiipuffii, tissail, lit. light against. %\'lllilii liiM (iHiiyer hero means in danger of losing vour life at his hands ; the uhrase is also used by Shakspoare elsewhere to mejiu in one's debt, and possibly this may be the meaning here, though it scarcely seems strong enough. Til© quBlIti' of mercy.— Coiumifc this justly celebrated ill NOTES ON •• THE TRIAL SCENE » u il^'l^ 7T^' Vr ^"^'^ '""'"^^ '■" '" «PF>Hition with avnlitu ■J- iufwcp, *c.—Malone quotes i;rfM;ard///;— Judge BhK,kstono'8 objecS haT t i« a Httt""' f TT ^"^^^ ^» njfer the Jew to the cL'sS Sr n"o? HaW.t"^^^ and thlT ^^^." Prayer ; for it is hardly probable fhuf q>.;.b ' ^^"^ ^'"''^ « ; this universal prayer is a nnmrni r ^^"^«P«f « ^«8 "ware that books of theJowsTrtr^theTrf""^ ""' ^""""^ Prayer XXVIII o wi r:„?^ u ut. 1 , '° "'"^'' <^*^o passatre in Ecclcs ' thy sins al8oLfnl,v.„;i"::^i!^"! ?,^^_«^^ done unto thee, so shall I Bhould not be expected t^liL^'tl^i^ ^V^^^f': ^"^tia, however, rr la WlLLTAAf srrA KSPEARE. i^i; if tli4»ii follow I'igidly itisiBt upon. Court. — Tim folioi rend conrxv, wliioli docs uot nmko good 8(Miro, P. 47. Wull^'c bviii'M 4U»\vii Iriilii bntred overoomea houesly. A iViinlel, *%r. — Anotbor insiMnco of Hliylook'a inlitniitfl iic qunintunoo with tho Apoorypha, tlio allnfiioii boiiig to iho Story o/ SuHiinna^ who had bcoii falHoly nociiwod by two <^1(Umh and nen- tonordto diMilh. but "Tlio Lord raiHcd up (ho lioly Hpirit of a young youth, who60 naiuo waH Danit'l" (If)) ; and by his acuiouoHH her lunooonco was cHtabliHlu'd and hor Ufo savod. Miylock, llior*'% llirlcv lliy iiioiu>y, &.v. — Jiocauso of tho wt)rd thrice Iumo, houio oonunontaioiH would road thrice for twice iu tho second lino of JiassMuio's Hp«HH'h abovo: to whioh it iH ro])liodthat though //r/ct'nuiy bounuHpiintyot it in not oortain that it is so, for ShaUs[)('aro was not over (•an>ful in Hniall niattors of arithniolical d(^tail. A much blotter reason for n>ti(ining tho present reailings may, perhaps, V)e found in tJio earnestness of Portia's own desiro to havo tho claim settled by a mon«\y paynuMit {nee introduc- tory note, abovo); she sees that JJassanio's speciilic oil'er of twice tho anumutisnot enough to arouse tho Jew's avarice, and she now proposes thrice tho an\ount. as though she had undorstood that to bo the sum tenden^d by Hassanio. TIiIj* IioikI Is iorfVII, a shortened form ot forfeited. So, in a former passage iu this play, ho nma frangJit tor freixjhted; BOO also " aro confiscate ; " tho usage was not uuconnnon. p. 48. Most lioarllly, A.v. — Antonio is no longer able to bear tho terrible strain upon his nerves, and it is httlo wonder that he should bo anxious to put an end to tho harrowing suspense and learn the worst at once. Iliilli fiill reimioii l<» llic^ peimlfy. — The intention and meaning of tho law applies fully to this, jis well as to any other j^)enalty specified in the contract — recognizes fully that this penjilty is due and nnist bo paid. Iflore cl '""' » to bo taken not only i?/2Cn t S- , ^ "'i^ '"^"°^^« ^'^ ^"^'^« ^y^ a.o . t^, «t.eu;it7tj:^--^.K etricted to persons ITTildfr^lT \ ""' ^f ^'^« "^^^J^ r«- kets, " TLo .first, of ^^dci TJ/o tlSslr- r^"' u^''™^ ^ ^^^ «"«- dicative, existing alongsi^ of tie ni^ '" "? "^^ '"^^ "^ *^« »'- form am, &o.; it is verf common in S w.T' """^ 'T. "^'"'^ ^^^^"""'" Bing. and third plu. ^ ''°"''"«° »" Sliakspeare, at least in tl,e fiiet mon 7ronuSt,"f if S^^^ ^^"Hble, ^as the cc- of the principal cbaract;riLlKowtX. 5^^^^^^^^ ^^-^ Pursue N(>9it4ui«.» xT„f_ ., ♦*«» ^"C/i ^ez6' of Malta. too ha« a »yllal,We; at ^^ eni-lS il 7' "J""™ '^ "" hypercataleetif.. ^ """ "^ ■' ■« hypermeter, ai fT" U WILLIAM SHAKSl'EARE, Tiirry i% lllllc— Shylock hnw now riMVohod tho point nt which furthor olTort to induce biin to not hunuincly wonld ho woaknoHS ; ovorything conceivable bus boon done to Rbnke biH nudignnnt ])ur- poBO ; Bawwinio, (Iriitiimo, and tbo Dtike have tried in vain ; ror- tia bus apponNvl to bin oonipaHHion, to bJH avaric«v» to botb of tboHo togotbi>r, but all to no purpowo. Frotn luHt to bist tbe Jew Htanda llrnily on tbo letter of (be b»w, and Iuh malignity BoinnH only to grt)W d(M^por and darker at each a])|)(Md, and «ih iio noarn I be oon- snmiiiatiou of bis roviMige bis exultation breaks out in triuiu])bnnt lujilioe, deep, dtMidly, vk>viliHli. We fi^el tbat pot^tie juHtieo deiuanda the 8upprossi«>n of sucb an evil power, that tbe tiino has fully couih "tory Hn\all (Quantity. p. 50. Ill llie 4'iiltiiitf: It.— The usual coiiHt ruction is either lo oiuit tbe th(\ or to inse -t of Hflor tbe g(>rund or verhiil noun. This is tbe "legal (piihhle" of tbe coinuK^ulators ; hut tbero is really no (piihhle at all. Sbylockbad "dearly bought" bis pound of llesh. and tbe law, as inter})reted by Portia* fully recognized the validity of the contract ; " caveat ('/(j/Vor " is a well-known maxim of jurisprudence, antl it was tbe Jew's business to take care bow ho was to enforce bis c«)n(ract without viohiting any other law. The fact tbat ho was unable to do so brought tbo whole transaotiou within the class of contracts for the i)erformance of an ill(>gHl act, wliich arc, per « stance = amount. Soniple. How much ia a/»r7j/n//.# t -♦ doubt, roInotaL "o S"'""' "'"' "'"«' ^^ «m.o^u«oo. difHculty. «von my pruioipd, without uny a,] liti on ^^r In." . 'V'^' *'"''" BKlonilion. •'^ ' " ^^^ inton?8t or otlinr cou- "t u" Xl"" '"""•"-Al- "^''Kc. «." , to be, „v,.u,.tU,„t, t,U,™ r«r hair il,y iv 'al,i: Jv ""'"'•'"'^ ^" ^"^^'^' f'"-"'- Vor tho Stato, ot.N'' as far L~UHrr.r'y'^'' '"''^"'•'^'"^ 5 «"> ^olow, ^8 it aiPocts Antonio «"ntonce cou(;eniH tho state, not >f "n'o/''*'''^' *"^" " ""« --^^"-^ity„.ayind„corne to rednc. be Wnl'a cfn-K^^ «"ng«, tl.o one, ^'that old «nd common joke in Hl.rsp '.reVtil" " BeVTf ^'"T' -" Your god-fathors-in-law " "'^*^«'^^'"e. Ben. Johnson hai ttcsire jour <4race of p«rdon T«f , Inrdon. P"raon. Introat your Grace for I am iiorry. — «« t am " ia f« v !1. li: LOUD BACON. LORD BACON.— 1561-1620. Of Boldness, From Essays.— Extract lY., page 68. Blograplilcal Skctcli.-FBANOis Bacon, the youngest sou of Sir Nicholas Bacon, keeper ot the Great Seal, was bom m Lon- don, January 22nd., 1561, and even in his earhes years began to dSla^the intellectual ability and courtly sycophancy by winch hTcontinued to be so markedly distinguished all biB life ; whe« asked one day by Queen Elizabeth how old 1^^ -as J^he P^^^^^^^ ous courtier replied, " Just two years younger than youi Majesty b most happy reign,"-a piece of flattery which, combined ^yitn his un- rubted^TuI ;on f o? him the favor and ^ riendsUp of the^^^^^^^^ jmd the playful title of her » young lord keeper." His mother, a worafm of rare piety and accomplishments, was the daughter of S^rTthony CooTc^oth^ of whose daughters, Mildred was mar- ried to Cecil, the great lord Burleigh,) and the early studies of the Tuture chanielloi seem to have been directed by her tiU he reached he age Ttwelve. He then entered the University o Cambridge under Dr. Whitgift, afterwards Archbishop of danterbury, and prosecuted h^s studies with such ardor and ability that, in spite o Extreme youth, he not only became proficient in the sciences a they were then and there taught but was able to q^^f ion ^^^e va ^« of the cast-iron philosophy of Aristotle and even to enter on the process of rnt'dincuUon from whichhe Bubsequentty evolvec the principles of the new philosophy, so nobly enunciated in m. Novum Qrqanon and other treatises of his later years. On leay- ^g the unfversity, he was sent by his father to France m the tram 7tL ambassador. Sir Amyas Paulet. Here he ^^«^?f,%^ .^^ observer of the poUtical signs of the times, watching with mtens Xest the preparations of the Huguenots and Catholics for the coming struggle, and collecting such information as he was abl about the other countries of Europe. On his return o Eng and he published the result of his observations m a treatise Onm Me of Europe, a masterpiece of inductive reasoning absolutelj marveUous asthe work of aboy of nineteen. On h^ father's dea b 1579, he naturally expected that his uncle Lord Burleigh wo do something to advance his interests ; but Burleigh was selAshh engrossed i/schemes for the advancement of his o^^ son Robert Cecil and dreaded the rivalry of his richly endowed young kms- m^' He S only gave him no help, but there is too much reasoB ^ Wueve that he ^f everything in his power to thwart and hincg his advancement. In 1682, he was oailea lo d^ ""^' ""^^^i ^rgy and abihty soon brought him ohente and reputation ; thf; V )age 58. youngest eon bom in Lou- ears began to Qcy by which his hfe ; whea , the precoci- rour Majesty's ed with his un- r of the Queen, His mother, a e daughter of dred, was mar- studies of tho till he reached of Cambridge, nterbury, and hat, in spite of the sciences as stion the value ;o enter on the uently evolved unciated in his iars. On leav- nce in the traiii became a close Qg with intense holies for their as he was able im to England treatise On the ling absolutely s father's deatb, Jurleigh, would yh was seltishlY )wn son, Kobert ed young kins-j too much reasoEl iw&rt and hindei^ reputation ; tiMl BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. yi mean jealousy of Burleigh and Ceoil, however rAtnr^»^ i j munificent buuS'^ated"!/^^^^^^^^^^^ -nting the young lawyer with -rviSnn?ltk '^^^^^^^^ P^" ingrntitu.le as the wofldt 7.1e sld ^ full" ^"rJ "' "« ^''-^- n.omorMble description of Lim as '~^ ^ justifymg Pope's "The wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind." On the disgn.ce and downfall of Essex Bacon wno t,«* t of the most activB of his assailants, but everaftlrh^^^^ memory was assaixed and blackened bv iwl? ^^ '^ ^« attempted afterwards to iust?tv a roml^^^ ^'T'' P'^^^'^^' ^^^ . have been rshamed, by Sarin J^th ""^/^/"^ T^'' ^^ «^«^« *« himself in the light of a secret"rv tpI A^ ^^^ T^^ ^""^^^^ "P«" had been fumish^ed ^th anToXed to t^^^^^^^^^ 4^ Jdeed a marked characteri<,tin ^fZv^ ^ Meanness was in- that he was ftilirconsd^^^^^^ aggravated too by the fact [necessary strengt'h o^^ Jfible t^Xw' it^'^^'i^ ""f ^J '^^ feiduously and adroitly paid court to thiT . / ^^^nly but as- X and his advanceme^ntCas a orlX r^^^^^^^^ ^S^ontes of James ^ 1603 ; made King's Counsel i^ If f^^qT; ?'' ''^''^ knighted Utorney General in IfilQ T^ "iV ' ^o^^^^tor General in 1607 • .d in "ieiS he reaoh^^^^^ ihe'summnfl''' ""T* ^"-^^ '^ '''' worn in as LoM High ChatX oTkl^ ^'^T^ \j ^^^^ ig his seat on the woolsack he was d^v^terl f. f i ^ ^^*^'' *^^- ie title of Lord Bacon, baron of VeruW a^^ '^ fZ'^' ^^^ Irpated Viscount St. Albans. (The ancSi^t^Jf ^" ^^ ""^^ ilbans was Verulamium. ) Th L was The p^.iJT'' """"^ °^ ^^' ■kreer, which was henceforth brS wfth wTde^^^Pr* ?^ ^'' le owed so much of his advancement .^'j^J^^-^.^served mfamy. )uke of Buckingham, that he weakTy' .Sow:d'Se7r'.'''^"^^^' Iiere tool m the hands of that nrnflL f • .^"nself to become a restituted his high position bo^^^^^^ ' ^^ accordingly Ihancellor to the will of the Kincr'= fo ^ -l l^'l'®'' ^°^ ^^ Lord b 'r^ r^^^ ^^ -^ '^ -s;7n?:o?rt.\i^^^^^ T ^^p^- hat rather than face the i^ominv oi n Lo? T^ " so flagrant [ade a fuU written confession oS^uilt anl/ ^"^P^^^^^'^ent ho impassion of his peers .^^ho Jnrl? i^ V f 5?''^'^ ^°^««lf «n th*. Ushed from coiXTeWlvXr«^^'«?i5.?f_S^^^^^ He wa. p. agam^servm, his "^^ o' o^^F^'^^^^^^^^ 11' 18 LORD BACON. fined forty thousand pounds (nn enorTn<>uB sum in thope days), uud imprisoned in tlifi Tower during the King's ploasure. The good nature of tho sovereign, whose trust he htul b«'trayed, mitigated the severity ot the sentence very considerably ; but Biicon'B publio career wiw over, and henceforth he devoted himself to scientifio pursuits, and to the society of the wunn friends whom adver- sity tmd disgrace could not banish from his side. His base ingra- titude to Essex did not entitle him to such fideUty ; but taking his natural weakness into account one cannot help feeling glad that the declining years of the father of modem philosophy were solaced by the companionship and friendship of such men as " rare Ben Jonson " The cause of his death is not mentioned by his early biographers, and is variously stated by later writers ; who are, how- ever, agreed that the father of the experimental philosophy himself fel' a victim to experiment. According to one account : — being desirous of testing tlie value of a theory he held as to the antisep- tic properties of snow, he, one very cold day in spring, when out driving near Highgate, purchased a fowl and witli his own hfmds stuffed it with snow ; this brought on a sudden chiU, from the ef- fects of which he died on Easter-day, 1626. Another account states that as he was trymg an experiment in his laboratory the retort he was using burst, par:^ of it stri'-ing him on tho head and stomach, from the effetsts of which he died a few days later. To estimate his genius aright, we must bear in mind that the discoveries which introduced a new method into the study of science ; the speculations by which he founded an entirely new system of philosophy ; and the erudite paperr, essays, pamphlets, and books in which he gave his new methoda to the world, were all of them the mere amusements of his leisure, the work of odd moments snatched from the serious business of his Life — from his multifar. ious duties as lawyer, diplomatist, courtier, parliamentary leadei and orator, chancellor, and member of the council. How much bettor it would have been for his fame, how much better for the world of science and literature, had ho made study the business of his life, and left practical politics to men of a robuster moral constitution ! The greatest of original thinkers, he was nevertheless unrivalled for the extent of his accomplishments and acquirements. It is his great merit that he freed the human intellect from the shackles of mere authority, that in lieu of dogmatism he laid doAvn a system- atic method for prosecuting philosophical investigations, and that he established experiment as the only true basis for the pursuit of phy- sical research. In our own day, a few sensation-mongers have started ( or revived ) the theory that Bacon is the real author of the plays commonly attributed to Shakspeare, but that he got Shakspeare to father KUTBS ON " Of BOL VNBSS." 19 th>« theory, una mil only »Uow h very brLTroX i'^ '° '"™' "' terms of intimacy wit! .on ™d m,mt „ft ' •^°"^^° ™' '™ there w„an„ snel, reason a^limeTtor R.^" ' ""^ll^^^ly an authorsliip of wUi<,h he wouM l,^v„ I Tf '»n<»'>l"»ent of he have in ,iy wjy Wd d- Tm „ rt °m ™ ""'^ '"'' J""'"!. ""uU (Lord Stirling, 7Jinii wtf ...o^^JV"" "s" ^'"^ •» •«■' Iho dramntist?, or play-wrigllts o7 tTtte '"''' '""'"'' """"'8 «hl^prr:.tZgh M"«TtiL'^.'';^t ^V "" "'™'"« -'h .md cordial ; so that if CooThL il. Tf °'"™ "■" ^'7 "'"^ father for any dramn, I ^^^Sng o, Z'S^.^hH™ Id ? ^"1;"™ .unch more likely to choose WjonsonthmShZ^are''™ "**" Bion''i7Ss,t;„X' In 'ir„rt; TT"°" ■«"-» close friendship with each of the .rn' , ° ''™'' ™ 'o™' "' it if any sneh cU^tion had exXd ™'' ""^' ''"™ l"""™ »' neiitloi^rmrS':;;;;^^:::^^^ S" -"'"'• " -^ "»"■ in his vtoes " many vil™,„ 1;„1 T "^ °'"'"'' <»rtHinly hoauty," but possibfy ITmJyZ^iiT:?'^''^^^ «"^' ■leal to do with the prodnction of ae^t°r ^d ^hf k" '^^ ''e°°' ' "'^^ that Sh^kspeare'e I'luvs were wri^fJh »? ""''"'? ""^ '» b«'«™ in Bacon's version ofXpS J thnt^?' the poet ( t) who wrote, Vinsr and who teUs of ""^^ '"" '"""S^ '"' '"*«« '^^JotL':2^,:::.:::^;:^^^^^^^l The. are, or course, mo.t preposteroufof rafeuS^Lrie SnT'" ''«'"""^* "^ to =how us ntter improbability on merel^'grr^f'^rdeS.' OF BOLDNESS. th'tb-^ttt^^^^^^^^ - o.pIanatiou, ul tbi« pregnant «.a7..'^^^ for thought; and .,,/-£^/ ..ness i:, cxiui-cictenstic ol aii Bacon's Eumuu. m f^'i I 20 LORD BACON, nd and, indeed, of all he ever wrote. Study the essay carefully, re- write it from memory, ' i your own language. Action — i. o. ' gestic iation.' Bacon gives the common rend- ering ; and probably to the end of time men will quote Demos- thenes as authority for the absurd statement that ' action ' is the beginning, the middle, and the end of oratory. The word used by him is xit^ti6icirt and parts. FUMcinHte, = to bewitch. Lat. fascino, Gk. (iadnaivoo. Po|>iilar State§, = Siatos governed by popular assembhes. mountebanks, == charlatans, quack-doctors. Ital. viontam- banco; montar' in banco = io play the mountebank, lit. to mount on a bench. ' IVffaliuinet, or Mohammed, the founder of the religion of Islam, which is said to number 160,000,000 followers at the present time was born in Mecca, Arabia, A.D. 570. When twenty-five years of age he married Khudijah, a wealthy widow ; and at forty hebegai to proclaim the basis of his new religion : " There is no god but Allah, and Mahomet is his prophet." Arabia was at that time given up wholly to idolatry, and the new religion with its insist- ence on the unity of God and its opposition topanthfism and idol- worship was bitterh opposed by the professors of that which it was destined to supplant. In 622 Mahomet was obliged to fly from Mecca to Medina, and from this Hegira, or Flight, the Moslems compute their time. Henceforward the spread of Islam was rapid, and Arabia was conquered and converted before the death of the prophet in 632. It used to be the fashion to denounce Mahomet as a gross impostor, but he was very far from being this ; he was a religious enthusiast, a fanatic, perhaps, but undoubtedly sincere in his behefs, which were on the whole far in advance of the age in which he lived. Besides the belief in his own prophetic character he inculcated the following six articles of faith : — 1. Be- lief in the existence of one Supreme Being ; 2. In angels ; 3. In divine revelation ; 4 In the prophets -, 5. In ihe resurrection and day of judgment ; 6. In God's absolute decrees and predestination of good and evil, He also specially enjoined five fundamental })oint8 of religious observance on hisiollowers, viz. : 1. Washings and puri- ^catioa ; 2. Prater ftv* times tiail^y in any 4^cent |)laoe, but 09 )te the dif- kOBERT HEMRICK. 2{ "tixe gate of rdi^ion';" 4 itf' J^-'^^ ^/'^^^^^^^ ^-<^^^^^^ to be i^ot poor must give oae^forUethSll'^^^^r^'^ ^°«^^«^ ^^o is Flgnmage of Mecca (without whic^^^^ '^^ ^""''^ ' ^- The ••I Jew or a Christian.") ^''^ ^ Moslem " maj as weU die Tl.^stel?j\f ,f ]-^ from a. do; cf. at go atsay in Icelandic and' Iwedisl'^f'^S "^^^"' '^^ ^ «^» ^^S Ao^/wwgr. "• ^^- bliakspeare's Jl/«c/i ^t/o About ^lalc at c'hc§8 i a + i chess to denote the s'ituat'on whenr>7'^" *^"^ ^^P^^^^d in move finds that he cannoTm^ke «nv ^ ^^^^ ^^^'^ ^"^ ^<^ ^^ ^o own king in check. ^^ ^""^ "^^^^ without putting his ROBERT HERRICK_i59l_ic74. To D.P.o.i.s.^Extract V., page 55. don, in 1591 (the d.teglyent'lTu^^^''''' ''^' '>o™ in Lon the easy life of a country pTrson In '^"'? ^^ ^^ttled dow^ to iisnea lus poems under f ho t ui ^r P to London whero }m t^„u / ing some of tts most, r.' ™ ■ *" iunself (» literatrim r,l„ i 2a 10V£LACE. JEREMY TAYLOB. m TO DAFFODH^S. eariv^fi?.^nh!;^^''^i^^^^^^^ ^^"^ comparison of the life of man to the h51v ^ 1^ J?^"*^'^' ^^^"^ ^ ^^^^ been a favorite one with maZ him •' gts^ '?!- ^''' ' ^"^'^' " ^^"°^"° ^^^^ ^« ^^^ " '• Firetj I shall decline my fcead : S«condly, I shall be deal : "KUy, iafely bmy*!." F^lr^.^„ '■^"'T'* ?' ^™S ^'''^- ««« Into- tvcn song, i.e. tie time o( even-song, or eveninc KwiTer ri-^e' S^J^" ""'•«'""8-^ -^t-,5 of weaSa Her. elnlwl'^™'' '^'^i'^ P- ^S- "'Si^ School Header, is the con- ge™ plZ^mtl.lp -If^f" /^°™ C^O"." one of Lovi^Ars Srrt, JT ? ^^"^ Canadian Fifth Header, p. 357. Com- VII.^ 25 """""■'^ ' ""^ '"" Biographical Sketoh see Extract .tanza, the " angels J„ne enjoysach Itat"" ' *° °°''*'^S JEEEMY TAyiOR.— 1613-1667. Or OONTENTEDNESS, Ac-Fp « HoM LiviNa. Extract VI., page 56. bn"gXmf Hfa'?:'h''''-T''"™^ T"™« -- born at Cam- him «11 fL IX!L?°'1^'°_^ ^^^'^ ^? «?^' «^d with that view save cours7inlh;u;i;:?eiroflifnff '^""f '^°' 'l'''''^^^ ^^' "«"^1 .a saints C^Ct4ro;arh?rrp.^tl%'^X"C IfOTES ON "CONTENTECNESS." 23 wT^tart"'!"' to wtr!?'^ "'Uppingham in E„tlandshir». In him tte degree ofDDTn^r *!^T.-''<'™'<"'' '"''^^"^d upon laina. Tiri^lSw itt^-gP^S ^er^^^a'^rrhf?"- mg and other emohimonts, and forced hi^?n I!? ?^^ ° "^ '"'■ shire, where he taught aohidt'^^metire to I'^vemSrH™ ho wrote his famous Discourse of the Ubert,, ofS^!? •^"° years^e^t'^.Tn'SLX^lStd ''^'^ ''°™ "y him ^ few Epi,eopacy was aVn to the aso/^dLnf F^nTrrr''* '''™ over to Ireland with T „,/i n„ . ™"' ^^"'o^ l^e crossed C<«e, 0/ cr,cfe«c» itt^T'S' f "P'^yi-g 1J« time in writing whose i^:!Z'^ek^^\'XT^:^:^.^''':^i (*°- ™« ■" doubt of riddinff himself of fii^!./ir ™'™.'i)' with a view no preached many sermons iriininS t^ . ^ "® ^'^ "™te "nd eloquent of En/hTdhiiifs H^ ^^ reputation of being the most from which the°e" tract S?;k„n i? «>mposed the Holy Living, i»W,-HievoMoS ttatU ^SCtj'! companion work, Boli thought, fervor, and elo;tncrHtm^dii"'/6f '"'*'' '''^^^ OE CONTENTEDNESS^IN^ALL ESTATES AND dogma or symboSLT ^liZ^^^jtj'ilZ T'^'T '" ™'- tion almost superfluous. °"'=""'^'' °' t^ style renders exp.Mi- III hi* own tnrclicily The "in" i» „,„i,.ui It does not occur in the law .^ini 1 probably a misprint ; °'SiiT;r"r^'-^*™'3Xlre: "«'-'™"- - '^■"■ HIS .Icslrcs enlarge, grow larse. Wh.t ;= ,•♦„ _. "•& i - • -•• "^^= i-icB-ciij, mean- portknoe. ™ "• *" """<' o" nnd iU-Mtnite Its im. M JEREMY TAYLOR. infanSu^r: "I^WlT "'^'^ -re genero,.. A.S./.e.. act. «n.fv*;*f " v**/V*/?^''^'^fJ^^*^°^' or depression. Gr. uaXai 'black ' S^V' r 1^"^' {<^\gall). The disease was supposed by til old Beside oiir being, apart from, not belonging to. .f^"fu'"l**V'*' ••««"««> i.e. stage-manager, ii the laniruaffe of the theatre, from which the metaphor is taken. ^^G^"«g« fv,^ *^ '•** .^*''f »""«taiiees, i.e. accept whatever befalls tn^s"' "" ""'"^ ^ ^'^ ^"'' ^ ^^^ performance of tS General lialli placed us.-The sentiment closely resem- bles the arguments with which Socrates met the eSreatL TSs toends urgmg him to save his life by escaping frortCprison^ which he was confined after his sentence oi^e prison in The bipest disgrace. -Note that the word » biggest" has becomevulgansed since Taylor's day "^^best nas Tliliigs eligible, desirable, worthy to be chosen, the^'^n" ^*^'*«."^!"5' *^« -"Eyeits" is here u^ed correctly ; !i5 ^,f/^^er insulated, separate from other things, but are always " dependmg " on some precedent series of thinfs of whLh thfoutcomr '''''''' '''''""'''' *"" ^^PP"'"' "*• ^ "^^^ «^^' b« Ifwe^waiit meat till we die, i.e. if we are in want of food so ong that we die m consequence. Atrophy, want of nourish- ment. Gr. aTftscpco. Amazeiiieiil, great perplexity. A.S. a, the intensiye prefix and a Scandivanian root, masa, to bewHder, perplex Th^/'lllli t ^"'^^ °^ ^'"/.' ^•"•. '^^^- State its pre'sent meaning. Ibe old feloies, or disciples of Zeno (born in Cyprus ^'sk B C), took their name from tl| .o^uar, 6}oa, ^Zeil2^:^e, or porch m which they used to assemble to receive instructions £Tlif«VfTt 1 "^/l^^«^«°l- , ^^-° t-8lit that virtue consisted ma hfe of useful activity, not of speculative meditation ; and that physical pam, which merely hurts the body, is no evil iii compari- son with sm, or crime, which hurts the soul. ^ nZ'^^ «""««--This substantival use of the adverb, especially of adverbs of time, is not uncommon. Anon = presently, A i Z = m, and an ^ one, i.e. literally in one moment " w^ r,h.iih viio xiiCc liittjf oura up -IS not Hi our power " The Parthian kings so long bade defiance to the Roman Mma that their half -savage freedom became proverbial. W: ^CBARD LOVELACE, ^TO LUCASTA.^ 25 EIOHAED LOVELACE._1618-1658. To Loc^xx, o. Gox.a xo xhk W^s.-Extraet VII., p«,e 61. goodS/S't^e'ndgh^^^ born of a m 1618, and was educated in f^ i-^ Woolwich, Kent, England by the gallant, iSfenX'aS^^^^^^^ '' ]oy.4 hlta break of the Civil War he thr«2^? .f ^^^ ^&^- ^^ the out- utmost ardor into tUo caLt of h^r'","^'^ ^ ^«^*"°^ ^^thX was the ruin of Lovelace as weU as n7^^ "^^^^'^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^f^l execution of Charles I. Colonel lovl^^'' T7 °^^^^^- ^^^^ the under the King of Frano« ?! T^^^""^ took service for a time was arrested by Ve Purit± '^^^^^^ wrote one of the finest offhT'^^v \t" '"'''■ '^^-^ P"«on, where he tbe Stuart cause, '' To AltL^^^/l?' To^'^^^ ^^^°^^^^ from prison he linWrfid fn ^ ^ ^'^^^ I'* ^2). On his release ;nost of his productions^fe worfcl,T' f ^^' ^''^ ^^^er, bu^ hwopl^s,^^.^,,,,^^ : ™;^^w.l^^^ ^He^te TO LTJ0A8TA. -^d^St^rXn^^^^^^^ r^ie name, not in- ^ere very co^mmonly ^TbTt^eCr A'A ^^^'^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^'^es tbe Rojaiiats. "^ -^ ^^^ P^^^s of the period, especiallj bv Tliai trom tl.c ni..,„ery._« That "- Wn mr le termination indioafPQ n ^Ju-i. ,-^^^'' -^because; IViiiincrv ^ry, &0. A.8. C::a!i:^^^*t:i--ber ; of. yeoman.,.'!^: leant mother, the feminL^'.. ^''^''' *'^'"^«' oripinally >eda.3 a title of resZS le^JiT""' ^ ^^^^^'^ ^^^ ^^«« the^I lepetition of the childish 'son J "^ o^o^'-^topoetic, formed by Native, cf. ma, ma~Zm°TV'''' ''"' ^^^^^^ed to any near \ I could not ioveTT^ Th^f^Tu^^^l ' ^«' ^«' &«• Juding lines was the spirit i^^^S^^^^^^^^ ^^ these two con- Ireater number of devoted lov^Si^if *^^ ^i^^^^s of by far the feir happiness, and even tSv. ' Z^^ T"^""^ ^^^^ ^^^tunes, fey held to be their honor andTb'f 7"^^ "^ the shrine of what Fue chivah-y should h.TuL^'l^J^^, ^^> Pit.V that so much m oaufle r ^ ""-■"" "uiuiossiy aevoted to such a wortbT 3 -f 26 i:jaa£: Walton. IZAAK WALTON.— 1593-1683. On ANGHNa-Frcm The Completb Anolbr. Extract VHI., page 62. loro, ±.ngland, m 1^93. He appears not to have aUowed his natural Wa?'hr^^r'"^'r ^^^" ^^^'^^^^^^ ^y the horrors oftheS YZl-^ .^"^ ''?'* ""^^^ '^^^^ ^«^« «fcirred to their profound^ depths A fe of qmet contemplation is generally cond udve to longevity, aixd such a Hfe enabled Walton to rea Jh tS g,Sd o d age of nuieuy years with faculties of mind and body but litSe im paired to the end. Besides the Complete Angler he^wrote relegy S^Fr,;i r?? ^^^ ''^*^^' ^^ ^^' Pseudo-Martyr, and contributed f^f« ?i Q literatme some of its very best biographies, incluS hose of Sanderson, Donne, "the divine" Herbert, and Hooker the immortal author of the Ecclesiastical Polity. wXn diS ON ANGLING. « ri!f r^ ^/*l^ °/ *^^ '"'"'^ ^'^'^ ^^i°^ ^^^ Extract is taken is -The Compete Angler, or, A Contemplative Man^ s RecrZion^^ It IS the work by which the author is best known, and hTpassed tl^tr'l^Y'' " f"^'^^^ editions, maintainiig 1 SidS ished and weU-deserved popularity even in our ov^ day T^s quaint combmation of simplicity 'and enthusiasm it op^ tfou ZVl'' T^^^ '7.^^ *^" geutle-hearted Izaak with^^ of Z fidehty and none of the egotism of a veritable autobiography and ^ r«^r-/^^r''-.f ^'^^^'"^" ^^^ perspicuous style Sleue to read it to-day with as much ease and pleasure i it was read when first given to the world more than tw^ centuriS agl, 1653 Venator = . Huntsman ; Piscator = Fisherman. ^ ' To make artificial flies of shreds of bright silks and tin- ' sol, closely resembling the natural flies in which the fish deUgtt ^ IS ^ indispensable accompHshment of the true angler ^ Yni, sycamore-tree—The tree that goes by this name in England, that referred to here, is a large fpecie7of maX; I America the name is given to the plane-tree, or button-wood^ The ng resembhng the mulberry ; ar„ 6vH6uoon^. fr^m ^..-^r.t „ «» and uopov, a mulberry. Note : the old spelling of ^e word wS eycumore, correspondmg to its derivation. ^ NOTES ON " ON ANGLING.'' 27 «T^«^e is often used in the sense of irood excellent ; here it refers to the quality of the viands whUe hSS Sn breakfast alludes to the appetites of the eSs A S "" can to break (cf. Lat. /mngo/Gr. /5^r»'t>//t), Td Ts Lton to abstam firmly from food. a* ;, tmu a.o. joestan, Put that net, Ac. , a small net at the end of a short pole used the ]^r ^^ * ^^ *°" ^^'"^ '^ '^^ P^^^^ «^* without^breSg Aiitfic ^fishing tackle, including rod, line, bait, and hook • ongiually apphed simply to the hook from its barb or "anX"' Fortune = good luck. ' ^ ®* '^^*'?u."";?-*'? €>f trouts.-Write notes on these plui-ul forms • see Seath's High School English Grammar, v. 42 ' Parish; a district under one pastor. Lat. varcecicu Or rrapotHta = an ecclesiastical district, Ht. a neighbourhood. ^ F,.lil„gevc«-j;t;en = exactly, precisel|. A.8. efen. .fmJl!l^ ™ot.on= constantly in motion.*" What meaning of still would make this an example of oxymoron f Providence— forethought, its original meaninff. the dS."*- *" '"*"■ "" "'" "'"'""' -• J^Og-S (^ Ended with = ended 8imtate.neotlely with the shower How pleasantly- l„„ks.-Oould the adverb to'^eed in this way now f Point out the difference in meanW between the as"The MW„'?"h''^7®'"S" ^^*"^ commonly described as ine Divine" Herbert, on account of his exeniDlnrv r„Vf, ™,te some of the most exquisite devotional po" ttSsCe' olTrMtr Entering H ''?'' ?'>, '^*>-'«'J atVestmSTd '"T,fr.nii*^r„".^' ™ r fi^^trtTeSsh^^^r'^^' »«•! Hiu§ie 8lio%vs ye liave vonr t>\a\Lt^^ m *. i.i rMc'arth"' "'''/°' ^^- *^""'"^ teXic'a!l7'47 to'm,Sc° = bumto/M'' """^ ""P'' " '™'' '^-^ '^ P°^"'°-- Coal or to, such a degree. Rather is the comparative o/™ old '^oTi, S8 JOBS MILTOJf. I !( ^o life no liannv TVi^^^- • common in the en Jdation of IZTrTJ^^ ^^^ "^P"^'-^ ^''^ ^^ ^^^y tious aphorisms, and the Hke ^laxims, or truths, sonton pating/ *^ *""*' ^^^ i^ere in its old sens^ ot 'antici- JOHN MrLTON.-l(]08-1674. On thk MoB.x.a o. Chkxst's N.xxvxxr. -Extract IX J^^traot IX., page 67. of December, 1608. tZaj'sZtcr'' ^f '^^^ «^ '^^ '-^^h father, John Milton, had earlv p^k ' ^^f'^^P^^^e, London. His ^ad ixi consequenoe'been cSU&tV^''^^^^^ '^^^Si^-^ father, a zealous adherent . f Tl?. ^ "'"''^^^ °"<^ «^ doors by his for some years nmintaS b ,seH in 7"''', ^'^^"^^« ^^"^«1^ ; tad ente; l^ad finally established S^^^ ^.^^'^^ "musical tal- scrivener or notary, about thryear n;o( iT^V ^"^^^eesof a Jeffrey, the orphan daughter ot^P ml £ff "^ ^''''^ "^'"^^"^^ ^^^^ah O their six children only thrL re.chl] H '^' ^ :'^«r«l^ant-tailor." afterwards married to E-lva^pX^. ^^.T%f "^^'^^"^^ 5 Anne, and's epic poets ; and CbristS^wt ,' '^' ^^^^^^ lawyer, and was almost as zeaffin thi o "''",'? '"^ successful was bis more gifted brother n tlat of f h^P °^^'^" ^°^«^^«ts as father Milton inherited a fondness of mLo ^""^•''"'- ^^^"^ 1^^ playmg that formed the chief "0X^0/]"''^ f ^""'"^ ^ ^^^^^ i" the judicious liberality of the san^e wiL 1 Vf^'' ^""^« ^ ^^'^ ^ a thorough training in all the w«?^>h ?''''' ^^ '^«« indebted for "ation His early Ltruct on w^s^tSe^ ^ °' ' '"""^ ^^" 'He of the last and best of whom w^^ ThL'''' > ^"^^^^^ ^^tors, ■;nd talented young clergymZ otllnT ^ "''^' ^" ^^™«« -Vt a suitable age l.o%as sent to Saint P^r/ ^^r'''' Principles, be formed a close intimacy and fSends^; n ^H^n'. '°^°^^' ^^^^e whose early death he passionately it X.^^ .f^"'^^« ^^«dati "^ u^ c:;^.^::ii?r ^-^^^^^ ~r:LXrr'^ ^^^-^^i^^^-- Christ's College, CambridTdfr '"'^ •^^"^'" ^« matriculated at b7 his superio? m^^^^fZ'?:::^^ -"^"^^ ^-- the .r^t w.esinprosea.d verse, not only in' E';gl4Tr^ ,^^^^^^ ^TOGJiAPHICAL SKETCH, )ns^ of ' autici- £d eZ' He^^^^^^ ItnlioB, I ' '« Umversity curriculum. Forthe fir?t ! ^,"^'° °°^ ^''ee^ « I drndedlj uni,opu]ar with his fellow sS.r"^^ °^ ^^^^^ ^« ^as the Lady of Christ's College,'' Ztivlr^'' -^^^^ "i^'kD'-'med him , .nrness find beauty of his l^e ^md f. '^''"'^"" °f t*^« dolicute or « /elf-conscious fastidiousne s in hi^; ^f^ Verily in dislike : ong before the close of his unde 4du ^« '^'' ""^^ "^""'^^^ > b"t to rocognize, to respect, and to e£m fh ""'''?' ^^^^7 i^^^cl come T"ren,ents and the brilliancy of his iftl. '''' " ^"^^^ «f his ac- FdL^ 5"^" 'P^^^"^ "^«^tio^n of any oAZ ?T''' ^* ^« """-«e«- K< ward Kmg, an Irish youth of h Vh . •"""''' students excoT,t ••ntortamed an affection surpLedl v f'^r^' '"^^ lind dearer friend Diodati oTth. ^ ^,'' ^"' ^^^^ 'or his older ;;areer with the degree of ki^n i^STr^" "' ^^« "°i'- ^tj foT'i^ ^^..'^" profession of 1 tmture' ^^^^"° ;^««Ived to deyot^ to takmg the necessary oaths nrl?!"^ fonscientious obfectionc father's ^vish, that he^shS ^1^..^ ^^" '^°'" S^atify^fng w' mchnatonfor the prof esskrofTat wV f 1!"'^' "^^ ^e^had no Ion oTsfl'^''^'^^^- In tl'T^ar^/,^.^^, «-ordingly left 'o (tion of bhakspeare was published nrlfi 7'.^'^ ^^^^^^ folio edi- 'inonymous short poems oie^f .f^^^d to which were thrnn te on Sl^akspeaVrittrinle^O.^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ton's gL'^^^J b>uhhc appearance as an author. He h.d .1 ' """" ^^^^^^'^ ^rst [nmor poems in English — ori^ °" «°"^« (fuUy conscious. BKe^Sly fZd^ iT Pf «^««i«" l^e was [the proper theme-no fe^Sn w^^ - ^'""^ ^"^ ''^^'''^ (gested themselves, o? S a list w r?'""' f ^^'''^ ^^^^^ «"g- l/^arar?/,, Zos^ behig appS^^tlv his fnv T ^T""^ ^'' P«P«^«' |)ost of honor as first on ftTi"'^ ^ favorite and occupying the thickening ^tlLTouScTa^^^^^^^ Th^ Use into the background aS wt 'w^""?:?' ^^^^'^ ^' P^^tic Sf storm, of sunshinVando shade had r'V'If° "^"^'^^ ^^^^'^ ;o resume her sway, and iiLi^ ?L^^i passed that she was able zed its author. ^ P *^^ ^""^^^ ^P^° ^i^at has immortal- fS^^'^S?'?::^;;^!.^^^^^ «^ the root-and-branch fions of the first rfnk L the^^f "l J^" '""'^ "^'l ""^ '^^• pssher doing battle for the Modpr 1= . ^'^^tro^^^sJi-Archbishop Yeme High Church nartv ir flL S f^??"^ ^'"^^^P ^^^ for the ex 1 March^ 164rHarha^d Vn:dtt^''^'^fn?''''''' ^^ ^^^l^^- fs "Humble Kemonstranci "t re.lv?^ ^^Y'^ "^'"^^^^to in [sued by five Puritan min£ tJrs The fnili^ 7\'^ ^ P^^^P^^^ was he strange word by whiTthf/J^f .i '""^"^^""^^^"^^^ fo^'ned i^., '' sSectymnuns J' The Cl ^°'' ""^'^ ^^^^^^ described, plmund Calamy, TkonJ\luTMa^ll'-^^^^^^ ''^^«^^"' am Spurstow. This wia fh^ ^' Mattliew Kewcomen, and Wil- W hid been so profitable to Sn lTJ?°'^'' ^?°^ ^'^««^ ^uto- 'liool; and MiltSn now repaid the ««,? entering Saint Paul's the composition of TheC i^^'f v'^'?'^"^^^ ^«"^^ /Young)! and also in the pSatl''n^"""'^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^7 'the Smectymnuans to KTfe^'T ^^M-?f ^^^^^^^^nt replied Btsonhisown account, S^^^^^^^ ent^red'^the feformation tovnh.;.., A" .^r ,'"^.'°.^%' 1641, a pamphlpf, n* " ** "'^"'"" ^'•^•^^i>^''«« in A'/^f/Zund, by far'the I j f I il i i I 8? JOHN MILTON, Jiblest and most vigorous of the root-and-branoh mniiifostoes of th# time. This he rnpidly followed up with four other treatises, on the same generjil subject '.—Of Prelatical Episcopacy, in reply tt» the broad church arguments of Ussher, June 1641; Animadver- siona upon Hall's "Defence" against Smectymnuus, July 1641; The Reason of Church Government, far the best of these four, and inferior only to his Of Reformation in the strength of its argu- ments on the anti-Episcopal side of the controversy, February, 1642 ; and in March, 1642, the last of his contributions to the Smoctymnuan controversy, an Apology against a Confutation of his Animadversions. Divorce |)Hni|>lilcl8.-In May or June, 1643, Milton con- tracted his first marriage [not made in heaven). His bride, about half his own age, was Mary Powell, daughter of Richard Powell, the squire of Forest Hill, near Oxford, and a devoted Royalist. She appears to have been vain, frivolous, shallow, and stiipid — unsuited in every possible way to be the wife of a grave, earn- est, religious, and learned man such as was her husband. The honeymoon was scarcely over when she asked and obtained his permission to visit Forest Hill ; and she had no sooner got safely there than she announced to him that she did not intend to return to her conjugal duties and position. Milton immediately de- voted himself to a close study of the civil and ecclesiastical di- vorce laws ; and with characteristic energy and fearlessness cf consequences, he published his conclusions to the world in five pamphlets, — publications which exposed him to the : 3entment of the Presbyterian divines then attending the Westminster Assem- bly, and lUtimately led to his embracing the side of the Independ- ents, the great opponents of the Presbyterians in the now divided ranks of the Puritans. The first pamphlet. The Doctrine and Dis- cipline of Divorce, published anonymously in August, 1643, laid down the broad and at that time startling doctrine that incompati- bility of character is a sufficient cause for divorce ; nor did he soften its enunciation in a second edition, which he published in Februa^-y, 1644, greatly enlarged, and openly dedicated to the Parliament fmd the Assembly. In July, 1644, The Judgment of Martin Bvcer concerning Divorce still further excited the London clergy, who instigated the Stationers' Company to proceed against him for violation of the " Printing Ordinance " by publishing the first divorce treatise without registration or license. While the matter was still before the Commons' committee and the House of Lords, Milton issued the greatest, most popular, and most eloquent of all his prose writings,~the famous Areopagitica, A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing, published in November, 1644, md of courp^ wwJQensed and unvAgiBteiyd, In March, X64f), hn BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. lonfutation of 8? -: Scripture relating t^nuirSZ 1T,k^ ^.^V^"^ ""^'^ P°««"g^ Id these, m indeed iu nearly nil 1W« Zf '''!P^ i««b- his opponents withTnu . "srseverir^^^ """°^«' ^^^^on '•ge, and an overn.asterinL. abili v th.f I T, ^^"''^^^^^"^tioof the Puage has been well conZvoI tZT " ' ^'^ ''''''' The Inn- ^■tiff with the richness of ifl .!!! I Macaiilay, to clot'^ of irold ter is what nnghtre^XTfrr hoT ^ f "^ ^^^ -object S information and keen iiteJ ectud nn,v ^°!^^i»»"«tible treisures of on stands hea.I and BhZ^rst^Z"!^^ ^''' ^^'^"^ «' ^^<^^ Mil- friends as well as nis opZents I ^ T ?««tempornries,-hi8 -nail, take up one o?Ee « d vowfof ''T^^^ "^ '"^^^ -- the quaint richness of an odd vJ^TJl ^ "^t'-oversy to admire 'J>«putable fact that all Xso Cif ' & ^?^ ^^ff' ^^ is an in- -are now practically dead and burfel r "" ' ""'^^"^^ "Pponents' 18 interested in them Thr.l ^""^^'— 5^o one reads them, no ono marred by the sam'defe ^ thou^h'tf''^" ' '^7 ''' «^« «^d Til ant m tone, agreeing onlv in m ^ ^®T "^^ ^^^ strongly Protest without exception ItjfZ Zl^e'T"^ '''''''' °^ ^onLisn , they a^d Protestantism, they L^.t^T f'^i''^^" between Komanism khat Romanism is liliTIth't ^""^ Pi'otestantism is right and a g..lf .hould aivVlo\r ReirS^^^^^^^^ ^f ^ '' '^^ ^-^'ed th'at ^iiij real question at issurbet™ h ° "^"^ ^'"""^ *^^ ^W, and the Of he gulf of separation "^ '^"'" ^^ '->« *« ^^^^ Proper widtl J-ined at the battle of Na.^,; !^nd tho ^n '^ n ^''^''''' ««"- -"« " It well to conciliate the mtiuentia p^h^"""'' f^^""^^ ^^^^^'"g duced his wife to return to W ! 1 ^'^^^^'^^"entarian writer, in^ the same year. Milton h..! . allogiunco, m July or August r ' the B ,4^^ wfelltet^W^^^^ S t^o four, and was buii.Ml in ^ f . , ' ■'^^^^' at the ;in-e of 9 nU^ ^w;>;;es, sonnets^;;!. ;,^;;:^ 'mdl..?"^^?^^^^^- j^-* of Milton was silent durin-th-s T ■ J^? ^"'^''*^' ^^'^ P"^tic nnisc works of scholarlv l-.v.. ^ . P^"<^^ ' ^'if- ^lo was bir-v nn h '".■ Wind, L. X'itSrcSiSf """"•,? '^-'1 ot^^yLtt O "^ '^ "<""■•'" '^"nqiiest was artein,„j„ 84 JOHN MILTON. '^^ published, in 1670 ; (2) a complete Latin treatise on Christian Dc<; "^^^ ^^" ^°»"^^ ^l^^"^- ;..;.iusshortly afterwa^rttt^^^^^^^^^^^ of Sal- that his overwhelminff defeat hui i.;ii i • ' m ifind by avernng was in the habit of '4^Sg ti o t« >'™- ^^^"^^^ ^^^^h^^ rn the same year Milton's only son died ll.r??,,?' ""'"^^'^ *^^^^ ' and shortlv .ff..^„„,i. u._ Z.^^®^ "^^^"t: ™n httle over a year old- Anne, bom inTeirSary in TfiS'". H'^'u^^'T^ ^^'^^ children; 36 JOHN MILTON. i !:| i : a nnmber of attacks in more or less sciirrilons pamphlets on the Salmasian controversy ; to one of which he thought it worth while to reply personally, leaving to his nephews and others the task of answering the less able of his asrailants. At the close of the year, 1652, there appeared anonymously at the Hague the ablest and most venomous of the Salmasian tracts, under the title of " Regii Sanguinis Clamor," consisting mainly of a personal libellous attack on Milton himself. It was really the work of Dr. Peter du Moulin, a French Presbyterian minister, naturalized, and then resident in England; but of this the world knew nothing, and as the printing had been supervised partly by Salmasius, since decejiK(>d, but mainly by one Alexander Morus, a I'ronch minister of Scotch descent, cele- brated as an orator in Holland, Morus was universally believed to be the author. He, accordingly, was made the victim of a frightful castigation by Milton in his JJcfensio Secunda, May, 1G54; his life was mercilessly dissected and analysed ; his moral character waa blasted, scorched, and shrivelled in the scathing light of a full ex- posure of his antecedents; and he was made to stand forth in full view of fill Europe, in all the naked deformity of an unmasked clerical blackguard. But in s^^ito of all this scurrilous abuse, the Second Defense is one of the most interesting and valuable of all Milton's prose works, on account of the number of sketches it con- tains of the great chiefs of the Commonwealth, and especially on account of its magnificent eulogy of Cromwell and his career, — a grander and more elaborate panegyric than any since pronounced on the great Protector, not excepting even the amplified tribute of his best modern biographer, Carlyle. Morus attempted a feeble apology for himself, to which Milton retorted in the Pro Se Defeu- Hio, the last of his great Latin pamplilcts, August, 1G55. Thence- forward till the end of the Protectorate, Milton's life was compara- tively calm, tlie official correspondence of his office and a few odes, sonnets, and familiar epistles in Latin being all that occupied his time. On November 12, 1656, he married a second time, his vnia being Katharine Woodcock, but her death in child-birth in Febru- ary, 1658, left him once more a widower, afLer fifteen months of greater happiness than had yet fallen to his lot ; the last of his series of sonnets is a touching tribute to her memory and \irtues; her child died with her. Cliiircli and Stale— Tlio Rc$>toratioii.— The question of Church Government was the only one on which Milton and Cromwell differed seriously — IMiltou being in favor of the total separat'dii of Church and State ; Oliver, in favor of an Estab- lished Church of England, to include all denominations of Evau- geiioal Protestant Christians. During Cromwell's life he perse- vered in his views ; but soon after his death and the accession SrOGRAPHlCAL SKETCH. 9 u- 37 <"«o/ the Church, iiu tJ: f ^"^'''"'' '" ^.'emo r, "f ,, £?' " ;r.e^t.oii--, mKl soou the current of™,M?''™.'° ""=*"« w°tb such late Pennon, bj the Royalist Dr P, "rrn ^,' '"^ ^'■''■«/ ^^^^s on a 88 JOHN MILTON. \\\ Paradlee I.oif.— And yet out of his very nun Milton wa« to create for himBelf a monument more endurmg than ever n^ could have raised "as secretnry of the mightiest ruler on earth; and so far as the world of literature is concerned, it has reason to be thankful that the course of events forced upon him the free- dom without which Paradim Lost could never have been written. He had begun it during the peaceful years at the close of the Jr-ro- tector's hfe, and after the stormy period of the Restoration he once more took up the work as the solace of his blind old age, hnding in it so much of comfort that he was able by the Divine help to remain steadfast in all his degradation, " On evil days though fallen, and evil tongues, ^^ In darkness, and with dangers compassed round. Some few friends raUied round him in his declining years, old friends of the lost cause, and young men lured by the charm of his captivating conversation,— Skinner, and Eliwood, and Vt. Paget, and a few others. Whether his daughters were as unduti- fiil as he undoubtedly believed them to be, it is not now easy to determine ; but they contributed little to his happiness— poor girls ' they had grown up without a mother's lovmg care, and knew not how to make a happy home for their father, old, and poor, and blind, and desolate-and so his few friends persuaded him to consent to a third marriage, February 24, 1663. His third wife was Elizabeth MinshuU, a relative of Dr. Paget ; she was a good and attentive wife to him, and tried harA to do her duty by her step-children under aU circumstances. Aided by his tnendri, who acted as his amanuenses, he made rapid progress with the composition of Paradise Lost, and before July, 1665, the grandest EpicinEngHsh literature was completed. The story of the sale of the MS. for a paltry trifle is weU known and equally well authen- ticated. Samuel Simmons, the publisher, paid him ^5 down, and agreed to pay £5 more on the sale of 1,300 copies of the Ist edi- tion, and like sums on similar terms for the 2nd and 3rd editions ; all payments then to cease and the work to become the sole pro- perty of the publisher,— twenty pounds, all told, equal to about $350 now, for one of the few flrst-dass poems the world has yet produced I The Plague and Fire of London interfered with the date of publishing, and the work was not ready for sale till the summer of 1667— the time of the ruin and disgrace of Clarendon. From its first appearance it was welcomed with wonder and ap- plause not only by the Puritan friends of the author, but^ by scholars and men of taste of every shade oi poiioiciii uuu loixgxvv^. faith; but its oirculavon was almost exclusively confin^ to readers of these classea till the appreciative criticisms of Addison m his BIOORAPBICAL SKETCB, 89 Spectator Essays made it rocular x^\. +i,« ... was hardl J verse at all in the Sma^^ ^ f '^' ^^^^ ^^^« tion period, and was barely toWnri °*.'^?^«^ ^ the Eestora- was the great champion of" rhymr7n7h« ^ T ""v^""^ ' '^^^'^^^ HiA nrv^ . K,,^ „„._...^ " "i rnjme, and he was the hterary kine oi rr^e z ts famng foul of men's prejScea its violation of r>r^/ior,'o ^J^ J ^^ the age ; but notwithstanding zts falHTir, f^„i * , "•' — e "' m this respect, in spite of its viola ion^nf^ a "^f"^ Vrejndioes poetical criticism, yet, so Jeat an7«^ 1 Dryden's pet canon ol merits of Paradile Lost Xelked Z ^ T' ™^ *^^ ^^"^""'^^ more especially of Dryden hTmsei? ^Tw"^^ approbation of all, and the ancients too," was hirverii. n^^^ T"" ""^ "" ^^ «"*' diet he subsequently pr^nounrp J ^ 1 vu *™^ ' ^^^ ^^ ^^r- which every LderVmmonsL^'l ^^^l^'^^^^J ^^ » few lines Reader, p. 82. ) The Sm Jf ?^?. ^^'^ ^^ ^^^^t- (-»«« H. S. temporLLfarly reprSen^tHhefJ*'' "'^'^ ?'P"^'^ °^ ^ °on- the poem. All areSd thaMn Ii ^^^ T^'^'^^ «^ *^« ^^ts of and distinguished he still found tL«?nf^''^'^'''' "^^'^ numerous miscellaneous literary wo'r and ^^^ agoodly quantity of reading from his favorite aithnr« w ^'^ f'''^^ ^^^^ friend the Greeks, Virgil SdOvir.^on'^^^^ Euripides\mong speare and Cowley amonriso^^'^%^^'^^^' H'""''' «^^ ^hak? lished Paradise LgaZd aZ^JT^^'^!''- J^ ^^^1' ^^ P'^b- been suggested by CTonnt n? ? to Paradise Lost, said io have .^am.on I^onLe^ a dmma^n^ ''/""'''^' Thomas EUwood, and attentive reading n the stL^'nlT f ^^''v^^d ^ell worthy of identifying hinliUm^llo-^tl^^^^ ^^«-^7 fully presented on the stacre In 1^7^ T - lu ^^'""^ «^««^s«- clamor, he ventured on a fa^'t tSiil ' *^""^^ *^^ " ^^ ^^Pery " T'me Eeligion, &c., a me^ mHk n ' ^^P^^'^"^?^!' Pamphlet 0/ views ; and thiL, with a second;^ f^^^'^rj^''^^^ «^ ^' earlier a Latin Gramm;r (1669r hf/^?^ '°'' . ^'' " ^^^^^ ^°^«^«'" a Latin treatise on W^^c ri672 W fK^"^ ^"'^'^*^ (1^70), and brain in thefewyears befo L theL?n' ^t iP"'^^ ^^^P^^ «' bis In this last year^ 1674, The secoS Xit o?T^^-P^^"™^^^- peared, arranged in twelve hnnVc • . T ^^ Paradise Lost ap- the first edition ; Ms h^^l^^fnLT'^'i ""^ ^"^ «« ^^^J ™e S' people and at var^us tteslCouS^o^IT -^^^ ^""^° ^« ^a"o^ Dnhl,-«h-'i ^^^ - ' • throughout his life, were nnll«..fo^ „^^ Oam"bridg;";;;rs"-S''t^^^^^^ f^"^^^««« «' bis long-'pa^t 40 JOHN MILTON, Comraonwealtb, the priuting of which had been forbidden by the Foreign OHico, Hia last publication, probably bis last production, Nvas a tiausluliou of a Latin dooumout from Poland on the election of Joiiu yobieslci as John the Third, King oC Poland. On Nov. 8th, 1674, Milton died of an acute attack of gout, or gout fever, at the ago of G5 years and 11 months, and was buried beside his father in the chancel of the church of St. (lilcs', Grippiogate. li ODE ON THE MORNING OF CHUIST'S NATIVITY, 1629. In an elegiac epistle to his friend Charles Diodati, IMilb^n states that he composed, or at least began, this ode on Christmas day, 1629 :— *' Dona quiilera dedimua Cbriati natalibuH ilia ; Ilia sub auroram lux mihi i)iima tulit." Hallam considers it the tinest ode in the English language — a rank generally assigned to Dryden's " Alexander's Feast " — and it cer- tainly is a most rbmarkable i^roduction to have proceeded from the pen of so young a man, showing a tuieness of conception, a depth of philosophic treatment, a wealth of scholarly illustration, and a fehrity of diction for which we search in vain in the works of any of his fellow disciples of the Sjionserian school. He possesses that quintessence of tlui poetic faculty common tt) his acknow- ledged master, and all his followers ; but none of the Spenserians, not even S}>ensor himself, exhibits that perfection of verbal finish displayed in many stfmzas of this ode. Throughout the whole poem we can feel the promise and potency of still loftier flights, the consciousness of possessing higher faculties, and the recognition of the principle of moral manliness, which afterwards foiind such noble utterance in the inspired strains of Paradise Lost, and out of which was developed a new, nobler, and more majestic school of poetry — the Miltonic. The student cannot fail to note the extensive range of literature, sacred and profane, forced to pay tribute to Milton's muse. This is, indee(^, characteristic of his works ; so much so that it has been frequently urged that he is the least original, or creative, of our poets. In one sense, and that a very limited one, the charge is true of both Milton and Shakspeare ; they s'^' .oted their materials wherever they could find them; the world oi litera- ture was open to them, especially to Milton, and they never hesi- tated to make use of an incident or even of a thought merely be- cause some one else had gone over the same ground belore them : uut they employed tiie work of others simply ub raw uiuierial to be fashioned into newer and more beautiful shapes for use in tho execution of their own designs ; the genius that enabled them to i !| ii" VITY, 1629. ^OTES ON .. CHBIST'S NATmTY.- •nap out andplau the desie-n nr,^ *u ;iie|n to execute perfectly ^4^^!. VTn?/"^: «kiJI that enabled heir own ; and in this, t^TueS.nd r '?^^ ''''''^'^'^ ^vere aU "•o x.orm, those two, v.ho are contJ /."^'^^"^ ''"^ "^^st sense of "Ij^ma of aJl our poets. """'^^'^^'^'"^ t'.e best, are also the in„s liio Ode docs not Lnve ns nr.,, i Views entertained by Milton in'Xr ]•; ^""'"'''^ °^ ^^^^ religions i"« views at this period r(.semblo< h; !' ""^^ ^« ^<^ Piol,able h if religion was with him a thii i- nJ ^ ^''^''' ^^««« at in cIosX t ratiu. than of faith ; and y^^^^^^^^^^ « ^"atte of rj«/^ ■east the germ of some of n.. ^® examination will rJZ . -his ronSrkabla pos^ml^^: J^-|f ons ^ -"J- SrU I'rom this and the known facts of hi! 'f ^'' Christian Doctrine Jongo,Uonoparticnlar(.hnr .?) . ^'^'' '^ 'Appears :— fj /w! u «oluto ,„ ,te opposition to tl,e oxolti! ""TP' "'toloranoe, but re ?il)le nature. (^ \ w« ^^^'"vative divmity of a hio-h ...III Jtheiv of n ^^'•^' ^^"^'^^^ o« them ^4 ^ P/^^^^bitions, nor by Icnncjiof „ .^Q^ the one primal mnff„ » ' ^^^'^*^*^^*'*«^m*< for have gotten, etc. — but when the dropping of en would leave the same form as the infinitive, t.he form rsf th? past tense was used with the auxiliary instead of the participirti 'orm; thus, have forsaken became have /orsoofc, not have /orsafcc. yOTES ON - THE IIYMN» A. S. nionath fall," ParadisH the means of his star from the east. '?h; eLuZ^ .T^""^ ^^". ^^^ ^^^rx led by Jo.nedo a word of bad moaning rnrj?v''''"°'^^^^ ""^ ^*^«° ■•".d