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 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
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 1980 
 
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 12 3 
 
 12 3 
 
 4 5 6 
 
ippiililiiilli .. 
 
 y 
 
 S4. 
 
 HOW 
 
 WE ARE GOVERNED 
 
 TOKOMTO: 
 
 THE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING CO. 
 

 Entered acooniing to Act o» P ' 'lammroTISMwda, in die ymx one 
 thousand eight hundred and nineiy-uine, hj the Educational Publishing 
 Company, at the Department of Agncultwe. 
 
 ^ 
 
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 PREFACE 
 
 
 on« 
 ling 
 
 Canada is eminently a self-governing country, and 
 our educational systems aim at developing good, intelli- 
 gent, patriotic citizens, who have a clear conception of 
 our Federal, Pro\4ncial, Municipal, and School systems 
 of government, and are prepared to cope intelligently 
 with the duties and difficulties of citizenship. 
 
 Hitherto there has been no work suitable for the 
 pupils of our public schools on the subject of HOW WB 
 ARB QOVBRNBD. A certain amount of mformation 
 was to be obtained incidentally from our newspapers and 
 histories; but this information was not systematically 
 aiTanged, and so was of little value for school purposes. 
 
 « 
 
 To supply the need, we have prepared this modest 
 little work, and offer no apology in placing it before the 
 public. We trust it will be found useful to the youth of 
 Canada, for whom it has been prepared. 
 
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 I. 
 
 CANiDi-PAST AND PKESENT 
 
 
 Foundinfif of Canada :— The early history of 
 Canada is intimately connected with that of France. 
 ^'^ ^5357^^*^^^ Cartier discovered and sailed up the 
 noble Ji^iver St Lawrence ; but the founder of the 
 colony was the renowned Champlainy who, from 1603 
 to 1635, was indefatigable in his efforts to colonize 
 the new land. At that time the government of the 
 colony was in the hands of the fur companies^ and 
 these were more interested in the profits of the^fur 
 trade than in the improvement of the colony. Lax 
 methods of colonization, and Indian wars, almost 
 ruined the colony. 
 
 2. Royal Goverament :— Through the efforts of 
 the AMS Zaval, the rule of the fur companies was re- 
 placed in 1663 by I^oya/ Government, which lasted 
 until the Conquest. The chief officers were, the 
 Governor, the Intendant, and afterwards the Bishop, 
 each having charge of a particular branch of the Gov- 
 ernment Besides these there was a C<72/;2a7 appoint- 
 ed by the Crown. The people had no say in the 
 government of the country. The laws of France — 
 Custom of Paris — ^and SeignoricU Tenure were estab- 
 lished in the colony. 
 
 3. The Ct^nquest of Canada :— Wars between 
 Britain and France invariably caused the outbreak of 
 
 6 
 
HOW WB ARE GOVBRNBD 
 
 hostilities in America. In the last of these colonial 
 wars, the British after a determined struggle from 
 1758 to 1760, conquered Canada, and the Peace of 
 Paris confirmed the fchange of ownership. From 
 that day to the present Canada has been a part of 
 the great British Empire. 
 
 4. Early British Rule :— For a few years Can- 
 ada was under Military Government. The officers 
 of the army presided over the Courts, which were 
 held at Quebec, Three Rivers and Montreal. The 
 French colonists retained possession of their prop- 
 erty ; their rel igion was not interfered with ; and 
 good government soon made the people contented 
 with their foreign rulers. >k 
 
 5. The Quebec Act:— in 1774 the Quebec Act 
 was passed by the Imperial Parliament, regula- 
 ting the government of Canada. There was to be 
 a Council of advisors, less than half the members 
 being French. French civil law was retained, the 
 Roman Catholic Church was confirmed in her old- 
 time privileges, and the French colonists generally 
 were given the same privileges as British citizens. 
 
 6 The Constitutional Act:— The British 
 
 settlers in Canada greatly disliked French Civil 
 Law, and were very anxious to have a Parliament. 
 In order to please both British and French, the 
 Constitutional Act was'passed in London in 1791, 
 by which Canada was divided into two provinces — 
 Upper Canada and Lower Canada. In each there 
 was to be a Legislature composed of two Houses, 
 the Legislative Council appointed by the Crown, 
 and the Legislative Assembly elected by the people 
 for four years. Besides, there was to be an Execu- 
 
TW" 
 
 CANADA — . iST AND PRESENT 
 
 
 tive Council the members of which were to be re- 
 
 S)onsible to the Crown only. In Upper Canada, 
 ritish Institutions were introduced, while in Lower 
 Canada French Civil Law and Seignorial Tenure 
 were retained. Thus the British Government lost 
 a golden opportunity^ of thoroxighly uniting the 
 two peoples. 
 
 7. Political Abuses ^— In Upper Canada the 
 offices were filled with the friends of the Coimcils, 
 this official class long bearing the name of the 
 Family Compact. The revenue was not under the 
 control of the Assembly; the question of the Clergy 
 Reserves roused religious differences ; the Executive 
 Council was not responsible to the Assembly; and 
 these, combined with the abuses of the Family 
 Compact, led to fierce debates in the Legislature 
 and out. 
 
 In Lower Canada, in addition to the matter of 
 the revenue and the struggle for Responsible Govern- 
 ment, there were race troubles between the British 
 and the French, the latter contending that they 
 did not get their proper share in &e work of 
 government. 
 
 8. The Rebellion :— After a struggle of many 
 years, it seemed clear that no reform could be 
 effected, and, in 1837, the extreme Reformers in 
 each province, led by Mackenzie and Papineau, 
 broke out into open rebellion. Although they were 
 quickly subdued and compelled to flee to the 
 United States, their efforts were not in vain. 
 
 9. Lord Durham's Report:— The Rebellion 
 
 drew the attention of the Britidi Government to the 
 grievances of the Canadians. Lord Durham was 
 sent out to Canada to investigate, and on his return 
 
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 wmamm 
 
 8 
 
 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED 
 
 made a report advising certain meas*ires. This re- 
 sulted in the passage of the Acf of Union in 1840, the 
 Act coming into force the following year. 
 
 10. The Act of Union j—By this Act, Upper 
 and Lower Canada were re-united undei* the name of 
 the Province of Canada, The Executive Council was 
 made responsible to the Assembly, and this latter 
 body was also given control of the revenue. There 
 were to be two Houses of Parliament as before — the 
 Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly — 
 Upper and Lower Canada h^mg^ually represented in 
 each House. 
 
 XI. Representation by Population :-~This 
 
 Legislative Union seemed to work well for a time ; but 
 settlers were pouring into the West, and soon Upper 
 Canada, which had the smaller population in 1841, 
 outstripped the lower province. The Upper Cana- 
 dians then began to agitate for representation by 
 population. It was now seen that the Act of 
 Union was only a temporary arrangement. 
 
 12. The British North America Act :~Be- 
 
 tween 1858 and i- >4, the two political parties were 
 so nearly equal in numbers that changes of govern- 
 ment were vexatiously frequent. In the latter year a 
 Coalition Ministry was formed, and both parties set 
 to work vigorously to bring about a Federation, A 
 conference was held at Quebec, delegates being 
 present from all the eastern British Provinces, A 
 scheme of government was drawn up which was finally 
 passed by the British Parliament early in 1P67, un- 
 der the name of the British North America Act. 
 
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 CANADA PAST AND PRESENT. 9 
 
 « 
 
 13. Growth : — The Dominion of Canada came 
 into existence on /u/y isf, 1867^ the date of the 
 enforcement of the British North America Act. At 
 first it was composed of four provinces — Ontario^ 
 QuebeCy Neiv Brunswick^ and Nova Scotia. Since 
 that time its size has been considerably increased. 
 In 1870 the vast Hudson Bay Territory was acquired ; 
 in 187 1 British Columbia entered the Dominion; 
 and, in 1873, Prince Edward Island became a 
 part of the federation. /" 
 
 14. Provinces and Districts :— The Dominion 
 of Canada is at present composed of the following : — 
 
 Provinces:— 
 
 Ontario. \ 
 
 Quebec. United to form the Dominion, 
 
 New Brunswick. 1867. 
 
 Nova Scotia. J 
 Manitoba — Organized in 1870. 
 British Columbia — Entered the Dominion, 187 1, 
 Prince Edward Island — Entered the Dominion 
 in 1873. 
 
 Alberta. 
 Saskatchewan, 
 
 Territories : — ■ 
 
 j Organized in 1896 ; still under 
 } the control of the Dominion 
 i Government. 
 
 Organized in 1905. 
 
 Yukon. 
 North West. 
 
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 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 15. Form of Government : —The Dominion 
 
 forms what is known as a Confederation, There is. a 
 Federal Government at Ottawa which looks after .all 
 national matters. At the capital of each province is 
 a Provincial Government^ which takes charge of local 
 matters. 
 
 16. The Constitution : — By the Constitution of 
 a country we mean in general the Act or Acts of 
 Parliament^ Customs^ and Judicial Decisions which 
 define the form and powers of government of that 
 country. The Constitution of the Dominion of 
 Canada is the British North America Acty with some 
 later amendments. In case of a dispute as to whether 
 the Dominion or a province has control of a certain 
 matter, the decision of the Pf ivy Council of Great 
 Britain is conclusive. 
 
 I 
 
■fw 
 
 "V^. 
 
 CHAI>TrBR II. 
 
 THE DOMINION fiOYERNMENT 
 
 THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT 
 I. The Executive Branch :— 
 
 (i) The Governor-General. 
 (2) The Cabinet. 
 
 These form the body known as the Governor-Gen- 
 eral in Council^ and they direct the work of govern- 
 ment the Dominion. They issue Orders-in-Cotm- 
 cil, 'which have the effect of law, but must be 
 ratified by Parliament at its next session. These 
 Orders-in -Council are made out by the Cabinet, and 
 are signed by the Gk)vemor-General, or by his 
 
 representative in his absence. 
 
 * 
 
 ^ The Legislative Branch:— 
 
 (i) The Governor-General. 
 
 (2 ) The House of Senate. 
 
 (3) The House of Commons. 
 
 These form the Dominion Parliament, and their 
 work is to legislate or make laws. These laws are 
 known as Acts of Parliament. 
 
 3 The Judicial Branch :— 
 
 (i) The Supreme Court of Canada. 
 
 (2 ) The Exchequer Court of Canada. 
 
 (3) The Admiralty Court of Canada. 
 
 11 
 
t2 
 
 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 iii 
 
 The work of this branch is to interpret and enforce 
 the laws, and in the case of the first mentioned to 
 act as a Court of Apj)eal from decisions of the in- 
 ferior courts of the Dominion. 
 
 POWERS OF THE DOniNION QOVERN- 
 
 riENT. 
 
 The Dominion has control of such matters as : — 
 
 (i) Trade and commerce. (2) The postal service. 
 (3) Customs and excise. (4) The militia. 
 (5) Criminal law. (6) The census. 
 
 (7) Public debt and property. 
 
 (8) Public land in the districts and Manitoba. 
 
 (9) Bankruptcy and insolvency. 
 
 (10) Navigation, shipping, fisheries, harbors and 
 
 light-houseij. 
 
 (11) Public works, canals, steamboat lineS and 
 
 telegraphs. 
 
 (12) Everything relating to money — banks, banking, 
 
 currency, coinage, interest, •&c. 
 
 ( 1 3) All matters not expressly granted to the provinces. 
 
 (14) In common with the provinces, agriculture, im- 
 
 migration and railways. 
 
 THE QOVERNOR-QENERAL. 
 
 I. Office and Salary :— The Governor-General 
 is the representative of the Sovereign in Canada. 
 He is appointed by the British Government, and 
 usually holds office for five years." He receives 
 a salary of ;;^i 0,000 a year, besides ,the cost of 
 maintaining the vice regal residence, Rideau Hall, at 
 Ottawa. " 
 
 
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 THE DOMINION GOVERNMENT. 
 
 13 
 
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 \ 
 
 2. Duties : — The public work of the Governor- 
 General is not arduous. He summons Parliament at 
 the beginning of each Session, 3indprorogues that body 
 at the end of the Session. He also dissolves Parlia- 
 ment (that is, the House of Commons), in which case 
 a general election must be held; signs Orders-in- 
 Council and Bills ; and pardons criminals — all being 
 done on the advice of the Cabinet. As represent- 
 ative of the Sovereign he is the ostensible head of 
 the military and naval forces of Canada. 
 
 He occasionally disaJloivs or ^^ vetoes " a provincial 
 law, which is considered unconstitutional or hurtful 
 to the Dominion as a whole ; or he may reserve a 
 federal bill for the consideration of the British Gov- 
 ernment. In the main, however, he signs all public 
 documents. As Canada is under Responsible Govern- 
 ment, all blame in such cases must be placed 
 upon the Cabinet, on whose advice he signs the docu- 
 ments. 
 
 3. Social Functions : — The social functions of 
 the vice-regal party are very important. Distin- 
 guished persons of Canada or foreign countries are 
 entertained in a manner befitting their station ; public 
 institutions are formally^openedj and the high moral 
 tone of the Governor-General's home has an impor- 
 tant influence upon the social life of the capital and 
 the country at large. The Governor-General and his 
 distinguished partner also perform valuable service 
 by encouraging science, art and literature. 
 
 THE CABINET. 
 
 I, H9W Formed : — The Cabinet or Ministry is 
 the body of men who direct the government of the 
 
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 14 
 
 HOW. WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 [ii 
 
 ii i' 
 
 fl 
 
 country. The leader is known as the Premier pr 
 Prime Minister. 
 
 When a Ministry resigns, the Governor-General 
 summons a prominent member of the party lately in 
 power, or the leader of the Opposition, and entrusts 
 him with the task of forming a new Ministry. This 
 person, who becomes the Premier, then chooses as 
 many associates as he requires, and these all com- 
 bined form the new Ministry or Cabinet. All who 
 are members of the House of Commons must then 
 go back to their constituencies for re-election. 
 
 2. Responsible Government : — The Cabinet is 
 responsible to the House of Commons for its official 
 actions. Hence it must have the support of a major- 
 ity of the members of the House of Commons. All 
 Ministers must have seats in either the House of 
 Senate or the House of Commons. 
 
 The Cabinet is usually composed of members of 
 the political party which is strongest in the Lower 
 House. In case all the members are of one party 
 it is known as Party Governfnent ; should the Cabi- 
 net be chosen from more than one political party it 
 is known as a Coalition Ministry, 
 
 3. Departments : — For convenience in handling 
 public business, the work of government is d'vided 
 into departments. At the head of each department 
 is placed a Cabinet Minister who is said to hold a 
 portfolio. Besides these there are sometimes other 
 Ministers who hold no portfolio, and who sit only at 
 meetings of the Cabinet. Each head of a depart- 
 ment is assisted by a Deputy-Minister and a staff of 
 Clerks and otherSo The following is a Jist of the 
 most important departments at Ottawa : — 
 
 
m 
 
 wm 
 
 THE DOMINION GOVERNMENT. 
 
 15 
 
 I>Et ARTMfiNT. 
 
 MINIS ER. 
 
 Post Office Dei artment. 
 
 Dept. of Aijriculture, 
 
 D' pt. of Finance. 
 
 Dept. of Justice. 
 
 Dept. of 1 ublic Wo'Vs. 
 
 Dept. c ' Railways and Canals. 
 
 Dept. of the Interior. 
 
 De))t. of State. 
 
 De;)t. of Militia and Pefence. 
 
 Dept. of Marine and Fisheries. 
 
 Dept. of Trade and Commerce. 
 
 Dept. of Inland^Revenue. 
 
 Customs Department. 
 
 Po>tmaster-Ge'ieraI. 
 Minister of Agriculture. 
 Minister of Finance. 
 Minister of Justice. 
 Minister of Pub ic W6rks. 
 Minister i f Railways and Canals. 
 Minister of the Inttri-jr. 
 Secretary of .State. 
 Minister of Militia and Defence. 
 Minister of Marine and Fisheries. 
 Minister ot Trade and Commerce. 
 Mi' ister of Inland Revenue. 
 Controller of Customs. 
 
 4. Duties: — The Cabinet, in conjunction with 
 the Governor-General (Governor-General in Council), 
 issues Orders-in-Council \i\\Q.n necessary, and appoints 
 ^ncYifedtrai officers as Lieutenant-Governors, Senators, 
 Ju 'ges, Postmasters,^ Customs and Excise Officers 
 and other officials. The Cabinet directs the work of 
 government and of Parliament, and prepares many 
 important bills which are submitted to Parliament 
 when that body is in session. 
 
 5. Salaries: — The Premier's salary is $8000 a 
 year. Each of the other Ministers having portfolio 
 receives $7000 a year, while those without portfolio 
 receive no salary. All Ministers receive their sessional 
 allowance of $1000, as in the case of other Senators 
 and Members of Parliament, and their travelling 
 expenses are also paid. ^ 
 
 6. Privy Council of Canada : — All persons who 
 are now members of the Dominion Cabinet^ or who 
 have been members oi former Cabinets^ are ex-officio 
 members of the Privy Council of Canada. In pract- 
 ice, however, it is generally co nnposed of members of 
 tke existing Cabinet only. 
 
'?" " »" 
 
 i6 
 
 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 , / 
 
 |: 
 
 THE nOL'5F. OF SENATE. 
 
 1. Members : — The House of Senate is known 
 as the Upper House^ and corresponds to the House 
 of Lords in the British Parliament. Its members, 
 called Senators^ are appointed to office by the Gov- 
 ernor-General in Council, and bear the title Honor- 
 able (Hon.). 
 
 2. Qualifications for Office : — A Senator must 
 possess the following qualifications . — 
 
 i^ He must be thirty years of ^e. 
 J2) He must be a British subject. 
 [3^ He must own property of ^he value of $4000. 
 (4) He must reside in the province (or district 
 in Quebec) for which he is appointed. 
 
 3. Number of Senators : — The total number of 
 Senators is eighty and they are apportioned among 
 the provinces as follows : — 
 
 Ontario 24 Senators. . 
 
 Quebec 24 
 
 Nova Scotia \o\ 
 
 New Brunswick 10 j- 24 
 
 Prince Edward Island ... 4 J 
 
 Manitoba 6 
 
 British Columbia 6* 
 
 Alberta 6 
 
 Saskatchewan ,.,,,,,,,,... 6 
 
 ♦ Proposed 
 
 In case 0/ emer^e/t^ either three or six extra Senators 
 may l^e appointed ; but) so far, this has never been 
 done. 
 
 4. Tenure of Office: — Senatorb are appointed 
 <br life ; but tiv» ncsitien z::^'.: hftcome vacant before 
 death : — 
 
 
lOTMP 
 
 mmm^ 
 
 THE DOMINION GOVERNMENT. 
 
 17 
 
 
 (i) By crime or treason. 
 
 (2) By voluntary resignation. 
 
 (.^) By loss of property or bankruptcy. 
 
 (4) By becoming a subject of a foreign nation. 
 
 (5) By absence from Parliament for two success- 
 ive sessions. 
 
 (6) By change of residence ii jm the province 
 (or district in Quebec). 
 
 5 Presidinja: Officer :— The presiding officer is 
 called the Speaker. He is appointed to office by the 
 Governor-General in Council, for the term of one 
 Parliament as a rule. It is his duty to preside 
 at all regular Sessions of the House of Senate, to 
 maintain order, and decide on all matters in dispute 
 regarding rules, etc. He "otes on all questions ; ii\ 
 case of a tie he must vote ^^NbJ^ . 1 
 
 6. Other Officials : — Besides the Speaker, there 
 are other officers of the Senare, the chief ones being, 
 Clerk of the Senate, Sergeant -at-Arms, Chaplain, 
 Translators, Reporters, Clerks, etc. 
 
 7. Duties of the Senate :— The Senate aids in 
 making laws. Any Bill, except one relating to 
 money, may originate in this House and may be 
 amended or rejected. Money Bills must originate in 
 the House of Commons. These may be rejected in 
 to to by the Senate, but must not be amended by that 
 body. The Bill receives its first, second, and third 
 reading before *' passing " the House. Unless there 
 is a quorum— I ^ members including the Speaker — no 
 work can be proceeded v/ith. 
 
 8. The Session : — At least once a year, Parlia- 
 ment is summoned by the, CiQvernor-General for the 
 
i8 
 
 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 tin; 
 
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 '*1 
 1 
 
 5! 
 
 transaction of public business. The Session, as it is 
 called, may continue for several weeks or months. 
 
 On the first day, both Houses assemble in the 
 Senate Chamber to hear the Governor-General read 
 the ^^^ Speech from the Throne^^ after which the mem- 
 bers of the Commons go to their own Chamber and 
 the regular work of the Session begins. As a rule 
 there are one or more daily Sessions in each House, 
 the first commencing at 3 p.m. When all public 
 business has been despatched, Parliament isprorogued. 
 
 9. Sessional Allowance :— Each Senator re- 
 ceives a sessional allowance of $1000 in case the 
 Session is over jo days in lengthy besides ten cents a 
 mile going and returning ; for a shorter period each 
 receives ten dollars a day and mileage. 
 f 
 
 THE HOUSE OF COfk IONS. 
 
 1. The Members: — The House of Commons, 
 or Lower House, is the popular body in Parliament. 
 Its members, known as Members of Parliament, are 
 elected by the people for the term oifive years, when 
 they may go up for re-election. 
 
 2. Qualifications : — A Member of the House of 
 Commons must be a British subject of the full age of 
 twenty-one years, not disqualified by law. No prop- 
 erty qualification is required ; but should the Mem- 
 ber become a bankrupt or insane, or be convicted of 
 felony, he thereby vacates his seat. 
 
 3. Number of Members — ^The various prov- 
 inces and the North- West Territories are represented 
 according to their population, this principle being 
 knov/n as Representation by Population^ The num- 
 
 \\ 
 
THE DOMINION GOVERNMENT. 
 
 .» 
 
 19 
 
 ber of Members for Quebec remains at 6$ at all times. 
 The other provinces have more or fewer Members 
 according as their population compares with that of 
 Quebec. After each census — taken in 1871 and 
 every ten years since— the proper number of Mem- 
 bers for each province is ascertained. At present 
 the number of Members is as follows : 
 
 Ontario 82 Members. 
 
 Quebec always 65 ** 
 
 Nova Scotia 16 ** 
 
 New Brunswick 11 " ~ 
 
 Manitoba 15 '* 
 
 British Columbia 13 " 
 
 Prince Edwardrfeland .... 4 "• * 
 
 Alberta 12. " 
 
 Saskatchewan . 16 " 
 
 Yukon I " 
 
 Total .234 
 
 4 General Elections -.—There is no fixed time 
 for elections, the matter being entirely in the hands 
 of the Governor-General in Cou. il. When the 
 House of Commons is dissolved there must be a 
 general election^ that is, there must be an election in 
 every constituent^ riding, or electoral division through- 
 out Canada. The elections are held on the same 
 day, with a few exceptions. The official nominations 
 in most cases are held one week previous to the day 
 o^ election. If but one candidate is nominated, he 
 is declared elected by acclamation. As a rule two 
 or more candidates are nominated, and then the' 
 successful one can be found* only by voting, which 
 must take place on the day named for the election. 
 
i6 
 
 HOW WE ARE OOVERNLD. 
 
 The electors vote fy ballot^ and the candidate who 
 receives the highest number of votes is declared 
 elected. 
 
 5. Bye-Elections:— Should ^ Member die, 
 resign, or be unseated by the courts, or in any 
 way the seat become vacant, an election must be 
 held in the particular constituency deprived of 
 its Member. This is known as a Bye-Election^ and 
 the method of procedure is precisely the same as in 
 the case of a general election. ' 
 
 6. Tenure of Office : — A Member of Parliament 
 is entitled to his seat for a term of five years, unless 
 he is unseated by the Courts, or the House should be 
 sooner dissolved. Should a Member cease to be a 
 British subject, be convicted of crime or become 
 bankrupt, the seat would become vacant also. The 
 five years dates from the time the writs are returnable 
 by the Returning Officers, not from the date of the 
 election. A person may be elected again and again 
 ir! a constituency. Many Members have held seats 
 in the Commons for over a score of years. 
 
 7. Qualifications of Voters : — At present, any 
 person who has a vote in provincial elections is en- 
 titled, to vote in federal elections. As the qualifica- 
 tions differ in th<i provinces, there is no uniformity 
 throughout Canada. 
 
 8. Presiding^ Officer :— When the House of 
 Comntions assembles after a general election, a 
 Speaker is chosen. He must be a Member of the 
 House, and is generally a member of the political 
 party having a majority in the House. It is custom- 
 ary to choose a different Speaker for each Parliament^ 
 and he holds office through the various Sessions to 
 
 u 
 
THE DOMINION GOVERNMENT. 
 
 ai 
 
 " 
 
 / 
 
 the next general election. The Speaker presides at 
 all regular Sessions of the House. It is his duty 
 to maintain order and to see that all speaking and 
 work generally is done according to parliamentary 
 rules. As Speaker, he does not vote unless t|iere 
 is a //V, in which case he is free io vote as he pleases, 
 
 9. Other Officers of the House :— Besides 
 
 ^the Speaker and Deputy-Speaker, there is a large 
 staff of officers, among whom are the Cleric of the 
 House of Commons, the Sergeant-at-Arms, the Lib- 
 rarian, Translators, Reporters, Messengers andClerks. 
 
 10. Duties of the House : — AH Bills must re- 
 ceive \\\QAX first y second and third reading before being 
 forwarded to the House of Senate or the Governor- 
 General. Any Bill may originate in the House of 
 Commons ; all Money Bills must originate here. 
 Besides passing Bills, all Orders-in-Council issued 
 since the previous Session of Parliamen*: must be 
 ratified. In case of misgovernment by any Dominion 
 official, the House may order an enquiry. There 
 must be a quorum of 20, including the Speaker, be- 
 fore any public business can be proceeded with. * 
 
 11. Sessional Allowance :— Each Member re- 
 ceives a sessional allowance of $1000 and mileage, 
 as in the case of Senators. For 30 days or less, 
 each Member gets $10 a day and mileage. 
 
 HOW DOniNION LAWS ARE flADE. 
 
 I. Bills: — A Bill is a statement of a proposed 
 law. Money Bills must originate in the House of 
 Commons, and be recommended by a message from 
 the Governor-General ; but other Bills may be intro- 
 
i-WIM)! 
 
 i *' 
 
 22 
 
 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 duced in either House. In this description it will be 
 supposed that the Bill originates in the House of Com- 
 mons, 
 
 There are two Classes of Bills — Public diwd Private. 
 The former are of general importance; the latter re- 
 late to companies or special localities. A Bill intro- 
 duced by a member of the Cabinet is generally called 
 a Government Bill, and if defeated in the Commons 
 would cause the resignation of the Cabinet in most 
 cases. 
 
 2. First Reading : — A Member gives notice of 
 a Bill he is about to bring in, and a day is set for its 
 introduction. On the proper day the Bill is intro- 
 duced and read a first time. It generally receives its 
 First Reading as a matter of courtesy, although oc- 
 casionally it is defeated at once. The whole Bill is 
 not read, but the Clerk of the House merely reads 
 the title oi the Bill and declares it to be the First 
 (Second or Third) Reading. Private Bills go to 
 Committee after the First Reading. 
 
 3. Second Reading r— On an appointed day 
 the Bill comes up for its Second Reading, If there 
 be any opposition to a Bill it is sure to be manifested 
 at this time. The general principle of the Bill is 
 discussed; but no amendments are offered by way of 
 addition to it. Finally the Bill receives its Second 
 Reading, and, if a Public Bill, is referred to the 
 proper Committee. By giving the Bill its Second 
 Reading, the House commits itself to the principle 
 of the Bill although it may object to sorre of the 
 clauses. 
 
 4. Committees : — There are several Standing 
 Committees such as Railway Committee, Lejjal Com- 
 
 h 
 
mif^iimmfm 
 
 mf 
 
 JBUfW*!' I!; f,ppi?s;fppf^^ 
 
 ■npaivpp 
 
 ifippi"Pi"Pf"i^<IPiPiPip"PPRiaiil 
 
 THE DOMINION GOVERNMENT. 
 
 ^ 
 
 23 
 
 mittee, also Special Committees^ composed of various 
 members of the House, and meeting generally at 
 some hour of the day when the House is not in 
 Session. Public Bills, if introduced by private Mem- 
 bers, are referred to a Standing or Special Committee 
 after the Second Reading. In Committee amend- 
 ments are offered and either accepted or rejected, 
 and the BilJ is put into suitable shape. 
 
 5. Committee of the Whole :— All Govern- 
 ment Bills are referred to a Committee of the Whole 
 House after the Second Reading. On motion, the 
 Speaker leaves the chair, and sits in the Clerk's usual 
 seat. The "mace" is removed and the chair is 
 taken by the Deputy-Speaker, who is elected by the 
 House in the same manner and for the same 
 term as tha Speaker. The Bill is considered 
 for a longer or shorter period ; then the Speaker 
 resumes the Chair, and the Committee reports 
 what progress has been made. If the Committee 
 has not finished its work it asks leave to sit 
 again. Public Bills in charge of private Members 
 must go through Committee of the Whole in addition 
 to the usual Standing or Special Committee. 
 
 6. Third Reading;: — When the Bill has gone 
 through Committee, it is ordered to be read a third 
 time on a certain day. At the proper time it receives 
 its Third Reading and is passed. It is then sent on 
 to the House of Senate. 
 
 7. The Bill in the Senate :— In the Senate the 
 Bill is again carried through all the stages of First 
 Reading, Second Reading, Committee and Third 
 Reading, and is passed. 
 
 miiiiiiii 
 
 
"■H 
 
 24 
 
 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED, 
 
 .# 
 
 h 
 
 luf 
 
 I 
 
 flj 
 
 8. Agreement Between the Houses:— The 
 
 Bill generally passes the Senate in substantially the 
 same form as it passes the Commons. Should the 
 Senate add any amendments, these must be agreed to 
 by the Commons ; but if the Houses tail to agree, the 
 Bill drops for that Session. 
 
 9. The Bill Signed :— The Bill^ is then for- 
 warded to the Governor-General, who signs his name 
 on the'face of it. Before Parliament is prorogued, 
 the titles of the various Bills which have passed the 
 two Houses are read out, and the Governor-General 
 gives the " Royal Assent.^^ The Bills are henceforth 
 known as Acts of Parliament. 
 
 10. The Bill Reserved : — Occasionally the 
 Governor-General reserves a Bill for the consideration 
 of the British Governmetttf This body must, inside 
 of two years, signify its assent or dissent. In the 
 former case the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament ; 
 in case of disallowance, the reasons must be given. 
 
 11. A Bill Defeated : — A Bill may be defeated 
 at any stage of the proceedings ; but the most likely 
 place of defeat is on the Second Reading or in Com- 
 mittee. It may be practically defeated by an amend- 
 ment which destroys its purpose^ or it maybe defeated 
 on motion that it do not receive a reading. Another 
 common method of defeat is the '''•six months' hoist. '^ 
 Some member moves that the Bill be read "this day 
 six months." As the House is not likely to be 
 in session at that time, the motion, if carried, would 
 defeat the Bill. Many Bills are withdrawn before 
 the SeconcJ or^Third Reading. 
 
 12. Voting in Parliament:-— (i) In minor 
 
 affairs no record is kept of the votes. Members vote 
 
 \ 
 
THE DOMINION GOVERNMENT. 
 
 25 
 
 " ave " 
 
 or " «<?," (in the Senate *' content " or " non- 
 content"), and the Speaker decides by the found 
 whether tjie " ayes "or the " noes "are in the majority. 
 (2) In public matters, where party lines are sharply 
 drawn, a certain number of the Members gall for 
 the " Yeas and Nays'' Each Member then states 
 whether he votes for or against the measure, and a 
 record of the votes is kept in the Journals of the 
 House. ^ 
 
 13. Official Language of Parliament :— 
 
 |A Either English or French may be used in debates in 
 
 the Houses of Parliament The Journals of the 
 House and all documents must be printed in both 
 languages, 
 
 FEDERAL JUDICIARY. 
 
 Supreme Court of Canada. 
 
 This consists of a Chief Justice and five Puisne 
 Judges appointed by the Governor-General in Council. 
 Its functions are as follows : — 
 
 ( 1 ) It is the highest Court of Appeal within Canada, 
 in civil or criminal cases. Appeals may be 
 taken from this Court to the Privy Council 
 of Great Britain, the highest Court of Appeal 
 in the Empire. 
 
 (2) It decides in matters submitted by the Dominion 
 Government for the opinion of the Court. 
 
 - (3) It has original jurisdiction in habeas corpub cases. 
 
 Exchequer Court of Canada. 
 
 This Court consists of one Judge, and its chief 
 functions are th^ following : — 
 
 (0 Ic has exclusive jurisdiction in.all claims, suits 
 or actions against the Crown. 
 
■MPnmianapipia 
 
 
 pj.1 upj^i m.i^-'yj .■mw-frfik''''-^ 
 
 -^rwrjj^-™ 
 
 1^ 
 
 26 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 (2) It has concurrent jurisdiction in revenue cases, 
 enforcement of penalties, annulling of pat- 
 ents of invention or patents respecting lands, 
 cases against Crown officers for misgovern- 
 ment, &c. 
 
 Admiralty Court of Canada. 
 
 This is a division of the Court of Exchequer. 
 There are six districts in the Dominion, each presided 
 over by a local >^^^ in Admiralty. AH matters m 
 connection with navigation, shipping, trade and com- 
 merce are tried in this Court, 
 
 V 
 
 . » 
 
'f^i^^m^Mi'-if,!'. ■ i 'T"';;K'''^'"f:!!f'-v,'^.^'''*;^."','S* • ; 
 
 Lses, 
 pat- 
 nds, 
 'ern- 
 
 ?J 
 
 luer. 
 ided 
 
 rs in 
 com- 
 
 ■■j(^ 
 
 CHAPTE^R III. 
 
 THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 THE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1. The Executive Branch : — 
 
 (i) 77ie Lieutenafit- Governor. 
 ^ (2) TJie Cabinet. 
 
 These form the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. 
 They carry on the government of the province, and 
 issue Orders-in-Cou7ici^ which have the force of law, 
 but must be ratified by the Legislature at its next 
 Session. 
 
 2. The Legislative Branch :— 
 
 A. In Ontario, New Brunswick, Prince* Ed- 
 ward Island, Manitoba, British Columbia* 
 Alberta and Saskatchewan : 
 
 Si) The Lieutenant-Governor, 
 2) The Legislative Assembly. 
 
 B. In Quebec and Nova Scotia : — ■ 
 (i) The Lieutenant-Governor, 
 
 (2) The Legislative Council, 
 
 (3) The L.egislative Assembly. 
 
 These form the Provincial Legislature, and they 
 make laws or Acts of Parliament. 
 
 3. The Judicial Branch :— - 
 
 In the various provinces courts differ in name 
 and duties. They may be roughly divided 
 
 into : — 
 
 27 
 
 # 
 
nop 
 
 I-' 
 
 11 
 
 28 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 (i) Courts for the collection of small debts. 
 
 (2) Courts for minor criminal cases. 
 
 (3) County Courts. 
 
 (4) Superior Courts for most important civil 
 i or criminal cases. 
 
 (5) Courts for proving wills. 
 
 (6^ Courts for trying election protests. " 
 
 h) Divorce Courts in some provinces. 
 (8) Courts of Appeal from inferior Courts. 
 
 POWERS OF PROVINCIAL QOVERNMENT. 
 
 The following matters are under the control of the 
 provinces : — 
 
 (I) Education. (2) Municipal systems. 
 (3) Marriages. (4) Direct taxation. 
 
 (5) Regulation of the sale of liquor. 
 
 (6) Property and civil rights in the province. 
 , (7) The enforcement of all laws. 
 
 (8) Crown lands of the province (Manitoba ex- 
 
 cepted), including timber and minerals. 
 
 (9) Charitable institutions — insane asylums, in- 
 
 stitutions for the blindj deaf and dumb, 
 idiots, &c. 
 
 (10) Appointment of all legal court officers except 
 
 Judges. 
 
 (II) In common with the Dominion, agriculture, 
 
 immigration and railways. 
 
 THE LIEUTENANT-QOVERNOR. 
 
 I. Office and Salary :— The Lieutenant-Gover- 
 nor is the representative of the Sovereign in provincial 
 ^atter^. He is appointed \yj the Governor-Gen- 
 
 ? 
 
PPBWPPP" 
 
 THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 29 
 
 bts. 
 
 civil 
 
 urts. 
 
 [NT. 
 'the 
 
 ems. 
 
 I. 
 
 1 ex- 
 
 in- 
 umb, 
 
 xcept 
 
 Iture, 
 
 h 
 
 yover- 
 incial 
 -Gen- 
 
 eral in Council for the term o(fo^e years. He receives 
 a salary of from $7,000 to $10,000 a year, according 
 to the province^ 
 
 2. Duties: — On the advice of his Cabinet he 
 summons, prorogues or dissolves the Legislature. He 
 signs Orders-in- Council^ and Bills which have passed^ 
 the House or Houses of the Legislature. As he 
 performs such duties on the advice of his Ministers, 
 these must bear all responsibility for his actions. 
 The social duties of the Lieutenant-Governor are 
 similar to those of the Governor-General. 
 
 THE CABINET. 
 
 1. How Formed : — The Cabinet is the body of 
 men who direct the government of the province. It 
 is also known as the Ministry, and the leader is the 
 Premier or Prime Minister. ■ ^ 
 
 A. new Ministry is formed in the same manner as 
 in the case of the Dominion Cabinet. All the new 
 Ministers who are members of the Legislative As- 
 ' sembly must go back for re-election. 
 
 2. Responsible Government: — The Cabinet 
 
 is responsible to the Legislative Assembly, hence it 
 must have the support of a majority of the members 
 of that House. 
 
 In Ontario, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, 
 Manitoba, British Columbia and the North-West 
 Territories, where there is but one House, the Legis- 
 , lative Assembly,, all Cabinet Ministers must be mem- 
 bers of the Assembly. 
 
 In the other* provinces, the Ministers must be 
 members of either the L^islative Council o*" the 
 Assembly. 
 
liUM" ili"U'»P«i'i'^'»,i4JJ' 
 
 30 
 
 ttOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 -11. 
 
 3. Departments :— As in the case of the Domin- 
 ion Government, the Provincial Government is divid- 
 ed into departments^ each generally having at its head 
 a Cabinet Minister^ who is assisted by a Secretary and 
 a staff of Clerks and others. 
 
 The number of departments varies in different 
 provinces. The following is a list of the chief de- 
 partments in the Province of Ontario, which will 
 give a fair idea of those in the other provinces : — 
 
 DEP/. RTMENT. 
 
 MINISTER. 
 
 Attorney-General's Dept. 
 Education Dept. 
 Dept. tf Agriculture. 
 Dept. of Public Works. 
 Dept. of Crown Lands. 
 Provincial Treasurer's Dept. 
 Provincial Secretary's Dept. 
 
 Attorney-General. 
 Minister of Education. 
 Minister of Agriculture. 
 Commissioner of Public Works. 
 Commissioner of Crown Lands. 
 Provincial Treasurer. 
 Provincial Secretary. 
 
 4. Duties of the Cabinet:— The Cabinet, in 
 
 connection with the Lieutenant-Governor, issues 
 Orders-in- Council when necessary; prepares many 
 important Bills for the consideration of the Legisla- 
 ture ; and appoints such provincial officers as Legisla- 
 tive Councillors (when there is a Legislative Council in 
 the province). Sheriffs, Crown Attorneys, Jailors, 
 Registrars of Deeds, Magistrates, Bailiffs, Division 
 Court Clerks, Constables, etc. 
 
 5. Salaries of Ministers : — Salaries differ in 
 the provinces. In Ontario, the Premier gets $9000 a 
 year, and each other Cabinet Minister with portfolio, 
 $6,000. In addition, each gets his sessional allowance 
 of $ 1 400 and mileage, as in the case of other Members 
 of the Assemoly. 
 
"^ 
 
 THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT 
 
 THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. 
 
 31 
 
 X. Members : — The Legislative Council, or Up- 
 per House, corresponds to the Senate. Its Members 
 are appointed by the Provincial Government for life, 
 and are known as Legislative Councillors. Quebec 
 and Nova Scotia are the only provinces having this 
 House. 
 
 2 Qualifications for Office :— Each Legislative 
 Councillor must be a British subject and own pro- 
 perty of a ceitain value. If a Member becomes • 
 bankrupt, or is convicted of crime, his seat becomes 
 vacant. In Quebec, the qualifications for Legisla- 
 tive Councillor are much the same as those for 
 Dominion Senator. 
 
 3. Speaker and other Officers:— The Speaker, 
 
 (President in Nova Scotia), the presiding officer, is 
 appointedhy thQ Provincial Government. His duties 
 are similar to those of the Speaker of the House of 
 Senate, already described. 
 
 Besides the Speaker, there are other officers, such 
 as Clerk of the House, Sergeant-at-arms, Clerks and 
 Translators. 
 
 4. Duties of the Council:— The Legislative 
 Council aids in making the laws. All Bills must re- 
 ceive their First, Second and Third Readings, as in 
 the case of the Dominion Houses. No Money Bill 
 can originate in this House; any other Bill may. 
 Money Bills may be rejected, but not amended. 
 
 5 Remuneration :— Each Legislative Council- 
 lor receives a Sessional Allowance and mileage, the 
 amount of which varies in the different provinces. 
 

 32 
 
 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE ASSEHBLY. 
 
 "1 
 
 1. Members : — The Legislative Assembly, or 
 Lower House, consists of Members who are elected 
 by the people. The Members are generally known 
 as Members of the Legislative Assembly (M.L.A.) or 
 Members of the Provincial Parliament (M.P. P.). 
 
 In the provinces of Ontario, New Brunswick, 
 Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, British Columbia 
 Alberta and Saskatchewan, this is the only House 
 m the Legislature. In Prince Edward Island 
 there are two sets of Members, Councillors and As- 
 Vmblymen, resulting from the union of the two 
 Houses. 
 
 2. Qualifications : — Each Member must be a 
 British subject of the age of twcnty-one years. No 
 property qualification is required, as a rule. No 
 Senator or Member of the House of Commons is 
 eligible for a seat in the Legislature of any province. . 
 
 3. Elections: — The same rules apply in the 
 provinces as in the Dominion, in regard to Nomina- 
 tionSy General EIe€tio?is and By e~E lections. The vot- 
 ing is by ballot, except in Prince Edward Island. 
 
 4. Tenure of Office:— The Members of the 
 Assembly are entitled to their seats for the term of 
 four years (in Quebec, 5 years), unless sooner un- 
 seated, or the House be dissolved. They may go 
 up for re-election as often as desired. 
 
 5. Voters :— As a rule there is Manhood Fran- 
 chise in the provinces; but each voter must be a 
 British citizen, and is limited to residence. A 
 property qualification is necessary in Quebc, Nova 
 Scotia, and in elections for Councillors ii Prince 
 Edward Island Woman Franchise is being intro- 
 duced. _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 <^'' 
 
 ■■-^. 
 
THK PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 33 
 
 6. Officers of the House: — The Speaker is 
 
 the presiding officer. He must be a Member of the 
 House, and is chosen by a majority of the Members 
 of the House to the position. A new Speaker is 
 chosen at the first Session after a general election, 
 and he usually hoMs office until the House is dis- 
 solved. His duties are similar to those of the 
 Speaker of the Commons. 
 
 Among the other officers of the House are the 
 Clerk. of the House, Sergeant-at-Arms, Librarian and 
 a staff of Clerks, Reporters, Messengers and 
 Pages. 
 
 7. Duties of the Assembly -.—All Bills must 
 
 receive their Firsi, Second a?id Third Readings in 
 this House before being forwarded to the Legislative 
 Council (if such a House forms part of the Legisla- 
 ture), or to the Lieutenant-Governor for his signature. 
 All Money Bills rnust origy^ate in this House, and 
 be recommended by a message from the Lieutenant- 
 Governor. Orders-in- Council have to he ratified by 
 the House or Houses composing the Legislature. 
 The Assembly may order an enquiry into any provin- 
 cial matter in which misgovernment or wrongdoing 
 is charged. Before proceeding with public business, 
 there must be a quorum — 20 members in the Ontario 
 Assembly. 
 
 8. Sessional Allowance: — The amount of ses- 
 sional allowance differs in the provinces. In Ontario 
 the Members receive $600 per Session and a mileage 
 of IOC. a mile ; but a certain amount is deducted per 
 day for absence. 
 
34 
 
 HOW WK ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 < 
 
 ii 
 
 .i' 
 
 m: 
 
 f 
 
 HOW PROVINCIAL LAW3 ARE MADE 
 
 A. 
 Legislature, One House— the Assembly. 
 
 (Ont.; N.B.; P.E.L; Man ; B.C.; N.W. Ter.) 
 
 1. In the Legislative Assei ibly :—The Bill 
 must pass through substantially the same stages as a 
 Bill in the House of Commons. It must be intro 
 duced, receive its First and Second Readings, pass 
 through Committee, receive its Third Reading and 
 be passed. (See ** How Dominion Laws are Made," 
 page 21.) 
 
 2. The Lieutenant-Governor signs the- Bill, 
 and on the day of the prorogation of the Legislature 
 gives the " Royal Assent." The Bill is then an Act 
 of Parliament. • 
 
 B. 
 Legislature, Two Houses. * 
 
 (Que.;N.S.) 
 
 1. In the Legislative Assembly :— The Bill 
 
 passes through the various stages as described before. 
 
 2. In the Legislative Council :— After passing 
 through the Assembly, the Bill goes on to the Upper 
 House, where it again passes through the different 
 stages of Introduction, First Reading, &c. 
 
 3. Finally it is signed by the Lieutenant-Governor 
 and receives the " Royal Assent," and is known as an 
 Act of Parliament. 
 
mm 
 
 CHAPTKR IV. 
 
 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN ONTARIO 
 
 THE COUNTY COUNCIL. 
 
 1. Districts: — Each county is divided into dis- 
 tricts according to population as follows : — 
 
 Not over 25,000 population . . 4 or 5 Districts. 
 
 25,000 to 40,000 5 or 6 '* 
 
 40,000 to 6o,oco 6 or 7 ** 
 
 Over 60,000 8 or 9 ** 
 
 2. Qualifications and Term of Office :— Each 
 
 district is entitled to fwo Councillors who are elected 
 by the ratepayers for the term of two years. Each 
 ijiust be a resident ratepayer of his district, a British sub- 
 ject, and possess property of a certain value ($600 free- 
 hold, $1200 leasehold). No County Councillor may 
 hold a seat in the council of any city, town, village or 
 township, or hold any office under such council. 
 
 3. Nominations *. — Nominations for County Coun- 
 cillors are held on the second last Monday of the 
 year, at some place centrally located in each district. 
 The Returning Officer receives nominations in writing 
 for one hour — from 12 o'clock noon to i o'clock p.m. 
 In case there are only two candidates nominated, the 
 Returning Officer declares iki^xti elected by acclamation. 
 
 4. Elections : —If there are more than two candi- 
 dates nominated there must be an election, which 
 
 35 ■ 
 
36 
 
 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 takes place on the first Monday in January, The 
 voting is.^^' ballot^ and the two who receive the highest 
 number of votes are declared elected. 
 
 5. Bye-Elections: — In case of the death or 
 resignation of a County Councillor, there must be an 
 election in the district to fill the vacancy. In this 
 case but one person is to be elected, and he must be 
 nominated and elected in the usual way. 
 
 6. Voters : — The qualifications for voters are the 
 same as lor other municipal bodies (See page 39). 
 
 Each voter has as man) votes as there are Coun- 
 cillors to be elected — itV'j at the biennial election, 
 one at a bye-election ; in the former case he may give* 
 a vote to each of two candidates or both votes to one 
 candidate. 
 
 7. Duties of the County Council :— The 
 
 County Council must keep in repair all roads and 
 b?'idges on the boundaries of the county, and ceiiain 
 others within the county. It has charge of the House 
 of Industry, Jail, Court House, and other county 
 buildings, the cost of which is defrayed mainly' by 
 the county. It has the appointment of certain county 
 officers^ and makes yearly grants of money to Hospi- 
 tals, High Schools, and other institutions within the 
 county. 
 
 8. Presiding Officer : — The chairman of the 
 council is called the Warden, He must be a mem- 
 ber of the council, and is chosen by the otb^r mem- 
 bers of the council at the January meeting for the 
 \.&[Xii oi one year. 
 
 9. Other Officers : — There are other officers of 
 the council, who receive their appointment by that 
 
^mmmmmimm 
 
 mmm 
 
 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN ONTARIO. 
 
 37 
 
 body— the County Clerk, the County Treasurer, the 
 County Inspector of Schools, the Manager and Mat- 
 ron of the House of Industry, and others. 
 
 II. Sessions: — There Sire tkree regfi/ar Sessions 
 of the County Council each year, in /January ^ June 
 and December, the first one after the biennial election 
 being for the purpose of organization. There may 
 be special meetings if necessary. 
 
 11. By-Laws : — All resolutions of the council are 
 called By-Laws, and are numbered consecutively. 
 They must be moved and seconded and passed by a 
 majority of the members present, and signed bj the 
 Warden before coming in force. 
 
 12. Sources of Revenue: — The money for 
 county purposes comes from several sources, mainly 
 
 . from taxes collected in the usual way in the different 
 lower municipalities. Other sources are, registration 
 of deeds (refund of fees), and auctioneers* licenses. 
 
 . , OTHER nUNICIPAL COUNCILS. 
 
 I. How composed : — The other municipal coun- 
 cils ar^ constituted as follows : — 
 
 City Council :— 
 
 (i) The MhyoTy tb presiding officer, 
 (2) Three Aldermen for each ward. • 
 
 '.. Town Council (Population over 5000) : — 
 ■^ (1) The Mayor. 
 
 (2) (a) Less than five wards — three Councillors 
 
 for each ward. 
 
 (b) Five or more wards — two Councillors iox 
 
 eaoh ward. 
 
 Note. — In the larger towns and smaller cities 
 
 (from 5,000 to 15,000 population) the Council 
 
38 
 
 HOW WE ARK GOVERNED. 
 
 may consist of the following members : — 
 
 • (i) The Mayor, 
 (2) One Alderman (or Councillor) for each 
 1000 of population, elected by general 
 vote. 
 
 Town Council (population under 5000) ; — 
 (i) The Mayor. 
 (2) Six Councillors elected by general vote. 
 
 A^ote. — Later, on the division of such towns 
 into wards, there will be one Councillor from 
 each ward, ancT the remaining Councillors will 
 be elected by general vote. 
 
 Village Council :— - 
 
 ^i) The Reeve, the presiding officer. ' 
 
 (2) Four Councillors, elected by general vote. ' 
 
 Township Council :— 
 
 (i) The Reeve. 
 
 (2) Four Councillors, elected by general vote. 
 
 2. Qualifications for Office:— Each member 
 of a City, Town, Village or Township Council must be 
 twenty-one years of age, a British subject, a resident of 
 the municipality (or within two miles), and have prop- 
 erty qualification as follows : — 
 
 In Cities . . ."$1000 freehold or $2000 leasehold. 
 In Towns... $600 " "$1200 
 In Villages.. $200 ** "' $400 
 In Townships $400 " " $800 
 
 3. Tenure of Office: — Each member of the 
 aforementioned municipal councils is elected for the 
 term o^ one yeaf, after which time he may go up for 
 re-election if desirable. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 
^mmmmmmm 
 
 ^^^^^'^'mmmmmmmmmmmmimmimillim 
 
 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN ONTARIO. 39 
 
 4' Nominations : — Nominations for the various 
 positions in the councils must be held on the /ast 
 Monday in December. The Clerk of the municipality 
 is ex-officio Returning Officer. Nominations are made 
 in writing, and the time allowed is generally one 
 hour^ as in county affairs. If there are no more can- 
 didates for any office than there are vacancies, those 
 nominated are declared elected by acclamation. 
 
 5- Elections : — Should there be more candidates 
 for any office than are required, there must be an 
 election, which is held on the first Monday in Jan- 
 uary. In case of a vacancy during the year there is 
 generally a Bye-Election to fill the particular office 
 vacant, and it is carried on in the same manner as the 
 annual election. 
 
 6. Voters : — Voters in municipal matters must be 
 twenty-one years of age, British subjects, and have 
 property qualifications as follows : — 
 
 In Cities ^. . . $400 freehold or leasehold. 
 
 In Towns (over 3000) $300 •* " *' 
 In Towns (under 3000) $200 *' " " 
 
 In Villages $100 '' g " 
 
 In Townships $100 " *' " 
 
 Each voter has as many votes as there are vacan- 
 cies to be filled, but he must not cast more than one 
 vote for any candidate. Under certain conditions, 
 women may vote in municipal matters. 
 
 7. Duties of Councils : — These courxils have 
 the superintendence of roads, bridges, culverts and 
 ditches ; and they also see to the collecting of taxes. 
 In cities, towns and villages there are other matters 
 not necessary in townships as a rule — ^waterworks, 
 sewers, electric lights, street railways, etc., which are 
 of great importance. 
 
40 
 
 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 8. Municipal Officerg:— In each municipality 
 there are the following officers whd receive their pos- 
 ition by appointment of the council : — ^ 
 
 The Ckrkj who keeps a record of the proceedings 
 "and prepares all documents. 
 
 The Treasurer^ who has charge of the m^riey. 
 
 The Assessor (one or more), who values property. 
 
 The Collector (one or more), who collects taxes. 
 
 The Medical Health Officer. 
 
 There are various other officers, some peculiar to 
 cities and towns (such as Engineer, Solicitor, and 
 Chief of Police), others (Pathmasters, Fence viewers, 
 and Poundkeepers) found more particularly in villages 
 and townships. 
 
 9. Sessions :— rThe law provides for certain com- 
 pulsory meetings during the year — the first m January 
 for organization, others for the appointment of cer- 
 tain officers, for the purpose of Courts of Revision (of 
 the assessment)^ or to strike the rate of taxation. At 
 the final meeting in December the council winds up 
 the business of the year. There may be as many 
 other meetings as the council may find necessary. 
 In townships, the meetings are ?nonthly b.s a rule; in 
 cities and towns, the council commonly meets weekly 
 in the evening. 
 
 7,0. By-Laws: — The resolutions of the councils 
 are called By-Laws^ and are numbered consecutively. 
 They must be in writing, have a mover and seconder, 
 •and receive the support of the majbrity of the mem- 
 bers present. Certain By-Laws, authorizing the ex- 
 penditure of large sums of money for waterworks, 
 sewers, bonuses to' factories, etc., must be submitted 
 to the ratepayers, and receive a majority vote before 
 the council can proceed with thiem. 
 
 / 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM OF ONTARIO 
 
 1. Mow Composed. Tenure of Office :— 
 In Cities and Towns :— 
 
 There are two members of the School Board 
 elected by the ratepayers from each ward. 
 They hold office for two years, and one mem- 
 ber from each ward retires yearly. 
 
 in Villages :^ 
 
 There are six members elected for the term of 
 two years, half the members retiring each year. 
 
 Jn Rural Sections:— 
 
 There are three trustees elected for the term of 
 three years, and they retire in succession. 
 
 2. Qualifications for Office:— E^ch member 
 of the School Board must be a resident ratepayer of 
 the ward, village or section he represents ; he must 
 also be a Bdtish subject of the full age of twenty-one 
 years. i 
 
 3. Elections of Members of School Board :^ 
 
 In cities, Towns anil Villages :— 
 
 In most of these municipalities the members of 
 the Board are nommated and elected in the 
 same manner as, municipal councillors, the 
 elections being held on the ist Monday in 
 January. 
 n^M 41 
 
42 
 
 HOW WE ARE QOVERNED. 
 
 In Rural Sections:-— 
 
 Elections are held on the last Wednesday of 
 December. Votes are cast openly, but in 
 case of a poll being demanded the votes must 
 be recorded by the secretary of the meeting 
 (who acts as clerk). 
 
 4. Voters : — All resident British ratepayers of the 
 ward, village or section are entitled to vote in elec- 
 tions for members of the School Board; but no 
 Separate School supporter may vote in Public School 
 matters. 
 
 5. Duties of School Boards :--The principal 
 duties are to engage teachers ; to build and keep in 
 proper repair all school buildings ; to furnish proper 
 equipment for schools ; and to levy taxes (through 
 the council) upon the property of the municipality or 
 section, sufficient to pay for all expenses. 
 
 SEPARATE SCHOOLS IN ONTARIO. 
 
 In most of the cities and towns, and in some vil- 
 lages and townships, there are other educational in- 
 stitutions known as Separate Schools, which have no 
 connection whatever with the Public Schools, and 
 which exist owing to differences in religious beliefs. 
 In constitution, duties, etc., the various Separate 
 School Boards are similar to Public School Boards. 
 
HOW POSITIONS ARE RECEIVED. 
 
 43 
 
 HOW POSITIONS ARB RBCEIVBD 
 
 Part U 
 
 NAME. 
 
 MOW POSITION IS RBCSIVBD. 
 
 TKKM or OPPICM. 
 
 Tbe Sovereign. 
 
 By right of birth. 
 
 Life. 
 
 Governor-General. 
 
 App. by British Government. 
 
 Five Years. 
 
 Commander-in-Chief 
 
 Pleasure of (^v't. 
 
 Premier. 
 
 Chosen by Gov.-Gen. (or 
 
 Cabinet holds office 
 
 
 Lieut. -(}ov.) 
 
 as long as it has sup- 
 
 Other Ministers. 
 
 Chosen by Premier. 
 
 port of Commons or 
 Assembly. 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor 
 
 App. by Federal Government. 
 
 Five Years. 
 
 Senator. 
 
 t« «< <• II 
 
 Life. 
 
 Speaker of Senate. 
 
 II 14 It l« 
 
 One Parliament. 
 
 Judge, 
 t^ustoms Officer 
 
 II II . S( II 
 
 Life. 
 
 II II II II 
 
 Good Behavior. 
 
 Excise Officer. 
 
 II l« II II 
 
 44 44 
 
 Postmaster. 
 
 II. II II II 
 
 11 11 
 
 Leg. Councillor 
 
 App. by Provincial Govt. 
 
 Life. 
 
 Sp^er L. C. (Que) 
 Pre*. Leg. C. (N.S.) 
 
 >i II II 11 
 
 One Parliament. 
 
 II II 41 II 
 
 Pleasure of (Sov't. 
 
 Sheriff. 
 
 II It II II 
 
 Good Behavior.. 
 
 Co. Crown Attorney. 
 
 II II 11 ' II 
 
 II 4< 
 
 Tailor. 
 
 Registrar of Deeds. 
 
 •1 II II II 
 
 14 II 
 
 II II II II 
 
 II II 
 
 Magistrate. 
 
 II It II II 
 
 II 11 
 
 Div. Court Qerk. 
 
 II II II II 
 
 II II 
 
 Bailiff. 
 
 II II II (1 
 
 •4 II 
 
 Constable. 
 
 II 41 II II 
 
 II (1 
 
 ClerV. 
 
 App. by Co. or other Council. 
 
 Ut 41 II 41 
 
 Pleasure of Council. 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 II 41 11 
 
 Inspector of Schools. 
 
 14 II I* II 
 
 14 It II 
 
 Mgr. H of Industry. 
 
 14 II II II 
 
 It 44 14 
 
 As<iei^sor. 
 
 App. by Municipal Council. 
 
 One Year. 
 
 Collector. 
 
 II II 
 
 Pathmister. 
 
 <l 4( II II 
 
 II 14 
 
 Fenceviewer. 
 
 11 II II 14 
 
 41 14 
 
 Poundkeeper. 
 Member B. Health. 
 
 14 41 14 41 
 
 II t4 
 
 41 II 14 II 
 
 II 44 
 
44 
 
 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 Part II. 
 
 NAMB. 
 
 • 
 
 HOW POSITION IS KBCBIVED. 
 
 TBKM OP OTFICK. 
 
 Member Parliament. 
 Speaker Commons. 
 I>eputy>Speaker. 
 
 Elected by people. 
 Elected by H. of Commons. 
 
 Five Years. 
 
 One Parliament, 
 ti «« 
 
 «*._ /Leg Astern. 
 **•"»• \Prov. Pari. 
 Speaker Atsembly. 
 
 Elected by people. 
 Elected by Leg. Assembly. 
 
 iyrs. (Que. 5yrs). 
 1 Term Legislature. 
 
 County Councillor. 
 Warden. 
 
 Elected by people. 
 Elected by Co. Council. 
 
 Two Years. 
 One Year. 
 
 Mayor. 
 Reeve. 
 Alderman. 
 Councillor. 
 
 Elected by people. 
 «< i« «t 
 i< <• i< 
 
 U »< It 
 
 One Year. 
 II 11 
 *i <( 
 •1 ii 
 
 Member of Sch. Bd. 
 School Trustee. 
 
 Elected bv peoole. 
 
 Two Years. 
 Three Years. 
 
THB BRITISH BnPIRB. 
 
 I. Bxtent : — The British Empire consists of a vast extent of 
 territory aggregating more than twelve million square tniles^ 
 scattered over every continent and found in every ocean. The 
 whole forms the greatest Empire in all history. ^ 
 
 a. Of what Composed :— The central portion of the Empire 
 is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland^ composed 
 of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. The outlying por> 
 tions consist of more than sixty colonies and dependencies, found 
 in aU parts of the world. 
 
 3. Forms of Oovernment: — There are various forms of 
 government throughout the Empire, suited to the character of 
 the people t and their capability for self-government or otherwise. 
 
 A. Responsible Qov^rnment, 
 
 In Great Britain and some of the most important colonies 
 there is a Parliament or legislature^ at least one of the Houses 
 being elected by the people. This Parliament assists in making 
 the laws, and also controls the Cabinet or Executive Council^ 
 which is said to be responsible to the people's representatives. 
 This form of government is found in : — Great Britain and 
 Ireland; Cancula^ Ntivfoundland ; Cape of Good Hi^, Natal; 
 the Australian colonies and New Zealand, 
 
 B« Representative Qovernment Only. 
 
 In other pSrts of the Empire not so important as those just 
 mentioned, there are Parliaments in which the people are 
 represented ; but the Executive Council and the officials gener- 
 ally are responsible to the Crown^ and not under the control of 
 the representatives of the people. The following are ex- 
 amples : — The Isle of Man, Channel Ids., Malta ; Bermudas, 
 Bahamcts, Leewards, Windwards and British Guiana, 
 
 C. Crown Colonies. 
 
 In many of the colonies and dependencies, in which the 
 people are thought to be un/lt for self-government, there is no 
 representative body or Parliament. The Executive Cr unci! 
 and other officers are a/l appointed by the Crown, Among the 
 
 16 
 
 y 
 
46 
 
 HOW WE ARE GOVERNED. 
 
 crown colonies may be mentioned x—Jamaica^ Belize or British 
 Honduras^ Falkland Ids.; British India^ Ceylon^ Labuan^ 
 Straits Settlements^ Hong Kong ; Gambia^ Sierra Leone^ Gold 
 Coasts St. Helena^ Basutoland^ Bechuanaland ; Fiji Ids,^ and 
 British New Guinea. 
 
 D. Protectorate* 
 
 In Asia, Africa, and in the PaciBc Ocean, there are depen- 
 'dencies acquired by conquest^ treaty or otherwise ; in these, the 
 country, besides being under the protection of Great Britain, is 
 in many cases still ruled by a native prince with the assistance 
 of a British resident or political agent. Some of the chief 
 protectorates are: — The Native States of India^ Beloochist^n^ 
 parts of Borneo ; Zambesiat Zanzibar, British Fast Africa^ 
 Soniali, the Soudan (in part), Niger Coctst and Territories, 
 British Central Africa; and the Samoan Ids, (in part). 
 
 E. Other Forms of Qovernment. 
 
 (i) Gibraltar is a military colony, 
 
 (2) Ascension BXid Fort Hamilton Site naval stations. 
 
 (3) The Transvaal is an independent republic over which 
 Great Britain claims a restricted suzerainty. 
 
 (4) Egypt, while under a native ruler, and ostensibly a part 
 of the Turkish Empire, has been occupied by British troops 
 since 1882, and is practically a protectorate of Britain. 
 
 The British Qovernment* 
 
 The Executive Branch. 
 
 I. The Sovereign, who succeeds to the crown by ri^ht of 
 birth, but whose power is limited by Parliament. The duties 
 of the Sovereign are similar to those of the Governor-General of 
 Canada (see page 13). As Great Britain is a very important 
 country, and has p litical relations with every nation in the 
 world, the public duties of the Sovereign are necessarily much 
 more exacting than those of the Governor-General. 
 
 3. The Cabinet, composed of 16 members who hold seats 
 in the House of Lords or the House of Commons. The leader 
 is the Premier, and is generally known as the First Lord of the 
 Treasury, Besides the Cabinet, there are other officials — ^40 in 
 all— holding inferior positions in the Government, who retire 
 with the Cabinet on a change of Government. The Cabinet is 
 lesponsible to Parliament for its official actions. 
 
THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. 
 
 47 
 
 
 The Legislative Branch. 
 
 X. The Sovereign. 
 
 a. The House of Lords : — This body consists of 576 
 members at present, known as Lords Spiritual (Archbishops 
 and Bishops), and Lords Temporal (Dukes, Marquises, Earls, 
 Viscounts and Barons). Scotland is represented by 16 peers 
 chosen for each Parliament ; Ireland by 28 life peers. The 
 Lords hold their seats for life^ as a rule, the older peerages 
 being hereditary. No Money Bill can be introduced or amended 
 in the House of Lords; but under exceptional conditions ft 
 may be rejected as a whole. In other respects the powers of 
 the two Houses of Parliament are similar. 
 
 3. The House of Commons :~This body consists of 670 
 members 'elected by the people for the term of seven years. 
 They are distributed as follows : 
 
 England 465 members 
 
 Ireland 103 " 
 
 Scotland ^^ " 
 
 Wales 30 " 
 
 Total 670 
 
 The officers^ rules and duties of the House of Commons are 
 the same as those of the Canadian House of Commons, the 
 latter having been moulded after the British body. 
 
 The Judicial Branch. 
 
 In England and other parts of the United Kingdom, there 
 are different law courts varying in name and Jurisdiction. The 
 highest court in Uie Empire is the British Privy Council, 
 
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