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All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the^ast page wjtb a printed or illustrated impression. /^ ^ The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain tlie symbol — »- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. . »»4.'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grice A la g' ho. • ; PUBLISHED UNDER ^ GRANT OF THE LEGIBLATURE. HALIFAX, N. S. : IpntiteO bs Hidjarb ^ngent, Ihu. B9U> pv A1.1. BooHiLLna, ahb bt bmutuun or AaMOOLTinui. hooirik nROcoaooT m raorninu 1»64» jiAiszJfi ' '^^ • I' t^ L^ b H *?f- I5S- \^ ^' -i V 'Ws* i'S^^ (i." A ^ » > a?- > i< .^ZS^SLi^. ' \v^l^' 6, # K4 ^«L.J^A^I^^e.1i, -^^.-f '' ' 1 * • < » J' i->"i »-7'lV,i i"VfP7^i>) , ,v, ^^~f^'^" ■ ■ -v -^f^' 4 i '* (fbontispiecb.) Fig. 1. Aldebnet Bull. (Page 18.) oo ;^ ■«4- JlttJL^ATiPllBBirJQffli.. -KS^.. A^\ f^-*^.^.. PRACTICAL HINTS TO THB FARMERS OP NOVA. SCOTIA ON THB MANAGEMENT AND MPROVEMENT OF LIVE STOCK, V AND ON GENERAL HUSBANDRY; friTH IfOTES AND EXfLANATdRT REMARKS. AND BY J. W. DAWSON. •'^'l PUBLISHED UNDER A GRANT OP THE LEGISLATURE. HALIFAX, N. S. : J"nt«^ bS Hicl)arb Mttgrnt ^^^^__^ 1854. •h'Sv'sirx^-itimmivS^A ^^y # ^0 w »* *^^t»^ »#...^. '% (H.i " ■ 'v^'il ,r*: #' --!'-... y 1q liis Excellency, Colonel Sir J. Gaspard Lb Marchant A«*^A/, and Knight Commander of the Orders of ^i- J' crdinand, ^c, Lieutenant Governor, (^c. MAT IT PLKA3K YOUR KXCEtpEXCY,- ,^, . f -y t^'e execution of the work with which your Excellency hw been pleased to entrust mo, I have endeavored, in accordance with iny instruc- . tiOns, to select from the latest and best authorities, practical and useful nints on the management and improvement of Live Stocle, and on those (lepartmenta of Agriculture immediately connected with the maintenance and improvement of domestic animals ; and to present these hints in the words of the writers, with only so much-introductory and explanatory matter as appeared necessary to render them intelligible and applicable to the circumstiinces of this Province. ' ■ A work of this description must necessarily contain much that is already known to fi.rmers who are well read in the modern, improve- ments m their profession, and also much that is too far in advance of the present condition of Agriculture here, to be readily accepted as practi- cable or useful. On the one hand, to secure the most extensive utility. . it 13 necessary to be very elementary ; on the other, justice to the sub'^ ject requires that m each department the practice in those couotriea in * J .1 '^ u ', J^'' ™°'* thoroughly studied and most successfully con- ducted should be stated in detail. I hav^ endeavored, however, to Belect chiefly from works^not as yet very generally read in this Province, and to conhno myself to facts and methods, either dii'ectly suited to the exivstmg state of AgricuUure here, or capable of affording practical suggestions to any intelligent reader. - . ^ '^ It is to be regretted that the agricultural literature of Nova Scoti* does not afford more extensive collections of the best practice oCour own tarmers. I trust that this deficiency may be remedied, by the method suggested near the close of this work ; and that by requiring statements trom all persons who may receive premiums at agricultural exfrti^tions, the legislature may be enabled to ele^^he condition of Agriculture and to make a knowledge of the pracf^Tlf the most successful cultiva- tors tne common property of all. Trusting ^hat your Excellency's enlightened efforts for the improye- ment of Provincial Agriculture, may be crowned with complete succesg and that this r»otnniIatmn moTT +/.r..i ;^ „« j x- xi_ ."^ -i ' r . • I have the honor to be, i / Yotfr Excellency's humble servant, J. W. DAWSON. ,A-. , ( J February W, 1854. "n • \ ' ^ ~1 " % / ■ '% ' *"■" / ■ 5 1 / ' s," - fe^:^^ ■■■■■■ \ / f ■' t, i "s--. ' (t (1 (I il (I i( (I CONTENTS. ■ \ I. NEAT CATTLE. 1. Breeds of Cattle, - Devonshire breed, ~ - Sussex, Ilerofoitl Durham Long-horned ,'.' Galloway ,_ Highland Ayrshire " AldQrney Comparativa merita of breeds, 2.. Choice and Purchase of Cattle, ■ Ada,p'tation to soil, &c.. Best points of cattle, Age of cattle, , - 3. Breeding of Cattle, - Description of bull, Treatment of cow in calf, 4. Management of Calves, Keai-ing, Fattening, 5. Lhaught Oxen, - - Training, - * . Modes of yoking, ' Comparison with horses, - ft. Feeding and Faitening of Cattle, Pasturage, Soiling, - - ,, \ Stall and box feeding, Driving to market, - > n. THE DAIRY. 1. Qualities of Milch Cows, 2. Food of Milch Cmcs, 8. Buildings for the Dairy, 4. Composition and properties of MiUe, 6. Butter making^ - » - , Paob - 9 '• ' • - 10 It ' 12 . (( - 14 18 (I <( - 19 20 - 21 (I - 24 25 •26 . - 27 (( K 29 (( 86 87 89 42 48 4$ h 1 I Paob - 9 - 10 <( i( 12 4, 8 . (I - 14 18 (I u - 19 K (( 20 - 21 (I - 24 25 •26 . - 27 ({ n 29 « 86 87 89 42 48 4$ f 1 ; Milking, . Crcauaing, Churning, .( '- J Salting, 6. Cheese Making, ' . 'i(, Cheshire cheese, "-- Double' Xiloucester, , Dunlop, SHim milk, ' 'OOlTTBimiL I- ^ UI. FAR]V$« hSrsES. 1. TrkiHing^fBoraes^ r . ! i -^ 2. ^Feeding, - - ,^_ i ' ' . IV'. SHEEP. 1. Breeds of Sheep, \ Heath or black-faced, - Exmoor, — Dishlej, South-dowB, — Cheviot, - -• . Merino, - _ . ^' fiSelection an4 Rearing of Sheep, % . Practice in Bmsin awl America, ' Sorts and value of wool, General remarJ^Sjo - - ^ 1. Breeds of Smne, of Swine OKinese, V. SWINE. ' • * Berkshire aiKi Essex, 2. Feeding, - '^ . Young pigg, - _ ' Fattening of pigs, -' Weight of pigs, Practice in the Western States, 3. Pig Sties and Troughs, 4. Cttring of Pork and Bacon, Practice in Yorkshire, - - ^ ■ Westmoreland, ~ Spain and Portugal, t VI. -POULTRY. 1. ^The Common or Domestic PtMl, -' Barn-door fowl, ^-' GaiB&t %' / ' D«i-king, .,* nx PAsa - 45 46 - 47 49 - " - 61 11 - 62 / 68 54 67 59 - 78 ». '■u (t # l{ t. iJk, Paok - 74 (( - 75 - 7a 77 i( 79 ■ 82 ■ 84 85 88 98 98 99 100 101 u 107 112 126 . 180 182 ; NoTB. — We are indebted to Mr C M S«vf«», a^- w , . !'■ >> ^'^^'IBP^, Slife,' , j:1Kj''/it ^'iP'J'^fi!St|.|*^fl^g(^ji» RY. ck, PASk - 74 (( - 75 - 7a 77 i( 79 - 82 ■' - 84 ■ 85 - 88 98 98 99 100 101 107 112 126 * 180 182 iltural pub- ivork, which f " Youatt I—REARING AND MANAGEMENT OF NEAT CATTLE . 1- ^^c^«fe of Domestic Cattle. era to the rump, Ij.ng completely on a level with the pin or huckle«" which he wide and open; the hindquarters seated hSrwithfli,^' leaving a fine hair-ham taperino*from the hock tn tJ?fi.»T i , ' fj.ni rump to huckle, and fro'm th°e & of t^e sh u t to tt Ld^^^ inc med to curl whenever the animal is ill good condition and Zm\ coat, when it also becomes mottled with darker sbn,la« nf ;. "" color which is a bright red without wStetrl't^^^^^^^^ t S>ttion^"'"^ "''^^ "^ ^^'"^^'^^^ P--^ ove?:b;t'Sot W[ti- narform!Ts- ^'°^ ^'''^ "^ ^''"^^ ^"^ ^°^«^«^ ««>«« defects in e,ter- "The sudden retiring of the vamp from behind the huckla to » rrr^'TLSf '; *'^ «''^''* T^« ^*-«- the h^eWe and IhJ kSS and navel!^'"^'^ "^^'^''^ ^'^'^ "^ '^^^^''^ «*% between the •Ihh EditioQ, Londoo, 186B. ,,...*-• ^ ■• — J;>* •" The Nortli Devon cattle are highly esteemed both for feeding and draught but are not so much valued for the dairy; yet their milk, though deficient in quantity, is of such excellent quality, that as much butter can be made from that yielded by a North Devon cow, as trom that yielded by the breeds which are esteemed better milkers, tor all the purposes of labour, whether for activity, docility, strength or hardi- • ness, this breed cannot be excelled, and the quality of the meat is unri- valled by that of any other breed." The !Novth Devon breed merits the attention of farmers in this country, whose object is to rear cattle for draught or for tattenning. The Sussex BREED-differs from the Devonshire by being larger and coarser. When pure, they are invariably of a dark red colour. Ihey are thua described by an eminent breeder, ( Mr. EUman.) ' "eadthm ; laws clean; horns long, pointing forward and upward ; eye tull throat clear and no dewlap ; neck long and thin; shoulders wide and deep ; barrel round and straight; space between hip bone and, first rib very ^'"* The true Sussex Cattle are large hardy animals. They are prized for their labouring powrs, more than for anything else. Few of the Cowa are good milkers, nor do the oxen fatten at an early age. The Hereford Breed is a variety of the Devon and Sussex, but is larger and weightier than either. The prevailing colour is reddish brown, and the face white or mottled. The hair fine and inclined to curl, and the skin soft and elastic. " In the true bred Hereford cattle, there is no projecting bone m the point of the shoulder, but it regularly tapers off. They have a con- . Biderable breadth before, and are equally weighty in their hind quarters. - There is a great distance from the point of the rump to the hip bone ; the twist is^ full, broad and soft; the arm as far as the pastern joint, tapering and full, but thin and tapering below the joint. The anima handles remarkably well, and is especially mellow on the rump ribs and hip. The quality of the meat is not hard, but fine as well as tat. There is little coarse flesh about them, the offal and bone being small m proportion to their weight ; while their disposition to fatten is equal it not sffcerior to that of any other breed in the island ; they are not however calculated for the dairy. They arrive early at maturity, and there is a great disproportion in size between the cows and the oxen. The Herefords are considered to be unrivalled for fatting stock, and might be very profitable on the marsh lands and richer grazing farms ot this Province It is very questionable if they would thrive on our ordi- nary upland farms. . , The Short Horned Durham or Yorkshire Cattle- are a mixed breed having several varieties, the best of which is that of the " improved short horns" or proper Durhams. " This breed was introduced about sixty years ago, by Messieurs CoUings of Darlington, and has rapidly =^TTsen in public estimatiou. They are of good size, beautifully mottled with red spots upon a wjiite ground ; their backs are level; the throat >th for feeding and y; yet their milk, lality, that as much Devon cow, as from ;r milkers. For all T, Strength or hardi- of the meat is unri- of farmers in this )r for fattenning. by being larger and k red colour. They lan.) "Head thin; ird ; eye full, throat ders wide and deep ; le and, first rib very Is. They are prized ig else. Few of the an early age. )n and Sussex, but is g colour is reddish fine and inclined to )rojecting bone in the r. They have a con- a their hind quarters. . ump to the hip bone ; as the pastern joint, e joint. The animal on the rump, ribs and ; fine as well as fat. id bone being small in I to fatten is equal if e island ; they are not sarly at maturity, and ) cows and the oxen." for fatting stock, and •icher grazing farms of uld thrive on our ordi- Cattlb— are a mixed 1 that of the "improved was introduced about igton, and has rapidly ze, beautifully mottl^ 3 are level ; the throat 11 clear; the neck fine but not too thin, especially toward the shoulder- the carcase full and round ; the quarters long and the hips and rln even and wide. They must not stand too high on thefrlegg- ZJ Imndlo very kindly, are light in their bone in proportion to tKiV It? tonamong the London cow-keepers, as being capital milkers andTt must be necessary ' ^"^ '^"'' ^'^"''''■' ^^^^^ ^'g^ "ng Jior earlj, matunty and a speedy manufccturo of beef for tl,» butcher, my own experience 1™ Iain chiefly among th" sLXm <^nd I am inchned to recommend thii hree.1 At .t. ." , ' . good cow will give from the same quantity of VeSfr fS^n,,,^ dS hi" taT-trf "r "• ^"'■°"=- °"'' - » ™»Su J loOT lor ms iannly, the Ayrshire is the more sure- for the heef r.i,^, I?i M^hr"" r'"'- "■' !'"'"-'"'"' '■» "« ".orrgeneral^^^S "■ttf rL'°" '" ^^'T'' ■■ Milbumthus describesTfi^ldndf i.r 'V™'" ?^»d white, the muzzle without black spots he breast deep and prominent, but that and the shouldei^^in ^ikI'. u somewhat narrow, but full 'below the shllders a„dt^^^^^^^^ 2^ Xr^t^aYlt"^^ *'4 l-l^ -^ciouj.,thSi^^„ il to the h«ad. The pre- y Hm ffl» la ■V : .J* -^nihng colour is roan or red and white, and sometimes white, with the t.I«of the ears red. The thighs are thin; but the legs a;e straight and rather short The udder is very large and muscukr, projeeting forward, well filled up behind, and so broad as to give the c^w th? appearance of a waddle in her walking." Milburn states that these cows have^been known to give thirty quarts of nnlk per day, and as much as fifteen pounds of butter per week Ihese cows are much valued for the London dairies, and are there fed in such a manner as to produce the largest quantity of milk without plied by Yorkshire cows, retams no cow which does not yield two gal- ZrtL^.^'^\P' '"'^ '^' "T"^' "^ ^'« ^'^'y ^' «« "'"^h as nine quarts daily. ' These cows are also .aid to fatten well, and may there- tore be considered as in all points a very profitable breed. /i.^A; T 5««N«o CA'n'i'B--"The finest of these, known as the DM,j ^rcedUve long and fine horns, small heads clean throats ZT" aT^ backs, wide quarters and ire particularly' light in the ; belly and offid They give less milk than some other breeds, and a e ch,efly valuable from their aptitude to fatten early, on the mosi valuab e points and t^e superior quality of their flesh. They are hardy and ^ capable of thriving on ordinary pastures ; and are said ^o keep n Vood condition on less food than other cattle of equal weight. This breed is gS?' ''^^ ^ ^"'"^ P^""' '° '^"^ short-horns, in every part of En? * naH^.f^.t,t''7''^ ^""^^^ ^' ^°''''!'' ScoTS-are welf known in some paits of this Province, ns are cross breeds between them and other vari- eties. Mr. Mure thus describe^ the pure breed •— hrno^^""? tf^^* '"*^ ^'^"'^ ^"'^ nearly level; barrel round; loins broad ; hock bones not projecting:. In these resp;cts they will compare favorably with any breed. Quarters and ribs long ; chest deep but n^ broad m the twist. The space between the hip bo^n; and he rTbs is le's than in most other breeds-a consideration of much importance for the adj^ntago of length of carcase consists in the animal b'^C^ell ribM home, or as httle space as possible lost in the flank. Le| short a^ Sin 1 r "" ^""'F ""^ '""'•'"^" *b«^« 'he knee, with room for a deep and capacious chest. The neck is thick almost lo a fauU.™ «n,l ,r ^"r^'^y^ .«;';e a hardy race, subsisting on the coarsest pasture and increi^sing rapidly when removed to more favorable situSnl' Theyfattenkmdly; their flesh is of the fi^t quality; and the S being of moderate size are more suitable for^onsumption n p 'vate families, than those of the larger breeds." These qualides well fit them for many parte of this Province; but it must^be oS^ That cr^ssS between the Galloway and other breeds, have rt^rely been found S &'-V ^f ^'" n ''^''' '^' ^'"^ ^' "^'^^^^ i^ » necessary to 1 here to it alone One cross breed however, that Vith th« I>urhL bSl feB beenvery advantageous; and the polled SufpC- a vSt^ Zli of tbo Galloway, u celebrated for itg milking quali^i timea white, with the the legs are straight muscular, projecting to give the cow the to give thirty quarts 1 of butter per week. Js, and are there fed itity of milk without I dairy, which is sup- 8 not yield two gal- y is 08 much as nine well, and may there- breed. these, known as tlie heads, clean throats, ularly light in their her breeds, and are on the most valuable They arc hardy and laid to keep in c;ood ight. This bree'd ia I every part of En- well known in some them and other vari- barrel round; loins ts they will compare ; chest deep but not 6 and the ribs is less importance, for the al being well ribbed k. Leg short and S3 aYid disposition to he knee, with room almost tea fault." he coarsest pasture, iivorable situations. ;y; and the joints umption in private mlities well fit them served that crosses been found advan^ is necessary to ad- hthe Durham buU, K, a variety or cross \ The characters of the pure breed are thus given by Mr A i ton - ^' the head, with little losesK?ol- si d^^^^^^^^^^ The Alderney Breed— which is nprnlJnr t^ ♦t,„ t i i i. , be obtainpd frL^ K * *v! P'^oportionate quantity of butter that can much fle^ Th^'hi? *^-7k''' ""' S^^ feeders and seldom make «™»ey. ihey are certainly smaller '^nd more delicate; and go / J? 14 anx-ious are the inhabitants to preserv^ them in their native purity, that there js an Act of their Legislature which prohibits the im^rtatiin of all foreign neat cattle, even from the neighboring Islands, under severe penalties of fine and confiscation, including the destruction of the animal iteelf, which in such cases is slaughtered and distributed among the poor. Wl^n exported, the same Act directs that they shall be accompanied by a certificate of their being natives of the Island; but it is not easy to rZT I l^ best quality. As fattening nF ^r^ ""^^ Highland cattle are not now to be found here in a state of purity, and there can be little doubt that the introduction of good specimens of these cattle, aa fattening stock for upland farms >vou Id be very useful As dairy catl^, the^ Yorkshire vaS ofThe short-horns and the Suffolk polled, appear to deserve a trial. ^ .Ji7 ^"'J'vidlials of the mixed breeds which prevail in this Province, and have long been naturalized in it; are of excellent quality ; and b^ attention to the pomtsand treatment mentioned under subsequent heads and by judicious crossing with the imported breeds, herds may be se^ ZfnS. H, *^'' of^^ country, and well adapLni to our climat^. Sen Zttinv '?*l.^''°^\'^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^«" y°""g' ^°d bad inter «!£' ff* A^ ?^ ^}'^^ ^*'" P°^««8 ^o'"® of the most important cha- on th^ nfrt T'\^''^ T" ^^°^ *^«"^ ""'i^r good treatment ; whiL on the other hand, with careless management, the best foreign breeds Will become unprofitable and degenerate. — ^^— ^''"'^^'g^^'^^^ 1 native purity, that he importation of mds, under severo ition of the animal d among the poor. >e accompanied by it is not easy to ! produce of these \y grained, highly milkers, and both fheir appearance, aon that they will itly kept on bare 3 air light cattle, rger animals, but ; and it is partly frequently fed ^n ual to its quality, bund to improve \ his Province and iquainted with it, pland farms, the mported breeds, me success. The lent for draught, Jry purposes the ) found here in a . } introduction of • upland farms, > variety of the k trial. n this Province, juality; and by ibsequent heads, erds may be se- l to our climate, in selecting the , and bad winter : important cha- reatment ; while foreign breeda luce ison Stone. Lbs 165 12 11 12 10 2 15 The following facts relating to the comparaUve weights and prod of different breeds m Great Britain, are given as date for coZaT with the results obtained in this Province ^ Fattening Properties. "TheDurhamOx (of the short-horned breed), a son of Charles Col ling's Favorite, weighed 187 stone 2 lbs. The Lkshire Ox bred bv Mr. Dunhill of .Newton, near Doncaster, weighed when killed 264 stones 13 lbs. These are weights of 14 lbs. to the stone, and shew the ^:tZ^^:^r^^^ ^-'^P--^ by this'extrtX Ko"ff 1 no""J '^"'' ^r' '^'l' l^' ^"'■^""^ Bhort-horns often wei^h from HO to 100 stones^ The celebrated ' Durham Ox" of Mr Col W (already mentioned,) weighed when alive, at ten years old, 270 stones Four quarters - _ _ Tallow - - - Hide .... • - - ' 187 6 field iet 'Tt'r''™ °^ 'i°/"'' °f "■« P™"'l»' '"■"''» "' Smith- SSeXeford, and > "'• *"■ >"' "™ " *"»• " ''»•= *« °^»'- fine short-horns, [ ^^- ^^- ^^ ^3. do. do. Coarse inferior beasts, 3s. 6d. do. do. ^o'iAn""."^^ ''Vo® ^^^^^^"''^V breed, well fattened will weiT'fiL mor^than?oTsll'"'^^r 'V^°= '""^ ""^^ ^-« ^e- feS to from 48'toTnto^f ^f '"" ""J!^ T^^' ^'*^ '^'""^'"g^J^ '^"'^ ^'^re tZ^^VZ r . ' n°? '""^'^ ^^^"^ ^^"^ 8*^<^ to reach as high as 70 "(^'o&J^^^J^^^^^ theha^L^^Lh-^ fatZ^v^th mifditC"' Tb'"^'' *• '"S\'*' t'^'^y «***^' g55Jh«akers, forty sll?loofnfinniKT 'J r^'^ ?"""^ *° ^^'^yor five and (Sa/0 beheved to have sprung from the Galloway. »-T ^ f'l 16 The following are experiments made between Devons and West Hich- landers and Galloways. . ' ° " Twenty Dcvofts and twenty Scots were bought in October 1822 and Wintered." . ' ' "Ten of each sort were fed in a warm stiaw-yard upon straw alone but with hberty to run out upon the moor." ' Ch'ristm'L"^'^^ ^^ ^^ ^ meadow, having hay' twice every day until " They afterwards lay in the farm-yard, and had oat straV and hav cut together into chaQ; They were then grazed inxlifferent fiplds equal proportions of each sort being put into the same field." v " Those that lay in the warm straw-yard with straw only, were ready aa soon as the others, although the others had an allowance of hav durine the winter." ' » 1824, before " Sixteen of each were sold at different times; March 24th being the best sale. The Scots were ready first and disposed of the Devons. ^ The Scots cost £7 128. lOd. each, or £122 Ss 4d They sold for ^£235 18s. 6d., gain by grazing. The Devons cost £7 6s. Q.d. each, amounting to X117 43., and sold for £250. Deducting £18 143:6d. for the longer time in feeding, there re- -^"iS^£231 53. 6d.— gain, ^ £118 18 2 £114 1 6 8 4 tf Balance in favor of the DevofR. " ■" v o ^ " The remaining four of each breed were kept and stall-fed. on tur- mps and hay 1 he Scots sold kt £75, and the Devons at £84 ; the account of which will be as follows :-^ 4 Devons, cost £29 63. sold for £84— gain £54 14 4 Scots, cost £80 lis. 4d. sold for £75— gain £44 8 8 Balance in favor of Devons. IQ 6 4 )i^». r, ' {Youatt.) „»,, J. Milking- Properties. , ^he £,on^ Honied or Dishley stock are now chiefly valuable as dairy cattle, and principally for cheese-making; and some cows will ^'''Hfu ^Ti^? ?. ^^^ ^^- '^ °^««^« «««^ '° t^; season." ( yLUa ,« « ; n '^"•^^^^ .?"'»* «''« ^'d in the London dairies to give as much the seCn"" (76 ) ' "^' """ ''^'^°^' ^""^ "^ ^"""« ^S"*^* ^'' '^ "In the Epping district, where no particular attention is paid to the selec^on of stock, and where there is an indiscriminate mixture of Devons, Suftolks Leicesters, Holderness, and Scotch, the calculation S a well managed dairy, amounts to 212 lbs. of butter, viz •-- 6 lbs. per week during 26 weeks, 156 Ibg 4 " do during 14 do ^6 lbs.' 21211 J S^^HrTW^^wHWW-?Wi""'W*itan* I ts and West High- in October, 1822, upon straw alone, I everj day until at atraV and hay, ferent fiplds, equal ronly, were ready mce of hay during farch 24th. disposed of 1824, before £118 18 2 jC114 1 6 "s ^ atdll-fed. on tur- ns at £84; the £54 14 £44 8 8 10 5 4 liefly valuable as some cows will m." ( Yonatl.^ to give as much ig a great part of mtion is paid to linate mixture of he calculation in riz :— 156 lbs. m lbs. per 17 "Mr. Alton's calcnlation is as we have alreadv seen *>^0 lh« annum, for the Ayrshire breed "—(76 ) ^ ' ^^^' - J\l'^,]'\^^'^u""'^!^'r ''■'" °"* y'^^d "lore than a third part of tha miik that ,s obtained from ti.e Ayi^hire ; but the mi k is exceedin'lv rich, and the butter procured from it is excellent. "-(/A \ '^'*^'^'"S'J^ .nn .^'"''/'^"''"^ d^i'j for two or three months after calvincr mav b« Ions da,ly wil be g.ven for the next threo months, and one -albn amfn half dunng tlie succeeding four months. This ^ould al'unr^a « 10 25Tlbs.o/b.teror^5Tll^^^^^^^^ she fs dry ''-(76) '^"'°'"^' ^'^ ^°' *^°'°' *^^^^ ™°»^h» "The following observations were made by Mr Calver of Prom-Tf^^ on the quantity of butter yielded by one of h^s Short horns The S wa3 kept and churned separately from that of the o her stock and t^^« ollowmg. the number of pounds of butter obtained i^e^rh ^^ k-^7 fuartl'of'^-lf '"r K^^'A of ^'2-^^ Th':rwlat"^"8 quarts of mdk per day, about Midsummer, and would averaize .fbout ^o quarts per day for 20 weeks. She gave more milk Xn^ns ured !n ho weX' X"'",""^'- " 4 ^''"^^ ^"^ ~quence'of h ale ; ieci Sfqtantft^F milk"?'^^^^^^^ ^^^°^ ^^"^ ^^ '^^ '^'^ ^^^^^^ 1- The produce of the Aldeniej/s is thus noticed by Milburh — great and^mlvT/t?'' '"'f^''^-^? ^''^ i» ^i^ a^d butter is very SnJ'nn^; ^ be taken m fair specimens at twenty quarts of milk May^ Junrjr"fnd^^""n ^° ?' ^^^^' ^'^""^ theVonths of AM my, J une Ju y, and August. Instances are recorded of cows civin^ 26 quarts of nailk m twenty-four hours, and yielding as much as W^ SbfeTtlo""" P^^'TV. ^o-teenWis'ofTei £1^ r£nd Ld^ h^?f^ ? T"^ °^ ^T''l^ *« ^'^"^^ »• drainin^s of twenty ~ pounds of this cheese would produce feuf pun^f butter iomttwhlt ^ inferior for^toast, but quite adequate to the TakiV pwtJy. ' ^^ \ ■t '!■ '(i! 18 2. Choice and Purchase of Cattle. Tho alwve description of tbe several breeds will be useful in tbia respect; but tliere are a number of subordinafe 'points well deserving of attention, and wbicb can be reduced to tbc form of rules. Tbo follow- ing are copied almost verbatim from Youatt. The first object of attention is to consider tbc proportion between bis stock and tbe quantity of" fo<^d tbat will be necessary to support it! The nature, situation, and fertility of the soils tbat compose bis farm are e(iually worthy .of notice, as well as the purpose for which he'desit in small quantities and gradually increased in proportion to his ago and growth. Small wisps of fine hay are then placed within their reach, which they begin by sucking and gradually become inducfed to eat. Turnips chopped small, or carrots and ^ood sweet hay may then be given to them, and when they cat well, hnseed cake or oat cake are added. They should be liberally kept for the first six or eight mouths, and well housed and kept warm and clean. " About three quarts of new milk daily are sufficient for the support of a young calf. It should be given regularly at stated hours, and he should be kept as quiet as possible, for rest will materially improve his growth." "In Ayrshire, calves intended to be reared for dairy cows, are fed for four, five, or six weeks, and allowed four or five quarts of new milk at each meal. Some farmers give no food but milk until they begin to eat grass, &c., which is generally about the fifth week. The niilk is wholly withdrawn about the end of the seventh or eighth week. If reared in winter, the milk is continued longer. Others feed with meal after the third or fourth Aveck^ or gradually introduce some new whey with the meal, and afterwards withdraw the milk. Hay tea, linseed jelly, oat and wheat meal porridge, treacle, &c., are sometimes used with ad- vantage'', but milk when it can be spared is by far the best, as it is the most natural food." " Even young cows," says Aiton, in treating of the Ayrshire dairy husbandry, "intended for the dairy, should be fed from the time they are calves on food suitable for milcli cows, and treated nearly as their dams. Such food and treatment have the greatest tendency to form the milk vessels of the young cows, and rear them with dairy qualities. It is by such treatment that a calf is formed into a dairy cow, and those who wish to rear and keep a dairy breed in anything hke perfection, must provide them with an abundance of such food as is suited to the production of milk, Avhen they are young, when they arc full grown, when they are in milk, aud when they are yelU' There can be little doubt that the Ayrshire breed owes much of its excellence to the practice of this rule, and it will be found impossible to rear first-rate animals if they are starved when young. "In Devonshire, the calves are permitted to suck as much as they like, three times a day, during the first week or ten days ; after which they are suckled by hand, and fed with^warm new milk for three weeks longer. They arc then fed for two months, twice a-day, with as much warm skim milk as they can drink, in which some feeders mix a small =fwtion^of4nely powdered linseed-eakeorin«aI. Afteir this the raeate- h of milk are gradually abated, and at the eM of four months the calves :; ,. | iil lilll HI. I U 1> fy >«M« w w >M— »«■ ..~— .- 23 "^js..: are wholly weaned and fed on hay, chopped roots, oatmeal, &c., until they go to pasture." , "-v. , umu The following American methods are more economical, though pro- bably not so well calculated for rearing superior animals. Mr, Budd of Boston, pursues the following mode :- take the calves when lireo days old, from the cows, and put them into a stable by themselves; feed them with gruel, composed of .one-third barley, two thirds oats, ground together very fine and sifted, i Each calf is to re- cerve a quart of gruel morning and evening, whicli is to be made in the ol owmg manner :-to one quart of the flour add twelve of water, boil half an hour and let ,t stand till milk warm. In ten days tie up a bundle of soft hay m the middle of the stable, which they will *at by degrees A little of the flour put into a small trough for them to lick occasiolally, IS of service Feed them thus till they are two or three months old sSvef -•' '^"''''"*^' ^^^''^ ^"'^''^' ^^ *^^ *^°'^ ^'^^*F« ^'» raise rlj'^n ^Y^?! New York, takes the calf from the cow at two or threo days old; he then milks her, and while the milk is warm teaches the ammul to drink by holding its head into the pail. If the calf will not drink, he puts us hand into the milk and a finger into the mouth, until the young one learns to drink wuthout the finger. After feedin.. with new milk for a fortnight, the cream i^ tsrken from the milk, and wfth the hitter an equal or larger portion of thiji flax-seed jelly is mixed, and the whole given milk-warm. Thus, as the spring is the most advantageous ' season for making butter, he is enabled during the six or seven weeks ^ that the animals are kept previously to weaning, to make as much butter as they are worth. ' This is a good method, as the oil of the linseed serves instead of the cream of tlie milk. "The successful rearing of calves," says Youatt, "very much de- pends on the regulariiy md frequency of feeding them. Thecommon practice is to supply them with food twice in the day, viz ■ in the morning and at evening, when they generally receive as large a quan- tity as will satisfy their craving appetite. Hence the digestive organs are necessarily impaired, and too many animals either become tainted with disease or perish from the inattention of their Ifcepers; whereas by feeding them tlifice or eyen four times in the day, at equidistant m tervals, and allowing them suflicient space for exercise they will not only he preserved m health, but greatly improved in condition." Whatever food is allowed to calves, care should be taken not to change ,t suddenly. A calf should have attained a certain degree of strength, before it can dispense with the food most natural to its tse or thrive without the aid of milk ; this fluid should therefore be allowed as ' long a3 possible. Even when that has been withdrawn, and the animal tt ^^"V" ^*' ^'' Y^ ?' *'*'^''"^ ^^' *h« "^'^^ «r tl>« substitutes that ^ve been employed m heu of it,„should^e partly continual nnhl he^prefers the pasture. It w a common notion, that provided young " stock acquire sue, their condition is immaterial j and after the first 24 1 1 L winter they are often t^ned into tlie roughest pasture, and kept during the following winter on chopped straw, with perhaps a little indifferent hay. This, when they are intended to be sold to the fattening grazier, may be the most profitable mode; and in some situations it may be the only one that can be adopted ; but when they are to be roared for the breed, it is absolutely necessary as the only means of bringing them to perfect maturity, and improving every good quality, that they should be kept on good pasture during the summer, and allowed roots with some sound hay in the winter, and green food in the spring. A contrary mode, however apparently economical, is decidedly disadvantageous; for the worst breed will ultimately be improved by good feeding, while tha best will degenerate under a system of starvation." Judge Peters, of Prince Edward Island, gives the following as the result of his experience : — " Calves should be well fed for three months, and put on good grass: and well fed during the next Avinter, using every day an allowance of turnips. It is by no means necessary to let. them suck, or to give them new milk. The Complete Farmer gives the following directions : 'The method pursued by Mr. Crook, as mentioned in the letters and papers of the Bath and West of England Society, is as follows : — He purchased three sacks of linseed, value two pounds two shillings, which lasted him three years. One quart of seed wa« boiled in six quarts of water, for ten minutes, to a jelly, which was given to the calves three times a day, mixed with* Jittle hay tea. And he states that his calves thrive much better than those of his neighbors, which were fed with r- milk. Thus it seems that less than eighteen cents worth of flax seed, with a trifle of hay, is sufiicient for one calf ' 'If skim milk is given to calves, it should be boiled, and suffered to Btand till it cools to the temperature of that first given by the cow. It is better boiled than when warmed only. If the milk be given too cold, it will cause the calf to purge ; if this is the case, put two or three spoon-fulls of rennet into tile milk, and it will stop the looseness. If the calf is bound, pork broth is said to be a good and safe thing to put into the milk,' "I have reared several calves with flaxseed jelly, and find it an excellent plan. To save the trouble of making hay tea, I caused a small quantity of boiled skim milk to bo mixed with the jelly ; and when the calf is about six weeks old, add aiiand-full of oat or Indian meal By this means, the dairy turns outlis much butter as if no calves were rearing. I purchased one bushel of flax seed, and after rearing two calves, had more than a peck left." The Fattening of Calves for the butcher, is a subject of careful attention in Great Britain. Here the chief care seems to be to produce the lowest marketable condjtion at a cheap rate, only a very low price being oalculated on for the veal. The following hints may be useful in «nhftnoiDg the quality of the artidcr ^^^ ^^^ ~ ^^^ Youatt sums up the best conditions for fattening calves as follows : — 4-9 "'LW?** ""*■ and kept during little indifferent 'attening grazier, ifts it may be the be roared for the )ringing them to it they should he roots with some ng. A contrary ivantageoua; for leding, while the following as the it on good grass ; ' an allowance of . or to "ivo them directions : n the letters and as follows : — He I shillings, which in six quarts of the calves three 2S that his calves a were fed with th of flax seed, and suffered to by the cow. It e given too cold, put two or three le looseness. If jafe thing to put , and find it an I caused a small ; and when the idian meal By ' no calves were fter rearing two ibject of careful to be to produce 1 very low price nay be useful in M as follows : — 41 iand. 25 ''The best way is to keep them in somewhat dark places, in pens lest they should fatigue themselves by sporting too much in the light-' m to feed them on milk, with tlie addition of bean, pea, or barley mea during the last few weeks. Cleanliness should be p^rticular?^ aLnded to. tot this purpos,. the pens should be elevated to such a hei-ht that the ur.no may pass freely, and litter should be supplied every day h^ ^ ^tti^z:^7'' '7 Tf'"''^- . ^^ j-s-hffk-stone s;:spea ^ii^are :;>;■ trstsi'ri i^;:ett ■' ''' '''''' ^^ ^'^^^^' '--'^'-'^^ To produce the very finest veal, it seetns established by experience ha ho calves should bo fed on milk alone ; and this in such quantity nd ^ '' Se'di h";'^VJr ^ ^'' the butcher, in from six to .'even ZZ JoF if 1 "^^^''-^''^r^" •« ^<^otl^"d, is celebrated for the cxcel- ce of Its vo:d. li.o calves are fed on milk alone, and are fed by At lour weeks old the calves receive the entire milk of one cow - ^\7 7 ""T ''''^' '''^ '^^^ '''''''^ the milk of two cows. The flesh .^''^ff ,J';^J'J?'-«^'« '^^" ^^r.f/"'J '"eal, which they say darken the cu i that t£^" ' PT"'f ^'\?'' ''''^ "^ ^««t^^"^' the farmers cal- nZrt TI t ^ '■' ^"' *'^f,""'^ "^^'^' ''' the rate of about 2d. per . / / r>. Dravrr]u Oxen. / Under this head, will be found some remarks on the training of work- ng cattle; and facts bearing on two questions much agitated in this Z^JZ^ "'^^^ '' '^''^ ^^-' -^ ^^^ --P-tive merits of t,,-!'?- *'''i"'"^' ^\?' ^'" ^"'^ "'^^''"^ by which success can be at- tained IS patience, mildness, and even caresses :,, Compulsion and ill- treat- men will irntato and d.sgust him. Hence, ^reat assistance wi he de- nved from gently stroking the animal along the back, and paUing hir^- and encouragmg h,m with the voice, and occasionally feediU him wS uch ahments as are most grateful to his palate. When he h^s thus be- come ianuhar, h>s horns should be frequently tied, and after a few days a yoke pu upon his neck. After thU, he should be fastened to th; wS l7'* "7^^ T''r "^ ^^"«* «'^«' «"^ ^'^^P'^y^d in light wo k! wh cl he may be suftered to perform easily and slowly The youngster wdl thus be gra-day heats, and to feed them with good hay, which in the present case, will be preferable to grass. In fact, while oxen are worked, they must be kept in good condition and spirit." '• The general character of the ox is patience and tractability If young sleers sometimes prove refractory and vicious, it is in most instances the result of defective management, or of bad treatment when first broken for the yoke. When an ox is unruly or stubborn, it will be advisable to keep him until he is hungry ; and, when he lias fasted long enough, he should be made to feed out of the hand. On his returning to labour he should be tied with a rope. If he at any time becomes refrnctory, gentle measures .should always be attempted, in order to bring him to w:)rk readily and quietly." In working oxen to advantage much depends on the mode of harne.''s- ing them, and the question — " whether it is most advantageous to yoke oxen by the head or collar," has occasioned much discussion, and is even yet undetermined. In Britain, they are yoked by the collar, and this mode prevails in our Province. In Spain and Portugal, as well as various other parts of Europe, they are yoked by the head, and draw by a cross beam of wood, which lies across the back of the neck, imme- diately behind the horns, and is secured by strong straps or ropes pass- ing over the forehead. In the county of Lunenburg, this method is in general use, having been introduced by the German settlei-s. Com- parative trials, which it is not necessary to occupy space by detailing, liave been made in England and elsewhere, and the results seem to show tliat oxen may be trained to do their work about equally well in either mode. My own observation inclines me to believe, that while for heavy loads and slow work, neck draught may bo preferable, the head har- ness is better in other circumstances. It seems natural to the ox,tp use his power by the head and neck, by lowering and raising his head he can suit himself to the inclination of the ground, and he appears to move with much greater freedom and ease than when hailipercd by a neck-yoke. It would appear however that in Britain, the use of pro- per harness for oxen, as for horses, is now preferred to the ruder method formerly in general use. They are also very commonly shod, which is efiected by aid of the frciris or by casting them, or by accustoming the animal from his youth to have his feet handled and hammered. The comparative merits of draught oxen and horses, are very vari- ously estimated in different parts of the Province. The advantages of tho ox are its smaller cost, its'greater steadiness, and its value for tattening, These advantages must always recommend it to new settlers, and for breaking up new land. On the other hand, horses are quicker, an ines- timable advantage in our climate ; they can be used to advantage for a considerable term of years without changing, or the trouble of break- ing iif n ew animabttbiByaait a greater variety of work; and eau per- form extra labour in proportion to the extra expense of their keep. . For ^ ) employ them in rest duiing the ;h in the present are Avorked, they 1 tractahihty If 3 in most instances when first broken ill be advisable to d long enough, he •ning to labour he joraes refractory, to bring him to I I mode of harness- mtageous to yoke issioiv, and is even le collar, and this rtugal, as well as i head, and draw f the neck, imme- aps or ropes pass- •g, this method is n settlers. Corn- pace by detailing, suits seem to show dly well in either at while for heavy le, the head har- tural to the ox,to raising his head ind he appears to ;n hampered by a n, the use of pro- > the ruder method ily shod, which is ■/ accustoming the uraraered. 368, are very vari- a advantages of the aluc for fattening, V settlers, and for 3 quicker, an ines- [ to advantcge for trouble of break- erki aod eaii per-^ f their keep. For but the farmer who owns an extent of cleared nnd «t„m^^i i i .' attends only to his farming business^Wrnl iVtlet reU" seasons of Now Brunswick to wait on he laggard footsteDsS «nl!r as I have seen at work in the^rovince. I hfvXet SdTthrf^^^^^^^ New York that oxen are to be had with a 8tepnearly^nlk L thatof " ordinary farm horses, and which will do nearly as^rudx woA Eul such cattle, to do the work, require to be fed nearly^ well „« ?>.; l. so that the alleged economy in^eeding oxen, Tnt'm'aSLrt ^^^^^^^^ this case disappears; and the advantage of feeding^hem into bad beef at the end of e.ght or nine years, and selling them for sS or eii^ht pounds to th6 butcher is nearly all that remains to cLLrte for !« S «f ^'«^«J,fa'«h, with the best of them, the farmer mS always ex perienco. Where wages are complained of as being high a veT7sma1i amount of th.s time will exceed in'value the price obtoS, Seent 01 years, for the worn out dk." "<^, a"er a series 6. Feeding and Fattening of Cattle. JntrSSJ^g*"''^'"'"*" *'»^ep.rt™„U of gracing. (1.) Grazing.— ThQfQ can be no doubt that the imoortant siih,-«P^ of pasturage merits more attention than it receives frl^mSffa^i* Early spring pasturage, and good green food for the dry months of " Autumn, are especially worthy of contideration, as much 7f The stock suffers seriously from being turned out early on insufficen DMtu^« iind being allowed to subsist in Summer on scanty coaraeanrS SLTo^'"" X H^^ Wed that kcreasediTrtoi^W tion of crops, and the proper condition ef hay land will enable L^ to lay out hay land, after Z second and thii crSp! t^^l '^"^"^^ 28 4 1 1 ■ t heart; and that land will be sown with grass and white clover for per- manent pasture on a.larger scale thJTn at present. Eonssingault main- , tains that permanent pasture affords more nutriment thun grass land of any other kind. Stephens on the contrary, wliiic admitting the suc- cessful use' of permanent pasture in Kngland. states that iScottish prac- tice is in favor of having no permanent grass land, on farms which the plough can make aral;ile. These differences probably depend on soil and climate, and it is certain that only dry gr ,well drained soil^ in good heart, are fitted for this use, excepting of course the pasturage-obtained on marshes or natural meadows. Youatt remarks : " lu stocking lands, as the proportion of beasts must depend upon the fertility of the soil, it will generally be found that local custom will afford the surest guide. In the counties of Somerset and Devon, • one acre. or ono acre and a half of tlie better kindi^ of land are allotted to ono ox, to which a .sheepMS sometimes adtled. 'I'he best grazing land in Lincolnshire, we are told will, under fiivourable circumstances, sup- port one ox arid a sheep on an acre during the whole summer ; and tbe former will gain 20 stones or 280 lbs, and the latter 10 lbs a (juarter, or 40 lbs." ■ ' - • • '•In order to grazb cattle to advantage, it is profitable to change them from ono pasture to another, beginning with the iufei ior ones and gradually removing them to the tDOSt. TJ^r this expedient, as cattle de- light in variety, they will cull the lippermost- or choicest part of the grass ; and by filling themselves (quickly, aad lying down freijuently, will rapidly advance toward a proper state of fatness, while tli^'grass that is left may bo fed off with labouring cattle, and lastly with sheep. Hence it is advisable to have severa] enclosures, and abundantly sup- plied with wholesome water. When cattle- are turned into fields of clover or rich grasses, they are liable, by two great eagerness in feedhjg to become blown or hoven. This may be prevented by feeding them well before they are turned in, to diminish the cravings of appe- tite." In this province, large fields are often allowed to run ouhnto natural grass, after being cropped or cut for hay for a series of years. By this wasteful practice, a large surface of poor pasture scarcely worth fencing, is produced if laud is worth crop^)ing, it should pay lor seed- ing down to pasture with gras^and witl»'clover : and if so sown, it would not only furnish better pasture, but would far more rapidly re- gain some degree of fertility. As a general rule, land should be Woken up for cropping only when it can be sown" down to hay in good heart ; and after cutting for hay for a few years, it should be allowed to remain" in pasture till required again in the regular rotation, Kit should bo necessary to break ^xp land for cropping, without putting it through a regular course withmanure, it should at least' receive seed ^ to fitit for pasture. Wiiore trocts-of hiud in this iieglcc ted and unprofit- able statd already exist, they may b^ much improved by top-dressing with amy kind of animal or vegetable refuse, ditch cleanings, swamp 29 ite clover for per- Bonssingault main- than grass land of iidmittinr; the sue- that Scottish prac- 111 faims Avhich the )]y depend on soil rained soil^ in good pasturage-obtained must depend upon that local eustom iierset and Devon, F land are allotted le best grazing land lircuuistances, sup- ! summer ; and the r 10 lbs a (piarter, )rofitable to change le inferior ones and ;dient, as cattle de- lioicest part of the » down freijuently, while tli^grass that lastly with sheep, id abundantly sup- rned into fields of jagerpesa in feeding ivented by feeding le cravings of appe- run outinto natural sries jof years. By ;ure scarcely worth ihould pay for seed- and if so sown, it ar more rapidly re- ile, land should be lown to hay in good should be allowed to lar rotation. If it ;, without putting it t least" receive seed glcc ted and unprofit- ved by top-dressing ch cleanings, swamp muck, marsh and creek mud, lime, gypsum, ashes, &c. Even scatter- ing over the surface the manure that cattle leave on it, and cutting the ranker weeds, and leaving them to rot on the surface, will be found useful. Every pasture should have some shelter, to which cattle may resort for protection from cold winds and the burning sun. In England sheds are often erected for this purpose; but hedges, trees, or clumps of bushes preserved or planted for the purpose are better and cheaper. They may be in such positions as to improve the appearance of the farm, and not „ to interfere with cultivation. • (2.) SoUin^ of Cattle— or feeding by means of green food cut and conveyed to them, has many advantages, especially on small and rich farms ; and in part at least it may always be advantageously followed. Its advocates recommend it on the following grounds :— the saving of kuil, one acre of good grass being equal to two or three used as pas- ture—the saving in quantity of food consumed— the improvement in the health and comiort of the cattle, by being constantly sheltered— the increase of manure obtained, the summer manure being saved. Youatt thus sums its advantages and defects : — " The facts and inferences above stated, fully prove the advantages of soiling. It ought not, however, to be concealed that there are some dis- advantages attendant on the soiling and stall feeding of cattle, such as the additional labour and expense of cutting and carting the green vege- tables home to the sheds, both in winter and summer ; but they are more than counterbalanced by the saving in food that is eflfected— by the increased productiveness of the land and the diminished waste,— by the thriving of the cattle— the making of the dung under cover, and • having reservoirs in which to preserve the urine. It has also been ob- jected, that where large quantities of food are accumulated for » con- Sderable time, they are liable to fermentation, and of course to waste. Such is the ease with cabbages, turnips, and other roots, but,' it may ,to a very considerable degree be obviated by paying due regard to the storing of the various vegetable crops, and their economical consump- tion " "It has likewise been objected by the opponents of soiling and stall- feeding, that the cattle are heated by being confined during the summer months, and that their health is injured ; but this will not be the c&e where stalls are so constructed as to admit a regular circulation of air, and at the same time afford shelter from the attacks of flies. The cattle may also be allowed the freedom of an open yard, indeed in that season fold yards, with open sheds are by many preferred to stalls. This is the practice in Yorkshiiie, where the management of stock is well understood indeed there is no scientific grazier who is not a strong advocate for per- fect ventilation, even during the inclemency of winter. % Plenty of good ^nd wholesome air jsindispensahly necessary to the presBrvation^f the Tiealth, and the fattening of animals." > (3. ) SlaU and Box Feeding. In fattening cattle, stall feeding should \ 30 PS" 'f. \>i ■Hfe M commence when; the animals are half or three parts fut, a condition to which thej can attain on good pasture. Of course, however, the remarks under this head, apply to the method of soiling already mentioned, as well as to the winter feeding which forms so important a part of the farmers' cares in this country. " Of all vegetable prod will be'=lost (It w" be nseful if convenient to ,m o-/. the animal occasionally, to ascerta n how t thnves on the kind of fbcd given.) Of equal importance with ogu- lar ty in ieeding is r/eauhness, a regard to which is admitted by allln- telligent breeders to he essential to the health and thriving ot" ca t "e ihe mangers and stalls should be -kept as clean as possible- and he former, ,t they cannot often be waahed Should be cleaned eve'; morn n' from dust and filth, which may easii; be effected by aco2n brS hiyers's trowel, or similar instrument. They, otherwise aarre a sonr whaT ir:ld f ' 7'i°^"""^^ '^' ^^"^ ' '^"^ p--tT,r a;^ What 13 called f>ox-feedmnr, consists in enclosing the cattle in close stalls or boxes, 8 or 10 feet square and 12 feet higl# The kwer p.' t is sunk m he ground, so as to form a sort of tank fn which the manure ' . Kuftered to accumulate, and is said to be more effectually saved than bv any other mode, fresh straw is scattered over the surLe every day^ i he cattle are not tied m these boxes. . This appears a filthy moile ami at best IS only suited for the latter part of the process of fattS ca t « lor the butcher. Cattle are said to thrive sufficiently well in th^boxe and the manure when thus trodden into a mass a, J then m xed S urine is more valuable. " Under all circumstances, however, a JZ and sufficient bed of litter is indispensable" to the health IndcomTrt ot ^feeding cattle. The surface at least of their bed shouMbedean Under this head I place the following extracts from Prof. Johnston part of which were published in my ''Contributions toward the Im! "^eZT- "^Snculture," but which cannot be too frequently rt . "A proper degree of warmth, however, good housing, and good feed- ing, are necessary to the health and improvement of^ the cattle rd upon these pomta much alteration may be made for the better, in the ordinary practice of the Colony. It is acknowledged, at pre ent. by d^emical physioligists, that warmth is equivalent to a certain portion ^^• lood -that an animal which is exposal to more cold, will eat more-and that one which is better housed, -and warmer kept, will eat less To oSt*? T"*^ co'^fortable, therefore, is to save food; and this'alone ^ipilned ot^ "*' ' "^'"^''^ wheroaK^roity of winter food it= ^ 82 u In „,y tour through the Province I h.ve ^eq^^^J^jy .«^S'^Vic^o chunks between the boa da^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ,^ ,ft,, .dmit currents of are bu.lt, o^.'^'^^ ^Pf^^^^^^ The most 6f the.-prevaihng ^vuuls, a so, ^ cold air m the ^>"^*"^,^^^^**'"- ,/ „„,i A,^ comfort of the cattle ja thus >vhat arises from their own want ot care. ^ inserted^ «. above, makes it a ^^^^ .^\, ^.^..^ig ;„ condition while -the wintqj.t'^ experience are required to keep cattle in ^^^^j^„^ „,.^ ^^^e*. ,^ lasts. This IS, no doubt,^true . but ^^e ««™e q .^ .^^^, sary to success in any other branch «f ^^^^^^^^^yj/^^^incss in which ' willing to bestow all he possesses of ^^^^ "P J" Z^"^^,;;^^^^^^ to prosper. he is engaged, may happen to thrive y^ «^;7;\y °^^ ;, ^he same " Again, the wmter ieeding in the Colony '^J^rj ™ ^5^^ ears condition iA which it was over a ^^^f, ^ f J^fSt ofof he Scot- ago.. To keep his stock alive, ^"^^J^^'^^'J^, f ;;ig"^^^^^ nourishing tish farmer during the ^^^^er °ionths, and he tri^^ed ^^ ^^ ^^o grass of spring and b^'^'^^J^^^ ^^^^^ "Pj^^^^^^^^^ Lv in many colder pan of die yea. S-h .. ery - h ^^^^^^^^ ^^^. . ^^, parts of New JJninswieK , uui i. a ^f-nnnrnv The working ox, Ln in a money point of v.e^.3 » «« '^ lo5o all the work which ■ when spring arrives, has not »»!««"' »«"8* .^taal which i. sold for the orgency of the season '^^''^^'j *' ^ *' ™"„a „i that of ila !rnL'^n?tC«;'rthfn;:rni's:tt^^r^^ addition of «« »«f ,fi."™S#™",:,^ /^^^^^^^ woaM hav^ "ert ft at the s»e 'i™ 'tnTlSSu e tZw Brunswick, I^o rrS 1 1 ^9^ of f^.^g oU^^J., tr J^l^f " 88 . , which in Jho winter season the members of his household may cmpjoy their leiauire hours, will furnish them with a quantity of seed jyhich will greatly bfejiffit.his stofijj, andi which will enable him t9a^opt with p/ofit the mare^rtifiL'ial's/stem of feeding to which I am now referring. To give kn idea of this method, and of the practical results obtained from the aiipptum of it, I make the following extracts from my published Lectuiips on Agricultural Chemistry : — ^ "Tlic method adopted is, to crush the linseed, to boil it by a steam heat for three hours, with two gallons of water to each pound of the . seed, and then to mix ihe hot liquid with the chopped straw, and tail corn, in the following proportions : Linseed, ------ 2 lbs Xut Straw, - - . i 10 lbs! Ground Corn, - ... 5 ijjg This quantity is^iven t^each full grown beast per dav, in twomesses. ihe liquid 13 poured upon the mixed coin and straw on the floor of the boiling house, is- turned over three times at 'intervals, and at the end of two hours 13 given to the cattle. They have two hot messes a day and are IM punctually at the same' hour. " The limes of fefeding are, turnips at six in the morning, prepared food at ten, turnips at one, and prepared food again at four in the after- noon. Tho allowance of turnips is sixt/ pounds of Swedes per day or T^j^^^f'^® ^^^- <^f ^^3'brids, or one hundred and twelve pounds 4)f Globes Under this system, the cattle thrive remarkably, are still and quiet lie down the greater part of the day, and though they cause a large outlay at tirst, in th^purcbase of linseed, they amply repay it in the value of the dung, and in the higher price they return for the^ turnips and for the tail corn than could be obtained in any other manner. "It is n-ot necessary, in adopting this method, that the precise detajla above given should be Ibllowed out— that the same quantity, or propor- tions ot the several kinds of food should be employed- or that the crush^ Imseed should be boiled by a steam heat. Tbe principle of ajjrffiig mmips to tho hay usually given to the cattle and sheep, and to ^oth a certain quantity of linseed, boiled long enough to form a jelly when It cools, mixed up with chopped straw, and brought to the stock either cold or hot— this is what the farmer may, in nearly all circum- stances, profitably adopt." ' ' Judge Peters thus states his experience : — " I have tried flax seed in fattening two or three cattle, but havinsr no iveans of crushing it, I boiled it for two hours, and mixed the ielly and seeds with crushed barley, oats', or indian corn. I gave one pint of seed and two quarts of meal, thus prepared, every day to each beast • its ellects were soon visible in the silky appearance of the hair, and the more thriving condition of the animal." Respecting shelter, he says- _ I here is another point connected with cattle, which requires atten- tion. 1 here are generally no yards to your barns; there should be ingu close fences, or sheds, iwlmog a space for a yard to shelter the ^ 5 >'*/».' ..i 84 Hi>. M however cannot^ord to make them, but all can fe«ce*in a cattle: all. however, tan ^^^ prevent (hoppmgs JS lost ft'j ' . J ,„,^nialt>e^ ' ..11 day, exposed t^ the «"\\"8;^^^^^^^^^^^ ^"^J „,d, but on Bevcre ,Uy8 »»'^y/i."^"^'.;;' iVm The Btabl63 can easily bo nmde ^^ar.no^, very p>od shelev ^^ ^cm. i ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ g,^;^,^ ^j^^ by '-'»"'o "P ^;« ;"^;;' 12 ;,, ,„„ b,..,., .;il stuffed down." ^^'ThJ^ic^^^nllS'f^tsand hints on English ibeding are fron. ^"""B'rdTNx-r'a crains arc sonu'tinies giveii to cattle in an aci.l 8tate ; but ,,„e»ny.n,.«.l»^ ly..a .^dermM^^^^ u» preparatory to 0,c, ^"'' Ono oahcjnost Buccessful instances of this mode of fattemng cattle season !» ^hc d t l^e»^^^^^^ ^^^ ,j„, ,^^d 100 in an adjom.ng :,bout f -^Om the house tc 1 .^^^^^^ ^,^^^ ^^.^ ^^.^ ,ff. From ten orchard, ^vh.ch aic ^'^l^^ " ['J^^^^^^J ,. j-^^tt^nii,., ,,ud the cattle are found to -teen weeks IS tu 1 U^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^ ^^ ^,^^^^ to gam upon the '^^?"be^^;^->;\,,^b, gn.ins and hay-sometimes mea- fnS' at otters clo • hay -Ind ^cisionally altivnnted with oat or f 1 V iruv w ich ^s son.eLes, though not regularly, cut mto chaff, n L. 2;w ' re^iven to them twice a-day, in order that they may Hay and 8tr.vw -^ -« ^^^ ^ ;„, ,,,a wash as they can eat In rummato ; and t ey Im e .s u « ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ j.^^^. ^^ ^^,^ f "t ^;?^h V i^o ti a.e^k>n to it. According to their .quality, ^^i:^^^^ to pay trom ten to twenty shdlings per week. ce JnJ vti"; Lonling to the size of the ammals. and the n«- r^ 35 .; . trimcnt afforded by tho respective vegetables. It has however been found thitt an wc will eat nearly one-sixth pn- diem of his own weight of cabbages. Fattening beasts rc(|uiro half a hundredweight of turnips dady, besides an adequate allowance of dry meat to coun'teract the su- perabundant nioisturo of these roots. , .For middle-sized ajiinials, a bushel or, a bushel anda-haU'of distiller's or brewer's grains wilfbo suflicient, if combined with nn ample portion of dry moat, given in the mtervals of the distribution of the .grains. BuUocks^nrying from forty- fivo to sixty stones, consume about eight or ten stones of carrots or par- snips iKjr d:iy; bovsidcs nn additional quantity of dry proverjdor, that is in tho proportion of one-sixth part of their own weight ;- and as an afire of good carrots will yield 400 busiiols or 22,400 lbs., it would support such an anmial IGO days, a period sufficiently long for beasts to be kejtt that have had the sunrnTfer's grass. If they arc half^fat when put to carrots, an acre would prob.ibly be sufficient to fatten twosuch beasts. Of potatoes, small cattle-such as \\\om of Wales and Scotland— eft* every day about a bushel a-head in a raw state, with the allowance of a truss of hay divided beUvecn four beasts. To an animal of 80 or 100 stones, about 10 to 15 lbs. of pulverized oil-cako are given daily, with at least a stone of cut hay during seven or eight Aveeks : the allotment 6f cake 13 then u.sually increased to IS or 20 lbs., until Uie animal is suf- ficiently fat for sale. Whenever it can be conveniently arranged, the animals should not be confined to one sort of food. To mingle the food judiciously, benefits the beasts and saves the/armer money ; for an ani- mal -w^ill thrive better and costless if fed on hav, turnips and oil-cake, given in the proportion of one part cake, four parts hay a'nd seven parts turnips, than he would if suffered to eat.^e whole amount in one only ot these matters. " It has been found that forty-five oxen, well littered while fattening with twenty wagon loads of stubble, have made two hundred loads, each of three tons, of manure ; the greatest and most valuable part of which would have been lost, had it not been mixed with and absorbed by the straw. Every load of hay and litter given to beasts fattening on oil- cake, yields at least ten tons of dung; and on comparing the dung ob- tained by feeding on oil-cake with that of the common farm-yard, it has been found that the effects produced by spreading one loadof the former on an acre considerably exceeded those of two loads of the latter. The value of the manure will invariably be found to be in~proportion to the nutriment contained in the aliment. It is an old and true proverb, • No food no cattle ; no cattle, no dung; no dung, no corn ; or indeed any other good crops.' " j Oil-cake cannot ordinarily be obtained in this country ; but flax-seed 13 of course more fattening, and may often be easily procured. It should be either bruised in a machine for the purpose, or well boiled, It is the oil contained in the flax-seed or oil-cake that gives them their fat- tening property. Heacfr it has been proposed to mix cbfeap oite, for in-^ Stance cod-fish oil, with the food of cattle, in small quantities ; and 4 36 jure the flavour and quality of the beet. \ ^ h.t TlipfollowiiKT tests areNgi'i en by Youatt a3 showing the fitness o/^^e a^mmi^ appearance ^pabiUty of standing the Jou-ey ^\™jt^ ^ isl)vered ..th^flcsh ofVhe anitnal show, h.gh ^^"^ ^'^^^^^^^^ perfect synimetry as can be at- in tlii) manner required to <^.«" f^^^,^^^^ijf,,,a huckle-bones are round, taine.l by a perfectly fat '^"^™^] '/^' Ss well filled up, ond his scro- and the ribs, flanks and rump ^f ^^^^J;;^^^ The ends of the fingers turn or purse largely developed and roum^^ ^^^^^^^^^ hips rump and should be pressed upon ^?^J^ ^.^^'^^^f^f^f these parts, and they sprmg purse. If thin-e is an evident ^^"^j^'fyj^'^^^ied firmness and softness Lvck when the fingers are ^^^ ' Is ex ists \"'l this is a sufficient ,vell described by the term l^f^J^'Xu X d quality/' ^ , • assurance that the flesh is ^^J^^^""^^^^^^ journey to market, when t^uchbcingthecomiicmoftb^a^^^^^^ ,,,„M be per- there are not such taciUties as uu» j formed in the iol^^^'i^S ™^«"^J; ; ^^ ^^ae for the journey, >vhen the " Some preparation b^«"J; HSfr food should undergo some change, animals have to be driven far f^^'"^ '''"". .Ug ary food increased, in Tlirgreen food should be diminished, '^nd the^ dry ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^^^ order to prevent looseness «^^^e road^ y ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ their stalls a short time twice u ^1^^ J^^^^^^^ , nuie to exercise, and to their setting out, in ^^^'^^^^^r'.'^f ^^^uld probably be attacked aiter ^ prevent that giddiness ^J -h-\they vouU ^p .^^^ Uie'dangerous pranks ^ bemT so long confined, and also to prevt > ^^^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^^^ ,,^ which tliey maybe ^-^i^f^^^tirh^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ of ^ong jour- >vise who put them in the trevis a^d nac ^^^^ ^ ,^. nevsseveial of every large herd arc usually J , ^^^^^^ ^ pensive, or are sold *« disadvantag , on a^^c^^^^^^ l,rn through by the ro"S^^Xechv8 should not be driven more than and during the first two "^ f » f^ '^ > ;;;hey should be put into a eomt seven or eight miles per '^'^y- J^ ™a into a 1)asture; gradual y the or sl,ed at night, and m «"'«;jj", X ^r founeen miles ; but it will .kvs ioarney may be increased to twelve ui ^^^^^^^ & Serous' to extend it beyond thadisUn^^^^ ^„ ,,,, ^^^, be allowed for its eomplet'on ; for t the e-^tUe ^^^^^ „^,„,i,„ed, they even if they do not «f ^^^, ^^S ,n(l he ^ ^"^^Z" ^t ^l ^iU be distressed, and ^^ ^^^ credible how diff-erent will often be he Bcrious diseiiso. It la . scarcely «7/^^^ J'' • ^^.^ey in the same number tate of droves that have Pf ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ of each beast, andXble the value of ^^.^V^hl^ cS have "been overdriven, andte Bible to estimate the «;>««^f^^^ifi Cvery cautious how he purchases ^ho is acquainted with them, will d» v« jr gnimals bavinj; that app«wano«. 37 II. THE DAIRY. Under this head will be noticed the food and management of MilcL Cows, and the making of butter and cheese. 1. " Cows of the same and of the best breeds will not always yield the same quantity of milk ; and the milk of those that yield tli? most .s not unfrequcntly different in richness. These points, ilow \i whic are of great importance to the dairy, may be easily determined by keeping the cows on the same food, weighing the quanUty consume 1 by siueTv""Sl'"^^ and then kee^ping'and Lrnll, it a fe.da,^ f~rP. ^,''™P=^'-'1«"3 ot t''>s kind are not frequently made. Ibr farmer us«a ly purchase whatever stock they can most convenien ly most cheaply obtain and are then content tokeep them as Ion -^ they turn out tolerably well. This, neveitbelesi, is exccedin>Ty"bxd conomy, for an indifferent cow will eat as much and requin, 7muc attendance as the best, and occasion a daily loss that will soon excee any saving m th6 original price. The maJ who takes the pains to ac ftrXllif ;"]?'* ' '"^ ^"' '^'' ''"'' '' ^^'P ''' ^""^^ ' ^"^^ f«""^^»ti-^ In illustration of the truth of the above remarks, I quote the follow- ing fn)m a late volume of the Massachusetts Agricultural Transactions • Ipncn? ^'"^ y'^^"" ''"<^«' «.»« Of the committee had a farm, which was kTot Xcf '''' ""^^'T'''^ '' ^="7 P"''P«^^«' °" ^^ '"'^'^ 2'/i cows .'i-o ^ept, A> li.ch yy ere owned in common by himself and the tenant. A cci- dental circumstances induced a comparison between a cow which wa. cnsidered the most valuable in the herd, because she yielded a large supply of milk, and a cow which had been purchased at a small pr cf ream of onlvV?nf''^-^'K •''''? -^^^ '" ^''«^' ^^^'""-^^«" '^^^'^^'^^ he milk of if «f ''^V"<^h in thickness ; an f<"f they came mo imlk D ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ better m t^^^^ y .^^ rearing a dairy stock, aim ^ ^^^^^ ^^f ^iie aairy » thev did in former times, VV ben y o ^^^^^^^ fodder n«/^^P^ re Jed on moors or bad pastu c ''»'; g^^?' /,,r^ed ' « ro„gh beast Tm alive, they grow up .^at ^^^^ bones and other J.uk» 39 £. »t p";eS 7my7 ^'™ " ■""* "°"° seed »,ilk „,• o„„ On the same subject Youatt says •— ' It will generally be found that, supposiuo- the food to bn ih. ' hoiii i^rnto." °°°" ""'"""S "'«''• '" «■■ condition and comforlablj, nil\f''ss^i;tdT:i?rrttn,:!' -"if ^°' •» »'f"'> «■« *- 10 the watery part of the S lltfj^ " ^ ?"^' "'"^ """» »'''' and curd. (Jrai„ and lod Inv ""'■bMf hugely to its butter Flax seed and Man co,?,!;!?:,!!'."* f- "'.? '^""'^ ""^'i""""' making ingredients. P-'U'.nMj nch in the erean, or butter- * riafs ah-^'ifd t't^Xf „Trh T '^'^ "^ *' »«»' ■"»'- following extrac, give the St.° , ° '""^"'"S "^ <^»"'« ''''» British Authorities muhe subj^el "" ^""""^ "^ '»'™ °f 'k" b* of;h^r,ratisiiy;;?er^;-;^i:;-^^-i;.»^ one pasture to another It ic nmr^.^uV^ , , '^ '^ distance from ti.e''shonld no. ^' .^o disin. LTt T^^S:' '"'1^'^ f"'"'' tial miporuinco that the pastures shnnld l,!^ i ', °'™ "' «='«"- lorod, fcr when eonfined'T, S „ „m "I i l'' f*''^' ™*''^'' "'"' '"'«'>- Itisurely, and are better rr!eeed.Zr.,7r"''"',' """' "'" ^"^'* "">"> and ,,/e. are greatly Zltwe'tSl'^tj^it"^ ■"*'^'° "™"- high^Sh r;u;oir„di«or V^thr -"'""r'; "' ••"" '-« ■" 'lurincr winter- it «m1i7» ^T "'^^ """^ ""'^'^'"'^d to fair in flesh iH'on well fed du in" fe ' in er lL7n^^ ^'^'' ^"'""'^^^^^ ^'^'^ ♦''^Z '^ffonl high foe,lin.; ?o unprScM-vo.t !l "''^•^' P''^"''''^ ^^''"'^'•^ *« =«rc dry "but the co mS n a" ' r^ ' ""' ".'* ''t'!'' ^'' '"''' ^^at on the^poorost fodder rver^obeouLib^^^ ^''"* I''^^'«n;;^-^\^^^y "e^- the succulent joots^U be ^ ^^^,^ ^, a small quantUy of any ^.^^^ ^ ^'\-? hound and the drying u Good 8»eet W '» '^'L^J in fc««"8 '"^'"3 rfl «*^ "'"> • 1 .-l. Rill .eal, and oil ^f^^'^^";,^'^ and parsnips may . , , Bat carrots, mangel ^vurt.el, P^\^\«^^Unent, the mau- "^■'^" '^^''t: th ily eqaal protit. lni;ith tbeir fove . lame, taciv hoofs ^veve property p^^r 1 J^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^,,,i^ ,,,, that ."t ou c:.y. One gret^ ^iJ^:^ £ i;^t^^ndition that ^vith a ew -f ,^^i^:^n;;\i^:rt:y ::: a:^: is^c, became ^t t.r ti. ^^e, ..ondrcut b-Av; Svbich f-^Xt:^ttnefit tbe health and i-,.,1, and s,c:atly au^.ncnt ,^,^^™^'^;'/J^ jj^.i^ question that this .s «n- conditiou of the annua 9 ihere can J. ^^. ^^ ^^^ ,0 porior tostruv; for straw, <'\^^'^" "'\ad but little to the product ot, ^contain mu,o natrimcnt ti^'^^«^^7^ V^" "trvin'', but it will never m- :.iik. It n.ay keep «'-« -^^ oTev d as a^n axiom, in feed.n. a I ^rtovo their tlosh; f^VN^^SsTn proportion to the nu^tivenia- Lin^uls. that the value of ^^^«^9^^ ^'';g,a^'i3 necessary to sustain the ter ccnuained in US component F^^^ - aclicm of the stomach; ^'^ViS fvom October to June-tiearly eigh ..Mr. Cnrr.umgave <=«"}f ^^ ^Xn ' f ^^^^^ was a^op^^d by several ,„onths ov;t of twelve-and f f •^^J,;;^'^^^^^^^^ the iBOSt complete sue, f,nncrs in d.lTcrent parts of the k gdom w 'ce,s. It is ivartiT^Uy practise^ '"^^,.^14 water on the chaff with root^, bc-in- aivon to milch cows^ ^^ ^ | om it . 2:vV, .;/../ is given by some «f J^^^^^^'^^.^ pfofit The following iH said that no food is ^^-J^*^ ^dtS chaff and' urnips, as customary : ems t.; merit particular ^Uention:-- ^^^ ^^^ or Swedish -Take a bushel of chaff and «'Sf^\°[ '^^^^^ toge- turnips, having the tops ^-l^;- ^r^^^^^^^^ Vadd ,h,;r four or five hourft. Add as «^"^ ^ the' turnips and add ■ n^ovc freely through the mn.s ^I^J f ^J° ,^ ^^e morning, and the tbvee pounds of pea meak ^ ^•;« ^f^^!'^,, ^ay as she will cat up clean A^^— S ^« i a.«j.." 3. ^ z' sarly thirteen live? brought Mr. Curmau equal to the , ; their bccojTi- (ith their fove liod, was that It with a lew the shamhlea, Mr. C. recom- _■ nuch supeviof " :he health and that this is 8U- hkh is said 4o^ the product of- i will never im- , in feedinr'^ all e nutritive niat- y to sustain tho le— ftearly eight [op^ed by several 3t complete s'JC,- ive M cottagers )n the cliaff with adopted in gome md scientific men and particularly • aeh. by whom it t The following lips, as customary ecent publication, Tallow or Swedish nidhoilthera toge- " , ause the hand to B^ turnips and add } rooming, and the le will cat up clean jttet will be as rich Sli#ld the peculiar a small quatitity ot 43 posed to effluvia from tho cow-house or farm-yard; and it should !io maintained, as. far as possible, at an equal temperature. A pump or spring of water within, is a piost valuable addition to it. In Biit,iiii, such buildings are constructed of stone and brick, with walls of rrjcat tliickncss : a.nd great care is taken to secure cleanjiness, and to exclude excessive beat or cold. .In this country.' in Cases where convenient ami cleanly underground cellars cannot be employed, buildings of wood, filled in with saw-dust,- eel-grass, or dry ta.n bark, will answer the pur- , pose well. Where possible, the combination of a dairy with an ice- house, is very desirable. The following extracts are given, not as being especially aviih tl>o ^hicU i" ,^'« ^f ^;S,^ still iiv*«tat^ of ^^"^V^oVs udder, tl>^. flo«t. to tl- ««f ^- State cream. Even « f J^^^^ ^,ortio..s '. other iugredieu%_;ta)n|^ j-^ce ; hence the ^f V^'^^it^tedin n-nw ,renm tends to i^e to the su ^^^ ^.^^ ^^ «^!"«\Vi deeper the ,.,i,U -are th« vjchos^^"^ JJaily does the cre^ ^''^^.i^trenm rise. 'lntl^« , -S«^-"*''^Vti i 'kept il»e more slo^^y^;^^^^^^^^ ,,ith the ,V,shcs in ^vl>>f ;\.^;i7 ' vticles are move tl^^^Wy^i.^ through. ,«!, oilier «™l fr°« *" '™'"' '^ ' , . , .„ ^^^ U kept i" matter, oh'e Ij S'^Lther by the eta'S" »« f'S or < known\causeS; tne i -^ ^f ^jiik :-- ^,^ ^fter their "Ti)'^/ ?5d-tW* "«^ '° " "^*'' third or f^'-t'^^^" ' twelve years of age. .^.^^crate climates arc ^ U W.II.C production of n^chmdk. In^o ^^^^^,, the pro- favoraWe^ to^ ¥*^ ,5^X»7Mi.virtv «rrhpr that of cream. KxpOSUVQ to quality. ■1^1 nt C0W3; anu jiety of c\ie- fatty matter, separates and turc wiib tlie ^'8 udder, tli(| n portio^^ • itfttediriiii"^-- ho deeper the .irlse. ^Intbo ixed with the through. ,y the action ol separated from J collected in a ^vate^, is kepUu a little ttlkalu»e icy. ^hcn the iito lactic acid, )r of rennet, tho be apt)lication ol the-wh^ line matter of the ,\\y small residual g, and other wcU ^umstancca A^•hlch jt milk after their c3 to be excellent, aerate climates »vc fnd drv climates the ;er favours tho pvo- ^ertSP of cream. and deteriorates the 45 ^ (3.) Time op Millcini^. — A cow milked only onco a day will yield a little more butter than if milked more freijuently. When milked three times a day, the (juantity of milk is much increased. Tho morning's miHn is of better (juality than that of the evening. (4.) Trc^imenf and Temper of the u\nin%al. — The best milking condition Is otio _of quiet and repose. Evjery thing that frets, annoys, or disturbs tho^ animal, or excites, her to great muscillar exertion, inter- feres with the- secretion of the milk. (5.) Th&Race or Breed of the Animal. — This is of much import- ance, but has been already noticed, (6.) Tlie Kind of Food. — Many inpportant facts will be fouiid - under the head " Food of Milch Cows,'' but the experiinents hitherto made have failed to shew those marked differences which we should have anticipated from great changes of food. The reason is that tho secretion of milk on a particular day is not dependant solely on the food of that day ; and that many causes arc in operation simultaneously. (7.) The Form and Conslilnlion of the Indi,)fidual Animal. — Much information on this subject will be found under other heads. Youattsays: — "A inilch cow should have a long thin, head, with a brisk but placid eye ; should be thin and hollow in the neck, narrow in the breast and point of the shoulder, and altogether light in tho foro (juarter — but wide in the loins with little dew-lap, and neither too full fleshed along the chine, nor showing in any part an inclination to put on much fat. The udder should especially be large, round and full, witli the milch- veins protruding, yet thin-skinned, but not hanging lo(pe or tending far behind. The teats should also stand square, all pointing out at equal distances and of the same size, and although neither very large nor thick towards the udder, yet long and tapering tOAvard a point. A cow with a largo head, a high back-bone, a small udder and teats, and drawn up in the belly, will, beyond all doubt, be found a bad milker." It is qu^ite certain that cows of the same breed arid age often differ materially in their produce of milk ; and though the form is a good guide, this also often fails to be a certain indication. It is therefore useful for the dairy farmer to test by experiment the actual quantity and quality of the produce of each cow when in different conditions, and thus to ascertain the real value of the different individuals of his stock. This is the more necessary as it appears that certain breeds and kinds of animals, may thrive better or worse on certain farms or kinds of feeding than on others. 5, The Making of Butter — being a very impoirtant past of dairy husbandry, and the qualities produced by different makers being very different, I give hero an abstract of some of the best, methods in use in Britain and America, with some preliminary hints on milking and ^ prcaming;^ . - — ^ . - ^ " In milking, if q, cow iS roughly handled, it is not only painful tq 46 e- v^v tYil\k whereas if it •U ..use her to ^^•ithhold a P^/^^^^.^^i.^'of Tn'p^rtanco that it her but wiW caube her .^ ^^^^^y ^^'^";;c the richest; and ^« ^^r;Y ';r.\ tthet' drop, for the ^^l ^^^ ^te and injure, the , into good tc^jj^- ^^^'T^d^ug. for ^h le eaUrtg they fi ..^ ian they >v>U under the ^^^^ ^^^ ^^. ^^ and evening. .,^, airections should he g^ven that t ^^ ^^ ^^.^^ '• Very particular aireu ^^^.^ hurriea lu „„_f-ctU take . sU' J.l vi-« f :;'Sv.ik .ill "»'.=» «tll :;,El Sut or ^„„,.d .0 cool i" *^';•■' redthrousl. th« '"'"'yrmnk-p.U sbooM L., i^-PP^^^^'i!?',ttnr luti^n of saltpetre. ' if „ot :S unnecessary aE;ta^J^;Jbe^^^^ ^ ^T know the .'iff'^f";,J,t extra fi«e quality, the nulk of tho^ ^^^^ "To nmke bu ter of ej.t ^ ^ ^^^ ,^,, the yield a poor quahty , sUou t,venty-two hours, from each cow." . - ^^^,^..^^A in about twenty or twemy may he removeu oy . ^^^ ^ ttirred every time a fresh • out a plug m the bolto ^^^^^^^ ^°V Sin '^^^ ^'"^ ^'^' should be placed m a dee ^^^^^ ,^ ^.Ikm 1 ^^^.^^^ quantity « added^ ^* ^^^ ,, f^^^'-^'lVith tha? which is sour, fit X it and ibo imes y no cr 13 cntly )Ugbt ) feed , their e day, uality, orning driven flight a ■ly take bout or ^]j.pan3, 1 should may he ' turnips, Lhe uiilli, m if no* earn than >an3 sepa- By thes^ lossible to cows that first drawn -two hours, t by taking the cream time a fresh I been kept ather before Lich is sour, beyond three ,ng, but it is liUdng apaftr 47 ''In some countries tho separation of the oroim is not thought to bo sufficien ly complete by this mcoimnical process, but after tho milk has remained from twelve to twenty-four hours in the pan; it is put over » trJ''!^' nT '' ™"f ""'*' the first hubMo^aiJcB the surface of hecrearii. lhe pan is then taken off, and put away.for oi.htoen or twenty-iouf hours t(. cool. At the end of this ti,i:e, if the quantity of m.lkiscons.derabo,thecroam will bo au inch .r'mord in^hicEss It 8 cut With a knife into squares, removed by a skimmer and called dolled or chnted cream. It has a peculiarly sweet and pleasant faiste churns readily, and gives a butter retaining the same agreeable flavour' ' u !^^™'"'"S "I'll^ however is nearly wortlilesa." '' T/te churning requireaconsiderablc art. It must not be too ranid or violent, nor must it be'too slow and c.,ntle. In the first case and especially m summer, it would become ill-tasted and ferment,-in tho latter It would not form at all. The temperature should be carefully regarded. In summer it will be necessary to immerse the nump churn about a foot in cold water, or to pour water over the rotatory churn In winter, a little \Arm water should be added.-' In washing the biifter, which may be done on a board, the -rreat ob- ject 13 to squeeze out and wash away every particle of buttern^lk, with- out beating or handling the butter too much. Abundance of water mav be used, as this will remove nothing that is useful to the butter, and it 13 of great importance to keep the hands as cool as possible durini^, tor, and a go<>< cow,^n oulc, ^ . ^ ^^^^ ^°TnUk an/o" Uer mill." f.rn.er, should y^eW -m) ^^^^ sViinmcd indk ^ml ^ ^^„,i,i the there >. the value "t '^^^.i^, to this co^^'try, je h^ .^ j.„gi ,,a In applying ^"f ,^ '"S higher price ot ^^^bo^^^'^'^^.^ich the Engh^^U wer price ot Gutter an I ng ^ ^^^^^^ *"*^ ^w-L; of thia kind, that and on the other ^1^ 'i^^^e ob^served in calcuku^^^^^^^^ Uev payB. l^tbove that -quired for sustu^mn^^^^^^^ ^^ ^.^^ it i3 the ^.i/'« /'"'' ^, Jhe vhole profit. A c«w J ^ . i^ttle or no the largest amount ana h profit is greatest. g^^t^ of Maine, nt of butter-making »» "" anie folloNving ^"f.f^'^;;^^^^ for 1852 :- ^^^.^ been 125 i, frotn tbe Patent Office U^P^^^^ P^^^^^^ r/not A««^ ^ ^'^^^ "'T' a For the past ye^r 1 .^ probably not t ^ ^^^tc nu^y be munds of butter per cow - drought, this c ^^ ^^^^_ S^though, on account of he ^^^^^ considered as baU t ^ ?o bw. Tbe cost of cheee. ^^^^ ^^ '^^S^^l't .e quantities as Ter, though tbo -abng^^^^^^^^^ .^^^ ,,, Tt:a^p^rtLg^so\ell as the ble, as butter )S ««^ ^ handling a"^ .transport fe ^^.^^^^.^ ^, cheese, as it does not oear making butter it ^^^^,^ aS; in the t-atu-nt,^^^^^^^^^ ^.,.^,, ^?dS S-^^ttng the pans j,ursue a co"^^« ^°™'^^^^^^^^ for 12 hours, ^^fj^^ «tove, and, after Ihe milk in ««^«^^^ Sg^'ater, on a oo«;"^«,? ^^.tmeut the butter does on iron vessels of boi^ng ' ^.^ j^^^^e of treatroo ^^^^^^ c^hng, skim the cream 0^ ^ f y^.^^,, ^^"^'^I'^locees ^ ^burning is Zi become bitter, **^^^^\f ^^ this couwe, tbe P^^^^^ •, pursued by Z summer butter- »«^'^^^^^^ ^.ocess before TnentioneU i ^^^ ^^^^.^^^ !*ery much accelerated 1 Ue P ^^^^^ ^^^ ,?, ' und of butter, S in making summer «« ^^ ^^ ^««H'^' 1'^^^^ ^^ashing in Ser is, 1 ounce « fi^^^y^ing all the butter-milk, oy^ .^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^Vedaft«r ^^^0^^^ conimon rolling P^"; ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^, coldvyat^randrolhng^^tha and complexly c^;^^^^^^^^ barrel, either ^^^^Se- then add a bag of ^^^^ Butter mad^' and strong as it can be raade^^ salt ^^ .^;.J^,;eet the ^hole year. • 49 The Salting of Butter is performed in England aa follows : nir i K ^'■''•"^/''^ «f «o"e<^ ^y ^'roquent washing, and exposure to the a.r, or by scrubbrng the firkin with salt and water boiled It is then dru,d and salt strewed on the surface, before the butter ia put in In ^e onl.nary process of salting, after separating the buttermilk Z com- the mlfs for'^U-^l'" thoroughly so as to become incorporated with ouirrtiv^ ly '"^r"^ "'^'^ '" '^^'•■'^ ?'*'•*' tb« butter will ac- rillKfu''"''' *''.''"'«'"'' 'P^«tJ^' O'- 'Pinsowed.'. The salt W Id be of the purest kind, wefl dried and broken down, but not com pletely pulvenscd. Bad salt will soon cause it to become rancid. The toJlowing preparation is recommended as bettor than salt alone •" 1 wo parts best salt, and one part each sugar and saltpetre well mixed: one ounce to each pound of butter, fncor- " Tf ^n K^""'^'' '' thoroughly with the mass, and close up for use " weeks aftiriM^T'S'T *? ^eep butter thus prepared for two or three ZtTf I ' '^"'■*^' *'^^'''"*' ""'"S 5 «« otherwise it will not taste well • ^nU nK'.5 ^ '"fr-r^"^^ ^ '^' ''^'" prescription, irwill con^ tinue portectly sweet for three years or more " ''After strewing salt on the bottom of the firkin, the butter may be packed m, thoroughly moulding each layer into that 'beneath t Then the caak 13 full, more salt should bo strewed on the surface and th« head put on. If the butter has been well freed from mlk; and Ssalt mulded mtoU quite dry, it will not shrink ^.om the cik This L ahwys regarded as one criterion of tlw goodness of the butter." h„l. ^^''''T!'''''^ '' '""''^ ™°'^« <^'<^«°^t t^a° the manufacture oF • thch'wSr ^^«V'''Tl""^Pr'^^^ '"^ N°^* S^'^tia, no part of Trt ct' Tf,! . Pf " '^ Annapolis, is celebrated for making a good cuS if of i«™f .'•^t'^'-e «t which the milk is kept, and at which it is cuidled, IS of great importance; and want of knowledge in this noint k a frequent cause of failure The milk should be kep^t beforehand at a temperature not under 50^ nor over 55°. It should be cunilS at a tempera^re -h-h ac,,,ai to different authorities, mayTa^ f^^m 00 to Jo If the temperature be too high, the curd will be touffh if too low It will be soft and difficult to seplr^te from the wL & fut'h'fhT« 7^ ^"^ ""' thoroughly learned by experience to distil guish the exact temperature, should have a thermometer, which can he P«[f hased for a few shillings, for thf purpose. ' The greatest care should be taken to extract every particle of whev fn>m the curd ; for the cheese is apt to heave when a?y whey remliW Savour'^PT^T"^'' '°"'''i?« i^^ -'^'^^ ^ dfsa^^able n.w; f'""'^*^ ^H"^. *'f P'"*^'''^ ^y the use of an immoderate VS7JTT- -i r''? *P.* *° fi" *^« '^^' ^ith small hoTes^ ^?on.T ^^'5 will likewise be produced if it is allowed tarem^n f^ n°>!,^T"'^^:_ _ ?^ °'•^'^^°6 °f tfa« cheese usually arises from toofcstrandis caoaedby the air of th© cheew roraj J *' ;/. 50 ,.„, .00 ary « .a™. An «^in„'*aeSo1f°r*«' 't^^ from nine to t^ttlve months are requisite to r p .^ ^^^^^^^ .^^ ^ ^^^^ f om ? urt.cn to twenty VO--^J^ff^;,X >vill bo, and the cooler .at the hotter it is put t^°^«j;J^%e also recommend, the use o the richer and the more qtpt to decay .^^ ,,j^g it is I mall quantity of ^W^f ,^^,^0^ or fine hay on the shelves on ^ iSod practice to strew a httlc ^^oss r-om adhering and con- Cheshire Cheese.— ihe ^^^'^'''t. ^ off. it is then poured into cadin, night ^eing thusj)^par ^ JJ^^^^ ^^ ^ had been 'Avith Th» cream. Into this is P^^^^'; ,? P evenin.^ m^ in which a 1 ttle .. ken in ^varm water since '^'%^''''^ZI\sZl^^^ov a cheese of sixty Spanish Arnatto (a quai;ter «f ^Vifnow sStogethcf, and covered XkIs) iB ^i^solved The whole 1 now Brn^,^.^^^^^^^ .^-^^ Cwarm for\boUt half an bou-, o;^" ^^^^^^ After standing a little ' turned over with a bowl ^-^^^^^^'!XS\oon as the curd becomes ^vhile, the whey is drawn ^J \^; t,, ,^d turned over repeatedly, aomewhat more solid, it is cut mow the better to press out the ^vhey- /V^ ^ ^^.^.^ by hand into ■ u-jhe curd is agam '^^"^^^Xt whire it is strongly pressed by ^ small pieces and put into a ^Ij^^^f-^^^: ™^ remaining whey. .Af^r l^nd and ^vith weights, m order tojxtract ^he ^^ .^ ^^ ^ Xs, it is transferred to aijQ^her vat o^ ^^^ ^ of breaking and «|^t^i.ne been ^vell f f f;,f ^;^,\e;Tf^r?ed from it. /J^^e cheese Svnressin^' is repeated, till all the '''^^'^yf ^ ^n\^ a cloth beneiith U now a^d i«to a third vat, P'^^^'^^^'j r™'^;^ edge of the cheese, a'll^u ll^P o^,^;"'^-7^\;rtmer b^^g previously encb^^^ aml%ithin the sides cf the vat; ^ «^™f; ^^t. These various pro- tn clean cloth and its edges put ^vlth n the J a ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^sefoccupy about si. ^--. - ;TS'cw ThV cLse during that tbe cheese under a weight «f /* «^ ^ There are several holes bored t ine should be twice turned '"the vat ^ ne ^^ .^^ ^^ n th vat which contain* the el^ese and alsm^.^ ^^^ vhich long .hewers are passed ^^ ^^ y ^^^,.,,t every drop of >vhoy. •'51 and pressed; and also on the third day, about the middle of which it should be removed to the salting chamber, where the outside should bo well rubbed wjth salt, and a cloth binder passed round it, which serves as a lining to the vat, but is not turned over the upper surface The cheese is then placed in brine extending halfway up it in a saltin<- tub ■ and the upper surface is thickly covered with salt. Here it remains lor nearly a week, being turned twice in the day. It is then left to dry for two or three days, during which it is turned once, bein-r well salted at each turning, and cleaned every day. When taken from the brine, it is put on the salting, benches, with a wooden girth round it of nearly the thickness of the cheese, where it stands about ein th'nn f f-^'^^'^ ^'' ^""g^'^g ^^^'^^ onlor. The quant"^ of aS.ff i'' naAmta.n.ng them in working aid of rootird'X Cbc Ss'Sed'ff \' ''T''''^ ^J the instancethequahtyofthe W IS k' • ^ ^^^ ' ^""^^ '"^ ^^^'7 exertion, or the h'orse will hp ,^^1 1 . '" Proportion to the required effected in hi keep wHl no rLritn •'. %'' ''^''^ '^'' «^^^"S contrary, but every nacSlfW, ,^^'°°^''^t^ *« "^stances to the tained ch ly bylod Kn^ 'mJtr'" '^'''' ^^'^ ^^''^ ''"^ ^e sus- • and altho4l/tS:L^:i, ge m^^^^^^^^^^^ f T^\^ ot corn, yet the allowance of hay is oLn frton L/ ^^r ^"^^'^'^ a common practice to crim tl,!;.,! m too profuse. It is indeed fodder, the'co^^ ;^^^ ^-^^ ""l^"^ited quantity of this the night, n.to27l%^£^\:i^^^^ '^'^ '«" C'>nZ,l^.-W::'^llTuttTT "^ T* »'« "-OS. most they form a tolerably substantial foci ■ buTlW frl.^1 J " "' steaming them „> ^reat objecior..; g"!" tim h te'r""" 1 when raw, carrots arc nreferablp Pnr«^o ^ r , . ^ ^"^' '^"^ have a visibly good eLru" tir cc^rth": tit f ^"^'^^^^ to the wind ; and they corr^t the bina „ ' e£ of tvt^ If^"""' ' many given raw are kpt to produce 2 of otW V? ,^i"* ^^"^ which have" been fed on thpmfnr a i,/.- r ^'°^ »»^ horsfis them as to refuse oTher &> ' ' '^°'* *'"^' °^'^" ^^^^'"^ «« f«"d of /*^ ^ftfS^fe»--S-CT7«„«^ rt T- a - ^ .- 56 .es. after it has beco^e^ool^j^ ^^ %t^ 'l each horse once a ^^S^.^'^tZtl Is vcrSiJt cornis often swallovred judicious and economical Hjf^'^^' ^^ g tent partly upon straw, it is whole .vhen given dry ^h^J^.^'^^ ^oTels in-order; but when put to TarranT?^ t '^:^ r.nXetition would perhaps he too relaxing. *^ . , . .^.f -r.„„^ ^^ ^]^q " Management of Farm " Mr. Spooner, m his Prize Essay on toe ° estimates of ber to March, when work is light, they receive . , Oats, Ih hushel. Straw, li cwt^., at Ss.,- Swedes, 42 lbs., 4 6 3 6 4 8 4 Oats, 2 bushels. Beans, 1^ peck. Hay (not clover), 1 cwt.. f. d. (] 2 3 4 *12 3 abundant, the corn is reduced to- . ^^ . .-30 1 bushel, costing, - " .50 * With green food, worth, say. - - ..As the autumn work approaches, the spring feeding is again ^Tihe summer Wng of horse. jUr^ -^Hods^-— ^^ tised in England-" l^^^^J.^tesaherCor grazed ^Brdly to them on the field ^ artificial gr« ei ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ soil them on green food ^"{l^f;?^^^ L temporary fences to a small the horses must bo tethered, or cjnfi"^^j>f ^^^ ^ J^ constantly kept • portion of the ground. In the third ^eU>oa y^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ fn the sUble and farm-ya d- JJe^ J^^ ^,,, ^al here, as arable ■ vious advai>tages, and will «« '^o^^t ^^^^^^^^^ horse power becomes more farming extends, and summer tillage oy no ^ constant dnd general. ^^^q ^nder proper "Cooked food IS now much "^ed oy mr 'j^^iiea potatoes, tur- xnanagement, with groat advantage^ jtean^'^^^^^^a ?ally turnips, nips or carrots, are given ; and ^'^//^^J,;'' ""g^;^ About 40 lbs. ^i^th great success. Boding is P;:f «^^*^^„^\'^ .'^^^ this should be li turnips is the average -"^^.^^J^Ji^^^^^^^ chaff or ground /Sr^'aSltJuuJ^r l^f^ UOHtsj^, «i*«^ ~ V .::::.„ .K„...,V. a-iffereirt Worn pnce. . The pri-. •"•r""^ ["^SJr rderor/^^T ' hti*. they form an •Umeni in ihe writer ^ 01 Ranted, for if %t any time it becomes acid and ferments, an din this state 18 exceedingly injurious." i^ Experience hqa also demonstrated the advantage of crushinu and brmsing gram, and even grinding it, and cutting of choppTng feeder of the^7^''''^*"^'^'",'^'^f*^'''' ^3^ bringing fhe nutriSLs^S .LSfni^ ""T ''"^f^'^^^y ^" «ont«ct ^ith the stomach, and thus enabhng, them to pass with greater ease into the system, ar.d afford the ammal more sustenance, >vhile to th^ farmer they L a means of effect- ing considerable saving-considerable, if .ve only regaTthe actua amount of hay, straw, ^^c., which is wasted when thesTmatU 1 given m their natural state ; considerable, if we look at theZntL of undigested gram voided in the excrements of the horse • and sSl more considerable when we mark the 'difference i« the condirn of tho e tSIuhei-r:!! w '" ""f'^'' '""V. ^^ '^"^^ f^od^nd hoL' wnicft get their allowance in its natural and crude state " ^ 'IV. SHEfel^ io L Itrdfn'Jl'^rf//^''^ T ""°'«'^"«' ^^^ ^Jiffer ^om each other m tollowing table from touatt gives a general view of their qua- / ^ ■ J 69 > oooo i r-1 r-t 5 C^ rH CO ?i N '^a"^!/"'®*'®^' *^® fo^owing merit a more particular notice • CI.) i^c- Heath or Black-faced are distinguished by their black faces, with in the pure breed, a lock of white wool in the forehead Ibey are hardy, with short and firm carcass, and " long, open coarso and shaggy wool " Extensively reared in the northern counties of iinglami and in Scotland, and would suit well here in exposed situations ^ and where long coarse wool ia desired. ' (2 ) The Exmoor—aro shorter wooled and yield finely flavoured mutton. They are especially noted for their power of resistini- the in- jurious efft-cts of danii). , ° " (3^) The Dishlcy or Neio Leicester— ia a large breed, with excel- lent flesh and fattening readily. The wOol is. both long and fine I am informed that attempts to introduce this fine breed into the eastern part of this Province have not been very successful, as it has proved too deli- cate m winter. (4.) The South-Doim.—ThQ^Q sheep belojig originally to the • chalky short pastures of the South Downs, in Sussex, and arc a valuable and hardy breed. They have been successfully introduced into this Province. They are short- wooled and have more meat in propor- tion to offltl than any of the other varieties. (5.) 7%eC/(ei-7o/— belong to the hilly districts on the borders of Jingland and Scotland, but have been extensively spread over the wholo ot those countries. They have short wool of fair quality, produce ex- cellent mutton, and are hardy. I am informed by a good authority that they have succeeded admirably in this Province, and are one of the best breeds that have been introduced. Crosses with the South- Down are said not to have been successful, but those with the Leicester have done well, diminishing however the fineness of the wool and the hardiness of the breed, but increasing its weight and tendency to fatteju (0.) Ihe Menno—is a Spanish breed, with very fine and valuable wool but a slender carcass with little tendency to fatten. Chiefly on this latter account, this breed has fallen into disrepute in England but 13 still much esteemed and cultivated, especially in some of itd crosses m the United States. ' 2. . Selection ayid Bearing of Sheep.— Under this head, I shall give some extracts from Youatt and from the American Patent Office Keports. "In selecting sheep, the' breeder or grazier should carefully examine the nature of his land, and having attentively weighed its relative decree of fert.lity, and his various sources for supplying food, he may proceed ' to purchase that breed which, after mature consideration, he has reason to believe is best calculated for him. In the first place therefore, though ho Should never suffer himself to be led into needless expense by purchasing fashionable breeds, he should m'y T'^tP^^ % H09ttgDg the beat blood of thiyt parties ' weed On which he may fix, [i h -•Wo^ltra t'?%«f '•;« «^"-- Ota g«»l«.,,uot»a bv Youatt from Colley on Live btocK and expanded ; '^u^His head should be m^ean^smdlhsno^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^. his eyeg prominent, and '^ther ')oM aM a^^^ cl.'fuuVom his bre-t ^«rhS ^ fho'uld be 'fine and ^ay to the junction ot t^e neckjnd , ^^^^i,,, y,,„ging down . graceful, being P^f :i^>\f'''. ^fu^ vhich must at the same time^ W shoulders should ^e broadband fuU^ v h,^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ,, j « ^oih so closely to the collar fonvarda^^^^^ ^.^ ^^^ f • he least hollow m e.thcr place. ^^"^^^ \^ ^jth a clear fi-e , thic^h must come quite to the knee , his leg «PJ'° ^^ ^^^y from tho b no equally free from ^^Pf X S ast b^^^^^^^^^^^^ .veli forward, wluch knee aAd hough downwards Theb'rea tt,r ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^\\\ keep his fore-legs at a P'-0P«r J^^"!' ■ ^^^^ of a hollow behind gi^ h or chest should be full '^™^^'1;J^X Sd flank, should be qu te ^be shoulders, that part, ^y ««™« J^"f J'^St from which the ribs fall; the back and ^'^-^^^f ' jf"' Se b iT^^^^^ „.us't rise with '^ ^J^, "^^^^ ^tton ^^^^^ to the hough, whjch quarters long and full, ^'^^ the mut q ^^^ ^ th^ should neither stand m nor «^;' J^J/'^'^.k, ,.ith the broad breast . i„.ide of the thighs) dgp, wide and fu 1, whicn, ^^^ vill keep his fore-leg»^en/^VP"f7 \ „.f^ ^qoI." The above des- , : tL pelt ; and that -th Sne br^J ^f^ LeiclTer breed. It is less cription applies more particularly to feet cool." . . .- „,UptPd frin Smith's Prize Ilssay on the >*^e following hints ^^^^ f ^^^^^^^^^^^ of male animals no plan « Management of Sheep : * or Unf When using rams of the same is equal to that of breeding in a hne^ Zether nearer than the third flock, they should by "« --«^^a"* ?Sers will improve larger remove in the same ^'^lll.^'JZ^^ breeds, but if we attempt to enlarge ou^^J^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^ „or States: — 01 an item in the general account ; my flock being a small one, varying from 100 to 200, and rarely exceeding thd latter number. It congisted. originally of grade Merinos, averaging, perhaps, about half blood From this original flock my present is descended, there having been no change, except such as hag been effected l)y \yhat I deemed a judi- ciouB course of breeding, with a view to the improvement of the general character of the flock. By keeping this object constantly in view, I flatter myself I have succeeded in making material, though perhaps not rapid, advances. The flock now consists wholly of medium-sized sheep compact and symmetrical in form, perfectly healthy in every respect' and yielding per head an average of about four pounds of fine Merino wool, of good length of staple, uniform in quality, not Overcharged with yolk, and showing in opening a good crimp and luatre. During the first years of my experience in sheep-breeding, I made use of Saxony bucks in my flock, mostly of pure blood ; but, after thorough trial, became fully convinced that, although I was producing a more valuable article of wool, I was not in fact increasing the real value of the flock ; the improvement in the quality of the Jeece beintr attended with a proportionate diminution of the quantiUj, so that, while I was enabled to obtain an advanced price per pounifor a given num- ber of fleeces, the aggregate value had in reality decreased, in conse- quence of 4hc decrease in weight ; I also found the animals to be less hardy— less able to withstand the great changes of our variable climate, and, consequently, much more subject to disease. A change, tbere- fore, seemed to bo necessary. This was sought to be effected by the introduction of the pure Merino blood, as distinguished from the Saxony, and for the last ten years I have used bucks of that description, to the exclusion qf all others, and have reason to bo well satisfied with the change. With the Saxony sheep, the average annual loss from disease and other causes amounted to nearly ten per cent. Since the change made in the course of breeding, the average annual loss does not exceed (wo per cent., and that arising mostly from accidental causesr I have thus * become convinced that, in this locality, (it being on a ra!nge of land in latitude 43°,) the Spanish or French Merino sheep is to be preferred to the Saxony, if wool-growing is expected to b© made profitable. The principal benefits I have found to result from the change are the fol- lowing : X- An increase of the average weight of fleece from about 2| to nearly 4 pounds. 2. Getting a close and compact fleece, epmparatively impervious to the weather, and thus furnishing a more perfect pix)tectionjlo the body of the sheep from wet and cold. 3. Consequently a more firm and vigorous constitution. 4. And in consequence of the preceding, bettpr breeders, and greater The only oifset to these advantages that I Lave yet perceived is a slight sacrifice in the quality of the wool. 62 /' !;!\ Much discussion has been ha4 to ^^^g^^f tS;CC .£r S^ny, a cro. of ^^ :^tl'::^^^^^^M. for n.uUo. framed, coarse- wooled «^'«J; ,7^7,"^^,^ of each kind appears to Im o The ^-^T^^'^tSo^^X^^^-' ^^ ^^- Svower, and the la.l- '"Those hiding near c.t.es or ^^ J ^^^^^^^^ coarse-cooled sheep, for reaching these places, may f "J J^^f j^ ^.^ ^hc fact in regard to tho .. to a limited extent profitable ; but sucU is n ^ g.:at mass of .bol g-wers 'u t^^e ^^^for fr^^ the 'sale of sheep from their flocks must rfs,f /^'e'der for their superior fleeco Tade valuable, by the f^^'^ « .^^^^^.^^^^^^^^^^ that the intrinsic value Where the facilities f«^««"'"6^'ave bee ^^^^^^- toojnuch by of the fleece could be obtained, 1 think i am ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ „ saying that the profits arising from the gowtn ^^^.^.^.^^ ^^^^ Seate than on the W'er grades But ^v Qre ^^ ^^^^ ^j Le not been enjoyed, the prf t« bave been ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ j^.^ Ldium and low 4-bties As a PJ^oo o ^.^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ to the fine wool gro^mMnth(^ie sections j^^^,,„,ents were held of their superior chps ""^^^^Xi^ther^Vo^ the purpose of b^ out to fine wool purchasers ^/'^ .*^^'^iulted in fLir prices ; whrlo lu thus a competition was created, winch res > ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ,„ ^^,^ oher sections, -'^^^ .^^^f^ XSium and bigh grades were grown pro- quantities, or where the low, nedm^ a b_^^b^^^^^ ^^,a,, ue iiscuously, those pi^ducing ^^e °n^o^or 8. or at most 5 cents only, necessity of selling their. fine ^vool at -, °,\, „,adcs, and tlmt, too, when above the price paid for the ^^^^^Jl^'lZ Sep ndent of its quality thTsuperior condition of the fine flee^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ,^,, ,,,ir skdl^ :::^^t^TS^^ Z instead of common or medium ^ "t"' The Mowing extracts wm be of ser^em ^ ^^^il condition ^ the anin^ouhUe^i^f^^^ one shearing until the ««\ ,]fX ,heep is luttening the wool will be ^ool will be injurious ; for ^^^ -ly^J ' ^^^ ,,hen it has become pool, If a grosser growth and the fibre to^^^ ^^1^ ,,,1 you have the Irowth will be less ;S;^;^,:ltered by a practical eye in ex- , tViU vpsult, (which will reaaiiy ^*= -» , in the same fibre, i h'''\e It ning Ae fleece)-two •J-'^'^Jijits after *=ari»g,a,,d.he" 68 of the year but poorly kept nnd run down in winter, the middle of the . fibre Hhowed the anmo difference/' <- ^ ''This not only reduces the quality of the wool in the stapler's scnle to the lowest and coarsest grade in the fibre, but nlao mnke ho fibre weak and tender ,n the fine part grown when the animal was poo The . reau t of bad kecpm., also, often injures the health of the sheep^'hich m add.fon to the evil ; spoken of, gives the wool a knottr™ranco and they continue v.gorous and hculthy during the whole year thoS the fleece heavier langing from a t/io7tl({ be pro- 'i/cecpino;^' should be well that would be V - - -n -" —v. •iv.uiiiiiy UUIII ot the lleeco wdl be free and unifornj "in quali^i • and wore valuable, than when they are alt high to a low state of flesh. T/ic fineness ^ dticed hj/ (he hi^li hloocl of the sheep, and " Before turning out to pasture in the .sprijn tagged, care being taken to remove all the locKp»Rrw)i mat would be espoaally s tins true in regard to fino-wooled sheep. It should be de- nruntlTr " T^r^'"'* ^'T ^»"y ^^•"^enced, which is usualfy not until June when the water becomes sufficiently warm to facilitate he removal of the filth from the wool. Too early washing and shear! ing often expose the sheep to cold storms and the chilly effects of cold S ; ^'^7V''^-"''''""'^''°''''""S provided by nature for them • while too late shearing exposes them to the rays of the hot burnin-. sun t^^^^S^ '' ''''' '" ^""^-^ ^ -fficienf length to ^hfelS eallZilS "f^^'-'f "S s'j^^P ™"«t necessarily vary, for all have not equal facilities Pools ot stagnant water should be avoided. Better not wash at all than have your flocks poorly washed : for if not washed you arrive at the va ue of the fleece, compared with clean wool bTa well known and established rule of discount Thq best mode is to a running stream, or vat with a stream of water, having a fall of a feet, running into it. 'fa "" "* » Just previous to washing, the sheep should be thoroughly wet without squeezing he wool, and suffered to stand crowded tofether for a few hours, until the soapy substance and oil or gum which the wool con- ?u^^'L '7 ? "^f'" ^''^^'' ''°^° t^e water and the wool squeezed with the hands, the whole of the filth readily separates from thTwool and passes off with the running stream. In the common mode of wash- ng the soapy substance first passes out of the wool, only partially uniting with the oil and gum, alter which it is impossible to remove the gum, no matter how much time may be spent in washing. Care should be taken to wash the fleece thoroughly in all its part!. I have seen frauds at empted to be perpetrated by washing the back and sides, and paving the belly and skirts unwashed, which in rolling up the fleece were carefully concealed. After wa8hing,.the sheep should be suffered torunma clean ^ee^^^^^^^ of time for ih^ ▼001 » get dry, which is uaually in four or five day., and then ghearing / , • 64 should commence. Very large flocks shoukl be divided, and the Avaah- ng done at different times, or they >vill run too long before bemg shorn , The place assigned to the flock when collected for shearing, should be well littered with straw and kept clean, so as to prevent the filth, con- luentupon their being close together, from gettmg upon ^the wool In shearing, great care should be taken to keep the fleece whole. Each clip of the shears should sever a part of the wool from the sheep and a second clip either on that part of the animal, or on the part of the fleece just severed, should be avoided ; for clippings thus made are useless, *" Aftershearing, the fleece should b§ removed to a table, or clean smooth place on the floor, with the inner part down ; then gathered up To as c^ompact a condition as it occupied when on the sheep ; the sides of the fleece should be then folded over so as to meet on the back of the fleece, the head and neck thrown back.so as to make the fold upon the shoulder ; it is next folded oc rolled from the butt of the fleece and con- tinued until you reach the sloulder. The fleece should then be snug^ tied with a small, smooth twine, passing around two, or at most three times. You thus have a compact fleece, easlto.ppen, and the shoul- der which is the finest part, on the outside. iJuyers always expect to see 'the best side out, and wool-growers sometimes do themselves injus- tice by not thus exhibiting their fleeces. I do not believe that the manufacturers, as a whole, in this country, are yet prepared to pay a sufficient advance beyond the present prices, to justify the grows of wool in removing all of the fribs, belly locks and skirts from the fleece, as is done with the fine wools of Germany. I w'ould therefore at pre- sent put inside of the fleece all the well washed and clean wool shorn from the sheep, carefully excluding all such locks as are filthy, or be- low the residue of the fleece in condition. . , . . „ The various sorts are known by the following designations : Super, Extras Prime, No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, De Laine No. 3, No. 4, De Lame No. 4, No. 5, and long combing. ^ -' ^. , .,, ^ * _ There are few flocks, however careffUy bred, which will not embrace three or four of the above-mention^ classes— many six or even eight ot them Hence the wool grower unSer the old system, when disposigg ot his wool to a manufacturer using the lower grades, must expect that such a prifee only will be offered for his whole clip as the lower grades are worth • and tha#ne wool manufacturer will not become a purchlser unless a large prop^tion of the clip is of a quality suited to his purpose. It will readdy be seen that these diflSculties may be obviated by a judi- cious cla3sificatioQft»f the fleeces. The following statement will show the usual relative value of the different sorts, and the uses, in part, to which they are applied. The prices here mentioned for the finer qua- litiea are taken from the Hfehest range of the present year.^For the lower qualiils there has bee^an unusual demand, and prices have ^r^edligher. , No. 5, whichfthecoar^gr^and ^ — ing coarse eatinetfl, bawes, and^tte amtwr kam^t-M»Yj {fpoa^ 65 25 cents ; No. 4, used for low flannels, satinets, and | cloths, 28 cents ; No. 4 De Laine, used for a medium kind of worsted goods, 29 cents : No. ^, used for flannels, medium cassimeres and satinets, and low- price% ^ i i n ■ ■»*,3»3 " • ; 68 , . ." ■ butter-milk and Vash fef the house and dairy, may be emp%ed with adviintago; or if the supply from the dairy is not adetpate to the dc- tnuud a wash may be prepared with oat, barley or pea meal. For those 'that litter jK the autumn Jettuces have been found wholesome and^ nutritive, in adcStion to the wash ; and in the winter season potatoes, Swedish turnips, parsnips and other roots, previously prepared by boil- inrr, should be added." , i- i • ii. The ^oviii; Pig^s, after being weaned, may be fed m the same manner as the'sows ; but the addition of pea soup, made by bodmg a ■ bushel and a half of peas in about sixty gaUons of water, until they are thoroughly broken and dissolved, either'given alone or mixed with butter "milk or whey, will very materially impi'ove their condition. JSo species of food has been found more fattening than barley meal, especially when mixed with skimmed milk.' It is also an excellent addition "to steamed potatoes. Whatever may /be the food, young pigs should be kept warm, for they will never grow .xai thrive well when exposed to cold. Mring the weaning, especial caje should be tlriceft *»-.< supply them with plenty of clean straw, and to Keep the pigs as clean as possible. The want of this cannot be compensated by tfae most plen- tiful allowance of food." , . In summer the Store Pigs may be allowed to pasture m a well enclosed field, or may be fed with green food brought to them. The latter is better AvKere the labour can be spared. In the former case " it will be propel to have theta tcell ritiged, in order to prevent them from breakin<^ into grain fields ; and that operation should be performed as early as possible. Mr. Tubb recommends, inster.d of ringing, the parin<» off with a razor or sharp knife the gristles on the tips of the Tioses'of the young pigs. The wound soon heals over, and they are thus rendered incapable of rooting in the fields " ^QT Pork, pigs are usually fattened from six to nine months old ; for Bacon from nine months to a year and a half; and store swine at the same period or rarely beyond two years ; the latter however is the preferable ago for subsumtial bacon for farmer's use, and for which iiurpose the bacon should be made perfectly fat. for porkers, butter- millv, whey and barley-meal are preferable ; for bacon hogs, equal parts of fresh pollard and pea meal have been recommended. Generally speaking, a hog in good condition, when put up and intended to be fattened to twenty score, will consume six or seven Winchester bushels of peas. They are generally given raw ; but some experiments tend to show that they might be more advantageously used when boiled to the consistence of thick soup." " Indian corn ground, barley, oat and pea meal, swedes, parsnips, nian'^el wurtzel, carrots, flax seed, green clover and green corn and (•abbacies, are some of the best and most nutritive matters that can be used i°i fiittcning swine " Koots and vegetables are more useful when ==e«5oked 4haa^-aw^,4ut piga-canuot-be fully fiittened on theie ijlonc^ The ^ /i' -*»**: best an^«l^r °r breecH^eighs the animals when alive, he will be enabled to calculate theV profitable wei-^ht when dead By weighing the hogs every week, he max,,also judge of the best time for selling them to advantage ; for as soon*asan animal ceases to acquire that daily increase which makes it beneficia^eed him the best step that can be taken is to sell Or slaugAer him Without farther It may be interesting to farmers to know something of the methods by which Uie immense quantities of pork annually exported from the Western States are produced. I therefore give the following extracts from the last Washington Patent Office Eeport. The two first extracts refer to the State of New York; Uie others to Ohio and Indiana, the head-quarters of cheap Wektern pork. ^lieM Md^lhe Eerkshires a& th e l e st ; I h c ^eapest are those- produced from the dair^ refuse, finished off with the soft corn." ;\ ^ Q f i*?r age, grai dciv_„._, , two nionlha ', for marVist. suMily.'®!' W' a bdbr .Pi"OT kit hri nfrfl The crazer, irora^Hiw M'»t'"°'""" Y 75 y^i- I!' j£uld be overhauled, '^S^^^^'^^f^^^^^^ ^expiration ot- five je^^^^^^^ ,, ^J,. dry, ' Z lar{,»fe, ^•a.h «^f^?,^\"°,M^^e Jair in the smok^-bouse witn fe£jr«;C - «e ^Vith »u,a hi, .oca. Let your baco.1 hang m long as you Pl"«- j „f „„„, om hundrea ,.Ift.«g.td «. "!en--ho« S«°I tested that twenty-fi™ lhc'follo«mg 18 heheved to he *« "■"?„,,, „„„), the season -M is generally adopted --P'?'- *.f ""a S *<> A'" "' ' through the winter on -" » '^J^^'l^^.'^aheoi they, tumcd on clover, it yJ^|S|™. , ,)„ j„„gh 9lat?.iJi •r " '■'" "; ttr irii®n to ri c enon|h,-.he?. , ^;rS3 trh?g.%TSd%» be M jn a c| BK:' -. "P fcorn iH)w, w «.' or inents- allow enterec l^y - trough Hne less thi W' 'a]|0 ha 1. • ■ ' {or corn next year, and the manure and clover tm^ngd under T^m!? ^ h made to Teproduee itseJf the next yoar on another rhfs M,eheved to be the cheaRest mode of raising pork. It reqdS J 39 labo«,.and 18 esg exhausting to the soil; nothing bein. taken ?rom It but th^lfv^ weight of the hogs driven to market. ' ° ! illowingjs quite a curiosity in its way, as an illustration of the ^ha(ul wasteful Ixodes of feeding practised in the West - 1^ this county, tvhere land and corn are cheap, and labor hi^h as ^^U^ tr^"^^^^^ ^-^"^ be pursued, would be as fol- Let the sows have mg^^me m April, or as soon thereafter as possible the rSKge of the clover field, and corn enough to keer the. in condition while su^ckling. S tre'^^Z^dTg^rf ome S • k^^p them growing ; young pigs do not thrive well on clover alone hey must be wintered, too, on corn. The next season, if Ihey have " been kept-thriving through the winter, they will continue' to do solu- nng spring on elover alone. Take them off before it goes to seed else ^Jn'' I'^'^^r.v, ^^T ' ^'^ '^ "P« "^''^ °^ 'y^ f«^ them to run in vhcn called off the clover; it should keep them a month, by w ic^ me corn will be m roasting-ear; cut up and feed them wha they wHl ea : hey will eat the ear and much of tie stalk, and the balancfthev vill chew, so as to extract its juice; as much i^ reaIi«Miom corn a^ -a fipfdtn r^'".'''"'^"'"' T; ^^^"^''^" ^' ^^^'^ >« September Imu a field to turn them on In dry weather the wastfe will not pay for the gathering, and of thls^our stock hogs, turned in afterward^ will save much In wet weather the plan cannot be followed; that wh chls nunpled m the ground will spoil. -The corn must, therefor^be ga- thered and ted while the ground remains soft. This, however is not generally done; once turned on,,the3^.are suffered to ro ma in. ' When tli'fnd'YH^f r^'''\^''^,'^^^^ ^^""''^ >« P«»"^d near runnin" Mater, and fed what corn th^ will eat. They will cou^e into an carlv market, weighing 250 pounds and upwards." ' ^ The secret of the immense production of western pork, seems to be the heapness of Indian corn, occasioned by its easy cultivation ^d the •Imtance from markets. If, as sUe of these writers seem to say green corn, in the roasting state, is as valuable *&f&otop(S&tain 0. The following %t8 on pi T ^r..fen out S bung »p in tie kitehen to dry, a process which ~~^ nuick lime to preserve the inettt from being lajwea sy ww ^^^f* """ » i we .tor*i up for uw in i^ dry, cool chamber. ^-^tlS^'^'^u \ court, witU partment will se sties may lave a roof in ailing out nm\ e of the pigf- ng pigs, when Ider ones. It re." to push opou y door, sliding ilude the inge- xle of escape." ughj-manufftc- jasily Ic imita- vmal construo- c^ a trough of e sty, and divi- ) be fed. Over ;ed at top, and '; and when the winging door is rh, where it can I and replenish ben finished, by Is at once hav<5 fill be found i||f ^ illy managed by bases and cures r more carefully on, merits, how- [. For this rea- ed English pnw- l : After the pig rsi* it is then cut saltpetre and twV) . hams, -which a\e« )rtnight, and are ubbed'in. Thdy jn of which time ', a process which washed over with the fly, and they 73 " Westmoreland hams are prepared in the following way : First thev were thoroughly rubbed, usually with bay salt alone ; after which they were, by some curers, covered closely up,, while others left them on a stone bench for the purpose of draining off the brine. At the expira- tion ot three or four days this rubbing was repeated, but the salt was mixed with about an ounce of saltpetre to each ham. They were next suffered to lie for about a week either in hogsheads amon,,„,,b ..Wo rea|l,^long Vg, and large •riiC! ±rt So'«Si ^.S^XUar is Hack or dark talW^n" Stronger v"'i"' > ^ ^^ sitters, but . S ™?af™JrS r^- T^uri^rit aV >„ be ,», tender for this «';"»'«„./ p„,,,^- ,; t^e blaek plumage, will, a greenish Jail lit^o* Lgebut not t""»'rii,rtsS_ M\ A. 1^ N 75 excellent for the table, and lay a great number of eggs, i^liicii are remarkable for their size and flavour. They are bad sitters, smd scMom wish to sit ; but if well fed and kept warm, will lav, every in.^led. At all events if the poultry wander about I y' dor the bar^n-door or other parts of the pvemises during the d v^thc r roosting and laying and sitting place should be ««^^'«>^ f >« and'c d at night, and there Ihey should always bo led. Ihc po It y vard louldbe dr} ; there should be sheds for refuge in wet weather ; andsnV chalk and lime rubbish should be strewed m it, m which they 2tytiAi themselves, and f.om which they may obuinjiffl* for the ''tnll'tun'tf a good hen-house may be made by board in. and «l>inVin the outlide, ceiling the inside with rough boards, and filling tt pa e w' th eel^grass or tan-bark. It should be in a sunny shei- terod place with the door and a window on the south side, lo keep The f-e of the fowls warm in winter, some persons wrap pieces of carit round the roosting poles. The now breeds of fowls are more tSr Zn the native ones ; and near towns it might pay to warm ouses f them by stoves. ' Some persons who do not go to this ex- nense carry in every morning in frosty weather a box of warm ashes, fo warm ie ah- of (he hen-house, and enable the fow^^s to dust them- lfl,:S^r=^^=e laying in winter ; but smokT 77 and all noxious vapours and odours, whether arising from fires or animala, should bo carefully avoided. Choice nf Ponltnj. —YonaXi says : — "As soon as it is determined to have a poultry yard, tho breed or breeds should be determined on- for some must bo chosen as sitters and others in order to supply the nests and the table with epfis : great care shoukl be taken lu the selection of the fowls, for on their heahhi- ness success will chiefly depend. The signs of health are as evident and as certain m the feathered biped as in the quadruped. The closs- uess and smoothness of the feathers^ the brightness of the cve~t"he cleanness of the nostrils- tho floiidredness of the comb- the soLndness of the egs-and the shortness of the claws- will be sufficient pledges of health. The male should bo large of his kind, and bold and active. Ihe hen should bo gentle and tame, and by no means above tlie middle 8IZ0. A small comb on the hen may bo pardoned, but should not be chosen. A large comb is a frequent pledge of her unquiotnefis, and rarely belongs to a good sitter or a careful nurse. Yellow legs are to be avoiued, for there is a prejudice against them, and not altogether with- out cause, ihey are often connected with a delicate constitution and ^ with coarse and tasteless flesh. The fowls should be of a middle age, oetween eighteen months and two years. Lefore that period the eggs will not have attained their full size, and the youn-r birda will bo propoitionably small. The first inhabitants of the fowFyard who will give to It Its future character, should not be bought from a 8liane a certainty that the hens are good and early layers' and that they begin to lay again as soon as their brood is disposed of! Itie bast period for commencing the business of the poultry yard, is the latter part of winter or beginning of sprin"." ' ' Food of Pou/fnj.— ^ Ucns when laying require access to lime, in the fornis ot chalk, burned oyster shells, marl, broken plaster, or crushed eo;g-shell3. ihey also at all times need small stones or sand to aid the process of digestion." "Poultry," aiys Dickson, " are fond of all also eat most sorts of green vegetables, sue cabbages, both raw and boiled, but this S(wt ' as an adjunct to grain. Most sorts of "aM of, both raw and cooked. Insects also, a.«i^o,Li.» auu snaiis, mev search for with avidity ; and some will eat slugs, Vut of these they are not usually fond, and many fowls will not touch them. It is recom- mended by some works to teed fowls on refuse corn, but this is quite a mistake; as though young fowls may be fed on offal, it Ts tho best economy both for fattening and laying, to give fowls the finest kind of gram. :bowl3;may be fattened either (1) by having the run of the J?^^'^'*'J:^ 't/^ oecMiQMLfeeds ; and-in this way the finest aad most. sorts of grain. They IS lettuce, spinach and ' 1 should be used only id they are also fond orrns and snails, they dehcate flesh is produced, or (2) by taking them up and confining them in COOPS for a few weeks before killing : this seldom succeeds well with fiXaccustomed to liberty, or (3) by accustoming them to confine- ^ ll S T e.rly a<^e, and providing them with a roomy and clean S ng hTus" ^i"; Vonty of fJod. water and gravel, aud perches for - those that cioose to%erch, as well as straw for those that prefer lymg 1/ '" i' Wh^erSkSns are put up for fattening, it should be as soon as " ' they havrc.uitfed the fiens, as they are then usually m fine condition ar^^full of flesh, which they lose as their bones ^evelope and become - Zn-^er particularly in those fowls which stand high on the leg. In he cho c^f full siid fowls for feeding, the short-legged and early- ^ ' latched always deserve a preference ; tlie best mode of keeping poultry • isto 1 them have constlnt high keep from the begmning, when to il „ on y be always ready for thd table with very ittle extra .Uten- ; n, but their flesh will be superior in ju.ciness and ^a^o- to^^ - - ^vhich are fattened from a low and emaciated state. 1 ullcts which ave been hatched in March, if constantly high fed, wilT lay plentifully .^ ■' tCgh the following autumn, and may b^ened for table m- Fe- ^^'"' Ynstead of t^iving ordinary or tail 1:^4^ fattening andbreeding ,^ - ■ ... poultry '' says flowl^ny, '• I have foumH;^ most advantageous-to allow The heaviest and the best ; thus putting t^e^onfined fowls on a level • vi h J se fed at the bam yard, where they are sure to pt their share of the wei-Thtiest and finest grain. This high feedrngshows itself not only in tht- size and tle.h of the fowls, but in the size, weight and sul^,^ Si a .^idness 0^ their eggs, which in these ya uable particulars w.ll • ' be ^ound'^far superior to those df fowls fed upon ordinary grain or washy notatoes- two L-s of the former going farther in domeatic use than ^ fherStl LSr. The water given to fo\vls .l^uld often "be renewed • ^ ami lept f^sb nnVciean, indeed fowls tiiat have been tljl kept, will •I' turn with dis!iuslf|imu ordinary food or dirty water. ■ ^ The following B-lmary of the value and. effects of food of different^ Sorts, is selectedmm Dicksou and Moubray;— Grain of all kinds occupies the first place. Nearly the same mea- ' ^ure of oats, buckwheat or barley, will be found su^cient for a fowl per day A foui-th part less of wheat will suffice, and still less of Indian, corn or rye The tastes of fowls, however, difll'r 6omewh<(t, and they, will ordinarily consume more and thriye better where theyjiaye a chqice . • ' ' of food. Most fowlg prefer 6oy7«/oTflm to that which V'dry;and^^^ , the case oT Indian corn and barley, there is a^ considerable saymgl^y * . boiling/th^ foo'd, but this does not ^pear to be the case with othef '^ . ' ^T;wi (M Pollahl mixetl into a paste with wiker, are godf-food ; hut fowls require about twice .as much )ig they do of dry gram... ^.- . Peas and Beans^vG gog d food, and as nutritious as graiy , J^y _ V areTietter boiM tten raw. •e Deiier OOUeu mau lan. ' 1 ij 1 „ u Potatoes are useful, along with grain, but should always b and given to the fowls warm. ^ y m '^■.:-^- 79 ,' ■. ■ " •»- ^ ■ .■ «v ^Wo/^, Turnips, Pm-snips, ^r., when boiled may be given as' an evening meal ikhen grain has been giren in the morniL i\\ "^ be cut into small pierces and mixed ^ilh b'n or 02™^' '^'^ ""'^ irreen food and kitchen scrap may form a considerable nart of H,n .'. subsistence of fowls; cmmbs of bread/fragments of pudd L 1 1 ' course about equal to grain : paring und portions^ of green veger Wes are useful as, a variety, but not %d as a staple arlTe of dtt Every scrap of meat or fish, and bones ^h pickir.is on tE tilt much :T\'fl ? r^-*^^' '^"^ ^^" P-^*« their iTyi^V''^^^^ rnt;fS;''' '' g>ven in.la^e quantity render^ ttm Wo^faUo' : Laying ami Hatching.-- There seem to ^ naturally tTto periods ' ,- of the year f hen fowls lay- early in spring, Tnd after;,^n]s in sTm- „ ^.^r; indicatmg that fowls, if left to themselves, would, kVseverd wdd b.n^ produce two broods in a year, in yarmer climates youn' fhe nl?"'-' ^ n "'T"^ ^'S''^ *^ ^^y '" *'^^"-T, but cue ' Ta |s he process m colder climates, and the knowledge ot' his fact has been aken advantage of to ^anticipate the natural p^ripd. ?ouie he s w H r'%Ttdf o? '"^'^ ^-^y^-some every oth?r.iV/and othe!" vl y A .1 ^ ''K^'^.'' '^""''^"^ varieties, as well as of t^.e Cochin Chin^ , ;;t|',1,T^r '-"^^^^ ^^^ *^^y ^-- ^^- l<"Own to ^ay thi"e e^g: ':f i'e #^s^,oug|;f to U| taken from the nest every aftfeloon when no more can^e^pectecTtoi^ laid; for ifleftin the nest, tKeat Jthe "S^hiT *^"^ "'^* *^='y>' ^'"^ ^^"'^ to%orrnpt them '' ^ of srt.«flS&S^ of hens contiuHes, with few interruptions, till the end ' f fL - J5!ft%nfl«nt nfftrimont is require*! for the .^rowth ol' n.^w feah^rs and «ie cold weather which succeeds prolongs" Wspeld of rest iach successive yerfr the period of moulting islat r a ^ ote quently the ,^lder the hen is th6 FuW in .pring does she b^ to lay ''* . Ihepeijod of commencing to lay," says Youatt. '• maTbe hastened hy aport.oa.oLt«.kwheat;hemp^eed or 'barley given Jhl the tsual {Tt2l 1^'f ^'T''^ ^r^ accon,p]ished^ ^11 stimulating food i to be reyiovcd ; fo. a laying hen must not be too jibeirdiy- fed Too pWul as well as 00 little food will almost ■,qudly lesson "[hoLmb^r '."fte»(^(^fncacioiS way "according b Dickson, '' of nroiHotincr S'nlvs^r^-^^^^^^^ ^^ ^"^^ that a'severeZTttl^ suddenly std^ the la3y^g of even tke most prolific he^s.- .AuOtker mode •^^as pullets commoncejayingj)eforo older hens, and do, J. ri^ult the 1^ ^^. begin to layabout Chri.Hma.; in fact, by attending tS(* '^ ^t: ■ ♦!,..* ' • Tk -^i. .fe . '" '"J "" I"" yw- ^VMiiend in- Lihaljv ji ci gh bou r a t l ^ sin t 4 »> ti-w Hy4itttf ir^Pp a of ^ffc| |nq » '^'^ , r m *? '^ . 1. I -i^fc 4 ■. -»i ^^J '^ r r ^4 80 H the ensuing winter . ,• .jong in reference to sitting hens :-- Youatt gives tne f^^^'^^^^'^S^f Jf'T^ ^f the hens will show a dis- ': ^'^^^^^^'V'S'eS^lS Sf Spared, coniposea internally position to sit. iresU nets sno I ^.^ ^^ .^,^^ level with the li short and so t ."^^^^"f "^^ Jjee or four inches "ft-om the ground, ' ground, or, which is better, about three or lo .^^^^^_ Ind the ascent to them very gradual ^^e ^«" ^^'^^^^^^ ,, ^e placed ded to sit .hould be fj',«f-l'^,l^^.«^ f ,f their be ng laid nvarked'upon under the hens ^^'-^ have tl^ da f t^-- ^^^ ^ « ^^^^ ^ them: and, varying with the size «^ "^ "*^ . , • ^ oj. ^^-o of each sence of .he hou to see whether '^"^.f ^^^^^^^^^^^ ,i,ould he remo- - they may not bo too long absent liom their cuar^e. indune them to leave it ^^y 'Y"^"^^^';; : . , .-..„ t|,e whole of the incu- .. rvo intcvlevenco f ^^^^ .^^ ^^^^ J^^t^^^'^^ou^^^^ be able to free bation, unless at the close ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ inside of the egg; himself from the S^f '"«"\^"^^t"'',Sn a Nnv as they are hatched, for nor should any of the f "f^^^^J^^jf ^e^ Sh slLld be left ciuite ., ntTp^prietor may n. wi^ - ^^ ^ ^^^^f ^To^ ' running about at t^^ie same ime^ 1 tl e » -^ ^^^.^^^^^^^ j,^^. ^^.^^, two diirerencc in their age, ^»« ^*^7°'f Vf^.fmother and give her the Tl"^^;':H;t^^reStUn^^ at^ distance They^'ai '"- o-^chucWing in the course of a day or two, and begin and ptl.er food. Every one who has muuh to ^« ^^ J|^i,f,kens to have a brooa:basket, m which he can ^"^y^^^J^J'^.'^^jHriU allow the different parts of the yard or ^'^I'^J^l^^^''^^^ the larv^, chickens to go out, ahd they ^^-^^ P^»\"^«^^^^^^ S crT ^Vheil o.g insects, and other r;^^;^;^^^^ IZe ^reL.r partofthe , space- IS cleared, the basktit may ^^ «'«J« ' ^ J--^^ g^ffevcd to run fiVld is gone over. A^^^, "^'rAfv^^l-uSl.l'l^d^^ ^he will Md -'-IS^i^l!!!^^.^",'. . ."..UnUh w ill be improNT (Uy - ^= y ^ / *.. cold and early in hens : — )\v a dis- iternally with the ) ground, re inten- be placed icd upon a proper of each will cover fourteen. sional ab- If there be remo- - ^ hens, that alone will fthc incu- ile to free : the egg ; atclied, for B left quite little ones Df chickena - n*a day or 1 her ohick- ^ive her the a distance, >, and begin ts boiled for ilod egg or ty of insects ultry should !• chickens to /ill allow the i tlio larvje, ^Vheli o'lQ sr part of the iffeved to run ia. _She^,y'iU )it of scratch^ ost/' 81 " For chickens that are intended to be fattened, the grain, during the first week or perhaps longer, should be 's'teeped in water or boiled for a few minutes. The hot liquor may be' thickened with oat or barley meal to a firm or almost solid state. Pea meal or boiUd potatoes, given warm, and light corn, or alu ost any focd of this kind which is most convenient to the owner, and which does not excite purging, may be substituted. In the courfo of ten or twelve weeks the chickens will have become sufficiently grown to send to market." The following practical directions for breeding fowls, are extracted from Bennett's poultry book : — "When the object in view is to perpetuate distinct varieties of uncon- ' taminated blood, the fiist requisite is to procure fowls kjwvh to be of pure blood, and posjessiiii/ all the ncceS&ary characteristics of their kind. Labour is lost unless the fowl selected is a perfect specimen of his variel^ for whatever imperfection exists is likely to be perpetuated m the progeny. Eeg.ird should be had to plumage, to size, and to form, in making a selection eitlier of a co(;k or of a pullet, and those are pre- ferable which are hatched earliest in the year. The age of the fowls ia a matter of considerable importance : and though it is tiue that a fowl will lay the grea'est number of eggs in her first year, yet it is believed that the chickens wliich are hatched from the second year's eg^s are more vigorous and healthy. • Old hens are preferred to pullets°g ne- rally as sitters, on account of their more sedate and msitronly chariio- ter. .A young cock, though more active in his earliest days." and 'likely to bestow Ids attentions on the hens with less reserve, is not, however, best for use in keeping a breed. The eggs impregnated by lym after ■ his first year are likely to produce the strongest chickens. It is an error tq^suppose t^at his fro-creatJA-e power is decayed or vitiated, as ig often represented, after three or four years. On the cpn^rary, a healthy, vigorous cock, if not allowed to walk with too n\any liens, may be valuable and useful in the poultry yard for a longer time. " ¥ An error is often committed by giving too man^ hens to onp cock, and the result is a weak and otherwise deteriorated piogeny. Not more ihanjrrtr^is should ever be "nllowed to associate with a single cock wher^ the Aaality of a breed is a matter of interest. Three would be the better lihiit of rcstrictidn, but five is the fuithest limit which can be safely assigned." " Mo6t° persons in obtaining a single vigorous crtck and hen of a tftsi- rable variety, find their anticipations more than realised in the produc- tion of.a fine-progeny. The plumage is brilliant, and the chicken»,are of increased size and remarkably strong andNieoltby. This happy state of things continues so long as the cock is restricted to a small nuipfeer of hens, go soon, however, as his harem is enlarged, difiereut efRjcta arc manifested, and a deterioiation in the stock is clearly observable. This isjio^ to be attr ibuted to close breeding, but to the increased dial nproportioh offeinales to the 'KaTe." f^:^-^^^^—--^^--^^^ - 11' . \ If M V ■ V82 u 2/ The Turkey. / I "There are various Weeds of turkeys, the best and« most hardy of which is the black Jforfolk. The varieties of copper colours never attain to the size of the Norfolks. The Avhitc turkeys have the charac- ter, and truly so, of not being sufficiently hwrdy." " As soon a^s the laying season commences, the males may, with ad- vantage, J;»e separated frun tlie females. The hen ^vill perhaps endea- r vonr t,t>'>iuild her nest in some inconvenient place, and with improper ^ '' materials ; it will therefore be proper to watch her, and to remedy this. Sh/wiH generally lay more eges than she can' cover. About a dozen is/proper number for her. Kach turkey heri ought to rear at lea^t ^ at the first hatching and about half a dozen at £vcry subsequent /time The period of incubation is twenty-eight days, or sometimes one or two more. Until she has hatched her young ones, she is a gccK mother, and will half starve herself on her nest, therefore she should always luivc food, water and saud, within her reach." " The young birds are very tender, and should be left under the caje of the mother until the whole hatching is completed. During the first month thev recjuiie much nursing, and should be protected from the 111- cleroencv of the weather. Their food should be nutritious and varied : oat anffbarley meal, moistened and beaten into a mass, bread sopped 111 water, well-boiled eggs, malt, meal, & c. These articles should be alter- nated or mi.xed togeUier ; the principle is, thiit there should be ^ fre- quent chanjie of food. After the first three weeks the food may be a little more "stimulating, and bruised pepper.c6rhs ^should be added, or caraway seeds. The first should be given in preference, and the two will, for general purposes, supersede every .other kind of spicy iood. '('he state of the brood should be often inspected, and if any of 'the youn>' ones are drooping, or refuse to feed, or .are pen-feathered, a few . additfonal peppercorns may be added, ^ith pills composed of garhc.and rice, which must be forced upon them. ;-^ft;all bits of lean meat may ako ' be thrown to ili(?ni. Tliey may have free-access to water, but the food thut is given to itiem should be beaten together into as solid a forjn as possible " ■, • 1 ■ ' u -L When two or three weelw are passed, if the brood. is doing well, the ' food f- which they wili '-e afterwards kept may be given in small quan- " title J3 buckwheat and other kinds of grain and vegetables, etc, the mixed meals being still continued The^ may now wander farther fron) th-*ir ooopsf by degrees extending their range until they have become mdepenrfent of ilio hen. They wii-. *en ^rhaps be rarely 8«en at houi«, oA<*'pi poihapg to receive theiy ifeat*« fe^ »* urorMifig ftbd everiiiifii *' ' ' " " When the bivd is nearly full grown, there will then be little trouble in .^ettin'T him into goo'd condition, by the use of plain and wholesome "j lliL lluuh \vill thcr phisonn th o bnst fi ^ tVQur , If, • - 3. The Duck. . There are several varieties of the tame Puck. The dark coloured .-'RouertDuck is mosfinreqireat. The EnghsK or Aylesbury white is . large, butinferior in flavour. It is usual to have one male to every four or five females, ^ey should, be cafefullj;; selected',, with regard to their bein^ prolific, attemt^ato their yoiing little addicted to wandering, hittening kindly, and their flestl being-of good flavour. Different breeds, should not bj. mixed together. , " " Some littetition should be paid to their nest8,-for they are apt to bo careless in the beginning "of theii- laying. The eggs should be regularly collected and marked with the- day on which tho^wko dropped. When there is more than one_duck anxious to sit, the eggs should be ^elected according to the time' when they were produced. ' A brood duck will generally manage crbout a dozen eggs.. TJiey should always have'.food and water near them, that they may not be taken away too far, 6r ls«pt too Jong' from their nests." ' " Xhs ducklings should remain with the mother a few days «r a wepk, bqing kept on neady the same fo6d as the voubg chicken^, within plenty N * Extraded prinolpHlly Irom Yountt and Diokioo, k J^, -' 1(1 84 of wffier in shallow mns ^e troughs. In a few days the coop under which the mother is coufiomi, may be moved to a sheltered suhny spot, wner? there is plenty or g-aas ; and shifted every day. In the course of a ajnnij^ht tte dnekiinirs may be permitted to go with the mother to .Jk |)0iMi^ but the dai^ should be fine and the weather warm, and they 8honJ*1)e-8affer«l m remain out only a little while at first, lest thoy "'— ■ • be craraned w scoured."'. e practic. of raising aucks undeNliens, is a cruel and unprofit- .e. It rai-ely wmes w trood." h six weeks or two tHemths the owner may think of thrning some iuckliti^? to profitaoie account. He increases the morning and , -r meal jves them more grair or some kind of culinary vegeta-^^f 3 var.-f^ the fo'od continually Thje? is a golden rule, that shouW * n§|gr be forgotten. He rai.xes up zne meal or grain with aay waste ftWKiai iluid. The ducklings are thus kept in astate of unnat'ural fat- ness. Tlii.s is dangerous, but it is necessary, for'otherwise they would not attnm the condition that is indispensable'to their sale, or the peculiar flavour in which the epicure delights ' '■ The fattening Of the full-grow::: duck is another business. He is taken from the corn-field and the po-jd. He i.s confined in a somewhat darkened place. His food is placed immediately before him, and under the combiu^g influence of these processes he rapidly gets fat." 4. The Goose. " A mixture of different breeds k far from unusual or "improper in the rearing of geese. The large white gander and dark grey goose will bu it best An important object with the brooder of geese, is to have if possi'ulo two broods in one season. In order to eflcct thisi, he feeds his breeding stock well towards the close of the winter months, and par- ticularly as the laying season approaches, lie will know when that is at hand, by tlie goose beginning to carry straw in her mouth. He must jtmnediatoly provide her with a ne.st in the hatcbiiig house or some other convenient place, and she will then begin to lav her eggs. Ten or twelvo cg^js will be as much as she can manage to cover%nd the rest f^hould bi: removed. Her time of incubation is thirty days, during which she should be fed chiefly on oats, and a little boiled potato rubbed fine given to her every three or four days." " The goslings should remain with the goose, the entrance of vermin of every kind being prevented, and-should be supplied with the kind of food rdcommended for the duckling.-} and other young fowls. Fresh water, sand and a clod of grass, or turf, are among the indispensable things. Having become a littlo strong and not'so liable to be attacked with ommp. etc., whicii will be the case in a week or less ; they may bo turned with the goose into a plot of short grass. This may be conv tinued until they are atrong enough to he turned out with the other ^ geese." e coop under 1 siiftny spot, 1 the course bo mother to rm, and they •st, lest thoy md unprofit- iirning some morning and _ nary vegeta- ' ;. tliatshOuW [h any waste [inat'tiral fat- ! they would the peculiar less. He is a somewhat 1, and under t," improper m y goose will is to have if be feeds his bs, and par- vhen that is nouth. He use or some eggs. Ten ier, and the ays, during )tato rubbett 3 of vermin the kind of tIs. Fresh ^dispensable bo attacked ; they may nay ht con- ik tile Other :^ t- . 85 . qwed, apd li,e same week or fortnt' So^^ r T"'" '^^ ^"^^ is re- ^ sent to ,narket. L>o,led jn.tZ'^^^V'''^'''^ ^'^''' '^'^ «re fatten geese into fair condition '' ' ^"'" V^™, will tend to 4 hke to swim in water." ^ • ^^''*'^' "'^ hoVever much they may harass .to 1„..,„ ,,„,J turkcvsT "^f V^lin-'^o.om, and will vcrjr much "Grass, tl;e refuse nf vorrat- m " grain, with tberangoors::Cb;jtS:rir!.n^ff '^, ^^^^ -^ of keepnig geese m this Wr- lu^T ' ^"''""^^ ''^'^'M^ "^eans regular and abundant food hM^i^ f.:-^^^^^nu>n to fatteiiing them by quality and enable them toloS-- (t' '^f '-'^'^'^ T'^^ '^P'-vo their N ho«-ever that gee.^ of goonSli ' .^"'' ^''f ^' T^' ^^ a. ^i v , V'"'"'""'' S'^"^^'^ l>'^ti' in the comnion and wild gooJteS^, l?n '^''' ^^"^ !^-«- ^^^-eerv ^t will not answer for h,xodm/n om ""'"'^^ ' ''"* ^''^'"o a muie Nothing has 5oen said i "^^"xr f;>^^s, with the ve^^'ZS:^^"^' ''^'^' '^'•'^•^''«« «^«-'»- n>ent of the liver, etc. u' leS^tS;"' "r"'"!"''' ^'^'"^^^' ^^''-'•'^e- do more harm than go(jd; and m, V,^! f"^ conducte , this practice may . the table, as well ai'mot whole on'I T '•^' •" '^'' '^^'^' '''^'^'^^ou for and fatness, produced by abumhn ^i.^^i" V '" S'^^'^ ^^^'^Ithy i;««h derate air and exercise.-^ In Is Pr^^^^^^^^^^ 'eed'ng accompanied t^ ,no- below this condition. ™''"'® P*^"^'^/ ^s too frequently far' APPENDIX TO POULTIIY. =f^ warm as possible m winter. It should / ./" fv # fr vu It is better to have no , floor, as tbis barbou s r^ts b ^^.^^ ^,^^ g^^^^^^Soy ^ee or ticks streW with so^"<^^;\\«^' ^^^ out ; thi. tends ;« f^^f ,pose should .veil ^vhitewashc im^^^^^^^ ^^ "^^^ ^ ^I'^lv'^ boird oSrer them to Hens prefer » d.^ j''7or agamst the ^.^ ^^^^ be traced m the.b^ ^ ^^^^ ^ ^. ^^ ^^,ge a nreveiit the fowls ^rom u» j o ^ theVemiscs, „iv^ ^^ o^d l^'^aethefowl^bave-^^^^^^^^ yard as you can. /\f y s ,^^ ^^^^.id ha e access J^^^j^^^^^ Le, gravel and dean^ ^^-^^^^ c«-^.';\;;^ Slenty of worms k insects. Confine the t> • .,,iev and oats, with ?ras8 U the kitchen Joor, ™<' * , ,iek out *; b^-^- ,„ b„ed- " Cltiivx »/&(«*, J J" ^t'tenJeJ to,1 o" ""' '^ , ^at have fowls .0 ^"'.f'Si JSat le«t ^ » ^ZVlg he v,mter sr C£" - eY.rt£ri-» »..« »o. ot . donotlaysowell. ^ B^. ^j^i^te^^ ^. „„rf the eg^B to hatch st^on j ^^ t'. fTSere you wish to keep «' KJrtt^s »/>^"'"" '{,,;,„ best kind of ^owl, ^vnere y ^ ^^^ but one tod^Wey ^ M.grom, tl-o P»J'™ ^ \„e tege W leared, ^";«"';„ iJ ,„ 12 to. ' , ,:ttot in utility or beauty by '"'?*;;: tf"4««" ■' t '"r 'otb anVwattle.; however « -*^-^ xc'rn\£'«™-rtbey*o^t^;!«,t%"vS;3, ■.^ 'V- have no / reek and * ' bo\il(i be or ticks, se sljiould r them to as large a ,ell8 or old •yatth to sufficiently of worms. \ broad of y freeing it :en3 to run 1, -with gt-ass in addition, rts, vfitU oc- \ at ba3 been rdS^nd meal ifine* the hen . I? id healthiest ik that bveed- )xvl9 that bave ig the winter, e best to breed ra old, k tbey •nsure most ot ""he Grey and ou wish to keep cellent stock for gh five pounds y have large and ridge; the pure oung are easily Capons of this ility or beauty by lies, however, are )e kept in in very . they never want other Uena for that 87 tevtnted2v WIl'^ ' ^'^^^ '"^^ ' '^''^ ^^^1"^*'^ ^'«h ^ sit, but s?irlinthC ^'''"'"'"'''"^^"S; they do.not appear to grov. n?nf„f A ^^V^™'^^^ as in more southern latitudes, though thev are qu.te hardy; the flesh is coarse, and %ey.want depth of breast ^^the^ make, however, a good cross with aln.ost any othe? kind of fowl IZ '' r/r^^^^^^^^^^ '^"^"'^'^^P^' [--S- ^gSS, and finer flesh.' '"' ed^ed iithhtl f ?>. 'aV' ^'^'^' ^^''' ''^''''y^ ^vithwings and tail thf'oflhl S i^h )""f '^u'"""*^ short tails ; the form\esembIes ' deceived fo-^JivV S'-V^'^ '^ ^'^'^^y ^ ^^"^^- I l^ve jus ZZ IZ ? ''r^<^d,'and do rot know much about their qualities ^ yet , they are at present the top of the fowl fancy in En-^land Xre their eggs have been sold for four guineas a dozen.'' " ' ' with h\Zv t'\ '^/•^:'/^«^'"'ddle sized fowl, with white body spotted , with black, which give, them a very pretty appearance • thev are Jood iS' ""trt' ^'Ti '' ''' = ^^^-y ^^'^^ ^^' ^^■'""te we'll T Lad stme L. ^ nrf n 'f'^T^ 'u'' ^'•"•^ ^••-''T early in t>.fa]l. Tl e BoUon Ue^s ' tn hS??;, ' ^r^' where eggs are tie object in view; bi^t if you wii " '" ^'^ them they must he hatched urde^ other hens." ^ r/ic Lroldm Hambnrirh h a very hai.dsome variety the cocks of a bright yellowish red and the^hens yellow with black ma ks fhey are " p;^^' ii^'"''T '^ "" ^'\^^ ^'""^''^ I ^^^i^'^d from the captain of a Plbss an ship^ylio obtamed them from Algeirs. They are WacL ev bmaller , they have large drooping combs, and gills 1 have foundfes tTtT^^lf'"'''^' J'^^" ^"y^^^^'-; they =ue h,rdy, grrSidt' lay welUnd the eggs ^re large for |t^. size of the birds Theva^e " ^ vBl^ end^^ac ,ve, and seldom wish to L I was informed that when on StaliS''"'""' '' '-' ^^°^^""^.'^' ^ ^-^ evidencHf i^:, t se bruedg are small n^r dorpn ^Tr\ vv ^'^^\^i^d (^hmese iSilk. Eantam, at 25s; Si T 'i -^'^ I'heasant, at, 12s. 6d. per dozen. The egi will be .ell packed inWs, suitable for conveyance to any.part SI pro! /' ffS ^l'^ ^^?^^^'"«/ V applying to. Messrs. /]nV ^*^-P'° ^ UaJifax. J his will afford^ good opportunity to persons ^ tioducingany of these breeda ipto Peaces wbferatbV y- are^notl \ V ^ 7^. iH «WP^ 88 VH GENERAL HINTS ON HUSBANDRY, ^ 1. Ploughing. •al fertility of a soil, ami the bestowed by the farmer, js action the manuring most ii: ^•hich it tunt ele- The thorough stitrinj ■ of the Next to the ^atuv receives, the tril|ge b ,.vorjiv. The morougu n^.-i.-o - ;— ment in the l'ffl'^^^^/"^{.jS., deserves far more attent.on ground by ''^4 1>1-'S -f^^^f, f, f''"Ke following remarks on these than it has received in tins ^'«^ ^ j j ^^^^.^ ; _ subjects are extracted'from Sei^^i^^art.^^^^ should .attend to m Avhen all the Py^^^," J ;; ^ ! ,Ch irons in a proper state ot„ executing their -"vk, in uvm^ L^J. .^^ ^^.^^ ^^ ploughing t^ be repair, in temp:;rrng ^'f ■"/,','':" °„„,^ ;,, ploughing the land in a exUted, in gu.hng ^'''y^'^^^^^rirJor^ that so few methodical way, are ^"^^Vg^,,^^;^' Good ploughing requires ploughmen become I'mmtV^^^^ ^^.t young ploughmen po.se'i»3. greater powers -ot <^JW| \ ^^^^.^ ^.^^^^ ^^ txercise, more patiend^ greater judgment *WKj J familiarised with all these particukij than mo^t ^^dW H---t31^W^^^S ^,^p„^ ^11 to the best ai antl greater .kill than f^2.TT^\^ 'r..i ^^'^^ to young men becom- vantage lUU w.nt o. ^^ / ' •"' ^ m)t"Ioquire the it ^^hen eompara- i„g good Plo"? '™^"-,,^^ ;.VaoC n an advanced period of life It >s lively young, tliey J^I^^'-^-^^.i^.l^some ploughmen bunglers all t^^^ ^vant of attention at hrst. f "^ ^4'^'^"^- J^^e .Attainments. The latter days, and the great ^Vl''- 7 -J^ ' .^™;;^,,,,^ the ir.jurious eftects class no doubt is P'-^f^'^ , .^^ '"'Jt^i'e eflbcts of mediocre compared of bad ploughing are "^^^^/..^'^^J/j^easily ascertained, must, also be with first rate ploughing, though ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ . ^,^„, tbe considerable. ' U is ^^^ ; ^«^^\; ^^^^ ^^^^ ^j,, ,,,,i, than those m- horses of a good plov.gm la u ter e , s _ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^.^^^ ^j^j^^,. trusted to an av.kwrad and ''■^'";' ^ ^^^^'^^^ ^ijied by a bad workman, etice will be ^^-^/^ ^'^ ^ J^^ t S^ho^; this ^peratio. has been ^hen con,pnrcd witn an^ Ctruth is ho young man desi.ous of bemg judiciously performed. {'^^Jj"^^,:^ 'j^ i. "a.y by an experienced ^ «^^^"f^o:d,ou,im^^U.m^r^^ . tendency in the plough to go ^^.^ '3 .^^i.e , ^r cftuse K'ss or more . ormak/toowido or ^oo nan^v^ r - ^^^ draught to the ho,-£e., o .s or ^^'^ ^^ ^^.^^ also temper reciuires to^*^ l'^^™.^l^'Jff ^^ m himselLl-ve plenty of lej- -" them so as .^^^^^^ Jf^f'^^t.^-^ '^'^^ ^^^'^ ^" '' '"'^'"^^^^ sure to guide the bcjrscs an^nt, iti 89, «&' fk 'T f " '"°"' »P"8l" position than they shouHb^ *ap yield foMiderably to the praau™ „7the fn„^^ Tl ^S °""' Bbce s^iould be un form with those of the rest of tfe ridge " f.tn ^^^^^^^f ™«^« of ploughing the land is subjected to vou should take care,, when ploughed W winter furrow that the furrow^-sLe is of the requisite depth, whethcir of^five inches on the oldest S or sev.n inches m the former and ten m Vhe latter ; but as plou^^hmen incline to hold a shdlow and broad furrow, to make the labW Tal er to Ee ' SirtfonafrrV'^ ground quicker, there is no likeSV he" rti Zr r^'"^- .^ ^"rrow-slice in red land should never be less than nine inches m breadth aiid six inches in depth in the lighter SOI 3 On clay soil that has lain long in grass, nine inches in ate^ buIVnt?." '?^'/^ '' large>°furr'ow-siice" maj : Obtained , but on lighter soil with younger grass one of ten inches bv SIX and even seven is easily turned oveiT" Departure from the ruL of ty?£? ;"^ "^sadmissableonly.in those lands where a naturally with ox destf il' '"t "'• f '^ff' ^"^^^^' ''^y P°«^ '-^ impregnated the rS nf 1- . lo plough deep at once in such soils might run BnJtt^ K?*!'^ *^A' l°^»t7 A^'^ntitj of soil naturally J.-.tiJ Bat ,fr,g to be observed of soils of this kind, that the subsoil has ahra^^ a tendency to;,a«; and if .uch does exiat/deep ploughLg Se' n ?he I h ill ^ / , r .^ Y ^ i^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) tjT^ iA . , ^ ' * ^ V • J ^ 1 1 r; , ^ ■.-■-. . >^%^- ^ ^ !;'>'--> ,2^ -:■';.,. ^ : ■'■ /■-,._.; , '....■;. ,..,: . -.,.., 1 ■ ■ ' - . :-- ■■ ■ ■ ■ "' I ■^f 90 form of subsoU ploughing, will destroy the pan the ^equont^^^;; f^ sterility in soils, by breaking it up and exposing it to the air, a way matches, in which, here as in Britain, neat and uniform, rather than Anon and thorough ploushin";, are often preferred. •^'.^The primary object^ of The institution of^l^loughing matches must have been to ^oduce the best examples of ploughmanship and by th« LTmus^eu^iderstoodnotonly thatwhichshall..^^^^^^^ , but that which is thoroughly and properly done. To Jj f/^^' ;7^ .wMra should be <-iven to the plough that produces not only a proper sur foc^tSbut ex^^^^^ alonglith'that the power to cut and turn ver Ae \rrpnte^t miantitv of soil in the most approved manner. Let u coae STuSrinsLted to guide the >f ^..^^^fffi r t^^^^^^ delivering their awards. Let these rules direct the land ? j>« "^« • rouX plou.^hed to the bottom of the furrow, as well as satisfactorily Tthe sight ° When such rules shall be promulgated w. m*y hope to ee ploTghing-matches exceed their pristine integrity domg good to everyone concerned in them, and restoring the confidence m them which is at present on the wane." „v;nV, ia «<» much Judge Peters strongly insists on deep ploughing, which is as much neglected in Prince Edward Island as in Nova Scotia, and from a similar 3e^a; desire or necessity to go over a large -f J ^ ^^u're't with little labour, which is so injuroua to every branch of agriculture in "'^' TrSper. the soil is the nearer together can plants be made to erow and th? greater number of them will obtain perfection, and con- gquentW Z larger will be the crop. A deep soil also suffers less from drought Ld from moisture than when it is sha,llow ; when a great deal oS falls the water sinks into a soil loosened by ^eep ploughing such a 80^1 absorbs a quantity of moisture proportionate to its depth before it suff 9 any to r^eturn to the surface. This is the reason why garden ™nd which is well tilled with spade labor, never suffers from excess oThumidity, even when the surface of shallow sods would be drenched with moi ture. So long as the water does not stand on the surface it to S: or^o harm to fhe plants. Deep lands retain the "moisture which tC have absorbed for a considerable time, and commumcato it to the surface, when that becomes parched and dried up. Nor is this all, crops of grain grown on deep soil suffer much less from sudden changes S tem^tu'-e or from drought or from heat ; ^ becaurtheir roots^being ablTto penetrate further, -J «^-g- ^ -f^^ weather less. During very hot weather it is evident that the plants are much fresher in deep than in shallow soils. Las ly it !»»« «ve?y where been remarked that grain grown on deep soils is much less liable to be laid, even when very rank '° gfowth, this ^St^dess owing ^^^^^0^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ rrr^::»isr;^^ »t-^^ H. 91 cause of , way of loughing her tlian ;hes must d by the (rell done, 3ular, the roper sur- n dver the jet a code latchcs in be tho- isfactoiily *y hope to g good to e in them i as much a a similar uickly and iculture in be made to 1, and con- ra less from great deal [fhing. such th before it jvhy garden rom excess « drenched J surface it isture which te it to the T much less from heat ; (^ inges in the 10 plants'are wn on deep growth, this the depth of which grsin growing on shallow soils can never attain, because then the fresh shoots put forth by plants growing closely together cannot find sufficient nutri- ment to enable them to retain their full vigor. But if wa would have a soil attain all these advantages, and perma- nently possess them, it is requisite that from time to time it should be ploughed to the very bottom of its vegetable layer, turned over, loosened and every part submitted to the beneficial action of the atmosphere- InlL^A '' ^"° 'V'h i^ "T^^ P'*^"S^«»i «^^*1J«^' g^^^rally lose all those advantages of which we have been speaking. From repeated treading of the horses' feet while ploughing, a hard cmst, or pan, will be SrnffT ''^i^u'^'''"^?' ^^ 'P^«'-« «f t^« Plo»gl^'8 action which tuts off the earth beneath it from all communication with the atmos- phere, and no root can penetrate it. Thaer says : ** 'Experience has convinced mo that it is not necessary that this deep ploughing should take place every year, but that it should be repeated once every six or seven years, especially if, during the interval, the depth ot the ploughings given to it are varied, for nothing contributes 80 materially to form the crust spoken of as repeated ploughings of equal depth. Land ought, therefore, to be ploughed every seven years to the bottom of its-layer of vegetable soil, and the intervening plough- ings may be. more or less superficial and varied in their depth, tccordTng m, P"''I^3^8 ^or which they are bestowed.' • There can be no doubt that the shallow ploughing generally adopted in this island is a most erroneous practice. There may be some cases where the vegetable soil is very shallow and rests on gravel or sand ■ where the farmer cannot plough deep without injury, but most of the soils of this island may be ploughed eight or nine inches deep with the greatest advantage. Take most of the worn out lands of the island and plough them with a furrow of six honest inches deep, and they will at once yield a better crop than they have given for the last ten or fift«^' years, because the soil which would then be brought to the surfaceSaa not been exhausted. Some will try this experiment and find what I say correct; but do not imagine because you see this worn out land all at once give a good crop, that it will continue to do so : its fertihty is caused by a little fresh earth, from which certain substances necessary to the growth of plants have not been taken, and it will soon be ex- hausted If you crop it without manuring, therefore sow it with buck- wheat and plough It in, and treat the land aa recomtoended in the chap- ter on green manuring. ^ Two years ago I had an opportunity of testing the advantages of deep ploughing Afield of about four acres, which had been very much exhausted, was intended for turnips and carrots ; in cross-plough- ing 1 directed my ploughman to go nine inches deep, which, as it had ohly received the ordinary kind of shallow ploughing before, was very hard work for the horses, and when half the field wka done I found it necessary togo three inches L'ghter, as the hor ses could not stand it. -ihe eross-pkragbmgifas east asS wesJ, the driUs^f turnips and carrots %:■«■ t-' 92 «« nnrtl, and Bouth ■ the pwt ploughed shallow and that ploughed fLK^l manu ed exacUy Jlike, and the seed sown at the same t.me, but aS onr^r-alking o4r the'field, could see the great supenonty of the crop on the deeply ploughed land ; on pulling ^ve estimated the •oS nf tn?niDS on the deep ploughed land to be about one hundred and CbusSs K^^^^^^^^^^ eighty bushels per atre over that on ihe sha low The subsequent wheat crop on the deep ploughed land Sso mainta ned the superiority. I mention this as an instance of the ^loughi;,g, until you get eight or n>ne inches turned up. Thaer re^. " aTtle 2'eater number of cases in which it is desirable to plough the Lnd to^7eater depth than has before been attempted, it is best ^t to add above two inches in depth of virgin earth a a time to he ^^^.eUble soil more than this quantity cannot be properly ameliorated done if nos2 ^n the summer or early in the autumn, so that the SV uH eSth may be exposed to the air for the longest p-^ -SrTe The air acts on certain substances m this new earth and fits it ^sustain plants, which in many eases it wou d not do when first turned un an example of this may be often seen in earth dug from cellars ; 7h;n first t!ken up plants would not grow ^ it, but by l||g spread . ontho gr»«B lands it absorbs the ga.es f^om the atmos^aid ^ SneraAubstances are prepared by the action of the ^^^ JIP P^^^^^; and thus the spots on which it is spread become more.jfert le. In the Bame manner new earth turned up by the plough ^ntf^B mto contact wTh the atmosphere, and every .particle of it h«°«™^« ^^.f .^ f^..^'* rtmospheric substances, aod the new earth t\^^^3 mcreasesthe fertdity of *^ Make' it a rule to plough your lea land fi^e or six inches deep, but let the deepest ploughing be giVen when the land is intended for turnips carroror othe?roo&. I would not recommend new earth to be brought no m Plouc^hing land which has been in turnips or other roots and ^^.iJh is intended for wheat or barley, because the manure which has bpon aoDlied with the roots will then be turned too deep. I thmk that by Z turning up new soil when ploughing turnip land for wheat my yfheat crop has be4n injured, which is easily accounted for. Land from S turnips or other roots has been removed must be ploughed late • Tn he fallTd sown with wheat very early in the spring; and the new i^rth no havin.. been long enough exposed to the air to absorb the /ases and have° its mineral subsSnces fitted for the plants, checks Inotftad of assists the growth of the wheat. „ , i T have no doubt mfnv will say the horses here could not oarrf so J plougbed me time, iperiority nated the idred and sr that on ;hed land ce of the ly one to should be jr at each Thaer re-. to plough . it is best ime to the meliorated ught to bfe so that the it period of and fits it 6rst turned am cellars ; spread ^ and its plants. [e. In the ato contact arated with ) fertility of »3 deep, but for turnips, be brought r roots, and e which has I think that r wheat, my Land from loughed late and the new ;o absorb the lants, checks not carry so y cannot, but 98 '• " ^'-i/^Kr w ^"JP ^7'' """J ^^'^ ^^'"^ ^'"' *°^ ''"y of 0"r Island nags will be able for the gradual deepening recommended; and when once the ground ,s v^ell stirred to eight or nine inches deep it is easy to plough to that depth afterwards," f j i>j 2. Root Crops. • The long and severe winters of this province render attention to the cultivation of turnips, and other roots, imperatively necessary to the support and fattening, of stock. Without these, except where the far- mer possesses tracts of productive marsh, he is a mere slave to his stock, without deriving from it the profit which he ought to receive With a proper degree of attention to their cultivation on the other hand hay is economised -working cattle are more easily kept in good condition-cattle can be fattened in winter, and milch kine can be lent m a productive state throughout the season ; at the same time attention to manures is encouraged, and a proper rotation is rendered necessary by which means the gram and hay crops are also improved. Even in . Jiritain with its milder winters, we are informed that before the exten- , swe cultivation' of the turnip was introduced, " it was impossible to- cultivate light soils successfully, or to devise suitable rotations- for cropping them with advantage.. It was also a difficult task to support' live stock through the winter ajpd 9i>ring months; and as for feeding and fattening cattle and sheep for market during these inclement sea- y^ sons, the practice was hardly thought of, unless when a full stock of hay was provided, which only happened iii a very few instances. The henefits derived from the turnip husbandry arc therefore of great mag- : nitude. Light soils are now cultivated with profit and facility; abun- dance of food IS provided for ma^ and beast, and by the soil being clean, ed with this croj), a bed is prepared for grass seeds, wherein they flou- rish with gre»ter vigor than after any bther preparation ' ' Our best colonial authority on the turnip, is Judge Peters whose account of Its culture is therefore ir^erted entire in this placg, though much of It has already been given in the " Contributions'' :— _ Culture of the Turnip. " Buel says : — 'Assuming the average product of hay at a ton to a ton and a half (which IS much more than is generally obtained in this Island,^ and of i""^ .Vif"'? Q*"^ T ^^ol'^^x ^""J^"'' P''" '^^^O' ^°^ «"«^^i°P « bushel and a half of Swedes (901bs.) to be equivalent for farm stock to SOlbs. of hay, an aero of Swedes wiU^o as far in the economy of feeding as nearly three acres of meadow. The three acres of grass are found to f !v!, S onmi?'^^^^ r • *° '^' ^""^ ^""'^^ ^'^•'« '^' «°« »«^« «f Swede^ gives 86,0001bs., or four times as much as the three acres of grass 94 aa the principal foc^/or .inuring theu-^ Ve shall find Agricultural 'XTStld in autuln with beef at two- shall continue to see our mrkete glutted m aut ^^^^ ^.^ pence a pound, because for ^^nt ^^t^^^P^'J^^J condition ; and we beast then instead of keeping it ^^^^^^^^^^ deteriorating in cha- shall find the progeny of our fine ^flu Vro^rties of their ancestors, racter, instead of maintaining the X^Jj^'^^^^^ ^vhich closes Turnips are generaUy ««^^^jj^.^^^^^^^ it will in gene- one counie and commences anotJ>er , ^J^J^ J°'; „„ w. Qn new- ral be found convenient to sow ^^^^^^^f ^^^XHops may be raised burntlands there arc few ^««^ '^f ,?f Sand hoeing it in ; but with little labour, by merely 8cattJ""S t^e seed an ^ ^^.^^^ with this exception, they shou d ;Jj'»y^^ ^^^^^^ Z^ ^^, acre broad ^ eyatem three ^cres can be cultivated w.tU^^^ ^^U and deeply ploughed cLt. The land intended f ;^^\«^°^"^Ji„^ Tun harrowed and rolled in autum, and cross V^^ngM^n he jrmg iU ^^^, .^ to break the lumps. I^.J^^^'l^^^^^^^^^^ ed, or the tumip crop will be a fgure or c^t^m^^^ ^^P^ ^^^ would have cleaned, the Jj^^ P!*?!^^^ ^^^^^^^^ for ordinary culture, as drills : thirty inches apart is ^^^ be^V,^^'*" ^ work freely between the it gives room for the plough and hor^ejioe to worR ^ y^^^ drills without Jnjuring tho_plants. it * P"^^^; K,^ y,„t ^w will be twenty-seven inches will g^^ /i^^c^nv S^^^ g'--"^' more troublesome W clean ; and fj" S«^;'^^'^,„i,„t distance When will find thirty ^ches between the mos^ c«je ^^^^^^ ^, ^^ ,^ the drills are opened then ^^'^^ J^ J^^' ™*\e ^^^ spread in the and make it in small piles, so that * «^; f « ^^^^^ -J ^he three drills drills ; by making the piles so that they ** J^ JF .^^ ^^^^^ -^ in which'the horse waks ^^^*«. ^f f^l'X^^^ m which more evenly, and ^^^ V'^a ^.^ t L Znure is spread in the drills, I often see it deposited As f^^^^ "f J^^,^^^^^^^^^^ plough, which and before the sun c^ dry >*' f f ^le o'eT then run a light will cover the manure and make a udgelet «;«y^' ^ ^^ ^„ ^he top, roller length ways along the ^nUs, so as ^ flaU^^ t ^ .^ ^^^^^^ ^^ and drill in the seed at «««« 5 . M^ ^^^ P°S is then fresh and done as soon as the drills are msed for the g^ouna ^^^ ^^^ damp : whereas, if Jfoa leave it '^''Zsl Sow more slowly. I fre- Beed'is longer commg up, ai^d the p^an s g^ow ^^ ^^^ ^^^ .^ quently see persons waiting f«^, f/f^'J^'^'^t^^ because, not ' prepared, before they sow. This « a very na p ^^^^^ ^^^ 14 do the drills become dry^^butl^eje^B^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^. . seei is sown ; and when the pl"^* «°^«\"P'^ \^^^^ j^ore difficult to fore it, and is consequently ^'"^^^^jf ; ^^^^^^^ is to give it fair -=-fore, make it a rw* , ^ntiffed aM covered dumg the"»^' °%T;" :. ;, after the ground is ploughed land^n addition, the best way of doing it s, a^te S .^ ^J, ^f the in the spring, cart on ami jead^ twenty ^^^ ^J^^ .^^^ ^.^^^^ compost, then harrow and roll, a«^ J"^" ^. .^^^^ t^g greater part of . plying them has been already pointed out^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^j. ^VK//m.-.-Few f «r"wfbe cufoff ctr^^^ the turnips, or they -;• « ^H^ S'^' '"^ f tme ptoBB advi^^ the tops tb be hauled off ^%? not ke^so. yf • ^XrSr I have tried this, and am con, and fed to the, ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the first place, as food they are vinced it IS a very bad Factice. ^ju keep cattle alive, but scarcely worth the ^^^^or of hailing ofit^^^^^^^ ^J^.^^ ^^^^ ,^e if they happen to be ^jj^^y ^^ ''J^^^^ unfit for market. But the milch cows get them, the bu"er/m ^^^ great objection to removing t^^jM^^^^^^^^ heavy crop of turnips I be left to feed;he^",^:f^^^^^^^^ turnips is consumed on the is exhausting. In Bntam ^ f ™^' ' j^ ihis; therefore, as we ,^, land, by sheep. Our chmate J^Jl"'^^^ Cleave the tops. If J^ have, to remove the turn P^' ^« f^°^"'f/d, so before ploughing, let theb^ . \ done 80. ^ , . ^f t„rn5na being difficult to keep ; those , ■ Stonng.-^ome ^''^f^^.^^C^y^rvrov^r management, there \ who find them so, keep them *^^f %', J;"gtLd be put in piles in the is no difficulty in any J^^^^^^; J^gi t^a or sJraw, and a little \ field when first pulled, and covered witn ^ ^ ^^^^^ earth. Here they wiH sweat a little ^^l^l ^^^ ^et deep, and cart them to the root hou««^ tt^artl. a^d coverfd with sea weed and variety, below g small, t not 80 j I white, a to 32 to Then It must •Thit r Jumer Uiai efldy, the ae second mtitiea of <■ benefit to g the tops )UDg plant n the fly : , twenty ia ^ou have a oar turnip 3 ploughed )ad8 of the ) ridgeleta, iter part of a reach of the seeda. Lode of ap- of the bjisi- lipg, or they »e hauled off and am con- ood they are tie alive, but ; and if the 2t. But the f whai; ought )p of turnips mmed on the Tefore, as we ^ ling, let theto , i, decaying in !m ia not only )u for having keep ; those igement, there in piles in the V, and a little d be chosen to feet deep, and b sea weed and longers, raised jr^ItwiUewi- uid I generally /.... 97 fill it full an'l have never lost any turnips. In the ton there i« « r)i?m ney, which is never shut niyht or day durin 'the «■ nfpr U ™" below. „n*the pHrtitions. allow all .ife c^nfe;, i^ ^r „^^^^^^^^^^^^^ IS constantly esc.-., ng through the chimney, no frost comeTdown Tnv one who will .ve\,t.late his root house in ili U way will find .>? »„ ^ as sound in June as when first put in. Tl e t^u'uk^ o .e oo I u' n » a njjtter of .tnportance ; ,t sllld be attached to the H , an in c*, from the barn ; th.s w.II save a d,al of labor in ^arryin. them to ho cat le dunng the wmter 5?om« store them in thei/cellas which is „ th^ Tv^rst place that can be selectedri.g they are genera ly too o and dose to preserve the=turnips, too far from the barn for conven^en e and ' somf.'' "^ ''''^'' ^''"^ '^'"^ ^^"^^'^ '^' '^' °f ^he house unwhol^ phe^s':-""'''"" '^^^''°'"^ ^'"^ ''' '^' *"^°'P "« ««J«cted from Sto. r.Jr!^/'Z''{'f' '^"'•^ip-^o fewer than 46 varieties are enumo- mted, of which, however, only a few deserve the attention of theTar^ The Swedish Turnip takes the fir^t place for' weight, value of cron pLZTt^ ^ wmter storing; and of 18 varieties°of th^wede the Purple Top has long obtained the preference. It is of an oblon . f^rm sk.n under ground and flesh orange yellow, skin aboveZun.l ^11 purple -^^the 8km is rough -the rind thick, and the flesh haTd and a eL ?V'T' ^"'^•^'^ "^'°^ ^^«™ « '' ^0 pounds, fnd the lest a e the most rich and nutritive, which is not the ease with other tur. ifte yv/u(e Olobe iarnip is the best for early maturity sweetnesq and gross weight of crop ; but it does not keep so well s thrSe' If of a good vunety its skin will be smooth and white, the nTck of th« op and tap root small, the leaves long and uprigljt, and wil not emi? a hollow sounc when struck, as the Tankard tu°np (wh ch sTnferTor * 30 3?."' ^''^*^ '^""i ^ g°°^ «™P '^' ^Vhite'^Glo w . "s fri the Swpdr/ PrrP'"'^ ""'''■ '^^^' ^Vhite Globe is quite oq't^ the bwede for feeding m autumn and early winter and shouhl h« largely cultivated for that purpose. ' '"^ ^^ The Aberdeen Yelloio or Yellorv Bullock Turnip, when of a moA vanety ,s round and wider than deep, with smooth skin oran/e yeHow «^rn ^r'f' '"^ Y^\ S""''" '^^"^^^ '^^ t«P root and cfown ar^ small, the leaves soft and spreading, the flesh deep orange cHsp and not so juicy as that of the Globe. The Aberdeen keeps bet'er than the :t to^^r i^p^llr:^' '^^^^- ^ ^-^ -p '^^ ^- 3^ It must be observed, however, that with culture and manuring Jy ..i I '"% OS. vaiioty of turnip will be more nutritive in proportion to its weight, than with inferior treatment. . . '■ Hour dust is the most important manure for turnips in addition to that r)ro(hiced on ihc farm. I have tried to raise turnips with different .mantitics of hone (lust, varyin- from 12 to 24 bushels per acre, and found fie crop improved up to 10 bushels, but the (piantities beyond that produced no greater effect. As good crops have been,raised with 8 bushels of bone dust mixed with a quantity of coal ashes, as with lb bushels A better method than using bone dust alone, is to apply it \u conjunction with farm-yard dung, say ten or twelve tons of farm yard dun-^, with eight bushels bone dust. The dung, which should Ke well rotted, is covered in with the drills, and the bone dust sowtt after- wards along with the seed." . , , r, 1 "The distance hciwccii the 7-ows of turnips has been faxed, conven- tionally no doubt, at twenty-seven inches, which is a very convenient distance for drilling up the land in the first place, with the common or double mould board plough, for dunging it with the ordinary tilt cart, and for Working the implements employed in turnip culture, such as the sowing drills, and the succeeding scufflers and drill harrows. . The distances between the plants should be about twelve inches for Swedes, and nine inches for yellow turnips and globes, and to insure regular and proper distances, the sin:(liiiii- of the crop with the hoe should be re- .'aided as one of the most important operations which claims your attention. For example, 5 lb. turnips at.ft-inches asunder give a crop of [>1 tons 12 cwt. : whereas the same weight of turnip at eleven inches apart gives only a little more than forty-seven tops. Now how easy is it for careless people to thin out the plants to eleven instead of nine inches, and yet by po doing no less than 10^ tons of turnips are sacrificed." r/ic Mangold Wurtzel Is cultivated in much the same manner with the turnip, but may be thinned to fourteen inches asunder in good ground, and may be trans- planted with greater certainty tlian any variety of turnip, and is much loss exposed to tlie attacks of .insects. Its large proportion of sugar and freedom from offensive flavour, adapt it admirably for feeding milch cows, though if fed exclusively on these roots their milk is said to fall off The mangold wurtzel keeps even better , than Swedes. I have known them to°be kept in a cool cellar until the autumn following that in which they were taken in, and they are said to .improve in quality by keeping. Rich clay loams suit t^e mangold wurtzel better than Ught sandy soils. It thrives well howe^ i" drained peat bog. " There are several varieties of mangold wurtze\; the long red, the long yellow, and the globe orange or yellow globe ; which names truly indicate their respective characters. The globe oran^ thrives best pn light soils, and the long yellow is in a better state for use. in the early part of 09 winter than tho loni? ml tk-.^- -.. '~^ root to give to cattif UH it hS^ '""'**'v'' °^ ^'^ ««* ^'^^^^ a safe only obfection tolhe^^" L ,^t^^ of tl.o groun'l is the rci and yellow dobe variofvl i . ••" ^'^^'^ '^'^o"" tlio Ion- The formir does well on] v on r 7'l ^''" T'"^'''' extc^nsiveiy trio.l on any soil that lltiZuot^^^^ niangold wurtzel resembles tSo Ah. K t '? ^r^.'^'"" '^^'« «*'"I of ;^riety. It shonld bo sown by hL an,T Lt'h^ ^^"^"'^ ^*'" ^^^'^?' ''^ " than turnip seed. It may b7 sown nr.'^''' '"'■'' ^'^'^'^'-^ ^•^^■^•'•^^' turnip, or earlier if possiWe S n!J i ''""^ ^'""^ '^''^*' ^»«'ii«l' mangold wurtzel in sCmer for Ll f ^'"T T^ ''« ^''-'^P^' ''«■ roots. No farmer who values th/rr/" Tt' ^''' ^'"^ '"•1"^"'' tho be without mangold wu^^f St^'^or trllid if ^' ^:'"'^^'"'"^'.^' 7%e Carrot. ' ' but^fts'fdiw^eirr !r"f^ P""^'^ - a small scale only, as well af the C cC h t it"^^^^^^^ ^T] ''^^P'"^ P-I-4 tended culture whelvef Ware /wn tv i.* ^"T""" ^*' ""^''e «*' deepened by ploughing or subsoilinr tf °?i '"'',' ''' ^'^''^ «^» ''^ varieUes are the long omnr In^ ^V/^if T^^^^ ?'"** '"^.t Productive the carrot, Judge V^^^^Z^^--'"' ^^'«^""- ^" ^^^ -'^ure of fine andTeep' "St^m'^o^^"' *^ S\" ^^■^^' ^"^ "^^^^^ very because the ^ound if then li^ht ITf ^^^ '''^'Z P^^«*^« ' P'^^Wy ploughed. hSowed Li^Si^l^}! iU^^^^\ i'% ?« '^ '^ -^ ndgelets, makii^g them aa hirrh L Sl^ ^' '* ^^"""'^ ^« thrown into .. gi^at a depd, ofthe sXlwlrpos'sV^^^ Z I ^'' 't ^''''' ^ enough between the drills buT unWlE?i' «>^^^««°'nche3 is widfh; inches will be found the mo^t convenW^ ""^ \'V "^'^*°' ^^^''r drill the seed, while thl Zl T^frT /^"''- ■ ^^" *^« '^""s. and . turnips. IfiousowFnoJfi '» ^^^b and mojst, in the same way as to thllre and then ^ottsn^nr '''" 'T't ^^"^ '' ^''l^^LZ used, one aiid a half n^„n^ ^ * ■TJ' ' ^"' ^^ American sid* is seJ'grows at itt rhave^unTh^l"^^"®.^^^^ ^ «^°^««* -^ sowing, I mix theieed wftl fin J '°- .5'^^' °'' *«n days before or lum% are left to ^hoke th^ driU ' ZT^ f *^- ^^ '^'' ^' «^-^« in a. ^m room, stiS it 1 ever^i ^ >t moistened with water spread it in the sun foTaf h ur V'wo t^iJl^^ '^"* '' «°^' ^ It too much, which would ii^We the se^ l^L ./"^ ""' °°' *? ^'y ^ treated i^;gene^ly^-^;V^^r^^^^ I. /^ ■%^ ^ ^S" .1. ■ ■ • . . • *' , 100.. , ' Btffrt with the 0eHa. They ahoultl be sown in Mnj, br.cSarly fn June. Jn clciiniii,^ u^^c iho,ploti;^h nntl horso li<)f,' llie siirne iia wiih tuini|8. 'J'liey sliould be ib'iniiul li'ioul two and ft hiiJf iiK hc-tajjiirt. In August, wbtii tlia cMiTdta me about the size of a inuiis lliuinb^ tbicy'sliould bo li^bilyjnoulded witii cii\ib, like potatoes As to tlic yield per acre, tlio smallest 1 liave hud n three Imndred and yiiiit}? -eight busticU;^ but then the lind being very foul, the diilU 'veie fliree feijl apuil. to admit of frequent pluu^^liiiig between them. 'J his hist year I had an acre, and Olio- foiivih in carrots, on ground Vhich had been in potatoes the year before: -ic \va3 dressed in the spring witlwforty loads- of- dung per aere; the drills were thiity inches apart -the yiehl on the acre and a quarter waj seven hundred thirty five bushels ; th'ey vfere thinned about one and a half to two ttiches apart, but the carrots split the drills- end made rooirt for themselves, and grew largo. Work the 8(*n well, ' AnH give it an ordinary dressing, and you will bo sure of from four to five'" hundre(V bushels per acre. The'Long Orange and White. Belgian are the most productive THc haulm, or top, of the carrot, js excellent food-: cows (ed on ic give very rich milk : all animals are very fond of it. As ihpy do not appear to be so severe on the land aq turnips, the tops may be hauled off ami fed on the pasture fields; 'and an acre of Wbite iJelgians will, in this way, furnish a very large ;^uantity .of rich food in autumn. I have tried carrots on land manured with sea weed, and also with river mud ; but they wpuld not grow to, any size, although turnips in the next drill, on the sartie manure, grew as well as those on dung Old well-rotted dung, and ashes, seems the best manure for them. For fattening p^jgs I have found this FOOt more valuable than tarnips, and working hdrses while fed oa them will not require oata." \ The Parsnip -^^ Deserves culture on. account of its nutritive properties, and because it is the only root that we can leave in the ground during winter, for use ^ in early spring. \ "it will grow in a strWger soil«than the carrot, anifyet may be raised on even peat'if sufficient manure be applied. Its culture should be prec sely tt^t of the turn\p and the cdrrot, bejng a green crop and requiring a deep soil for the growth of its fusiform r.oots. Parsnips should receive twenty- five toi^s of farm yard manure in the drill, and four hundred of guano sown Qver the drill, as described in the case of the turnip ; and the land then drilled up in the double form or with the setting up doilble mould-board plough. ParsiTips should be singled whenever the plant can be seen; to a distance of eight incbes apart in the drill— thfe stems. and leaves spreading more than those of the carrot, require more room The after-hoeing and cleaning of the land of weeds with the drill Rubber, are conducted in the same manner as those for ^ turnip and carrot. Thd drill should be set up with the double m^iboard plougbt w Uaf \tn iirth M nweU aboiifc th> wot ii pM* f r- 101 Bjble.'ns in the case of tlie carrot Tn ^ ■that moistening, ,!,« seed «fth vet eJnd o7.'nT° V' '?" ^o obsorvo' ioybe sown in the frrst raoi.t Zlh ..T^' ""'^ stirring it daily -^i^ The parsnip ^X :^^::^^;l ["--^.-ts ,rA , fi in^^r^.y, parst.ips are sown h.o-J! f "^ "^^ P'actJCuble." • about twenVVn. 'of nranure^ J^X °"d "^'^i '^\'-'^.the sod and rench plough, the plants are wee e!i tkinn 7^^ C'""^''^'^^ '" ^''^'^ a^ h'3 way the crop yields twWr«ln "^'""^^ ^'^'^^ ^^ ''''"^ In •'nearly sufficient for ten coTduSL?' """^ "P^^rd per^cre," or '' tows auM^he SIX Winter months."*' - ' sr Manageme^of Animal Manure',. on the all in^portant subjectVf Te n et^^^^^ t''' ""."^ "P''"°"^ ''^"^'"g ■ : Z . ""H"rianc suniect of thn nr«o««., »• , "f'""""^ oearinflr 8P>I Of the manure affordtd by the anfmTJ "^'^ '■^^''^•■""■«" '« thf Ri3 point has ruined multitudes of £ ^''"^^ T" ''• ^«g'«ct on to n a tK.. . • '"luuea ot lurmers : and nn ;.,kf„^-.i .?. . " ^ .point has ruined multituis of £''"^^^^^^ Neglect on to n ,s the most iaH)ortant agency in Si.'n'V^'i'^^'^^^'^ «^'^"t'°« gradual improvement. The ex^mct/fr^f v ^ ^'"''''^ ""'^ ««curing new to most agriculturists n th P^^tn "? .'*'^ ^''''' ^^''1 b^ though they have been exterL ely read "A T '''''' ^''"^ ^^'^^'^'^^ known to the younger race of Sme" L TT ^'"'"'' «••« ''ttle about as much required 6y some of tlZ .l?<°^' ^ '" ««'•'•/ *« ^ay, possesses more fertilizing properties thTlv^F'l ^? ^"*""'"g cattle, dung of those fed on laTpe Kd '^ " ?' ^^^^^^^^'^^ C8»Te. The nchest; that of animals suplTwitLfr^"'^^^^^^^^ » the • the Oily matter has been exKsed L „;*^ '^ "' -°'' ''"^' ""^ "'^'°'^ the dung of cattle fed^ithS ^ ,"!:; o7'"^{'"° ^'^^^''^ ^ ^^en with hay .varying according fri t'^f ' } °^ ^"°^ «» are supplied straw- fed cattle, fspSlHeai hL«» goodness of their keep; that of . J' With regard to7he ^I fv" p^Tr'of an' T^' ^^ "" " ved that horse dunff when not^r «"'"''! ^""g" '* '"''y be obser- cold, sterile, and poof ground the fudlts'rP 'Vl'^''"'^'^'^ calculated or of neat cattle is better^adapL to ta ' er I !"'' 1 ''-T''^^ ^^^' that- bmed together, or with earth o^mu^ar^v'}"* ^^f'-' ^ben com- ' effect, however, is but transient exZL ^ T .' '" "^^^^ ^'J^'' ^^he even there it produces no perlCt aSlS.^'*' ^r'*'"^ ^•'^' «»d used by itself on moist, clayeTsoils T!tuT ^■^''' ^""S '« thus as soon as its "first stag^ of ferrn/. Ln J '^ ^ Pf'^^^ "^"d tSrned in intended to be used olwarm ^ 1,? ittm '^h'^^f ' ^"^ ^«" ^^ is • '"?h 'd' ^«g«;?'>'c -bstances Srr^J'or t jf'^' ^'* '^ '"'^ ^* ^^th Jrtt^^^ i:;L,:iT L"' HcVerLure^iian that of .y ' "" — — ' •^« . ■ ' 105 ' Stlgel^^^^ ^- ^- ^^aken oat, .3, also bo l^hey should be guarded S- hi- f'"''' °^'"^'"^ «'"«^1« "» the waj. i"g of poultry ?r bt swm" a'JSr?' '^T' "'^"^ '"^ ^^« '^'^ jard, should be^urroidTV fi es If\L ? ^" V''''' '^' ^^'^- the process may be accelerated w??^- f 1 v ^'''^P' ''^ "«^ ^'^^'^'ent, yard drainage/or withTsXt; ^ fCef d^? ''fT ^"^' ^^^ and then coverinf' exposed to the weather. Tlie heap should be kept closely together, and the daily additions placed regularly upon it. Should no"farther addition be made to the heap before applying it, tho whole may be covered with earth." " But although exposure to the atmosphere is injurious, tho access of water from the roofs of the buildings, etc., is still morc'so, as directly carrying away the most important ingredients of the heap,' " Wiien a mass of manure, however rich it may be, has remained for a length of time saturated with moisture, it undergoes such a change that no management can induce fermentation, without the addition of fresh manure. " On the other hand, want ,of moisture often induces an imperfect and destructive fermentation, highly injurious to the manure. Hence, if the manure heap is liable to become too wet, it may a have drain leading off to a tank or heap of muck, etc., at a lower level ; and heaps of manure in dry situations may be much improved by havinf liquid matters poured over them. " Fermentation being farther regulated by the facility of access to ^-the mass, this may pasily be regulated by compressing the materials, or placing them loosely together. Heaps formed in autumn or early win- ter, and not intended for application till spring, may be compressed by discharging the loads from the carts on the heap itself. This is effected by keeping one end low and sloping, and the compression by this means prevents the horses' feet and the cart wheels from sinking in the heap, the unloading on it being attended with much less difficulty than could be imagined by persons unaccustomed to the work. The degree of compression should be regulated by the quantity of manure and the length of time it is to remain. When it is not intended to remain long — m the ii^,Tro o o mp r e asioft ghouJd be applied^ hat the mass placed- I ^ together as loosely as circumstances will permit " "107 should be w«^w-,h«,"hrS,£>'l';°r'vT''*' °'- "■'"«■•»" M ranch concentrated and Sil '?,' 'ir' °f "" ""»"""<' '"'""M W be »o ,„,de th,t it raay be prccrVZll ' '°~'''"'.*'' """"« *onld (2.) y«r%-e Pe^e,., ^^ Afaw^^re^. ^ ti.e5.it\Z;t"'™ ™J„t« ^ of ra»n„.,, , to ^„„ -ore l,ea,« „rc exposed to tL™5 bVwb kT '" ""' '''»"<' ""= »«- are whed oat, and freonen L t^' 7 *'"u* "" ""i" fertilising parts ■iar> rich jnioes, instY^tP'^lS'tlb" °''' '""' " ""' '''* nearest brook. This ia o L ^ ^ for the crop run off to thfl ;vla>re the manure irthownrt'houlTbTd ^° ^"'^"^ '^' ^^^ V- two, three, or routtTeetdeep accordTnin i?^ ?"' •'" "^ ^'^ ''^'"'^'^ P''^ wd not hold water it should be nu.ldpf u f'"'^'''' ^ ^^ ^he bottom or in the fall, as most cZJj '^^^^«^«J; during thesummer ^« got, or earth from ^ oaTide'":„V.7 '^''^f "^"^'' "' '^""n P't, the manure, when thrown n„t ' 'n ^® ^""^ ^" ^ITe bottom of tlie which will abso b triiice^'r' """ '^'" ^''^ °" ^^'^•"'"d or earth as the dung itself ^^^t fed ^^'r^b'^^^^^ reman^m the pit saturating the 101^ parts otthr?'' f'^^ "P "'" vdl be found, on trial, an improvement on thJ ^""S'^^^ap. This there is a further iuiprovemenf vi, 1 • P''^'®"' ^jstcmc But ' -fe of the stable or cattHo" 'e o e the'^r'^" f ' ^^^eiagainst the • when thrown out; this wirpreve. . t ;' '^ ' •'' '^^^^^ W'«ter, or washed bv rain in snrinl if • T^ '"'^"'^ ^''^ «"»>^ in managementof ba.h:jardmanre fhat a 1,// great, importance in the should be constantly going on rihrL«ff!^t™'°^^^°° or heating tent of decomposrtion is^/ece "arv .„ ?;nJ'''\ * ''''^^^ ^^' tood for plants; secondly S '7 bv b If *^' ''"^^ it contains fit weeds are destroyed. If the HI i/ • !, ^^?"S' «««d« ^^ noxious decomposition goes on L winter^andThT^ "'f T^' '""^ ^^^^^^ ^o grew on the farm are preserved «nS. i''^' °^ '^«'':J' ^^ed which are fhus re-sown in the sS LT'"^ '".* ""''^ '^^roanure, and a shed this evil will be avoTded „« i?,n T^ *^' "'*""'*" covered with top of heap thus covered may S f ol Z '' *^'^'^ '°«^^« ^^ ^he interior of the heap will mainti i ° ', ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ mid-winter the f the seeds, and ^'adu^^^^^^ ^^7^ the vit^hf; . hand manure whilh has not been coS bl ? li'l'u\ ^^' °" ^^« «ther the heat of the weather soon causes it t^hd ^ ^'l/'*" ^'^ *^^ «P"°g, ^QQ hot; a stpfl»» =™Jj -» ^f-^ ^0 heat 8o,rapidly, that k h«4«n^!— — call«H „ ' 1!?^. ^^l win ^eTound coming frn,^' ?:.!,? ^er™ called ammoniuTThich, though Jnvlible isT^ ^''V' '^'' ^' * ^' gu mvisiDie, 13 the very best part of the 108 . - manure and if preserved, would produce the farmer bushel* of turnips, wheat and oats. -On ope'nmg a heap whicK has undergone thjs exces- S fermentation a great pa^t of it will often be found ^'f^f this that is haviiic a dry mouldy appearance. Manure reduced to this state ; of itile value ; but where dung, by being Hpder a shed, has undergone a gradual d'ecomposition during the winter, this excessive ZSl and consequent loss, will be avoided. Bouss.ngault, page 260, ''^ '^:"lS:^b/ -Sm^^ia IVom dung-heaps in the course of res^n^ fermentation must not be estimated too highly ; when the decomP^'t.on 3 «nSt//y conducted the los. is really very small, the gfintle fermen- atr-then Wd, has characters which d.fter -sen j^^^ ^ that accompany the rapid putrefaction, which never fails to ^^ke pkcj when matters are not well managed. As an example of the rapid and Tniurior fermentation of which I.. peak, I may cite that which ire- uuenly takes place in piles of horse dung. Every one must have seen ZTlnr hills left to fhemselves acquiring a very intense heat in the course of°x few days, and even heard of their taking fire. I have seen X of thi kind mluced to their mere earthy constituents ; such are nev r the i-iults of the moderate and gradual decomposition which farm- ya d dunVougHt never to exceed. When the pit or stance is emptied fn wl^cH a slow and equal fermentation has taken p ace, the upper aye s seen to be very nearly in the same state in which it was when it was piSthe laylr i^mmediately beneath this one is changed m a greater de'ree and sometimes exhales a slight ammoniacal odor ; in the lower sS 'the modification is yet greater; the straw ba« lo^t >ts con^^^^^^^^^ it is fibrous and breaks into pieces with the greatest ease : the m^s is al proportionally darker in colour as we go deeper, and on the ground Lblack There is no doubt but that the state m which the properly manaSd dun-^-heap is found in the end, is due to the c.rcum«tunces in XKhas been placed and kept during the -»-«;-««/. ^yTf: ration • its constituent elements would have gone through a totally dit- krZ course in the progress of their modification, had they been left "rCuS;TcaUle,' horses, pigs, etc., is a most powerful manure. "The nnne Led from a single cow is considered worth ten do lars J annum in Flandera, where agricultural practice has reached a high Ee of advancement The urine of a cow for a year wdl manure one STquarter acres of land, and is more -1-ble f an i^/^J ^^^^^^ ratio by bulk of seven to six, and in real value as two to one. ilow mlunt then, that every particle of it be caretally husbanded for the ' 'X '^i//.;, '^ Farm Book, ;>. G4. And yet this most valuable mTure is ve y generally wasted in this Island. There are several mSofL'ngIt, On'e generally practised - to excava^ he ean^^ under or near the stables or stalls, and place in it a tank, either made ^-^- J^ rhJiU ^brick, and grouted ^ aa ta hold watej-,.aodJr(^ ) a puncheon placed m a cart or on which the liquid is pumped r S :^:?::iit^^^^^-t^can is driven ^^^ ground. A sirnpl? ZlZte Z'^^^t '\' ^'^"l'^ «^«"'^ «^«»- ^^e the cart, with notches cut ttheund-ol ^''? ' -^^^^^ ^" ^^'« *="! ^^ from thepuncheons into the cart rwilh°''-''-r,^1'^"« '^^ ^'^"''^ '"» of the cart body as it is driveTln. p'f^"'^ '^'^^''''^"f^J the ^vidth requires an ouflay «f moneTSrnnn /' ^'^^ «««^truction of tanks expensive r^ethod seemrSr ^^^^^^^^ f'""!'^ °^°"«^ ^««rd. '^ J^^»- been already stated that a n t shoulfl t; T *^,'''^"!»«tance3. It has to receive Ld or ear h oa Sch tt ?^ ^ ,^^'',';'l^ of the stables, urine is irenerallv w-i.toH K? • ^^ *^""S ^^^"^'i ^e thrown. The stables ofstS^ IT^^LITZ^ h^^'' .'^' ^^'' ^^^ ^^ 'he ■ the pit, all the farmer' Syto do^. I' ^"1^'^' '^'''' ^^' ^^^^^d the stable three or four kTt Is far a tf '^'' '^ '^''■^^^'^ ^™'" ""'^e^' ■ liquid falling through wilTr'un into 1 > ^T^ f"*^^"^'^' ^^ ^hat any double row, or tail ^o tail then undp^/'*' . ]^ "^^'^"^« ^^=^^1 '" ^ must be dug le,«Jin. to the ^i^l f ''^t ''^ ^^^ ^'^^P "^ J'-«i" ' narrow at the bottom^, L pudt Jh !] '' '^'' !v^ V^'' °'^"P' ^"^' through will graduallj^ flow over the eSh^J'J^*^''* *^/. ^^^^'^^ ^'^"i^S this means the urine in.tP«7nJ ' ''f "^"'^ P^^^^^^ i" the pif b? will be soaked upLle id o;?'';? ""^f *^« ^^^" ^^^ ^ein^g os( be adopted even w^heTe the Zr,!, 7'' '""I^^l^' ^'^'^ "-^thod ma^ affoni t'o have tight pi nkCr^inTnl^'' ^'^" ^'"^ ^'^^ «- It empty into the nit from JZZ: a ^ '^ ^^'^ convenient to let liquid'siuld flowCo it ove'r t too o'f'S^h''" f """' ''^"'^"- - the then hold a sufficient quantTtv w.thm^t 1 ' '"".^ "' ?"^' t^^« ^P^^ will require to be where th^qu J fi t ru^^^^^^^^^ «« ''* would similar to the above, the writer hftT ?^^ l^'.^'^'"- % "'^^na fn)m the urine of hi stocr even coC kd .t^"'^, ^^^ ^''^' ^^ "^^«»r« of the manure made from heh dunJ tV/u '''''' '"'^^P^^d^ntly Farmer's Treasure, pa.el75 botlfnnlf T"° ^^'^^^^ from the unne and .rikingly i^^^^^^^^^^ of saving th« dress^ t^Iirl^S^':^^^^^^^^^^ Scotland, ad- mation on this subject.- TSatelhWr '"u T^^' ^'''^^^^^'^^ ^"^or- with the .reat impitance o tK fe f^TX ^''^ ''"^^'^'^ '™P'-^«^«d about to discover, by a lonrr and well mil /' « '"""ure, and he set the best mode of 'coictin^and apptiS^ «T" ^^.^'^Pf^'^^^-^^ts, ' P^t contiguous to the feeding st^flbuf Lt ! ^f^^" ^^ '^''^'^''^ '•^ wh>ch was appropriated for tTe receptLn of K '^''^^t'J''"^ ^hat the pit were thirty-six feet souarr an^ I *'''/""/ ^^« dimensions all sides by a wall, and thS d conte„if I?' ^"'' t'^i «»rrounded on two yards. Plavine selected tb« T . ^'^ ,""^ ^"^^^'•eJ and ninety- earth'--and thiXS^to k Cr^^^^^^^ f "' ^ °°"'^^ «"d ^^-^J cultivation- he proceSMfm. the surface of some field nnd Jtwo horses wloS ^S^^c^r^ ^'^f -^.*^* ^^^h thjee men^ When the ^or^t^SX^S^S^f^S ""'''' ^^ '^ ^ i^l * heap in a 110 line with the sewer -which conducted the urine fionrthe interior of the, building, on purpose that it might be distributed with regularity, and might saturate the whole from top to bottom. The urine was supplied by fourtkn cattle, kept there for five months on fodder and turnips. The contents of the pit produced two hundred and eighty-eight loads, allowing two cubic yards to be taken out in three carts, and he spread forty of these on each acre,. so that this urine, in five months, produced a compost sufficient for the fertilisation of seven acres of land." He states, further, that he had tried this experiment for ten years, and had indiscriminately used, on the same field, eitiier the cow dung-' or the saturated earth, and, in all stagelof the crop, he had never been able to find any perceptible difference. But what is still more wonder- ful, he found his compost lasted in its effects as many years as his best manure. , ,. , . \ ■ ■, It appears, then, that in five months each cow discharges urine, wlucli when absorbed by iSm, furnishes manure of the richest quality and most durable effects, for half an acre of ground. The pit which eou- tained all the dung of the fourteen cattle, as well as the litter employed in bedding them, and which was kept separate for the purpose of the experiment, only furnished, during the same period, two hundred and forty loads, and these, at the same rate, could oniy manure six acres. From these facts it is evident that the urine which the farmers in this Island waste is actually wJ)i-th mo* than the dung which they-save, a conclusion which should certainly lead to an alteration in their pre- sent practice. ' ,,,!»•, j ' The dung is often drawn out tothe fields in March and April, and formed into heaps, where it remains until it is ^wanted. This is neces- sary to forward the spring's work, but it is genei^Uy'left uncovered, and heats before it is carted oU for 8preading,-and thu^ great portion of the ammonia— the best of i.ie manure— is lost. AgriCola observes : " A skilful agriculturist wo ild no more think of allowing a violent fermentation to be going on in his dunghill, i^nmixed with earth or matter to fix and secure the {^as, than the distiller would suffer his apparatus to be set to work ^^ thout surmounting his still with the worm to cool and condense the .-( refied spirit which ascends in evapora- tion ; in both the most precious luatter is that which escapes in a gase- ' ous state ; and to behold it escaj irg with unconcerned indifference, is a demonstration of the most profoum ignorance." ■ The Farmer's Treasure, page 73, gives the following directions:— '« When it is found necessary to '-art the manure away in order to for- ward the business of the season, pr(vious to the commencement of the work a quantity of peat or soil sh.u'd be collected on the spot intended to receive the dung. The foundat oa of the heap should be laid with 4uch material, about six or nine ii> :i es thick, according to the nature of the dung to be laid upon it, and it should be rather inclined to the _ centre, so as to retain as much as p * /'- IS a 111 " ean"h '^^t;J^Z^^^^^J^^^rc, and part of ApH,. he can n^ake a heap of nmd ofeakh dni T' ''^'"'''^ ^''^ ''^'^~ cover Lis manure ^vith in tL sprTnt t. if '^^^^"'T''• ^^ «"^''"n to lee of a bush or fence, where tfesrfo^ «1 ''^ '^'""^'^ ^« P'^^^^'^ ' t^e Me^v bushes or hurdles to catch theTno^T '''''' T, '^""^""^'"^^ ^ '^^ «f bog mud in this way to cover n.vn, f "''''^ ^ ^''^P^--^ » ' - ^P find it tlieu easily ..ot at as thl f 7 ,,""''*' T'^P" ^'^ ^he sprint • I than fiveoraix inchls This^d , ^^^^^^ the hLpL\' thick over the sides and top ofX c 1!?1,?. ''^ T''^' ^i^t^en%cl 3a becomes as good as the dune i self n5 ^' T^^'"' ^^« ^"'"^onia, ai d of manure. ""^ '^'''^' '^"^ greatly in^^reases tire quantity because, by exposure to the Tun Vl ? ^''''^^' A'' ^' ^^^P^e^d. J""g is left parched and dry ^nd do^ f ^^^M«ted, aid the • f\ as when it is ploughed 7dkS conL f?* f ^T^^^y i" the long time without^eceiving benefit^ I oT?t'1'^/''' '^^^^^ « spread two or three days before it i, V i \- ^ ^i:eq«entlyx8ce dun- rotted dung, it might not mSer o^ rSl '?' •?[* ''''' ''''^' ^^«"- ^ made only the winter beforH-t is . , ^ ' "*/,"^* half rotted dung, speaking, the plough stuld follow ^^f' ^'''f^ P^^tice; con-ectf; ruust be adapted to our circum tance /n7f ''' v"^"* °"^ P'"'^^^^''^ command sufficient hands to do thfs £ ' ^S ?^.'^ '"'' ^^'"^''^ ««" ^my ^VksV«„/ U lies erjJosedTo he 'J- if /^'"'^ r'""''"^^''^ " '^^^ one need spread more in the forenoon h.n I '^'' "* T^'<' '^"^^ »« 5.^^M./, of which there srundanctiSthTrrr!!" ^'^''' '''^^'■ able manure, but very cenerallv np."w ? this Island, is a most valu- poor and worn out, its^oS tllS h ' rT ^^"'"'"'^ ^^^« ^ '>'•'" m the midst of hi* worn out fiS 11^ cannot get manure, and yet from two to five feet deen cLt^S; "''®' °' ^'^^^^"^'^ '^cro of mid .farm as rich^as a gLS' ThTZ^dT^ '"^'^'^'^^ '' "^'^^^^ the whole 'culturist, speaking of b^c^ and kwI "'" ''• ^"^ ^^^^^^^ ^gri- vegetable nStrition^re Zes of wealt^to th^V~~" ^'^^ ^^^^rvoirs^f Phed; nor can he justify LlTell"^^ remedy is within his reacL" S S Jf J^,Tf ^'' ^1^ ^^^^^ t4 . acid quality, and then if spread «ml^?. iT^ frequently contains an will be of little or no serviS to the fi«??^^ '""I''^^ ^'^"^ '^' H, it to it ; yet, even then, in a yea^ or two L ff ' "i^^ Tl ^'^'^ ^^no^ dent, and will be found durabll ' ^"^^^''^^ effects will be evi- r^^^^^^'i^ti^r^^^^^^^^ effect, it shouFd be 112 ' by Fegsenden'a Cbraplete Farmer-iS this : I first form a bottom of ufud fifteen feet wide and eight or -ten inches deep ; then lay «"« layer of manure about six inches deep; then eight «r ten "jche^ «f l""f ' then six inches of manure, and so on, alternate layers ot mud and ma- nure, Si the heap is about four and a I'-^^t^'''^. '>\gl' ' .^^V'^^f.V"!' and lop arc then coated ^^•ith mud ten or twelve niches thick ; the ma- iu e a^.d mud should be thjown, on from each side, and no one a h>wed to tread on the heap, because, if it is packed too- closely, ,t av>11 not herso-well. The di'yer the mud the less manure wdl be required U. cause the whole tt, heal I generally make the compost m A.gust or September, and use about one load of manure to three of mud , it not made up till October, I use a larger proportion of "manure as more s then remiired to produce heat than when the weather is hotter. Jiariy n tiling the heap -is turned; it then heats slight yag>un, and ,8 ready for tufnips or Jther crop, and a cart load of it w.U be tound equal to a cart load of farm yard manure. In mixing it with lime, I have found twenty barrels of roach . mo «ufficirnt fo"r one hundred cart-loads of mud. The lime shouW be sSed beside the mud, and mixed with it while it ,s hot; ,t should remain a year in compost, awVbe two or three times turned. A hcs Lve the same purpose, and in nianr parts of the Mand are more easily obtained than lime. Dr. Dana, of Massachusetts, r^com- ' mends eight bushels of unleached wood ashes to be mixed with one cord of mud, which, he says, is equivalent to pure cow dung in valua 1 have found the following method of preparing this mud cheap and i^c- Sve— I draw out the mud and dump the loads near he bog; making the heap about thirty feet wide, leaving it just as it falls ^om the car , without leveUing; then haul the roots thrown out. in d.ggmg the mud, rdSthem on the heap; then haul out the moss which has been nulled off the bog in getting at the mud, and pile it on the heap over fhe root, in this way it toon dries. I then burn it, and he a«hes cover the mud ; I then throw in about five feet from each side of the heap, and put ^n a fresh layer ot.mu4; then pile on more roots and mZ and burn again, and so on ti» pile is as high as I wish t ; E turn the whole, and let it^ lay ovV the winter. I have treated about five hundred loads of mud in this manner, which seems to me as good as that prepared with lime, while the cost of the lime is saved. Spreading this mud in the barn yard^ or cattle pen, where it ^pce.ves the droppings, and is trodden by the cattle, i^also a good mode oi pr^ paring FtTbut then it is advisable to make it up in a heap for a monttx or two before it is used, that it may heat. (3.) Agricola r Manures. If "When a country advances, in the progress of improvement, from pas- turage to .tillage,, the various sources of manure are investigated and %ugl after W ot avidity wmimensurat* to thefeiiventspirit of enter- 113 J'ttle or no exertions mSLlL T,' ?** ''^'''''' we discover means the aggregate heap bevMd thLrS' ^T''^''^ ^^ "^^ificial ;3 reqaisito of thf state of d7b«tl^^^^^ ? ^"'^^^«'' P^<^f the other hand, when a viJariT^rl^.- T''"^^"'"^ ^^'^ alort; *hen numerous exSte arH T'°« 'l^^^'^J' '" «^«r on the well as to improve ZaSvJ^^ ^"^^ \ ""'"'g« the quantity as both in the^ngr^ir^nd^lrtr^ ;:i^^^ and expefimcnt; these are the W^"^^'?'' ^^'^^ *>f' cariosity vigour, and ,„«; be haS as the nrS'™' f '"^'^""''"S >'''« "'"^ auspicious prospecte, Th7 ardour ofZ7'7. ^^ ""''' ^"^"^''^g '"'^ was ushered in by these ZJnT '^'cultural pursuit in EnSland nosuhjoctctf U'S tTni^^^^^^^^ t P"""^' ^'^^^Z''-^' dunghiU. Every kingdom of nafnr! I \ ^ '^'^'nentatilb of the • substances endowed wSK«,ILS! f r^'r ™»^«l^«i. to find out to the assistance of arf^Shf h«f ^'''^Jl ^^'^"«« ^«« ^^^^^ ^ joined in d.e general research A», l^'^P^^'fro'D her dignity, and «Wl wlih^he vty ri^ i*^^^^^^^^ instead of ifa'ving . -quiry, has only be/n.^dT;" etSte'd'^r has attended th^ Ihe COMPOST MIDDENS of Lonl M^LXf l^ adventurous efforts, ^lecojnposable matter, tl^ SmuZ^r^ the mixture of soil with mtr^uction of burnt clay%rnSinThr°^ ^™''"^°^ *^>« J«t« aa If stimulated by one common imn.?l ^''** ""T' ^" ^bich all men, deed, unless oihJr^l^^ZTesZt^'ro^' ^''^ ^"^^g^'^' ^'»- of vegetation, than the simpIeTntents ; "th"^^ to replemsk the waste could not sustain the half of heir r^nnl.^L ^'T"^' ^reat Britain , territorial domains that exhirl ?' "°' 1.'*^ ^'-^^ ber own mis for her commerce and S^s ^^^ ^''^ P'""^'^^^ °^'^*«- luxuries of life. This exube»anr« n? necessibes, comforts, and improved a^d skilful me^Ss Tot of cTA "'^ '^^^ ^ ^^^^S^^^ the plying the efficacy of putrSbLl/ *'"^*'^'^ Jf' »« "^uch a«^multi- ll^Btory when, like this^PrS sh« ''' ^^''^ ^^^jod in her country." and when buteSISaf boZr''. ? ^T'^^ *^^» « ^o^ wheat and other gfain. Whe^ wl r! !^^ °^ '«^''*'"^ '« Price to a^e struck with ?he palpabl blunde^'^^r^ ^o between them and our own a strifeinT a ^°««.Pr""''^'^°d trace, manures then i^ use ww^ th« iS,^ ^°^ remarkable analogy. The vcattle on the farm, unaidS bv Jh^'' ' «^°^T'^«ti<,u8 ^^,,% ,f ;J« be^ since introducriXLhr-TP^«°d>gredient^ which have raw m.aterial8 from wS S mSl^r'''^'''"'^ '" '^' %bt of the ^ .truth, without great TtSdn to th« .'«* T ""'^ "'«°"fectured. In article, our agrLlturcaf Jlver Jise^^ «f this necessarj " be rain to ur^ the extended 0^^ of ST'^'^'V '^^"^ ^°«'^ the means of repairing the exh^»!fiZ c^ '''^^' "''^^^s we possess acted oir in PhinSrs, a^ is nDw r.„t« ^ *^', "^ V^* ^^^ been long 5 X T5 TObjecSed^toacon- I' * IJ4 "iiS. A :'it tmued course of -cropping, without any extraneous dung, other th^ wliat ia made on thf* promiBP» trom the consumption of gveen crops, '^r-iw, and fodder. Jho catii- which are fed on turnips, the horsea »!iu t'oyel in labour, the piga and poultj-y, are prfectly sufficient to sup- ply luch a quantity, under the direction of a scientific manager, as wdl annually restore (o the "land that richness of which it ia deprived ; and at the same time admit the grain to be carried to market, to meet the wants of the xiomniunity. Every spot, in both countries, con be made to repair its own /waste: and' the luxuriance of one is neVer employed to correct the poiiforty of another. Here our rich marshes afid intervales arc taxed, anfident, there is Doijflj ffli ^ro the lottoni with a regular coat or lay^r, to imbibe the |S^n||ra[^ure. The diing, too, is suffered to roj, without any attentioff^^lifcvePto the (fegree of heat; and I should star tle\ my read^, were I to tell them fi.that tlie fermentation should n^yer he urged beyond 100° of Fahren- kii*|t'a thermometer. At a much lower heat, carboniO acid, carburetted -sj^a^^H'^ ^^® °^^*'' g^8*8 °^ ^^»t family, ascend as elastic fluids, ^^lH^i?^^iMlP^ ^%^ '" ^''^ atmosphere. The dunghill becomes "^fRE-FANaED, and the principles of fertility are expelled "of thos*Jri|g!5iical laws whiph regulate and pervade th$ j8ul>tle paniHes of matter. ^ Jf^theSmg be injudiciously treated, the urine discharged by the cattle is squandered, and indeed al tog ethe r lost. T his is owing to the coiu^ 8 t / ^15 l^^ caljle. except what ifi M yift '"'^^ ''^'^^^hoK- ^rine f J»gbi»olaoa,e pool of steudt wTtJ; "' Th?' ^"''"^^^ '''« ''-" - m !$?'*¥'"*"«'• Wirh which it is S^XrL' •''"'"'"'' ^'^•^^ntS of X i#/«'-'^' «nd either qjount uo ttoSy «' '"'""^ ''"''^''Jj^ ^^^^ «««e- «^> Y the building. At all e Jt« tSertSi ■■ ''" r"P^ ^^ '»'« ^'"Jes «o actount, and the loss, f^m th^ S •''"« ^"'''«^'''« '^-e tu„.ed to jond calculation. It may bTnectsr/ in °"'"''''"^'*'''« '""'«"« be- . ihe amount of this mischief ?hat u'"^' " ««'"'' ^^eaeure, to aacemin of such formidable maSde wS. I ^^ "'' "^"' ^^^^''^^t'^g an ev should be afraid to haz^^d m^ chlri °"-?r ?"'^ '''''^^^ enc^y. I round and unqualified JgZe t^ „ .T'^r* r ^^ in ^ literally wasted, and throWli ^^Lv \Z 1 ^V%"?-^' ,^"'"« ^h'^J^ W cauuon, and give a det^HrllLZt^'''^"''' ^'^'^M Proceed wi^h jubstontiated by the best author^ Sv''" '" tJ^«^> b««rings-and fi-om Charles Alexander, l^ear Pe/bles fn^r/!?'''^^ '" '^ J«"^^* h^Ji:/^:^-'--. - >812, Cpubli^^^^^ ^d'i-sed u^ ^^^-!!.-p--d -h'«t i:S^Zta^^;?^^^ tie as a manure : and he slf ,.h^, .^. ?• '"PO^-'a^iceof the ijine of cat- .ducted seriea of ^xp^eimtnt, tTLltTJ^r-' S ^""« «"^' -» "- 't- He began, by diggin^^ L Ik Vnl? ^ °^ co lecting and applyinir d.8t.nct altogether^roTJh^at wEh wal^r^^^^^ /^^ ^''"8 «^^" bu? of dung The dimensions of C T ^T'*'"*^ ^^ *^« ^<^<=^Ption were 36 feet square and 4 feet .IpL^ ' ^<'*^°'^'"g ^ his own account and the solid L ten" Ver^l 9^1^^^^^^ «° f Bides by aVa?/: «pot where he could find loamy ^.S and 111!^ 'f''''^ '^'' "^^--^s surface of some field under ^cuTttaiion t ' *'TT '*^^ ^^^^ the found that, with three men a^d two hlj, K ^"^'.f''^ "" ^" ", and 28 cubic yards per day • and th« ^f '' ^® '^''"^^ ^'^^Ij accomplish e^thdid'notex?eedT4'l63 WhrnlV'^r^ of tranfportin?the 'Wthe surface of the hp«n in r ^® J*"""^ ^*8 complete, heTeveL- which conducted Re unne from th« "'. ^"^ *^. '''^'^'^ the b wer that it might be dlSted'^/,^;"^^^^^^ on pu^TS ; whc^e from top to bottom. The quSI .2' '"''i '"'^^' saturate the at about 800 gallons- but as ThiH i ^ °°''^^^** ^« it, he estimates conjecture, fo? he meas^S^no^;!, r"'*''°? ^'^^ ^«"»^ded partly on -tructive to furnish a^dTro.^^ t daHi. 'I "'" '' ^^"^ «^^ -o'^ . trov^rtible. The urine wi sSieS bv 14 n ..f '^'?'" ""*^ i"<=on- stone each, and kept there for KonS.«i^S' ^«'«j"»S about 84 *Parmer'i Mansina. »ni. ib _i_- » . '^^ •Pwiner'i Mug^m, rol. J8, pi^ „, >^\ S: ■ •• 5^' '-* ,i^ * "'V i,! 116 8uffi<^^nt for the fertilijsation of seven acres of land. He states further, that he had tried this experiment for ten years, and had indiscriminately used; m the same field either the rotted cow dung, or the satutatcd earijh; and m all the stages of the crop, he had never been able to dis- cover any perceptible difference. But what is still more wonderful, ho tound that his compost lasted in its effects as many years as his best pirtrescent manure ; and he therefore boldly avers, that a load of each 13 of equivalent value. Conclusions of vast importance are deduciblo from this statement, and I cannot resist the feeling of placing them in a strong and advantageous light. They speak a volume of instruction • ^nd if wo are willing to learn, they must lead to a v<}ry material alte- iration m the construction of our bams It appears, then, that in five months each cow discharges urine which, when absorbed by loatn, fur- nishes manure of the richest quality, and most durable effects, for half ari acre of ground. The dung pit, which contained all the ' excremen- titious matter of the 14 cattle, as well as the litter employed in- bedding them, and which was kept separate for the purpose of the experiment only furmshed during the same period 240 loads, and these, at the same rate, could only manure six acres. The aggregate value of the urine therefore, when compared with that of the, dung, was in the ratio ot 7 to 6 ; 80 thdt we are borne out by these premises in this extraor- dinary inference, that the putrescible liquor which in this province, and under the management of our farmers, is wasted and annihilated m far as regards any useful purpose, is intrinsically worth more than the dtiijg as an efficacious and permanent dressing ; and if we take into consideration, that this latter manure is not treated with any skrll and .judgment; it will not seem surprising that the cultu*e of white crops has never hecn carried here to any extent since we have despised and neglected the only means of creating them. These defects call aloud for amendment. No country is entitled to be styled agricultural, where the fundamental maxims of the science are 80 outrageously violated, and where the prevailing practice sets at nought the simplest rules of the art. Grazing draws forth no energies of the inmd ; it -is compatible with indolence, stupidity, and a gross ignorance of al principle; the Arab in the desert can tend his flocks and herds and leave their multiplication to the instinctive appetites of nature- it IS only the first step from the savage life, and in place of hunting 'for the prey which he devours, man tames and domesticates the lower animals, but leaves their increase, their subsistence, their diseases to the unguided agency of natural causes. 'Tis the plough, which awakes his dormant faculties, and stimulates to industry. Like the Soverei-rn of the creation, he commands, and is obeyed ; ho speaks, and it is doife 1 he weeds, which are the natural inJhates of the soil, disappear at his bidding ; the grasses spring .up, and form a carpet for his feet • the corns are subjected to his power, and wave their loaded ear around his ■ dw e lli n g t the forest gives up its fruit t|gefi, to load hts ta^le with their luscious products ; and the features of a rugged and forbidding territory 117 ?* ^^^^JZX^:^^'^^ .often .U. .H, and unsubdued state; and its hrbanrJrJ .^'"^'T '' '^^'^ * rude ter For this, it is not d^cult to ^ccTunT F ' '^"' general ^harac- of all habits, and of all ranks of LTpflf ^^^igranta of all trades, quest of subsistence mZp?.. ^' T^ °" ^^'' ^'^'^k^ strand in andoftheaccuniuinofTeS Tn^'*^' f^P""g «f civiliz' ti an old country, abounding ^jf^rulrr^ ^"^ ^^''^ ^^^ ^"^^ '-"« have none, and cannot have hem Z "! P^P^'^^^o^^- ]iere wo stranger driven from the only sL on Jvl"?' J^' ""^ortunato refuge from despair by plunS SZf. ^^^ ^J' ^?P° "-^^^d, seeks to answer the cravinrrs of SJf .*"'*'''' ""^'^ ^^^tivating the soil capital, without the beUVoftr et^ 1 .^'^^'^"^ ^^ilf wro:; farmer, ready to run into every bSr S' 5 • °"'' * self-taught ^ and to which the vicious cuE of thl L f 'p'^T'' '^^^ ^"vented, authority. His hut, his ba n his ill.r '^ ^'^^ ^^"' '^' ^''^"^t'on of hi8 stock, are all chosen withon? L ^ i"'°^' ^^ liusbandry, his seed out the least exerci^oTtt unSS;"' TT'' ^" "^ -^''- exact a rent, no government t^ hvyt^efj-l if ^''- "" ^^^^^^^''^ *« Hft.3oon rises above want • the Znf 1 ' 7*' ^"^ ''"'^^^e industry, iim a scanty subsistence;' the CriL 7??"^""^'""^ ^^*'*« ««'> J'«l^ and mdjstinct distance ■ and. 1, « f!^^.- f"" "^^ '^^" ^^ly at a dim rounding circumstances; M into aX^^'" '^'^'^^P ^^ ^^^ he stirred up, aroused, and forc^d1ntll'°''PS-^^^.'^^''F- ^« «»«^ superior and exalted characters who frlh ^^'' ''. ^^' P^-^^'^ce of preside over his destiny. To tL^ . • ? their devated rank in society and their memory shalfdescend to *^^^^^ is dull of a present generation. We areSnS' '"^'^^''^ ^^ *^« ^'o^^'^g^ pubhc attention is excited; wLre pE^h"^' "'^ r"^ «P°^-i'; the . of our past errors ; we are vmtiLZJ^t to counVovcr the catalogue full of promise and pregLrS ml "^^'^"^ '• V^ '^ "«^^ age- desolate and forlorn pVosJecte ^'"P'^<>^«"«'^t-is Vising on our out^ro^ tatr tt^dtis t' '-'^ ^^'-^-^ ^« PO-d without correction. The rereffar 'notTnr' ''T'J'k ''^^-^^ to every farmer of moderate cap Si an?l i ^ T^^'' ^"* %o,sMe provoment will bo compensated by the tZ "^' y^'' ''^^^^- ' years saving. ^ " ''•'' *"o first, or at most, the se^nd -eld .hafitC'S'ilt ntr?; "' ° ?!;«r'' I «-M 'ei *ree feet deep, and of . .i«?^ .■ '"'"' *'"* "'""U bo du^ »bo„, w^uipieie, but, if open an" '' ^e-Lli^-^fej «e m ^ eourse/and borne^rn LyiS'^''^'''"' ^'''« ^^^'^^ -'n-'ed to listen to tho call arid s^f tK / ^ "^ ^" ^^'^ mi(Jst of diffipnlf.I 7hTL!^ T^ '"^^ ^« effectually obS , . ''^""^^ ''"^ P^^n by the materials to be employed s, rhT t ' ^"^ ^' ^^^^-^ 's a choice in fi;Jth^"'^p-^"'°'^'"'-S.'"AfS^^^^ - -e most ::ce " Zf *^«, f«»"dation round and round Hn?" "^ *^^^ P^^"'^'^' «"d build- below the flooring should tLrb^finT ^ ^''« siJJ«, the void "pace As there will be a necessitv 7. . ^^^ '''"^ Packed firm with p/hK JJts which, besides su'p^/Se^r^^^ P-seuTsl ^Tor 81 les of the frame niecei of '5 • P/'*°^'^' ^md and unite thf^ tZ whole breadth.„daraZte'Tnd"^^ be stretch^acfoL the s lis, enher by a mortise or bv 7 'f "'"^ ^^ ^^e bottom of By t . n,eans the^trength o^^he Lt^^^^ a round iron Tolt and the operations may nroc J^ S T ^,^ Preserved unimpaired • The earth should then be fi^fn tUl ir' ^"'^^"r'ng the strS' floor ancf it should be bea en din K l' *' ^^« '«^«1 of the present Pletely consolidated. A stttum of / * ^'^-^ ™^J'«'- till it fscom . 'ng, which I have describ^ L th« ^* °" ' outsidJof the bu"£ 120 f the floor with them, although perhaps a little more expensive in the first instance, will in the qnd much better answer his expectations. The stalls should be laid with thera e^fctly in the manner in which Water-street here has bden lately improved ; and the gutter may be formed either of similar materials, or preferably of smooth flag-stones, like those forming our foot pavements. The adoption of these improvements in the disposition of our barns will give a mighty impulse to agriculture ; the urine and vegetable juices, which are now lost and dissipated, would multiply the powers of fertility ; and the extended cultivation of white crops from the wonder- ful increase of putrescent manure, would be propelled with a celerity proportioned to the ardent hopes of the country.-' Young, in his letters of Agricola, was the first writer who directed the attention of farmers in this province to the use of peat or swamp muck in the preservation of composts. His method, which has been successfully practised by many farmers, well deserves to be re- published. " It would be unjust to deprive.Lord Meadowbank of Uie well-earned honour of having been the first who investigated and ascertained, on scientific principles, the immense value of this species of manure. That learned judge, perceiving that peat was entirely composed of vege- table substances endowed with an antiseptic virtue, or •' a capacity of resisting putrefaction," instituted a philosophical inquiry into the nature of this singular quality, and the manner in which it nught be overcome. From his extensive chemical knowledge, and his diligent and painful researches, he found that this antiseptic power owed its origin to the acitls, and the astringent principle of tan : and as these "were reduced, in succulent and fresh vegetables, by the hot fermenta- tion to which they were exposed in the full career of putrefaction, he wisely concluded that the same cause would produce in peat the same efiects. After varying his experiments in the course of six years, he published the results in a pamphlet, which ho distributed gratis, and thus acquired to himself an immortal name in the records of Scotch Agriculture. The compost middens of Lord Meadowbank will be known and recollected by the latest posterity, when the decisions which he passed on the Bench, of which he was the prop and ornament, shall liave worn away by the corrosive touch of oblivion. The peat to be used, according to his lordship's directions, may be taken, either from the top or bottom of the bog ; but the turfy parts ought to be laid aside, as most unsuitablQ for the operation. After being thrown out of the pit, it should lie for some weeks till drained of its moisture, and then be transported to the field' where the compost midden is to be formed. The proportion of the ingredients should be one ton of dung to th^ of moas ; but although these were the proper quantities with the materials which his lordship employed, it has been found from experience that other proportions may be safely and judiciously adopted. In fact, the mixture should depend on the nature both of &e dung and jeat which ton it 8 exp it k puti be c six i ceed till t be Sf inatei state, w lat nent j operat post ; and tu tion ol whole with tl perfect formed of the f; ted, wh: fered to the long perfeotlj 'Q 121 «re to be compounded w-, ^ ^m also be taken "nf "^ ^"^ ^«"«"' The nan i.'"^ ''^P''^ ««d ''P^'re vegetable bX/''""."' '"^ ^«^«"4 the wf ^''^ P^^*- too, «n an elevated «,h{: '''' of extraneous mmTr ^ ^'^^'^"'s- ^'ome i> «;ig>-natedina patch om'"'^^^^^ «"d putte cible "'"' "^ ''''^' liable to be occaln.n ^"^ ^^"^' ^^ « the 6orn^; ■/^'^"*"^'« ^'^ has place of exhibif^,' ^ *'"'^"' ^'a'^rs, with wb?.f ?• ^^ '''« Primitive Matter may SoL'^'^ '' '"^''^ *» fluid than a Si L?''"^^"^ ^^e con- without aYv L?n ^.' '^'^'^ *" the -arable fi^u^^'^^J^- ^uch peaty needed by ten ^^cL^ f ?"'" '^' ^'^^ stra um^ tJ^ ''?« ^^e bottom t'" the latter ieib^ V^''^' ^^'"^ «'^' of moss fon^^?/''""'^ ^ «"«- be spread to raise f.'' '^^'' '^'' whole ' a L/^'' "'^ ^'^ «°' Material. fronTZ? "['^'^"" *« the heSof fn^ /^ '°"^« ^^ould «r later, accori ," m '"T^°^ ^Tmentation which ? "" '^° ^'^^^^^t ^ith the ?pade j? f^ f ^ "P. ^^rnmeSgTtL o';^« '">^'t*^' 'h« ' perfect manner A ^^ "materials, and m^int ,i ' '^J^' "'^^PP'ng formed on the Lm. °'^- ?'"' ^^"otlj resemS°^,^^^f ^" *^« *«« of thefermema fon .''^""''P'^' «d*^'°/either mcTn?? ^'^^*' ^^^"Id be K which in a few f ^'"''n' ""^'^^erasecoThr.l""^."' ^^« «tet« tbe lonxriTj; "!'* ^'' be mstantlv reX ^ «»- - ? '^°"''' ''^ snf- „ t'**-\,' ztr v; 122 freely disengaged. In summer, the whole preparation may be fiilTshed in eight or ten weeks'; hut in wiij^er, no injury will be sustained by keeping the materiasls in compost till the opening of the spring. Three tona of moss to one of dung would in this country, I fear, loim an un- fermentable compound, from the auperabundance of cow-excrement, which is of a cooling nature, and less liable to violent heat : and on that account I would depart a little from the, ordinary rule, and recommend two loads of dung to five of moss, which I do with some diffidence, as I am not in possession of any experiment of the kind that has been tried in tl^ia province, ulthough it is clearly deducible from the- principles laid down. It cannot* however, be a ditiiciilt task to discover the just pro- portions of the ingredients, s« the process itself will soon teaCh an atten- tive observer, and lead h m infallibly to the proper mixture. He has, on the ontf'hand, to guard against excessive heat, which can always be ■ checked. by adding peat; and on the other, to bring on an active fer- mentation, Avhich can be hccomplishcd by enlarging the quantity of dung. A slight experience will very soon instruct our farmers in the due medium ; and as I have been at pains to set forth the governimr principles of the art, the plaii\est dictates of the. understanding will be a sufficient guide fu all cases of composting. ' It will not, I believe, be unacceptable to my readers to insert here an extract from the small treatise of thejearnrd judge, which Avas prin- ted and distributed very extensively for l^oof of the Scottish peasant- ry; and I do this the rather, because the subject, on account of its novelty and repugnance to common ideas, may bo received with some distrust,"uulesi conveyed in the very words of the author. ' Let the peatmoss, of which compost is to be formed, be thrown out of the pit for some weeks or months, in order to lose* its redundant moisture. By this means, it is rendered the lighter to carry, and less compact and weighty, when made up with frcih dung, for fermentation ; and accordingly, less dufig is required for the purpose, than if the pre- paration is made with peat taken recently from the pit. The peat taken from near the surface, or at a considerable depth, ansjjers equally well ; and the more compact the peat, and the fitter to prove o-ood fuol, so much the more promising it is to be prepared for manure. ' Take the peat-moss to a dry spot, convenient for constructing a dunghill, to serve the fi«ld to be manured. Lay the cart-loads of it in two rows, and of the dung in a iw betwix^hcm. The dung thus lies on the area of the compost dung'lnll, and the rows of peat should, be near enough each other, that workmen in making up the compost may Ijc Hble to throw them together by the spade. In making up, let the workmen begin at one end ; and, at the extremity of the row of dung, (which should not extend quite so far at that end as the rows of peat on each side of it do',) let them lay^a bottom of peat, six inches deep, and fifteen feet wide. Then throw forward, and lay about ten inches of dung above the bottom of peat ; then four or five of dung ; and then cover jt ov«r with peat at the end wbew it was begun, at the two siae^ and aI)ove. 123 uad check tlip f..r,n. ? • P ^ P'*t->88 too heavilir « '^^'^ ^^-t and a -f J'.^ht. and%tn atS^" "°^"^. ^'^^ Pea^fc^^^^^ P-ts, 't be much lower nM ^reatphaght isdesimhl "^k^ • /^''^ P"fly and soou also Tf ,1 '"'*' '^ ^vilr prove wmnr u"^''^^^^ should ^he i"''red el L- ''\.T'^*^'^ ^'^ very drv^ !f ^" *^« ««n»pactne6s, ^Vhen^rt " nn?n "'^^''l '' ^^"«'"«'« to «;/" *^'« ""^f »ro required fo ^"okwards 3 S- '' '^"^ ^"'^^^ the: worlmenT^ '^ '" ^"^^ other. 'l?»g. a.,1 rather "hieCZ n'"""" '""«™ 'he t»» ™ !', ■" '^''J "ineer, if „roi,,i,l J-,i .'"° »'"'-'"• Wat iriih r».„f r. ■ '^P "^ 'Ve™ "f 'ho P"r„.f ™ I'l-Z'^'-f-ca. be S:.„ J '■,? 1° PT' » little occasion to l^T' ^^ ^^^ ^^'^fihilfis th^ f '^^"^ ^^^^ i" ■», '•-«.*M^B-V->.-«**MK>4 Jif ^ ■ 124 by adding the peat piece-meal, that is, first making it up in the usual proportion of three to one of dung, and then, after a time, addiuff an equal quantity, more or les*. of peat. The dung of this character of greatest quantity, is shamhle-dung, with which, under the above pre- cautions, SIX times the quantity of peat, or more, may be prepared. Ihe same holds as to pigeon-dung and other fowl-dung; and to a cer- tain extent also, as to tliat which is collected from towns, and made by animals that foed on grains, refuse of distilleries, etc. * ' The compost, after it is made up, gets into a general heat sooner or later, according to the weather, and the condition of the diur' • m summer, m ten days or sooner ; in winter, not perhaps for many weeks it the cold IS severe. It always, however, has been found to come on at last, and m summer it sometimes rises so high as to be mischievous by consuming the materials, (fire-fanging). In that season, a stick should be kept m it m different parts, to pull out and feel now and then • for if It approaches to blood-heat, it should ei'ther be watered or turned over; and on such an occasion, advantage may be taken to mix it with a little fresh peat* The heat subsides alter a time, and with great variety, according to the weather, the dung, and the perfection of the making up of the compost ; which then may bo allowed to remain untouched, until within three or four weeks of using, when it should be turned over, upside down, and outside in, and all lumps broken • then It comes into a second heat, but soon cools and is fit to be taken out for use. In tins state the whole, except bits of the old decayed wood appears a black free mass, and spreads lik« garden-mould Use it weight for weight, as farm-yard dung, and it will be found, in a course of cropping, iully to stand the comparison.' Hitherto I have treated the sol'ject as if excrcmentitious matter alone possessed the power of effecting and accelerating the putrefaction of moss ; and it was this view which Lord Meadowbank chiefly impressed at first on the public attention; but many other substances, he after- wards discovered, are endowed with this same capacity. Here mv general theory of putrescent manures receives a collateral and happV confirmation ; for it is now found, from a thousand repeated tiials that all animal and vegetable substances which are capable of beinT converted by decompcsition into the food of plants, are also capable of operating on peat earth, of dissolving the charm of its incorruptibilty, of expelling lis poisonous and antiseptic qualities, and of transmuting it into a most efficient manure. Hence putrid water, the juices of the dunghill the oxpressionawt the cheese-press, the washings of milk vessels, soap s'uds the oils and juices of green flax, urine of all descriptions, succulent vegetables and weeils, dead animal bodies, refuse of fish, nidit soil sea weed are all invested^ the property of generating heatrand assist- ing the fermentation of>at; and composts maybe formed with all • In Jiin.-. 1730. a o..n,,,«t wc. formed only 2} penl to 1 dunir ; ii heiited in July l-evond. Ibe mn.,...re „f « ,her...-.„,e.er gn.di.a.ed at 110 = . Hurt wa, «l|,„ved to .u.nd.mrt mr^d a«r « illi a. Jm f .nom am«. TWweek* after, <18tb *»,»»,>, he hwf^ tteMrW deicendeJ to S4 » , while Miat of the latter had got up to above 1 10 = . *" "" """I""^ ™", in 125 P'^on'iees a new em n .' '"""f .^^^^ee of agSur^^^^^ -i'^e fertiJizinJ vTtup t' f "^^'P^'catiofi anSd"? '°'P?'-*'""'ce; and ;f this inerf J: e, and ?"^^ t '"«^««^d qCdrunl? h^ T^"^ ''V f"l experience, deSs that th' ^^^^^^'^ank; after ^a1,,^J '^'f '^'"S ^^^ conipost, in evei-v di!! . ^''.^ P^^^'^ra and durafinn I ? ''"^ ^'^^ch- ^ the best bar^Irddan' -^ "f- '^'^' ^^^e given retr.'^ ""'■ 'P'''"^' ^^ P'-essIj that it is^eattl ?? 'P^'^'''^ ^'^ ^^^ same ouam.?' ""^^ "^^«™r followed 1)7 resaft?" ™ P"" of foLZiSrrV*'' ">""•"« •'"'led to „„SX. ,t ' T ' ""''ring aod nTm M • "^^ '""•« I'ecn «l>e tasbaDdmlK,^ Production, of tEeTartH ,''''' "'""«• The? Hew tte; wSr.'"™'? «r » »" i^P" e' to V """ ""> ''"P^' of "ould arrest 1. „ "'•>' '"' Pn»luot,Ve of . n X ' "^*' labours an acquaintance with 4„ ' ""'' ""V "onld i,ur2 = "'"" "> » eMenualtotl.r.v, I f'^^^'sfulmodernf . * °"'' f"™ers to • . 2. Ac ofe°tt °f ?"™ »f "S L^"""'"^"""™ =0 «ne acre in ten wh^ °> '"^'^''"^^ bore V^JhtTt '"^ ^"S^''"'^ ; "nd «'>en due at^enttt Z f^"^ ""^^ ^^^ ^It ^^ "^^^ ^^-« - «o violent and cxtr JL .^"^'^""^ <^etaik thig ""ntl. • ""'^ "« have deuce; and i^q^t^L'^l^ ''''^^^^^^^^^^^ have been built bo k ''^?''°'^hle, without denviL^C °'* ""^'P^^ cvi- ' •aH: that duL 1p ^ *^''"ed ^(^^1 exf^^^ •~-«r:da-2^:TS«Sl| 126 i^ . superior, at all events equal, to the principal original compound. Four tons of manure, then, may be produced from one of dung, and four tons * also may be formed from the urine discharged by the cattle in the same given time. In a course of experiments by James Arbuthnot, Peter- heud, he found ' that 300 cart loads of moss could be decomposed by drenching it with -140 gallons of cattle urin€. The foundation of the dunghill was laid one foot deep with moss, and 150 gallons of the liquor thrown upon it. The fermentation came on instantaneously, attended- Avith a hissing noise ; the other two layers were then put 'On, the one after the oUier, sprinkled each with the urine, and the same effect ^vaa #♦ produced. Eight days after the midden was turned, and to all appear- ance super-alkalized.'* It would seem then that both the urine ajnSF , dung, discharged in any given time, are of equivalent value ; that e;^^ of them, if separately applie(J to peat, or moss, as it is expresff^'l|^ Scotch writers, would piepare a quadruple amount of rich and valu^Ue ; manure, and consequently, as the one here is lost from the construction ■■ of our barns, a load of dung is all we have for eight of compost, which could be produced from the combined efficacy of urine and excremen- , titious matter. If we take further into account the putrefactive qualities of sea-weed, of dead bodies, either horses, cows, or sheep, of common weeds, and of many other substances ; I say,- if we take into accolQ|^ the power of these in decomposing peat-earth, my general statement wilLnot appear exaggerated, that in this Province we have not above one load in ten, which might be procured to replenish the exhausted energies of vege- tation. But taking it for granted that, with a view to strengthen my argument, I have magnified the amount of our loss, and that we could " only increase our manures six times above the present quantity, this „ concession calls loudly for reform, and explains, to ^ satisfaction of every common understanding, the mjstery of our a^j^ltural poverty. We-ftrng away contemptuously the blessings of NlMffe'nifd of Provi* dence, and instead of blaming our own ignorance and neglect, we curse the climate aYid the soil, sit down contented with our present dependent situation, and despair of elevating that country on which we tread, and which imparts toi us the pleasures of existence, to its proper rank in the scale of national importaftce." [For additional facts on manures, and especially on those which are not strictly of animal origin, I may refer the reader to my " Contribu- tions toward the Improvement of Agriculture," where the subject is somewhat fully trec^ted. — Ed.] r r 4. Rotalion of Crops. '-"' t The following is extracted from Peters' Hints to the Fartners of Prinoe Edward Island i — « liQUkUon of qrapi ii to grow iHhtVM kinds of orepi i& itMOfniofi, n=!L|w«»'t MufiHiaif 4»}r !l* }Ji takes quantity •of^„u^,"f°t^t^ <*f a different nutrition ^ ""tritious n,dtter Ijaent which is princiS *^ ^'^'^'^ ^ sufficiency If W ^?' "^"^ wJ.eat- ^ajnekind'immeSfi'^"";^^ hy one cS'v, ^^^^ ^'"\ «f nut. .' "^ a different croDsunS T'^'^' there, wilj be Z' '« '^ ^"^^her of tiie "on follows, whiVI, y • ' *°" ^hen a third ^..* >-; ^' ^ne materials ' i"" preceded ttelT T ''=''"™' ^^eS l™°"'f ''"C "e Mt al8o. But 1 i"''^ '» " « condition to ti?^." """"^ *•■* "' vuuivation.' Ji„* .. — >* "'n^n they will.,. n..!"^ "'"^'^ in this « J--- .0 ^Tofer r ^' -i* sin ■■ kV '"Siwe ,:'••' .^llj- to recSmS i *>"" « do ?« b 7 ^f*!^ "■ '»» ™n 'V will not Dermi. S '/"em which tht. ni.™ ''^ ° '"e^ our attie 1 "•'"OM sjjten S, • ^*A''«e™iMd to^ff "" "»J>ressioa win. ''"™ °»^*^ ^-i""' i^Sli' y 128 perhaps loss — be entirely changed at once; it would not be^ prudent to attempt it, and I do not advise yoa to do so. There is no harm, you must admit, in-ehowing what other countries,' with soils similar to our own, have found best ; nor is the drfficully of at once adopting it any reason why wo should not make grddual approaches towards it. i'^nd ■ let us see whether the diflBcultfes are really so insurmountable as they may art first appeiar. ^ « ^ First, as to where you are to get manure, I would refar you to the first chaptor, and aak you if you are guilty of the neglect, or permit «py of the waste there pointed out ; if so, correct it before complaining on that head. Secondly, I would urge yo(i t6 recollect that one acre in good heart will yield as much hay as thre^ in bad ; the labor, there- fore, of" giving a light dressing (.say twenty to twenty five loads) of mud and ashes, or mud and lime, or mud and urine, or dung compost; would not bo so great, whpn you have to go over only one acre instead of three. Thirdly, consider whether you really require so large a quantity of hay.. If you cultivate a large breadth of turnips, yoif will have a large quantity of straw from the succeeding grain crops ; straw and turtiips will keep cattle as well as hay," and niueh better than the red top and natural grass which forms a (arge part of the hay cut on worn out lands. It will also suggest itself to you, that by turning the field to pasture befor? it is exhausted, the herbage will be greater in quantity and richer in quality, the cows give more milk, the dairy yield iQ^e and better butter and cheese, the young cattle grow more vigor- oully, attain their full size earlier, and make more beef, the mutton be fatter, and both dra\^ more money from the butcher ; and, though last, nojt least, your land wifl be improving, instead of getting worse. These advantages should be fairly placed to the credit of the new system, before you resolve to c'ontinue the old. A The remarks of Professor Johnston in his report on the Agriculture of New Brunswick, are so applicable to this subject, that I cannot do better than transcribe them here. He says : — f ' Afl regards his crops, the New Brunswick Farmer follows a system, which, even where regular manuring is practised, would injure the land, and which is therefore condemned and avoided by all good farmers ; but which, combined with the waste of manures and neglect of manuring, is certain to entail an early exhaustion. I mention particularly the repeated swcessive crops of hay which are taken year after year from the fields.*^ ' This custom, which is characteristic of these North American Pro- vinces, and has been naturally fallen into in consequence of the neces- sity of providing a large supply of winter food for the stock, is very injurious to the land. This, I believe, is generally acknowledged ; but the plea of necessity is urged as an excuse. It is not necessary to cut hay off the same, land year after year, without returning to it any manure ; neither is it necessary to feed stock altogether up(^ hay. i inf er that the lan d of thi^ Province, when fairly t reated, naust be prone ken u toes, ( grass vious ( seventl comrne ofteA t! than th sod toe practice under t general adopted follow tl; vated, ajs nish the Grass sown wit] deficient, of white, will do no tfeeatooB] V 129 ■ ■ '" P™'""" abondantlv from .l i ' ^'>eat, and 3/;r ^""^ '"^"^^ «"« crop of n^tlil '^ '""'^' ""^ «'•• l>een thankff 1T "^'^ *^ application, aU fl /" "'"'«• J^^r the " • t-Sr -" '■" ^ - "■^"" "^-■' °^- 1 „ ■ '«' s«'»A^',.s*«i^,«™'' a^/e^; Sorter "f toes, o'r -iXZn "t^ T "^ ^-. ^u™" i f r^jf S"" '^ '^^°- grass seeds • foZh ^'anare^ third year «}.?„? P'":«"'P8, pota- -usspring'ofa" r^^^^ '-7i3t;Ve;e^^^^^^^^^ ^''' seventh, and eighth years Tf- t''''''' ^^^ Jear hay aL -^T comfnence ap%m Vu '" ^^•^"^^ed, pasture • /n^Vk A ''^' «'^th, oftert taken tliTr.','' '*'^' ^^^^ the "7": ^ ? ^^^^ »>reafc up and than the first owTn?*^ ^T'.^^'^' '^^ theTeco„d cr";^- '*'? ««t« «re vated,aS irS,^rn.?'~~'^.''''°P^^i«t8houdr ''^ ^^^^^ *<> ,t)> ii£ 0^ f rr^ 130 improve the ioil ; and without white clover, pasture will not be what it ought."' A very interesting account of the experience of a Canadian farmer in following out a scientific rotation, will be found in the Appendix to the " Contributions." It is matter of gratulation, thafythe principles of the rotation, of crops are so much more generally understood and practised in this province than formerly ; ' but there i^ still much to bo learned; -r^ o. Agncvlivml Reports for Nova Scot in. It may be asked, why has not a collection of the methods of the beat Agriculturists in Nova Scotia been incorporated with the matter con- tained in tlii.^ pamphlet. To form such a c llection would at present be veiy, (liilicnlt ; but the writer is fully convinced of its utility, and would respectfully suggest the following simple method, by which the best agricultural experience of our country might be treasured ui) for the general benefit : — " ,, At all cattle shows and agricultural exhibitions, let it be annqunced that every exhibitor must hand in to the judges a written statement of the processes employed in the production of the article or animal exhi- bited by him ; and let the practicability of the method, us a profitable means of production, be taken into consideration in awarding the pre- mium Let the statements of the successful competitors be forwarded to the Central Board of Agriculture, and published and circulated in their Annual Report. This practice is extensively adopted in the Uni- ted fctates ; and 1 find in the preface to the last volume of the A-^ri- . cultural Transactions of Massachusetts,, that its still more general adoption is strongly recommended. " It is clear," says the Secretary ()t,that State, " that from these reports and statements the agricultural community derive no inconsiderable benefit ; and that from them ar£ to be drawn such general principles and deductions as will aid the pro- gress of agriculture. It is only by thus recording and publiahirxr facts and experiments that they become available to all. The advanfTges of such a practice would seem to be so obvious, and the obligation to ob- serve It so imperative on the societies receiving the State bounty, that It 13 a matter of regret that any society should fail to adopt it. *' * * But we could go, even further than this; such returns should be made compulsory, under penalty of a forfeiture of the annual gratuity civen by the coramonw6alth." As specimens of the statements furnished in Massachusetts, I give the following, which have been selected principally on account of their shortness. Many of them are much longer and more elaborate. Rkhard P. Waters' 3 ^taictmnt. " I offfl'^ for prem iiim a crop of c a rrot B » ra ise d efr o n o h un d re d »ad^ twenty square poles of land. )ij careful measurement, the product "'■*■■ ; facts 131 - liie present season we rnimnW T '^l^'^'^'S of manure ^ Interest on land ^'^'^'^nses of cultivation. Three cords of manure, ' ' " ^ - +,r, oo |-ad.,..„,re,p,ou,hin,J.;^^^^^^^^^^^ . -,3" ^0 Hoeing, weeding, and harvesting" " " - iS ■ - 26 50 *'''""^™*™.&veri^,N„v„,851. S5(i 75 . I( 'ow seven veai-a nU r" i w, "'^'^"leni. '"O'-ning, September m ^ S^^Pt^'^be. 13th. From Wedn««^ "rained „„lf of S ^1™ "'' ^"P'T'-'-'-SO, Tgavo m T"'" "«"ing, October 7, shTZ.nrr' "" "W "<^'l Snl tS ' 182 eight and one-fourth quarts, or one week's milk, would make sixteen pounds and eleven and one- fourth ounces. Z<'m/.- Pasturing, two quarts raeal^ and two pumpkins, per day." 6; Rccomnmidalmis selected from Professor JohmlotCs Report on the Aifricidture of Neio Brunswick. " After what has been said in the preceding chapters on the subject of individual pr.'Jotice, it will be unnecessary for uie now to touch npon many tilings which would otherwise have naturally found a place in the present chapter. By an improvement in practical agriculture, I understand a change m practice, which will enable the farmer to raise larger and more valu- ably crops from the same extent 'of land as before, or to produce equal Ciop.s at a cheaper rate, without permanent injury to the land. To the piactical man, therefore, I wish to recommeml nothing which, if rightly performed, will not, in my opinion, be the means of putting more m°ouev in his pocket. i- o j What I have said in my suggestions to Agricultural Societies, in regard to draining ; deep and subsoil ploughing ; green manuring ; the use of bones ; the saving of waste materials for the manufacture of manure ; the covering of manure from the action of the rains and snows in the fold yard, and from tlie washing of -the rains when laid upon the field; of the use of lime; of an earher cutting of the grain crops ; of improving the breeds of stock; of a bettor housing of the cattle; of the growth and use of green crops, linseed, and prepared food during the winter months: of more diligent and more extended fall ploughin.^; of the value of agricultural journals and books ; all this is intended as special advice also to the individual farmer. Each man can exercise a hr moie direct and beneficial influence ; beneficial to himself and to the Province; over his own practice, than Societies, however zealous they may be, can .be expected to do over that of the district in which they are placed. The improving farmer, indeed, does good in two ways. He not only puts more money immediately into his own pocket ; but by the influence of his prudent and successful example, he induces others around him to follow in his steps, and to put more money in theirs also. Thus the agricultural improver, the judicious, not the hasty and imprudent one, is a most valuable member of society, and it is for the best interests of every country to support, encourage, and honour him. 'J'here are only a very few additional topics on which I think it neces- sary to address a few observations to the practical farmers of New Brunswick. Ist. I would recoamend the abandonment of the system of crop- -pifig 4¥ith^grAJ%^r cutting for b ay ,-ttl} the laad i n e x h ansted—a system m . "^S 133 ^" spring to the early "'^3' r" , "u '^V*"^ 'W^'«d «8 a top Sn/ grain and root crones Ce h-- 'V^''^"">P« ^reaJreadVuTS custom of cutting fofht 'L aJr'r^ "^-'^u *^« ^^"<^' ^^e iZr^ f«r ever abandoned, sich land wh '•'''*^'"* '""°"'-«' «"gl't ^^ bought desirable, for t£ or fo^lai L^''" "'^T ^ P-*"^^ n permanent pasture, with an occasS L J ^T ^ '*"°^<^J ^ be than one year's hay ought I bo cut n ^ '^•■''^'°«' ^""^ "^^ more apphcatjon of some fcrtilinglbstan"' S it, ^'T"^ '"t' ^^'^'''^^^ the already been exhausted by such tre^tml? .? '"''^*'''^- ^^^^^ land has of a careful trial. ^ '"'^ treatment, the use of bones is deserving -ndly. The custom of leaving thn ^ a . ° natural grass, after the gran c"? ha^ ^ ' ', ''^''* '"^^^^ ^^'th Poor abandoned. It ought alCs T„^K?f ^T ^^^'"^ ««". should also be a naked fallow is no°t intenS I ha '.7''. ""''^ ^'''' «««d«. wire practical man. It is a Cr^'f ^•"''^* P''^"^ ^ ^^uld urge unon th« enter. There is a Cad nte/venS^^'^! "^^^^^ of New Brunswick agricuCre "nd^thJ^ ^?'''" the actual condiC brought by the judicfous apnlL*"on of «v"^ '"", *' ""^''^ '^ ^'ght be knowledge cannot be diffused a^n. cannot bT^ ^°'^ l^^" ^^^^ ^h^ of the Provmce all at once. What'thev do 1 ' """^T'^ ^^' *^« ^^rmera rally doubt, until they have seen t^"^. 1 "' ?''^' ^''"^ ^^'H "atu- causmg more profitable crops to grow utn'^ ^'^^^^^'^ l''^''^ '^^tually by a system of trials that genei^f confijC \Yu^- . ^' '«' *berefore, that method of improvement. ThrdltinSn« J'f '^*'^"^'^' '" ^bis «; desires to improve, to advance, whicht^l, f^'^'T- *^« '"*" ^bo matenal things in North AmerT^at tbV "^ '''"^'*'"° "^^^ting all who ,s content to sit still, is, that^heVrSf ^7'"' "'""' ^^^^ the man •nation, *nd having obtainWl' an nklL^ofl''^ ^.^/'^^^'^^ '''^fi^r- ZrJr*' .''^T " '^'■^P^^^'tion to Ike L of -r ^^^ ^^ge. perfect or methods of advancement in his om. Ill \\^ J^^^^ trials of the gf ts. The maker of ag^fcnltu^rPrnJ ' ""^''^ ^^' ^r^o^y\edge sug- who .s acquiring knowledf ' i 1* kir^wT' '^'''^'''' '« *^« ««« fully to himself, and is t^st ng tl e Zion! " T "PP^^ '' "><«' »««- may have heard or read bv tL 1 ? , ' *"'' recommendations li^ -^ bis hand. It is rfa;or^b ^si^onL'^dT-^^'^'^ ^'' ^™ p"- - Gently and ccon^icariy:-^ ^^ ^:L^^'^^ A -/, 134 The use of lime is recommended by many in the Province of New Jirunswick, and aa I think, with reason. The advancin.' man mill therefore, try lime in a small piece of his land, i^^eTToubts its efficacy' and his means are small ; he will try it in various ways, applied at dif- ferent times, to different crops, and in different soils; and the results will determine hnn as to whether it would be more profitable to use it on a larger scale. _ . * * ■* ^ * * * With bones, likewise, in various forms, small beginnings may he made by way of experiment. And so with all the improved practices 1 have dnecily recommended, or indirectly alluded to, the really good and zealous farmer, the man who loves his art, and wishes to advance It, it only for his own benefit, and on his own fartn, will, from time to time, try them, honestly, fairly, and prudently, yet fully, and will thus ' keep constantly advancing in experience, and in the profitable culture ot his land. There 19, indeed, now scarcely any field so wide as that ot the experimental farmer, none so full of endless novelties, which the active mind may investigate e.'sperimentally, and always with a view to profit. Lnljke the old stagnant art of farming, of which the principles were not understood, the art of this present time Is guided by clear principles; is full of ever new interest ; is in a constant state of pro- gression ; and affords full employment for highly intellectual and active minds. 4thly. In the preceding chapters I have recommended the growth ot flax, to a certain extent, for the purpose of procuring linseed as a h h Id ^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^"^^ *^^ winter's employment of the farmer's * * * * * * ' * 5thly. To one other topic I advert, because of its great practiciil importance, though already frequently noticed in this Reiwrt The improvement of the breed of stock is, in one point of view, the basis of the entire agricultural improvement of i district. Good stock neces- sitates good feeding. Much stock, and gdod feeding, produces much and rich manure. Ample manuring enriches the soil, and causes it to produce good crops ; and these large crops again, whether of corn hay ^ OF roots, afford the materials for abundant feeding, and for fold-yards lull of manure. " ■^ But in some parts of the Province there is a prejudice against im- proved breeds of stock. Thus, Mr. Hubbard, of Burton, writes to me • Ihe stock of the country will do better on what we farmers call stock hay and no shelter, than the English breed will on merchantable hay with shelter ; and horses the same.' I infer from these words of Mr Hubbard, however, that he looks for life profit of his farming, not to the stock he can keep, but to the hay he can sell off his farm If so he may continue to rear the hardy animals, which, after all, aio only old country stocky degenerated under the treatment they have received m the Provinces, and to make a profit by his goo d h ay ; but bis land, ''*0^ 'A'i^it.s^.^Tht.\-^:-ygii^]i^}i:^^^;!>^ 13") \ the Saint JolnVe^Tl '''''^^^^" ^^« per^ 4]]??"' fi^^^''^^ they yield frr^u""^ '"'"''^ ^^ey attain aiifj^^' ^ ''''"''^^S' °ot only ■»-'.., writo „,e "fouZ't *'" '^'" fi-. »'- oilw, TAS-" I-™ undo, ^h?;* ^'-^ fc^ -. came; „„;:de':rpa;, ^ I oonr, * L '^^!?PcIent means for ventila- ■A(| % » m . 2n(l. Better clearing and deeper ploughmg the soil. o/tLtsirasn^sfxLi^^^^^^^ 5th. .An abandonment also of the custom of takin-r reneate'd succes- 8.ve crops of corn off the same land, .vithout aLnaS with other other crops, and without manure. • before it'luni^tS '^"" ^' ''' ''"'^ '''"'' '' '^ ^""^ "P«' ^^ ^- 7th. Tutting down Indian corn with a knife,, as is done in New Yoi-k and use of the stalks in 'feeding milch Cows and other stock. ' ' 8th. Jsowmg buckwheat or rye t6 plough in green, and use of bone- dust to renovate exhausted or worn out lands ■ hnt^pL?^'!?^^'"it'P/'' ? "" '''''"'' *^"" ^'-^^ hitherto beett usual, but especial jr such land -as has ceased to be productive as formerly. 10th. faking advantage of every open day in the falUo plough and prepare the land for the spring sowing piouo" anu throlgh thfSr."'"' '*"' '' ""'^; P'^^' ^"^ ^^'«^f' ^- Wng 1 I'k" ^'■«J!'hng^>varm but well ventilated Ijousing for them. . whent!;:^:ri>:s'^^^^^ ''''' '''' ^^^ ^ -'^-^ -"^''- 14th. Grbwing turnips and linseed, with the view" of adding to >the lOtn Collectmg carefully, and preserving under cover, all the ma- nure made by his stock during the winter, that he may have it ubun- t^olr"^:!^ir^''''^''''''''' ^'' ^'''' ^"*i green^^rops.when he time ot planting «r ■sowing comes. « 16th Manuring annually,.by top dressing, his worn out hay lands when the llnd is not stumped and therefore^annot be ploughed up ' 17th. Colectmg carefully all waste bones, breaking them, and apply- 2n Cltv Vr*^ i ''^'''^^^ '^' "«« «^ ^^«« « ^0 be recommeS upon land which haa been worn out by over-cropping with corn. ISth. bowing down always with artificial grasses, when land, after a corn crop ,8 to be left with a view of its producing hay. .t(^k.»' ^ ' '^*"'' ^^ ^'"''' "^ plantations, for his fields ami " / -/■ i-» '» / 137 ^^yoN Cow.' 18 U \^ -1 ^ IBw — ^> — .. . > « .ii3r._ V ^ •"-ijw**-,... J-^ 141 %7. Ga >(>:(' I'l-o^VAy Bull, (Page 12.) *^«"*'^ ■^'g- 8. -Galloway Cow. X ,^' >< «. 'is^ \ b 'J f jtr 'tSsb »■ 14;! r'-'^ «i^.^iS- ^ t- Vi^^ ft It^ UMMIlr««>MW«. r- fr^.-^'-ffVt^fl^T^S^:*?-? vr,vV^ 'it. ^■ / y .M vfc. !,/■ /' f . ^ ^ 145 % n. 1 Avi^sHiBE Bau. (p,;;^ 3) \ %-32. Ai 'j--<5a£©^ BSfllHB Cow. 19 4^ \ y Che Ch)*! 1 '! , i 1 - GENERAL INDEX ^o Scientific Contribvtious tmoard th. r ArticIesintheOo.tWbutionsare:nariced«c» y \ ■V-:; Anim.lrc.f.,,ea.,ftlanuro, A»l>u8 as M«„uie, AlhalMHn Al«„ure, Ayrehire GuiMi BogSoil, improvemenl of. BuckwhMi, cdli.ire of BfMn», ciiliuro oi; Bron„,C„r„,rHl,u,.eof. Bog Alud H« Manure. Hone Waniiip, Breeds of Ciiiile, Sheep, _" Swine, - — — I'uulir>-, Brceling ol Calil,.. "Hller, HHkinjf of, "-- Siillin,' of, "u", l>f«t po,„[g „f Box !i;cdiiig. Bacon, lo cnie, :"';'"'«- "" "lie Dai,... Bl«ik.l;,c,d Sheep, ^' Beiki.hire Hog, Cli„,are of NoTa Scotia, l^o'fi, culture of, C'liirot. culture of, ' «:^''Ver, culture of, Oilerpi|lur..&„., ,„d J,, Currant, cul.ure .,f ^' Cranl,erry,^„l„„„ „f C««l A»hee a. flJanuie. Caule, Urend* of, ~— Choico of, - Breedinji o(, - Pmicning, •" ?'''.';'"« •<> market. ~ '"«««ll feerfiug, — Soiling, «^*ii«iloj) Cheece. ' JJishlej Slieop, Ersot in Wbeit, fcjtmoo: Sheep, Ply on Turnips, » Flax, culture of, Fiuit t rees, culture of, Z, '. I'iseahes of. Fattening of Cattle, Ooof eberry, culture of J^ypsuin as Manure. ' (■Hlloiiay Calile, Ooose, rearinar <>», Uloitces,er Chee.e, to make. Hessian Klv, Hemp, culture of, »'"'•. &c.. as Manure, Her.-ford Cattle, HiKlil:.nd an lie, H"««e«, training and food of. Intervale Soiln, J"hns,o„. P.of., .election, from. Lime as .Miinhrc, Long-horned Cattle, IWnrsh Soils, Slangold Wurliel. iManure, Marl as AInntire M:.n.,ge,ne.., .,f „ Karm, Milch Cow., ,,„„ii,ie, of, "'"'• P?'"l">«iMon and quali.ie,. Man t gemniiL u f^ / ! _- FAOK 66 9 10 12 87 8S 6» tZl 6» C46 c6S c«T 27 '^ c«2 c76 12 8o 61 rS6 r56 c69 c81 10 18 S3 W^fMnking, *• Meriuu Sbec|i, ' c26 c90 182 c7l 12 c24 c« 98 c68 lut c:72 c93 48 S t •» i';, ili!. ). ./■ T - — «i1limiiCag-g||gj^»'^^ ":.;.,- ■ *siai^*»*''- I*- •/ ,,■■ Oat, culture of, Orchard Culture, Uxen (or dcHUjjht, TrHiiiiii|i( o/, ' Yuking of, Gumparieun with HorsCF, Peaa, <"u!»ilre of,- PutiilM, culture of. Pork, c'uriii;; ot, Poultry, breeds of, Yard Hiid Sheds (or, Choice o(, — ^— Food of, ' Laying and (Inlching of, I IlinUoi),by Mr. Duwoes, - Plough ifif!, ^ U|lf»iiip, culture of, l^lurage, i*e(era on Manure;, lluBt in Wheat, Kyp, culture ot, . K«i( in the Potato, iSoiU, texture and composition of, — — Kinds of, in Nova Scotia, 148 PAGE (36 cd7 25 >b. 26 27 c4l c47 73 73 76 77 , lA. 79 83 88 100 27 107 c30 c38 c47 cl4 c20 Soils, Clawificalion of. Smut ill Wheal, Slrawborry, tuliure of, Susoex Call le, Slal|. (ceding, S iliiig, "Shecji, breeds of, yeli'clioii and rearing of, tylitfarins aiid Wool, Swine, breeds of, T Feeding,- Do. in United Blaten, Slies for, FAGS c28 eSU c62 . 10 £9 i6. 67 59 62 66 67 69 71 4» Salting of Butter, Skim Cheese, Turnip, culiiue of, c42 9& Turkey, rearing and treatment of, 82. Wheal, culture ol, ' . c28 Wee»il in Wheal, •S2 Weather Table, . ^^ Wool, sons and value of, . 62 Weight ol Swine, 69 -J Cattle, ; 14 11 L Yorkshire Caille, . I-- I . .V i ^ • • .^'A'lio -.i.c .flu \,Jm-t • ^ w ngof, PASR i;28 c3(> c62 , 10 i» it. 67 &9 62 66 67 1 Stales, 69 71 4» U c42 9» uent of, 82 , cJ8 •S2 fSl «2 -' I. ,V . ^K * , ■X" .^' ^.'v HI. .'A r ^ .f ■^ '' J. ^ » • 7^ J .^_---- "ST*";, *_ - -.t-.s ^*-' •# • '_ » **-'v ^ -•I" Pf.s?!; €♦ :f r 7- • || T '» J <; < if :t i) ( ;>.:? " • • ■ ... • I • ..w • *• • • t. ■■:w. bmimu. u \ ■e-^ .'V -T / , • • • JM-'^::i,tfc. •<* vj. WW