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^:^ 
 
BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY; 
 
 VOLUME IV, NUMBER III. 
 
 THE INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF PIERIS RAl'AE 
 IN NORTH AMERICA, 1800-188^ 
 
 Bj SAMUKL H. SCUDnKU. 
 
 i^lKa 
 
 BOSTON : 
 
 rjBL^IirCD BY TUB •OCIliTV. 
 yEl'TICMBKH, ^SJT. 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF 
 ACiRICUUURE 
 
mx- 
 
 
 e..^r- 
 
 
 1'^ 
 
. li-iWii . afri^^ " 
 
 i 
 
 k 
 
 III. TlIK TnTKODUCTIOX AM) Sl'RKAI) OV PlKKlS UAVAK fX NoKTIl A-MKltlCA, 
 
 1800-1880. With a Map (I'latk 8). 
 By Samuki. II. ScuDDKii. 
 
 (U.'iul Miiy 1, 1887.) 
 
 
 XT is woll known that the difTi'i-cnl vacv» of nun Inwo not alwiiys occnpiod tho regions 
 ■\vhioh tlicy now inlial)it, bnt tliat IVoni tlio carlii'.st times one wave of migi'ation has lol- 
 lowcd another, in a manner tliat has proved very perph'xing- to tlie ethnologist attem[)t- 
 in^ to follow them. That the lower animals also have had their migrations has been 
 frequently proved by the ocetn-renee of their remains in regions where they are not now 
 found. Soenlar ehange of elimate has been the great moving cause of most of the 
 migrations of which we have any knowledge, with the single exception of the inlhienee 
 of man, and particularly of civilized man; he is everywhere upsetting the arrangements 
 of nature, directly or indirectly extei-minating all forms which cannot endure his i)res- 
 enee or withstand the baleful influences which follow in his train. To minister to his 
 Avants, for instance, he brings into a new region a ])lant fori-ign to its soil that he may 
 have the fruit ready to his hand. Without the natural hindrances which prevent iis 
 supremacy in its native home, it thrives so vigorously, if otherwise ada[)ted to the place*, 
 as to supplant the natural denizens of the soil; these are supporting numerous animaN, 
 which in their turn suffer. 
 
 So it has doubtless been in all aj^es (*f the world, where by any of the nndtifarious 
 means which nature employs she has hei'self upset the balance' she had established, by 
 bringing into a flora or a fauna somi' new eleuient, from without. liwU-ed. the history 
 of animal and ])lant life has been a story of colonization. Any one who has observed 
 the I'apidity wilh which weeds spi'cad ovei* new countries, has read of the rabbit nui- 
 sance in Austi'alia or seen the sparrow nuisance in America, will comprehend what a 
 force colonization may have been. It Avas closely linked no doubt with the introduc- 
 tion of new types in past ages of the world. 
 
 The measurement of the spread of a newly introduced s))eciea lias rarely been at- 
 teni])ted. Indeed, in the nature of things it could scarcely ever be made except under 
 circumstances which may fairly be deemed artificial, /. < ., in countries toli-rably well 
 settled with people intelligt-iit enough to report accurately. Karely, too, is the date of 
 
 MBMOMll II08TON 8O0. NAT. HIST., VOI,. n . 8 (^'i) 
 
 .caMLJliPf'- 
 
 ' ^ mt mM^ -' 
 
 ,»,-." 
 
[ 
 
 54 
 
 SAMUKL II. SCUDDKR ON THE SPREAD 
 
 mi 
 
 iiifrodtiftioii known. Yot as this cniild hv Mpproxiniiitfly detonnined for the European 
 cabhagt' biitli-rlly recently iniportt'd into this (country, anil as by its ravages of aeonniion 
 garden erop it would make itself known by the daniaj^e it did and so force itself ni)on 
 observation, it seemed a favorable opportunity tf) consider this question, which should 
 not be missed; it was believed indeed that the correct measure of its spread might have 
 some import for future investigation, and pei'haps its U'sson for him who would design- 
 edly introduce a new creature without regard to its relations to other animals. 
 
 As the insect has already crossed half the continent, the time has certaiidy ai'rived 
 to make the necessary in(piiri(>s. Every one now knows that it has come to stay and 
 little attention is given to its movements. Most of those who observed it on its fiist ad- 
 vent can still answer questions regarding its appearance by the aid of notes taken at the 
 time, which later might not be possible. Accordiiigly, last autuimi, [ issued a circular to 
 over six hundred persons in dilferent parts of the country with the inquiry: "In what 
 year, to your jjcrsonal knowledge, did Pieris rapae first appear in your vicinity?" and 
 asking also ior any published data upon the matter. To this incpiiry more than two 
 hundred replies were I'cceived and from them, from the notes I had previously made based 
 on special wiitten incpiiries in 1809 and 1870, and from various publications, the follow- 
 ing account is drawn up. 
 
 The butterfly was fii-st noticed in Canada and the actual hist(k.'y <»f our knowledge of 
 its first appearance there is as follows: — Mr. Wni. ("ouper, a taxidermist and geneial 
 collector, addicted especially to Lipidoptera and a good observer, living in Que- 
 bec, first captmvd a few si)ecimens in 18(50 in the inunediate vicinity of that city; 
 he then looked upon the insect as a great rarity, and indigenous to Canada. In ISni} a 
 new collector apj)eared in (^uelu'c, Mr. (». »!. Howies, who. capturing it and fhiding no 
 such insect desci'ibed in American woi'ks, applii-d to ^[r. Coiiper, only to discover him 
 equally at a loss. Mr. IJowles tlu'U wi'ote to Mr. Wm. Saunders of Lond<in, Ontario, and 
 to myself, and we both assured him that it wastlu' l']uropean insect. Mr. Howies' letter 
 to me bore date Dec. 2)3, ISO.'}.' In April and .Inly 1S()4, these gentlemen read papers 
 before local societies, both of wiruli wvvv publisjied in whole or in pai'f f from these 
 we learn that in 180)} the butterfly was very connnon and destructive in the neigh- 
 borhood of (Quebec ami at Laval fifteen miles north, and had extendi'd thirty miles to the 
 northwest along the north shore of the St. Lawrence, though they had not I)eeu noticed 
 beyond Point Levis on the south, nor taken at St. uVnne's on the south shore of the Sf. 
 Lawrence, seventy miU's down the river, "where a collector of Li-pidoptera resided." 
 From what we know of the rapidity with which a singU' pair may propagate without 
 hindrance from parasites, we may conclude almost with certainly that it was introduced in 
 till' early part of 1800. (»r at the earliest, at the vi-ry close of 18.")!>. Owing, apparently, to 
 ^Ir. Howies' paper published in the Canadian Naturalist in 1801, in which he fixes the 
 ])eriod of its introduction to Quebec "at alK)Ut seven or eight years ago," it has been 
 generally sjxdvcn of as introduced "in IS.If) or 18.')7." Hut Mr. Bowles has allowed more 
 time than is necessai'y, and I'ecords do not go back of 1800. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1863. 
 
 ' S()('cliiu'n,s wci'i' also split to W. 11. IvUviirds in Dec. 'M-'or Mr. Howies' paper see nibllogrnpliy. Mr. Coiiper's 
 
 IHtlL', bill sccin not to liiivc hern nollccd liy liliii. iippi'MPs Iti Imvc I)im-ii piilillslicil only by eNlriict in lHil7 by 
 
 AU'. Ullclilt', Viiii. .\\(t. n. .s. ;i: 2U. 
 
 ^^rK. 
 
 I 
 
OF PIKUIS UAl'AK IN NORTH AMKUICA. 
 
 55 
 
 desigii- 
 
 Followiiij? tlu' roport <»f >[r. Coiipfr of its disti-ihiition in ISO.'}, we linvi' at first htit 
 Kcanty iiironnatiou conceniiii'i^ its sprt'jul in Canada, ('apt. (iainhlc (icddi's of Toroiitf) 
 states tliat lu' first took it "about 18(54, about uini-ty miles ix'Iow (Quebec; vviii'ii ^ , „. 
 brougitt it back aud sbowed it to Professoi- FowUt, tlien conni'cted with the \af- 
 ural history society of" AFontri-al, he assured uu' it was cpiite the first that had l»een 
 taken."' Tiiis fixes the date of capture as ln-fore the publication (in ^Fontieal) of Mr. 
 Howies" paper and indicates that in 18(54, thi' insect had spread to Murray Bay, ninety 
 miles l)ei<»w (Quebec on the nortii shoi ■ of the St. Lawrenci-. 
 
 In 18(5(5 begins our first cousidci-abh' knowh-dge of the spread of tiu' l)utterfly, as it 
 has reached more populous districts. Mr. Win. Saundei's, on an excursion to the Sague- 
 nay (("an. Ent. 1, 11), found it at ( acouna opi»osite and a little al)ove the mouth , „ 
 
 ' 1 fin A 
 
 of the river and at lla Ila Hav at the head of steamboat naviy'ation on the 
 Saguenay, as well as all the way to Chicoutinii, twelve miles further up the river; it was 
 not, howi'vei", found at '^I'adousac at the mouth of the Saguenay. We know by its sub- 
 se(pient record thiu it nuist have spread westward and especially southward by 18(5(5, and 
 it was indeed taken at lirome townsliiji within a dozen miles of the Vermont border by 
 theKev. T. AV. Fyles. Dr. (i. Dinunock, writing later in the N. K. Homestead (Vol. Ill, 
 No. 4(5, Mar. '2~), 1871), speaks of it as found this \ car also in northern New Hampshire 
 and Vermont, but vithout specification, and Dr. •!. (". Meri'ill reports the capture of a 
 single specimen in the ^^'hite Alountains ( l*ro<-. IJost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, 300); that it 
 must have invaded these two states this year is certain from tlu' considerable niunber» 
 lound the year following. I have accordingly drawn the lurve of its distriiuition to in- 
 clude this northern area. Mori'over it is certain that it had reached this latitude in 
 Maine, for there is a specimen in the Yah' ("ollcge Museum, No. 1,74.1, whicli was lakeu 
 by Pi'of. S. I, Smith in Norway. Maine, in 18(5.'), the eai-liest record of its capture in the 
 United States. Probably it had covered the larger ])art of Maine wherever in the wilder- 
 ness it coidd find a patch uiuh-r cultivation foi', writing from («arland in Penobscot Co., 
 under date of Aug. 2:5, 18(55), to the N. K. Farmer (N. S. Ill, .")()(5), Mr. II. C. Preble says 
 tliat he has "not been able to raise a respectable cabbage lor some four or five years, on 
 account of the ravages of this s|)ecies of voracious rascals." Even ifwi' credit him with 
 sonu' exaggeration from discouragement, we can hardly think the inst'ct ari'ived there 
 later than 18(5(5, the nxtre probably as Professor Smith again helj)s us by -jjreserving in 
 the Yale Museum two specimens ca]tturetl by him at Eastport, on 'luly 4, 18(5(5. 
 
 The following year, 18(57, marks a better known advance, for iu May it reached Mon- 
 treal, according to Mr. Ritchie (Can. Nat. iir, Li!>.")) to the southwest, and extended on 
 the southeast even to Halifax, Nova Scotia, as Mr. J. M. Jones testifies in a paper (Proc. 
 N. S. Inst. Ill, 20) read three years later, a ])ublication whicli has been entirely 
 overlooked, its introduction to this point being heretofore placed as in 1871, since 
 Mr. Jones later spoke of it as very abundant in the spring of that year (Can. Ent. iir, 
 37). In Main*! it was observed at Lewiston far toward the southern extremity of the 
 state, though resident entomologists elsewhere iu (he state did not discover it until the 
 following yeai'. The late Mr. P. S. Sprague of Boston was one of those who found it at 
 Lewiston (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, ;{()()) aud Mr. W. Dickinson of Worcester, the 
 other; the latter found it both this year and the next, but only in 18(58 very destructive. 
 
 Ll. 
 
r>() 
 
 SAJILKL II. SCUDDKR ON THE SPREAD 
 
 n 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 1868. 
 
 Notwitlistnndiiij;' the minihiT ofcntoiiiolDjrists who nmiiiiilly visit the "NVhito ^[oinitiuns, 
 and the I't'ciii-dcd cMittuiv l»_v Mr. Mciiill in l.S(5(», xiijtrii, ii<> oiu' scciiis to liiivc t.ikt'n 
 the insect in Xew Ilanipshii-i- in IS'JT; tiioii'^li with its s|»r(';i 1 to L.'wiston on one side 
 and its appearance in eonsiderahie ninnltiTs in N'ernionl on the otiier, tiiere ean l)e little 
 douht that it was present, at least in the region north of the Whiti' Mountains and espe- 
 cially in the valley of the npjjcr Connecticnt. In Vermont, Dr. Merrill is onr only au- 
 thoiity (I'roc. IJost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xr, ,'?(K)). In Angust of this year he found the 
 hnttertties at Waterhury, IJnilington and Stowe; in the fii'st locality, on Aug. 2i*, tlu'V 
 were "very al)uudant.'' During this year, therefoi'i', tln' insect had fairly established 
 itself in northern Vermont and New Hampshire, reached Montreal in its course up the 
 St. Lawrence and pushed its advance guard to the Atlantic Ocean at llalilii.v and nearly 
 to tlie Gulf of Maine at Portland. 
 
 In 18G8, curious to say, our records are more meagre ])Ut in one respect very inter- 
 esting. It was only in this year and toward the end of it that it reached AValerville, 
 Me., to judge from the fact that it was first seen in the early spring of 1S()1) hy a very 
 careful residi-nt observi'r. the late Prof. C. H. Hamlin. The hutterllies must have 
 come fiom winti'ring ehrysalids near hy. In New Ifampsiiire and Vermont '.ts 
 ])rogress was steady hut not extensive. In New Hanipsiiire it was taken this year by 
 Mr. M. C. Ilai-riman at Warner ueai' the Southern Kearsarge, and was seen, according 
 to Dr. C. S. ^linot (Am. lOnt. ii, 7;")), near Lake Winuei)esankee. In Veiinont it had 
 extended to about the same j)oiuts, for it was couuuon at "Woodstock (F. U. Jewett) 
 and not uncomnum in August in Sudbury (S. II. Scudder), while in all the track behind 
 it was abundant enough. Writing to me from St. Albans in 18()!>, ^Ir. N. C. Greene 
 said that in the ])revious autumn his IJOOO cabbages had from ten to fil'ty worms on a head; 
 he had not previously noticed them at all and thought they first came in 18GS, whereas 
 they must have reached St. Albans early the year before that. In the valley of the; St. 
 Lawrence there is nothing, for a time, to gauge its movements, but writing in Sept.,18Gi), 
 Mr. A. S. Kitchie says that he has heard of its ravages as far west as ("hateanguay, s») 
 that it doubtless was to be found there in I8()8. Nor can we say more e(Micei'ning its 
 exti'Usiou into the eastern provinces, though I am told I)y Mr. (i. F. Matthew that it ap- 
 peared .It St. J()hu "within two oi- three yeai's of its recorded advent at (Quebec" and, 
 therefore, certainly not later than '\^{')'!^. Indeed we have seen that it was just on the 
 border, at Eastjiort, in T8()(\ and Prof. L. W. IJailey, writing in 188G, says it has been 
 at Fredeii "^on "ibr at least twenty-Hvi- years," but he speaks only from recollection. 
 
 But the chief interest of tlie year l'!Ai')t'' lies in the fact that it was then independently 
 introduced into the country at New York. Humor lias it that a German entomologist 
 in Iloboken received some living i)upae from Europe to raise for his cabinet, that th(>y 
 emerged from the chrysalis in his absence and afterward escaped from an opened win- 
 dow, lint however this may be, we know from several sources that it was to be found 
 about Iloboken and Hudson City, N. J., this year. Mr. John HampSon, a collector of 
 twenty-six years' experience, living in Newark, took a single specimen there this year in 
 May (J. H. Angehnan). The late Mr. W. V. Andrews, sending me caterpillars in July, 
 18()i>, said it had "been known for a year or two," and the same writer says (Can. Ent. 
 II, 5o) in Jan., 1870, "tlie increase of this insect during Ike laslhoo years i^ marvellous.*' 
 
 ■M 
 
OF IMHUIS UAl'AK IN NOKTII AMKIMCA. 
 
 57 
 
 1869. 
 
 Indcfd its ahmidanc'c the next ycai- ;it l{(M'<,''('n Hill. Wi'st IIulHikoii iiml Hudson ("ily is 
 prrxd that tlic liist s|>fcini('ns caiiic to the spot in ISIJS. ^I'lic fact that New York City 
 docs not (haw upon the Lake ( 'iiaiii|ilaiii rej^iun I'ni' its (•alpl)a;^'e-< (as I ;imi iiilnrnicd l»y 
 Mr. Lintner of Albany) and tlie snl)sc<|ucMt cviiK-nt s|)i(ai! of I'iciis rapae fro.n two 
 points priiVi' this to iiave l)cen in all pioijaliihty an independent introduction into tlie 
 country. It is only siirprisiii<>- that it was so lonif ilelayed. 
 
 The spread of the liutterliy from this new centre during' IS()*,( t\in-> nut ajipearto havi- 
 heeii very ^reat. That in xanty iiiiuiIkis it followed tin- Hack of the railway toward 
 I'hiladelphia i> prohahli' from the Mattn'e of l!iin;is and fmm the fact that Mi'. 
 •I. I*. |{. ('.iriuy took a specimen that yeai' within the pre>ciu limit* ol' ('amden, 
 >\ hich he at the t ine supposed eanie acro>s the ocean in a V(->el. then unloMdin^- near hy ; 
 yet Mr. Andiew- wi'otc. under date of Anu. l2()th in that year, that while '-([iiile ;il»un<lant 
 in the nei<;hl«)i iiood of Herj^cn Ilill and Hudson ( 'ily, ten mile> hence I could not lind a 
 >in^le >pecinien." It reached West Farm>inlhe autumn of that yiar, where it was sei>n 
 hy Mr. dames Au^iiis. hut not taken: specimens wei'c howc\cr taken the following' .^>ril 
 fresh from the pupa. It was iil>o I'cported ;i> very counnoii in |S(!'.I, in the pai'k- ami gar- 
 dens of New York city, hy several ohxivc i>, ihouj^h Mr. T. L. Mead, an euthusiaf*tic lep- 
 idopteri-t at the time and a reside m of the lii \ . records i lie capt urc of a -"iuule specimen 
 on the .ler-cy sich' of the Hudson Uivi'i- (^( 'an. Kut. ii, )><)) a> if its presence in the me- 
 tropolis were i|uite unknown to him. It seems prohahle therefoiH' that it> occiii-rt-nci' in 
 the vicinity of \ew York was taken hy outsiders for its presence in tlie city itself. Still 
 it may well have heeii presiut in >pot> not \isitcd !»y Mr. Mcjul. aini I iii\>elf found it 
 swarmiuji' ahout park> in the heart of tin <il\ in duiie. iS7<>. I can tiu<l no record of its 
 appearance this year in I.oui;" NIand. In ISl!!), then, with the exception of a st raL:\uler 
 toward I'hihulelphia. the hiittcj-ily is not known to have spread more than ti-u or lilleeii 
 mile> in any direction from New 'i ork. 
 
 The northern horde of invaders in tiic meantime wa>- steadily pushing' soiithw ard : how 
 far to till' west is (piite unkuoun, for there are no rejiorts for IS(i!l from the Si. Lawrence 
 valley, except the one ahove rcferi'i'd to. of its rava.ii'o al ( hatcautiiiay. So to<i from 
 A'erinoiit and Xcw Hampshire, the only accounts are of its ;^reat ahiiudaiicein the north- 
 ern |»ortions and its a[)peai'aiice in every i|uartei' there, iucliidiui.'' the alpiiu' reiiious of 
 the AVhite M(»untaius. In Maine, moreover, it had everywhere reached the seaeoast and 
 wa.-i found in numhersin all the inhahited portions. It wasaimudant at Haniior (('hase, 
 liiley) and reiiorted from Norway (Smith), Ml. Descii Island, end of .liily ( li. I*. Maim), 
 Kastpfirt (.Sniitli), and Portland ( Diminock). It wa> indeed aloiii;- the seaeoast that it 
 l)uslied its way southward most rapidly, for in the siiriny of this year it reached lioston. 
 J isaw my first specimen on duly 17, on IJoston ( "oiimiou. hut other ohservers were ahead 
 f)f me. Mr. I*. S. Sjira^'ue. for in^Jance, saw it in liie same ■«pi>t ,\|>ril lit), and Mr. F. A. 
 Clappon May 20; hy the autmiui they were not very i">'-oiimiou. \ siii<;le s|u'ciineii was 
 also said to have been si-eii this year near NN'orci'sler. ..ccordin<>' to a paper read hy Mr. 
 TV. Dickinson before the Natural lii>tory asNociatioii of that city ( Worci'ster Spy, March 
 It), lS7(t), hut this is rendered exceedingly doiihtlul Ity >ul(>e(pient reports. I'roliahly 
 the nearest point at which tlii' northern horde approached the southern was somewhere 
 on the Hudson or Coniiecticul rivi'is not far above the latitude of Jo" N. 
 
 t 
 
 srf'SB 
 
 «n 
 
 ■MM 
 
 MM 
 
I 
 
 58 SAMIKL 11. SCUDDKU ON TlIK SrUKAD 
 
 For iilllii>ii<>li, as we have seen, it w.-is altiindiiiit at SihIImu'v in Aiiufiist, 1H()S, it was not 
 
 nntil tlu' s|iiiii<i' ol" 1S70, to wiiidi vi'ar we now tui-n witli sonic curiosity, tliat it was 
 
 _^ rcco<::ni/»(l in the centre oC Kiistcni New York, wlu-rc two sncii entoinolojj'ists 
 1870 
 
 lived as Dr. Asa Kitcli and Mr. .1. A. Lintner. Kast (ireenwicli, where I )i". Fitch 
 
 n'sided. is almost halfway from .Vlhany. Mr. Lintnei'"s home, to Sudbury, \'t., yet in both 
 tluse New York localities it appt-ared l()r the first i'eco<;ni/ed time in IS70, and then not 
 until midsunmier. I'nderdate of March Hi. 1S72, Mr. »!. A. Lintner writes nie in detail 
 re;rardin;«: its appearance this year: " I (tl)serv»'d it here | Albany] for the first time on 
 July 'li. Dr. Fitch reports it at his i-esidcnce in Fast (Jrecnwich, Washinjrton ( 'o., thirty- 
 two miles in a diivet line F. of N. fr()m Alltany, on the 2d of Au<>iist. On Au<i^ust (J, I 
 saw it (juite iimnei-ous at Sarat<i^a S]»rin<i;s, thirty miles north, and on the Mtli at («len, 
 Warren ( 'o., sixty-five miles \V. of N. of Albany. Dni'injj; the month of July a larj^c num- 
 ber of the butterflies were st-eii at Crown I'oint and Wcstport (»n I^ake < 'hamplain, and at 
 the latter place |a short distance northwest of Sudbury. \'t.| the jijardeu cabl»a<4;es were 
 so i^tti'ijy ruined by the laivae that they were pulled up and fed to cattle . . . Si'pt. 11, 
 I observed it abundantly at I'tica. Oni-ida Co., ninety-five miles west l)y rail. Oct. H, I 
 saw larvae but no butterflii's at ( "herry N'alley, Ots(<>;o ( "o.. fifty miles wi-sterly. 'I'he lat- 
 ter part offluly it was seen at .Sharon S|)rin<;s, forty-five miles west; while at Schoharie, 
 an intermediate point thirty miles west, I did not detect it until perhaps two weeks later." 
 As it is not re|»orted from the eastern end of Lake Ontario for a year or two, the butter- 
 fly probably readied I'tica by the eastern rather than the western side of the Adir<mdaek 
 reyion and thus have spread more rapidly in a western than in a southern direction from 
 the southern i-nd of Lake Champlaiu. Moreover, Mr. IL B. Hawkins tells me, on the au- 
 thority of Mr. W. F. Ya<;er, editor of the Oneonta Herald, that it appeared this same year 
 in Oneontn, Otse<>;o Co., considerably io the .south and east of lltlea. Alonj? the Hud- 
 .son, Mr. Lintner does not report it as extendiiij»' far'her south than Bath (Ent. Contr. ir, 
 /)4) five miles below Albany in September. There can hv.uo doubt that it had this year 
 eom])letely overrun Vermont ami New Hamjishire, though the only records I have in 
 the southern portions are that the first sjieciinens were taken liy Mr. C I*. Whitney at 
 Milford, N. H., on May 2i) of this ^^ear, that it was al)undaiit thei-e by autumn, and taken 
 in numbers at Walpole, N. H., in .lune (.S. I. Smith). Hut it had followed down the 
 C*)nnccticut valley much farther than this, for it was taken at Holyoke, Mass., by Mr. J. 
 E. ( "base; and ])r. Georg'e Dimmock reports (N. F. Homestead m. No 1(1, Mar. 2;"), liSTI) 
 that the first specimen was taken near Spring:Held in the early part of May on the Lon<>- 
 meadow road; that it was abundant l)efoi'e autumn and that in July he took it in consid- 
 erable numbei-s as far south as New Britain, Conn. The first noticed by Mr. F. Norton 
 at Farniington, ('onn., were also seen this year but "not often''; in the foIlowin<^ year it 
 was (juile eommou. It also became common this year at Walpole, Mass., seventeen miles 
 southwest of Boston (Miss C. Guild). It would appear therefore that, at the close of 
 1870, the southern limits of the northern host were at about the parallel of 42", l0'-30' 
 with a considerable extension down the Connecticut valley. 
 
 Meanwhile the southern horde was extending its outposts. The entire extent of Long 
 Island was occupied tliis year, for I*rof. S. I. Smith found the butterfly very common at 
 Fire Island Beach in August and Mr. B. H. Foster reports destruction at Babylon (Am. 
 
 i 
 
 f-' 
 
 m 
 
 rmmm 
 
i 
 
 miiTfciim 
 
 OF I'IKUIS RAPAK IN XOUTII AMKKICA. 
 
 59 
 
 if was not 
 lut it was 
 i»inoIo;;^ists 
 ■ I )r. Fitch 
 ret in hotii 
 il tluMi not 
 !«■ ill (K'tiiil 
 st time oil 
 'o., tliirty- 
 ii<i:iist (). I 
 Il at (ili'ii, 
 arj^;t' iiuiii- 
 aiii, and at 
 ia<;('s wvvv 
 . Sept. II, 
 
 Oct. s, r 
 
 Thclat- 
 Sclioiiaric, 
 (ks later." 
 lie huttcr- 
 (lirondack 
 ction from 
 on the an- 
 sa nie year 
 : the Hiul- 
 
 Contr. ir, 
 1 this year 
 
 r have in 
 ^Miitney at 
 and tak(Mi 
 down the 
 
 hy Mr.J. 
 
 2h, 1871) 
 the L()n<j^- 
 in eonsid- 
 M Norton 
 !<:>; year it 
 teen miles 
 10 close of 
 2", l()'-30' 
 
 it of Long 
 ominon at 
 don (Am. 
 
 Eiit. II, .'Ml). In I'liither diicctiun toward the iinrtlu'rn l>and, ^Fr. Diinmock I'oiind "a 
 few" at ltriil<ii'|tort, Conn., in .July, wliicli may liave hcl(.n;:;fd to th*- (rtlicr group, Itiit far 
 more piohaltly wi-ic t lie descendants of those th.il occupied West Farms the year he fore. 
 Dr. S. L«»ckw(»od tells me that it iiivade(l Momiioiith Co., N. .Fersey, in IS7(» and in ()e- 
 toher of this same year the editor of the Ainerican Entomohtgist s,iw it aroinid fruit 
 stands in Philadi'lpiiia (Am. I'jiit. ii, :»l»'^); Mr. W. D. Doan writes me tiiat it appeart-d 
 in scanty mimh.'rs this year at Atglen, Chester Co., I'enn., and Mr. Towncnd Ifjover 
 in one (d' his Government Kepoits says that it apjieart'd i-ven as far as I5altimi>re "an- 
 terior to 187(V'; lint this I think imist he an error of memory, ft a|>peais then that tiie 
 sonthern horde did not this year (piite n-acli the noitlurn. Init the two appi-oached eacii 
 other so nearly as inevitably to mingle in IS7I ; that the northern had alm(»st everywhere 
 reached the eastern seashoii' of Xew England and the Canadian provinces, and in the 
 west had extended prolialily to Lake < )ntario and nearly to ci-nti'al Xew York. The 
 southern, on the other hand, had covered Long Island east wavdlv, and was jmshing its 
 way also along tin- northern shoin- of the Somid, w hile its main army was diivcted south- 
 ward, had ciivered New Jersey, and extended into eastt-rn I'eiinsylvania. 
 
 In the next year, 187 1, these two ai-niies, having dev.\ i .ted the eonni ry with indepeiid- 
 eiit forces for fully three years, met and minified, and tin ;. swept westward and south- 
 ward with incieasing raiiiditv. Tliev coviMcd all tlie <vroiintl which la\ hetweeii 
 
 * 1871 
 
 the outposts of the previous year, this heing the yei in wl/ich it wa- lirst seen in 
 
 Ithode Island, at IVovideiiee (11. L. Clark), and at Iliui'er. ?, . Y. (W. II. Edwards), 
 it also cxk ,i Ix'd to some of till' higher regions previou.-'y untouched hut swept past, 
 such as Williamstown, Mass. (^"in force" S. Tennev). ami hecanu' as usual excessively 
 common where it had only appeared scantily tlie j. eai' Itefore. There were even some 
 spots not invaded until IS7"J. and it would appear that tlie advance tiuard, wliicli swept 
 down the livers {lowing soiilheily and along the siacoast, lefr the inland districts long 
 niitouched. Thus it is reported as n<il seen in Stowe, Mas-., at the i-Iose of 1871 ( C. \. 
 Emery). Mr. Dickinson sjiowed totiie Natural history association of Woi-cesti'r in 1872 
 several s[>ecimens that had lueii found in a garden there, as if they were of special in- 
 terest as new comers (so that the ruiuoi- that one was taken there in 18()!). ■•<iipr(t, must 
 be an error), and it is thouglit not to have apjieared in Sherbom until 1872 (A. L. Hab- 
 eock). I5y that time it hail probalily overrun every nook and c<irner of New England. 
 Similar irregularities appear in all its snbseipieut m<ivenients westward. 
 
 Of its westward iiioveniciit in 1871. we still have no information from nortliern New 
 York or north of the boundary, and can only judge by subse(pient notices that it must 
 have ri'ached at least the extreme eastern end of Lake Ontario. Jt had certainly passed 
 the centre of New Yoik, lieiug found common at Ithaca this year (J. IL Comstock, L. 
 O. Howard), where iiuh'ed it made its first appearanci> the |ireceding year according to 
 Mr. Howard, thongli Mr. A. C. Weeks thinks it did not occur in Tompkins Co. in 1870. 
 It was "troulilesome" this year or 1872 at Ca/eiiovia ( L. M. ITuderwood), while Mr. 
 Saniulers states in his addi'cssto the Entomological society of Ontario (liep. 1877, .">) 
 that "by 1871 it had travilled . . . west to the middle of the state of New York". In 
 Pennsylvania it is reportid as haniil'iil ;his yi'ar in Luzerne Co. (T. Glover), and as 
 ])resenf at lOaston (Mis. .1. P. Ballard) iiiid liancaster (S. S. Kathvon) ; this does not 
 greatly increase its we.-tward range. Jint it had ["islied somewhat farther southward, 
 
 K!)'-' '■■m'"w'n 
 
 mm»- 
 
IP 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 SAMUEL II. SCUDDKR ON TIIR SPRKAD 
 
 f^-i 
 
 t,^. 
 
 m\ 
 
 following tho coast line; injury Wivs dono to crops in Cecil Co., Md., dnring this year, 
 according' to the reports of the Agricnltnral Department ((rlovcr), and it iii)peared in 
 ]ialtiniore according to C. R. Podge (Rural Carol., August, 1S72). Writing mo from 
 Spottsville, Ya., Mr. li. W. fluncs says, "It was a general complaint (in Surry Co.) as 
 early as 1870-71 among farmers, that they could raise no good cabhage on account of 
 it. In 1S72-7IJ it infested the; gardens about Petersburg in untold numbers." Yet it 
 Avas not seen in Washington until 1S72. This year then is remarkable for the union of 
 the two armies and the considerable westward extension in New York. 
 
 Jn 1872 we again are able to trace the forward movement of the bntterlly in Canada, 
 whi're it originated, and from which infoi-niation entirely fails from 1807, when it reached 
 
 Montreal, until this time. For now we learn that it had iiassed by this time ahmg 
 1872 . 
 
 the northern shore of the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario to Belleville and Tren- 
 ton, Outai'io (Bethunc, Can. Ent. v. 41). But south of the river and the lake it had 
 ]>ushed much farther, viz., through the entire length of the state of N'ew Y^'ork, so as to 
 invade Canada trom the United States I It did not reach Port Hope, Ontario, from the 
 cast, where Mr. Bethunc was awaiting it ("we fully expect to see it at Port Hope this 
 year," — Can. Ent. v, 41,) until July 187.'}, but it appeared at Ridgeway, Welland Co., 
 ■'not in great numbers" in 1872 (A. II. Kilman), and at Toi'onto in August, 1872 (W. 
 Brodie — c Canada Farm., 1870, 127). This makes it highly probable that it reached 
 BulValo this year, of which I could not otherwise speak, as the testimony of my corres- 
 ])ondents is widely eouHicting. Certainly it rcaihed Brockport, for it Avas taken there in 
 September by iNIr. David Jiruce, and the next year had ccrtaiidy spread much farther 
 west on the southern than on the northern short's of Lake Eiic. It was in this year that 
 it reached Delhi (L. (). Howard). In Pennsylvania, though it probably reached Centre 
 Co. in this year (W. A. lUickhart), it was possibly checked in its westward sj)ri'ad by 
 the Alleghanies, as we uo not hear of it in the Avestern part of the state. It reached 
 Washington early in this year (Monthly Rep. De])t. Agric, June 1872, 218) but how 
 nuicli farther south it passed Ave do not know. As hoAVcver avc Iuia'c already heard of it 
 in A'ii'ginia it is probable that it had extended southward at something like its previous 
 rate and avc have accordingly draAvn our curvi', to correspond Avith this. 
 
 In 187;{, as before stated, it reached Port Hope, and "F. C. L.'' reports taking his first 
 specimen at Dunn in Ilaldimaiid Co., Out. (Can. I^]nt. (5, <)0), and some Avere taken at 
 ^ _„ Hamilton (J. A. jSIollat), Avliere one Avould have looked for it the preceding 
 
 ' ear Irom its piesencc then at Toronto. This year it had entirely covered New 
 Y^)rk stale, though Iherc were places even in the eastern half, such as Norwich, where it 
 did not appciti- until this yi'ar, at least in any uumlter (fl. S. Kingsley). It AA'as found 
 spai'ingly at Cleveland in the spring of this year' (J. U. (Jehring), but fi'om here south- 
 Avard our information is practically a blank. AVe have, however, two curious items: it is 
 reported by Mr. C R. Dodge ns being destroyed by parasites in Louisville, Ky., in this 
 year, Avhich implies that it ap|)eai'ed there at least the year before (probably Mr. Dodge's 
 informant mistook the desti-uctive southern cabl»age bntterlly for this). 
 
 'riie other is a vei'y delinite piece of information fi'om I'rof. L. li. Cibbes of Charleston, 
 
 'TIiIn Is till' llist ili'llnlli' sliili'iiiciil of llH iidvciil III Olilo, <il' Ni'w VdiU ^iiiil New .IviM'y luiil In Oliiu 
 i)iil Mr. W. II. Ivlwiirds, in I'.iil .s dIIiin liMlliilliis hI' .Norlli cluiiily an cnoi'. 
 Ainurlcii, siij'.s "It swunii.s |.\ugu.sl, ISTI] in many iiails 
 
 Tlif lii.it Is 
 
 wmm 
 
OF PIE«IS RAPAE IN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 (51 
 
 g this year, 
 ii[)|)i'afoil ill 
 iiig me IVom 
 irry Co.) as 
 1 account ol" 
 rs." Yet it 
 the union of 
 
 in Canada, 
 '11 it readied 
 ■i time alonj*; 
 u and Trcn- 
 
 lake it had 
 M'k, so as to 
 ■io, from the 
 i-t Ilojjc this 
 'elland Co., 
 t, 1872 (W. 
 it it reached 
 ■ my corres- 
 ken tlicre in 
 inch lartlier 
 lis year tliat 
 ;'lied Centre 
 1 s[)read by 
 
 It reached 
 8) but liow 
 
 heard of it 
 its iu'evious 
 
 mg liis llrst 
 i"e taken at 
 ' precedinjj^ 
 ivered New 
 ch, wliere it 
 t was found 
 liere soutli- 
 iteins: it is 
 Ky., in tliis 
 Jr. Dodge's 
 
 Charh'ston, 
 
 '." Tin; lust, Is 
 
 who, in a recent letter to me, after mentioning the year 1870 as one which was remarka- 
 ble for the number f)f Lepidoptei'a seen in that city, says that P. vajHif (of which he 
 possessed English examples in his cabinet) was not to be found, but '' in 187^5 I observed 
 it as not uncommon in this city, and recogiii/ed it at once, Avhilc Hying, as distinct from 
 its congeners P. momistr and 1\ proh.diri' ... I have seen it I think every year since." 
 This ajipears to be an niiquesti()nal)le independent iiiti'odnction of the species from a 
 coasting vessel, and it is due to this probably that we find it invading the sontliern At- 
 lantic states sooner than we should otlierwise anticipate. In the curves, therefore, I have 
 given this new southern horde a distinct claim to local independence, and brought the 
 northern curve to the ocean at a comparatively high latitude. 
 
 In 1871 we again hear of the insect to the east of its point of origin. X. Corneau rejiort- 
 ing it as rare at (iodl)out river on the lower St. Lawrence, the nortlu'asternmost point 
 from which it has yet been recorded (Can. Ent. vir, 208) ; its progress westward ,„_- 
 in Canada seems to have been very slow. It was abundant now at Hamilton but it 
 did not reach Paris this year or certainly not until the very end of the year. Jt had be- 
 come notieeaiile at Cleveland by its ravages during this summer' as well as in western 
 Pennsylvania (T. W. Conistock, Am. Nat. ix, 12(5). It made its appearance among the 
 mountain valleys of West Virginia in Septemlur, where it became aliundant the fol- 
 lowing spi'ing (W. H. Edwards, Pap. i, 0(5). It was "by no means raiv" in Virginia 
 (Bethune, loc. innlt.') 
 
 Of the extension of the southern horde we know nothing, but from the record of later 
 dates I have assumed an enlarged curve which seems best to agree with the facts. 
 
 But here enters a new factor. Dr. A. W. Chapman, a well-known and cx])erienced 
 lepidoj)terist, in response to my circular, writes to me from Apalachicola, Floi-ida. that the 
 butterlly first apjieared there in 187.') or 1871; adding tliat it has not yet become com- 
 mon, only half a dozen being seen in a season. Here we have a second southern coastal 
 introduction, unless iudeiMl it was imported from Charleston by rail direct, as seems more 
 jirobable. Its appearance, however it cani'' about, at these two southern stations at such 
 an early ])eriod exjilains why, when the insect does not llourish so well in the extri'ine 
 south as farther nortli,'^ it managed to reach Alabama at least as soon as it obtained a foot- 
 hold beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 Turning now to the year 187.") and beginning as before at the north, we find that ac- 
 cording to Mr. iSaunders it reac lied Paris, Out., in (he spring of 187.", and Loudon in 
 August (Report Ent. Soc. Out. 187."l, 151 ; Can. Ent. vii. 1(!;5). The same good 
 authority tells us (//>/(/.) that it had reached western Ohio, and a gardener in 
 southwestern Ohio reports that it lirst troubled him in 187(5 at Mt. liepose, Clermont 
 Co., and therefote presumably reached that ])lace by 187') (F. {{. Fislier). It did not how- 
 ever reach (Jineinuati until the following year (^C. Diiry) though it had followed the 
 western Alleghanies down to Maryville, Blount (Jo., eastern Tennessee, a little south of 
 Knoxvllle, where Mr. E. M. Aaron saw it in 187."). It was now common in West Vir- 
 ginia, and [iresiimably extended into North Carolina, though we have no report from 
 
 ' l)r. .1. K. IscMii rcpc^iiril that it llrsi upix^upmI iit Clivo- 
 liinil III till' .-.|iriiiu 111' IKT.-i (Can. '■'.lit. \ll,tKO)i liilt lie is 
 ('(•I'taiiily ill (Midi'. 
 
 MKMUIIIM MIHITIIN 80<;. >.«■'. 11181., V •!.. It*. U > 
 
 ' In .'viilcni'c (if tills, til,' fact tiiat, it is still scniv.' iil 
 .\|iaiaiiiliiila is suiipoi-icil liy ii, I'ailiiii: lo invatic i\w pi'ii- 
 lu.siila ul' I'lDi'lilu. 
 
 ■KT' 
 
 11 
 
 wmmmmmmmm 
 
62 
 
 SAMUKL II. SCUDDER OX THE SPREAD 
 
 1876. 
 
 there until 1S7S, when Mr. W. V. Andrews found it in Mureh at Aslieville. The sonth- 
 ern i>;irt oi" our line for this year is, therefore, purely eoujectural, as are also the lines for 
 the southern colonies, from which we have no data. 
 
 There enters now a good deal of confusion in the dates of its appearaiice as ohtainod 
 hy correspondence in dilVerent ])arts of the west. The insect had become abundant on 
 all the niaiu railway lines runniug east and west and was liable to be forcibly carried in 
 auy direction. "Wherever a pair, male and female, happeni'd after all vicissitudes to come 
 together, there would be the point for the introduetiou of a new colony; for mignonette 
 or cabbage or turnip would be found somewhei'e about; and the only woiuler is that 
 the moviMuent of the throng was as regular as it was. 
 
 During I>S7() it covered the whole of western Ontario (Saunders loc. elf.) and extended 
 into eastern Michigan (A. J. Cook); Mr. E. A. Strong even states that he took it at 
 (Jrand liapids in IST."), hut this I think nuist be a fault of recollection. Below 
 the Lakt's however, it moved on moi-r- rapidly. It is possible, if not probable, 
 that one of tlu- roadside colonies to which I alluded above was established in central 
 Indiana lu'lbiv this, for Mr. S. (J. Evans says that Pierin raimr was cimunon in Kvans- 
 ville when he commenced colli'cting then' in 187-1; and Dr. G. M. Levette writes mo 
 from Indiaiia|)olis, ''From recollections of myself and others I v/ould place it [the in- 
 troduction of P. rai><tr at that point | in IST'J or IST!}." We have the very definite state- 
 ment from Di'. F. W. (Joding that he cajilured a female in his father's gai'dcn in Kane 
 Co., 111., 4 i miles west of Chicago on Sept. 17, 1S7.1». A few days afterward he saw sev- 
 eral, as he now distinctly remembers, in cabbage fields west of Chicago, flying in com- 
 l)any with P. profodia . Mi'. J. W. Huett also writes that he tii'st saw the butterfly at 
 Farm Kidge, LaSalle Co., in the spring of 1874 or 187.'), in scanty numbers. It would 
 therefore appear highly probable that, a year or two in advance of the normal rate of 
 pi'ogress, Pi( ris rapae swept into Chicago on a railway train. We have no further record 
 for this yeai'of the advance of the great horde, but simply from analogy and subsc(pient 
 facts, the curve of its probabli' progiess has l)een [)laced on the map. 
 
 In 187(>, liowt'ver, we have indications of tlu; spread of l)oth of the southern colonies, 
 for in Oetobi'r of this year. Dr. A. OemU'r detected the butterlly at AV^ilmington Island 
 otf Savannah, — evidently an t'xtcnsiou of the Charleston colony of 187.'$; while the fact 
 that the butterlly was as common in 187(5 as now at Lumpkin in the southwestern part 
 of the state, as I am informed by Mr. A. \V. Latimer, indicates the spread of the Apu- 
 lachicohi colony. 
 
 In 1877, to begin now with the south, these two southern colonies ])rohal)ly merged, 
 for the butterlly was connuon at Macon, as reported by I'rof J. M Willet at the August 
 meeting of the (ieorgia Horticultural Society, a point which probably might 
 have been reached by either co'ony this year, though not by the northern horde 
 for a year or two latei-, to judge by all accounts. For, to fon'stall the succeeding years 
 a little, the pest was not noticed in northern Alabama until 1871), nor at Atlanta, Georgia, 
 until 1880, nor at Cluster, S. C, until 1881 (L. M. Loomis). 
 
 From these points to Illinois is a long leap, but for this year it has no record. Ex- 
 cepting for the notice of its comnion occurrence at the head of Lake Kosseau in the 
 Muskoka District, east of Georgian Bay, Canada (Saundi^-s, Can. Ent. ix, 18,"i), the only 
 
 1877. 
 
 
i 
 
 OF PIERIS RAPAE IN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 G3 
 
 The south- 
 the lilies ibr 
 
 :iH ohtalneil 
 fil)un(l;int on 
 ]y cariied in 
 ides to come 
 ■ mignonette 
 niler is that 
 
 nd extondi'd 
 le took it at 
 ion. Below 
 ot probable, 
 il in central 
 m in Kvans- 
 e writes mo 
 e it [the in- 
 e finite state- 
 len in Kane 
 he saw sev- 
 ing in com- 
 bntterlly at 
 ^. It would 
 rinal rate of 
 p'ther record 
 snbsequent 
 
 ■rn colonies, 
 gton Island 
 hile the fact 
 vestern part 
 )f the Apa- 
 
 bly mei'ged, 
 the August 
 )al)ly might 
 thern horde 
 eding years 
 ta, (Jeorgia, 
 
 •cord. TCx- 
 sseau in the 
 'i), the only 
 
 remaining data are for Illinois and Michigan; the butterfly had covered the lower half 
 of tlm lower peiiinsida of Michigan ( A. J. Cook, E. W. Aliis) and pai't of Illinois, The 
 specific points which it had reiciied in tlie latter state are the region about Chicago, 
 — Maplewood (C^ Thomas, (r. II, FriMich). DeKalb Co,, sixty miles west of Chicago (P. 
 M, AVebstcr), — Decatur (W, Barnes), and Champaign, in the autumn (C, Wood worth). 
 The first two of these may easily have been the mere extension of the Chicago colony, 
 the latter two of the Indiana, but, in all probability, the succeeding year saw a blending 
 of all the colonies both north and south. 
 
 For then. 1M78, not only is almost the whole of Illinois invaded, but the advance guard 
 has ])uslied across the Mississippi and iiitrcuclu'd iiscH in Iowa and Missouri, According 
 to Dr, C. Thoniiis, it ai)iiearc(l at ('ari)ou(lalc carlv in the vi'ar and "in injurious , _ 
 innnbers" at Springlicld (!)tb Jvcp. luj. Ins. III.. ',)). It bad crf>ssed the Mississippi 
 at at least two points. Prof, li, li. Kowlcy wi'ites me from Curryville, Pike Co., Mo,, 
 that he collected two specimens on ladish i)lossoms at Louisiana in that county in 'Iidy, 
 1878, and I'rof. S, M, Tracy says that lu' noticed it at Columl)ia, in 1877, the first year 
 of his I'esidencc there'. Further. Mi'. .1. M. Mvers writes me that five or six specimens 
 were taken at Fort Madison. Iowa, in the autunm ol' 1878; and the sanu' fact is reported 
 by Mr, A, AV. Ilolfnieistei- (Ti-ans. Iowa Ilort. Society, 187i)). There can therefore be 
 little doubt that it was in this year tiial it first ei'osscd the Mississii»pi. In Tennessee too, 
 it was close to the Mississippi in 1878, for according to Mr. F, V. Ilynds it appeai'ed this 
 year at Ualston Station in Weakley Co.; and it was in March recorded from Asheville, 
 N. C, by Mr. W. V. Andrews (Can, Ent„ x. !>8). 
 
 In 1870 it had extendi'd up the peninsula of Michigan, having been taken at Luding- 
 ton either this year oi' the pi'cceding i)y Mi', \, B. Pierce, and had invaili'd Wisconsin, 
 ajipearing in May about Racine (P. I{, Hoy) and being abundant there (O. S, ,„„„ 
 AVestcott) although it did not n ach Milwaiikei- that year (R. T, Church), Dw 
 Hoy's printed statement will be found in his list of Wisconsin Lepidoptera, and should 
 bi' noticed by any one led astray by thi" statement in the American Entomologist (ir, 
 71)) that it was said by Dr. Iloy t,o be toK'rably comiuon in Wisconsin in 18()1>, This 
 last publication may account foi' the statement by Dr, Fitch in his thirteenth Report on 
 New York insects, in speaking of the new cabbage pests, that " tiie jjivsent year (1870), 
 ])robably favored by the protraeti'd drought, they have suddenly overspread a large ])or- 
 tion of the middle and irrs/<rii slati's," when in fiU't tlu-y had not extended westward 
 beyond tite middle of his own state, Possiljly it was i)ased on the statcmi'iit already re- 
 ferred to in Edwards' Butterflies, Mr. RiUy has also stated (U. S. Agrie. Rep., 188!}, lOit) 
 that it had appeared in (ireen Hay (Wisconsin) in 1871, but that probably his correspond- 
 ent mistook an allied species for it. In Iowa it made rapid advances. We have already 
 seen it at Fort Madison in the southeasti'rn coriu-r. It probably appeared in 1878 also 
 at Keota in Keokuk Co., for it was destructive there before the end of 187!) (A. S, Van 
 Winkle). At >[uscatine, according to Miss Alice Walton, now Mrs, Beatty, it appeared 
 in the latter part of May (Proc. Muse, Acad., Nov. ){. 187!)) and according to Mr, F, M. 
 Witter (Proc, Iowa Acad., 187o-8(). 21-L'll) became destriielive that year. It appeared 
 this year also in Linn Co., where it was verv destructive (Riley), Hut it went beyond 
 
 ' Tills Ih cut'tuliily po.-slblu, but 11 was iiu)ie probably in 187a, tu JuUjfu by oUiui' rcpoiU. 
 
 ir-r^-Tf- 
 
 ~><*^MH|-f-rT-' 
 
64 
 
 SAMUEL II. SCLDDEK ON THE SPREAD 
 
 1880. 
 
 theeastorn tior of counties, for it was foiiiul at Dcs Moines, according to a coiTcsponclent 
 of the Pniiiie Fanner of Chicago (Am. Ent., iir, 55), and in the autumn it reached Ames 
 (II. Osborn), and had even advanced by midsummer to Omaha in Nebraska, according 
 to Mr. L. IJruner, i. c, across the entire slate of Iowa. In all probability it may have 
 been prematurely carried to that gi'eat railway centre by the freight trains. The sur- 
 ])rising thing about this is that it appeared to have no outcome, as we shall see. The bnt- 
 tei'tly appeared also about St. Louis this year (Miss M. E. Mnrtfeldt) and at many 
 localities in Alabama, such as Marion (J. P. liailcy. Am. Ent., iir, 107) and Selma 
 (Rilev), though Mr. Kiley did not sec it at ^lobih. on a visit there (U. S. Agric. Kep., 
 188:Cl09). 
 
 In 1880 it had advanced in tlu' north, according t(t Mr. Saundei's, to Manitoulin Isl- 
 and near the northeastern end of Lake Huron (Can. Ent., xir, 192-195), to the 8ault 
 Ste. Marie, to Itochester in the southeastern corner of Minnesota (C. N. Ainslee), 
 to West I'oint, Nebraska (L. Bruner), to Lawrence, Kansas, in March (P. II. 
 Snow) and to Manhattan in the same state ("NV. Kuans, E. A. Popenoe). Dr. W. S. New- 
 Ion writes me that, according to his note book, it appeared at Oswego in the southeastern 
 corner of the state on June 10, 1879, but he is not quite positive about the year. It is 
 also rejwrtcd this year Irom Atlanta, Ga., i»i July, by C. \. Kiley (Am. Ent., ur, 200). 
 It must have been there the year previous. 
 
 In 1881 we have icw reports of its extension, but it was this year that it became 
 common on Keeweenaw Point, at Calumet, Mich. (E. T. Custis), though the post- 
 -„_^ master at Kasson, Leelenaw Co., told Mr. E. W. AUis that it did not a])pear 
 in that place luitil a year or two later. It was as late as Aug. 3 that Mr. G. M. 
 Dodge liivst saw it at Glencoe, Dodge Co., Ne])raska, not lilly miles from Omaha (Can. 
 Ent., XIV, ;J9) and not until this year did it make its api)earance at Salina, Kan., be- 
 coming common in 1882 (A.W.Jones). It is also reported as appearing in 1881 at 
 Bastrop, Texas (L. Ileilcgerodt). * 
 
 In 1883 (there being no statistics obtainal)le for 1882) we have several vei-y interest- 
 ing extensions. Mr. Walter Ilaydcn, I'eturning to England in 1883 from Moose Fac- 
 tory at the extreme southern eiul of Hudson Ba^', took with him an interesting 
 collection of insects, among which !Mr. J. Jenner Weir found a single pair of 
 P. rajxie, which were all he had taken there ii\ a residence of five and a half years. Pre- 
 sumably tlie insect had arrived shortly before his departifc. It was only in this year, 
 according to Mrs. E. A. Patten, that it ap))eaied at Miinu'ai)olis, Minn., yet it was now 
 that Capt. Gamble Gcddes took it in Manitoba along the line of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway, at least as fai- as Brandon, about longitude 100". Further, Mi-. Charles S. 
 Brown of Ludden, Dickey Co., Dakota, writes me that he reached that country in 1883 
 — one of the first settlers there — and noticed then a few specimens of the buttertl}', 
 which has since become common. It is evident that it has nearly outrun the tide of civ- 
 ili/ation. 
 
 But even this record is outsti'ipj)ed by the report that it actually reached the Rocky 
 mountains in Montana in 1881. Two correspondents have answered my inquiries from 
 
 1883. 
 
 ' Ml'. N. I'uluiiiiui I'uuikI 11 In Mai'shull, Ti'Xiks, wlioii lie iiiuvcil Uicre In ISmI. Hu Uiouj>ht It liuil not buuii thero lung. 
 
 7— If 
 
«iiia2ffija 
 
 OF PIERIS KAPAE IN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 G5 
 
 orrc8j)onclent 
 iU'hc'd Anu'S 
 a, accordinj^; 
 it may have 
 s. The sur- 
 e. Thebnt- 
 iml at many 
 
 I and Si'lina 
 Agile. Kep., 
 
 initoulln Isl- 
 to the 8aiilt 
 N. Ahi.slee), 
 [arch (F. II. 
 W. S. New- 
 southeastern 
 i year. It is 
 It, III, 200). 
 
 at it became 
 ^h the ])o.st- 
 [1 not ajjpear 
 It Mr. G. M. 
 )maha (Can. 
 la, Kan., be- 
 ig in 1881 at 
 
 ery interest- 
 Moose Fac- 
 
 II interesting 
 ingle pair of 
 years. Pre- 
 in this year, 
 t It was now 
 ulian Pacific 
 •. Charles !S. 
 ntry in 1883 
 he buttertly, 
 .! tide of civ- 
 
 d \h{' Roclcy 
 i<iuiries from 
 
 ivoa llici'u luiit;. 
 
 there; one has not seen it and says it must be rare or local if there at all ; the has occa- 
 sionally noticed a Picris. but took it to be P. oh raaa (K. S. Williams) ; the other, Mr. 
 
 F. W. Anderson, savs he saw none iu ISSo, one in 1881 and another in 1880. 
 
 North of the l)ountlary, according to the report of a four years' resident, the 
 insect has not yet reached Kegina (N. II. Cowdry). 
 
 A few words only will sutlice for all later atatislics. In 1885 it is recorded from Du- 
 luth, at the western end of Lake Superior ( W. IF. Edwards) ; and ]\[r. David Bruce, who 
 has spent the last thri'e sunmiers in Colorado and has closely watched all white ,„ _ „ 
 butterHies on the search for some of the rarer foi-ms, met with J', raiiae for the first 
 time in 188(5, seeing a dozen specimens about Denver ])etween August and October. In 
 this same yeai' it apparently made its lirst advent into the eastern half of FIcM'ida. En- 
 quiries, last autumn, of several (■ntoniologists residing tiiere, ^[essrs. Ashmead at Jackson- 
 ville, Hubbard at Crescent City, Mead and Chase in Oi'ange Co., elicited the unifoi-r.i 
 response that the bulterlly had not reached there; Init Dr. J. M. Wheaton of Colum- 
 bus, Ohio, wi'ites me that he o])tained a single Itattei'ed specimen about the first of 
 April, 188G, while on a visit to Jacksonville. Thcie is probably, therefore, no state in 
 the Union, east of the Rocky Mountains, where it does not occur, though it has not been 
 reported, to my knowledge, from Mississippi, Louisiana or Arkansas. It is hardly pos- 
 sible that it has not coveied nearly or i[uite the whole of each, though ^[r. H. d'Ailly of 
 Malvern, Arkansas, writes me that it has not yet reached that place in the centi'e of the 
 state. 
 
 If now we examii'M the map upon which these statements have been represented, we 
 shall be struck, I think, by two or three |)rincii)al points; 1. The moi'c; rapid spread 
 of the butterfly, at fii'st, toward the east and southeast until it reachi'd the sea, rather 
 than toward the southwi'st along the valley of the St. Lawrence. 2. The comi)ara- 
 tively small amount of hindrance mountainous and elevated countries seem to have pre- 
 sented in the early part of its career; indeed, if the first record of its appearance in 
 East Tennessi'e is ct)rri'ct (and we have excellent authority for it) these would seem in 
 the warmer latitudes to have offered a distinct highway for the movements of the army, 
 
 Avhich the curves for 187-1-1877 are meant to show. 
 
 The favorable intiuenee of 
 
 cobmies on the spread of the _.esl with the single exception of that at Omaha. 4. 
 The excessively ra|)id, forwai'd movement towai'd the west and southwi'st as soon as the 
 Valley of the Mississippi is reached; compare, for Instance, the five years' advance from 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, to Lawrence, Kansas, or to liastrop, Texas, and the otherwise ra[)id 
 five years from central New York to western Ohio, or the five years it took to cover 
 thi "^<}W England states, 't. The natural limit to its southei-n extension, as shown 
 by the fact that it can hardly maintain itself at Apalaehicola and has not pushed its 
 way into the peninsula of Florida Ijeyond, hardly to, Jacksonville, although it has for 
 ten years been within what would elsewhere be not more than a year's flight away. 
 
 It may here be mentioni'd, as a fact noted by every one who has studied buttei-flies 
 and by many others, that as fast and as fai- as Puriti ra/ntf has spread, it has almost 
 exterminated the native white buttx'rflies, bt)th the southein cabhage butterfly, Ponlia 
 pfotiHlia',\\\w\\ is itself luu'mful, and Piiris olenicca, which is compai-atively innocuous. 
 It is also observed that the see jud year after the advent ol' P. rapae is the one iu which 
 
1 
 
 66 
 
 samuf:l h. scudder on the spread 
 
 it is most nnmei'oiis and does the most damaj^e. Tts jiarasites then follow it up and its 
 injuries, th(>u;;li still sofious. are hv no means so alarming. 
 
 I have purposely retrained from mentioning hitlierto the fact that, in the o])inion of 
 some entomologists, l*ien'.'< rapae is indigenous to the Paeitic coast of America, or 
 at least has been known there for fully a quarter of a century and no one knows how 
 much longer. Specimens were first brought east by ^[r. A. Agassiz in IS.!!). It is well 
 known that the buttertlies (not to mention other animals) of the Pacific coast are more 
 nearly allied to those of the Old World than are the buttcrllies east of the Rocky Mts.; 
 and therefore, to one regarding these western Pieiids as identical with I*, rapae, they 
 may well be looked upon as autochthonous, inasnmch as in the Old World P. rapae ex- 
 tends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from Great Uritaiu and Iiarl)ary to Kamtschatka 
 and Japan. In his elaborate ])ai)er on the Americun forms of I'iei'is allied to P. 
 napi of Europe (Papilio i. 8;J-9i), pi. 2-3), Mr. AV. H. Edwards has argued that all 
 the American species of Pieris (as I have limited it) which do not l)elong to the Euro- 
 pean P. rapae, are to be classed with the European P. nap!, and in his last catalogue he 
 has so arranged them, excepting that for some unaccountable reason he sei)arates as a 
 distinct s])eeies P. virglniensis, wh'xeh he himself stated three years earlier had given birth 
 in Mr. Mead's breeding experiments to the form oleracea. 
 
 This is not the place for the discussion of atiinitics, so I can only here express my 
 ])resent dissent from the conclusions of Mr. Edwaids, maiidy upon the very grounds set 
 forth in his paper, in which I think he has confounded two distinct species. !My own be- 
 lief is that we have in America, in addition to the inti-oduced /'. rapae, two distinct aii- 
 tochthcmous species, each of which shows seasonal dimoridiism similar to that of /*. 
 rapae, and at least one of them some marked geograi)hioal races. One species, gener- 
 ally known as /'. oleracea, covers the continent from ocean to ocean and I'eaches from 
 Alaska and Labrador to Central Calilbrnia, Colorado and A'irgiiiia. It has been de- 
 scribed under many different names, such as casta, crnciferarum,marginalis, frigida, hulda, 
 and virginiensis, besides several varietal designations. As a general rule it has no spots 
 upon the upper surface, though these sometimes appear, ])rol)al)ly by reversion. The 
 other 8|)eeies, I\ veiio.sa, has been hardly less tormented with appellations, having i)eci> 
 also christened pallida, yreka,castoria, nasturtii, resedae and ibei'idis. It is found along 
 the Pacific const from central Califbi'uia to liritish Columbia at least as far as Lat. 52" N. 
 It is closely allied to and may be said to represent P. iiapl in this e mntry. It is, how- 
 ever, as distinct from P. napi as /*. tiajii is from /*. rapae, and the oidy logical outcome 
 from the position assumed b}' ^[r. Edwards is, in my opinion, to consider all these species 
 of Pieris, — ra])ae, mipi, oleracea and venosa, as different foi-ms of one species. It mat- 
 ters little whether they are looke 1 at in this light or as distinct species, for they undoubt- 
 edly came from the same stock. The only claim I woidd make is that if /*. rapae and 
 P. napi are distinct species, as they are universally considered in Europe, then the 
 American species, previous to the introduction of /'. rapae into eastern Canada, were dis- 
 tinct from the European and from each other. That certain forms of each of them, and 
 (^speeially of P. renosa, might readily be taken (as has I)een done) for /'. rapae is un- 
 (piestioiuible, and it is possible that tiie species, seen in 1S81 and again in 18S(i at (Ireat 
 Falls and the Belt Mts., ^[ontana, was P. venoaa, so marked. I have accordingly cov- 
 
OF PIERIS RAPAE IN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 67 
 
 it up and its 
 
 ic ()i)inion of 
 Amei'ica, or 
 
 knows how 
 1. It is well 
 1st are more 
 Itocky Mts. ; 
 
 rapae, they 
 ^. rapae ex- 
 Lumtschatka 
 allied to P. 
 ned that all 
 () the Euro- 
 •atalogne he 
 pa rates as a 
 1 yiven birth 
 
 express my 
 
 <?ronnds set 
 
 ^ly own be- 
 
 distinet au- 
 
 1 that of r. 
 
 ■eies, gener- 
 
 eaehes from 
 
 >s been de- 
 
 ^ida.hulda, 
 
 >as no spots 
 
 reion. The 
 
 laving beei» 
 
 uund along 
 
 Lat. 52»N. 
 
 It is, how- 
 
 [■al onteoine 
 
 lese speeies 
 
 s. It mat- 
 
 y undonbt- 
 
 rujme and 
 , then the 
 a, were dis- 
 f them, and 
 apae is un- 
 ■^0 at Great 
 lingly cov- 
 
 ered ihe area upon tlie map over whieh P. rmosa is known to extend with close cross rul- 
 ing, and that which i( may |)r()l)ably als(» occupy with more open ruling. It will thcieby 
 be seen that the introduced /*. ra/xit- is rapidly progrt'ssing t')ward its near of kin. It 
 may well he believed that if J*, rnjit/t' has in the last five years crossed ihe high plains 
 of Kansas and Nebraska on its westwai'd march, as it has done, the butterfly considered 
 by Mr. AV. II. Etlwards and others as Pliris rn/xic, which has been on the Pacific coast 
 since lS~)i), would, in rnoi-e than a quailer of a century, if it were /\ rapiif, certainly have 
 extended eastwai-(l across the less ai'id country along the northern boundary of the United 
 States to a ])!'(tj)i)rti()nal)ly longer distance. — which it certainly has not done. It there- 
 fore fail-* in one characteristic of that ravenous and di'stiau'tive si)ecies. It should be 
 added that the oidy I'orms eonsidei-ed by any one as identical with P. mpae are those 
 descriln'd by myself as P. iiHu-f/iiid/is and by Mr. Rcakirt as /*. >/ri'kf(. They came 
 from California, Oregon and AVashington Territory. 
 
 AVith regard to the nature of the documentary evidence a few words may be said. 
 One would expect tliat inneh might be learned from agricultural and horticultural jour- 
 nals abont the movements of the butterlly. l)Ut a great amount of tinu> has here been 
 wasted in vain search; very little was to be f)un(l and that little generally so vaguely 
 stated as to be valueless. Direct en piiry has been almost the sole resource of vaitu' after 
 the entomological journals, and esi)ccially the pages of the Canadian Entomologist. 
 
 In the mass of information received from xcvy various quarters in re])ly to my circular 
 of in(piiry. it has of couisc bciMi impossible to wi'igh the evidence for exactly what it was 
 Avorth. iSome of it, as was to be expccti'd, had to be thrown out altogether as coming 
 from those who were not sulliciently ol)servant to have distinguished between the new 
 ])est and its allies, also destructive to cabbages. To adopt iiuliscriminately all the data 
 olfered would lead to a chaotic result: we should l)e obliged for instance to say that the 
 butterlly appeared in Ohio in IStJo, when it had only that yeai' crossed the northern bor- 
 der of New England; or that it ivached central Illinois in 1871 or 1872, or even in 
 LSiliJ) when it 'lad not yet Ihmmi borne across the ocean; or that it appeared in (reorgia 
 in 1802 and was abundant i.uie in 18()(), some ten years before its time. ISIore possibly 
 correct is the nearly accoi'dant testimony of no less than three rcportei-s, whose judgment 
 I have no means of ti-sting; they agree in giving 18()1 or ISO.") as the date ol" the first 
 appearance of the butterlly in eastern Pennsylvania and a fourth relers to it hesitatingly, 
 ])erhaps as a nuitter of re])oit; it is possible that it might have been brought across the 
 ocean dii'eet to IMiiladelphia at that datt', but as it did not attract the atti'ution of other 
 entomologists in and about Philadeli)hia or make its impi-ession on the country around, 
 the supposition is rendered highly imprctbabh'; uov do the facts given above regarding its 
 spread about New York lead ns to admit that it reached that city from Philadelphia. 
 It is far easier to sui)i)ose either that a mistake was made by each observei" in the spe- 
 cies concerned, or that the memory was at f nit, — all these statements coming to me in 
 answer to my encpiiries last autumn; ncme of them are printed records. The point may 
 perhaps be best solved by entomologists of that region, if they wish to follow ituj); iu 
 whi(!h case the dc>tails in my possession will be fiuaiished to any competent pei'son. 
 
 I have not mentioned above a ri'port made to me by an entomologist, Mr. George 
 Bowles, whose si»eeialty is Coleojtera, who states that when on a natnial history l^xpe- 
 
 T 
 
 .. — TTTHiimg 
 
^m^t^'i^KAy '•'*^!'»|!.;.,, 
 
 ■riffli-- 
 
 G8 
 
 SAMUEL H. SCUDDER ON THE SPllEAl) 
 
 clltioii to the West Indies and Sonth Americi). he passed two days at the Island of Do- 
 minica, and there "observed the Initterlly [P. rapae] alon^ tlie edges of tlie canefields 
 and in many parts of the town (Roseau),andI was tohl,it lived npon the mnstard plant." 
 This is an extract from his jonrnal of Febrnary 2.'i, 1884. In a snl)seqnent letter he states 
 that he is quite confident of his identification of the butterfiy as it was very nuineroiis 
 and he had " paid i)articular attention to it in this count ry " from his interest in it through 
 his cousin Mr. G. J. Bowles, -who first l)rought it to notice in the Canadian Naturalist. 
 Unfortunately all his collections, possibly including specimens of the butterfly seen, were 
 lost by an accident on the Magazine River, Britisli Guiana. Mr. Bowles gave me the 
 addresses of persons in the Antilles wlio, he thouglit, might oI)tnin specimens for me, and 
 I have received replies from them, but as yet no autoptic evidence that P. rapae exists 
 there, nor indeed anything to corr()])orate Mr. Bowles" belief, excepting from (jue gentle- 
 man who writes: "I have an idea I have seen the butterfiy you menti(m, but am not cer- 
 tain." Enquiries are not yet closed, however. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be remarked that tlie definite setting down of territorial limits to 
 each year's spread will naturally raise the question in the mind of every lepidopterist 
 who examines the map, whether it rightly interprets the matter for the ground with which 
 he is familiar. I beg therefore to ask those who see reason to question the accui'acy of 
 the lines at any point kindly to give me the benefit of their l)etter knowledge, by exact 
 and detailed statements; and, where possible, founded on something better than memory. 
 Should a sufficient number of important divergences come to light, I Avill make thera 
 public in a formal statement. It may be stated, in a general way, that the lines are more 
 conjectui'al in the southern states than elsewhere, owing to the paucity of observations. 
 
 BlULlOGUAPUY. 
 
 1. BowKEs, G. J. On the occurrence of Pieris rapae in Canada. Can. Xat. n. a. \, 
 
 2o8-2()2. 8" [Montreal, 18(U. Separate, pp. 4. 
 
 2. Ritchie, A. S. Notes on the small caljbage butterfly, Pieris rapae. Can. JV^at. n. 
 
 s. HI, 20.3-300. 8" Montreal, 18(57. Separate, pp. 7." 
 
 3. ]SrixoT, C. S. Cabbage butterflies. Am. Ent. ir, 7()-77. 8" St. Louis, 1870. 
 
 4. Fitch, Asa. Cabbage worm or turnip buttei-fly. IfHh Jtcp. JSfox. Ins. JV. T. 
 
 (Ann. Rep. St. Agric. Soc.,) 543-."^()3. 8" Albany, 1870. 
 
 5. RiLKY, C. V. Cabbage worms. 2d Ami. Rvp. St. Entom. Missouri, 104-110. 8" 
 Jefferson City, 1870. 
 
 BoAVLKS, G. J. Notes on Pieris rajiac. Can. Enf., iv, 102-105. 8", London, 1872. 
 Betiiune, C. J. S. Insects affecting the cabbage. Itpp. Enf. Soc. Ont., 1871, 82- 
 88. 8" Toronto, 1872. 
 8. PactvAkd, a. S. The imported cabbage catcriiillar and its parasite. 2nd Ann. Rep. 
 
 TiiJ. Ins. Mass., 8-11. S" Boston, 1872. 
 0. Betiiune, C. J. S. Cab])age bulterfiie.s. Can. Ent., v, il-iS. 8" London, 1873. 
 10. Saiixdeils, W. The English cabbage butterfly, ii'e^;. Ent. Soc. Out., 1875, 31-32. 
 8" Toronto, 187G. 
 
 0. 
 
 7. 
 

 OV FIKHIS HAPAK IN XOHTII AMKHICA. 
 
 69 
 
 11. Wam-on, Amck B. Tho UL-w (•al)l)a-c' buttecny. Read before the Muscatine Acad- 
 
 emy of Science, Nov. :}, 1S7!». 1 p. 4" n. p., n. d. 
 
 12. HoFFMEiSTKR, A. AV. Report on noxions insects. Tra»s. Io„m Ilort. S»c viv 
 
 H2. S" [Muscatine, 1S7JK '' ' 
 
 l;i WlTTE.^ F. M. Notes on Pieris rapae Schrani<. Pro.: Muse. ArwI. .S.., April 
 
 5, 18S0. 2 i)p. II. p., n. d. 
 U. Waf/pov, ALtCK H. Tiie cal)l)a,-., enemy and remedies. Trans. In,oa Hort Sor 
 
 XIV, 2.3-24. S" Muscatine, n. .1. 
 15. Thomas, C Cabba-e insects. .'Hh Rp. St. Eat. III., 7-50. 8- Springtield, J8S0. 
 lb. JJODGE, Ct. :\r. The cabbage I)ntterHy, Pieris rapae, in Nebraska. U,n. E„t. Sor 
 
 O//^. 1882, ;}()-:$ I. 8' Toronto, 188.3. ^ - ^ -o.. 
 
 17. FoiiHES, S. A. Exi.eriments with the Enropeau cabbage worm. VMh Ren St Fat 
 
 lll.,SSl-Ti. 8' Springfield, 1883. 
 
 18. RrLEV, C. V. C;ibl)age worm^. A,ia. R-p. [J. S. Ca^u . Aari,:, 1883, 107-138 
 
 8" Washington, 1883. 
 
 MKMDIllS nnsTON BO,-. NAT. 1II,«T.. Vor.. IV. 10 
 
 Mna!MIKL'.« 
 
 ^' 
 
 MM 
 
 IMHM 
 
ri 
 
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 Memoirs 
 
 Kf 
 
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 }'U(:- .". 
 
 MAP 
 
 SllOWINI- TflK ( KNTUKS AM) 
 AXNl'M, AIIKAS OF DlSTHllilTION Ol' 
 
 PIKRIS l{iVI*x\K 
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 KHUM IIS INTHOniTTlON FN Till-; I'iAST 1\ 
 18H() TO IHHt;. 
 
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 136" 
 
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 120 11&" 110^ 
 
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