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B.A. fffACHER OF HISTORY IN THE JAMESON AVB. LLBGIATR INSTITUTE, TORONTO, ONT. A TORONTO, ONT;. CHAS. J. MUSSON. 1897. Fcn Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada in the year one thou- sand eight hundred and ninety-seven, by Chas. J. MussoN, at the Department of Agriculture. PMirraD Ain> boukd by Tbb Hubtbr, Rosi Oompany Ltd. TOROMTO. PEEFACE. At the suggestion of a number of ex-pupils I have ventured to put into the form of these Topical Studies the course of les- sons which my classes have taken in Canadian History. As a guide to the student in his study of the prescribed text-book, these lessons may perhaps be of some value. They are, of course, not intended to take the place of a text-book. Each Topic, it will be observed, is first given in outline, then in greater detail. This arrangement is made, Ijecause it is especially true of students that " they can't see the wood for the trees." Experience has taught me, and my fellow-teachers, similarly instructed, will no doubt agree with me, that a clear knowledge of present historic conditions is the best preparation for the study of the past. This explains the Introductory Topic, " The Canada of To Day." Starting out with a definite under- standing of the present state of affairs, the pupil goes back to the beginning of his country's history, and notes, step by step, how this state of aflfairG has been brought about. In a work of this nature it is scarcely necessary to cite au- thorities. Parkman, in spite of latter-day criticism, remains our chief authority for the period of French rule. Dr. Kings- ford, whose scholarly and detailed history every Canadian should read, is excellent as a wholesome corrective of Park- man's occasional Americanism (compare e.g. the story of the taking of Louisburg as told by each), and covers a period greater than that covered by Parkman. Uarneau — how good a thing it is with our race prejudices still so absurdly strong, to read the pages of that true-hearted French-Cana-lian ! Dent's popularly -written History of the Eebellion, and History of tJie Last Forty Years, contain a mass of interesting details ; and where Dent leaves us have we not Hansard and the never- failing newspaper from which to study current history 1 As for Constitutional History, Dr. Bourinot is a most trustworthy Iv PREFACE. guide and authority. There is no lack of Canadian historians — their name is legion — yet there is a painful lack of historic knowledge among Canadian youth. Until the subject of his- tory is given the place it deserves in our High Schools, the work of the teacher of History, be he ever so zealous, will be productive of unsatisfactory results. If these " Studies " prove of any assistance whatever to the teacher or the student of a too despised and neglected subject in this country, the purpose of the book will be fulfilled. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY TOPIC The Canada of To-Day. PART I. Canada under French Rule. ^.«„« PAGES Topic I. — The Indians in and about Canada 1 -6 " 11 — The Discovery of America -8 '* III.— The Discovery of Canada 9 -12 " IV.— Champlain and his Co- Workers 13-17 " V. — The Jesuits in the Canadian Mission Fields. .18 -20 '* VI. — General History of Canada from Champlain's ,t death to the establishment of Canada as a Royal Province .21 -24 ' ' VII. — Establishment of Canada as a Royal Province. . 25 -29 '• VIII.- The Discovery of the Great West , ... .30 -32 IX.— Count Frontenac and his Work 33-36 " X.— Queen Anne's War 37 -39 " XI.— The War of the Austrian Succession (in so far as it affected Canada) 40 -43 " Xll.-The War of the Boundaries 44-55 PART II. Canada under British Rule. Topic I.— The Quebec Act 56-69 ** II. — Canada and the American Revolution 60 -67 •* III.— The Constitutional Act 68-73 ** IV. — Early Parliaments of Lower Canada 74 -78 •' v.— The Pioneers of Upper Canada 79 -84 " VI.— The War of 1812 85-97 «« VII -The Rebellion of 1837 90 -109 ' VIII— The Re-United Canadas 110-125 " IX. — The Maritime Colonies (previous to Confedera- tion) 126-139 *• X.— The Great North- West 140-149 '• XL— Confederation 150-163 " XIL— OurOwn Times ..164-177 •• XIIL— Canadian Literature and Art 178-186 APPENDIX. Governor-Generals since Confederation 187 (V) INTRODUCTORY TOPIC. THE CANADA OP TO DAY. SCHHMH. Ui 1. Extent of Canada. 3. Population of Canada. 3. Government of Canada. A. Municipal : B. Provincial and Territorial : (1) Provincial : (a) The Lieutenant-Governor, (6) The Executive Council, (c) The Par'iament : (i) The Legislative Council, (ii) The Legislative Assembly. (J) The Provincial System of Justice : (i) The Judges, (ii) The Law, (ill) The Courts, (iv) Officers of th© Law, (v) Trial by Jury, (vi) Provincial Revenues. (2) Tehritorial Government. O- Dominion Government: (vi) m THE CANADA OF TO-DAV. (1) The Govemor-Generul. (2) The Cabinet or Ministry. (3) The Dominion Parliament : (a) The Senate, ' (b) The House of Commons. (4) The Dominion Courts. (6) The Dominion Revenues. (6) Militia and Defence. . Imperial Government: (1) The Governor General. (2) Power of Veto. (3) Supreme Court of Appeal. (4) Treaty-Making. Vtt IMP VIU TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN IIISTOKV. EXPANSION OF SCHEME. 1. Extent of Canad a :— The Dominion of Cannda comprises a vast extent of territory extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the United States to the Arctic Seaa. Newfoundland and Labrador, lying to the north-east, though apart of British North America, are not yet united to the Government of Canada. To the north-west lies Alaska, a possession of the United States. In the Dominion of Canada are comprised the Provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, British Colum- bia, besides a great and as yet only partially explored tract of country, known as the North-West Territories, which are divided into five districts. All these Provinces and the Territories are united in what is called a federal union, that is, each part has its own local government and all unite in one general government. a. Population ; — The population consists of about live millions in all, there being : Y In Ontario about 2^ millions^ '" ti Quebec n 1^ n II The Maritime Provinces about I million (i.e. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.) In Manitoba about 150,000, .1 British Columbia about 100,000, f II The Territories about 100,010. In Quebec and the Martime Provinces are a great number of French people, about 1^ millions in Quebec, and about 100,000 in the Martime Provinces. The rest of the population is made up of English, Irish and Scotch elements chiefly, though 'Germans are found in considerable numbers especially in Ontario, and in British Columbia the Chinese are much in evidence, while scattered here and there over the whole Dominion may be found the descendants of the once mighty Red men, living in reserves granted by the Government. Of the total 5^000,000 of Canada's population, about 3,000,000 are Protestants and the remaining 2,000,000 Catholics. 3. Oovernment of Canada :— A. Municipal : In each of the Provinces the country is divided into small sections, called counties, townships, villages, towns and cities. Each of these sections manages its own affairs. Every year the THE CAVADA OP TO-DAY. ratepayers of each section elect a council to manage their affairs In townships and villages, the head of the council is called the Reeve, the other members, CoDNCiT.LORa. In towns and cities the head of the council in called the Mayok, and in cities the other members of the council are called Aldermen. TheCounty Councils,* which look after the affairs of the whole county, are made up of the Ueeves and Deputy Reeves of the different townships and villages in the county. In Quebec the Mayor is elected not directly by the rate- payers, but by a majority of the council. In all the Provinces except Quebec the voting i.s by ballot (that is, secret voting) Besides these annually elected ofhcials, each section has a large number of otlico- holders, some, such as clerks, being permanent, others, such as assessors, auditors, etc., being appointed each year. Of these officials the Clerk is most important. He keeps the Council records, publishes its by-laws, and performs many other duties. The Council has the power to pass by-laws regarding the bu'Ming of school- houses, the protection of animals, the planting oi trees, and, in general, all purely local matters. B. Provinci al and Teuritorial ; (1) Provincial: (a) The Lieutenant-Governor : At the head of the government of each province stances the Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the Governor-General of Can- ada for a term of five years. He summons, prorogues, and dis- solves the Provincial Parliament ; selects councillors who possess the confidence of that parliament ; makes appointments to office on the advice of these councillors ; and assents to the laws passed by Parliament. (6) The Executive Council ; These councillors, chc sen by the Lieutenant-Governor, are usu- ally styled the ministry, though the legal term is the Executive Council. Their number varies from five in British Columbia to eight in Ontario. Each councillor or minister, as he is generally called, has a special department to look after. For instance, the Commissioner of Crown Lands looks after the sale of the Crown (ie., public) lands, grants leases for the cutting of timber, and manages all the business connected with the lands not yet granted by the Government to private individuals. Then in each province there is a minister to look after financial matters ; another to super- intend public works ; a secretary and registrar to attend to all cor- *In Ontario, the County Oouncils are now (1897) composed not of Reeves and Deputy* Beeves of Townships, but of men specially elected for the purpose. TOriOA-t. STtDIISS IN CANADIAN HISTOllV. respondence. In some of the provinces there is also a minister to look after the interests of agriculture ; and in Ontario, there is a Minister of Education. AM these ministers, though appointed nominally by the Lieutenant-Governor, must be members of the Provincial Parliament, and the ministry, as a whole, must have a majority of the members in its favor. If they lose their majority, the ministers must either resign or induce the Lieutenant-Governor to dissolve parliament and hold a fresh election. This latter course is called ' ' appealing to the country. " The head of the ministry is known as the Premier, (i.e. Jirst man). If he is well versed in law, he generally takes the department (or portfolio, as it is called) of Attorney-General, that is, legal head of the province ; but there is no rue enforced, and a Premier mtiy take whatever portfolio he chooses. The members of the ministry are styled ** Honorable." (c) Provincial Parliaments : (i.) The Legislative Council : In two of the provinces, Nova Scotia and Quebec, the parlia- ment consists of two Houses, an Upper and a Lower. The Upper House is called the Legislative Council. Its members are appoint- ed by the Ctown (i.e., by the Lieutenant-Governor), nominally ; in reality they are appointed by the ministry . The Council of Que- bec consists of tweiity-four, that of Nova Scotia or twenty members, and each member must possess a certain amount of property. The Legislative Council can amend any Bill passed by the Lower House, or bring in any bill, except in the case of money-bills, which, according to old English usage, must originate in the Lower House. In Prince Edward Island there existed a Legislative Council until 1893, when it was abolished, or rather, united to the Lower House. Each constituency now returns two members, one as a councillor (who must have real property worth, at least, $325), and one as an ordinary member without any property qualification. New Bruns- wick, also, had an Upper House till very recently (1891). (11.) The Legislative Assembly : The Legislative Assembly, or Lower House, is an Assembly elected by the people, the franchise or right of voting, being very widely extended. In Ontario, New Brunswick, Manitoba and British Columbia, manhood suflFrage— i.e., every man at least twenty-one years of age having a vote — practically prevails. In Prince Edward Island the franchise is almost as widely extended. In Nova Scotia and Quebec, voters have to own a certain amount of property. The members of the Legislative Assembly are not re- quired to possess property ; all that is necessary is that they be British subjects and at least twenty-one years of age. They are The CANADA OP TO-I)AY. xt paid for their services, the amount varyini? from J^160 in Prince Edward Island, to $800 in Quebec. In addition to this they are tUh)wed mileage, i.e., a sura, generally ten cents a mile, to pay trav- elling expenses. Each Legislative Assembly, except that of Que- bec, continues in existence four years (that of Quebec, five) un- less for some grave reason the Lieutenant Governor dissolves it at an earlier date. At the opening of the Legislature each session, the Lieutenant-Governor goes in state to the legislative buildings, and opens the session with a speech— the Speech from the Throne, as it is called. A speaker or chairman is elected by the members to preside over their deliberations. E^ch Legislature must meet once every year. The subjects on which the Provincial Legislatures are allowed to make laws, must be purely provincial matters. Mat- ters relating to the Dominion as a whole are beyond their jurisdic- tion. An act of a provincial parliament may be disallowed by the Governor-General within one year after it has passed, but this is a pov/er very sparingly used. (d) The Provincial Courts: (i.) The Jugdes : The judges of all the important courts are appointed by the Dominion Government, but justices of the peace and police magis- trates are appointed by the Provincial Government. Judges can- not be dismissed except upon an address from the Dominion Par- liament to the Governor General. Judges of the higher courts must be lawyers of at least ten years' standing ; judges of the county courts, lawyers of at least seven years' standing. The Dominion Minister of Justice recommends all such appointments. (ii.) The Law : The law by which these judges act is chiefly English law, though in Quebec the French Civil Law is still in force. A great deal of our law consists of a mass of decisions which have been made by judges on important cases, and which serve as precedents for succeeding judges. Besides this "judge-made law," as it is called, statutes, passed from time to time, have built up a vast fabric of law. This is called "Statutory Law." (ill ) The C ourts : A large number of courts have been established to try all man- ner of oSencus. Some of them, the inferior courts, as they are called, have jvrisdiction only over minor matters, such as, e.gr., the recovery of small debts. Higher than these are the county courts. Then there are courts of superior jurisdiction, courts to decide questions of will« and inheritance (Probate and Surrogate Courts^ lit TOPICAL STUDIES itl CAJJADIAK ttlSTOBY. ?! I Courts of Revision of Voters' Lists, Courts for Disputed Elections) Divorce Courts (in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island), and Courts of Appeal. Each of these courts keeps strictly to its own business. (iv.) Officers of the Law : The Sheriff is the most important officer in the carrying out of the law. He is appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor. He summonses juries, controls jails, and sees that the sentences of the courts are carried out. The Constable is another officer, of lower rank, who can ar- rest persons whom he sees breaking the law, or make arrests on the warrant, or order, of a higher magistrate. In cities he is called a Policeman. Thb Coroner is an officer whose business it is to inquire into the causes of any sudden or mysterious death. He may call wit- nesses, and hold what is called an inquest (i.e. inquiry). If the inquest results in fastening suspicion of guilt upon any person, the coroner must issue a warrant to have this person brought before a justice for a regular trial. (v ) Trial by Jury : The system of trial in general practice among us is called Trial by Jury. Jurors are men selected to judge the evidence given at any trial, and pronounce a decision thereupon. A com- plete list of jurors is called a panel (because originally the list was written on a PANEL, i.e., piece of parchment). It used to be necessary to have twelve men to make up a jury, and these twelve had to come to a unanimous agreement before their verdict could be accepted. Neither of these conditions is now, in civil cases, necessary. In Ontario the jury consists of twelve generally, though sometimes eleven, and the agreement of ten is required. In Quebec, 12 form the jury, and 9 must agree. *' NovaScoiia, 9 " ~ *' New Brunswick, 7 " P.E.I., 7 ** Manitoba, 12 ** British Columbia, 8 This, however, applies only to civil cases. In questions of crime, when a man's life depends on the decision of the jury, a unanimous verdict is required. In case of a person accused of crime, the case first comes be- fore the attention of what is called the Grand Jury, which consists of from 12 to 24 men selected from a panel of jurymen. The Grand 7 5 6 9 A THE CANADA OF TO-DAY. XUl Jury look into the case, and decide whether there is sufficient evi- dence against the accused to justify a trial. If so, their foreman, or leader, writes the words ** true bill " on the bill or information which has been submitted to them. If they decide that the evidence is not sufficient to justify a trial, the foreman writes '* no case " on the bill. If a true bill is found, the accused is tried by another jury called a petty (from the French pelitj small) ju^y. The|case for the Grown, that is, against the prisoner, is conducted by an able lawyer, called the Counsel for the Crown. The accused generally employs a lawyer to defend him. After the jury are called and sworn, witnesses are examined in open court, questioned and cross- questioned by the lawyers. These lawyers make speeches, each bringing forward all the arguments possible on his side of the case ; and finally the jury retire to consider the case. When they have arrived at a decision, they return to the court-room, and the fore- man pronounces the accused " Guilty," or " Not guilty." If the juiy fail to agree, they are dismissed, a fresh jury chosen, and the trial begins anew. A condemned person may appeal to a higher court, or to the Governor-General, who, as the representative of the Sovereign of Britain, is '* the fountain of justice." (vi,) Provincial Revenues : , The supplies necessary to carry on the Provincial Governtnent are derived from different sources : from the sale of Crown lands, timber, minerals ; from direct taxation ; from saloon and tavern licences ; and also from subsidies or grants made by the Dominion Government annually to the provinces. (1) Territorial ; More than two-thirds of the Dominion of Canada is comprised in what we call the North-West Territories. These contain about two and a-half millions of square miles of land. All this area is under the control of the Dominion. The Territories are divided into five districts : — Keewatin (which has had only a nominal exist- ence since the boundaries of Ontario were extended a few years ago), Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Athabasca. The first of these is under the control of the Lieutenant-Governor of Mani- toba. Over the others, a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the Dominion Government, presides. He is assisted by a Council. The Territories were in 1888 granted an Elective Assembly, but responsible government — i.e., government in which the council or ministry are responsible to the Assembly— does not yet exist. The Territories also send representatives to the Dominion Parlia- ment. A reaolution recently (1806) paawd by the Leplslature of the North-Weat Territories demandi of the Dominion Oovernment much fuller powen. Responsible Oovernment win, no doubt, soon be granted. w XIV TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. O. Dominion Government : — CI) The Governor-Genbral ' i! In addition to the municipal governments which manage the affairs of townships, towns and counties, and to the provincial governments, which manage the affairs of the provinces, there exists a yet higher power which manages the affairs of the whole Dominion. At the head stands the Governor-General, appointed by the Crown for a period of five years. He calls together, pro- rogues and dissolves Parliament, and represents the Queen on all public occasions. (2) The Cabinet or Ministry : The council chosen by the Governor General from the party in majority in the House of Commons is usually called the Cabinet or Ministry, though its legal name is the Privy Council. As in the provinces, the Ministry is responsible to Parliament, and must command a majority of votes therein or resign office. (3) The Dominion Parliament : (a) The Senate : The Dominion Parliament consists of two Houses, an Upper and a Lower. The Upper House is called the Senate. Its mem- bers are appointed for life, good conduct and residence in the country, by the Governor-General, on the advice of his Ministers. Senators, must possess property worth $4,000. The Senate s power in Dominion Government is similar to that of the Legisla- tive Councils of Nova Scotia and Quebec. (6) The House op Commons : The so-called Lower House, or House of Commons, is really by far the more important of the two houses of parliament. A mem- ber is not required to own property. He must, however, be a British subject, and not a bankrupt or felon. The members are elected by the people, manhood suffrage practically prevailing. The Dominion Parliament continues in existence for five years, unless, for good reasons, the Ministers &.dvise the Governor General to dissolve it sooner. Parliament must meet at least once a year. A measure brought b^^fore the House must go through three stages or readings, before it becomes law. (4) The Dominion Courts : Besides the provincial courts already referred to, there are higher courts, the most important of which is the Supreme Court, established in 1875 as a court of appeal. It is not the highest court of all, for an appeal may be made against its decisions to the Privy Council of England. ■MP TUB CANADA OP TO-DAY. XV (6) Dominion Revenues : The revenues of the Dominiun are derived mainly from Cus- toms duties, imposed on articles coming into the country ; and ex- cise duties, or taxes on what is manufactured in the country (such as beer, tobacco, cigars, and whiskey). The revenue from customs for the year 1894-'95 was over 17^ millions ; that from excise, over 74 millions ; that from miscellaneous receipts (from the post office, 'from tolls on canals, etc.), nearly 8^ millions ; making a total of nearly 34 millions of dollars.** Large as this sum seems, it is not too large, considering the demands made upon the Dominion purse. First of these is the charge on the public debt — which is over 300 millions — a debt created chiefly by the construction of public works. Then there are a great number of other expenses, so that it becomes a difficult problem for the Minister of Finance to make ends maet. (6) Militia and Defence : Previous to 1869 and 1870, Britain kept soldiers stationed in Canada, but these troops have been all removed with the exception of a force at Ha ifax, and another at Esquimault, on the Island of Vancouver. To protect our frontier, a militia has been organized, consisting of a'l men from eighteen to sixty years of age. who are arranged into classes acc' rding to their fitne!>s for service. A military college, which was established at Kingston in 1875, does good work in the training of y« ung men. In the North- West Terri- tories order is preserved by a force of mounted police. Thus our frontier defence costs us very little, and we are free from what is the curse of the Old World, the maintenance of large standing armies. D. Imperial Government : (1) The Governor-General: The measure of control exercised over Canada by the Empire of which it is a part is very slight, indeed. The chief tie binding us to the Mother Country is the Governor-General, who is always a British nobleman of eminence^ appointed by the Crown. (2) Power of Vrto : The Governor-General may refer a law passed by the Canadian Parliament t » the Home Government, but only when such a law affects the Empire as a whole. In such a case, the Imperial Govern- ment has the power to veto any such measure. *(See Mr. FoHter's Budget Speech, January 31, 1896. The revenue for 1894-'95 was $2 000,000 less than that of the preceding year, and was the Binallest yearly revenue since 1886-'8e. The expenditures for 1894-'95 were over $38 000 000 leaving a deficit of over $4,000,000, about half of which is accounted for wt the amount laid up in the sinlc- |ng fund.) ^!| XVI TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. (3) Cou&T OF Appeal Then, as already mentioned, our highest Court of Appeal is the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council ; but, by a recent English law Canadians may now be made members of this com- mittee. (4) Treaty-Making : One measure of control which has sometimes caused us incon-* venience is in the matter of treaties. Being a dependency, Canada cannot make treaties with a foreign power ; these are made for her by Britain. Eminent Canadians, however, are always chosen by Britain to represent Canada in Commissions appointed for the pur- pose of making treaties in which Canada is interested. Moreover, such treaties must be ratified by the Canadian Parliament. Such is the Canada of to-day. We have now to turn back and trace the development of the Colony from the earliest times, and to note by what successive events the present condition of affairs has been slowly evolved. [Note. — The student should, in this connection, read carefully Dr. Bourinot's " How Canada is Governed," a work treating this subject in a masterly manner. The Topic given above is simply an abstract — necessarily very incomplete — of Dr. Bourinot's book.] TOPIC I. THE INDIANS IN AND ABOUT CANADA SCHEME. 1. Chief Tribes, their Location Am) General Peouliaritiics. 2. The Indian Houses and Villages. 3. Occupations, Food, Dress. 4. Condition of Indian Women. 5. Indian Warfare. 6. Indian Government. 7. Religion and Superstition. 8. Home and Social Life. r/v TOI'JOAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN lllSTOIiY. EXPANSION OF SCHEME. IFor a full and intereatin? account of the Indians of North America, see the introdtio- tory chapters in Parknian's "Coospiraoy of PontiaOi" and "Jesuils of North America."] . :• 1. Chief Tribes, Ihelr locntlon an d general pfcii- ll*trliles : — A. The Aloonquins, the most numerous yet the most degraded of the Morth American Indians, were scattered over the area extending from Hudson Bay to the Caro- linHs, and from the Mississippi and Lake Winnipeg to the Atlantic They were known by a srreat variety of names, e. g., the Delawares, the Illinois, the Micmacs, etc. B. The Hurons lived in the peninsula formed by the Nottawa8a:a and Matchedash bays of Lake Huron, the river Severn and Lake Superior. They were far more in- telligent, aidustrious and warlike than the Algonquins. O. The Iroquois, or Five Nation Indians, occupied what is now the state of New York, and were composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes, to which a sixth, the Tuscaroras, was afterwards added ; hence the Iroquois are sometimes spoken of as the Six Nation Indians. Though the least numerous, they were the most formidable of the three tribes. The Iroquois has been called *' The Indian of Indians." ft. Tlie f ndian if owgci and Tillages : — The houses, made long and narrow, and each accom- modating, as a rule, several families, were formed of tall saplings, planted in a double row, and bent together to meet at the top. The whole was covered with sheets of bark, an opening being left at the top of the arched roof, along its whole length, for the escape of smoke and the admission of light. In the interior, along the midale, TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. fires were made on the ground, each fire sufficing for two families. The villages, which were jjenerally built where nature afibrded defences, as, e.g., the bank of a stream, or the top of a hill, were surrounded with several rows of palisades, formed by trees planted along an embankment. 3. Occupaliomi, Fo od, Dregs : — A. Occupations. The men were hunters and warriors, and despised peaceful labor. To the women was left the work of the wigwam and the field. The chief products of Indian labor were woven and dyed mats, birch canoes, a great variety of pipes, and the mysterious wampum, which consisted of strings of colored beads made from the inner parts of certain shells. Wampum supplied the place of money, paper, pen and ink, and was the chief article of adornment. B. Food. Maize, or corn, cooked without salt, was the staple food. Venison, dog-flesh, and, though rarely, humian flesh were also partaken of. 0« Dress. Their dress was chiefly of skins. They paint- ed their faces and bodies, and sometimes tattooed them with strange devices. 4. Condition of In JIan Women ; — Champlain said of the Indians, " Their women were their mules. " The standard of female morality was very low, and the Indian woman became after marriage a mere drudge. Consequently she grew prematurely old and hardened, and more cruel than the cruellest warrior. 5. Indian Warfare :— The Indians fought best under cover of trees, and dis* liked attacking any fortified place. They treated their prisoners very brutally, the latter being forced to ** run the gauntlet," that is, to pass between long lines of the enemy, each of whom dealt a blow as they passed. The torture was usually prolonged for hours, and sometimes for days, until the victims were mutilated past recognition. Often, however, when their desire for vengeance was .u. THE INDIANS IN AND ABOUT CANADA. satisfied, the captors would adopt their prisoners and henceforth treated them as themselves. ff. Indian Government: — The government was really a democracy, the Chief's power depending almost entirely on personal influence. The office of Chief was generally hereditary, but more often through the female than through the male, i. e., a chief's brother would be more likely to succeed him than would his son. Each Indian tribe was divided into clans, the same clan being generally found in several tribes. Among the Iroquois, e. g.^ there were five tribes and eight clans. Each clan had as an emblem, or totem, the figure of some animal, e. g., the clan of the Deer or the Wolf. No two members of the same clan could marry. 7. Religion and Superitltlon : — The Indians believed in immortality, but not ap- parently in a hereafter of reward and punishment. Their idea of Heaven was that of a happy hunting-ground. They do not seem to have had any definite conception of one universal God. They believed in many ManitwiSt or spirits, both good and evil, and in one particularly bad MoAiitou^ in whom the early missionaries recognized the equivalent to their Devil, though this bad Manitou was not so much dreaded by the Indians as was his wife The hero of Longfellow's poem, Hiawatha, was a good Ma/nitoUt who came to earth to instruct men. §. Indian Home and §oclal Iiif e :^ The Indians, among their own tribe, were social and jovial. If a man was poor, the others gave him of their stores freely. Their idea of entertainment was feasting, and at some of their feasts, known by the French as **festvn8 d ma/iiger tre8tinfr treatment of this subfect, Parkman's "Champlain and His Associates " should be consulted. Tbe reader would do well also to read the first volume of Mr. Kingsford's History of Cauada, and to oompare his esti* mate of Champlain with that of Parknian.] 1. AUeiwptw to Colon i ze Acadia; — A. DeLa Roche. When, after the lapse of half a cen tury, French interest in Canada revived, De La Roche ob- tained a monopoly of the fur trade, and undertook to found a colony, being given authority to search the prisons for colonists. Storms drove him upon Sable Island, and when, leaving his convicts here, he set out to find a better site for his colony, he was driven by another — orm to France. It was five years before the wretches left on bar- ren Srble Island were rescued, eleven out of the original fifty having survived. B. De Chastfs — Champlain — Pontgravk.— Another company was soon formed, with De Chastes at its head, and Champlain (a sailor and soldier of repute) and Pont- grave (a merchant) as the two active members. In 1603 the two latter visited Stadacona and Hochelaga, finding with these villages new solitudes. When the explorers returned to France, they found the head of their com- pany dead. C. De Monts. a new leader, De Monts, soon appeared and gained the royal permission to colonize Acadia, a name applied to a region taking in the present Nova Scotia and extending indefinitely beyond. A fort was built on St. Croix Island, but abandoned the following year, and another fort was raised at Port Royal (1605), where the town of Annapolis now stands. In 1614, however, a band of English settlers from Virginia, under Argall, took Port Royal and burned it to the ground. The English con- querors abandoned the p^ace, which was soon afterwards re-occupied by the French, but the Acadian colony barely ex sted for a long time. OHAMPLAIN AND HIS CO-WORKEKS. 15 2. Fowtidlwg of <|u»bec by CliBmplwlii. I60§. Champlain was convinced of the importance of holding the valley of the St. Lawrence, thinking that river might open a way to the east coast of Asia. In 1608 he built a furt on the site of the old village of Stadacona, and the modern City of Quebec. 3. €hanipl«1n>« Tndinn Policy : — Feeling the necessity of securing the aid of the neigh- boring Indians in his schemes of discovery, and thinking to act the part of umpire in Indian quarrels, Champlain allied with the Algonquins and Hurons, against the less numerous, but far more formidable Iroquois. He took part in three war expeditions, one in lr09, in which a vic- tory was gained over the Iroquois near Lake Champlain, another in 16 10 and a third in 1(315, in which Champlain, being wounded, lost his prestige as *' The man with the iron breaat."* 4. CliBinplHlw «■ R l>l»c«»verer ! — Champlain. wi h Indian guide'j pas'ed up the Ottawa, ascendtd its tributary, the Mnttiwan, crossed ap rtage track to Lake Nipissing, coast, d along this lake to F ench River, padd ed dowa it to Lake Huron, connected by the Severn w th Lake Simcoe. and from there pro- ceeded by the chain of lakes from which the Trent flows, unti he reached Lake Ontario Ctamp'ain was the first white man except a priest, to visit Like Huron. $. The Compawy of One Hnintred, 16^7 ;~ Up to this time Champlain had acted as the agent of one favorite of thsent. Kirke, the commander, made an attack in 1628, but was unsuccessful. In 1629 he renew* d the attack, and the starved garrison of sixteen, TV ho had been neglected by France during the year, sur- rendered. Champlain returned to France. 7. Period of Fngllwli Occnpwllon of Canada, t9 W» >3'J ;— After three years' ownership, Charles I. of England gave Canada back to France by the Treaty of St. Ger- main en Laye in consideration of the payment of a sum of money, equal perhaps to about 9240,000 of our money. Champlain returned to Canada. §. Death of ChamplalM.~m< Cliaracter; — On Christmas Day, 1635, Champlain died. He was the purest and best of all the Governors of French Canada, (see Kingsford and Parkman). 11 TOPIC V. THE JESUITS IN THE CANADIAN MIS SIGN FIELDS. jl '' SCHEME. 1. Founding of the Order of Jbsus. 2. How Canada came under its Control. • 3. Jesuit Missions : — (a) Among the Algonquina. (6) Among the Hurons. (c) Among the Iroquois. 4. Result of the Failure of the Jesuit Missions. lb THE JESUITS IN THE CANADIAN MISSION FIELDS. 19 EXPANSION OF SCHEME. IS- 1. yimdtiig of the Order of Jetni ;— The Jesuits or Society of Jeaus were an Order in the Roman Catholic Church, founded in 1540 by Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish soldier and gentleman. The discipline of the Order was very severe, and it became the most un- compromising foe of Protestantism, by the advocates of which faith it was in its turn fiercely assailed. 9. How C!anada camo to be liargely Controlled by tke Order:— In the earliest days of French colonization of Canada, Protestants were not excluded, and priests of other Orders than the Jesuits were installed. After Canada was re- gained from the English, the Jesuits, who were at the time in high favor at the home court, were given supreme con- trol of the Canadian Missions for some years. riMloni i-— A. Among the Aigonquins. Not a great deal was ac- complished here. A chapel was built on the St. Charles at Quebec, and* the Indian children were instructed. Le Jeunty the Superior of the Order at Quebec, superintended the work. B. Among the Hpbons. Here the most successful work was done, ate, Marie on the river fTt/e, was the central mission Etation. ' Others were St. Joseph , St. Ignace, St. Louisj St. Michel and St. Jean Baptiste (see map). The chief missionaries were the rugged Brehoeuf and the gentle Lalement. In 1649, however, the Iroquois attacked and burned the missions, put the missionaries to death with frightful tortures, and finally the wretched remnant of Hurons escaped to Quebec, wliere they settled at Lorette, a few miles from the city, and where their de- scendants are to be found to this day. to TOPICAL 8TUD1B8 IK CANADIAN BlBTORt. 0* Among the Iroquois. Even among their declared enemies, the Iioquois, the French priests went. The hero of the Iroquois miflsions was Father Joyves, who was, in the end, put to death by them. 4. Reiolt of the Failure of the Jesnit Tlilgrton i : — It was perhaps a good thing that the noble Jesuits failed. Had they 8ucceede(1, the Indians of North Am- erica would perhaps have assisted the Fiench in extetiding their territonr from ocean to ocean, and the French sys- tem of feudalif«m and absolutism might Uuver have given place to thu British system uf freedum. fl JESUIT MISSIONS AMONG THI£ HURONS. TOPIC VL GENERAL HISTORY OP CANADA FROM CHAMPLAIN'S DEATH TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CANADA AS A ROYAL PROVINCE. SCHEME. 1. MATFauAL Growth of the Colony. 2. Religious Growth :— (a) The Jesuit Missions. (6) Founding of Convents, (c) Laval and his work, 3. TiiK Governors. 4. Difficulties of the Governors, owing to :- (a) Trade monopolies, (b) Interference of church in affairs of state, (e) Trofjuois raids. 21 22 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. hi IS *« I I EXPANSION OF SCHEME. 1, Gr owth of the Col o ny— Forig Bwllt or Improved:— (1) Quebec— ill 1G41 contained a population of 240 only. (2) (3) (4) (5) SiLLERY — a few miles west of Quebec, was founded about 1637. Threr Rivers- was founded by Champlain himself. Montreal — was founded in 16<2, by Maisonneuvet though in a sense Champlain was the real founder, as he had selected here a site for a trading post. Ft. Richelieu— afterwards called Sorel, was built in 1642 at the junction of the Richelieu and St. Law- rence, as it was by this route that the Iroquois commonly invaded Canada. 3. Bcliglon — Iti Progregg and DlfBcnlllei : — A. The Jesu it Mi ssions — (See Topic V.) B. Founding of Con vents a nd Hospitals : — (1) In Quebec ; («) The Hotel Dieu was founded by the noble Duchess d'Aiguillon^ niece of Richelieu, and (h) The Urmlinc Convent was founded by the wealthy and eccentric Madame de la Peltne, (2) In Montreal : The Hotel iJiett was founded by a religious order called the Sulpitians. The most noted of early Canadian Nuns, who cared for the sick, taught Indian children, and labored GENERAL HISTOBT OF CANADA. 23 at all sorts of missionary work, were the fervent but practical Marie de Vlncamatiaih^ of Quebec, and Jeanne Meance and Marguerite Bourgeois^ of Montreal. %, LaTal and Hig Work ;~ Laval, a Jesuit of illustrious family, was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Quebec in 1659, and later on (1674) became the first Bishop of Canada. He was a man of wonderful zeal, but quarrelled with governor after gov- ernor, because of his theory that the church should rule the state. Iiaval University was founded by him. 4. The Covernorg and their Worfc !~ (1) MoNTMAONY (1637-48), was Champlain's successor. His name, which means ''Great Mountain," was translated into Indian " Onontio," a name applied by the Indians to all succeeding governors. He was a vigorous, successful ruler. (2) D'AiLLEBousT (1648-52), was a religious devotee, marked by no special ability. (3) De Lau son (1651-67), was a weak, cowardly and avaricious man. He allowed the Iroquois to carry off Huron prisoners in the immediate neighborhood of Quebec. He engaged in illegal trade for his own ad- vantage, establishing a depot at Tadousac, to which the inhabitants wore denied access. (4) D'Aroknson (1658-61), was a good soldier, but, on account of quarrels with Laval, was recalled. (6) D'AvANOouR (1 *?61-63), was a man Of hasty temper. Quarrel] in ^5 with Laval on the question of giving brandy in trade with the Indians ; he was recalled. 6. PmicnBtieg o f theae Oovcrnort : — These wore threefold : (1) Because of the monopoly of the Company of One Hundred, which did not fulfil its agreements regard- ing the bringiiig over and making provision for col- onists : 24 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. fe (2) Because the afTairs of the church and the affairs of the state were not kept distinct ; and (3) Because the country was neglected by France, and, having no military protection, was exposed to terrible Iroquois raids. (In this connection the reader should not fail to turn to Parkman's thrilling narratives of (a) The Onandaga Mission, (Jb) The Heroes of the Long Sault, and {c) The Heroine of Vercheres.) ■ftvvu/ ^!t»^^/^-^-^^<7 -t:-L HilM*Mtppl :— The Mississippi had been discovered by a Spaniard, Dh Soto, long before, but the discoverer had been bur- ied beneath its waters and lis d scovery forgotten. In 3673 Louis JoLiKT. a French Canadian, accompanied by the Jesuit priest Marquette, left the mission station of St. Ignace on the strait of Michimillimac (or Mackinaw), bting commissioned by the Intendant, Talon, to go in quest of the Mississippi. They crossed Lake Michigan to Green Bay {Green is a corruption of (Sriaudey great), passed up Fox river, an I after a portage of a mile and a half reached Wisconsin, and thence paddled to the Mississippi. They explored this river as far as its junc- tion with the Arkansas, then, fearing the hostility of the Indians of this region, returned to Canada. Marquette died shortly after in an attempt to establish a mission among the Illinois Indians. Joliet lived until 1700. and engaged in researches about Hudson's Bay and the Lab- rador coast, but did not visit the Mississippi again. ^* >>**c <>v<^''y of ^l' *^ OntlPt of the MliiMaftlppi :— To trace the great river to its outlet, and to explore the fallacy of the theory that that outlet was the Ver- mili« 'n Sea, was the work of a daring and indomitable spirit, Robert Cavelibk, Sieur de la Salle, who had made an unsuccessful attempt to dis over the Mississ- ippi before Joliet, and who did discover the Ohio. After many failures he succeeded in his task and reached the Gulf of Mexico in 1082. 32 I^OPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAK HISTORY. f |i i - 4. Foanding of a Colony at the Month of the Wlti^ ItiippI ;— La Salle returned to France, and proposed to the King to found a colony at the n: nth of the MissisBippi. He was given ships and colonists and sailed for the Gulf of Mexico, but failed to find the mouth of the Mississ- ippi, getting as far west as Galveston, or as some say, Mataf^orda i3ay. Here he built a fort, St. Louis, and established his colonists, setting out again to find the Mississippi. While engaged in the quest he was assas- sinated by some of his followers. In spite of his ulti- mate failure La Salle ranks among the greatest of dis- coverers. The colony was afterwards founded, however, by D'Ibkhville, and named Louisiana. Its history is not part of the history of Canada. TOPIC IX. COUNT FRONTENAC AND HIS WORK. SCHEME. 1. Who FRO^TBNAO Was. 2. His First Administration, 1672-82 :— (a) Fort Frontenac. (6) Frontenac's Difficulties. (c) His Recall. 3. Interval Between His First and HecoxND Administra- tions : — (a) De La Barre's Administration. (6) Denonville's Adminiatration. 4. His Second Administration : — (a) King William's War. (1) Causes. (2) £vents :— (a) French AttacTcs on the English. (6) English Attacks on th .'^'i ^nch. (3) Peace of Ryswick. iji) Death of Frontenac : His Character. 33 r— ^ m 84 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY, EXPANSION OF SCHEME. 1. Who FrontenHC Wat :-— He was of a noble French family, and had followed the career of arms from the age of fifteen He was fifty-two when he was appointed Governor of Canada. 2. Hli FIret Admlnlitration, ]6r3.16S3:— A. Fort Frontenao Founded B. C. To keep the Indians from carrying their furs to Albany, a fort was built a little to the east of whore the city of Kingston now stands. Here a groat council of Iroquois in response to an invitation from Frontenac, was held, at which the Iroquois were very favorably im- pressed with tho new Onontio. The fort was given to * La Salle, who named it after the Governor. Fkontenac's Difficulties : — (1) With Pkrhot, the Goveknor op Montreal : — Perrot engaged in illegal fur-trade, being in league with many c»f the conreurs-de-bois. Frontenac, who was himself accused of being in league with other cour- eurs-de-buis, tried to put down Perrot's set. In the end Perrot was sent to France, but afterwards returned and the two became reconciled. (2) With B khop Laval: The vexed question of the sale of brandy to the In. dians caused trouble. Frontenac justified it on the ground that if the Indians were not given French brandy they would take their furs to Albany, and that the very life of Canada depended on the fur trade. (3) With th e Intendant. Duchesnbau: The Intendant was a partisian of the Bishop, hence he and the Governor quarrelled. Recall of Fr ontenac : — On account of these quarrels, both Governor and Intendant were recalled. COUNT FUONTliNAO AND II 18 WORK. 35 3. imcrval Between Fronte nac>t Fl rit and gec owd A dmlnlntratlon i : — A* Dk La Baukk'h Adm inistration : — De La Barre, Frontenac's successor, had trouble with the Iroquois, who had been molesting the Indian allies. He inado a disgrttceful peace with them, shame- lessly deserting their allies. He was consequently re< called. B. Denouville's Adaiinistkatiojs : — The next governor, Denonville, being ordered to send some Indians to France to serve as galley slaves, treacherously seized a number of friendly Iroquois for the purpose. He then invaded the Iroquois territory, destroying the villages and corntields. As it was ex- pressed, ho overturned a nest of wasps, but did not crush the wa-'ps. The result was the terrible Massacre of Lachine in 1689, when 1,500 Iroquois warriors slaughtered the settlers at Lachine, near Montreal. Denonville was recalled. i. Frontenac'e Second Administration, l6S9-0§ : — Ktno Willia m's War ;— (1) Causes : (a) War had broken out in Europe between William III. of England and Louis XIV. of France, and this naturally caused war between the French in Canada and the English in New York and New England. (6) The question whether the Iroquois should be under English or French control was a chronic cause of trouble. (2) Events : (a) French Attacks on the English : Frontenac brought back the survivors of the Iro- quois whom Denonville had sent prisoners to France. But the Iroqudis were not innnediately conciliated, and Frontenac, to detach them from the English cause, or- ganized three expeditions against the English settlements. All were success ul, the first destroying Hcheneciady^ the second Salmon Fallsy and the third Port Loyal (the site of the modem Portland) (See map). «T«!-- 36 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. (3) B. (6) English Attacks on the French: The English retaliated, and under Sir William Phipps, (I) Took Fort Royal in Acadia, and (II) Made an unsuccessful attack on Quebec, 1690 ; while, (III) Another expedition was intended to proceed by way of Lake Champlain to attack Montreal, but was abandoned, and only a band of volunteers made raids on outlying settlements. Peace of Ryswick. 1697 ! The war was closed in Europe by the Peace of Rys- wick. The English in America demanded the restora- tion, not only «f English but also of Iroquois prisoners in the hands of the French but Frontenac refused to admit the implied claim^ that the Iroquuis were under British supremacy. D ba th of Frontenac, 1698 : Estimate of His Cha r- ACTER : — Frontenac died in 1698. His character has been often assailed. He was of a violent temper, and he did not scruple to mend his ruined fortunes by engaging in illegal trade ; but he was on the whole an excellent gov- ernor, and in the opinion of the Indians was **The Greatest of Onontios." TOPIC X. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. KNOWN IN EUROPE AS THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION. SCHEME. 1. Causes of thk War. 2. Events : — (a) The French against the English. (6) The English against the French. 3. Close of the War : TRBATy of Utrecht :- (a) Terms v2 the Treaty. (h) Criticism of the Treaty. S7 Is 1; iii yi 1 !■' h 1 k -^ 3d I'OPICAL STUDlfiS IN CANADIAif HISTORIC* EXPANSION OF SCHEME. 1. Causes of f he War :— It was merely an echo of the great European struggle over the question of succession to the throne of Spain. 3. Events : — Mir lih' B. French against English : — Raids wore made from Canada upon the outlying New Eugland sett ements. Wells, Casco and Dt-erjidd (see map) were burned, and many of their inhabitants carried captive to Canada, English against French : — (1) Capture of Port Royal. 1710 : Port Royal captured in the last war, had been re- stored to the French. It was now re taken by Francis Nicholson. Its capture meant the conquest of Acadia. (2) Expedition against Quebec, 1711 : The English Government sent a fleet under Admiral Walki al Declaration cf War t 1754 (a) In 1754 Washington was placed in coiumand of a force to drive the French from the Ohio Vallej^ and coming upon a concealed detachment of the French from Duquesne he attacked them, thereby bringing upon himself the charge of commencing hosiilitios, as tho i 48 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN IllUTORY. il' I French pretencTeJ that their force had been sent on a pcftcoable errand. Washington next built Fort Necessity, south of Duquesne, but as a strong force of Oanadians and IiidianB advanced against him, ho was obliged to abandon tliu place. 2. 1765. (1) In tub Ohio Valley: — General Brnddock was sent from England to assist the Colonists in driving the French from the Ohio Val- "~ ley. After a long and wearisome march, he came upon the enemy concealed in the forest. His army was utterly defeated, and he mortally wounded in the action. (2) In the Lake Champlain Rkoion : — An. attempt was also made to drive the French from the region of Lakes George and Champlain. A fort WHS built on the left of the Hudson (Ft. Edwfird)| and another at the southeni end of Lake George (Ft. William Henry). Baron Dieskau, French Commander at ( rown Point, advanced about nine miles south to Ti- conderoga, and met the English under Sir William Johnson (knighted after the victory), an Irishman who had great skill in managing the Iroquois. In this Battle of Lake George^ the French were defeated, and Dieskaq taken prisoner. (3) In Acadia— Expulsion of Acadians: — Fort Beausdjour was taken by the English. As the Acadians were still suspected of disloyalty, the English government decided that they had forfeited their righb to their land, and might justly be deprived of it. Ac- cordingly, the Acadians were made prisoners, placed on board ship, and taken to different i)lace8 along the Atlantic seaboard.* (4) Plin of Expedition Against Niagara: — The capture of Niagara had also been planned md Shirley, Governor of Massachusetts, advanct \^ Os- wego, but, learning that Fort Niagara an- itenac had been recent 'y strengthened, and fearin it if he (* The sfcudent will do well to read the latest contribution to the litemt are o ..hiB E sinful episode in cur history—" Acadia, Missing Links of a Lost Chapter in Am lican listory ; " by Ekiouard Richard. The writer, a descendant of one of those expatriated Acadians, brings new facts to bear upon a question which Parknaan appitrentiy seitled a de(»de or so ag&. According to Richard, the expulsion of this unnq>pj people ' anything but the justifiable thing Parkman makes it out to be.) t'\ nd Os- ■nac if he e >.iiia m iioan .triated seitled plewM Hi 1^ i !, •' >■' 'i I i i oO TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN IIISTOUY. attacked Niagara, the French wou d attack Oswego, ho abandoned the enterprise. B. The Srven Ykars' War Pr o per, 1756-63 :— (1) Period of Failure for the E nglish, 1766-'57 : — 1756. (o) Taking of Oswego by the French ; — •, Montcalm captured this fort, and thus removed the only check the English had on the French forta, Niagara and Frontenac. (6) Attempt to Capture Fort William Hbnpt :— The Governor of Canada, Vaudreuil, sent a force under his brother to seize thia fore, but the expedition proved a failure. 1757. (g) LouDOx's Lcuisburg Expedition ;— Loudon planned an attack on Louisburg as a pre- liminary to an attack on Quebec. His troops got as far as Halifax and were joined by the fleet, out, heari* g 'hat the Louisburg garrison had been strengthened, Loudon abandoned hits plan. The expedition was nick- named the "cabbage-planting exp dicion," as tho only thing accomplished had been the planting of these vege- tables—to bo used as a preventive of scurvy. (6) Captur e of Ft. Willi am HauRY ; — This fort left in a weak atate by Loudon when gath ering troops for his Louisburg expeditina, was captured by Montcalm. The garrison, who by the terms of sur- render, were to be allowed to retreat safely to Ft. Ed- • -ward, were attacked and large numbers massacred by the Indian followers of Montcalm. a. Period of Snccew. iy5»"*«0 :— 1768 (o) Taking of Louisburg ;— . Amherst and Wolfe, after a siege of fifty-two dara, took this fort. All Cape Breton, the Isle St. Jean (Prince Edward), and all the atorea, arm:, etc., became British property. (6) TiCONDEFSOOA EXPEDITION :— Abercrombie, with Lord Howe, attempted to take thia fort, but Montcalm, though with a far inferior force, drove tlie English back, Howe being killed in the action. Abercrombie was soon after recalled. ego, lio ►7 :— ived the Niagnra a force pedition ks » pre- jt as far heari' g jthened, ras nick- tha only 886 vege- en gath iaptured of Bur- Ft. Ed- icrtd by vro cars, St. Jean became 1 to take or force, in the -' :■ f yj ! I! ' |:i 52 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. (c) Oapture of Fobt Fbontenac : — Brad street, with 3,000 men, crossed Lake Ontario and took this fort, with a large quantity of provisions and other stores. The loss to the French «' « moat serious, as communications with their western ports was thus cut oS, (d) Capture of Fort Duquesne : — Brigadier Furbes. after a tuilsome march, arrived at Fort Duquesne, to find the enemy aoue, aud the ., fortifications storehouses and barracks destroyed. Forbes erected a stockade, and named the place Fort Pitt. On his way back to Philadelphia, Forbes died. 1759 (a) Capture of Ticonderooa and Crown Point : — These two forts were taken without d tticulty hy Amherst, who then set his sold ers to work to build new structures. (6) Capture OF NiAG'RA : — v Prideaux and Johnson attacl' lii i r ■ »• PART II. CANADA UNDER BRITISH RULE. TOPIC 1. THE QUEBEC ACT, 1774. SCHEME. 1. System of Government in Force from the English Con- quKST TO THE Quebec Act. A. Military Rule, 1760 'G4. B. Semi-Military Rule, 1764 '74. 2. Thb Quebec Act : — A. Cau3e« Leading to it. B. Its Provisions : (1) as to Boundaries. (2) as to Goveninienfc. (3) as to L*w. («/) as to Religion, (e) a« to Property. O. OBJECTtONS TO THB AcT : — ( 1 ) Extension of Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Separation of Canada from England's other Am- ericttii Colonies. 56 THE QUSBEC AOT, 1774. 57 E. EXPANSION OF SCHEME. ON- tn- L ffy ttem of OoTernment In force from tlie Conqae*t to tlie <|u<*hyc Act : — A. Military Rule, 1760.'(14 ; During this time the General and the OflScen of the army had control of affairs ; keei>ing order and making what regulations were necessary. Yet the Governors adhered mainly to the French customi, and did not juc^e by military law. The country was divided into tliree districts : That of Quebec, governed by Murray, That of Toree Rivers, governed by Burton, Tiiat of Montreal, governed by Gage. General Amherst was absent from Canada most of the time, and in 17('>3 was succeeded in the command of the army by General Gage, B. Semi-Military Rulb, 1764-74 : After the Peace of Paris con6rmed England in the po8«e8sion of Canada, a more definite ariangeuient was made for its government. (1) The Governmknt was placed in the hands of a Oovcvnor and a Council ^ Murray being appointed first Governor. No parliament was provided for. (2) The Courts of .Tustice were established. The English law was introduced and the trials were to be by jury if either patty desired it. In dis- putes between two Englislnnen the jury were to be all English ; between two Frenchmen, all French ; between an Eng'ishman and a French- man, the jury were to be mixed. (3) Printing * was introduced* and the first Canadian newspaper, The Quebec Gazette , appeared in 1764. * A newapaper i^)>«are4 before tbis in Nova Scotia, wlUob wm not then, how evw, » part of Cwada. h < ii 1 58 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTOBT. (4) T^e Church was not molested. Reh'gious liberty so far HB tlio laws of England allowed, had been promised l>y the Treaty of P.«ri8. The laws of Ki gland at the time were very severe against Ro- man Catholics but, except that the priests had to t>ijni any ; in the west, to the Ohio and its junction with the Mis- sissippi ; and in the east to the se*. As TO CIOVBRNMKNT ! The Government was placed in the hands of a GnvERNOR and a Legislative CowveU^ the latter to consist o^ot more than 23, nor fewer than 17 members, ^hey were to make ordinances, but were not given power to impose taxes, except such as the inhabitants should choo8« to havs ( (2) THB QUEBEC ACT, 1774. 59 c. made for niunkipal piu-poscs. Noparliameut was ^ provided for.jj ^jrt% ^b^^j^J^v^-^jit^tL, %pJ , (3) A8 To Law ; ) tithes and accustomed dues from those professing th' ir faith, but the king might make provision for the support of the Protestant religion. (5) As TO Property : All Canadian subjects, the religious orders and communities only excepted, were to hold their ' property and enjoy all their civil rights. OJBJECTIONS TO THB ACT : (1) Extension op the BouNDARiifS : It was urged that it was unjust to extend the boundaries of Canada so far, thus inflicting French laws not only on the French people, but also on people outside the limits of French settlement. Virginia and Pennsylvania, both of which had laid claims to the Oliio valley, were t specially in- dignant. (2) The Government : The English settlers strongly objected to the government by a Council appointed by the Crown, instead of by an Assembly elected by themselves. (3) Separation of Canada from England's othkb Amkkican Possessions : The other American Colonies objected to the Act, on the ground that it would create a wide gulf between them and Canada, since the institu- tions given to Canada w^re so widely different from those established in all the other British colonies. These objections proved unavailiDg, however, i ?i ' TOPIC IL CANADA AND THE AMERICAN REVO- LUTION. the necessity of SCHEME. 1. Causes of the American Revolution ; A. The Seven Years' War : (1) indirectly, by removing loyalty, (2) directly, by the debt which resulted (from the war), and the consequent schemes of oo- lonial taxation. B. Plans of Taxing America : (1) The Stamp Act— its passage and repeal. (2) The Revenue Act. 2. Events of the War Affecting Canada : A. American Address to thk Canadians : B. American Invasion of Canada, 1776-76 : (1) Preliminary Expedition— capture of (a) Ticonderoga, (6) Crown Point. (2) Montgomery's Expedition— -capture of (a) Chambly, (6) St. John's, (c) Montreal. (3) Arnold's March to Quebec. (4) Siege of Quebec. (6) Americans Driven From Canada. 60 OAKADA AKD TB£ AMERIOAK BBVOLUTION. 61 3- of the oo- O. Events of 1777 : — Burgoyne's Expedition from Can- ada into New York — Surrender at Saratoga. D. Events or 1778 :— France and America— French Ad- dress to the Canadians. 3. Results OF THS War-t-Trc ATT or Vbrsaillbs, 1783— Tbbms AFFEOTINO an ADA : J^ Loss of District Between the Lakes and the Ohio. "^ B. Newfoundland and the Fisheries. O. General Effect of the War on England's Oolonial Policy. 4. CRtTICISM OF THE TrEATT t A* With regard to the loss of the region south of the lakes. B* With regard to the French shore in Newfoundland. C2 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN UI8T0RY. EXPANSION OF SCHEME. .1 1. Cwmct of tlic American Revolution ;^ A. The Seven Yratis* War ; (1) The Seven Years' War had removed the enemy against whom the English colonists of America had been , .^ constantly fighting. Hitherto loyalty to Britain had been a necessity, because the colonists required British assistance. Such being no longer the case, scope was given for the development of a thousand differences before lost sight of. •* ' (2) Besides, the Seven Years' War had cost a great deal, and Britain, with a population of 8,000,000, wat loaded with a debt of £ 140,000,000. Tt was, moreover, thought *" ' necessary to keep a part of the British army in America, to protect Britain's increased dominions. B. Plans of Taxing America ; (1) The Stamp Act : Accordingly, the British Government decided to en« force more strictly the Navioation Laws, by which England controlled the colonial trade, and at the same time in order to support, or partly support,* a British force in America, to impose an internal tax in the form of a Government stamp which all legal paper must bear. A ^/am;) ylc^ was therefore passed in 1765. America pro- tested strongly against the imposition of a tax by a par- liament in whose councils she had no voice, claiming that iaxittion implifs rejiresentation. Some of the most prominent of English politicians {e.g. Pitt and Burke) championed the cause of the colonist* and through their influence the iStamp Act was repealed in 1766, the re- peal being, however, accompanied by a Declaratory Act, asserting that Britain had the right to tax her colonies. * " It cannot be too distinctly stated that there is not a fragment of evidence that any EnKlish statesman, or any class of ihe £nglish people, desired to ndse anythini; by direct taxation from the colonies for purposes that were purely Engltah."— ** Ulih tory of England in the Eighteenth Oeutury."— Lkckt. CANADA AND TUS AMERICAN BEVOLUTION. C3 9. (2) Thw Pevknub Act ; It was not long before the projects for taxing Amui'ica were revivetl, and in 1707, a n'ere/iue Act was passed, imposing duties on tea, glass, lead anU painters' Colors. Two yeiirs later, these duties were all removed except the one on tea. The Americans were indignant, and when a cargo of tea reached Boston harbor, a band of tlie coloiiists, dressed and painted like Indians, board- ed the ships and threw the tea over. Tliis is nlways spoken of as the Boston Tea Party. Tiie indignant English parliament then passed the Boston Port BUI, closing the harbor, and also altered the charter of Mai- sachussetts so as greatly to reduce its liberties. A niilitaiy man. General G-ge, was a])pointed governor, and a body of troops sent to assist in keeping order. 1 he other colonies then made common cause with ATassa- chussetts, took measures for defence, and raised an army. Thus began the war. Eventa of tlie War A JTud Ing Cnnndn:^ b. American Adbrkss to the Canadians: To induce Canada to join them the Americans sent>Cj an address which was circulat d about the country, and 'A which made a strong impression on the habitants. The \ clergy and the seigneurs, however, whose rights had just ,^ been guaranteed by the Quebec Act, r^Mnained lyal to\J Britain. But, as the bust that cuuld be expected of a «^ people so recently conquered was neutrality, Canada was in a very defence'ess condition, and the Governor, »', Carleton, appealed in vain to Gage and to England for v^ assistance. - K> vV Invasion of Canada. 1775-76 : ^^^^ i (1) Cavture of TicoypE RoaA and Crown Point i % It was decided to invade Canada, and as a prelimin-S^v ary step, Ethan Allen and a force of " Green Mountain * ^ Boys," (as the peo[)le of Vermont were called) were sent against forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Both of these places were easily taken, and their garrisons 8ent\^^/ as prisoners to New York. (2) Montgomkry's Ex pedition : Two expeditions were now planned, one to proceed by way of litke Champlain and the Iliohelieu, the other £ :-i I r 64 TOPICAL 8TUDIE8 IN CANADIAN BISTORT. by the line of the Kennebec and Chaudiere riven. The first was led by General Montgoinery. The furts along the line of march, Chambly and ISt. John'* were * taken, end Montgomery marched upon Montreaif which also quietly surrendered. A deputation soon after came from Three Jiivers assuring Montgomery of the friendliness of that city. All Canada, except QuebeO| was now in American possession. (3) Aiinold's March to Quebec! Meanwhile, General Arnold, who had charge of the other expedition, was advancing along the Kennebec, across the highlands dividing the seaward-flowing streams from the tributaries of the St. Lawrence, and thence down the Chaudiere to Point Levis, opposite Que* beo. He was soon after joined by Montgomery, and the . two commanders united their foices in the siege uf Quebec. (4) SiKQw OF Quebec; The siege began on the fifth of December, and lasted till the sixth of May. An attack was made on the last niffht of the year. Montgomery advancing along Dhamplain street in the Lower I own, and Arnold com" ing around by way of the suburb of St. Roch, the design being to meet to the east of the city. Mont- gomery was, however, killed while still in his march along Champlain street, and Arnold was wounded in his march round the north of the city. The assault was a complete failure, but the baffled assailants did not aban- don the siege until the Ni>ring brought British ships of war to the relief of Quebec. (5) Ambricans Drivkn from Canada : The summer was spent in the work of driving the' Invaders from Canada. In the autumn, Caileton, hav- ing had boats built for the purpose, expelled them from their last strongholds on Lake Champlain, defeating Arnold in a naval battle, and driving him in headlong flight to Crown Point. Carleton took possession of this fort, but, on account of its distance from Canada, and of the impossibility of garrisoning it with a force strong enough to resist attack, he reluctantly abandoned it for the winter. For this he was repiiniHuded by the Brit- ish government, »!;d was superseded in the command CANADA AND TUB AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 65 O. D. by General Burgoyne— an insult which caused the high- spirited Carleton to resign his position as governor of Canada. Events of 1777— Expbdition fr om Canada into New York . The AmevicHn Declaration of Independence in 1776 roused England to greater efforts. Burgoyne, Carleton's successor, was sent by way of Canada to invade New York, with a force of Encilish, Germans and Indians, in order toco-operate wit>t another British general, Howe. Through some misund.rstr.nding, Howe, ignorant of Burgoyne's movements, was at this time advancing up the Chesapeake. Burgoyne had reached Saratoga, but, as supplies ran short, and no news came from Howe, and as, besides, an American army lay between him and Al- bany, Burgoyne was forced to make a complete sur- render. Events of 1778— France and A mbuica— French Address to the Canadian h : In 1778 France allied with the Americans, and an- other effort was made to win Canada over. An address appealing to their compatriots by the memory of Mont- calm, to make common cause against tlieir ancient foe, was sent by these French allies, and a fresh invasion Slanned. The address powerfully affected the Cana- iani even the clergy and the seigneurs now wavering. But he American leader, Washington, fearing that if Canada were gained by French arms. Franco would expect the cession of the country to her by way of pay- ment for her assistance to the Americans, gave no en- couragement to the scheme, which thuH fell through. 3. Reiylt i •f the War— Tcrmi of the Treaty Affect- iDg CaiiHdA :— In the latter part of the struggle Canada had litt'e ■hare or interest, only except^" »rumi«ed to leave tliia part of the island unsettled. General Result of the War j England learned a valuable lesson in imperial policy from this war. She has not attem[/ted Ut coerce her colonies since, but has given them mure aud more inde- pendence. Besides, British attention was more attracted to Canada, and the value of the hitherto despised posses- sion began to be realized. I. rHllrlum of llift TreBiy : — A. E'gland I as been blamed for giving up the country south of the lakes. Cut, to retain it would have re- quired a large number of ports strongly fortified, and England was not prepared to make the outlay. B. The concessions granted to the French in connection with the Newfoundland fisheries have been criticized as unwise, itnd as very prejudicial to the growth of that O. (1) (2) : CANADA AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 67 colony. The French Shore question is Btill unsolved, and is one of the causes of the present embarrassment in the island. (NoTB. — As an instance of British ignorance or in- difference in regard to Canada at this time, it is not un- intetesting to know that the British ambassador at Paris was ready to cede to the United States almost the whole of the present Province of Ontario. According to one of the plans first submitted, the boundary line was so drawn as to include nearly all of this territory in the United States.) ' ^nd II : TOPIC III. THE CONSTITUTIONAL ACT, (OR THE CANADA ACT), 1791. SCHEME. 1. OaUSKS WIIICH LBD TO THK PaSSAQE OF THB AOT. 2. Provisions of the Act : A Division of Canada into two provinces. B Government of each province by (1) A Crown-appointed Governor, (2) An Executive Council or Ministry, (3) A Parliament, to consist of (a) An Upper House, the Legislative Council, (b) A Lower House or Legislative Assembly. O Powers of Governor. D Qualifications of voters. B Power of control reserved by the British Parliament. F Land and Law. G Religion, H Provision for an Hereditary Nobility. 3. Objections to tbe Act : . A Division of the country likely to perpetuate diflfer- ences between the French and English races. B Crown-appointed Legislative Council objected to by Fox. i O An Hereditary Nobility umtuited to Canxda. D Imprudent to provide for a State Church in Canada, as apparently intended by Cl«rgy Reserves. El The great defeat of the Act -it did ihA provide for Responsible Government. 4. General Consideration of these Objections. 6i . ■ THfi COt^STtTtJTIONAL ACT» »» EXPANSION OF SCHEME 1. C?iin«»(i nrhtrh li*d to th» pamnge of thtf> Act: — During and after the American War of Indepen- dence, many i^mericans. remaining loyal to Britain, emigrated to CanadaJ and the Maritime Provinces, being given grants of land by ther British Government. ^Their coming made a change in the law necessary. Thoy sent petitions to England asking for English law, the English method of holding'^land, and a Parliament freely elected by themselves, f PiHr«(4i «)i-^h« grearChatham, was then Pr^Qiies. ';He received the petitions favorably, ^ and secured the passage of the Cons;itutionalipOr Can- ada Act ^y the Imperial Parliament. a. ProvlMow of the Ar t :— , A. Division op Canada into Two PRoviNCEa ; Tlie Act divided Canada into two provinces, Upper . or English, and Lower or Fren< h, Canada, the Ottawa -5 River being, for the most part, tl\dividing line between them. J" B* floVBRNMKNT OF EaCH PrO VINCI : In each Province the Government was to be carriedf on by : — (I) A QoviRN OR, representing the English Sovereign ; fffy An ExicnxivE Council^ corresponding to the English Cabinet or Ministry ; and (3i) A Parliament, to consist of t\vt) Houses f " (a) An Upper House, or Lkoihiativb Council, cor- responding to the English House of Lords, and (h) A Lower House, or Legislative Assembly^ cor- responding to the English House of Commons. tThe members of the Executive and Legislative ^^ Councils were to be appointed by the Crown, th« menibors of the Legislative Assembly to be electttd by the people. The Legislative Council ^ 70 TOPICAL STUDIBS IN CANADIAN HlSTORV. of Upper Canada was to consist of at least seven, that of Lower Canada of at least fifteen mem- bers ; the Legislative Asembly of Upper Can- ada of at least sixteen, that of Lower Canada of at least fifty members. All members of the Council or Assembly were to be at least twenty- one years of age, and subjects of the Crown. 0. Powers of Governor \ The Governor was given f ower to fix the time and the place for holding parliament, and to prorogue or dis- solve it when he saw tit ; but it was provided that parlia- ment should meet, at least once every year, and that each parliament should last four years The Governor had the right to give or withhold from bills the royal assent, and to Reserve an^^ bills for tl^B consideuntiun- of the crownJr^/A^^:iW>1^A^ (fij^Ji .0^ . }Bl Qualifications or Voters : ^ , , The County members of the Legislative Assembly (i^*» j,r«-^-^ <♦-*-' J < ^ • ^ ^ere to be elected by owners of hind worth 40j*. a year ^^ -ytv,j^.^ ver and above all rents and ch.arges. Town and town- 'V*"*^^^' '^W'^ ship members were to be elected by persons owning a 1 *,,*JiX^'^-^ house and lot of the yearly value of £) or more, or ^t***-^ 6>" J by those who had resided in such places for a year and f \'%\ -^ had paid a year's rent at the rate of at least £10 a y ar. #-4 i Power of Control Reserved tjy the British Par- liamknt: I •-, f Ac \^ y The right of controlling the trade of the colonies 'fj . 'j ^ .^j with each other, or with any other part of the British 4^-9 ^x^-'- ^ dominion, or with any other c».)untry, was retained i.J^JU^^S V^ ^y *'^® British Parli\mt*nt. This included the levy- ^ ii)g and collectinj; of duties, but the control of the money thui accruing to the provinces, was left to their Legialatures. F, Lamp and La w : (I) Land was to bo held by the old French or seigno- rial tenure m Lower Canada but by freehold tenure in Upper Canada. The right of bequeathing property was tu be fr«e and unrestrained in both provinces. ' (2) Tn Lower Canada, French Civil Law was to continue in foro«, as suut an end to the com- petition between the old French inhabitants, and the new settlers from Britain and the British Colonies.'' Edmund Bukkk agreed with Pitt. Ue was of the opinion that " to attempt to amalgamate two populations com- posed of races of men diverse in language, laws and customs, was a complete absurdity." ^. i 72 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAl^ BISTORV. 1^ V' Bb Thb Croww-Appointbd Lkqiblativb Couwcil Objectbd TO BY Fox; Fox thought that the Members of the Upper House should be elected by the people, as those of the Lower House were, and not nominated by the Crown. He proposed, therefore, that the Legislative Council be made elective, the members to possess higher qualifications than those of the Assembly, and to be chosen by a body of electors of higher standing than those who had votei i(ft election of members of the Lower House. ififc An Hereditary Nobility Unsuitep to Canada ; Fox also objected to the clause by which a nobility might be formed in Canada, t. e. by making the office of Legislative Councillor hereditary. An aristocracy, he urged, was not wanted in a new country. This provi- sion, however, remained merely permissive. • D. Imprudbnt to Establish a Statb Church in Can- ada : The provision setting aside one seventh of the land in Upper Canada as clergy reserves was intended, with- out doubt, to establisl) a state church in Canada, similar to that existing; in England. Owing however, to the ambiguity attaching to the phrase ** a Protestant clergy," a fierce discussion arose among the different Protestant sects, and the design of Pitt's was not accomplishetl, tht> reserves being, in the end, appropriated to secular pur- poses. (See Topic VIII.) EL Th« Great Defect op the Act : By the provisions of the Act, the appointment not only of the Governor, but also of his Executive Council, was vested in the Crown, and such appointments were to be for whatever time the pleasure of the Crown deter- mined. In other words, the ministry, (i.e. the Executive Council), was not made responsible to the Legislative As- sembly. Without such a responsibility free government cannot exist, for the only way in which parliament can enforce its will is by controlling the ministers of the Crown or Governor. Hence, the so-called constitutional government granted to Canade by this Act was very im- perfect, and events were not slow in showing this fatal defect in the Act. -^ \ r i i tllE CONSTITUTIONAL ACT. ^3 \ 4. Oencral Conifderwtton of Hiene OhJecHonw ; — A. The division of Canada into two parts perpetuating, as it did. diflfercnccs of race, religion and laws, is to be regretted, but it was in all probability, an unavoidable necessity, if the wishes of the French and the EngliHh respectively were to be at all satistied. B. The usefulness of a second chamber (what was then called the Legislative Council and what we now call — in the Dominion Government— the Senate) is a question of our own day. How that secoiul chamber if retained, should be made up, whether, as Fox urged, it should be made an elective, or should continue to be an appointed body, is another open question, C. The setting ajmrt of land for the benefit of the "Protestant clergy " was, as the issue proved, a mistake, though a very natural one for an English premier, ac- customed to an established church at home, to make. D. As for the great defect of the Act— th« failure to provide for Responsible Govtrment, it should bo remem- bered in Pitt's justification, that the Bill was framed at a time when the excesses of the Freiuh Revolutionary Party were frightening most statesman into a rigid conser- vatism. A minister who at such a time gave to Canada a measure — even though it was only a half-measure —of freedom deserves the grateful remembrance of Canadians. I TOPIC JV. EARLT PARLIAMENTS OF LOWER CANADA. i\ M SCHEME. 1. Adminirtration of Lord Dorchbstkr (Carlkton), 1786 '96 :— A. 1st Lower Canadian Parliamrnt, 1792-'96: (1) 1st Skssion, 1792-'93 : («) Tho Language Question. (/)) Duties imposed. (c) News of French Revolutionary War. (2) 2nd Sbssion, 1793-'94 : (a) Militia Bill. ' (6) Arrangement of duties between Upper and Lower Canada, (c) Finance. (3) 3rd Session, 1794-'95 ; # (a) Alien Act. (6) Money vote. (4) 4Tn Session, 1795-'96 ; (a) Land Laws. (6) Trade with United States. 2. Administration of Puescott, 179G-1807 : (in Canada only until 1799.) A. 2nd Pakliament: (1) Governor given more power to deal with suspected persons. (2) Gaols Act. B. QuKSTioN OF Liberty of tub Press. 3. Administration op Craig, 1807-'! I : (a) Friction between Assembly and Council. (/>) Eligibility of Jews as Members of Parliament, (c) The Province becomes self-supporting. {d) Departure of Craig. Causes of trouble between hira and Parliament. 74 a JiARLY PARLIAIIENTS OF LOWER CANADA. w EXPANSION OF SCHEME. -86 r. ►per th m 1. AdmlnUrtatlofi of Doreherter, iT§6«96 : — A. First Lower Oanadiak Parlumbnt, 1792-'96 : (1) First Skssigw. I792-'03 : (a) The Lakouaoe Question : Of tlie fifty members of the first Lower Canadian Assembly, only sixteen were English — a proportion never increased during the history of Lower Canada as a separate Province. 1 he first important question discussed was that of language. It was decided that a motion might be made in either language, but must then be translated into the other by the Clerk or Speaker. The journals of the House were to be kept in both languages, neither one being considered more the legal text than the other. (6) Duties Imposed : Light duties were imposed on wines and spirits to meet some of the provincial expenses. At this time the Mother Country paid most of the colonial expenses, but it was felt that steps should be taken to make the country, as soon as possible, self-supporting. (c) News of French Rp.voLUTioyAKY War : The French Canadians had little or no sympathy with the French Revolution, which broke out in I7e9. The France to which they were attached was the old, monarchical France. When they heard of the war which broke out in 1703 between England and Revolutionary France, thoy gave assurances of their loyalty to Hritain, and the Assembly stated that '* His Majesty's faithful subjects earnestly pray i hat his nrms may be crowned with signal success. ..." IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IIIIIM IIIM i SM III 22 u: |40 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -« 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation W 33 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 872-4503 V i^' A \\ O^ m;( / .ara, (on which is now the American Bv\e\ Detroit^ and in the remote we^t, the district now called Ojitario was practically unsettled until the war of Ameri- can Independence, when U. E Loyalists flocked into the country. It is estimated that in 1791, the popula- tion of this part of Canada was 20,000. 2. lAr^ of I he Efirly firttlcm ; A. Making CLFARiNrss : The English (Tovernment gave to each settler 200 acres of land, with farm iniplenient«, and food 8Ui)plies foi three years. The country was a vast unbroken for- est and the pioneers had first to make clearings, and to construct their log shanties, and rough articles of fur- • niture. By setting fire to the trees or by * girdling' them, (/. e. cutting the bark all around the trees, which killed them), a few acres were soon ready for cultivation, and a first crop raised. The first flour mill was con- structed at Kingston, but previous to this the grain was pounded with a biook or pestle, the burned hollow of a tree serving as a receptacle for the grain during the operation. The first beasts of burden used were oxen, the finest coming from Connecticut, and selling for ^70 or $>iO a yoke. Cows were brought from Lower Canaua and the State of New York, L». CLOTiiiNa : The dress question was a serious one. From the Indians the settlors learned how to make garments ot deerskin. Tliey soon began to cultivate flax, and to raise sheep, making linen from the former, and woollen stutt" from the fleece of the latter. Spinning and weav- ing were done with hand-made machines. Every farmer was his own tanner aud shoemaker, and shaped boots 11 •MiMMttMiM I'HE PIONEERS OF UPPER CANADA. 81 a ne ua . and moccasins from leather made from the slcins of cows, calves and sheep. Almost everything in use, even wooden spoons and plates, was made by the pioneer, who spent the long winter evenings in such work, by the light of the sputtering tallow candle or the fire on the hearth. Often to lessen the toil, a *'bee" would bo given. O. Roads — Lots — Concessions— T owNsmrs : Each settler was obliged to open up a road through his holding. At first a rough line would be marked oft* by " blazing," i.e., by chopping off witk an axe some of the bark from trees standing in a row. Government roads were soon opened up, the first running from Lower Canada to Brockville, and from there to King- . . ston. At the end of each mile a red cedar post was planted, with a mark on it to show the number of miles from the frontier. The country was also marked off into lots, concessions and townships. D. Education : Schools were soon established, and teachers— who were generally discharged soldiers — engaged. As sala- ries were small, the practice of ** boarding around " was adopted, the teacher spending a week here and a week there, until he had gone the rounds. The first teacher of note was Dr. Strachan, a Scotchman, who opened a ■chool in Kingston in 1800. Three years later he moved to Cornwall, where he remained nine years. Some of the most celebrated men in the early days of Ui)por Canada, were pupils of Dr. Strachan. B. NEWSyAPEBS t - . ■ The first newspaper of Upper Canada was the Upper Canada Gazette^ established in 1793 by Governor Simcoe. The second was the Upper Canada Guardian, which ap- peared at York in 1807, as a journal in opposition to the Government. A carrier, journeying on foot, delivered newspapers and letters to those settlers who dwelt along the front of the settlements. Boxes, securely fastened to trees, served as receptacles for the letters of those who lived farther back in the woods. • F. Chdrches and Preachers : In course of time, clergymen of all denominations found their way into the country, and rude meeting- Si TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. houses were built ; but for a good many years many of the settlers were without any religious instruction. Yet the standard of morality was not low, the only common vice being intemperance— a vice rather to be expected when the use of tea and coflfee was almost unknown. 3. Early Oovernwient of Upper Canada : — A. Before 1701 : Before 1791, Upper Cp.nada was governed by judges, sent out by Lord Dorchester. These judges kept order by enforcing the severe laws then in force in England, by which stealing, for example, was punished by death. A commoner form of punishment was, it seems, however, banishment for a term of years or for life, to the United States, ^*a sentence," it is said, ** next to that of death, felt to be the most severe that could be inflicted." B. Simcoe's Administration, 1791-'96 ; (1) First Parliament ; - . IS ; John Graves Simcoe, the first Governor of Upper Canada, arrived at Kingston in 1792. Kingston and Newark or Niagara were then the only places of any ac- count in the Province. The latter being the more cen- tral and populous, was chosed as temporary capital^ and the first Parliament met there in September, 1792. The chief Acts passed were, — (a) An Act introducing civil law. (6) An Act introducing trial by jury. (c) An Act providing for the recovery of ■mall debts. (d) An Act regulating the toll to be taken in mills. (e) An Act providing for a jail and court house in each of the four districts into which the pro- vince was divided. (2) York Chosen as Capital ; The western forts, such m Detroit and Niagara, though included in the territory ceded to tlie United States in 1783, were not actually given up until 1796. When Simcoe came to the country he did not know that these posts were to be given up. When he learned that such was the case, he decided that another town than Newark must be chosen as capital, alleging that "The chief town of a province must not be placed under the f THE PIONEERS OF UPPER CANADA. 88 guns of an enemy's fort." Where an old Frencli forfc, Tuionto, once stood, there was a good harbor, and the site seemed in every way favorable. The rame was changed to Turk, and the place became the capital of Upper Canada. (3) Second Session op Parliament— Thk Slave Bill, 17'.)3 : 0. The most important law of the second session of par- liament, was one against slavery, which had been allowed, in accordance with British law, to exist in Canada. The Slwe Bill of 1703, provided that, though masters of slaves imported under the legal licenses should not be deprived of their property, the children of such slaves should be free at the age of twenty-five. Slavery existed in Lower Canada also. No Act was there passed to sup- press it, but in 1803, Chief Justice Osgoode declared that slavery was inconsistent with the spirit of British law. Thus, though Britain herself had jmssed anti- slavery laws, her Canadian subjects had set the example. (4) Recall op Simcoe : Some complaints made by the Americans, who thought Simcoe stirred up the Iroquois Indians against them, and some disagreement between Simcoe and Dor- chester, caused the recall of the former in 1796. During Hunter's Administration, 17961806: (I) The Marriage Act, 1798; Major-General Peter Hunter, who was appointed Simcoe's successor, did not arrive till 1799. Before his arrival the second parliament had been elected and had passed through two sessions. One of the acts passed was a Marriage Act . Before this, no clergyman except those of the Church of England had the right to perform the service of marriage. On account of the unsettled state of the country a great many irregular marriages had taken place, and by an Act of 1793, such marriages were declared valid, and provision made by which, if no English Church clergyman were nearer than eighteen miles, persons might be married by a Justice of the Peace. Kow in 1798 another Marriage Act was passed, by which, under certain conditions^ clergymen of th« i ' H TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. I. : !' ; P l{ Church of Scotland, or of the Lutheran Church were given the right to perform the marriage nervi e It was • not till 1831 that ministers of other deuoiiiinatiuiis were given this right. (2) Rise of Political Parties : ... . ^ For some time the Pioneers of Upper Canada, occu- pied with a backwoods life, had little time for politics. Gradually, however, a feeling of dissatisfaction with the non-responsible government grew up, and two political • parties were formed, one wishing to preserve the estab- lished order of things, the other anxious to secure a greater measure of freedom. D. During Gork's Administration. !I806-*11 : The Third Governor, Francis Gore, fell under the influence of the courtly set of ofiice-seekers (poor Eng- lishmen, who, anxious to mend their fortunes, had come to the colony), who naturally favored the government as it was and opposed all chani^e. The Opposition began to organise and the Upper Canada Guardian assailed the Goveuiment. One good act was passed by Gore's first parliament— an Act granting £800 to pay the sala- ries of masters of Grammar Schools^ established in each of the eight districts into which the province was then divided. The country was progressing rapidly ; trade was increasing, taxes were light, and the only serious drawbacic was the want of paper money. Gold and silver were the only legal money, and as there was often a scarcity of these, a nystem of barter or exchange was resorted to, which was both awkward and disadvantageous to the farmer. Such was Upper Canada in 1811, when Gore ^ob- tained leave of absence and returned to England, leav- ing Major-General Brock in charge of affairs. I TOPIC VL THE WAR OP 1812-11 \ s SCHEME. 1. Causes op the War : A. The Orders in Council^ B. Th« Right of Search. O. The Indians. * \ D. Desire to Conquer Canada. 2. The Situation. 3. Events of the War ; A. Campaign of 1812 : (1) Michimillimackinac. (2) Detroit. (3) Queenston Heights (4) Lacolle, or Rouse's Poink (5) Naval Battles. B. Campaign of 1813 : (1) Frenchtown. (2) Ogdensburg. (3) York. (4) Ft. George. (5) Saclcett's Harbor. 35 86 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HlSTOttlf, (6) Stoiiey Creek. (7) Beaver Dam. (8) liJike Erie. (9) The Thames. (10) Chateauguay. (11) Chrysler'H Farm. (12) Newark. (13) Fort Niagara. O. Campaign of J 814: (1) Lacolle Mill. (2) Oswego. (3) Fort Erie. (4) Chippewa. (5) Lundy's Lane. (6) Fort Erie. (7) Plattsburg. (8) Conquest of Maine. (9) Washington. (10) Baltimore. . D. Campaign of 1813 : (1) New Orleans, 4. The Treaty of Ghisni; 5. Results of theWab. r 9. I t THE WAR OF 1812-'14. EXPANSION OF SCHEME 87 1. C woiei of the War ; — A* The Orders in Council : Napoleon, now Emperor of the Frencti, was en- gaged in a great struggle with Britain. Thinking; to strike at Britain's wealth through her trade, the chief source of her wealth, he issued decrees forbidding neu- tral nations to trade with her. In retaliation, the Brit- ish government issued Orders in CouncUf forbidding neutrals to trade with France. The United States, a neutral nation, was driven to oil r that if either Britain or France would repeal its decree, i. she would trade ex- clusively with that power. Nap jluon promised to repeal his decrees, and though Briti n soc„i revoked the Orders in Council, it was too late. Amei^lca, ave days earlier, had declared war. B. The Right of Sea rch : England at this time claimed the right to search all neutral ships either for hostile property — contnband of war — or for British deserters. The Americana re- sented this, particularly as, owing to the difficulty of distinguishing between Englishmen and Americans, mis- ^kes were likely to be made. O. Thb Indians ; The Americans, who were having a good deal of trouble with the western Indians, upon w hose lands they were encroaching, accused England of inciting these Indians against them. <^ D. Desire to Conquer Canada : The desire to annex Canada— a desire which the failure of 1776-76 only increased— was yet another cause of the war. 9. Tlie Mtnatlon : — A. Advantages of tf e United States : (1) The population of the United States was 8,000,000 ; that of Canada, about 300,000. I ! ; 4 I Qi.Q/. •VMIL «aiai ISMONZIKOB 3SSSA I I 4 i .1! Hi W\> )i 1 i ' I [i 1 90 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. (2) Britain, engaged in a European struggle which exhausted all her resources, was unable to send much assistance to Canada until the last year of the war. B. Advantages of the Canadians: (1) The United Stufes had only 12 ships to oppose Britain's 1,000 vessels. (Yet the new ships built by the United States with all dispatch, were in many cases better than the older ships of Britain.) (2) The New England States were strongly opposed to the war, and declined to assist it. 3. Cvewti of the "War ;~ A. Campaign of 1812: > (1) MlOHIMILLIMACKINA€ : This fort was taken by Captain Roberts, acting un- der orders from Brock (who, in the absence of Gore, was governing Upper Canada), without the loss of a single man. The western Indians, were by this bold stroke, confirmed in their alliance with Canada. (2) Detroit: The American general, Hull, Governor of Michigan, . crossed the Detroit river and entered Canada with 2,500 men. Brock, at Ft. George, sent Col. Proctor to strengthen Ft. Maiden, near Amherstburg. Proctor was joined by the Indian chief, Tecumseh. Hull, re pulsed from Ft. Maiden, re-crossed to Detroit. Brock came to Proctor's assistance, and with 700 regulars and militia and 600 Indians attacked Detroit. Hull surren- dered the place without st* iking a blow. With Detroit, all Michigan, an army of 2 500 men, and a large amount of cannon and stores passed into Brock's possession. (3) QuRENSTON Heights : The Niagara frontier was now threatened by an American army under Van Rensselaer. The American plan was to invade Canada at three points, the west, the middle, and the north-east. Canada had only 1,500 men to defend the Niagara frontier. On the 13th Oc- tober, Van Rensselaer with l,2oO men selected from the 6 000 under his command, succeeded in crossing the Niagara from Lewiston to Queenston, and in gaining the latter heights. Brook, seven miles away at Ft. Geoijge, ' THE WAR OP 1812-'14. 91 - i hurried to the scene, but was killed in the attempt to dis- lodge the enemy. General Sheaffe, however, arrived with reinforcements, nnd after a struggle of several hours, de- fcHted the enemy, taking about a thousand prisoners. Sheaffe rather foolishly agreed to a month's armistice, during which time the Americans collected more men, and prepared for another attack in this quarter. Van Rensselaer was succeeded by Smythe, who, however, did nothing but bluster. (4) Lacolle, or Rouse's Point : A third attempt at invasion was made by "The Army of the North," under General Dearborn, the scene being Eastern Canada. But Major de Salaberry, a French Canadian, who commanded the army of de- fence, had all the roads and ports guarded. Dearborn had an army of 10,(iOO men. In November he made an attempt to cross the river T.acolle, near Rouse's Point. The Canadians set fire to the guard house, and withdrew in the darkness, keeping up a steady fire. Dearborn, repulsed, withdrew to Plattsburg to winter. (5) Naval Battles: At sea, the Americans were more successful. In Augt st, the British man-of-war Giierricre, fell in with the American ship Constituiioii. in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and was obliged to haul down her colors. In October came two more naval defeats, and in December another. It was not till the following year, in the great fight off Boston, between the British ship Shannon and the American ship GJiesapeakej that Britain reasserted her naval supremacy. Campaign op 1813 : (1) Frenchtown : The plan of a. threefold invasion of Canada was per- severed in. Col. Proctor, who sti') held Detroit for ^ Canada, had established an outpost at Frenchtown, about 26 miles dis'ant, on the river Raisin. The post was surprised in January by General Winchester, ci»m- mander of the army of the west. Proctor and Tecumseh advanced to its relief, and after a desperate battle, won 8 victory, sullied, however, by the cruelty of the un- manageable Indian allies. 92 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. I) ! I- a 1 (2 Ogdbnsburg : During the winter, parties from Ogdensburg crossed the river, taking prisoners and doing damage to Cana- dian property. In retaliation, Col. McDonell, with a brave band of Glengarry Fencibles (a brave Highland Catholic regiment, mnde up of the clan of Glengarry who had emigrated to Canada in 1803) attacked Ogdens- burg, and reduced the place, capturing a large amount of ammunition and other stores. (3) York : In April, General Dearborn and Commodore Chaun- cey, with 14 8hi[ s and nearly 2,000 men, captured York, General Sheaffe abandoning the place. The Americans soon afier departed, not, however, until they had de- stroyed the public buildings, the library, and many valuable papers. (4) Ft. Gkorob : Dearborn and Chffuncey then attacked and took Ft. George, Vincent, the commander, being obliged, after a three hours' fight, to retire to Burlington. (5) Sackett's Harbor: On the very day of the capture of Ft. George, Sir George Prevost, Governor-Genera! of Canada, failed in an attack on Sackett's Harbor, at the eastern end of Lake Ontario. (6) Stoney Creek : General Vincent at Burlington heard that an Am- erican force had arrived at Stoney Creek, seven miles awoy. Col. Harvey proposed a night attack, and, with 700 men, succeeded in surprising and putting to rout the enemy. (7) Beaver Daji : ^ At Beaver Dam, where the town of Thorold now stands, was posted Lieutenant Fitzgibbon, with a few regulars and about 200 Indians. Col. Boerstler was sent with nearly 600 men to dislodge him. A brave young woman, Mis. Laura Secord of Quoenston, heard of tlx» THE WAR OP 1812-'14. dd design from a conversfttion between two American offi- cers, who had entered her house in search of food. Mrs. Secord set out to give warning, and, after a weary wa'k of twenty miles, reached Fitzgibbon's camp in time. Fitzgibbon so disposed his forces as completely to de- ceive the enemy with regard to his numbers. The re- sult was the surrender of the whole American attacking force. (8) Battlr op Lake Ebius ! ' In the west, success now turned to the American side. Commodore Perry, with nine vessels and 600 sea- men, defeated Captain Barclay, with six vessels and 300 seamen, in the western end of Lake Erie. '* We have met the enemy," was Perry's brief, but significant de- spatch to Washington, "they are ours." (9) Battle op The Thames: The defeat of the British on Lake Erie gave the Americans the control of this region. Proctor was forced to abandon Detroit, and fall back upon the line of the Thames. General Harrison, now in command of the army of the west, followed. At Moraviantown, a battle was fou<,>ht;, in which Tecumseh was killed, and the Americans gained a victory. Proctor having fled early ill the action. Western Canada was now in American hands. (10) Chateauqttat : Meanwhile, the Americans were making vigorous efforts to conquer the east. General Wilkinson was directed to proceed down the St. Lawrence to form a junction witli (Jeneral Hampton, commander of the army of the north, and attack Montreal. But Hampton, who advanced towards the head of the river Chateauouay, was met by De Salaberry and driven back in defeat. (11) Chrysler's Farm: Meanwhile, Wilkinson's forces, descending the St. .Lawrence, were exposed to a constant fire from the shore, and from a number of gunboats which hung in the rear of the American ships. Wlien near Prescott, Wilkinson landed a force to protect the passage of the I' III f i ilii H ! i^ i : i i i I 94 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. ships Between this force, and the Canadian** under CoL. Morrison, a battle took place in an open field known as Chrysler's Farm. The Americans were com- pletely defeated, and the boats descended the rapids to wait for Hampton, who never came. The plan of in- vasion of Lower Canada was a complete failure. (12) Nbwark burned by the Americans : These disasters caused the American general, Mc- dure, in command at Newark, to abandon the fort. ; He first set fire to the place, exposing 400 shivering wo- men and children to the fierce cold of a December night. (13) Canadians Rktaltatb ; In retaliation, a Canadian force made a midnight attack on Ft. Niagara, tanipg 300 prisoners and a ;. reat > ., quantity of arms and ammunition. General Riall then crossed over to Lewiston, and the work of destruction was pushed on with a will. Leioiston, Yotmgdoton, SchlosseTf Black Bockf and Bvffalo were soon Bmokiiig ruins. O. Campaign oy 1814; ^ (1) Lacolle Mill: Early in 1814, General Wilkinson advanced from Plattsburg and attacked a stone mill, which was held by the British under Major Handcuck. After a fruitless ' attack of two hours and a half, the assailants fell back on Plattsburg. (2) Oswego : ^ With the opening of navigation. Sir James Yeo and General Diummond planned an attack on Oswego at which were valuable naval stores. A half- hour's attack and the fort was taken. (3) Fort_Eri3: In July, Scott and Ripley, two Ameiican brigadieis- general, took Fort Erie. THE WAR OF 1812-'14. 95 (4) Chippewa General Brown, the American commander in-chief, now also crossed the Niagara, and met at Chippewa a small Canadian array under General Riall. Riall was defeated and forced to retreat. Brown laid waste the country around him. (6) Lundy's Lane ; Meanwhile General Drummond, at Kingston, heujc- ing of the invasion, advanced to reinforce Riall with 800 men. An obstinate battle at Lundy's Lane resulted in the retreat of the Americans, 1700 men being killed in the six hours' fight. The battle is claimed as a victory by both Canadians and Americans. (6) Fort Erie : The Americans still held Ft. Erie. An unsuccess- ful attempt was made by the Canadians to take the place, but not long after the Americans abandoned it of their own accord. (7) Plattsburq ! In tAe meantime, troops from Britain had been ar- riving in Canada. Prevost determined to be the ag- gressor this time, and advanced with a force of 11,000 men towards Lake Champlain. Captain Downie with a fleet was to co-operate with him. But an American fleet met and defeated the English in Plattsburg bay. Pre-. vost failed to do his part, and soon retreated, to the great disgust of his soldiers. (8) Conquest of Maine : While these events had been happening in Canada proper. Sir John Shebroke. Governor of Nova Scotia, had in several expeditions, reduced the whole district of Maine, which was held by the British till the close of the war. (9) Washington Attacked ; The English navy was doing damage along the Am- erican coast. In A ugust Admiral Coi kburn with 50 ships, arrived in Chesapeake bay, and attacked Wash- dd TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORt. I i > 'V ington, the capital of the United States. The city was abandoned to the British, who burned the legislative and other public buildings. (10) Baltimore Attacked : The city of Baltimore was also attacked, though un- successfully, by the British. D, Campaign op 1815: New Orlbams Attacked t Sir Edward Packenham, with 12,000 men, attacked the place, which was successfully defended by General Jackson. 4, The Treaty of Ghent r— But peace had already been made at Ghent in De- cember, 1814. Though the Right of Search had been one of the chief causes of the war, nothing was said about it in the treaty. The readjustment of unsettled boundaries was left to a commission, and an agreement was made to combine in an effort to suppress the slave trade. 5. Remits of the War ; — Besides the loss of life and money, the war caused an intense hostility to e^ist between the United States and Canada, which was extremely prejudicial to the best interests of both countries, and which lasted almost to the present time. f THB WAR OP 1812-'14. 97 SUMMARY OF THB EVENTS OF THB WAR. Year. BaTTLB or SlBOB. VioTOBioua Party. 1812. MirhimillimAclcinAn British. Detroit «* Oueenston (C Rouse's Point <( 1813. Frenchtown . , British. OcrdensburfiT ^ •( York Ft. Georcre «. Americans. Sackett's Harbor (( Stonev Creek British. Beaver Dam (( Lake Erie Americans. The Thames (t Chateausuav British. Ghrvsler'a Farm t( 18U. 1815. Lacolle Mill . . Oswego Chippewa .... Lundy's Lane. Plattsburg . . . Washington . . Baltimore . . . . New Orleans . British. Americans. British. Americans. British. Americans. Americans. TOPIC VIL THE REBELLION OP 1837-'88. n ' i SCHEME. 1. Progress op Canada from 1812-1837. 2. Causes of the Rebellion : A. The Family Compact. ■- !R, The Land Grants. Oi The Clergy Reserves. 3. Leaders : ^ M In Lower Canada. m. In Up] or Canada. » 4. Events : A. In Lower Canada : (1) Skirmishes at (a) Montreal. (6) St. Denis. (c) St. Charles. (d) St. Eustache. . \, : (2) Lord Durham's Mission. (S) Renewal of the Revolt : (a) Caughnawaga- (6) Odelltown. ya THE REBELLION OP 1837-'38. B. In Upper Canada : Battle of Yonge St., Toronto. 0. The Patriot War : (1) Navy Island. (2) Attack on A mherstburg, (3) Point Pelee Island. (4) Windmill Point. (5) Windsor and Sandwich. 6. Results op the Rebellioxv :— The Act of Union : Its Terms : 99 A. a o. D. B. P. A Common Parliament. A Responsible Ministry. Control of Revenue by Assembly. Members' Qualifications. Language. Duration of Parli.mient. 6 Comments on the Act 100 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. EXPANSION OF SCHEME. 1. Proyreii of Canada from 1§I9 to IsaT r— A. MANurACTURE», siich as those of leather, paper and iron were being; established ; ship-building was be* coming quite an industry. B. Banks, established at Montreal, Quebec and King- ston, gave assistance to trade. C. Stkam-boats, were now seen on the St. Lawrence and the lakes, the first being the property of the Hon. John Molson, ** the father of Canadian steam naviga- tion. D. \ 11 ?. f Mi I- E. P. Canals, particularly the Welland Canal projected by the Hon. W. A. Merritt, to connect Lakes Erie and Ontsvrio, began to be constructed. Population was increasing, and immigrants from Europe were attracted by the offer of a free passage and a grant of 100 acres of land to each settler. Education was provided for, not only by the Gram- mar schools, already referred to, but also by the estub- lishment, in 1823, of McGill University in Montreal, in 1827, of King's College in York, in 1829, of Uij[ er Canada College in York. Tradr was increasing, especially that of -Upper Canada, as was shown by the change in the proportion of the customs granted to her. In 1791 her share was 18; in 1804, 15; and in 1822 the British parliament passed IVte Canada Trade -4 c<, by which £30,000 was given Upper Canada as arrears, and a i)rovi8ion made by which the proportion in future was to be determined by the proportion of population. 9. C^nmei of llie Rebellion : — A. The Family Compact : But in spite of material growth, the political state of the country was far from satisfactory. The Constitu- Q. Br 56- lice on. ga- ted &nd pom age ftni- ^ i o. jper tion was kent VI as Bby by *tm RfeRfeLLIOtf 09 1837-'3d. loi tate :itu- tional Act had not provided Responsible Government, (see Topic III.)f and nence friction between the Assembly and the Executive Council was common. Both the Executive and Legislative Councils were composed of nominees of the Crown or Governor, responsible only to him, and generally hostile to the Assembly. In Lower Canada, the enmity of race was added to other causes of trouble. The majority of the Assembly were French, of the Councils, English. In Upper Canada, though this element of bitterness wan absent, party feeling was quite as strong. So many of the oftices of government were in the hands of a clique of court- favorites that the name. The Family Compact, was ap- plied to the set. In the Assembly, this clique had sometimes a large following, but as time wore on, the opposition party became stronger, and fierce feuds be- tween the two parties resulted. Land Grants : Large grants of land were made by the government to its favorites, many of whom did not cultivate their land, but allowed it to lie waste, until, by the labors of those who held land near, the general value of all the land in the neighbourhood would rise, and they, without a stroke of work, would be rich men. This keeping of the land waste retarded the making of roads and tlie general development of the country, and increased the hardships of the settlers who were making every effort to clear and cultivate their holdings. The Clkroy Reserves : Closely connected with this question was the ques- of the Clergy Reserves. The Clergy of the Church of England maintained that the one-seventh of public lands set apart by the Constitutional Act, (see Topic III ) tor the support of a ** Protestant Clergy," applied only to the Anglican lody. This clMim was fiercely contested by tiie men of other denominations, who asserted that it would be a grVss injustice to establish a state Church in a country where there were so many varieties of creed. In lti36, when the elections had resnlted in the return of a majority of Reform members, the Executive Council, featful of an atrack on the Clergy Reserves, set apart fifty-seven recturies (Dent, in his History of the Rebellion, gives the number as fifty-four) for the Church ^ D; ! I' t02 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORV. Ml I I ■f ! I % ■ :« : i^ i i J 3'. * i '1 1 - ll :1 [ i! 11 ! ■I fv ' !■» IL of England, and placed them in possession of clergymen of that Church. The Church of Scotland had, by this time however, made good its claim tu a part of the Reserves. 3. Leadert ;— A. In Lower Canada ! (1) Papineau, a man of fiery eloquence, was the chief leader here. He had been an admirer of English insti- tutions, but now advocated separation from Brit&in. " The time has gone by," he said, *' when Europe could give monarchs to America. The epoch is approaching when America will give republics to Europe." (2) Dr. Wolfred Nelson, another ardent and impul sive character, was Papineau's chief associate, B. In Upper Canada ; (1) Will iam Lyon Mackp.nzib, a Scotchman who had emigrated to this country and had taken up journalism, is generally regarded as the chief leader of the rebellion in Upper Canada. His paper. The Colonial AdvocMe, made scathing criticisms on The Family Compact. His paper became so offensive to this party, that one day, some of his enemies entered his office at York, and threw the presses into the lake. Mackenzie, thus per- secuted into fame, became the idol of the people. Mac- kenzie's newspaper attacks led to his expulsion from the Assembly, of which he waa a member ; but he was im- mediately reelected by his constituency, and when again expelled, was again returned. (2) Dr. Rolph was another prominent rebel leader. An ingenious attempt has been made by Mr. Dent (see his History of the R^ellion) to belittle Mackenzie's in fiuence in the movement, and to raise Rolph to the chief place ; but Mr. Dent's attempt brought upon him a storm of adverse critici9m, and, so far as most of his readers are in all probability concerned, he failed to es- * tablish his point. (3) Pktbr Perr y, and (4) Marshall Bidwbll, were two other rebel leaders* ^men J this f the I chief insti- rit&in. could aching irapul ho had nalism, ibellion ivoMte, b. His no day, •k, and lus per- Mac- rom the was im- m again leader. lent (see nzie's in the chief n him a st of his ed to es- *tnE DEBELLION OP 1837-'38. 103 4. Fventii :— ! A. Iw Uppek Canada ; (I) First Skirmishes : (a) Montreal : The Assembly, to gain control over the Executive, had refused to vote the supplies. In response to a number of resolutions submitted by the colonials to the Imperial governmeiit, a commission had been appointed to investigate the causes of the trouble. But Lord John Russell, then at the head of the English House of Commons, authorized the seizing of the funds which the Assembly had declined to vote The opposition party then rose in arms. The first skirmish took place in Montreal, when a body of '* ISons of Liberty," (rebels) met a party of the '* Doric Club " (loyalists). A fight with sticks^ stones, and a few pistols^ ensued. W St. Denis : leaders^ The first real fighting was at St. Denis, where Dr. VVolfred Nelson and a considerable rebel force defeated Col. Gore after six hours' fighting. Lieutenant Weir was taken prisoner, and, on attempting to escape, was, as a writer has put it, " mercilessly shot, sabred, hacked and stabbed as if he had been a mad dog. " (c) St. Charlfs : About a thousand rebels now mustered under Thos, Brown, at St Charles, entrenching themselves behind A barricade of felled trees. C»l. Wetherall attacked and utterly defeated them. Among the prisoners taken was Nelson. Papineau had already escaped to the United States. (ti) St. Eostache : In December, Sir John Colborne attacked another force of rebels, who, to the number of one thousand, were entrenched at St. Eustache, on the Ottawa, nearly twenty miles from Montreal. More than one- half of the rebels fled, the othera took refuge in a church and out- buildings These buildings were set on fire by the shot from the cannon, and a large number of the rebels per* ished in the flames. It T Jl » i ^At HEBELUO!^ Of 1837-38. 165 (2) Lord Durham's Mission ; The British Government, waking up to the serious- ness of the trouble, sent Lord Durham, a great Liberal statesman, to act as Governor, with orders to inquire into the grievances of the Canadians and report thereon. Knowing how impossible it would be, in the excited • condition of the people, to have fair trials by jury, and thinking it better to err on the side of clemency. Lord Durham proclaimed, on the day of the coronation of Queen Victoria, an amnesty to the great mass of the prisoners. Nelson and eight others were banished to the Bermudas, and Papineau and other fugitives were forbidden to return to Canada, on pain of death. The English government, however, decided that Durham had exceeded his powers in these matters, and the mortified nobleman returned to England. The report which he presented to the English government was of great value, and was afterwards acted Upon. (3) Renewal of thk Revolt ; (a) GAaOHNAWAGA : After Durham's departure, the rebels, despairing of getting justice, began again to incite disturbances. A slight skirmish took place at Caughnawaga, and another at (6) Odelltown : In both cases the rebels were defeated. Those sec* tions of the country which had been the centres of re- volt were laid waste, houses, barns, and other property being burned. Twelve of the rebel leaders were tried by court martial at Montreal, and executed, and others were transported. JSL Iw Upper Canada t Battle of Yongb St., Toronto : Sir Francis Bond Head, who became Governor of Upper Canada in 1836, became a strong partisan of The Family Compact, and many of the Reform party, de- spairing of obtaining their objects by constitutional methodii, became rebels. The Governor, as if having no fear of a rebellion, allowed the soldiers of Upper Canada to be taken to Lower Canada to assist in quelling "S? iO(5 1 1 1 S 1 I ■ o. (1) TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORV. the disturbances there. The plans of the rebels were soon maturKi. They were to meet at Montgomery s tavern, on Yonge Sr., four miles north of Toiont • (the old name of Toronto had been substituted for York in 1834, when the town became a city), and march upon the capital. Unfortunately for the rebel cause. Dr. Rolph changed the time agreed upon, the 7th of Decern* ber, to the 4th. Four hundred men appeared at tlie appointed place on that day. But the contemplated surprise of 'i'oronto was prevented ; warning reach* d the Governor, and the city was prepared for the attack. Robert Baldwin, who. though a Reformer, disapproved of the rebellion, and Dr. Rolph, whose share in the disturbances was not known to the authorities, were sent, as agents of the government, to inquire what were the demands of the rebels. "Independence," was thQ reply.. Nothing was done till night came on. and then the rebel army, advancing towards the city was at- tacked by a concealed loyalist force, and utterly de- feated. A part of the rebel forces, under Van Egmond, an old soldier, now advanced to the east of the city, and burned the bridge over the Don river, their aim being to divert the attention of the government from the main forces. But Col. McNab. with 900 men, advanced against the 400 who still clung to Mackenzie, and who had taken a stand behind a wood at Montgomery's Tavern, or Gallow's Hill, as it was called. The rebels were defeated. Mackenzie, after many narrow escapes, reached the United States. Many prisoDers were taken, and two, Lount and Matthews, were hanged, by order of the Governor, Sir George Arthur, who had succeeded Bond Head. The Patriot War : Navy Island : ' Mackenzie succeeded in forming in the American frontier cities, societies of sympathizers with his cause, bound to aid in attacks on Canada. A set of adven- turers, described by an American journal as a "wretched rabblo, ready to cut any man's throat for a dollar " took possession of Navy Island in the Niagara river. Mac- kenzie from here sent forth a proclamation, declaring Upper Canada a republic. About ] .000 men joined him. Col. McNab, with 2,000 men, Mas despatched to the Niagara frontier against Mackenzie. The CarolinCf — i~u* — n «Ji — ir«^™ THE REBELLION OF 1837-38. 107 ftn American steamer which the rebels were using to convey men and supplies to Navy Is 'and, was captured by Lieutenant Drew, towed across the river from Ft. Schlosser, and allowed to drift over the rapids. The Americans were highly incensed at this destruction of their property, but afterwards accepted an apology which the British government made. The loyalist forces, posted at Chippewa, kept up such a heavy fire on N;ivy Island, that the rebels were soon compelled to abandon this post. "(2) Amheb.stbuko : In January, 183S, a considerable force crossed the frontier at Detroit and issued a proclamation, urging the Ganaiiiaas to free themselves from British tyranny, and rally round the flag of liberty. Three hundred v»>lun- teers, with whatever arms they cou'd procure, those who had no pistols or guns carrying pitchforks, prepared to defend this frontier. The invaders attacked ISandwich and Amherstburg, but were driven back, a number of prisoners and three pieces of cannon being taken by the Canadians. (3) Point Pelek Island : A futile attempt at invasion was made from this island in Lake Erie. (4) Windmill Point ; Still another attempt was made from Oswego against Prescott. The invaders were commanded by Von Schultz, a Polish exile. They succeeded in landing and in gaining possession of an old windmill near Prescott. Col. Young and a force of nearly 120 men advanced against them. The rebels were besieged for three days and then surrendered. (5) Windsor and Sandwich : Another attempt was made in the west, when the invaders succeeded in taking Windsor, but were de- feated in an attack on Sandwich by Col. Prince with 200 militia. Col. Prince shot, without trial, four of the men who were taken prisoners^ and three others were afterwards executed. So in utter ignominy ended the Patriot war, Mac- kenzie remained in exile for twelve years. One of those ^ i t i: 11 :; : 11 V if 108 Topical- studies in Canadian iiiaTonv. years he spent in prison, being condemned by an Am* erican courfc for a breach of the neutrality laws. After* wards he and most of the other rebel leaders were allowed to return to Canada, and once more enter political life. 5. ResuUi of the Rebellion ;~ Thb Act of Union : Irs Tkrmr : A. A Common Parliabfent : The cause for ifrhich the rebels had shouldered arms was after all won, though in a different way. Lord Durham's report to the British government had advised the Union of the Canadas, and in time the union of all British North America. The Home government decided to follow, partially, at least, the advice of this able man. The Hon. Charles Poulett Thompson, a statesman of v* great tact and wisdom, was sent to Canada as Governor, to try to influence the country to consent to the union of the two provinces. In Upper Canada, the Assembly readily agreed to the scheme, and the consent of the Legislative Council though withheld at uist, was ob- tained. But the French in Lower Canada were strongly opposed to it, fearing that they would Jose their nation- ality, religion, and laws, if united to the English pro- vince . ^However, on account of the rebellion in Lower Canada, the constitution had been suspended, and a V special committee appointed in its place. The council agreed to the scheme, and the Act of Union was accor- dingly passed in the Imperial Parliament, July 23rd, 184U. It did not come into force until 1841. By this Act, the separate parliaments of Upper and Lower Canada were abolished, and provision made for a com- mon parliameHt, to be composed of two houses as before. In this parliament each province was to have an equal number of members. The Legislative Council was to consist of at least 20 members, appointed for life by the Crown ; the Assembly of 84 members elected by the people, 42 from each province. The Executive Council was to consist of eight members, and any who had seats in the Assembly must be re-elected by the people. B. A Responsibls Ministry : The Act of Union contained the important clause that the Executive Council could hold office only ao long ; I THE REBELLION OF 1837-38. 109 as it had a majority of votes in the Assembly. Thus the boon of Responsible Government, so long sought, was granted. O. Control oj Bevenub by Assembly ; The control of the public revenues was given to the Assembly, and the debt of the tvro provinces — that of Upper Canada being by far the greater— was assumed by it. D. Members' Qualifications : No person could be elected to the Assembly who did not own property valued at £5,000 sterling at least. E. Language ; The English language— a clause hateful to the French Canadians— was to be used in the parliamentary records. P. Duration oy Parliament ; There must be a session of parliament each year, and an election every four years. 6. ComBieiitt on the Act :— ** The passage of the Union Act of 1840," says one of our ablest Canadian historians^ " was the commence- ment of a new era in the constitutional history of Canada as well as of the other provinces. The states- men of Great Britain had learned that the time had arrived for enlarging the sphere of self-government in the colonies of British North America ; and conse- quently, from 1840 we see them year by year making most liberal concessions, which would never have been thought of under the old system of colonial adminis- tration. " * Dr. Boutincl. i! TOPIC VIII. THE RE UNITED GANADAS, 1841-'67. SCHEME. GOVERNOB. Ministries. EVKNTS. 1. liORD A. Draper, (1) The School Act, Sydenham, 1841-'42. (2) The Buinicipal Act. 1841-'42. (3) The WellandCanal. 2. Baoot, 1842-'43. B. Balflwin- Lafontaine, 1842.'4.3. (4) The Asbburton Treaty :— (a) The Maine Boundary. (6) The Western Boundary, c) The Slave Trade. (d) The Extradition of Crim- inals. (5) The "Budget "Principle. 3. Metcalfe, 1843-'44. (( (6) The Ghbe Founded. o. Draper (2nd Ac iiin. (7) Montreal becomes seat of Gov- ernment. 1844-'47. (8) English Repeal of Corn Law- 4. Cathcart, 184o-'47. (t Effect in Canada. (9) The Oregon Treaty. 5. Elgin, 1847-'55. D. Sherwood- Daly, 1847-'48. (10) Arrival of Irish Immigrants. E. liafontaine- Baldwin, J848-'51. (11) French Language Restored. TtQ THE RE-UNITED CANADAS, 1841-*67. HI GOVMaNOBB. 6. Head, 1865.'6L Gov- aw— 7. MONOK, 1861- t8. Ministries. Events. P. Hincks* Morin, 1851-'54. Q-. MacNab* Morin, 1854-'53. H. MacNab- Tache, 1855-'56. I. Tach^- Macdonald, 18D6-'57. J. MacclonaId< Cartier, 1857-'58. E. Brown- « DorioD, 1858-'58. L. Cartier- Macdonald, 1858- '62. M. Macdooald- (John Sandfield) Sicotte, 1862--63. N. Macdonald- (John Sandfield) Dorion, 1863-'G4. O. Taoh^- Macdonald, (John A.), 1864 '64. P. Coalition, W64, (12) University Bill. (13) Rebellion Losses Bill. (14) Clear Grits and Rouges. (15) Railway 6. (IH) Cheaper Letter Rates. (17) Decimal Currency, (18) Abolition of Primogeniture. (19) Municipal Loan Fund Act, 1852. (20) Reciprocity Treaty, 1804. (21) Clergy ReBerves Bill, 1855. (22) Abolition of Selgaorial Tenure, 1805. (23) MiUtia Bill. (24) Lej?i8lative Council made Elec- tive. (25) Ottawa chosen as Capital. (26) Visit of Prince of Wales, 1860. (27) The Fenian Invasion^ im^ 112 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. EXPANSION OF SCHEME. rs OOVERNOE. ii i 1. Lord Sydenham, 1841.>42 :- Mr. Thomp- ■nn, created Lord Syden- ham for his ser- vices in carry- ing out the plan of union of the Cana- das, was ap- pointed firbt Governor, i ■ 2. Bflfot, A842->43 ;- The death of Lord Syden- ham led to the appointment of Sib Charles Bagot, a Tory inEnKlioh poli- tics. ManyCa- liadiaQ X^lber- MlNISTRIES. A. Thk Draper Ministry, 184l-'42 ; The first Re- sponsible Min istry was form- ed under the leadership of William Hen RY Draper, a Tory of the old schooK and a man of such eloquence as to win for him the name of "Sweet Wil- liam." Events. (1) The School Act ; One of the iirst Acts passed by the parliament (which met at Kingston) was an Act totting apart an annual sum of $200,000 for the support of public schools. A superintendent of education was also appointed. (3) TheMnnldpal /ct. 1841. By this Act each diHtrict or municipality throughout the country was given power to tax its inhabitants for local Imj^rove- ments, such as roads and bridges, j ai] 8 and court-houses. A muni- cipal council was to have control of these matters. This was the beginning of the pri|ioiple of local self-government, (3) The Welland Canal Bill! By this the Government took control of the Welland Canal Scheme, which had hitherto been a private enterprise. (4) The Aahbnrton Treaty, 1842. An event of great interest to Canada was this treaty, conclude ed between England and the TJnited States by their repreRen* tative", Lord Ashburton (Eng.) and Mr. Webster (U.S.). There had been for some time disputes as to the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick. This had been left somewhat in* definite by the Treaty of Yer* sailles (1783), and the map made^ THU REUNITED CANADAS, 1841- '67. 113 GOVKRNORS. ftls feared for Responaible Government, but Bagot proved a strict- ly non.partisan Goyemor. Ministries. Thb Drapkr Ministry, {Continued), EvE^TS. at the time had been lost. The disputes were settled by this Treaty, of which the chief terma were : (a) The Boundary BETWuey Maine and New Brunswick was settled, by giving to the United States 7-12th8 and to New Brunswick 5-12th8 of th« territory in dispute ; (ft) The Western Bopwdary from the Lake of the Wuods to the Rocky Mountains was set* tied, the 49ih parallel forming the boundary line. (The boun- dary as far west as the Lake of the Woods had been previous- ly settled, the reader will re- member, by the Treaty of Ver- sailles) ; (c) A Slave Trade Provision was made by which Great Brit- ain and the United States were to keep on the African Coast vessels carrying at least 80 guns, "to enforce separately and re- spectively, the laws, rights and obligations of each of tho two countries for the suppression of the slave trade." {d) The Extradition of C rim- inals was provided for by a clause which stated that persons accused of murder, arson, rob- bery or forgery in either country should be given up, if they es- caped across the border, by the government of the country in which they had taken refuge to the government of their own country, there to be tried for their crime. Vugitive slavea were not included in this prori- sion. I I, I 111 TOPICAL STUDIKS IN CANADIAN HISTOUY. tfr: GOVBRNOBS. B \QOT {Continued). MiKISTRIES. 3. Bfetcalfe , 1843- '44 ; The death of Pagot caused the appoint- ment 01 Sir Charles Met ca]fe, % strong Liberal in Eng- lish politics. He had won great distiuc- Thi Draper Ministry, (Continued), B. Thb Baldwin Lafontainb Ministry, 1842-'4.1: Mr. Draper resigned in 1843. He was succeeded by Mr. Baldwin, whose name was closelv connected with the struggle for Responsible Government, though he had not counten- anced the re bellion. With him was asso ciated Mr. La fontaine, i brilliant and shrewd Lower Canadian. O. Thb Drapeb Ministry , 1844-'47 ; Sir Charle Mftcalfe de- spite his Liber- alism, violated the princiide of Respon'«ib]e Government, insisting that the ri.'ht of pa- KVBMTS. (NToTB. There was » rood deal of dissatisfaction caused by this Treaty, as the Americans had obtained the greater part of the disputed territory. The Treaty was named "The Ash- burton Capitulation.") (5) The " Budget " Frtnciplb t An important princii>le estab* lished by the new ministry was that a full account of the expen- diture of the past year must be made by the minister to parli- ament within fourteen days af- ter the opening of the session. Since that time the Budget Speech, as this is called, is looked forward to with greut interest, and the Minister of Finance, who delivers it, is subject to the severest criticism of the mem- bers of the Opposition. The de- bate on the Budget sometimes extends into weeks. (0) FouNDiNO OP "The Olobb,' 1844: A powerful instrument cnme inno the hands of the Refonutirs whf n in 1844 the first number of The Toronto tr'hibe amteared. Its founder and first editor was 18 » POnJ . caused by Americans eater part tory. The Th« Ash- WCIPLK t ciple estab* inistry was the expen- lar must be er to parli- en daysaf- bhe session. ;he Budget ed, is looked i;^t interest, >f Finance, ibJAct to the f the mem- m. Thede- ; sometimes HB Olobb,' ptiment cArae le Refojiuers •st number of ie aT»t»eare'l. Dt editor was THE RE-UNITED CANADA8, 1841-'67» 115 GOVIRNOBS. tion in India, being pronoun- ced by a con- temporary the ablest of civil servants. He had also been governor of Ja- maica, where he had been im mensely popu lar. 4. Cathcart, 1845.>47 ; Failing health caused Met- calfe's resigna- tion in 1844. The new gov- ernor, Earl Gathcart, was a military man, appointed be- cause the rela- tions of Britain and the United States were so strained that war was not improbable. Ministries. tronage {i.e. of making public appointments ) belonged to him indepen- dently of his ministers. This caused the re- signation of Baldwin and Lafontaine and the return of Draper to power. EVIMTS. George Brown, an uncompromis- ing Liberal of Scotch origin. (7) MOWTBKAL THK SkAT OV GOV VKBNMKMT, 18i4 : In 1844 the seat of government was transferred from Kingston to Montreal. Among the new members was a young man des- tined to achieve distinction, who was brought forward by the Tories of Kingston— John A. Macdonald. (8) Kepeal of the Com lawa ; In 1846 Britain repealed her Corn Laws, and adopted the giinciple of free trade. Canada ad protested against the Bill, al- leging that as she could not com- pete with a country like the Uni- ted States, her interests would now suffer. However as Bri- tain now gave over to the colony the control of her post office de- partment, and allowed her to vote her own Civil List, and to repeal any duties favoring Bri- tish manufactures, there was little ground for complaint. (9) The Ornnd- ary between Canada and the United States as far west as the Rocky Mountains had been set- tled by the Ashburton Treaty. The boundary west of the R'-ck- ies remained undeterminrd. The Americans claiired that the line should be 54''-40". ** Fifty-Four Forty or Fight" was the watch- word of the extremists. Finally, however, they gave way, and by the Oregon Treaty the boundary ! i B 1 n i it If 1 ■ ' 1 '! i( ' 116 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORlf. Governors. Ministries. Events. 5. Lord Elgin, D. The Sher- wood-Daly Ministry, 1847-'48 : Mr. Draper, tiring of poli- tics, resigned, and the Con- servative party was re organ- ized under the leadership of MessrSo Sher- wood and Daly. B. The Lafon- taine Bald- win Ministry, was fixed at the 49th parallel as far as the channel between Van- couver Island and the mainland, and thence through the middle of the channel to the Pacific, the navigation of the channel to be open to both nations. (10) Irish Immigrants, 1847 : 1847.'55 t The Oregon Treaty made it no longer ne- cessary to have a military man at the head of Canada. Lord Cathcart was, accordingly, superseded by the Earl of El- gin, a son-in- law of Lord Durham. El- gin was a Scotchman, and a Tory in English poli- tics. He was a young, vigor- ous and able man, and made an excellent governoi; The failure of the potato crop in Ireland caused a large emigra- tion from that country to Can- ada in 1847. A terrible disease broke out among the half-starved people on board the crowded ship, and in spite of precaution, the infection spread through Canada on their arrival. (11) FrKNCH LANt}UAOK RESTORED, 1849 : An Imperial measure had re- pealed that clause of the Act of Union which stated that the English language should be the only language of parliament, and Lord Elgin delighted the French members by delivering, at the opening of the session of 1849, the speech from the throne in both English and French. (12) University Bill ; Progress OF Education: One of the first important measures passed by this minis- try, was Mr. Baldwin's Univer- sity Bill, by which King's Col- lege (Toronto) became a univer- sity and was made non-sectarian. Dr. Stracban, through whose in- fluence the college had been pat under the English church, now set to work to fonnd a rival m- Btitution. The result was the founding of the University of Trinity CoUege in 1863. Edu- 1848-'51. The elections of 1848 result- ed in the defeat of the Conser- vatives, and the old Libera] leaders, Lafon- taine and Bald- win, once more assumed con- trol of affairs. THE RE-UNITED CANADAS, 1841-'G7. 117 GoVERNOBa. Lord Elgin {Continued), Ministries. Lafontaine- Baldwin {Continued), Events. cation was making rapid strides. Victoria College (Methodist), Cobourg had received its charter in 1841, and Queen's College (Presbyterian), Kingston, was founded the same year. The Eublic system was re-modelled y Egerton Ryersnn, who, in 1841, be came Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada. (1 3) The Rebellion Losseg Bill, "1849 : ~ 7~ A matter partly settled by the Draper ministry had been the question of making good their losses to those people whose pro- perty had been destroyed or in- jured during the reoellion of 1837-'38. A Bill waa now intro- duced providing for the payment of the claims of those who had not been given justice by the Draper ministry. The Bill provided that none should be deprived of com- pensation except those who had been actually convicted of trea- son during the rebellion, or who had been transported. The op- ponents of the Bill urged that many known rebels had not been convicted of treason or trans- ported, and thai it was unfair that they should be paid for losses which their own acts had caused. " Nc pay to rebels 1 " was their cry. The Bill was, however, passed. But would Lord Elgin sign it ? He might refer it to the British Gevem- ment. But, Lord Elgin knaw his duty as a constitutional gov- ernor. ** By reservioT the BUI," —the words give a good idea of Lord Elgin's character — ** I should only throw on her Ma- jesty's government, or, (as it would appear to the popular eye here) on nu Mejoaty nerselfi % I 118 TOPICAL STUDiES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. GOVERXORS. Ministries. L ^RD Elgin ( Jontinued), V \ h h Lafontatne* Baldwin {Continued). i I ; i hi' i '. ! Events. responsibility ivhich rests and ought, I think, to rest on my own shoulders. " The result was a furious raub-disrurbance, an assault on Lord £l$;in, and the burning of the parliament build- ing?. Because of this disgrace- ful conduct, the seat of srovern- ment was changed tn Toronto and Quebec, alternate ly. (14) The Clear Grits and the KooGEs ; About this time the political parties became much divided. A section of the Reform party, wishing more extreme measures than those advocated by the main branch of the party —svoh measures as, e.g., universal suf- frage, vote by ballot, abolition of property qualification for members of parliament, etc.— became known as the Clear Grits. In Lower Canada, a similar party, disposed to go even further, was formed, known as Le Parti Rouge, or The ROOOES. (15) Railways : One of Lord Durham's wise Buggestions had been the con- struction of a railway between Canada and the maritime colon- ies. In 1850, a convention met at Portland, to discuw the pro- ject of connecting that city with Halifax and St. John. Joseph Howe, an eloquent NovaScotian, went to England to urge tiie government to build an intercol- onial road. But England could not guarantee a loan, and each colony was left to do what it could by itself. Already a Une had been built in Lower Canada THE RE-UNITED CANADAS, 1841-67. 119 GOVEBNOBS. Wise MiNISTBIKS. LoBD Elgin {Continued), Lafontaik«- Baldwin {OorUinued). EVINTS. connecting Laprairie and St, John's. The first in tipper Canada was the Northern Kail- way, constructed in 185L Two important lines, — The Grand Trunk, to connect the great lakes with the sea ; and The Great Western, to connect at Niagara and Detroit with Am- erican lines, were undertaken. Theopeningof these lines increas- ed land values and helped in the settlement of the country. (16) Chbapbb LETTBa Bates; Now that the control of the Post Office had been handed over to the Canadian Govern- ment, a great reduction was made in letter rates, 3d. per ob. being the rate. Postage stamps were introduced. Postage on each letter had previously to b* paid in money. (17) Decimal Cubbbnot: During the session of 1851 the ministers introduced a bill to adopt decimal currency (that ia» the use of dollars and cents in- stead of pounds, shillings and pence). It was some years, how- ever, before the new system di»> placed the old. (18) Abolitiow of Pbimogbwitubb. Another law of 1851 did away with the svstem of ^rimogeni* ture, (by which theeldesteon re- ceived the greater of his f athmr^ property and provided that, in cases where no will was made, the property should be equidly divided among all the childrfii, inespeotive of ags or sex* 120 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. GOVEIINOBS. H iii il: (C'0/tliftucc/). MiNISTKIES. F. The Hincks- MOKIN ^^llN^^TRT, 1».)L-T>4, Mr. Laf'ii- taine and Mr Baldwin hav- ing re8i','ne 1, a new ministry was formed b> Mr. Hincks, with tb'^ .assist- ance ^ "^ • Morin, took the L . : erbhip of tt- Lower Cana- dians, EVKNTS. (19) Thk Municipal Loan Fhnd Act, 18 >2: One of the first meanures of the new ministry was tbe Mu- nicipal Loan Fund Act, to en- able municipalities to borrow money in order to make local iraprovemenrg. This was a great boon to small, stru^gliner places, but in some cases the privileges were abused ; SDme municipali- ties extravagantly borrowing large sums, and becoming un- able to pay them, thus involving the Government heavily. This, and the perhaps too lavish grants to railway enterprises laid the foundation of an ever* increasing national debt. (20) Reciprocity Treaty, 1854 ; Since England's Repeal of her Corn Laws in 1846, and of her Navigation Laws in 1849, there had been a desire for better trade relations between Canada and the United States. Lord Elgin, as representative of Eng- land, succeeded in 1854 in ar- ranging with the American Gov- ernment a scheme of reciprocity whereby there was to be a free exchange of the products of THE SEA, THB SOIL. THE MINB, AND THE roREST, between the two countries. The St. Law- rence, the^ St. John, the canals and the inshore fisheries, were thrown open to the United States, and Lake Michigan in return was thrown open to Can- ada.^ T.ae arrangement was to continue in force for ten years, and could then be tt-rminated ou twelve months notice from either party. The Treaty gave great satisfaction to Canada, a ; THE RE-UNITED CANADAS, 1841 -'6 7. 121 FnND GOVBRNOBS. Lord Elgin {Continued), Ministries. Q-. The MacNab- MoBiN Minis- TRY, 1854-'55 ; The elections of 1854 result ed in the fall of the HinckH Morin Minia try. There were now three distinct parties in the Assem bly. No one party was strong enough to command a majority. A coalition of Conservatives and moderate Libtirals, under the leadership of Sir Allan MacNab and Mr. Morin was formed. Events. but the people of the mai itime colonies complained that they obtained no advantage from the United States comparable with the fisheries of their waters which the United States gained from them. (21) The Clergy Reservea Bill, 1885 ; The programme of the new ministry included some changes against which old-time Tonser- vatives had stubbornly fought. The first of these was the secu- larization of the Clergy lieserves. Ever since the passing of the Constitutional Act of 1791, by which one-seventh of the land in Upper Canada had been set apart for the support of a " Pro- testant Clergy," this had been a burning question. Various attempts had already been made to settle it. The Presbyterian claim had been admitted in 1840 by the English Government and to that church was granted one- third of the proceeds of lands already sold. But an outcry aro!^e from other religious bodies. The measure introduced in 1855 settled the question forever, by depriving all sects alike of any share. It was enacted that the proceeds from the sale of these lands should be divided among the various municipalities in proportion to population, to be applied to local improvements. Fruvision was made for the con- tinued payment of any stipends which had been previously al- lowed, during the lives of the incumbents. (22) Abolition of Selgnoria l Tenure, 1865 : Another burning question was that relating tc the syatem 122 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HI8T0BT. GOVIRNOBB. MiNISTRIKS. 6. Government of Sir Ed- mund Heart, 1855.>6i:— H. ThkMaoNab On the de partureof Lord Elgin in 1855, Sir Edmund Head, a man of culture and learning, was appointed Gov* emor. TaohA Minis- Events. TRY, 1855-'56 ;— In 1855 Mr. Morin retired, and Mr. Tach^ assumed the leadev ip'p :• f the Lower Ca- nadians. I. ThbTach^. Macdonald Ministry, 1856-'57 :— of land tenure prevailing in the Lower Province. We have ti.- ready noticed how under French rule Seignorial Tenure was es> tablishet]^ and how it retarded the progress of the lower cImsob. The system was now abolished, the Seigneurs receiving full com- pensation for the losses which the Act entailed upon them* (23) Thb Militia Bill; The chief measure of this ministry was a Militia Bill, pro- viding for a volunteer force. All males between eighteen and sixty were constituted the full force, and all under forty were to be mustered once a year. Provis- sion was made for local divisions, ap^intment of officer?, etc. This was the beginning of our present militia system. (24) Thb Leqislativb Council MADE Elective, 1856: Sir Allan Mac-' Nab was in 1856 induced to re- sign, and his place was taken by John A Macdonald. The most important measure brought forward by the new ministry was an Act reelecting the Legislative Council, by which in future the members should not be appointed, as be- fore, but elected oy the people, the qualifications of voters to be the fMtme as those of voters for members of the Assembly* (25) Ottawa Cnosgy as (^^apital t It had been found very incon* venient to have parliament meet at Toronto and Quebec alter- nately. It was felc that a per- manent seat should be chosen. The matter was referred to the Queen, who chose Ottawa (By- town), as the Capitid of Canada. Situated on the river separating THE RE-UNITED CANADAS, 1841-67. 123 GOVKBMOBB. MiNISTBIES. EVKMTS. Sib Edmund Head the two provincef, it was con* {Continued), J. The Maodon- ald-Cabtieb ▼enient to both. MiNISTBT, 1857-'68:— Mr. Tach^ re- signed in 1857, and Mr. Gartier toolc his place. K. Thb Bbown- "~ ■ , " ;- DoBTON Minis- try, 1858-1858: ^■ As the result of a debate on the choice of Ottawa as capi- * tal — a choice ^ ^^' - ' -• condemned by ^ Mr. Brown — — ■ ■ ' ' ,■ the ministers resigned, and ' Mr. Brown, " ' ' ' ■ ■ . ■ with the assist- ■ ■ ance of Mr. Dorionof Low- er Canada, tried ' • ■ to form a min- ■ -■;". ,. , ., ■■„ 5 , T, istry. ■ :' ■ . .,. _ L. The Cartier- (26) Visit of the Prince of Maodonald Wales, 1860: MiMIBTRT, 1858 62 :— In 1860 Canada was honored by a visit from His Royal High- The ministry ness tbe Prince of Wales, who of Mr. Brown represented the Queen at the andMr.Dorion opening of the Victoria Bridge lasted only two at MontreaL The young Prince days, after was most royally received, not which Cartier only in Canada and the Mari- andMacdonald time Colonies, but also in the / retu rned to United States, which he also power. visited. "T 124 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN UISTOUY. lii'i , U' I; ' i, GOVERNOKS. MiNisTUir:s. Events. 7. Government of L ord Monorion. O. Tache:- Macdonalu (John A.), 18G4-"'Gt : A futile at- tempt was made by the Conservative leaders Tachtj! and Macdonald to form a min- istry, but mat- ter* had been for some time drifting to- wards a dead- lock that is, a state of affair^ TlJK tlE UNITED CANADAS, 1841-'67, 125 Governors, Lord Mowck (Continued). M1NI8TRIE8. in which no party can com mand a \vork- inf? majority in the Commons and now the deadlock came. P. The Coalition M1NI8TBY, 1864 t- A movement in favor of a union of all British North America was under way, and to accomplish thirj, the par- ties combined. Eyknts. (27) Thk Fenian Invabion, 186 6 : In the United States a Civil War, the South against the North, broke out in 1861, and lasted four years. England was accused of favoring the Soutli, and some Southerners, who took refuge in Canada, made raids from there upon the Northern States. Thus bad feeling was produced, and the Americans declined to renew the Recipro< c'ty Treaty when it expired in 1865. Nor did the American Government take steps to inter- fere with the plans of a set of men called Fenians, who, with the object of separating Ireland from England, tried to further their designs by the rather strange method of an invasion of Canada. Some twelve or four- teen hundred of these Fenians, under " General " O'Neill, cross- ed from Black Rock, on June Iftt, 1866, and took posnessiuu of Fort Erie. Leaving a guard here, O'Neill pushed on to RiUG EWAY. Col. Booker at- tacked the invaders, but was driven back. But CoL Peacock soon arrived on the scene, and the Fenians rapidlv retreated. Attempts were madfe to invade Canada at other places, princi- pally Frescott and St. Albans, but failed through the vigilance of the Canadians. The Ameri- can Government finally awoke to a sense uf its responsibilities, and put a stop to these disgrace- ful raids. «p H ., I TOPIC IX. 1 ! THE MARITIME COLONIES. (BEFORE CONFEDERATION.) SECTION I.~ ACADIA, OR NOVA SCOTIA. ! (3 In i,t ! i' SCHEME. 1. Different English Conquests of Acadia : — A. 1st Conquest, 1614, by Argall — Abandoned soon after. B. 2nd Conquest, J 628, by Kirke—Restored 1632, by Treaty of St. Germaine-en-Tjaye. C. 3rd Conquest, 1664, by Sedgwick — Restored 1667, by Treaty of Breda. D. 4th Conquest, 1690, by Phips— Restored 1697, by Treaty of Ryswiok. B. 5th Conquest, 1710, by Nicholson— Confirmed 1713, by Treaty of Utrecht. 2. War of the Boundaries in Nova Scotia. 3. Establishment of Representative Government in Nova Scotia, 1758. 4. Cape Breton and St, John's Islands Joined to Nova Scotia, 1764. 5. Nova Scotia and the American War of Independence. 126 THE MARITIME COLONIES. 127 6. Establishment of New Brunswick as a Separate Govern- ment. 7. Nova Scotia and the War of 1812. 8. The Struggle for Responsible Government :— A. The Family Compact. B. Joseph Howe. O. Responsible Government chained, 1848. 9. Railways. 10. Scheme of Union o7 Maritime Golonibs. 128 TOPICAL 8TUDIE8 IN CANADIAN HISTOIiY. EXPANSION OF SCHEME. i;loniaI t)y the Pictou 7 was liarles This , into lonies lONY, ito ito >rct Dorchester, was appointed Governor. Parrtown, which became incorporated in 1785, as the City of St. John, was the first seat of government ; but a few years later, Freder!cton eighty five miles up the river, was chosen instead, because of its more central position and less liability to attack in case of war. ■ 2. Industrial OeTelopment of Ihe Colony : — It was soon found that the fine tiro.ber of the coun- try was a source of great wealth, and tVe lumber trade became the chief industry. The trade was favored by the tax which England imposed on the Baltic timber. In 1823 the population was 74,000. But the profits from lumbering and ship-building had caused other industries, principally agriculture, to be neglected, and the colony was obliged to import foodstuffs and other necessaries of life. One thing not neglected was education ; the uni- versity of King's College was established at Fredericton. 3. The Great Fire, l§ag i— The progress of the young colony was, however, seriously retarded by a terrible fire, which, after an un- usually dry summer, broke out in the autumn of 1825, and destroyed everything — trees, crops, stock, buildings, — from the Bay of Chaleurs to Miramichi Many lives were lost, a million dollars worth of property was de- stroyed, and the loss of timber was incalculable. The distress of those who had lost their all in the flames was alleviated by the generosity of the people of the other colonies and of the United States. 4. The AihbBrton Treaty, l§4a ;— New Brunswick was scarcely touched by the War of 1812, though she sent soldiers to aid the Canadas. But the boundary dispute with the State of Maine became the cause of raids across the frontier. In 1 827 a band of ruffians endeavored to raise the Stars and Stripes on British ground, but their leader was seized and lodged in Fredericton gaol. The Governor of Maine threatened to invade New Brunswick. The Governor of New Brunswick sent regiments to prevent an invasion. The Nova Scotia parliament, amid the wild applause of its members, voted £100,000 for the defence of the New Brunswick frontier. War, however, was avoided, and the matter handed over to the two commissioners, Web- ster and Ashburton, the result of whose deliberations has already been described. (See Topic YIII., Part II.) f!iJi il m TOPICAL STUDIES IX CAKADTAN IIISTOKY ft. The Struggle for Respondlble OovrrnmetAt :— ' A. Thk Grievances : The struggle for Responsible Government in New Brunswick was similar to that in Nova Scotia. The Council, in both cases, combined Legislative .and Exe- cutive functions, and was not responsible to the As- sembly. The rich capitalists were favored at the expense of the poor people. A part of the revenue — the control of the crown lands — was managed by the Council inde- pendently of the Assembly ; thus the latter was deprived of the chief moans of control. Another grievance which the Assembly complained of was an extravagant grant of 500,000 acres of land to a company of English capi- talists — a grant made by the Council without the consent of the Assembly. B. The Leader : The chief champion of poi)ular rights during these years of agitation was Lemuel Allan Wilmot, a lawyer of eloquence and ability. O. Responsible Government Gained, 1848 : r 1 ; In 1836 the Assembly petitioned the British Gov* ernment to grant it the control tab>i*l i ment ai a Separa te re of its fisheri- s, and not only English and French, but Spanish and Portuguese fishermen engaged in these. 9. The IwlRnd as Tie Royale, iyiit-*63 ;~ A. FOCNDINO OF LOULSBI RG, 1720: The importance of Cape Breton was recognized after the cession of Acadia to England in 1713 French from Acadia and NewfoundJand made their way to it, and France built at a place knosvn as English harbor (the favorite harbor of the English fishermen in the early days) a fort called Louisburg, the fortifications costing, it is said, about $10,000,(iOO. The wa'ls were two and a half miles in extent. The island was now re-naa.ed He Royale. B. Government undfr the French : The government was similar to that established by the French in Canada. The Governor was simply mili- tary head, and the Commissary held the position occupied by the Intendant in Canada. Justice was so carelessly guarded that the complaint was made by a writer who lived for some time in Louisburg, that " there was not even a common hangman, nor a jail, nor even a tor- mentor to rack criminals or to inflict penal tortures." The Governor and the Commissary, like the Governor and the Intendant in Canada, were constantly wrangling, and the one acted the spy on the other. Appoiitments were so unjust that a man with no other qualifications than that of being a wig-maker was made a judge. The 1:1 TWli MARITIME COLONIES. 139 chief industry was that of the cod-fisheries, and there was a good deal of smuggling between Cape Breton and New England. Little effort w-^s made to cultivate the land, provisions being imported from Acadia and Isle St Jean. O. FiKST Ca pture of Louisbukg, 1745 : For the story of the capture of this fort by the New Englanders, and of its restoration to France by the Treaty of Aixla-Chapelle, (see Topic XI., Part I.) D. Second Capt urk of Louisburg, 1758 : After the second capture of the place, by Amherst, in 1758 (see Topic XIT., Part I.), the fortifications were entirely destroyed in 1760, and the once proud fortress became a mere fishing-village. 3. Cwpe Breton under En gltsli Rule ; — A. As Part of Nova Sootia, l764-'84 : When Cape Breton, by the Treaty of Paris, passed into English hands, the old name was restored, and the island was annexed to Nova b'cotia. Though the in- habitants were given the right to send representatives to the Assembly of Nova Scotia, the right was for years worthless, as none of them possessed the property quali- fication which the law of the times demanded. The population at this time was about a thousand. B. As A Separate Colony, 1784 -1819 : In 1784, Cape lireton received a separate govern- ment, and a new capital, called Sydney, (after Lord Sydney, who then had charge of colonial affairs) was founded in the gulf previously called Spanish River. A Lieutenant Governor was appointed, but no parlia- ment WHS provided for, as its ' situation and circum- stances " did not " admit the calling of an Assembly." The government during the existence of the- island as a separate colony was anything but satisfactory, and in 1819 it was re-annexed to Nova Scctia. TOPIC X, THE GREAT WEST. SECTION I.— MANITOBA AND THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. SCHEME. 1. Early Discoveries in this Region : — A. Cabot. B. Frobisher — Gilbert — Davis. O. The French. D. Henry Hudson ; Discovery of Hudson Bay, 1610, 2. Establishment op the Hudson Bay Company, 1670. 3. Struggle between English and French for Possession of Hudson Bay Territory :— '4. The Nor'-Westbrs, 1782. 5. Agents and Explorers : — A. Samuel Hearne. B. Alexander Mackenzie. O. Sir John Franklin. C. How the FuR'Trade was Carried on. ' 7. Union of the Nor'- Westers and the Hudson Bay Com- pany, 1821. 8. The Selkirk Settlement, 1811. a 140 THE GREAT WEST. 141 EXPANSION OF SCHEME. f OF DM- t , Ear ly Dii CO Tcrlei in this Region ; — A. Cabot ; Fqt some time after the discovery of America, the great object of succeeding explorers was to find some passage through or about America to Asia. It was thought that a way might be found to the north of the American continent ; and expedition after expedition sailed in quest of this North-West Passage. Sebastian Cabot reached, it is thought, Hudson Bay in 1517, but, a mutiny breaking out among his sailors, he was obliged to abandon the quest and return home. B. Frobisher— Gilbert — Davis : The idea of finding a North-West Passage com- mended itself to the enterprise of England s great Queen Elizabeth, and in 1557 and 1558 she sent Martin Frobisher on three successive expeditions which ex- plored the North-West coast of America, but failed to find any way around the north of the continent. Sir Humphrey Gilbert made a similar attempt, but perished at sea. In 1585 John Davis reached the straits now named after him, but he, too, failed to find the wished- for Passage. O. The French : We have already in previous topics noticed how the French tried to find through Canada some water- way to the Pacific coast ; how with this hope Champlain ascended the Ottawa ; and how priests and coureurs-de- hois penetrated into the wilderness about Lakes Huron and Superior. Hudson Bay was reached by one of these priests by an overland route from Canada in 1663. D. Henry Hudson : Discovery of Hudson Bav, 1610 : In 1607 and 1608 Henry Hudson made two expedi- tions to tlie American coast, entering the river which still preserves his name. In the two following years he made two more voyages, exploring in 1610 the shores of 142 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. 1 ' I Hudson Bay. Winter caino on while ho was engaged in this work, and he decided to remain until S})ring in thi» region. When, after months of hard'hip, he was pr'-paring to i-otiirn hf)nio a mutiny broke out among his Hailors and l^udson with his son and a few com- panions, was tinned ad'ift in an f)pon boat. What be- came of them we do not know. In all probibility they either died of starvation or wore ki led by Indians. Other voyagers, such aa Captains Button, Fox and James, followed in thf^ path of discovery and the scheme of building posts and opening up a fur trade with the Indians of this region commended itself to Prince Ru- pert, a cousin of the King of England, Charles II. Stl FntftliliMliinriit of llie lliidiioii Bay CoitipanT, A charter, according' y, was obtained from the King, for PrincB Rupert and his associates, by which a mono- I)oly of the trade of a vast and indefinite region ab»ut Hudson Bay was granted to them. Factories were es- tablished without de ay. and by 1685 the Company pos- sessed five of these posts, each the centre of a brisk trade : Albany, Moose, Rupert, Nelson, and Severn. 3. Struffsle Betiveen tlie Fnffliuli nnd Fronrh for PoHMfMiiUkii of lliulii«»ii Bhi Tetrliory : — No sooner had the Company established itse'f, , however, than the jealousy of the French in Canada was roused, and for many years a hot contest went on for possession of these trading posts. During King William's War the forts were twice taken by the French and twice re-tttken by the English The Treaty of Ryswick, in 1097, gave the French all the forts except Ah any ; but the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 restored them to the English. These frequent changes were of course, very injurious to the trade, and to the projects of discovery which the Hudson Bay Company were bound by their charter to promote. After the Treaty of Utrecht the fur-trade revived, but the efiorts to find the North- West Passage were faint and futile. In the meantime, FrencI' conreurs-de-hois vere steadily pushing their way w ward by land, and the adventurous Vkrkndhyf. \ versed the district from the Lake of the Woods to t . Saskatchewan, building forts, and reaching, some say, the Rocky Mountains. Tllli (;i{KAT WKST. 143 4. Tlie TVor'.Wc t lera, iy§a ;— Another rivjil to tlio ITiulson Buy Coinpany appeared in the field, when, in 178-, Ji c iiipany of Montreal merchants formed an H.ssociation for tr.ulo, known as the North West C tniyjaiiy, or, as more commonly called. The > or'- Westers. The lew Company throve w(mder- fully Their annual meetiiit;-place was Fort William, on the north shore of Lake iSiiperior. and the gathering w.is always a brilliant one. The partners of the Com- pany travelled in state frou) Montreal Canadian ro»/t westward to the coast. Eor his great services Mackenzie was knighted by George IH. (2) Er aser : xlnother explorer sent out by the Nor'-Westers wai Simon Eraser, who, in 1806, reached the river now named after him, and established some trading-posts in the district. The name, iSew Caledonia, now became applied to this whole western region. (3) THOsrpsoN : Yet another agent of the same enterprising com- pany was David Thompson, who in 18 >7, reached the Columbia river. He also visited the Thompson River, named after him. B. Rivalry between English and AMBRrcAN Companies : But the trade of this vast territory was not to pass without contest into British Iiands. In 1810, an Am- erican company, called tho Pacific Eur Company, was founded and a fort called Astoria (after the founder, Mr. Astor) built at the mouth of the Columbia as the chief depot. But the Pacific Company failed entirely to com- pete with the united English companies. The reason was largely the difl^rence between the American and the English treatment of the Indians. The Engliali policy was much the more humane. If an Indian wronged an Englishman, punishment was sure to follow, but only the wrongdoer, not his tribe, suffered. The m ill 148 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. Americans punished indiscriminately, and a law was passed in Idaho teriitory, offering prizes for Indian scalps. O. Growth of t he Trade : In 1825, Ft. Vancouver was founded as the chief emporium of the trade of the now united Nor' -Westers and Hudson Bay Company. Considering the small re- turn given to the Indians for valuable furs, the profits of the trade must have been enormous. For instance, nine beaver-skii s (worth about J70) would buy a pair of pantaloons (worth about $4). One grave difficulty in dealing with the Indians, the giving of liquor to them, was settled in 1843 by an agreement between the Eng- lish Company and the Russian governor of Alaska by which both abandoned the practice. In 1843, Victoria was founded. Beasts of burden were brought in chiefly from Mexico. D. The Oregon Treaty, 1846 : I 1 The conflicting claims of the Americans and English to this western country led to the signing of the Oregon Treaty (see Topic. V^III.) between the tivo gov- ernments, £j. Discovery of Coal, 1849 : Hitherto almost the only interest attached to the Pacific coast had been connected with the fur-trade. It was soon found, however, that the soil contained un- looked for wealth. The story is told that an old Indian chief, entering a blacksmith's shop to have his gun mended, and seeing the men putting coal into the fire, remarked that there was plenty of that kind of stone where he lived. Investigation followed, but it was some time before the discovery was put to any use. a. T he Colontai Period, 1§4» ;— A. Parliamentary Government, 1856 : A; Up to th's time no settlements had been made ex- cept those necessary to carry on the fur-trade. It was now thought that a regular colony should be established, and a governor was sent out. The demand for repre- sentative government soon followed, and in 1856 ihia boon was granted. ' See Hittory of British Columlria, by Alexander Begg. bRlTIStt COLUMBIA AlfD VANCOUVER ISLAND. Ud B. The Gold Fev£R, 1858 ; If the discovery thafc the soil was rich in coal caused little excitement, not so the discovery that it also po3- sessed gold. From the United States in particular came crowds of gold-seekers. It was along the Fraser and Thompson rivers that the discoveries of gold were made. These discoveries, and the mining operations which fol- lowed, soon spoiled the fur-trade. O. The San Juan Boundary Question : The Oregon Treaty of 1846 had apparently settled the boundary line between Canada and the United States west of the Rockies. It was then, it will be re- membered, settled at the 49th parallel to the coast, thence through the middle of the straits of Fuca to the Pacific. What the middle of the Straits was be- came a matter of dis[)ute, as the main strait is divided by small islands into a number of channels. The ques- tion came up in 1856, but, on account of the outbreak of the American Civil War, it was not decided till 1871, when, by the Washington Treaty, the question was re- ferred to the Emperor of Germany. This decision was in favor of the United States, to whom the island of San Juan, the subject of dispute, was given. D. British Columbia Made a Separate Colony, 1858 : Before this, another question had arisen and been settled. In 1 858 an Act was passed by Great Britain, creating the colony of British Columbia, and separating it from Vancouver Island. On account of the floating character of the population— most of the people being either miners or traders— it was thought best not to give the new colony a parliament for a time. E). British Columbia and Vancouver Re-United, 1866 : In 1863, as the result of an agitation in British Columbia for representative government, a Legislative Council, partly appointed by the Governor, and paitly elected by the people, was established. The Hudson Bay Company's lease of Vancouver Island (granted in 1849) was not renewed, and in 1866 this colony and Bri- tish Columbia were re-united. m MA TOPIC xr. CONFEDERATION. ' SECTION I.— PREPARA.TIONS FOR THE UNIOX SCHEME. 1. Causes Which Had Hitherto Kept the CoioifiEs Apart: A. The Case of the United States. B. The Wide and Sparsely-Settled Area. 2. Causes Which Now Led to Union: A. Adoption of Free Trade by England. B. Example of the United States. O. The Dead-Lock in the Canadas. D. The Movement in the Maritime Colonies. G. Other Causes. 3. Progress or the Work : A. The Charlottetown Conference. B. The Quebec Conference. O. The London Conference. 150 I Confederation. 151 EXPANSION OF SCHEME. ^^i. part: 1 CBowet Which Had Hitlierto Kept the Colontei Apart :— A. The Case op the United States : For a long time no such plan as that of a union of her North American colonies had been considered by Great Britain. In the case of those colonies which be- came the United States union had been the prelude to separation, and the dread of a similar result in the case of the colonies which still remained led her to keep them divided into distinct governments, with no other bond of union than that of allegiance to a common sovereign. B. Thb Wide and Sparsely- Settled Area ; Another consideration was the great area over which settlements were sparsely scattered, and which made union for a long time impracticable. So we find, instead of union, a tendency to greater and greater separation. The Canadas, it is true, had become united, but the maritime colonies, once united, had berome broken into the three governments of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. 3. Cnuflef Which 1Voir E«ed to Fnlon :— . Adoption of Free Trade by England : When England in 1846 adopted the principle of Free Trade, the colonies at first suffered keonly. It was felt that something must be done to strengthen them. They must learn to stand alone, must become self-supporting. But as long as colony was divided from colony, each jealous of the others, and shutting out their products by a system of duties, there could be no general prosperity. Union was, therefore, neces- sary. 162 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. I il B. Example of the United States ; What had taken place across the border added force to this argument. The growth of the United States, since they had united, with perfectly free trade from Maine to Florida, had been little short of marvellous. Might not a similar result, it was urged, follow a union of British North America i O. The Dead-Lock in th e Canadas ; Affairs had reached such a state in the Government of the Canadas that some change was felt to be abso- lutely necessary. The attempt made by the Act of Union to weld together the English and French races had proved a failure. At first a principle, known as the Double Majority Principle, had been adopted ; that is, any measure affecting any one of the provinces had to receive a majority, not only of the whole House, but also of the members from that provitice, before it could become law. It was found impossible to carry out this principle, however. Another cause of trouble was the question of Representation by Population (or Rep. by Pop., as it was generally called). At the time of the Union, Lower Canada had a larger population than Upper Canada, yet each province had the same number of members in the united parliament. As Upper Can- ada progressed more rapidly than Lower Canada, she soon became more populous, and began to clamor for an increased number of representatives. Lower Canada protested. These and other causes had produced a dead-lock. The wheels of Government refused to move. In this crisis, Hon. George Brown suggested that the opportunity be seized for settling forever the difficulties between the two provinces. A coalition Government was formed, with the object of forming a confederation of all British North America, if possible, if not, of the two Canadas at any rate. D. The Movement in the Maritime Colonies; It so happened that at this very time the Maritime Colonies were considering the subject of a union among themselves. A conference had been arranged for their delegates at Charlottetown. Hearing of this the Can- adian Government asked leave to send delegates also. The permission was granted, and thus the conference became a general one. 'i CanHdian and United States Ftrderal Unt imat . — There is a marked difference between the federal and provincial parliaments (jf Canada and the federal and state legislatures of the United States. In the United States, all i)owers that have n t 1 een specifically conceded to the federal government are taken to re- main with the several states ; in Canada, all powers not specifically conceded by the federa' 'government to the provincial parliaments are taken iv remaining with the federal government. That is, t!(e United States system works from below, up ; ours, from above, down. 160 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. 9, Appointment, of Judgei ; — Another respect in which our system differs from that of the United States is in the appointment of judges. Our judges are not elected, but are appointed by the Governor-in-Council for life or good conduct ; and hence they are not dependent *' on the caprice of the people of a province for their nomination and reten- tion in office, as in many of the states of the American Republic." Our judges can only be removed by an ad- dress of Parliament to the Governor-General. 10. Other Pro¥liions :— A.. D. p. a. It was enacted, also, that there should be absolutely free trade between the provhices of Canada. The duties and other revenues provided for by Do- minion taxation were to form a fund out of which the public expenses were to be met, and subsidies paid to the diflferent provinces or portions of their debt assumed by the Dominion. Money-bills were to originate in the House of Commons. In the parliamentary debates either the Englwh or the French language might be used, but the proceedings nmst be recorded in both. Each province was to control its own system of edu- cation, subject to certain conditions ; viz., no law should prejudicially affect any rights possessed by denomina- tional schools existing at the time of the Union ; that is, if any sejjarate (whether Roman Catholic or Protestant) schools existed at the time of the Union, their rights should be untouched ; and that if any provin/;ial law were passed aflecting such rights, an appeal mi>;ht be made to the Governor-Ooneral-in-Council. The construction of the Inter- Colonial Railway WM to be commenced within six months after the passing of the Act, to connect the St. Lawrence with Halifax, and thus consolidate the Union. It WHS also provided that the other colonies, New- foundland, Prince Kdward Island, British Columbia aid Vancouver Island, Rupert's Land and the North- West, might be admitted at any time into the Union on such terms as might be deemed advisable by their respective legislatures, and those of Canada and Great Britain. THE COMPI.ETIOX OF CONFEDERATION. 161 SECTION IIL THE COMPLETION OF CONFEDERATION. of SCHEME. 1. Acquisition of the North- Wkst and Creation of Mani- toba, 1869-70 : A. Purchase of lands of Hudson Bay Company. B. The Red River Rebellion. C Tl; ■ Manitoba Act. 2, Admission of Britisw CoLunrniA, 1871. ' .3. Admission of Prince Edward Island, 1873,, 4. The North-West Given Representative Government, 1888. L. -nfederation Still Incomplete. EXPANSION OF SCHEMd 1. AcquUHion of the Worth- West and i reatlon of Manitoba, 18«9->ro :— A. Purchase of Lands of Hudson Bay C )Mpaiiy : At the time when tlie Rcheme of a Canadas and the Maritime Colonies was out, the question of the acquisition of tlu Territory hud been discussed with tiu; Fnii) ment. The first parliament of the Domini an address to the Queen, asking her to ui tory to Canada. The request was granted, ment was made with the Hudson bay Couqi the latter accepted $300,000 in payn)ent fo certain districts and rights being at the s. served for the company. It is estimated tl inion of the >eing carried North -West rial (jovern- •n presented to the terri- nd an agree- ny l)y which their land.", me time re- it this terri- 162 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. in 10 I'D t i tory cost the Dominion only about one-sixth of a cent per acre— one-fifteenth the amount the United States paid for barren Alaska. B* T he Re d Riveb Rebellion : In 1869 an arrangement was made for the tempor- ary government of the North- West Territory as a part of Canada, and a Lieutenant-Governor was appointed. The French half-breeds in the Red River Valley, who were pretty numerous, were irritated at this transfer of themselves and their lands from one government to another, without their wishes being consulted, and their suspicions were roused by surveys of land which were being made. The Lieutenant-Governor, when on his way to the country, received a warning not to enter the Red River district. The order was signed by Louis Riel, a Frenchman with some Indian blood in his veins, who acted as secretary of a sort of council of the settlers. Soon a regular provisional government was formed with Kiel as President, and a bill of rights drawn up in which certain terms were insisted on as necessary to any plan of union with Canada. If oht malcontents had stopped here, all might have been well, ^or the Dominion was willing to assent to reasonable conditions, and hadjio intention of ruling the country despotically. But Riel went further. He took prisoners a number of the Loy- alist settlers, and one of these, an outspoken, brave, hot< headed fellow named Scott, was brutally shot after the mockery of a trial. The news of this murder — for such it was regarded — produced the wildest excitement, es- pecially in Ontario, of which the young man was a na- tive, and the Ontario Government afterwards offered a reward for the apprehension of the murderers. At last an armed force, ])artly Imperial and partly Canadian, under General Wolseley, was sent to restore order in the Red River district. When the troops reached Fort Garry, they found that Riel and his chief associate, Le- pine, had tied a quarter of an hour before to the United States. €1 The Manitoba Act, 1870 ; A Manitoba Act was now passed by the Dominion Parliament, by which the Province « f Manitoba was created out of that part of the Northwost Territories which formed the Red River Settleuiient — one square on THE COMPLETION OP CONPI^DERATION. 163 the checker-board of the great North- West, as Lord Duf- ferln once put it. The new province was given a par- liament of its own, consisting of a Legislative Assembly of twenty-four members, and a Legislative Council of seven members. A Lieutenant-Governor and an Exe- cutive Council of five members were to administer the affairs of the province. The province was given a repre- sentation of four members in the Dominion House of Commons and two in the Senate. a. AdmUiion of Brlt l» h Columbia, l§7i ;— The admission of Manitoba was followed in 1871 by that of British Columbia and Vancouver Island. The representatives of this remote colony had been in con- sultation for some time, and now decided to enter con- federation, stipulating, however, that a railway be built within ten years to connect their province with Eastern Canada. British Columbia was given three Senators and six members of the House of Commons. 3. Admlfsloii of Pr ince Edw ard Island, ISTg ;— Soon Prince Edward Island followed the example of the other provinces, and joined the grand Con- federacy, being allowed six members in the House of Commons and four in the Senate. It was at this time that the question of the rights of absentee proprietors was satisfactorily settled by purchase, and the chief drawback to the Island's prosperity removed. 4. The Worth-West given Repreientatlvc Oovern- ment, 1§8§ ; — Hitiiorto the North-West Territories had been under the control, partly of Manitoba and partly of a Lieu- tenant Governor and Council. In 1888, the Territories were given a m»vernnu'nt of their own, a Lieutenant- Governor, an Executive Council, and an elective as- sembly being provided for. Ili!8[)on8iblo Government was not, however, introduced. 6. Confederatio n ftlll Incomplete :— Confederation, though almost, is not quite com- plete yet. Newfoundland has not yet entered con- federation, all negotiations to that etiect having so far fallen through. Before union with Newfoundland can very well be accomplished, the troublesome French Shore (v'uestion, (se* Treaty of Versailles, 1783) will have to be settled. V tmrnm TOPIC XII. OUR OWN TIMES. SCHEME. !: ! ' MlNLSTtllES. 1. Macdokald, 1867- 7a. Events. 2. Mackenzie, 1873- '78. 3. Macdonai.d, 1878- •91. A. Early MeaHures. B. Independence of Parliament Act, 1868. C. The Washington Treaty, 1871. (1) Causes : (2) Provisions : (a) The Alabama Claims, (h) The Fisheries, (c) The San Juan Boundary, {(l) The Alaska Boundary. D. Completion op Cojs federation. B. The C. P. It. Scandal. A Thk Ballot Act, 1874. B. The New Brunswick School Question, C. The Canada Temi)erHnce Act, 1878. A Decefised Wife's Sister Bill, 1880. B. Retirement of Mackenzie, 1880. O. Death of Hon <»eorge Brown. D. The North West Boom. B. The Ridistributiok Bill, 1882. 164 ' Hi OUR OWN TIMES. 165 Ministries. Macdonald— Con- tiuued. 4. Abbot, 1891-'92. 5. Thompson, 1892- •94. 6. BowELL, 1895-'96. 7. TuppER, 1896-'96, 8. Lauribe, 189G._ Events. p. The Dominion Franchise Bill, 1885. G. The North- West Rebellion, 1885 : (1) Causes : (2) The Rebel Leader : (3) The Fighting : (a) Duck Lake, (6) Frog Lake, (c) Fish Creek, (d) Cut Knife Creek, (e) Batocho. (4) The Execution of Riel. H. The Fisheries Trouble. 1888 89. I. The Jesuits' Estates Bill, 1888-89. .J. Djsath of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1891. A. Death op Hon. Alex. Mackenzie, 1892. A. Thb Behrinq Sea, Tuoublb. A. The Manitoba School Question. A. Settlement of the Manitoba School Questiitn. 166 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTOItT. EXPAN8T0N OF SCHEME. MlNISTKIES. J ■!' 1. Jff acdonald, Sir John A. Mac flonald (knighted for his services in bringing about Confederation), formed a ministry, bit not upon purely party lines. He invited in to his Cabinet men who represented the major- ities, whether Conser- vative or Reform, ia their respective pro- vinces. Events. A. Early Measures : (1) One of the first measures passed by . che Dominion Parliament, was an Act I which reduced the rate of jjostage, and es- ; tablished the Post Office Savings Bank. (2) Another Act provided for the con- struction of the Intercolonial Railway. (3) Yet another Act (ISfiO) prorided that executions should take place within prison walls, and that the public should not bo allowed to witness such brutalizing sights. The year before this, D'Arc y McG ee, an elo(|uent Irish member of the Canadian Parliament, had been assassinated. The assassin was caught and executed. This was the last public execution in Canada. B. Independence of Parliament Act, 1808: This Act declared that any person hold- ing any office of profit or emo!ument under the Crown could not sit in Parliament. The Act was extended to all (Government contractors. O. The Washing ton Treaty, 1871 : (1) Causes : (a) The American Civil War (in which the Northern and the South- ern States were engaged in conflict) led to u 'pleasantness with Canada, on account of Southrons . who found their way to Canada, and made raids from there into the Northern States. (6) England had allowed some ships (the Alabama^ the Florida and OUR OWN TIMES. 167 M1NI8TRIB8. Macdonald— Con- tinued. Events. others) to leave British ports in the interest of the Southern States. The Americans were now clamoring for compensation for the losses which their commerce had thereby sus- tained. (c) The Reciprocity Treaty between Canada and the United States had now expired, and still the Americans claimed the right to fish in Canadian waters, as before. The Canadians were forced to protect their fisheries by armed cruisers, and a few seizures of American fishing-vessels took place. {d) It was at this time, too, that the San Juan Boundary Question was under discussion. To settle these questions, a com- mission of American and British statesmen met at Washington in 1871. Sir John A. Macdonald was appointed, by Britain, one of the commissioners. Their deliberations found expression in the Washington Treaty. (2) Provisions ; (a) The Alabama C l aims (as the demands of the Americans for com- pensation on account of the Alabama and other ships were calltd) were referred to a board of arbiters which sat at Geneva. The result was the payment by England of ^15,000,000 to the United States. (6) The Fisheries were thrown open for ten years, the United States to pay for the use of Canadian fish- eries a sum which was left to a com* 168' Topical studiks in Canadian history. Ml.NI>TRIKS.' tinned. EVKNTS. mission to duteriuine. It was not till \b7i^ tlmt as the result of a Fish- eiii-H ("oiiiiiiissioii held at Halifax, the Uniteil IStates agreed to pay $J,5UO,000 to Canada. (c) TuE San Juan Boundary question was referred to tlie Em- peror of Germany, who decided in favor of the L'nited States. ((/) The boundaries between Can- ada and Alaska (which had been pur- chased by the United States from Russia) were defined, D. Completion of Confederation : (See Topic XI.) \ ^t, .» . i- ■ .. B. The CP.R. Scandal ; The promise given to British Columbia by the Dominion Government, to construct a railway to the Pacific Coast, led to the jirojoction of the great Canada Pacific, as the line became called. But one day, a member of the Opposition rose in the House of Connnons and accused the Government of having given the contract for building this railway to Sir Hugh Allan, in return for large sums supplied by him for election l)uri)()ses. Sir John Macdonald asked for a Committee of investigation. When the report of this commission M'as presented to Parliiiment, Mr. Mackenzie, leader of the ( )pposition, movtd a vote of censure on the Ministry. A week's debate fol owed, but, before the vote was taken, Sir John Mac- donald resigned, and the first Dominion Administration was at an end. OUR OWN TIMES. 169 MlNISTKIfS. Si. Hiackonzte , l8r:i-'7». Upon the resignii- tion of MHcdonald tho Governor-Genoial cull eel upon Alexander Mackenzie, the Liber- al leader, to form a Ministry. With the aHsistanceof Mr Blake, Mr. Dorion and others, Mr. Mackenzie soon accomplished the work , and, acting on his ud- vico, the Governor General dissolved Par- liament at the begin ning of 1874, and is- sued writs for a new election. Tho Mac- kenzie Government was sustained at the polls by a triumphant majority. A good many elections were, however, contested. Up to this tin\e, the investigation of con- tested electi(»n.s had been made by a com- mittee ap[)oint<3d by Parliament An Act of the provi<'U8 session had, however, decided that in future such cases should be tried by the ordinary courts of law. Events. A. Tub Ballot Act. 1H74 ; This important Act introduced secret voting or vote by ballot, at the polls, thus making the elector more independent in the exercise of his franchise. It was also de- cided that elections were in future to take place on the same day all over the country. The property qualifications of members were at the same time abolished. B. Th e New Bru n swick School Q c^es- TION : One of tho clauses of the B.N. A. gave, as we have seen, t<» each j)rovince the right, with certain qualitieutions, to make its own laws regarding education. The Legislature of New Brunswick, acting on this right, passed, in 1871, a Counnon School Act, by which all schools that received government aid were to be non-sectarian. The Roman Catholics, who preferied 8cho 6^ /<^ % o^ :h,:] J 170 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. Mackenzie — Con- tinued. i'i- I i ■S' :! 3. Mttcdonald ^ 1878->91. The Mackenzie Ad- ministration fell in 1878, chiefly on account of its unpopular trade policy. Times had been very hard, public expenses were heavy, and the problem of an increasing deficit had presented itself to Mr, Cart Wright, Minister of Finance. Mr. Mac- kenzie believed in free trade, but, as Canada was not in a position to adopt the principle, he had imposed a rev- enue tariff as low as possible. Sir John Macdonald advocated what he called a Na- tional Poiici/,'* which," he said, * ' by a judi- cious re-adjustment of tariff, would benefit and foster the agricul- tural, mining, manu- facturing, and other interests of the Domin- I Act, called after its author, the Dunkin Act, had been passed . The growth of the temper- ance movement has been a marked feature of the last quarter of a century. Various provincial enactments, as, for example, the j Crooks Act of Ontario, have been made, jand the liquor traflic is, in consequence, ! being greatly lessened. A. Deceased Wife's Sister Bill, 1880 : A bill which occasioned widespread in- terest was one by which marriage with a I deceased wife's sister was to be legalized. In England such marriages had not been illegal till 1835, when an Act had been passed declaring them null and void. In Canada such unions were generally consid- ered legal, except in Quebec. The Bill of 1880 was passed by the House of Commons, but thrown out in the Senate by a majority of two. The principle of the bill has since, however, been recognized aa"^ legal, though most clergymen hesitate to perform such marriages. B. Retirement of Mack bnzie, 1880: Mr. Mackenzie, choosing to retire from the position of leader of the Opposition party at Ottawa, was succeeded by Mr. Ed- ward Blake. O. Death of Hon. George Brown, 1881 ; The loss of this eminent statesman, as- sassinated by a drunken wretch, was great- ly deplored by all Canadians. D. The North- West Boom : For several years after 1880, a ** boom " in real estate greatly affected Manitoba. The C.P.R. was being pushed rapidly for* .^ J OUR OWN TIMES 171 Ministries. if ion" This "National Policy " has ever since been the watchword of the Conservative party. The fact that the pe- riod of depression was succeeded by much better times after the adoption of the Na- tional Policy strength- ened the popular faith in it, notwithstanding Mr. Cartw right's criti- cism of it as a system which favored the few at the expense of the many, and was respon- sible for the " exodus " of Canadians to the United States. Events. ward, and property in the vicinity rose rapidly in value. Soon the inevitable re- action came, and many speculators were ruined. B. The Redistribution Bill, 1882 : This was a re-adjustment of. the bound- aries of electoral divisions throughout the country on account of the changes in popu- lation. It was claimed by the Opposition that the Dominion Government had divided the country in such a way as to secure a majority for themselves, particularly in On- tario, and had not regarded natural or geo- graphical lines of division. The Bill was nicknamed by them the Gerrymander Bill. P. The FRANoxiisE Bill, 1886 : Previous to 1885, the right of voting in Dominion elections was the same in each province as in its provincial election, and as the systems of the provinces were not uni- form, there was considerable objection to such an arrangement. In 1885 the right of voting in Dominion elections was made the same throughout the Dominion. G. The North-West Rebellion, 1886 ; (1) Causes ; Tlie Half-breeds along the Saskatchewan were greatly dissatisfied with the division of the country into square lots by the Do- minion land surveyors. They preferred the old French plan of long, narrow farma, fronting the river, a plan convenient be- cause it gave to all the advantages of water communication, and enabled the settlers to build their houses nearer together. The Half-breeds also complained that they had not been able to obtain patents for the 172 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. hi f I I. 1 f. I I Ministries. Events. Macdovald— CoH- tiniLed. * • land which had been long in t' eir posses- sion. The old cry arose which had caused the Red River troubles of 1869-70 the cry- that their lauds were being taken from them. (2) The Rebel Leader : RiEL, who had been living quietly in Montana, was invited to return and cham- pion their cause. He drew up a Bi 1 of Rights claiming certain not unreasonable privileges for the Half-breeds and Indians of the Territories. The Bill was sent to Ottawa, but received no response or recog- nition. Riel, in March, called upon the people to rise. Batoche was made the headquarters of the rebels, and the seat of a provisional government. (3) The Fighting : Before forces could be sent to suppress the rising, blood had been shed at (a) Duck Lake, where a small skirmish took place, in which sev- eral whites were killed, and at (6) Frog Lake, where some of the settlers were massacred by Big Bear, an ally of Riel. But General Middleton and his Canadian volun- teers were pushing on towards Bat- oche. When they reached a deep ravine called (c) Fish Creek they were at- tacked by the rebels, who were with difficulty repelled. Another detach- ment under Lieut. -Col. Otter were in the meantime hurrying to the relief of Battleford, where six hun- dred settlers had sought rt^fugOf II 174 Topical studies in Canadian history. Ministries. Macdonald— C(wi- tinued. v-;j i I Events. The Indians fled on the approach of Otter. Shortly after Otter had a sharp skirmish with the Indians at (d) Cut Knife Crkek, in which he was obliged to retreat. But Gen. Middleton, after the Fish Creel; battle, advanced upon (e) Batochb and took the place. He then hastened to the relief of Prince Albert, and thence to Bat- TLEFORD, where Otter had m lintain- ed a successful defence against a chief called Poundmaker. (4) Capture and Execution of Riel : Riel and Dumont, his chief associate, tried to escape. Dumont was successful, but Riel was captured, tried and executed. H. The Fisheries Trouble, 188 8-89 : The arrangement made by the Treaty of Washington with regard to the fisheries was continued until 1885. Negotiations for the continuation of this or the deter- mination of some similar arrangement were entered into in 1886, and dragged on for two years, until, at last, a Fisheries Treaty was drawn up and assented to by the Unite d States Congress, to be thrown out, how- ever, by the Senate. The terms offered by Canada through Sir Charles Tupper were so liberal that their rejection caused the greatest surprise. The plan resorted to, in consequence of this rejection, by the Dominion Government has been to pro- hibit Americans from fishing within three marine miles of the Canadian shores, except by a special government licence, for which, of course, payment has to be made. • OUR OWN TIMES. 175 Ministries. IfACDONALD — CoH- Events. I. The Jesuits' Estates Bill, 1888-89 ; When England conquered Canada, she promised to respect all rights of property, except in the case of religious corporations. In 1773 the Pope suppressed the Order of the Jesuits. The Canadian property or "estates" of the Order was accordingly appropriated, an allowance being granted to every member of the Order. Forty-one years after the suppression of the Order it was restored by the Pope. An agitation for compensation for the property formerly be- longing to the Order went on in Quebec for years. Finally, in 1888, Mr. Mercier, Premier of Quebec, brought in a measure granting $400,000 as compensation money to the Jesuits, and $60,000 to the Protes- tants, to be spent on educational institu- tions, the proportions being according to the estimated proportion of Roman Catho- lics and Protestants in the province. A great outcry arose in other parts of Canada when the Bill passed the Quebec Legislature. The Dominion Government was exppcted by many to disallow the Act, but Sir John Macdonald declined to interfere in a matter which, he considered, belonged to Quebec alono. J. De ath of Sir John A. Macdonald, ]89l: Almost in the moment of victory (for the elections of 1891, in which the Macdonald Ministry was again sustained, had just taken place) the old Chieftain died. The loss of '* Canada's foremost citizen " — to use the words of Mr. Laurier Liberal leafier since t he retirement of Mr, Blake in 1887 — was felt to be '* far and away, beyond and ;,!jovc t!:c ordinaiy compass of party range.'* 176 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTOHY. Ministries. Events. 4. AM>ot, iS9 l- '99: The Hon. (now cre- ated Sir)"'J. J- C. Abbot succeeded Sir John Macdonald as Premier and leader of the Conservative party. , 5. Thowipion , > l§92-'f>4 : In December, 1892, Sir John Abbot was forced by ill-health to resign the Premier- ship. He was succeed- ed by Sir John Thomp- son, who, as Minister of Justice, had risen rapidly in political life. A. Dkath of Hon. Af-exandkr Mac- KKNZiB. 1892 : The death of Sir John's old opponent caused comparatively little sensation, as twelve years had passed since his retire- ment from the Liberal leadyrahip. 'ihe chief praise of Mackenzie is his spotless record in both public and private life. A. Thr Behrino Sea Trouble : In the south-eastern part of Behring Sea are the PribyloflF Islands, which form the chief breeding ground of the fur seals. These islands belong, with Alaska, to the United States, whose government conse- quently claimed the seals frequenting them, and insisted that the Behring Sea was a '*rnttre cUivaum," or closed sea, arid that Canada had no right to capture seals there- in. From 1885 to 1891 seizures of vessels by the United States officials were common occurrences. The question was finally re- ferred to a board of arbitrators, consisting of representatives of Britain and Canada, the United States, France, Italy, and Nor- way and Sweder. Hon. (now Sir) Charles Hibbert Tupper, Canadian Minister of Fisheries, acted as British agent, and Sir John Thompson represented Canada. It was decided that (a) The Behring Sea was not a **mare claiisum." (b) The United right of protection the seals which islands in Behring the ordinary three-mile limit. (c) Britain and the United States should combine to prevent the wan- ton destruction of seals. no States had or property in frequented her Sea. outside of II OUR OWN TIMES. 177 Ministries. 6. Bowel I, 1895- >»6; The death of Sir John Thompson, in Dec, 1895, led to the appointment of Hon. (now created Sir) Mac- kenzie Bowell. T. Topper, 1896- »»6: Dissensions in the Bowell Ministry caus- ed the Premier's re- signation, and Sir Charles Tupper was chosen Premier. He was, however, defeat- ed in the elections of 1896. - 8. raarier, 1896 ; Hon, Wilfrid Lau- rier, the Liberal leader was consequently call- ed upon to form a ministry. Events. A. The Manitoba School Question : Manitoba, in 1890, abolished her Separ- ate Schools. An appeal was made against the action of the Legislature, and the ques- tion was finally referred to the British Privy Council. The Privy Council decided that, if the Public Schools of Manitoba were, as the petitioners alleged, sectarian, the Governor-General might send a reme- dial order to the Manitoba Government, commanding it to restore to the Roman Catholics the rights of which they had been deprived. When this decision reached Ot- tawa, the members of the Bowell Cabinet were divided as to the proper course to pursue. The order was, however, des- patched. Manitoba, under the premiership of Mr. Thomas Green way, refused to obey it. It was then decided to bring in a Bill in the Dominion Parliament to restore Catholic schools in Manitoba. The Bill wiB introduced, but not passed. A. Settlement of iwe School Que stion ; The new Premier succeeded in arranging a compromise with the Manitoba Govern- ment by which the School Question was dis- posed of. The principle of National Schools was preserved, but generous concessions were made to the Catholic and French popu- lation. TOPIC XIII. CANADIAN LITERATURE AND ART. I li it # . ^ SCHEME, SECTION I. -CANADIAN LITERATURE. 1. Period of French Rule, 1605-1763 : A. Champlain. , * B. Lescarbot. ^ . - C. Chaklevoix. D. The Jesuit Relations. 9. PeHod ofBrtUih Aole, 1769-1806: A. Period of Struggle fob Besfonsible Government, 1763-1841: (1) Oratory : Nekon, Papineau, Mackenzie, Rolph. (2) Newspapers : The Halifax Gazette, The Quebec Gazette, Le Canadien, The Colonial Advocate. (3) History: — Haliburton, Smith. B. From the Act op Union to Confederation, 1841-'67 ; (1) Oratory : Howe, Wilmot, Baldwin, Lafontaino. 178 CANADIAN LITKKATURE AND ART. 17V (2) Nkwbpapbrs: The Globe. (3) History: Garneau, Christie. (4) Poetry: Cr^mazie, Chauveau, Howe, Sangster, Heavyiegtt. C. Period siNCB Confederation, 1867-'fl7. -: ' ,f (1) Oratory : Blake, Laurier, Tupper, McCarthy, Foster, Caftwright (2) Newspafrrs and Magazines : The MaU, The Empire, The Canadian Magazine. (3) History: Gray, Dent, Bourinot, Turcotte, Kingsford. ' (4) Poetry : (a) Chief Names: Frechette, Le Maye, Read, Mair, Roberts, Carman, Campbell, Lampman, Scott, E. Pauline Johnston. (6) Characteristics op Canadian Poetry : Imitative, Descriptive of Nature, Patriotic, (c) Consideration of these Characteristics : (5) Fiction : Kirby, Mrs. Catherwood, Gilbert Parker, Sara Jeannette Duncan. (6) Science and Philosophy : Dawson, Billings, Wilson, Hamel, Watson, Young. SECTION II.— CANADIAN ART. 1. Art Societies : 2. Prominent Artists : 3. Sculptors: 186 TOPICAL STUDIB8 IN CANADIAN HISTOUf. EXPANSION OF SCHEME. SECTION 1- LITERATURE. 1. Period of Fr<»wch Rule , I60ga763 :— A. Champlain : When one considers the condition of Canada under French rule — the total absence of freedom, ihe alternate favor and neglect of the capricious mother counti-y, the interminable wars with the Iroquois and with the colonists across the border, the hard struggle for bare existence which was the lot of the poor habitaid— one does not look for much in the way of literature. Pot^u- lar education there was none ; and there was not a single printing prees in the colony. Yet in this period Champ- lain wrote, in the simple, direct style of a man who has ^ ' something to say and does nob care to embellish it, an account of his voyages, and of the lands he saw, illustrat- ing his story by rude yet clear drawings of places, people, plants, and, in fact, everything capable of illustration. s Lescarbot : B. H ' o. D. To this period, too, belongs the genial poet, Lescarbot, who, in the early days of Port Royal, lent by his presence and his ready verse a charm to the ciicle of French gentlemen who, in spite of hardship and anxiety, formed in happy French fashion " The Order of the Good Time " (L' Ordre du Bon Temps). Charlevoix ; Nor must we forget to mention the name of the first historian of Canada, Charlevoix, priest and writer, to whom we, students of our country's history, owe a real debt). The J esuit Relations : And most worthy of mention are those noble Jesuit fathers who toiled in the mission fields of Canada, and whose reports of their progress, the Belations^ as they were called, were eagerly read in France and kindled the missionary zeal in many hearts there. CANADIAN LITKUATUUK ANIi AKT. 181 an But. it may bo objected, these me not Cimadiati, these are French writers. It is true these firpt writers of Canada were not Canadians born, and yet, because they drew their inspiration hirgely from Canada, we feel that wo can, at any rate, lay some claim to them. •J. Period of Briliwh RiiIp, ITrtrt -lliOe:— A. Pkriod op Strt'oclk for Rksponsiblk GoVERNMKNT, 1703-1841 : (1) Oratory : During the early years of the Euijjlish occupation of Canada, while the axe of the settler was striking at the virgin forests, there was little leisure for the cultivation of letters. And when the tirst struggle of the pioneer, the 8tru<»gle with natural obstacles, was over, a new and even harder struggle faced him, the struggir ' •rp')liticai freedom. Consequently the most gifted niino- turned to politics, and this period i«J marked by statisiaanship of a high order, and oratory of no mean ank. Neh ii, Papineau, Mackenzie, and Rolph, wn^teve" vuy be tho , '•' of their politics, must be numbered a nong our orators. (2) Newspapers: The chief written literature of this period was news- paper literature, and that was not of the best. Mnst vindi tive attacks were made through the medium of the press, and the grossest personalities allowed. Still there was a considerable amount of really cred. table work done. The names of some of these newspapers have already been mentioned in earlier topics — 77te Quebec Gnzette, the first newspaper in Canada proper, though another, 27ie Halifax Gazette, had appeared at a still earlier date, in Nova Scotia, Le {'anadieii,, the champion of French rights, and The Colonial Advocaffi, which, in the hands of William Lyon Mackenzie, belched out fiercest abuse upon the Family Compact. (3) History : To this period belong the two historians, Halirurton, who wrote a history of his province (Nova Scotia), and Smith, the author of a now almost unknown history of Canada. Haliburton is better i nown as a humorist than 182 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTOBY. as au historian. Indeed he is spoken of as Canada's one humorist. His famous work, **The Clockmaker ; or Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slick villa," was pub* lished in 1837. B. Fko»i thb Act op Union to Confederation, 1841-'67 : (1) Oratory: Still politics continued to absorb the best of Canadian talent, for the period from the Union to Confederation, ' in which the chief thing of interest in Canada was the political growth. Oratory became more brilliant. Joseph Howb, of Nova Scotia, was perhaps the most eloquent of all our orators. Wilmot, of New Bruns- wick, WHS another gifted speaker. B aldwin, of Upper Canada, never brilliant, was always lucid and forcible. Lafcntaine was a brilliant Lower Canadian orator. (2) Newspapers : The appearance of the Olohe of Toronto, founded by Hon. George Brown in 1844, was an important political and journalistic event. (3) History : To this period belong two historians of note, Garneau, who wrote in French a history of Canada as far as 1 841, infusing into it a spirit of intense loyalty to the cause of his countrymen ; and Christie , who wrote on the pe- riod from 1791 to 1841 from the English point of view. (4) Poetry : During this period, the foundation of our educational system was laid, and though results were not forthcom- ing immediately, popular taste was being slowly raised to a higher level. Poetry, too, began to appear. In the Lower Province, Cremazie, sometimes called " the father of our national poetry, " wrote lines which breathed a fervid patriotism. Chauveau, another French-Cana- dian, is best known by his poem '* Donnacona." Howe was by no means an indifferent maker of verse, some of his lines, e.g , his ** Flag of Old England, "written on the loOth anniversary of the landing of Cornwallis at Halifax, having a genuine patriotic ring. To this period, too, belongs the poet Charles SANflSTER,a native of Kingston, CANADIAN LITERATURE AND ART. 183 whose verses, chiefly descriptive of Canadian scenery, received high praise from critics of other lands. Yet another poet was Chaklks Hbavyskoe, wno, though not a native of this country, is geiiera'ly classed as a Cana- dian poet, since it was here he lived and wrote. His chief poem was a drama called *' Sa-l." a work of great power, but not written in a popular style. O. Period Stjjce Confederation, 1867-'96 : (1) Oratory : EdwardBlake, to whom might not inaptly be transferred a phrase once apjilied to a celebrated English statesman, •' The Prince Rupert of Debate," is perhaps the greatest orator of this period. His style is clear, argumentative and classical, and his appeals are almost invariably not to the imagination nor the sensibilities, but to the rea- son. Wilfrid Lauribh's oratory is marked by purity and grace of diction, and by a poetic charm and pictur- esqueness. Neither AlexanderMatkknzie nor Sir John A. Macdonald can be considered an orator, though the latter possessed a magnetism and power of swaying popular assemblies that went far to redeem his defects as a speaker. Sir Charles Tuppkr is lucid and diflfuse. Mr. D' Alton MuUarthy is master of a keen, forcible style. Mr. Foster, though it can- not be said of him in his i-udget speeches as was said of Mr. Gladstone, that he " made the wilderness of tig- ures to bhissom like the rose," or as was said of Mr. Disraeli that he " v/as able to make a finnncial state- ment burst into a bouquet of fireworks," is a vigorous and eflFective speaker. Sir Richard Cartwright is master of an incisive and forcible style, which makes him a power in the house. Of forensic and pulpit orators a long list of names might be made out. (2) Newspapers axd Magazines : The Toronto Mail and The Toronio Empire (amalga- mated in 1895) are the two most noteworthy newspapers that have appeared since Confederation. Of magazines a good many have appeared, but, feebly supported, have in most cases ceased publication after a very short time. Tub Canadian Maoazinb, still in existence, seems to have been the most successful venture so far. f\ wt m ■ •k. 1 184 TOPICAL STUIilES IN CANADIAN HISTORY. (3) History : Since Confederation a goodly number of histories have appeared. Gray wrote one of two proposed vol- umes on Confederation itself, dealing with the subject so well that every reader must regret that the author did not complete his work. One of the best known historians of our own times is Dent, whose *' Last Forty Years" and *'Historv of the" Rebellion of 1837-'38" have attracted a good deal of attention. Our best writer on constitutional history is Dr. Bourinot, who, as Clerk of the House of Commons, has had abundant facilities for becoming an authority on this subject. His '* Man- ual of the Constitutional History of Canada," " Parlia- mentary Practice and Procedure," and other works, are well known, Turcottr, a French-Canadian historian, ' covers the same period as Dent. A long and carefully ' prepared history, which is not yet completed, is that on which Mr. Kingsford, of Ottawa, is engagsd, and of which eight volun)es have appeared. In 1895 two pretty full histories, a history of the North- West by Begg, and a history of British Columbia by another author of the same name, have appeared. Withrow, Bryce, and many other names might be added. • (4) Poetry : (a) Chief Names : Of the poets of this period Loui.s Frechette, who writes French verse, is probably the greatest. Le Maye, who translated Longfellow's *' Evangeline " into French, is also well known. Of English-Can- adian bards the names of Reade, IVfair, Roberts, Bliss Carman, Wilfrid Campbell, Lampman, Dun- can Campbell Scott, George Frederick Scott, and E. Pauline .Johnston — the last an Indian poetess — are fanjiliar to all Canadians. A collection of Canadian verse, *' Songs of the Great Dominion," published by Lightlii 1, himself a poet, in 1889, contains selections from the works of these and others of our poets. (b) Character i.^TTcs of Canadian Poetry: Most of the poetry which has been produced among us is marked by one or another of these three characteristics : CANADIAN LITERATURE AND ART. 185 (i.) It is imitative (either of French or English poetry) rather than original. (II.) It is to a large extent descriptive of natural scenery rather than of human character and life. (ill) A good deal of it is fervidly patriotic. (c) Conside ration of these Chakacteristics : In the first two of these characteristics lies its weakness Great poetry must be original and crea- tive ; and though charming verse may be written on nature, humanity is to humanity a far more interesting theme. As for the third characteristic, it is good, of course, unless, as is sometimes he case, the spirit is a false patriotism, a mere jingoism. One of the finest, perhaps the finest, of our poems of this class is '* Canada " by Roberts. (5) Fiction : In this department the work done has been slight. Kirby's ♦' Golden Dog " (Le Chien d'Or), a story of the last days of French rule in Canada, is well and favorably known ; Mks. Catherwood has written some good stories, based on episodes in the early history of this country ; Gilbert Parker has achieved a reputation as a writer of Canadian fiction ; Sara Jeannette Duncan's ** A Social Departure," is bright and racy. ~ (6) Science and Philosophy : In Science and Philosophy we claim a few names — those of Dawson, Billings, Wilson, Hamel, Wat son, and YoPNQ. In connection with scientific research, the Royal Society, founded by the Marquis of Lome, haa done good work. SECTION II. CANADIAN ART. I. Art gocietlct and Inftif atlom ; — As early as 1841. an Art Society was founded in Up- per Canada. In 18G0 an Art Association was founded mmmmum li i^ iii 186 TOPICAL STUDIES IN CANADIAN HISTOKY. in Montreal, and in 1872 the Ontario School of Art was established in Toronto. In 1880 the Royal Canadian Academy was founded. These and other institutions, have done something to foster art in Canada, but, as in the case of literature, the comparative poverty of our people, and the absence of a large wealthy class, present an insuperable obstacle to rapid progress. 2. Propilnent ArtliU : — Notwithstanding these drawbacks, some artists have gained more than local repute. The best known names are, O'Brien, Forster, Matthews, Martin, Wyly Grier, Keid, Homer Watson, Bell-Smith, Ernest Thompson, and Forbes. 3. Sculpture ; — McCarthy, Hebert, and Dunbar are the only well- known names. Note.— The student should read Dr. Bourinot's "Canada's Intellectual Strength and Weakness," on which the greater part of this topic is based. GOVERNOR-GENERALS SINCE CONFEDERATION. 187 Lrt was nadian utions, b, as in of our )rcseQfe ■jB have names Grier, apson, well- nada'fl )artof APPENDIX. GOVERNGRGENEIIALS SINGE OONPEDBRATION. 1. Lord Monck, - - . . -1868. 2. Sir John Young (Lord Lisgar) 1868-1872. 3. Lord Dufferin, - 1872-1878. 4. Lord Lorne, - - . . 1878-1883. 6. Marquis of Lansdownb, 1883-1888. 6. Li)RD Stanley, - . . . 1888-1893. 7. Lord Aberdeen, 1893-