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Canadian Instituta for Historical iMicroraproductiona / Institut Canadian da microraproductiona hiatoriquaa TImi Instltiils hfls toofetain llMibMt 01 tM9 ' MMf Miy OV wW IHMmsS III VRS Ml« Of WMNflil HMy MftlHlloWHI iIm umim mviliod of flliiNii||« cio oImsImm ImIow« □ Coteurad Mv«n/ CouvortiM* d« eoulMir r~~| Coumn dmtmg^d/ D D CoMVftiira widomii M io** Covara rattorMi and/or tominatMl/ Couvartura raatauria at/ou paWauMa Covar tMa mlaaing/ La titia da GOMvartura manqtia pn Coloiirad mafM/ D Cartaa gtograpMquaa an ooulaur Colouiad ink (i.a. othar than blua or blaekl/ Enera da aoiMaur li.a. autra qua Maua ou nok«} rn Colourad plataa and/or Wi mralio n a / D D D D Ptanohas at/ou INuatratlona an aoulaur Bound wltli othar matarial/ RaM avae d'autraa doeumanta Tight binding may cauaa ahadowwa or diatortion along intarior margin/ Lar«ilura sarria paut eauaar da I'oinbra ou da ia diatortion la long da la marga IntMaura Blank laavaa addad during ra a tor a tion nuiy appaar vwlthin tha taxt. Whanavar poMlMa. thaaa hava baan omittad from fHmkig/ II aa paut qua aartainaa pagaa blanehaa ajoutiaa lora d'una raatauratkm appar a i aa a n t dana la taxta. maia. loraquo cola Atalt poaaibla. caa pagaa n'ont paa *ta film4aa. AdcSitlonal commanta:/ Commantairaa aupplAmantairaa: L NMMliit a iiiiarofHiiia la fnaWaur axamplalra quH hd a di* pe n iblt da aa proauiar. taa ddiaHa una Nnaga raprodunat ou qui pauvant aidgar una modMaation dana la malhoda nor maw da fNmaga D D D D Pagaa damagad/ r aat o rod and/or laminatad/ raatauriaa at/ou paWeuMaa diaeolourad, atainad or foxad/ dteoloraaa. tachatiaa ou pkiuAaa dataehad/ datachaaa rri Showthrough/ Tranaparanca Quality of prin Qualiti indgala da I'impraaaion ineiudas aupplamantary matarii Comprand du matiriai auppMmantaira I I Quality of print variaa/ pn Ineiudas aupplamantary matarial/ I — I Only adition availabia/ D Sauia Mition diaponibia Pagaa wholly or partially obscurad by arrata siipa. tissuaa. ate., hava baan rafilmad to ansura tha baat poasibia Imaga/ Laa paf^aa totalamant ou partialiamant obaeureiaa par un fauiilat d'arrata, una palura, ate., ont ati fHmaaa i nouvaau da fa^on t obtanir la maiilaura imaga poasibia. Ttiia itam is filmed at tha raduetion ratio ehaekad balow/ Co doeumant eat filmi au taux da rMuetion indiquA el-daasous. 10X 14X lax 22X MX aox c 7 3 lax iw aox 2«X 32X liMdAtaNt f ■ liquAM itair* i by errata mad to nam una palura. fapon k 32X TiMOOPIf Oouftaa Library Q uaa n 'a UnivaraHy Tha_ at tlia fl H aln a l aoBir and In kaankia m lil i ttia Original eepla a In prinlad iMpar aovara ava fNmad MM anuHig on alon. or tha book e owar mthan Aral paga with a printad alon, and andlng on tha i or Muatratad hnpraaalen IHiiBtratad Iiimmmb> paga wHh a printad Tha laat raeordad fframa on aach microfloha ahaN contain tha aymbol — ^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tho aymbol Y (moaning "END"), whiehavar appNaa. Mapa, plataa, cliarta. ate., may ba fHmad at dlffarant raduetion ratioa. Tlioaa too iarga to bo ontiraly includad in ono oxpoaura ara filmad beginning in tha uppar loft hand oomar, laft to right and top to bottom, aa many fframaa aa raquirad. Tha foilowring diagrama llluatrata tha mathod: 1 2 3 L'( 1111119 WOT tv^^^NRl Ali Q uaa n 'a Unhwra l ty da la natiaM da r i lanu da la oondMon la at arlglnmui dont la oouvarturo an par M pianiiar piai oi an wnninani aon par m damMro poga gul oomporta una amprafnta dlmpraaaion ou dINuatratlan, aalt par la aaoond plat, aalon la caa« Toua laa autraa axamplalraa orl ^ auK aont l im ia an oommon ya nt par la pramMra paga gul aomporta una amprainta d impr aaalon ou dHu a tr a tlon at an tarminant par la darniira paga qui eomporto una taNa amprainta. Un daa aymboiaa auhranta apparaltra aur la damlAra imaga da ehaqua microficho, aalon la caa: la aymbolo -^- aignifia "A 8UIVRE", la aymbolo ▼ aignifia "RN". Laa eartaa, planchaa, tablaaux. ate., pauvant Atra film4a i daa taux da rMuetion d i f f ira n ta. Loraquo la doeumont oat trop yand pour Atra raproduit an un aaul oNehA. H oat fHmA A partir da I'angla aupAriaur gaueha, da gaueha A droito, at da haut an baa, an pranant la nombra dimagaa nAcaaaalra. Laa diagrammaa auivanta HhMtrant la mAthodo. 1 2 3 4 5 6 / va y,jt ^^ J^^S^rei. 0,% 4^ ^ /■/- WORKS ISSUED BY WtK Haftlugt J^odetg. THE OBSERVATIONS OF SIR RICHARD HAWKINS. M.IH ( X.XI.VII. ^ w I THK OBSERVATIONS SIR RICHARD HAWKINS, K'? T IN HI* VOYAGE INTO THE SOUTH SEA IN THE YEAU 16Q3. RliPIIINTrD FKOM TBI IDITION OF 1623. KOITBD BT C. R. DRINKWATER BETHUNE, CAPTAIH B.ir. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE UAKLUYT SOCIETY. M.DCCC.XLTII. THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY. Coiiutl. SIR RODERICK IMPEY MURCHISON, O.C.StS . F.R.S., Conr. Mrnn. Init. Fr; Hon. Mem. Imp. Acad. Se. St. Pclenburg, Ice. Ac, I'rbiiidint. VicbAdmibal sir CHARLES MALCOLM, Kt Thb Rbt. H. H. MILMAN. MA. 1" IOI-P>«tSIPBMTl. CHARLES T. BEKE, ESQ., PHIL. D., V.S.A. CAPTAIN C. R. DRINKWATER BETHUNB. EN., C.B MAJOR-GENERAL J. BRIG08, F.R.S. CAPTAIN F. BULLOCK, RN. BOLTON CORNBY ESQ., M.R.8.L. CHARLES DARWIN. ESQ., F.RS. SIR HENRY ELLIS, K.H., F.R.S. JOHN FORSTER, ESQ. J. G. GRAY. ESQ., F.R.S. W. R. HAMILTON, ESQ., F.RS. T. HODGKIN, ESQ., M.D SIR JAMES M'GRIOOR, BARONET, M.D.. F.RS R. H. MAJOR, ESQ. R. MONCKTON MILNE8. ESQ., M.P. SIB J. RICHARDSON. M.D., F.RS. ANDREW SMITH, ESQ., M.D. SIR GEORGE T. STAUNTON, BARONET, MP., F.R.S. WILLIAM DESBOROUGH COOLGY, Esq., F.R.G.S.. Sicbitabt. -j7 ir^M*^: • KI)|T(»H'S PKEFACK. Many of the onrly voyages to the Spanish posses- sionst in South America, are open to the charge of having been conducted more upon buccaneering principles, than on those that should guide nations in their intercourse with each other. Even Sir Francis Drake, on his return from one of the most memorable, endured the mortification of being considered little better than a pirate, and it required all the honors conferred on him by Queen Elizabeth, to set him right in public opinion. This is not the proper place to discuss the question, whether England was justified in allow- ing such expeditions to leave her shores; it is sufficient to state, that our author is not liable to a. y animadversion, as his voyage was undertaken under the authority of the Queen's commission ; and • •• VIII RDlTdliS rUKKACe. his conduct was marked throughout by humanity and bencvulence. Wc can hardly appreciate too highly the ad* venturous daring of these early navigators ; but while we give due credit to them for attempting such long voyages into almost unknown seas, in vessels of small burthen, we must not imagine that they were utterly unprovided for the nature of the expected service : on the contrary^ great care seems have been taken both in selecting proper crews, and in providing them with everything needful. Sir Richard Hawkins, at page 12, alludes generally to his own preparations; and we read in the ac> counts of Sir Francis Drake's expedition, "that his vessels were plentifully furnished with all manner of provisions and necessaries for so long and danger- ous a voyage; and such as served only for ornament and delight were likewise not forgotten. For this purpose he took with him very expert musicians for several instruments. His furniture of all kinds was rich and sumptuous ; all the vessels for his table, and many in the cook-room, being of pure silver, curiously wrought, and many other things whereby the magnificence of his native country might be displayed." EDITORS I'REFACR. IX Wf find even more detail in the North IVest FoXy or Fox from the North-west passage^ Lundon, 1635: a work professing to give an account of all Northern voyagers, commencing with King Arthur, and ending with Captain Luke Fox. We quote from the preface to the latter voyage : — "The ship of his Majesties, was (of my own chusing, and the best for condition and quality, especially for this voyage, that the world could afford), of burthen eighty tonnes, the number of men twenty, and two boyes, and by all our cares was sheathed, cordaged, builded, and repaired ; all things being made exactly ready against an oppointed time. My greatest care was to have my men of godly conversation, and such as their years, of time not exceeding thirty-five, had gained good experi- ence, that I might thereby be the better assisted, especially by such as had been upon those frost- biting voyoges, by which they were hardened for indurance, and could not so soone be dismayed at the sight of the ice. For beardless younkers, I knew as many as could man the boate was enough ; and for all our dependances was upon God alone, for I had neither private ambition or vaine glory. "And all these things I had contractedly done by 4 11. , I/-; I X EDITOU'S PREFACE. the master, wardens, and assistants of the Trinity House. For a lieutenant I had no use; but it grieved me much that I could not get one man that had been on the same voyage before, by whose counsaile or discourse I might better have shunned the ice. I was victualled compleatly for eighteene months; but whether the baker, brewer, butcher, and other, v/ere master of their arts, or professors or no, I know not ; but this I am sure of, I had excellent fat beefe, strong beere, good whe ten bread, good Iceland ling, butter and cheese ol *he best, admirable sacke and aqua-vita;, pease, > .t- meale, wheat-meale, oyle, spice, sugar, fruit, id rice; with chyrugerie, as sirrupa, julips, cor its, trechisses, antidotes, balsoms, gummes, ung' nts, implaisters, oyles, potions, suppositors, and purging pills; and if I wanted instruments, my chyrugioii had enough. My carpenter was fitted from the thickest bolt to the pumpe nayle, or tacket. The gunner, from the sacor to the pistol. The boat- swaine, from the cable to the sayle twine. The steward and cooke, from the caldron to the spoone. " And for books, if I wanted any I was to blame, being bountifully furnisht from the treasurer with money to provide me, especially for those of study KDITOHS PREFACE. XI there would be no leisure, nor was there, for I found work enough." Besides this abundant preparation of all things needful for the body, rules for good discipline were not wanting, which we also transcribe, considering they have some relation to the matter in hand. " May 7, anno 1631. — The voyage of Captaine Luke Fox, in his Majesties pinnace the Charles^ burthen seventy tonnes, twenty men, and two boyes, victuals for eighteen months, young Sir John Wolstenholme being treasurer. " Orders and articles for civill government, to be duly observed amongst us in this voyage. = " Forasmuch as the good successe and prosj^erity of every action doth consist in the due service and glorifying of God, kno^ving that not only our being and preservation, but the prosperity of all our actions and enterprizes doe immediately depend upon His Almighty goodness and mercy ; of which this being none of the least, eyther of nature or quality. For the better governing and managing of this present voyage, in his Majesties ship the CharleSj bound for the North-west Passage, towards the South Sea, May 7, 1631, as foUoweth: — " 1. That all the whole company, as well officers Xll EDITORS PREPACK. as others, shall duly repaire every day twice, at the call of the bell, to hcare publike prayers to be read (such as are authorized by the Church), and that in a godly and devout manner, as good Christians ought. "2. That no man shall swear by the name of God, nor use any prophane oath, or blaspheme his holy name, upon pain of severe punishment. " 3. That no man shall speak any vile or unbe- seeming word, against the honour of his Majestic, our dread soveraigne, his lawes or ordinances, or the religion established and authorized by him here in England, but as good subjects shall duly pray for him. " 4. That no man shall speake any doubtfull or despairing words against the good successe of the voyage, or make any doubt thereof, eyther in pub- lique or private, at his messe, or to his watch-mate, or shall make any question of the skill and know- ledge eyther of superiour or inferior officer, or of the undertakings ; nor shall offer to combine against the authority thereof, upon the paine of severe punishment, as well to him that shall first heare and conceale the same, as to the first beginner. " 5. That no man do offer to filch or steale any EDITOR 8 PREFACE. Xlll any of the goods of the ship or company, or doe offer to breake into hould, there to take his pleasure of such provisions as are layd in gencrall for the whole company of the ship; nor that any officer appointed for the charge and oversight thereof, doe other wayes than shall be appointed him, but shall every man bee carefull for the necessary preservation of the victuall and fuell conteyned in the hould ; and that also every officer be so carefull of his store, as hee must not be found (upon examination) to deserve punishment. " 6. That no man doe grumble at his allowance of victuall, or steale any from others, nor shall give cross language, eyther to superior or equal, in re- viling words or daring speeches, which do tend to the inflaming of blood or inraging of choller; remembering this also, that a stroke or a blow is the breach of his Majesties peace, and may not want his punishment therefore, as for other reasons. " 7. That at the boatswaine's call, all the whole company shall appeare above decke, or else that his mate fetch up presently all such sloathfuU persons, eyther with rope or cudgell, as in such cases deserves the same. The quarter-masters shall look into the steeridge, while the captains, masters, and mates are at dinner, or at supper. \ XIV EDITOR S PREFACE. " 8. That all men duely observe the watch, as well at anchor as under sayle, and at the discharge thereof, the boatswaine or his mate shall call up the other ; all praising God together, with psalme and prayer. And so committing our selves, both soules and bodies, ship and goods, to God's mercifull pre- servation, wee beseech him to steere, direct, and guide us, from the beginning to the end of our voyage: which hee make prosperous unto us. Amen." Sir Richard Hawkins followed the profession of a seaman from an early age. Brought up in stir- ring times, under the eye of his father, one of the most experienced naval commanders of his time, he appears to have inherited a knowledge of sound principles of discipline, and to have become imbued with that indomitable courage, tempered with pru- dence, essential to the character of a good sea officer. In 1588, Captain Hawkins commanded the Swallow^ a Queen's ship of three hundred and sixty tons, and assisted in her at the destruction of the Spanish armada. He appears at that period to have attained a certain consideration, as he was employed as Queen's Commissioner, to settle some prize claims. He next undertook the voyage the EDITOR S PREFACE. XV history of which is recounted in the following pages. After his return from his detention in the South Seas, we find him, in 1620, in the Vanguard, of six hundred and sixty tons, vice-admirall of Sir Robert Mansel's expedition against the Algerines. He died suddenly shortly afterwards. Admiral Buniey, in his History of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Seas, alluding to this work, says, " it might with propriety have been entitled a book of good counsel; many of his observations being unconnected with the voyage he is relating, but his digressions are ingenious and entertaining, and they frequently contain useful or curious in- formation" : and Mr. Barrow, in his Memoirs of the Naval Worthies of Queen Elizabeth, thinks that the " Observations must take their station in the very first rank of our old sea voyages." Similar considerations led the council of the Hakluyt Society to select it, though not exactly a rare work, for early publication; and it is sub- mitted to the Members, with a confident hope that it will repay an attentive perusal. The editor has confined his labours to repro- ducing the text of the original, with only sucli slight alterations as were necessary where the sense \ XVI EDITORS PREFACE. of the author had been obviously marred by a mis- print ; giving such explanations of obsolete words and technical terms as might embarrass an unpro- fessional reader; identifying the places visited with their modem appellation, where practicable ; and adding such remarks as occurred to him while correcting the proof sheets. C. R. D. B. Nov. 1847. \\ THE OBSERVATIONS OF S^^ RICHARD HAW- KINS KNIGHT, IN HIS VOIAGE INTO THE South Sea, Anno Domini, i593. V.1K "^ Per varios CasuSy Artem Experientiafecitf Exemplo monstrante viam.- -Manil. li. i. LONDON Printed by /. D. for Iohn Iaggard, and are to be sold at his shop at the Hand and Starre in Fleete-streete, neer« the Temple Gate. 4 6 S S. ywrr— "-f^^rw^i- . " - i . < !. ■ TO THE MOST ILU'STUIOl S AND MOST KX«KU.KNT PRINCE CHARLES, PRINCE OF WALES, DIKE OF rOHNKWALL, EAUI.K OF CHESTEH, ETC. MONGST other neglects prejudicial! to this state, I have observed, that many the worthy and heroyque acts of our nation, have been buried and forgotten : the actors themselves being desirous to shuunc emulation in publishing them, and those which overlived them, fearefull to adde, or to diminish from the actors worth, judgement, and valour, have forborne to write them ; by which succeeding ages have been deprived of the fioiits which might have beene gathered out of their experience, had they beene committed to record. To avoyd this neglect, and for the good of my country, I have thought it ray duty to publish the observations of my South Sea Voyage; and for that unto your highncsse, your heires, and successors, it is most likely to be advan- tagious (having brought on me nothing but losse and misery), I am bold to use your name, a protection unto it, and to offer it with all humblenes and duty to your high- nesse approbation, which if it purchase, I have attained my desire, which shall ever ayme to performe dutie. Your Highnesse humble And devoted servant, RICHARD HAWKINS. TO TIIK KKADEK. AD that u'orthie knight, the author, lived to have seen this his Treatise published, he would perhaps himselfe have given the account there- of: for by his oume directions it was put to the presse, though it pleased God to take him to his mercy during the time of the impression. His purpose was to have recommended both it and himselfe unto our most ejcrellent Prince Charles, and himselfe wrote the Dedication, which being imparted unto me, I conceited that it stood not with my dutie to suppresse it. Touching the discourse it se(fe, as it is out of my element to Judge, so it is out of my purpose to say much of it. This onely I may boldly promise, that you shall heere Jind an expert seaman, in his owne dialect, deliver a true relation of an unfortunat voyage ; which howsoever it proved lamentable and fatall to the actors, may yet prove pleatting to the readers : it being an itch in our natures to delight in newnes and varietie, be the subject never so grievous. This (if there were no more) were yet worthy your perusall ; and is as much as others have with good acceptance afforded in relations of this nature. Howbeit besides the bare series and context of the stone, you shall heere Jinde interwcuvi-d, VI TO TIM: lUAIlKK. MUHifrif r.iiirt dfnrriptittuM of Ciniitlrifs, Toinii'ii, Ca/M'M, Proi iontotic», Hivefn, Creekii, //arfioutn, ami thf like, not iin- jirof iithle for nariffofom ; henhleii many notiihh' ohiten'aliotM, the fniitf'H of II fonif e.i'jH'i'ienri', that may i/in- lii/ht toiirhini/ iiiariiH' ai'i'iitfntit, vrvn to the hvnt riiptahn'n ami vommaund- ern : irho if thvy ilcMtri' to leant by prereiiln, tthall here jind utore : hilt if iwamplen preraile more with them, here are also ulii'im pcriculii. (f you believe mee not, reade and Jiiilf/e. Farcwfll. TIIK UlisF.|{VATlOXS SIR RICHARD HAWKINS, KNKillT, IN HI* VOYAGE INTO THE SOUTH SEA. SECTION I. WITH the counsels consent, and liclpc of my father, Sir John Hawkins,' knight, I resolved a voyage to be made for the Hands of Japan, of the Phillippinas, and Mohtcas, the kingdomcs of China, and East Indies, by the uay of the Straites of Magelan, and tlic South Sea. Tlie priucipail end of our designcmcnts, was, to make a The n-m. perfect discovery of all those parts where I should arrive, "•"«»»«"«» as well knownc as unknownc, witli their longitudes, and latitudes ; the lying of their coasts ; their head-lands ; or mruu. their ports, and bayes ; their cities, townes, and peoplings; their manner of government ; with the commodities which the countries yeelded, and of which they have want, and are in nec^ssitie. For this purpose in the end of anno 1588j returning or ihipping. from the journey against the Spanish Armado, I caused a 1 Sir John Hawkins was one of the most distinguished men of his period- He was a noted commander at sea forty-eight jeors, and treasurer of the navy for twenty-two years ; and it was generally owned that he was the author of more useful inventions, and intro- duced into the navy better regulations, than any officer before his time. 8 Hawkins' voyage into 8«eL I. Improper names for sliippiDg. s) jp to be builded in the river of Thames, betwixt three and foure hundred tunnes, which was finished in that per- fection as could be required ; for shee was pleasing to the eye, profitable for stowage, good of sayle, and well condi- tioned. The day of her lanching being appoynted, the Lady Hawkins (my mother-in-law) craved the naming of the ship, which was easily granted her : who knowing what voyage was pretended to be undertaken, named her the Repentance : what her thoughts were, was kept secret to her selfe ; and although many times I expostulated with her, to declare the reason for giving her that uncouth name, I could never have any other satisfaction, then that re- pentance was the safest ship we could sayle in, to purchase the haven of Heaven. Well, I know, shee was no pro- phetesse, though a religious and most vertuous lady, and of a very good understanding.' Yet too propheticall it fell out by Gods secrete judge- meutes, which in his wisdome was pleased to reveale unto us by so unknowne ii way, and was sufficient for the present, to cause me to desist from the enterprise, and to leave the ship to my father, who willingly tooke her, and paid the entire charge of the building and furnishing of her, which I had concorted* or paid. And this I did not for any superstition I have in names, or for that I thiuke them able to further or hinder any thing ; for that all immediately dependeth upon the Providence of Almightie God, and is disposed by him alone. Yet advise I all persons ever (as neere as they can) by all meanes, and in all occasions, to presage unto them- ' Possibly her ladyship's thoughts may bo explained by the con- sideration that she compared the objects of the proposed voyage with those followed out by her husband. lie was the first Englishman who engaged in the inhuman traffic of slaves, and was granted the unenviable addition to his arms : " a dcmi moor proper ; bound." * Incuired ? THE SOITH SEA. 9 selves the good they can, and in giving names to tcrestriall ^**^' workes (especially to ships), not to give such as meerly represent the celestial character ; for few have I knowne, or seen, come to a good end, which have had such attri- butes. As was plainely scene in the Revenge, which was The/jriv-ye ever the nnfortunatest ship the late qucenes majestic had during her raigne; for coming out of Ireland, with Sir John Parrot, shee was like to be cjist away upon the Kentish coast. After, in the voyage of Sir John Hawkins, my father, anno 1586, slice struckc aground coming into Plimouth, before her going to sea. Upon the coast of Spaine, shee left her fleete, readie to sinke with a great leake : at her retume into the harbour of Plimouth, shee beate upon Winter stone ; and after, in the same voyage, going out of Portsmouth haven, shee ranne tmce agi'oundj and in the latter of them, lay twentie-two houres beating upon the shore, and at length, with eight footc of water in hold, shee was forced oflF, and presently ranne upon the Oose : and was cause that shee remained there (with other three ships of her majesties) six months, till the spring of the yeare; when coming about to bee decked,' entring the river of Thames, her old leake breaking upon her, had like to have drowned all those which were in her. In anno 1591, Avitli a storme of wind and weather, riding at her moorings in the river of Rochester, nothing l)ut her bare masts over head, shee was turned topse-tiu-ric, her kelc uppermost : and the cost and losse shee wrought, I Imvc too good cause to remember, in her last voyage, in which shee M'as lost, when shee gave England and Spain just cause to remember her. For the Spaniards themselves confesse, that three of their ships sunke by her side, and was the death of above 1500 of their men, ■with the losse ^''f >'«»'*' llncliiitHKe- of a great pai't of their fleete, by a storme which suddainly '"''""»• tooke them the next day. What English died in her, 1 Dockcl ; 10 HAWKINS VOYACfE INTO The ThuH derbolt of Loudon. TbeJeiuiot Lubeok, 11 '■ I , ;[' r t *"' ' • many living arc witnesses : amongst whieh was Sir Richard Grecnfeild,' a noble and valiant gentleman, nce-admirall in her of her majesties fleete. So that, well considered, shec was even a ship loaden, and full fraught with ill succcsse. Tlie like wee might behold in the Thunderbolt, of Lon- don, who, in one voyage (as I remember), had her mast cleft with a thunderbolt, upon the coast of Barbary. After in Dartmouth, going for admirall of the Whaftage,'* and guard of the fleete for the river of Bourdieux, had also her poope blown up with fire sodainly, and unto this day, never could be knowne the cause, or manner how : and lastly, shee was burned with her whole companie in the river of Bourdieux, and Master Edward Wilson, generall in her, slaine by his enemies, hanng escaped the fire. The successe of the Jesus of Lubecke, in Saint John de Jnre*''^'' Vlua, in the Nova Spania, infamous to the Spaniardes ;' with my Repentance, in the South Sea, taken by force, hath utterly impoverished, and overthrowne our house. of'sifain^'" '^*® Joumcy of Spaiuc, pretended for England, anno 1587, called the Journey of Revenge, left the principall of their men and ships on the rocks of Cape Finister, and the rest made a lamentable end, for the most part in the Groyne.* No more for this poynt, but to our purpose. ' The brave defence of Sir Richard Greenfeild, or Greenville, against nearly the whole Spanish fleet, merits being here recorded : himself severely wounded and his shij) a complete wreck, he ordered her to bo sunk, but to this his officers would not consent, so she surrendered on terms. Out of one hundred men fit to bear arms, near sixty survived this glorious action ; but hardly a man but carried off some wounds as memorials of their courage. » Convoy ? Whafter. A term applied to ships of war, — probably from their carrying flags or whafts. ' This alludes to a base attack made on Sir John Hawkins, after ho had entered into a friendly agreement with the Viceroy. * Corogne (F.) Coruna (S.). TMK SOUTH SK.\. II SECTION II. The Repentanre being put in perfection, nnd riding at Detford, the qucenes nmjestie piissing by her, to her pal- lace of Greenwych, commanded her bargemen to row round about her, and viewing her from post to stemmc, disliked nothing l)ut her name, and said, that shee would christen her anew, and that henceforth shee should be called the Daintie ; which name she brooked as well for her proportion and grace, as for the many happic voyages shee made in her majesties scr\ice ; lianng taken (for her majestic) a great Bysten,' of five hundred tunnes, loadcn with iron and other commodities, under the conduct of Sir Martin Furbusher; a carackc bound for tlic East Indies, under my fathers charge, and the principall cause of taking the great caracke, brought to Dartmouth by Sir John Borrow, and the Earl of Cumberlands shippcs, anno 1592, with others of moment in her other voyages." To us, shee never brought but cost, trouble, and care. Therefore ' Probably an abbreviation or misprint for Biscayan. Lcdiard relates, that in 1592, an expedition, fitted out against the Spaniards, took a great Biscayan shipp of six hundred tunnes, laden with all sorts of small iron-work. '•* This great carackc was taken, after a sharp engagement, by six ships, part of the expedition alluded to in note 1 ; which was dis- patched expressly to the Azores, to lie in wait for the East India carackes. This expedition left under the command of Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir John Borrough. Sir Walter was, however, superseded by Sir Martin Forbisher. She was called the " J/at/re de Bios" a seven- decked ship of one hundred and sixty-five feet from stem to stem, manned with six hundred men. The burthen of this carackc was six- teen hundred tons, and she carried thirty-two brass guns. Ilcr cargo, besides jewels, lehich never came to liffht, was as follows : spices, drugs, silks, and calicoes, besides other wares, many in number, but less in value, as elephant's teeth, china, cocoa-nuts, hides, ebony, and cloth made from rinds of trees. All which being appraised, was reckoned to amount to at least one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. The car- racke, or Carraca, was a large vessel of two masts, used in the India and Brazilian trade. S8 HAWKINS' VOYAOK INTO I il **"" " my father resolved to sell her, though witli some lossc, which he imparted with mc : and for that I had ever u particular love imto her, and a desire shee should continue ours, I offered to ease him of the charge and care of her, and to take her, with all her furniture at the price he had before taken her of me ; with resolution to put in execu- tion the voyage for which shee was first builded ; although it lay six months and more in suspence, partly, upon the pretended voyage for Nombrededios and Panama, which then was fresh a foote ; and partly, upon the caracke at Dartmouth, in which I was imployed as a commissioner ; but this businesse being ended, and the other pretence waxing colde, the fift of March I resolved, and beganne to goe forward with the jovuney, so often talked of, and so much desired. consideniii- And haviug made an estimate of the charge of victualls, on» for pre- ° o j tjHided voy. munition, imprests,^ sea-store, and necessaries for the sayd ship ; consorting another of an hundred tunnes, which I waited for daily from the Straites of Giberalter, with a pynace of sixtie tunnes, all mine owne : and for a com- petent number of men for them ; as also of all sorts of marchandises for trade and traffique in all places where wee should come ; I began to wage men, to buy all man- ner of victualls and provisions, and to lade her Mith them, and with all sorts of commodities (which I could call to minde) fitting; and dispatched order to my servant in Plimouth, to put in a readinesse my pynace ;* as also to take rro»isionii up certaine pronsions, which ai'c better cheape in those better pro- * '■ mouuf'thin P^* *^*^^ ^^ London, as beefc, porke, bisket, and sider. •t London, ^jj^ ^^^]j ^]jg diligence I used, and my fathers furtherance, at the end of one moneth, I was ready to set saylc for Plimouth, to joyne with the rest of my shippes and pro- visions. But the expecting of the coming of the lord high ' Bounty ? or perhaps wages paid in advance. " A small vessel fitted with sails and oars. THE SOITII SKA. u admirnll, Sir Robert Cccill, principnll secretary to her majestie, and Sir Walter Rawley, with others, to honour ray shippe and me with their presence and farewell, de- tayned rac some dayes; and the raync and untemperate weather deprived rac of the favour, which I was in hope to have received at their hands. Whereupon, being loath to loose raore time, and the winde serving according to ray wish, the eight of April, 1593, I caused the pilot to set sayle from Blackwall, and to vayle' down to Gravescnd, whether that night I purposed to come. Having taken my unhappy last leave of my father Sir John Hawkins, I tooke my barge, and rowed down the river, and coming to Barking, wee might see my ship at Hu anchor in the midst of the channell, where ships arc not wont to raore themselves : this bred in me some alter- ation. And coming aboord her, one and other began to recount tlie perill they had past of losse of ship and goods, which was not little ; for the winde being at east north- east, when they set sayle, and vered out southerly, it forced them for the doubling of a point to bring their tacke aboard, and looffing up ; the >viude freshing, sodenly the shipp began to make a little hele ; and for that shee Avas very deepe loaden, and her ports open, the water be- gan to enter in at them, which no bodie having regard unto, thinking themselves safe in the river, it augmented in such maner as the waight of the water began to presse downe the side, more then the winde : at length when it was scene and the shete flowne, shee could hardly be brought upright. But God was pleased that with the di- ligence and travell of the company, shee was freed of that danger ; which may be a gentle warning* to all such as S.it. u. Note. ' Drop down. " We ought to profit by the experience of those who precede us. Had this " gentle warning" been attended to, probably the loss of the Roi/al George might have been prevented. She went down at her ....^■. , n 14 HAWKINS VOYAOK INTO fiftt. II. take charge of Hhipping, even before tliey set saylc, cyther in river or harbour, or other part, to have an eye to their ports, and to see those shut and callked, which may cause danger; for avoyding tlie many mishaps which dayly chance for the neglect thereof, and have beene most la- mentable spectacles and examples unto us: experiments in the Great Harry, admirall' of England, which was over- set and suncke at Portsmouth, with her captainc, Carew, and the most part of his company drowned in a goodly summers day, with a little flawe of winde ; for that her ports were all open, and making a small helc, by tliem entred their destruction ; where if they had beene shut, no wind could have hurt her, especially in that pljvce. In the river of Thames, Master Thomas Candish had a small ship over-set through the same negligence. And one of the fleete of Syr Francis Drake, in Santo Domingo har- bour, turned her keele upward likewise, upon the same occasion ; with many others, which we never have know- ledge of. And when this commeth to passe, many times negli- gence is cloaked with the fiu-y of the winde : which is a double fault ; for the truth being knowne, others would bee warned to shun the like neglects j for it is a very bad ship whose masts crackt not asunder, whose sayles and tackling flie not in peeces, before she over-set, especially if shee be English built. And that which over-setteth the ( i anchors while lying at Spithead, the 29th of August, 1782, having been struck by a squall, while her lower ports were open. ' The term admirall, appears formerly to have been applied as well to the principal ship in a fleet, as to the superior officer. To cite one among many instances, in an expedition under the Earl of Cumber- land, in l.'J94, we find the Ro>/(U Exchmi^e, Admiral, two hundred and fifty tons, commanded by Captain George Cave. The May-flower, two hundred and fifty tons, Vice-Admiral, commi,..' Id by Captain W. Anthony. The Samion Rear-Admiral, by Captain Nicholas Downton, together with a caravel and pinnace. THK S(»rTH ^*K.\. It vther their cause dayly ost la- iments Si over- Carew, goodly hat her )y them shut, no sh had a And one ingo har- the same ve know- les negli- hich is a lers would a very had sayles and especially setteththe 1782, having ppUcd as well To cite one rl of Cumber- o hundred and -.e May-iU>w«r, by Captain W. lolasDownton, Hhip is tlio wai^ht of the water that pri'»seth ert mariners know) rcracdie is easily found.' With this mischauncc the mariners were so da\inte'«•'•■«"• J)eforp, came towrins; into the road, wliicli certainly was a ii><- i>ro»i. thing worth the noting, to behold the good order the ""'**•• masters obsened in guard of their fleete. The admirall headmost, and the rest of the men of warre, spread alongst to wind-ward, all saving the vice- admirall and her consort, which were Ice-most and stern- most of all; and except the admirall, which was the first, that came to an anchor, none of the other men of warre anchored, before all the fleete Mas in sjifetie ; and then they placed themselves round about the fleete ; the vice- admirall seamost and Icemost ; which we have taught unto most nations, and thev observe it now a daves better then we, to our shame, that being the authors and reformers of Ju^j'^o^'of"'' the best discipline and lawes in sea causes, are become J^J'nel'"' those which doe now worst execute them. And I cannot gather whence this contempt hath growne, except of the neglect of discipline, or rather in giving By th^m •* «3 o ajjjjine ne- commands for favour to those, which want experience of Ki'^t^'- what is committed to their charge : or that there hath beene little euriositie in our countrey in writing of the discipline of the sea ; which is not lesse necessary for us, then that of the law ; and I am of opinion, that the want of experience is much more toUerable in a generall by land, then in a governour by sea : for in the field, the lieutenant generall, the sergeant major, and the coronels supply what is wanting in the generall, for that they all command, and ever there is place for counsell, which in the sea by many accidents is denied ; and the head is he that manageth all, in whom alone if there be defect, all is badly governed, for, by ignorance how can eiTors be judged or reformed ? And therefore I wish all to take B «ll m hawkish' voyage into f- If ■ Hrct. IV. Thr niodrt. Ijr ol Sir llrnry I'lil- iiK-r. I'artu re- i|iiire<1in a rummHiider nt spn. upuit tlicm that whicli they undcrHtHiid, and rcfiiHC the contrary. Ah Sir Henry Palmer, a wine ami valiant f;entleman, a {?rcat commander, and of much experience in sea eauses, hein{; appoyntcd by the queens majesties counsell, to f?oe for {?enerall of a fleete for the coast of Spaine, anno 1583, submitting himselfe to their lordships pleasure, excused the charge, saying, that his trayning up had beene in the narrow seas ; and that of the other he had little experience : and therefore was in dutie bound to intreate their honours to make choice of some other person, that was better ac- quainted aiul experimented in those seas ; that her majestic and their lordships might be the better /orved. His modestic and discretion is doubtlcsse to be had in re- membrance and great estimation; for the ambition of many which covet the command of flectes, and places of government (not knowing their compasse, nor how, nor what to command) doe purchase to themselves shame; and losse to those that employ them : being required in a commander at sea, a sharpe \v\t, a good understanding, experience in shipping, practise in management of sea business, knowledge in navigation, and in command. I hold it much better to deserve it, and not to have it, then to have it not deserving it. sr.CTION iv. Tni; fruits and inconveniences of the latter we daily par- take of, to our losse and dishonor. As in the fleete that The louse of went for Biu-dieux, anno 1592, which had six gallant ships ijifiix flrH.- for waftcrs. At their ijoing out of Plimoutii, the viee- admirall, that should h.ive beene starumost oi' all, w as the headmost, and the admirall the last, and he that did exe- riiK M>i III «»K\. ll> nito the oflice of the virr-B«lnunUI, Innchiii); off into tin* "**** " Hi'ii, tlri'w jiftrr him tlic fircutiT piirt of the flretr, anil ni^jht roinniiii}; on, mill hoth hrnrin^' li^htM, ciuiMril n sr|mm- tion : !io that the head had a (|uarter of the InMlie, and the Heete three mmrters, and he that Mhotdd jjoe before, eaine Itehinde. \Vhere()f eii.Hiied, that the three partn ineetinfj with a few Spanish men of warre, wanting; their head, were a prey nnto them. For the viee-adminUI, and other wafters, that sliould be the »hepheards to (;nard and keepc their tloeke, and to earry them in safetie before them, were headmost, and they the men who made most hast to flic from the wolfc. \Vherea.«» if thev had done as Ti..c«uir. they oii<;ht, in plaee of losse and infamie, they had gained honor and reward. ♦ This I have becne cnformcd of by the Spanish and English, whieli were present in the occasion. And a ship of mine, being one of tlie starnmost, freed lier selfe, for that shee was in warlike manner, with her fidse netting, many pendents and streamers, and at least sixteen or eight- teen peeces of artillery ; the enemic thinking her to be a wafter, or ship of warrc, not one of them dnrst lay her aboord : and this the master and company vannted of at tlieir returne. In the same voyage, in the river of Uurdienx (as is credibly reported), if the six wafters had kept together, they had not onely not received doniage, but gotten much honour and reputation. For the admindl of the Spanisli The wrak- armado, was a Hemish shippe of not above 130 tun nes, «■>«•'»>• and the rest flie-boates' and small shipping, for the most part. And although there were twenty-two sayle in all, what manner of ships they were, and how fiu-nished and ap- poynted, is well knowne, with the difference. 1 Boats Imilt for speclin llawkiiJH, uiiiio 151)0, u|M)Ii thr coiiMt of ■linoVvin. Spuine, the vicc-ndmiiHll boiii^ n hctul uiw iiiornint;, where his phicc was to be n sterne, loitt ih the tnkiii); of ei);ht men of warre hmden with munition, victualH, and proviniona, for the Mupplic of the Mouhliers in Hrittaine : and although they were seven (»r eight leagues from the shore, whi'U our vice-admirall began to fight with them, yet for that the rest of our ilcete were some four, some five leagues, and some more distant from them, when we beganne to give cliase, the Spaniards recoverecl into the harbour of Monge, before our admirall could come up to give direction; yet well beaten, with lossc of above two hundreth men, as they themselves confessed to me after. And doubtlessc, if the wind had not over-blowne, and that to follow them I wns forced to sliut all my lower ports, the ship I luulcrtooke doubtles had never endured to come to the port ; but being doubble fli-boates, and all of good sayle, they bare for their lives, and mc what we could to follow and fetch them up. In this poynt, at the He of Flores, Sir Richard Green- field got eternall honour and reputation of great valour, and of an experimented souldier, chusing rather to sacri- fice his life, and to passe all danger whatsoever, then to fayle in his obligation, by gathering together thosj which Iiad remained a shore in that place, though Avith the hazard of his ship and companic ; and rather we ought to imbrace an honourable death, then to live with infamie and dis- honoiu*, by fayling in dutie ; and I account, that he and his country got much honor in that occasion; for one ship, and of the second sort of her majesties, sustained the force of all the fleete of Spain, and gave them to understand, that they be impregni])le, for having bought deerely the boording of her, divers and simdry times, and with many Sir nirhard OrrrnHild at Flor«-t. TIIK Mt\ TM "K*. »I jtjyntly, aiid with n roiitiiuialS fijjht of fourteen or Hixteeii *"' " hoiirpH, lit Icii);tli Iniviii^ Iut without niiy iiuutt HtniHiiii^r.niul like nh>fr);r ill thr Hctut, Nhcr niiiiU', iiotwitliNtnii(iiii|;, n iiioat hoiioiirahlc coniiMiNitioii of lift- niul lihrrtii* for nbovc two hiiiiilrctli mid sixtic iiini, nn \t\ the pay-lxMikr appcareth : which lier iiiajcHtie of her free >»raee, eoniinaiidni, in re- eonipeiiee of tlirir service, to lie fjiveii to every one his six uionethH wap's. All which may worthily he written in our chronieles in letters of ^ohl, in memory for all |>osterities, some to beware, and others, by their example in the like occasions, to imitate the true valour of our nation in thest; ages. In poynt of Providence, which captaine Vavisor, in tlic r.piainr Furesii/ht,^ gave also good proofe of his valour, in casting about upon the whole fleetc, notwithstanding the great- ncsse and multitude of the Spanish armado, to yeeld that succour wliich he was able ; although some doe say, and 1 ronsent with them, that the best valour is to obey, and to follow the head, seemc that good or bad which is ctim- mandcd. For God himselfc tellcth us, that obedience is better than sacrifice. Yet in some occasions, where there is ditficultic or impossibilitie to know what is commanded, 1 In the list of seven ships composing Lord Thonms Howard's tloet, we find the Foreaiffht, Captain Vavasour. He deserves great credit for attempting to yield what succour he was able to the gallant Sir R. Greenville, whose brave defence has been already alluded to in page 1<>. One other vessel followed, or perhaps set, the example : the Ifeori/e XoMe, of London, falling under the lee of the Itecenjje, asked Sir Itichard if he had anything to command him ; but as he was one of the victuallers and but of small force, Sir Hichurd bid him shift for him- self, and leave him to his fortiuie. Lediard adds in a note, that it is more than probable had all the other vessels liehaved with the same vi;|our and resolution as Sir Richard and his company, they might have given a good account of the Spanish fleet. It is to be regretted the naiuf of the commander of the (Jeotye Nvfile is not recorded. We know not which to admire most, his bravery in fully acting up to the principle of " succouring a known friend in view," or the magnanimity of Sir Hichard in dismissing him from an unec^ual contest. t \ I ^s«rt. V. 22 Hawkins' voyaoe into many times it is great discretion and obligation, judiciously to take hold of the occasion to yccld succour to his as- sociats, without putting himselfc in manifest danger. But to our voyage. SECTION V. Bein(j cleare of the race of Portland, the wind began to suffle' with fogge and misling rayne, and forced us to a short sayle, which continued with us three dayes; the wind never veering one poynt, nor the fogge suffering us to see the coast. The third day in the fogge, we met w ith a barke of Dartmouth, which came from RochcU, and demanding of them if they had made any land, answered, that they had onely scene the Edie stone that morning, which lyeth thwart of the sound of Plimouth, and that Dartmouth (as they thought) bare off us north north-east : which seemed strange unto us; for we made account that we were thwart of Exmouth. Within two houres after, the weather beganne to cleare up, and we found ourselves thwart of the Berry, and might see the small barke bearing into Torbay, having over-shot her port; which error often happeneth to those that make the land in foggie weather, and use not good diligence by sound, by lying off the land, and other circumstances, to search the truth ; and is cause of the losse of many a ship, and the sweet lives of multitudes of men.' That evening we anchored in the range of Dartmouth, till the floud was spent ; and the ebbe come, w ee set sayle 1 Soaker— to blow. 2 It is still unfortunately too much the custom to risk the loss of ship and " sweet lives," by neglecting the use of the leail. THK SOrm SKA. 5»3 Sell. V 1 . iiguiiie. And tlio next morning early, being the 26th of Ai)rill, wec! hurl)oure(l our selves in Plinioiith. My sliip at an anchor, aiul I ashore, 1 presently dis- patched a messenger to London, to advise my father, Sir John Hawkins, what had past: which, not onely to him, but to all others, that understood what it was, seemed strange ; that the wind contrary, and the weather such as it had becne, wee could be able to gaine Plimouth; but doubtlesse, the Daintie was a very good sea ship, and ex- cellent by the w inde ; which w ith the neap streames, and our diligence to benefit our strives of all advantages, nuule fezible thsit which almost was not to be bclecved. And in this occasion, I found by experience, that one of J';'^'^1,;,'^j;^j tlic principall parts required in a mariner that frequcnteth """"""' our coastes of England, is to cast his tydes, and to know how they set from poynt to poynt, with the difference of those in the channell from those of the shore.' ik the loss of SECTION VI. Now presently I began to prepare for my dispatch, ami to hasten my departure ; and finding that my ship which I expected from the Strjiites, came not, and that shee was to goe to London to discharge, and uncertaine how long shee might stay, I resolved to take another of mine owne in her place, though lesser, called the Hawke, onely for a victualler; purposing in the coast of Ikasill, or in the Straites,^ to take out her men and victualls, and to cast her off. ' The tide runs two or three hours later in the offing than in shore ; l>y attending to this, a vessel working down channel may gain great advantage. - Of Magellan. i! I ,^1 24 HAWKINS VOYAGK INTO SECTION VII. '^''•"- With my coiitiiuiall travell, the helpc of my good friends}, and excessive charge (which none can easily beleeve, but those which have prooved it), towardes the end of May, I was readie to set sayle with my three ships, drawne out into the sound, and began to gather my company aboord. The 28th of May (as I remember) began a storme of winde, westerly; the two lesser shippes presently har- boured themselves, and I gave order to the master of the Daintie (called Hugh Cornish), one of the most sufficientest men of his coate, to bring her also into Catt-water, which he laboured to doe ; but being neere the mouth of the harbour, and doubting least the anchor being weighed, the ship might cast the contrary way, and so run on some perill, entertained himselfe a while in lajnng out a warpe, and in the meane time, the wind freshing, and the ship riding by one anchor, brake the flooke of it, and so forced them to let fall another ; by which, and by the warpe they A crneii h^jj jjiyj Qut, tlicv rvdd. The storme was such, as being within hearing of those upon the shore, we w ere not able by any meanes to send them succour, and the second day of the storme, desiring much to goe aboord, there joined with me captaine William Anthony, captaine John Ellis, Anil iti.Ti-in and master Henrv Courton, in a light horsman' which I the effrrtsof * . cour«Ke and bad : all men exercised in charge, and of valour and suffi- ciencie, and from their youth bred up in businessc of the sea : which notwithstanding, and that wee laboured what we could, for the space of two houres against Avaves and wind, we could finde no possibilitie to accomplish our desire; which scene, we went aboord the other shippes, ' Probably what is now called a " fiig"; a fast-pulling boat. Srrt. »ll. TICK SOITII SKA. J||| and put them in the best securitic weecouUl. Thus busied, we might see come driving by us the mnyne mast of the Daintie, which made me to feare the worst, and so hasted a shore, to satisfie my longing. And comming upon Catt-dowue, wee might see the ship heave aiul sett, which manifestlv shewed the losse of tlic mast oncly, which was well imployed ; for it saved the ship, men, and goods. For had shee driven a sliips length more, slice had (no doid)t) becne cast away ; and the men in tliat place could not chuse but riui into danger. Comming to my house to shift me (for that we were all ,^,^' '"^,"^ wett to the skinue), I had not well changed my clothes, when a servant of mine, who was in the pynacc at my comming ashore, enters almost out of breatli, with newes, that shee was beating upon the rocks, which though I knew to be remedilesse, I put my selfe in place where I might see her, and in a little time after shee sunk downe right. These losses and mischances troubled and grieved, but nothing daunted me ; for common experience taught me, that all honourable enterprises are accompanied with difficulties and iaungers ; Si fortuna me tormenta ; Es- peran^a me contenta .' of hard beginnings, many times come prosperous and happy events. And although, a well- willing friend wisely foretold me them to be presages of future bad successe, and so disswaded me what lay in him with effectual reasons, from my pretence, yet the hazard of my credite, and danger of disreputation, to take in hand that which I should not prosecute by all meanes possible, was more powcrfull to cause me to goe fonvardes, then his grave good counsell to make me desist. And so the storme ceasing, 1 beganne to get in the Daintie, to mast her a-new, and to recover the Fancy, my pynace, which. ' Obviously a phrase of the jicriod. Ancient Pistol is made to say " iSi fortuna mc contenta, spcro me contenta." 20 Hawkins' VOYAGK INTO •I n "^ *" • with the hclpc and furtherance of niy wives father, who supplyed all my wants, together witli my credit (which I thankc God was unspotted), in ten daycs put all in his former estate, or better. And so once againe, in (Jods name, I brought my sliippes out into the soiuul, the wind being easterly, and beganne to take my leave of my friends, and of my dearest friend, my second sclfe, whose unfcyned tearcs had wrought me into irresolution, and sent some other in my roome, had I not considered that he that is in the djumce, must needs daunce on, though he doe but hopp, except he will be a laughing stocke to all the lookers on : so remembering that many had their eyes set upon me, with diverse affections, as also the hope of good suc- cesse (my intention being honest and good), I shut the doore to all impediments, and mine eare to all contrary counsell, and gave place to voluntary banishment from all that I loved and esteemed in this life, with hope thereby better to serve my God, my prince, and countrie, then to cncrcase my tallent any way.' Atusenof And so began to gather my companie aboord, which faring men. occupicd my good fricuds and the justices of the towne two dayes, and forced us to search all lodgings, tavernes, and ale-houses. (For some would l)e ever taking their leave and never depart) :' some drinke themselves so dininke, that except they were carried aboord, they of themselves were not able to goe one steppe : others, knowing the necessity of the time, fayned themselves sicke : others, to be indebted to their hostes, and forced me to ransome them ; one, his chest ; another, his sword ; another, his 2 Familiar as we are with the present resources of the dockyard at Ply- mouth, we can hardly estimate the firmness that could besir up agj.inst such mischances ; of this stuff were the founders of the British naval power composed. ' Now fitted the halter, now traversed the cart, And often took leave yet was loath to depart. T/te Thief inconveniences, I wish it to be remedied ; for, I can but wonder, that the late lord high admirall of England, the late Earle of Cumberland ; and the Lord Thomas IIowar. unto me, that persons which had absented themselves in * Chart, or perhaps card for reducing the courses and distances : — Second Witch. I will give thee a wind. First Witch. Thou art kind. Third Witch. And I another. FirM Witch. I myself have all the other, And the very ports they blow, All the quarters that they know ; r the shipman's card. — Macbeth. 5 The seaman of KiOO appears to have differed very little from the seaman of 18(K). Let us hope that the present race will discountenance such " lewd proceedings." 8 Thomas Cavendish, one of the early circumnavigutont. 28 IIAWKINH' VOYA(iK INTO i Ml I I I I Reel. VII Mauler neur|;e KeymoDd. Thf incnn- Tenienci' of impresta. imprcstH, Iiad cost liim ahovc a thou.Haiid and five hun- dred poundH : these varlets, within a few daycs after liis departure, 1 saw walking the streets of Plimouth, wlioni the justice had l)cfore souglit for with ^v.».i dilifjencc ; and without punishment. And therefore it is no wonder that others presume to doe the like. Im/mnitas peccandi illeccbra. The like complaint made master George Reymond ; and in what sort they dealt with me is notorious, and was such, that if I had not beene provident to have had a third part more of men then I had need of, I had beene forced to goe to the sea unmanned ; or to give over my voyage. And many of my company, at sea, vaunted how they had cosoned the Earle of Cumberland, master Candish, master Reymond, and others ; some of five poundes, some of ten, some of more, and some of lesse. And truely, I thinkc, my voyage prospered the worse, for theirs and other lewd persons company, which were in my ship ; which, I thinke, might be redressed by some extraordinary, severe, and present justice, to be executed on the offenders by the justice in that place where they should be found. And for finding them, it were good that all captaines, and masters of shippes, at their departure out of the port, should give unto the head justice, the names and signes of all their runnawayes, and they presently to dispatch to the nigher ports the advise agreeable, where meeting with them, without further delay or processe, to use martial law upon them. Without doubt, seeing the law once put in execution, they and all others would be terrified from such villanies. It might be remedied also by utter taking away of all imprests, which is a thing lately crept into our common- wealth, and in my opinion, of much more hurt then good unto all ; and although my opinion seeme harsh, it being a deed of charitie to helpe the needy (which I wish ever to U, TlIK sOfTII >*K\. of imprests. Ijo r\t«rcisrf ' " '■ u'niVpilltHre ^Vhich is a poynt ot speciall importance ; for that I have scene commanders of great name and reputation, by ne- glect and omission of such solemnities, to have runne into 1 Some such long-shore fellows arc still to be met with. ' From the Dutch word loeven, to ply to windward. * The " waytes" seem to have been either music played during the setting of the watch, or occasionally, to show that a look-out was kept. h'iietter{() \ TIIK SOnil SEA. mnny inconveniences, and then-hy have learnt tlie neecH- sitie of it. Wherehv I cannot hnt advise all such lus shall have charfje committed unto them, ever before they depart out of the port, to fjive unto their whole fleete, not onely directions for civill government, but also where, when, and how to meete, if they should chance to loose company, and the signes how to know one another a-far ott', with other poynts and circumstances, as the occasions shall minister matter difterent, at the discretion of the wise com- mander.'' But some may sav unto me, that in all occasions it is not convenient to give directions : for that if the enemy happen upon any of the fleete, or that there be any trea- cherous person in the company, their designments may be discovered, and so prevented. To this I answere, that the prudent governoiu*, by good consideration may avoyde this, by pid)licati(m of that which is good and necessarie for the guide of his fleete and people ; by all secret instructions, to give them sealed, and not to be o[)ened, but commi »g to a place appoynted (after the manner of the Turkish direction to the Bashawes, who are their generalls) ; and in any eminent perill to cast them by the boord, or othenvise to make away with them. For he that setteth sayle, not giving directions in writing to his fleete, knoweth not, if the night or day following, he may be separated from his company; which happeneth sometimes : and then, if a place of meeting be not knowne, he runneth in danger not to joyne them together agayne. And for places of meeting, when seperation happeneth, I am of opinion, to appoynt the place of meeting in such a height, tAventie, or thirtie, or fortie leagues ott" the land, or iland. East or west is not so fitting, if the place aftbord it, as some sound betwixt ilands, or some iland, or harbour. * The use of private signals and the appointment of a place of ren- ilezvous, may perhaps date from this period. Swt. *lll 32 HAWKINS VOYAdI, |\H» Nrct. Ik OliJMliotll ■ItBinitl ■DirUiin ill barboun. Aiiineird. I II Falw citlk iiig. It may be alleged in contradiction, and with probable reason, that it i» not fit for a flectc to stay in a harbour for one Hhip, nor at an anchor at an iland, for being di8> covered, or for hinderance of their voyage. Yet it is the best ; for when the want is bnt for one or two ships, a pynaco or ship may Maytc the time appoynted and remainc w ith direction for them. But commonly one ship, though but a bad sayler, maketh more haste then a whole fleete, and is at the meeting place first, if the acci- dent be not vcr\' important. The place of meeting, if it might be, would be able to give, at the least, refreshing of water and wood. SECTION IX. Lanciiing out into the ehannell, the wind being at east and by south, and east south-east, w hich blow ing hard, and a flood in hand, caused a chapping sea, and my vicc- admirall bearing a good sayle made some water, and shooting off a peece of ordinance, I edged towardes her, to know the cause ; who answered me, that they had sprung « great leake, and that of force they must returne into the sound ; Avhich seeing to be necessary, I cast about, Avhere anchoring, and going aboord, presently found, that be- twixt wind and water, the calkers had left a seame un- calked, which being filled up with pitch only, the sea labouring that out, had been sufficient to have sunk her in short space, if it had not beene discovered in time. And truely there is little care used now adaies amongst our countrimen in this profession, in respect of that which was used in times past, and is accustomed in France, in Spaine, and in other parts. Which necessitie will cause -y Tiir JHHTii »r..\. .^1 to he rrfoniu'd in tinu«, hy a.<«.Hi);iiiu); the |N>rtion that ^^ *_ every workenmn Ih to eulke ; that if there Im* (laiii)ip> through his default, he may he foree«l to e«>ntrihute towards the h>HHe oecu-sioned through hix ne{;h^eiiee. And for more seeuritie I h'*'<" in some parts, in niakinj; an end of ealkin;; and pitehin); the ship, the next tide to fill her with water, whieh will undoiihtedly diseovcr the d<*feet, for no piteht plaec with- out ealkiii};, can sufter the force and peazc' of tlie water. In neglect whereof, I have scene {?rcat damage and danger to ensue. The Arke Roijall of his majesties, may serve •■'•x»n.|.i*, for an example : whieh put all in daun^er at her first goinp^ to the sea, hy a trivuell hole left open in the post," and covered only with pitch. In this ])oint no man can be too circumspect, for it is the security of ship, men and floods.* SECTION X. This being remedied, I set sayle in the morning, and ran south-west, till we were clcerc of Ushent ; and then south south-west, till we were some hundred leagues off, where wee met with a great hulke, of some five or six hundred tunnes, well appointed, the which my company (as is na- tural! to all mariners), presently would nuikc a prize, and loadenwith Spaniard's goods; and without speaking to her, Avished that tlie gunner might shootc at her, to cause her to amaine.^ Whieh is a bad customc received and used of many ignorant persons, presently to gun at all whatsoever they discover, before they speake with them ; being con- * Weight — jteso. (Spunish.) 2 Stern-post. 3 A trivial hole left open, or a treenail not driven hy a careless workman, may cause the failure of tin importtmt expedition ; or at least cause great mischief and discomfort : which nfeglect still oc- casionally happens. ^ Amener lej^nnilon — to haul down the ensign. c AiIvIm! fur sliiHjtiiiK ut :n IIAWKINh' VCIVMiK INTO M<'i). X. t Niiii Iry iiiin' rliaiin » Tur iifUlff't llll'I'Hll'. i Ihjrct Answer. Miistor 'riiciiiiua llaiiiploii. trnry to nil diHoipliiic, nnd ninny tinirn in rnnw of diMon- tion hotwixt friend!*, nnd t)i(* hrcnch of nmitic lutwixt princcH ; the dontli of innny, and Honu'tiniCH Iowhc arc jiolf.-- TIIK HOITII ••K\. •X, iiiHlrrHtiiiuliiif; hi" plaoo iind ulViiirr!*, in like cmv hIiiii Iiii« ""'' *• cure to tlir itiHti^atioiiH uiul |ir<>vocati«)ii!( uf the* ('(imnioii M)rt. pri'ftrriiij,' the |iul)li(|m> pmmI of both kinphmicH 1m'- fuiT hi?* oMiir rrptitation with thr vulvar |M'oplr ; ami jw another FahiuH MuxiiiiiiH, ninrtuntlo ri-titituil rvin, nun po- iifiido I'ltmorrM antf salutnu. The Freiieh kiiif?" Heete Tti.' rr.i*h coiniiiiiii; where he wuh, and to win«h'-wanl of hnn, all hiH it-'ti^iuu. cumpany were in an nproare ; for that hee would not shoote presently at them, before they huw their intention: wherein Inul beene committed three ^reat faultn : the first and priiieipall, the breach of aniitie betwixt the princes and kin^dumes : the second, the ne<;lect of common curtcsie, in shooting before hee had Mpok(un(l to take in their flafr«, or his majesties ships to force them to it, though thereof follow the breach of peace or whatsoever discommodity. And whosoever shoidd not be jealous in this point, hee is not worthy to have the com- maund of a cock-boat committed unto him : yea no The i.ouour gtraugcr ought to open his flag in any port of England, tie»iibi|>s. wlicre thcrc is any shipp or fort of his majesties, upon p^'T^altie to loose his flagg, and to pay for the powder and shott spend upon him. Yea, such is the respect to his majesties shippes in all places of his dominions, that no English ship displayeth the flagge in their presence, but runneth the like daunger, except they be in his majesties service ; and then they are in predicament of the kings ships. Which good discipline in other kingdomes is net in that regard as it ought, but sometimes through igno- rance, sometimes of malice, neglect is made of that dutie and acknowledgement wliich is required, to the cost and shame of the ignorant and malicious. theMmminR I" quccn Marics raigne, king Philip of Spaine, com- vmpiuu) ming to marry with the queen e, and meeting with the royall navie of England, the lord William Haward, high admirall of England, would not consent, that the king in the narrow seas should earrie his flagge displayed, untill he came into the harbour of Plimouth. I being of tender yeares, there came a fleete of Spaniards aiki ill ii.e of above fiftie sayle of shippes, bound for Flaunders, to fetch pussage uf duAfsul"" *^'® queen. Donna Anna dc Austria, last wife to Philip the second of Spaine, which entred betwixt the iland and the maine, w^ithout vayling their top-sayles, or taking in of their flags ; which my father. Sir John Hawkins, (adrairiall of a fleete of her majesties shippes, then ryding in Catt- water), perceiving, commanded his gunner to shoot at the flagge of the admirall, that they might thereby sec their error : which, notwithstanding, they persevered arrogantly to keepe display(;d; whereupon the guinier at the next TIIK SOI Til SKA. .j; aine, com- shott, lact' the admirall througli and through, whorcliy the SpanianlM finding that the niattor Ijcgannc to grow to earnest, tooke in their flags and top-say' :s, and so runnc to an anch-j/ The genfTjlI presently sent his boat, with a principall personage to expostuhitc the cause and reason of that i)ro- ceeding; but my father Mouhl not permit him to come into liis ship, nor to hcare liis message ; but by another gentleman commanded him to returnc, and to tell his gcncrall, that in as much as in the queenes port and chamber, lie had neglected to doc the acknowledgment and reverence which all owe unto her majestic (especially her ships being present), and comming with so great a navie, he could not but give suspition by such proceeding of malicious intention, and therefore required him, that within twelve houres he shoidd depart the port, upon paine to be held as a common enemy, and to proceed against him with force. Which answcre the generall understanding, presently imbarked himselfe in tlic same boat, and came to the Jesus of Lubecke, and craved licence to speake with my father ; which at the first was denycd him, but upon the second intreatie was admitted to enter the ship, and to parley. The Spanish gcncrall began to demand if there were warres betwixt England and Spaine ; mIio was an- swered, that his arrogant manner of proceeding, usurp- ing the queene his mistresses right, as much as in him lay, had given sufficient cause for breach of the peace, and that he purposed presently to give notice thereof to the queene and her counsell, and in the meane time, that he might depart. Whereunto the Spanish generall replyed, that he knew not any oftcnce he had committed, and that he would be glad to know Mherein he had misbehaved him- .Vi-I. X. •' Pro1>iil)ly derived i'roiii hicher hh cou/i : to fire a sliut. 38 HAWKIXS' VOYA(iE INTO 8eyith a small ship of master Wattes, of London, csilled the Elizabeth, which came out of Plimouth some cyght dayes after us j of whom wee enformed ourselves of some particularities, and wrote certaine letters to our friends, making relation of what had past till that day, and so tookc our farewell each of the other. The like we did with a small carvell' of Plimouth, Avhich wee mett in the height of the roeke in Portiugall.' From thence wee directed our course to the ilands of Madera ; and about the end of June, in the sight of the ilands, we descryed a sayle some three leagues to the east- wards, and a league to windward of us, which by her manner of working, and making, gave us to understand, ' ProbaMy the islands that lie off Bayona, near Vigo. - Cambeh, (Spanish) a snuill vessel so called. ' Still well known as tlie rock of Lisbon. m Hawkins' voyagk into Rect tit. ' \r I'lic (iiilir of liyiiauv!). 1'hc Madvra Iluiiils. tlmt shee was one of the kin|;^ frigatts ; for shoe was lonp and snugf^, and spread a large clcwe, and standing to the west-wards, and wee to the cast-wards to recover her wake, when we cast about, shee beganne to vere shetc, and to goc away lasking ;* and within two glasses, it was plainely scene that shee went from us, and so we followed on our coiu'se, and shee seeing that, presently stroke her top- huyles, which our pynace perceiving, and being within shot continued the chase, till I shot off a pccce and called her away; which fault many runne into, thinking to get thereby, and sometimes loose themselves by being too bold to venture from their fleete ; for it wns impossible for us, being too leeward, to take her, or to succour our owne, shee being a ship of about two hundreth tunnes. And pynaces to meddle with ships, is to buy repentance at too deare a rate. For their office is, to wayte upon their fieete, in calmes (with their oares) to follow a chase, and in occasions to anchor neere the shore, when the greater ships cannot, without perill ; above all, to be readie and obedient at every call. Yet will I not, that any wrest my meaning; neither say I, that a pynace, or small ship armed, may not take a great ship unarmed; for daily experience tcacheth us the contrary.® The Madera Hands are two : the greater, called La Madera, and the other, Porto Santo; of great fertilitie, and rich in sugar, conserves, wine, and sweet wood, whereof they take their name. Other commodities they yeeld, but these are the principall. The chiefe townc and port is on the souther side of the Madera, well fortified ; they are subject to the kingdome of Portingall; the inhabitants and garrison all Portingalles. * With the wind abeam. * Although Sir Richard thinks it necessary to hold such prudent language, we have little dou1>t he was just the mau to attempt to take a large ship armed or unarmed, in a " pynace." \L THE SOUTH SKA. tl The third of July, wc past along the Hands of Cannria, HlTt Xlt. (,»ll "H" which have the name of a kingdomc, and contninc these ^^^ ^ seavcn ilands : Grand Canaria, Tcncrifa, Palraa, Ciomcra, Lanccrota, Fortcvcntura, and Ficrro. These ilands have abundance of wine, sugar, conserves, orcall,* pitch, iron, and other commodities, and store of cattell, and comr, but that a ccrtaine womie, called gorgosho, breedcth in it, r„,,^» i .. whicli eatcth out the substance, leaiving the huske in manner whole. The head iland, where the justice, whicli they call Audiencia, is resident, and w hither all sutcs have their appcalation and finall sentence, is the grand Canaria, although the Tenerifa is held for the better and richer iland, and to have the best sugar; and the wine of the Palma is reputed for the best. The pitch of these ilands mcltcth not Avith the sunne, and therefore is projKjr for the higher works of shipping. Betwixt Forteventura and Lancerota is a goodly sound, fit for a meeting place for any fleete; where is good anchoring and aboundance of many sorts of fish. There is water to be had in most of these ilands, but with great vigilance. For the naturalls of them are venturous and hardie, and many times clime up and downe the steepe rockes and broken hills, which seerae impossible, which I would hardly ha\c beleeved, had I not scene it, and that with the greatest art and agilitie that may be. Their armes, for the most part, are launces of nine or ten foote, with a head of a foote and halfe long, like unto boarc-spcars, save that the head is somewhat more broad. Two things are famous in these ilands, the Pike of Tenerifa, which is the highest land in ii>v judgement that I have scene, and men of credit have told they have scene it more than fortie leagues oft*.^ It is like unto J^^^^tT^"'^' a sugar loafe, and continually covered with snow, and "'''"""''* " Orchilla — a lichen yielding a ])Ui'{>le ilyc. 7 The latest measurement, hy Captain Viilal, U.N., makes the height of the Peak 12,:}7<) feet. 4» HAWKINS* VOVA(JK INTO N«ol. kll. nr*lrecin Vimro. ; * i placed in the middcst of a goodly vallio, most fertile, and temperate round about it. Out of which, going up to the Pike, the colde is so great, that it is insufferable, and going downe to the townes of the iland, the heate seemeth most cxtreame, till they approach neere the coast. The other is a tree in the iland of Fierro, which some write and affirmc, with the dropping of his leaves, to give water for the sustenance of the whole iland, which I have not scene, although I have beene on shoare on the iland ;^ but those which have scene it, have recoimted this mysterie differ- ently to that which is written ; in this manner : that this tree is placed in the bottome of a valley, ever florishing with broad leaves, and that round about it are a multitude of goodly high pynes, which over-top it, and as it seemeth were planted by the divine providence to preserve it from sunne and wind. Out of this valley ordinarily rise every day great vapoiu's and exhalations, which by reason that the sunne is hindered to worke his operation, with the heighte of the mountaines towards the south-east, conver." themselves into moysture, and so bedewe all the trees of the valley, and from those which over-top this tree, drops down the dewe upon his leaves, and so from his leaves into a round well of stone, which the natiu-alls of the land have made to receive the water, of which the people and cattle have great reliefe j but sometimes it raineth, and then the inhabitants doe reserve water for many days to come, in their cisternes and tynaxes,^ which is that they drinke of, and wherewith they principally sustaine themselves. The citty of the Grand Canaria, and chiefe port, is on the west side of the iland ; the head towne and port of Teuerifa is towards the south part, and the port and towne of the Palma and Gomera, on the east side. 8 The old voyagers were fond of dealing in the marvellous ; our author is singularly free from this defect. • " We cannot trace the meaning of this word, unless it he a closed vessel, derived from the Anglo-Saxon tipuiti — to close. At Bermuda all the drinking water 's preserved in tanks. THE SOITII MKA. 48 In Oomcra, Romc three leapies Hoiith-ward from the '*'^» "'" toirne, is a prent river of water, but all these ilands arc perilous to land in, for the scege'"* caused by the ocean sea, which always is forcible, and re()uireth great cireums|)ec- tion ; whosoever hath not urgent cause,, is cither to goc to the cast-wards, or the west-wards of all these ilands, as well to avoyd the calmcs, which hinder sometimes eight or ten dayes snyling, as the contagion which their distem- peraturc is wont to cause, and with it to breed calcnturas, which wee call burning fevers. These ilands arc savd to The HrM be first discovered bv a Frenchman, called John dc Iktan- "f"'«« court, about the year 1 W5." They arc now a kingdomc subject to Spuinc. 18 on SEcriox xni. Being cleare of the ilands, wee directed our course for Cape Black,* and two howrcs before sunnc set, we had sight of a carvell some league in the windc of us, which seemed to come from Gynea, or the ihmds of Cape dc Verde, and for tliat hee, which had the sery-watch,* neglected to look out, being to lee-ward of the ilands, and so out of hope of sight of any shipp, for the little trade and contrariety of the windc, that though a man will, from few places hee can recover the ilands. Comming from the south-wards, wee had the winde of her, and perhaps the possession also, whereof men of warre are to have particular care ; for in an houre and place unlookt for, many times chance acci- 1"^ Further on written '• sedge," surf ( J) 11 The Fortunate isliimls were known hefore they were conqucreil by MM. Bethcncourt, in the sixteenth century. ' Although the ditlerenee between Uack and while be greut, we think Ciipo lihmeo is meant. 3 Proluibly the evening watch. Noll'. HAWKINS' VOVAfiK IXTO cuuntnes. I >, "•**•»'"• dents contrary to the ordinary course and custonic; and to liavc younkcrH in the top continnally, is most convenient and necessary, not onely for descrying of sayles and land, btit also for any sudden gust or occasion that may be offered.' Exerei.ru Scciug my sclfc past liope of returning backc, without ofullT"^* some extraordinary accident, I begannc to set in order my companic and yictuals. And for that to the south-wards of the Canaries is for tlie most part an idle nayigation, I devised to kcepe my people occupied, as well to continue them in health (for that too much ease in hott countries is neither profitable nor healthful!), as also to divert them from remembrance of their liome, and from play, which breedeth many inconveniences, and other bad thoughts and workes which idleness is cause of;* and so shifting my companic, as the custome is, into starboord and larboord men, the halfe to watch and worke whilest the others slept and take rest; I limited the three dayes of the weeke, which appcrtayned to each, to be imploied in this manner; the jne for the use and clensing of their armes, the otlier for roomeging, making of sayles, nettings, decking,* and defences for our shippes ; and the third, for clensing their bodies, mending and making their apparell,and necessaries, which though it came to be practised but once in seaven dayes, for that the Sabboth is ever to be reserved for God alone, with the ordinary obligation which each person had besides, was many times of force to be omitted. And thus wee entertained our time v/iih a fayre wind, and in few 8 This has become a standing order in the service. Many a good prize has been made by sending a mast head man up before daylight. * Most of us arc familiar with Dr. Watts' lines, — " For Satan finds some mischief still For idle hands to do." 5 Covering — the deck so called because it covers in the ship — cuhierta (Spanish), TIIK SOITII SKA. 46 dnyca Imtl siglit of the Iniid of Hiirhary, sonic (I07.cn '*"' ^' "•_ leugiicH to the northwards of Cape Hlackc. Before wee came to tlie Cape, wee tookc in our sayles, and made preparation of hookes and lines to fish. For in all that coast is ^reat abundance of sundry kinds of fish, but especially of porgus, which we call breanies ; numy Portiufjfalls and Sj)aniards jjoe ycarcly thither to fish, as our country-men to the Xew-found-land, and within Cape Blackc have good harbour for reasoiuible shipping, where they dry their fish, paying a certaine casie tribute to the kings collector. In two hourcs wee tookc store of fish for that day and the next, but longer it would not keepe goode : and with this refreshing set saylc again, and directed our course betwixt the ilsinds of Cape de Vcrd ^'"\<^ 'i«Vrr.i and the Maine. These ilands arc held to be scituate in one of the most uuhcalthiest climates of the world, and therefore it is wisedome to shunne the sight of them, how much more to make abode in them. In two times that I have beene in them, cither cost us Tiiemmiioi- the one halfe of ovu* people, with fevers and fluxes of "'"''"'• 8un(by kinds; some shaking, some burning, some par- taking of both ; some posscsst with frensie, others with sloath, and in one of them it cost me six moneths sick- nesse, with no small hazard of life ; which I attribute to the distemperature of the ayre, for being within fovu^ecne degrees of the equinoctiall lyne, the sunne hath great force all the yeare, and the more for that often they passe, two, three, and four yeai-es without rayne ; and many times the earth burnetii in that manner as a man well shodd, can- not endure to goe where the sunne shineth. With which extreame heate the bodie fatigatcd, greedily i"''* iieai*-- desircth refreshing, and longeth the comming of the breze, which is the north-east winde, that seldome fayleth The hme. in the after-noone at foure of the clocke, or sooner j which comniiug cold and fresh, and finding the poores of tne 16 HAWKINS VOYAfiK IXT(» Xwi. mil. TliomiiriJir. The innii- rncr urtlie inouiieinhot cuuiiti'it's boily open, niul (for the most part) naked, pcnetrateth the very Ixiuch, and so eauscth sudden distempcraturc, and sundry manners of HiekneHNc, as the subjects arc divers whereupon they worke. Departing uut of the ealmes of the ilands, and comming; into the fresh breeze, it eauseth the like, and I liave seenc within two dayes after that we have partaked of the fresh ayrc, of two thousand men, above a hundred and iiftie have bcenc crazed in their health. The inhabitants of these ilands use a remedie for this, which at my first bein;^ amongst them, seemed unto mc ridiculous ; but since, time and experience hath taught to l)c grounded upon reason. And is, that upon their heads they weare a night-capp, upon it a montero,® and a hat over that, and on their bodies a sute of thickc cloth, and upon it a gownc, furred or lyned with cotton, or bayes, to defend them from the hcate in that manner, as the in- habitants of cold countries, to guard themselves from the extrcamitic of the coldc. Which doubtlesse, is the best diligence that any man can use, and whosoever prooveth it, shall find himselfe lesse annoyed with the heate, then if he were thinly eloathed, for that where the cold ayre commeth, it peirceth not so subtilly. The moone also in this climate, as in the coast of Guyne, and in all hott countries, hath forcible operation in the body of man; and therefore, as the plannet most pre- judieiall to his health, is to be shunned ; as also not to sleepe in the open ayre, or with any scuttle or window open, whereby the one or the other may enter to hurt. For a person of credit told me, that one night, in a river of Guyne, leaving his window open in the side of his cabin, the moone shining upon his shoulder, left him with such an extraordinary paine and furious binning in it, as " Montera — a species of hat worn in Si>ain. TIIR MOVTIi *r.\. ff iiriibove twcntic liourr*, hi* was likr to ninnr niiuldr, hut "^ ^' . ill tine, with foroc o( intHliciiicH hikI curcM, aAcr lung tur* nu'iit, he wnii cjwed. Some I hnvc heard »ay, nnd otJiers write, thnt there is a starre wliieli never se|K>rateth it sell' from the muone, hut a Minall distanee ; whieh is of all Mtarres the mo»t henefieinll to man.^ For where this starre entrcth with the moonc, it maketh voydc her hurtfull enftueiiee, and wlierc not, it is most perilous. ^Vhich, if it l)e so, is a notahlc secret of the divine Providence, and u spccinll cause amon|;st infinite others, to move us to contiiiuall tlmnkespvini; ; for thnt he hath so extraordinarily compassed and fence'nc and Bynnc ;' but the principall is the buying nnd selling of negroes. They have store of sugju*, salt, rice, cotton wool, and cotton-cloth, amber-greece, cyvnt, oliphnnts teeth, brimstone, pummy stone, spungc, and some gold, l)ut little, and that from the mayne. Saint lago is the head iland, and hath one citic nnd two »»'«» i«bo townes, with their ports. The»cittie called Saint lago, whereof the iland hath his name, hath a garrison, and two fortes, scituatcd in the bottome of a pleasant valley, with a running strcame of water passing through the middest of ' Wc appri-hcml the wholo of this stmy to l)c " moonshine." * Giouj)s. '•* Coiust of Ouinea an>l Hight of Iknin. HAWKINS V«»Y\«1K INTO Ntil VIII Smlii il liy Miiiiui I St- niilr*, sir KraiicU Itrakr, uiicj Sir Aiilliiiiijr Sliyrlry. Fiii(?ii. lllU\i ! Tbc raliiiilo it, whotlicr the rcHt of the ilundN come for juxticc, beiiiK the Hent of the Aiuiienein, witli his biMhop. The otlier townes are PInyn, Home three W'JijnieH to the euMtMnrdM of Saint Ia(;o, phiced on \i\f(\\, with a ^(Hiilly bay, whereof it hath bin name; and Saint Doming), n Hmall towne within the hind. Tliey are on the Nonther part of the ihmd, and have becnc sacked sundry times in anno 1582, by Manuel Scrades, a Portingall, witli a fh'ctc of French-men; in anno 1585, they were both burnt to the ground by the Gn);lish, Sir Francis Drake being general] ; and in anno 1590, Saint lago was taken and sacked by the English, Sir Anthony Shyrley being gcnerall."* TIic second iland is Fuego ; so called, for that day and night there burnetii in it n vulcan, whose flames in the night arc scene twentii leagues off in the sea. It is by nature fortified in that sort, as but bv one wav is niiv ac- cesse, i r entrance into it, and there cannot goc up above two men a brest. The bread which they spend in these ilands, is brought from Portingall and Spaine, sa> ing that which they make of rice, or of mayes, which wti; call Guynne-wheate. The best watering is in the ile of Brn^ j, on the west part of the iland, where is a great river, but foule anchor- ing, as is in all these ilands, for the most part. The fruits are few, but substantiall, as palmitos, plantanos, patatos, and coco-nntts. The palmito is like to the date tree, and as I thinke a 10 From the account in Lcdiard, it appears that Sir A. Shyrley failed in his oliject ; hut he deserves credit for effecting a safe retreat to his ships in the face of a superior force. The expedition under Sir P. Drake was successful. It is curious to notice how the titles of military rank have changed since those days. The troops were com- manded hy Christopher Carlisle, an experienced officer ; under him Captain A. Powel, Sergeant Mtijor ; Captain M. Morgan, and CapUiin .1. Sampson, Corpornh of the Jiehi. (Sec p. 17, line 2lanUti«. ^3 The terminal bud of the areca or cabbage palm, when boiled, makes a delicate dish. ii> This is a most valuable production : we believe it boars, on the same area, a greater weight of food than any other vegetable. The fruit of the plantain, Aftua tapienlum, is chieflj eaten cooked. The banana, Mum pamdi»i(Kn, is eaten raw. There are many species, almost all excellent. U ■■ ■P Srct. XIII. I'l«i«'ntia. Tliecoros, and their kiiiUeK. 50 Hawkins' voyaok into the birds and vcrmine presently in ripning on the tree, are feeding on them. The best that I have seene are in Brasill, in an iland called Placentia, which are small, and round, and greene when they are ripe; whereas the others in ripning become yellow. Those of the West Indies and Guynne are great, and one of them sufficient to satisfie a man ; the onely faiUt they have is, that they are windie. In some places they eate them in stead of bread, as in Panama, and other parts of Tierra Firme. They grow and prosper best when their rootes are ever covered with water; they are excellent in conserve, and good sodden in different manners, and dried on the tree, not inferior to suckett.** The coco uutt is a fruit of the fashion of a hassell nutt, but that it is as bigge as an ordinary bowle, and some are greater. It hath two shells, the uttermost framed (as it were) of a multitude of threeds, one layd upon another, with a greene skinne over-lapping them, which is soft and thicke ; the innermost is like to the shell of a hassell nutt in all proportion, saving that it is greater and thicker, and some more blacker. In the toppe of it is the forme of a munkies face, with two eyes, his nose, and a mouth. It containeth in it both meate and drinke ; the meate white as milke, and like to that of the kernell of a nutt, and as good as almonds blancht, and of great quantitie : the water is cleare, as of the fountaiue, and pleasing in taste, and somewhat answereth that of the water distilled of milke. Some say it hath a singtdar propertie in nature for con- serving the smoothnesse of the skinne ; and therefore in Spaiue and Portingall, the curious dames doe ordinarily wash their faces and necks with it. If the holes of the shell be kept close, they keepe foure or six moneths good, and more ; but if it be opened, and the water kept in the shell, in few dayes it tiu'ueth to vineger. I* Svccade — jircscrved citron. THE 801'TH SKA. 81 Nmt XIII. They grow upon high trees, which have im» houghos ; onely in the top they have a great cap of leaves, and under them groweth the fruite upon certaine twigs. And some affirme that they beare not fruite before they be above fortie yeares old, they are in all things like to the palme trees, and grow in many parts of Asia, Afrique, and America." The shels of these nuts are much esteemed for drinking cups, and much cost and labour is bestowed upon them in carving, gra\ing, and garnishing them, with silver, gold, and precious stones. In the kingdome of Chile, and in Brasill, is another kinde of these, which they call coquillos, (as wee may interpret, little cocos) and are as big as wal-nuts ; biit roimd and smooth, and grow in great clusters ; the trees in forme are all one, and the meate in the nut better, but they have no water. Another kinde of great cocos groweth in the Andes of Peru, which have not the delicate meate nor drinke, which the others have, but within are full of almonds, which are placed as the graines in the pomegrannet, being three times bigger then those of Europe, and are much like them in tast. In these ilands are cyvet-cats, which are also found in cyvenauts. parts of Asia, and Afrique j esteemed for the civet they yeelde, and carry about them in a cod in their hinder parts, which is taken from them by force. In them also are store of monkies, and the best pro- Munkeyen. portioned that I have scene ; and parrots, but of colour different to those of the West Indies ; for they are of a P«Tot». russet or gray colour, and great speakers. i<> The cocoa nut palm is too well known to need description. All its parts are applied by the natives to innumerable uses. Few visitors to tropical countries but have been refreshed by a draught of cocoa nut water ; always preserved cool by the thick husk. I t 52 Hawkins' voyaok into SwI XIV. ii! i SECTION XIV. With h fairc and large winde we continued our course, till we came within five degrees of the equinoctiall lyne, where the winde tooke us contrary by the south-west, about the twcntie of Julie, but a fayre gale of wind and a smooth sea, so that wee might beare all a taunt :' and to advantage ourselves what wee might, wee stoode to the east-wards, being able to lye south-east and by south. The next day about nine of the clocke, my companie being gathered together to serve God, which wee accustomed to doe every morning and evening, it seemed unto me that the coulour of the sea was different to that of the daies past, and which is ordinarily where is deepe water; and so calling the captaine, and master of my ship, I told them that to my seeming the water was become very whitish, and that it made shewe of sholde water. Wherevmto they made answere, that all the lynes in our shippes could not fetch ground : for wee could not be lesse then threescore and tenne leagues off the coast, which all that kept reckoning in the ship agreed upon, and my selfe was of the same opinion. And so wee applyed ourselves to serve God, but all the time that the service endured, my heart could not be at rest, and still me thought the water beganne to waxe whiter and whiter. Our prayers ended, I commanded a lead and a lyne to be brought, and heaving the lead in fourteene fathoms, wee had ground, which put us all into a maze, and sending men into the toppe, presently dis- covered the land of Guynne, some five leagues from us, very low land. I. commanded a peece in be shott, and lay ])y the lee, till my other shippes came up. Which hayling us, wee demanded of them how farru they found them- > All sail set — at present its signification is confined to a vessel rigged and readjr for sea. THE JMHTH 8EA. M selves off the land ; who answered, some threescore and tenne, or fonrescore leagues : when wee told them wee had sounded and found but fourcteene fathomes, and that we were in sight of land, they began to wonder. But having consulted what was best to be done, I cauHcd my shalop to be manned, which I towed at the aterne of my ship continually, and sent her and my pynacc a head to sound, and followed them with an easie sayle, till we came in scaven and six fathome water, and some two leagiies from the shore anchored, in hope by the sea, or by the land to find some refreshing. The sea wc found to be barren of fish, and my boates could not discover any land- ing place, though a whole day they had rowed alongst the coast, with great desire to set foote on shore, for that the sedge was exceeding great and dangerous. Which ex- perienced, wee set sayle, notwithstanding the contrarietie of the winde, sometimes standing to the west-wards, some- time to the east-wards, according to the shifting of the wind. J<.rl »». SECTION XV. Here is to be noted, that the error which we fell into in nh. our accompts, was such as all men fall into where are cur- rants that set east or west, and are not knowne ; for that there is no certaine rule yet practised for triall of the longitude, as there is of the latitude, though some curious and experimented of our nation, with whom I have had conference about this poynt, have shewed me two or tliree manner of wayes how to know it.' ^ It is still the custom to attribute all similar discordancies to the effect of current. This is a simple if not very philosophical mode of making the reckoning agree with observation. In this case, probably both the reckoning of the ship and the position of the laud on the chart were faulty. el 54 Hawkins' voyaok into Heel. XV. 9i: Si; Ihr FMward Vollon. This, 8uine years before, was the losse uf the Edward ^"fSIiTird Cotton, bound for the coast of Brasill, which taken with the windc contrary neere the lync, standing to the cast- wards, and making accompt to be fiftie or sixtic leagues off the coast, with all her saylcs standing, came suddenly a ground upon the sholes of Madre-bomba, and so was cast away, though the most part of their company saved them- selves upon raffcs ; but with the contagion of the countric, and bad entreatie which the negros gave them, they died; so that there returned not to their country above three or foure of them. But God Almightie dealt more mercifully with us, in shewing us oiu* error in the day, and in time that wee might remedie it ; to him be evermore glory for all. This currant from the line equinoctiall, to twentie de- grees northerly, hath great force, and setteth next of any thing east, directly upon the shore ; which we found by this meanes : standing to the westwards, the wind southerly, when we lay with our ships head west, and by south, we gayned in oiir heith'^ more then if wee had made our way good west south-west ; for that, the currant tooke us under the bow ; but lying west, or west and by north, we lost more in twelve houres then the oth'^r way we could get in foure and twentie. By which plainly we saw, that the currant did set east next of any thing. Whether this currant runneth ever one way, or doth alter, and how, we could by no meanes understand, but tract of time and ob- servation will discover this, as it hath done of many others in sundry seas. The currant that setteth betwixt New-found-land and Spaine, runneth also east and west, and long time deceived many, and made some to count the way longer, and others shorter, according as the passage was speedie or slowe ; not * The term height is used for latitude ; probably because the pole ! HO feneiit, tlint c\vr\ duv there dved more or tUl'h*' IcsHc, — my companic in {fonerall hepin to di»may, and to desire to rcturne homewunU, which I hibourcd to liinder by good reasons and perswiutions ; a» that to the Wettt Indies wc had not above ciglit hundreth leagues, to the ihmds of Azores little lease, and before we came to the ilands of Cape de Verde, that we should meete with the breze ; for every night we might see the reach goe contrary to the winde which wee saylcd by ; verifying the old proverbe amongst mariners, — that he hath need of a long mast, that will sayle by the reach ; and that the neerest land and speediest refreshing wc could look for, was the coast of Brasill ; and that standing towards it w ith the wind we had, we shortncd our way for the Indies ; and that to put all the sicke men together in one shippe, and to send her home, was to make her their grave. For we could spare but few sound men, who were also subject to fall sicke, and the misery, notwithstanding, remcdilesse. With which they were convinced, and remayncd satisfied. So leaving all to their choyse, with the consideration of what I per- swaded, they resolved, with me, to continue our course, till that God was pleased to lookc upon us with his Fatherly eyes of mercie. As we approached neerer and neerer the coast of Brasill, Bn«iii. the wind began to vere to the east-wardes; and about the their being employed. These methods, under Divine Providence, en- abled the Resolution to complete a voyage of three years and eighteen days with the loss of only one man by disease. Wo nmy remark that our author seems to have l)cen fully alive to the importance of caring for the health of his company, and it is not improbable that Cook benefited by some of his suggestions. 6S HAWKIN.h' VOVA«iK INT»» Hirl *'" middle of October, to be liirfje and j^ood for uh ; and alraut ■1 TodM Bi SwiUn. ■1 ■•lira da 1 Viloria. 4 ' Au'^Hiiir ''"' ^***'' "^ October, we were thwart of Cape Saint Aufini"- ,tine, which lyeth in sixc degrees to the nouthwards of the FsniwnbiiM |yne ; Hnd the twenty-one in the height of Farnambnca, but Home fourncore luagucH from the coant ; the twentic foure in the height of Hayea de Todos Santos ; neerc the end of October, betwixt seventeen and eighteen degrees, we were in sixteen fathomes, sounding of the great sholes, which lye alongst the coast, Vietwixt the bay of Todos Santos, and tlic port of Santos, alias Pura Scnora dcVitoria; which are very perilous.^ But the divine Providence hath ordayned great flockes of small birds, like snytes," to live upon the rockes and broken lands of these sholes, and are met with ordinarily twentic leagues before a man come in danger of them. It shall not be amisse here to recount the accidents which befell us during this contrary winde, and the curiosities to be observed in all this time. Day and night we had continually a fayre gale of winde, and a smooth sea, without any alteration ; one day, the carpenters having D«nRer» of calked the decke of our shippe, which the sunne with his extreame heate had opened, craved licence to heate a little pitch in the cook-roome ; which I would not consent unto By heating by any meanes ; for that my cooke-roomes were under the decke, knowing the danger ; until the master undertooke that no danger should come thereof. But he recommended the charge to another, who had a better name then ex- perience. He suffered the pitch to rise, and to runne into the fire, which caused so furious a flame as amazed him, and forced all to flie his heate. One of my company, with a double payre of gloves, tooke off the pitch-pot, but the fire forced him to let slip his hold-fast, before he could set it on the hearth, and so overturned it, and as the pitch ^ Shoals called the Abrolhos. * Snyte for snipe. I Tllr. JMHTH HKA. )M>{in^n to niiinc, wj the fire to enlarjce it iiclfe, that in n ***** "" moment n ((rent part of the iihippc wan on a liKht fire. I being in my cnhin, presently imagined what the matter wax, and for all the lia^t I could make, before I came the fire was alxnc the deckc: f«)r remcdie whereof, I com- manded all my companic to caitt their nigKc-gowneit into the sea, with ropes fastened iinto them. These I had pro- ndcd for my people to watch in; for in many hott countries the nights are fresh and coldc ; and dcvidcd one gownc to two men, a starboord and a larboord man ; so that he which watched had ever the gownc : for they which watched not, were either in their cabins, or under the decke, and so needed them not. The gownes being well soked, every man that could, tooke one, and assaulted the fire ; and al- though some were singed, others scalded, and many burned, God was pleased that the fire was quenched, which 1 thought impossible ; and doubtlesse, I never saw my aelfe in greater pcrill in all the dayes of my life. Let all men take example by us, not to suffer, in any case, pitch to be hcatc in the ship, except it be with a shotte heate in the fire, which cannot breed daunger ; nor to permit fire to be kindled, but upon meere necessitie ; for the inconvenience thereof ia for the most part remedilesse.' With drinking of tobacco it is said, that the Roebucke By uwing " tubuceo. was burned in the range of Dartmouth. The Primrose, of London, was fired with a candle^ at Tilbery-hope, and nothing saved but her kele. And another ship bound for Barbary, at Wapping. The Jesus of Lubecke had her gunner-roome set on fire with a match, and had beene burnt without redemption, if that my father. Sir John Hawkins, knight, then generall 9 Heating pitch, and drawing off spirits in the hold, using a light, are the most common causes that lead to fire. Excluding the air is the best remedy, and no better device could have been hit upon than wett- ing the rug gowns. 64 Hawkins' voyaok into li> "'^ **"• in her, had not commaundcd her sloppers" to be stopt, and wid''^u?n ^^^ "™*'** *° come to the pumpcs, wherof shee had two which of Make, went with chaynes ; and plying them, in a moment there waa three or foure inches of water upon the decke, which with scoopes, swabblcs," and nlattera, they threw upon the fire, and so quenched it, and delivered both ship and men out of no small danger. Great care is to be had also in cleaving of wood, in hooping or scuttling'* of caske, and in any businesse where violence is to be used with instruments of iron, Steele, or Htone : and especially in opening of powder, these are not to be used, but mallets of wood; for many mischances happen beyond all expectation. I have beene credibly enformed by divers persons, that comming out of the Indies, with scuttling a butt of water, the water hath taken fire, and flamed up, and put all in hazard. And a servant of mine, Thomas Gray, told me, that in the shippe wherein he came out of the Indies, anno 1600, there happened the like j and that if with mantles they had not smothered the fire, they had bin all burned with a pipe of water, which in scutling tooke fire. Master John Hazlelocke reported, that in the arsenal! of Venice happened the like, he being present. For mine By nfttuie of own part, I am of opinion, that some waters have this propertie, and especially such as have their passage by mines of brimstone, or other mineralls, which, as all men know, give extraordinary properties unto the waters by which they runne. Or it may be that the water being in wateni. 10 Holes in the ship's side to carry off the water. The term now in use is scupper : stopper appears to be as good a word. 1* Swabs are a species of mop, made of a collection of rope yams, used to dry the deck. Swebban— {Anglo-Saxon) to sweep. '2 To scuttle — to make openings. Escotilla (Spanish), is applied to the openings in the deck, called by us hatch-ways. The term scuttle is also applied to the small openings made in the ship's side, to admit light and jr. THE SOUTH SEA. m wine cnskc, and kept close, may rctavnc an cxtraordinar}' propertie of the wine." Yea, I have dninke fountaine and river waters many times, which have had a savour as that of brimstone. Three leagues from Bayon, in France, I have proved of a fountaine that hath this savour, and is medicinablc for many diseases. In the South sea, in a river some five leagues from Cape Saint Francisco, in one degree and a halfe to the northwardes of the lyne, in the bay of Ata- cames, is a river of fresh water, which hath the like savour. Of this I shall have occasion to speake in another place, treating of the divers properties of fountaines and rivers ; and therefore to our purpose. S«!t\»lll SECTION XVIII. We had no small cause to give God thankes and prayse for "'' "'««""« our deliverance ; and so, all our ships once come together, wee magnified his glorious Name for his mercie towards us, and tooke an occasion hereby to banish swearing out of our shippes, which amongst the common sort of mariners and sea-faring men, is too ordinarily abused. So with a generall consent of all oiu* companie, it was ordayned that in every ship there should be a palmer or ferula, which should be in the keeping of him who was taken with an oath ; and that he who had the palmer should give to every other that he tooke swearing, in the palme of the hand, a palmada with it, and the ferula. And whosoever at the time of evening, or morning prayer, was found to have the palmer, should have three blowcs given him by the captaine or master ; and that he should be still bound to free him- ^* If impure water be confined in a close cask, gas will be generated, and the effect described happen. £ 66 HAWKINS* VOYAGE PTTO 8«et XIX. ! dclfc, by taking another, or else to runnc in daunger of continuing the penaltie: which executed, few dayes re- formed the vice ; so that in three dayes together, was not one oath heard to be swomc. This brought both ferulas and swearing out of use.' And certainly, in vices, custome is the principall suste- nance ; and for their reformation, it little availeth to give good counsel 1, or to make good lawea and ordenances ex- cept they be executed. SECTION XIX. In this time of contrary wind, those of my company which were in health, recreated themselves vnth fishing, and beholding the hunting and hawking of the sea, and the battell betwixt the whale and his enemies, which truly are of no small pleasure. And therefore for the curious, I will spend some time in declaration of them. Ordinarily such ships as navigate betweene the tropiques, are accompanied with three sorts of fish: the dolphin, which the Spaniards call dozado; the bonito, or Spanish makerell; and the sharke, alias tiberune. Thetiuipiiin. The dolphiu I hold to be one of the swiftest fishes in the sea. He is like unto a breame, but that he is longer and thinner, and his scales very small. He is of the colour of the rayn-bow, and his head different to other fishes ; 1 In the instructiona given by the Lords Generals, the Earl of Essex and Charles Lord Howard, Lord High Admiral of England, to the captains of the ships composing the expedition to Cadiz, in 1596, the second article runs thus : Item — You shall forbid swearing, brawling, dicing, and such like disorders, as may breed contention and disorder in your ship, wherein you shall also avoid God's displeasure and win his favour. THE SOl'TH SKA. m Sttt. tIS. ^i =■ for, from his mouth halfc a spannc, it go(!th straight up- right, as the head of a wherry, or the cut- water of a ship.' He is very good meatc if he he in season, hut the best part of him is his head, which is great. They are some bigger, some lesser ; the greatest that 1 have scene, might be some Ibure foote long. I hold it not without some ground, that the auncicnt philosophers write, that they be enamoured of a man ; for in meeting with shipping, they accompany them till they approach to colde climates; this I have noted divers times. For disembarking out of the West Indies, anno 1583, within three or foure dayes after, we mett a scole' of them, which left us not till \\c came to the ilands of Azores, nere a thousand leagues. At other times I have noted the like. But some may say, that in the sea are many scoles' of this kinde of fish, and how can a man know if they were the same ? Who may be thus satisfied, that every day in the morning, which is the time that they approach neerest the ship, we should see foure, five, and more, which had, as it were, our eare-marke ; one hiul; upon the backc, another neere the tayle, another about the fynnes ; which is a sufficient proofe that they were the same ; for if those which had received so bad entertainment of us would not forsake us, much leas those which we had not hurt. Yet that which makes them most in love with ships and men, are the scrappes and refreshing they gatlier from them. The bonito, or Spanish makcrcll, is altogether like unto The lonito. a makerell, but that it is somewhat /nore growne ; he is win 1 The early painters and sculptors, and others who deal ."n " naval attributes," have treated the dolphin very ill ; Sir Ri'hard'n desv^ription, if studied, might have amended the monsters given out to the public as dolphins. ' A shoal or scull of fish ; that is, separated from the main l>ody. Tliis is Ilorne Tooko's derivation. We think the term is u^Jta commonly applied to the main Iwdy itself. k2 Ill '■' ii:; I HAWKINS' VOYAUK INK) >*rrt. XIX. reasonable fuodc, but drj'cr then a makerell. Of them there arc two sorts : the one is this wliich I have described ; the otlicr, so great as hardly one man can lift him. At such times as wee have taken of these, one siUhced for u meale for all my company. These, from the fynne of the tayle forwards, have upon the chync seven small yellow hillocks, close one to another. The dolphins and bonitos are taken with certaine in- struments of iron wliich we call vysgeis,' in forme of an eel sjieare, but that the blades are round, and the poynts like unto the head of a broad arrow : these are fastened to long staves of ten or twelve foote long, with lynes tied unto them, and so shott to the fish from the beakc-head, the poope,or other parts of the shippe,as occasion is ministered. They are also caught with hookes and lynes, the hooke being bayted with a redd cloth, or with a white cloth made into the forme of a fish, and sowed upon the hooke. The sharke. The shark, or tiberune, is a fish like imto those which wee call dogge-fishe8,but that he is farre greater. I have scene of them eight or nine foote long ; his head is flatt and broad, and his mouth in the middle, underneath, as tliat of the scate; and he cannot byte of tV? bayte before him, but by making a halfe turne ; and then he helpeth himselfe with his tavle, which servcth him in stead of a rudder. His skiune is rough (like to the fish which we call a rough hound), and russet, with reddish spottes, saving that under the belly he is all Avhite.: he is much hated of sea-faring men, who have a certaine foolish superstition with them, and sjiy, that the ship hath seldome good successe, that is much accompanied with them. It is the most ravenous fish knowne in the sea ; for he swalloweth all that he findeth. In the puch* of them hath 8 Fiiigig or grains — a small trident used for striking fish. From the Spanish A"«(?'«. * Pouch or stouinch. !!, I 1 : TIIK SOrtll SEA. m becnc found halts, cappes, slioocs, shirts, legg^* and aniirs of men, ends of ropes, and many other tliinf^s ; whatsoever is hanged by the shipi)es side, hee sheereth it, as tliongh it were with a razor ; for he hath tliree rowes of teeth on eitlier side, Jis sliarpc as nailes ; some say tliey are good for pick-tooths. It liath clianccd that a yonker casting him- selfe into the sea to swimme, hath had his Icgge bitten off above the knee bv one of them. And I have beene en- formed, tliat in the Tyyer, when Sir Rieliard GreenfieUI went to people Virginia, a sharkecut off the legge of one of the companic, sitting in the ehaines and wasliiiig him- selfe. They spawne not as the greatest part of fishes doe, but whelpe, as the dogge or wolfe ; and for many dayes after that shee hath whelped, every night, and towards any storme, or any danger which may iiireaten them luirt, the damme receiveth her whel])es in at her mouth, and pre- serveth them, till they be able j shift for themselves. I have scene them goe in and out, being more then a foote and halfe long; and after taking the damme, we have found her young ones in her belly.'* Every day my company tooke more or lesse of them, not for that they did eat of them (for they are not held whole- some ; although the Spaniards, as I have scene, doe eate them), but to recreate themselves, and in revenge of the injuries received by them ; for they live long, and suffer much after they bee taken, before they dye.*^ At the tayle of one they tycd a great loggc of wood, at another, an empty batizia,^ well stopped ; one they yoaked like a hogge ; from another, they plucked out his eyes, and so threw them into the sea. In catching two together, they bound them tayle to tayle, and so set them swimming; another with his belly slit, and his bowels hanging out, 8 One species produces its young alive : others in a hard raemliraueous pouch. 6 This enmity betwixt sailors and sharks still exists, and the interest attending their capture is gri-at. T Prol>al)ly a small cask. .Smt. HI*. 70 Hawkins' voyaok into s«t xit. '1 which his fcllowes would liave every one a snatch at ; with other infinite inventions to entertaync the time, and to avenge themselves ; for that they deprived tlicm of swim- ming, and fed on their flesh being dead. They arc taken with harping irons, and with great hookes made of pur- pose, with swyvels and chaines ; for no lyne nor small rope can hold them, which they share not asunder. There doth accompany this fish divers little fishes, which arc callet pilats fishes, and are ever upon his fynncs, his head, or his backe, and feede of the scraps and superfluities of his prayes. They are in forme of a trought, and streked like a makercU, but that the strekes are white and blacke, and the blacke greater then the white. The manner of hunting and hawking representeth that which we reasonable creatures use, saving onely in the disposing of the game. For by our industry and abilitie the hound and hawke is brought to that obedience, that whatsoever they seize is for their master j but here it is otherwise : for the game is for him that seizeth it. The dolphins and bonitoes are the houndes, and the alcatraccs Kiying fishes the hawkcs, and the flying fishes the game ; whose wonder- full making magnifieth the Creator, who for their safetie and helpe, hath given them extraordinary manner of fynnes, which serve in stead of wings, like those of the batt or rere-mouse ; of such a delicate skinne, interlaced with small bones so curiously, as may well cause admira- tion in the beholders. They are like unto pilchards in colour, and making ; saving that they are somewhat rounder, and (for the most part) bigger. They flie best with a side wind, but longer then their wings be wett they cannot sustaine the waight of their bodies ; and so the greatest flight that I have scene them make, hath not beene alove a quarter of a myle. Thej ommonly goe in scoles, and serve for food for the greate • fishes, or for the foules. The dolphins and bonitoes doj continually hunt after then I, and the alcatraccs lye soai'iug in the ay re, to TliK SOITII 8KA. 71 sec when they spring, or take their flight ; and ordinarily, he that cscapcth the mouth of the dolphin or bonito, help- ing himaclfe by his wings, falleth prisoner into the hands of the alcatracc, and hclpeth to (ill his gorge. The alcatrace* is a sea-fowle, different to all that I have scene, either on the land or in the sea. His head like unto the head of a gull, but his bill like unto a snytcs bill, somewhat shorter, and in all places alike. He is almost like to a hcronshaw ; his Icggs a good spannc long, his wings very long, and sharpe towards the poynts, with a long tayle like to a pheasant, but with three or foure feathers onely, and these narrower. He is all blacke, of the colour of a crow, and of little flesh ; for he is almost all skinne and bones. He soareth the highest of any fowlc that I have scene, and I have not heard of any, that have scene them rest in the sea. Now of the fight betwixt the whale and his contraries ; which are the sword-fish and the thresher. The whale is of the greatest fishes in the sea; and to count but the truth, unlesse dayly experience did witnesse the relation, it might seeme incredible; hee is a huge unwildlie fish, and to those which have not seene of them, it might seeme strange, that other fishes should master him ; but certaine it is, that many times the thresher and sword-fish, meeting him joyntly, doe make an end of him. The sword fish" is not gre«.t, but strongly made ; and in the top of his chine, as a man may say, betwixt the necke and shoulders, he hath a manner of sword in substance, like unto a bone, of foure or five inches broad, and above three foote long, full of prickles of either side: it is but tl.in, for the greatest that I have scone, hath not beenc above a finger thicke. Mnt. \l«. Alralrmif. Thi' n»;lit of the wUhU', Willi till' svNoril li.Hh 8 The man-of-war bird, or cormorant — Pelecanidie. On the coast of Brazil, in latitude twenty-four, arc the Alcatrassc islands. 9 Xiphias — the sword or snout is alK)ut three-tenths of his whole length. n HAWKIN.H' VOYACK INTO H«ct IIX. I It' m ': The thn-'shcr is u {j^catcr fish, mIiosc tnyle is verj* hroad ki..iii.m.i.ir m|,| thickc, and very wai{;htic. They fi^ht in this mniier; the sword fish phiccth himselfe under the belly of the whale, and the thresher upon the ryme'" of the water, and with his taylc thrcsheth upon the head of the whale, till hec force him to give way; which the sword fish percei\-ing, recciveth him upon his sword, and wounding Iiim in the belly forceth him to mount up againe (besides that ho cannot abide long under water, but must of force rise upp to breath) : and when in such manner they torment him, that the fight is sometimes heard above three leagues dis- tance, and I dare affirme, that I have heard the blowes of the thresher two Icjigues off, as the report of a peece of ordinance ; the whales roaring being heard much farther. It also happcucth simdry times that a great part of the water of the sea round about them, with the blood of the wliale, changeth his colour. The best remedy the whale hath in this extremitie to helpe himselfe, is to get him to land, which hee procureth as soone as hee discovereth his adversaries; and getting the shore, there can fight but one with him, and for either of them, hand to hand, he is too good." The whale is a fish not good to be eaten, hee is almost all fat,i8 but esteemed for his trayne; and many goe to the New-found-land, Greene-land, and other parts onely to fish for them ; which is in this maner : when they which seeke the whale discover him, they compasse him round The taking about with pjmaccs or shalops. In the head of every boat ..ftlie whale. , ... is placed a man, with a '.-arping iron, and a long lyne, the one end of it fastned to the harping iron, and the other 1" The surface — from cream or ream, what rises to the surface— or perhaps from rim, brim. 11 This story seems to be founded on the fact that the snout of the sword fish is often found driven through parts of vessels' bottoms ; whence it has been inferred, the fish mistook them for whales. We imagine the account of the thresher to be fabulous. 12 In the thirteenth century the tongue of the whale was esteemed as an article of food ; and whale beef, as it is called, is eaten at Ber- muda, and probably elsewhere. TiiK f»urni SKA. m end to the head of the l>oat, in which it Ivcth finely coilc n»fi. in Hut the moro nppnived fcenorntinn of the RmlxT-ffrroce, hikI wliich carrirth iiklicst jirobahilitio is, that it i« a liquor *"^' whiw'h innucth out of certain^ fountaiucM, iu sundry wr», ami hi>in|{ of a li>;ht uiil thirke Mul)!tt)uicr, |)iirtioipat)nf; (tf the nvru, nudclenlv hccouuncth hard, a» the vellow uroher, of which they make heads ;"' which is hInu a liquor of a fouutuvnc in tlic (lemiavne sea. In the bottonie it is soft and white, and partakini; of the ayre becommeth hard and stonie : also the corrall in the sen is soft, but commin^ into the avrc, becommeth a stone. Those who :ure of this former opinion, thinkc the reason why the amber greece is sometimes found in the whale, to be, for that he swalloweth it, as other things which he findcth swimming upon the water ; and not able to digest it, it reniaineth with him till his death. Another manner of fishing and catching the whale I HJjfi^', cannot omit, used by the Indians, in Florida ; worthy to be considered, in as much as the barbarous people have found out so great a secret, by the industry and diligence of one man, to kill so great and huge a monster : it is in this manner. The Indian discovering a whale, procureth two rouiul billets of wood, sharpneth both at one end, and so binding them together with a cord, castcth himselfe with them into the sea, and swimmeth towards the whale : if he come to him, the whale escapcth not ; for he placeth lumselfc upon his nccke, and although the whale goeth to the bottomc, he must of force rise presently to breath (for which nature hath given him two great holes in the toppe of his head, by which, every time that he breatheth, he spouteth out a great quantitie of water); the Indian forsaketh not his holdc, but riseth with him, and thrusteth in a logg into one of his spowters, and with the other knocketh it in so 1"' Auihcrgris is still considered to l>e a concretion formed iu the stoiuuch of the sperui whale. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 121 Ui IM 122 £ 1^ 12.0 u ^^ '^ Photographic Sdeiices Cfflporalion 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WIBSTIR,N.Y. 145M (716)t72-4S03 A ye HAWKIN.s' VOYAGE LVTO 8mLu. fiwt, that by no meanes the whale can get it out. That fiutned, at another opportunities he thruBteth in the second logg into the other spowter, and with all the force he can, keepeth it in. The whale not being able to breath, swimmeth presently ashore, and the Indian a cock-horse upon him, which his fellowes discovering, approach to helpe him, and to make an end of him : it serveth them for their foode many dayes after." Since the Spaniards have taught them the estimation of amber greece, they seeke curiously for it, sell it to them, and others, for such things as they best fancie, and most esteeme ; which are, as I have beene enformed, all sortes of edgetooles, copper, glasses, glasse-beads, red caps, shirts, and pedlery ware. Upon this subject, divers Spaniards have discoursed unto mee, who have beene eye witnesses thereof, declaring them to be valorous, ventrous, and indus- trious : otherwise they durst not undertake an enterprise so difficult and full of danger. SECTION XX. From the iropike of Cancer to three or foure degrees of the equinoctiall, the breze, which is the north-east «?inde, Bntume* doth raisHie in our ocean sea the most part of the yearc, tS^iSX except it be neere the shore, and then the wind is variable, 7^^' In three or foure degrees of eyther side the line, the winde hangeth southerly, in the moneths of July, August, Sep- tember, and October j all the rest of the yeare, from the Cape Bona Esperanya to the ilands of Azores, the breze IT In Watertoii*8 Wanderingt will be found a parallel story, of a gentleman riding on a cayman. THE SOUTH SEA. 77 reygneth continually ; and some yeares in the other moneths also, or calmes ; but he that purposeth to crosse the lyne from the north-wards to the south-wards, the best and surest passage ia, in the moneths of January, February, and March. In the moneths of September, October, and November, is also good passage, but not so sure as in the former.* 8«ci.ni. SECTION XXI. Betwixt ninetcene and twenty degrees to the south-wards of the lyne, the winde tooke us contrary, which together with the sicknes of my people made mee to seeke the shore; and about the end of October, we had sight of the land, which presently by our height and the making of it, dis- covered it selfe to be the port of Santos, alias Nostra Se- nora de Victoria, and is easie to be knowne, for it hath a great high hill over the port, which (howsoever a man commeth with the land) riseth like a bell, and comming necre the shore, presently is discovered a white tower or fort, which standeth upon the top of a hill over the harbour, and upon the seamost land. It is the first land a man must compasse before he enter the port. Comming within two leagues of the shore, we anchored; and the captaynes and masters of my other ships being come aboord, it was thought convenient (the weaknes of our men considered, for wee had not in our three ships twenty foiu'e men sound), and the winde imcertaine when it might change, we thought with pollicie to procure that which wee could not by force ; and so to offer traffique to the people of the 1 According to Horsburgh, the least favorable season for getting to the southward, is the period from June to September inclusive. 78 HAWKUIS' VOTAOB INTO "'• ahore; by that meanes to prove if wee oould attayne some refireahing for our aicke company. In execution whereof, I wrote a letter to the govemour in Latine, and sent him with it a peece of crymson velvet, a holt of fine holland, with divers other things, as a pre- sent ; and with it, the captaine of my ship, who spake a little broken Spanish, giving the govemour to understand that I was bound to the East Indies, to trafiique in those parts, and that contrary windes had forced me upon that coast : if that hee were pleased to like of it, for the com- modities the country yeelded in aboundance, I would ex- change that which they wanted. With these instructions my captaine departed about nine of the clocke in the morning, carrying a flagge of truce in the head of the boate, and sixteene men well armed, and provided; guided by one of my company which two yeares before had beene captaine in that place, and so was a reasonable pilot. Entering the port, within a quarter of a mile is a small village, and three leagues higher up is the chief towne ; where they have two forts, one on eyther side of the har- bour, and within them ride the ships which come thither to discharge, or loade. In the small village is ever a garrison of one hundreth souldiers, whereof part assist there continually, and in the white tower upon the top of the hill, which commaundeth it. Heere my captaine had good entertainment, and those of the shore received his message and letter, dispatching it presently to the govemour, who was some three leagues off in another place : at least they beare us so in hand. In the time that they expected the post, my captaine with one other entertained himselfe with the soiddiers a shore, who after the common cnstome of their profession (except when they be besonios),^ sought to pleasure him, and finding 1 BiBOAo— (Spanish) raw, undisciplined : — Pittol. Under which king, Bezonian ? speak or die. Henry IV, Part ii. THB SOUTH SEA. 79 that lie crayed but oranges, lemmons, and matters of smal "**'"'• moment for refreshing for his generall, they suffered the women and children to bring him what hee would, which hee gratified with double pistolets,' that I had given him for that purpose. So got hee us two or three hundreth oranges and lemmons, and some fewe hennas. All that day and night, and the next day, till nine of the clocke, wee waited the retume of our boate ; which not iqipearing, bred in me some suspition ; and for my satis- fiiction, I manned a light horseman which I had, and the Fancie, the best I could, shewing strength where was weak- nesse and infirmity, and so set sayle towardes the port ; our gunner taking upon him to bee pilot, for that he had beene there some yeares before. Thus, with them we entred the harbour. My captaine having notice of our being within the barre, came aboord with the boat, which was no small joy to me; and more, to see him bring us store of oranges and lemmons, which was that we principally sought for, as the remedie of our diseased company. He made relation of that had past, and how they expected present answere from the govemour. We anchored right against the village; and within two houres, by a flagge of truce, which they on the shore shewed us, we imderstood that the messenger was come: our boat went for the answere of the govemour, who said, he was sorry that he could not accomplish our desire, being so reasonable and good; for that in consideration of the warre betwixt Spaine and England, he had expresse order from his king, not to suffer any English to trade within his jurisdiction, no, nor to land, or to take any refreshing upon the shore. And therefore craved pardon, and that wee should take this for a resolute answere : and frirther required us to depart the port within three dayes, which he said he 3 The double pistole was a coin of about the value of thirty or thirty- five shillings. frT' 80 HAWKINS* VOYAGE INTO *^*"' gave ua for our courteous manner of proceeding. If any of my people from that time forwards, should approach to the shore, that he would doe his best to hinder and annoy them. With this answere wee resolved to depart; and be- fore it came, with the first faire wind we determined to be packing : but the wind suffered us not all that night, nor the next day. In which time, I lived in a great perplexitie, for that I knew our own weaknesse, and what they might doe unto us, if that they had knowne so much. For any man that putteth himself into the enemies port, had need of Argus eyes, and the wind in a bagge,' especially where the enemie is strong, and the tydes of any force. For with either ebbe or flood, those who are on the shore may thrust upon him inventions of fire : and with swimming or other devises, may cut his cables. A common practise in all hot countries. The like may be effected with raffes, cannoas, boates, or pynaces, to annoy and assault him: and if this had beene practised against us, or taken effect, our shippes must of force have yeelded themselves; for they had no other people in them but sicke men; but many times opinion and feare preserveth the shippes, and not the people in them. Wherefore it is the part of a provident govemour, to consider well the daungers that may befall him, before he put himselfe into such places; so shall he ever be provided for prevention. In Saint John de Vlua, in the New Spaine, when the Spanyards dishonoured their nation with that foule act of perjury, and breach of faith, given to my father, Sir John Hawkins (notorious to the whole world), the Spanyards fired two great shippes, with intention to burne my fathers Admirall, which he prevented by towing them with his boates another way. s So that he may get away when it pleases him. For preTen- tioD of SD. noyanoes, etc , in harbours. THE SOrril SEA. 81 The i^reat armado of Spaine, sent to conquer England, anno 1588, was with that selfe same industry overthrowne; for the setting on fire of six or searen shippes (whereof two were mine), and letting them drive with the flood, forced them to cut their cables, and to put to sea, to seeke a new way to Spaine/ In which the greatest part of their best shippes and men were lost and perished. For that my people should not be dismayed, I dispatched presently my light horsman, with onely foure men, and part of the refreshing, advising them that with the first calme or slent'^ of wind, they should come ofi^. The next night, the wind comming off the shore, wee set sayle, and with our boatcs and barkes sounded as we went. It flowed upon the barre not above fotire foote water, and once in foure and twentie houres, as in some parts of the West Indies ; at full sea, there is not upon the barre above seventeen or eighteen foote water. The harbour runneth to the south-westwards. He that will come into it, is to open the harbour's mouth a good quarter of a league before he beare with it, and be bolder of the wester side ; for of the easterland^ lyeth a great ledge of rocks, for the most part, under water, which sometimes break not ; but with small shipping, a man may goe betwixt them and the poynt. Comming aboord of our shippes, there was great joy The amongst my company ; and many, with the sight of the oranges and lemmons, seemed to recover heart. This is a * Alluding to the attempt the fleet made to return northabout. In the British Museum is preserved a curious old pack of playing cards, on which are depicted subjects relating to the defeat of the " Spanish Armada". On the ten of spades is shewn a consultation about re- turning by the North Ocean. ^ Such a wind as would enable them to lie aslant or obliquely near the desired course. It is commonly said that *' a calm is half a fair wind"; it is more than this, as out of thirty-two points, twenty would be fair. « Easterhand? SmI. ui. virtue rmiige*. m HAWKINS' VOYAOK INTO "*^ ""• wonderfull secret of the power and wisedome of God, that hath hidden wo great and unknowne vertue in this fruit, to be a certaine remedie for this infirmitie; I presently caused them all to be reparted* amongst our sicke men, which were so many, that there came not above three or foure to a share : but Gbd was pleased to send us a prosperous winde the next day, so much to our comfort, that not any one dyed before we came to the ilands, where we pretended to refiresh ourselves; and although our fresh water had fayled us many dayes before we saw the shore, by reason of our long navigation, without touching any land, and the excessive drinking of the sicke and diseased, which could not be excused, yet with an invention I had in my shippe, DiMiiiinRor I easily drew out of the water of the sea, sufficient ■alt water. v ' quantitie of fresh water to sustaine my people with little expence of fewell ; for with foure billets I stilled a hogs- head of water, and therewith dressed the meat for the sicke and whole. The water so distilled, we found to be whole- some and nourishing.^ SECTION XXII. The coast from Santos to Cape Frio, lyeth west and by south, southerly. So we directed our course west south- west. The night comming on, and directions given to our other shippes, we sett the watch, having a fayre fresh gale of wind and large. My selfe with the master of our ship, having watched the night past, thought now f Ripartir — (French) to divide. B Various schemes have been tried to distil fresh water at sea from salt water ; but none apparently hare succeeded in producing an equi- valent for the expense of fuel. In steam vessels a considerable supply is obtained from the condensation of the steam. THR SOI'TH SKA. 83 to give nature that which shee had bcene dqinred of, *"* **" and so recommended the care of steeridge to one of his mates ;^ who with the like trarell past being drowsie, or with the confidence which he had of him at the hehne, had (7i»kuAiu not that watchfull care which was required ; he at the ^^^ hehne steered west, and west and by south, and brought us in a little time close upon the shore ;' doubtlesse he had cast us all away, had not God extraordinarily delivered us; for the master being in his dead sleepe, was suddenly awaked, and with such a fright that he could not be in ''f^*''!'"'*. quiet: whereupon waking his youth, which ordinarily {^ J*""' slept in his cabin by him, asked him how the watch went on; who answered, that it could not be above an houre since he layd himselfe to rest. He replyed, that his heart was so unquiet that he could not by any meanes sleepe, and so taking his gowne, came forth upon the deck, and presently discovered the land hard by us. And for that it was sandie and low, those who had their eyes continually fixed on it, were dazeled with the reflection of the starres, being a fayre night, and to were hindered from the true discovery thereof. But he comming out of the darke, had his sight more forcible, to disceme the difference of the sea, and the shore. So that forthwith he commaunded him at the helme, to put it close a starbourd. td tacking our ship, wee edged off; and sounding, founo ..mt three fathome water, whereby we saw evidently the miraculous mercie of our Grod ; that if he had not watched over us, as hee doth continually over his, doubtlesse we had perished without remedie. To whom be all glory, and prayse ever- lastingly, world without end. 1 The term mate, as used at present, implies some one under the master. The real meaning implies persons co-equal. Thus we still speak of ship-mates, etc., without reference to rank. 3 The coast lies nearer south and by west, than west and by south, so they would certainly have run on shore without any blame attach- ing to the helmsman. v2 84 Hawkins' voyaoe isto NmI. xiiii. Immediatly we shot off a peecc, to give warning to our otlier shippes ; who having kept their direct course, and far to wind-wards and sea-wards, because we carried no light, for that we were within sight of the shore, could not heare the report ; and the next morning were out of sight. Can of Mmridife, ciquitit in Uie Sptii- y>rds and SECTION XXIII. In this poynt of steeridge, the Spaniards and Portingalls doe exccedc all that I haue secnc, I mean for their care, which is chiefest in navigation. And I wish in this, and in all their workes of discipline, wee should follow their examples ; as also those of any other nation. In every ship of moment, upon the halfe decke, or quar- ^urthi^iii. ter decke,' they have a chayre or seat ; out of which whilst they navigate, the pilot, or his adjutants' (which are the same officers which in our shippes we terme the master and his mates), never depart, day nor night, from the sight of the compasse; and have another before them, whereby they see what they doe, and are ever witnesses of the good or bad steeridge of all men that take the helme. This I have scene neglected in our best shippes, yet nothing more necessary to be reformed. For a good helme-man may be overcome with an imagination, and so mis-take one poynt for another ;' or the compasse may erre, which by another 1 The quarter deck may be defined as the space betwixt the main- mast and the after-hatchway ; it seems also to have been called the half deck. Both terms arising from the fact that before the main- mast, the skids or beams were not planked. We still speak of being on the quarter deck, but wider the half deck. The quarter deck is set apart for purposes of parade, and there the officer of the watch should always be sought. ' Ai^utare — (Latin) to assbt. > On a still night, unless the attention of the helmsman be con- tinually excited, it is quite possible that he get into a dreamy state / TIIK MWTH ! nell partcth itselfc in two, and in the middle is a thin skinnc, like that of an onion, said to bo hurtfull, and to cause exceeding vomits, and therefore to be cast away. Monardus writing of the nature and propertie of this firuit, as of others of the Indies, for that it is found in other parts, also calleth them kaviu purgativaa, and sayth, that l,^r^1. they are to be prepared by peeling them first, and then '"""*■ taking away the skinnc in the middle, and after beaten into powder, to take the quantitie of five or six, either with wine or sugar. Thus they ore good against fevers, and to pivgo grosse humors; against the coUicke, and payne of the joynts ; in taking them a man may not sleepe, but is to use the dyet usuall, as in a day of purging. One other fruit we found, very pleasant in taste, in *'^cfc?"" fashion of an artechoque, but lessc; on the outside of**^ colour redd, within white, and compassed about with prickles ; our people called them pricke-pcars;^ no conserve is better. They grow upon the leaves of a certaine roote, that is like unto that which wc call semper viva ' and many are wont to hang them up in their houses ; but their leaves are longer and narrower, and full of prickes on either side. The fruit groweth upon the side of the leafe, aud is one of the best fruites that I have eaten in the Indies. In ripen- ing, presently the birds or vermine arc feeding on them ; a generall rule to know what fruit is wholesome and good ^^o"" in the Indies, and other parts. Finding them to be eaten JTo'llwDe" of the beastes or fowles, a man may boldly eate of them. ~' The water of these ilands is not good : the one, for being a standing water, and full of venemous wormes and scr- ' A species of cactus ; the fruit is eaten in Sicily and elsewhere. We cannot join Sir Richard in its praise : perhaps as he had been long at sea, he found it grateful. The cochineal insect feeds on one species of this plant. 88 HAWKINS' VOYAGE INTO Conlagi«iM walrr. **"*•*"• pents, which is neare a butt-shot from the sea shore; where we found a great tree falleu^ and in the roote of it the names of sundry Portingalls, Frenchmen, and others, and amongst them, Abraham Cockes ; with the time of tuoir being in this island. The other, though a running water, yet passing by the rootes of certaine trees, which have a smell as that of gar- lique, taketh a certaine contagious sent of them. Here two of our men dyed with swelling of their bellies. The accident we could not attribute to any other cause, then to this suspitious water. It is little, and falleth into the sand, and soketh through it into the sea ; and therefore we made a well of a pipe, and placeth it imder the rocke from which it falleth, and out of it filled our caske . but we could not fill above two timnes in a night and da^ SECTION XXV. So after our people began to gather their stren* h, wee manned our boates, and went over to the mayn where presently we found a great ryver of fresh and sweete water, and a mightie marish countrie; which in the winter^ seemeth to be continually over-flowne with this river, and others, which fall from the mountaynous country adjacent. We rowed some leagues up the ryver, and found that the further up we went, the deeper was the river, but no fixiit, more then the sweate of our bodies for the labour of our handes. At our retiume, wee loaded our boate with water, and afterwardes from hence wee made our store. * This river is now called the Maccahe : probably it floods in the «^'.ny season. THK SOUTH SEA. 89 of I SECTION XXVI. The sicknebse having wasted more then the one halfe of »**^ »«^- my people, we determined to take out the victualls of the vtMnd Hawke, and to home her ; which wee put in execution. And being occupied in this worke^ we saw a shippe turning to windwards, to succour her selfe of the ilands;* but having discryed us, put off to sea-wards. Two dayes after, the wind changing, we saw her againe running alongst the coast, and the Daintie not being in case to goe after her, for many reasons, we manned the Fancie, and sent her after her ; who about the setting of the sunne fetched her up, and spake with her ; when find- ing her to be a great fly-boat, of at least three or foure hundreth tunnes, with eighteen peeccs of artillery, would have returned, but the wind freshing in, put her to lee- wards ; and standing in to succour her selfe of the land, had sight of another small barke, which after a short chase shee tooke, but had nothing of moment in her, for that she had bin upon the great sholes of Abreoios,' in eighteen degrees, and there throwne all they had by the board, to save their lives. This and the other chase were the cause that the Fancie could not beat it up in many dayes : but before we had put all in a readinesse, the wind changing, shee came unto us, and made relation of that which had past ; and how they had given the small barke to the Portingalls, and brought with them onely her pilot, and a marchant called Pedro de Escalante of Potosi. 1 By working up under their lee. 3 These shoals, already alluded to at page 62, are now called the AbrolhoB : there is a channel betwixt the islets and the main : the soundings extend to the eastward eighty or ninety miles. 00 HAWKINS' VOYAGE INTO SECTION XXVU. Heel. xxTii. luduitrf of the Inditiii. Itwjr our- ?riwthe 'reooli. Sau Sebu- titn. Kill the EDglUb, and dii- eover u«. In this coast, the Portingalls, by Industrie of the Indians, have wrought many feats. At Cape Frio they tooke a great French ship in the night, the most of her company being on the shore, with cannoas,^ which they have in this coast so great, that they carry seventie and eightie men in one of them. And in Isla Grand, I saw one that was above threescore foote long, of one tree, as are all that I have seen in Brasill, with provisions in them for twentie or thirtie days. At the iland of San-Sebastian, neere Saint Vincent, the Indians killed about eightie of Master Can- dish his men, and tooke his boat, which was the overthrow of his voyage. There commeth not any ship upon this coast, whereof these cannoas give not notice presently to every place. And wee were certified in Isla Grand, that they had sent an Indian firom the river of lenero, through all the moun- taines and marishes, to take a view of us, and accordingly made a relation of our shippes, boates, and the number of men which we might have. But to prevent the like danger that might come upon us being carelesse and negligent, I determined one night, in the darkest and quietest of it, to see what watch our company kept on the shore ; manned our light horsman, and boat, armed them with bowes and tai^tts, and got a shore some good distance from the places where were our boothes, and sought to come upon them undiscovered : we used all our best endevours to take them at unawares, yet comming within fortie paces, we were discovered ; the whole and the sicke came forth to oppose themselves against us. Which we seeing, gave them the hubbub, after the manner of the Indians, and assaulted them, and they us; but being a close darke night, they could not discerne us presently upon the hubbub.^ 1 Boats hollowed from the truuk of a tree. 2 Whoop ! whoop ! Cotgravc gives us the meaning of hootiiiffs And THE SOUTH SEA. 91 Prom our shippe the gunner shott a peece of ordinance **^ '"'^"- over our heads, according to the order given him, and thereof we tooke occasion to retyre unto our boates, and within a little space came to the boothes and landing places, as though wee came from our shippes to ayd them. They began to recount imto us, how that at the wester poynt of Tb«eT«iu the iland, out of certaine cannoas, had landed a multitude *'"''^- of Indians, which with a great out-cry came upon them, and assaulted them fiercely ; but finding better resistance then they looked for, and seeing themselves discovered by the shippes, tooke themselves to their heeles and returned to their cannoas, in which they imbarked themselves, and departed. One aflSrmed, he saw the cannoas ; another, their long hayre ; a third, their bowes ; a fourth, that it could not be, but that some of them had their pajrments. And it was worth the sight, to behold those which had not moved out of their beds in many moneths, unlesse by tlie helpe of others, gotten some a bow-shoot off into the woods, others into the toppes of trees, and those which hau any strength, joyned together to fight for their lives. In fine, the boothes and tents were left desolate.' To colour our businesse the better, after we had spent some houres in seeking out and joyning the companie to- gether, in comforting, animating, and commending them, I left them an extraordinary guard for that night, and so departed to our shippes, with such an opinion of the assault given by the Indians, that many so possessed, through all the voyage, would not be perswaded to the contrary. whoopingn : noises wherewith swine are scared, or infamous old women disgraced. 8 A sudden sensation, be it from fear or otherwise, has a surprising effect upon persons sick or bed-ridden. Lcdiard relates that in & sharp engagement with a combined squadron of French and Dutch ships, off Sir Christopher, in 1667, Sir John Harman, the English commander, who had been lame and in great pain from the gout, upon discovering the enemy's fleet, got up, walked about, and gave orders as well as over, till the fight was over, and then became ai< lame as before. 08 IIAWKIN8' VOYAUR INTO Paimito iluid. "'^^ »"" Which impression wrought such effect in most of my companie, that in all places where the Indians might annoy OS, they were ever after most carefiiU and vigilant* as was convenient/ In these ilands it heigheth and falleth some five or six foot water, and but once in two and twentie houres ; as in all this coast, and in many parts of the West Indies ; as also in the coast of Perew and Chely, saving where are great bayes or indraughts, and there the tydes keep their ordinary course of twice in foure and twentie houres. In the lesser of these ilands, is a cave for a small ship to ryde in, land-lockt, and shee may moore her sele to the trees of either aide. This we called Palmito iland, for the aboundance it hath of the greater sort of palmito trees; the other hath none at all. A man may goe betwixt the ilands with his ship, but the better course is out at one end. In these ilands are many scorpions, snakes, and adders, with other venemous vermine. They have parrots, and a certaine kinde of fowle like unto pheasants, somewhat bigger, and seeme to be of their nature. Here we spent above a moneth in ciirng of our sicke men, supplying anr wants of wood and water, and in other necessary workes. And the tenth of December, all things put in order, we set sayle for Cape Frio, having onely six men sicke, with pur- pose there to set ashore our two prisoners before named ; and anchoring under the Cape, we sent our boat a shore, but they could not finde any convenient place to land them in, and so returned.'^ The wind being southerly, and not good to goe on our voyage, we succoured our selves within * We do not approve of such means of exciting vigilance ; some might have got their payments. According to iEsop, wolf may be called too often. ^ Cape Frio has since become remarkable as the point on which her majesty's ship Thetis was wrecked in December 1830, the night after she had left Rio Janeiro. A landing was effected, and nearly the whole crew saved. A snug cove north of the cape, with a boat entrance to THK aOl'TH SKA. 98 Isla Grand, which lyeth some dozen or fourteene leagues *^'- **'"^ from the cape, betwixt the west, and by south and west south-west ; the rather to set our prisoners a shore. In the mid-way betwixt the Cape and this iland, lyeth the rirer lenero, a very good harbour, fortified with a*"*" garrison, and a place well peopled. The Isla Grand is some eight or ten leagues long, and causeth a goodly har- bour for shipping. It is full of great sandie bayes, and in the most of them is store of good water ; within this iland are many other smaller ilands, which cause divers sounds and creekes; and amongst these little ilacds, one, for the "»••"•»"•• pleasant scituation and fertilitie thereof, called Placentia. This is peopled, all the rest desert : on this island our prisoners desired to be put a shore, and promised to send us some refreshing. Whereto we condescended, and sent them ashore, with two boates well man'd and armed, who found few inhabitants in the iland ; for our people saw not above foure or five houses, notwithstanding our boats re- tiumed loaden with plantynes, piuias,^ potatoes, sugar- canes, and some hennes. Amongst which they brought a kind of little plantyne, greene, and round, which were the best of any that I have seene. With our people came a Portingall, who said, that the island was his ; he seemed to be a M istecho, who are those that are of a Spanish and an Indian brood, poorely ap- parelled and miserable; we feasted him, and gave him some trifles, and he, according to his abilitie, answered our courtesie with such as he had. The wind continuing contrary, we emptied all the water wee could come by, which we had filled in Saint James his iland, and filled our caske with the water of this Isla'*''*''*"'** Grand. It is a wildemesse, covered with trees and shrubs the southward, was much used during the operations afterwards carried on to attempt to recover the treasure embarked in her. ^ Pine apples, ananasta aativa. 04 Hawkins' voyaok into Shell* of moUieror PMrl«. "***• **'"• SO thicke, as it hath no passage through, except a man make it by force. And it was strange to heare the howling and cryes of wilde beastes in these woods day and night, which we could not come at to see by any meanes ; some like lyons, others like beares, others like hoggs, and of such and so many diversities, as was admirable. Heere our nets profited us much ; for in the sandy bayes they tooke us store of fish. Upon the shore, at full sea- mark, we found in many places certaine shels, like those of mother of pearles, which are brought out of the East Indies, to make standing cups, called caracoles ; of so great curi- ositie as might move all the beholders to magnifie the maker of them : and were it not for the brittlenes of them, by reason of their exceeding thinnes, doubtles they were to bee esteemed farre above the others ; for, more excel- lent workemanship I have not scene in shels.' The eighteenth of December, we set sayle, the wind at north-east, and directed our course for the Straites of Magalianes. The twenty two of this moneth, at the going too of the sunne, we descryed a Portingall ship, and gave her chase, and comming within hayling of her, shee rendred her selfe without any resistance ; shee was of an hundred tuns, bound for Angola, to load negroes, to be carried and sold in the river of Plate. It is a trade of great profit, and much used, for that tho negroes are carried from the head of the river of Plate, to Patosi, to labour in the mynes. It is a bad negro, who is not worth there five or six hundreth peeces, every peece of tenne ryals, which they receive in ryals of plate," for there is no other marehandize in those partes. Some have told me, that of late they have found out the trade and benefit of cochanillia, but the river sufiereth not vessels of burthen ; for if they drawe above 7 Probably a species of nautilus. 8 The lyal of silver, of which ten went to a "piece," is in value about fivepence of our money. Price of negroes. THE SOUTH HE A. 95 eight or seaven foote water, they cannot goc farther then "'^ **" " the mouth of the river, and the first habitation is above a hundred and twenty leagues up, whereunto many barkes trade yearely, and cany all kinde of marchandize serving for Patosi and Paraquay ; the money which is thence re- turned, is distributed in all the coast of Brasill. The loading of this ship was meale of cassavi, which the ^^]^ Portingals call Farina de Paw. It serveth for marchan- dize in Angola, for the Portingals foode in the ship, and to nourish the negroes which they should carry to the river of Plate. This meale is made of a certaine roote which the Indians call yuea, much like unto potatoes. Of it are two kindes : the one sweete and good to be eaten (either rosted or sodden) as potatoes, and the other of which they make their bread, called cassavi; deadly poyson, if the liquor or juyce bee not thoroughly pressed out. So prepared it is the bread of Bnudll, and many parts of the Indies, which they make in this maner : first they pare the roote, and then upon a rough stone they grate it as small as they can. The pmwr- iogtoereoi and after that it is grated small, they put it into a bag or '<" foo^- poke, and betwixt two stones, with great waight, they presse out the juyce or poyson, and after keepe it in some bag, till it hath no juyce nor moysture lefk.^ Of this they make two sorts of bread, the one finer and the other courser, but bake them after one maner. They place a great broad smooth stone upon other foure, which serve in steede of a trevet, and make a quicke fire under it, and so strawe the flower or meale a foote long, and halfe a foot broad. To make it to incorporate, they sprinkle now and then a little water, and then another rowe of meale, and another sprinkling, till it be to their minde ; that which is B Cassava or manioc is of the natural order euphorbiaeea. The root abounds with a poisonous juice, but this after maceration is driven off by heat, and the fecula is obtained in an edible state. Tapioca is a preparation of cassava. Farina do poo — flour of wood. 96 HAWKINS* VOYAGE INTO Bttt. asvii. A|[ntnt|>M. And for bevrnige. to be spent presently, they make a finger thicke, and some- times more thicke ; but that which they make for store, is not above halfe a finger thicke, but so hard, that if it fall on the ground it will not breake easily. Being newly baked, it is reasonable good, but after fewe dayes it is not to be eaten, except it be soaked in water. In some partes they suffer the meale to become fenoed,*" before they make it into bread, and hold it for the best, saying that it giveth it a better tast ; but I am not of that opinion. In other parts they mingle it with a firuite called agnanapes, which are round, and being ripe are grey, and as big as an hazell nut, and grow in a cod like pease, but that it is all curiously wrought : first they parch them upon a stone, and after beate them into powder, and then mingle them with the fine flower of cassavi, and bake them into bread, these are their spice-cakes, which they call xauxaw. The agnanapes are pleasant, give the bread a yellowish coulour, and an aromaticall savour in taste.^^ The finer of this bread, being well baked, keepeth long time, three or foure yeares. In Brazill, since the Portingalls taught the Indians the use of sugar, they eate this meale mingled with remels^'of sugar, or malasses ; and in this manner the Por- tingalls themselves feed of it. But we found a better manner of dressing this farina, in making pancakes, and frying them with butter or oyle, and sometimes with manteca depuerco; when strewing a little sugar upon them, it was meate that our company desired above any that was in the shippe. The Indians also accustome to make their drinke of this meale, and in three sevcrall manners. First is chewing it in their mouths, and after mingling ! I ; i w Vinewed — mouldy. 11 Probably cacao {theohroma cacao), well known from tbebevera|;« of the same name, and from which chocolate is manufactured. 13 In the Devonshire dialect, remlet means a remnant THR SOUTH UK A, vr la, in and little jired this ;ling [erage it with water, after a loathsome manner, yet the common- **«*•«**"• est drinke that they have; and that held best which is chewed by an old woman.*' The second manner of their drinke, is baking it till it bo halfe bnrued, then they beate it into powder ; and when they will drinke, they mingle a small qnantitie of it with water, which giveth a reasonable good taste. The third, and best, is baking it, as aforesaid, and when it is beaten into powder, to seeth it in water ; after that it is well boyled, they let it stand some three or foure dayes, and then drinke it. So, it is much like the ale which is used in England, and of that colour and taste. The Indians are very curious in planting and manuring The nmnnrr of this yuca. It is a little shrubb, and carryeth branches i^«- like hazell wands ; being growne as bigge as a mans finger, they breake them off in the middest, and so pricke them into the ground ; it needeth no other art or husbandry, for out of each branch grow two, three, or foure rootes, some bigger, some lesser: but first they bume and manure the ground, the which labour, and whatsoever els is requi- site, the men doe not so much as heipe with a finger, but all lyeth upon their poore women, who are worse then slaves; wiui the i«. for they labour the ground, they plant, they digge and *'*"^''- delve, they bake, they brew, and dresse their meate, fetch their water, and doe all drudgerie whatsoever : yea, though they nurse a childe, they are not exempted firom any labour; their childe they carry in a wallet about their necke, ordinarily under one arme, because it may sucke when it \*i". The men have care for nothing but for their cannoas, to passe from place to place, and of their bowes and arrowes to hunt, and their armes for the warre, which is a sword of hcavie blacke wood, some foure fingers broad, an inch ^s A similar disagreeable preparation, called lava, is prepared and drunk in the Polynesian islands. e- ■ 08 HAWKINS* VOTAOB lirro '^* **'"• thickc, and an cU long, something broader towards the toppc then at the handle. They call it macana, and it is carved and wrought with inlayd works very curiously, but his edges are blunt. If any kill any game in hunting, ho bringeth it not with him, but from the next tree to the game, he breaketh a bough (for the trees in the Indies have leaves for the most part all the yeare), and all the way as he gocth strewcth little peeces of it, here and there, and comming home giveth a peece to his woman, and so sends her for it. If they goe to the warrc, or in any journey, where it is necessary to carry provision or marchandize, the women serve to carry all, and the men never succowr nor ease them ; wherein they shew greater barbarisme then in any thing, in my opinion, that I have noted amongst them, except in eating one another. In BrasiU, and in the West Indies, the Indian may have as many wives as he can get, either bought or given by her friends : the men and women, for the most part, goe Their Biurc. naked, and those which have come to know their shame, cover onely their privie parts with a peece of cloth, the rest of their body is naked. Their houses resemble great bames, covered over or thatched with plantyne leaves, which reach to the ground, and at either end is the doore. In one house are sometimes ten or twentie households : they have little household stuffe, besides their beds, which they call hamacas^^ and are made of cotton, and stayned with divers colours and workes. Some I have scene white, of great curiositie. They are as a sheete laced at both ends, and at either end of them long strappes, with which they fasten them to two posts, as high as a mans middle. Pul.vRaniy of the Iiiilians. Their man iwr uf housing. ' i< Tho hammock now in general use at sea, takes its name from this term. 1 THF, noiTii nr.\. 99 H»c». \»»lll and lo ait rocking themselvcn in them. Sometimcii they uac them for seatcs, and sometimes to slecpc in at their *'** pleasures. In one of them I have scene slecpc the man, his wife, and a childe. SECTION XXVIIl. We tooke out of this prize, for our provision, some good quantitie of tliis meale, and the sugar shee had, being not above three or foure chestes : after three dayes we gave the ship to the Portingalls, and to them libertie. In her was a Portingall knight, which went for govemour of Angola, of the habit of Christ, with fiftie souldiers, and armes for a hundreth and fiftie, with his wife and daughter. He was old, and complained, that after many yeares service for his king, with sundry mishapps, he was brought to that poore estate, as for the relief of his wife, his daughter, and him- selfe, he had no other substance, but that he had in the ship. It moved compassion, so as nothing of his was di- minished, which though to us was of no great moment, in Angola it was worth good crownes. Onely we disarmed them all, and let them depart, saying that they would re- tume to Saint Vincents. We continued our course for the Straites, my people much animated with this unlookt for refreshing, and praised God for his bountie, providence, and grace extended towards us. Here it will not be out of the way to speake a word of the particularities of the countrie. (i2 100 IIAWKINs' VOYAfiK INH» SMTION XXIX. IlilmvfM. It> enmmo- '*^*^*'"*' Hkasill in accounted to be that part of America, which ti^Hr^^' 'y*'*'' towards our north sea, Ixitwixt the river of the Ama- '*'*^'- Eons, nccre the lync to the northwardii, untill a man come to the river of Plate in thirty-six degrees to the southwanls of the lyne. This coast generally lyeth next of any thing south and by west ; it is a temperate countric, though in some parts it cxccedcth in heat; it is full of good succors for shipping, and plcntifuU for rivers and fresh waters ; the principal habitations are, Famambuca, the Bay De todos los Santos, Nostra Senora de Victoria, alias Santos, the river lenero. Saint Vincents, and Flacentia ; every of them provided of a good port. The winds are variable, but for the most part trade^ along the coast. The commodities this country yeeldeth, arc the wood called Brasill,) whereof the best is that of Famambuc ; (so also called, being used in most rich colours) good cotton- wooll, great store of sugar, balsamon, and liquid amber. They have want of all maner of cloth, lynnen, and woollen, of iron, and edge-tools, of copper, and principally in some places, of wax, of wine, of oyle, and meale (for the country beareth no come), and of all maner of haber- dashery-wares, for the Indians. The beasts that naturally breed in this country are, tygers, lyons, hoggs, dogges, deere, monkeyes, mycos, and conies (like unto ratts, but bigger, and of a tawney colour), armadilloes, alagartoes, and store of venemous wormes and serpents, as scorpions, adders, which they call vinoras; and of them, one kind, which the divine Providence hath created with a bell upon his head, that wheresoever he 1 Blow steadily — in one direction. Whence tmde wind. 3 Before the discovery of America, dye woods were known by this denomination ; and Brazil owes its name to the quantity of wood of this nature found among its forests. IlK WMIt*. The bfRtiall lh«m>r. rilK itUl'TIt SKA. 101 NWI. »k. gocth, the sound r«f it mi^ht I •* Tipnrd, And to the M>r|N>nt ■hunncd ; lor hU ntiu^nif '* without rcmodie. This tliry call the vynora «lth the liell ; (if them there arc many, and great stores of «(»Hkea, them of that f^atnessc, as to write the truth, might sccme fabulous. Another worm there is in this cotintrv, which killed Tb' ■''•'•"• • IDmlllH*. many of the first inhabitants, before Ootl was pleased to discover a rcmedie for it, unto a religious {leraon; it is like a magot, but more slender, and longer, and of a grcene colour, with a red head ; this worme creepeth in at the hinder parts, where is the evacuation of our supcrfluitiett, and there, as it were, gleweth himselfe to the gutt, there fcedcth of the bloud and humors, and bccommcth so great, that stopping the naturall passage, he forccth the princi* pall whecle of the clocke of our bodie to stand still, and with it the accompt of the hoiu'es of life to take end, with most cruell torment and paine, which is such, that he who hath becne throughly punished with the colliquc can quickly decipher or demonstrate. The antidote for this pernicious worme is garlique ; and this was discovered by a physitian to a religious person. are, I, and )our), and |oras; hath :r he Ly this of SKtTiON XXX. Betwixt twenty-six and twenty-seven degrees neere the coast lyetli an iland; the Portingalls call it Santa Catalina, c1!^^,m which is a reasonable harbour, and hath good refreshing of wood, water, and fruit. It is desolate, aud serveth for those who trade from Brasill to the river of Plate, or from the river to Brasill, as an inne, or baytiug place.^ In our navigation towards the Straites, by our obaerva- v«ri«ii»i. ..i tion wee found, that our compasse varyed a poynt and ' Saiut C'utherino's now lunkn as a port aft«r Rio Janviio luiil Bahiu. 102 HAWKINS' VOYAGE INTO i *"'• "*• better to the eastwards. And for that divers have written curiously and largely of the variation thereof, I referre them that desire the understanding of it, to the Discourse of Master William Aborrawh, and others; for it is a secret, whose causes well understood are of greatest moment in all navigations.' In the height of the river of Plate, we being some fiftie leagues off the coast, a storme took us southerly, which endured fortie-eight houres.' In the first day, about the going downe of the sunne, Robert Tharlton, master of the Fancie, bare up before the wind, without giving us any token or signc that shee was in distresse. We seeing her to continue her course, bare up after her, and the night comming on, wt ccirried our light; but shee never answered us; for they kept their course directly for England, which The over- was the ovcrthrow of the voyage, as well for that we had throw of •'^^ the voyage, no pyuacc to goc bcforc us, to discover any danger, to seeke out roades and anchoring, to helpe our watering and re- freshing ; as also for the victuals, necessaries, and men which they carryed away with them : which though they were not many, yet with their helpe in our fight, we had taken the Vice-Admirall, the first time shee bourded with us, as shall be hereafter manifested. For once we cleered her decke, and had we beene able to have spared but a dozen men, doubtlesse we had done with her what we would ; for shee had no close fights.* The cauw. M orcovcr, if shee had beene with me, I had not beene ^ The cause of the variation of the compass still remains a secret. But from the close analogy existing between magnetism and electricity, perhaps we are not far from discovering it. The variation at this point in 1820, was Tjo E. 8 Sudden squalls are generated on the Pampas or plains lying round Buenos Ayres, called thence Pamperos ; which do great damage. See the account of one in the Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle. * Probably barricades to retire behind in case of being I>oarded. The piratical prahus of the Indian Archipelago are fitted with a similar (Icfouce. THE SOUTH SKA. 108 discovered upon the coast of Perew. But I was worthy to >^» "^^ be deceivedj that trusted my ship in the hands of an hypo- crite, and a man which had left his generall before in the like occasion, and in the selfe-same place ; for being with '■>"•'«■'>'• Master Thomas Candish, master of a small ship in the voyage wherein he dyed, this captaine being aboord the Admirall, in the night time forsooke his fleet, his generall and captaine, and returned home. This bad custome is too much used amongst sea-m?n, and worthy to be severely punished ; for doubtlesse the not punishing of those offenders hath beene the prime cause of many lamentable events, losses, and overthrowes, to the dishonoiur of our nation, and frustrating of many good and honourable enterprises. In this poynt of dicipline, the Spaniards doe farre sur- Diwi|>iin«-or . the Spanitb. passe us; for whosoever forsaketh his fleete, or commander, is not onely severely punished, but deprived also of all charge or government for ever after. This in oiur countric is many times neglected ; for that there is none to follow the cause, the principalis being either dead with griefe, or drowned in the gulfe of povertie, and so not able to wade through with the burthen of that suite, which in Spaine is prosecuted by the kings atturncy, or fiscall ; or at least, a judge appoynted for determining that cause purposely. Yea, I cannot attribute the good successe the Spaniard The only ' o » cauiiei>lthrir hath had in his voyages and peoplings, to any extraordinary i'™'i«ri''i» vertue more in him then in any other man, were not dis- cipline, patience, and justice far superior. For in valour, experience, and travell, he surpasseth us not ; in shipping, preparation, and plentie of vitualls, hee commeth not ncere us ; in paying and rewarding our people, no nation did goe beyond us : but God, who is a just and bountifull rewarder, regarding obedience farre above sacrifice, doubtlesse, in recompence of their indurance, resolution, and subjection to commandment, bcstoweth upon them the blessing due 104 HAWKINS* VOYAtiK INTO ****•*"• unto it. And thin, not for that the Spaniard is of a more tractable disposition, or more docible nature than wee, but that justice halteth with us, and so the old proverbe is verified, Pittie marreth the whole cittie. Thus come we to be deprived of the sweet fruit, which the rod of dicipline bringeth with it, represented unto us in auncient verses, which as a relique of experience I have heard in my youth recorded by a wise man, and a great captaine, thus : The rod by power divine, and earthly regall law, Makes good men live in peace, and bad to stand in awe : For with a severe stroke the bad corrected be, Which makes the good to joy such justice for to see ; The rod of dicipline breeds feare in every part. Reward by due desert doth joy and glad the heart. The cunning of ruuna- wayn. captaines. These absentings and escapes are made most times onely to pilfer and 8teale,a8 well by taking of some prise when they are alone, and without commaund, to hinder or order their bad proceedings, as to appropriate that which is in their intrusted ship; casting the fault, if they be called to accoimt, upon some poore and unknowne mariners, whom they suffer with a little pillage to absent themselves, the cunninglier to colour their greatest disorders, and robberies. And iKiioWe For doubtlcssc, if he would, hee might have come unto us with great facilitie; because within sixteene houres the storme ceased, and the winde came fayre, which brought us to the Straites, and dured many days after with us at north-east. This was good for them, though naught for us: if he had perished any mast or yard, sprung any leake, wanted victuals, or instruments for finding us, or had had any other impediment of importance, hee might have had some colour to cloake his lewdnes :" but his masts and yards being sound, his shippe staunch and loaden with victuales for two yeares at the least, and having order from place to ^ Misbehaviour. Tookc derives lewd from the Anglo-Saxon latcan — to delude or mislead. THE SOUTH SEA. 106 place, where to finde us, his intention is easily seene to bee *"' *** bad, and his fault such, as worthily deserved to bee made exemplary unto others. Which he manifested at his re- J[,'5','J^^ tume, by his manner of proceeding, making a spoyle of the prise hee tooke in the way homewards, as also of that which was in the ship, putting it into a port fit for his purpose, where he might have time and commodity to doe what hee would. Wee made account that they had beene swallowed up of the sea, for we never suspected that anything could make them forsake us; so, we much lamented them. The storme ceasing, and being out of all hope, we set sayle and went on our coiu"se. During this storme, certaine great Birdiiiko fowles, as big as swannes, soared about us, and the winde calming, setled themselves in the sea, and fed upon the sweepings of our ship; which I perceiving, and desirous to see of them, because they seemed farre greater then in truth they were, I caused a hooke andc«^tj*i»h lyne to be brought me; and with a peece of a pilchard '"*"'"• I bayted the hook, and a foot from it, ty ed a peece of corke, that it might not sinke deepe, and threw it into the sea, wliich, our ship driving with the sea, in a little time was a good space from us, and one of the fowles being hungry, presently seized upon it, and the hooke in his upper beake. It is like to a faulcons bill, but that the poynt is more crooked, in that maner, as by no meanes he could cleare himselfe, except that the lync brake, or the hooke righted : plucking him towards the ship, with the waving of his wings he eased the waight of his body; and being brought to the sterne of our ship, two of our company went downe by the ladder of the poope, and seized on his necke and wings ; but such were the blowes he gave them with his pinnions, as both left their hand-fast, being beaten blackc and blcwe ; we cast a snare about his necke, and so tryccd him into the ship. 106 HAWKINS' VOYAOB INTO '^"* By the same manner of fishing, we caught so many of IwS^bS^t. *^®™» *■ refreshed and recreated all my people for that day. Their bodies were great, but of little flesh and tender ; in taste answerable to the food whereon they feed." They were of two colours, some white, some gray ; they had three joynts in each wing ; and from the poynt of one wing to the poynt of the other, both stretched out, was above two fathomes. The wind continued good with us, tUl we came to forty- nine degrees and thirty minutes, where it tooke us westerly, being, as we made our accompt, some fiftie leagues from the shore. Betwixt forty-nine and forty-eight degrees, is Port Saint JuUan, a good harbour, and in which a man may grave his ship, though shee draw fifteene or sixteene foote water : but care is to be had of the people called Fentagones. They jnrc of the arc treachcrous, and of great stature, so the most give them the name of gyants.^ The second of February, about nine of the clocke in the morning, we discryed land, which bare south-west of us, which wee looked not for so timely ; and comming neerer and neerer unto it, by the lying, wee could not conjecture what land it should be ; for we were next of anything in forty-eight degrees, and no platt nor sea-card which we had made mention of any land which lay in that manner, neere about that height; in fine, wee brought our lar-bord tacke aboord, and stood to the north-east- wardes all that day and night, and the winde continuing westerly and a fayre gale, wee continued our course alongst the coast the day and night following. In which time wee made accompt we dis- ^ This fowl was doubtless the albatross (Diomedea), which seems to be a corruption of the Portuguese word alcatraz. The practice of fishing for them still continues, though more for recreation (?) than for refreshment. 7 The account of the gigantic stature of the Patagonians seems to bo fabulous. Magalhaens reported them as giants ; but later navi- gators disputed it : however, Fitzroy states tliem to averaj^e nearly six feet. TIIK SOUTH 8F,A. 107 in coverd well neere threescore leagues of the coast. It is '^- '»*■ bold, and made small shew of dangers. The land is a goodly champion country, and peopled : ^J,^^^,;. we saw many fires, but could not come to speake with the uliT'"" people ; for the time of the yeare was farre spent, to shoot the Straites, and the want of our pynace disabled us for ;J,"*';UJi,j„^ finding a port or roade ; not being discretion with a ship '^^'^I^. of charge, and in an unknowne coast, to come neere the ]anT" shore before it was sounded ; which were causes, together with the change of winde (good for us to paase the Straitc), that hindered the further discovery of this land, with its secrets: this I have sorrowed for many times since, for that it had likelihood to be an excellent country. It hath great rivers of fresh waters ; for the out-shoot of them colours the sea in many places, as we ran alongst it. It is not mountaynous, but much of the disposition of England, and as temperate. The things we noted principally on the coast, are these following ; the westermost poynt of the land, with which we first fell, is the end of the land to the west-wardes, as we found afterwards. If a man bring this poynt south-west, it riseth in three mounts, or round hil- lockes : bringing it more westerly, they shoot themselves all into one; and bringing it easterly, it riseth in two hillocks. This we call poynt Tremountaine. Some twelve P"y"'T«- or foureteene leagues from this poynt to the east-wardes, fayre by the shore, lyeth a low flat iiand of some two leagues long; we named it Fayre Hand; for it was all ^'"yrei '»>»«• over as greene and smooth, as any meddow in the spring of the yeare. Some three or foure leagues easterly from this iland, is a goodly opening, as of a great river, or an arme of the sea, with a goodly low countrie adjacent. And eight or tenne leagues from this opening, some three leagues from the shore, lyeth a bigge rocke, which at the first wee had thought to be a shippe under all her saylcs ; but after, us 108 HAWKINS' VOYAOK INTO Sect. XXX. Coodile Hawkiii* iDkidpn-land n wc came neere, it discovered it selfe to be a rocke, which we called Condite-head ; for that howsoever a man com- meth with it, it is like to the condite heads about the cittie of London. All this coast, so farre as wee discovered, lyeth next of any thing east and by north, and west and by south. The land, for that it was discovered in the raigne of Queene Elizabeth, my soveraigne lady and mistres, and a maiden Queene, and at my cost and adventure, in a perpetual! memory of her chastitie, and remembrance of my endea- vours, I gave it the name of Hawkins maiden-land.* fiMidsorora- Before a man fall with this land, some twentie or thirtie weed with wiiiteOuwen leagucs, hc shall meete with bedds of oreweed, driving to and fro in that sea, with white flowers growing upon them, and sometimes farther off; which is a good show and signe the land is neere, whereof the westermost part lyeth some threescore leagues from the neerest land of America. With our fayre and large wind, we shaped our course for the Straites ; and the tenth of February we had sight of land, and it was the head land of the Straites to the north-wards, which agreed with our height, wherein we found our selves to be, which was in fifty two degrees and fortie minutes. Within a few houres we had the mouth of the Straites open, which lyeth in fifty-two degrees, and fifty minutes. It riseth like the North Foreland in Kent, and is much like the land of Margates. It is not good to borrow neere the shore, but to give it a fayre birth ; within a few houres we entred the mouth of the Straites, which is some six leagues broad, and lyeth in fifty-two degrees, and fifty minutes : doubling the poynt on the B It is generally supposed that this land was the Falkland islands ; but as they lie betwixt 61° and 53o, this cannot be reconciled -. ;ti^ being " next of anything in 48o." In this parallel, the main I., a) projects to the eastward ; and this perhaps was the laud he descried. The rock like a sail might be the Bellaco rock. Our oom- inins to the Straites. THE SOITTH SKA. 109 slands ; being projects be rock iVdni Mv- niienUi buililctli Ntar-board, which is also flat, of a good hirth, we opened a fayre bay, in which we might discry the hull of a ship beaten upon the beach. It was of the Spanish fleete, that went to inhabite there, in anno 1582, under the charge of Pedro Sarmiento,^ who at his retume was taken prisoner, and brought into England. In this bay the Spaniards made their principall habita- tion, and called it the cittie of Saint Philip, and left it llC!i>"ui,.. peopled ; but the cold barrennes of the countric, and the malice of the Indians, with whom they badly agreed, made speedie end of them, as also of those whom they left in the middle of the Straites, three leagues from Cape Froward to the east- wards, in another habitation. We continued our course alongst this reach (for all the Straites is as a river altering his course, sometimes upon one poynt, sometimes upon another) which is some eight leagues long, and lyeth west north-west. From this we entred into a goodly bay, which runneth up into the land northerly many leagues ; and at first entrance a man may see no other thing, but as it were a maine sea. From the end of this first reach, you must direct your course west south-west, and some fourteene or fifteene leagues lyeth one of the narrowest places of all the Straites ; this leadeth unto another reach, that lyeth west and by north some six leagues. > ' • - 9 The expedition of Drake having excited considerable alarm in Peru, the viceroy despatched Don Pedro Sarmiento with orders to take him dead or alive. Proceeding to the Strait of Magalhaens in pursuit, he took the opportunity to explore its shores. He afterwards pointed out to the King of Spain, Philip II, the importance of fortifying the Straits, to prevent the passage of strangers. Accordingly an expedition was fitted out, which, after some accidents, founded the two settlements of Jesus and San Felipe. The site of the last is now known as Port Famine : so named from the disasters which befell the unhappy colonistS) who mostly perished by want. Sarmiento himself having been blown off the coast, appears to have used every effort to obtain and forward supplies from Brazil to his friends, but, proceeding to Europe for further assistance, was captured and taken to England. 110 HAWKINS' VOYAOE INTO '*^'"' Here, in the middle of the reach, the wind tooke us by the north-west, and so we were forced to anchor some two or three dayes. In which time, we went a shore with our boates, and found neere the middle of this reach, on the star*boord side, a reasonable good place to ground and trimme a small ship, where it higheth some nine or ten foote water. Here we saw certaine hogges, but they were so farre from us, that wee could not disceme if they were of those of the countrie, or brought by the Spaniards ; these were all the beasts which we saw in all the time we were in the Straites. In two tydes we turned through this reach, and so re- covered the ilands of Fengwins ; they lye from this reach ^o^- foure leagues southwest and by west. Till you come to this place, care is to be taken of not comming too neere to any poynt of the land : for being, for the most part, sandie, they have sholding off them, and are somewhat dangerous. Tbeiiwid. These ilands have beene set forth by some to be three: we of PeogWID* •' ' could discover but two : and they are no more, except that part of the mayne, which lyeth over against them, be an iland, which carrieth little likelihood, and I cannot deter- mine it. A man may sayle betwixt the two ilands, or be- twixt them and the land on the larboord side ; from which land to the bigger iland is, at it were, a bridge or ledge, on which is foure or five fathome water; and to him that commeth neere it, not knowing thereof, may justly cause feare ; for it showeth to be shold water with his rypling, like unto a race.^" Betwixt the former reach, and these ilands, runneth up a goodly bay into the country to the north-wards. It causeth ^^ The tides run with groat velocity in some parts of the straits. The rippling might justly cause fear, ignorant as the parties were of the extent of the rise and fall of tide. Fitzroy relates that an American captain hardly recovered, being told that it amounted to six or seven fathoms. THE SOUTH 9EA. Ill S««l. tXH. a great indranght, and above these ilands mnneth a great tide from the mouth of the Straites to these ilands; the land on the larboord side is low land and sandy, for the most part, and without doubt, ilands, for it hath many openings into the sea, and forcible indraughts by them, and that on the starboord side, is all high mountaynous land from end to end ; but no wood on eyther side. Be- fore wee passed these Hlands, under the lee of the bigger iland, we anchored, the wind being at north-east, with in- tent to refresh ourselves with the fowles of these ilands. They are of divers sorts, and in great plentie, as pengwins, S^iJfX' wilde duckes, guiles, and gannets ; of the principall we '^ "' purposed to make provisions, and those were the pengwins ; which in Welsh, as I have beene enformed, signiiicth a white head. From which derivation, and many other Welsh denominations given by the Indians, or their pre- decessors, some doe inferre that America was first peopled with Welsh-men; and Motezanna, king, or rather em- perour of Mexico, did recount imto the Spaniards, at their first comming, that his auncestors came from a farre countrie, and were white people. Which, conferred with an auncient cronicle, that I have read many yeares since, may be conjectiu'ed to bee a prince of Wales, who many hundreth yeares since, with certaine shippes, sayled to the westwards, with intent to make new discoveries. Hee was never after heard of. The pengwin is in all proportion like unto a goose, and ,^o' orth"'" hath no feathers, but a certaine doune upon all parts of his ■*"**'" body, and therefore cannot fly, but avayleth himselfe in all occasions with his feete, running as fast as most men. He liveth in the sea, and on the land ; feedeth on fish in the sea, and as a goose on the shore upon grasse. They har- bour themselves under the ground in burrowes, as the Connies, and'in them hatch their young. All parts of the iland where they haunted were undci'mincd, save onely one lit IIAWKIN8' VOYAOR INTO Hart. SIX. HunliDRthe lietiKWin. valley, which it Nccmcth they reserved for their foode; for it was as greene as any mcdowe in the moneth of Aprill, with a most fine short grasse. The flesh of these pengwins is much of the savour of a certainc fowle taken in the ilands of Lundey and Silley, which wee call puffins : by the tast it is easily discerned that they fcede on fish. They are very fatt, and in dressing must be flcad as the byter ; they are reasonable meate, rosted, baked, or sodden, but best rested. We salted some dozen or sixteen hogsheads, which served us, whilest they lasted, in steede of powdred beefe.** The hunting of them, as we may well terme it, waH a great recreation to my company, and worth the sight, for in determining to catch them, necessarily wa: required good store of people, every one with a cudgell in his Land, to compasse them round about, to bring them, as it were, into a ring ; if they chanced to breake out, then was the sport ; for the ground being undermined, at unawares it fayled, and as they ran after them, one fell here, another there; another, offering to strike a., one, lifting up his hand, sunke upp to the arme-pits in the earth ; another, leaping to avoyd one hole, fell into another. And after the first slaughter, in seeing us on the shore, they shunned us, and procured to recover the sea; yea, many times seeing them- selves persecuted, they would tumble downe from such high rocks and mountaines, as it seemed impossible to es- cape with life. Yet as soone as they came to the beach, presently wee should see them runne into the sea, as though they had no hurt. Where one goeth, the other foUoweth, like sheepe after the bel- wether : but in getting them once within the ring, close together, few escaped, save such as by chance hid themselves in the borrowes; and ordinarily there was no drove which yeelded us not a thousand and 11 Birds which are strong-flaTOured arc rendered edible by stripping off their skin. THE SOrtn 9F.A. 113 veth, once |ch as larily and lipping more : the manor of killing them which the huntcn used, "*^- "* being in a cluster together, was with their cudgels to kuockc them on the head ; for though a man gave them many blowes on the body, they died not ; ))cside8, the flesh bruised is not good to kccpc. The masaaker tnded, pre- sently they cut off their heads, that they might blecdc well : such a» we determined to keepe for store, wee saved in this mancr. First, we split them, and then washed them J!]J',J;|;^.'^"* well in sea water, then salted them: having layne some sixe howrcs in salt, wee put them in prcssc eight howrcs, and the blood being soaked out, wc salted them againe in our other caske, as is the custome to salt beefe; after \ this mancr they continued good some two monetha, and served us in stead of beefe. The gulls and'gannets were not in so great quan title, ^'' *""" yet wc wanted not young guiles to cate all the time of our stay about these ilands. It was one of the delicatest foodes that I have eaten in all my life. The ducks are different to om-s, and nothing so good '^"*'" meatc ; yet they may serve for necessitic. Tliey were many, and had a part of the iland to themselves severall, which was the highest hill, and more then a musket shott over. In all the dayes of my life, I have not seene greater art and curiositie in creatures voyd of reason, then in the placing and making of their nestes ; all the hill being so full of them, that the greatest mathematician of the world could not devise how to place one more then there was upon the hill, leaving oncly one path-way for a fowle to passe betwixt. The hill was all levell, as if it had bcene smoothed by art ; the nestes made onely of earth, and seeming to be of the selfe same mould ; for the nests and the soyle is all one, which, with water that they bring in their beakes, they make into clay, or a ccrtaine dawbe, and after fashion H 114 iiawkin.h' voyaok into NmI. xitl them round, an with n compiUHC. In the hottome they containc the meiiNurc of n footc ; in the heiffht alMiut cif^ht inchcH ; and in tho toppe, the same qnantitic over ; there they arc hollowed in, Homcwhat deepc, wherein they lay their ef;gH, without other prevention. And I am of opinion that the Hunnc hel|)eth them to hatch their youni; : their netttd are for many ycares, and of one proportion, not one exceeding another in bignessc, in height, nor circumfer- ence ; and in proportionable distance one from another. In all this hill, nor in any of their nestett, watt to be found a blade of grm«8c, a straw, a sticke, a feather, a moate, no, nor the filing of any fowle, but all the ncstes and passages betwixt them, were so smooth and clcanc, as if they had bccnc newly swept and washed. All which are motives to prayse and magniiic the univer- sal! Creator, who so wonderfully manifcsteth his w isedomc, bountic, and providence in all his creatures, and especially for his particular love to ingratefuU mankindc, for whose contemplation and service he hath made them all. SECTION XXXI. or leair*, or One day, having ended our hunting of pengwins, one of sntt-wolvfs. , _ our manners walking about the iland, discovered a great company of scales, or sea- wolves (so called for that they are in the sea, as the wolves on the land), advising us that he left them sleeping, with their bellies tosting against the suunc. Wee provided our selves with staves, and other weapons, and sought to steale upon them at unawares, to surprise some of them ; and comming down the side of a hill, wee were not discovered, till we were close upon them : notwithstanding, their sentinell, before wc could approach, with a great howlc waked them : wee got betwixt the sea Tlir. MIITII SKA. 116 no, l)ne of [great they Is that Ist the I other 38, to of a khcm: roach, Le sea and Romo of them, hut thev Nhunncd u« not ; for thrv came dirretly u]M)n us ; and though wc dealt here and there a blow, yet not a man that withntood them, eAca|>ed the overthrow. They reckon not of a muiiket nhott, n nword peirceth not their skinne, and to give a blow with a stafTe, in as to smite upon a stone: onely in giving the blow uiion his snowt, presently he falleth downe dead. After they had recovered the water, they did, as it were, sconie us, dcfte us, and daunced before us, untill we had shot some musket shott througli them, and so they ap- peared no more. This fish is like unto a calfe, with foure le);,^s, but not above a spanne long: his skinne is hayrie like a calfe; but these were different to all that ever I have scene, yet I have scene of them in many parts ; for these were greater, and in their former parts like unto lyons, with shaggc hay re, and mostaches. They live in the sea, and come to sleepe on the land, and they ever have one that watcheth, who adviseth them of any accident. They are beneficiall to man in their skinnes for many purposes ; in their mostaches for pick-tooths, and in their fatt to make traine-oyle. This may suffice for the sealc, for that he is well knowue. ' ' 4«et. (iiii. SECTION XXXU. One day, our boates being loaden with pengwins, and ^»J*»j^ »' comming aboord, a sudden storme tooke them, which to- «*'*'«»'■ gether with the fury of the tyde, put them in such great danger, that although they threw all their loading into the sea, yet were they forced to goe before the wind and sea, h2 \ Sect. XXIII The second peopling uftlie Spsniarda. 116 HAWKINS' VOYAGE INTO to save their lives. Which we seeing, and considering that our welfare depended upon their safetie, being impossible to weigh our anchor, fastned an emptie barrell well pitched to the end of our cable, in stead of a boy, and letting it slip, set sayle to succour our boates, which in short space wee recovered, and after returned to the place where we ryd before. The storme ceasing, we used our diligence by all meanes to seeke our cable and anchor; but the tyde being forcible, and the weeds (as in many parts of the Straites), so long, that riding in foureteene fathome water, many times they streamed three and foure fathomes upon the ryme of the water ; these did so inrole our cable, that we could never set eye of our boy ; aud to sweepe for him was but lost labour, because of the weeds, which put us out of hope to recover it.^ And so our forcible businesse being ended, leaving in- structions for the Fancie our pynace, according to appoint- ment, where to find us, we inroled them in many folds of paper, put them into a barrell of an old musket, and stop- ped it in such manner as no wett could enter; then placing it an end upon one of the highest hills, and the most fre- quented of all the iland, wee imbarked our selves, and set sayle with the wind at north-west, which could serve us but to the end of that reach, some dozen leagues long, and some three or foure leagues broad. It lyeth next of any thing, till you come to Cape Agreda, south-west; from this Cape to Cape Froward, the coast lyeth west south-west. Some foure leagues betwixt them, was the second peo- pling of the Spaniards : and this Cape lyeth in fiftie five degrees and better. Thwart Cape Froward, the ^vind largcd with us, and we 1 Fucua girfanteus. — In the voyage of the Adventure and Beagle it was found firmly rooted in twenty fathoms, yet streaming fifty feet upon the surface. peo- five id we vnffle it Uupon THE SOUTH SEA. 117 continued our course towards the Hand of Elizabeth; which ^ "' *""'■ lyeth from Cape Froward some foureteene leagues west and by south. This reach is foure or five leagues broad, and in it are many channells or openings into the sea; for all the land on the souther part of the Straites are ilands and broken land ; and from the beginning of this reach to the end of the Straites, high mountaynous land on both sides, in most parts covered with snow all the yearc long. Betwixt the iland Elizabeth and the maync, is the nar- rowest passage of all the Straites ; it may be some two musket shott from side to side.' From this straite to Elizabeth bay is some foure leagues, and the course lyeth t,"! "' '"* north-west and by west. This bay is all sandie and cleane ground on the caster part ; but before you come at it, there lyeth a poynt of the shore a good byrth off, which is dangerous. And in this reach, as in many parts of the Straites, runneth a quick and forcible tyde. In the bay it higheth eight or nine foote water. The norther part of the bay hath foule ground, and rockes under water : and therefore it is not wholesome borrowing of the mayne. One of master Thomas Candish his pynaces, as I have beene enformed, came a-ground upon one of them, and he was in hazard to have left her there. From Elizabeth bay to the river of leronimo, is some Jhen"""'" • leronimo. five leagues. The course lyeth west and by north, and west. Here the wind scanted, and forced us to seek a place to anchor in. Our boates going alongst the shore, found a reasonable harbour, which is right against that which they call river leronimo ; but it is another channell, by which a man may disemboake the straite, as by the other which is accustomed ; for with a storme, which tookc us one night, suddenly we were forced into that opening un- wittingly ; but in the morning, seeing our error, and the 3 The narrowest part is in Crooked Reach, a little to the westward of St. Jerome point : hero the strait is about one mile across. 118 HAWKINS' VOYAGE INTO ^* '^'"' wiutl larging, with two or three boards wee turned out into the old channcU, not daring for want of our pynace to at- Rluicheii bay. Objection of wast. Auswere. tempt any new discoverie.' This harbour we called Blanches bay : for that it was found by William Blanch, one of omr masters mates. Here having moored our shippe, we began to make our provision of wood and water, whereof was plentie in this bay, and in all other places from Pengwin ilands, till within a dozen leagues of the mouth of the Straites. Now finding our deckes open, with the long lying under the lyne and on the coast of Brasill, the sunne having bcene in our zenith many times, we calked our ship within bourd and without, above the decks. And such was the diligence we used, that at foure dayes end, we had above threescore pipes of water, and twentie boats of wood stowed iu our ship ; no man was idle, nor otherwise busied but in necessary workes : some in felling and cleaving of wood : some in carrying of water j some in romaging ; some in washing; others in baking; one in heating of pitch; another in gathering of mussells ; no man was exempted, but knew at evening whereunto he was to betake himselfe the morning following. Some man might aske me how we came to have so many emptie caske in lesse then two moneths ; for it seemeth much that so few men in such short time, and in so long a voyage, should waste so much ? Whereto I answere, that it came not of excessive ex- pence ; for in health we never exceeded our ordinary; but of a mischance which befell us unknowne in the iland of Saint James, or Saint Anne, in the coast of Brasill, where we refreshed our selves, and according to the custome layd oiu" caske a shore, to trimme it, and after to fill it, the place being commodious for us. But with the water a 8 This was probably the opening into Otway water, leading to Sky- ring water, but not disemboguing into the Pacific. TllE SOl'TH SEA. 119 > Sky- Hrrt. XiXll certaine worm, called broma by the Spaniard, and by uh arters, cntred also, which cat it so full of holes that all the water soaked out, and made much of our caskc of small use. This we remedied the best wee could, and discovered it long before we came to this place. Hereof let others take warnine, in no place to have caske warning on the shore where it may be avovded : for it is one of the *»"»« provisions which are ".'ith greatest care to be preserved in long voyages, and hardest to be supplyed. These arters or broma, in all hott countries, enter into the plankes of shippes, and especially where are rivers of fresh water; for the common opinion is that they are bred in fresh water, y. and with the ciurent of the rivers are brought into the sea; but experience teacheth that they breed in the great seas in all hott clymates, especially neere the equinoctiall lyne ; for lying so long under and neere the lyne, and towing a shalop at our sterne, comming to dense her in Brasill, we found her all under water covered with these wormes, as bigge as the little finger of a man, on the outside of the plauke, not fully covered, but halfe the thicknesse of their bodie, like to a gelly, wrought into the planke as with a gowdge. And naturall reason, in my judgement, con- firmeth this ; for creatures bred and nourished in the sea, comming into fresh water die ; as those actually bred in ponds or fresh rivers, die presently, if they come into salt water. But some man may say, this fayleth in some fishes and beasts. Which I must confesse to be true ; but these eyther are part terrestryall, and part aquatile, as the raare- maide, sea-horse, and other of that kind, or have their breed- ing in the fresh, and growth or continuall nourishment in the salt water, as the salmond, and others of that kinde. In little time, if the shippe be not sheathed, they put sheathing all in hazard ; for they enter in no bigger then a small Spanish needle, and by little and little their holes become 120 Hawkins' VOYAGE INTO In Hpainc •11(1 Por- tingmll. '*'* """' ordinarily greater then a mans finger. The thicker the planke is, the greater he groweth ; yea, I have scene many shippes so eaten, that the most of their plankes under water have beene like honey combes, and especially those betwixt wind and water. If they had not beene sheathed, it had bin impossible that they could have swomme. The entring of them is hardly to be discerned, the most of them being small as the head of a pinne.^ Which, all such aa purpose long voyages, are to prevent by sheathing their shippes. And for that I have scene divers manners of sheathing, for the ignorant I will set them downe which by experi- ence I have found best. In Spaine and Portingall, some sheathe their shippes with lead ; which, besides the cost and waight, although they use the thinnest sheet-lead that I have seene in any place, yet it is nothing durable, but subject to many casualties. Another manner is used with double plankes, as thicke without as within, after the manner of furring ; which is little better then that with lead ; for, besides his waight, it dureth little, because the worme in small time passcth through the one and the other. A third manner of sheathing hath beene used amongst some with fine canvas ; which is of small continuance, and so not to be regarded. The fourth prevention, which now is most accompted of, is to bume the utter planke till it come to be in every place like a cole, and after to pitch it ; this is not bad. In China, as I have beene enformed, they use a certaine betane or varnish, in manner of an artificiall pitch, where- with they trim the outside of their shippes. It is said to Willi double plankes. With vaiivaa. With burnt plaukes. In China with varui^h * The teredo navalis ih very destructive. Nothing but metal is proof against its ravages. It is not clear what inay be its purpose in boring into any wood that comes in its way, for it is thought not to be nou- rished by what it destroys. THR SOUTH SEA, 121 of, irery 0, be durable, and of tbat vertiie, as neither wormc nor water '^*"*"' peirceth it ; neither liath the sunne power against it. Some have devised a certaine pitch, mingled with glassc and other ingredients, beaten into powder, with which if the shippe be pitched, it is said, the worme that toucheth it dveth ; but I have not heard that it hath beeue useful. But the most approved of all, is the manner of sheathing i>> kiirIuki used now adayes in England, with thin bourds, halfe inchc thicke; the thinner the better; and elme better then oake ; for it ry\eth not, it indureth better under water, and yeeldeth better to the shippcs side. The invention of the materialles incorporated betwixt the planke and the sheathing, is that indeed which avayleth ; for without it many plankes were not sufficient to hinder the entrance of this worme ; this manner is thus : Before the sheathing board is nayled on, upon the inner Bc«tmnniior side of it they smere it over with tarre halfe a finger thicke and upon the tsirre another halfe finger thicke of hayre, such as the wliitelymers use, and so nayle it on, the iiayles not above a spanne distance one from another ; the thicker they are driven, the better. Some hold opinion that the tarre killeth the worme; others, that the worme passing the sheathing, and seeking a way through, the hayre and the taire so involve him that he is choked therewith ; which me thinkes is most pro- bable ; this manner of sheathing was invented by my father, and experience hath taught it to be the best and of least cost.* ^ These inventions Iiavc been improved upon by the use of copper and other metals ; of these, copper is the best ; and an approved method of applying it, is over a coating oi felt. Truly there is nothing new under the sun. broof tring Inou- 122 HAWKINS' VOYAGE INTO SECTION XXXIII. >*«"•'"'""■ Such was the diligence we used for our dispatch to shoot the Straites, that at foiu-e dayes end, wee had our water and wood stowed in our shippe, all our copper-worke finished, and our shippe calked from post to stemme ; the first day in the morning, the wind being fayre, we brought our selves into the channell, and sayled towards the mouth of the Straites, praising God ; and beginning our course with little winde, we descryed a fire upon the shore, made by the Indians for a signe to call us ; which scene, I caused . a boat to be man'de, and we rowed ashore, to see what their meaning was, and approaching neere the shore, wee saw a cannoa, made fast under a rocke with a wyth, most artificially made with the rindes of trees, and sowed to- gether with the finnes of whales ; at both ends sharpe, and turning up, with a greene bough in either end, and ribbes for strengthening it. After a littlo while, we might dis- cerne on the fall of the mountaine (which was full of trees and shrubbes), two or three Indians naked, which came out of certaine caves or coates. They spake unto us, and made divers signes ; now poynting to the harbour, out of which we were come, and then to the mouth of the Straites : but we understood nothing of their meaning. Yet left they us with many imaginations, suspecting it might be to ad- vise us of our pynace, or some other thing of moment ; but for that they were under covert, and might worke us some treacherie (for all the people of the Straites, and the land nere them, use all the villany they can towards white people, taking them for Spaniards, in revenge of the deceit that nation hath used towards them upon sundry occasions ; as also for that by our stay we could reape nothing but hinderance of our navigation), wee hasted to our shippe, and sayled on our course. Long Keucb. Prom Blanches Bay to long reach, which is some foure I' TICK SOrTH SKA. 12a leagues, the course lycth west south-west entring into the "^ long reach, which is the last of the Straits, and longest. For it is some tiurty-two leagues, and the course lycth next of any thing north-west. Before the setting of the sunnc, wee had the mouth of the straits open, and were in great hope the next day to be in the South sea ; hut about seaven of the clockc that night, we saw a great cloud rise out of the north-east, which began to cast forth great flashes of lightnings, and sodainely sayling with a fresh gale of wind at north-east, another more forcible tooke us astayes ;* which put us in danger ; for all our sayles being a taut, it had like to over- set our ship, before we could take in our sayles. And therefore in all such semblances it is great wisedome to carry a short sayle, or to take in all sayles. • Heere we found what the Indians forewarned' us of; for they have great insight in the change of weather, and be- sides have secret dealings with the prince of darknesse, who many times declareth unto them things to come. By this meanes and other witch-crafts, which he teacheth them, hee possesseth them, and causeth them to doe what pleaseth him. Within halfe an houre it began to thunder and raine, with so much winde as wee were forced to lye a hull, and so darke, that we saw nothing but when the lightning came. This being one of the narrowest reaches of all the straites, wee were forced, every glasse, to open a little of our fore-sayle, to cast about our ships head : any man may conceive if the night seemed long unto us, what desire we had to see the day. In fine, Phoebus with his beautiful 1 Taken astayes — another term for taken aback. ' It is possible that the natives may have been aware of the coming change. The suspicion entertained of them is an instance of the mis- takes often fallen into by misconceiving the motives of those whose language cannot be understood. Note. 124 Hawkins' voyaok into '^"'*'"" face lightncd our hemisphere, and rejoyced our heartes (having driven above twenty-fourc leagues in twelve houres, lying a hull : whereby is to be imagined the force of the winde and current.) We set our fore-sayle, and returned to our former har- bour ; from whence, within three or foure dayes, we set sayle againe with a faire winde, which continued with us till we came within a league of the mouth of the straite ; here the winde tooke us againe contrary, and forced us to retume againe to our former port ; where being ready to anchor, the wind scanted with us in such maner, as wee were forced to make a bourd. In which time, the winde and tide put us so farre to lee-wards, that we coidd by no meanes seize it: so we determined to goe to Elizabeth bay, but before we came at it, the night overtooke us ; and this reach being dangerous and narrow, wee durst neither hull, nor trye,* or turne to and againe with a short sayle, and therefore bare alongst in the middest of the channel!, till we were come into the broad reach, then lay a hull till the morning. When we set sayle and ran alongst the coast, seeking with oiu* boate some place to anchor in. Some foure leagues to the west-wards of Cape Froward, we found a goodly English bay. ijg^y^ which wcc uamcd English bay; where anchored, we presently went a shore, and found a goodly river of fresh water, and an old cannoa broken to peeces, and some two or three of the houses of the Indians, with peeces of seale stinking ripe. These houses are made in fashion of an oven seven or eight foote broad, with boughes of trees, and covered with other boughes, as our summer houses ; and doubtles do serve them but for the summer tiine, when they come to fish, and profit themselves of the sea. For B To hull, is to lie without sail set ; to try, with only low sail ; whence we have now special storm sails, called try sails. Wo believe the correct expression is " to try" either a hidl oi under guil. ince rect I TIIE SOUTH SKA. 1S6 they retyre themselves in the winter into the country, "***• ***'*• where it is more temperate, and yeeldeth l)etter suste- nance : for on the maync of the Straits, wee neyther saw heast nor fowle, sea fowle excepted, and a kind of blacke- bird, and two hoggs towards the beginning of the straites. Here our ship being well moored, we began to supply our wood and water that we had spent. Wliich being a dayes worke, and the winde during many dayes contrary, I endevoured to keepc my people occupied, to divert them sioth nn»> from the imagination which some had conceived, that it """• behooved we should retume to Brasill, and winter there, and so shoot the straites in the spring of the yeare. So oiifi day, we rowed up the river, with our boat and light horseman, to discover it and the in-land : where having spent a good part of the day, and finding shold water, and many trees fallen thwart it, and little fruite of our labour, nor any thing worth the noting, we returned. Another day we trajoied our people a-shore, being a goodly sandie bay; anoti er, we had a hurling of batchelers against Liarried men. This day we were busied in wrest- ling, the other in shooting ; so we were never idle, neyther thought we the time long. SECTION XXXIV. After we had past here some seven or eight dayes, one evening, with a flawe from the shore, our ship drove off into the channell, and before we could get up our anchor, and set our sayles, we were driven so farre to lee-wards, that we could not recover into the bay : and night comming on, with a short sayle, wee beate off and on till the morn- ing. At the break of the day, conferring with the captaine and master of my ship what was best to be done, we re- 126 Hawkins' V(»vA(iK int<» *"""• rolvcd to sockc owt Tobias Covo, wliich lycth over R|;nin(it Tobiwtove Cape Fryo, on the southern part of the straitcs, })ecauHe in all the reaches of the straitca, for the most part, the windc blowcth trade, and therefore little profit to be made by turning to windc-wards. And from the ilands of the Pen- guins to the ende of the straitcs towards the South sea, there is no anchoring in the channoU ; and if wc should be put to Ice-wards of this cove, we had no succour till we came to the ilands of Pengwins : and some of our company which had bin with master Thomas Candish in the voyage in which he died, and in the same cove many weekes, un- dcrtooke to be our pilots thither. "Whereupon we bare up, being some two leagues thither, having so much wiude as we coidd scarce lye by it with our course and bonnet of each ; but bearing up before the winde, wee put out our topsayles and spritsayle, and within a little while the winde tte'lhV' ^®6*^ *° ftiy]e us, and immediately our ship gave a mightie uiwnarock. \j\Qyf upon a rockc, and stucke fast upon it. And had we had but the fourth part of the wind which we had in all the night past, but a moment before we strucke the rocke, our shippe, doubtlesse, with the blow had broken her selfe all to peeces. But our provident and most gracious God which commaundeth wind and sea, watched over us, and delivered us with his powerfuU hand from the unknowne danger and hidden destruction, that so we might prayse him for his fatherly bountie and protection, and with the prophet David say. Except the Lord keepe the cittie, the watch-men watch in vaine ; for if our God had not kept our shippe, we had bin all swallowed up alive without helpe or redemption ; and therefore he for his mercies sake grant that the memoriall of his benefits doe never depart from before our eyes, and that we may evermore prayse him for our wonderfull deliverance, and his continuall providence ^,^^ by day and by night. d?»3ye^. My company with this accident were much amazed, and TIIK SorTM HKA. 127 stle Peter from heing over- whelmed in the wavesi ; and \w from so eertaine perishing. •*•«. «M*. be- and aine, cut tthe law, was one intie crary land Ishee Isliee iwith SMTION XXXV. From hence we returned to Rhuiches hay, and there an- chored, expecting Gods good will and pleasure. Here begannc the bittcrnesse of the time to increase, with blus- tering and sharpc winds, accompanied with raync and sleeting snow, and my people to be dismay dc againc, in manifesting a desire to returne to Brasill, which I would never consent unto, no, nor so much as to hcare of.' And all men are to take care that they go not one foote uygf . -Ti overtlirown* backe, more then is of mere force; for I have not scene »'yp'»««uc«. that any who have yeelded thereunto, but presently they have returned home. As in the voyage of master Edward KUwar.i * " feiitoii and Fenton, which the Earle of Cumberland set forth, to his y"{^^. Ctndiah. the greatest effect to turn the ship's head from the wind ; this is done when the ship is nearly taken aback, either by a sudden flaw or by carelessness at the helm. As applied here, it means that the vessel came round on her heel. The time vessels take in performing a similar evolution, bears a certain ratio to their length ; long ships requiring more time than short ones. ' Sir Richard does not exaggerate " the bittemesse of the time." During the survey of these straits in the Adventure and Beagle, Captain Stokes, an active, intelligent, and energetic officer, destroyed himself, in consequence of his excitable mind becoming worn out by the severe hardships of the cruize, the dreadful weather experienced, and the dangerous situations in which the Beagle was constantly exposed. 130 Hawkins' voyaok into Master William Hawkins, '** ^'' '"*• great charge. As also in that of master Thomas Candish, in which he dyed. Both which pretended to shooie the Straites of Magelan, and by perswasion of some ignorant persons, being in good possibilitie, were brought to consent to retume to Brasill, to vrinter, and after in the spring to attempt the passing of the strait againe. None of them made any abode in Brasill ; for presently as soone as they looked homeward; one with a little blustering wind taketh occasion to loose company ; another complaineth that he wanteth victuals; another, that his ship is leake ; another, that his masts, sayles, or cordidge fayleth him. So the willing never want probable reasons to further their pre- tences. As I saw once (being but young, and more bold then experimented), in anno 1582, in a voyage, under the charge of my uncle, William Hawkins, of Plimouth, Esquire, in the Indies, at the wester end of the iland of San luan de Portorico. One of the shippes, called the barke Bonner, being somewhat leake, the captaine complained that she was not able to endure to England ; whereupon a counsell was called, and his reasons heard and allowed. So it was concluded that the victuall, munition, and what was ser- viceable, should be taken out of her, and her men devided amongst our other shippes; the hull remaining to be sunke or burned. To which I never spake word till I saw it resolved; being my part rather to learne then to advise. But seeing the fatall sentence given, and suspecting that the captaine made the matter worse then it was, rather upon pollicy to come into another ship, which was better of sayle, then for any danger they might runne into ; with as much reason as my capacitie coidd reach unto, I disswaded my unkle pri- vately; and urged, that seeing wee had profited the ad- venturers nothing, wee should endevour to preserve our principall, especially having men and victualls. But seeing I prevayled not, I went fui*ther, and offered to finde out in I THE 80CTH SEA. 181 the same shippe and others, so many men, as with me would be content to carry her home, giving us the third part of the value of the ship, as shee should be valued at, At her retume, by fourc inditfercnt persons ; and to leave the vice-admirall which I had under my charge, and to make her vicc-admirall. Whereupon, it was condescended that we should all goe aboard the shippe, and that there it should be determined. The captaine thought himselfe somewhat touched in re- putation, and so would not that further triall should be made of the matter : saying, that if another man was able to carry the shippe into England, he would in no case leave her ; neither would he forsake her till shee sunke under him. The generall commended him for his resolution, and thanked me for my offer; tending to the generall good; my intention being to force those who for gaine could under- take to carry her home, should also do it gratis, according to their obligation. Thus, this leake-ship went well into England ; where after shee made many a good voyage in nine yeares, wherein shee was imployed to and fro ; and no doubt would have served many more, had shee not beene laid up and not used, falling into the hands of those which knew not the use of shipping. It were large to recount the voyages and worthy enterprises, overthrowne by this pollicie, with the shippes which have thereby gone to wracke. Srrt. XXXTI. SECTION XXXVI. By this and the like experiences, remembring and knowing j^»'j that if once I consented to tume but one foote backe, 1 ^^i^^ should overthrow my voyage, and loose my reputation, I resolved rather to loose my life, then to give care to such 1 2 hearken uiiio IIH vf retume. 132 HAWKINS VOYAOE INTO ****** ****'• prejudicial! counsell. And so as the weather gave leave, we entertained our selves the first dayes in necessary workes, and after in making of coale (for wood was plenti- fully and no man would commence an action of wast against us), with intent, the wind continuing long contrary, to see if wee could remedie any of our broken anchors ; a forge I had in my shippe, and of five anchors which we brought out of England, there remained but one that was serviceable. In the ilands of Pengwins we lost one ; in Crabbe cove, another ; of a third, upon another occasion we broke an arme ; and the fourth, on the rocke had the eye of his ring brokeu. This, one day devising with my selfe, I made to serve, without working him a new. Which when I tooke first in hand, all men thought it ridiculous ; but in fine, we made it in that manner so serviceable, as till our ship came to CaUaw, which is the port of Lyma, shee scarce used any other anchor ; and when I came from Lyma to Panama, which was three yeares after, I saw it serve the admirall in which I came, (a ship of above five hundreth tunnes), without other art or addition, then what my owne invention contrived. oi^»"u"^"* And for that in the like necessitie or occasion, others imohw? * may profit themselves of the industrie, I will recount the manner of the forging our eye without fire or iron. It was in this sort. From the eye of the shanke, about the head of the crosse, we gave two turnes with a new strong halser, betwixt three and foure inches, giving a reasonable allovance for that, which should be the eye, and served in stead of the ring j then we fastned the two ends of the halser, so as in that part it was as strong as in any other, and with our capsten stretched the two byghtcs, that every part might bear pro- portionably ; then armed we all the halser round about with six yarne synnets, and likei^ise the shanke of the anchor, and the head with a smooth matt made of the same syn- TIIK SOUTH SEA. 133 ]t net : this done, with an inch rope, wee woolled tlie two '''^"*'^'' byghtcs to the shanke, from the crosse to the eye, and that also which was to serve for the ring, and fitted the stockc accordingly. This done, those who before derided the in- vention, were of opinion, that it would serve for a need ; onely they put one difficultie, that with the fall or pitch of the anchor in hard ground, vrith his waight he would cut the halser in sunder on the head ; for prevention whereof, we placed a panch, as the mariners termc it, upon the head of the anchor, with whose softnesse this danger was pre- vented, and the anchor past for serviceable.' Some of our idle time we spent in gathering the barke Kntrruine- and fruite of a certaine tree, which we found in all places !•••»">«« of the straites, where we found trees. This tree carrieth his fruite in clusters like a hawthorne, but that it is greene, each berry of the bignesse of a pepper come, and every of them containing within foure or five graynes, twise as bigge as a musterd-seed, which broken, are white within, as the good pepper, and bite much like it, but hotter. The barke of this tree hath the savour of all kinde of spices together, . most comfortable to the stomache, and held to be better then any spice whatsoever. And for that a learned coun- try-man of ours. Doctor Turner, hath written of it, by the name of Winters barke, what I have said may suffice. The in K«u.ering of Winter* leafe of this tree is of a whitish greene, and is not unlike '«'''•• to the aspen leafe.' Other whiles we entertained our selves in gathering of pearles out of mussels, whereof there are aboundance in all places, from Cape FroAvard to the end of the straites. The pearles are but of a bad colour, and small ; but it or peaiim. 1 Synnet is plait made from rope yams. Wooling or woolding is performed by passing turns of rope round a spar or rope, cither fur strength, or, as in this case, to prevent chafe ; if spun yarn is used, it is called serving. * The tree called Winter's bark, Driviya Winteri, was discovered by Captain Winter, one of Drake's officers. The bark is agreeably aro- matic, and was found useful in cases of scurvy. 134 Hawkins' voyaok into '****"'""'' maybe that in the great musHels^in deeper water, the pearlea are bigger, and of greater vahte ; of the small seed pearle, there was great quantitic, and the mussels were a great re- freshing unto us ; for they were exceeding good, and in great plentie. And here let me crave pardon if I erre, seeing I disclaime from being a naturalist, by delivering my opinion touching the breeding of these pearles, which I thinke to be of a farre different nature and qualitie to those found in the East and West Indies, which are found in oysters ; growing in the shell, under the ruff of the oyster, some say of the dewe, which I hold to be some old philosophers conceit, for that it cannot bee made probable how the dew should come into the oyster ; and if this were true, then questionlesse, wee should have them in our oysters as in those of the East and West Indies ; but those oysters were, by the Creator, made to bring foorth this rare fruite, all their shels being, to looke to, pearle itselfe. And the other pearles found in our oysters and mussels, in divers partes, are ingendred out of the fatnesse of the fish, in the very substance of the fish ; so that in some mussels have beene found twenty, and thirty, in severall partes of the fish, and these not perfect in colour, nor clearenes, as those found in the pearle-oysters, which are ever perfect in colour and clearenes, like the sunne in his rising, and therefore called orientall ; and not, as is supposed, because out of the East, for they are as well found in the West, and no way inferior to those of the East Indies. Other fish, besides scales and crabbes, like shrimpes, and one whale, with two or three porpusses, wee saw not in all the straites. Heere we made also a survav of our victuals ; and opening certaine barrels of oaten meale, wee found a great part of some of them, as also of our pipes and fatts' of bread, eaten and consumed by the ratts ; doubtlesse, a fift part of my company did not eate so much 3 Vscd f'lr vats. THK SOUTH SEA. IST) 88 these devoured, as wee found dayly in comming to spend "**-*^* '"' any of our provisions. When I came to the sea, it was not suspected that I had ^,1"!"" a ratt in my shippe ; but with the bread in caske, which we transported out of the Hawke, and tlie going to and agaiiie of our boates unto our prise, though wee had divers catts and used other preventions, in a small time they multi- plyed in such a mancr as is incredible. It is one of the general! calamities of all long voyages, and would bee carefully prevented as much as may bee. For besides that which they consume of the best victuals, they eate the sayles ; and neither packe nor chest is free from their surprises. I have knownc them to make a hole in a pipe tii<- cniami- of water, and saying the pumpc, have put all in feare, *"1"« «" » doubting least some leake had licene sprung upon the ship. Moreover, I have heard credible persons report, that shippes have beene put in danger by them to be sunke, by a hole made in the bulge.'* All which is easily remedied at the first, but if once they be somewhat increased, with difficulty they are to be destroyed. And although I pro- pounded a reward for every ratt which was taken, and sought meanes by poyson and other inventions to consume them ; yet their increase being so ordinary and many, wee were not able to cleare oiu* selves from them. SECTION XXXVII. At the end of foureteene dayes, one evening, being calmc, and a goodly cleare in the easter-boord, I willed our anchor * The devastation caused by rats is very great. We have, however, never heard of their gnawing through the bottom. Indeed if there be any truth in the old sailor's superstition that rats always leave a vessel when m a dangerous state, they must be too clever to perform so dan- gerous an experiment. 136 Hawkins' voyaor into *"***^" to be weyed,' and determined to goe into the channell, whereof ensued a murmuring amongst my company, who Backward- IMMiD the •oropanjr, ■equencM Uiereof. were desirous to see the winde setled before we put out of the harbour : and in part they had reason, considering how wee had beene canvased from place to place ; yet on the other side, if wee went not out before night, wee should loose the whole nights sayling, and all the time which we should spend in warping out ; which would be, doubtles, a great part of the fore-noone. And although the master signified unto mee the disposition of my people, and master Henry Courton (a discreetc and vertuous gentlemen, and my good friend, who in all the voyage was ever an especial furtherer of all that ever I ordained or proposed), in this occasion sought to divert me, that all but my selfe were and the o»n. coutrarily inclined to that which I thought fit : and thou<;h the common saying be, that it is better to erre with many, then, all contradicting, alone to hit the right way, yet truth told mee this proverbe to bee falsely founded ; for that it was not to bee understood, that for erring it is better, but because it is supposed that by hitting a man shall get emu- lation of the contradictors : I encountered it with another, that sayth, better to be envied then pittied ; and well con- sidering, that being out of the harbour, if the winde took us contrary, to go to Elizabeth bay was better then to bee in the port ; for a man must of force warpe in and out of it, and in the time that the shippe could be brought foorth into the channell, the winde being good, a man might come from Elizabeth bay to the port, and that there we should have the wind first, being more to the east-wardes, and in an open bay, and moreover might set sayle in the night, if the wind should rise in the evening or in the night; whereas, in the port, of force, we must waite the light of * Much discussion has arisen as to whether this should be written tray, or weigh. We think the correct phraseology is this : when the anchor is xceighed, the ship is under way. THR HOUTII SEA. 137 the day. I made my selfc deafe to all murmurinfi^^, and ^ caused my commaund to be put in execution, and, doubt- lesse, it was Gods gracious inspiration, as by the event waa scene ; for being gotten into the channell, within an houre, the windc came good, and we sayled merrily on our voy- age ; and by the breake of the day, wee had the mouth of the straites open, and about foure of the clocke in the nfternoone, wee were thwart of Cape Desire ;» which is the westermost part of the land on the souther side of the straites. !■- SECTION XXXVIII. Here such as have command may behold the many miseries Advertiw. • • mrnu for that befall them, not onely by unexpected accidents and <«>«nni»iix|H;rieiicc which we made, that all the Mouth part <>f the straiten in but ilundH, many timen having the nea open, I remember that Sir FruneiH Drake told me, that having Hhott the MtraitcM, a stormc firstt tookc him at north- went, and after vered about to the Mouth-wcHt, which continued with him ofih«NiM?iB. "™""y dayes, with that cxtremitic, that he could not open iUnu*. jj^y saylc, and that at the end of the storme, he found himsclfe in fiftie dcgrccH ;' which was sufBcicut testimony and proofc, that he was beaten round about the straitcs : for the least height of the straiten is in fifty two degrees and liftie minutes ; in which standi the two entrances or mouths. And moreover, he said, that standing about, when the winde changed, he was not well able to double the souther- most iland, and so anchored under the lee of it ; and going a-shore, carried a compassc with him, and seeking out Sir vritiicu the southenuost part of the iland, cast himsclfc do^vnc upon •oUtteimost ^^^ uttermost poynt, grovelling, and so reached out his bodie over it. Presently he imbarked, and then recounted unto his people that he had beene upon the southcrmost knowne land in the world, and more further to tlie south- wards upon it then any of them, yea, or any man as yet knowne. These testimonies may suffice for this truth unto all, but such as are incredulous, and will beleeve nothing but what they see : for my pai*t, I am of opinion, that the straite is navigable all the yeare long, although the best time be in November, December, and January, and then the winds more favourable, which other times are variable, as in all narrow seas.* 1 This must be a misprint ; it should be perhaps 56°. Some accounts state that Drake visited a bay in AT" : this must be erroneous, as Cape Horn, the most southern part of South America, is in the parallel of 66°. 3 Much interesting information respecting these straits will be found in the voyages of the Adventure and Beagle. Since the days of Anson, the difficulties experienced in rounding Cape Horn have been such as ponilortlit' world TUB HOITII !»r.A. 113 Being wimc fiftie leafnics a dea-tioonl the iitniitrti, the ^ ** ' • wiudc vering to the wcat-wanlii, wc cant aiNnit to the iiorth-TiArdH, and lyin^; the coast ahmg, iiha|NMl our coiine for the ilnnd Mcxrha. Aliout the fifteenth of April, we m.«>.* were tliwurt of Haldivia, whicli wa« then in the hand* of «^Ji»'«- the Spaniards, but since the Indians, in anno 15U9, dis- possessed them of it, and the Conception ; which arc two of the most principal! places they hud in that kingdomc, and both ports. Haldivia had its name of a Spanish captainc so called, w hom afterwards the Indians tuoke prisoner, and it is said, they required of him the reason why he came to molest them and to take their country from them, having no title nor right thereunto ; he answered, to get gold : which the barbarous understanding, caused gold to be molten, and powred down his throat, saying, Gold was thy desire, glut thee with it. It stnndeth in fortie degrees, hath a pleasant river and navigable, for a ship of good burden may goe as high up as the cittie; and is a goodly woody country. Here our beefe begaune to take end, and was then as good as the day wee departed from England ; it was pre- served in pickell, which, though it be more chargeable, yet the profit payeth the charge, in that it is made more durable, contrary to the opinion of many, which hold it impossible that beefe should be kept good passir.g the cquinoctiall lyne. And of our porke I eate in the hoiise of Don Bel- tran de Castro, in Lyma, neere foure yearcs old, very good, preserved after the same manner, notwithstanding it had lost his pickle long before. Some degrees before a man come to Baldivia to the to cause navigators to look to the passage through these straits with great interest, hoping, that if found practicable, adverse gales and a heavy sea might be avoided. Now that the labours of King and Fitzroy have provided correct charts, the road is well known ; still it can hardly be recommended to largo vessels to " shoot the straits." 144 Hawkins' voyage into '*^ "'•' southwards, as Spaniards have told me, lyeth the iland Chule,' not easily to be discerned from the mayne ; for he that passeth by it, cannot but thinke it to be the mayne. It is said to be inhabited by the Spaniards, but badly, yet rich of gold. The 19th of April, being Easter-even, we anchored under the iland Mocha. It lyeth in thirty-nine degi-ees, it may be some fourc leagues over, and is a high mountainous hill, but round about the foote thereof, some halfe league from the sea-shore, it is champion ground, well inhabited, and manured. % From the straites to this iland, we found that either the coast is set out more westerly then it is, or that we had a great current, which put us to the west-wards : for we had not sight of land in three dayes after. Our reckoning was to see it, but for that we coasted not the land I cannot de- termine, whether it was caused by the current, or lying of the land. But Spaniards which have sayled alongst it, have told me that it is a bold and safe coast, and reason- able sounding off it. In this iland of Mocha we had communication and con- tratation* with the inhabitants, but with great vigilancie and care ; for they and all the people of Chily are mortal! enemies to the Spaniards, and held us to be of them ; and so esteemed Sir Francis Drake when he was in this iland, which was the first land also that he touched on this coast. They used him with so fine a trechery, that they possessed themselves of all the oares in his boate, saving two, and in striving to get them also, they slew and hurt all his men : himselfe, who had fewest wounds, had three, and two of them in the head. Two of his company which lived long after, had, the one seaveuteene (his name was John Bruer, who afterward was pilot with master Candish), and the other above twentie, a negroe-sen'ant to Sir Francis Drake. * Chiloe. ♦ Contmctation — commerce or dealings with them. THE SOI'TII SEA. 14") And with me they used a pollicie, which amongst barba- Srrl. \U. rous people wa» not to be imagined, although 1 wrought ^'; ',';,',' J,,"/ sure ; for I suffered none to treate with me nor with my people with armes. We were armed, and met uiwn a rock compassed with water, Whether they came to parley and negotiate. Being in communication with the casiques and others, many of the Indians came to the heads of our boates, and some went into them. Certaine of my people standing to defend the boates with their oares, for that there went a bad sege, were forced to lay downe their musketts ; which the Indians perceiving, endevoiured to fill the barrells with water, taking it out of the sea in the hol- low of their hands. By chance casting mine eye aside, I discovered their slynesse, and with a truncheon, which I had in mine hand, gave the Indians three or foure good lamskinnes '^ the casiques seeing it, began to give me satis- faction, by using rigor towardes those which had bcene in the boates ; but I having gotten the refreshing I desired, and all I could hope from them, would have no fiirther conversation with them. At our first comming, two of their casiques, who are their lords or kings, came aboord our shippe (we leaving one of our company ashore us a pledge), whom we feasted in good manner ; they eat well of all that was set before them, and dranke better of our wine : one of them became a little giddie headed, and mar- vayled much at our artillery : I caused a peece to be primed, and after to be shott off, whereat the one started, but the other made no shov of alteration. After putting them ashore, loaden with toyes and trifles, which to them seemed great riches ; from all parts of the iland the people came unto us, bringing all such things as they had, to wit, sheepe, cockes, etc. (firom hennes they would not part), and divers sorts of fruits and rootes, which they exchanged with Ji*^jJ"f * ^ To famm is used by Bcauiuout autHM-|ir. "^^ " ' us for knives, glasses, combes, ]>ellc8, bcadcs, counters, pinnes, and other trifles. We saw little demonstration of gold or silver amongst them, though some they had ; and for that we saw they made estimation of it, we would not make reckoning of it : but they gave us to understand that they had it from the mayne. The sheepe of this iland arc great, good, and fatt; I have not tasted better mutton any where. They were as ours, and doubtlesse of the breed of those which the Spaniards brought into the country. Of the sheepe of the country we could by no meanes procure any one, although we saw of them, and used meanes to have had of them ; for they esteem them much, as reason willeth, serving them for many uses ; as in another place, God willing, I shall declare more at large. They have small store of fish. This iland is scituate in the province of Arawca,* and is held to be peopled with the most vaUant nation in all Chily, though generally the inhabitants of that kingdome are very coiu-agious. They are clothed after the manner of antiquitie, all of woollen ; their cassockes made like a sacke, square, with two holes for the two armes, and one for the head, all open below, without lining or other art : but of them some are most curiously wooven, and in colours, and on both sides alike. and housing. Their houscs are made round, in fashion like unto our pigeon houses, with a laver' in the toppe, to evacuate the smoake when they make fire. They brought us a strange kinde of tobacco, made into little cakes, like pitch, of a bad smell, with holes through the middle, and so laced many upon a string. They pre- sented us also with two Sp:>nish letters, thinking us to be The Araucanians have been immortalized in the ^raucaHo, apoem written by Don Alonzo d'Ercilla y Zuniga ; Madrid, 1632. 1 This word is perhaps derived from lave, to draw out, to exhaust. Their apptralli THE SOUTH SKA. 147 ttur the ito re- ibe lem Spaniards, wliich were written by a captaine of a frigate, '***''-^'' that some davcs before had received courtesic at tlicir hands, and signified t)te same to the govemonr ; wishing that the people of the iland wouhi beeome g(X)d subjects to the king, and that therefore he wonld receive them into his favour and protection, and send them some person as govemour ; but none of them spake Spanish, and so we dealt with them by signes. The people of this iland, as of [Ipj-'eof all Chily/ are of good stature, and well made, and of better countenance then those Indians which I have scene in many parts. Tliey are of good understanding, and agilitie, and of great strength. Their weapons are bowes and arrowes, Tiicir and macanas : their bowes short and strong, and their ar- rowes of a small recdc or cane, three quarters of a yard long, with two feathers, and headed with •». flint stone, which is loose, and hurting, the head remaining in the wound ; some are headed with bone, and some with hard wood, halfe burnt in the fire. Wee came betwixt the iland and the mayne. On the south-Avest part of the iland lyeth a great ledge of rockes, which are dangerous ; and it is good to bee carefull how to come too neere the iland on all parts. Immediately when they discovered us, both upon the i\w\x imio iland and the mainc, wee might see them make sundry spani»rj». great fires, which were to give advise to the rest of the people to be in a readinesse : for they have continuall and mortall warre with the Spaniards, and the shippes they see they beleeve to be their enemies. The citie imperiall lyeth over against this iland, but eight or tcnne leagues into the countrey : for all the sea coast from Baldivia till thirty-six degrees, the Indians have now, in a manner, in their hands free from any Spaniards. 8 Chile. %% i im HAWKINS \OVA(JE INTO N«rl. XLII. A eniel stornie. SKCTION XUI. IIavin(i refreshed our selves well in this ilanu, for that little time wee stayed, which was some three daycs, wee set sayle with great joy, and with a fayre windc sayled alongst the coast ; and some eight leagues to the north- wards, we anchored againe in a goodly hay, and sent our hoatcs ashore, mth desire to spcake with some of the Indians of Arawca, and to sec if they would be content to entcrtaine amitie, or to chop and change with us. But all that night and the next morning appeared not one person, and so wee set sayle againe ; and towardes the evening the windc began to change, and to blow contrary, and that so much, and the sea to rise so sodainely, that we could not take in our boates without spoyling of them. This stormc continued mth us ten dayes, beyond expectation, for that wee thought our selves out of the climate of fowle w^eather; but truely it was one of the sharpest stoimes that ever I felt to endure so long. In this storme, one night haling up our boates to free the water out of them, one of our younkers that went into them for that purpose, had not that regard, which reason required, unto our light horseman : for with haling her Tiie imiwrt- up to stcp iuto her out of the boate, he split her asunder, ant logse Ola small and SO wc wcrc forced to cut her off: which was no small veswll. ' heartes grief unto me, for that I knew, and all my company felt, and many times lamented, the losse of her.* The stormc tooke end, and wee shaped our course for the iland of Saint Maries, which lyeth in thirtie seaven degrees and forty minuts ; and before you come unto the iland some two leagues, in the trade way lyeth a rocke, which, a farre off, scemeth to be a shippe imder sayle. This iland is little and low, but fertill and well peopled, with Indians and some few Spaniards in it. Some ten leagues 1 A storm ia often judged to be severe in inverse proportion to the size of the vessel caught in it. We may form some idea of this sharp storm from the fact that the boats in tow lived through it. Katnt Maries. THK SOlTIi SK.A. HO SrrI XI M. Wilfiildcuiie ol ■iiiiiiiirrH to the north-wards of this iland, lyeth the citty Conception, witli a goo*"y entered by the Spaniard the day of the three kings) ; but my company urged me so farre, that except I should seem in all things to over-bcare them, in not condescending to that which in the oninion of all, but my selfe, seemed pro- fitable and best, I could not but yeelde unto, though it carried a false colour, as the endc prooved, for it was our perdition. This all my company knoweth to be true, whereof some are yet living and can give testimonie. But the mariner is ordinarily so carried away with the desire of pillage, as sometimes for very appearances of small moment hee looseth his voyage, and many times himsclfe. And so the greedines of spoyle, onely hoped for in shippcs of trade^ which goe too and fro in this coast, blinded them from forecasting the perill whereinto wee exposed our voy- age, in discovering our selves before we past the coast of Callao, which is the port of Lyma. To be short, wee haled the coast aboord, and that evening we discovered the port of Balparizo,* which serveth the citty of Saint lago, standing some twenty leagues into the countrey ; when presently we descried foure shippes at an anchor : whereupon wee timt •»;ze manned and armed our boate, which rowed towards the »^iv»- shippes : they seeing us turning in, and fearing that which was, ran a shore with that little they could save, and Icaft us the rest ; whereof we were masters in a moment, and had the rifling of all the storehouses on the slioare. This night 1 set a good guard in all the shippes, longing ' Val paniiso^viilc of Pannlise. il 150 HAWKINS' VOYAOR INTO And the wareliuusei. i li ''^"' " to sec the light of the next morning to put all things in order; which appearing, I began to survay them, and found nothing of moment, saving five hundred botozios^ of wine, two or three thousand of henncs, and some refresh- ing of bread, bacon, dried beefc, waxe, candles, and other necessaries. The rest of their lading was plankes, spares, and timber, for Lyma, and the valleyes, which is a rich trade; for it hath no timber but that which is brought to it from other places. They had also many packes of Indian mantles, but of no value unto us, with much tallow, and manteca de puerco,^ and aboundance of great new chests, in which wee had thought to be some great masse of wealth, but opening them, found nothing but apples therein ; all which was good marchandize in Lyma, but to us of small accompt. The marchandize on shore in their store-houses was the like, and therefore in the same pre- dicament. The owners of the shippes gave us to understand that at a reasonable price they would redceme their shippes and loading, which I hearkened unto ; and so admitted certainc persons which might t»*eat of the matter, and con- cluded with them for a small price rather then to burne them, saving for the greatest, which I carryed with me, more to give satisfaction to my people then for any other respect ; because they would not be perswaded but that there was much gold hidden in her; otherwise shee would have yeelded us more then the other three. Being in this treatie, one morning at the breake of day came another shippe touring into the harbour, and stand- ing into the shore, but was becalmed. Against her wee manned a couple of boates, and tooke her before many houres. In this shippe we had some good quantitie of gold, which slice had gathered in Baldivia, and the Con- ception, from whence shee came. Of this shippe was pilot They seize upon an- uUitsr sliipi aiul some (lolil. 3 Bola is Spanish for a %vine-skiu or vessel : botija, a jar used for the same purpose. * Lard. THK SOUTH SKA. 151 and part owner, Alonso Porczbueno, whom wc kept for *^' **•" our pilot on this coiist ; till moved with compaMHion (for that he was a man charged with wife and children) , we act him ashore bctwLxt Santa and Tnixillo. Out of this shipi)c we had also store of good bacon, and some provision of bread, hcnnes, and other victuall. And for that shec had brought us so good a portion, and her owner continued with us, the better to animate him to play the honest man (though we trusted him no further then we saw him, for we presently discovered him to be a cunning fellow) , and for that his other partner had lost the greatest part of gold, and seemed to be an honest man, as after he prooved by his thankfulnesse in Lyma, wc gave them the ship and the greatest part of her loading freely. Here we supplied our want of anchors, though not ac- Lift cording to that which was requisite in regard of the burden bmuKin of our shippe j for in the South sea, the greatest anchor **""'' "*• for a shippe of sixe or eight hundreth tunnes, is not a thousand waight; partly, because it is little subject to stormes, and partly, because those they had till our com- ming, were all brought out of the North sea by land ; for they make no anchors in those countries, ai-tillerie they had was also brought over land, which was small ; the carriage and passage from Nombre de Dios, or Porto Velo to Panama, being most difficult and steepe, up hill and downe hill, they are all carried upon negroes backes. But some years before my imprisonment, they fell to making of artillery, and, since, they forge anchors also. Wee furnished our shippe also with a shift of savles of ^'y'*"* °f ., ^ ^ • cottuii clutb. cotton cloth, which are farre better in that sea then any of our double sayles; for that in all the navigation of that sea thev have little ravne and few stormes; but where rhvnc and stormes are ordinary, they are not good ; for with the wett they grow so stiflFc they cannot be handled. And the first *".'« "t ""» trtillerio. 152 HAWKINS VOYAOK INTO SKCTION XLIIf. **"•'•*'■'"• 1 CONCLUDED tlic ransomc of the shippes with an auncicnt captaine, and of noble blood, who had his daughter there, ready to be imbarked to go to Lyma, to serve Donia Teruza de Castro, the viceroycs wife, and sister to Don Beltran de Castro. Her apparell and his, with divers other things which they had imbarked in the greatest shippe, we restored, for the good office he did us, and the confidence he had of us, comming and going onely upon my word ; for which he was after ever thankefull, and deserved much more. Another that treated with me was Captaine luan Con- treres, owner of one of the shippes, and of the iland Santa Maria, in thirtie-seaven degrees and fortie minutes. In treating of the ransomes, and transporting and lading the provisions we made choyce of, wee spent some sixe or eight dayes ; at the end whereof, with reputation amongst our enemies, and a good portion towards our charges, and our shippe as well stored and victualled as the day we departed from England, we set sayle. The time wee were in this port, I tooke small rest, and so did the master of our shippe, Hugh Cornish, a most carefull, orderly, and sufficient man, because we knew our owne weaknesse ; for entring into the harbour, we had but seavcntie five men and boyes, five shippes to guard, and every one moored by himselfe; which, no doubt, if our and roncettie cncmies had kuowne, they would have wrought some stra- tagem upon us ; for the governour of Chily was there on shore in view of us, an auncient Flanders soldier, and of experience, wisedome, and valour, called Don Alonso de Soto Mayor, of the habit of Saint lago, who was after captaine gcnerall in Terra Firme, and ^v^ought all the in- ventions upon the river of Chagiec, Jiud on the shore, when Tliey ilcpiirt from l.yniH, wcuknes. TIIK 801TII SEA. 153 H.TI «III». Sir Francis Drake purposed to goe to Panama, in the voy- age wherein he died ; aa also, at my comming into Spainc, he was president in Panama, and there, and in Lyma, used me with giC"t courtesic, like a noble souldier and libcrall ^'^"J!*''" gentleman. He confessed to me after, that he lay in am- j)^'^"" '*' bush with three hundreth horse and footc, to see if at any time wee had landed or neglected our watch, with balsas, (which is a certaine raffe made of mastes or trees fastened together), to have attempted something against us. But the enemy I feared not so much as the wine ; which, not- ,1!I,'',|"^','"^J[. withstanding all the diligence and prevention I could use ii",%""" "'* day and night, overthrew many of my people. A foule fault, because too common amongst sea-men, and deserveth some rigorous punishment, with severitie to be executed ; for it hath beene, and is daily, the destruction of many good enterprises, amidst their best hopes. And besides the ordinary fruites it bringeth forth, of beggery, shame, and sicknesse, it is a most deadly sinnc. A drunkard is unfit for any government, and if I might be hired with many thousands, I would not carry with me a man known to put his felicitie in that vice, instiling it with the name of good fellowship ; which in most well governed common- wealths, hath beene a suflScient blemish to deprive a man of office, of honour, and estimation. It wasteth our king- dome more then is well understood, as well by the infirm- ities it causeth, as by the consumption of wealth, to the impoverishing of us, and the enriching of other kingdomes. And though I am not old, in comparison of other sp«niHh auncient men, I can remember Spanish wine rarely to ^umim.' be found in this kingdome. Then hot burning feavers Eigi^,'" were not knownc in England, and men lived many moe yeares. But since the Spanish sacks have beene common in our taverncs, which, for conservation, is mingled with lyme^ in its making, our nation complaineth of calentiu'sis, * Linic was added to sack, not to preserve it, apparently, but for the V 151 HAWKINS VOYAOE INTO ^ Anil coiiKuincth trrwurii. ** ^*''" of the Htoiic, the dntpnic, and iiifiiiite other diiic«»OH, not heard of before this wine came in freqncnt n»e, or hut very seUlome. To confirme which ray heliefe, I have heard one of our IcanicdHt physitians aflirmc, timt he thou{;ht there died more persons in England of drinking wine and uxing hot spices in their meats and drinkes, then of all other diseases. Besides there is no yeare in which it wasteth not two millions of crownes of our substance, by convay- ancc into forraine countries ; which in so well a governed common-wealth as ours is acknowledged to be through the whole world, in all other constitutions, in this onely re- maineth to be looked into and remedied. Doubtlesse, whosoever should be the author of this reformation, would gaiue with God an everlasting reward, and of his country a statua of gold, for a perpetuall memory of so meritorious a workc. SECTION XLIV. DfHfriiti.m A LKAoiiE or better before a man discover tliis baye to the south-wards, lyeth a great rocke, or small iland, neere the shore j under which, for a need, a man may ride with his shippe. It is a good marke, and sure signe of the port, and discovering the bay a man must give a good birth to the poynt of the harbour; for it hath perilous rockes lying a good distance off. It neither ebbeth nor floweth in this port, nor from this till a man come to Guayaquill, which is three degrees &om the equiuoctiall lyne to the south- wards. Let this be considered. It is a good harbour for all wiudes that partake not of the north; for it runneth up Eaine purpose that drugs are mixed in beer and spirits by brewers, publicans, and rectifiers, at the present day. Falataff. Villain, there's lime in this sack. — Hen, IV. Host. I have spoke ; let him follow ; let me sec thee Froth and lime. — Meny Wives of Windsor. TIIK SOl'TII SEA. Ifi'l S»rt HIT. Bwers, tidior Koutli nncl by west, niul Houtli Houth-wcnt, but it hath much fuwic (j^ruund. In one of these Rhinpes we found a new devise for the ai>"»*»I"« I « fur •t>>|i|>iii|( stoppini; of a soilainc Icake in a shippe under water, without •, u^irt."'" board, when a man eannot come to it vith peeces of a junke or rope, chopped very small, and of an inch long, and after tozed all as oacombe ;' then the basket is to be covered with a nett, the meshes of it being at the least two inches square, and after to be tied to a long pike or pole, which is to goe a crosse the baskets mouth ; and putting it under water, care is to be had to keepe the baskets mouth towardes the shippes side. If the leake be any thing great, the oacombe may be somewhat longer, and it carrieth likelihood to doc good, and seemeth to be better then the stitching of a bonnet, or any other diligence which as yet I have scene. Another thing I noted of these shippes, which would be also used by us : that every shippe carrieth with her a spare si "ff rudder, and they have them to hangc and unhange with great facilitie : and besides, in some parts of the shippe they have the length, breadth, and proportion of the rud- der marked out, for any mischance that may befall them ; which is a very good prevention.' Tonne leagues to the north-wards of tliis harbour, is tlic Oakum is made from rope yarns 2 Teased, pulled, or unravelled, teased or untwisted. 3 We owe many good hints to Spanish seamen \iscd to this day. this among others is 150 iiawkinh' voyaok into Uiiiiiuni. Alt/HtllHIN. l'(H|l|lllbo. \> ' bny of Quintcrn, wlicn> \» pMxl iinclioriiif;, hut nn open bny ; whrrc master Tlioniiut CiuidiHh (for the gfxMl he had done to a Spnnianl, in hrin{;ing him out of tlie StmitA of Mngeilnn, where, otherwise, he hnd iMrinhcd with hin eompnny)/ wna 1>y him lietrnyed, nnd u dozen of hin men taken nnd Hlnine. Dut t)ie judgement of (iod lefl not Ww ingratitude unpuniHlied ; for in the fight with us, in the vice^ndmirall, he was wounded nnd mnymcd in thnt manner, OS, three ycnreti after, I saw him heggc with crutches, and in that miserable estate, as ho had bccne better dead then alive. From Balparizo wee sailed directly to Coquinbo," which is in thirtic degrees ; and comming thwart the place, wee were becalmed, and had sigltt of a shippc : but for that shec was farre off, and night at hand, shec got from us, and wee having windc, entered the port, thinking to have had some sliipping in it ; but we lost our labour : and for that the towne was halfe a league upp in the countrey, and wee not manned for any matter of attempt, worthy prosecution, we made no abode on the shore, but presently set saylc for the Peru. Tliis is the best harbour that I have scene in the South sea, it is land-locked for all winds, and capcable of many shippes ; but the ordinary place where the shippes lade and unlade, and accommodate themselves, is betwixt a rocke and the mayne on the wester side, some halfe a league up within the entrance of the port, which lyeth south and south, and by east and north, nnd by west. In the in-country, directly over the port, is a round piked hill, like a sugar loafe, and before the entrance on the southern poynt of the port, comming in out of the sea, is a great rocke, a good birth from the shore ; and these are the mnrkes of the port as I remember. * This Vim one of SiirinicntoV unfortunate coIouistH. * Coiiuinilio, or la Serena. Tiir, soiTii !»rA. nr IWuiff eirorc of thiN |)ort, wet* nIihikmI our coiirM* for Arica, tml «tiv. sen. aiul Icnfl the kinir(i(>ni«>H of C'hilv, one of the brnt couiitric« y,''.* '» . ~ • ' ( liiljf 111)1* n tlint the HUiinc sliincth on ; for it in of a trm|M'rate clyinatc, •"""""•''"•• and abounding in all thin);!i ncccMitary for the use of man, with infinite rich mines of goU\, copper, and sundry other mettals.* The |)oore8t houses in it by report of their inhabitants, have of their ownc store, bread, wine, flesh, and fruite ; which is so plentifull, that of their superfluitie they supply other partes. Siuidry kindes of cattcll, as horses, );oates, and oxen, brought thither by the Spaniards, are found in heardcs of thousands, wilde and without owner ; besides »'«n i-u. ' 'of huiu. those of the countrcy, which are common to most partes of America : in some of which are found the bezar stones, and those very good and great. Amongst otncrs, they have little beastes like unto a squirrell, but that hec is gray; his skinne is the most deli- cate, soft, and curious furrc that I have scene, and of much estimation (as is of reason) in the Peru ; few of them como into Spaine, because difficult to be come by ; for that tho princes and nobles laie waite for them. They call this beast chinchilla, and of them they have great abundance. All fruites of Spaine they have in great plentic, saving stone fnute and almonds; for in no part of the Indies have I knowne that plumbes, cherries, or almondes have borne fruit : but they have ccrtaine little round cocos, as those of Brasill, of the bigncsse of a wall-nut, which is as good as an almond ; besides it hath most of the fruites naturall to America, of which in another place I shall, God willing, speake particularly. The gold they gather is in t vo manners : the one is ahi plenty washing the earth in great trayes of wood in many waters . as the earth washeth away, the gold in the bottome re- ^ Thirty years back, two or thrco ships sufficed fur the trade of this coast with Great Britain. At present above three hundred arc employed, carrying copper ore, wool, guano, nitrate of soda, etc. 158 Hawkins' voyaok into ^* "*•"• maineth. The other is, bv force of art to draw it out of the myncs, in which they findc it. In most partes of the countrie, the earth is mingled with gold ; for the butizias, in which the ^viue was, Avhich wee fonnd in Balparizo, had many sparkes of gold shining in them. Of it the gold- smiths I carrycd witli me, for like purposes, made ex- perience When Baldivia and Arawca were peaceable, they yeelded greatest plentie, and the best : but now, their greatest mynes are in Coquinbo, as also the mines of 'topper, which they carry to the Peru, and sell it better cheape then it is ordinarily sold in Spaine. The Indians knowing the end of the Spaniards molesta- tion to be principally the desire of their riches, have enacted, that no man, upon paine of death, doe gather any gold. In Coquinbo it rayneth seldome, but every shower of rayne is a shower of gold unto them ; for with the violence of the water falling from the mountaines, it bringeth from them the gold ; and besides, gives them water to wash it out, as also for their ingenious to worke; so that ordinarily every weeke they have processions for rayne. iooiTen""** ^^ *^^^ kingdome they make much linnen and woollen luCoqT.fnbo. cloth, and great store of Indian mantles, with which they furnish other partes ; but all is coiu*se stufFe. It hath no silke, nor iron, except in mynes, and those as yet not dis- covered. Pew*er is well esteemed, and so are fine linnen, woollen cloth, haberdashers wares, edge tooles, and armes, or munition. It hath his governour, and audiencia, with two bishoppes : the one of Saint lago, the other of the Imperiall; all under the >ice-roy, audiencia, and primate of Lyma. Saint lago is the metropolitan and head of the kingdome. and the seate of justice, which hath its appellation to Lyma. Jf'tiir'"""^ The people are industrious and ingenious, of great Arawciuis strength, aud invincible courage j as in the warrcs, w liich Thi Indlins forb. J the SVUII3I1 of gold. Every uli.iwrc a I /lowre i)f gold. I THF <»OrTII SKA. 159 they have siisteyned above fortic ycarcs continually again.st the Spaniards, hath bcene experienced. For confirmation whereof, I will allcdgc onoly two proofes of many ; the one was of an Indian cnptaine taken prisoner by the Spaniards; and for that he was of name, and knowne to have done his devoire against them, they cut off his hands, thereby in- tending to disenable him to fight any more against them : but he returning home, desirous to revenge this injury, to maintaine his libertie, with the reputation of his nation, and to helpe to banish the Spaniard, with his tongue in- treated and incited them to persevere in their accustomed valour and reputation ; abasing the enemy, and advancing his nation ; condemning their contraries of cowardlinesse, and confirming it by the crueltie used with him, and others his companions in their mishaps ; shewing them his armes without hands, and naming his brethren whose halfe fcete they had cut off, because they might be unable to sit on horsebacke : with force arguing, that if they feared them not, they would not have used so great inhumanitie ; for feare produceth crueltie, the companion of cowardizc. Thus incouraged he them to fight for their lives, limbea, and libertie, choosing rather to die an honourable death fighting, then to live in servitude, as fruitlesse members in their common-wealth. Thus, using the office of a sergeant major, and ha^dng loaden his two stumpes with bundles of arrowes, succoured those who in the succeeding battaile had their store wast(;d, and changing himselfc from place to place, animated and encouraged his eountri-mcn with such comfortable perswasions, as it is reported, and credibly bcleeved, that he did much more good M'ith his words and presence, without striking a stroake, then a great part of the Jirmie did with fighting to the utmost.^ " This reminds us of the familiar lines : " For Widdrington needs must I wail, As one in doleful dumps ; For when his legs were smitten off, He fought upon his stumps." — Chev>) Cliuce. S«-l »l.1». i ■ u. ^KHin ^sssaumttmmjsmmmm I i- 100 Hawkins' voy.kje into t Rrrt. \t». The other proofc is, that such of them as fight on horse- backe, are but slightly armed, for that their armour is a beasts hide, fitted to their bodie greene, and after wome till it be dry and hard. He that is best armed, hath him double J yet any one of them with these Jirracs, and with his launce, will fight hand to hand with any Spaniard armed from head to foote. And it is credibly reported, that an Indian being wounded through the body by a Spaniards liunce, with his owne hands hath crept on upon the launce, and come to grapple with his adversary, and botli fallen to the ground together. By which is scene their re- solution and invincible courage, and the desire they have to maintaine their reputation and libertic. SECTION XLV. \' Leaving the coast of Chily, and running towards that of Peru, my company required the third of the gold we liad gotten, which of right belonged unto them ; w herein I desired to give them satisfaction of my just intention, but not to devide it till we came home, and so perswadcd thorn with the best reasons I could ; alledging the difiicultie to devide the barres, and being parted, how casie it was to be robbed of them, and that many would play aw ay their por- tions, and come home as beggcrly as they came out ; and that the shares could not be well made before our returnc to England, because every mans merites could not be dis- cerned nor rewarded till the end of the voyage. In con- clusion, it was resolved, and agreed, that the things of price, as gold and silver, should be put into chests with tliree keyes, whereof I should have tlic one, the master anotlier, and the third, some other person whom they should name. This they yecldcd unto witli great ditHcultie, and not with- THE SOITH 9KA. 161 to riiiiiiw covi-t- oun coin- Dwnilera. out reason ; for the bad correspondence used by many cap- **^' ^^ taines and owners with their companies upon their retunie, defrauding them, or diminishing their rights, hath hatched many jealousies, and produced many disorders, with the overthrow of all good discipline and government, as ex- perience teacheth ; for where the souldier and mariner is unpaide, or defrauded, what service or obedience can be required at his hands ? The covetous captaiue or commander looseth the love of ^.^'fn'JU'' those under his charge : yea, though he have all the parts besides required in a perfect commander, yet if he prcferre his private profite before justice, hardly will any man fol- low such a leader, especially in our kingdome, where more absolute authoritie and trust is committed to those who have charge, then in many other countries. And therefore in election of chieftaines, care would be had in examination of this poynt. The shamcfull fruites whereof (found by experience of many yeares, wherein I have wandred the world), I leave to touch in particular; because I will not diminish the reputation of any. But this let me manifest, that there have bin, and are, certaine persons, who, before they goe to sea, either robbe pjirt of J^'jefsof" the provisions, or in the buying, make penurious, unhol- ^wiue'"' some, and avaritious penny-worths ; and the last I hold to ''"'*""' be the least : for they robbe onely the \'ictuallers and owners ; but the others steale from owners, victuallers, und companic, and are many times the onely overthrowers of the voyage ; for the company thinking themselves to be store.l with foure or «ixe moneths victualls, upon survay, they finde their brear iiiannrn bjr rhallrnfa of |iilla||«. ■ii 164 Hawkins' voyaok into V '■ t ttrrt xtT. is grounded on Gods law (from whence nil lawcs should be de- rived), and true justice, which distributeth to every one that which to him belongeth of right, and that in due season. In the time of warre in our country, as also in others by the lawes of Olcron, which to our auncient sea-men : I The lawn of Olrron, pu"^'.""" were fundamental, nothing is allowed for pillage but ap parell, armes, instruments, and other necessaries belonging to the persons in that shippe which is taken ; anJ these too when the shippe is gained by dint of sword ; with a proviso., that if a'liy particular pillage exceed the valew of sixe crownes, it niay be redeemed for that valew by the generall stocke, and sould for the common benefit. If the prise render it selfe without forcible entry, all in generall ought to be preserved and sould in masse, and so equally devided ; yea though the shippe be wonne by force and entry, yet whatsoever belongeth to her of tackling, sayles, or ordinance, is to bee preserved for the generalitie : saving a peece of artillery for the captaine, another for the gunner, and a cable and anchor for the master; which are the rights due unto them : and these to be delivered when the shippe is in safety, and in harbour, eyther unloaden or sould. Which law or customc. well considered, will rise to be more beneficiall for the owners, victuallers, and company, then the disorders newly crept in and before remembred. For the sayles, cables, anchors, and hull, being sould every one a part, yeeld not the one halfe which they woulr* doe if they were sould altogether; besides the excusing or charges and robberies in the unloading and parting. In the warres of Fraunce, in the time of queen Mary, and in other warres, as I have heard of many auncient captaines, the cdnpanie had but the fourth part, and every man bound to bring with him the armes with whicli liee would fight; which in our time I have knowne also ised in Fraunce : and if the company victualed themselves, they TItK SOUTH SKA. Ibede- tne that cnson. others «en-raen but ap- longing lu these with a valew of by the y, all in 3, and so : bv force m tackling, neralitie : other for jr; which eredwhen loaden or ill rise to lers, and nd before sing sould hey woulr' xcusing o; Ding. 3en Mary, ■f auncicnt , and every which hee e also ised selves, they had then the one halfc, and the owners the other lialfc for ''^ ^'■''- the s)tip|)c, iM>wdcr, shott, and munition. If any prise were taken, it was sould by the tunnc, shippe and goo ration, and afterwards to be severely pimished, in prevention of greater prejuf'ices, then can by paper be well declared. But I must tell you withall, such hath beene the par- tiallitie of some commissioners in former times, that upon information, in lieu of punishment, opinion hath held them for tall fellowes, when, in truth, they never prove tlie best men in difficult occasions. For their mindes arc all set on spoyle, and can bee well contented to suffer their asso- ciates to beare the brunt, whillest they are proUing after 1 »\' J 166 Hawkins' voyagk into Sect. xi.v. What ouKht to be repuUfd (illliige. pillage, the better to gaine and mainetaine the aforesaid attributes in tavenies and disorderly places. For the orderly and quiet men I have ever found in all occasions to bee of best use, most valiant, and of greatest sufficiency. Yet I condemne none, but those who will be reputed valiant, and are not : examine the accusation. All what soever is found upon the decke going for mar- chandize, is exempted out of the censure of pillage : silks, linnen, or woollen cloth in whole peeces, apparell, that goeth to be sold, or other goods whatsoever, though they be in remnants, manifestly knowne to be carryed for that end; or being comprehended in the register, or bils of lading, are not to bee contayned under the name of pillage. But as I have sayd of the consort, so can I not but com- Attaiirttthe plaiuc of many captaines and govemours, who, overcome "'•*«"""«"• with like greedie desire of gaine, condiscend to the smoothering and suppressing of this auncient discipline, the clenlier to smother their owne disloyalties, in suffering these breake-bulks to escape and absent themselves, till the heate be past and partition made. Some of these cause the bils of lading to be cast into the sea, or so to bee hidden that they never appearc. Others send away their prisoners, who sometimes are more worth then the shippe and her lading, because they should not discover their secret stolne treasure j for many times that Concealment which is Icaft out of the register or bils of lading, with of much o °' purpose to defraud the prince of his customes (in their conceits held to be excessive), is of much more value then that which the shippe and lading is worth. Yea I have knowne shippes worth two hundreth thousand pounds, and better, cleane swept of their principall riches, nothing but the bare bulke being leaft unsacked. The like may be spoken of that which the disorderly mariner and the souldier termeth pillage; yet all winked at and unpunished. more value then the tradiut;. 1.- X.iM^Aafe^y^-iMit-tfli'iMigi- Tlir SOUTH SKA. 167 aforesaid nd in all greatest will be Ation. for mar- ;e : silks, rell, that ugh they 1 for that tr bils of name of ■\ but corn- overcome 1 to the liscipline, suffering elves, till into the Others )re worth Lould not mes that ing, with in their ilue then I have mds, and hing but may be and the )uni8hed, Hod »l«i. although sucli prizes liave hecne rendred without stroakc stricken. This, doubtlesse, cannot but be a hearts grcifc and dis- coimigement to all those who vertuously and truely desire to observe the auncient discipline of our nation, their owne honours, and the service of their soveraignc. But to prevent these unknowne mischiefcs, and for his Tb* prcvco tionuiuniluv better discharge,! remember that myfather. Sir John Haw- p«»«#n«» kins, in his instructions, in actions under his charge, had this particular article : that whosoever rendred or tooke any shippe, should be bound to exhibite the bils of lading; to keepe the captaine, master, marchants, and persons of accoimt, and to bring them to him to be examined, or into England. If they should bee by any accident seperated firom him, whatsoever was found wanting (the prisoners being examined) , was to bee made good by the captaine and company which tooke the shippe, and this upon great punishments. I am witness, and avow that this course did redownd much to the benefitte of the generall stocke ; to the satisfaction of her majestic and counsell, the justifica- tion of his government, and the content of his followers. Thus much have I set downe concerning these abuses and the reformation thereof, for that I have neither scene them divulged by any with whom I have gone to sea, neither yet recorded in writing by any mans pen. Let con- sideration present them to the eares of the powcrfull. But now to ova voyage. SECTION XLVI. Running alongst the coast till wee came within few leagues of Arica, nothing happened unto us of extraordinary novel- tie or moment, for we had the brese favourable, which i V 108 HAWKINS VOV.\ ^ ^ ^ r O :hrough the violence of the double charge, the peece may be erased within, or so forced, as at another occasion with his ordinary allowance, he might breake in peeces : how many men so many mindcs : for to others this may seem harsh, for that the contrary custome hath so long time beene received, and therefore I submit to better experience, and contradict not but that in a demy culvering, a man may put two saker or minion shots, or many of smaller waight : and so in a muskett, two calever shott, or many smaller, so they CAUcede not the ordinary waight prescribed by proportion, arte, and experience.' These experiments I hold convenient upon many occasions, yea, and most neces- sary ; but the vaine custome of double charges, to cause their peeces thereby to give a better report, I affirme can produce no other effect but danger, losae, and harme. SECTION XLVII. Having visited our prises, and finding nothing in them but fish, we tooke a small portion for our victualing, and gave the bigger shippe to the Spaniards againe, and the lesser wee kept, with purpose to make her our pinnas. The Indians which wee tooke in her, would by no meanes de- part from us, but desired to goe with up to England, The unity of saying that the Indian and English were brothers: and in all places where wee came, they shewed themselves much affectionated unto us : these were natives of Moremoreno, and the most brutish of all that ever I had scene; and except it were in forme of men and speech, they seemed altogether voyde of that which appertained to reasonable s The demy-culveriii was about equivalent to the nine-pounder ; a saker to the siz-pouuder ; and the minion to the four-pounder. THE BOUTH SKA. 171 men. They wen expert iwimmen ; bnt ftfter the niMiner ***•"•""• of apaniels, they dive and abide under water a long time, and swallow the water of the lea as if it were of a fresh river. Except a man see them, he would hardly belecvc how they continue in the sea, as if they were mer-maides, and the water their naturall element. Their oountrey is most barren, and poore of foode. If they take a fish alive out of the sea, or meete with a pcecc of salted fish, they will devoure it without any dressing, as savourely as if had beene most curiously sodden or dressed, all which makes me beleeve that they sustaine themselves of that which they catch in the sea. The Spaniards profit themselves of their labour and travell, and recompense them badly : they are in worse condition then their slaves, for to those they give suste- nance, house-roome, and clothing, and teach them the knowledge of God : but the other they use as beastes, to doe their labour without wages, or care of their bodies or soules. under ; a SECTION XLVlll. Thwart of Ariquipa,' the shippe wc brought with us from Balparizo being very leake, and my companie satisfied that their hope to find any thing of worth in her was vaine, having searched her fr^m post to stemme, condiscended to fire her ; and the rather to ke«.p2 our company together, which could not well suffer any devision more then of meere necessity : so by generall accord we eased ourselves of her, and continued our course alongst the coast, till we came thwart of the bay of Pisco, which lyeth within fifteene degrees and fifteene minutes. Presently after wee were cleare of Cape Saugalean,' and 1 Arequipa. > Sangallan. I \ '\ •1 V •' \' \' '^1 I \ 172 HAWKINS' VOTAOB INTO "•*"'• his Hands, wee ranged this bay with our boate and pinnace. It hath two small ilands in it, but without firuite; and being AdviM RiTeo by iMMid land. becalmed, we anchored two dayes thwart of Chilca. By sea and by land, those of Chyly had given advise to Don Oarcia Hurtado de Mendofa, marquis of Cavete, vice- roy of Peru, resident in Lima, of our being on the coast. Hee presently with all possible diligence, put out sixe shippes in warlike order, with well neere two thousand men, and dispatched them to seeke us, and to fight with us, under the conduct of Don Beltrian de Castro Ydelaluca, his wives brother ; who departing out of the port of Callao, turned to wind-ward in sight over the shore, from whence they had dayly intelligence where wee had beene dis- covered. And the next day after our departure out of Chilca, about the middle of May, at breake of day, wee had sight each of other, thwart of Cavete, wee beii^ to wind- wards of the Spanish armado some two leagues, and all with little or no winde. Our pinnace or prise being furnished with oares came unto us, out of which we thought to have taken our men, and so to leave her; but being able to come unto us at all times, it was held for better to keepe her till necessity forced us to leave her : and so it was de- termined that if we came to likelihood of boording, shee should lay our boate aboord, and enter aU her men, and from thence to enter our shippe, and so to forsake her. Although, by the event in that occasion this proved good, notwithstanding I hold it to bee reproved where the enemie is farre superiour in multitude and force, and able to come and bourd if hee list ; and that the surest course is to fortifie the principall the best that may bee, and to cut of aU impediments, where a man is forced to defence : for that no man is assured to have time answerable to his purpose and will ; and upon doubt whether the others, in hope to save themselves, will not leave him in greatest ex- trcmitie. J^ THE SOUTH 8BA. 173 SECTION XUX. Wee presently put ourselves in the best order wee could ** " "•'»• to fight and to defend ourselves : our prayers we made unto the Lord Gk>d of battails, for his helpe and our deliverance, putting our selves wholy into his hands. About nine of the clocke, the brese began to blow, and wee to stand off into the sea, the Spaniards cheeke by jole with us, ever getting to the wind a steme of us some foure leagues ; the vice-admirall a mile right to le-wards of us ; the reare-admirall in a manner 1 Used in the sense of misfortunes. 174 Hawkins' votaob into < t \: •1 ■; V' **•"• ri|fht a head, some culvering shott ; and one upon our loofe, within shott also. The moone was to rise within two houres. After much debating, it was concluded that wee should beare up before the winde, and seeke to escape be- twixt the admirall and the vice-admirall, which wee put in execution, not knowing of any other disgrace befallen them, but that of the reare-admirall, till after our sur- render, when they recounted unto us all that had past. In the morning at breake of day, wee were cleare of aU our enemies, and so shaped our course alongst the coast, for the bay of Atacames, where we purposed to trim our pin- nace, and to renue our wood and water, and so to depart upon our voyage with all possible speede. The Spanish armado returned presently to Callao, which is the port of Lyma, or of the Citty of the Kings. It was first named Lyma, and retayneth also that name of the river, which passeth by the citty called Lyma. The Spanish armado being entred the port, the people began to goe ashore, where they were so mocked and scorned by the women, as scarce any one by day would shew his face : they reviled them with the name of cowards and golnias, and craved licence of the vice-roy to bee admitted in their roomes, and to undertake the surrendry of the English shippe. I have beene certified for truth, that some of them affronted their souldiers with daggers and pistols by their sides. This wrought such effects in the hearts of the disgraced, as they vowed eyther to recover their reputation lost, or to follow us into England ; and so with expedition, the vice- roy commaunded two shippes and a pinnace to be put in order, and in them placed the chiefe souldiers and marri- ners of the rest, and furnished them with victuals and munition. The foresayd generall is once againe dispatched to seeke us ; who ranged the coastes and ports, enforming himselfe THE SOintI SEA. 175 pgraced, Bt, or to le vice- put in marri- and |o seeke imselfe what hee could. Some fiftie leagues to the north-wards of '**^ ""'• Lyma, in sight of Mongon, wee tooke a shippe halfe loaden with wheate, sugar, miell de canas, and cordovan skins : which for that shee was leake, and sayled badly, and tackled in such maner as the marriners would not willingly put themselves into her, wee tooke what was necessary for our provision and fired her. Thwart of Truxillo, wee set the companie of her a shore, with the pilot which we had taken in Balparizo, reserving the pilot of the burnt shippe, and a Greeke, who chose rather to continue with us, then to hazard their lives in going a shore ; for that they had departed out of the port of Santa, which is in eight degrees, being required by the justice not to weigh anchor before the coast was knowne to be cleere. It is a thing worthy to be noted, and almost incredible, with how few men they use to sayle a shippe in the South sea ; for in this prise, which was above an hundred tuns, were but eight persons : and in a shippe of three hundreth tuns, they use not to put above foureteene or fifteene per- sons; yea, I have beene credibly enformed, that with foureteene persons, a shippe of five hundreth tuns hath beene carried from Guayaqiiil to Lyma, deepe loaden, (which is above two hundreth leagues) : and are forced ever to gaine their voyage by turning to wind- wards, which is the greatest toyle and labour that the marriners have ; and slow sometimes in this voyage foure or five moneths, which is generall in all the navigations of this coast.' But the security from stormes, and certainty of the breze, with the desire to make their gaine the greater, is the cause that every man forceth himselfe to the uttermost, to doe the labour of two men. 3 The plan pursued at that day was to beat to wind-ward in shore : now, by standing out boldly to the westward, the voyage to the south- ward, against the prevailing wind, is much shortened. 1 ] li i I VI; \^ im '4 i u ,' 176 Hawkins' votaok into SECTION L. 8Mt.l.. In the height of this port of Santa, some seven hundreth TiMiiuMii and fiftie leairaes to the west- wards, lie the ilands of Salo- orsaloaoa. ^ ' mon, of late yeares di2d directly with us, and wee kept the weather gage ; where if we had put our selves under sayle, the ebbe in hand, wee should have given them the advantage, which we had in our power, by reason of the point of the bay. And being the armado, as it was, we gained time to fit ourselves, the better to fight. And truly (as before, to a stiffe-necked hor\ 3), so now againe TUR SOUTH SEA. 18B I cannot but resemble the condition of the mariner to any "'^'•"'- thing better, then to the current of a furious river, re- pressed by force or art, which neverthelesse ceascth not to seekc a way to overthrow both fence and banke : even so the common sort of sea-men, apprehending a conceitu in their imaginations, neither experiment, knowledge, ex- amples, reasons, nor authority, can alter and remoove them from their conceited opinions. In this extrcmitie, with reason I laboured to convince them, and to contradict their pretences: but they altogether without reason, or against reason, breake out, some into vaunting and brag- ging, some into reproaches of want of courage, others into wishings that they had never come out of their countrey, if we should refuse to fight with two shippcs whatsoever. And to mend the matter, the gunner, for his part, assured i.*"* ""_^''- me that with the first tire' of shott, he would lay the one of UJ'u,;^,!!)^. them in the sods : and our pinnace, that she would take the other to taske. One promised that he would cut downe the mayne yard ; another that he would take their flagge ; and all in generall shewed a great desire to come to try all with the enemy. To some I tinned the deafe eare, with others I dissembled, and armed myselfe with patience (having no other defence nor remedie for that occasion), soothing and animating them to the execution of what they promised, and perswaded them to have a little sufferance, seeing they gained time and advantage by it. And to give them better satisfaction, I condiscended that our captaine, with a competent number of men, should with our pinnace goe to discover them ; with order that they should not engage themselves in that manner as they might not be able to come unto us, or we to succour them. In all these divisions and opinions, our master, Hugh Dormish,^ who was a most sufficient man for government and valour, and well saw the errors of the multitude, used his office as became him ; and so did all those cf best understanding. ^ The first broadside— finer (French). '•^ Cornish i See page 24. 1/ \ i! ':^ T: \ 1 I \) '^ F \ ;. 184 Hawkins' voyage into Bml. LIU. Tbn bevin- niuKoi the fight. The inexpe- rience or tbe S|ianiards. And coreles- nrsse of the KnKhsb. How farre a commander is to trust bis oiBcers. In short space our pinnace discovered what they were, and casting about to retume unto us, the vice-admirall, being next her, began with her chace to salute her with three or foure peeces of artillery, and so continued chasing her and gunning at her. My company seeing this, now began to change humour ; and I then to encourage and perswade them to performe the execution of their promises and vaunts of valoiu*, which they had but even now protested, and given assurance of by their proferres and forwardnesse. And that we might have sea-roome to fight, we presently weighed anchor, and stood off to sea with all our sayles, in hope to get the weather gage of our contraries. But the winde scanting with us, and larging with them, we were forced to lee-ward. And the admirall weathering us, came rome' upon us : which being within musket shott, we hayled first with our noise of trumpets, then with our waytes, and after with our artilery : which they answered with artilery, two for one. For they had double the ordi- nance we had, and almost tenne men for one. Immediately they came shoring* abourd of us, upon our lee quarter, con- trary to our expectation, and the custome of men of warre. And doubtlesse, had our gunner beene the man he was reputed to be, and as the world sould him to me, shee had received great hurt by that manner of bourding. But contrary to all expectation, our steame peeces were un- primed, and so were all those which we had to lee-ward, save halfe one in the quarter, which discharged, wrought that effect in our contraries as that they had five or sixe foote water in hold, before they suspected it. Hereby all men arc to take warning by me, not to trust any man in such extremities, when he himselfe may see it done : and comming to fight, let the chieftaine himselfe be 8 Down 1 * To sheer, or shore, means to separate — we use the term " sheer to", but " sheer off" appears to be the only sense in which it should b« applied. , • THE SOUTH SEA. 186 sure to have all his artilery in a readinesse upon all oc- *** *•'"• casions. This was my oversight, this my overthrow. For I and all my company had that satisfaction of the suffi- dencie and the care of our gunner, as not any one of us ever imagined there would he any defect found in him. For my part, I with the rest of our officers, occupied our selves in cleering our deckes, laceing oiu- nettings, making of hulwarkes, arming our toppes, fitting our wast-cloathes, tallowing our pikes, slinging our yards, doubling our sheetes, and tackes, placing and ordering our people, and procuring that they should be well fitted and provided of all things ; leaving the artilery, and other instruments of fire, to the gunners dispose and order, with the rest of his mates and adherents ; which, as I said, was part of our perdition. For bearing me ever in hand, that he had five hundred cartreges in a readinesse, within one houres fight we were forced to occupie three persons onely in making and filling cartreges ; and of five hundred elles of canvas and other cloth given him for that purpose at sundry times, not one yard was to be found. For this we have no excuse, and therefore could not avoyd the danger, to charge and discharge with the ladell, especially in so hotte a fight.'' And comming now to put in execution the sinking of the shippe, as he promised, he seemed a man without life or soule. So the admirall comming close unto us, I myselfe, and the master of our shippe, were forced to play the gunners. Those instruments of fire wherein he made me to spend neceUof mi« ^ lOinner, and excessively, before our going to sea, now appeared not ; jiJ!/,JiJ|^ neither the brasse balles of artificiall fire, to be shott with 5S«du?""' slurbowes (whereof I had six bowes, and two hundreth bals, "'* ^' and which are of great accoimt and service, either by sea or land) ; he had stowed them in such manner, though in * The greater part of the powder on board men-of-war, is made up into cartridges, to avoid delay in filling during action, and danger from using loose powder in a ladle. |i ! 186 HAWKINS* VOYAGE INTO till. u Ml U (| Ailnioiiitiont forrom- mandrrti. double barrels, as the salt water had spoyled them all ; so that comming to use them, not one was serviceable. Some of our company had in him suspition to be more friend to the Spaniards then to us ; for that he had served some yeares in the Tercera, as gunner, and that he did all this of purpose. Few of our peeces were cleere, when we came to use them, and some had the shott first put in, and after the powder. Besides, after our surrendry, it was laid to his charge, that he should say, he had a brother that served the king in the Peru, and that he thought he was in the armado; and how he would not for all the world he should be slaine. Whether this were true or no, I know not ; but I am sure all in generall gave him an ill report, and that he in whose hands the chiefe execution of the whole fight consisted, executed nothing as was promised and expected. The griefe and remembrance of which oversights once againe inforceth me to admonish all captaines and com- manders hereby to take advice, now and then to survey their officers and store-roomes, the oftener the better; that so their defects and wants may be supplied in time : never relying too much upon the vulgar report, nor giving too much credite i.o smooth tongues and boasting com- panions. But to performe this taske, it is requisite that all captaines and commanders were such, and so experi- mented in all offices, that they might be able as well to con- troule as to examine all manner of errors in officers. For the government at sea hardly suffereth a head without ex- quisite experience. The deficiency whereof hath occasioned Who to be some ancient sea-men to straighten the attribute of mar- true mariner nuer lu such sort, as that it ought not to be given but to the man who is able to build his shippe, to fit and provide her of all things necessary, and after to carry her about the world : the residue to be but saylers. Hereby giving us to understand, that though it is not expedient that he Hi» knuw- should be an axe-carpenter, to hewe, cut, frame, and ledKe for iMteriaiis. mould BBch timber piece, yet that he should know the THE SOUTH SEA. 187 parts and peeces of the shippe, the value of the timber, planke, and yron-worke, so to be able as well to build in proportion, a« to procure all materialls at a just price. And againe, though it be not expected that he should sowe the sayles, arme the shrowds, and put the tackling over head, yet is it requisite that he should knowe how to cut his sayles, what length is competent to every roape, and to be of sufficiency to reprehend and reforme those who crre and doe amisse. In providing his shippe with victualls, munition, and necessaries, of force it must be expected that he be able to make his estimate, and (that once pro- vided and perfected), in season, and with expedition to see it loden and stowed commodiously, with care and propor- tion. After that, he is to order the spending thereof, that in nothing he be defrauded at home; and at sea, ever to know how much is spent, and what remaineth unspent. In the art of navigation, he is bound also to know so much as to be able to give directions to the pilote and master, and consequently to all the rest of inferiour officers. MmI. LI*. For proTiolou*. For iia»i- guliun. SECTION LIV. My meaning is not that the captaine or govemour should be tyed to the actuall toyle, or to intermeddle with all offices, for that were to binde him to impossibilities, to diminish and abase his authoritie, and to deprive the other officers of their esteemes, and of that that belongeth unto them, which were a great absurditie : but my opinion is, that he should be more then superficially instructed and practised in the imploymeuts. Yea, I am verily perswaded, that the more absolute authoritie any commander giveth to his under officers, being worthy of it, the sweeter is the command, and the more respected and beloved the com- mander. ! : i II I i h if ■^ ' 11 r ■■ ii si ^'- -J ! 1 188 Hawkins' voyage into Stet LIT. OOMOf Ifae Offlca jf Uw pilot The bote •wain*. Thrateward. For in matter of guide and disposing of the saylers, with the tackling of the shippe, and the workes which belong thereunto, within bourd and without, all is to be committed to the masters charge. The pilote is to looke carefully to the sterridge of the shippe ; to be watchfull in taking the heights of sunne and starre ; to note the way of his shippe, with the augment- ing and lessening of the winde, etc. The boateswayne is to see his shippe kept cleane ; his mastes, yards and tacklings well coated, matted and armed; his shroudes and stayes well set ; his sayles repayred, and sufficiently prevented with martnets, blayles, and caskettes ; his boate fitted with sayle, oarea, thougts, tholes danyd, windles and rother ; his anchors well boyed, safely stopped and secured, with the rest to him appertaining. The steward is to see the preservation of vittayles and necessaries committed unto his charge ; and by measure and weight to deliver the portions appointed, and with dis- cretion and good tearmes to give satisfaction to all. The carpenter is to view the mastes and yards, the sides of the shippe, her deckes, and cabines, her pumpes, and boate; and moreover to occupie him selfe in the most forceible workes, except he be otherwise commanded. Theguuner. The guuncr is to care for the britching and tackling of his artileryj the fitting of his shott, tampkins, coynes, crones,* and lin-stock's, etc. To be provident in working his fire workes ; in making and filling his cartreges ; in accommodating his ladles, sponges, and other necessaries; in sifting and drying his powder ; in cleaning the armes, munition, and such like workes, intrusted unto him. In this manner every officer, in his office, ought to be an absolute commander, yet readie in obedience and love, to sacrifice his will to his superiors command. This cannot but cause unitie ; and unitie cannot but purchase a happie issue to dutifull travelles. 1 Crows or crow-bars ? The car- penler. THI! SOUTH 8BA. 180 Lastly, except it be in iirgent and precise cases, the head »««-t t». should never direct his command to any but the officers, ^^'^^^ and these secretly, except the occasion require publication, or that it touch all in generall. Such orders would be, for the most part, in writing, that all might know what in generall is commanded and re- quired. to be love, ;;annot lappie SECTION LV. And as the wise husband-man, in walking from ground to Paru renui. . »iteiii»Kood ground, beholdeth one plowing, another harrowing, another husband- sowing, and lopping; another pruning, one hedging, another threshing, and divers occupied in severall labours : some he commendeth, others he reproacheth; others he ad- viseth, and to another he saith nothing, for that he seeth him in the right way : and all this, for that he knoweth and understandeth what they all doe, better then they themselves, though busied in their ordinary workes : even so a worthy commander at sea, ought to have the eyes, not J^^^"" '" only of his body, but also of his understanding, continually «'"«'*■"'"• set (with watchfiill care) upon all men, and all their workes under his charge ; imitating the wise husband-man ; first to know, and then to command : and lastly, to will their obedience voluntary, and without contradiction. For who knoweth not that ignorance many times commandeth that which it understandeth not ; which the artist perceiving, first disdaineth, afterwards disteemeth, and finally in these great actions, which admit no temporizing, either he wayveth the respect of dutie, or faintly performeth the behest of his superiour upon every slight occasion, either in publike opposing, or in private murmuring : the smallest of which is most pernicious. Tlius much (not amisse) for instruction. I t igo m 5' '^^ 1 ! 8«el. LTi, Hhjrtiw Sniniih Mmirall came to l«a- wards. HAWK ink' voyage INTO SECTION LVI. The reason whv the admirall came to lee-wardes, as after I understood^ was for that her artillery being very long, and the wind fresh, bearing a taunt sayle to fetch us up, and to keepe us company, they could not use their ordinance to the weather of us, but lay shaking in the wind : and doubt- lesse it is most proper for shippes to have short ordinance, except in the steme or chase. The reasons are many : viz. — easier charging, ease of the shippes side, better tra- versing, and mounting j yea, greater security of the artil- lery, and consequently of the ship. For the longer the peece is, the greater is the retention of the fire, and so the torment and danger of the peece the greater. But here will be contradiction by many, that dare avouch that longer peeces are to be preferred ; for that they bume their powder better, and carrie the shott further, and so necessarily of better execution; whereas the short artillery many times spend much of their powder without burning, and workes thereby the slenderer effect. To which I answere, that for land service, fortes, or castles, the long peeces are to bee preferred : but for ship- ping, the shorter are much more serviceable. And the powder in them, being such as it ought, will be all fiered long before the shott can come forth ; and to reach farre in fights at sea, is to little effect. For he that purposeth to annoy his enemie, must not shoot at randome, nor at point blanke, if hee purpose to accomplish with his devoire, nether must hee spend his shott nor powder, but where a pot-gun may reach his contrary; how much the neerer, so much the better : and this duely executed, the short ar- tillery will worke its effect as well as the long; otherwise, neither short nor long are of much importance : but here my meaning is not to approve the overshort peeces, devised by some persons, which at every shott they make, daunce THT, !W>nTH SKA. 101 out of their carriages, but those of indifferent length, and '*^ '•^"' which keepe the meane, betwixt seaven and eight foote.* after I g, and p, and mceto doubt- inance, many : ter tra- ic artil- ger the iBothe s avouch iybume , and so artillery raming, SECTION LVII. The entertainement wee gave unto our contraries, being i"«.ruin»- otherwise then was expected, they fell off, and ranged a '*»*"'•"'• head, having broken in peeces all our gallerie ; and pre- sently they cast about upon us, and being able to keepe us company, with their fighting sayles, lay a weather of us, ordinarily within musket shott ; playing continually with them and their great artillery; which we endured, and answered as we could. Our pinnace engaged herselfe so farre, as that before shec could come unto us, the vice-admirall had like to cut her off, and comming to lay us aboord, and to enter her men, the vice-admirall boorded with her : so that some of our company entred our ship over her bow-sprit, as they them- selves reported. We were not a little comforted with the sight of our people in safetie within our shippe ; for in all we were but threescore and fifteene, men and boyes, when we began to TheEnKUsh fight, and our enemies thirteene hundred men and boyes, J^'JUlJ^n little more or lesse, and those of the choise of Peru. hundred. SECTION LVIII. Heere it shall not be out of the way to discourse a little TJiesptnish ' diMiplme, of the Spanish discipline, and manner of their government 1 The additional velocity of the projectile gained by using long guns, is thought to overbalance the advantage which the short guns possess by being more easily handled. The usual length of heavy guns at present, is about nine feet and a half. 102 Hawkins' voyage into It I iM! ^i 1 h L 1 \l >1 f: a. N II ''^ *•*'"• in generall ; which is in many things different to ours. In this expedition came two generalls : the one Don Beltran de Castro, who had the absolute authoritie and commaund; the other Michael AngcU Filipon, a man well in yeares, and came to this preferment by his long and painful ser- vice ; who though he had the title of generall by sea, I thinke it was rather of courtesie then by pattent ; and for that hee had beene many yeares generall of the South sea, for the carriage and waftage of the silver from Lyma to Panama. He seemed to bee an assistant, to supply that with his counsell, advice, and experience, whereof Don Beltran had never made tryall (for hee commanded not absolutely, but with the confirmation of Don Beltran), for the Spaniards never give absolute authoritie to more then one. A custome that hath beene, and is approoved in all empires, kingdomes, common-wealths, and armies, rightly disciplined : the mixture hath been seldome scene to pros- per, as will manifestly appeare, if we consider the issue of all actions and journeys committed to the government of two, or more generally. uhi" j^ned '^^ famous victory of Hannibal against the Romane IhiS^SmliVr. consuls Paulus Emillius and Terrentius Varro, was attri- ""*■ buted to their equality of government. The unhappie overthrowe given by the Turke Amurate, to the Christian princes, in the journey of Nicapolis, is held to have pro- ceeded from the difference betwixt the heads, every one leaning to his owne opinion. The overthrow in recoverie of the Holy laud, undertaken by king Richard of England, and king Philip of France, sprang from the like differences and dissentions. The victory of the emperour Charles the Fifth, against the Protestant princes of Germanie, is im- puted to their distractures arising from parity in command. If we looke into our owne actions, committed to the charge of two generals, the effects and fruits which they have brought forth, for the most part, will be found to be little TIIR M)UTII RRA. 106 in. In )eltran aaund; yeares, 111 ser- y sea, I mA for tith sea, lyma to ply that lof Don ded not ran), for ore then ed in all I, rightly ! to pro8- I issue of liment of Romane ras attri- unhappie Christian have pro- every one recoverie England, UflPerences !harles the nie, is im- command. the charge they have to be little tfiii. better : yea, most of them, through emulation, cnric, and _^___ pride, overthrowne, and brought to nought ; though to cover their confusions, there have never bcene wanting cloakcs and colours. The most appmovcd writers reproove, and call it a monster with two heads, and not without reason. For if the monarchy be generally approoved, for strongest, soundest, and most perfect, and most sufficient to sustaine it sclfo ; and the democracic and aristocracic utterly reprooved, as weakc, feeble, and subject to innova- tions and infirmities ; it cannot be but errour, confusion, and imperfection, to differ or dissent from it. For where the supreamc government is divided betwixt two or more, the authoritic is diminished, and so looseth his true force ; as a faggct of stickes, whose bond being broken, the entire strength is easily dissolved : but all under correction. The Spaniards, in their armadoes by sea, imitate the discipline, order, and officers, wliich are in an army by land, and divide themselves into three bodies; to wit, souldiers, marriners, and gunners. Their souldiers ward and watch, and their officers in The suuMier every shippe round, as if they were on the shoare ; this is the only taske they undergoe, except cleaning their armes, wherein they are not over curious. The gunners are ex> The Runner. empted from all labour and care, except about the artillery. And these are either Almaynes, Flemmings, or strangers; for the Spaniards are but indifferently practised in this art. The marriners are but as slaves to the rest, to moyle,' The " marriiier. and to toyle day and night ; and those but few and bad, and not suffered to sleepe or harbour themselves under the deckes. For in faire or fowle weather, in stormes, sunnc, or raine, they must passe voyde of covert or succour. There is ordinarily in every shippe of warre, a captaine, officer* in whose chaise is as that of our masters with us, and also a cap2„e of captaine of the souldiers, who commandeth the captaine of c^^j^'^'^of the Rouldier* 1 To moil has boen supposed to be derived from the French tnouiller. ^^ ^'4 1^ '! I I 104 IIAWKIKS' TOTAOB IKTO L*lll. the ■hippe, the Houldien, gunnen, and marrinen in her ; yea, though there be divert captaines, with their companiea in one thippe (which is uauall amongit them), yet one hath the supreme authoritie, and the residue are at his KM '"^iclT ordering and disposing. They have their nuutro* de eampo, seargeant, master, generall (or captaine) of the artillery, with their alfere mi^or, and all other officers, as in a campe. If they come to fight with another armado, they order themselves as in a battell by land ; in a vanguard, rere- ward, maine battell, and wings, etc. In every particular shippe the souldiers are all set upon the deckes; their fore- castle they account their head front, or vanguard of their company; that abaft the mast, the rereward; and the wayste the mayne battell ; wherein they place their prin- cipall force, and on which they principally relye, which they call their plaea de arnuu, or place of armes : which taken, their hope is lost. The gunners fight not but with their great artillery : the marriners attend only to the tackling of the shippe and handling of the sayles, and are unarmed, and subject to all misfortunes ; not permitted to shelter themselves, but to be still aloft, whether it be necessary or needlesse. So ordinarily, those which first fayle, are the marriners and saylers, of which they have greatest neede. They use few close fights or fire-workes ; and all this proceedeth, as I judge, of errour in placing land captaines for govemoura and commanders by sea ; where they seldome understand what is to be done or commanded. Some that have beene our prisoners, have perfitted* themselves of that they have scene amongst us; and others disguised under colour of treaties, for ransoming of pri- soners, for bringing of presents, and other imbassages, have noted our forme of shipping, our manner of defences, » Profited. Prying of the Spani- ards into our diicipline. THIS SOITTH MIA. 106 lU. and discipline. Mithenoe' wii.rii oHpiaU, in inch action* as they hare b«^ne impkiyed in, they M«ke to imitate our "^'J^ government and reformed diwipliii^ at aea : which, doubt- *^i^"*- leMe, is the best and moat proper that is at thi« day knowno or practised in the whole world, if the execution be answer- able to that which is knowne and rprrived for true and good amongst us. In the captaine (for so the Spaniards call their admirall) was an English gunner, who to gaine grace with those under whom hee served, preferred himselfe, and offered to sinke our shippe with the first shott he made : who, by the Spaniards relation, being travesing of a pcece in the bowe, to make his shott, had his head carryed away with the first or second shott made out of our shippe. It slew also two or three of those which stood next him. Which may be a good and gentle warning for all those who mooved either with covetousnesse, or with desire of revenge, or in hope of worldly promotion, or other respect whatsoever, doe willingly and voluntarily serve the enemie against their owne nation : nulla causa ituta videri potest, adversus patriatn arma capiendi. And if we consider the end of those who have thus erred, J[^^'^ •' wee shall finde them, for the most part, lamentable and most miserable. At the least, those whom I have knowne, have lived to be pointed at with detestation, and ended their lives in beggery, voyde of reputation. SECTION LIX. Thb fight continued so hott on both sides, that the artillery and muskets never ceased playing. Our contraries, to- wards the evening, determined the third time to lay us s Since. n2 196 HAWKINS* VOYAGB INTO ****•'•"• abourd, with resolution to take us or to hazard all. The order they set downe for the execution hereof, was, that the captaine (or admirall) should bring himselfc uppon our weather bowe, and so fall abourd of us, upon our broad side : and that the vice-admirall should lay his admirall abourd uppon his weather quarter, and so enter his men into her ; that from her they might enter us, or doe as occasion should minister. The captaine of the vice-admirall being more hardy then considerate, and presuming with his shippe and company to get the price and chiefe honour, wayted not the time to put in execution the direction given, but presently came Irt, *'*"'' ft^o^ird to wind-wards uppon our broad side. Which, tti?"nuh' doubtlessL, was the great and especiall providence of Almightie God, for the discouraging of our enemies, and animating of us. For although shee was as long, or rather longer then our shippe, being rarely' built, and utterly without fights or defences ; what with our muskets, and what with our fire-works, wee cleered her decks in a mo- ment, so that scarce any person appeared. And doubtlesse if we had entred but a dozen men, we might have enforced them to have rendred unto us, or taken her ; but our company being few, and the principall of them slaine or hurt, we durst not, neither was it wisedome, to adventure the separation of those which remained : and so held that for the best and soundest resolution, to keepe our forces together in defence of our owne. The vice-admirall seeing himselfe in great distresse, called to his admirall for succour ; who presently laid him abourd, and entred a hundreth of his men, and so cleered themselves of us. In this boiurding, the vice-admirall had at the least thirtie and sixe men hurt and slaine ; and amongst them his pilote shot through the body, so as he died presently. 1 Slightly — or perhaps what we now call " deep-waisted". ^^ THE SOUTH SEA. 197 And the admirall also received some losse, which wrought **«' '•"'• in them a new resolution, oncly with their artillery to Anduki* * '' new rwo- batter us ; and so with time to force us to surrender, or to '"«*»" sinke us; which they put in execution: and placing them- selves within a masket shott of our weather quarter, and sometimes on our broad side, lay continually beating upon us without intermission ; which was, doubtlesse, the best and seciu'est determination they could take; for they being rare" shippes, and without any manner of close fights, in bourding mth us, their men were all open unto us, and we under covert and shelter. For on all parts our shippe was musket free, and the great artillery of force must cease on either side (the shippes being once grapled together), except we resolved to sacrifice our selves together in fire. For it is impossible, if the great ordinance play (the shippes being bourded), but that they must set fire on the shippe they shoote at ; and then no surety can be had to free himselfe, as experience daily confirmeth. For a peece of artillery most properly resembleth a thunderclap, which breaking upwards, or on the side, hurteth not ; for that the fire hath scope to dispence it selfe without finding re- sistance, till the violence which forceth it taketh end, and so it mounts to its center : but breaking downe right or stooping downwards, and finding resistance or impedi- ment, before the violence that forceth it take end, being so subtill and penetrable a substance, passeth and pierceth so wonderfully, as it leaveth the effect of his execution in all points answerable to his levell and nighnesse. For if the clouds be nigh the earth (as some are higher, some lower), and breake down-wards, the violence wherewith the fire breaketh out is such, and of so strange an execution, that men have beene found dead without any outward signc in their flesh, and yet all their bones burnt to dust. So tlie blade of the sword hath beene found broken all to 2 yee note, page 191). 198 HAWKIKS' VOYAGE INTO V r ' : lu M '*^"*' peecefl in the scabard, and the Rcabard whole without blemish : and a cristall glarae all shivered in peeces, his cover and case remaining sound ; which commeth to passe for that in the flesh, in the scabard, and in the case, the fire being so subtile of nature, findeth easie passage with- out resistance; but the bones, the blade, the cristall, being of substance more solide, maketh greater resistance, and so the fire with the more fury worketh the more his ex- ecution in its objects. As was scene rn the Spanish ad- mirall (or captaine), after my imprisonment, crossing from Panama to Cape San Francisco, a rayo (for so the Spaniards call a thunder-clappe), brake over our shippe, killed one in the fore-toppe, astonished either two or three in the shroudes, and split the mast in strange manner : where it entred it could hardly be descemed, but where it came forth, it drave out a great splinter before it ; and the man slaine, was cleane in a manner without signe or token of hiut, although all his bones turned to powder; and those who lived and recovered, had all their bodies blacke, as burnt with fire : which plainly declareth and confirmeth that above said, and may serve to judge in such occasions of persons hurt with thunder ; for if they complaine of their bones, and have little signe of the fire, their hazard of death is the greater, then when the fire hath left greater impressions outward. The fire out of a cloude worketh like eflPect, only where it leveleth directly, as experience daily teacheth ; killing those who are opposite, hurting those who are neere, and only terrifying those who are further distant. In like manner the peece of ordinance hurteth not those which stand aside, nor those which stand a slope from his mouth, but those alone which stand directly against the true point of his levell : though sometimes the winde of the shott overthroweth one, and the splinters (being acci- if*-i ^v^- TIIK SOUTH SEA. IW ithout es, his ) passe se, the ; with- , being •e, and his ex- lish ad- agfrom laniards led one in the where it it came the man token of nd those lacke, as nfinneth )Ccasions plaine of ir hazard greater worketh :perience hurting who are [not those firom his lain&t the vrinde of eing acci- u. dents), mayne* and hurt others. But principally where the **** ' peece doth resemble the thunder clappe, as when the ships are bourded: for then, although the artillery be discharged without shott, the fury of the fire, and his piercing nature is such, as it entreth by the seames, and all parts of the ships sides, and mc Jting with so fit matter as pitch, tarre, ocombe, and sometimes with powder, presently converteth all into flames. For avoyding whereof, as also the danger and damage which may come by pikes and other inventions of fire, and if any shippe be oppressed with many shippes at once, and subject by them to be bourded ; I hold it a good course to strike his fore and mayne yards close to his decke, and to fight with sprit-saile and myson, and top-sayles loose : so shall he be able to hinder them from oppressing him. Some have thought it a good pollicy to launce out some poiiiciM ends of mastes or yards by the ports or other parts : but bouniiugi. this is to be used in the greater shippes ; for in the lesser, though they be never so strong, the waight of the bigger will beate out the opposite sides and doe hurt, and make great spoyle in the lesser. And in bourding, ordinarily the lesser shippe hath all the harme which the one shippe can doe unto the other. Here is o£fered to speake of a point much canvassed ouputm amongst carpenters and sea captaines, diversly mainetained grille ""^ but yet undetermined : that is, whether the race^ or loftie built shippe bee best for the merchant, and those which imploy themselves in trading ? I am of opinion that the race shippe is most convenient j yet so as that every perfect shippe ought to have two deckes, for the better strengthen- ing of her; the better succouring of her people ; the better preserving of her merchandize and victuall ; and for her greater safetie from sea and stormes. 3 Maim. Probably a mispriut for " rare". . I 200 HAWKI5S' VOTAOE INTO Sect. MX. M But for the princes shippes, and such as arc imployed coneerning continuallv in the warres, to be built loftic I hold very bin tiiippe*. necessary for many reasons. First for majestic and terrour of the enemy ; secondly, for harbouring of many men ; thirdly, for accommodating more men to fight ; fourthly, for placing and using more artillery ; ' fiftly, for better strengthening and securing of the shippe ; sixtly, for over- topping and subjecting the enemy ; seventhly, for greater safeguard and defence of the ship and company. For it is plaine, that the ship with three deckes, or with two and a halfe, shewes more pomp than another of her burthen with a decke and a halfe, or two deckes, and breedeth greater terror to the enemy, discovering herselfe to be a more powerfull ship, as she is, then the other ; which being in- deed a ship of force, seemeth to be but a barke, and with her low building hideth her burthen. And who doubteth that a decke and a halfe cannot harbour that proportion of men, that two deckes, and two deckes and a halfe can accommodate to fight ; nor carry the artillery so plenti- fully, nor so commodiously. Neither can the ship be so strong with a decke and a halfe as with two deckes ; nor with two, as with three ; nor carry her masts so taunt ; nor spread so great a clue ; nor contrive so many fightes, to answer one another for defence and offence. And the advantage the one hath of the other, experience daily teacheth. In the great expedition of eightie eight, did not the Elisabeth Jonas, the Triumph, and the Beare, shew greater majestic then the Arke Royall and the Victorie, being of equall burthens ? did they not cause greater regard in the enemy ? did they not harbour and accommodate more men, and much better ? did they not beare more artillery ? And if they had come to boord with the Spanish high-charged ships, it is not to be doubted but they Avould have miistred themselves better, then those which could not with their A II ships of wftneare not to be low built. THE 80CTU SKA. SOI prowesse nor props, have reached to their wastes. The strength of the one cannot be compared with the strength of the other : but in boarding, it goeth not so much in the strength, as in weight and greatnesse. For the greater ship that bourdeth with the lesser, with her mastes, her yardes, her tacklings, her anchors, her ordinance, and with her sides, bruseth and beateth the lesser to pceccs, al- though the lesser be farre stronger according to proportion. The Foresight of his Majesties, and the Daintie, were shippes in their proportions farre more stronger then the carake which was taken by them and their consorts, anno 92 : for she had in a manner no strong building nor bind- ing, and the others were strengthened and bound as art was able to affoord; and yet both bourdingwith her, were so brused, broken, and badly handled, as they had like to have sunke by her side, though bourding with advantage to weather- wards of her. But what would have become of them if she should have had the wind of them, and have come aboord to wind- ward of them ? In small time, no doubt, she would have beaten them under water. Anno 90, in the fleet under the charge of Sir John Hawkins, my father, comming from the south-wards, tho Hope, of his Majesties, gave chase to a French ship, think- ing her to be a Spaniard. She thought to have freed her eielfe by her sailing, and so would not availe, but en- dured the shooting of many peeces, and forced the Hope to lay her abourd ; of which issued that mischiefe which before I spake off. For in a moment the French ship had all her mastes, yards, and sailes in the sea, and with great ditiicultie the Hope could free herselfe from sinking her. In the self-same voyage, neere the ilands of Flores and Corvo, the Rainbow and the Foresight came foule one of another ; the Rainbow, being the greater shippe, left the Foresight much torne ; and if God had not beene pleased to sepcratc them, the lesser, doubtlessc, had sunke in the ux. 202 HAWKINS* VOYAOE INTO m H i\ Fanieulv rMpeeta iDuiit gire "**"*• 8ea ; but in these incounten they received little or no hurt. The boording of the Rainbow and Fbreright, as I was enformed, proceeded of the obstinacie and self will of the captainc or master of the Foresight, who would not set sayle in time^ to give sea roome to the other, comming driving upon her, for that she was more flotie.' This pride piu« tlTuia I have scene many times to be the cause of great hurt, and genenOl. . o » is worthy of severe punishment : for being all of one com- pany, and bound every one to helpe and further the good of the other, as members of one body, there ought to be no strayning of courtesie; but all are bound to suppress emulation and particular respect, in seeking the generall good of all, yea, of every particular more ingeniously then that of his owne. ii But in equitie and reason, the le-ward shippe ought ever to give way to the weather most, in hulling or trying, without any exception. First, for that shee advantageth the other in hulling or trying ; which is manifest, for that shee to wind-wards drives upon her to le-wards. Secondly, for that the windermost shippe, by opening her sayle, may be upon the other before shee be looked for, either for want of steeridge, not being imder way, or by the rowling of the sea, some one sea casting the shippe more to le- wards then ten others. And thirdly, for that the winder- most shippe being neere, and setting sayle, is in possibilitie to take away the winde from her to le-wards comming within danger. And this by way of argument, for a hull and under-sayle in stormes and fayre weather, in harbour, or at sea. Humanitie and courtesie are ever commendable and beneficiall to all, whereas arrogancie and »r",bftion are ever accompanied with shame, losse, and repcuiance. AiTogaoo^ And though in many examples, touching this point, I generiiT )xa,\e bccne an eye witnesse, yet I will record but one, s Did not hold so good a wind, or drove more easily to leeward. THE SOUTH 9BA. 203 which I saw in the river of Civill,' at my comming out of "**'•" the Indies amongst the galleons loaden with silver. For their wafting, the king sent to the Tcrcera, eight new galleons, under the charge of Villa Viciosa ; who entring the barre of Saint Luar jointly, the shippes loaden with silver, anchored in the middest of the river in deeper water, and the wafters on either side, ncere the shoare. The ad- mirall of the wafters rode close by the galleon in which I was, and had moored her selfe in that manner, as her streame, cable, and anchor, overlayed our land-most. And winding up with the first of the flood, shee her selfe in one of her cables, which together with the great currant of the ebbe^ and force of the winde which blewe fresh, caused her to drive, and to dragge home her anchors ; and with that which overlay ours, to cause us to doe the like» Whereupon, on both sides was crying out to veere cable : we, for our parts, had lost all our cables in the Terceras, saving those which were a-ground, and those very short, and vered to the better end. The admirall strained cour- tesie, thinking the other, though loaden with silver, bound to let slippe one, so to give him way ; and the generall standing in his gallery, saw the danger which both shippes ranne into, being in a manner bourd and bourd, and driving upon the point of the shoare : yet he commanded to hold fast, and not to vere cable, till he was required and commanded in the kings name, by the captaine of our shippe ; protesting, the damage which should ensue there- of to the king and merchants, to runne upon the admirals accompt; and that in his shippe he had no other cable but those which were aground, and that they had vered as much as they could : which the generall knowing, and at last better considering, willed to vere his cable end for 6 Seville was formerly the emporium of the trade of the new world : since the Guadalquiver has become unnavigable for large vessels, its trade has been transferred to Cadiz. 204 HAWKINS' VOYAGE INTO 1'.^ Douhtitand objecUoiiB reaolved. ; I ***'*• "*• end, and so, with some difiicultie and dispute, the punto was remedied ; which if he had done at first, he had pre- vented all other danger, inconvenience, and dispute, by only weighing of his cable and anchor after the gust was past, and letting it fall in a place more commodious : whereas, his vaine glory, stoutnesse, and selfc-will, had put in great perill two of the kings shippes, and in them above two millions of treasure. And it may be, if he had beene one of the ignorant generalls, such as are sometimes imployed, whereas he was one of best experience, I doubt not, but they would have stood so much upon their puntos,^as rather then they would have consented to vere theyr cables (for that it seemed a diminution of authoritie), they would rather have suffered all to goe to wracke, without discerning the danger and damage. *^ But to returne to my former point of advantage, which the greater shippe hath of the lesser, I would have it to be understood according to occasion, and to be understood of ships of warre with ships of warre ; it being no part of my meaning to mainetaine that a small man of warre should And the duty not bourd with a great shippe which goeth in trade. For I olaamall ti i • t i i • ■bip aKBinst know, that the war-like shippe that seeketh, is not only a greater. ' _ ■* * " bound to bourd with a greater, but were shee sure to hazard her selfe, shee ought to bourd where any possibility of sur- prising may be hoped for. Witnesse the Biscaine shippes of five hundreth tunnes, taken by shippes of lesse then a hundreth. Such were those which were taken by captaine George Reymond, and captaine Greenfield Halse; both wonne by bourding and force of armes. And did not Markes Berry, with a shippe of foure-score tunnes, by bourding and dent of sword, take a shippe which came from the Nova Hispania, of neere foure hundreth tunnes ? To recount all such as have beene in this sort taken by our countreymen, as also those of great worth they have lost, 7 PuDctilio. J ( I c it r( h d \ TUB SOUTH SEA. 205 Seel. LI1. punto I prc- yonly st,Bnd as, his great ve two ae one jloyed, ot, but I rather ies (for would cerning 1, which ve it to erstood part of shoiQd Fori lot only hazard of sur- shippes then a captaine both did not ines, by jh came tunues? n by our ave lost, for not hazarding the boarding, were never to make an end. Yet discretion is ever to be used ; for a man that in a small barke goeth to warre-fare, is not bound to bourd with a carake, nor with a shippc which he seeth provided with artillery and other preventions far above his possi- bilitic. The Spaniards confesse us to advantage them in our Ji,'J'"j;''''"7,Ji' shipping, and attribute all our victories to that which is but a masse of dead wood, were it not managed and ordered by art and experience ; affirming, that if we came to haiidic strokes and boiu-ding, they should goe farre beyond us, which to any person of reasonable understanding, cannot but seeme most vaine-glorious ; for we leave not to bourd with them upon occasion, when otherwise we cannot force them to surrender : but I conclude it to be great errour, and want of discretion in any man, to put himselfe, his shippe, and company in perill, being able otherwise to van- quish his enemy." This imagination, so vainc and so voyde of ground, hath growne from the ignorance of some of our common sort of marriners and vulgar people, which have beeue prisoners in Spaine : who being examined and asked, why her Ma- jesties shippes in occasions bourd not, have answered and enformed that it is the expresse order of her Majestic and eounsell, in no case to hazard her shippes by bourding ; yea, I have knowne some captaines of our owne (to colour their faint proceedings), have averred as much, which is nothing so. For in the houre that her majestie or eounsell committeth the charge of any of her shippes to any person, it is left to his discretion to bourd or not to bourd, as the reason of service requireth. And therefore let no man hereafter pretend ignorance, nor for this vanitie leave to doe his duty, or that which is most probable to redound to 8 This apopthegm is sufficient to stamp Sir Richard Hawkins as a great commander. r* 200 hawkinr' votaoe fnto u. ^M Li i' I the honour and lenrice of his prince and countrey, and to the damage of his enemy. For in case he excuse himselfe with this allegation, it cannot but redound to his condem- nation and disreputation. And I assure all men, that in any reasonable equalitie of shipping, we cannot desire greater advantage, then we have of the Spaniards by bourd- ing. The reasons why, I hold it not convenient to discourse in particular ; but experience and tract of time, with that which 1 have seen amongst them, hath taught me this knowledge; and those who have seene their discipline, and our9, cannot but testifie the same. SECTION LX. i DisuMR of engines of •ntiquitie. frtite^ lifter AoAiNE, all that which hath beene spoken of the danger of bounUuR. ^Yie artillery in bourding, it is not to be wrested nor inter- preted, to cut of utterly the ui^e of all artillery after bourd- ing, but rather I hold nothing more convenient in shippes of warre, then fowlers and great bases in the cage workes, and murderers in the cobridge heads; for that their exe- cution and speedie charging and discharging, is of great moment.' Many I know have left the use of them, and of sundry other preventions, as of sherehookes, stones in their toppes, and arming them; pikebolts in their wales, and divers other engines of antiquitie. But upon what inducement, I cannot relate, unlesse it be because they never knew their effects and benefit; and may no doubt be used with- out the inconveniences before mentioned in great ordi- nance. As also such may be the occasion, that without danger some of the great artillery may be used, and that 1 Fowlers, murderers, etc., were pieces of cannon of the nature of swivels, adapted to close combat. The '< cobridge heads" seem to have been bulk heads across the fore and after parts of the vessel. nd to nselfe [idem- hat in desire bourd- tcourse th that ae this ae, and THK SOUTH 8BA. 207 anger of or inter- ir bonrd- i shippes vorkes, .eir exe- of great sundry ■ toppes, td divers icement, ^er knew sed with- eat ordi- without I and that nature of em to have with great effect, which is in the discretion of the com- mandeni and their gunners, as hath beene formerly scene, and daily is experimented. In the Revenge of licr Majesties good experience was made, who sunke two of the Spanish armado lying abourd her. SECTION IXI. In these bourdings and skirmishes, divers of our men were slaine, and many hurt, and mysclfc amongst them received sixe wounds ; one of them in the necke very perillous ; another through the arme, perishing the bone, and cutting the sinewes close by the arme-pit ; the rest not so danger- ous. The master of our shippe had one of his eyes, his nose, and halfe his face shott away. Master Henry Cour- ton was slaine. On these two I principally relyed for the prosecution of our voyage, if God, by sicknesse, or other- wise, should take me away. The Spaniards with their great ordinance lay continually J^ sp,nu playing upon us, and now and then parled and invited us to surrender ourselves a buena querra.^ The captaine of our shippe, in whose direction and guide, our lives, our honour, and welfare now remained, seeing many of our people wounded and slaine, and that few were left to sus- taine and maintaine the fight, or to resist the entry of the enemy, if he should againe bourd with us, and that our contraries offered us good pertido,^ came unto me accom- panied with some others, and began to relate the state of our shippe, and how that many were hurt and slaine, and scarce any men appeared to traverse the artillery, or to 5 En htuna guerra means by fair or lawful means : it probably im- plied offering quarter ; which means, that if accepted, a certain sum was to be given as ransom. s Patiido (Spanish), favour or protection. n\ 208 HAWKINS* VOYAOK INTO HMt. LSI. \\\ H Pi I w ;l r oppose thcniHclvcs for defence, if the enemy iihould bourd with UH ngnine ; und how that the admirall offered us life and liberty, and to receive us a buena yufrra, and to send UR into our ownc cunntry. Sayinf?, that if I thought it so mecte, he and the rest were of opinion that we should put out a flagge of truce, and make some good composition. The (^rcnt lossc of blood had weakened me much. The torment of my wounds newly received, made me faint, and I laboured for life, within short space cxpcctisig I should give up the ghost. But this parley pcarccd through my heart, and wounded my soulc ; words failed me wherewith to cxpressc it, and none can conceive it but he which findcth himsclfe in the like agonic. Yet griefc and rage ministered force, and caused me to brcake forth into this reprehension and exe- cution following. "Great is the crosse which Almightie God hath suffered to come upon me: that assaulted by our professed enemies, and by them wounded, as you see, in body, lying gasping for breath, those whom I reputed for my friends to fight with me ; those which I relyed on as my brethren to de- fend me in all occasions ; those whom I have nourished, cherished, fostered and loved as my children, to succour me, helpe me, and to sustainc my reputation in all ex- tremities; are they who first draw their swords against me, are they which wound my heart, in giving me up into mine enemies hands. Whence proceedeth this in- gratitude ? whence this fointnessc of heart ? whence this madncsse? Is the cause you fight for unjust? is the honour and love of your prince and countrey buried in tlic dust ? your sweete lives, are they become loathsome unto you ? will you exchange your liberty for thraldome ? will you consent to see that which you have sweat for and pro- cured with so great labour and adventure, at the dispose of your enemies ? can you content your selves to suffer my THE MHTIi nV.\, 200 l)ourd lis life ) Hcnd t it so 1(1 put Hition. The nt, nncl Hhould jumleA it, ftntl in the :c, ami nd oxe- juffered incmics, [gasping to fight to de- urishcd, succour all ex- against me up this in- ncc this is the d in the ne unto e? will ind pro- sposc of .ffer my blood spilt before your eyes, nnd my life bereft mc in your **^' "' presence, with the blooil and lives of your deerc brethren to be unrevenged ? Is not an honoumble death to be pre* ferrcd before a miserable and slavish life ? The one sus* taining the honour of our nation, of our predc(*t>ssoni, and of our societio : the other ignominious to our selves, and reproachful to our nation. Can you be perswaded that the enemy will performe his promise with you, that never Icavcth to breake it with others, when he thinkcth it ad- vantagious? And know you not, that with hl:M, all is convenient that is profitable? Hold they not tlu> for a maximc: that, nulla fides est servanda mm herelicis? In which number they accompt us to be. Have you forgotten their faith violated with my father, in Saint John dc Ulua, the conditions and capitulations being firmed by the vice- roy and twelve hostages, all principall personages given for the more sccuritie of either party to other? Have you forgotten their promise broken with John Vibao and his company, in Florida, having conditioned to give them shipping and victuals, to carry them into their countrey ; immediately after they had delivered their weapons and armes, had they not their throatcs cut ? Have you forgotten how they dealt with John Oxnam and his company, in this sea, yeelded upon composition ; and how after a long im- prisonment, and many miseries, being carryed from Panama to Lyma, and there hanged with all his company, as pyrates, by the justice ?* And can you forget how dayly they abuse our noble natures, which being voyde of malice, measure all by sinceritie, but to our losse ; for that when we come * With respect to the transaction at San Juan do Ulloa, already . alluded to at page 10, Sir Richard Hawkins had good reason to bo sum- picious of the good faith of the Spaniards. From the account given in Haklu;t, from Sir John Hawkins himself, it appears, that " he was attacked after he had been assured on the faith of the Spanish viceroy that no treachery should be used." But in the matter of Oxcnham, apparently, they wore not to blame. John Oxenham had accompanied 210 HAWKINS' VOYAGE INTO Feet Lxt. \< to demand perfwrnance, they stoppe our moutbes ; either with laying the inquisition upon us, or with delivering us into the hands of the ordinary justice, or of the kings minis- ters. And then urged with their promises, they shriuke up to the shoulders, and say, that they have now no further power over ns; they sorrow in their hearts to see their promise is not accomplished : but now they cannot doe us any good office, but to pray to God for us, and to entreat the ministers in our behalfe. " Came we into the South sea to put out flags of truce ? And left we our pleasant England, with all her content- ments, with intention or purpose to avayle oiu* selves of white ragges, and by banners of peace to deliver ourselves for slaves into our enemies hands ; or to range the world with the English, to take the law from them, whom by our swords, prowesse, and valour, we have alwaies heretofore bin accustomed to purchase honour, riches, and reputa- tion ? If these motives be not sufficient to perswade you, then I present before your eyes yoiur wives and children, your parents and Mends, your noble and sweete countrey, your gracious soveraigne j of all which accompt yourselves for ever deprived, if this proposition should be put in exe- cution. But for all these, and for the love and respect you owe me, and for all besides that you esteem e and hold dear in this world, and for Him that made us and all the world, banish out of your imagination such value and base thoughts ; and according to your woonted resolution, pro- secute the defence of your shippe, your lives, and libertie, with the lives and libertie of your companions ; who by Drake in his first voyage, in 1674, and after his return, was induced to fit out a small expedition on his own account : he was successful in acquiring booty, but by mismanagement he and all his people fell into the hands of the Spaniards. At Panama he was examined as to what authority he held from his queen ; but not being able to produce any power or commission, he with all his company were sentenced to death, aspirates. ^ „.,,..,, .„ . , THE SOITH SEA. 211 their wounds and hurts arc disabled and deprived of all *^' "" other defence and hclpc, save that which lyeth in your dis- cretions and prowesse. And you, captaine, — of whom I made choise amongst many, to be my principall assistant, and the person to accomplish my dutie if extraordinary casualtie should disable me to performe and prosecute our voyage, — tender your obligation ; and now in the occasion give testimony, and make proofe of your constancic and valour, according to the opinion and confidence I have ever held of you." Whereunto he made answere: "My good generall, I hope you have made experience of ray resolution, which shall be ever to put in execution what you shall be pleased to command me ; and my actions shall give testimonie of the obligation wherein I stand bound unto you. What I have done, hath not proceeded from faintnesse of heart, nor from a will to see imaginations put in execution ; for be- sides the losse of our reputation, liberty, and what good else we can hope for, I know the Spaniard too too well, and the manner of his proceedings in discharge of promises : but only to give satisfaction to the rest of the company, which importuned me to moove this point, I condiscended to that which now I am ashamed of, and grieve at, because I see it disliking to you. And here I vowe to fight it oxii, till life or lymmes fayle me. Bee you pleased to recom- mend us to Almightie God, and to take comfort in him, whom I hope will give us victory, and restore you to health and strength, for all our comforts, and the happy accom- plishing and finishing of our voyage, to his glory." Ireplyed: "This isthatwhichbeseemeth you; thissorteth to the opinion I ever held of you ; and this will gaine you, with God and man, a just reward. And you the rest, my deere companions and friends, who ever have made a de- monstration of desire to accomplish your duties, remember that when we first discryed our enemy, you shewed to have o2 212 Hawkins' voyage into *^ "'• a longing to proove your valours against him : now that the occasion is offered, lay hold of the fore-locke ; for if once shee tume her backe, make sure accompt never after to see her face againe : and as true English men, and fol- lowers of the steppes of our forefathers, in vertue and valoiur, sell your bloods and lives deerely, that Spainc may ever record it with sadncsse and griefe. And those which survive, rejoyce in the purchase of so noble a victory, with so small meanes against so powerfull an enemy." Hereunto they made answere : that as hitherto they had beene conformable to all the undertakings which I had commanded or counselled, so they would continue in the selfe same dutie and obedience to the last breath ; vowing either to remaine conquerours and free-men, or else to sell their lives at that price which their enemies should not willingly consent to buy them at. And with this resolution, both captaine and company tookc their leave of me, every one particularly, and the greater part with teares and im- bracings, though we were forthwith to depart the world, and never see one the other againe but in heaven, promising to cast all forepassed imaginations into oblivion, and never more to speake of surrendry. Tbey rewire In accomplishmeut of this promise and determination, ••"*• they persevered in sustaining the fight, all this night, with the day and night following, and the third day after. In which time the enemy never left us, day nor night, beating continually upon us with his great and small shot^. Saving that every morning, an bower before the breake of day, he The enemy edged a Uttlc from US, to breath, and to remedie such de- fects as were amisse, as also to consult what they should doe the day and night following. ^' The English This time of interdiction, we imployed in repayring our lepaire their , . ,, • n -i • defeou. sayles and tacklings, m stopping our leakes, in ashing and wolling our masts and yards, in mending our pumpes, and in fitting and providing our selves for the day to come. that for if after ifol- 3 and 3 may which ', with ey had i had in the vowing J to sell lid not jlution, ;, every Buidim- ; world, omising d never ination, ht, with ;er. In beating SaAang ■ day, he mch de- y should ring our ling and ipes, and to come. THE SOUTH SEA. 213 Though this was but little space for so many workes, yet **"' ""• gave it great reliefe and comfort unto us, and made ua better able to endure the defence : for otherwise, our ship must of force have swickc before our surrendry, having many shot under water, and our pumpes shot to pecces every day. In all this space, not any man of either part tooke rest or sleepe, and little sustenance, besides bread and wine. In the second dayes fight, the ^ice-admirall comming upon our quarter, William Blanch, one of our masters mates, with a luckie hand, made a shot unto her with one of our Sterne peeces ; it carried away his maine mast close by the decke : wherewith the admirall beare up to her, to see what harme shee had received, and to give her such succour as shee was able to spare; which we seeing, were in good hope that they would have now left to molest us any longer, having wherewithal! to entertaine themselves in redressing their owne harmes. And so we stood away AdyuitaKea oniitted. from them close by as wc could ; which we should not have done, but prosecuted the occasion, and brought our selves close upon her weather gage, and with our great and small shot hindered them from repairing their harmes : if we had thus done, they had beene forced to cut all by the bourd ; and it may bee, lying a hull or to le-wards of us, with a few shot wee might have suncke her. At the least, it would have declared to our enemies that wee had them in little estimation, when, able to goe from them, we would not ; and perhaps bin a cause to have made them to leave us. But this occasion was let slip, as also that other to fight with them, sayling quarter winds, or before the winde; for having stood off to sea a day and a night, we had scope to fight at our pleasure ; and no man, having sea roome, is bound to fight as his enemic will, with disadvantage, being able otherwise to deal with equalitic ; contrariwise, every 214 HAWKINS VUYAliE INTO Sect. I. XI. ■\i \\ < 1 i man ought to seeke the meanes hec can for his defence, and greatest advantage, to the annoyance of his contrarie. Now wee might, with our fore saile low set, have borne upp before the winde, and the enemie of force must have done the like, if he would fight with us, or kecpe us com- pany : and then should wee have had the advantage of them. For although their artillery were longer, waightier, and many more then ours, and in truth did pierce with greater violence; yet ours being of greater bore, and eow ofshit. carrying a waightier and greater shot, was of more import- ance and of better effect for sinking and spoyling : for the smaller shot passeth through, and maketh but his whole, and harmeth that which lyeth in his way ; but the greater shaketh and shivereth aU it meeteth, and with the splinters, or that which it encountreth, many times doth more hurt then with his proper circiunference : as is plainely scene in the batteiy by land, when the saker, the demy-colverin, Their effecu the colvcriu, and demi-cannon (being peeces that reach much further point blanke then the cannon), are nothing of like importance for making the breach, as is the cannon; for that this shot being ponderous, pierceth with difficultie, yea worketh better effects, tormenting, shaking, and over- tlirowing all; whereas the others, with their violence, pierce better, and make onely their hole, and so hide them- selves in the wooll or rampire.* Besides, our ship being yare^ and good of steeridge, no doubt but we should have played better with our ordinance, and with more effect then did our enemies ; which was a great errour, being able to fight with lesse disadvantage, and yet to fight with the most that could be imagined, which I knew not off, neither was able to direct though I had knowne it, being in a manner senselesse, what with my wounds, and what with the agony of the surrendry pro- Frrrrs in <• Wool probably means the covering or planking, rampart ?) what is now termed the bulwark. Rampire (for ^ Ready. TIIK SOl'TII SEA. 213 pounded, for that I had seldome knownc it spoken of, but ""^^ "*'• that it came afterwards to be put in execution. Tlie gencrall not being able to succour his vicc-admirall, except he should utterly leave us, gave them order to shift as well as they could for the present, and to beare with the next port, and there to repayre their harmes. Himsclfe presently followed the chase, and in short space fetched us up, and beganne a fresh to batter us with his great and small shott. The vicc-admirall, hanng saved what they could, cutt the rest by the bourd, and with fore-saylc and myson came after us also ; and before the setting of the sunne, were come upon our broad side, wee bearing all our sayles, and after kept us company, lying upon our weather quarter, and annoying us what shee could. Here I hold it necessary, to make mention of two things which were most prejudiciall unto us, and the principall causes of our perdition; the errours and faults of late dayes, crept in amongst those who follow the sea, and learned jMruni *^ ° ' from Uie from the Flemings and Easterlings. I wish that by our Ji^,"'K'i'*^„. misfortunes others would take warning, and procure to ''""*■ redresse them, as occasions shall be offered. The one, is to fight unarmed, where they may fight „, J:|„"t}''' armed. The other is, in comming to fight, to drinke ^ Jxe^l^j^!'" themselves drunke. Yea, some are so madd, that they mingle powder with wine, to give it the greater force, imagining that it giveth spirit, strength, and courage, and taketh away all feare and doubt. The latter is for the modt part true, but the former is false and beastly, and altogether against reason. For though the nature of wine, with moderation, is to comfort and revive the heart, and to fortifie and strengthen the spirit; yet the immoderate use thereof worketh quite contrary effects. In fights, aU receipts which add courage and spirit, are of great regard, to be allowed and used; and so is a draught of wine, to be given to every man before he come to action. 216 HAWKINS' VOYAOK INTO I i I* ! n **^*- '•*'- but more then enough is pernicious j for exceeding the same, it offendeth, and enfcebleth the sences, converting the strength (which should resist the force of the enemy) into weaknesse : it dulleth and blindcth the understanding, and consequently depraveth any man of true valour ; for that he is disenabled to judge and apprehend the occasion which may be offered, to assault and retyre in time convenient ; the raynes of reason being put into the hands of passion and disorder. For after I was wounded, this nimium bred great disorder and inconvenience in our shippe ; the pott continually walking, infused desperate and foolish hardi- nesse in many, who blinded with the fume of the liquor, considered not of any danger, but thus and thus would , stand at hazard ; some in vaine glor}' vaunting themselves ; some other rayling upon the Spaniards; another inviting his companion to come and stand by him, and not to budge a foote from him; which indiscreetly they put in execution, and cost the lives of many a good man, slaine by our ene- mies muskettiers, who suffered not a jnan to shew himselfe, but they presently overthrew him with speed and watch- fullnesse. For prevention of the second errour, although I had great preparation of armomrs, as well of proofe, as of light corseletts, yet not a man would use them ; but es- teemed a pott of wine a better defence then an armour of proofe. Which truely was great madnesse, and a lament- able fault, worthy to be banished from amongst all reason- able people, and well to be weighed by all commanders. The spani- For if the Spaniard surpasseth us in any thing, it is in his *Mu"m r- temperance and suffering: and where he hath had the •'"*• better hand of us, it hath beene, for the most part, through our own folly ; for that we will fight unarmed with him being armed. And although I have heard many men maintaine, that in shipping, armour is of little profit : all men of good understanding will condemne such desperate ignorance. For besides, that the sleightest armour secureth 'lilK SOtTK SKA. 217 the parts of a mans body, which it covereth, from pike, * *** '*'•_ sword, and all hand weapons, it likewise giveth buldnesse and courage : a man armed, giveth a greater and a waighticr blow, then a man unarmed ; he standeth faster, and with greater difficultie is to be overthrowne. And I never read, but that the glistering of the armour Thoiix-.i.j hath becne by authors observed, for that, as I imagine, ■miiiid. his show brccdeth terror in his contraries, and despayre to himselfe if he be unarmed. And therefore in time of warre, such as devote themselves to follow the profession of armcs, by sea or by land, ought to covet nothing more then to be well armed ; for as much as it is the second meanes, next Gods protection, for preserving and prolong- ing many mens lives.^ Wherein the Spanish nation deser\'eth commendation '"Wy «•«>- * aervfil by above others ; every one, from the highest to the lowest, '*'* »»>»"'"•>• putting their greatest care in providing faire and good aimes. He which cannot come to the price of a corslet, will have a coat of mayle, a jackett, at least a buffe-jerkin, or a prine coate. And hardly will they be found without it, albeit they live and serve, for the most part, in extreame hott countries. Whereas 1 have knowue many bred in cold countries, in a moment complaine of the waight of their armes, that they smoother them, and then cast them off, chusing rather to be shott through with a bullet, or lanched through with a pike, or thrust through with a sword, then to endure a little travaile and suffering. But let me give these lazie ones this lesson, that he that will goe a warre-fare, must resolve himselfe to fight ; and he that putteth on this reso- lution, must be contented to endure both heate and waight : first for the safeguard of his life, and next for subduing of Ids enemie ; both which are hazarded, and put into great danger, if he fight unarmed with an enemy armed. 7 " Thrice is he armed who bath his quarrel just." — Henry V. 218 Hawkins' voyage into r jtV ; J I. ) I [^ ^"' ' *'• Now for mine owne opiniou, I am resolved that armour MS^!I«r'by ** naore necessary by sea then by land, yea, rather to be |21d"""' "' excused on the shore then in the shippe. My reason is, for that on the shore, the bullet onely hurtcth, but in the sh )pe I have scene the splinters kill and hurt many at on« and yet the shott to have passed without touching any person. As in the galeon in which I came out of the Indies, in anno 1597, in the rode of Tercera, when the Queenes Majesties shippes, under the charge of the Earle of Essex, chased us into the rode, with the splinters of one shott, were slaine, maymed, and sore hurt, at the least a dozen persons, the most part whereof had beene excused, if they had beene armed. And doubtlesse, if these errours had beene foreseene, and remedied by us, many of those who were slaine and hurt, had beene on foote, and we inabled to have sustained and maintained the fight much better and longer, and perhaps at last had freed our selves. For if oiu* enemy had come to bourd with us, our close fights were such, as we were secure, and they open unto us. And what with our cubridge heads, one answering the other, our hatches upon bolts, our brackes in our deckes and gunner roome, it was impossible to take us as long as any competent number of men had remained: twentie persons would have sufficed for defence ; and for this, such ships are called impregnable, and are not to be taken, but by surrender, nor to be over- come but with bourding or sinking, as in us by experience was verified. And not in us alone, but in the Revenge of the Queenes Majestic, which being compassed round about with all the armado of Spaine, and bourded sundry times by many at once, is said to have sunke three of the armado by her side. ' »':/*' And in this conflict, having lost all her mastes, and being no other then a logge in the sea, could not be taken with all their force and pollicie, till she siurendred her sclfe by an honourable composition. THK SOl'TII SKA. 210 s, and takers jd lier By these presidents/ let governours by sea take spcciall ****•"'• care, above all, to prcsen'e their people, in imitation of the French ; who carrie many souldiers in their shippes of warre, and secure them in their holdes, till they come to entring, and to prove their forces by the dint of sword. But here the discreete commaunders are to put differ- a .linrnuen enee, betwixt those which defend, and those which are to nmiiam. offend, and betwixt those which assault, and those which arc assaulted. For, as I have sayd, no government whatsoever, better requireth a perfect and experimented commaunder, then that of the sea. And so no greater erroiir can be committed, then to commend such charges to men unex- perimented in this profession. A third and last cause, of the losse of sundry of our men, R«ce »i'ii>^ most worthy of note for all captaines, owners, and carpen- •*"'■''*''■ ters, was the race' building of oiu* shippe, the onely fault shee had ; and now a-dayes, held for a principall grace in any shippe : but by the experience which I have had, it seemcth for sundry reasons verie prejudicial! for shippes of warre. For in such, those wl ich tackle the saylcs, of force must bee upon the deckes, and are open without shelter or any defence : yet here it will be objected, that for this inconvenience, wast clothes are provided, and for want of ^^^^^''Jj'^'jr^ them, it is usuall to lace a bonnet, or some such shadow for the men : worthily may it bee called a shadow, and one of the most peroitious customes that can be used ; for this shadow, or defence, being but of linneu or wollen cloth, emboldeneth many, who without it would retire to better secvuitie ; whereas, now thinking themselves unseene, they become more bould then otherwise they would, and thereby shot through when they least thinke of it. Some captaines observing this errour, have sought to remedie it in some of his Majesties shippes ; not by altering the building, but by devising a certaine defence, made of foure or five inch "J1,"'J^" 8 Precedents. ^ The term "race" is here repeated : if not a misprint (sec note, page 199), can '' a race ship" mean one built for speed ? 230 HAWKINS* VUVAOK INTO *^ ""• planckes, of five foote high, and sixo footc broad, running upon whccles, and placed in such partes of the shipi)c as are most open. These they name blenders, and made of elme for the most part ; for that it shivers not with a shot, ii8 oakc and other timber will doc, which arc now in use ^ and service : but best it is, when the whole side hath one blender, and one armoiur of proofe, for defence of those which of force must labour and be aloft. Tliis race building, first came in by overmuch homing"* in of our shippes ; and received for good, under coloiur of milking our shippes thereby the better sea-shippes, and of better advantage to hull and trye : but in my judgement, it brcedcth many inconveniences, and is farre from working the eficct they pretend, by disinubling them for bearing their cage worke correspondent to the proportion and mould of the shippe, making them tender sided, and unable to carry sayle in any fresh gaile of winde, and diminish- ing the play of their artillery, and the place for accom- modating their people to fight, labor, or rest. And I am none of those who hold opinion that the over- much homing in, the more the better, is commodious and easier for the shippe ; and this out of the experience that I have learned, which with forcible reasons I could prove to be much rather discomodious and worthy to be reformed. But withall, I hold it not necessary to discourse here of that particularitie, but leave the consequence to men of understanding, and so surcease. S I ■ ti V i SECTION LXII. All this second day, and the third day and night, our captaine and company susteined the fight, notwithstanding the disadvantage where with they fought; the enemie being 10 Tumbling home (?) ; applied to the inclination inward, given to a ship's topsides. TIIK MOUTH SKA. 221 .10 ziven to ever to wind-ward, and wee to Ice-ward, their shott much "^ *•*" damnifying us, and ours little annoying them ; for when- ""'j; Ji**'"- soever a man enconntreth with his cnemie at sea, in •" '•*-"*™- gayning the weather gage, hce is in posHibilitie to sinkc his contrary, but his enemie cannot sinke him ; and therefore hce which is forced to fight with this disadvantage, is to Andnirbru procure by all meanes possible to shootc downe his con- ""'" ' traries masts or yards, and to tcare or spoyle his tackling and sayles ; for which purpose, billets of some heavy wood fitted to the great ordinance, are of great importance. And so are arrows of fire, to bee shott out of slur-bowes, and cases of small shott, joyned two and two together, with peeces of wyer, of five or sixe ynches long, which also shot out of muskets are of good effect^ for tearing the sayles or cutting the tackling. Some are of opinion that crosse barres and chaine-shot are of moment for the spoyling of masts and yards ; but experience dayly teacheth them not to be of great import- ance, though neere at hand, I confcsse, they worke great execution; but the round shott is the onely principall and powerfull meane to breake mast or yard. And in this our fight, the admirall of the Spaniards had ti.« simni- kriln lorn- his fore-mast shot through with two round shott, 8omen'«»«j''"™^ ° ' (but through three yardes beneath the head ; had either of them entred but foure ynches further into the heart of the mast, with- out all doubt it had freed us, and perhaps put them into our hands. The third day, in the after-noone, which was the 22nd of June 1594, according to our computation, and which I follow in this my discourse, our sayles being tome, our mastes all perished, our pumpes rent and shot to peeces, and our shippe with fourteene shott under water and seven or eight foote of water in hold ; many of our men being slaine, and the most part of them which remayned sore hurt, and in a manner altogether fruitelesj and the enemie offering still to receive us a bttena querra, 222 Hawkins' voyaok into I ""• and to five un life and libcrtic, and imharkation for our countrey ;— our captiiinc, and thouc which remayncd of our company, were all of opinion that our best course was to surrender our selves before our shippe sunckc. And so by common consent agreed the second time to send a Her- vaut of mine, Thomas Sanders, to signifie unto mec the estate of our shippe and company: and that it was impos- sible by any other way to expect for hope of deliverance, or life, but by the miraculous hand of God, in using his Almighty power, or by an honourable surrender: which in every mans opinion was thought most convenient. So was I desired by him to give also my consent, that the captaine might capitulate with the Spanish generall, and to compound the best partido he could by surrendring our selves into his hands, upon co'^dition of life and libertic. This hee declared unto me, being in a manner voyd of sencc, and out of hope to live or recover; which considered, and the circimistances of his relation, I answered as I could, that hee might judge of my state, readie every moment to frivc up the ghost, and unable to discern in this cause what was convenient, except I might see the present state of the shippe. And that the honour or dis- honour, the welfare or misery was for them, which should be partakers of life. At last, for that I had satisfaction of his valour and true dealing in all the time hee had served me, and in correspondence of it, had given him (as was notorious) charge and credit in many occasions, I bound him, by the love and regard hee ought me, and by the faith and duty to Almighty God, to tell me truely if all were as he had declared. Whereunto hee made answere, that hee had manifested unto mee the plaine and naked truth, and that hee tooke God to witnesse of the same truth ; with which receiving satisfaction, I forced my selfe what I could to perswade him to annimate his companions, and in my name to intreate the captaine and the rest to persevere TIIK ilurTII SKA, 223 p our mI of c WM nd "o n scr- ee the mpos- rancc, ng hi* which t. So lat the dl, and ingour libertic. voyd of sidered, ed as I e every seem in see the r or dis- 1 should iction of d served (as was bound the faith were as that hee ith, and th; with what I IS, and in lersevere in defence of their libertie, lives, and reputation, remittinir ^ all to his discretion : not doubting but he would l)e tender of his dutie, and lealous of my reputation, in preferring his Uberty, and the liberty of the company, above all re- spects whatsoever. As for the welfare hoped by a sur- render, I was altogether unlikely to be partaker thereof, death threatning to deprive me of the benefit which the cnemie oflfcred ; but if Ood would bee pleased to free us, the joy and comfort I should receive, might perhaps give me force and strength to recover health. Which answcre being delivered to the captaino, hcc presently caused a flaggc of truce to be put in place of our ensigne, and began to parley of our surrcndry, with a Spaniard, which Don Beltran appointed for that purpose, from the poope of the admirall, to offer in his name, the conditions before specified ; with his faithful promise and oath, as the king gcnerall, to take us a buena querra, and to send us all into our owne countrey. The promise hee accepted, and sayd that under the same hee yeelded, and surrendrcd hi^n^elfe, shippe, and company. Immediately there came unto me another servant of mine, and told me that our captaine had surrendred himselfe, and our shippe; which understood, I called unto one Juan Gomes de Pineda, a Spanish pilote, which was our prisoner, and in all the fight we had kept close in hold, and willed him to goe to the generall Don Beltran de Castro from mee, to tell him that if he would give us his word and oath, as the generall of the king, and some pledge for confirmation, to receive us a buena querra, and to give us our lives and libertie, and present passage into our owne countrey, that we would surrender ourselves and shippe into his hands ; otherwise, that he should never enjoy of us nor ours, any thing but a resolution every man to dye fighting. With this message I dispatched him, and called unto me rl txil. > 224 HAWKINS* VOYAGE ntTO **** ""• all my company, and encouraged them to sacrifice their lives fighting and killing the enemie, if he gave but a fillip to any of our companions. The Spaniards willed us to hoise out our boate, which was shott all to peeces, and so was theirs. Seeing that he called to us to amaine our sayles^ which we could not well doe, for that they were slung, and wee had not men inough to hand them. In this parley, the vice-admirall comming upon our quarter, and not knowing of what had past, discharged her two chase peeces at us, and hurt our captaine very sore in the thigh, and maimed one of our masters mates, called Hugh Maires, in one of his armes ; but after knowing us to be The English rcndrcd, hee secured us : and we satisfying them that wee could not hoine out our boate, nor strike our sayles, the admirall layd us abourd ; but before any man entred, John Gomes went unto the generall, who received him with great curtesie, and asked him what we required ; where- unto he made answere that my demand was, that in the Kings name, he should give us his faith and promise to give us our lives, to keepe the lawes of fayre warres and quarter, and to send us presently into our countrey ; and in confirmation hereof, that I required some pledge : whereunto the generall made answere : that in the Kings Majesties name, his master, hee received us a buena querra, and swore by God Almightie, and by the habit of Alcan- tara (whereof he had received knighthood, and in token whereof hee wore in his breast a greene crosse, which is the ensigne of that order), that he would give us our lives with good entreatie, and send us as speedily as he could into our owne countrey. In confirmation whereof, he took of his glove, and sent it to mee as a pledge. With this message John Gomes returned, and the Spaniards entred and tooke possession of our shippe, every one crying, Buena querra, buena querra ! oy por mi, maniana I TIIK SOU t SEA. 225 heir RlUp L8 to d 80 our were In arter, r two n the Hugh to be at wee es, the I, John ft with where- in the mise to res and y; ^^^ )ledge : ; Kings luerra, Alcan- a token iirhich is >ur lives could he took md the )e, every maniana por ti ;' with which our company began to secure theni> ***' '^*"'- selves. The gcnerall was a principall gentleman of the ancient nobilitie of Spaine, and brother to the Conde de Lcmos, whose intention no doubt was according to his promise ; and therefore considering that some bad intreaty, and in- solency, might be offered unto me in my shippe, by the common souldiers, who seldomc have respect to any person in such occasions, especially in the case I was, whereof hce had enformed himselfe : for prevention, hec sent a princi- pall captaine, brought up long time in Flaundcrs, called Pedro Alveres de Pulgar, to take care of me, and wliilcst the shippes were one abourd the other, to bring me into his ship ; which he accomplished with great humanitie and courtesie; despising the barres of gold which were shared before his face, which bee might alone have enjoyed if he would. And truely bee was, as after I found by tryall, a true captaine, a man worthy of any charge, and of the noblest condition that I have knowne any Spaniard. The gcnerall received me with great courtesie and com- The miuinr* passion, even with teares in his eyes, and words of great after victorio consolation, and commaunded mee to bee accommodated in his owne cabbinc, where bee sought to cure and comfort mee the best he could : the like bee used with all our hurt men, six and thirtie at least. And doubtlesse, as true courage, valour, and resolution, is requisit in a gcnerall in the time of battle, so himianitie, mildnes, and courtesie, after victorie. SECTION LXIIl. Whilst the shippes were together, the maine-mast of the Daintie fell by the bourd, and the people being occupied in ^ Hoyp'^r mi, manana por ti turn to-day, yours to-morrow." which may be freely translated, " my 22C) HAWKINS' VOYAOK INTO ** "'• ' '"" • ransacking and seeking for spoile ami pillage, neglected the principall ; whereof ensued, that within a short space the Dainlie grew so dcepe with water, which increased for want of prevention, that all who were in her desired to for- sake her, and weaved and crved for succour to bee saved, being out of hope of her recoverie. iTi'^fia'^'rof Whereupon, the generall calling together the best ex- pcmiiiug. perimented men hee had, and consulted with them what was best to bee done; it was resolved that generall Michaell Angell should goe abourd the Daintie, and with him three- score marriners, as many souldiers, and with them the English men who were able to labour, to free her from water, and to put her in order if it were possible; and then to recover Perico the port of Panama j for that, of those to wind- wards, it was impossible to tume up to any of them, and neerer then to le-ward was not any that could supply our necessities and wants ; which lay from us east north- east, above two hundreth leagues. Michaell Angell being a man of experience and care, accomplished that he tooke in hand; although in clearing and bayling the water, in placing a pumpe, and in fitting and mending her fore-saile, he spent above six and thirtie howers. During which time the shippes lay all a hull ; but this worke ended, they set sayle, and directed thtlr course for the iles of Pearles. And for that the Daintie sayled badly, what for want of her maine-sayle, and with the advantage which all the South-sea shippes have of all those built in our North-sea, the admirall gave her a tawe ;' which not- withstanding, the wind calming with us as we approached neerer to the land, twelve dayes were spent before we could fetch sight of the ilands ; which lye alongst the coast, be- ginning some eight leagues, west south-west from Panama, and run to the south-wards neere thirtie leagues. They 1 Tow or tug. Michaell Arukungrll reooveitth the Hbip. THE SOUTH SEA. 227 are many, and the most unhabited ; and those which have ^' '^'""- people, have some negroes, slaves unto the Spaniards, which occupie themselves in labour of the land, or in fishing for pcarles. In times past, many inriched themselves with that trade, fiuiinn for but now it is growne to decay. The manner of fishing for pcarles is, with certaine long pinaces or small barkes, in which there goe foure, five, sixe, or eight negroes, expert swimmers, and great deevers,' whom the Spaniards call bmos; with tract of time, use, and contiuuall practise, having learned to hold their breath long under water, for the better atchieving their worke. These throwing them- selves into the sea, with certaine instruments of their art, goe to the bottome, and seeke the bankes of the oysters in which the pcarles are ingendred, and with their force and art remouve them from their foundation ; in which they spend more or lesse time, according to the resistance the firmnes of the ground aflfordeth. Once loosed, they put them into a bagge under their armes, and after bring them up into their boates. Having loaden it, they goe to the shoare ; there they open them and take out the pearles : they lie under the uttermost part of the circuite of the oyster, in rankes and proportions, under a certaine part, which is of many pleights and folds, called the ruffe, for the similitude it hath unto a ruffe. The pearles increase in bignes, as they be neerer the end or joynt of the oyster. The meate of those which have these pearles is milkie, and not very wholesome to be eaten. In anno 1583, in the iland of Mai'garita,' I was at the dregging of pearle oysters, after the manner we dregge oysters in England ; and with mine owne hands I opened many, and tooke out the pearles of thera, some greater, some lesse, and in good quantitie. 2 Divers. 3 This island was probably named after the Latin term "Margaritoo" pearls. v2 228 HAWKINS VOYAGE INTO Meet. I.VIT. where iirarle are fouud How the pearlc is ingendred in the oyster, or mussell, for they are found in both, divers and sundry are the opinions, but some ridiculous : whereof, because many famous and learned men have written largely, I will speake no more then hath beene formerly spoken, but referre their curious desires to Pliny, with other ancient and modeme authors. They are found in divers parts of the world, as in the West Indies, in the South sea, in the East Indian sea, in the Straites of Magellane, and in the Scottish sea. Those found neere the pooles* are not perfect, but are of a thick colour j whereas such as are found neere the line, are most orient and transparent : the curious call it their water : and the best is a cleare white shining, with fierie flames. And those of the East India have the best reputa- ti(m, though as good are found in the West India; the choice ones are of great valew and estimation ; but the greatest that I have read or heard of, was found in these ilands of Pearles ; the which king Phillip the Second of Spaine gave to his daughter Elizabeth, wife to Albertus, arch-duke of Austria, and govemour of the states of Flaun- ders ; in whose possession it remaineth, and is called la peregrina,^ for the rarenes of it ; being as bigge as the pomell of a poniard. SECTION LXIV. co''nXwth" I^ *^^^ navigation, after our surrender, the generall tooke especial care for the good intreaty of us, and especially of * Poles. ^ Rare - wonderful : this pearl was fouDd at Santa Margarita; weighed two hundred and fifty carats, and was valued at thirty thou- sand pounds. Tavemier purchased one at Katifa, in Arabia, for up- wards of one hundred thousand pounds. The Ceylon pearls are most valued in England. bis honour able urage towards the ■icke aud wounded. TIIR SOUTH SEA. 229 se1l> the latiy eake their ieme 1 the ea, in are of line, their fierie eputa- a; the ut the \ these ;ond of bertus, Flaun- Ued la as the tooke tially of largarita ; ^rty thou- 1,, for up- i are most those who were hurt. And God so blessed the hands of our surgiaus (besides that they were expert in their art), tliat of all our wounded men not one died that was alive the duv • after our surrendry : the number whereof was necre fortic; and many of them with eight, ten, or twelve woimds, and some witli more. The thing that ought to move us to give God Almiglity espceiall thankes and prayses, was, that they were cured in a manner without instruments or salves. For the chests were all broken to peeccs, and many of their simples and compounds tlirowne into the sea ; those which remained, were such as were throwne about the shippe in broken pots and baggs ; and such as by the Divine Provi- dence were reserved, at the end of three dayes, by order from the generall, were commaunded to be sought and gathered together. These \nth some instruments of small moment, bought and procured from those who had reserved them to a different end, did not onely serve for our cure-*, but also for the curing of the Spaniards, being many more then those of our company. For the Spanish surgians were altogether ignorant in their profession, and had little or nothing wherewith to cure. And I have noted, that the Spaniards, in generall, are nothing so curious in accommodating themselves with good and carefull surgeans, nor to fit them with that which belongeth to their profession, as other nations are, though they have greater neede then any that I do know. At the time of our siurender, I had not the Spanish tongue, and so was forced to use an interpreter, or the Latine, or French, which holpe me much for the under- standing of those which spake to me in Spanish, together with a little smattering I had of the Portugall. Through the noble proceeding of Don Beltran with uh, and his particular care towards me, in curing and comfort- ing me, I began to gather heart, and hope of life, and health ; my servants, which were on foote, advised me Sr.ll. t\l». 8«el. LXl«. 230 Hawkins' voyaok into ordinarily of that which past. But some of our enemies, badly inclined, repined at the proceedings of the gcnerall, and sayd he did ill to use us so well; that we were Lu- therans ; and for that cause, the faith which was given us, was not to be kept nor performed. Others, that wee had fought as good souldiers, and therefore deserved good quarter : others nicknamed us with the name of corsarios, or pirats; not discerning thereby that they included them- selves within the same imputation. Some were of opinion, that from Panama, the generall would send us into Spaine : others sayd that he durst not dispose of us but by order from the vice-roy of Peru, who had given him his au- thority. This hit the nayle on the head. To all I gave the hearing, and laid up in the store-house of my memory that which I thought to be of substance ; and in the store-house of my consideration, endevoured to frame a proportionable resolution to all occurants, con- formable to Gods most holy will. Withall I profittt d my selfc of the meanes which should be offered, and beare greatest probabilitie to worke our comfort, helpe, and re- medie. And so as time ministered opportunitie, I began, and endevovu-ed to satisfie the generall and the better sort in the points I durst intermeddle. And especially to per- swade, by the best reasons I could, that wee might be sent presently from Panama ; alleaging the promise given us, the cost and charges ensuing, which doubtles would be such as deserved consideration and excuse : besides, that now whilest he was in place, and power and authority in his hands, to performe with us, that hee would looke into his honour, and profit himselfe of the occasion, and not put us into the hands of a third person ; who perhaps being more powerfull then himselfe, he might be forced to pray and intreate the performance of his promise : whereunto hee gave us the hearing, and ])are us in hand that lice would doe what hoc could. THE SOUTH SKA. S91 given pnld be that |)rity in ke into aot pivt being to pray prcnnto l»at bee The gcnerall, and all in gencrull, not onely in the Peni, "'" '*!'■ but in all Spainc, and the kingdonies thereof, before otu* surrendf}', hehl all English men of warre to be eoraarios, or pirats ; which I laboured to refonne, both in the Peru, and also in the eounsels of Spaine, and amongst the chief- taines, souldiers, and better sort, with whom I eame to have conversation : alleadging that a pirate or corsario, is hee, which in time of jieace or truce, spoyleth or robbeth *>' «■ those which have iwace or truce with them : but the English have neyther peace nor truce with Spainc, but warre ; and therefore not to be accounted pirats. Resides, Spaine broke the peace with England, and not EnglanJ with Spaine; and tTiat liy yrabargo,' which of nil kindcs of defiances is most reproved, and of least reputation ; the rinve -mu ' 1111 1 . "f tliliniiCTs ransoming of prysoneis, and that by the cannon being more honorable; but above all, the most honorable is with trumpet and herald to proclaime and denounce the warre by publicke defiance. And so if they should condemne the English for pirats, of force they must first condemne themselves. Moreover, pirats are those who range the seas without licence from their prince ; who when they are met with, are punished more severely by their owne lords, then when they fall into the hands of strangers : which is notorious to be more severely prosecuted in England, in time of peace, then in any of the kingdomes of Christendome. But the English have all licence, either immediately ' from their prince, or from others thereunto authorized, and so cannot in any sence be comprehended under the name of pirats, for any hostility undertaken against Spaine or the dependancies thereof. And so the state standing as now it doth ; if in Spaine a tii^ nixinn " _ ' _ * oCSpniiif for particular man should arm a shippe, and goe in warre-fare "' *'"'" • 1 Irabargo — ein^argo : laying on an embargo, uicaus issuing an order to prevent the sailing ol" vessels. 232 HAWKINS' VOYAOR INTO Sect. LSV. with it ngninst the EngliHh, and happened to be taken by them ; I make no question, but the company tthouhl bee intreated according to that manner, which they have ever used since the beginning of the warrc, without making further inquisition. Then if hee were rich or poore, to sec if hee were able to give a ransome, in this also they arc not very curious. But if this Spanish shippe should fall athwart his King's armado or galliea, I make no doubt but they would hang the captaine and his companic for pirates. My reason is, for that by a speciall law, it is enacted, that no man in the kingdomes of Spaine, may arme any shippe, and goe in warre-fare, without the King's speciall licence and com- mission, upon paine to be reputed a pirate, and to bee chas- ©/""nBiand! t^^cd Avith the puuishment due to corsarios. In England the case is different : for the wan-e once proclmmed, every man may arme that will, and hath wherewith; which maketh for our greater exemption from being comprehended within the number of pirates. With these, and other like arguments to this purpose, (to avoid tediousnes, I omitt) : I cou^nnced all those whom I heard to harpe upon this string : which was of no small importance for our good entreatie, and motives for many, to further and favour the accomplishment of the promise lately made unto us. A disputa- tion concern- ing butna qurrra. SECTION LXV. One day aft(.>r dinner, as was the ordinary custome, the generall, his captaines, and the better sort of his followers, being assembled in the cabbin of the poope in conference, an eager contention arose amongst them, touching the capitulation oibuena querra,Kf\({ the purport thereof. Some THK 801TII SKA. 388 nt-rt. i\w. ie, the lowers, jreuce, ig the Some sayd that onely life and good cntreatie of the prisoners was to be comprehended therein: otheracnlarged.and restrained it, according to their humors and experience. In fine, my opinion was required, and what I had scene and knowne touching that point : wherein I pawsed a little, and sus- pecting the worst, feared that it might be a baite layd to catch roe withall, and so excused my selfe, saying : that where so many experimented souldicrs were joy ncd together, my young judgement was little to be respected : whereunto the generall replied, that knowledge was not alwayes incident to yeares, though reason requircth that the aged should be the wisest, but an art acquired by action and management of affaires ; and therefore they would be but certified what I had scene, and what my judgement was in this point. Unto which, seeing I could not well excuse myselfe, I condisccnded ; and calling my wits together, holding it better to shoote out my boult by yeelding unto reason, although I might erre, then to stand obstinate, my will being at warre with my consent, and fearing my deniall might be taken for discourtesie, which peradventure might also purchase me mislikc with those who seemed to wish me comfort and restitution : I submitted to better iiulge- Therwoiu. ment, the reformation of the present assembly, saying : "Syr, under the capitulation of buena querra, or fayre warres, I have ever understood, and so it hath beene ob- ser\'ed in these, as also in former times, that preservation of life and good entreatie of the prisoner have beene com- prehended ; and further, by no moanes to be urged to any thing contrary to his conscience, as touching his religion ; nor to be seduced or menaced from the allegeance due to his prince and country ; but rather to ransome him for his moneths pay. And this is that which I have knowne prac- tised in our tiroes, in generall, amongst all civill and noble nations. But the English have enlarged it one point more The noi.ie , iisatif of the towards the Spaniards rendrcd a huena ifucrra in these v.uf,\\t,\,, I 284 HAWKINS* VOY.\<»K INTO Dim itrltraii NatiKllvd, ■ml aiiHWcretli ****** *•"• warre* ; have ever delivered them which have liecnc taken upon such compositions, without ruiisome : but tlic covct- iMit abuw.! ousncs of ouf agc hath brouglit in many abuses, and ex- i>kii.. them that they were for our muskets. They are not as yet in use amongst the Spaniards, yet of singular effect and exe- cution, as our enemies confessed : for the upper worke of their shippes being musket nroofe, in all places they passed through both sides with facilitie, and;vrought extraordinary disasters; which caused admiration, to see themselves wounded with small shott, where they thought themselves secure ; and by no meanes could find where they entred, nor come to the sight of any of the sliott. Hereof they proved to profit themselves after, but for that they wanted the tampkins, which are first to be driven home before the arrow be put in ; and as they understood not the secret, they rejected them as uncertaine, and there- fore not to be used : but of all the shot used now a-dayes, for the annoying of an cnemie in fight by sea, few are of - greater moment for many respects, which I hold not con- venient to treat of in publique. ■v sKenoN i.xvii. A UTTLK to the south-wards of the iland of Pearle, be- J'>i«»ox man's vujr- twixt seven and eight degrees, is tlic great river of Saint {^•j^lj; ^^^ Buena A'tutura. It fallcth into the South sea with three mouthes, the head of which is but a little distant from the North sea. In anno 1575, or 1570, one Jolm Oxman,^ of 1 Oxcnhani ? Sec [liific 2(tf). 230 HAWKINS VOYA«iK INTO i RMt. lltll. What the Kyniitriiiia mm. Thrlr Imliiliitiiiii. Thilr ■■■intHtirc. JohnOxmnn i-apituluti'th with tbeiu. His roily Bii'l bieut'h of (iroinisu. Plymouth, Koiiin into tlir WrHt Iiulicn, jtiyiird with the SvnmroiiH. • ThcHc arc fiif^itivc nejfrocn, niul for the had intrrntio whicli their mnMtcrn hnd given them, were tlien retyred into the mountHineH,nnd lived uiion the Npoyh'ofMueh SpnninrdH att tliey could mantcr, and could never be brought into obedience, till by composition they had a place linunitted them for their freedome, where they xhould live quietly by themselves. At this day they have a great habitation nccre Panama, called Saint lago dc Los Negros, well peopled, with all their officers and commaundcrs of their ownc, save onely a Spanish governour. By the assistance of these Symarons, hoc brought to the head of this river, by peecemeale, and in many journeys, a small pinnace ; hee fitted it by time in a warlike manner, and with the choice of his company, put himsclfe into the South sea, where his good hap was to mectc with a coplc of shippes of tradO; and in the one of them a gre.xt quantitic of gold. And amongst other things, two pccces of speciall estimation : the one a table of massie gold, with emralds, sent for a present to the King; the other a lady of singular beautie, married, and a motber of eliildren. The latter grewe to bee his perdition : for hee had ca])itulatcd with these Symarons, that their part f " the Ijootie should be onely the prisoners, to the ende to execute their malice upon them (such was the rancor they had conceived against them, for that they had bcene the tyrants of their libertie) . liut the Spaniards not contented to have them their slaves, who lately had beene their lords, added to their scr\itude, eruell entreaties. And they againe, to feede their insatiable revenges, accustomed to rost and eate the hearts of all those Spaniards, whom at any time they could lay hand upon. Jolin Oxman, I say, was taken with the love of this lady, and to winne her good will, w hat through her tcares and ?:«! Tiir. sofTH sr.A. 3S7 ih tho Irciitic ?(1 into tninrdn it into iinittcd etly l»y I nccrc copied, ic, save t to the pncys, a nnnner, nto the a cople tiiuititie spcciall inrnlds, lady of The itulatcd should malice against bcrtic) . slaves, n-itudc, satiable 11 those upon. [lis lady, cs and |)cniwa.«iionii,and what thmuxh fcarc and «lrtcj»tntion of their ""* ' "" harharouft inchnatioii!i,hrcnkin^ promiiH' with the SyniaronH, yeehh'«l to her re |ueal ; which waM, to ^ive the prinonerj* liberty with their Hliippes, for that they were not nHcfiiU for him : notwitliKtandin^;, Oxman kept the lady, who had in one of the restored shipiies cyther a sonne or a nephew. This nephew, with the rest of the Spaniards, made all the n'» pumiu. hast they conld to Panama, and they used such diligence, Hs within fewc howcrs some were dispatched to seek those who little thought so quickly too bee overtaken. The pur- suers approaching the river, were doubtfull by which of the afore-remembred three mouthes they should take their way. In this wavering, one of the souldiers espied ccrtaine ah.i . vui feathers of lienucs, and some boughcs of trees, which they had cut off to make their way, swimming down one of the outlets. This was light sufficient to guide them in their course ; they entred the river, and followed the tracke as farrc as their frigats had water sufficient ; and then with part of their souldiers in their boatcs, and the rest on the bankcs on eyther side, they marched day and night in pur- suite of their enemies ; and in fine came uppon them un- expected, at the head of the river, making good cheare in their tents, and devided in two partialities about the parti- tion, and sharing of their gold. Thus were they surijrised, and not one escaped. Some say that John Oxman fled to the Symarons, but J^'^^/*"' they utterly denyed to receive or succour him, for that he '•yn'^"*- had broken his promise ; the onely objection they cast in his teeth was, that if he had held his word with them, hce had never fallen into this extremitie. In fine, hee was taken, and after, his shippe also was possessed by the Spaniards, which he had hid in a certaine cove, and covered with boughes of trees, in the guard and eustodie of some foiu-e or five of his followers. All his company were conveyed to Panama, and there were ym- 238 Hawkins' voyaok into ^*''"" " barked for Lyma ; where a processe was made against them by the justice, and all condemned and hanged as pirates. fclTuevIr '^^^ maybe a good example to others in like occasions: ■iiipuiiishFd. ^j^^ ^Q shunne such notorious sinnes, which cannot escape punishment in this life, nor in the life to come : for the breach of faith is reputed amongst the greatest faults which a man can committ. Secondly, not to abuse another mans wife, much lessc to force her ; both being odious to God and man. Thirdly, to beware of mutenies, which seldome or never are scene to come to better ends; for where such trees flourish, the fruite, of force, must eyther bee bitter, sweete, or very sower. And therefore, seeing wee vaunt ourselves to bee Christians, and make profession of His law who forbiddeth all such vanities; let us faithfully shunne them, that wee may partake the end of that hope which our profession teacheth and promiseth. SECTION LXVIII. CoMMiNG in sight of the ilands of Pearles, the wind began to fresh in with us, and wee profited our selves of it : but La Paoheu. commiug thwart of a small iland, which they call la Pacheta, that lyeth within the Pearle ilands, close abourd the mayne, and some eight or ten leagues south and by west from Panama, the wind calmed againe. This iland belongeth to a private man ; it is a round hiunock,* conteyning not a league of ground, but most fer- tile. Insomuch, that by the owners industrie, and the labour of some few slaves, who occupie themselves in ma- nuring it; and two barkes, which he imployeth in bringing 1 Mound or hillock. THK SOt'TH SKA. 239 in ma- thc fniit it giveth to Panama, it is sayd to bee worth hira every weekc, one with another, a barre of silver, valued betwixt two hundreth and fiftie or three hundreth pezos ; which in English money, may amount to fiflie or tliree- score poiuuls : and for that which I saw at my )>cing in Panama, touching this, I hold to be true. In our course to fetch the port of Panama, wee put our selves betwixt the ilnnd and the maine: wliich is a goodly channell, of three, foure, and five leagues broad, and with- out danger, except a man come too neare the shoare on any side ; and that is thought the better course, then to goc a sea-boord of the Hands, because of the swift running of the tydes, and the advantage to stop the ebbe : as also for suc- cour, if a man should happen to bee becalmed at any time beyond expectation, which happeneth sometimes. The seventh of July wee had sight of Perico : they are two little ilands which cause the port of Panama, where all the shippes used to ride. It is some two leagues west north- west of the cittie, which hath also a pere* in itselfe for small barkes ; at full sea it may have some sixe or seaven foote water, but at low water it is drie. The ninth of July wee anchored under Perico, and the generall presently advised the Audiencia of that which had succeeded in his journey : which, understood by them, caused bonfires to be made, and every man to put liunina- ries in their houses. The fashion is much used amongst the Spaniards in their feasts of joy, or for glad tidings j placing many lights in their churches, in their windowes, and galleries, and corners of their houses ; which being in the beginning of the night, and the cittie close by the sea-shore, showed to us, bsing farre of, as though the cittie had been on a light fire. About eight of the clocke, all the artillery of the citty ■SrrI lATIII. I Tlio cRnrrall cvrtt'lifth the Auilii^cianl his Hucctwie. Tlic ureal joy of the Npaiiianifi. I 'I II I 2 Pier? 210 HAWKINS VOYA(iE INTO H«ciL«Vllt. Note. was shott off, which wee might discernc by the flashes of fire, but couUl not hsare the report; yet the armudo being advised thereof, and in a readinessc, answered them like- wise with all their artillery ; which taking ende, as all the vanities of this earth doc, the generall settled himsclfe to dispatch advise for the King, for the vice-roy of Peru, and for the vice-roy of the Nova Spana, for hee also had beene certified of our being in that sea, and had fitted an armado to seeke us, and to guard his coast. But now for a farewell (and note it), let me relate unto you this secret, how Don Beltran shewed mee a letter from the King, his master, directed to the vice-roy, wherein he gave him particular relation of my pretended voyage ; of the ships, their burden, their munition, their number of men, which I had in them, as perfectly as if he had scene all with his own eyes: saying unto me, " Heerebymay you discerne whether the King, my master, have friends in England, and good and speedie advice of all that passeth." Whereunto I replyed : " It was no wonder, for that hee had plentie of gold and silver, which worketh this and more strange eflFects : for my journey was publique and notorious to all the kingdome." Whereunto hee replyed, that if I thought is so convenient, leave should be given mee to write into England to the Queens Majestic, my mistresse, to my father, and to other personages, as I thought good; and leaving the letters open, that he would send some of them in the King's packet, others to his uncle Don Rodrigo de Castro, cardinall and archbishoppe of Sevill, and to other friends of his ; not making any doubt but that they would be speedily in England." For which I thanked him, and accepted his courtesie ; and although I was my selfe un- able to write, yet by the hands of a servant of mine, I wrote three or foure coppies of one letter to my father. Sir John Hawkins ; in which I briefly made relation of all that had succeeded in our voyage. THE SOUTH SKA. Ml jhcs of i being m like- all the sclfc to ru, and (1 beenc armado iite unto ter from erein he irage; of mber of ad scene may you iends in passeth." 1 that hee md more notorious I, that if a mee to aistresse, ;ht good; 6ome of Rodrigo I to other ley would him, and selfe un- 3, 1 wrote Sir John that had The dispatches of Spainc and New Spainc, went by or dinary course in ships of advise; but that for the Peru, was sent by a kinacman of the generalls, called Don Francisco de la Cuena. Which being dispatched, Don Bcltran hasted all that ever hee could to put his shippes in order, to rctume to Lyma. Hee caused the Daintie to be grounded and trim- med ; for in those ilands it higheth and falleth some fifteen or sixteen foote water. And the generall with his captaines, and some religious men being aboord her, and new naming her, named her the Visitation, for that shee was rendred on the day on which they celebrate the visitation of the blessed Virgin Mary. In that place, the ground being plaine and without vantage, whereby to helpe the tender sided and sharpe ships, they are foi'ced to shore them on either side. In the midest of their solemnity, her props and shores of one side faylcd, and so shee fell over upon that side suddenly, intreating many of them which were in her, very badly ; and doubtlesse, had shee bin like the shippes of the South sea, shee had broken out her biUge: but being without mastes and empty (for in the South sea, when they bring a-ground a shippe, they leave neither mast, balast, nor any other thing abourd, besides the bare hull), her strength was such as it made no great show to have received any damage ; but the feare shee put them all into was not little, and caused them to runne out of her faster then a good pace. In these ilands is no succour nor refreshing ; onely in the one of them is one house of strawe, and a little spring of small moment. For the water, which the shippes use for their provision, they fetch from another iland, two leagues west north-west of these, which they call Tabaga, having in it some fruitc and refreshing, and some fewe Indians to inhabitc it. u Srrt. I.ttllt. 348 Hawkins' voyage etc. LSTIII What succeeded to mce, and to the rest during our im- prisonment, with the rarities and particularities of the Peru and Terra Firme, my voyage to Spaine, and the snccesse, with the time I spent in prison in the Peru, in the Tercera, in Sevill, and in Madrid, with the accidents which befell me in them, I leave for a second part of this discourse, if God give life and convenient place and rest, necessary for so tedious and troublesome a worke : desiring God, that is Almightie, to give his blessing to this and the rest of my intentions, that it and they may bee firuitefull to His glory, and the good of all : then shall my desires be accomplished, and I account myselfe most happie. To whom be all glory, and thankes from all eteruitie. FINIS. \S / r im- Peru ;e8se, cera, lime God tor 80 bat is )f my [lis THE TABLE THE PRINCIPALL OBSERVATIONS GONTEINED IN THIS BOOKE. A, English . 124 Bexar stone, the • 74 Beefe, pickled . 143 — — held good beyond the equi noctiall . 143 Blanches Bny . 118 Bourding, policivs to avoid - lUO Bonito, the . 67 Brasill, knowne etc. ■ 61 Bravo 48 Brasil. description of • 100 its havens . 100 — — commodities and wants . 100 bestial and discommodities . ion Burdeaux fleele, the losse uf . 18 Calking, false • potie 33 prevention thereof - 33 Canaixh, Thomas ■ ■ 120 surprised • .00 Canary .lands ' -41 Canary, Grand * • 43 Cape Blanco ■ . • 8A Captainps. ignoble - 104 Captaines, dislnyallies of • - 1 60 Caasavi, beverage of • '00 Casiavi meale . • . OA — — preparing thereof 05 Catalina, Saint . . • lOI Chieftain, parts requisite in a 180 ChitiftainH, two, dangerous - 103 Cherries ■ • -80 Chile, people of ■ ■ 1 17 —— their weapons - 1 47 and hate to the Spaniards - 147 Cyvetcatts . ■ - Al Cittie of Conception - .140 Commanders,covetous, unwillingness to follow ■ .161 Commander, a, not to trust his officers 184 Commanders, admonitions to .186 Ckcos, and their kinds . 50 Complaints of master Thomas Candisb 37 of muster George Uayuiond - 28 Company sicke • . .AS and dismayml ■ - 126 Cotton Edward, the losse of ' A4 Clothes made in Coquinbo • 1A8 Crabby Cove . -128 Care of currants . . .34 Departure from Ly ma -153 Devises in sudden accidents 119 Directions to be secret . 180 Discipline of the Spanish ■ - 103 244 TABLE, KTr. Diwipline, cauM o' their pMtppritim I OS UixcipliiMi iieglochMl hj the EiiKlUh 17 DUciphne pried into by the Mpaiiiardu 194 - anil by tbeni imitated • 109 Diitcuvcrie*, uie of - • .7 Diacovery un the coast to be avuyded 140 Dolphin, the - . 06 Drake, Sir Francis, upon the soutlier- must part of the world • 143 Dutch, providence of the • 17 Ducka • . .113 E Elizabeth Bay . .117 Engines of antiquitie, disuse of • 306 English, the, carry up their flag 39 English, authors of sea discipline - 17 English, coruletutnesse of the . 184 Exchange of trifles - .149 —^ ofsheepe . .146 Exercise alwuyes necessary . 44 P Fenton, Edward ■ • -130 Femandes, Juan . . - 140 Fire, danger of . . .63 — — by heating of pitch . - 63 by taking tobacco . - 63 by candle light . . 63 - by hooping and scuttling - 64 - by nature of waters - 64 Fierro, strange tree in > - 43 Fight, the Spanish, beginning of .184 their intertainmeut . 101 the English - . 101 ^— the Spanish • • 101 pay deere for their rashnesse 106 — — take a new resolution - 197 Flying fishes . . .70 French and English salute • 39 French surprised • . .90 Fruits wholsome, to know . 87 Fuego - - - 48 Fugitives, end of .199 Gannetts . - ■ -86 God propitious - • -137 therefore praised . .137 Gold, some, and one shippe takeu - 190 Gold, every shower a shower of - 198 Greenfield, Sir Richard, at Flurus - 30 Gulls • . . .113 Gunner, deceit of the - . 189 Hampton, master Thomas - 34 Harbours, auuoyauces in . 80 Hawkins, Master William • ItO Hawkins Mayden-land • lOS Helm mau • •84 I lago. Saint . .47 sacked ■ .48 Hands, St. James . . • 6S Je$u* of Luh*.ckt, tlie 10 lenero ... OS Hands, unwholsome 49 their heat . . - 49 — — the breze . .49 the best remedie 46 Inconvenience of impreats ■ 38 their true use .30 Indians housing . . - 08 Indians poligaroy . . .08 Indians apparrell -146 and manner of sleeping . 09 Indians trechery . . - 149 Indians foresight . .133 Indians industry . . .00 Indians dismissed • - • 180 Indians led by a Mulato . • 181 Instructions, consequence of • 30 Isla Grand . . - 03 luca, planting of . . - 07 by women . - .97 K Kavai Purgativat, use of • - 87 Land, unknowne - • .107 ■ care of approach - - 107 Leakes, new devise for stopping, with- out bourd • - .199 Lyne, the, best time to passe - 76 M Madera . - - - 40 Mariner, a, who to be accounted . 186 his knowledge . .186 and materials • 186 for navigation • - 187 Mariners, the, revenge • .69 Mariners, wilfulnesse of . - 140 Maries, S. . .148 Master, care of the ■ - 83 Masters mate, unskilfulnesse of the 83 Meeting, fittest places of . .31 Mocha . - -143 Monkies, parrots . .91 Moone, influ'.:nce of the . .46 Mutenies how to be winked at . 141 Multitude, uuadvisednesse of the - 183 TABLK, ETC. 245 ISO 106 84 47 48 8« 10 gs 44 4« 4S 46 38 39 08 08 146 99 14S 123 00 180 181 30 93 07 97 87 107 107 IfiS 76 40 186 186 186 187 60 149 148 83 83 31 143 51 46 141 183 ObirctiniM rcaoltred ■ 304 Officeofa inasWr ■ 188 of • pilot . 188 of the botowMne ■ 188 — ^— of ihe tiewaril . 188 . 188 — — of the gunner - 188 Olerou, laweo of • ■ let Orangei, vertue of . 81 Ore weed, bed* of - - 108 Palmer, Sir Henry, ino«1estie of • 18 Patience of the ICarle of Nottingham ISO Parts requisite in a commander at sea 18 Palmito, the . . .4886 Palmito Hand 93 Pearles . . . . 133 Pengwins, iland of 110 described . 111 — — hunting of • 113 113 Pentagones, care of the 106 Philip, King, comming into England 36 Pilats Bslies 70 Pillage, challenging of 163 — — what to be repuie