IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / o / V i.^ H THE trMM^m^ <■ 'S^^UIDE I ^ f <- OR, SEBTGHES OF CANADA, iri'tift »>ME or THE NOBTffBBN 4ND WBSTBM STATES OF AMBRIGA. %^A S|tpffl[ MINISTER, Th»«tv-8ix Y^ARlilfSidli^ ill OANAOA-'-FitOM 1831 to 18df . \ mm BItOraBRS, 41 west HILE STKEEt, 180 7. '•♦I 1' -*1| 4 "i^t ■ '- ':?,.s'#-^ ^■:i> IS*-! II \ 1 r fr/v^ ii fit lifi«itt»l «tfn»' Stf8«»fei} f ttwpS »i _ T«x» Beg, ST. BAVtD, - 1515 ST. 4UnWCBW, . 14^ St. ^BOBOl, - Iw P. PA.fB3K5K, - 1101 iU««#iBr II. Alia* ^y, b«n built «p««dy to «»,^^ Tr^tt. «»1 S«B ^^^^-^ OLASaOW, GlUEBEC AHD MOHttmJ ^ If ft. c C^f u- / / '. THE NORTHERN AND WESTERN STATES OF AilEIlICA. By a scotch minister. Thirty-Six Years Resident in Canada— FnoM 1831 to 13o7. CILASGOW: POUTEOUS nUDTIIEUS, 41 WESr Nir;K oTREET. 1807. -J F f?ASj=/^ i^. KN"rKhi:ii AT HTAriOAKlt'b riALL. ^0 AIKD AND COCniLU PK.NTKKs. GLAI^GOW. PREFACE. Arriiu nil absonce of tliiri\-six ytiirs — nineteen in the east end of IJpper Ciinndii. and sovoutocn on the shores of Lake Huron. ■» Western end of said province — I liave made a visit to fatlierland In view of the {,'reat dcctiptiun imposed upon eniif,Tants and tlie British pnldie by mere struii;,'ors and self-interested railway pas- senj^ers, that know very little nior«; of the real state of the country tliau a balloon passen;j,er, praisinf( or railinjr, as will serve tin- interests of the landholder of Kn^dand or landseller of (JanaiUi. I thouj^ht it a needful and most useful service to my countrymen to lay before them a plain, practical matter-of-fact statement, on which they might safely rely in deciding a cjuestion on which the good of millions so much dep<'nds. There is no land speculator under heaven that knows just now of my writing, neither have 1 an acre of land to sell, nor any selfish end to serve bv coloured or false statements; and as I intend to return to my charge in a few months, my own character is fully at stake by my people — very good judges of all I rcdate — especially the emigrant's trials and prospects, with all that con- c<;rns bush life, having been emigrants themselves. I hav(! not been locked uj) in an oHicf, store, or (doister. I lived in the bush, mingled with tln' people, and by missionary tours, and for years East and West Scliool Su[)erintendent. r])ose yourself on the banks of the Sjiey, on the to]) of one of those hii^h inountaius half ways toward the ocean, you see sixteen I Irishes in the strath of the river. Stretching far to the west, close by the Gramj)ians, you see Locli Lajxi^an, the mother of the noble stream. To the east, tlu grand aluviul fields of the lowlands wide-sj)read t(jwards tlic sea, with thousand feeders each, making a small country of its own, exactly after the example of the {)arent stream, with no difference but the size. Such is Canada, or the St. Lawrence Valley, on a proportionably grander scale, only observing that a portion of the south side of the valley, anil all of that side GOO miles up, belong to our llt3i)ublican neighbours, and form ]»arts or the whole of eiglit states of their Union. The rivet- is i^OOO miles long, rumiing half its course south and south-east, and from the head of Lake Erie, 1100 miles north-east to the ocean, and entering near Newfoundland with a mouth about lO" miles wide. The first navigator, sailing in its waters out of the sight of land, became greatly astonished to find himself out of tiie ocean sailing in a river .about 49 degrees of north latitude. The (^astern end uf this great valley stretches from oO degrees at Labradore to 42 degrees of north latitude at the up})er end of Lake Krie. So the important block, now fast settling of Canada, is a triangle 1100 miles long, and in the upper end 500 miles wide. Add .to this 800 miles in length of a wild and mountainous region, of no very great breadth, north shore of Huron and Superior, lately become valuable in timber, copper, iron, and silver ores. The fishing on that *;i)ast will soon be of great value and extent — no doubt the 6 it first in tho whole world in fre«h water fish, salmon, white fish, herring, sturujoon, &c. Then; are a p^rcat many islnndn alonnj the north shore of hoth lakes, on^ m wrA nearly 100 miles long; formini; tine harbours, and hy nieiins of storms, slow enrrcnts, and excellent shelter I'or fishinij: ])Hrp(i.>es between the islands and main land. The CDldncss of the climate is the life of every kind of fish, making ice e.tsily Hocured; and l)y daily steamers and railroads this fish, fresh from the water, can easily he sent in boxes. ] tacked in ice, to all the cities of the cast and south. The fish caught at St. Mary's, Lakc^ Superior, may eaten in New Yoik the; follow inix day. This extensive valley is bounded on the north l)y a ranger of hills septu-ating it from Hudson's Bay, running from Labradoro, latitude 52. and tending southward till it strikes the northern shores of Huron and Superior at latitude 47. These are never seen bv the settlers, but by Indians and lumberers, except below Quebec. The hills there, on both sides of the river, come very close to the water. A geologist would naturally say that, in the former ages of the world all the eastern end of the country, perhaps including Lake Ontario, was one rast fake, the deepest parts betw(;en Mou treal and Quebec, till this mighty ocean bursted and made a clean breach thi-ough its eastern embankments after the example of many a broken down mill-dam. •4 , 1 i^ TiiK TTppF.R IjAKks. — The most remarkable pher umenou "f this river is its grand extensive lakes, far exceeding anything of the kind, of fresh water, in the whole world. The smallest, Lake Ontario, 600 miles; l^rie, 800 miles; Huron, IdOO miles; Michigan, 1000 miles; and Superior, IfiOO miles round; full of the finest fish, sutficient provision for ages to the many millions that shall inhabit their boundless banks. on which kingdoms and em])iivs might be reared. Lake Ontario, 235 feet above tho sea, and 100 fathoms deep; Lake l^^rie, o64 feet above the sea, and 18 fathoms deep; Lakes Huron and Micliigan, connected by a fine navigable strait, only 29 feet higher than the last, but much deeper; and Lake Superior, still 33 feet higher than the last two, but the bot- tom of it 500 feet lower than the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. These are great inland seas, which will in no great tinK? ;- >n, white- arly J0(> < of tho ■a e.'i.sily ill, fresh in i(rc, I'.iiflit ;it L»ik th(; ^ from strik'os ide 47. IIS and n ijoth '>I(),i,n"st, rid ail /itikc Mon uidc H )• th.. oil Mf tliiiii,'' llcst, ](M)()' nilcs 'N to nks. i;ikc j.'iko ikes •iiit, lakf JOt- itie nip- curry on their bosom larger cominerciiil uavic.^ than tliu vast fleets of Great Britain. They are, however, but the remains of far more extensive seas in the first ages of the history of our globe. Around each of them is found the most i)erfect evidence of this important fact. My own house is built a few foot inside the ol ' batik of Lake Huron, and my best lands are tlie old bottom of the lake. That bank is round the ' ke, and other formations of less note far higher up still — 1 presume about ^0 feet above liigh water maik. Now the sanic is found round all the lakes, and when thus high, Canada and much of the northern and western States were one vast ocean. To all a[)pearancc, Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan were one at no very distant date, as a vast traffic by sailing and steam vessels is daily carried on between them by the river Detroit, which falls in 80 miles only 20 feet; and before the cut was made through the mountains at the Falls of Niagara, the range of hills called Quecnston Heights were the back- l>one of the country, dividing the eastern from the westeni water, maiiing four of the largest lakes, and 1400 miles of the river a tributary to the Mississippi. From tht? to}> of Table lioek, from which the water leaps, to the Clifton Hotel, on the top of the bsmk, there must, I presume, be nearly 100 feet. Sixty-four feet would di-ive Lake l^irie into Lake Superior, and a great deal less into the Mississippi, by the low mounds behind Chicago. The first ten miles behind the city by the railway to Fox River, are only three or four feet above the lake, and used only for grazing purposes; and gohig a few miles more of a gentle rise, through soil evidently the formation of water, I would suppose, about 20 or 30 feet, you come to a small creek, called by the French liia des plaint, running to the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico. I, in conmion with many travellers, have noticed in much of those north-western States, the very curious ijhenomcnon, over beautiful plains where neither stone nor rock is a native of the place, an odd boulder or detached rock, lying like a cow on the prairies, supposed to have been taken from the rocky shores of the north by ice and dropped there, as icebergs do every summer in the bosom of the Atlantic, as they move south towards a warmer sun. The general character of Canada East and West is an extensive plain, ascending towards the mountains, and very d «) fton undulating, but seldom too much for the ploui:;h, with very rich aluvial bottoms, especially between Quebec and Montreal. A GENLi?Ar, View I'UOM THE River. — The first 150 miles bear no description, as to a stranger no view ai)})ears; he takes it as an arm of the sea, wider by far than the Straits of Belyle, between Newfoundland and Labradore. With the large Island oi' Anticoste, nearly 100 miles long, lying in the very mouth length-ways, cutting it up into two cliannels, TjO miles wide each of them. This island is not yet settled, but will surely be — being south of any part of England, — all covered with wood and vast fields of peat moss, which will be used when the forests will disappear. On the desolate coasts of this island many a poor sailor has found a grave. To save life, a light-house is now built on each end, with a store of provisions for those like Moses taken out of the water. The river nearly 200 miles up is 75 miles wide. Between that point and Quebec, another 200 miles, Green Island and the Island of Orleans are the most beautiful. The last close by Quebec, and closely settled for 200 years by the French. At this island, at a place called the Traverse, the river contracts to a mile or two in breadth, where the tide rushes up, carrying vessels fast against the wind; and with the turn of the tide rising at Quebec 18 feet, the volume of water flowing o'' is swift, grand, and powei'ful. tShips have to anchor in jves ind to the lee of islands till the tide turuK. Tlien with [ .i • d thuv u'o exactly like rail cars. As thev have to make t ir way in the dark night und :dl weiithi.-'rs, pilots are ahva) 'cquired. Before they had a line of light- houses, much looS of life and shipping continued for 2(J'.) years, — now little thought of. A few settlers, chiefly fishermen, are found in small settle- ments in favoured S])ots on the south shore all the way from liic Cape (Jaspe, mouth of the river, to river Du Luj)e, the present terminus of the Grand Trunk Kailway, 150 milos helow Quebec. All the way up from there to the city is one continuous street of small houses, all of the same form and size, and white-washed with lime from year to year, looking all white, clean, and very pretty. The first concession from the river is all that you see, tiiO bush driven back about Ji mile. The other concessions, different from much of Upper I 9 Canarla, are cut parallel with tlic river, do not appear to the aailor at all. The City of Quebec is the capital of Lower Canada, and one of the oldest cities in the New AVorid — cliiefly French — a place of great strength, and doing a large trade in timber and lumber. A great fire occurred the other day, which burnt 2500 houses, loft homeless and houseless 18,000 souls, and destroyed 3,000,000 dollars wortli of property. The most important event i» the history of this city is the battle between General Wolfe and Montcalm, on the plains of Abraham, the higii lands behind the city. Wolfe's army at tirst were only about 8000 men, but many of them were lost by useless trials of strength, from the river, and fiont of the city. As a last attempt, he sailed up the river past the city nine miles. This divided the army of defence, part of which went up to prevent the British fn^m landing. Wolfe's ])lan was, however, concealed ; for, anclioring the fleet, watched by 2000 of the city defenders on the bank, he, in the dead of night, dropped down the river behind the city with boats; and by means of Captain M'Donald, one of Fraser's Highlandei-s, well acquainted with the French lan- guage, tiiey got past the French sentries, and with incredil)le exertions, like goats they climed np tlie high bank of the river, and by daylight, l'3th {September, 1750, the battle began with fury. Wolfe was first wounded in t!ie wrist. He imn)ediately wrapped a handkerchief round his arm, and ])utting himself at the head of his grenadiers, led tiiem on to the charge. He was then struck with a second ball, i)ut still ])ressed on, when, just as the enemy were about to give way, he received a third ball in the breast and groin, and sank. When they raised him from the ground, he tried, Avith a faint hand, to clear the death-mist fiom his eyes. He could not see how the battle went, and was sinkinu: to the earth, when the cry, "Tiiey run, they run," arrested his lieeting spirit. "Who runs <" asked the dying hero. " The French," rejilied the supporters, "they give way everywhere." "What!" said he, "do they run already? Now' God be praised — I die ha[)py;" and so saying, the youthful victor breathed his last. The capture of Quebec may be said to have ended the French dominion in Canada. Strange that rebels from Culloden Moor, banished to 10 ■■ .1 .' I America, should be so loyal in Canada, and shared so richly the laurels of that eventful day. Roy, on Canada, says, "The battalion of Highlanders at Quebec was commanded by the Honourable Simon Fraser, son of that Lord Lovat who was beheaded for high treason. Eiglit hundred of the men were from his own estate, and 600 were added by the gentlemen of the country around. They formed a splendid body, wore the Highland costume winter and suniuicr, even in this rigorous climate; their arms were musket and broad- sword, whilst many wore the dirk. The tom})oranco and moderation of tlieir behaviour soon overcame prejudice, and })roduced everywhere a fixvourable impression as to ' the sons of the mountain.' " He further says, " Well was Great Britain rewarded at Quebec for the wise measures she had adopted of employing the Highland clans. They were com- posed of some of the bravest and noblest of men; they lay under the imputation of disloyalty, from having taken jjart with Charles Stuart in the rebellion of 1745, but gladly entered into the British service, and embraced the ojjpor- tunity of proving their attachment to the more moderate and grateful house of Brunswick. The command of these forces was given to officers chosen from amongst the most esteemed Scottish families. A hardy and intrepid raco of men was thus drawn into the army, who served the Crown with fidelity, fought with valour, and conquered for England in every part of the world. It is universally conceded that the Scotch Highlanders contributed greatly to the success of the enterprise. The French had formed the most friglitful and absurd notions of the ' sauvages d'Ecosse,' as they called them." The same author still adds, "The English moved forward regularly, firing steadily, until within 30 or 40 j'ards of the French, when they gave a general volley, wiiich did great execution. They had only a light cannon, which sailors had dragged up the heights with ropes. The sabre, therefore, and the bayonet decided the day. The agile Scotch High- landers, with their stout claymores, served the purposes of cavalry, and tlie steady fire of the English fusiliers com- pensated in some degree for the want of artillery." The heroism of Montcalm was as conspicuous as that of his illustrious opponent; both headed their men; both rushed with eagerness where the battle raged most fiei-cely. Often by their personal prowess and example did they change the u ) richlj -> says, fortune of the moment. r>oth were repeatedly wounded, but fought on with enthusiasm; and at last both these gallant commanders fell mortally wounded while advancing to the last deadly charge at the head of their respective columns. Two monuments grace the bloody field, built to their honour, to mark the s])ot where each fell ; and tlie two nations in peace and union guard the ashes of both:- do them all the honour they please without any jealousy or rivalry ; wealth, power, and millions of a hiippy and free people testifying to the great benefits of the memorable event, Quebec was often besieged, but never taken but o»cr, and b3- the late additions to its great strength, it is the most for- midable stronghold in America — well called a "second Gibraltar." The present number of its population is about 75,000 souls. The river is navigable to Montreal by all vessels since Lake St. Peters — half-way — has been dredged at the expense of the province, little short of a million of dollars. The distance 180 miles; the country beautiful, but the farmers for a hundred years miserable, removing their bcD'ns when the dung got too high, or carting it into the river. But that work ceased long ago, since English farmers taught them that manure is gold, and without it half the population-, of the earth would starve to death. Montreal is the most wealthy, populous, and commercial city of Canada, containing 1:25,000 souls. The English may be least in numbers, but Jirst in wealth and traffic. It has a grand central position, a back country of 2000 miles at the head of the natural navigation of one of the largest rivers of the world, and before the Mississippi in wealth and shi])ping. It is built on an island of that name, formed by the junction of the Ottawa with the St. Lawrence. The whole island belongs to the priests, who make it a fine paying thing, with one-fifth of all the lands deeded by the king of France in Lower Canada. They have tithes, besides, from the people — only their own people — and confirmed to them at the con- quest, not the tenth, as in Britain, but the twenty-fifth of the peasants' labour. Victoria Bridge, opened for trafiic by no less than the Prince of Wales, is perhaps the first structure of the kind in I 12 the whole world. I would rather ten thrusand times be a George Stephenson than Napoleon I. He was a great and a noble man who formed the design of spanning a deep river two miles across, to bear the strain of the heaviest trains and tremendous fields of ice whicli, till this trial, all of us thought far more than equal to the power of man in its gi-eatcst sfrength. Indeed it would be as likely to stop the Niagara falls or the mountain wave of the ocean, as to stop a great jam of it, layer upon layer, ten feet deep, and perhaps a mile wide, sweeped along by such a flood. But it lias never moved, — no one is afraid to cross even in a railway car when tlie battle of attack and defence roars the loudest. Long and sharp piers or abutments rise gradually from the water, resting to each pillar. The ice slides up on the sliarp edges of tiie.. Rellville is a beautiful little town on the bay of Qeinte, fiftv miles above Kinuston, on the Grand Trunk liaihvav, and the county town of Hastings. Its position on that long iinil fine bay, where the whole British navy might safely ride, is a lovely one, and one that insures to it a great future. The Episcopal Methodists have their college there, and have lately succeeded in raising it to a very respectable grade. CouBURQ is fifty miles further up on the bank of the lake and the Grand Trunk Railway. Hero the Government have 16 ''( apent a large sum of money, nuiking or forcing a harbour of refuge and a fine long dock. It is the county town of Victoria; its situation one of the most lovely and beautiful that can be found in any land, and containing 5000 inhabit- ants. The Wesleyans have established here, I presume, the best college belonging to their body in the world, and a great instrument for the establishment and extension of their denomination in the province. Their best men have well culled it a necessity to their denominational standing in the present progress of our age in every department of knowledge. Their ministry, though slowly, is undergoing a needful and a most hopeful change ; and in self-denial, practical labours, even through the breadth and length of newly occupied back settlements, they are worthy of imita- tion and the highest praise. All regular steamers up and down the lake call here. ol' in Toronto. — About seventy miles further up is built the caj)ital and chief city of Canada West, on a low but beauti- ful site north-west of a bay of that name, formed by the River Don, and a long sand bank stretching far to shut uj) the mouth of tlie harbour, leaving the necessary opening for vessels to run in and out, the said opening well guarded by a fort exactly opposite. This is, and snail continue to be, a place of great importance. It is the county town of York, commands a great shipping trade, and the centre of three railways — tlie Northern, Grand Trunk, and Great Western. It has many fine public and private buildings — Trinity College, Knox's College, Rcglopolis College, the University, the Normal Sciiool, &c.; some fine Cathedrals and splendid Churches. Many of its stores, wholesale and retail, are large and rich, and sliow an extensive trade. I remember it Little York, but now it contains 50,000 inhabitants. Hamilton, forty miles farther up, and at the ond of Luke Ontario, on a fine sandy low site, at the foot of a high hill, is a city equally rich in present traffic and future pros})ccts. Nature and art have done much for it. The Great Western llailway, running from Detroit to Suspension Bridge, passes througli the city, and has here its greatest depot. Other lines from Toronto and Guelph centre here. There is a sand- bar about two miles down the lake, high and dry for travel, 16 and from shore to sLore, leaving a convenient and com- modious harbour inside, entered only by a lock or cimnnel through the bank, and makinc: all shipping as secure as in dry dock. I remember it contained but a few houses in 1831, but to-day 12,000 inhabitants. The City of London is a new place in the centre of a great farming country, on a sandy plain. It is the centre of three lines of railway — the (Jrnnd Trunk, running from Toronto to Sarnia, south end of Lake Huron; the Great Western, from Hamilton to Detroit; and the St. Thomas line, from Port Stanley, on Lake Erie. In 1831 it had but a few houjies and a miserable C(unnion road to Hamilton, eighty miles, with a carriage of twenty cents on wheat; but now a cent or two a bushel, and 1(5,000 inliabitants. It is the county town of Middlcbcx, and a military depot. GoDERicn, ox Lake Huron. — The terminus of the r>uflalo, Brantfurd, and Godericli Railway. Brantibrd, County of Brant, on the same railway; St. Catherine, on Lake Ontario; and Great Western, Port Hope, north shore of Lake Ontario; and Owen Sountl, County Town of Gray, on the Georgian Bay, arc thriving towns, and will soon be cities. Ottawa City — last but not least — was in 1831 a poor lumbering village, but now the cajutal of Canada; and, we expect, in a few days, the capital of a new Empire, '" Britisli America." It stands on a higli blutV, over the largo and beautiful river Ottawa, having the noble Cliaulierc Falls in the west end of the city, giving an immense water power to the place all the j'cnr round. The largest saw-mill I have ever seen is here, with 29 so'vs in one breast and in 2 frames, besides circulars. The Government buildings lately erected there, are, perhaps, not second to any in Ameiica, and at a cost, when fniished, of 4,000,000 dollars. Thuse who saddled such an enoimous ex| (.use upon a new country for a hall to meet with inferior public olliccs, have surely over-rated the rest.Mirces of the country. It is about 120 miles up the Ottawa from Montreal, by steamboat and railway, with a railway cam- munication with the front at Prescott, and far up the river to the lumbering regions by steamboat, besides connection ■with Kingston by the Pydeu Canal. The last work has 17 ; and com- or cliannel secure as in houses in !Gntre of a e centre of ning from the Great t. Tliomas it had but Hamilton, heat; but Its. It is t. 10 Buftalo, ^unty of ) Ontario; ' Ontario; Ocorgian I a poor and, \V3 Jiritish ixo and '^Uls ill lower to I liavo frames, erected a co.st, 1 such o meet sources t from com- c river cctiou k has j( cost Great Britain — when the kmd mother nursed the suck- ling — no less a sum than £1,000,000 sterling. It is tiie centre of the lumbering trade of the great pinarios of the higher Ottawa, and contains about 12,0U0 souls. The Railways of Canada are very extensive, and have cost more than 40,000,000 dols. The Grand Trunk, from Lake Huron to liiver du' Lupe, 150 miles below Quebec, is about 1300 miles long; the Great Western, with its branches, more than 400 miles; the Northern, about 100 miles; the Butlaio, Brantford, and Lake Huron to Goderich, about 150 miles; the Peterbnro, Prescott, Chatham, La Cliaine, Three Rivers, and Champlain, are, put together, I presume, between three and four hundred miles more, giving, with an extensive water communication, a great deal of travelling and traflic accommodation. At the same time other munici[)alities are offering laruje bonnscs for buildino: other branches — our own county 400,000 dollars — so more must be made. And if the Confederation will go on with the Maritime Provinces, the Grand Truiik must reach Halifax. This is settled as one of the conditions of the marriage, and will cost a pretty large dowry — 20,000,000 dollars. Three-fourths of this sum is offered already by the British Government at four per cent. The affair is of the utmost importance to emigrants, not only for work and good pay for years, but for cheap and convenient lauds to a million of people through the eastern wilderness. The Indians of Canada are not so many as they were 200 years ago. They melt away before the advance of white men and the march of civilisation. The fragments of some powerful tribes are here and there settled by Government on ])ortions of land made over to them and tlieir children; but game being generally gone, and they at the same time poor farmers, are some of the causes of their decrease. They are, however, higidy favoured by Government, and receive a yearly allowance in blankets, overcoats, guns, and ammunition, with some mone3^ '^'^^^^ helps to make them peaceable and very loyal. I have had them in my house, and often en- camped about my farm all night, and never missed anything. Tliis wlu)le count V was taken from them lately, and cattlo all alonir wanderiv ' through the bush and amongst them and their game, but I never knew of their taking a horse, 18 sliccp. or cow, though often nearly starved to death. Whito pooplo in their state would not at all be so honest. Tho miijority of them profess the Roman Catholic faith, throuj^h tho early French missionaries, })ut some of them arc Bap- tists and Methodists ; hai)pily for ns, we think, tiio Indians of this county arc of the last, and often })ious, and iine singers. They arc very handy in making all our liaskets, snow-shoes, moccasins, and canoes, for which we pay them by anything eatable. The horrible stories in books, about their ci'iu'lties to the first settlers may be true, and the one tenth could never be told; but much to the shame of the niune wc bear, we were more to blame than thev were. William I'enn, the Quaker, never had any difficulty with them. They know their friend, and their attachment is great and lasting, if not deceived. Tlieir wars with one another have been man}', wrathful, and bloody — ours not better, but worse, all things considered, — a sure pro(»f that our nominal Chi-is- tianity is more the name than tho power with the gieat majority. Our Members of Parliament have done very well in making a stringent law against selling them grog, thojlre ■Witters as they call them, for when they get them they ai-e I orfectl}' mad, and prejiared for anything. The Indians think the honourable members would be much the bt^tler of such a law for tliemselves. If a Maine Law at all is right in princi])le, I confess it should be the same law for a/l ivhlte, red, and hlack men together, without favour or jiartiality; and sure enough all are in need. in the war between the PVench and Eng'ii. dols.; a Horse, 100 dols.; a Yoke of trained Oxen, 100 dols. ; Beef, o dols. ]:ov lUO lbs.; a Siieep, 4 dols.; Bushel of Barley, H.) cents.; Oats, 3.J cents; Pease, 75 cents; Bottitoes, half-a-dol. ; Oat Meal, 5 dols. a-barrel. Toronto a good deal in advance rf these prices, and the IVIontreal market still higher, of course, but higher than usual this year. The weight of our wheat, when good, is C") lbs. to the b'.i.shel — GO lbs. the standard weight; oats and barley rather lighter than in Britain; potatoes and tui-ni[)s good, hut rather loss; fruits and some roots better. For instance, I have raised onions, many from twelve to thirteen inches round, and a squash, four feet seven inches round — a largo kind of ])um})kin. We can raise these pum|)kins in the open fields amongst jiotatoes and corn, better than you can raise them in the best gardens in Eniiland in hot-houses. Wages of Mechanics are from 1 to 2 dols. a-day and board. Common labourers on the gravel roads this year were paid rather better than usual, from 1 dol. to 1 dol. 12^ cents, and I'oard themselves — fine chance for our poor Lewes-men that !)(;ver saw a tree in their own i.-i;d another twenty-four hours every one of them would have been caught. There are a few of them, who were left in the hurry, just now sentenced to swing; but wo hope our rulers ■will be wise and merciful enough to spare them as to that fur the present. Sure enough, hanging should never be Avhcrc no wise end is answered. They may have sore griev- ances in Ireland, but none with us. Let them settle the controversy at home. They take, h(jwever, a very ho})eless way of doing so. Let them take the Quaker way of it, and success. They ought to see that much has been done as a relief of grievances for the last fifty years, and the rest is very hopefid at the present moment if they but wait for it. The sword in civil strife is a fearful cure, as our own neigh- bours have lately felt by rivers of blood and the destruction of the work of ages. And as vet the fruit is bitter and very dear, The history of rebellions in Ireland is a lamentable record little to the credit of cither party. k^i n LECTURE II. The Gknkiial Api'e.vran'cc of tiik Couni'iiy from trk L\Ki;s OR Tiir IUvkr \h very much that of a vast and eiullcss wihlorness, covorcd with forests of all khuls of timber — su^^ar- maple, elm, and birch prevail iiiL'. A to\\nshi|) is a square block of land, from 00,000 to 70,000 acres, and from nine to ten miles square. Tiiis is subdivided into 1^ miles square, and a I'oad allowance all aio;ig the four sides, and so all over the township. Those endways to the water are generally called concession lines, and tlie others side lines. The first road is the tract cut by the surveyor to run his line. The settlers, us soon as they can, will n^ake this j)assable for oxen and sleighs, chieflv used as a winter road, and as such is sometimes fir better than open gravel roads, as the last arc often badly drifted. Then the trees are tait down GO feet wide, the stump's dug out, and the road ditched, lastly gravelled. There is little trouble from stones, rocks, or hills, as tiiey very ofien do not exist, and when thoy do occur they are of no great trouble. Very often a man in lUOO acres might not get as many stones as would build a chimney for his shanty; so they are not unconnnonly built of sticks and clay, and in the second house of brick. In each said block of 1 1 miles square, there arc ten lots of 100 acres each — each running half way through the block with a ]->(jst, but not a road allowance in the centre, which is called a blind line. One or two hundred acres is commonly the fu-n^ of a settler, leaving from 15 to 20 acres for firewood. The single lot of 100 acres is by far the most common, and that same will soon be cut up into fifties and less amongst the sons. On this last farm, with 85 acres clear, he keeps, or may keep, ten or twelve cows, fifty sheep, twelve }jigs, two horses, a yoke of oxen, small cattle, and raise 500 bushels a year of wheat, some corn, oats, ])ease, potatoes, and turnips, etc., with 15 or 20 tuns of hay, — sometimes much more, but very often less. On such a 21 farm a good hand, with n boy at eight dollars a month, with some help for sowing, reaping, and mowing, might raise, all things put together, grain and stock to tlie amount of GOO or 700 dollars a year at the present prices: but the generality are short, and some far short, of these figures. But more is quite possible by good hands and machinery on good farms. Why not? On my own farm, from 30 to 40 bushels to the acre are common on some fields, and the hiijchcst fiu'ure we tlurk has been got this year on a field sixteen years cropped without ever going to ])asture, but it has been manured, and the last has been the best. But poor people witliout tnms, throwing their grain into water and land choked up with weeds, will bring home less, of course. I should have said, for the British reader, that our dollar is four shillinus sterlincr. CLEAmxG Laxus. — A good hand cuts an acre of heavy timber in eight days — some less — and receives generally about five dollars and board. It is done by cutting down the trees, piling the brush, and cutting up the tree into logs, that a yoke of oxen will be able to pull and roll them together. All the small ti'ccs are cut close by the ground, and the rest three foot up. Thus five men and a s]ian of oxen will log an acre of this in a day. Fire is then put into it when dry, and with a little branding, is ready for sowing. I should have noticed that a number of the largest trees are not cross-cut, but piled unto and burnt. Sometimes parties arc taking fields to cut and clear ready for sowing at twelve dollars au acre, with board, a teamster, and a yoke of oxen to log; but at said figure tliey fence the field with split rails; and chai'ge sixteen dollars an acre, when they board themselves, and find everything. This last I find the best, lor [\.cj'nt croj) at our present prices will ])ay all, and the future crops added yearly to the benefit of the settler. 8o if a man had a little sj^are money to work, clearing lands is nothing veiy serious to a Canadian, but looks very ibr.inidable to an (3ld-countr3'man newdy arrived. When thus cleared tliey are sown, guided by ])ickcts, quite easy with a bushel and a-half of wheat to the acre, and harrowed in by a harrow in the shape of the letter A, with iron jjins set backwards, so that they will run over roots and little stumps. A yoke of oxen or a span of horses will easily harrow an acre a -day. The wheat Ln 25 t i is put in water, and an allowancG of timothy-soed mixed umongst it, wliich sticks to tliO wet grains, and sc the piece is fiaid to be seeded down witli grass. Thn^ it IS allowed to remain for years in hay and pastnre. A stnmp machine will take out the stumps at any time : a man and boy, with a hoi-se and yoke of oxen, at 'the rate of un acre a day. But the settler seldom goes either to the trouble or expense, as they are rotton in ten years, and will easily come out by the fire or the chain, and they are of veiy little trouble m hay or pasture. Besides, as long as the settler is clearing awav the bush, he has little time for stump-work. When the stumps are out, then he can bring his held under the plough after the Old Country fashion. The first crops of new lands are good, and so are those of a virgin soil newly turned up. But the soil here will need attention and manure just as well as at home. Consequently good farmers use very carefully all their dung. ]kit from tlieir stock being limited by the want of outside pasture and long winters, they depend on ploughing down a crop of clover in ])Oor lands, and summer fallowing the clay. The last gives the very best crops of wheat, without a grapeful of dung. By the last system some manage to raise great crops. I kn(jw where a man, not far from here, raised on a farm of 160 acres 1700 bushels of wheat, nearly all fall grain; a pretty good sum at a dollar and a half a bushel — adding other gi'ains, cattle, and hogs, is good farming. But let there be no mistake, the common run is not near one- third on loo acres. A Canadian farmer seldom makes money fast, but with industry and economy be finds property gradually accumulating around him, in hmd and stock. At, all events, rrising a family is a far easier task tlian in tlie I'ities and towns of the Old Country, as they need not want in labour, food, and clothing. Potatoes a^h Indian Corn are raised in new lands amongst the stumps, by making a hole one or two inches deep, and jilacing the seed potatoes (four in number) as /follows, — (::), which are at once covered with three or four dnches of earth with a hoe, and all the field will appear • exactly as if covered with mole hills. They are not touched afterwards till they are dug and taken home in the fall, which is easily done, and generally give very good returns. A man 2G will plant a bushel a-da}'. The corn is plautcd in the .same way in new lands, only less soil is rai^jcd on the seed. Ijut the fanner prefers the plou<;h for both when he -an get it done, being- shorter work, if not greater croi)s. Tlie corn so planted may, in good lands, be sixty bushels to the acre, and ten times more returns of the seed sown th;ui Isaac got in the land of the Philistines. The FArv:\iER'.s iMPLEMiiXTS are the ])lough, the harrow, and many kinds of cultivators ; the waggon, the sleigh ; the rea})ing, tlie mowing, and thrashing macliines. The last arc portable from barn to barn, eli;u'ging about ten dollars f(.)r oOO bushels put into tiic granary. The poorest people use no sicli-le but the cradle. They have to run over much gi-ound in a short time. Grain, when ri])e, will sooner droi. tiian at home; the heat is greater and it ripens faster, and more ground to run upon. CiiEESF, Factories arc very common in the Nortliern States, and Canada in many parts following the example. A contractor comes to a locality, and builds his factory; the farmers around engage to throw in their milk as soon as it comes iVoui the cow, at so much cheese or money. Bv this plan, the best article is made, and more of it for the farmer, and tlie labour costs him nothing. The factory makes well of it by v.hat is made over and above what the farmer would do. Sometimes a number of farmers make it a conjoint thing, and only make their own. A cow makes from 30 to GO dollars in a season. Some speak of nuich more, but tiieso figures are safe; and one factory will Avork the milk of 000 cows, sometimes 1000. The jjricc, generally, for tJjis red American cheese is from 10 to 1-1 cents the pound, and made of unskimmed milk. I ( Winter IIoads are made by snow from six inches to throe- or four feet. Then all kinds of roads are open. Swamjis, ponds, rivers, and even small lakes. Our large ones are not except about the edges. Heavy hauling of timber, lumbei-,. hay, and grain thus become easy, and horses make long journeys in a day. The very animal seems to be nuich more lively, trotting to the music of his own merry bells. Cities have laws requiring ciich team to have them, as it would 27 be very cLuigorous to travellers in being trampled iipon^ as tiie sleigh makes but very little noiso in sliding over the i*iiow or ice. Travellers that are out all day, and tho mercury from 20 to 32, will require to take care of their feet and ears. Warm shoes, fur capes, and buffalo robes, or good warm (piilts, will make tho journey ver}- pleasant. I travel in all weathers cveiy winter, and prefer it by far to stngo driving in the fatherland. In this country the snow come:i on to remain with us early in December, and leaves u.s generally early in March. People are very often longing for ita coming, and sorry for its leaving for want of good roads, as heavy teaming and stock do better by dry snow and cold rather than bv rainy and slushv weather. Far more cattlo and sheep die in the spring in Ohio tlian in Canada from said cause. In the one case they do better coniined to tho barn-yard, having plenty of fodder and dry bed, thiui in the other, picking in the fields under cold rain, winds, and sleet. w ( Our Soils arc generallj'- clay, sand, or black muck. Tlio last is seldom found except on clay sub-soil, and when mixeu, will make the very best soil. People seldom have of it moro than they want, for it is literally manure — vegetable remains. The sandy soil in some settlements ])revails too much. TJie first crops are good, and the land easily cleared, but will soon get b;irrcn and hungry, not profitable for grain or stock. A j)ieco of it for potatoes and Indian corn is no objection to a fiu-ni. But the clay soil is the general soil of the country, good for grain and stock. Tho white and. tough claj' to be avoided. The Cli:mate of Canada is colder in winter and warmer in sunnner than in England, but it may be a question whether the climate of England would answer our purpose better than our own. One thing is sare; it would not answer as well in the first stage of making the country. Sleigh roads are a great relief. Without frost and deep snow, cattle would eat no fodder, and hay could not be had for one-fourth part of our stock. In the Southern States this difficulty is met by abundance of waste and prairio lands, but when thickly settled on small lots they will feel this to be the case. Those wdio would avoid the jjreat heat 28 of sammor had better settle on the open shores of tl. o Lakes, especially L;ike Huron, as the atmosphere is fanned and greatly moderated by the lake breezes. In England, even in June and July, much of the weather is wet and showery, and greatly against out-door work; but here when the shower comes it is heavy and will soon be over, and will waste very little time for the out-door labourer. At the same time we would like the shower very often for its benefit, as many of our seasons (not our last), are rather dr3\ The great block between the lakes, west end of Ui)i)er (^anada, now settling, is from line -['2' to 4o° north latitude, the centre of which is equal, as any looking at a map may .sec, to the South of France and much of Italy. Canada Illast is much colder, and the winter much longer about (.Quebec, latitude 47°. The whole of Lower Canada lies from latitude 45" to 52', and the settled jjarts of Upjjer Canada from 42° to 45°. The unsettled parts north of Huron and Su})erior, and between those lakes and the Iliver Ottawa, run us far north as line 49°. Price of Land, and Best Settlement for Emigrants. — ■ This county was all given on tlie condition of actual settle- ment, at one dollar and a half or two dollars an acre, and ten years to pay the same. That is, a man went and picked his iot; then he made for the otRcc of the same in the county, or, if he preferred, sent 20 dollars or £5 Halifax on one hundred acres, and the lot was his, the rest paid in course of time. He might have two lots, but no more; only his sons might purchase on the same terms; and by this privilege men generally got more lands than they are able to occupy well. But they have the privilege of selling their rights, and on one of these will make from 500 to 1000 dollars without one day's work. The County of Bruce is a large peninsula, stretching out into Lake Huron 100 miles, to a point at Cape Hurd, but the base of this wedge is 70 miles wide. The whole county has sixteen townships. In the north-western point there may be some inferior lands, on the same terms, not yet given by the Crown. But all the rest are given away. Lands are changing hands every da}"-, with and without improvements, at from 600 to 2000 dollars for 100 acres, according to value. One hundred acres may be had in sight of the 29 \ Lake, in the very best townships, 20 acres clear small house and barn for 1500 dollars — further back much loss; but tiic best lots are more, and a few of the worst are less — time to pay the most part of it, fnir or five years, By buying in an old settlement, a man, if ho has the means, is saved from the hardships of p:oin<^ into a wild bush to begin life, and make everythinpj before he reall}' begins to live. A man of money, or a family of working boys, may easily got through, but some have strange stories to tell. If 1 would put some of them here, they might frighten strangers; but by the men of this country they are little thought of. An Indian island in this lake, the (ireat Monotoulan, wliich will make a whole county of itself, is under suivey, and will soon be settled at one dollar an acre. Much laud remains unsettled in rear of the settlements, and from 80 to 100 miles from the front, which may be had for one or two shillings an acre. But any man who can buy in the settled parts, he should do so rather than venture so far behind. Much of the rear lands is cold and rockv. There are different lines of free grants leading back to the rear wilderness, but seldom desirable ; and a man finds himself lost amongst a mass of drunkards and spendthrifts driven out on these grants by their own faults and former habits. There may be some exceptions, but few and far between. A man who hates all society may go up the Ottawa and drive back into the lumbering region, where good prices may be had from lumberers for everything raised, and abundance of land for a shilling an acre and a lifetime to pay. The whole valley of that river will, in the course of time, be settled by man}'- millions of people. In that region ten millions may find plenty of room, south of line 47" north latitude — the line of Quebec — but that line is colder, being much higher, except in the shelter of deep valleys. Tliere is a talk of a canal through that region, by the Ottawa, Lake Nipissing and French River, to Lake Huron, shortening the distance to Montreal and Quebec by two or three hundred miles from Chicago and the Upper Lakes. Should this take place, this great wilderness will be settled. No doubt time will do so, but not for twenty years yet. "VVe have had a survey and plenty of talk. The project is perfectly possible, the only needful iy the money. There arc immense forests of pine on the way untouched, which every year is becoming more 30 valuable; and where pine lumber can be had in a r^'oncration or two who can tell? It will bo taken round Cape Horn from liritish Columbia, &c. There are millions of acres in Lower ("anada at a shilling an acre, but not so desirable to a rrotcslant British settler. Settlors from France might be more satisfied, and of course will go there. South of the iuver, in what is called the eastern townships, along the borders of Vermont, there is a large English population, and land to be bad. But, generally, Company lands are dearer, but near market, and convenient to lailways, both tlie <;ra!id Trunk and Portland lines passing through the block. ?^[inerals, even gold-diggings, lately discovered, make some of that block valuable, and will be sure to secure settlers. 'I'lic}' have one great advantage. A settler landing at Quebec, on his way up, by the Richmond Railway, might satisfy l.imself, and, if not pleased, might pass on towards the setting sun. Expense of the Passage from Great Britain. — Steam- boats from (^lasgow and Liverpool charge, in first-class cabin, from £13 to £17 sterling; intermediate, £9; steerage, .£4 lOs; children, £2 as.; and infants £1 Is., and everything found. Passage b}-- railway to Lake Huron, or even Cliicago, f')i- emicrrants, is but a mere trifle. For the County of Bruce a daily steamer is leaving Goderioh, sixty miles up, to Southampton or Saugeen, and back agam the same day — faro, one dollar and a half the whole way. For the .Monotoulan — the copper, iron, and silver mines above — passage maybe had at least twice a-week, from Detroit, [T.S., ov ColHngwood, on the Gcorgoan Bay — the last rcacl.ed by Toronto and the Northern Railway. The line from Detroit, ^•.lichigan, is American. In both cases the passage is a small alFair. ^J Gold, Silver, Copper, and Iron Minerals. — The first has been found lately m Canada. In the eastern townships we had quite a run last year, but very few made riches. Nova Scotia gold mines are wrought for some years, but not rich. The same may be said of the region north of the Ottawa. But now for three weeke there is the greatest e:citement about a gold discovery at Madoc, 30 miles back of Belviile, on Lake Ontario. Twenty-four dollars in gold 31 ■arc said to be had from '2h pints of dirt. The Gait Reporter Hays, " That a Calcforniau oftercd, on Saturday hist, loOO dollrrs for what earth he could take out of the hole in half an hour, with no other assistance than a common garden hoe." And two gentlemen from Boston bought a miserable lot of rock and sand the other dav for 3r),000 dollars. If the lialf is true, the like was never found in California. But, for fear of mistake, let me add no more at this time. Iron of the very best character, e(]ual to the Swedish iron, is found on the British shore of Lake Superior, quite near the lake, and q, strong American Comjjany are engaged in getting it out. As for coj)])er, our dilleront mines are in full blast getting it out in hundreds of tiiousands of tons, on both .sides of Lake Superior, and nortli shore of Lake Huron. It is found ])ure in tons of weight; the only dilHculty is to cut it small enough for removal. Many from tiiis country are going there to work, and some to settle. There will be a great popidation there shortly. BuiTisii America as a ^NLuutime State. From the .yonfreal Witness, one of our most respectable papers: — " No branch of industry has grown up in the provinces to greater dimensions in the course of a comparatively short ])oriod of time than the maritime interest. Wiien Britisii Noitli America is elevated into a Confederation, it will be entitled to the proud position of the third maritime state in the world. Great Britain and the United States will alone <.'xceed hi maritime influence. In 18G3, no less than G28 vessels were built in British America, of which the aggregate tonnage was 230,312. The industry'- represented by these iigures shows an cxjjort value of nearly nine million dollars. On the 31st Dec, 18G3, the figures were as follows: — Canada, .... Nova Scotia, - - - New Brunswick, Prince Ethvartl's Island, - Newfoundland^ Total, ■ esicls. Tons. •_>,;m 287,187 ;5,,")3!) .so:), 554 8<>1 211,080 ;(•)() ;U,222 l,-t"J9 8iJ,Gl)3 8,530 932, 33 G fJreat Britain and the United States largely exceed this number; but France, the next greatest ^jmmercial state, 32 with O'") millioim of population, nn ininionsc forci*:'!! tradiv iind !in cxtoiisivo sea coiibt, owns only (J0,0()0 tons v{ 8iiij>pin<^ more than British America. In 18GU the agi,ncf,^ate com- mercial navy of France was 900,124. Another imporlant statement is the return of shi[)pii)ijj enterin;^ and leavini^ the ports of British America: — Inw inl. i,oai,;{()7 051), "-TkS 09, 08(1 1 50, 57s Canada, Nova Scotia, Ncnv Brunswick, Prince JOdward's Island, Newfoundland, - Outward J,()91,8!)5 71 !),!)! 5 121,1 -21 SI,1.H)0 148,010 Totdl Ton <. 2, 1. •{.{,204 1,452,854 1,;J80,985 150,288 305,188 2,059,182 2,709,347 5,428,519 And for inland navigation — Canada, - - - ;j,530,701 3,308,432 0,907,133 Grand Total, - 0,189,883 0,1.37,779 12,335,052 "The United States at the same ])criod only exceeded us- by 4,000,000 tons, and our excess over Franco iu one year was 4,000,000 tons. It will also be intercstiiiLj; in connection with this subject to see what will be the strength of the united provinces in seafaring men. By the census of bSGO it appears that the number of those engaged in maritime pursuits were as follows : — 3Ton. 5,958 Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, - Prince Edward's Island. Newfoundland, Total Men, - 19,037 2,705 2,318 38,578 09,250 " Ilere we see that five yenYn ago the provinces unitedly had no less than 70,000 able-bodied men engaged at sea, cither in manning their commercial shi[)ping or their fishing vessels. In case of war this force would be the most valuable element of strength British America woidd possess. Facts such as these must have great weight when ])laced before the worM. They give an idea of the importance of British North America that other statistics could hardly allbrd. It must be remembered that this maritime interest is not stationary, but progressive; it must increase with the i)ro- gress of the provinces and the other elements of wealth. A half-century hence, it is not hoping too much, Britiah America will stand side by side with tlie mother cuuutry- the foremost maritime State iu the world." .sea, hing ial)lo Facts )cf()ro itish It not pro- A 'iti;jh Red Hiver, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia. — In the spring of 18;')2, Lord Milton, with Dr. Ciieadlo, from Cambridge, made a trip from Red River to British Columbia, across the Rocky Mountains, and writes as follows : — " liufore jjroceeding further with the account of our journey, I must allude very briefly to the magnificent country which extends from Red River almost to the base of the Rocky Mountains. It lias been well described by Captain Palliser and Dr. Hector, and f would add my testimony to the fertility of its soil and to the e.Ktent of its resources. It is peculiarly well adapted for settlement; rich prairies, which arc ready for the plough, being interspersed with woods which would furnish timber for building and fencing. The climate is the climate of Canada; the spring, however, according to Dr. Hector, setting in a month earlier than it docs on the shores of Lake Superior. Grain of all kinds grows here with the greatest luxuriance, and the root crops are certainly finer than any I have ever seen in England. The pasturage is almost endless in extent, and so nourishing that the horses turned out in the snow at the commencement of winter, — then thin and in a wretched condition, — when brought up in the following spring, were exceedingly fat, and fit to set out at once on the journey before them. Coal beds of every size exist in the Saskatchewan, Battle, and Pambina Rivers. Clay-ironstone, in large quantities, was discovered by Dr. Hector, and miners were engaged in washing gold in the river above Edmonston during our stay there. Yet this glorious country, estimated, I believe, by Dr. Hector, at forty millions of acres of the richest soil, is, from its isolated position, and from the obstructions put in the way of settlement by the governing power, left utterly neglected and useless, except for the support of a few Indians and the employees of the Hudson's Bay Com})any. Could communication be established with Canada and British Columbia, this district would, I imagine, be one of the most valuable of the British possessions." The travellers took two months crossing the plains from Red River to the Rocky Llountains. They crossed these great mountains iu the channel of a branch of the Athabasca, and eventually reached the height of land so gradually that they c 84 would hardly believe they had gained the water-shed of the Pacific. A few days after thi-y struck the Fraser liivcr, already a stream of considerable size ; and, after dreadful labour and hardships, they cut their way through to the Pacific. Dr. Cheadle remarks, " Ttiat throughout British Columbia, except a few isolated portions, no farming land was to be found. Tijough it was possible by irrigation to produce certain crops in a few years, yet they must soon cease, for there was n '^hing but sand, the only vegetable moidd being supplied by i.tic decay of grass. In most ports the land was so light that it was impossible to irrigate it." Lord Milton further says, " Red River Settlement is the best colony England has for farming purposes, but nowhere is farming less understood." Taking thirteen crops of wheat off the same field, without cither rest, change, or manure. The State op Religion in Canada. — The Church of England, Presbyterians, and Methodists are the first three Protestant bodies, in point of followers — each body numbering about 300,000 souls. The Kirk of Scotland is very much broken up by the action of the Free Church. Had it not been the clergy reserves there would not have been that ■unreasonable division at all, and steps are being taken that will, I trust, do it away. The one party as free as the other, holding the same articles of faith and formula of church order. We shall have divisions enough, although many such were healed, by charity, catholicity, and brotherly forbearance. The Baptists are numerous. Their churches, 2G1; pastors, 154; missionaries and licentiates, 50; church members, 15,000; members and families, 75,000; and followers nearly as many more. Their body being the most numerous in the United States, emigration and the moral power of sentiment encourage them very much shortly to see the same in Canada. No doubt they are fast increas- ing, to the no little annoyance of Pedo-baptist convictions. The Independents are a prosperous and respectable body, but not yet numerous. The Roman Catholics of Upper Canada are perhaps as numerous as any one of the first named, and in Lower Canada, more )y far than all the ix'st put together, and a kind of religious establishment in con- nection with the state. The church is built and the ^^riost h 35 paid by law, perfectly inJcpeiulent of the people. This was ceded to them at the Couquest. But the moment one of them turns Protestant, ho i^ free from tlio priest. Great Britain well might and should Icurn a lesson from this. I need not say tliat tlie peculiarity of their faith presents a great difficulty to the training of the human mind in the present state of society. So, east and west, their schools are sectarian or exclusive, entirely under the control of the church. The Protestants of Canada East, being in the minority, feel this difficulty no little barrier to the education of their children. In general, churches and ministers are seldom far off; provisions are easily raised ; ministers, on the whole, are well paid. Difficulties will exist from certain minds in every situation; but, as a whole, they live and CO operate together in love more than in Great Britain. Infidels have had too much to say justly on this score, and Charity, the queen of graces, has not made too much of this God-like principle yet. The religious and moral state of the people is perhaps fully iiigher than cast of the Atlantic: some sections, from causes that may be understood, admit of great improvement. We have National Universities in Canada, East and West; but their progress is much confined by the different Churches establishing colleges for themselves for the training of their respective ministries, and, along with them, many of the youth of the land from their communions respectively. Church of England have their Trinity, Toronto ; Free Church, Knox's College, same place ; Kirk of Scotland, their Queen's College, Kingston; Methodists, their Victoria, Couburg ; Baptists, their College, Woodstock ; llouAui Catholics, their Regiopolis, Toronto, ikc. Common ScnooL Education for Upper Canada is carried on by a Normal School in Toronto, for the training of teachers, both male and female ; but yet the majority of teachers are picked up as they can be found, chiefly made in the grammar schools, examined and licensed by Cmmty Boards of Public Instruction. They arc arranged into three classes, according to their attainments, and still subdivided. They get licenses for one, two, or three years; then they have to be examined over again, which drives them to 36 their studies to advance themselves in their grade. Thus they are engaged and paid according to their standing from 250 dollars to 400 dollars a year, and board themselves. Before a township is half filled, it is divided by the Townsiiip Council into school sections of about 60 lots — square blocks if they can, and no child more than two-and-a-half miles from the school-house. The people of this district have a meeting once a year, and choose three of their number to bo school trustees. They choose the teacher and engage him from those licensed as above, then pay him partly by a Government grant and partly by a rate on the people. The same rate is raised by the public collector, with the othei- tax, so that every cent is made suie to the teacher m every place, no matter how poor. The school being supported by public money, the door of the school-house is set wide opcu to the poor as that of the church ; and the object of this system is to educate the whole mass of the people. Fanners in general pay each for a lot of 100 acres from two to four dollars a year, and no more though they send ten of a family the whole year round to school. The education may not be so thorough, but much more rapid than in the parochial schools of Scotland, where the teacher pays much nioro attention to those iearninjj: lansjruaues than to tliose on the more rudiments. Those who are determined to learn languages and the higher elements of an English education, go to the Grannnar Schools, one of which is placed in each county, and is a connecting link between the common school and the univei'- sity. It is fairly allowed that the common-school system of Upper Canada stands ahead of the whole world for much woik by small means. Take for example the following, viz.: — In the year 1857 there was a Parliamentary grant to comniim scliools in Eng- land of £500,000, and in Upper Canada of £50,000. Well, we covered more ground by one-tenth of their mom y. They brought two in nine of their children of school age to school, and we four out of every five. Their connnissioners took to pay themselves the whole of our grant and 00,000 dollars more, and every fraction of our grant Avas paid to the teachers. The Superintendents of ovu- schools ai'e paid from another fund, and that very sparingly, only four dcllai's a school, so he must be a minister or some other professional man, who 37 adds this perquisite to his salary, pays them two visits a year, divides the pubHc nicniey, and lectures on the subject once a year in each school for the benefit of the pupils and their parents. I know much of fatherland, having travelled four times from sea to sea, south and north, the year I crossed the Atlantic, and was taught in three of its parocliial schools; but I feci free to state that although the parochial schools of Scotland deserve great praise, yet for teaching the elements of an English education to all, the common schools of Canada, by one-fourth the means, are doing a great deal more work. I have heard some of our most intelligent people say " that our school advantages go far to reconcile them to their lot, and help them to forget some good things they left behind, never to find again." The Local Government of Upper Canada is in the liands of the people so completely that they can do what they please — even undertake to make gravel or railroads, for which the majority of the landholders shall vote, guided and overruled by the law in the case. On a given day, once a-year, the people meet and vote, for every township, five men of their own number into office as Town Council. The chairman is elected by the other four, and is called Reeve, and is magistrate by virtue of his office. If there are more than 500 voters in a township, there is a deputy-Reeve allowed. These five men arc the council, ruling the township for the year. Some of them are kept in for many years, and others never more than once. The Reeves und deputy-Reeves constitute the County Council, by virtue of their office, and meet in the court-house as such a body three or four times a year, to attend to all public works and county expenses. Anything done to railroads or gravel roads must bo there settled : therefore we pay township and county tax — feel that enough — and pay no direct tax to the Government. They impose it and lay it out. All is well reported, and, if not satisfactory to the people, these gentlemen are shown the right-about next year; but the great body of them remain many years, and become useful rulers and leaders in the community. In this township, in sixteen years, we never had but four Reeves, and some of these resigned. Tiie present one is in office for nine or ten years, by the yearly vote of the people. Much more oa* the real business of the country 38 devolve upon these domestic bodies than on our nrovfnoi^l but improve the country fast and nti/fh ' ^"'P^"'"' goneralf We grumble Lt ai pa^in'a ftl JrjfT"^'? we get full value for the same. "^ ^ ""^ ^""^ '^ 39 LECTURE III Canada, as a Field of Emiguation, to be preferred to THE United States, &c. — I have lived the whole of my Canadian life on the border of the United States; have visited the country different times, and conversed much with persons from there, and our own people labouring there, and who had gone to find a home, but come back in disgust. In the year 1850, 1 spent 240 dollars in travelling in New- York State, Michigan, by the lakes, and across the State in Wisconsin and Illinois. The last is beautiful to look at, I confess, requiring a pocket- compass to save you from being lost on its large prairies of 50 miles across, just the same as the ocean, without a tree, or twig to drive a horse. At the same time, there are many snakes in the grass, many serious objections to settlement that do not appear at first. Let me even touch some of them. Firewood is very scarce. Hard is the lot of persons settled far in on these prairies, who li 've to come out to the edge, from 12 to 25 miles, and, perha^.'S, after getting out of it as far again to some bush, and buy poor scrubby oak land, at 50 dollars per acre, and runnmg this far the whole year round for firewood. Then go to Cliicago, 30 or 80 miles, for every foot of lumber required for house, barn, fencing, Ac, buy it there at from 20 to 40 dollars a thousand feet. Cattle feed very plentifully, of course, but they are very poor in spring, from the want of shelter, and exposure, feeding- out under hail, cold, rain, and sleet, in ])lace of dry snow, as with ps, and home in sheds, fed on straw, &c. Much is said, of course, about the Homestead Law or Free Grant of ]G0 acres to every emigrant. But this is of Government lands, and though I travelled much I never saw any of them. They told me they were to be found back of the settlements, in millions of acres, between that and the Rocky Mountains; and behind in the direction of the lakes and amongst the pineries; low bottoms, and flooded lands, suitable only for grazing purposes, and sickly for Canadians and British settlers, but quite suitable and healthy to settlers from the south. There were over every State 40 some scattered lots of refuse that might bo had, hardly worth paA'ing taxes for; at all events, a poor home for a settler. To a body of men going together, who might push out twenty miles behind the last white settler amongst the In(iians, this free grant might be turned to some good account. Speculation in the land market is bad enough with us, and fearfully against the settlement of the waste lands of the crown; but with them far worse. Soldier scrip, canal scrip, railway scrip, &c., are gathered up by companies, rich men, and clever yankee pack-travellers. The last on their own account, and agents on account of others, are searching along all sunmier, far ahead of the stream of emigration, and secure all the mill sites, village and town sites, groves and timber lands; buy them up with those scrips at a few cents an acre, and sell them at from one to twenty dollars an acre to poor settlers, who cannot help themselves but by banishment, not only beyond the settle- ments, but beyond these extensive wild blocks already in the hands of speculators. The Homestead Free Grant cannot be sold to another as the foresaid, but requires actual scttlei's; costs only thirteen dollars for the expense of the issuing of the deed. But mark ; the moment you get the small wild gift, you are a sworn subject of their Govern- ment, and liable to be drafted the next day to go out and fight to the dcatli against father or brother, perhaps, if war with England or Canada should be the order of the day. In the late domestic war between the North and South fearful stories of this sort have been told. In one case they fought from tree to tree in a wood. One man caught an enemy, and by clearing the dust and sweat away from his eyes, behold, who was this but his own brother! A third was coming up. He in a moment up with his rifle to shoot him, and tiie prisoner in his hand, his own brother, stayed his arm, crying out, "Stop, that is our father!" Perhaps such a state of things might be a solemn warning to persons who art so indifterent to the oath they have sworn to their country, and with very little temptation care as little for the new oath they are going to take; so clearly avowing a repudiation for ever of that nation that gave you birth. What did the Vicar of Bray do, so memorable for censure and merriment, but swear always on the side of his property^ leaving sentiment and conviction to men of ''^H f 41 ail his his li a who leir the a th. lire his of '^m ^ conscience and truth. Any British subject may live in the States as with us, and hold property subject to certain rules, but free (/rants are given neither there nor here without taking the oath of allegiance and becoming subjects. Thousands go there and know this when too late. Some of my friends had lands in the West, and, being lately drafted, ran and lost everything ; and a young man, serving with mo, ran and left his homestead (IGO acres), and all his labours there, and dare not return. Of course thej^ will be given to another who will stand fight against the South, the East, or Canada. He told me they were not very good, but sandy — sure enough the best he could get from millions of refuse lands in the State of Michigan, and far to the rear and mountainous parts of the State. This is the way that paradise lost is found, to be lost again. Jlow they will do for fire and fence timber, to say nothing of houses, in great many parts of the Western States, who can tell, for their scrubby groves will soon be cut down. When I was there I saw teams from Rock River taking fence stuff from Chicago, buying it at 20 dollars a thousand feet, and taking it eighty miles in four-horse waggons, through miserable sloughs and wild prairies. There are railroads now to some favoured spots, but their drain on the farmer's pocket for everything he sends and receives is hard to bear. A good judge told me he would rather clear the timber not required off his farm, than bring always on it the timber and lumber required. I believe that opinion to be perfectly correct. No land in the West is cheaper than prairie lands, although, undoubtedly, it would be chosen first by the British settler. In Wisconsin and Minosota, same latitude with us, what can be their advantage? They get our sun and moon rather cfter we are served; their soil, not better, but very often lighter ; and the carriage of a thousand miles both ways against them and in our favour, as the market is to the east. And as to States further south, their great heat and innumerable fevers are to northern settlers very objec- tionable. I have been in conversation with many persons who travelled and laboured down to St. Louis, and even to New Orleans, but never have I seen any inclined to go down there to live. They often told me of seeing Canadians, many of them sickly, but few, if any, very well satisfied with 42 the cliange. South of Iowa and Illinois, is very hot, many of the people, even in the two last named States, lie and sleep on the top of the bed clothing in summer, perspiring till near day; then, very strange, it turns very cold, and a person often wakes up shivering, the cause, I think, of many of their fevers. Roasting all day and shivering at night cannot but be exceedingly trying to the best constitution. They look very pale, of high bones and little flesh — very different, of course, from the English rosy cheek. As to their market, it is much improved, and they required it. For when tiiere, I saw them coming in from llockriver, eighty miles, with their wheat to Chicago, and selling it for fifty cents, or 2s. Gd. a-bushel, and many teamsters taking it on the halves; so Is. 3d. was all the farmer got for his labour. Millions of bushels Indian corn could be got for ten cents each. Cattle, hogs, and horses, were singularly cheap. One of the members of my church left for Illinois, tempted by the extraordinary accounts from that garden of the West — a very enterprising man, with a well-doing family, and had .£800. After reaching, he at once bought a span of good horses, not to plough, but to drive home, 1500 miles. How- ever, he was prevailed upon to stop and purchase in St. Charles, Fox River, a most lovely spot, but full of fever and ague and lake fever. Himself, wife, and all his family soou became sick and greatly discouraged. When there I called upon him. The minister, the deacon, and a great many of the people having beautiful farms, were away to California to dig for gold to redeem their farms and mills, &c. He came back, made better than some, but not enough to save his fine mill. It was sold, and he came into worse property in Michigan, and was far from Sabbath and happiness. His children got better in health, but connected themselves with Socinians and infidels; the reason of his wife failed, and she is just now, if living, in the lunatic asylum. He shuts himself up on Sabbath in his room, makes well of the world, but is already in the grave of many a pious-living man, and told me in my own house he would by far rather be with us in the bushes of Canada. At the same time those who went in early, as with us, are generally pretty well off, and much could be said as a whole in favour of the country, and of many parts especially favoured by commerce and communication ; more parti- cularly where tlic settlers are from tlie South, tlie second race born in the country, or those who outUved the hard process of getting, as they call it, acclimatized. I never can forget the day I was coming out on the railway to Chicago, melting, with my shoes, my hat, and coat off, my vest open, till, within twenty miles of the city, the Lake breeze met us. Oh ! what a welcomed clianffo ! I put on one article after another, and never was since in such a st ite. I know a great deal of the hard things the Honourable Mr. MOee is writing about his own countrymen south of the River, and especially in the cities and towns of the Union, will be felt keenly, no doubt. But he lived there, and knows well what he is writing about — does not walk through the world with his eyes or his ears shut — and loves the Celt better than the American docs. He is a Minister of the Crown in Canada; but these, truly and plainly, were his open and expressed opinions when in the the cold shades of opposition. Finally, their paper currency is so depreciated of late — only 71 odd cents, to the dollar, and ours worth every cent, in gold; but, more than all this, though a new countiy, they have a debt equal to that of Great Britain, like a millstone hanging about their neck. Great many good judges think they must sink under the weight. Things are fearfully high, and living more than double what it very generally costs with us. But the number, energy, and advantages of the nation by sea and land are so great, that a course of years may save them, at least make their condition tolerable, only let them live in peace amongst themselves and keep from foreign war, which really appears not very like their present state and temper. The'w gold creditors, no mean judges, show by their giving only 71 cents of gold for 100 cents of Government paper, no great faith in the stability of the nation. At the same time, justice requires the remark that they have astonished the world by the past, a very favourable pledge of future stability and success. Let me further add, whilst I am on this subject, that since the Southern States are now called free, many, I doubt not, will be led from Britain, as well as they are now from the Northern States, to seek their fortune there. The climate, as well as the moral and spiritual condition of these awfully 44 punished and desolated States, is very unsuitable, and will be found trying to Northern men, especially from Great Britain. The curse of slavery has been long and demoralising in these States, so that any person of proper feelings and sentiments going there to live, is very much in danger of looseing those feelings, his property, or his life. The unheard of horrors of Audcrsonvillc, the scheme, by means of all the yellow fever rags from the West Indies, to cut off thousands and tens of thousands, men, women, and children, of northern cities, with the abominable murder of President Lincoln, are but a part of the proof given to the world that we would not like to sec again repeated. The state of Texas, the general massacre of New Orleans, the free and general butcheries by the present "black dragoons" of the well-doing negroes, determined to reduce their number and make the race miserable to rob them of their little property, make them- selves and tlie world believe that freedom is their worst enemy, and their present horrible state the national sins of noithern armies, and what they call "the fruit of cursed abolitionism." They already boast that a million of the poor creatures have perished. Yea, my very blood runs hot, I say — not '■^coW — when the very enemies of God and man t!:at give the facts, labour to destroy them. A poor, helpless chicken in the eagle's claws has but little chance of life. The Ilepublican party, like other men, have sins of their own, of course; but my soul is with them in their dangerous and giant efforts against the whole South, and President Johnson at their head, to save four millions of miserable, down-trodden creatures, who have little freedom from man, but freedom to labour without rights and wages — freedom to weep and die. How shall such a number of people live and ^wovidc for themselves and families, who have no lands, and must take whatever their worst enemies choose to give them, whilst the viols of their wrath will take years to empty on their devoted heads for accepting the freedom that northern ai'mies could ever "ve them. Time, I trust, will wear away this feeling, or Heaven will not bear with earth. God's work is not yet finished, whatever way He shall take in the case. The burning mountain shakes and rumbles very ominous of a coming storm. In the past the poor creatures were awfully wronged, but self-interest made hard hearted task-masters care for them and keep them 45 as cattle, or " cliattlos," as they culled them. So it is easy to see that when this provision is removed, and the commou rights of human beings refused, tluit the condition of tliem is far worse than before, and thus their cruel masters succeeding* to force, by the love of life, not a few of them back to their former bondage. There is hope that the present party iu power may quench this burning mountain, and greatly im- prove the condition of these weak and helpless beings. But they have for ages been reduced so low, so much animalized, that the task can only be the work of time, and during the fiery strife they are in danger, like Paul, of being torn to pieces in the hands of their deliverers. Citizens of free Albion, and especially of the mountains of Caledonia, which never allowed a slave to cross them, remain where you are, or throw your lot amongst a people who pos- sess a larger share of freedom than you ever had, and do this in any condition of life before you venture to live in the very crater of this dan a large as fast as fiere they angerous I often )ves and 1 settle- ii't, man, ind, but LVcUed a isli, and Igor is a Jhildren netinies 'lied by ill than Alay. their them tto our wild afford on the of the lionie, mber, ' ore, more uing. nets. 5'eon, fish )ugh first vent oys, iglit 61 home thirty-nine fishes, three of which were above 20 lbs. each, one of them 26 lbs. The white fish, coming up from the bottom of water so clear, are truly beautiful. They are white and red, and look, circling round, always coming nearer, as if they were fire coming from the bottom of the Lake. When the big fellow comes to the side of the boat he is taken in by a hook and handle, and looks very pretty, as a salmon always does. 1 have seen a drag-net that drew to shore five hundred barrels of herring at a time; but that was no rule for common work. The herring is never caught with bait ; but sturgeon, salmon, and white fish, both ways, by net and bait, chiefly by the last. Fresh fish on the shore is bought some- times at 1 dol. 50 cents a barrel; salted, 5 dollars; white fish and salmon, 6 or 7 dollars a barrel. Wages of Labouring Men and Women. — Men by the month labouring with farmers from 10 to 16 dollars ; by the day, from 50 cents and board to one dollar. Women don't do much out-doors; they generally get from three to five dollars a month. Mechanics from one to two-and-a-half dollars a day, and board. On our gravel roads this year labouring men had from one dollar to one dollar twelve-and-a-half cents, and board themselves. A span of horses and man, at his own expense, from two-and-a-half to three dollars a day. In the States wages are much higher, especially in the harvest time, but board and everything else correspond, and the money frorr.. 01 to 71 cents to the dollar of our money. They have been as low as two and-a-half dollars equal to one of ours. As a field labourer an Old Country-man will do well at once, but in the bush he has to learn a little. A young person will soon learn to pass muster, and the second year may be a good hand. Mechanics find themselves at home with their work at once. Many of ours are merely handy persons that never put in any time to their trade. Timber is cheap, and although they spoil a stick they can easily take another with- out any cost. TuE Great Future of North America may be supposed from the four following great causes: — 1. The grauf* outlines of the continent. In the fine high prairie lands of die continent, about 59" north latitude, three great rivers take their rise — the Mississippi to the south, the 52 M'Kenzie to the north, and the St. Lawrence to the east, and each of these rivers navigable for 2000 miles. I think it was President Jackson who said that the valley of the Mississippi alone would support 500,000,000 human beings. The St. Lawrence valley may not support one-third of that number, but does already command, by means of its inland seas, a very great traffic. 2. Think of a continent nearly 4000 miles every way, including the whole temperate zone, saying nothing of the empires of frigid lands attaclicd, answering, by the connec- tion, great and valuable purposes, in huntin^^and fishing, food and clothing. There is nothing equal to tnis on the face of the earth but the Asiatic continent. 3. The people are Anglo-Saxon — chiefly English — with English laws, customs, and habits, with that great and indomitable character peculiav to the race, and especially the Bible and Protestant religion. Look at the vast continent of South America, and the charming Empire of Mexico in the North. What a curse has been entailed upon thoni by their first connection with Spain, and the ignorance and superstition in which they are spell-bound. 4. The Time of Discovery. — Had tliis great event been two hundred years earlier, the people would have come, in the superstitious spirit of the darli ages, spitting on the Bible, cursing the gospel, and burning the martyr at the stake; but care was taken, like a man pluuting an orchard, to juUl the young plant at the proper time, and send for it to the verv best nursery, with a view to secure the very best fruit. Evils there are, imported from the fatherland, belonging to former and more corrupt ages, and, finding here a genial soil, they took deep root, and threatened to spread over all the land. They, at the expense of a vast amount of blood and treasure, are in the wa}'' of being rooted up, and soon will belong to the past. My own hopes are great from such a vast conti- nent, with a sufficient domain for the whole of the present human race, under the moulding influences of good laws, free schools, and an open Bible. The following will be two of the speeches made in the House of Commons, London, at the second reading of the Ccnfederation Bill for British America. They are so able and admirable that I thought it a service both to the Pro- vinces referred to, as well as the Empire, to preserve anu 53 been ae, ill ible, I) lit 1 tho verv -'iVlls •inei- hey and. JUl'C. JCllt I Wis, tho tho bio ro- iiiu piiblisli them. Tho th'st is by the ex-Colonial Secretary, and tho other speaker has lived and travelled extensively in Canada, so their remarks are worthy of the highest respect : — " Mr. Cardwell — I rise with great satisfaction to support the motion of the Eight Hon, gentleman, and it is with tho ,i;reatest i)leasure that I congratulate the Noble Earl at the head of tho F(n-eign Office on having the honour of intro- ducing so satisfactory a measure fis that now before us to a British Parliament — and I also congratulate the British Colonies in having their interests committed to a statesman Avho has devoted so large a portion of his time to this subject. I agree with the llight Hon. gentleman that this measure is not only calculated to benefit the Colonies immediately affected by it, but that it is likely to give rise to a new era in the history of the government of the dependencies of this imjjorial or cosmopolitan country. The Kight Hon. gentle- man has so well stated both the contents of the measure and the arguments by which it is supported, and the House has so unmistakably signified its concurrence in the opinions expressed by those arguments, that it would only be an unpardonable w^aste of time were I to endeavour to meet by anticipation, objections to the measure which I do not believe will be raised. The few remarks I am about to make, therefore, will merely be in illustration and in support of the arguments of tho Right Honourable gentleman. '•' The geographical position of Canada, with its great inland seas and fertile plains, and the contiguity of the North American provinces which border that noble river which is calculated, by the aid of mechanical science, to carry the produce of the West to the sea, is alone sufficient to show what groat advantages must necessarily be derived from a union between the inland and the maritime provinces. Let the objector look at the timber trade and the shipbuilding of New Brunswick, tho mineral wealth and commercial enter- prise of Nova Scotia, and at the noble harbour of Halifax, and say whether it is possible to suppose that nature did not intend that these great sources of wealth should be united; and as they are united physically, so are they morally, in the firmest and deepest attachment to England, and to the institutions under which they live. These remarks apply not only to those who are sprung from o\ir own loins, 54 but that other people in Lower Canada who live in that part of the colony which is to be called in future the Province of Quebec, and who yield to no British subjects in attachment to the British Crown and to their own institutions. If, therefore, it is the earnest wish and desire of these provinces that the obvious intention of Providence should be realized, I am certain that the House of Commons will not seek to prevent so laudable a desire from being gratified. The provinces included in this Bill will form a country extending over 400,000 square miles, inhabited by 4,000,000 of people. I do not feel disposed to exclude Newfoundland and Prince Edward's Island, which, not having consented to the arrange- ment, are not at present included in the scheme^ and, I may say, that I am reminded by their behaviour of certain towns which, on the introduction of the railway system into this country, petitioned not to have its advantages extended to them. (A laugh, and hear, hear.) Parliament accceded to their request, and what has been the consequence? Why, some of them have been out in the cold ever since — (laughter) — and have been vainly endeavouring to obtain the possession of what they once so strongly objected. That result will not, however, be in this instance, because it will be open to them at any time to join this Federation; and I rejoice to see in the papers that my Right-Hon. friend has laid upon the table that the expression of feeling in this country, and the arguments employed, will probably not be without result. "You are now going to establish a country greater in extent than France and Spain united. You are going to establish a country inhabited at the present moment by 4,000,000 of people, and whose inhabitants, by the end of the present century, may, at the ordinary rate of computation, be ex- pected to number 12,000,000. These colonies are now iu possession of large and valuable shipping, and are inhabited by hardy maritime populations, and there is no doubt that the country will soon be only inferior to Great Britain and thfr United States of America, while it will be greatly superior to many of the kingdoms of Europe. And does it require much argument to show which is the best field for the exertions of honourable men, for the employment of great intellectual and patriotic minds — a large community such as the one this l)iU proposes to create, or comparatively small provinces, with 55 lU )ited that the •to uch s of iiid bill ith scattered populations, as they now exist. (Hear, hear.) Well then, Sir, look at them in their foreign relations. During the time that I had the honour of holding the scat of the Colonial Office, duties of no provincial or ordinary character were necessarily discharged by Canada. At the time when the St. Alban's raid excited so much alarm and attention in this country, what were the duties discharged by the Govern- ment of Canada and the Governor-General to whom my Right Hon. friend has paid so just a tribute ? (Hear hear.) Canada called forth an army from among her own population to guard her frontiers, and the Legislature passed an Act which rendered a raid of that kind impossible for the future. The highest duties, legislative, judicial, and executive were per- formed by that province. Then look at the disadvantages we incurred when we endeavoured, at Wat-liington, to negotiate a renewal of the Reciprocity Treaty. Every part of that treaty, if we had succeeded, must ' ■■.ve been submitted to five Parlia- ments before it could have received the Royal Assent. (Hear, hear.) In negotiating with foreign powers, is it desirable that treaties should be ratified by one parliament, or is it better that they should be subjected to the accidents to which they are liable in passing through the parliaments of five smaller countries? (Hear, hear.) The fisheries, too, are regulated by the laws of the different colonies; and surely, in a matter of such vital importance, it was highly undesirable that we should have been compelled, in negotiations between this country and the United States of America, to submit these negotiations to the approval of several parliaments. That case, fortunately, was attended with no evil results; but still, I think these considerations go far to prove the enor- mous advantage which such a scheme of consolidation as that proposed by the Bill before the House is likely to confer on both the colonies and the mother country. " Then, again, there is the matter of defence. My Right Honourable friend referred to the despatches which it was my duty to address to the colonies, in which I stated that, though the mother country held the defence of her colonies incumbent on her, she nevertheless expected the colonists themselves to assist the protection of their own shore. Is it not apparent that, by the adoption of this measure, included in the Bill, they will become as powerful for purposes of defence as, by its rejection, they will remain almost 66 ! I 1 powerless. (Hear.) There was a time when this eouiitry exercised a much stronger control over her colonics and colonists than she does now, and mider such a policy it might, perhaps, have been advisable to discourage any at- tempted consolidation. The time for such policy has, however, long ago passed away, and now the mother country contemplates the increasing prosperity of her colonies with satisfaction, and views without jealousy their growth into great and powerful communities, attached to her by no other ties than those of affection and friendship, reciprocal regard forming the main basis of support in the hour of danger. (Cheers.) l^^'or all these reasons, I cordially support the Bill of my Right Hon. friend. My Right Hon. friend is to be congratulated on being honoured with the conduct of this measure, but more heartily should we congratulate those who, with great patience, temper, and s;i.gacity, have agreed to submit to us a measure wliich they believe is calculated to strengthen their powers for war and increase their prosperity in times of peace. (Hear, hear.) If they have found the means of creating within themselves that public spirit which is the animating spirit of British institu- tions, they have done so, not, as some have suggested, as a prelude to future separation from this country, but they have done it, animated by a loyalty to the British Crown, and an attachment to British institutions, which cannot be surpassed, even by the assembly which is about to ratify their act." (Cheers.) Mr. Watkins — " For himself he gave support to this measure of confederation, not because he wished to establish a new nation, but he wished to confirm an existing nation — (hear, hear) — for the scheme, if it meant anything, meant that Canada was to remain under tlie British crown. He had no sympathy with this view; ontlie contrary, he dissented from, and complained of, the view that we ought to shalvc off our colonial possessions. Canada, with the territories lying beyond it, formed more than half of the North American Continent. Did the Hon. Member for Birmingham think the peace and liberty of the world would be better secured if this half of the Continent were annexed to the United States ! (Cheers.) Every man of common sense knew that Canada could not stand by itself; it must either be British or American — under the Crown, or under the Stars and Stripes. r)7 The honourable Member for Birmingham thought we would be the better of losing all territorial conn* tion with Canada^ but he could not agree with that doctrine. Descending to the lowest and most material view of the subject, he did not believe that, as a mere money question, the separation would be for our interest. Take, again, the question of defence. Canada had a coast line of one thousand miles, possessed some of the finest harbours on the North American continent, mid a mercantile marine entitling to the third rank among maritime nations. The moment these advantages passed into the hands of the United States of America, that country would become the greatest naval power in the world. In preserving commercial relations with the United States, the Canadian frontier line of three thousand miles was likewise extremely useful. As long as British power and enterprise extended along one side of this boundary line, it would be im])ossible for the United States to pursue what might be called a Japanese policy. But if the frontier line became the sea coast, what might be looked for then? Scarcely three years had elapsed since LIr. Cobdcn declared, that if there had not been a plentiful harvest in America, he did not know where food would have been procured for the ])eople of this country. Now, the corn-grovv ing fields of Canada ranked fifth in point of productiveness. Did Eng- land not wish to preserve this vast store-house? (Hear, hear.) During the late war, America would suffer no cotton to be exported to this country. Suppose that Canada belonged to America, in the event of a quarrel with England there was nothing to prevent the United States from declaring tliat not an ounce of food should leave its territories, which would then extend from the arctic resrions to the Gulf of Mexico. He had hoped that upon this Bill every section of the house might have been found in unison. (Cheers.) It would not be a decision affecting Canada much. We had sympathies alike with Australia and the other colonics. If it were seriously proposed that England should denude herself of her possessions, give up India, Australia, North America, and retire strictly within her own confines, to make herself happy there, the same result might be brouglit about much more easily — we might become citizens of some small country like Holland, and realise our ideas of happiness in a moment. (Hear, hear.) But he hesitated to believe that the 58 people of England did really favour any such policy. If any one were to hoist the motto, ' Severance of the Colonies from the Crown," ho did not believe that one per cent of the people would adopt it. He believed that the people of Eng- land felt a deep attachment to their empire, and that not even a barren rock over which the flag of England had once waved would be abandoned by them without a cogent reason. Every argument used in support of the necessity of giving up Canada, which lay within eight days sail of our own shores, would apply with equal force in the case of Ireland, if the people of the United States choose to demand possession. (Hear, hear.) Was this country prepared to give up Gibraltcr, Malta, Heligoland, all its outlying stations, because some strange Power took a ftmcy to them. (Hear, hear.) As to the argument of expense, if Canada choose to pick a quarrel on her own account merely, she ought to pay the bill; but if she were involved in war on imperial considerations, then, he maintained, that the Imperial resources might bo resorted to. The British Empire was one and indivisible. And what wa« the principle upon which the United States acted ? If any portion of the territory of the United States were touched, were there one of its citizens who would not be ready and forward to defend it ? Should we then be less determined to maintain intact the greatness and the glory of the Britisli Empire." (Cheers.) 59 SUPPLEMENT TO THE THIRD LECTURE. 1. The St. Lawrence, the first river op the world^ contains five times more water than any other river on the face of the globe. The Amazon and the Mississippi may discharge far more water into the ocean; but if the ponds and lakes of a river are parts of the stream, snrely the Ht, Lawrence is far in advance of any as to the amount of water within the banks. The head j^ond of its northern branch would make an Amazon for America, a Volga for Europe, a Nile for Africa, and a Ganges for Asia, and till all the stream channels of Great Britain and Ireland with water, and fish to the bargain. 2. Its shipping, wealth, and trafiic are by far ahead of rivers which have been under the power of civilization for the last 4000 years. Its traffic is but of yesterday — all the creation of about fifty years; and so wonderfully rapid is tliC advancement, that owe of its hundred ports has more traffic than all the ports of any river of the Old World. For example, take Chicago, the head port of the south branch of the river, began about forty years ago. Odessa, South Russia, stood till lately at the head of the whole world in transporting wheat, 20,000,000 bushels. I paid some atten- tion to the case, as Chicago was fast working up to the same figure. It soon passed it, and very near, the other year, the same figure threefold, 57,000,000. Suppose the next year 60,000,000 of wheat, this would take a fleet of 3000 vessels each carrying 20,000 bushels. Its corn 3,000 more, and its beef, pork, other grain, &c., *tc., 4,000 more, so if the gran aries of Chicago were emptied all at once of their yearly cargoes it would take a fleet of 10,000 sails such as above, a fleet in number twenty times greater than the Spanish Armada, the greatest that ever ploughed the ocean. Before such a fleet would reach Quebec, what would it be, gathering in all by the way; or who can guess the traffic of this river in a hundred years hence. 3. By means of the Ohio and Illinois canals, and the rivers and railways of the upper valley of the Mississippi, a large 60 proportion of the traffic of that niDst extensive and produc- tive valley will be lironght by the St. Lawrence to New York and Europe, as by far the shortest and coldest route, which, in flour, is a great advantage «)ver the roundabout hot route ofthe Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, by which much of the flour is greatly spoiled. Ships from Europe are already going all the way to Chicago, and very little improvement of the Illinois Canal will lead them all the way to St. Louis, or, if you please, to New Orleans, which will have no parallel under the sun. Indeed, the Americans, before the war was finished, were about improving the said canal to bring their gunboats from the Mississippi into the lakes, so the St. Lawrence is, and will be, the great highway to the ocean for the granaries of the great west and north-west, not to say the rich products of thirty millions of people who shall ere long inhabit the banks of both branches of the Saskatchewan, and the most extensive and valuable prairies of British terri- tory, from Lake Superior to Winippie. The traflic of a hundred millions of people before a hundred years hence will be to the sea, bound partly or wholly down the valley of this most extraordinar}'- stream. It is confessed that it is locked up for six months in the year, but the snow and cold of winter are a necessity to fill her granaries with grain and flour in the best state, and prepare her immense supply of heavy timber and masts for the opening of the navigation. Americans love to run it down in favour of their own trafiic by New York, &c., and would make 3^011 believe that the river is always enveloped in fogs in summer. The banks of Newfoundland are, but the river is not at all so foggy as the coast route from Halifax to New York. Li the two trips I made on it, I never saw any fog at all to Quebec; we had most beautiful weather in the beginning of September and middle of May. Besides, for all light and common traffic, wo have railway communica- tion enough, and are just now in the way of getting more, the whole length of our own Eastern Peninsula to Halifax, a harbour open the whole year round. 61 or, A SKETCH OF A TRIP FROM CANADA TO SCOTLAND. Gr.ASGow, Minj '27, 1S67. Left Lake Huron ^Lay 7th; came to Toronto that night, and Montreal the foUowincr night. We had much of our seed in the ground before I left, though the season was very backward. They were working with great difficulty all the way down, by the cold and rain ; but below Kingston there was no plough put in tlie ground. Half way between Montreal and Quebec we got into sight of snow ; and all tlio way to the sea-board the tsnow increased till the fields were perfectly white, and things looking very wintry for the 12th May — only, I believe, later than usually. But the difference between the eastern and western end of Canada is very great in tlio spring and fall. Just as I was starting from Montreal for Quebec, the fine steamboat Sparta came down in full sail under the Victoria Bridge, twenty-four lioiu's from Toronto, and ships of far higher masts might pass under — something that few people would expect. Looking at the bridge, a Frenchman stand- ing along said, "That is the bride of Montreal," meaning pride of Montreal ; and well might he say so — a noble struc- ture of twenty-five arches, high as foresaid, and nearly one- third of the two miles in length made of solid end embank- ments from the bottom, The boat, in competition with the railroad from Montreal to Quebec, is the most beautiful and superbly finished I ever saw. Lidced, gentlemen say there is nothing equal to it in New York itself. One of the owners wrote the following lines in my memorandum: — "Length, 285 feet; breadth, 34; depth 114; state rooms, 138; large family rooms, 12; three decks; cost, 181,000 dollars; built on the Clyde, 186a." Fare to Quebec, 3 dollars, bed, and a meal, for first cabin; steerage, half fare. We were a whole hour before the cars, only we started before them three hours. Any person could read, sleep, or write, as well as iu a room on land — distance, 180 miles. Shortly after leaving Quebec, the Moravian steam packet, 2600 tons, fell out into the stream, and sent a tender for us 62 and other things. Wc stiivtcd by fair winds, and had a fino run to the gulf j reached Londonderry in 11 days, and eight days between lands. Went south of Newfoundland; still saw many ice-berga, some 100 feet higli, and, of eoui*se, twice as much under water, four of them in sight at once. They put the ship on slow time at night for fear of striking against any of them in the fog. Once we passed the banks we saw no more of them. Fare, 70 (jr 80 dollars, according to accommodation, for first cabin; for second cabin, GO dollars, and steerage, 25 dollars, bed and board on the ship. AVe had preaching by the Catholic Bishop of Hamilton, and fiom Arch-deacon G. of the Church of England. The ca})- tain, a Presbyterian Scotchman, advised mo to preach on deck, and that all would hear; "and lay on the cudgel heavy," says he, "for there are hard shells amongst us." lie was correct ; we managed in this way to get the very best congregation. 63 LECTUKE IV. ig" 't This, my last lecture, shall be occupied chiefly by such direc- tions to emigrants starting on the way, and in selecting their location, as the dilHculty of the case requires, keeping in view both their spiritual and temporal good. 1. Let me Remind you of the Wise and True Saying, " Let good enough alone." — You may make it worse, but you require talent or much favour from God to make it better. Tiiousands have sinned against God by forsaking choice means of grace, a good neighbouriiood, and a com- fortable living, for a land in which all is unknown, saying the least of it. At the same time, \ must confess, if these will run the risk, those who do well already are more likely to do so again. But tliis may greatly depend on their adaptation to the case as to habits, family, and means. Those who are well placed as to gospel advantages for themselves and families, let them remain, for fear of meeting worse for the soul, though they might fare better for the body. Remember Lot ill Sodom. They have much to answer for who would lead the blind by a way he knows not, only for his hod?/, as if he had no soul. " Seek first tlie kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto thee." Tlierefore, those able and willing to work, or have a family of working habits, and, still better, a little cash — if their own land is squeezing them out, and not altogether suited as to gospel privileges — of course let them cross. I hope well respecting them. Let them be well informed on the subject, lest they take a foolish leap in the dark. Let them not follow a friend into a swamp or upon some sandy plain, nor foolishly throw themselves away amongst any kind of society. Let them not cast their anchor till they make up their mind to stay; for true is that saying of Dr. Franklin, that " three changes are worse than a fire ;" and another saying, older, but equally true, that " a rolling stone gathers no moss." Hard- working people in general, according to the spiritual consi- derations above, should expect to better their condition by following the setting sun, especially the state of their children. -■^I' 64 All who love strong drink let them remain at home. Drink is cheaper in America, making their temble condition more dangerous. They are not likely to live long whatever, so they need not trouble themselves. Want and poverty are safer for them than rich abundance. Literary characters may succeed with cither superior talents or wisdom, but in want of these, or friends to favour them, they run a risk. The farming interest prevails so much that the competition is very great among the literary classes, doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc.; and much depends on the man being willing and able to turn his hand to anything, as he may require. Let him remember that labour is honour- able, especially with us. The present President of the United States was a good tailor, and the last a good rail splitter, l)ut both very great men in their way. The only college of the last was the common school, and the first was never in any school at all, only taught by his wife and fellow-trades- men. Men of wealth will do well at home, but tho invest- ment of money is bettor here. A mortgage of good real estate is quite safe, and from seven to nine per cent, common and easily had. Much more is paid, but I think such un- reasonable gains are sinful. I have seen good men, and even ministers of the Gospel, by having some cash to begin with, soon working themselves to independent circumstances, tak- ing but reasonable gains. Thoy argued with some show of reason that they had as much right to trade on their cash as others on their goods, making the very same per contage. The lazy and the useless are of no use here or there, only, in a country of for more activity they suit far worse than in a more settled state of things. Let tliem remain amongst their friends, and go to the poor house like an old drone to eat the honey they refused to gather. 2. Such of you as are coming, spare your little cash, every cent of it will Ije required amongst strange people on a distant shore. Never mind much fineries to your wife and little ones, very little silk or satin will tlo in the bush, and if you need such things they can be got here nearly as chetip. Buy no axes, hoes, saws, augers, nor tools of any kind, they seldom suit, and sometimes are not worth tiie carriage. You can buy them better in Canadti, and they will suit better. Take no furniture of any kind, as this would be taking the firewood to the bush; sell it if you can, if not, gift it. Take good 65 books and a Bible for each, they may be your only teachers for some time to come. At the same time, if you are wise, and seek after gospel privilege, they may be found here as well as there. Believe not a word of that jargon that a supply of whisky, gin, bi'andy, or porter, must be put in to save you from the sea-sickness: they are of no use, but hurtful. Warm clothing, good food, and pure water, are all you require, and not much medicine. It was the custom of the heathens, who believed that the god Neptune ruled the deep, to propitiate his favour before starting, and committing themselves to him by the way, and tliey felt secure. Poor people, how much they condemn nominal Christians, who see their folly, ))ut care not for the favour or protection of that great Being who holds the winds in his fist, and says to the ti-mpestuous ocean, ••' Be still," and at once it obeys him. We thinl^: that some disobedient Jonah might Avell fear some great wiialo by the way. These ice- bergs are sometimes very dangerous, sixty feet above water, and always, of course, double that depth below. They are serious in your tract when the night is so - rk that you can- not see your own figure. How valuable, in such a case, to be able to trust yourself to God as to a covenant "faithful Creator," who promises to be with His people through fire and flood. ',). On Landing, take care ! Sharpers and deceivers will watch their prey, as the sea fowl the mass of herring nearing the shore. They will suit you in lands or anything you want. If you know not your way, ask for the emigrant- agent, who will assist j^ou, and givo you much useful infor- mation. Should you have friends within reach, see them ; you need the knowledge of the country, if you have none of your own for the case. Pay little attention to the agents of companies or self-interested individuals selling lands. Tliey arc working for their master or their pocket, and may sell you at once as a cone in tlie markei id vour wife and family to the bargain. Linger not on doc;ks or streets; llntl work or a place as soon as you can. If you are a mechanic you can easily get work. Stop your outlay, and gather all the infor- mation your future steps require. You may be mucii more competent to act for yourself in one month. Save your littlu E 66 money. You will be offered fruit, drink, luxuries, and fineries, of rich and great varieties ; and, having some money in your pocket, you may be tempted to suit the company, the wife, or the little ones, by changing another sovereign. Press on to your destination; every day makes your money less. If a place is not determined upon, push west, if you can, to the Upper Province, where j-^ou find a milder climate, and a people of the same language, manners, and worship as at home. And there take a farm, on shares, or for rent, for a year or two, till you know the country whore to settle, and what to pay for a place. By so doing, you shall not only stop the drain on your light pocket, but in a year or two, add a good deal to your store, if not to your purse — say a cow, a yoke of oxen, some sheep, and a year's provisions for the bush. Often have I heard the remark, " If I had the same money I foolislily spent before I got my eyes open I could make myself comfortable to-day." Much can be learned at home, but take care who is your teacher. The most of what you read is false— very often truth as far as it goes, but one- sided truth. Turn away your ear from the self-interested lale of the writer who is serving the landholders at hmne or the Laud Companies abroad. Their interest is one, and yours another — the very reverse. S I 4-. Beware op Wandering from one Place to Another, AiNt» Cherishing a PiOving Disposition and a Habit of Change. — Not a few on their arrival at Quebec or Montreal stay a year or two in the city, where they should not stay two days, then wander to some other place for a season, perhaps to the United States, until they have just left barely as much as to pay their way back to Canada, to become the hewers of wood, and drawers of water to the steady, the wise, and well-doing, quite possibly their father's servant at home. Let mo remind you that the most of those who go to Cali- fornia return careless in disgust to tell us that old mother earth is the richest and best gold diggings that over was opened by man. True is tlic saying, "That experience keeps a dear school, and that repentance often comes too late." Wise are the words of Dr. Johnston, " That it is a pity that wisdom comes in at the wrong end of a man's life." !Many others there are who have s))ent the greater part of their day as mechanics or tradesmen, and who were vii'-X ^ 67 scarcely able to tell the difference between ^vIleat and oats had they seen them growing in the same field, wh(j have imagined themselves not only fit to become farmers, to brave all the hardships of a bnsh life, until they, on triid, failed, worn out by fatigue, discouragement, and disgust, returned to the loom, the counter, or the bench, after having lost much precious time and property. Convinced, of course, that they were fully as able to chop a tree as the hardy axe-man was to take their place at the loom or the bench without a day's training. A young person may try the experiment and succeed; but as Paddy once said to me, " Let the old say their prayers, and go to their graves at home." It is a most difficult task for a man to unlearn all the training and habits of a long life, and make of himself a new creature^ except by the grace of God. 5. Bewaiu: of Intemperanx'e in* all its forms and DEGREES. — Shun thc place as you can, and the company of the man that would offer you the intoxicating cup. Of all thc miseries of man, strong drink is allowed to be the worst and most deceitful. In this new country, where it is got so cheap, the danger becomes much greater. Thousands of the sober and well-doing at home, coming to this strange land, and released from all kind of government and restraint, led by a deceitful taste, only beginning, and too many com- panions much farther advanced in the traffic, they, without thought or fear, slide swiftly along past the turning point. Then, feeling that all is lost, they let themselves go; fear and shame are thrown to the winds. To this poisonous water that causeth the curse we might safely apply the words of wisdom in a like case — " He goeth afttn- her straightway as an ox goeth to the slaughtei', or as a fool to the correction of the stocks, till a dart strike through his liver ; as a bird hastens to the snare and knoweth nut tliat it is for his life." " Hearken unto me and be wise, let not thy heart decline to her ways, go not astray in her paths, for she hath cast down many wounded; yea, many strong men have been slain by her. Her house is the way to hell, going down to the cham- bers of death." Thc sword, the phigue, the famine, and pestilence have killed their thousands, but strong drink its tens of thousands. You are perhaps at present free from the spell of this evil spirit; preserve your freedom; abstain altogether from spirituous liquors. Flee thia adversary of G8 human peace and Liippiness, and secure to yourself comfort, usefulness, reputation, and honour. Attention to this ono hint will do much for you. If they tell you that you cannot bear the cold of Canada without hot sluf, believe them not. Those are the verv men who lose their ears and noses, and are often frozen stiff by the roadside with it. I have been out in very severe cold and all weathers, as a teetotalist, for the last thirty years, and never injured j and whisky-drinkers losing tlieir ears and lives on the same road — entirely their own fault. Tliis is the first day of December. The ploughman, though cold, is busy fit his work; the traveller crying about muddy roadfc,, and looking to the clouds for cold, frost, and snow. Tlien his road is far better than Macadam could make it by liis broken stones, and of the cold he has little fear. Lying low in his sleigh, covered by his robes, he can, in the severest cold, slide along with comfort and safety from morning till night. There are few men that die old, and, as a rule, other things being equal, the oldest is the most temperate. Other iviseacres will tell you that cold water is very dan- gerous in the heat of Canada. Strange the drink indeed that will cool you when warm, warm you when cold, and strengthen you when you are weak! The case has been tested ten thousand times, and comes out the very reverse. Oh ! beware, ray friend; other things may ruin your circumstances, but drunkenness ruins the soul and tlie body. " Tlie drunkard shall not inherit the kingdom of God." < 6. Beware of V^vnity and Extiiavac.ance.— There are some who are extremely ambitious' of making a figure in the world, and tiiat even amidst the censure of all those who are around them. 1 have often wondered that, while persons may have made an appearance of decent respectabiht}-, with almost universal approbation, they have preferred a <'\splay which could not but excite the grief of their friends, the disapprobation of the prudent, and the envy of the malignant; and who have, moreover, brought upon them- selves poverty, embarrassment, and distress. Neatness, clean- liness, industry, and economy are ]M-eciuus and invaluable; but finery and show in furniture or dress arc folly. Equally foolish and extravagant is the habit of lending your little money to the first iViend who gives you a very 69 fair promise of retnniing it on the very fivfjt cull. You may or YOU may not see it for many years. 7. In your Choice of a I'lace of Residence, do not OVERLOOK the PuBLTO WoRSHIP OP GOD, AND THE EDUCATION OF YOUR Ciin.DiiEN. — ^lu the overcrowded fatlierland all are not everywhere favoured by the Gospel, and too often the}' have it milk and water. If so, we should, of course, suppose a great many places in a countr}'' newly taken from the hear, the wolf, and the wild man, entirely destitute of preaching, y- and many other places supplied with mere hirelings. Try to avoid these, and choose the locality where you can meet with God's people every Sabbath, and bring your children with you, ratlicr than sec them, to your grief, growing up like wild geese, without conscience or the fear of God. Kcmember they have immortal souls that soon, very soon, will be in heaven or in hell. Suppose you might use your Bible, will they do so 1 No, we know human nature. You shall soon lose control over their spiritual training, of which the situa- tion of your place shows no regard. The example of the place will be their chief teacher, and, exchanging Bethel (the house of God) for Eethaven (the house of vanity), you may, on your death-bed, exclaim bitterly, — I made out a good farm, Ijut lost my family. In the strife and endless divisions of the day, endeavour to find yourself suited with a preacher of your own choice, as it is Iiighly probable you will, in the course of time, cast out with one of a different form, not saying just now which of you mar "'■ '^ be in the fault. With a little care and love of truth, this mav well be secured without any sacrifice at all, and remember that a religion that will make no sacrifice, even on a question such as the above, of life and death, is not worth much. If not already, we shall shortly have as full a supply of the Gospel in old settlements as in the beloved fatherland. Choose your neighbours before you choose your place. Remember Lot's wife, and learn wisdom from her pious husband, who lifted up his eyes, and beheld all the plain of Jordan, " that it was well watered everywhere," therefore he *' pitched his tent towards Sodom." He entered Sodom rich in soul, family, and property, and, in all these, came out miserably poor, " for the men cf Sodom were wicked and sinners before the Lord exceedingly." If his soul was safe, it was not honourably so, ii 70 saved truly tw by lire ; but his family, stock, aud stuff were all lost 8. Be Piio:\ipt int making a Settlement. — Allow not the season to pass if you know your place, before you have dons anything for the coming winter. Plant potatoes if you can, which you may do till the end of June. Build your shanty, fix a place for your cow, and do the work of the day during the hours thereof, for remember a very cold night is coming. But you, however, will feel it but little if well prepared for it. ]f you have not plenty of work for your family, you can easily hire them with others in hoeing, mowing, reaping, and gathering in potatoes. All these things children fit for the bush will do, and receive good pay; men, from 10 to lo dollars a month, and board; and women, 3 or 4 dollars. They are not only taken off your pocket, but are helping themselves, and in a good school for their future work. Avoid as you can crossing late, as the foresaid preparation may not in that case be easily made. Many belonging to my own congregation, who had entered tlie bush without a cent, in fifteen years are worth from 1200 to 8000 dollars. But they had a good chance in getting plenty good lands cheap. At the same time, a person in command of from £200 to £400 need not fear to find a good place, partly paid in hand, and the rest in a term of years. Tliis is one of the best counties in Canada West; and thousands of lots, good, bad, and indif- ferent, may be had, with a great deal of improvements — house, barn, &c., and sixty acres of a clearance — for the sum of say 800 to 2000 dollars. There will be poor persons every- where — many that are useless and given to change ; some who have got hold of an odd lot. Emigrants having the smallest sum foresaid will easily get themselves settled down by 500 dollars, or less, and pay the rest in a few j'^ears. £100 sterling is 500 dollars of our money. One of my neighbours, who began life lately, with a very little help, and not much money, will pay from his wheat this year 500 dollars on a lot of land bought last year for his son. But, sure enough, this is better than the majority of the sett- lers of this new place. It is now to be confessed that the first settlers of a bush settlement have to suffer hard- ships and endure privations rather belonging to the past, I trust; but people born iu the bush cave little about them. ( ' I ' \ \ 71 the ^ ( Emigrants from the Old Countiy of any measure of means, almost, as a rule, better avoid to try the first stage of civili- zation. Tiiey are hardly made for it; they better work in the second rank, and not bear the shock of the battle in the first. The story that would frighten an Old Country man, a man born in a shanty would laugh at it. I am hapj>y at the same time that the increase of means, the improvement of roads and communications, with the general advancement of civilization, wealth, and commerce, have made the severe trials of the first settlers a matter of winter evening stories, — yea, the trials of fifteen years ago I trust to see no more. Canada is now com- ing fast to be an old country, and the new settlements on the borders have their mills and markets close by thrm. I have seen a wealthy man with a fine clear farm, with nine horses in his stable, and he told me that himself and wife were in the habit of going to tiie mill with a bushel of wlieat each on their backs (20 miles), with no other road than metrics on trees. I liave known persons keeping tiioir turns at a largo coffee-mill, just the same as in a regular grist mill, and pounding their corn in a mortar for want of both. I have seen many wenlthy men and women who, in h^yalt}' to their king and country, had been driven away from comfortable homes, and cut their own way from 500 to 800 miles, tlu'ough an American wilderness, and the first crops they raised in Canada they carried 120 miles to mill. But this is nothing to the torch, the scalping knife, and the tomahawk of the wild India i. I have seen different pei'sons in possession of all the comforts of life in beautiful settlements, who pushed behind the last settler twenty miles into the Canadian wilderness, cutting every inch of their own way, to settle on a happy location, I have stopped in the house of one of them, with a good house, a fine farm, and a comfortable stone chapel, all by the hands that cut the first road twenty miles; and beds that night could be laid down for 150 persons. Still, my opinion is, that the Old-country- man may succeed best by buying another out, who, with his family of sons, will think little of carving another farm to himself, and two or three to his boys around him, from the bush, and, perhaps, miles out of sight. Lasfli/, and above all, if you do come to this country, whilst it certainly will employ your hand, let it not secure your heart. Learn to seek a better country, a heavenly 72 one. Paradise is lost ii]-)on earth; lut us neek it in heaven — in the "land th.it is vcrv far oft'," into wliicli sin, sorrow, and death shall not enter. — I am, your most obdt. servt., WILLIAM FIIASLK. KlNCAliuiNK, C.W., Jan. !.<;/, 18C7. CorM'Y BciLDiNGy, Walkeuto.v, ::iJ March, PIG!, Hev. Mr. Fi;asi:r, — Mv Dkar Sir, — I am just in receipt of yours of the 2Sth ult., with .accompanying (juorics, Avhich, on account of pressure of oliice work at this particular .season, T r.nist necessarily reply to hrietly. 1 st, I am of opinion that, as a general thing, our young men do not better their coiuUtion by going to the 8t ites for employment. As u matter of course, there are some who, by the change, improve tlieir yiccuniary circumstances, but, so far as I can speal:, from my own knowledge, such cases are exceptional, and not the rule. 2d &. '^^\, I am not aware of any w(ilI-to-do Canadian farmers wlm have .sold out and .!:o'h> i^^ thu .Mates, in hope of bettering their con- dition, but what !]avc regretted the chango, ami. from all accuunt.j, most of them would only be too glad to return to their former jinsi- tions in Canada, were they able to accomplish it. 4th, In the matter of religion and education, in the largo cities of the Union as well as in the ne-.vly settled districts, it is a cause of general complaint on the part of those who return from the State.s, that in these respects they are immeasuraldy hohiiid Canada, and it^ IS a matter o^ daily occurrence for cur well brought-up young men to return to their former homes, on account of the abounding immorality in the northern cities of the Union. 5th, In the imjjortant consideration of lie;dth, it is a serious fact, that a very alarming proportion of thnso -who enugrate from CaJiada to the States, return home with their constitvdiou.s so shattered and enfeebled as to render tl:cm unfit for the prosecution of their former avocations. Many of them who have been overt.nken by the malarious fevers so prevalent in many portions of the States, have, to my own knowledge, either died there, or returned to (.'anada, to be laid in the graves of their household «. In point of health, it is a generally acknov/ledged truth, that there is no comparison between Canada and the United States of America. Gth, From all that I have seen and heen able to ascertain from those competent of forming a correct opunon, 1. am fully persuaded that emigrants from Great J>ritain possessed of moderate means, and those adapted for hiring out as farm laboiirer;-!, would find Canada a more desirable held for the exercise of their energies and enterpri.se than the United States, I am. faithfully yours, J. M'L. and do not A-i u 3 tlieii' ly own PATRICK HENDERSON & CO.'S KEGULAR LINE OF CLIPPER PACKETS /^/ FROM CLYDE TO NEW ZEALAND. VIOLA, - CARIBOU. - BESOltTTE. HELEIfSLEE, Tons Keg. Tons Kec: 1140 ROBERT HENDERSON 600 1160 VICKSBTITRG. - - 1244 1060 CITY OF DUNEDIN, - 1085 800 EDWARD P. BOUVERIE. 1000 TonK Koff. PETER DENNY. - lOOft SILISTRIA, - - Wi WILLIAM DAVIE. 800 EMIGRATION to OTAGO, NEW ZEALAND, lauding Passengers and their I Luggage on the Wharf at Dunedin. One of the above Celebrated Clipper Ships will be aes])atched from Glasgow every Six Weeks. Assisted Passages Granted to Agtiicultubal Laboubehs, Shepherds and their Families, and Female Domestic Servants. In consequence of the great and increasing demand fur Agricultural Labour, and the present high rate of Wages in this Province, the Home Agent has been authorised to continue the Assistance formerly given to SINGLE Female Domesti^ Servants, and to assist also approved Agricultural Labourers, SHErHERDS ' and their Families to the extent of One Half the Passage Money. A duly qualified Surgeon icill accompany each Ship. Apply to GEORGE ANDREW, Secretary, Otago Office, 60 Pnnces Street, Edinburgh; or to PATRICK HENDERSON, 15 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. EMIGRATION TO J*E«[^ML^^ AUSTRALIA. THE <* PASSENGER'S LINE" OF PACKETS. FIRST-CLASS CLIPPER PACKETS, fitted up with all Modern Improvements for the comfort of Passengers. Sailing regularly at short intervals through- out the year for Auckland, Tabanaki, Hawkes Bay, Canterbury, Wellington, Nelson, Otago, Southland. All particulars as to Free Grants and Assisted Passages, and how to obtain them, together with full information on all questions relating to Ships, Rates of Passage, Freight and Insurance, Shipment of Luggage, Remittances, &c., &c,', may always be obtained by writing to C. M. HEPBURN & CO., 62 Jamaica St., Glasgow. XtJ S^T^^ III I J^. "WHITE STAR" LINE OF BRITISH and AUSTRALIAN EX-ROYAL MAIL PACKETS, Sailing from Liverpool every Month, under Contract, and forwarding Passengers by Steam, at Through Rates to all parts of the Colony. The Ships of the " White Star " Line comprise -Red Jacket, Whitk Stab, Royal Standabi), Tornado, Blue Jacket, Dallam Tower, Queen op the NoBTH, Chariot OP Fame, and other First-CIass Ships. For terms of Freight or Passage, or any other information, apply to C. M. HEPBURN & CO., 62 Jamaica Street, Glasgow. N.B.— 7'o be obtained from the above, the Eleventh Edition (JuH Published) of the New Zealand Handbook, cojifai/iwij? Praetical inform at ian J or all Clares of Emiffmntu, frofn Capitalitts to Working Men. Post free. One Sbilling ; aUo the Prize Pamphlet, "New ZealakI), the Land of TuoMise." Post free, 6d. S^V^-i.,, ■'^'*"*-:'W*'^'-'<-v-' ■'" '■>^ ,■ ^:'M WEEKLY 8TEAM COMMUHICATION -BmtVfMBIft GLASGOW AND NEW (^XTEBEO ANB MOHTBEAI, (Via MOVILLE.) THE ANCHOR LINE OF Ctawsatlatitic Steam fatfeet Sj[rip> TJi£ following Higli-GUssed Powerful Olyde-buiU Screw Steam-PaokH Ships are fitted up in the most approved ntyle, to ensure tJte oon\fort, convenience, and safety of Passengers : — HIB32SR]ffIA. IOWA. BRITANNIA. OOIiTTMBIA. CALEDONIA. ACABIA. B7JE0PA. UNITED EINai)OM. (Uulews tHMiveuted by unforeseen ckcumstances) are intended to SAIL EVEBY FRIDAY, between GLASGOW AND NEW YORK, (Fia MOVILLE.) Cabin Passengers leaving^jrlasgow by tbe 8 p^m. Belfast Train a© Fridays^ 30ftay «mbMk, per SteiatirTimder, iit LbfliiOffdeiTy; at 10 a.m.r Batarw^y Mraning. .^, Apply to FBAKGZS llacBOKia^D ic Oo.^ BawiyiDg 6x0^ HAI*DYin>E &^ i^ wmwfmw'mmj-mmwiJWfrm