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/ V

Toronto Public Library

ALPHABETIC OR SYLLABIC CHARACTERS IN CAVES
ON THE GLENELG RIVER, N. W. AUSTRALIA.

By Rev. John Campbell, LL.D., Professor of Cliurch Histoiy,

Montrea].

(Riiul hffort the Awatrtdasian Association for the Advanttment o/ Scienee,
Tuesday, lUh January, 1898.)

The characters of the brief inscription you have sent me a copy of.
are easily recognisable as those of the ancient Turunian syllabary
employed by the ancestors of the Japanese and kindred peoples,
of which inscriptions are found in Siberia and Japan, and of
which the Corean alphaV)et is the lineal descendant. The Buddhist
syllabary of India and the south-east of Asia has the same origin,
but is of a different type; so that I have but little hesitation in calling
the Australian inscription ancient Japanese — as ancient, perhnps,
as the tenth or eleventh century, for in 1125 A.b., as the Khitan,
the Japanese were expelled from China, and doubtless carrie<l
with them their modified Chinese characters now in use, which
superseded the old syllabary to such an extent that the Japanese
cannot read their old inscriptions. In the Survey of the Northern
and Western Coasts of Australia, by Captain Flinders, R.N.,
Hist. Recoi Js of N.S. X^ales, p. 78, is an account of Malay visits
to its coast for the trj(^;U *' "^hery, but I know of no authority
for a Japanese expeditwS!)ijri:;^>> In the light of many inscriptions
read by me, I transliterat^'as follows : —

^ / <

L^ (

chi

shi

chi

shi

Put into words these read : —

kiochi csa shi

hopeless number is

Osa governs kiochi in the genitive by position ; hence we read,
"The number of the hopeless (ones) is." Here we have the
meaning of the dots in the right hand, which are no doubt units,
21, 24, 17, in all 62, perhaps purposely put in three unequal lines
to mark a triple distinction of rank, vessel, habitation, or sub-
ordinate local origin.

NoTB.— The inscription referred to wilt be found on Plate IX, A.A.A.S. Reports, Vol. vl,
Brisbane Session, 1895.
83666(16)

1- ^

¥^

if\ '^

^ %1^-i

It is plain that six^y-two Japanese were cast ashore on the west
coast, somewhere near the placo ^ which the inscription is found ;
that their junk or junks were so totally destroyed as to render the
castaways hopeless of return ; and that they most have found
Hufficient means of subsistence to enable them to 'live some time —
long enough at least to complete this task. Their landfall can
h;vrdly have been later than the beginning of the 12th century,
because there is every reason to believe that at that time the old
characters were superseded by the present modified Chinese.

I have no repi-esentJifion at hand of Japanese idols, or of
ancient conventional representation of the clothed human form,
but perhaps you can Hud such, and compai*e with the figure of
the inscription.

What became of the sixty-two castaways ? Is there in Western
Australia any tradition of tui ancient tribe of foreigners and of
their massacre, or is there any trace of their amalgamation. They
must have brought with them copper tools and other implements
and ornaments. Is there any trace of them beyond this cai-ving ?
I need not say that ethnologically there is no near relationship of
the Japanese and the Melanesian, so that the native origin of the
document is out of the ques^^on.

Inscriptions in the same character and language are found in
this continent, as yOu will see by the accompanying paper by me.
The ancestors of those who wrote them were driven to the
American coast by the elements, having been, in all likelihood,
banished from home to the n.ercy of (h^vean. The sixty-two of
your inscription may <i1so have be^^^^MtAfd political ofTendcrfl,
rather than trepang fishers or tra'^l^^fc who can tell ?

. tJydnc}' : William Applrt^te GuUick, Government rriritcr.— 1890.

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