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 I 
 
 ^AAA 
 
 THE AI^CIENT STRAIT AT NIPISSING 
 
 BY 
 
 F. B. TAYLOR 
 
 [Fbom Boll. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 5, 1893.] 
 
 I 
 
V 
 

 I 
 
riiE i.\cii-:.\r stumt .\t y/rrssixf/ 
 
 in !•■. II. !■ \> Inl; 
 
 I 'lllltcill.t. 
 
 I'iiKi'. 
 
 liitroiliictidii i;'.'n 
 
 ll.Mclii'H i\J:\ 
 
 Tlio NIpi^wiiiK lifiicli iiL'l 
 
 Ueiii'lics lit liiKhcr Level.-' ni-> 
 
 Tliilieimlt Keiieli r.L'ii 
 
 SlelOweii Hc:ie|i (U2 
 
 Nelson Heiieli Ii2'i 
 
 Tlio nil sill iiiif rued Ai'en , r.'JIl 
 
 The sdiitli Slioi-e of tlie .S(i:ilt li'J4 
 
 The Olinapiiiir Heltti li'.M 
 
 Alieielit Ni|iis.siiii; l.-ihuel li^.'i 
 
 ('c)iieliisi(iiis (ilii;. 
 
 InI'I!(1|iI( riiiN. 
 
 ( )iu' III' tlu' iiKist inlcrc.-liiiL;' iiiul si^nillcaiit cliaplcis ul' niii(|i'ni iicnlnLiic rcsi'ai'cli 
 in .\iiu'i'iea has licc^n llic gradual imrnlilin^' of ilic stnry ni' |iiistL;laiial cliaiiiit'.s of 
 tlif < ii'Ciit lakes. Dc.^crtcil slKirrlincs have ln'cii trarcd with iieirc nr lc.-sc<mtiiiuity 
 ari)Uiiil iill their cuasts ami sinci'al aliainlniie.l diillets are aheaily well knnwii. It 
 was my |>rivile;j;e recently to visit tile site uC one nf these aihl liestnw sniiie study 
 on its a|i|)ear;mee ;ind sni'i'oundintrs. l'"ii'st in .Vnviisl, and auaiii in .^eMteinlier of 
 the seiisim Just past, 1 went ti> .Nurtii hay, in ihe I'mvinee nF ( )nt;n in, to see the 
 eoiintry in tile vii'inity (if the ancient nutlet at lake NipissiiiL:. In .\ii;.'ast 1 was 
 aci'iini|iaiiied hy l»r l'\ .~<avary Pearce nf I'liiladel|ihia. It is the nliject of thi.s 
 |ia|ier In oive a sliiMi (U'scii|ili(iii nf what was nhserved mi tlinse nccasiniis. (In 
 aceniint nf limited lime and the rniiuhness ><\' the cniintry it was iml |inssil)le In 
 make iimre than a liriid recnnnaissance, and it was |iartly liecause nf the indecisive 
 results '\\' the lirst visit that the -I'cnml niie was made. 
 
 The existence fni'inei'ly nf an nutlet I'm- the (ireat lakes at lake .Niiiissini.; had 
 been reuarded hy me as an estanlished fact; lint it was still an open uneslinn 
 whether t he waters nf the yreal pnslulacial snhmer^-eiice rnse alcive the level nf 
 the nutlet river. The niily iiifnriiiatinn nil the snhject which had ever enme tn my 
 knnwledue was finiii a cnnversatinii with >Ir (i. ^.(iilhert at Indianapnlis, in 
 Auijiist, IS'.Ml. !\Ir(iillierl lia<l then just returned I'min lake Nipiss'iiL' and luul 
 cxamineil the hcd nf the ancient niitlet. 1 ie expressed his lielief in the existence, 
 {if the river and ailded that he thnn'uhl he saw terraces nii the hills hack of North 
 Itax' at an altitude of L'OI) tn :>l)l) feet aliove the lake, hut that he had not examined 
 them closely. This a'ii'eed in a L'eneral way with an hypnthesis \, liicli I had en- 
 tertaiiieil t'nr smiie time previnii': and accnrdini; In which I had estimated Ihe 
 prnhaltle lieiLtht nf the hiiihest shori'line at lake .Vipissinu at an altitude of ai least 
 4lt;) feet. To pursue this ini|niry was the chief olijeet nf my visits. 
 
 M\ measurement^ were made with an aiiernid : hut I'aie was taken tn determine 
 the weather variatinn and eliminate it as far a-; possible. The dalnni for the 
 Incalities near Xnrtli hay was the Canadian l'acill<' railway stalinii at that place. 
 ( )ii the prnlile of the i-oail this i< uiveii as li!.". feet above ihe " Summer level nf 
 
 ((il'O) 
 
BULL. GEOL. SOC, AM. 
 
 VOL. 5, 1893, PL. 20 
 
 Sketch Map 
 Showing location of beaches 
 near 
 
 North Bay, Ontario 
 
 BY 
 
 r B.Taylor 
 
 L£GENO 
 
 'MM-.. BeacAes 
 
 
 SKETCH MAP OF A PORTION OF ONTARIO. 
 
AN<'ii:Nr !^ii!.\ir at mi'issino. 
 
 ('.21 
 
 the S:\inl Lmwiviicc ut .Mmilival." Tlii' hiltri' I Iniiinl I'v |)iMiur Siiviiri-rV liililf ,,{ 
 iiltitinlf- ill Ciiniida to ln' I'J (ci'l atinvc liiyli tiilf in hilic Saint Peter, ui"-':! Iri'l 
 aliDve niean tide level, niakin;.' llie static ii at Ni.rtli liay H-Vs leet ahuve tiie i-ea. 
 The level njlake N ipissinir is a trille less than !"> I'ert lieluw the stiitii.n, l.nt aciM.r.l- 
 iiiir to the Canadian ( ienhi^ieal Survey ' lake Nipissiny is lili.') leet aimve sealevid. 
 \\y the same aiitliniity it is stated that levels weiv nni tVnni 'I'lnnl lake \n lake 
 Ni|(issinv', shc.wini.' the t'niiuer In lie •_'.") feet alinve the latter, and that Iheheiiihl 
 it( land (in the iini'ta.'.'e tri.ni 'rrnMl lake tn the Kiviere a la Vase, uliich lliiws intn 
 lake Nipissin'.', is L'4i feet aliovc Tnint lake: Imt I ha--' nsed iheCiumdian I'acilli' 
 railway levels, which would make lak.' Niiiissinu almut -Jtl I'eet Inwer. 1 am in- 
 delited to Mr.Iohn liourke of North hay I'oi' an e\eellent map of Widdilield town- 
 ship, whieheontaiiisall the places referred to near North hay. The location of 
 the heaches descrihed w ill he found on plair L'll. 
 
 l'.i;\( iii'.s. 
 
 ////■; MrissiM: in: mil 
 
 At Mr.lessup's Imu-e. onthe uoi'lh siile of the ue-t end of Tiout lake, a liltJc 
 moiv than four nnles east-northeast from North Ivay, this shoreline may lie seen 
 as a delta-terrace, tilling a reces;- ir, the hill where a small stivaui enters. Its front 
 ed._'e is aliout ."lO feet above Trout lake, and its hack Id to !."> feet ITmher. .\t this 
 (ilace it is comiiosed mainly of ^'ravel, comparatively tine and free from Imwlders. 
 From this point westward it contiiuies with the same stron-- character past ('liiji- 
 pewa cri'ek and the Temi.-^camauL; road, which i.-as far as the -round was seen. .\t 
 the foot of the hil! west, of .les-ups the terrace liecmes a narrow shelf close to the 
 hiki', and iscomiio.sed <if a mass of well rounded liowlders, many of them more than 
 11 foot ill diameter. For inori'thau half a mile it retains this r„rm, hut heyoud that 
 it '^'radually loses its steepness in front and hecoiues widerand liner in composition. 
 Toward Cliippewa creek it widens still more ami in a few jilaces low heacli rid;.'es 
 of uravel were noticed aloiit;- its front. 
 
 About a mile north of North bay the Hats eii<l ahru|.tly auainst the face of a ter- 
 race of howldery drift. This te-'iac • is a small plateau which projects southward 
 about a mile fnim the foot ,,f a hi-h hill. It is probably of lilacial oriiriii, but it 
 
 has been hugely modilied by the later arti f waves, and possibly also to .-.ouie 
 
 extent by the ilowin-' water of the abandoned outlet rivi^r. Its southward fmnt 
 has been eroded away in comparatively recent time, for it is still a steep, fresh 
 bluir. Its eastern slope is ukuv •j:radual and i- coveivd by a series of well formed 
 beach ridyes, which may be ~een to uoe 1 advantage from tla^ Temiscaman- road 
 ab.iut a iiuaiterofa mile north of the watei-tower. The fork of the road north of 
 the tower is on the civst of the plateau, and al-o upon a liravel beach ri.lne which 
 e.vtends about half a mile uorth\\e>l iV.iiulhat point. The altitude of this rid-e is 
 about S.')feet above the station, and the Temiscaman-' mad follows it fioui the Ibr, . 
 The beach at the fork is a little hiirher than the terrace at .lessups but not mure, 
 than the |>roiH'r dillereuct' lietween a bei'.cli and a terrace. 
 
 I did not see the slopes at corres|iondin,- levels s.iulh of the old ehaiinel, exceiil 
 what mav bo seen from the train near Calleiidar. At that place there is appiir- 
 
 * .\s qiiDto.l in tlio " Report otToinniisMiun on Koro.-t l>ros.n-vntion and Natiuiiiil Parii," ctceU-ia, 
 ToMinii), \)i's.',, \). ;rj. 
 
(J'J2 
 
 l'Ilf)(i;i;i»r\tiS ok IIosTuN MIlKIINd. 
 
 fiitly iisti-iitiu: shni'i'lint' al ii level ei.iTeN]MMi(liii;.' tn ilial mi iln^ nniili. Mr |!,iiiil»e, 
 will, is fiuililiiir wilh Ihe v'l''>illl'l, illdiiMte,! (ur nie the pluce nfii cuMisc ;.'nivel (ei'- 
 I'liee wllieli lie ilil- -e.'ll i. utile siilltli side Mild wllieli liiiilks illi|prci.\illiillel\ tlie 
 
 niirni\ve.x( |iiiil "t' Hie aiieieiit mitlet, 
 
 Tills ;rival shxi'eliiie is inure sin.iiu'ly ilrv,ii|ir I lliaii any oilier ill (lull vicinity 
 ahi.ve ur heluw it, iiiiles-; it he the lii,!.'liesl line, tu lie inentiuiieil later, ami il seems 
 pruhalile that it marks tlie level ul' the (iivai lakes iliiriii'.' tin' era uf the aetive 
 liver millet at Ni|.issin'.'. Its level al ^'■>v\\\ hay isahuiil 71;! feet almve mean liile, 
 ur Hilt I'eet ahiive lake lliiiuii. There is a siruiiuly aeiriitiialed hearh like Ihi-ii 
 liDle Inwer, hill nut widely de|ian ii|._' {'111111 its 'evel, at lliaiiy pliiees larl her West 
 iiluiiy; the sliure 1 if I he Nurtli eli.auiiel mid »liesiMilli side ul'lake Sii|ieriur. I'"ur Iwu 
 Hinu'cs ()(' iihuiil 1.-) miles each nil Ihe Siiprriur shure I have iraeed il eunliiniuiisly. 
 Its rise loward lake Niiiissin- indieat.- a sliu'hl iiiilil'l uC the land in the vieinily 
 uf thai laki', which must have lakeii place since the uiitlet wa^ aliaiiduned. Tlii- 
 existence uf this uplift is nut surprising, in \i,.\vuf the uiiuked warpiiiirul the 
 Ontariii liii.'lilands farlhersuiith. 
 
 /./ e'///.s 1/ iiiuiiKii i.r'Hi.s. 
 
 r.csides the shuicline already de.-crilied in cunnecliun with the ancient river 
 outlet there are Weil de\elupc(| heacliesnt liillcli hi-her levels on the hills north 
 
 uf North hay. I'aint evidences uf wave liuii wei" seen al variuiis interniediate 
 
 levels, hut I will mention here only those which are well formed and conspicuous 
 as shoreline features. 
 
 Tliih,,iiill llnirl,.— Two milrs slrai'.;lit north from .North hay Ihe road ascends the 
 steep faceof Thiheaiills hill lo an allitiide of alioni :;.Ml feet ahove Ihe station. Half 
 il mile ur more heyond is Mr •fhilieaulfs house, al ihe corner of the concession 
 lino road, .lust suiith of this corner the 1 ,ii (losses a heacli u liicli is coiiiiiused 
 of clean, line, well-rounded uravel. It eMmds as a rid-e ahoiit an eiudilhof a 
 mile west-soutiiwest from where the ma 1 crosses il, ;ind to ihe ea-l it ahiits aixainst 
 fitoiiy ^'ruuiul at a sli,t,'litly hijilier level. ( )ii the rast side of the road it has heeii 
 excavated for ballast, and its coinpr)silioii is shown to he typical line beach gravel. 
 This beach is about .'U.') feet aliove the North bay station, or about I.IKI.". fei't above 
 fealcM'l. 
 
 Ill |iassin.u' lip Ihe ravine of ( ■lii|,|M'\va creek on the Temiscamaiiir road deep 
 deposits of rounded ;:ravel were seen which are probably remnants of formei deltas 
 of the stream made at successively lower level- as tlie waters sulisided. 
 I Mrl-jmi /.',<(-■/,.— About lunr and a half miles northeast of North hay on Hie 
 Tenii.scamaii'.' road and about half a mile north of l»aivys corner is a beiicli rid^re 
 of j^ravel and coarse sand. Il looks like the ed-e o!'a terrace when seen from the 
 lowiu' ,!,'roiiiid to the south, b,il un near approach it is ,<eeii to In a distiucl ridire 
 with a depre.ssiou behind it. Il> <'omposilioii is disclosed in a cut at the roadside. 
 It is a composite riduv showimr two or three lines, but not very distinctlv. its 
 altitude is about l,(l'.i() feet abuve sealevel. fias' uf the mad the -round is well 
 cleared and the lioii.«e uf Mr .MidOweu is built upon the rid;jv. Tlii-; riiL'e also 
 passes westward tliroii^di the property of MrTallcni 
 
 XrlxiHi li,<:(li.—T\\r MrKwvu beach is 'h surpassed by another K-ss tb.an half 
 
 a mile farther ■th and about ."iii feel hi-hi.r. Thi< is Ihr hi-hest as well as the 
 
 strniifrest and best developed brach found oii the Mils north of lake Nipissin^r. 
 Its altitude is abuul l.lj:) feet above mean tide. The house and barn of 'Slv 
 
AS( IKSI .^lltAll' AT MI'IS.s|.\(i. 
 
 023 
 
 Nfl^icin me luiill un it vn^\ ,,f tlif luiid. Il i-.ii liiond, cnmiin.Mitc l.ciifli ridp- cnin- 
 poHi'd n{ nniiiili'il u'lavi'l, iiiiImt lliir, hut with Hoint' |u'l>l>lfH uml ii ft-w rolililfM. To 
 lli.'>Miitli it liico in ;i s.Tii.--.|'M.i.>nnUr I,, nix fcfl fiicli over the M.'Kwvii Ihmu'Ii 
 illl.l tl' IImI licyolld, uhirli ill(i|,s lit 11 .lisl'lllCc«irali(Mlt tun Mlili'M |py il -IfCi. ,l,.sccllt 
 
 to the Ix'cl (if the iiminii livcr clmiirii'l. I Icurricl l.y iii(|iiiiy tliiit iIiIh Knivi'l 
 riclKc cxlciiils wcsiuanl Ihrniiirh iht- liiiiii> of Me.-sis I'Ulintt uikI Tli«iiii.-(.n uml 
 prolialily .•iislwunl nl.-n I'nr a (•(iiiHi.lcral)li' (liHtaiicc 
 
 Tlic N'clsnii lii'ai'h is in (•(uituiir with a lai«v swaiiipy liad iiurtli »( it. On llii> 
 'ri'iiii.-faiiiaiiu i"ai| liiis swamp is aKuiit a mil.' ui.lc, Imt wilii two <>r tliivc iiiniilar 
 palclii'!S(.niiy|i(.r«Tuini(l in i(. Oii llir IV., nt ufilic ruiiiiri' iiiaiiilaii<l mi the north 
 Hide of tliis swamp I fciimi a sMiall amoiinl of \\asli,.,|, nmiMlcd -ravfl, hiit il only 
 reiu'litMl lip to live or six ffft. wliicli in no iii-licr tlian tin- top of tin- Nelson ridjic. 
 
 Tni; I \si itMi:it<;i:i) Aiii:\. 
 
 This conclii-lrs the sii.n (,C the positive evidences uhserved on the IiIIIh north of 
 
 Xorlli hay. Toward flie tli tlio eo.nitry is roiiy:li, the deaiint.rs in the forest are 
 
 few. iMid there are many swampy, almost impassahle places; hat my inveslij;atioim 
 did not stop Ml the Nelson hiarh The process of makinj.' a relial)le determination 
 of tii(^ upper limit of postglacial siihiiieiycnce re-piires the wtherini.' of nepitivc 
 evidences from the hi^'her v'ronnd as well as positive evidences from helow. On 
 the first excursion on the Teniis.'amaiiu: road we drove north from Nelsons ii mile 
 and a (|iiarter to Hills corner, and from theiv east two miles and a i|narter to »ho 
 farm of Mr I'.aiiey, whicli is next .^oiilh of Four Mile lake. Several frravel ridges 
 were seen, lait I was imaMe 'o rcco._rni/(. th,. work of waves in any of tluan. I 
 am (|uite sure they were all ;;iacial forms. Thei'' positions a.nd siii roiuidinjjis, an 
 well as their forms, were unlike true littoral features. .Mioiit half a mile ea.st of 
 Hills corner there is a small, short >;ravel ridye which juts eastward f.'oiii a drift 
 niasssoniewhat after the fashion of a wave-huill spit. It is composed mainly of 
 ■rood sizi'd pehhies well roumled ; hut it is in a protected place, and the adjacent 
 slopes at the s.ime level, which are well cleared and i-asy to see, show no si<;n of 
 wave ait ion whatever. .\j;ain, half a mile east of Carmichaels corner are more 
 tine Hi-avel ridu'cs. They appearcil to he in the midst of a .swamp, are (|nito irrojru- 
 lar ill loriii, with spurs and hollows, and they rise steeply ten to lifteen feet. I 
 rej-ard I hem as characteristic trlacial forms, ami I hey are so delicate in their striu't- 
 iire that they could iiardly have escaped modilicai ion if the waves had ever touched 
 
 them. The jrr id aloiiM this n,ad is most of it | lei.tifiilly covered with howlders 
 
 ofjiood si/e, and thevare set in drill composed mainly of ciay. At Baileys we 
 weiv about 110 feel ahovo the Nelson heacli. Hy a roiijrh e.-tiniate, withont 
 measurement, I coiicliide.l that Four .Mile lake is somewhat helow tiie level at 
 Nelsons, Mr I'.aiiey told me ihat his land was almost entirely free from howlders. 
 
 South of the mad it ri.ses in a si th hill ol almost jaire clav drift which would 
 
 he exiio.sed towards the east and southeast if suhiiier.;e.l to the level of the road. 
 
 While tiiese neu'ative evidences seeiiieil fairly conclusive, they were not eiitiri'lv 
 so, for I heard of other laroe travel rid'.:e:. farther north on llie Temiscamanjr roa.i. 
 On the second excursion I went three miles north from ( 'armichaels corner and 
 half a mile east to the farm of Mr .Siche, closi to the east side of ( 'ariliou lake. 
 One mile noiih ,,f ( 'aiiuichaels I found the -ravel lidires referred to partly on th" 
 land of .Mr Ly.liott. Thevare immense irivniilar ridj,'es uhout 40 feet hi. 'h and 
 
024 
 
 l'l!()(.'i;i:i>lNiiS Ol' I'.tiS'lON MKK'I'IMi. 
 
 witli ii imiiil)orunv|.i("!l Ufttlc IidIcs ncailv ;i^ >\ri-\,. Tlir compn^ilion \\:i> l.iv'i'ly 
 nmrst'. AnotlK-rinilc iK.rtli. nn ll.c l:ui,l of Mr Wliitc. is anutli.T univfl d.'i'osil 
 sniiu'whiit similar aiul |>liiiiiiy of liiaciai nrhXra. N.'ar Mr Sacl.cV I.oum. the alti- 
 tude in the iDud is about '.III feel ahuvc tlu' Ncl-dii hracli. The suiliuv m tiial 
 vicinity is liiUyaiid n'ii;;li and liic -T<.iind i> a iiravy Ixiw IdiT .-lay. Tlic draina-r 
 is westward intu 1 >ucliesr.ay ereeii, wiiieii I'lnpties inti. ial<e Nij.issiii;^-. 
 
 Thus npun Until pusitive and ne-ative evidenees of snlnnerj;ence. the Nelsnii 
 l„.:,ch was found to lie tli.' lii-hest iMisl-laciaJ shoreline on the hills north of 
 North hay. 
 
 Tin; soiTii Suoiii: of thi: SniArr. 
 Ontlu soutlisideoflheNipisMu- pa.-s the hills are nnich laii h.'r away, the near- 
 est aeeessihlo |.oin( at ai. altitude eorres|M,ndin- with, the Nelson lieaeh beinj.' at 
 Trout creek, about -J.S miles south-southeast from .North bay. The highest post- 
 <da(ial shoreline was located at Snndrid-e and South river, and lines a little lower 
 were found at Tn.ut creek. The lirsl visit to these localities was made before the 
 lirstoneto North bav. and closed . two weeks' trip aloujr the line of the Northern 
 and I'acilic Junction'railway. The detailed account of those loralities belon-s |,i 
 the record of that trip am' will tberelV)re be omitted hei'e. 
 
 Well formed beach rid-es of line -ravel were found a! Sundrid-e facing' south 
 ,,ver ihe wide basin of Stonv lake, which was an .arm of ihe expanded waters at 
 the time of the -reat, submerj:ence. The highest is at an altitude of about 1,2(1.) 
 feet above sealevel. .\t South river a ■•ut terrace .".(Ito (iO feet above the level of an 
 inuuense deposit of linelv bedded claN and while sill overlain by san<l was found 
 •It an altitude of about M'L'd f.. 1. These two localities are only about live nules 
 •ipa-tand weiv connected with ea.'h .'iher au.l also with the ancient strait to the 
 north .\t Trout .'reek, 11 miles farther .lorth. the \ryv\ oi' the hi-hest hue at 
 South river was not reached, but evideiuvs of submeryence were Sivn up to about 
 1 !.-,() fee, above sealevel. The failure to reach the hi-hesl line at this place was 
 accidental and alfords no jusl ..'n.und Ibr presmnptioe a-ainst l!ie inf.'ivn.v that a 
 shoreline probablv exists there at a sli-htly hi-her level than thai at South nvr. 
 The althudes of tiu-se h.caliti.'.- are has. ,', on the hei-hts of the stations above lake 
 Ontario as -iveu on the l.rolil.. ,,f >hv railroad in ihe ..n./meer's ollice at Toronto. 
 Thr llndinuof the highest beach cnsideiably hi-her on the saith si.le of the 
 Nipissin- pass than on the north is rather evceptioual anion- beaches, which almost 
 
 nuiversdlv rise n.irlh ward ; biil it is nm surprisiup u hen due acc.unt is taken ot 
 tlu' very inarke.l eastward component nf .liirerential elevation, nn Inch is well est;,!,- 
 Ii«hed bv the observations of I >r Spencer farther soul h. 
 
 Tl,,. ■lucient strait, as dc'tuH^d bv the iwo hi-hest shorelines des.'ribed, was about 
 ■>,■' ,nile< wide at the place of observation ; but the hills draw nearer U, ea.di other 
 toward the east, and tli.' narrovest pari of the strait wa- probably not less than 2.. 
 miles wide. Its depth ovr the low pass hrtwern lak.' Nipissm- and 1 roul lake 
 must have been more than .ilHI feet. 
 
 Tni; < )iiN M'iNi. I>i:i.is. 
 
 imieetioii. It Is 
 
 Oil,, other localilv mav be appp.pi'iately mentioned in Hit- vi 
 alH.ut ei-ht miles east of Ca.lier. which is on the main line of 1 he ( 'auadian i'acilic 
 riilwiv l-'.-> niih's west-northwest from North bay. On the way .'ast 1 s^i^ped .,(1 
 
ANCIKN'I' >ri;AIT AT NlI'lSSlNd. 
 
 02 
 
 )Zi^ 
 
 at Siidliury Inr tlic |i;irliciilai' piiriKj-c nl' niakiiiu: Hi'' lri|> to < 'artier. I'min Yit- 
 iiiiliu!) ri\iT Id the siiiiiiiiit, tliri'Ci miles east (jf ("ailier, tliere is an ascent of 4!H) 
 feet ip ^A\ miles, ami tlie altitude of ('artier above mean tide is I, ."id;] ft-et. I had 
 coiiuted ([iiite coiilidently on lindinu' the jrreat u]i|ii!r heaeh somowliere on this 
 slope. ( )n uoinji' there 1 found immense terraces of ;;rav(-'l at several elevations u]) 
 to ahont l,l.'(l() feet above sealevi'l. They are old deltas of the ()linai)inf; river and 
 the smaller streams w liicli How into Silver lake. The railway cuts tlietn to splendid 
 advanta'^e for observation and they have been excavated extensively for ballast. 
 Tlu^ <'onntry is very ronjj;h, heavily woo(led and there are no roads, bnt the ter- 
 races <'an be seen distinctly from the rear platform i)f the ti'ain. I saw a few .sand 
 and y:ravel ridges near the hii,diest level which closely resembleil beaches, bnt could 
 not be certain as to that. I'or-ID or "lO feet above the terrace at l.l'Ol) feet there 
 are extensive irravels lillinu \\\i the 
 stream beds. They aw midoubli'dly 
 related t(j the ancient water-level, it 
 seems proliable, jndy:ini; by similar 
 j)laci's pi'eviously ol)served, that the 
 hijihest beach prope" is !.'() or DO feet 
 above the level of the iiiussi\c terrace 
 at 1,200 feet. 
 
 Cartier is built upon a U'vel uiravel 
 l)lain which .seem.-: to ha\-e tilled an 
 ancient lake or expanded valley. 
 About a mile to the \\c<t aL:ainsl the 
 r<iU'_'h hills ai'e llii'ee distinct lerraces 
 like steps of |icrhaps l.")orl.'l) feet each. 
 J dii not kudw whethei' these forms 
 arciilacial or in what rdatinn. i''any. 
 they stand tothe^ivat submerjrence. 
 
 A\cii.;vr Xii'issixo Island. 
 
 If the hiiiliest licaches here de- 
 scribed mark appmximately the con- 
 toiU' of the shoreline of the j^rcat 
 subnier-^ence, it nmst have covered 
 a wide ari'a of the surronndiiiLr low- 
 lands. l']ion the basis of these deter- 
 minations 1 \\\\\v sketched in (iiiure 1 
 this (lart of < Mitario, showinjjjthe loca- 
 tion of the strait and the lake country 
 
 to the north and, also in a roicjh and oidy conjet'iural wa>', the probable extent of 
 the wali'r in that direction. I'li,' iuterestini;- rci^ion of the northern lakes is still 
 wild and almost unbroken; bnt the -eneral character of the country is jiretty well 
 known. The altitudes <if the laruvr lake~ have been determined aiiproximatcly 
 and canoe routes are followed from one to another. The altitude of Temiscaniant; 
 lake is iiiven l)\- the Canadian • ieolo>;ical Survey as (ill! feet above sealevel. Laki' 
 Tamai,'anMnL:-, to the soutlnves' I did not lind. but it is probaidy not nmch mori» 
 than lilt) feel liiuher. Wauaniiui.; is uiven at SiVl feet, ;ind Wahnapitai'piny: still 
 fart hei' southwest at '.i.T/ feet. Tamauaniiiiii is remarkalile for lia\ iui.' t wo o\itlets. 
 
 l'"puiiK 1. — Ski Icli Miip lit' jiiirt nf nunhern (Intririo. 
 
 SliijwiiiL', 1, :iiicii'nt Xipis^ing islaiul, witli tho 
 str.iit to till' Miiilli 111' il : L', liiUi' Nipissint;; •!, tlie 
 'itt;i\\a riviT: l;ilii' Ti'liiisciiiiiMtiir ; .'i, l:ili(' T;inmp.i- 
 iniiiu:: 'i, hilii- WML'Miiiin;; : 7. l:il;i' W.iliiiiipilaopiiiii ; 
 \:\\so .Miiiil.l.i. 
 
KH'U 
 
 .tcvs 
 
 thllt 
 
 ions 
 
 iiii'ly 
 
 it as 
 rthcr 
 with 
 
 lu'tiof 
 •I'lice, 
 
 (. coii- 
 
 MiU'-li