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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. best 279a, 280-281, 1 2 3 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 •^•^ ^% n* / •/'-- //■/ 7 iS^tEIIGTo^ J^MHiPt^eijv^ ^!^ain ^vtccW, WITH Numerous Engravings and Colored Plates. ^^^ PREFACE. present this hook to the puhlic with fJ.. o ance thnf ,v ^^ .. • i'""iic w itn the assur- Art," treating each sub icct , ""■'" °' "decorative eas.ly underrtooU ,; t, e " "'r ""■'""'•■■• '"••"' ••"""'"«'' n>at°/r o^^ ^.t::tt. t^^tf ^^^^^^^^^^ - - certain that there wm t u "'' '"'"" "" ^"^^'-^3^' ^^ feel uii tnere wiH be few homes without " Thi^ td^ Art Instructor " vvunout l he Popular sons, we have also embodied 1 our hi *=' "' "" ^^='- on such subjects as '• F^l d °^ ^''^'^ information Colors," "KensiLon o!Z pS "'"h"" '™'' ^"'^ ""'•': ^^^""'ig, ' •• How to do your IV PREFACE. own Stamping and make your own Patterns." P'urther we give a very detailed process on the art of " Preparing and Painting Roman Crystal Photographs," and a treatise on " Landscape Studies in Oil." Each of these arts are treated in a masterly manner by artists who have for years made them a special study, and their wide experience in teaching some of the most inapt pupils has enabled them to give the directions so plain that they will be readily understood by anyone. These chapters will be found far in advance of any other heretofore published, containing much additional inform- ation which will be welcomed in every home ; in fact, the whole work is a valuable book of reference at all times. In the preparation of this volume all useless matters have been rejected, and the useful and elegant have been procured and illustrated with lavish expense. The pictures alone cost more than some entire subscription books of the size that could be named, and we would here call your particular attention to our colored illustrations. Writers of recognized ability, specialists in their several fields, have been secured and liberally paid to furnish the text, which, together with the illustrations, has put in print a volume which should be in every home. THE PUBLISHERS. Windsor, Ont., Nov. 5, 1886. ::=ri rther we Lring and eatise on "e treated ars made teaching > give the stood by ce of any al inform- fact, the nes. ters have procured ilone cost size that particular 3cognized 1 secured ther with mid be in tIERS. "i;^".^rrfr..; .■.■.•.-.•.•.•.•.•.•.■.£^'''S^>)U}U'- ■i<^M i'?M?-??:'?.13!aH!saaa| "^aUn of eoi^te-Hb. MAKE HOME ATTRACTIVE "" HOME DECORATION IN >- ■rmiL^LOy^E^s " PRESERVINO NATURAL ...^«^Kg M EMBALMING FLORAL PARASOL... « PBESERVING FLORAL HORSE SHOE ** PRESERVATION OF AtJTrTMN LEAVEsl.! *^ PHANTOM OR SKELETON LEAVES.. " PBEPARINff LEAVES AND FLOWERS « BLEACHING LEAVES AND SEED VESSELS "^ LM OF PLANTS FOR SKELETONIZING ^ SEED VESSELS.... 70 LEAFPRINTING 80 HOME DECORATION 80 WINDOW GARDENING ' 89 CHINA PAINTING 104 BRONZE WORK 118 DECALCOMANIE 189 JAPANESE WORK 188 I.ADIES' WORK BASKET: Ml KENSINGTON PATTERNS "8 RIBBON WORK ISO APPLIQUE WORK 161 PLUSH EMBROIDERY 163 MACRAME LACE ... 186 CRAZY WORK 800 WOMAN'S WORK AND VICTORY ^ CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS ^ CARE OP CANARIES "■ = • SIO VALUABLE RECIPES SS7 88,5 Hi f HOW TO DO YOUK OWN STAMPINQ AND MAKE YOUR OJVN PATTERNS 241 HOW TO MAKE LARGE PATTERNS FROM SMALL ENGRAVINGS 242 DRV STAMPING (Recipes for all Colored Powders). . 243 FRENCH INDELIBLE STAMPING 244 KENSINGTON PAINTING ^^ INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAINTING ROSES, LILIES, GOLDEN ROD, ETC 250 PREPARING AND PAINTING ROMAN CRYSTAL PHOTOGRAPHS «57 FLORAL PAINTING IN OIL AND WATER COLORS 273 HOW TO ARRANGE PAINTS ON A PALETTE 274 PREPARING THE CANVAS 276 HOW TO ENLARGE FLORAL DESIGNS. LANDSCAPES, ETC 277 INSTRUCTIONS FOR WHITE, YELLOW AND CIUMSON ROSES 279 INSTRUCTIONS FOR RED AND YELLOW TULIPS (Colored Study) 279* INSTRUCTIONS FOR PANSIES (Colored Study) 281a INSTRUCTIONS FOR DAISIES AND FORGET-ME-NOTS (Study) 282 INSTRUCTIONS FOR BLACKBERRY DESIGN 283a INSTRUCTIONS FOR DOGWOOD DESIGN 284 LANDSCAPE PAINTING IN OIL -285 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THAMES RTVKR (Colored Study) 285 INSTRUCTIONS EOR LA CHAT RAPIDS (Colored Study) .28Sa 397 403 423 PART II. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GREAT EVENTS GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING NOTPS AND CARDS BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND MERCANTILE FORMS 440 LETTER&OF AFFECTION BY EMINENT PERSONS • 455 MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS BY EMINENT PERSONS 459 LETTERS OF CONGRATULATION BY EMINENT PERSONS 468 LETTERS OF CONDOLENCE BY EMINENT PERSONS 470 BUSINESS LAWS BRIEFLY STATED 472 COMMERCIAL FORMS ^''^ SCIENCE OF C05I5ION THINGS ...„....,....„„„,„,,..,..., 479 f I J, I ^ o^ ^itu^tzaUonc^. Portable Ivy Scbbbn Ornamented Fireplace ° ""^ Box IN Japanese Wobk 1" BLANKEi, OB Embossed Stitch. ^^^ Border m Bdtton-Holb Stitch...... '^^ Chain Stitch. 145 Satin Stitch.. 145 Kensington Outline Stitch.... ^^^ Janina Stitch 146 Knotted Stitch 147 Plush Stitch ^ 147 Herring-bone Stich 14? Basket Stitch 149 Feather Stitch 149 Wound Stitch... 149 Kensington Patterns 150 Ribbon Work.... 150 Pansy Pin Cushion 152 Pansy Pin Cushion (Diagrams).........'."."' ^53 Applique Lambbequin ♦ 154 'Dogwood Design eobM^bb;;;;;::^;"^;,;-^;;^;- ^^5 .rAPAN Cockscomb AND Banner ^^^ Golden Rod AND FiLLiNG-iN Stitch ^^^ Paper Receptacle AND Full Size Pattern. ''"'''' Natural Easter Cross ^^•'* Table AND Table Cover '. ^^^ Sewing Chair and Table .'. " ^^^ Ottoman ,.... 167 ""vii 168 m VIU LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Clothes Basket ok Box 169 Clothes Basket, Intebiob of 170 Wall Pocket l''^^ Papeb Holdeb 1''^^ Paper Rscbiybr 17^4 Wall Pbotbctobs l'''5> 1'^^ Wall Pocket 1''"'' Slipper Cases l'''^ FiRB Screens 180. 181 Window Screen 182 Note Case or Portfolio 183 Needle Book , 184 Sofa Cushion 185 CrsHioN with Lace Tidy 186 Cushion— Satin 187 Table Covbk ob Chair Bolstbb 187 Sofa Cushion 188 Toilet Cushion 18S Handkerchief Cases 190, 191 Pin Cushion 191 Footstool 192 Brioche 193 Work Basket 194 Work Basket, Oblono 195 Work Basket, KaNsiNOTOH Stitches j96 Work Basket 196 Work Bma 198 Net Work 199 Lace Mat in Etchino 199 LlACRAMt Lace— ILLDSTRATBD 201, 201V-306 169 170 173 173 174 ....175. 176 177 178 ....180, 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 187 188 188 190, 191 191 192 193 194 195 196 196 198 199 199 101, 200—206 " of a room so tli« r.., i "^ ^" "le decoration - that can " r the '?. "' "'"' "'•"<''' """"^^ «ain the pale of dome t o I S "'' '^ '"°'*<' ''wakened inspired by pure and beTu ,u t f """"' '•"■' «^° ""'^ "e ments of taste and beinTv """"S'"-'. and unless some ele- home, ho. can it b^e^^'ecrdC'f ""■ *^ '-"« ''O'™ « homes more attractive than j^a t of r°T """^ """ '"«- have pure thoughts pure h..Il f """^ «"insement, and What a fuIifessTel;!:;","' " '"'" "' ^««— '• ™r reach by surround^T's li h " T "'T' ''^'^ ^'«»° 12 makf; home attractive. beautiful f]iin<::^s ; iind yet this ^oodiK^ss is lost to iiijiny of us through want of culture of the senses by which these provisions are enjoyed. AV'hy not have some elegance in even the humblest liomes ? AVe must first have cleanliness, which is the special elegance of the poor. But why not have pleasant and delightful things to look upon? There is no reason why all should not surround themselves vA\\\ the evidence of beauty and comfort in all their shapes, and thus do homage alike to the gifts of God and the labors of his (creation. The taste for the beautiful is one of the best and most useful endowments. It is one of the handmaids of civilization. Beauty and elegance do not necessarily belong to the homes of the rich. They are, or ought to be, all-pervad- ing. Beauty in all things in nature, in art, in literature, in social and domestic life. The cheapest and the most beautiful gifts that belong to all classes, rich and poor alike, are flowers ; not- exotics, but what are known to us as common flowers. A rose, for instance, is among the most beautiful of the smiles of nature. " The laugh- ing flowers," in which there is more than gayety, though it takes a wise man to see the beauty and adaptation of which they are full ! Bring in midwinter one of the commonest field flowers into a room, place it on a table, chimney-piece or mantel, and you seem to have brought a ray of sunshine into the place. There is a cheerfulness about flowers that brings delight to the drooping invalid. They are a sweet enjoyment, coming as mes- sengers from the country, and seeming to say, "Come and see the place where we grow, and let your heart be glad in our pres- ence." They are emblems of purity and truth, a source of fresh dei-'ght to the pure and innocent. A heart that does not love flowers or the voice of r. playful child cannot be cheerfid. Have a flower in the room by all means. In summer they will cost you nothing, in winter but a trifle if your ambition la im itiiiiiv of us le provisions •lest liomes? 1 t'leg-iince of 111 things to ot surround ' in nil their rod and the s one of the i handmaids arlly belong , all-pervad- iterature, in elong to all 3S, but what instance, is ' The laugh- , though it which they field flowers mantel, and ) the place. light to the ling as mes- >nie and see in our pres- irce of fresh :)es not love Tful. Linmer they ambition is Jl flow™ ,„ your window, »o m,..h ti V « , ', " f ? "» ""« a out flnouffh the,,, „„d to ,,,e,k Li^:: «!';'""""»■ '''" '""" temler re»is,„„,.e of g,.ee„ Je,.ves i, n ,„ f """"""'«""■'' ''J' 'I.e most bea„tif„I f,™,e yo„ ,•„„ i„vL7 '°!i ^''" ""' ''"« «'« -hetller it be the b,,«y 0,0,^/1! dilf'; ^ f'^""" -'"'out, -'tU tbeir light, and lade t'l, ^ntro 7 "'''"' ""* '-- or the earth wrapped in it, „ antl 'f "T ." P"™"^ ''"""H '00k through iiowe,. for le leor 1°":,/"^™"'"^ P-i-e ta,te and re«ne,nent does Tot „!," ° "^ """S- ^"1 wl.at cultivator '. Piowe,^ i„ the ,^0,' vv , T °" ""* ^^ »' "'« or preserved, sweeten the .ai, „, "I'e t^ ,'" '","'^''- """""•" ^^te -.nlight a new oham,, r^oSe" t^ ""V"*^ ^"'=«''''. give feauty. They are eompanirtlntjr ""'' """ """■'« "'* ^ any one, bnt always look ,^' T, '''' ''"^' '^ <>'^os, ,,ori d-pise them because they ^ l7 ' •'""'' ^'''-S- »« not "lay have the luxury as well T, ''' ""'' '"'""»«« everybody cheap, and common alls "re r""'' '"'"""'"' ^'"i" '■« au' and sunshine to be had Z- ,0 ."'° ™'"""''- ^ere^fresh ™»Mbel Buttheyare ee 0,1 .T^' *""' "■''"■•■«« they '■'ouffht of. Therel m.,'ri°„" ;"«':" '^ ""'" ^"'^ "«"'»'» M we open our mi„ds to ent ™ ''° """•a" enioy. Pleasure spread about us on evZ sJ^'"* w "^^ "'"J '«'4«" knowledge to enable us to en LTliff ' ,^' ™»* ""-'e losing *he art of making the most of 1,*: ^ "" ™"* '» """™t: enjoyment which lie about ,^ Z^Z 2T '"' "^P"™"«^ *'- . A snug, clean home no m Jf ^ ' jj - wholesome, windows into Clth t! ""' " "''' "«' » *" " {L_ """' "»« ™n can shine cheerily, a mr. 14 MAKE HUME ATTIi ACTIVE. I few ^ood books (and who need be witliout good books in these days of universal clieapness <), no duns at the (U)or, the (mpbourd well siii)[»liet), and a tlow<'r of sonic kind in the room — surely none need deny themselves these elements of pleasure becui.se of poverty. But why not, besides the beauty of Nature, have a taste for the beauty of Aut 'i VVliy not hanj; u[) pictures or some pretty ornaments in the room i Ingenious methods have been discov- ered—some of them very recently— for almost infinitely multi- plying works of art, by means of phantom bouquets, glass transparencies, leaf painiiiig, bronze statuaries of wax, litho- graphs, autotypes, engravings, etc., which render it possible for all to furnish theii- v )oms with some beautiful specimens of art. Any picture that represents a noble tliought, that depicts a heroic act, or anything that brings a bit of natui-e from the fields or street into our room, is a teacher, a means of education and a heljo to self-culture. It seems to make home more pleasant and attractive. It sweetens domestic life and sheds a grace of beauty about it. It draws the gazer away from mere considerations of self and increases his store of delightful associations with the world without as well as within. The i)ortrait of a great nuin, for instance, helps us to read his life. It invests him with a per- sonal interest. Looking; at his features w^ Uh") as if we \nfnv him better and were more closely acqi uuted v ir.h him. The works of nature, before us daily, at our meals and during our leisure hours, unconsciously seem to lift us up and sustain us. They are links that in some way bind ns to a higher and nobler ' i'l.'e. They remind us of the observation made by Hazlitt u, ' n n Tjioture, "It looks as if a bit of Heaven were in the room." '! oViV eyes a v om always looks unfurnished, no matter how cosij/ and numerous the tables, chairs and ottomans, unless there be something to grace the walls and naked tables. The art of living may be displayed in many ways. It maj' lok.s in these theciiplxKird room— ^Miirely iHure becui.sM Lve a taste for r some pretty- been (Uhcov- initely miilti- iiquets, glass f wax, litlio- r it possible specimens of that depicts a roni tlie fields ucation and a pleasant and •ace of beanty siderations of ions with the a great man, m with a per- s if we \n'nv Ji him. The d during our d sustain us. er and nobler ie by Hazlitt in the room." 3 matter how )mans, unless bles. ays. It may no,mj,^on.i r,o.y j.y y.^rmZT^^,, be suiniriea up in |li.. m,i-,Is ■•V-.l^^Ti^ \ .....„., t., ,..<.„„„.. u «!>.:;, ;,:";;;;; "■■'' ""<« "-Jit >iW. ...„„•„ j.,„.ks „„,1 „,„„,,, ,„ ; "^ ''""'''" " -« e,,i,,v ,|„ the conmion eaitl,, ,„„i ,„,,, .".f,, •.•""' "'« """ew- We love e«en,l, to every ki„„ , ,. f' ™"'"-^ "■••""* »" nature. It f"l good w,„ , J, ,„,!,;: : , f '™;''f;- ^ It,.„«en„e. oheer. iiappy, and ourselves We,se,l W ,■""' ''*''l' '- make others We our lot, W,. rise a „T ;„ " ","'"" ""■• '" '%' ""'l enuo- -lure to the Infinite! a" d ,'7 v",'" "■''••'^'"■^' "'• ^'"•"'. ""d the true art of living has " «t ' '""" '° *'-"'">'. '^''^'e ■t "US Its hnal consummation. !_lK©m'ltUiSI HJ )is( |I|41iI£4l!a SIJi@>y/K)m®o ^ /~ I'^x^^'TdeCtti:' t """' "'" ™^ ""-«"■«« - -™monie7 Iw:^.,?^ appropriate for m„,,.i„g, «a a very littleTe™ ? "f %"' "•"■« *""' * "'^^^ 'lays, wheJ^ ClXJ^tm T^- ^"^ '" ■"-" «-shed away convenZ . *'*'"" '»^"' "as any oecasum'ar„!"LT'™^: ' 'akes its place for ™«on. The most ellecti^ "! *"' "'™'' ",'''«"' '•"■ «"■■«> O"^™- i;-e.s,a„d.sho„ldhesu;e:^::,:;;it-2i^^^^^^^ .# 16 UOME DECORATION IN NATURAL FLOWERS. In making a lloral bell, care must be taken that the form is well tilled with forest moss, having been previously soaked m water. Cover the outside of the form with Triumph de Luxemburg Roses which are of a bright coppery color ; line the inside, or bowl with yellow Tea Roses, and lill the clapper in rusty yellow Immortelles. Or, the outside may be covered with different kinds of flowers, tastefully arranged and harmonizing m color the inside lined with different shades of Hyacinths, and the bell clapper filled in purple shaded Immortelles. Or, the outside may be covered with scarlet Bouvardias, the bowl lined with white Daisies, and the tongue tilled in scarlet Immortelles. A Canopy looks very pretty filled in light green Ivy, or heavy branches of Fern leaves mixed in with Smilax. Place bunches of Hyacinths at the four corners. A Canopy f^^'l'^l^; pended above a table, and a bouquet composed of bright tlowers may be placed on the table underneath. Fill the pedestal with Geranium leaves and Ferns ; the four leaves should be filled with bright tlowers - Primroses, Hya- cinths, Verbenas, pink Daisies, Polyanthus, and such. The order may be reversed: till the pedestal with scarlet fiowe s, such as scarlet Verbena, Gladiolii ^^^^ J^«™^^ ' 7°^ e leaves in green, Geranium leaves or Ivy, Smilax, Myrtle , or the pedestal may be filled in white Daisies, which has a very pretty effect standing on a shelf or mantel. (Efvait. The back and arm,-: of the chair may be festooned with Smi- lax, mixed with clusters of yellow rosebuds. Fill tne seat witti half-blown Roses of various hues. The rungs and legs may be ES. le form is well iked in water. Le Luxemburg the inside, or n rusty yellow with diflferent lizing in color, IS, and the bell )r, the outside )wl lined with nortelles. in Ivy, or heavy Place bunches should be sus- f bright flowers ^'erns ; the four *rimroses, Hya- md such. The scarlet flowers, rdia; work the , Myrtle ; or the as a very pretty ooned with Smi- rill the seat with and legs may be HOME DECORATION IN NATURAL FLOWERS. 17 covered with Smilax ; this should be placed near, or at the foot o± Statuary. erCot^c-Srioa. Mil with Roses and Rosebuds, all bright flowers ; should stand near a door. Svubi Cofckiac-. Have the pillars festooned in Smilax, with bunches of scarlet Hyacinths. Make a center-piece in the floor of double Petunias border it around with bright Roses, Pinks, Verbenas, etc., and hang in a window. ' The Chrysalis should be filled in black Immortelles, the wings may be hlledm almost all bright shades, the prevailing hu^s being different s^iades of yellow, filled in any conceivaWe way which taste and fancy may suggest ; this should be placed near window drapery, or under hanging landscapes. oihoat. A boat can be made the most elegant o( any parlor design and a three-master can be made to look exceedingly beautiful P.1I the masts with small flowers of the most gorgeo": s drape the shrouds with Smilax ; ttU the deck with full and hal : blown Roses, Carnations, Pinks, Pa,ns>es, Azaleas, Fuchsias and sXrrf; """' f" °' *'' "»' "-y ^ draped "!h dra ed a ^tlT\ ^"^ 'P*" "' ^^'^ M*"""""'^ -" ^ mirror pond ^^'^' *''"'* " ^'''"'" •"> ^"»' " the edge to iorra.mZ'-^ltZt'Z^ Pl-d abound ™.es, Rosebuds, white Cameliias, .il^^^,^^:^^^ jT * ■ ■'■■^^^^V ^^•^''^^f*»'ifii^l f i i lb HOME DECOliATION IX NATURAL FLOWERS. depth of three or fom- inches for a borderino-. it mi\y be iillec in scarlet Gh.dioliis, scarlet Bouvni-din, or dark lavender Ilelio- troi)e, and it should be lined with white flowers. Place a sprh^ I of Hyacinth nt the end of each rib, and cover the handle with Sniilax. I Should be tilled with Primroses, Polyanthus, pink Daisies i Sweet Alyssuni, Cnndytuft, etc. This design is pretty and i appropriate for a christening. i Signet cflina. Border with small Geranium leaves, till the ring with pink Daisies, Rosebuds and Carnations and the signet with ITyncinths Fuchsias, or Heliotrope ; this should hang in the window. Cornucopia. The pedestal may be filled in Smilax or Geranium leaves ^vlth an occasional broken bud or flower thrown in. The horn may be filled in a variety of ])right colored flowers The lar<.-er end of the liorn may be filled in Heliotrope ; this should^be placed near a window. A floral fan, if made properly, may be carried and used by a lady as any ordinary fan. The form should be of fine wire, and filled with layers, or a sheet of sponge instead of moss.' An ivory, or any kind of himdle, can be fastened in the form before It is filled. Wet, or rather soak, the sponge and then fill in, commencing at the hnndlo with the smaller flowers. Tuberoses! Tea Rosebuds, pink Daisies and Hyacinths ; place a full-blown either white or pink Camellia in the center and form a border of brigh t colored flowers in scroll work. The sides may contrast in color. may be iillec. vender Ilelio- Plaee a sprig > handle with )ink Daisies, I i)retty and ig with pink li Hyacinths, idow. lium leaves, . Tlie horn The larger s should be d used by a le wire, and moss. An form before then fill in, Tuberoses. I full-blown a border of contrast in noAw w,aojunox js xatural flowj^s. flat bouquet take a pie^r^f^^^ni^'"^ ^^'''' ^"''^"'*'- ^°^ ^ ^ desired shape, have t^flow ts "u ITth T"""' '"' '' '' *^" « uowers cut with long stems and fasten teitnu.nits, full-dress evening parties, balls and operas. i'anoij'ameaiKl legs sliould be filled in .'reen T1,p.,„..i V i I ■■ "s:t.S5;'" '^''"^ "'"^- -^ '"« «- "- ^^4^!: i' cFfotaf oSo»ti^ct. M.ce to thick tin-loil, to protect the liead from moisture luowers and Lilies of the Vnlin.^ rm ^^.vancnus, Loin be cut lono. enou'r to I " . '^ '''"'' "^^ '^^" ^^^^^^'^'^ ""^^^ no dehnit;dr ttt^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ P-- There is as that must be lef to fhf ^"'^ngement of the flowers. If a bole r ^ '"'^"'"'^ ^''^'^^ ''^"d judgment. -y be eithe:.~o;:; -i^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ '' ^-^' -^ ^^- lowers There are different modes of inni.^.^ .1 ' ^ I) i v'l^«,m!»•^mi!m!lmlmf«p|'»>il^m■i'■ iH'm HKlividually tc. Mie neftino- with a needle r d sti-ong thread taking- care to fasten eaeli one as dose to tlie «ower as possible' in order to let the stem hang- loosely and o.,ac.elully • tor tli,' stems form almost as prominent a part in the bouquet as the iiowers. * For a slionlder bouquet the stems must be left longer, and it IS held together by merely tying the stems securely. The stems ot a bouquet for the side corsage should be cut still longer than lor the shoulder, and held together with ribbon forming loops and ends. These bouquets may be fastened to the corsage w^" h gold safety pins. ^'e,« ^v-ni Lilies of the Valley, Field Daisies, Polyanthus, German Vi„- iets, etc., answer nicely for flat bouquets. Camellias and Roses should always be used for shoulder and side bouquets care being taken not to have them full-blown wlien cut, as the petals are then more apt to fall off. 'Kits I strong thread, ^^er as possible, el'nlly ; for tlie Jouquet as the longer, and it ly. The stems ill longer than forming loojjs e corsage with , German Vio- • shoulder and 3m full-blown ft'. t i .1 '^'ywpH A \' frrs metlK,,! i.s .■„, „,„i,,,iy new fene.To in ,],. art of en, .,«,,. ,„ keep U a ,..a. Let us take a cross of funeral flowers for our design, which IS composed of all white fiowers (except Heliotrope and the green bordering), Camellias, Calla Lilies, Carnations, Roses, Daisies, Feverfew, Candytuft, Sweet Alyssum, Heliotrope, Geranium leaves, and Smilax. fli«'s<' HtrirMy s (tlie current »e diu' cure in 3ref of NiicceMM. (I l)y the color ', be even while U'c of teinpera- If too cold, it Jecoine brittle e to nmcerute. It to manage, der<,^oing the >rs, etc., come led for a tiifie forms are lir.st H of fine wire \\\ ; tlien they y l)efore tlie ns, and a fine id a wooden firm support i^es and vines atural stems. esign, which nd the green ses, Daisies, f, Geranium Draw the diauram of »iwi ,... Write the ,„„„e oVTve y H 1;'':';'" "^ ""«!" "' ''•""' P"!'-'- '-H .imv.,-e„t ki,„i ,;f ;,"""". "■'"'■ '^"™"> "- ""-"I,,.,, or ser »nice iu .dilling ;,,?;„,", """" " "'" '"' '"'""' "' «"«' PomZtf ""'""' '"™"'""'^ '" "'« ^"'1 °f ""^ ^'-^H' which sup. porrs tlie other parts or orpans of the fiou-er ' Wr iHr M '"" ''''"'" ''"-" "'-^ ">« •"'"«'' -"fl ■'i""'fe The """*' '" '"" W"^''™" ; "'« !"««• is the central organ. 3CoH> io o^difcci cfv ific. S*clafi.- ^aiii-ci Begin by taking the Camellias out of the form. The tooth- pick and wire must be removed carefully in ordernot to tear the petals— these appliances can be thrown away, as they are of no further use— have at hand a package of soft white blotting pads. Now remove first the outside row of petals from the Camellia, and every petal which is plucked off must be laid smoothly on one of the blotting pads ; continue thus, till the pad is filled with a single layer of petals; then take another pad and lay it over the one which is filled, pressing them together gently,"^ tie them together with a cord, and they are ready for the solution. Continue the same till all the Camellias are finished. • Softitioti I'or- CciiHcfda. To three pints of soft warm water add one pint of bleaching fluid. Place the pads in a wide-mouthed glass jar, and cover them with the solution to the depth of two inches, cork and keep in a temperature of from 95 to 100 degrees. When the solution begins to look dark, pour off and add a "fresh quantity. Keep in solution thirty hours, then take them out of the jar, have a large basin filled with tepid water, loosen the cords and separate the pads gently, so as not to injure the petals, throw the pads with the petals adhering to them in the water. In a short time the petals will separate from the pads and float on the surface of the water. The pads can then be taken out :ind dried for further use. The petals may be left in this water for some hours, until they are thoroughly rinsed and free from chlorine. Take 6 ozs. of borax and 10 ozs. of alum, dissolve in two quarts of boiling water. To a gallon of pure cold water add one pint of this solution and pour into some vessel large enough to ffic. m. The tooth- i-not to tear the they are of no 3 blotting pads. a the Camellia, id smoothly on le pad is filled pad and lay it lier gently, tie )r the solution, ed. It of bleaching jar, and cover 3hes, cork and ' off and add a len take them Iter, loosen the ure the petals, in the water, pads and float I be taken out t in this water and free from issolve in two water add one rge enough to iSii"^.:,- I'ni'SERVim XATUIiAL FLOWERS. 25 ilielmTid in thevessf.l nf . i .• ""''^"^ '^ ^'^t^''- 'lien mmiersc ';•" I'"...-, dipping ,„.,„ u e :;x:::;;;"';'r;''''f™'"■ tl-■is way will neier tun, ,vrt|„„- ""-""""""J ' ^ «'"!» 'lone in The petals being tl.oi-ougl,lj.i,ie„,,,,.j „,e re^dv fn,- ,., • and drying. They shonld be tak„, ,„„ 'V " '""''5/"' P''«ssing It is done in this ,v„v : I'la, l i. ' , '" '■'"''"^ ■•'«P=>.-.-'. &- l-n, tl.nt the petals d„ not t«,ich e-, w b , ""'" ^"'"'« '"''*"" o>er this and set it a i e t m ,Tl , f ' '"'7""'"- ''>o"i"S 1-1 letter press, take the„ „Vt ' n ,'"1 '' ''^•, "'"" ">" l'"'^^ "' ••' i Look for twenty lour ™ s M,e ' 1™™ "'" ""''"■' "'^ •'' ''™>-.^- ^' .l"Me in this ,va,- 1, k ; , • '"■" """ '■"■■"'•^- '■"■■"»'-'■ I''"^'i' ^ ,lo„.er. ■ ■' ""'i' "•«'* ■'■->■'>' l>'»''ke.l front the Sft^-xcM fo: Ccffc, £tfij •nnd lay another pad Ive, ,, , rl "i °" •"" '""'""« l"'" the fluid mustbeehanged twice tZT- *■""''' "'"' «"«"y in .he bo,„."and':,™ ^T vj^llt:"""' Carnations require some care in l.qnrliin,.. .umed and ragged edges, ^^^ZZZ:^ l^Z 20 PRESEH I -IXG XA rURA L FLOWERS. torn Tl.ey sliould be smoothed out on the blotting pad with a camel s hair brnsli, and some extra care should be given in tyin- the pads together. ^ ^ To three pints of wai-m water add one-half pint of bleachim,^ f n,d ; change solution twice. They will bleach in thirty hours • then proceed as formerly directed, with the exception of smooth- ing out the petals on the drying pad with a camel's hair brush instead of the paper-cutter. Carnations should be thoroughly rmsed to free them from chlorine before dryin- 5>i O^C5. To three pints of warm water add one and one-third pints of bleaching fluid. Prepare the petals as formerly directed, and eave m solution twenty-four hours. Change the solution once then proceed with the rinsing and drying as with Camellias. ' d vvf ^r T *^Tf ' ""^ "'' ^"''' ''^''^' ^'-^"^^ ^' "^"^t ^^ perfectly diy) ; to this add 6 ozs. of finely pulverized alum and 4 ozs of best plaster of Paris. First mix the alum and plaster together thoroughly before adding them to the sand, then mix well with the sand and sTfl through a fine wire screen or sieve. Take a paper box, 6x8 inches, cover the bottom of it to the depth of several inclies with this mixture and place the Daisies in it, stems downward-the sand must have depth enough to hold the flower firmly Fill the box with the flowers, leaving plenty of space between each one ; then sitt the mixture over them gently, so as not to crush any of the petals, till all the flowers are buried. Cover the box and put It carefully in some place where it is sure not to be dis- turbed ; keep ,t m a temperature of 90 to L 5, and in seventy-two hours the .Jc..,.s will be ready to take out. Open the box and ting pad witli a e given in tying nt of bleaching n thirty lionrs ; >tionof smootli- el's hair brnsli be thoronglily j-third pints of r directed, and sohition once, Camellias. St be perfectly I and 4 ozs. of oughly before sand and sift )er box, 6x8 al inches with )\vnward— the ' firmly. Fill between each 5 not to crush ^over the box not to be di.s- i seventy-two the box and PRESERVING NATURAL FLOWERS. 27 hold It in a slanting position in order to let enou-h of n.. • lure run out to expose the flowers; therwith ft ^ tliumb draw the flower un bv thp «. ^ ^"^■^'' ''^"^^ shake it gently to fij i^lo^ t ^I^' '^^ ^^^ ^^^ .u.ticles still adhere to it, blow Jhlro/^'tKi^t^ Daisie. done in this way look as clear and fresh as w il u The alum toughens and keeps the petals flexible The >Hs ter of Pans preserves their original whiteness The sand d^! r^eea in this mixt^^^T ^X^ C^ ^^ ^^^^' -^- the locality where the Iwerfai'Xd -^^t^ "^ to discolor the flower ind if IT ^^ I ' ^ ''''^™' '^ ^" "P^ rot, and therefore L;;ireth:Vor^^ ''^ ""^^^^^^ ^^ ''^''^ '^ ^zocc:>:s foz §cvczfciu. To two quarts of silver sanrl nriri t ^. « i proceed as with dILL t! *"" '"S"""*'' »"*• '"'^ «.euept Jh^ij:—::^:' '■°°"" ^» ^^«'-> 3!rocc3> for CaH^ytuft. the given diLtions They mu t bll;? wl ""' """ '"""'^ fnliy, as the Howers are verv s ' al^ ^- .'" *' ""''""■'' ™"^- should be given to e"l chf^tir t ^'"^'""' P''"'^ ""^ ™"' fortL-ght h^i '" "'S'''*^- ^»™ to "'« ">i-'nre PUESimVIXO KATL'liAL FLOWERS. To two quarts of silver sand adrl 9 ny« r.r « i deep layer of the rnivhir*^ in fi. i ^ '"""lonia. I'our a .W.S spread ,l,e .spHg. of ,he cl te 1 rrinl k th!""'' J °" I -«^e;:,S°^r;^:r ...l-n^eaa,,™. Mix we.. i ^cl lay the leaves eve^lv „„ if T '" *' ''°"°'" "' ""e box .eve,.al^aohes. ^J «4, e^^rlTol^X f ''rr'"^ °' Leave them flfty., ours in t..emixtur; wL tl ''T''" any of the leaves .ook rusty ftro^'^h TJ " °"'' "'>''"''* artist has no eoutrol snCia,^; ' . 5 "' °™'' "'""'' *« in the preserving proce' !Zr .'''"«^-"-'"«'' ™^' «» leaf long out before c'oLreur; o p ririf.:' '"^ '"' "^'"^ '°° rubbing it with green down „? Pff ™ "• " <=a>> be remedied by in Chrome Greef ' "" " ""■"«''« ^^" brush dipped w. e same color and auire a dexterous 'f the mixture. tacjcltc). finely pulverized nmonia. Pour a ugh to cover the f the flower; on kle the mixture y of the florets. • mixture forty- 'resh and retains vc-x linn. Mix well torn of the box to the depth of to 95 degrees, ien out, should »ver which the 1 rust the leaf leaf being too )e remedied by • brush dipped le whole floral ^ to sand pre- ^•1 PliESERVim NATURAL FLOWERS. serving. All that is necessary is to lav it ^^ZT- ^~ sand, give it a temperature of 90 deg eV Ind 1^1' T^r "^"" will be ready for use. "Agrees, and m thirty hours it To one pint of sand add 1 oy of tm^i,. • i , pou. in a sman box, and en.W t^iSTStl ' ""^- "f ' .mxture seventy-.wo hou.. a. a ten,pLtro; loo^^L: Now that all this collection is bleacliPrl ..« i next that follows ia ,o embalm tl^^l^^^^' }": are : A table, box of fine toothpicks, n.bber mert T curling pins (these am long steel needle of ,1 ff "°"''1"'«"'' bead heads), a pair of small sois ors t pell f '" , '"™' "'"' water, packages of the very best tran parfn w^tT.,: V'"''' pamts, different shades of down, sheets of whi^^' " , ""' collection of preserved leaves ank petals ^''^"'' '"■'' "'" Begin by undoing one of the Camellia pads. Lay a sheet of ransparent wax on a sheet of white paper and with tL poim the penknife remove one of the petals from the D-,a .„ ■ smoothly on the sheet of wax ; continue in th s way „" t .l! -.filled, taking care to leave space enough between each m for a margin. I^y another sheet of wax over this one whi fined, and roll it lightly with the rubber roller, to nuikeThe . v and peals adhere; this method facilitates theworin u, ,' «in.%vt„ie^rarirc:rm^:^^ (this is to prevent the wax from ndhering": iO,''?™the'p:t:: •;; I PRESERVING NATURAL FLOWERS. if, and with tli«^ culling- pin mould it U) its natural shape and curve around tiie margin. When the petals are all prepared, take a piece of wax and roll It around the point of a toothpick (this forms the receptacle ot the Hower), pressing it firmly with the linger and thumb ; then take a narroAv strip of wax and cut it into line thread-like pieces roll this also around the end of the toothpick to represent sta- inens. Now begin by first placing the smallest petals around ; the stamens, pressing them firmly between the finger and thumb- i contmue thus, making every tier of petals larger, till the hist , row IS on. Take a tinting brush and tint the stamens with ! Chrome Yellow. SinGafmiucj ifw (Batta. \ Take a Calhi mould, and after dipping it in warm water, cover I I with a double sheet of creamy transparent wax ; on this lay ^ the bleached spatha, pressing it gently on the wax ; over the T^ t?' '"T'*'"' "^!"' ^*" '^"^'^ '"'^"^y transparent wax, shave a o ind the edges with a penknife, dip the end of the finger and humb lu wai^r and press the edges evenly around the mould urn the mould over and let it (the Calla) drop out in the palm' Kasten the spadix to a toothpick with a piece of wax, roll the spatha around the spadix at the receptacle, and tint it very lightly with Chrome Green. ^ SHtGa^Miivvg ike. Qa^naUon. in tl^nTlflrr?/''' ^'''"' '"'" '^ manipulation, especially taking It off the blotting pad, as it is very easily torn. Mould he petals one at a time. Great care must be given to curing then rol the curling pm backwards and forwards over it till the «dge of the petal becomes friM^d ind nrp^=, th- .- • \ i.i.Aj, ana piess the pm against it to if RS. liitiiral sliape jind piece of wax and •ms the receptacle and thumb ; then hreud-like pieces, to represent stu- ist petals around ingerand thumb; •ger, till the last he stamens with arm water, cover 'ax ; on this lay 3 wax ; over the arent wax, shave )f the finger and nnd the mould, )ut in the palm, of wax, roll the -ud tint it very Ltion, especially ly torn. Mould iven to curling tion. Rub the more pliable), i over it till the >in against it to - "^7?«^y^^!g.P^JW|BWffaMM!IU K ■ ■m^L PHHsmtVlNG KATVlu,, FLOWEUS t'orni tilt; ridges. Wrart fll^> <.ii,i ..r .i 111.' slu-eds to fonn tl .tun 1 , i IT'"''^ ''' "" " ^"'•^^"^- r.>r.n the pointal, attach this ZCZv::^:Z7 ''''': '^ H... petals, .>.,i„nin,with the nan-oS"' i ^ ::,^:;; /" .noe to have the natural Hower to copy f,o„. ^ ^'" See directions for Camellia. A box frame, glue-pot and brush mnpr nf r^;^ For iuneral flowers the frame <,l,n„l,l . r , black velvet or white .ati„!a„rrho.M 7 T " '" """^'• »llow plent. Of .pace betw^tuhf^r ^L rr::"^''* '" Lay the frame on its back oa the table PasTen 'he f ■■venly and firmly with small nails or tacks to ftJT ' 'T frame. The wires are close enough in tl e for,^ ,' „ T tf ', \" of the tacks, or it may be fastened to tl e fram^wit r "" T" bnt nailing it is the safest way ""« «'"" ' refe^reV to."""™ " " "°"™"""" P""-' ^'-^ '' -" "e easily r, .V uiy. ine marks ot the toothpicks can be nim-nixr ...e,;::? 'r7r!:dyi:te""C7" %t- ,."-« '-^ «■"« portion of the glue to H,e basT,^ the « *. T''" ' ™'"' «onof.etootU,a„d:^^^^^^^^^ ■IK a.oss. The pnncpul a„d u.ost conspicuous flowers should '■"^^^ma^u mm^i* - r'r i^iiii (>'(! J I. 82 rnb:sEimmf .\atujul flowkils. be^placed in fir.t, then follow the .mull ones, unci h^^ij^th^ Glue the stem of the Oenu.inin leaf, and with the aid of the 8t.el punch reset it. The ,n.il.x ean he held with fine hairpins, by catdnng the vine belw.en rhe prongs and pinnii.g it down tightly in the moss and adding a very iittie glue The D-Usies must be fastened to the moss with common pins. Wash the glass with alcolioi, slide in the frame and the wn.l- uajlomer,. mov,.r. ,ha. in this way ,nuy be warranM lo keep their colors for centuries. Supposing there is a design to embalm on which there is ■„, n»or,pt,„„ ,„ Greek, Heb,«,v, or i„ characters witVwhi^^, tje arttst ,s not familiar, and might tind a difficulty i„ relil i « he rouble ts easdy overcome. Take a sheet of fLin.. n ^'-.nd a'liron th TapTr"' H"^ T/"/-™ *"« <"--'- on the mL i„ tL , "'"*' "'" '""" P'""" <'>"» "opy beforeTnv of ?b "T , '""" '"-"'>"»»« ^^onld be refllled Delore any of the other Mowers are put in. nowl cl 7 r.""* " *■"*'■'«" *^^»"»«". -'*h will now be considered In givinR directions for embalminir a well to attain some proficiency in preserving the white flowers before attempting the colored ones, as these require Irea 11 in manipulating and tinting. ^ " *-"'■ uiitl lastly tile bor- vith the aiil of tlie with fine hairpins, I pinning it down iue. The Daisies an. ime, and the woik cvibalmhuj natu- ' be warranted to vhich tliere Is an ^ with whicJi the y in reiilJing, the •acing paper and : down with four se the cliaracters place this copy scription and fill ould be refilled srs, may be pre- 3nt, which will !• embalming a le artist will do le white fiowers qfuire great care .4J0» «'^5gsiaaasa«iaijf.v :||ili i ,^a zac^ot ill ^r,?.^'- n S ^ r 1 OR instruction let n<« tnh-a « a i I th«followiogeh2«o^!:;."°"' ^""^"^ "°'"-"-S (^en. Jacqueminot Rose brilJionf ^ • shal Neil Ro.e, intense yellow Tri„:r Ad ^'^l'' Moss) Rose, briffht ninU-. r. „. ""^^ Adelaide crimson ; Camellia (All erf L/ i' 7 ^^ <^'^"'>' *"* Pansy sky Mue; pisTTu^plf a°r'y il ^ S^tlf?';^ (Dianthus), crimson purple. ^*^^^ow, jjouble Pink drugstore, in aoluti™ ready to" 'se. '' ""^ '"^'■"''' tMs pad'being «neVtrlC„r irrndl:?"'-'"""'' together with tape; then prepare thrriuLl"' ^" "rl'N EMBAUnm A FLOltAL PAUASOL. Bleachmg Process.^Tc one pint, of warm water add two parts of Fluorine; set tlie pads in a glass jar, with solution enoug li o cover them to the depth of several inches ; cork the jar tightly and set in a temperature of 95 degrees. Let remain till solution turns almost black (twelve hours should accomplish this); then pour the fluid off and replace with a solution of two parts warm water and one part Eau-de-Javelle ; let remain in this twenty-four hours, at a temperature of 100 degrees Floating PTocess.~U\,e the pads from the solution, undo \ the tapes and put the pads in a large basin, filled with tepid water. 1 he petals will now separate f i om the pads and will float without curling on the surface of the water. The pads may now be taken out of the wat-^r and can be dried for further use Let tlie petals remain in the water for t^velve hours, then take them out. Make a strong solution of one part borax and one part alum, T,our this solution into a basin of pure cold water, put the p.-ta s m this and let tliem float on its surface for several days iniMl they are of a pure snowy whiteness ' Drying and Pressing Process.-^:^, medium-sized blot- ^ s^\:r "" "'' "^"^ '' '''''' ''' ^'-^-"^ i-i- ^^- --« and lay it smoothly on the blotter; over this place the second o ot n,g p,a, continue thus till all the petals are on the blottei^' then pres and dry the^n in a letter press or between the cover of Wy books, care being taken to keep them in a dry place _ TmUng the Petals.^he next operation is tinting or paint ing Uie petals. Before removing the petals from off tl^ bloC, tint their upper sides with Crimson Lake, tube colors, and when id t IT.T r "'?' ''^ ^"^^'^ '' '-' ^^^"^^^-'f^'' ^--n them over a^d tint the other side. If not wanted for immediate use, lay them away in a box labeled "Jacqueminot Petals " Mmhalming P. ....... .--Take . sheet of superfine transparent sheet wax and cover the dull side of it with the tinted petals add two solution cork tlie it remain coinplisli •n of two ernain in 3n, undo th tej^id will float nay now ise. Let ke them )ne jiart put the il days, ^d blot- lie same fc a time second >lotters, 5 covers r place. ^ paint- lotters, d when m over se, lay parent petals, u H^f \ '""" ^""^ '^''^ between the petals for Ml tmg, lay another waxen sheet over this and press together ;^^ the palms of the hands; then cut then, out and mouS gentlj around the margin with the bead end of the curling pin o n.ake the wax adhere. Next take a piece of wire s^ve ai "'rti"s r"; ' "t ^^^ ^'^^ ^^ ^^^^'^-^^ ^ ^-^^^ -^ -i water t • Tf ^ ^''''' ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^P ^' "^ thin gum watei then sprinkle it with yellow flock, and the heart or receptacle, oi the flower is flnished. The smaller petals may now be app led ; press them firmly against the under side of the s Zi f ^' followed by the larger ones, and so on till the flower IS huLshe^; then twist the wire firmly around the toothpick. Bleaching Proc.... -Prepare the petals as directed for the Jacqueminot Rose ; then to one part of water add one part of Fluorine ; let remain in solution from eight to ten hours, at a temperature of 90 degrees ; then pour the solution off and replace with one part water and two parts Eau-de-Javelle • let remain in this solution twenty-four hours, at a temperatur^ of 100 degrees. Floating Process.-Cave must be exercised in manipulatino- these petals, as they are very tender. Let them float on the first i water six or seven hours, make the second solution one part I water and one part borax, and alum; leave in this twenty-four ' hours, then press and dry for use. Tmlmg Process.-Tmt the petals before removing from the blotter with No. 1 Chrome Yellow, tube colors ; when dry, turn the tinted side underneath and tint the other side; set them in a place five from dust to dry. Bmhalming Process.~The best of transparent wax should be used for this Rose. Cut the wax large enough to leave a inargm beyond the petal, roll and mould slowly and evi enly, I iT I EMBALMING A FLORAL PARASOL ^•iving-tlie I ;ro-er petals the bowl and curl of tlie natural ones Cover a piece of wire with wax, form a knob at one end, cover this knob with green tlock and lay on the petals in such a man- ner as to give it the soft and fluffy appearance peculiar to the Marshal Neil: twist tlie wire iirmly around the toothpick, and the flower is finished. Bleaching Process.-nenxoye the moss carefully from around the petals, and prepare them on the blotters as directed- then immerse in solution, two parts water and three parts Fiuo- nne; let remain for twelve hours, at a temperature of !).) degrees; pour off this solution, and replace with one part water and two parts Eau-de-Javelle; let remain for twenty-four hours at a temperature of 100 degrees. Floating Process.~T\ie petals should be allowed to float on the water two or three days; have the borax and alum solution quite strong, and let remain in this also for two or three days or a longer period will not injure the petals of this Eose. Press and dry as previously directed. miUng Process. -Beiove removing the petals from the blotter, tint them deeply with Rose Bloom, in tube paints, or in cry colors mixed in gum water-but the former is much to be preferred-turn over with the blade of a penknife, taking care not to tear the petal in the operation, and tint the other side Embalming Proccss.-L^y the petals smoothly on the trans- parent wax and cut out the petals, leaving a very litUe nuu-in- mould them easily and smoothly on the palm of the hand" making the extreme edges slightly rufiied; wax the wire, attach the waxen knob to one end and dip it in Chrome Yellow, apph- the petals and set them on quite closely and compactly. The Kose is now ready for the moss. EMBALMINO A FLORAL PARASOL. ,tural ont\s. end, cover icli a man- liar to tlie lil)ick, and illy from 1 directed; arts Fluo- ire of !),") 3art water ►ur hours, float on 1 solution tree days, ie. Press Tom the nts, or in ich to be dng care • side, he trans - nuu'gin: le liand, e, attacli ^v, apply ly. The Process for J/o6-a-. —Pulverize 1 oz. of eai'bonate (>[ ammonia and 1 oz. of alum; add this to a quart of sand and bury the moss in it; let remain for twenty-four hours, at a temperature of 90 degrees. It should stand for a day after taking it out of the mixture before using. The outside of the Princess Adelaide •Rose is entirely covered; the moss can be set on with mucilage. Twist the wire stem firmly around the toothpick, and the flower is finished. Bleaching Process.— Prepare the petals as directed. To one part of warm water add two parts of Fluorine; leave in solution eighteen hours or more, until the fluid looks black; then pour oif and replace with two parts Eau-de-Javelle and one part water; leave in solution twenty-four hours at a temperature of 100 degrees. Floatinrj Process. —hesiYe the petals in the tepid water for twelve hours, then float them in the alum and borax solution for several days if need be, until they become of a pure milky white- ness. Then press and dry for use as directed. Tinting Process.— Tm{ the petals before removing from the blotters, with Crimson Lake, tube colors; this must be done with a soft camel's hair brush. Wlien one side of the petals has dried, turn them over and tint the other side. Embalming Process.— Uny the petals smoothly on a mod- erately thick sheet of transparent wax, then lay a thinner sheet over this and roll gently with the rubber roller, cut out the petals and mould into shape; wax i\\% stem wire; apply a waxen knob to one end, which is to be dipped in Chrome Yellow; attach the petals around this in their natural order, twist the stem wire around the toothpick, and the Camellia is finished. n E^rnAUfmi a fluual pa::asou to f ;T!r '''■''^^'^-""""S- P-Paml the petal., a« directed to t«„ i„ ,, ,var,a water add three ,,ar,» |.'|„„r ke: let renn „ n fh.s »oI„t,„n twelve hours, at a te,„jK.n„„r,. ol D( de ■ v ,' h 1»;"; oif .l.e (iuhl a„.l reph„.e with a .soluti,,: o, 1 p^'w ! "nd two parts Eat-de-Javelle. J., .,„,„;„ ,„ .^^^n. lionrs, at a temperature of I()l) ch-grees i'Vo«««/ p,.<„,,,,_Let the petals float on the sarla, e of the tepKl water from twelve to eighteet. hoars, thea „ fe , ^.^ water troa, two to three days, until the petals have becomei pme w „te color; then press and dry .., directed. .'"'<";.'7/'™cMs. -Before removins the petals f,vm, ..ff ,i petals, tint darker in the center an.l si. ale Iii;hter towar,ls tl margin; ,Wie„ dry, turn over .and tint the other dht,,' Ise Rose Madder, tnbe No. 2. '' shef "*f f'"" -^'""'^-I^'-V the petals smoothly between two scissors and mould into'L ''^ »'» -■'" ^-"aq. Pair of receptacle, or knob, at one'T,; a^d ritf cZme'Y™:!;! then apply the petals in their natural order .n„l 7'? , ' the stem-wire to the toothpick. ' "™ '""'' '''^ SauM^ (StupctDC Wiffial.,1. Bleaehinq Procesa Tito +i.« ^ * i eighteen liours n/o ^ Fluorine, let them reninin ei^ ireen Jiouis, at a temperature of 95 decrees- Do.ir fl.i^ n^v and pour on a fresh anantitv ^,n.i i f "'^^/^^•^; P0'» "iis off temperature of 100 degrees. ^^^nty-four hours, at a i s directed, rernuin in Tees, tJieii iiivt vvarcr enty-i'ou)' He of tJie the alinu :onie ol' a n off tlic I tint tile ai'ds tlio lie same. veen two togetliei- 1 pair of orm the Yellow- each 1)V and lay 1 of one remain this off ! more; Javelle rs, at a n ' I till iiite If I EMBALMINO A FLORAL PARASOL .",!» Floating Process. —Leiivi, tlie petals in the tepid water from twelve to eighteen hours, and in the alum and borax solution from two to three days. Pres^ and dry as directed. Tmtmr; Process. -IMore removing the petals from off the blotters, tint the center of each with lampblack and the margin with indigo, care being taken to shade the one into the othtu' Only one side of the Pansy petal need be painted Emhalmmc) Process.~V\'^^^ the petals between the two sheets of transparent wax, press between the palms of the hands or roll with the rubber roller, cut the petals and mould into shape with the bead end of the curling pin ; wax the stem-wire and place a very small knob of wax on one end ; then dip in Crimson Lake (powder), and apply the petals. Fasten the stem- wire firmly around the toothpick. fanatj. [§)J.cautt^ o\ St. Qtsx^ih). Bleaching Proce^*.— Prepare the petals as directed; immerse them in pure Fluorine, let them remain for ten hours, at a tem- perature of 95 degrees. If the petals still look black, which may be seen through the glass jar, pour off the lluid and add fresh. Let them now remain from six to ten hours more, then pour off the fluid and replace with clear Eau-de-Javelle ; let remain in this from twenty-four to thirty hours, at a tempera- ture of 100 degrees. This is one of the most difficult to bleach of the whole Pansy family. Floating Process. —Ylovit the petals on the tepid water for about ten hours, then transfer into the alum and borax water, let remain there for several days, then press and dry for use. Tinting Proee**.— Before removing the petals from the blot- ter, tint them with dark purple Lake, one side only. Embalming Process.— hay the petals between the two sheets of transparent wax and proceed as directed for the Pansy (Emperor William). EMnALML\0 A Fr.ORAL IWHASOL BleacJung Pro..... -Prepare tlie petals on the blotters as diiected, then cover them to tlie depth of an inch with one part warm water and one part Fluoi ine ; let stand for ten honrs in he liuid, at a temperatiire of 95 degrees ; then replace with one part wacer and one part Eau-de-Javelle ; let stand in this solu- tion from eighteen to twenty-four Ik.uis Floating Process -Vlo^.t the petals on the warm water till they look dear and free from streaks, then transfer to the borax and alum sob^tion and let them remain for several days; pi^s and dry as directed. ^ ' ^ TmtingProcess.-Tini the petals, before removing, with Cerulean Blue; on one side only. f^^f'>r^^^ P.oc....-Proceed as directed, and follow the instruciions given for embalming the Pansy. 6tt Bleaching Process.-Vvev^re the petals as directed for the Pansy and immerse in a solution of one part warm water and two parts Fluorine; let remain for ten or twelve hours, at a tern perature of 95 degrees; then replace with one part ;ater ami wo parts Eau-de-Javelle; let remain in this solution for twentv- lour or twenty-six hours, at a t .mperature of 100 degrees ten n, r''r f ''^^^^-^l^^t the petals on the wann water for ten or twelve hours, then remove them to the alum and borax solution and let them float for several d.ys until they are per^ tectly clear; then press and dry as directed no^'^^v'' f''T.~7'^' '''' ""''''' "^^^^ «" '^' blotters with Koyal Purple and Cadmium Yellow the^nrf ''''■'' ^^^■"^'^'•^'-l'^"^^^ tl^« ^^i^>^«tions for embalming BleacJdmj Process. -Smooth the petals out carefnlly on the blotter with a camel's hair pencil, immerse them in a solulioji of two parts Fluorine and one part warm water; let stand from twelve to sixteen hours, at a temperature of 05 de-rees- then transler into solution of one part water and two parts Eau-d(>- -lavelle; let remain in this from twenty to twenty-four liours at a temperature of 1()(» degrees. ' Floating Process.-¥\o^t the petals as previously directed press and dry the same. ' Tmting Process.-m^ equal portions of Crimson Lake and Hoyal I urple, tint the petals on l.otli sides, giving close atten- tion to the markings and shadings of the natural petal Embalming Process.-¥ov end)alming the Pink some artists prefer to cut the wax with a tin pink cutter; insert the natural petal between and mould gently into shape, takin- care not to tear the ragged edges. Wax the stem-wire, and place tlie waxen knob at one end; to tliis knob stick tlie t^^'o pointals, which ma- be made of brown wax; place the petals around this in their natural order, and fasten the wire around the toothpick. %o .fifp tf.c §ozux. Fill in the ribs of the parasol with forest moss, very com- pactly and well stayed with wire. Begin from the top, around the shank point, to set in tlu> flowers, which should be the smaller ones-the Pansies and Pinks. Set them in promiscuously to the depth of several inches, then begin to add in the larger flowers, })lending the different colors according to taste, and ending witli a l)order of the moss or Gen. Jacqueminot Rose, then add a heavy frin-e of Pampas grass. ' * A sacm ribbon of any bright color ti(vl n\ tlie point of iho shank or handle, and again tied into a bow and fastened into the 42 J':MlULMn\G A FLOILU PAliASOL. beauty of ,1,.. de^ /tT^^^^^ ^' '"''''" '"^ '""<••'' '"' I- fepe,.,i„t t,u„„.„ nutur.,, ,,:i.Z; ,nw': "' ^"""" the wax, which causes the „ .,.,, ," . " '•■'"'™'' *'"' aluule lighter than tl„. „at , ^ ";: "'"."W' ™« fa.'ilitate Iah.,r, tint the w i , • f „ "" '"■""*"• '" ""^"^ '" effec,» not so satisfactory, no,- the tinting J, asX' ' experien..ea:.t;:ts7';a;rw"^ff r:; "''™ ;""' ""'^ "y herself, in the first few attemphlt net ?', Tl''"' "" ""'"'^ raqne-s „r Powers & lyHX^'fhle?; T T* '° ^•"""•■ be used without being diw m^rr^" fl".d», wldch can regard to time and temnet^tnre , '''■™" '""-'•'i™' i" Fluorine and Ea«.dtSe'™' " "'" '""'"'""^ '^'"""'-'^ ids beiiir will possess its natural hue nud fexf;:v. The next (operation is to sta?/ the flower. Lav it on ■; .lieet 18 H ,1 I i^H H. ' .1 I' riism If MM ■ 1, . iw^^H M ''S^^l i. 1 »ttB 1 ■ ■M^m it mm •i^ ^^^H 44 PRESERVING A FLORAL HORSESHOE oi wax (Cerulean Blue) ami cut the M-ax around the ed^e of the flower, giving it a small margin- „ros8 thp «7 i f^^^fi 1 . 1 . "^&'"5 juthb tne flower and wax together between the linger and thun.b, and mould it gentry into shape with the steel end of the curling ,)in TakP n^!' ^ Wire two inches in length, cover it wi^hTihin pi L STax bend one end of it around a small knob of wax and To thT« I ^ fasten the flower with the steel end of the I^id;: g^if ^^.t o eight or ten; hnish by twisting all the wires together and fastening them to the toothpick. 1 ui urn me size c± a hazel-nut. PulvenVe .m^ rr,,- ^i. stand quietly until the dregs hav! lettled nt^' i „ ,'"' the clear portion should be pou^d off tW, ,- ""' the^ppenrance and qualities'of a^L^pare^ ^v 1^7 "^""^ "i™ :Xi:,: : :f::pr,r, ™r ^"'-^•' --^^ ^^^^ the surface of eacl whTu H ['"'* "P''''' " *'" '•°»' '° from d„,t to Tv Wh!" "; "™ "? '«' •■'™y '" ^ P"*- fr^e clean blottin.pad ™t n ,M ^ ^^^? *y' P'" '"''" -"^'V on a, "ith a hot sm"ooai'nr o r*f P"" ™ '!'^ ^"^ "' "'- ""1 P^ess 'be same shade a The "ok f If '" i "' """" '•"" """' '™'^' face, „f atao t e ert 1 ,T :,"',:, ""'-'» I'"*'"- ™"- -"- ^urface-aud add ol ot™ ,';;;; '■«""•'■ """' '"« "P- i "'■■J'!i'liyk.^...._..il'?!i'.- .f. PEE8ERVIXO A FLORAL IIOnSE-SUOE. 45 Separate each flower from the receptacle and flatten it o.ent]^■ on th.. blotter until the blotter is fllled; moiscen each vio letw a soit camel s hair brush, dipped in a solution of two parts sof water, three parts ox gall, and ten or twelve drops of spi ammonia; then overlay with another blotter and .ess w • moderate y hot iron. If the color should change anv on a on' of the so ution being too strong, or the iron too hot, thfi et" maybetinted Ightly with Purple Lake (tube colors S shee of wax (violet purple) and lay the violets, face umvar Is even y on its surface-care being taken to cut the wax a lit l.: mailer than the flower. Press the wax and flower ..ntlv together between the finger and thumb, place it in the pahn of the hand flower under, and with the steel end of the curlin-. pm mould It into shape. Care must be taken that the natural petals are not torn in the moulding. Take a wire two inches Im ength and cover it u ^th wax, form a knob at one end, and to his knob fasten the violet with the curling pin, and continue i., this way till there is enough made to form a cluster; twist tlx- wires together and fasten to the toothpick. The leaf shouM 1„> made according to the given directions. Claafca. Strip the petals from the receptacle and lay them smootlih • on the blotter. The stamens need not be saved, as it is better U > replace them with waxen ones. When the blotter is filled witli i the petals, moisten them with a solution of one part ox gall tw<. ' parts water, and a few drops ammonia; then lay the other blot- ter over this and press with a warm iron, care being taken not to have the iron too warm, as the texture of the Azalea is rer- delicate. ■^ay the pet.nls smoothly over :i i-hdc mIumu of sii,,,] cut the waxen petal a trifle smaller tlian Mie H wax and natural one, press t i^f^ ;[i 46 ^i^s/anjAG A ,;,ofuc iionsksrioK. wax ruid cut \f infn^.V u, a \ ^"""^^^^' ^^ke a narrow strip „f directed. ""^ '''^^''' ''^"^ P^'^serve the leaf as "Ot iron press ,l,e m i?sliiX , ''"'™'" ' "'* " '""deratelv '"otfer ; agai,. pri 4 f ^^^^ ^^.TT" """ '" "''°"'» ^--^ "Inch are fleshy d„ not , res 1 v^ f '" °' '"«"• P'"-'"^ be transferred ,0 d falTt ,, !t ' '^^ ""'' -">««"■,«, require to ".oist,.reisthor„„,U,"rrrLl^"''" ""'"' ""- ''' - "« j between the fi„,J and thll n T" "l! "^"■™" !"=""• P-« caretoa,w,,,s;o„,d:™Mr.ren";:if c"r''"''^' '^'""« of white wax into fine shreds for t^ . ^ """'""^ "'"P CI)-:.me Yellow, wind it a onnd t T"' ^'^ "'*' '"'" '"'o attach the petal . Cnt a J wT„k t • f "'" '"°"'P'«'^ ""'i with the scissors to look ra3 tf '"' " ™-"^ """ ""'"" t"™ ^.-epresant Ihe crown of to^na'nn? """"" """'™'" as directed. " "PP^dages. Preserve the leaf «oIt:aTrhe,.Tdtr:fi::;;^t -tr?""^ '™'" '"^ ■-- ^^ ■-= ^ fingers withont tearin/ "^ and cannot be removed b> the PJiESEIUnvo A FJMUAL HORSESHOE. 47 .smooth surfaco and with a »ha,,, penknif: ot Mh "e", II e^e on one .de; ,he„ ,.„,! evenly aronnd the end o Tto" " >.ion, and over- lap them if for a bell shape. The petals of w<^ Wild Rose are exceedingly delicate and require great care m handdng. Lay them smootbSy on the blotter and moisten slightly with sulphuric ether nnd press quickly with a hot iron; if the petals look dim, tiiit slightlv with Rose Madder. Stay with rose colored wax, cave bein- taken not to tear the petals in moulding. Cut a narrow ^trip of wax and make one edge into short fine shreds, dip into Chrome \ellow powder, coil around the point of a toothpick to form the stamens, fasten the petals to the stamens, being careful to give them the natural outward curve, and preserve the leaf as directed. This is one of the easiest flowers to manage, and is well adapted for this method of preserving natural flowers. Lay the Pansy smoothly on the blotter without separating the petals but removing the stem ; moisten with pure ox gall mixed with a tew drops of spirits ammonia, and press slowly with a moder- ately hot iron. The petals must be stayed with wax of corre- sponding color. If the Pansy is brown, the wax t be brown; if a yellow, the wax must be yellow; if purple , vax must be purple; if va- ; ^ated, the wax must ;- ond to the prevailing color. i PRESEItVL\0 A FLORAL HORSESHOE. 49 After the flower has been pressed, should the petals adhere to each other, they can easily be separated with the point of the curling pin, care being taken not to tear them, and the wax can easily be moulded on each separate petal without much incon- venience. Place a small knob of wax on the end of the tooth- pick and fasten the flower in tlie center of tlie eye to it If it is desired to form them into bunches or clusters the Pansies may be attached to wires and then fastened to the toothpick. tCctuMia (Siiicifc). Slit the Petunia on the seam (or it may be slit into five difl'er- ent parts, and after these different parts have been stayed by the proper shade of wax they can be joined together without the seams being detected), and smooth the petals out on the blotter Ihen moisten sparingly with a solution of one part ox gall two parts water, and a few drops of spirits ammonia, and press gently with a moderately hot iron. Stay with wax the same shade as the flower, and curve the edges outward with the steel end of the curling pin. Cut several long thin shreds of wax for the stamens, roll a piece of wax around the end of the toothpick press the stamens on with the finger and thumb, and then run it down through the throat of the Petunia and press the whole together with the finger and thumb, or with the bead end of the moulding pin. Same directions as for the Petunia. Saf via. Strip the petals from the spikes and lay them smoothly on the blotter if possible, regardless which side is uppermost, as the petal of the Sal 'a is the same on both sides. Moisten with a .ew drops of diluted spirits ammonia and stay with crimson m '" ilf i I 50 PltESERVING A FLORAL IIOJlSESIIOhJ. wax. Cover a piece of wire several inches in length with Chrome (xreen wax, and «et the ilowers at proper distances from each lier along the wire, fastening them on at tl^eir base with a tuft 01 green wax. cFiffivig i,i tfic §o^^^^-. .f^^t •^°'''" "\ "" ^■■'"«-'''""' '•^Paetly with forest m„.s, ■fe C " "'■ ■""' ' •'""' '*' "' "" «°™- =">»««"« to n a box frame or nnder a glass Rlobe, if the latter is used the •lesign must be supported by a rest. This method of preserving natural flowers can onlv beaceom t^ZT^i with single flowers. Tu,ips:stgt' H ,:; n t,,, d^l " %? ™"'' ""■•• '"* <»=™<"linsly beautiful and T ; V " 1 '" "'r™^' ""-^ """"".«'' '1-y -e not so durable, yet they make the hnest specimens for exhibition Madame St. Emery, a noted French artist, took the first pre :rflo™: ^-"'^ '^""^'^ "-■ "^^ -^"^"^ °' p— '-i- -- 1 I CJiroiiie om each til a tuft st moss, 'ding to 3 placed •ied, the accom- Holly- h\l and nrable, -st pre- Qg nat- i; J* M 'Ht- II ' 1^ ^ ^ J>. ,A. ^ ^. -^^^^ L HOSE wlio have experimented in pressing and pre- I serving Autumn leaves by means of varnislxing, ' ironing, etc., are aware of the fact of their woS pro\ing unsatisfactory, because of their clumgino- :^^ color, becoming spotted, curling at the edges, etc. Now, for the past year or two. we have fol- lowed a different course, and our .^ , cess h;is been so signal that we feel glad to mention our method to our readers m hopes of their testing it with as much satisfaction as we have aone. As soon as the trees begin to change their livery in the Autumn begin making colloctions of all the various colors and shades of color, as the leaves gathered ..irly always retain their color longest Gather as large a supply as possible, as it is always desirable to have a large number and good variety from which to make selections. Large leaves work up well on large .if I'l i ' i B IB ■| w ^«' ^ Pm:«i:n vwo .wri wy zka vex. panels— such us fi)liliii. si'WH.n^ ...i.i Japanese w,„.k;,m,l ,,,,.,11, .tv™' ' "- '" """"''»" "' work, a„.l also'irbo,.;.,,' "" ■"" """»'» "'^ ™'-""" '<»■ «ne »o...e riies „( „i'„ n r,;\ ■':,::"'■''"'''■ '•''''™'^'^^^ ™" leaves,,, the back p,„,„fJ,"t:'':,vin!''"™T'" "'"""-' '"« and neve,' allowing the,,, „,'!,""'' """ ™"'"""y again place unal™ 1 I, ':,:,■'' riTT '" '■' "'•''- """ thnesinall, and affer the H, f , v' ,. ""r"""S" "'"■•"lotlnve a.s,.h™the.....,r.::';-;";:r-^^^^ Then procure soni« n].-,. -.v...- i n.o"hii,.g,p,„i.i„,. , ,,;' ,;,;-^^; ,;'";". -^ - "-i '-■ fn,it the stove; ,vhen ,nel,e,l * , U ? " """ "' ™''"- ""»" &■ b,.lsan., ,o ..e„.,e.. the ; ' , , . r^f;'."!^ "'' ''"•l-""" "' can be bent into any Ion,, ,les i, j , j'""'' '""!"'" "" '™™ dition, the process mav h„ ' . , ''"' '" '" I'™1'<»' <•""■ ' b,v dippi„„. a W .2 d» •!'""'' ™" """ " '"■'■'" a»««'ainea i when, if tl,e ,Z '2X '" "■"" "'•' '™'' """""'al. ^ if ne;iy varnTX, T t "■'"'.'"■'■'^'"■«. '1'" leaf will appear „s wax will c„o •„ ;„,,« , ', ',' ""' "'"■"■^■'^ " '»" "'d the appearance Wir he w," '""7'" '"•''■'™' - <»»"• ■■<"«» proceed to dip tt leavesl ^ ""' '" "'■'"""' '«™P™*»'-<>. fectly cool Z^ „ , ^^ """• ''"''"nK each „„til per. perfectly 'Ce wUl" „f ""« "P™ ""-P^P- to haien y inese will present the natnral app. .-ance of the i nition of le lor fine n «' use old ' ^ter; and ral liable. 1 can he oin/jf the moofhly (•in/4- too id ]»liire lu'ii l)Ut II' liours "ks and le thivo Plih'Sh'lH7X(f A rTir.ym 7,/,;,t ,.,;., 58 leaf. liut if ji glosny Hnvhu-Q in deNired fo.- ..^ TT To ai-.unse single leave., into lKmq,„.f, .^t „,.^„, ,„„ , • an,l cut .„t„ piece, as long as you wi,| m,/ '"™ stem nearly off the leaf .,„,, „„ ,, ' ""» """""l lj'-«ik the tl.e botton/or the lea^tl: „ rw?:™; l^' f , ^'-^ """"S" around th,. remaining stem anc Z. ""'" ™'' '"''"' firmly. After the Caves "eflxM ' "" '" '" ''"'" '"" '"" with a few pressed Zt ri^tinT'" T"! " '""l""'^ vases. For large .,ou„„ets t^ tr^ ; ^ToT, ^"' ^'">'- ™'"" nnd ferns; n,i.v a f,.,v drie,l or crv!tX i '"• """"'^'' H-k ..ner, hlaclc aider, and' U,:^"rtSTlr'r'^ . arranged on the i>i:i;:r:;;:u^ ' ™i :r B,"^;;:?"'""^ twined on the cords ind h.n ^ i i^lackberry vines nn i.uiufs ana Jeit to han<'' cr-ip^jfniKr r.,. i ^i n.ay I.e tilled with Antu.nn leaves l.avingt'^tlS^bdtX: among them. Ferns idled in around a bncket Tnra p etv back ground for a va.se of ben-ies and leaves. Yo . c'n n^ke .™1 T""">"'"^ "^ "•™"'« -^"'"""' '— a:d f rn t A?iaceiul forms on vonr 1-ioe rnvfoir,^ i your white Shades Z^J^: i'uT ^r^.tZ. "^^ '"™'"™' Ion. °Tnke^r-' T""™' '" "'"'•" "' »tiA''abo„t a foot long, rake three and cross them to form a rustic stnn,1 n„ i s> b J P 64 PRESER VING A UTUMN LEA VEb. ■~1 (Boffecti.n-vork of knowl- id their ier the g tliem i speci- illiancy dl that PHANTOM OR SKELETON LEA VES. have been perfectly skeletonized and the sh-mo r.r«« , i • and beautiful, yet these blemishes serv d ^^17 """'''' to destroy its value for a bouquet. I^4y of^e les' • "f artists did not hesitate to mix a few such defecH ^""^'"^"'' their arrangements; but most pe^LT f Ite ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ for directions ah ^ ^u *," ^"^^^i tJ- Jearner could refer ^^^d^t::;:^;: t^^ ^ att::;p.:tdZS^:^^^ ™ -- ^n vain for want of a few items of kno JJI^l^^t^!^ n:^:^' tor, would seem of small importance. Five yeai of 1 r oZTTu i ""''' '""'' ""' ""'' ^^^^her understood nor ZTe c ated by those who have just commenced the work It tZ oVc of these pages to furnish plain and practical die ion for producing perfect Bouquets of Skeletorf Flowers tol he, with a hst of such plants as ^.ill repay the artist's i ' " the t. '• ' T ' "^ '^^' '''^''^''' enthusiastically declares that expe imentwil ..,d to results even more wonderful thantany ^ at have yet been achieved. In the confident belief t atsuch Will be the case, we shnll f^ni o-To^ ^^ i . ^^ ^^^^^ we shall feel glad to h impulse in the right di closely following the rules her rection, and can lave given our reader •e given, iissure success them that will cer PREPARING LEAVES AND FLOWERS. reward their efforts. Those whom repeated failures may have so lar discouraged as to induce them to abandon the pursuit will be stimulated to renew their interesting labors. Others' whose entire ignorance of the process may have withheld them ±rom even beginning, will be induced to make a trial The probability is, that among the aspirants thus stimulated to enter he held, some superior genius will be found, at whose animating touch this beautiful art will receive a brilliancy of development surpassing all that could have been imagined by those who pioneered it into public notice. f Preparing "f*^ Leaves mi Flewers. :^nai^n!q!i;^^Brip^ anci jlIEN Spring has once more dressed both tree and shrub in their gorgeous livery of green, the artist begins to look around her for the most suitable sub- .lects for experiment. The influence of the new study Th. f "^ ."^l' 'T'^ ^'''""'^' immediately apparent to herself. The tiees. which have heretofore appeared to her as present- ng an unbroken uniformity of foliage, now display their eaves to her sharpened observation with a wealth of capabilities before unknown to her, and she is surprised to le!irn how I I ^^te^tai^l^ infinite a variety exist, in the vegetable world; variety not onlv ^^X t r htr '"^ ^" '''''' '^'''^ ^•l-a<.te;i.tic.s w^lii ~^ important to her purpose, strengtli of fiber and freedom from b emishes occasioned by the destructive ravages of in c" A^ observation is directed to the subject so Th. r.- 1/ d.toe„«. between the leave, now first becotneLppa^n ' ^"y admh^tt,^ "-'«. «t»ets attention and ,eo„re. tor them a new aclmnation As the season advances, slie will be strnck with the nnmerous changes to which the leave, are subiect before e ch U «ndsof Antnnm strip them from the trees thence leo'its no t;,, Iff r "^ "'"'"'"'^" °* '"*"' deptedators will be ot knowledge. Everywhere the wonders of the Divine Hand «11 be displayed under conditions to which she M been a stranger; and the mysteries of I^atnre thns nnfolded "m inhmte y surpass all we may mention in these pages in haste to ',r"'' f ''""T '" «'"'*" ^'"'' *" «n">™"«tio learner, m haste to beg n the work, gathers indiscriminately from fores and garden, selecting leaves remarkable only for their ample ske r rr "'"• r\ •"'"" "■" ""* ^"-'«^'' ™"-'» - n h^ ilr ""'J •" ""'^'"■«" *<- l"'°--^^ °* maceration. In he Ignorance of certain first principles, she does not imagine hat she has overlooked some of the most indispensable ing^m ents of sncce.ss, which, standing as they do at the very thrediold piocess which nnder any ciromnstances is exceedingly tedions We may .snpnos" tbit "- h^- ^ ■ • ^ leuious. her labors sl.e h„ !, . ' ""P"''™ce to commence lier laboi. she has gathered up an ample store of leaves, imme- ' IJtEl) PliEPAlilI,G LEA VES AA'D FLOWERS. diately on tJieir attaining tlieir lull growtli. It is true that in this early preparation she lias anti(dpated the attacks of destruc- tive insects, but the leaf will then be too iminatnre to withstand the macerating process. The libers will be found too succulent and not sufficiently ligneous to sustain the pressure and iiand- hng always necessr.ry to produce a perfectly skeletonized leaf After probably two months of patient watchfulness, sne is con- sequently compelled to throw away her choice collection the wliole having become a mass of pulp, in which there is neither stem nor fiber to identify a single leaf. By this time the season has'advanced and the foliage on the having lost their early succulency, have assumed a stron- lio-ne ous character. In place of excessive pulpiness, an un Uie ;ro- portion of hber pervades the whole structure of t le leaf It his m lac become too old for maceration. In other cases tl leS hn^s cither been stung by an insect, and the channels ^^oigl which the sap so mysteriously circulates h^v^.r i. verified in m, ,.„„.„ • " "" '''''I'le- Tliese facts we have ro learn them 2 '^^"'T ""^^ '"'""" "««" """'Pellea thus eptted anfl't "■'","' l^"""'«l«e was acquired onlv from Zrtt,t „f ? ''• "'T'"""'""'"*''- ™«v make evident the ache™ in,^ ™" "f."™--' P"'"' '" 'l,e season at which each lea ,s ,n proper condition for the artist's hand manv 1 ff"' '?'' "°"'"''' '" '''''"""" '" *- ■"^«<»™ting vessel many diterent sorts of leaves, witliont a knowledo-e of their " '^^f "-■^. P- i-t"n-. those of the O k!ch s i^ ^^ am.u, Birch and Hickoiy contain so large a quantity of tannin PliEPAHlNG LEA VES A.\D FLO WEIiS — ■ nl ('». Ml llil Oak leuv« were placed «„„„:.■ „ I,u,.e nu„,l,e,. nf „, tl en aie tlieu old enough to gather. Elms, Sw.-nnp MnonoHas Maph.s, Deutzias, Pears, Silver Poplars and Engli^l. S„ ^ ^.y K d ,, butnonebut the firn.est and moSt perf^ 3 l.ou d be taken. These kinds n.ay be placed together in open essels and covered with soft water, and then ser^ a warn'" mn^ place in taeopen air. A broad weight may be placed on riie top so ns to insure continueaper ^loubled and laid over the top of the leaves, will answer the same purpose as a weio-ht and is perhaps better, as it keej.s its place while theweig\. sometimes falls to the bottom of the vessel^ I he best vessel for the purpose is a common earthen jar with a wide mouth, the size to be proportioned to the quantity of leaves to be macerated. ^tciveb fp.^^'^^^^!l 'f ""^ ''"" ''''"^'' ^^'' P'^P^^' '''^y ^^ removed and a ten of_ the leaves carefully taken out for examination, and P aced in a basin of clean warm water. To do this, tlie human hand s tlie best instrument; but as many persons may object to ^^T "^'^ "'^^'^ ''" "^^^ ^^-"" -" .^pleasant mass of vegetable decomposition, a broad wo.den spoon may be substi- If 'rt-t 02 PUFJPARINO LEAVES AND FLOWERS. between tuted. Tlien, tjikiriji,^ a le immerse I lie hiuid in the waiin water and press and rub tlie leaf either gently or lirmjy, according to the strength of its texture. Tliis rubbing process will remove the loose green matter from the surface and expose to view the fi)>rous network of tlie leaf. With those which are strongest, especially the Swamp Mag- nolias, a brush will be needed to effectually clean them— a soft tootli-l)rusli will answer best— but in using a brush, the leaf should be laid in tli.^ palm of the hand, on a plate, or on any other surface equally fiat and smootli. This constitutes the first washing, and a few of the leaves will now be found pei-fectly clear. But to some of them thus washed and but pai'tially cleared further care must be extended. It will therefore b^ iipcessary to have at hand n, second vessel of water similar to rne Hjst, in which all such impei'fectly skele- tonized leaves may !.;• placed, where they must remain until finished, which, with all but the Swamp Magnolias, will prob- ably 1)6 two or tJiree weeks longer. We may suppose that the artist has made a beginning with the leaves already mentioned in this chapter. On taking them out of the macerating vessel and washing them as directed, she will find the Deutzias and Silver Poplars perfectly clean, and they should then be placed in a basin of clean water until all the contents of the macerating jar has been examined. A few of the Norway Maples will also be found perfectly prepared; but the majority of all contained in the jar will still be only partially so. In the latter condition will be found the Sycamores, the Silver Maples, the Elms and the Pears. These must, con- sequently, be deposited in the second vessel, as before mentioned, to undergo still further maceration. The Magnolias will require another two or three months' soaking before the outer cuticle will become soft enough to remove; but if more convenient, they «- =i1 PliEPAlUNII LKAVm AXO Fl.OWKItH. fi.'i may he \<\:ienA in Hih same viwi'l wiMi rl oovering these hiiU'-i'leiineil I eav lose last iiaiiieil. Al'ler ^. „ '^''^^ with witter, all in (liiTefenJ stages of progress, tliey sliouhl l,e left i,. ,., „„ ' , plaee to be linishe,!. We may her, . • r , , ''" th^ .earaer .ho has perseve,:;^ 't'l.'.is ■;:: i,.':, ;; I;:;;:: t;!'.;: oi«.ms, that the most olfensive j.ortion of the lal.or is over ■,', east wttli this i„u,ie„lar set of leaves, as after i „ Za^ thetr hrst wasltiag, they part with „,os, of ,l„. ,"rt rfa five :";:' -r ^" '""' '^"'''' "- ■"'■ '- ••- ^^^^ - ' '-^ Tile clear ami perfect leaves whieh were aeposite,! i„ the dean wafer, awailh.g a l,.is„re hoar to give the,,, farther a ten on, may now he deprived of thei,. a.oi:,,,,. -„y ,„,, " •™- ns tl,™, hetween the foi.ls of a soft blotter nntil the ™ "Ttec^ly dry. On no aceoant let then, he laid on a t d / ,r other hard sarface, while in a wet state, a,s in drving they .'v adhen. to ,t so closely as to tear in the effort lo^einovllh , il,e Norway Maple, being extretnely delicate, will adhere lie wet, e.en to the hand, and great care n,a;t be ex" i^ „ nZ'Jth:. ™"^ »o avoM tearing. It „i,l be notic^dlh t m.iny of the eaves w,ll lose their stems in passing thron-d, the p,;ocess; h„ the mode by w-hich this deHcienov is to be s ,7, , 'd w,U he explained in its p.-oper place hereafte,-. ^Vhe^ Wrf the leaves may he placed i„ boxes, ready for bleaching wl,en tt assortment has been completed. o "aen tt,t We append another method, which may not be .so efficient tat^whtch ,s more expeditions and not at all „,Tensh-e ' j First dissolve fo„r ounces of common washin- sod-, in a ■ quart of boiling w.ate,., add two ounces of slacked nutk and boil for about fifteen minutes. Allo^'th ' otoi ^ ^^ \ atterwa,,ls pour off aU the clear liquor into a clean ™uc"™' ' When this liquor ,s at its boiling heat, place the leaves carSy It:!; 1 I « !( IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) / / & ^ 4 y 1.0 1.25 |S0 ""'*^' 1.4 M 1.8 1.6 V2 ^ //, / (»., ^^ ^^^'- °/'i ^' V ^ C7/i >^ Photographic Sciences Corporation i\ M ^v ^ ^ '^"■ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 "MP i/.i nj.K.\rrn\a leaves axd seed vessels. m tho pan and boil tlie whol.> together for an lionr, adding from time to time enongli water to make up for the loss by evapora- tion Tlie epidermis and parenchyma of some leaves will more midily sei^arate tlian those of others. V.IIU..I.Is. '1—T "TV ?■ BLEACHING LEAVES AND SEED VESSELS. XZiZXZiZX ^^^i^^^ nUTiV HIE next pi'oress. and one of great importance, is that I »f bleacliing tlie leaves, flowers and seed-vessels. It I IS an opei'ation which recpiires the greatest care as (»^?^' "!*"'' ^^''^ 1'''''^"''^^ whiteness of all the component parts 'W '' ^">"q"et its beanty will depend. No matter how ¥ perfectly the leaves and seed-vessels may have been siveletonized. if they are permitted to retain any shade of their original yellow they are dehcient in l,eauty, at least to the eye ol the connoisseur. The lirst step in this part of the i^rocess is to procnre proper bleaching materials. Many persons are entirely successful in the use of chloride of lime, while others prefer Labanaque's solution of chloride of soda, or Powers & Wightman's Tlie former should be prepared for use in the following manner- rake a half pound of strong chloride of lime and place it in an earthen or other pitcher. Add three pints of soJt, cold water and stir carefully with an iron spoon, pressing so as to mash the lumps well against the sides of the vessel. Keep it covered and allow It to stand in a cool place until the lime has precipitated ng from vapora- ill more Ilk is that Is. It are, as f parts n' how e been ' their lie eye iroper fill in iqiie's The nner : in an water 5h the fl and itated BLEACIIINO TVA /VO A .rr. . 65 upon the bottom of the pitcher, wlucT^^JiTZ"^ :~ " hour, except a small portion tlnf n, ^""""^ ^"^ ^^"^'^ »» su-vface. Thia should be remtl i -h ''"^''"" ^°"""^^ «" ^he after which the clear liquidsTrid T " '^""^ «^' «^-'"-^-r, -hasis;:::r.::;-r::;:::r^^^^^^ enough to admit the lar.-est le.f 7" '"S •"' "'°""' »i<1e to be whitened, but be "careful not t'"'' T'™' ""'"" '"*™''«l vessels in the same jar; then with „ft '^r' ''"™ ""'' «""■ leaves in tlie jar and add the 11 , "'' "■""■'■ '""'r the extremely powerful and 1 o, d . ',• "/'I "':'""""• >'"->' i^ six times the quanMty of tte . '''.'''"'«' """' ^0™ three to of the leaves ,0 be bleached Th^' Tl^^ '» '^^ '-""■« »dse, in a warm place Vher^'.t"'/* "'""O "^""^ are to be bleached, this prono, L„ n^,? T'""''*'' '''"'1 ^'™« be doubled. I.nt , ,e delhT ," '''"""'^'^ °' ""e ™»y wmbe.Wr„yedif\;lt.Co'X^^^^^^^^^^ Lnbarraqne's preparation of chloride of 1 T ^' ™ore slowly, and be n^ free from t . " "''' «"■>">' =«"1 lime, is less likelv t„ .7t ", , '""'"" I'^Perties of the of the leaves thl ;:„,,:" ;:r''' !"* "^"''"'' fr-™™orl -atermnst he double t, " /^"';"'""-o" to be added to will whiten the flower, pI" ' , ^"'"^ "'""'"' r'-P--"'.->tion. It -b, but it is not stro,r« .^o "h t" 'T" tT""" °' ""' ^'-"-- and more ligneous TliZ ' , " '''"* "'"'* '»'* '•"^■■ser "...-.in. this ;.-eZtirrteCi.- "•;"'?■• "°"""-^"' '- >'- •IS its bleaching properties 1 ''"""I ''™'"»'ss and strength, chlorine contaimx 1' ",,*, •"""'•' ™ "'" ■™™"' " readily lost by keep n '' Tt^X 7J " ''"'' ™'"'"« S^^. i' i» corked and scaled. ^ "' '"""' ^'^ ^''^ carefnlly m J''*' n" f l'™«0" for this purpose is P„,v„. , ,,- , ™an s. One bottle of this will whiteni large mX * '' """' leai 'es. I ill GG BLEACHING LEAVES ASU SEED VESSELS. without injuring tlie liber or nuiking them brittle, as is the case with the chloride of lime. The proper proportion for mixing will be about half a teacupful to a pint of water. This will gen- erally whiten two sets of leaves; that is, as soon as those first put in are perfectly white, they may be taken out and a second lot placed in the same mixture. Sometimes, however, it will be necessary to add a small quantity more, say a tablespoonful, in order to (!omplete them. For amateurs, and even for accom- plished artists, a superior solution, thus ready prepared will be found safer and more likely to insure perfect success than any preparation they will be able to compound for themselves. The saving of trouble in using it will be quite a consideration. In putting the delicate leaves into the Jar, care should be taken to arrange them beforehand with the stems all jjointing the same way, that is, d( u awards in the jar. The reason for this exists in the fact that the bleaching commences first at the boUom of the vessel; and as the thick stems and mid-ribs require more time to Avhiten tlian the lace-like portion of the leaves, it insures their being satisfactorily finished in a short time. A jar of leaves will usually require from six to twelve hours for bleach- ing; but as the jar is of glass, an outside inspection will enable the operator to judge of the degree of whiteness without raising the lid until it may be time to remove them. When they are discovered to be entirely white, they must be taken carefully out with the hand and laid in a basin of clean, warm water. If suffered to remain too long in the jar they will become too tender for removal. They may then be thoroughly washed from the chlorine, by changing them several times in fresh water, after which they will be ready for their final drying. This is accomplished as before, by laying them between blotting pads; while the more delicate ones, which are apt to curl in dry- ing, should now be laid betAveen the leaves of a book until entirely dry. The washing is a very important part of the opera- i' rr BLEACHING LEAVES AND SEED VESSELS ■i P\ m tion, as If not thoroughly clone, the bouquet will soon become yellow and otherwise discolored, nnd thus in tlie end lose its attractiveness and beauty as a parlor ornament As before stated, it will be advisable to keep the seed-vessels separate from the leaves and to put them in different bleaching jars If placed promiscuously in the same jar, the seed-vessels wil become so entangled in the tine netwcnk of tlie leaves, that in the attempt to remove them the latter will be seriously in iured Seed-vessels and Howers require the same treatnu.nt in bleaching;- and washing, only remembering that the coarser seed-vessels may need a stronger infusion of the l)leaching preparation. A little experience will soon inform the operator as to the exact quantity required for all kinds of leaves and seed-vessels The bleaching of the Ferns will need some special directions Many whohaye succeeded admirably with leaves, liave invaria^ bly ailed m their attempts at ]ueparing these graceful sprays As they constitute the most brilliant embellishment which ('an be introduced into a bouquet, such failures are especially morti- fyino-. But by closely following these simple directions, there will be no difficulty in producing entire sprays of white Fern ready to be arranged with other materials for tlie bouquet Having gathered Ferns of different varieties durin-' their season of maturity-which is when the seeds are to be found on the back of the leaves-they should be preserved by pressin- them between the leaves of a book, there to remain until required for bleaching. When ready for that process, let the operator select such as she desires, and place them carefully in a jar causing them to curl around the sides rather than with stems downward, in order to avoid breaking the dry and brittle leaves. The smaller separate leaflets may occupy the space in the center of the jar. Then fill up the jar with Avarm water, leaving room for the bleaching solution, in the proportion of half a teacupful of the solution to a pint of water. Cover the jar tightly and set Hi 68 BLKACniNO LEAVES AND SEED VESSELS. ^ in a very warm place. After twenty-four liouns, gently pour off tlie liquid and replace with fresh, mixed as before. They should remain in the second wat.:- about forty-eiglit hours, when this in like manner, will require to be clmnged. In about three or lour days the Ferns will begin to whiten at the edges, and this whiteness will gradually extend itself over the entire surface of tlie spray, changing it from a dark, brownish green to the spot- less purity of a snowliake. Each one must be (iarefully taken out as soon as it is seen to be entirely white, without waiting for the whole contents of the jar to be finished. In the bleaching of a large spray, it sometimes happens that Its extremity, perhaps half of the entire length, will become per- fectly white, while dark spots remain on the upper or stem end In such cases it will be safest to take out the branch, and layin- it in a basin of water, cut off the white portion, and return the unhnished remainder to the jar. Afterwards, when both are ready for the bouquet, the two portions can be neatly united with gum arable. The process of changing the water will have to be repeated four or five times during the operation of bleach- ing the same lot of Ferns, and the time required to whiten them completely will extend over a period of from one to two weeks The time depends on the varieties of Ferns which may be used as there is a wide difference in their susceptibilities, some bein^^ wholly unfitted for this purpose. * When the sprays are found to be entirely white, they must be taken from the jar with the fingers, always holding them by the stem, and laid in a broad basin of clean, warm water, where they should be allowed to remain for several hours They may be thoroughly rinsed by changing the water several times, but they will not bear handling in the same manner as will the skele ton leaves. When ready to be dried, take one spray by the stem and lay it in a broad dish or basin of water, allowing it to float on the surface; then pass under it a sheet of unsized white of nLKAClIING LEA VE8 A.VD SEED VESSEf^s. 69 paper, and In this way lift it out of the witer ~^^ Z chng to the paper, and assume its natlT shape S,:'';'-)' "'' 01 «- -all side leaves become crooi^edc^oeZpefl^ ""^ be readily straightened by usin-^ the i.ointn ^ ' ^^'^^' "'^^ them out in proper -shape' upon^^V ^' o '? •". •^^•""' superfluous moisture contained in the ItT i ^T '''^ °^ '^'^ on a soft blotter for a few minute " T "i. 'r'" ^^^ ''''' most of the excess of water A^te M... ' ^'"^ ''^'''^^'^'^^ ''■ a order to insure their aryi„/. Joo^m; I^feij'r ,7 onlJt rtf ""' ^"■"' '''■'■'''"''™ '»'• «>e bleaching of Perns She has fu vTeddUoAW r ^'^/r' '"^ ""-' '""-l--- =s;:.-^;^^~ .eih.e,na,i;";ir::r:rt.rti:;lt^^^^^^^ HE process of maceration lias already been shown in the preceding pages. We liave endeavored to give such clear and practical directions as will apply to all varieties of plants, but there are certain peculiari- ties which seem to be inherent in each particular leaf, seed-vessel and flower, so as to call for specific direc- tions, in order that success may be insured with all. Instead, therefore, of dismissing the subject with a mere list of leaves adapted to the purposes of the art, and leaving each learner to discover these varying peculiarities for herself, at great cost of time and labor, we shall give a few general rules for the treatment of each one named. The learner will need all the light that can be thrown on the subject, and the minute particulars which follow will contribute largely to her successful prosecution of the art. The illustrations which accompany the description of such leaves as are most important, will enable the reader to determine the names of doubtful varieties. This splendid genus of trees deserves to be placed at the head of our list of those plants whose leaves arp well adapted to 70 '^ S aiK Asia, riiB linttil Stat™ ii,„,l,„-,.s „„ l,.s, ,|i'i„ oi,rl„ ™ne„.. while fl.ina anc. ,,a„a„ have r.„„. „; , vj'"';, I''" ■oi,.., Aln,.a nor South America eau uller a »i,...l„ snee es o iiuligflioiw Jlagnolia. " speues ul The cli(le,ent varieties „r Chinese Magnolia i.ave, with one or t ™ exoe„.t„ns, been acclin.ated with nsTan,! a,, to be oZu: most of our or„anu.ntal shrubberies, tlieir lovely white and . pnrple blossoms and spicy ,ra,™„ee, together with .1,1 «at and .■eg.lara„i,ea,.„nce of the trees then.selves, „a,Ift u^e^tca.v SvuaMtp 9TCacj»totta. (Mar/iioliit fflaum.) i£iff. No. 1.) This is tlie fragrant wild Magnolia, which blooms in June, and is found in great profusion in the swamps m^im^mt 72 PLASrs FOlt ^KKLKTOMZLSU. ana marslu^s of N.nv jHr.s,.y. Wh.-n tnmMpIanro.i tc, the gurdori the leaves are i.ro.lueed in great perre..ri„i,, while their .size is )ncreas..(l by eultivation. They are in perleetion at the time „f blosson.in- and on no account should be gathered Inter, as after that tune they become („„ unx^^h and alx.und with invisibl.. Nfin-s ot insects, winch injuries, not beconung apparent until after the cleansing process has been co.nplet.'d, the otherwise beautiful leaf will be found covered with small black spots which can neither be wliitened nor removed. These leaves reqnire three or four months to ma.'erate, and may then be brushed with a tooth brush to remove the little cellular particles which tdl up the interstices and which give to them a thick and cloudy a2)pearance. Sifuc: !T.^pfa:. {Fif,. No. .J.) This leaf is one of the most desirable, as well as most easdy cleaned since it re.pnres l,ut four (,r live weeks to macerate, and has a strong hb.-r. The leaves of this tree pivs.mt ranch variety of shape, and the sizes of those which a,e n.atured vary from half an inch to four inches in length. They niav be gathered as early as the 1st of June, and generally remain "free fmni spots until Septen.ber. Avoid the foliage of the suckers, which are liequently found growing vigorously around the parent tree, as the libers of .su.-h leaves are too weak and tender for our purpose. They will lose their sten.s by maceration, but these may be replaced, as directed in a previous chapter. fbpc.t. fopfar. (Popitlna ti'Diinht.) _ The leaf of this tree is larger than that of the preceding and isalso more delicate. It may be gathered in June or July^ and will require about a month to macerate. Great care will be necessary in handling them. L=: cr ,'i in It'll isi/e is ill)*' of ■< aff *iHil)lt« iinr.il I'l'wise spots leaves en be ■fi(!leH k antl 1 well ks to •»s(>nt ured ly be ^ free Ivers, the nder but and and 1 be PLANTS FOR SKELETOXIZiyo 73 {Liriodendron tulipifera.) Som6at6i^ 2!opfat. {Populus pyramidaliM ) t^trZp'erCr ^-'^ '- — . a„<, .hou.a be (^cer platanoides ) branch taken from one ot thesft ee/wilT '^"'■^°'''- "" "'"S'" :n si.e and shape, the ^mJZ^jZ"^'''^'^' 7™*^ quite as perfectly as the iar,re.t tI . *'""""'"«'' leaning the 20th Of Junef certlt^rlter tln'tt' \T''^ "^ They will beiinished.in about six weet ,o in ",f °' ''"'^■ « invariably the case with all MapTi ThTsflv m''';"'' "' be treated by the same rule. ^"^ ^^''P'" '»''? 0^ .:haS's„r-:r ' — ^' °--^- -- European. Sycamore, (^cer pseudoplatanus.) texture. I, mrtbfleied T"""« " ''™'^ "'«' «"*«^ that month .ror:rdT ^ ut^rb^f /''^ ?? <" «^oted after the .0th of June will co^e oren'S:i;rfrel '^ PLA^'TS FOR I^KIJLETONIZINO. • J ' clouds or bleinislies. About two months will complete their mueeration. {Fig. No. 5. Enrilish Ash.) There are several species of this family whicli are admirably adapted for our object. Of these, the Flowering Ash {Ornus Eurojxcm) and the English Ash are the most beautiful. They will become clear and per- fectl}' skeletonized in about six weeks after gathering, which may be done in July and August. &uctfa.Mincj '^ca, ct Cfvicfvflitci '^Ot'ich. (Lathyn(K) {Fig. No. 11.) This pretty garden perennial, with an abun- dance of deep pink blossoms, is too well known to need descrip- tion. The leaves may be gathered at any time during summer and require but a few weeks for nuiceration. They lose their stems. Tlie graceful tendrils of this vine may also lie placed in water with the leaves and after remaining some weeks the outer cuticle can be easily removed without untwisting the curl, and these, when bleached, will be found ornamental to the bouquet, especially where the design adopted consists of a vine. U lit. The leaves of this beautiful tree must be gathered very early. Indeed, so soon do the caterpillars begin their ravages, that in some sections of the country, before the leaf is strong enough for the purpose of the skeletonizer, it is too much eaten to be worth collecting. June or July will answer, if any perfect leaves are then to be found. They will macerate in about four weeks, and, being very delicate, will need the greatest care. If the leaf be laid on a plate, or something similar, a camel's hair pencil will remove the softened particles, leaving the iiber clean, to be u^mm^iSltie^iiJ- i y. (f! f ii . II'- 1^ 1 ,1.4 ' '4 1: L PLANTS FOR SKELETOmzING. ^•^^^^t0' 75 =r t„s :^= :ra^:r= •:: '^^ --> 5).«teia Scathe ■ o^ ato„c,fv-£^^et, '3)e«t^<, nJ^t;tf ■ ^-^ T°™ "' *''" ""'"' '"'''""'^"l ^-il leaves we can Deutzia Gracilis, another varietv of tTii= /i^ • ui Plan,, .,„;.. s„,„ew,.at longe^iXe^^t p::^^:^^' ''" J2-to"ltLe""''- '" '"'^- ^''^^ -^-- '"'O- -• (My. m 7.) Tlie common annual blooming dark velvet Rose lurnishes the best description of leaves fof ourLpt^ ^Z tf -u' ^"""'' " •'"'^ '«''"'' *"^ i--'^ have sCg tliem, and will reauire about tv^o nonti^-' «- i • mT ^ very delicate and mnst be brushed on a X"'" """ 76 PLAyrs FUH SKELi:rOMZINU. (Chionanthus Virginica. ) Gather in July. Will be ready for clearing in about two months. (Aristolochia tomentosa.) This is a rather coarse vine, of rank growth, well suited for covering unsightly buildings or decaying trees. It bears a curi- ous white blossom, shaped somewhat like a pipe, whence it takes its homely name. The leaves are heart-shape, of thick and woolly texture, but the skeletons they produce are so exceedingly beautiful as to make them indispensable to a com- plete collection. They should be taken from the vine not earlier than the middle of July, and perfect specimens may be obtained as late as the middle of September— probably about the first of August will be the best time. Select the firmest and oldest leaves. Some of them will be clear in four weeks after immer- sion. {Fig. No. 17.) These much admired leaves may be gathered at any time during the year, always selecting those a year old in preference to the younger growth of the present season. The Ivy leaf, like some others, has a tough outer cuticle on each side, between which the fibrous skeleton is concealed, tlie interme- diate space being tilled with the green cellular matter common to all leaves. During the process of maceration this green sub- stance becomes dissolved, though the outer skin remains whole and entire. When taken from the macerating vessel and laid in the clean water for cleansing, this skin will present the ai^penr- ance of a bladder filled with green water. By puncturing, or gently tearing the skin on one or both sides of the leaf, the water will escape and the perfect skeleton will float out, ready for n «l H ' few week« lungei' ' "='' ''"""' ^^''-^^ '^l""'* » Sfoffu. thorns on tlin rf.^e, , , ,V ""-' ■"■ "■""'■i""»ly to the F„..thi»..e.»n^r;t„: ;:;:;:;::,;:;::!;'•■;« f f- -'-• content ,i,en,«rfve. wUh nK^euil^^^^^^^^r subjects. AI,o„t th.ee nionths i, , ' fi'oul.lewme tonizing rlienr -.nil l,ein ""^ "■"""eoessary for skele. any time. "i^ieens, tJiej may be gathered at thativ ;:;:;.ar,T:::;'';,r'''™''*'- r" '''"'^ ^'"™-"" -•«- process i, f i^' ; :r';7""'^' '"■ "^■'-"'"■•-'I •■y the nsnal erni about ti,:'n::a,,;e;;j;;;;''"" """""»' "■•" ^"-"'^ '--s""'- jns:;!;,!^::;;::::,?:":;::;' ^;:,;r;- °' •^™-'"^ •'»'->'-. ^ape r:::;:n:r:i.S;:e;rr;r-T^^-^-^ «.>f/-^,, 1 "j't3i.irion ot water and sunmier liP'if- tn for thoset,' hr:r"f 7'""" "■'"' "■"■'« '"^' °™«1 !>'■■"*. "ut afect tv,» ,ea, inT^it ':.a*'''";:i„::r t"^ rts'"?""" bleaching; and -wUhstaudWaU o^^ta -.tt^n^T %atii3Si{S I I 78 PLANTS FOR SKELETONIZINO. wasli after the boiling jirocess is over, enougli of the refractory element remains to defeat all attempts to make the leaf perfectly and permanently white. Therefore, while we mention the pro- cess as an item of information due to the learner who ilesires to understand the whole routine, and to test for liers(>lf the various modifications of practice now in use, yet we prefer and still adhere to oi r own formula, as at first described. We consider it tile best, and by far the most reliable, although it is unques- tionably slow and tedious in all its various processes. In concluding our li^t of these, the most desirable leaves that have so far come under our own observation, we would by no means limit the researches and experiments of other artists. Different localities will unquestionably furnish different speci- mens, and thus their collections may be greatly enlai-ged by the adoption of new and more beautiful leaves. As a general rule to govern in the selection of appropriate subje(!ts for experi- ment, let those of strong and woody fiber be chosen, rather than thick, fleshy leaves, whose veins or ribs may be soft and juicy. Avoid, also, those which have veins traversing the leaf in a longitudinal direction, instead of forming a network tissue radiating from the mid-rib to the outer edges of the leaf. The former are known as endogenous, the latter as exogenous varie- ties of leaf structure. As an example of the endogenous, we may cite the leaves of different kinds of Lilies. If jiut into the macerating vessel, a few days, or a week, will be sufficient to reduce them to a mass of pulp, resembling a bunch of thread or strings, with apparently no connecting framework to hold the fibers together in form. The practiced eye can in most cases discover the character of the leaf under observation, by merely holding it up against the light, when the veinwork will be plainly perceptible, and its value decided by the closeness or coarseness of its vascular structure. :=n PLANTS FOR SKKLETONIZTNO. "^^ tombed:"''' '"' '"'''""''' "^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ Horse Chestnut {MsciUus hippocastanum) Kentucky Co.Tee Tree mnnocladus Canadensis), h loueri n o- Pear {P>/rus Japonica). Andromeda. RoHe Acacia {liohinia JUspida) ful-^^?'*'.fr'' ^f'''^''''^^' Virglnica:). ,aid to be very beauti- lul; fsliould be gathered early. Wild Cherry (C^7-a«?/.s- scrotina). Sugar Berry (tt?Z^/s occidentalls). Fraxinella Dictamnus. Franciscea,— very beautiful. Erythrina Crystigalla. Virgil ia Lutea. Matronia. Barberry {Brrheris aristata, ^n^ purpurea\ Mountain La, uvl(/?//o,/orf,.;i,^,.o,;a ' Box-. Butcher s Broom {Ruscm hypoplujllum). Il| IFFI-:RENT varieties of the Dround Cherry fiimily iPhyftaUs) are entitled to particular notice. The peculiar characteristics of this family of plants is the ^ berry, enclosed in a bladder-like receptacle. These berries are about the size of the cherry, with color yellow, red or purple, and havin<;' a pleasant, sweet taste. The green covering becomes of a yellowish color when the fruit is ripe, and they fall to the ground together, when the curious case will soon become perfectly skeletonized by contact with the damp ground. But as they are very liable to be eaten by insects while on the ground, it is much better to gather them as soon as they fall and place them in the macerating vessel, allo'Viu!.-; \hc berry inside to remain until softened, in order to avoid tearing the delicate little bladder. Two or three weeks will be long enough io a-ww for their preparation. They may be washed by passing rapia !o and fro in hot water, when the softened berry may be pres?afi , lit, tiien dried with a soft blotter. Some species lose Vwi-h: 'ems and m\r be prepared for the boucpiet by using the guru I ned .hread, being careful to bend gracefully, so us to give the effect of drooping. 80 i==:. si':i':i> \i-:siih:Ls. 81 {I'U'lin t'-{foU(ila ) being carerul\; u 1^::: ;''^'"" '*" -^ -^-'^ ^^ a.psn^ .lownwurd... '^^'-»^-'» in the extreme point ofthe ho™ tJT T^" ""* '""'»'" . ciiffloult to cultivate. It seems obew/tol's?";"',"""'' ^r;ii=rirtr-r t ^r ^^^^ The cultivated garden varieties will macenfp in o two. The fiber does not remain very pe~t leL i "" eml way, as it is apt to tear by reniovalo/ !h '' ^■'''■ the star-shaped summit of the"^ L^^^^ f "^ cushion. The black lines which radhite IVom hL "^'^'"^ removed by aid of a pin, when a bt fu r T'"' """^ ^" will be imparted to i ^"^ lace-work appearance Sltcffovu*. eneS™i™;::tthr^=""C:.^-- -" ™^ a^,^.. to remain nntii a W, „i„ .e^^ri^^r^ 'r^h': ^y6tan<^ea cffottcmia. {Fig. No. 13.) The well-known o-arden sDecies th« i r. ?r 84 SEED vp:ssels separated, they can easily be replaced mi>1i gum arable after bleaching. 3{"tj6rangca Quczcifofia: Oafs-i^caucb ^fy^^aH^gcc^. {Fir/. ]Sfo. U.) This is a toiigher and coarser species, com- posed or four Hat petals. It requires longer time to macerate than the Hydrangea Hortensia, but should be gathered as soon as the bunches begin to turn brown on the tree. A brush will be necessary to clear j^roperly. The seed-vessels of the several species of these, including the Canterbury Bel], are much admired in the bouquet, although not so delicate as the Lol^elia, wliich they resemble. Some vari- eties will become sufficiently prei)ared on the plant and only require bleaching, but others require two or three weeks' maceration. To the above list the following may be added: Black Plenbane {Hyoscyamus nir/er). English Monkshood {Aconltum mqyellus). Toad F'lax (Colutea arhorescens). Wild Salvia. Figwort {Scropliularia nodosa). Jerusalem Clierry {Solanum pseudo-capsicum). Bladder Nut {SiapJu/lea trifolia). Safflower: False Saffron [Garthamus tinctoria). False Pennyroyal {Isaf^U/ms cerula). Lily of the Valley: The dried Flowers. In concluding these instructions in the art of preparing and completing the Phantom Bouquet, we have endeavored to be plain and practical in every particulai', seeking not only to direct the learner in her experiments, but also to guard her against the L rr^ SEED VESSELS. 8;j mistakes and disappointments which must invariably attend the labors of the unassisted amateur. When the first bouquets appeared for sale in this country, he admiration they excited awakened a general curiosity as to e process by which they were produced. Inquiries were acWressed to the editors of some of our scientific Journals, but they could answer only according to their own very limited kiiowledge ot the art ; and hence this occasional information was exceedingly vague and unreliable, and, indeed, it often misled the learner, resulting in discouragement to some and in entire disgust to others. The writer has here given lier own practical rules and ideas, adcvpted from actual experience, and no careful learner need hesitate to follow in her footsteps. But, however invaluable instruction may be to the beginner, personal experiment will be found indispensable. We cannot write up the amateur to the position of an artist. Yet a desire to reach the status of the latter wiJ stimulate to exertion and perseverance, and these, with on inary taste and skill, will surely be rewarded with suc- cess. IS one therefore, whose love for the truly beautiful in art IS deep and strong, and whose aspirations for eminence are decided and sincere, will permit a few early discouragements to turn them aside from the undertaking- L Hi LEAF FMINTING. ri> -«te?- AN\ times it will be desired to make impressions of the skeletonized leaves, either for preservation as curiosities in the scrap book or photograph album, for transmission by mail as si)ecimens of the art, or for the engraver to reproduce on wood. The making of these impressions directly from the leaves, thou.dt an exceedingly simple process when once understood, requires much care and skill to learn. AVhoever may undertake to pro- duce them, should call in, if possible, the aid of some friend who has a practical knowledge of printing, as the processes by which books and newspapers are printed are all applicable to leaf i:)rinting. The operator should procure a spoonful of printer's ink and xnth a case-knife spread a small quantity over half tlie surface of a marble slab about a foot square. When spreading the ink on the slab, let it be confined to one end of it, not letting it cover more than half the stone. Care must be taken not to allow thick streaks or ridges of ink, but to spread a thin film or covering as uniform as possible. As printing ink is a thick and paste-like compound which stiffens in cold weather, if the oper- ation IS to be performed when the temperature is low, the stone 86 ' 'M00mi«0^imis^''^^^!^^'* ■ I IM II IIl'I M tH m 1 fi 1^ ti ■ ' !■ V;--, (*■■' if i f . ' 1 1 ' "'I -ill; 1 :m l: LEAF PRINTING. L 87 should be slightly warmed before U^^^iiiTTT^iT^T^ warmth will render the ink sufficiently fluid ^n. / satisfactory manner If no J/hi i u ^""'"'^^ '° ^ obtained Hior, ; r '^ '^^^ '^''^ ^''^" be conveniently before^j^ 1 1 ,V'™' ^^ '" «"'« " » >""' '--"'""on low ,!! r r '""'°"' °' •'"' '•"•'"'^^ of "'« «'»"«. By fol- ov^XTV fT *' '"'' ""' ''»™""' -l-Wbuted evenly com no, dit" ° "".™"^'-' "''»""' " -'" "« t™-'-"! with ami wni T "'"f°™"y ^ *e delicate i'ramework of the leaf tTeL V ■' " "°' "'"^ """''y dfelributed on «,e ,oller the m e,.„ces ,n the leafy structure will become filled with U and the ,n,press,on will present an unsightly blotch. best if M'"f,-'7T'°r' """ '""'"• '"'?•'■• "'" "e found the Itlo Id fiTst he ''f r """ '''' '™" "'"S^^ °' water.marks, sli 'mIv , • l^/ T P""""" "''™' "'" «<'^«'«1 "i^"''. •'■nd then shgh ty sprmkled with clean water, say two or three p eces first inturt,ir''7°"" ^''°"'" "" '''"■ -" "-y^k d infnTh \ r '''''' °"*'' "'"" ="">*'"»• sprinkling; and so on until he whole quantity has been sprinkled. Let "he pn„ ,"" forhuJ an hour, or until the paper has absorbed all the water 1*^ '|1 Hi I Then take the pieces, one at a time, and turn them over, niacin... the hrst on a board, and the others on top of tlie lirst, but shirt"^ ing tliem about as tiiey are turned; tliat is, if a very wet end or corner IS observed in one piece, turn the piece around so tlint the excessively wet phu-es shall con.e in contact with dryer surfaces m tlie new pile. Be particular to smootli all wrinkles with the back of the thumb nail. If tlie papei- has been n.ade t<.o wet the accident can be renie' The »lab should be covered with a Rotnan scarf, allowing afai o twelve inches at each end. The hat-rack n „st ul o^fl^d " place. Family portraits or a few welLselected pictnres are appropnate for these walls. pw-raies, are If the doordights are not stained glas.s, lace shades in designs of birds, cupuls and garlands of flowers are used; also etchings mvanons colors and designs are worked „„ dii^erent fab c", C msoo stlk shades, lined with black netting, are very d ! rttldXr"'"''^' ""•™«'' '"^"' «"^ ^^^ "="' "ith'a and floor. The former may be decorated in fresco or papered according to individual taste and means. The latest stWes oi i:r Zr rr ?- "«"' ""'^ °' «-^' °»™. P-rllXe ' vtaef SdTn ., ™" V""" """•"■"''• P™«'^' birds and corSpond "'' ® ■* "^"'*'' ""' '^"''° ""d ««^« to The style of carpets mostly used are Brussels, Wilton, \\ r ■i. ■ripj n ff I I ■ M'' JJOMh' liHVOUA TJOys. Tapostiy iiiul Axniin8t(?r. A fapcstry carper in linlit ,.anaiy ground, Willi clii.stors of Lofiis or Ho^^oniu lmve.s, rnakoM a fhaiiiiiiiir I)a('k',a'()iiii(l to uluiost uU the colors geuei'ally used in iil)liolsr«'iy. In sel.'crinij: (ho furniture, tho first thouirhts should be ^-iven to its true worth. Chairs and couches sliould l)o chosen for comfort rather than for style. They should be of solid make, easy, graceful, and of -ood serviceable colors and materials. The most serviceable woods to select in frames are ebony, oak, mahogany, cherry and walnut. These frames are finished in different styles, plain, carved, iidaid and gilt, and ar(> uphol- stered in all shades of satin, i)lush, rep, silk and velvet l)rocade, and India goods. These come at ])rices within the means of a slender purse. That slippery abomination in the shape of hair- (5loth furnitui-e should be avoided. The latest design in parlor furniture is in the Turkish style, the upholstery being made to cover the frame. Kich Oriental colors in wool(>n and silk brocades are mostly used, and the trim- mings are coid and tassels, or heavy fringe. Formerly the parlor appointments were all in sets and pairs, but this fashion is no longer observed, as the most tastefully arj'anged parlor lias now no two pieces of furniture alike; bui two easy chairs placed opi)osite each other are never out of place. Here may stand an embroidered ottoman, there a quaint little chair, a divan can take some centi-al position, a cottage piano, covered with some embroidered di-apery, may stand at one end of the room, while an ebony or mahogany calnnet, with Its panel mirrors and quaint brasses, may be placed at the other end, its rat^ks and shelves affording an elegant display for pretty pieces of bric-a-brac. Marble topped center tables are no longer in use. Tables in inlaid woods, or hand painted, are used for placing books and ulbums on. A small airy-looking table, elaborately mounted in -mtA^- IIOMN DhXJOliA TIONS. 9.'{ A,mU, TtKiy shm.l nP,,r a uin.low or wall. Th,. mxxnUA ,nin-(,r, with iLs lH.vdc.(l .>dg,.,s and .sm.mH racks iuraaovd on each sldo, h.olcs very elWtive whoa (|..corat.Mlwiihj,n.rt.vneath a bracket suppo.tia- a bust or llower vase ' An eiubroidered scarf with frinyed ends may be place.l oa the back ol a cliau- or sofa in pkoe of the okl-fasliioned lace tidy A sash made of small pi.H-es of bri-ht color.^l plush or silk in crazy work may be iluug across the table, the ends droopin- very low. The nianfel-piece inay l)e covered with a correspond"- mg sash, o\er which place a small clock as center piece and arrange ornaments on each side-statuettes, bannerettes, [lower- holders, small Japanese fans, pieces of odd (duna, painted can- dles in small sconces, may all lind a place on tue mantel. Window curtains of lieavy fabric, hung from brass or plush- monnt(>d poles, may be gracefully draped to the sides, while the inner lac(> ones should hang straight and be fastened in the cen- ter with some ornament or Iww of riblxm, corresponding in shade to the general t(me of the room. The straight shadt^s next to the glass may correspond in t(me to the outside walls, or window fiicings; but this is a mere matter of taste. AVhite or light tinted shades, finished in etching or narrow lace, are always in vogue. The dado shades are the latest innovation in window decora- tions. These come in all colors, from the lightest to the darkest shades, with dadoes in tile, Ai-abesque, and fresco patterns, fin- ished in lace, fiinge and brasses. Portieres (curtain doors) have superseded folding doors. ': mwi 94 HOME DECORATIONS. riiese sliould be in shades to contrast with the general blending of al the colors in the room. The fabrics mostly used are India goods, but they may be made of any material, from expensive tapestries, satins and plushes, to ten-cent factory cottons These curtains, if made from striped tapestry and Turcoman will give tlie linishing artistic touches to almost any room but the last softening polish comes only from the genial presence of trailing and climbing vines. The preceding suggestions for furnishing and arrangino- a room will be found of value to most of those who are maldn- homes for tliemselves; but the following suggestions mav be practicable to those of smaller means: "I have known a young man, ' ' says an authority, ' ' who had but twenty-five dollars to furnish his room, and he made such a den that no one could enter it without envying him. The i-oom was entirely bare when he took possession. The first thine he did was to take down the common-place marble mantel. Bein- handy with tools, he built one of white pine, with a high, broad shelf and several smaller shelves, the whole covering the cliim- ney-p.ece. Then he painted the wood-work black, and the brick cen s ' Th \''1" -\--^^^^on. cost him a dollar and fifty cents. The walls he colored a Pompeiian red, in calcimin; two pieces of plain olive green wall paper furnished the dado.' were t rr/T"' f^' "^"'^ ^le mouhlings, and above this weie acked Japanese fans for a friexe. Now for the lioor ' A floor T ™P"^f '^:' «" ^^^ "^^t best thing was to stain the k>oi received two good coats. A thick bright-colored rug was bought for seven dollars, and looked exceedingly pretty when -d on the dark floor. For window curtains he bought dark brown Canton flannel at twelve cents per yard, and finished with a dado of old gold Canton flannel. The curtain poles and win- dow were painted black. For five dollars he bought an old HOME DECORATIONS. gilt of his grandmother, was phiced ihf>v<. h. . / , ' cook featUers stuck nil around U A mi^ !m '"""'•''• "f" !>"'■ from hi, grancWathe,, aid d„tv at T^,! "™«''^"«k^ neishbo.,„g pa. „r Japanese ^J^^^^:^;:^ lamled (lack and yellow m imitation of black and old - »'*■"• "»' -- one was out of the qnestion. Again Japan came to the rescue i^^irh^r """T"" ™^ p"''""^»«^ -'^ fas.e!;:d r: le pipe handle upwards, so that when the gas was lighted it tln-ew a delicate roseate hue over all who sat bfneath ' The window was. tilled with Alpine plants, and the walls and pictures festooned with ivies and creepers oouid Miefr'iLt -M r™ """ """"-"""Sly P'etty, and no one nisU aid t^ge it " "' ""' "^' " '"^^ ™"' °' """-^ '» 1- the^Ltt^ctiz^t-rc " *"^ "-"— Its beauty of decoration should not He ^o r^n-b i- ^] • ^ ness and variety of material «« ir, u " r '^''' "''^'■ v oi material, as m its comfort, simplicity and UO.MPJ DECORATIONS. the liarniony of its tints-tlie main feafum being- tlie fitness of eacli article to tlie needs of tlie room. In these days of so many advantages much can he done in adornment by simple means. The wall-papers mostly used come in grounds of cream, umber, rose, pale olive, lawn, ciel blue and light gray, with designs and traceries of contrasting hues. The carpet, if in tai)estry, looks more effective iji grounds of pale canary or light gray, with designs in bright-colored wood- land llowers and borders to match. The new ingrain carpets, with their pretty designs and bright colors, are very fashionable for rooms that are much used. Whatever nuiy be the prevailing tint of the carpet, the win- dow curtains should follow it up in lighter tones or contrast with It. The er bein- .f bl • * ™'"'''' «» '"test olive green designs ° "^ *'™""'' ™'«' "W gold and oocut,:~r rt::.7;:r ;r r'" '""-^^ «■■-- -"• "-- a place in the library. T llH.r I , '"', '"''*'"'^ *"'"'' '""1 the top laid with crLson b. e T '" f """'' "« "'"-"e and l-acked chairs upholste^l ' tthirTr r "" ';" " '""' '"«"- foot-rests, a n.antel .uirror, a ewm^.t';:; "'"''"'■■ ^''" '■"-■^' P'V™ ,/o««fe„«-the book c-,s,r "™""'«'ts, and the cases are built i„ ,he wal iV i ■/ '"'"" "'"■■■"'''■■■■ "'« ''""k- on rods iu front of C:,: Le fi:,?:'^":'*"^'" '->S enrtaius old style is the best i,,,s„„, i, *' " "'"■'' '"" "« """k the ti.e glass doot.ex:L;r;h::,t:" "■" '""^ "" '''^"' ■■■■■" •Heavy cui'tiiins of raw silV Tn,.« -tu a. iivaianee at the t.:tJ:rnri;i;r ;,:;:::; t-hciuiGc t-5. .".tr i!;::s:'n:;dt- 1,';: ;:r r " ""-^ '- ™-'-' as they are wholesome and ti y r,t «"=' "'■' "' '""''"""^l''^ be darker than the fnrn tore I > , T ' coverings should are chosen they hoi e"' "?"'"« '" *'"'«■ " "•■»■)'«*» field.flowerpatte.n: \v: . ":|''T* f ""T' ™^ '" '»•«'" -epio„. p,, a„d''^ie?Cl.„tbtf i^r^rt^ HOME DECOliATIONS. () scarlet :nul gray, deep reel and very light 1,1,1,., dark blue witli sprays of Lily-oi'- the- valley running through it is exceedingly pretty for bed-rooms. Dark furniture will harmonize with all these colors, but the lighter shades are preferable. Cretonnes in pale tints, and chintzes in harmonizing colors, are used for light woods. Squai-e pillows of cretonne on a bamboo or wicker lounge ar(3 verv pretty. Canton matting is often used, either plain or in colored patterns. Formerly the bed coverings were spotlessly white, but the profiuent tide of color has in(duded these also. The coverings now in vogue are Nottingham lace, darned net, tipplique, antique lace and Swiss muslin; these are used over silk and silesia foi' backgrounds, and are exceedingly pretty, with pillow shams t. match. Cretonnes, chintzes, dimities, and silk in crazy work 01 South Kensington patterns are also used. Cheese cloth, bunting, Swiss muslin, cretonne and Swiss cur- tains are used for window drapery; these may be trimined with the same fabric or antique lace. They are hung on poles above the windows and draped back with ribbons. ■ The appointments of a bed-room are a low couch, a laroe rocker, a, small sewing chair, a work basket, foot-stools, a toilet table prettily draped with muslin, or a dressing case, brackets for vases, flower pots, a few pictures, small tables, hanging shelves for books, etc., and the bed. The washstand sliould have a full set of toilet mats, or a large towel with a colored border may be laid on it; also a splasher placed on the wall at the back of the stand is very essen- tial. If the room has no mantel a shelf can be arranged very prettily with mantel draperies at very little expense. Canton flannel makes a pretty shelf valance, if etched or embroidered A screen is a very desirable part of the bed-room appoint- ments, especially if there is no dressing-room. The three-leaf \\ ]IO^fE DECOHATIONS. 101 folding Japanese screen-or a les« expensive one may be made by getting the frame made, tlien covering it witli cloth or thick tliing that fancy may suggest-is very pretty A rug should be placed in front ol" the bed and dressing-case to save the carpet, and pretty wall j.ockets billed with flowers' terns, or mosses, may be placed on the walls with good effect ' '^^fjc- "l^iiMiici-S^icom.. The dining-room should be furnished with a view to con- venience, richness and comfort. Clioose deep, ricli grounds for the walls-bronze, maroon, black, Pompeiian red and deep olive -and the designs and tiuceries in old gold, olive or moss green with dado and frieze to correspond. But in these days of mod ern improvement the dining-room walls and ceilings are wain- scoted with oak, walnut, maple, etc. Some are tinisLd in plain panels with diiferent kinds of wood, others again are elaborately carved in fruit, flowers, and emblems of the chase This somber style of wall finish is very handsome if the room commands a sunny situation; but if on the dark side of the house, a generous share of gilding to throw up lights and brighten the room is very desirable in the wall decorations. _ The floor is the next point for consideration. It may be of tile or laid in alternate strips of different colored woods,\virh a border of parquetry. Rugs or carpets may be used on these floors, or dispensed with, according to taste. If a carpet is used the dark, rich shades found in the Persian and Turkish designs should be chosen. The window drapery should be those deep, rich colors that hold their own despite time and use-the pomegranates, the rich crimsons, the dark blues, the dull Pmnpeiian reds and the soft olives. These curtains may be hung on poles, and should fall i-W«*iiii,.rta«ii|( ■ I 102 IIOMH DKCOUA Tluy. in li(>avy I'olds to the iloor, then kxjpecl b;iek with a wide embroid- ered dado. Screens of stained glass are now used in the windows; they are botii nseful and ornamental, for they exclnde the strong rays of thesmi, and the light filtering through them beautifies tlie room with its 7nany mellow iiues. Daik woods shoiUd be used for the furniture; tlie chairs shoidd be cliosen in square, solid styles, and npholstered in embossed or plain leather, with an abundance of brass or silver- headed nails, which are used for upholstering leather and add nuich to the substantial api)earance of the. articles. The dining-table should be low, square or bevel-cornered, heavily carved, and when not in use should be covered with a cloth corresponding in shade to the window drapery. The bor- der may be embroidered in some {esthetic design— a handful of scarlet Poppies dropped on one side, a corner adorned with a cluster of languid Lilies, and a Sunflower wrought in old gold and umber may be left on another corner. Pretty designs in etching may also be introduced, and the cover flnished with a heavy fringe. A buffet may stand in some corner for the display of ceramics or decorated china. The sideboard should be of high, massive style, with shelves and racks for glassware and pieces of china- when convenient, it is built in the wall, after the Gothic style of architecture. There was a time when the dining-room looked like a picture gallery; but the prevailing fashion now confines the number of pictures to two or three small fruit pieces and one or two plaques ot still life. A Japanese scroll may hang on the doors with good effect, and a painted panel is very appropriate for fillino- a vacant corner. " Here the fire-place Avith its many appointments may be dis- played to good advantage. The grate with its accompanying L UOMK l)f:( OUA TIOXS. 103 1. to, ..nd tiny cupboard.,, is „.,t n,,,. ,,|,„.^ j „ , ™U1. .e» that w„„„l n„t (« a,„„„„na„. i„ a„y „tl, , „ 1,*^ he kntck knacks, trom gra„d,„.„l„.,.-» spi,„,i„s.whe7to . While speaking of rhe different rooms we mnst not forn-et to : hin: 2 ^!^^ "-''-'r '^ ^^ ^^ ---^^ ^- onenia: de d 3 " a , . '^r'^' r^^'^ f-' - -rvant." We take a aecidecl stand agamst anything of this kind, and wisli to be we th nk r ""^.^ ""^^Tf"^ ^— ^« -^ i"y P-Parei n.eals, o h^ble kjtohens. There shoukl be a pleasant window or two tl .ouga whioh fresh air and floods of sunlight may come, a few plants on the window sill-for plants thrive better in the kitchen than in any other room in the liouse-a small stand for a work f)nHket, an easy chair that the servant may "drop into" when an opportunity offers, the walls painted or calcimined with some beautiful and cheerful tint, the wood work grained, instead of painted in some dingy color, as is usually the case, and agen- 00.1^' ""I'^^f"'^ pervading the whole kitchen, as well as the In ?r f V'l '™' '^ "^''^'"^ '^^ ^''''^'^^ Pl«a«ant seldom est rienl ; T''?''" ^^""^ ^'"^ ^^"^^^^"^ '^^^^^^^ »- the iTmin ite: to """'''' '' " ^'^^^'^ "'^« prepare our meals and administer to our wants, and it is but human that their sur I'oundings be made TilP'i«nnf ^\r , ^ uieir sui- « ue maae pleasant. A\ e have often noticed, too, that ' WJADO n' aAU])KMNG. those who take pleasure and piiMe in making- tlieir aparfments as cheerful as the means allotted fhem will allow are the ones wlio ,yive the best satisfaction. We can recall an instance where flic kitchen windows were so filled witii beautiful plants, and file floor and wood-work so scrui)uloiisly white and clean, that the lady of the house often remarked that "her ^irl " had the most pleasant room in the house, and that she was always so cheei-ful and happy while going about her duties that she almost envied her. WXxmXom CGavrtcnino. Mi ^^^^^^^^^^^MmfmBmmmsmmSMP fS^i ■^ HE universal popularity of window gardens, whether large or small, simple or elaborate, from a few flower ^^^ pots of Pansies on the workman's window to the fern- ^^n^ ery and Wedgewood jardiniere of the artistocratic mansion, is the evidence of a growing and permanent taste for flowers and ornamental i)lants in all circles of society. There are a great number of designs for window gardens, such as the window box for evergreens, ferns or ornamental plants, the hanging basket, the jai-diniere. handsome bulb-glasses, the fernery, flower stands, mantel-shelf gardens, etc., etc., which are of great variety and (iistef'n.i construction. ^^'I^noW UAJWHMsu, A good location or exposure is (lesii-Thlp 'Pi. i love the shade, such as Atnsies Swee V "", . ^'''"'' ''■*"'''' .'/^ated plants, et<.., will .a ^2^ - ' '""""'' '''*' ^""- tl.H sun's r.,vs. 1„ I "'"' '^ "^'^ ^'''"''''^ se plants win,.h 1 . e ^^:^^:;:r""" ^"'^"•''"^■' ""<' -^y "•^^^-t this tonic. . a ui: plants, some species of Fuchsi-is .,nvlie„ on,.,, Hll.,,1, they nee,l little ,„■ no attenti,,,. for „;! y Mu.ve 1 from one ,-o„n, to another, ami are not as ,,niekly air, cte,l l,y ,.hange» of teniperatnro as plants in the ooen air of our .sittiug-rooiTiy, TiH3 soil for fern cases should be carefully attended to- no ieJi.ihle tlonst ,f possible-and even some of the.e niav not know exactly the needs of the ])lant ^ An authority in the J^lora, WorlrL speakin. of soils, says: ioi the lern case, mix equal parts of silver sand .>-ood one inch, then lay the soil over this, and press firmly that all the planrs may set solidly " ' i hi mjy mat all maf ^shZl T'^ '' ^'"'"' '" ^^^"^^ '-^-^ -^-•^^-- 'I^'-v tVar of 1 ' """ "^"'^'^^^' ^'' ^^"'"''•'•' ^^t ^vill, with littl'e tear ot dangerous consHouences A >inif ..i. i •.• .' """^ betfpr thnr. .. ^ "'^" ^'''"'-^ position is much aS!;;:;;:;rtr::ia"''"^''""'^^^^^^^ n] ^f^^/)Oiya.i/{/,/:AfM;. 107 In ixvvnnfr'mK ,,l,,„f.s for t\w IVin ,.,. ~~ Plure the hu^.st g.-ower. in . .r"' T'^; '""^ '"' '"'^^'" ^'> the sidos. A p.eat nun.h,. o u " "" ''" ^"'""-' -'"^ '<' The Clin.„in^ ,...., 7.^.//...; ; ^ / ^^^ -^ ."" '-iH^-n. de-sirahlH for ro,.k work. ^ "' ''^'"'^■^'" '^ '^' also very '''l„. J»j,rtri(l-o Vine, MUrhdh, ,-m i • '"■'"iunf ,s(,uh.t bornes .M.Iiv,.,. H . "' '"^'''"al'lp, for ifs i'onn an .'x.^ilenC confn.si uirl, f '' '*''" ^■'■'''-^" ^'^^ ^''^^ ''^''nH or TheTruilingArlHUuvi ."'"''"• bovvers, is on? of ti.e ei^^! ^^rr'" ''''^^"''^ ^^^^^ink Hair iV.n is a,s<, a, reat 1^::^ ,'", ^ i^'r'^''", '''"^ '^"•"- terecl liill-.si.I.s, or away in son.e ll ' ""' "" '"^'^^ ''^'•^''- ;-^;'-" ''y its Mack, halii,::", ^^ ;::^ ^^r":' ""^ '"^'^ "•" trold TInvad, with i^ ,ti!v c.^ ol ."''^' ''"^i""' '''-""'•^• '^1- blossom., Win u.n. p,' ty^a :;!:' "^ ''""'T^^ -''» '^^ perfect safety. Plenty of tlie green, wootl.s to tjie fei' ■n (3ase with the roots of all these native mosses sh ould be pack retreat Spleen 'r'l, plants, to help keep „i,M cool Wo,j( Ostrich Pern, Brocken, M; X Wooclsia, etc., also }\ e^ «q«ash n" 1 : tJtganr Daskets for droo7:)in('- nl'inf« tTo1,.,^„ * in their natnra, state orL'beSld. af^l 't ^^ .Ihtt Se.™"''' ^*'' ^^^P""-™^. Lobel-s. Tt^d'esclVia aid • inite a ,a.,et.N of other flowers are appropriate for baskets. The Morning Glc.ry, amvolmhcs manritaniom, is a bin-hlv ornamental plant, ,.f drooping, half shrubby character wit a ,'::t:r" ; ' '"t" ","'"""-• '""""■'""^ '"'''>^*''" "« ™ " Mskets. It cntinnes long in bloo.n. and its porcelain-like bine l-lossoms are conspicuously beautiful. A verv u, n".e ba k t .nay be made by filling a wire l>nsket-fra„,e 'w ml T V, Ind.ng away sn.all bottles fiiicl with water in the moss-l^', hes" pu the s,en,s of Ivy, Partridge Mne and Ferns. The 1, " n hes of the Partndge Vine will hang over the side of the ijket; l L. u= L ino Ivy will twine its arms around the corrl. .1,. • • , ^ toons at the top, and the Ferns will o'l' '^"'«' ''' '^""^^* ^'-- in the center. The most do, 1 • ^ "" ^""''^"^ V^oin^uu are the Convolvuh s ti "7^"" '"" ^'^""^^"'^^ ^"^^ Sieboldii, PeriwinkLl^rim!!::;''""'^^' ^^^^^"^•^^""'' «^^-" In ajranging u basket, do not fi-mv.i i . "Pi-ig-lit growth. Usuali; one e ect ?^. L ,"; """^^ 1^^'*^^^^^ ^'^ sliould be used sucli -.s \ R ^ ''^ '^'"'^'>' ^^PPearance ".any <,H,e,..s ,n,,v fl„„ „ p,„,e i„th it „'•"," ,;r'"''''' "'" Pioture ,.o,.a and a „ : f " ^^^ '""^l'™^™' 1-"- a>ong if. It will ,.over a ^,,7'ZZ "'" ™"'* "'«■■" ''"™«1 wi'li green leaf and b^ ',: ',;i':"'' ",T'' '''T""'' ''" ^'"'■'^- "- ' beauty. ^ "'"'"'"'''' ''^''' '" "'«" *" an increase,! %tta6fe Sctcc.i. of 3uu arti't^:nitta"rr'r"^ " ™-^ '-'^^ -' '-'■■" box . n,ade tbe ^:;^z^^tczz::::!r,r:!z "- ''•«'^»^>i*>«i»4*-"S«<'«W^ ^^^^S^gH^^^^gTl^^^^^^^^s 1:0 WIM) OW , lA RDEMNO. their plares. A number more latlis, as Ions; as tlie box is wide, must now be iixed across these, beginning with the iirst an inch above tlie box. Fix it across by two taclis, one at eacli extrem- ity, and to every upriglit latli with fine fiower mounting-wire, uncovered. When all the laths are on, a ti'ellis-work is formed, wliich may be observetl ihrough the ioliage in the out. It PORTABLE SCHEEN OF WY. shoukl be painted green; when dry, tlie box is filled with tlie same soil as used in the fern cnse and set with Ivy plants, which will cover the treliis completely as they grow. The front of the box should be set ^hickly with Lily-of-the-valley, or scented Violet roots, or sown in the summer with Mignonette. This screen and box, without the castors, may be fixed outside a window wliicli has a bad look-out and not only hide this from view but prove a very handsome object in itself. ^ WIjYDOW GAUDENING. HI OritcinicttlciC cFi^c-3'facc.^. It is frequently desired to ornament fire-places, when not in use during the summer. An elegant way of doing this is as loUows : Order a piece of looking-glass, in a plain gilt frame ' RNAMENTED FIREPLACE. and fit it in as a chimney-board; displace the steel fender and use a rustic one; inside of this ]ilace a fin. painted green, and charge with flower-pots containing ])lants in bloom. From the mantel hang point Ian; in deep Vandykes mounted on silk, edged with a narrow silk fringe, the prevailing color of the ] 112 t7//iV.l PAINTfyU— CERAMICS. i'lii'iiiture. Curtains of fine lace, lined with colored tarlatan or thin silk, may be looped each side with good effect in the sleep- ing apartments, vvliile for the dining or sitting-room they should be made of clotli or velvet, tlie prevailing color of the room. The annexed illustration shows the disposition of these adorn- ments. % 41 J^st, r^>-' CHINA FRINTINE— CERAMICS, -MD f-i, A u\-~ ANY persons who have never given art a thought are nevertheless influenced by the charm of i)ictures, engravings, handsome buildings, the magniflcent pro- ductions of industiy, without knowing why ! 'I'hey ^^f^ li'ive the poetic intuition for art; they are sensible to •' i4> '^ the beauties of nature, which speak to them a t language unknown to the mass that are less reflned and less easily impressed. For the instruction of such let us begin at the initial element of Ceramic Art— the potter's wheel. Nothing can be more curious or more astonishing than to follow the work of an experienced potter through all its phases. First, he places a lump of clay on the upper slab of liis wheel, the motion of which is regulated at \v»!l by means of the impulse given by his foot to the large parallel slab below, and the vase grows as if by magic from tlie tips of his fingers. How many various shapes appear and succeed each other as the wheel revolves ! He VW.\A PAJ.MUU-cmtAMlCS. 113 He in " ";" r""'™'""" <" - »PO'.ge an.l water »d the sk„ r„l pressure of tl.e tingers, „sed with judgment The lu,„p 01 ,.Iay ha, at first a sin.ple and massive fomi I, ses into a cone, ,s hollowed oat to give it capacity, and .ettin lunner by .legrees, it becomes elegantly curved Th pot IS turned into a bottle or decanter, suddenly a movemett dexterously performed with a fiat knife makes another obec succeed to the decanter, which now becomes a bowl. This bowl compressed m its lower part, rises on a thin stem and hv ,T transformation becomes and remains finally a .p! 1 ew Lcond having sufficed for all tliese metamorphoses The potter's wheel is the simplest, one of the most necessary and ancient implements of man's industry. The cemmraits Tld I olf """T', ^f™'°P"'«»' "'-ughout r n woild. It oflew us a lively image of the creative power of m-,n By the hep of a simple tool, and in an exceecLgly 1 m ed space ot time, he can fashion the rough, inert m:teriar"n1 .mpose on it the forms created by his imagination, 'ae to w" wmltn ,, T ""f "'■""' "" *"™ ""^« possession of the woik to embellish and decorate it. They also will create ro create a work ot ai-t, what an ineffable pleasure! How much happiness there is in ornamenting, in decorating your like bestl"' """"■'• "" '■"""'' '""^ *" "l'J'«=^» yon hJ^^r n'""'" '"'"*''" '■'" o™™'*''^ service in a shop, you have already home testimony to the superiority of your teste But your money alone has procured yon a satisfaction, which is common enough after ail-that is, eating out of another's dTshe can truly be said to eat out of their own dishes. How much ■nore valuable, then, will these objects become whereon .,o,T ■1 n;xT£\ put your own work, and which you keep round you o^ give"a^^ '^^^^tt^ms^Kkat^. Ill CIIIA'A PAINTIMl-CEltA MIL'S. friendly i^esents to those you love or by whom you are beloved —objects that no one else could procure at any price. Let us tlien follow the niarcli of progress; let us popularize art. No more excliisiveness, no more trade secrets! Make room for art in the family circle, and let it take a seat by the lireside. Our ideals in art are continually rising, and l)y perseverance only can we hope to scale tlie summits of true art. Observe the old adage: Labor omnia mncit (Labor conquers everything^ Some of the greatest painters, of both the old, and modeni scliools, owe their high rank more to perseverance than to the inspiration of genius. Drawing and coloring require observation, knowledge, skill, and, above all, taMe. Thought must also be included, as much for form as for color, which are inseparable. In painting there is thought in the selection of the principal subject, and art con- sists in giving it interest and beauty. A noted French author has said: "Beauty is the art of choosing and hiding." Let us never forget this great precept, which is the fundamental basis of all aesthetic knowledge. 9ltatct>iaf> oHccjultcb. A table. It is easy to transform almost any table into a pot- tery painter's bench; all that is required is to add a long and narrow board, called a rest. Fixed outside the table, at a right angle, the rest furnishes a support for the artist's right arm. Have on the table a small easel, a color box, a glass palette, a China palette with recesses for the colors, a steel palette knife, a horn or ivory knife (these are to take up the colors with), a small muller, a box containing lead pencils, three lithographic crayons, one porcupine quill, a scraper, and red sable and camfM's hair brushes. In another compartment will be kept vegetal tracing paper, black, red and blue transferring par.er, 1 C£ th re, th; be; th< shj urti be an to emj rem cum I plac( rath( the \ theh suffei easel, for tl for fi methc Se is nia i ciin\A I'Aismya-vEiuMics. W . _ 116 ■Ho r...c. .,„,„«„ „„„ ,,,:„c- ; :; t"' "'"'^"""« ™^ - «- sh,.,l„w .f the l,„,„i uly^!' '""^ ""' "" ''»'i-'-«d by the Absence of dusf, 'inrJ fi,,. ^ . be take,. t„ avohl da,u,M.e,,r«r ,tt w^"',' "™ '""""^ to the ,„ixh.g „f „oi,„„ with? "';;,,,;.';"''*' '',""''"™''"'''^ remain Inmpy beneath the hnfsl he , "''"''"• ""'' "'«y eu™.tanee. doe,, not gh.e i^ ! e < .f r:h\":f '■ "'T "'^- i'lf,, wijicn IS a serious fault. The decorator will take a spnf- n<- fi.^ + n Placpfl -ill fh • . "^ ^"® ^^^'l^' on which are the hack The Jo -k 1 , ''"'• "* '''' '" '"" ""PPO.ted bv the hod..hln:,raV:'r ^r,,:: n'ot''';;,' '^ "'-''"''' ""'' ™ffer from an avW«arVpo"iti™ she ,'"™"'''''"''°''''l oasel, which nermit, iV™, ^'"^ **'" ''''''° P^'nt "t the fofthat .he'mTt :, :Xh4" "■■ "»"<""« --'^d, but for h>mne.,of hand i ,tq*i;''r„', ^^ P'm" " ""."""-" method i., «,.eaf.y preferable for Roodeffec;, ™-''' """ ""^ Su rignt, the amateur leans her forearm on it, lie. ( 'III.XA /'AISTL\a~ CJJh'AMK 5. iicqiiiiin^' l)y iliis ;i firm and free hamlliii^' of tlie hmsli Tor liei- working liiuid, wliile her left hand, resting on her left knee— the foot placed on the stool— supports the piece to ))e decorated, when it is of large dimensions, and presents to the brush, one after another, the portions of the surface to be painted on. For painting on tiles, as well as on hollow articles, it is important that the hand should rest on a flat or a round ruler, in order to allow the brush only to touch the China, and never the hand, as any such paint might rub off and spoil all the work you had taken much trouble, and in many cases much time, to do. Place on the easel the original to be copied, and nearer to you the object to be decorated. On your right set the glass slab, upon which are the three small phials containing spirits of tur- pentine, spirits of lavender, and oil of turpentine. To the right of the slab set the box containing tlie crayons, pencils and brushes. On the other side of the object you are painting set the color-box containing the tubes, and at a safe distance from your w()rk place a phial containing a small quantity of spirits of wine. TliGse, with a small cambric rag retained near the slab, finishes the arrangement of the table, and the decorator is now ready to begin her work. '(pra ctvt <^- If the decorator can draw well, she will outline her subject lightly on the object she wishes to paint, directly without tracinu-. by means of lithographic chalk, the point resting on tlie index finger, care being tak-en not to lean hard, as it is very brittle. This chalk being greasy, should be rolled up in paper or placed in an ordinary porte-crayon. It draws on China without any preparation, and its false marks can be wiped off with a brush slightly moistened with water, or with a dry rag. When you want to make a minute and complicated drawing. f M i ! } J "U aiv (ibli-wl to transfer to i.^oid jretti,,,, ,i„„i,i ,. "■Iiina; l,„t I,«f„re tinnsfeiTinc r,Ln.T "™ "" "'« follow.,,- Pour a few, I,-, ™,f','^,' ^""'" 1'"="" "'' ""'* »s "'■ i.ie,.e., of rag. of «„e :,::;.• HL!^ . .^i ;::;:'; ;;'"> '7-' of reetilie,! spirit., of turpe„ti„e. Pa.,s tl , , ,""T '"■"'" "V- U>e entire surface, so as to leave .J^t^/'; ''"' '■':""'' .-i»«visiuie; you.: r crrt"':o'°T"f ^ *^ marks fr„,„ litl.ographi,, chalk. It i"ven e v,'", ""''' perfect,, «a. surface. We shall nteatLi^^-eX; ™" ™ ^ inj;:sirir,;t:^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ;«.(«..,. ornatnen. or I JCtL^or eii J^'^^- Wack lead d.awing pencils, jou reverse the tracin n It i ^^«c/,^^ ^,Y;^ a Traci Pom^.-Take either hlnr-lc hin riHo'in:::-.';:-^' "--^- '° -"^ '"'p"^^^^^ Ao make sure of fracinf rm fhp evnof- «t^^+ ■i^ontal ]ine in fl,. ,n,vi:n Al ™! 'P^^' >'^>" "'"'^t draw a lior tJie middle of ■ middle or tliu tiaciii"'' jniper, jiiid one as well on the porcelain, witli crosses and letters at each end as landmarks— two crosses marked A and B on the horizontal line of the enamel, and two crosses marked a and b on the horizontal line of the tracing paper. Prepare your piece with oil f)f turpentine or spirits ol wine. At the end of two or three minutes place your drawing on the porcelain in accordance witii the marks x (t, and x 6, tak- ing care to i)lace the middle lines so they coincide, a on A and b on B. You fix the vegetal tracing paper by means of small bits of gummed paper, or else with little bails of modeling wax. The sheet of tracing paper being qjiite firm, vou slide beneath it the piece of paper rubbed with carmine, blue, or black lead. You then take a porcupine quill with a fine point, and, without lean- ing too hard, go over all the <)utline. You must be careful not to press your fingers on the drawing, as this would caus^ a deposit of powder, the same color as the transferring pt'per, upon the enamel and thus spoil the result. JBefore finishing all the work, lift up a corner of the overlaying papers to see if" the tracing marks. It will be but an affair of habit to trace well, for it is by experiment frequently repeated that one comes to know exactly the amount of strength to be used so that the transferring paper may mark sufficiently. Prlc/aracmr/.-ThiH consists in pricking the outline with small holes, and in making what is called a Poncis. This can be done by placing the vegetal tracing paper on some cloth folded several times, with a piece of white paper under the drawing. Prick all the pencil lines with a needle of mediun. size; when this is done, turn the piece of white paper and with a smooth piece of pumice stone smooth away the projections caused on the wrong side by the prickings of the needle; after which you place it on the China, securing it with lumps of wax, aPd rub it over with a pad full of scraped conte-crayon, or pow- dered carmine. The outline thus becomes dotted over the sur- ! GiiiXA P. I /.\ TTxa- ami A .)f/rs. 119 fnc-e and ycu l,ave only to proceed with the puintinL^ ^rhi« • an admirable method for beginnera. P-^^^tuig. This is For trannferring on dark grouud.s, instead of oonte-crayon or blad -lead, you may use starch, <.armiMe, or verm Z h p(,wder,-,subHtance.s which are clearlv ,w... \-. , '-""*^''^" '" coating of oil of turpentine ' ^"'"'^^^''^^ "" '''' ^^^-"^ If tlie flaring luiM moved, or if for<.-eHin,r . i tl.e ,K,i„t „v.,. a line a »«•„„ I i, ;. 2^""i ' '" T T""*^ ana wettiog i, y„u „m be able t„ r™,»: , ,X s :,n,r''b' -hat it »a..ks again „n the ,„ace wbe,: t ; , e f t^a'h":: F«sea, wlterea, on Claina prepare,! for black lil, he Z , cZ^iTtt tr- ""^""^ ---^ '"» i-pa»tir :!,;;: Experience haa proved that paintings progress under greater ^a^ntages when the porcelain and faien..e S.ve been p.^t : w.th a few drops of spirits of wine. The preparation wiS/o of tnrpenttne, bemg a fatty substance, attracts dnst and , ,n, .rtter (o have ,t of the best qnality. Bnt great care mnst be taken to cork up the little bottle of spirits of wine harm" ie lit or the contents will speedily evaporate "ermetically, clea'ntd tZ^::^ Tl,T '^'n'"''' ™'*' ^"""''' "<' . '-'""SOI «ine. 10 preserve these useful instruments tt « mdispensable that no color be left in them after ns n" care betng taken to wipe the.u well after this washing, and eTor *o blow a httle on them to make the spirits of wiue ^vaporlL ,; ii" !in\ uviv to remain it would .spoil (he (!olor of nny subsequent painting. Witii a few (lrop.s of spirits of wine the most loaded i)a,lette ean he instantaneously cleaned and the dryest painting; etfaced, and for this reason we recommend tiiat it he kept far away fron'i ynn during your work, for if u siugde drop wore to full on th<- I'.iinting it wouhl inwuediately smesir and obliterate the work done. Cofot. The .second step in painting, after tracing, is coloring. Som- ber tints are seldom admitted into compo,sitions on i)orcelain Freshness, brilliancy, and delicacy of coloring are rather the qualities the intelligent artist seeks to take advantaue of- she gives a proof of her talent and pleases the eye by the hai'u'ionv of her tints, obtained by juxtaposition, or by mixing. This har- »nony is, moreover, a study of great imjiortance to the amateur and may be pursued with interest by all, as it is common to all kinds of painting. GompUmmlary colors generally agree well together, whether p aced side by side, or round about as in backgrounds, when one •)l them IS darker or deeper in tone than its nei^dibor Here we give a list of these colors according to the natural order ot the solar spectrum: The complement of red is green. The complement of yellow is violet. The complement of blue is orange. The complement of violet is lemon yellow. The complement of orange is blue. " The complement of green is red. The complement of indigo is ochre. The complement of black is white. To the aitisr the word mmph'mentary ^vr^v^^^,^ that if you ' '"i"ii[n II, oi IS 111 Km mjrmn uUh viciiiitv miwI ..■ iliioivs ,, red tin-,. •,,„ ,,« ., "^: •""'■ ""■• «■"«. Kivrn '■"H.o.,,1 ,„ «,v"; \„„ ,; ,T ■ :'"""■'"•" ""-^ "" "^'«'' l-i.«ne,u.,.«l. *• ■ " '"""fc"""""' .illi.no.v l>.v rile more Imninrtns ^u,> -> t. ... ,• or'lH- to avoid harshness. executed lather pale, in will t conS'- V'"- ''^'""""^^ ^'" ^'^""^^'"^^ -f«--« vui ne conhnned : Carmines go well with wat^M-green- skv 1,1..,. ways goes well with pal. orange; dark blue wiN. < Wp of-, furcpioise with violet blue Pur.^l^ wi,,- i ' "^'♦^P oi.inge, «oe, .eu With wa™ oc^u. I^ ^i ^if ''t:;:!,;;!';;'; wifh every color. v.ti,i)s go ut-Ji In decorations, where ornamental foliage has to be sh-uled . o r i ? ' '"''"^ ^'^^^^'^'^ «'• ^^^^^^ '^'<>-- whiel, partake ass?" --":^-:.rs-»t: The min,.„,I |,ninfs I,„„sht in t„l,Bs „„• (1„. cn}„ , ■ , .una «,.e,^ti,os,. „f u,.,™.. „r p,„,. „ei„, ,.,,„:;a;;^r,Lt:t.' t;. * i »'*i»ii»s. '*«3SB4lJia,-i,i, I These colors can be obtained in different states; ground in dry powder, extra ground, or in metal tubes containing the color diluted with the necessary mediums and ready for use We append a list of the colors : Coral Red, Chinese Yellow, Copper Water-tfreen, Cliromium Water- Green, Carmelite Celadon, Fusible Lilac, Grounding Green, Maize, Indian Blue, Marine Blue, Spcciae eototy for, ^jtottHb*. Isabella, Light Coffee, Lavender Bine, Chamois Brf)wn, Reddish Brown, Turtle-Dove Gray, Turquoise Blue, Mauve, Rose Pompadour, Salmon, Tr.rquoise Green, Celestial Blue The colors for backgrounds are of special composition and manufacture. They cannot be mixed with the colors for paint- ing, as they are not fired at the sa ne heat. If a ground is to accompany some decoration (whether flowers, figures, or landscape) lor which you want a white plac^e kept to paint on after the firing of the ground, begin, before laying the ground on, by transferring your design on to the white; go over the . atline with Indian ink or carmine, and wash the whole of it with water. The general laying of the ground IS done next over every part, covering all, as if the tracing and the wash of water had not been done; dabble and leave it to dry. As the water-color uitline is perfectly visible beneath the tint, the surtare of which has been well smoothed, take some L^ike, in tube for oil painting, set it on a glass slab and add to u. CTO-..1 i..,lCT7CT0-CTffl,,j„t,^ 123 it a tew drops of oil of cloves or snirit, „f l. , preparation cover an entire ilovver or ' Je , ™, "■• "^'"^ ""^ ('t yon have chosen a (lorai Zi > ?' "" *'"' "' *'»<' <>""in« I ^tarting f,.„™ .„, conir^ri ':";"" •'^ ""■'"" '■•*»"■ I color of the gronnd, moistened b„,r , ' "*'' """y "'« of the parts to l,e ^rJ^ZtuJ^" ' '""^ '*" ''"'"""'"'' continue to regain successive.; tte ^i^^T' ""''"'''■ ^"" of tlie enamel is wanted so tl, ,7, ™'""'"'™ some white spaces with the Laket cCpl t d t .r"'°™?' *^ ''^^''"^^ backgronnd is then tired at aZlt lea ,7 ,1" •' '""^- '^"^ afterwar.ls the painting on the ,vld.e ™ ' " '"' ""'"S "'^'''' ™a ^doveragainwhenaiilXuC^^^^^^ iJiere are some ^rounds lMi(J wi-fh • ^^^^^^- of wl.ic.1 the toneslre c n p ed iTr?'' '""" '^^'^ »"'™ to clioose the color and ■,Ll^^„ "'""« ''^orator's business Some colors for ground Ire 1^, """""" *" '"■'• ^'"^J^"'- b.-ongI>t to tlieirshad or color hv ?■'''■**"■*''■ ""'' "'"^^ '"'^ flrst coat is often pretLd of n^ '"'?/" '™ ""•'"■'• *»^ "'e ««a the iirst time, aXr th ec^d 'fl "' ''''' ^'""'"- " "^ or purple is laid over it wh cl! *^ ■'' ""'■" "' ''»™»ne red that could not he obtaine, ,T"- " ™™''"'" " ™ "">%'« Tl.e same rales may be apXd to otT'""^ "' "^ "^ ^'"S'" "»'• the amateur to praLceTo^lI:^^:'- ^.""-^ '"^ '' '^ '™" ">'' testing. aeiective lalates, used as tiles for -p^f d^f • *i"i,r"r t ^^""" -^"'^ «»"-«' Kv and allowed to die 'w ' 'n th ' I " "'"^ ""^-^ "" '■''M 'l»«tly part beginning a tit 1 " d t """' "' *"« <^'""''. "'« ^arl J *Woh is very" easily d™lithTd"S "'"'"'"*<' "' """"■"«• and after this gentle flrta. t n "■■ " '^ «■•«'' '° «^ '*. graduated with a dabbe L ?""""' '" '"'"• "'""'' '« -^o way that when the whUe ;f tTrr*' 1 *" "°"™'' "' ™* a may be tired with the rest of ,L Xit' '""'!" '«'"''''l ""^ *y 124 C7//iV.l PAINTING-CERAMICS. By making an outline in water-color which is not removed l)y the influence of the medium, you may dabble on any object, since you are sure to find again the place whereon you wish to apply other tints. Rem.oval of color in the course of the execu- tion of a work, done before firing, with bits of whitewood carved to a point, or with a fiat edge, affords the landscape painter charming resources for foliage. We shall now append a list of the mixing colors : White is obtained by Permanent white (for high light) and Chinese white, a color of very limited use in painting, it being preferable to keep the white of the China when possible. Permanent white, alone or mixed with other colors for heightening, which is called lieiglited light, or relief, requires perfect grinding. It should be tried by repeated and well-fired tests before using it for important works. It is lifted up with the point of the brush and laid without spreading. It could not bear two firings; it is put at the second firing, which is always less powerful. Sky Blue, Light Blue, Blue Yerditer, Barbeau Blue, Cobalt, Prussian Blue, Indigo. Blues are much produced from cobalt, and as the mixtures of cobalt and iron produce proportionable tints, varyin- from light gray to black, it is well to take precaution in paintin- when blues are used with reds, fleshes, browns and ochres; care must be taken that the brushes used for these be thoroughly and properly cleaned before using them for blues. Light Pink, Purple Lake, (Chinese Pink, Crimson Lake, Red Purple, Crimson. C'''™'nes must be p„t on very thin lest thev shonW tnra v, low m the h„„g, and little oil „.„.,, be used ta'avoi,! J, ,! i When pnrple « added to pink, a few drops of h.vende ml ot turpentine must be nsed ''^enuei very"li!'rtlv't U "f^' ""?'"" ""' """■>*» "■" '» "<' '»!« - ();■ SifciC ■A ciuO '^^iofcb. Mac, Mauve, Magenta, Violet, Light Pansy, Deep Pansv mini P'-'^"™"™^ '''■'' '-^l""-"! in using lilacs as for "car- Capucine Red, P npy Red, Madder, Venetian Red Red IS a pmlommant color, and is generally u.s^d alone Ihus the reddish tips of green leaves are obtained bv p c^.!,'. the red nex the green, and not by putting it over; but wi R colors, on the contrary, it is ,he red that disappears. T ,^^";!°",^^^"o^' Saffron Yellow, Salmon, Straw Color Yellou- Lake Dark Chrome Yellow, Light Chrome Yellow, Ind an Ye low, Naples i^ellow, Orange Yellow, Maize Light yellows scale off very easily in the firing; the dark yellows, being less fusible, need to bo used moderatdv thin in the first painting, for the first fire develops them; at the second ^ring they increase in depth, and if they are too heavily loaded hey canno be made lighter again. Avoid using yellcfws nex to blues, which would produce a green tint EmeraM-stone Green, Water Green. Veronese (ire»n Mala ch.ce, Blue Green, Uark Green, Sap Green, En.erald Green «^*¥'<**A»a«8te&j«*w,^.viv.^. 126 CHINA PAINllNU— CERAMICS. Yellows mixed with different blues give a great variety of greens. If these greens are found to be too bright, or too promi- nent, they may be made grayer by adding either carmine or purple. For foliage it is welJ to remember that dark tints shaded into light ones destroy the latter in iiring. All the greens, whether in foliage or in drapery, can be shaded with browns, reds, and carmine tints. By painting over for the second fire, foliage can be made purple or bluish. Blue greens are used for the distance, but must be laid on excessively light, and tinted -/ith Capucine red for the horizon. The artistic browns for China, and which resist the action ot the fire well, are Golden Brown, Vandyke Brown, Rr: v Sienna and Orange Mars. Raven Black, Ivory Black, Iridium Black-which answer all purposes. Dove Color, Ash Gray, Pearl Gray, Russet Gray, Brown Gray. A gray of some kind may always be obtained by mixin"- com- plementary colors-reds with greens, or yellows with v'iolets violet being a combination of carmine and blue. The grays obtained by mixing greens with carmine and purple are P-^ar ■- ally used in flower painting. "^ CPvolcc o^ tDotccfain. There are two kinds of porcelain for artistic decoration, hard paste and soft paste porcelain. Hard porcelain favors the man- ufacture of articles of the utmost delicacy. Among the innu- merable wonders of the Sevres manufactory are cups and saucers almost as thin as an egg-shell, and slightly transparent. <'^imA PAnyrim^aEitAMics. _^ 127 manm-uctured for painting by t rt™,l L '^ ""= 1""ind ol- China, and making trials or J ""'• " """"■^ °" ««=" ".■i"g abont, by con.binati™. "„a tL' „' fV'?"'"'' '" '-^'' '« work, united with a view to the tZTt ''"°"''"'«« "' '"- ■•" 'Ueedge,,, which v™ T i,„" ^he ld7, ""^ '- "" ™^-' Porcelain mark,,! w„h Ck te^fa !rT^ ™'' '"™'^'""S- ackgronnds or i , he cen « 'f "" '° ™''''''" "'^"' '» iving over them would pre„,hLr"T''' """'^ ""^ J-'"' ■■- if they were on a whUeI™l;ld '""« "^ '^"J'^^«™aWe co«^:^:t:r,J4r::;:\3, ':r r-- --'- sticks, sleeve links, bon-bon bote, ,,?' •''* ™"'' ''""''le- n-., .>.«..., wstsn^d^z-t^;;^^;:-^^^ fron?;;:: ;::,:::::.::[;::' t"™'-«- , ^^ -eginner ..„ .^ow 3he ought to adopt. S le'sl , .Id r "T' r^'""""'- ""« "hich -odels, to «nard' gain,; „ i L',f; ;;^«;;--", "!'." ""'hentic enlightened, and faults of thi , a^e ,, " "" '■" """""'"S ceived, ™'® ""^ "n™* and more ■''■•KW.-.**'jv-,rtawi^ ^•.Vv^r^^:^^44,l It is also very important not; u> depar* Is -m tlin .styly special to ear h waie-porcelaiiis, faienres, etc. On Jiard paste ])(>rctlaiii are ])ainte(l heads, ligure subjects, animals, nnU \de, lUnvors and fruif. landscapes, Arabesques, the Chinese and J apajiese styles, hevf!dry, and orn.'unented monograms. EHpeeially . . pun-lain of the Sevres manufactory the clioic.. of subjects is much re- frieted. By conforming with"" the follow- ing suugesrions, a ,r'ne ,mu a stamp will be given to your pro- duction. On i)la(es, iiowers with brown backgrounds are to hn painted On small cups, ligli^ iiowers, Watteau subjects. Lon^- plaques mounted in old silver for sconces and fenude figures, after Raphael, in gray mono-chrome, will make charming obj.'cts. The coarse nature of faience does not admit of as carefid painting, or as high linish and as true a tone, as that on porce- lain. Its clay is not fine enough, and its enamel alters certain important colors. The faience clay being more porous than that of porcelain, the management of the work nuist be modified so that a single firing may suffice. For this reason you must wash in and let it dry; retouch it and again let it dry. Finish by strong touches; then have it fired. " ■ The styles which suit it best are animals, still life, large land scapes, marine subjects, mono-chromes, and armorial bearings. The chance of a piece firing well is one of the great trials of the China painter; but the miniature kiln, which may 1 ought for a trifle at any first-class China house, enables t'bf .ru^st to fire small articles of deo.'.ted China with pej-feci r " ^ s. The amateur has tc i;; li.e up her mind to a g, ,< many fail- ures at iirst, but after the art is understood it is an ui'xpensive and elegant addition to Home Decorations. UONZINO ,-8 the latest improvement in wax work and >t l..'operiy ma,,., cannot be detected from the most expen,.ve artistic ,!ron.e. It answers for Ta"le Mante and Bracket ornan,en,s, and may be ex >o' d f.. dust and air without sustaining the slightest in u -v Tl e ! 1 ■ " '""' "'""l-wisive ornament. Tlie colors required in l,ronze are: Silver Bron™ r.M Bronze, Copper Jironze, Fire Bronze and Green Brfn™. stoij-^e-. •Sfu- a=t of ?ir„fu„, ^ „-p„^^ .,^ ^ Bronze 'Tf^"' '" '" '""^^ =^ ^'"'"' '" ^e «nished 'in Copper •^ one^ J .:V':;™- ™-* '« -"Wed. The casting matS Afelt the tl »n« P»rt -spermaceti, two parts mutton tallow a..a When the It l' meC'L'the™"'"'' ""■' '^"«"'^- cream, stir in the cut wl,. 1 consistency of thick '" '' A.-.H.'h,mt h ■ Xure r^^^ """' *-<"- «P™klin« and let stand ti 1 ne,- h , ««"'■ ""othe elastic mould the wire Z7eT,hT k '""^ ''"""'^ ""y »' *■>« «"<'« "' !;]£ ■. .,' --^' *^- -- «tem with w';^ and the leaf is ready for Bronzing. Rub both sides with tur- nJX^:Tf''' 'T" ^"^^^'' "^^^ I^-"^ ^^-P-- for acrns 1 1] T; ''''"•"'' "' """^^ '^^^^«' «^^k leaves and acorns small maple leaves, the 'holly leaf and berry, mixed ivy Z^^:' ^"' "^^^"^ '''-' ^^'^^^ «^ ^-- -^ Vine' ;::^ 'gfV. atl: of 9JtafU,.c^ a motto I.. ^.on.e Take a box-frame of the ordinary motto frame size (c^ilt face) ^r^^^: ^z ""-^ - ^-^ ^-^^ ---' -'i a ti •:^ :;::^i:;^r w it' i!^ :r^^^^r ^^^^^ ^^^'^- ^^^^ ^ paa, lay it on a table, rub some arrow-root or BRONZE WOHK. 181 l"st,..b,.a.-J o,-a„y kind of thick '''" irtilrr,^'"" "'" '" not convenient. ' '^ ' "" '**"«'■ cutters are Begin with the capital letter W. Lav it n„ ,h , and cut out the waxen letter ■,ff„, ,i ' "'""'' "' ""x previously dipped in "a er N ""'""■" "'"' " 1*"''""" the seve.; letters are o,u T' ""' '"" ''= ""<• «" ™ '"1 blotter every ti.erne:l,ro",^r™ '° '"™'"" '"^ and':fti;trr:^;iTrt:'rr"^-''"™-'-u':»ere.,,i, back of each letter' as it is stTn it " T- ""•"^ »' " '^ "- it gently against the velvet win, ,l, ,"." l""'""". Pressing ters should be set alneh "''".''" f '""' """^- T-"" '-' should be put awav untH the 1. 1 ," ™ "'" °" '"« '■""'« waxen letters adhe,VLrmlv to H '^ '"<"■''""'!% dry „„d tl.e for ornamenting. This L Le in ^ '"'• "'™ '""^ ■•"■« --Ij' on the artist's t^ste, brilTs^^rnrZ-nr."" " •"™'^ Take a twcinch Pern cutter ™l c ?,!. P """"*'■ sheet wax- then brn„» m? T' ? * ""' °'" ' * ''m'l'le with Gold ," anvrs™ i;'"' ^""'■f\ "" ""'" ^'^"^^ ""'«'■ Take the stem end „7 he P , "T "l"' ''™P'"« ""' '«"«' W. cowing pinrstTn' fto L i:: :: r 7^^^^^ *« "-" e».l -f .he over and fasten it down in the .^^d^, 'll'tVnl'rpr ^ ^herjut, f : irtThrir.^' Ttr ' tf *-- pure H ^ "■""" '" "'"'P^'l hands in the center of ••«■. ■fliito4*l.t^..-C,.. ..^im'.^.^...^^.^ 182 BltOyZH WOHK. Anotlicr style of motto is ii vasp in tir • ,nter, from wliich vines in (li<''eront colors of bronze run. (Ireen, Fire and Copi^n- Bronzing should have a light background; Silver and Uold Bronzing sliould have a darlc background. %ht art of ^^RafvuKj a. tHorcif a^a^lict in- S)3tonzc. Take a medium sized basket (chip or any solid substam-e), brusli it w itli glue on the inside, till it with moss and set it away to dry till the moss is stuck to the basket. The moss should be raised in the center in the form of :» mound. Have the wax sheeted in Carmine, make tlie center of the basket in Ro^ , ^ Rosebuds and Carnatiwns, as they are the most durable, mould the petals over flie embossed muslin petals and bronze them with Fire Bronze JSTos. 4000 and G()(»(», as i)reviously directed. Drape the basket and the handle in Smilax, having the wax for the Smilax sheeted in Chrome Cxreen, then mould over the embossed muslin leaves, bronze in (Ireen Bronze and drape loosely. Such a basket makes a prett table ornament. 'Jitccivowa ^ot o'3»rotvr.iHct. •All kinds of ornamert« may be made in bronze— small animals, fish, shells, birds, statuary, etc. The mixture for casts should be the same shade as the bronze used. FisJi may be bronzed in Silver, Gold, ..nd Copper Bronze. Shrlls in Silver, Copper, Gold. d some may be tin fed with Fire Bronze on the exterior of , • si U; but the interior of almost ail sh.Ols must be tinted wifti paint. Du(fs in Zinc, Silver, and Copper. Birds in almost any shade. Prepare the mixture in Chrome Green No. 1; a little rosin may be added and a thick sprinkling of cut wire; trim, the object u,„l rub with spirits of turpentine; tl.en apply the Green Bronze, tlie two nun.bera us directed. Coppct ^lonzc Siatuati), Prepare the mixture in Burnt Uu.ber, and proceed as directed. SStOHxitKj Statuettes. resethrf '' ""' ?^ ?'""' ^" P'"'^'"' "^ ^'^^^«' '"'-^^ ^^ "^'^^^ to re emble_ bronze by first rendering the plaster non-absorbent It drying hnseed oil and then painting it with a varnish made bj gnndmg waste gold-leaf with honev or gum water Another method is by first painting the article, after it has been rendered non-absorbent, of a dark color nu.de of Prussian .e, lellow Ochre, and Verditer ground in oil. Before this be. ome8 quite dry, bronze powder of several colors should be dusted on those most prominent parts which mav be supposed o have worn bright. Plaster casts may also be n.ade to resem- ble bronze to a certain extent by merely brushing them over with graphite, which is a brilliant black lead. mcifxob of Sltafiing gm&o^^eb Sllusfitt, £ce.uc^. Take a piece of green muslin, or calico, and size it well with ismglass; then take the natural leaf, lay the sized piece of M.uslin over it on the under, or veined, side of the leaf Let the muslm remain on if till almost dry and the impression is set- then, with a^ pair of sharp scissors, cut the muslin around the leaf, either plain or serrated. The impression may be taken of any leaf or flower in this way. The use of muslin leaves tends to make the work more durable, and is found very convenient for the artist. m I >4, .',t u 'Si'u- d:|- of ^J^IUiru.Kj i^Vvolic £caviy. Bepouta /^.r.— The Iie;,'<,niii Rex inukes a beautiful parlor plant. Five or seven leaves make a nice si/ed plant. Select live or seven healtliy Begonia leaves of diUeicnt sizes, as no two leaves of the Ihx are of one size on the same plant, tut the leiivcM clo-sely oil" the stem and immerse them in a solutir^n of cold water and castile soaii; l^uve them in this twelve Iiours before using. Melt the wax to the <'onsistenry of cream, in Chrome (freen, Pei-inanent (ireen. Dark Olive (Jreen, and Verdi- gris (Ireen. Now take a leaf out of the soapsuds and lay it on u marble slab, keeping th.^ under surface, or veined side, upper- most; then with a camel's hair brnsh lay on tin; melted .vax in dilFerent .shades, following the shades of the natural leaf. The soapsuds having made the leaf transparent, all the shades and spots can be plainly seen on the veined side, which is the side the waxen leaf has to be formed on. The belt of light green, over the silvery markings of the leaf, should be put on" with Verdigris (freen. Begin the leaf in the center and continue on each side of the mid-rib till the edge is reached and the leaf has a thick coating of wax. Then lay a wire along the mid-rib oi- center of the leaf, fasten it in the wax by pi-e.ssing, nai-e being taken to leave it long enough for eight or nine inches of steni^ Wires must also be laid on all the side-ribs, or veins leading to the mid-rib. These small wires are all brought to the (vnter wire and laid evenly by its side till they all come to the stem where they are all twisted around it to form one long and thick stem. Give the leaf another coating of Bark Olive (h-een wax— this covers the wires-then finish with a thin coating of Burnt Umber tinted with Vandyke Brown, and the under surface of the leaf is finished. Remove the natural leaf om the waxen • id tint the veins lightly with Carmine. Brush a little Carmine loosely on the darkest sh-de in the center of the leaf, and before i I" Kiy>- it tii„t ml,li„|,.,„,,,,, Ji,,, ,, ' '" " """"Kl> «-ill 1... l,.ft '-f. T„« „™t ,-.s ,„ .int:;',, ",:;;■■,;: ;!"■ ^'t-- «« 'trip >,M,st l„ r„l,l,,.,, u i,| , ," "" "'''■'" '" "'" l-'f- T.,H , tin,i„« ,,,„,sh ,.p„iy , ,., i, r ;■ ""•i"""""-. tl-n wi,l, ,1„, ''" •■'" 'I- 1— '■..„„,„„, F. ;;,,*- '7' ■'■ "■<■-.".■«•„,• tl..'i.' nai.ual s.-owi, ,„:;„' "'"y >"»y '« umngea In of lime „„., ,„t them J r: j? !'?"", ?"'""°" "^ ^'""•''l^' rtiinip, some in different sl,-„le» „f """""«■ tolm- tliem iviiiJe «I..-Hle. „f brown. Aft e ," ,, ^''^ """ "'"'" '" '"'T-™' i» to make the stem „ " ^t ' "' '™^^' "'» "'"'' """S vn.-ni«h, an.l when the Carn ,h1 l ' nt H ""•■""? "' '"""''" -'i.-, into straight strip., of m^'^^^ 'ZT:"'' ","™ two inches, and halF a yard in len..fh T T " ""'' '" on a taWe or some smooth Zf , ,^ °"' °' ""^"« ''"'■l''' ni»-., '''eneoveritwire 1: '^:;.r t.;™"''"'; """' °^ ™'- We .narrow margin hare „n ot";," f ^, r: 'd^^^':'- '^ piping is being made t3 utner -•sia^WWBBeaSESa ^i^^mim^gt^^mm. aW6.'««,s^aiiAafc8aMSMas nidh, sprinkle them thickly over the flock, and leave for twenty- four hours to dry. When thoroughly drj/, revarnish the bare edg-e and turn it in underneath (he other edge, thus forming the strip into a pipe, ready to receive the wire stems of the leaves. Brown and Crimson liock may be used. For Begonia Rex, use Crimson flock; for the Rubra, use Glaucous flock, and for the Palmata use Brown flock. Very good stemming may be made by tinting Canton flannel, which has a very long nap or pile. "^hii Cafabiu-VM- cFcu-vcw. This is a most desirable parlor ornament. The exquisite markings of its leaves in almost every variety of tint, require to be made carefully. Soak the leaves in soapsuds and proceed as directed. The melted wax must be applied with flue tinting brushes, and every tint and marlc on the leaf followed accu- rately. The colors for a Cahidium leaf are generally Permanent Green for the background of the leaf; Ciimson Lake, Carmine, Rose Madder, Burnt Sienna, Cadmium Yellow, Verdigris Green, etc., for the markings. The wax must be colored with the tube paints. Wire the leaf and proceed as directed for the Begonia, add a few bronze tints in Silver, Gold and Fire. Bronzing adds greatly to the beauty of tlie Caladium leaf. The stemming may be Tnade as directed for Begonia, without the bristles. Use Glaucous flock; ten or twelve leaves make a nice sized Caladium plant. All varieties of tropical plants may be made in this way. The Rose Geranium i/^^a/'.— This leaf is' of a dark Clirome Green. Frepai-e the wax in two shades, dark Chrome Green iind light, immerse the leaves in soapsuds for six hours, take one out of the soapsuds, and hiy it f)n tlie marble slab; as there is neither shading nor marking on this leaf, all that is required is J BnnxzK woitK. — t 1S7 to givp it a coat oJ: dark Chiorae Giwn tl,: .1 , ti.e wires from sliowing, theu .,y Z'w ™""° '° "''''™"' .•oat the„i over with a IWu sh,^ f °™'" *"' ™»'' »"" 1-f. and a.s tirtxtufrfl^^' «■""'• "«»"-'••« »at„ral ."Ugh, r,.b i, ove wi 'ten floor„ r'"",' '"" " ""'""■ •J'his is an excellent leaf fn?)T- "''"' ''•'"' 1'"™<1«>- .nay be left difenuf^^tL """°" '" '"■""^^ ""■ T"" ^'™» soapsuds; take it out and lay it e enh „^th , , ™, '"""' '" coat the center in yellow and fie „ *" ".".We slab, then must not be too hot a tL" o „ i'^"" '" **''''™- 'f"« ™^ spoil the effect T-.y 1, * ' "'" ""° «"='' °"'«' "..d a^ewi„ciir.henXte:rdT„:nr;:;'r^"^'™';''' luipcuiiue, aiUl bronze the ppTifov in /"i^ii ti margin in Green Rmnv« « .^.^^^f^ ^^ Gold Bronze, and the o m VTieen iJionze, finishing the leaf fremw^•wm—i>/6•^/;^c//o7^.— The leaf i^n riovi^ ^ • ™ns and a narrow belt of deep lltk ^^ ' Sr* SX hie . > f " '"""■ '" «°»l«*>"ls. lay it evenly- on the m-.r s.at tins /one. Then put the wires in, and give it the sec(,n,l lime a™;,r '"^ """"■"' " ^"^ ""' '■'« ™'- ^^ Ocranmm^Lo^,, P! ,, inoM .-T\„. leaf is a .vreenish C-u- h *H ruejcat hist, tlien the green. AVhen the mtiir.>i »dB'™rr '■/'"' '"----'1. f^armine. then m x .CmTne and B,u„, Lmber together (in p„„,,er), dust » very little of it Is I V" I K'*v Utl wfeifeJittaj «*«-»«J««Wftl,«>,,.i«j,;,«,SE„,/;^., 138 BECALCOMMs'IE. on the green part of the leaf, and bronze the white part with three coats of Silver Bronze. ^ The best direction that we can give for the tinting and mark- 'l.t Tr"!^ '" '"^^ ''""^ ""^"^"- ^^'^ ^^y^'^^^^ ie^f i« well adapted for the practice of marking and tintin- Tree, Magnolia, Camellia, Orange, and all leaves which have a waxy surface, should either be varnished or bronzed All kinds of leaves may be made by the foregoing directions. TTTt DECALCOMANIE fllS is_ another name for a style of decorating that has been m vogue an indefinite period of time and comes .mder the head of transferring. It is almost supei^u- ous to mention the variety of purposes to which decal- comanie may be applied, as it can be transferred upon everything for whicli ornamentation is required and the variety of designs which are printed especiallv ?" iJ " rne most lastidious. 1.} vv.iy of showins uinu a variety tlii.s style „l „i-„arae„tali„„ VV.I embraoe: All kiadsotcrockery, china. p,„.celaia, vase."s li.»k..,,ses, folios, boxes, lap-desks, ribbons, dvessU ,.,< ' S \ Dft^CAnoyfAJWE. 189 It .vithin the means of evervonp Fi.,f o,,,,^^ " ^Jiiiis"^ thin Pn«..o„ «v«xyone. JH iat surfaces are more suitable tnan concave or convex ones for this ^fvi« ^f i -/"^'^"J^ The materials required are- (Vm^nf i a a„ck q„u .Me ,1, . «a::;,™t>^i";:i;, zi;"'™"'- """^'«"^- tut your design neatly with a snnll rvnS. rv • *u„ .1 "^ ^"'^ '^ ^iiJ'in pair ol srissort! 'inr^itr the cement by means o+" thp snl^io f^ ^v. \- ^ ^'^•^'''"r«, 'ipply suchshoud 000.,, insrantly .ep,„ee it a. weU ^ ":: ' 'abl to„.„ve a knowledge of Orienta, painting JonrZ^^;, «^k ne h to w " '"", ?'"'"'' """ "'™^ «°1°«' »n" bnng it >ut,, „ater.c„lot. i,a.nt», „llow tin.e to dry, and va.-ni'h "ut .•es.!rrt''T! "' '™r' "'''""'"' '"" ""•='' ^» '-^- I' '"^'V be n . bed ^f r"", ","^' c„n.,i„e„=j. by plaoing tbe bottle i ™, 1 '""'i' '■*"' """ ""^ ''« "rolM while warn,, de raw ' 2Z *'°"'' *'" '" " '^"* fc"-"""'l»'™'l<. it would be C ,ine e w if. IT ""'"'" " ™"""*''"' Wi.«o,.and Jfewton'. ^Mne.se wliite. Tlie reason for tl,i.s is tl,at some pa.ts of the "(".-e are sen,i.tt-anspa,.ent, and these wonid lose ,1 ei, b l.aney .t tmnsfenvd directly npon a dark l,ack.,,,„nd wM hrst painiini'- - • ^•-•'•• VII > fiife*Miored, hard wo designs natural (onus in , h , w ' ""'" "" """''"" "' """">« for which !hey ll'L'tlr ™*''' ""' '" "'"' P^P-- Thoconv«^n(u.t.alizi„g.ofaflowpr l^of ^. simply means tlie u.e of i(s formT; ' ""^' ""'"''^''^ ^^J^^'^' that the.eohj..ts ..n,... ,. z.",:;; tr;:;:::^.^ ^'^-•' -^ 143 '" <'»ibroitlery exactly i' ', if ^SfcfctSlfeiaj •xiiii^^Mmm^mm as tlu\v iiic in iiMtiiiv. Huf, jis lono' ;,s the question to be con- sidered is one (»r niiitciiiil aiid color only, u sense of luirmonv iind taste lor simplicity will be siitlicient guides, l)ut in the mat- ter of design some knowledge of art principles is necessary, at least it is desirabhf to understand the meaning of terms con- stantly met with in suggestions for decorative neeillework. Trail fif err inr/ Bes/f/nsfor Kensiiuftoii WorJi und EtvltuHj.-^ This process varies according to the nature and color of the material to be used. If the ground is light, a good way is to trace the design carefully upon tissue paper and iix the i)attern flat ui)on the material, then, i)lacing between them a sheet of carbonized pai)er, go over the i)attern with a sharp metallic pen- cil, and the design will be accurately traced upon the ground. Jiut occasionally, by this method, the color of the carbonized paper remains behind and soils the material, if it is freshly used. A piece that has seen service is safer to use if the material is delicate. To transfer on dark grounds another method must be resorted to. _ Ponimng.—'^Y this process the design mnst be drawn upon thick paper, and the outlines pricked through with a pin. When the pattern is pricked out, it is lixed face downward npon the material, and rubbed over with starch or line powder, sewed up in a thin muslin bag; pulvei'ized pipe clay may be used! ru])bed on with a lirndy-rolhxl piece of flannel or wad. Then carefully remove the pattern. A pen dipped in India ink, or a solution made of pipe-clay and gum arable, will effectually trace out the pattern. I It is agreed by the best authorities, that in making embroid- ery tlie fewer and simpler the stitches used tin; better. The number and character of tlie stitches depend, of course, npon the design to l)e made, as some designs are much more elaborate than others, and require a great deal more work. r h LADIICH' WORK JJASKET. 145 Tent or Stem ^YzVc/^.— Tliis is ft,. • T~ " ners, and it consists of u Ion- si t( t..'l""^r* '*^*'^^ ^^^" ^''^^^■ ^ sliort one baokwurd, and e^eate nr.^T"'^' followed by mg in the work. ^^P^-^ted, only the long stitch show- Blanket Stltvh ~~\X\^^,.\, : hole stitch, and Is con'^ ; 2^^!^ >' '^^ the button- ^ used in edging materials. By Blanket, or Embossed Button-hole. Border in Buttonhole Stitch. . ". -»(.(/«, omen. "'™"""" ' ^""^ fastening down the edges of applique work etc. The illustration (il! lustrntion at the side of reading) we have given very dearly explains the manner in which this stitch is made. Chain Stitch. -<^^'^^^^^!^^ -' - ™«aWe for 10 ' ' ""^i^^^ J ^'^j bosses and crewels. In i) -*«««ii*afe.v. LADIIS' WO UK JfASh'ET. the fij'st ])liiCB the design \s shiinin'd surl'aec ol' it well liUed in with worsted ov silk, and then the embroidery is begun. The work appears tlie same on both sides, as it is un over-.-uid-over stitch tluit is used. Great care must be taken that the edges are even all round. The ilhistration gives a clear idea of the way the '.\ork is done. on the goods and the whole A'c/ts/j/r/fon ''■'i///'/ne $ Stff (■/,.- Tills stitch is in reality the same as tlie stem stiich, ,,:.iy 11,.,^ |,y the insertion now and ilien u[ a stroke Kenainr/ton Outline Stitofi. '^dle is hrou-ht throujjh tlie "'•''^<-n'aI. and the tloss ^vonnd ■•"•'•'."id it once or twice, and it is ^'^■.■nn thrust flir.M.o'h the 7naterial •d the point where it was lu'ouoht -"'""'""'■"itlHIiiillflliiii-iiiliiii.iJJjj^g , , Knotted Stitch. tln,,„l,,l wi I ,,,?„„ tlfnu''^ '■"','"■ ^ " '""""« '" «'™ «Kn l,,.t„.„.„ the ™„ * • '"'f " "" """"S" *"« de- rflk ,,lm.«I over the de ir .1 T T'' "'' ''""'"'^ °' «'""« me deMgn, clo»e to the needle. The needl? t li 41 i'j^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y ^A / o I &^, A (/.. 1.0 I.I 28 1^ 1:25 III 1.4 IM 1.6 VI 'lilC Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ iV iV ^% "% s Q ^4 ^ V% 'f is then passed oack through the design at about th- same place it came up, catching the iilling about a quarter of an incli from one end, so tightly as to cause the ends to spring straight up. The ends of the Iilling are then clipped with a sharp pair of scissors, and the operation repeated un- til all the knots are cov- ered. ^ With judgment and taste in the clij)ping and in the arrangement of the stitches, striking imita- tions of the flowers men- tioned can be produced. The object of the knot stitch is to imitate the seeds in the flowers, which it does very faithfully. In making all of these flow- ers the utmost care must be taken in the selection of the materials, it being a matter of mv ch importance Plush stitch that the flower be exactly true to nature, not only in color but SVtidvTb " ""^^"^ ^"^^"*^ ^ veryUty d^st* te]^J:^^r''%rr' ^^^^^^^ ^^e sumach is treatedln and mt if pt^ ''^'^'' ^'^ ''""'^^^ ^^ Kensington stitch ^^tin^s whlh T ^^^«^.«^^" brilliant colors to represent the rinimgs winch autumn gives them. m,kfajf£;fr *''"''-TWs is also a very popular stitch, making a good appearance, and for this reason is adapted to a wide range of work. It is especially useful in taking ?h7p5ace 1 I LADIES' WORK BASKET. Herring-Bone SiitcA. of the unsightly- ridge made by a fell, and for joining seams. The illus- tration gi-'Cft a clear idea of the way this stitch is made, which is, in this case, made so as to produce an ornamental effect. be t:f from • T.^""^*'"' °' "aUing this stitch wiU readily illustration. It is commonly used for borders, and for work on thin and transparent materi- als. Begin the work at the bottom of the subject, and work /ro7?i you. Baske* Stitch. Mather StUch.-This stitch is worked in two colors, with very pretty effect. The il- lustration, wliich we give, shows clearly the method oi' working one variety of the feather stitclu Feather Stitch. small leaves and grain Wovud Sf/'/r/z.—lfi used for embroidei'ing flowers having small petals, for +1 1, J. , ^. '^^^<'"*'*'^'^lesigns in ribbon work are embroidered on plush or velvet looks'ery^lds^r:' """" ™broidered in ribbon on it, :i \i 152 LADIES' WORK BASKET. Ribbon Work. L. 1 _J LADIES' WORK BASKET. 158 from several stuffs after vthlh it ™* *''" l'""«™ i« «"t out material with ms e ami ! »^ T *'"**"""^ "P"" """"i™ sUk. In-laid w:^tZVbrcutJir:1r "* ''^™' O"^™ "«' materials, and fitting one int, """^^ft^e same pattern from two that i„,aid scrZa; woTi fr„ "''ThelT' ,"" »"■« ^^ fastened with embroidery si^^k *^ '"''""'' P"'* ''^ *™ "sro„7h:?:;a«^^ and all the ecWsTe Wp^^ ' "' ^^^"^^^"^^ **> be attached stitch, with SroMe^ l^^ ':';^"' '""^^""^' ^>^- b"tton-hoi; If there a.^'ny Win de th ""^"^^ «^^'^ «^' -»tal>le shades. ^ imes mside the figures, such as the veins of ^ leaves, they are worked in 'Sfciii stitch; and outside the figures, stems, small leaves, &f'.. are worked in herring- bone or embroidery stitches. The paper of the pattern is then moistened and torn away, leaving the design on the foundation. Our illustration of the Pansy Pin Cushion, and its sections {a and b), show how easily simple but useful arti- cles can be made. Two shades of yellow, purple and lavender, purple and yellow, black and yellow, deep pur- Pansy Pin Cushim. LADIES WOltK UASKBT. pie ami wlnte, or bimvn ami yellow, are the most desirable colors to select lor this »tyle of cushion. The material may be ta lilush, velvet or cloth, as desired. The foundation oHht L giiiiu ((, and another like di- u<>rani b, are out I'or Hie pansy. Tlie section ]ike dia- gram b is ]ai)ped at its double cnrved edges upon tlie part / like diagram a, as far as the (. lower curved dotted line in the latter, and both are sewed together by an invisible stitch, and then to the foun- dation, the cushion being iirst closely stuffed with savv^ dust, bran, or any other de- sirable material. The other dotted lines are outlined up^ on the iiower witli silk floss, an(l then a, little slu'ding artistically done is worked from The centre of the cushion. The cushion is sus- Diagram of Pansy Pin Cushum. Sf:rt,trr;~-ri=?;:!x t vine Wlion conipleted, tlie\vorki.si)ressed on tlie wrong side, and lined with some heavy suita- ble material. If this design is worked farefully a ricli effect will be produced. Drawn WorJc is very popnlar, and cor -ists in drawing oui tue til reads of linen and working in patterns with n ^ T> 7 . fancy stitches. tard Ra.Jcet ^^ Panama Ganms.~TLx\^\s ^-^.^Xy .....a ^ onri V::T VT^ -•'W— ee. it is a combLt ^n'or? iri each e^ZT'^.rAZ;:Z 1^^^^^^^' '^^"^^' "^"" T)„,i' i. . '*'^ic^A^>-i 111 I lie cenrre and corners in n «m.iii c IS sec uied by small stitches here and there, although it should not have the appearance of lying closely to it. Ap]illqve Ltliiihrrqmn L= '"•*»«•» sateto' 166 LADIES' WORK BASKET, gant a.Ulil„„ ,„ „„j. ZT *''"'""' l™Se. is an ele- liistened to it. '''liH one illus- t rated is cover- <'^l witli (lark J>lue plush, upon which are dogwood bios ■sonis and leaves in white and olive plush, ap- plied with yel- low rioss, 'I'lie mirror is l"»iis in dia- mond fashion, l)ows of satin i'il)bon of the l>liie tone being J)laeed just \v' here they •seem to hold 1 lit^ pretty flow- ei'8 in position. ^Vllile any col- ored velvet or T)!„rirnm of Borptn,,^ Flowrr, a»rf r^nmi,. {For mvroy Fral^\ ^^ ^ " ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ Ml u • 1 1 ^^^^^^ ^tiJl it Anil be qnicklv understood hv rhose who have studied decorative effect whv a dark tone is preferred —one does not wearv of it as would be tbp CMS. with a faint tint. AVbite plush is cut in ihe outlines indicated by diagram A for the do-wood flowers the r 1 r.Annis wouk haskkt. Mirror Frame in Pht-ih P.nh,.^-, "od Flmcera.) lo7 ''!!* ( 1*' .^ '*n II 'I 158 LADIES WOIiK HASKbT. tlMM.lN«l. IV^n,ei»;,"MLs. ""■'"«""«'"' ^^i'l'lyin» the,,, to accSi,;;' :':i:;:';;rHn:''"", "'"■ r',"'"' '"" ''"•'™-' - '--^ed wit),o„t ,he h.„», „^' ,; *"■'"' """""'" ""'I t" "''ten'l '".,«» knoti'xr me ::'!,,!::::,;: r '-rr -'*" ^ ""•*^" °^ ^--h yellow k„o,, mxed Sr,hem"1w"r' T"" *™'*^' "' *"k design „,. ,.,i„.o,. f..me'iU'X,J,::, \\7;rp;:i:M,ir."' i'"" most effective llowers used in embroider - and ^-^ . ^ ;«mg three or fo„r shades of garnet mioselk 'b± y « ij '^ in all such parts as are marked A -r ^r.A n -.7 , ^ "" knot, of a light shade of Berit t'J ""i,.!" 'T/'^'^'^ larffe and close- t\^r. flii • IV '^'^^ *'^^ ^^""t*^ qi"te da^l^er kn^t!:^!'^^^^ em\m"i:;:rf " 1 ^'^ ^^'"^^'^'^^'^^ Tliis done, commence lillirinThe h lloL^^^^^^ ?? ^'T '^' '^^'■ and when vou come to an? of ,.1^"°^ "^ ^ "^he darkest shade, A B -ind P fill fv -^ , ^"^ P^^*''' «»^h as those marked A, B and C, fill them in with the lighter shades "^^riced I i 1 ; i ...J In h JAPAN COCKSCOMB. (Full Size Working Pattern.; LADIES' WORK JJASKET. 159 The filling in should be worked cIosp • nri ^^u v , green fllloselle, liaviti" le- o-irnet .f. V, ° ! gi-i.vi«li- remaimler of tie stem is ^^2" **"' """' "'" '''^"- '''"« clipped quite closely Th. 1 f '"T ^^J'-S'^'™ lilloselj^., the darkest shade with thX^^ ^1^1 '"'r*' ™'» '"«' next, put in the other veins wi;'",,:"; .^ ^^t '^ZJ^t:^ take yon,. lightest shade and work the npner narf o !' , , ;;::ii"' trr:'""'- '■^■^'""''-" - ".'"critt;':!^; ol' the cockscomb. AVork the lower side of leaf in the o.ime way, and about the same dis- tance from the point, slanting tlie stitches in the direc- tion indicated by the veins. Outline the remainder of the leaf with the next lightest shade. Now fill in the re- mainder of the leaf with a shade a trifle lighter than that used for the veins, blending as well as j^ou can. The accompanying illustration shows Coch^ccnb Banner. iFinkknl.) ] w \h LADIES' WOKE BASKET. 161 This engraving illustrates the design completed. The leaves are filled in with the South-Kensington stitch, or they may be worked to good advantage with the Janina stitch. Tlie stems are worked in the stem stitch. (The stem stitch and the proper direction of the needle is illustrated on page 150.) Tlie design should be accurately traced or stamped upon the plush, felt, velvet, or satin, in order to produce a good result. Make the large stem first, then the smaller ones, working them the full length of the branches, as shown in the engraving. Now fill in the branches with French knots, using yellow Berlin wool. The knots and filling-in stitches must be done with neatness, but regularity in arrangement need not be aimed at, as they may be taken up whenever there is a necessity. The colors required for filling in are, three or four shades of yellow filloselle in its pure golden hues. Filling-in Stitch.— The stitch used in filling in or making the fiuffy portion of the flower is here shown. A needle is threaded with common white thread. Lay a strand of filloselle on the ground of your pattern ; bring the needle up between the knots ; take the needle down Fiiung-in satch. about in the same place it came up, but from the other side of the strand of filloselle, pulling the thread in the needle tightly. Then cut off the filloselle at the longer end. Lay the filloselle on the ground again and fasten it and cut it in the same manner. The fastening of the filloselle should always be made between the knots, the latter offering a support for the fluffy ends of the floss and giving a thick, heavy look to the embroidery. The heavy line in the engraving represents the filloselle before it is fastened and cut. The short, thick portion in the picture shows the result when the filloselle is fastened down and cut. The correct direction of tho needle, when fastening the floss, is also clearly pictured Ti h ends of the floss should be clipped off 162 LAD1E8' WORK BASKET. evenly, and this should be done afti^+hl^iT '• ~~ Only flowers similar in thei^L w 1 ,^^ ^''^^ '"^ ^' "^"^P^^*^d. worked in this manner. ' ^"^ *^°«^ described can be Receptacle for Papers, Letters Ffn a i, receptacle is probably among the' foremoft t?^ ^^^ ^'^^^ home, as every lady appreciates ''wT-i S'^'r "' '^^ thing, and everything in its place." The one '^H" ^ ^ ^^' ^''''^■ of heavy silk, very handsomely decorated Zlf ^^^^^ ^" "^^^« on the lower pocket and a spmy of XT anrr^ '' ™^^^« second. Almost any design that finr-l? , f °'^^''^ «^ ^^e suitable. The Golden Rod desit ^r !f? >"''* ^^"^^^ ^e look vez-y pretty arranged on erth^i of t^ ^''"'''^' ^^^^ The accompanying illustration re„3 Xl ^T'^ ^'''^'''^ , used in decorating the lower polet Tl-^ ''? ^'"''" ^ are worked in tlie plush stitch, ^usitin-ow^T^T "' '^' ™^^^^« knots and two shades of brown Sel e f"r dfe fill— ''^" '''' leaves are worked in bri-ht olivp ot! . . ^"'"^ ^»- TJie satin stitcli. ThH nf.thod of tnrl ^ T^''""^ ''^^'^ ^^^^h the the needle is cleaH;:t:Ltr^r t^T '''''' ^^ never make the stitches str-ii-l.t .? .tl m/'' '^''^^'"^' g^f^sses witli the stem stitch usinftlS'r; ^^" '''^^'' ^'^ ™''^de tl- leaves. The pc^irt^fat^p o^'^J ^^^^^ ^f ?-^e as for are a trfle lighter than that used for t leTower jn^ T^^! TT heads of the second pocket are worked m tZZ^ , ^ '^^^''^- 150), using light yellow flos. TlZT - T"""'^ ®^'*^^ («ee p. and the three pockets are oHongs of cardboVid ,tt , l if 5 lower eclaes to fho Vm^v „ j ^ ■? '_'"aDoar(l attached at the pieces wWchaboiS^'',^"'*-"' ^t "fl '" "»"w gore-shaped smoothly coverS wSh the -^ "l ?" "'''*• ^" "'« »'•«>"'■* velv, ■ibooa 3p^ th J"*"'''' """"Anient. A row of ioming i thefts to th'""""; ""^^'^ "^ *" '"'* ""'^ ~™'^ *« in. the reoept».,e S L^^ 1*1^ Sithl'dTetor ^'"^- X m ,1 :l ■ 164 LADIES' WOIiK BASKET. IS partly worked with the nM»,M Ti.e flowers ana bud. ar^en:,*""'^"''^ "'"^ ""' X™^", .-na leaves are worked iu ler„"r "J :t ""t^ ""^'' ^'«- l«if IS always worked with crew^lV^ ,, , "" °''"""' "' 'he colors used, and looks e^J^^ '^J^: ^'^'^'"Y'" ''^ "'" m the edges of the leaf are thrown i,f,K ' ''«■"*■■ "'"«''"' of filoselle. Another method of n,'' r''"'P°"<""S ^'■""es come out, which gives TtTfar H T ?*^, "* "">* ""« '"^y of painting. The" „o; r,/^ 'fa t'' '""^ '"^ *« old methol widths of ribbon, and corres„o„dt *™ '','" "' ''"" *«■«»■«"' designed. The ribbon is sh edtd °" '" 1""'' '° "'" «-•«"' »d are held in place with g",d *"'d '""' '" '"^ ""^ J"*""'^. "Sfv^ 9tat^taf g„,lct exo« IS m imitation of rono-ii 'he open ground, which at The' e; T"''"'^ "> ''^ ^^'^'^ ■» those lovely spr ng bio sH 1^^ "^ T'"'' '" """'-"'^ ""^ Mooming around a"nd upon it in the" i"'"™"^ "^ '"""I 'ce and snow still cover the La dn."'' '''"'*' """^ «"<' days Which visit us after the el 7"* T" "' ''"^"^'^ 'o bloom. The cross shouU U JZ" ^"^ commenced from eighteen to twenttone • ,. ^ "' '"' I"''" '"■'ge, solid block of wood then r ""^'^ ^'^^- ^«^'™ it 'o a "on of a natn J wly^de cT"^'-^'™''' "™''°'* '' '" ™"a- with three coats of SeeoZ. "" ™"'' '' *''^'' P''""^'! sanded, and cut in taitatio" "^"^ P"'" ' ^^i^hed and heavily around the base are d poed in ,?*."'" ''''"''■ '"'« »'<""- as the cross. The nS 'f "^ ""'^ "' •"'' ^'""e color Take a quantity of pure wavV^ '^'°™ "'^ *'='^ «"« snow: -.cream, th^en, w^ a^^iCr^^l ^^-^^^^^^^^^^^ LADIES' WORK liASKET. I6r) and proceed to imitate the ice whinh 1,0 p and dripped do™ i„ ,0.;";;:^ , r^nT'T' pomung the wax over the arms and allow W it to ,1 , , ^ one coat upon another, until the proper length and th it '' S.ven to each icicle. (&. .m'^.L^? Tht ta^^^^^^^^^^ become too cool, or it will form into h mns thT,!.. ' places the rippled appearance natural to ic"^ooks wel? aT" tion IS also poured UDon flip f..r^ a , , " ^ i'^^' When cold, ?he wax^orti n i T^^ll •\'': 1?"" "^^^ "»"-• of Demar, and, before this is dry i th cWv '.^^^^T "!"' ""'" mond powder. The flowers suihhle f 1 '^ sprmkled with dia. of Violets, a few sL"Xops"dth?'"f"'''''™'''"'"P' tus With its gorgeous trs'andde,crS,r"^ f ^■ the chief adornment, and is arranged trcCerthtr'' '°™i the base, peeping out from the sfow rndle about the ilt"''"' and fastened up around the body with long snrav, f!n '' One. of the chief features of a tastefully arranged mo™ i table covered with some prettily designed ch>r !? 7 " housewife has one or more of those old f»t ^ "' ""^^ small tables stored away in soitt „f1t ty Phc:';":r "" a convenient time to make kindling of them 2\^tT T* more laudable purpose of presents tremr"'' "* " try couHn; but in these d~ fd™ntme„t T' ""''" occupants are dragged out, di^sted of Z^nd obw* "Id utilized as pretty and useful household furnishin.., tI be first ebonized, then gilded in lines or A^b sq le whThZ fancy may suggest. P,g. ,, which is now th :'hetht ! -^hioa," shows oneof the Id-fashioued ,- :.nds ^oAid -„i coma not be purchased for less than «14 as it stands ' 1 166 LADIES' WOJi/C IIASKET. 11 velv^ZI V^Z^r^^"^' -''^ '^^^ of Hack ornamented with Ken n "on t tV" ^f'' """'^'^ «"^^' ^^^ bracket form at tL Zs 1 h " "1 ■^'''^^'"^ "^^^'^- ^^ ^'^ ^ut spending, shade. S^nes are ""' "^^' ^nge of a oorre- more in vogue now tlian the square cloths. A very pretty scarf may be made with a blue center of felt cloth, the ends bemg of old gold colored serge One end may be embroidei^ed with a drooping spray of Wild Roses, and the other may be worked with a cluster of deep violet Pansies; the ends are fin- ished with tassels and rings. Another way in which one of these old stands may be used: ™ ornament the legs with ^^ - |« .- gilding, after having ebonized ' "" " .., o -^^ them. ThenhavemadeforthetoT.nl lid to raise, and furnish with lock 1 '^ "T"'^^ ^"^"« ^^' ""'^'^ and front very tastefully mIZ\TT^ ^rnheWish the sides board laid on the bar between tL f f r^^ '' "'"'""^ «t"p of venient for holding a baskeToTo^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ " '^ '^'^ ^- Embroider a cover for the ton Zal . "'"^ ''^^^ut sewing. on the top With gi.p t^l Z^\^l 'r^^ '''' ^^-' ing such a tastefu^lTL^t^ ~^^ ^-^ P-ent- desire to take a pattern by them Z '"^ ^^^^ "^'^^^ can be made for the sittiniroom 17 ^''*"^' arrangement m CO CO fin sti CO era pa sill me LADIEH' WORK liASKET. 167 cerned, are so exceedin^riy .si^pi, j,, ^ thZ tAu^ T moncls on the sewing-macliine. Both the center of the tnhl. stircli, or any stitch that fancy may suo-cpst Orhp. i covers miv i^r. «,„ i i. "'^ "^Uo^ebt. uther handsome patterns done with scarlet or other fixed ^^^^inZ^ «bl oTc7""" ''' "'"-^'^^ recommendation of be ^g ^isceptible of clennsmg-no hght matter wlien thev are in .mrf ments constantly in use This ..i.. f . i , . • P^^^" y use. luii, class of table and chair-cover we IP Id8 LADJNS' WouK liASKET. Kl.«sy, oamfully «•„,:„ oZt" l^ iT' ','" ''"""■>• "' '-". and refre,sl,i„„ ,„.«ct of H,„ ., ^^ '' '"" '"'''" '" "'» """l ""Portance. Ami wlu i n 1' 'T' ""'""""=" "' """"'■""m^- e». a,.ia„e.,.s ., co™:^' ' "; 'L'tlT'V'' '""""■'"«''"• ono t:My d«,ik«s to handle i Ttesef 1 "'""'*• "'"'"'' b...sy h,,u.ewife, Imt it U by j it 17^ '"""' '"""^ '" '"« home i», nude Uelightfulo,. u' cCo;;;.wI:"'" "'""'" '"^^ '"" ■^'■^- ^i-epresents a quaint Otton.un wlm.bhncn •,, frame, but is shown here nune on uc oun li H "^ '"^ l''™^ exi)h.in the fianievvork, and "^ ''''^'''' ^^^^ ^« for the reason that it exliihits a method of coverin^^ a worn «eut by means of ai)i,]i,i„e vvork of Arabesque pattern, lake a piece of light gray felt cloth of the required size; nnd over this set a piece of binck silk velvet, a design with cen- ter-piece, border and corners marked out on it, and worked m button-hole stitchin-r tj.p inlermeoinfe cloth is then r.„^ design i,,,. ^,„,d with "„ hid ?;. ""i "" "'""■"« "f «- f"" -chairs. ,., i;,,, and X,? '''^"''"''''''"™Me cover =^d-;i:'th:~--'S^='"^^ A.ntns .o.ed in each cnt ^^^ ^^ -'™i„. J- . I />/ AW WOIifC BASKET. 1«9 mon u«e may h, wcrked on .-anva.s with ron.moT^^^^^^T^ A pretty desi^rn for Hiich work i,s a chil,! s,...,, ., " ''^ '♦"/^^• her apron to a brood of clu.kens r a bov t J ""^ T-"''' *'""^ "militarv rlrill " A f , ' ^ tea(!hin^^ his do^. the n iJitaiy dul]. A few such ottomans will be f(,,i,wi nf 5^ .• mable service i,i the various apartments e L!-! l , '*'" chihlren to be --eon.nu.dated, lor Le^^Zn"' ^'^ T "" always highly appreciated by the ''little f ks ' ^ ^T a graceful appearance to an apartment ' "''^^^ "'''"^ Fi(l. 5. Another pretty ottoman may he miule from a smiare tUne woo., h,,x, ,,„,,,,„ ,.„„,^3 „.^„, _^„^ ^^^^ ^^^^ four inX: ;,t e Th . srfes me eovered with any plain n.aterial, and c, , rs should be luck and heavy, thnngh a deep pnff, slio-htlv fall may be substituted if more convenient. A eu hiou hick v pnffldTrth '"''•,™'' " ''"'■^"«" °" "- -"- - h '*e puflandlengthw.se pla.ted strip,,, with tassels at each corner ti- !i ,*'' '• •l Jl I'- ii i' Ii tj I 170 LADIES' WORK BASKET. A pretty combination of ro]nr« f^,. i ~ ~ the top aud plaired *]" °aZ , T °"°"-™ "'^ '» ™^k« below black with mixed b al . "" °' ""'"""■ "'«' '"« P^ Ao embi.oid;,.ed Je, m- v In '"""°" ''''"«" ™'' '^^^«'^- much to its appe,;,i;i "^ """'"'"" '"^ '^P' -"'oh adds ISzintuKi efo(f«o.S8ajf,et. Tile materials used are Tn ,il,i t,.„ i- , ' . coverings of gray sail Hoh/ ^'•avelmg-basket or box, with .i.iy sail-cloth, gray cambric, furniture cord, ^g. 6. woolen braid, etc 7^/« r i baskets. This Tan f 't "i- T: *" <""^''''' '" "»« <" ties. putting to use in Id .nltlT "■"•;■;"' ™ ^^"''"«"' ^^ "^ ing any more. 'Z IT^T. '",'"" *° ""« '"' '■■='™>- laid into even box Sa^ I T ™™'''"' "'* ^-'^^ """b™. box plaits, while a covering ot strong linen i LADIES' WORK BASKET. 171 1 I I secures the bottom; a lambrequin of sail-cloth surrounds tie upper margm. The border on the lambrequin also deoorat the nm all around the covpr Th^ inf^ • '^^''^ ^^i^orares with sMil ,.1nfh 1 T , '^^'''' '^ covered smoothly Willi siij-ciotn, edired wirli -i hnvri^i. ^^ * i ^ rated u'ifli .n n.-f ! t ^' ""^ Arabesques and deco- ated u ith an oval rosette of cambric, liaving in the center n handle braided of crochet cord. Tlie points of th.U i! • are each mt inf^ « i, points ot the Jambrequm are each cut into hve scallops and finished off with red and white ball fringe. The rim of the. nr. • V VI u 1 ^^ ^"*^ cover is to be decomtpd w«h a border as wide as itself. The rosette on the coter is o^ gray cambnc scalloped all around, button-hole stiXd .„d decorated with single balk »;„ « i, ■ . ""™ ""1 basket dividpri ;„, ^' *°™ **> '"*«■'<»■ oi the basket divided into compartments by walls of cardboard cov the covei and all the edges are bound witli red braid and fur her elaborated by narrow embroidery or white luce These useful appendages may be covered ami trimmed accordin-. to "^om':'"'^' ™' '" ''^^P'-S "'"^ "'^ o"'- appointm™:: As a general custom wall-pockets are placed in the sittinn- walls of the parlor, but there are many articles even in the par- im;;':'' tr' " " •""■ '"■ ""'''■ '" " "'""^"-^ wan-pocket tC; ir T„ ■ 1™"°'' ""'' •'™ *'"' ^of"*- '-""^ "hairs. Not to tl! ' T """''"'"'" '' ""Pl-n^nnt to the artistic taste, to disorder, and is a sure sign of c.arele.ss housekeeping; therefore tTAl " f: 'r" ^""^ ""'^ magazines,'an*'interesting book, a basket of delicate work, or even a game or two may occupy appropriate positions on tables and stands, let the majonty of such articles find an appropriate resting plaL in the beautiful wall-pocket or hanging-basket. ! . 'rl ,Ai 172 LADIES' WORK BASKET. carver f:o™'"s:::r;.:,„::"-^:*r "r """^"^^ "-^ ^^ba tools. Make tt slf o",' ""' ^^''^''«' -^ and carving a piece of wood one-fourth of an inch tliick, fourteen inches high, and the/m^^ six inches wide at the top, four at the bottom and six and tliree- quarters liigh, with triangu- , lar side pieces four inches i wide and six and three-quar- ters long, forming a box or pocket. The front is orna- mented with eml,roidery worked on fawn-colored car- nage leather or enameled oil-cloth; but some persons prefer silk or satin. To work tills embroidery, cut the loundation of the material in shape of the frmif rt ^.-u flSures of ,,„g3 and „ le oVof f 'r™' *' '"""''"«'"' enameled oii-cloeh, and amL h ™ '',"™ ™ "s'>t-oolo.-ed 'he square, passing it thr™"h -he """"™' ""'""S "'■'''"sh with the rings. The snnnr- / f "^'' '"'"'' ""^''""S ""e slit Point Bnsse^andl'note^titl:?' "" '"" '-"-''"ion with l"mon-h„.e stitches of n ate rr™-""^' =""• «'»«' -* with herring-bone stitches of Z%„,d :,,',;%,"" """""r'"^ the embroidery is done in Point w ^'"' 'emainder of in Pomt Kusse, .and French knots in j:si-n...^jttttt-i.>.-.. ■— (TfrifiiiPiinrLiiimii LADIES' WORK BASKET. 173 maize-colored .silk. After finisliinc,. the needle-work, interlay it with cardboard, and line both back and .sides with enameled oil- cloth, place it against the fret- work of the front, and fasten securely Monograms, clusters of Pansies, or a small wreath of Kosebuds may be worked in as designs. This will be found an elegant pocket, and easily made. efi Fig. S is a newspaper-holder, with embroidered strips. This holder may be placed on the table or hung on the wall, and is made of carved wood. The inner surface, which is divided into three bars, measures eleven inches in height and six inche.s in width; together with the outer open-work decorations its height is lifteen inches and its width ten inches. The requisite slits through which the embroidered straps that hold the newspapers are passed are pro- vided at the top and bottom of the frame. These straps are usually of silk or satin ribbon, and shonld be worked with bright colors. A chain of Daisies or a running vine of tl'ie Trailing Arbutus is a very appropriate designs. Fig. 9 represents a paper-receiver, and will be found a useful fancy article for letters, pamphlets, etc. The standard is formed with two pieces of rattan, eighteen inches long, and two hori- zontal pieces fourteen inches long. A round piece of wood, sawed in two, hollowed out in the center, will furnish the stand with feet. Fasten together with tacks and glue, and varnish Fig. a iJ A A I ♦ I ! "I 174 LADIES' WOUK BASKET. V. I black when the standard is firm r,,f ~^.: ~. the cover of an old box will .nTwer f h ^ '^ P^^^teboard- half inches wide and thb een h . f P^^pose-twelve and a with any desired '^'^''' ^""^- ^^^^^ both sides shade of silk by sewing the silk edges together. This forms the center of the pa- per-case, which has two pockets. The fronts of the pockets are made of silver perfor- ated board, and are eiglit inclies long and twelve Indies wide, and the pattern is worked in corre- sponding shades of silk and wool. The heavy black lines are nar- row black vel- p,v,.3. vet, worked with ^^^\^r ;« -nter pattern ma^b ™ k "f'^ , ",' '" """ ■^""■'■- '"'« Cut two pieces ot siire^ht "V ^'' *"""' °' ^""^ ™- "■°°I- narrow hem for the e„a7oV,"t^^'™« --J ^'" "■•'^«- "*« - board, which .should be lined it 1 ""'i ""' '° *" ''"™' flnnly eight inches from tte bo 1 l' T' ■"'''"''' °' ^'"^- ^ew «.e middle of the silk e^d '^^ ot'^ViHT •f"'^''' " ""^ piait each side of the LADIES' WO UK BASKPJT. 175 Mg. 10. batli-room. It is made of light b^o^n oil-oloth, and provided th pockets for combs, brushes, etc. It may be linked e^ all around by a rucliinM' or braid of scarlet worsted On tlip pattern of the cover the place for the pockets and the arranged ment of the pocket parts for the combs are indicated. For th. latter, three parts, graduating in size, are req.iisite; these are each bound at the top with braid, and then all tliro,- tccrethei sewed to the protector, but in such a manner that they do not centez -board, then sew the silk covering of the pasteboard, the silk which forms the end, and the silver board ogether a the bottom. Finish with box-plaiting of narrow ribbon all around ^SV.fP errotccfcor*. stand. This article is very servicnibln in either a chamber or r |i, V I I! I I ! LADIES' WORK BASKET. lie flat, but a Jitrle hollow. The ton lv^■^ of h. , . also bound with black br-.n! ^ the brush-pocket is and the pocke le^tw d t/ 1, ' ^'"' '"' ^^^ ^^^^ ^°"«-' space desgnate^lfoTiTnlh ? '""''''"^' "''""^^"^^ '^ ^he pond With the etoVt.p;otr^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^'^^-^ ^^ — the top serve tcf han^ i'T^L .' c M^r ""'"'?"^' ^° '^ .J- ine lack in the center holds a basket, in which soan and tha ^^^ towel, ..., „.,, „,,, ,P, tLt:. tt ,..:r "^ '"•■'"^''- ^P-«''- aon is made of oil-doth tT^; ? ''.''°''"'""' '" *<* "I°»<™- i-heslong. cut into :™ IS?' -r''" ^^'^ '"'^ ""^'^ r.= ?Li-i£~ ^^^^^^^ ^ ven Ion, poc qui spo one piec the LADIES' WORK BASKET. black ailk. The Arabe^iue, are made in a similar manneT^ CO. , and are connected l,y gray linen folds, fastened to the ki? cloth by n,eans of black buttons. The snrice of the prolLt IS decomted by two pockets for the reception of brushes, and a little tin shelf, sur- rounded by a lambrequin of oil-cloth, to which a hook is attached to 'hang sponge or wash-glove. ""Another more fancy article may be made from dotted muslin and trinmied with lace and bows of I'ibbon. i'Vy. 12 shows a wall- pocket, api^ropriate for the sewing or sitting-room, but better known by the appel- lation of housewtfe. It is very easily made^ and no housekeeper should be with- out one, for it nuiy be made of so small a size that it can be carried in the pocket ^ without the slightest incon ong , the ontstde of maroon ,„„r„c„„ and the linings and pockets of maroon colored silk. It may be bonnd with braid qmlled ribbon, or anything that fancy may ,s„,.-.est S spools are held by a piece of strong wh", which L^Cened a one end mto a round pin-cushion, and at the other fits into a piece of pustebonrd, covered with silk. A piece of tin bent in the shape of a half-tube, is placed between the ou s'ide and i^\ 'J LADIES' WORK BASKET. hums and fastened there; a round pin-cushion closes one end and the pasteboard the other. The pin-cushion is fastened in by only half a dozen stitches, so that the wires on which the spools are strung may be movable. rig. J^ is an illustration of a slipper case, which may be td« w,th very little expense. It is a useful appliance for made with the keeping of shoes and slippers, which are apt to become dis- placed in the bottom of some closet, and, when required, must be searched for. No lady or gentleman should be without this convenient appendage to their bedroom Cut from very heavy pasteboard a back, shaped like the toes of two slippers placed together and merged into one above, end. LADIES' WORK BASKET. 179 mg in a gracefully curved point at the top, similar to Fig IL which shows the back. The pasteboard pieces being thus cut out may be covered and finished in various ways, either with black satin embroidered on the toes and upon the top of the back, lined with muslin and trimmed with cord and tassels; or having covered the front of back and toes with bronze or orna^ mental paper, and marbled or any other kind on the back and mside of toes, paste handsome-colored pictures upon the toes and back, and with strong needle and thread sew the toes to the back, commencing at the outside. This curved side being made fast will cause the inner points to curve in against the back exactly into the proper position, doing away with any necessity for stitching, which would be difficult in this place. The stitcher may then be covered with a narrow border of gold paper, which also edges the back and fronts of the toes. Another pretty way of covering is with brown paper leaves, cutting the heavy brown hardware paper into triangular pieces, folded in the center into leaves, stiffening with glue, and sewing one over the other like scales, and finally varnishing with copal. Monograms worked m silk and bullion are also set on the toes, and look very effect- ive. Cardinal satin embroidered with clusters of Pansies and Forget-me-not, and trimmed with corresponding shades of rib- bon, makes au elegant looking slipper-case. Set cevii. From being mere unwieldy contrivances to shelter from draught or the heat of the fire, screens have come to be among the prettiest ornaments of a modern home. They are made in every conceivable design, but the three illustrated here are very pretty and are easily made. Fig. 15 is a folding screen made in leaf- work. A frame of suitable size is covered with brown linen or serge, which must be stretched tightly, when aut ,mn leaves, pressed and dried, imt ri'ii I Iff ! |J Jl i may bo neutly -mnined on in Hie dcsic.n .sliown or n,o.. i iMTordinL'- fo t-^xt^ ti.: '»" -^"^^^^n, oi may be varied dry, a cout of eopal vurniHli must be hid win. -. /. 1-. n,uuy ove.. a^„r»ee, , J Ihf r^ir,:;:;;;',;'.':: Tlie lines s<'parating the portions left to be tilled with leaves may be drawn in (hirk brown oil col- ors, and give great- er distinctness and consequent greater beauty to the work. /'Vy. JO is a very pi«^tty design for a iir(^ screen, the re- sult of the united labors of the cabi- net-maker and the hidy of the house. Widnut wood is an appropriate mater- ial for the frame; and the design of des,g„ of a geometrical kind, a more formal pattern fo he woo work may be employed, and the snggestionsof the des gne 01 tlie Iram.e will be useful. An elegant specimen of a window screen is shown in Mg. 17, '! t- '^^'M^'-ltalHwiyMMhw .-liK*16*si«»,ajMa™ i I I :i:i I t il, 182 LADfKS' WORK liASKirr. wliich is cspwiHlly iiHcfiil and uppropriato for a dining room window. The niarcrlalH inquired are coarse curtain n(>t, ciochct thread No. 40, and black ,sowinn:,.,,ti(,n. The flowers arc of the richest character, croclieted and fastened on the net in a graceful group, Mg. 17. as a center piece, and arranged in the corners and singly around the edge as a border. Delicate patterns of muslin embroidery may be appliqued on the net in bouquets of flowers, Watteau figures, etc.. Etchings look exceedingly beautiful done in colors Another pretty pattern is made by basting Swiss muslin upon^the net, and tracing a pattern of grapes and grape leaves, both for center and corner piecea. Then work the outline with l^ ■: - n room liread roup, und lery ;eau ors. slin ves, dth f LADIES' WORK ILUSKKT. 183 f.no .n, ,ro.. 18. A very ,,retiy note-case or portfolio is worked iu two pieces, the dark part being of leather and the light TC f i ■ I 11 ¥ !' ' !! ! I I LADTIJS' WO UK BASKET. canvas. A dark brown leather with the work npon it in green he leaves m sat.n s„„.h, and the stem and tendril, in chain-s^tch' 3 very pleasing. The center is worked npon very fine cInTas' leav-ing the gronnd plain, the flowers in verv bright sUn,; mt,a ■„ any color to suit the taste, and it may be ak 'to a h ok.b,„aer and the margin-line on the leather stamped i, gl sfds sTo:^-; "" ;"""" " •■■"•■ ^'^^ '- ■""' "^ ^--p"- '^^^ °™ siaes sHould be of one piece of leatlier. L._.. Fig. 19. wSte ™d X ' ""-T r '™ ''''"'' "' I'-^'o'-l^oard, one wmte .and the other pmk, each seven and a half inches lono^ and wo rnches wule, twice the quantity of fine white flannel o™"ra sTdeo the n ""'?*'' T'*' '™'' "» '•^^'S" »■> ""^ wrong side of the paper, and with a fine .sewing-needle pierce flower, leaves and blo.,soms, the paper being placed ovTsoft 1 .™»"::rn thtr "' '^i"^ ■"'- ™'""'" '^ ">■ ^ '«->'"": then turn the paper and pierce them on the right side When both cover-parts ol the bristol-board have been "completed, cut a LADIES' WORK BASKET. 186 double layer of iiannel somewhat smane^~^^^^^~t^^^~^^^^^ scallop all around or button-hole stitch with pink eXXy silk. In order to connect the flannel leaves and the cov- ers, pass a narrow pink ribbon through holes made in the covers and iiannel, JindtiewithaiH'etty bow, as in the en- ,^•ravinff. For clos- ing the book, two ends of the ribbon, each four inches in length, are passed through holes bored for the purpose in the cover parts, and stitched to them. So[a Ctt^ifiion^. The materials for F/f/. JO are English rubber, brown cloth, darl jreen velvet red, white and blue floss-silk, and dark and light brmv silk, etc ribbon, one and one- half inches wide, green plush for lin- ing, cord and tas- sels, old gold, black, n twist- -^l^'"''^^^^!.''^ t^ '"'^^°^ «°°^^i«ts of English rubber, i li i! (f 186 LADIES' WORK BASKET. gray cloth coveivd with loops, is fifteen inches square, is deco- rated with bright colored embroidery and applique work, lined with green plush, and iinished off with green cord and tassels The center-piece represents a sphinx cut of brown cloth and embroidered with brown silk, and is surrounded by a frame ten Inches square, of green velvet ribbon, button-hole stitched at the edges with brown silk. TJie corner figures and Arabesques are embroidered with a tasteful blending of all the given shades, which should be very bright, as the curly ground of the rubber has a tendency to subdue them. _ Mg. 21 illustrates a cushion with a lace tidy. It is eighteen inches square, and looks pretty made of two contrasting colors of silk, satin or velvet, or it may be made of two shades of the same color. The center-piece is finished witli a square of puff- ing with bows of ribbon at the corners, and the cushion is finished with ruchxngs of different widths of ribbon i very IJ LADIES' WORK BASKET. 187 elegant cusliion is iiiude from cream-colored satin. The center is decorated witli blue and pink clusters of Corn-flowers. The cushion is finished with pink and blue mixed cord and tassels. Fig. :>.2 is a pretty cusliion of gray satin, eighteen inches long and fourteen inches wide. The upper cover is embroidered Fig. 2-i. with bright-colored silks in feathery sprays of Daisies and Dandelions, with a scarlet Poppy and Crnvolvulus blossom thrown in among the Arabesque patterns, it is finished with a border of cord, and a suspen- sion ribbon and bow of pearl gray satin. A beautiful and easily made piece of fancy work is shown in the cushion F/r/. 23, which will answer equally well for table covers, curtain borders and chair bolsters ; indeed, a complete set made in this way will be found exceedingly handsome, and witliin the reach of a very slender purse. The foundation is of ermine or flame dotted flannel, and each figure or dot is edged with bntton-hole stitching of every con- ceivable shade of silk. A border of scarlet flannel is pinked Fig. 83. 188 LADIES' WoitK BASJan: I % with such colors as^ancrmay ,™et Tr" "" "''^'«' ""''- •■=1 elegant cradle-spread or^« ^ '" "''"""■" ''''■'<' ™i>k9s ^ac. o, a so.a or lo''::;^' J^ l^Z^T ''^'^ ^^ ^'^ eolo,.a„dcombi„ali„„ro; ^;,r,^, ^^"f"-;' °' «'« '-"-' wild flo.,.-ers with gorgeous buKlrfli's ^ ' """^^ "^ «™''I> "' liie ground is of dark brown vH]v<.f' h, ' rich and resplendent eol^r ' ^ ^'""^ ^'^"^^^ ^^ ^^^^y TJie large leaves are all cut irom green velvet of various siiudes, the edges button-holed and the veins made of yellow scarlet and brown silk, aecord- wg to taste; and when laid on the cloth these are in some cases raised with a little ed-e turned over. The Strawberries and some flowers have a little cotton laid beneath them, to give a rounded appearance. ihe grass and stems are made with silk in «5ofi« j , ' •^''»' ^- flowers, g;een iSve" ^d '^T'"^'^ '^'"' '"« ">»« Com- colors and others of brown f„ v ''• ""'"f ' '""' °' ^"'^ «Sht clusters ot Fox-gloves whM> ■ T™' ""''''"'• *^'"'«' '" the 3'->tely bough cff Mac r ' " """' P^'J""""*^ Aower, a cluster of unripe nu of n?'™ "' ''^ '"""«^' "' '"« -Ae a and white St.Lberry Mo t*''™' f""^^ "^^^ '"to brown, dark green leaves, r/lnve aTe f'"" f"'"' '™'" '"''-«™ 'he , ing, as .hey do, w-itl^thrvWd stSf "•""■: '""'' ™"'™'- ™ ^'■•"'''' ''e™es, dotted with pale LADIES' WO UK DASKPjt. 189 scattered over the whole v>'rre 1 ''"""*' H™"' "« look to the group. AVork ill h! fi , ' *'""''*'' " "«>"' "'•"■y nng several .haUes o. pl.k at the polntro/^hltatSC J"!?. 25. w.th red .atin, and is decorated with aTauare^f C ' ™'""'' The crosses are ot white silk, embrlerT^';/ ^r" '■"■ IS edged with blonde lace and henrl^Tl ■ ™''"°'' -tin ribbon. Each eoC fa d or eVbv' ^"'•""" "' """^ flowers resting o„ a bow of rflbon I'l ?„t""^ ^"^y "' pretty for a toilet cushion. "" exceedingly ***S*M««*wAfat* i p 'L i LADIES' WORK BASKET. Another very elegant cushion may be made from pale blue =aMnw,th apple blossom, painted or en.broidered in the oente and the edges finished with two rows of pearl beads; or Ta cardmal sa ,„, a broken Calla Lily, or several Pond Lily 'buds piece, xhe edges may be finished with white chenille cord A pmk satin looks elegant decorated with Blue Conv5^vul^s^„os soms, and the edges finished with blue silk cord and tassel Jfiff. se represents a handkerchief case which is made with two pieces of cardboard twelve inches long and eight" I Fig. S6. auiue:^ r: :;::Zd's::h :r r"'^,,:r:f • ™^ ''- smoothly covered with silk, tl 7 ■ ''°""'" P"" ''" embroidered wift any s mpL tsigif -provided with a cushion, «T.of-.K 1-1. ^""1JA« uesign. 1 lie outside coveri'^ plnh rTl^f^'ZfTr'"''' """ ^"'^ »-^ »^ fancy sUcts.' the i™ "a!?, :°, '"^rr/f "■■« ""'^''^d -i"> thick silk cord; with flcy S nd taCds'""^ f"*T\*" """"'^ "'^ ^"^"^^ y com ana tassels, or fancy buttons and tassels. We give another ..legant model U^'pZlTTZT. with two pieces of cardboard e,M, f 7 "' . ' ""* '" "atlf blunted corner. It is oT^^^d w ,. Td " '?"" "'"""■ "'* =atin, and finished on the „ d' I r'T' """""« "' r""^ - edges "^^^— ^^^^.t'd! 2 r^ decorated with a fan quilting of lace and bows of ribbon. The monogram in the center is made of i^earl- headedpins. A small sachet can be made from _ two pieces of silks, decorated with "^o^o -P • different shaded fumed battinral fornedrih'" -'"v, """ """' """ I'^ -^«/7- 38 illustrates an elegant Diii-ciislnVm «,r • i and fined with iron ^"^ '''''^^'' '^"^r^' filings and bran. The top is covered with quilted cream colored silk, and the sides with blue satin puff- ing. Four pointed drapes of cream-col- ored silk, embroid- ered or painted with vagrant sprays of if ., -^"^^tinimii.j "•S^'+aattt-.,, LADIES' WOh'K JIASKET. Forget-me-nots, meet at tl.e ,.orner.s, and are fastened with bows of blue satin ribbon and tassels. cFootatoof*. Mg. 29 shows a beautiful footstool, made by cutting out a square of iloor oil-cloth, rounding the corners and hollowing, out the center of each side, as shown in the illustration Cu" also a strip of the same six inches high, and with a stron-^ needle and coarse thread sew this along the bottom, uniting the ends at one of the sides, then stulf it with corn-husks hair or moss; cover it with ' coarse muslin, and the case or foundation is ready for the after em- bellishments. Make a case of crimson velvet, velveteen or any desired material, by cutting a square one-third larger than the oil-cloth bot- tom; also a piece to fit the sides; sew the ends mg 39 of the latter together, and, dividing it into four equal parts sew; ht the square, also divided into four parts to this and fh sroo?:'^-^'':' r ^'^^^ ^^^ «™^^ *«'^^^- -"' o?er the stool sewing the bottom securely around the oil-cloth, and hmsh wi h a thick woolen cord. Next take two strips of ;cru- h mt? r "'" ''^" *^ ''^"^ ^-- ^-^«' -d'embroider hem in Arabesques with rich colors-the corner pieces of gray hlhed'h .' ^^^'" ^«^^^-*-^ «^^-d- of silk; when t^tSd t .1^ "^ *^' ^''^^^°^^' '''^^^^^ the edges Tud t?f 1 . . "''^'" ^'"^^^ "^^^^^ ^«rd passed through, and tassels and fringe around the sides 'and on the corners, finish i with out a owing Cut itrong ig the , liair arts, and over and !cru- ider ?ray hen iges aish LADIES' WORK liAHKET. 193 ».« ve.., t,v,„,, ana Med a:;„r t^^ ™ ^e ITS ma,tre.,,., „,, „„„„l.,te..e<,. The cove,- in the Lode. 1 11^^, but any other material may be used. Around the sides is a phiited ruffle edged with gimp and tacked in every un- der-phiit; against the canvas side piece a heavy cord is sewed and around the bottom edge, and a quilling /, , two and a half inches deep covers the raw edges around the upper part, with full bows ot ihii same at each corner. H„ ^'■'- ■"J^"'^" ■•» ""iq™ an'l rery artistic worlc-basket in tat- piece of cardboard seven inches long and six inches wide Tlie to. t„„ frames, each one and three-fifths inches square, four Isl'own in Ih ,r'"' ""* ™""''^ °' '™ P-^'*^' two frames, as shown m the illustration. Two oblong rings of steel s„rino^ serve for handles. The bottom of the b'aske? is covered'^ w' 7f T"" "" '°™''*"* "'"' «"k ribbon, the edges fastened together on the inside. The beads decorating them a^ Fig. 30. I I '' 'it i I LADIES' WORK BASKET. bead, over t,e long pu.I and fasten ie where the l^t ^ Mff. 31. fit.edtp;r:r:i,tts:ri'™>^ a lambrequin worked with T\ ZflV7,l ItT-!' """^ ™' '"••■"="'" '" ""^ '•'ft ''""-i. knot fte ^J^!'^T^^^^ *^« same way as the single chain, hnt with t^nr onreads, u«ing two threads each time, instead of'one? Take four threads, commence with the two at tho un -j hold the «rst of these in the vU,h, h , , , '"" ^"J®' twice on to it witl ite li 1 1! f ^"^T ''^'"' '^'" *« »^«™1 hand, knot the same tl'ld"^^' kT ""'"' '*""'"■ '° "^"^ '«" next two thr. ads, hX ::rtzt^dT; tr;: ii^tr^^^^ knot the second thread twice on fo ,> ^n """^^^f^^-^'^ leader, hand, knot the same tUrea7:st f ; t ^e „ t'^^ I^M If leader still in thp 1pf<- i^or. i ^ i "^ "' "*^^^ <^^e it with the rtel tlind knot r "" "" ""' '^'"^'"- '"'^ »» *» twice on to i^ leS. lo ^ "''■"""'^' ""■*'^'" ">« '""si-ie the same lead'r brckfo ie rl^f r" f ■""'""" " "" "SW- Pass twice on ,0 it with th "et iS' "™f ' ^-^ ■^""^ «- -n.e thread at the right ado hold ,Z,T^ " '"''^ "P ""> '™ 'hi-eads knot the" othfrCd ' ;Lf rr ;: i"^ ^""' r^' -^ "'"^^'• Pass the same leader to the Lm /' "«^ " '°"P •'*'* '"''°™- twice on to it HoM th! , ■^' '""^ ''"'" «"> ><»">« "■■■ead the leader a ■ th!tft mIT '"" '" '"' '"" '""'^' """^ ''"«' thread at the Mt s t ^fto Ht™ ^ "j '^'"" "'« -"--"« p. ss the lerfer back to th rid t hand " 7. '■" "^ '"'"" twice on to it. ' "'""'• """^ ^not same thread right side, pa.s it ov r tie S thid ft ^'"^'' "^ "^-^"^ ^' andnp throuijh the loon at 'ft / , ""'''''' ''''' '^™'<''- »"««• take the righlhand thl", If ".^' *™" "P «Sht. Then loosely, tatethekft h e'd ^Z ■> "™'' *" '™ "^""'' ™«' ones, and up throull th" 1? T' ""'' ™''<"' *''« O"'!'*'- tight to meef .^Zf^ ^ The'k ol 'ti; f " '™^ " "" mon's knot. *^- ^^^'^ ^o^ms one Solo- ter ones straight, aud „.ak„ ^ Sotow !T''° '' "^"^ '™ »«"■ P=.ss ,!„, t„„ center thread, do,™ ttZl I ' °" '" "'™'' the two leave.,; take one ot these th 1^5 , "^"""'^ ''"'"«™ thread at the left side, take un H ^ } '""" " '"'«« '° '^e '■^-naimug thread at thet^ht^ide! '"' ''™' " "•""" '" *« ■^'?/;. 4^ is commenced by pinning on the straight lines in the usunl ^Yuy. The threads for this pattern should be one yard long. Pass the two ends of each thread under the line, pointing them up; then draw them through the J'^ig. 40. loop; loosen the second line a' fh„ - Tl. ""'°"S'' f'" thread twice on to Uwif 1, ,^ , tV^^' '"'''' """^ ^"""^ '^"^ Solomon's knot" ,rith XI , 1. ''''""■ '^"«'' """^'' ^^ ^^ "' loosen the third ne 31 ? ','"'™''' *" '^^ -""J' ^ft^' "'"i* Then t«ke fo ,r th-ttd ^" ,'"' '^"''"^' ^ *" '^ •''« '"^'o'-e- them; repe..V his trr ^ ?,'"''" *^"^ ^""""°"'^ ''"<"« -i* the s. me^aT a T ll™"^ "'™ f '^'^"' *™ "■»'« ^""'-^ exactly hand as l"dn (thefe de^^hom ■'; '°" J'^ ""' '^ *^ "«"" threads nnderneith^ nf ,T T '! ™^' '"' "' ""^ '°P ^"^ *« the next six Cds ^nd t" " "' "* '"» "'^'' '"«» ''»'« the center thra^sol^h "?" .' '"'' "' *™ '■°™' *» '"''^ knots; then m^ thlr '""' """^' " '■<'" »' ^'^ Solomon's thetwolerverpoi* tin:r'"'f ""■"''*<'* "■'«'' '™' "^^'-e™ the other twHotrmthrirp'""' '^"'" '"^^^ ^"-^^^ '» thread at the left sL Lm ? ^J™'' '^'"'" «"''<' *"« o^fr ^^neleft s.de hold it m the left , and as leader, knot i . u 1, 1 t 'A 204 MAVliAME LACE. he threads on with the right hand to make the lower leaf at the left side, make three more chains and another star of four leaves, vath Raised Picot in the center; repeat to the end of the cushion Loosen the fifth line, and knot each thread on to it as before; take four threads; make three Solomon's knots with these; repeat to the end of cushion; sixth and seventh are done in the same way. Keep the last line pinned nn at both ends; take tw., rl.ivads draw the second one up ' under the line in a loop, pass the ends of both threads through this loop, draw them up tight, to form a knot, same as the one at the top line. The threads will now be in front between the two hist lines. Pass these threads to the back, one at each side of the knot, tie them firmly together :it the back; sew these threads neatly to the work, on the wrong side, with a needle and thread Uei«at to tlie end of cushion, and then cnt the threads oloae. yatls long Begin by fastening „n tlie tlu-eads in tlie usual knotiel ri""? *' '™""'^ """• '""'^ " i» "■« rigW hand and Knot each thread twice on to it with tlie left T.htt ., Fi,j. 41. "yf.: MACRAM£ LACE. 'eft. Repeat to end , ,1 ''"S '"f -» "-«. with the hold it in the riwht Innd 7n 1 ^' ? '"°'™ ""^ "'"''l 'me, with tl,e h.fr |,„„ri -^^e'en' h";' T"' "'™^ ''"™ -«■ ' take the eighth thread again as leader, and nialce a second row sanie as the last;, take the jiPxt eio-ht tiireads, make a Solomon's knot wit] I the last four, tlien take the first thread, hold it as a leader in the I'iglit hand, and knot each of the seven threads twice on to it with the left hand. Then take the eight threads again, and make a second row; then make eight Solomon's knots with those threads. After tliis, take the first i-'/ff. 43. thread at the left sSr hold it in ,h , ". ,' ""'* '"" "'■^' „ -, , ' ^^^ ^t m the right hand as a lenrlor . d knot each „, the seven thread, twioe^n to it Jhh t totft i«h ■ sideT , ■: "■ T"' """ ™™ '*" "- "»-a at the t read twice on to it. Repeat for a second line. Take the first tonr tlireads. make a SoInmonV v„„t. n • , ™^^ threads Tl,»„ * i '^mmnon s knot; the same with last four ^hicads. ihen take the next four threads, hold two in each MACRAMf: LACE. hand, and make twelve double ch-.in^- mni. * double chain. Repeat for two tZ'Zt T.^T "" °' threaci at the right .^ide, hold it i„ trrigh hand In'.oT.r hve threads on to it with the left hand Kenelt Ct hne. then take the next four th..eada, and S ZTot 'IZ chain, then repeat with r P^^ the next four threads to the end of cushion. Then loosen the sixth line, hold it in the left hand, and knot each thread twice on to it. Take the first four threads, make a Solo- mon's knot. Repeat to the end of cushion; loosen the seventh line, hold it in the right hand, and knot each thread twice on to it. The next part of insertion is made like the first, and to finish off keep the last line pinned on at both ends; take two threads, draw the second one up under the line in a loop, then pass the ends of both threads through the loop, draw them up tight to :-t:„^tL'"p:^ttrh:ltt^t--• ^^'-™ - "# f,' CliAZr WuitE. them neatly down nn tu^ . ~~" — - and cu. on\C:Zl^ """^ ^"^' '"P-' '» ™<1 of cushion, ate^^fu.fir sirsr ''--- "••""" - ^^^y^^ro,^- 'U\ii reader will see fh-i^ ..ii -i with the exception J!^:l^ '"«^™^ "- g-en in m,. u, T=.i.esixth,.e„.,tut:i';;:;v*'''^^- knot the other Ave th.-eart,, t vi e o„ 'o't 'T^""^^' ^and, and tl>ree time, n,„,e. This fo,.!"," ".",/'""'"'• «"»<»" next six thread.,; hohl the ,V h ^L f •""• ■''''™ '"^e the knot tl,e other Ave threaten tolw^n'^-'r '"" "»■"'' »« three time, more. Join thelll ,' r*-** '""■''• ««»<•»' Voiding one ,u.ai«ht, „„a Un„ t" he r w*'""- ^'■"■"""■■' "^ tlienexr six thread.,, hoJd the fcui i , ™' "' '""" '''ke knot each of ,h,. ,.„ thread, t!,';" "'« "S"' '-»'. -'d more to form the leaf. Then hl-eM "' ■ ''P™' ""■^'' «>"«" «ixth thread in the left han^ tTf ■'"•'' ""•''•■•"^' ''"''' "« with the risht. Repe "hi ^' """"'^ '"'''^ »" '" « finished hole, the ,eX t , inT "IT' '^''™ "»' '«" i« threads twice on to it r^.Tm " ''™"- """ ■'"'" ^''^ teaf. Then take the ,[x t^t ZT """ """" '" ''°'™ «'" ^econd leaf of the scallop- hoM L flT f "^ "' ""'^"•S «>"« hand, and knot each thread vie , °' """"' '» "'^ "ght a-e time, more for th fe f " tL"" '"." "T "" '^"- ^^P^' 'o the leader of the leaf next to t p" * ''''^"' °' ""^ '-^ completed. '" "■ Repeat till the scallop is i la 208 WO.\fAN'S WOIih' AuVn VICTORY. uli expensive, and if doneurtisHcally, is very pretty and effective. All that IS necessary is to cut scpuire piec.es, of any desired size, of cotton or calico, for lining, and on these baste the pieces of silk, satin or velvet to be used. Tiny pieces, inch-squn re strips, triangles, or any shaped pieces may be used. Silk and velvet are the prettiest, and in these days of handsome ribbons are quite easy to get. Where the pieces overlap and join, they are worked in fancy stitches with different shades of embroidery silk. No two i)ieoes of silk sliould be alike, if a variety of pieces can be had to make this possible, and every conceivable design may be etched or embroidered on the larger pieces-initials monograms and small flowers may be embroidered and painted Cupids, horse-shoes, and anything from grandfather's silk hat to grandmother's spectacles, .may be appropriately intrrduced. This work IS used for sofa pillows, chair-tidies, tabla-covers etc., and, when worked in with plush or velvet borders, looks exceedingly beautiful. But the piece-de-resistance of this work IS the bed spread; here full scope may be had to exercise both taste and imagination, until a beautiful kaleidoscopic scene is presented. These articles, when properly finished, are very expensive One small spread having Oscar Wilde (as center piece) in aesthetic costume, with a lily in one hand and the orthodox sunflower in the other, sold at a recent fair for $150. In 1870 the wife of General Garfield wrote a letter to her hus- band, which was intended for no eye but his own. It is so prac- tical, and seems so closely associated with the preceding topics on woman's work, that we yield to our desire to give it in this connection. It is an admirable advocate for the necessity of r ^# lyoVAX'n WO/IK .L\V yjCTUUr. busy hiind8 and cheer 209 piililioulicii fill ,'!"'!^',.:"''' "':'.'""«'■ "»' inte^iea '. it was uiailu U.H,. of l,„ i.",.'"'','""**" ""' """"''eJ f"i Uoliege, in a leouue, ami waVuf^'!;' "';,"'"■•"'"'"• "' «"""' that «len.e„( ,|„„ ,„ ,i„^.^''™ ' '''"'' ™«. uj, ,o a victory- »y »l>irit a triutap,," I ,- I li,;' , ": T" '"■"^' ""» -" 'o 'There i» no liealthy ,ho,„..|,t wm! f , '"'" ""'" "'i' "ther day. , t;.e ia„or happy, Perla^ , t";i °%"""' '"""«'" ■""ke, I pl.mb up higher. It cam! to e 1 ';:;'^. ' ""^ "-» ""le to ' .">gb''ead. I,,aidto,„yself < Hc.vf '"""* "■"™ ^ "•»••* "'ak- itable necesaity, to ,„aL „„rt«d "h": """'1>''"«' by an inev- «onaider it a pleasant occnnation an 1 , ■"'"'""■'■ ^^"^^ ""t - what perfect bread I ca / 1 fe?"" "'" ' ",T', "^ "•""« '» fon, and the whole of life „rew hrio, , ^'' '"'« an inspira- «ee,ned flowing down thr 1.^ L *^ ." • ^'"^ ""'^ """^Wne and now I i,elieve „,v ,abe k f ^- ??' '""' ""= '>'"te loaves- ever before. And tl tr' i'^ ' ' """ ""«"• '»■-'• ">an bave become fnlly ,ni„e ' ; it '■'■'"."°"' '"""'^ '"'' "<>- to 'oil. bat it. re,J ma";, irUt/" ''Tl^-^-S^'ave to best frnits. Yo„-have tek nt Tf t ' "" ^'"^'^ »"" its ■»ay be yon will langh'at mo fo. ,^, ^"Z """■" '"' '<>"«• "'at ray crown, bnt I an, too Xuo h f f ''"'''' ^° """S without -disconcerted, even by I-oIT mrrlir^f "" " ^* "" - ''«' entirely complain. Tl,e wron,^ rdneate 1 ' ""* ™'"™ ^■"f'-''Si-"s ! disgrace, and fret, nnSer them of oT". """''' ^^^ *"ies a ' sees man t.-i„mphantly ,,1";!, """"' " "'''■ «»■ She the kind of work he di whhS '7"'°"' ""* """'^^ i' i^ -hereas, it is not the kind of wo-^'raU Tut""' ""^ "«■""" 1.1.1 to see that one great essential to success i„ ".■"ame„t.nga«d beautifying the home is truea, ^^iSf^ ,1 '''" """""'y' ^° "'•■" "'« formation and ^^^ development of s„eh taste are most important is no pait ot the creation which is linh^., i« *i,- ► beauty than the .e.etaM. ./»;1:; Vseen':"^: fir,"' -pecally formed to ornament'and beautify tZea^h Tf Zl "A VPll J .....rose Lytho river's brim "r l>i the cottage dot,,- ^ ^f "^^ "^'">roso is ,0 tJiem- Au-ed fn tne doners in all Europe ^e?™''"/;™ "' "- "'""t shillfu, gl" »-/ they are so coLonlh. Zd ''"t""' "' "-" '"«'-«■-» » few Plain and simple d^:* "oh '""" *" ''"' ">-" -i* tele per.,i.„ent effort any iT™ !„ " ""^ T' '" «''^'^. »»<' a i plants whioh will make herTome ", ^ "^ '"■•""«""' hou.se- ' and her children better by their inH,,"'!"'' '""■'"'" happier, no time to care for them " ^"'""'- ^"^ y™ «ay " I Lve Analyze your expenditure, for ,1,„ . feastonedmlf Of that amount even M T ^"'"' """ '«« » «' ^^^^^^^^^J^Wbeenasservieeablei?^ i il ' ,, ,j . 212 CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS. cotton and as a simple gown gathered by a (!ord at the waist, and the expense would have been much less. The printing of the cloth and the shaping of the dress was half the labor, and were solely to please the eye. Your house would be as warm and last as long if coated with coal oil instead of the more expensive but more beautiful paint. Even the common needle must be gold- eyed and wrapped in a gilded paper before it can be sold. In fact there is nothing that man uses, from the cradle to the coffin, but what a large share of the labor to produce it was expended for the sake of the beautiful, and fully one-half of all the labor of the past lias been to please the eye; but there is no other way by which we can secure so much beauty by the expenditure of so little labor as in the culture of flowers. Is it wise, then, to neg- lect this, the best means of securing that which we are workiirg for. "But I cannot have flowers because the children would destroy them," We think this is a mistake. The Michigan State Horticul- tural Society has been anxious to secure the planting of flowers and trees about the school-liouses, but was continually opposed by the argument that they could not keep them, "the children would destroy them," Last year, as an experiment, a collection of thirty varieties of flower seeds was seat to every school that applied for them. Some eighty received and planted the seeds, and made their reports. In all these schools there was not a child which disturbed the plants, but, on the contrary, all came to give them loving care. Every child is born with a love for the beautiful, which makes him delight in, and enjoy flowers, and if. as he grows older, he cares little for them, it is because this love has been smothered from want of opportunity to- exercise it. xMake your plants from the first our flowers and we are cer- tain that your children will not only not injure, but will come to love and care for them. But you say: " I'have no good place for plants." CAIiB AND CULTUltK OF PLANTS. ■■" degree of north totit"! So T '.°" ™''y "«»'■ *« "•'"1' fa no hnman haW mi™' wW.r> ""''^^""""S'y ««.v that there P'ant n.ayben,ad: thry jr ITl '"' "''"' =""» valid reason why yon shon d n T ,' "^ '"""''• """■" i-" "" inflnence of flower! f™" roJ^^:^'^"'7<'''-""g »nd reflning attention to the followin" „■„?%. ^'"' "" ■"'* y°'»- "•'"•efnl caring for them- ® '''" 'J"-««"°"« for growin ig and ' When one is a little mnino,! f plants, one or rnoJlZZZZl::^ ™"*^ •"■' " '^- stand. They may be sT.nno.t i • "'™ '"'y fo™ "f the neatest itlS .'trrefch're;""" ™^'' ""' ^'^ '"""^ by the iron shelf .bracketrwht? 'r^"*^""""* ^PP"""*-! cents at any hardwa.-e s 1 ti^ T "'""''•'""'' '"' => '"^^ the leyel of the window so t),' » !^/°"""' """ ^'"""'1 "e below even with the Ittt :, Th T, , 1"' "" T "'" "« ""™' have them placed is f Wv ., „ " "'""'' '*"<"' "'"n to not shnt off'sT™, X s::™?TherT',"T' "'^ '""' "" when looted down „. i ' P'""**' '"<* ""'eh better effect from the 2 r''?"" "'' '"'''''"" '"^ -o™. and the ™ost important o?y'th;,""""^'™""' "^""^ ™'l '-' ""« what is one "reat c I, I ' T""' ™ '"■"'^''' ""'■ P'™*^ fr™ roots by the°dht.t "ys of ,"'""' "'™^'^-' •''*■ '<"'"•« "f the whe^asecondshe;;-;!::^— ;:';^t:4-r:. I; II ^'i # n- '«*fc»»«tia*itei.?. ■-imMai-imkmmmK- 214 CAIiE AND CULT [IRE OF PLANTS. Strip of green wire-netting, or other similar material, about as wide as the pots are high, be tacked to the casing to protect these pots from the sun and to hide them from view from the street. Where there is more room and more plants are wanted, a plant-stand is desirable. There are many forms of wire stands made which are very pretty, but some of them are objectionable in that when loaded with plants they are so unstable as to be moved with difficulty. We think the handsomest stand we have ever seen was constructed as follows: A circular table or stand four feet in diameter stood on strong, well-braced legs about one foot high, with very large, easy-running castors; it was surrounded by a rim raised about three-quarters of an inch, and fitting nicely to this was a zinc pan made water-tight, so that, if desired, it could be filled one-half inch deep with water. Standing in the center of this, but entirely distinct from it, was a small circular stand of three shelves, the upper one two feet from the pan and about eight inches in diameter, the other two concentric with this, and about six inches wide, leaving about eight inches of the bottom stand as a lower shelf. A little leaf- mould was placed in the center of the zinc tray, covered with moss, and a few plants of some of our large, coarse growing native Ferns set out in it. The upper shelves were then placed in position and the whole covered with tastefully arranged plants, the pots of those on the lower shelf being concealed with Moss and growing Ferns, while these plants concealed the pots on the upper ones, and the Ferns, peeping out from the inside here and there, united to form a beautiful pyramid of foliage and flower. There are many advantages iu stands made on this princijjle. First, they can be made very strong and stiff, so that even when filled with plants they can be moved from place to place to secure sunlight or avoid frosts. Second, the i)lnnts can be freely watered, and even sprinkled with an ordinaiy watering- pot without injury to the carpet; the water-tight tray catchiu^g CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS. 215 all the drip and throwing it off a^-un in , ~' to the plants in the hot, %y t^ZlX:,^'^ "'"t""^ lastly, during thesun.mer months the upper 1, Z"''' away and the bottom one filled with V T ''"" ^ P"' cur «owe,.sca„ be Plaoed,"fo":i; t teTpZlbf '^'"7"* inent. Whatever form of stand K , 7 Po^siWe central orna- enough t brin« the loJer^r ^eW treTt/r "■",'"" second, that it is strono- nnd ^tiff T ^^i^ window; shaking, even when c ™t, ^ , 1"°^; h """■' ™"«"'= easy-running castors. ' ^"^' """' '' '"« targe extend to great Lj:... tC; s,rVpht"'' """^"-^ grow in a two quart pot occunvino- .T, , "" ""^ *°"''' in diameter. When e pot such t>, T ' """ *"" '" '"^- *'««' inside of the pot, and tC \Lt :: ::ar:y":r"^'' "'" themselves go around'and around close to rL!;"' *° *""""" of the roots at. on the outside of th Tal o^'e "th^ Tif f Plant is growing. Again, roots are very susTemiMe?' •"*' from heat or want of water but on fhelfl, T . '"■'"''>' sensitive to an over sunnlv ' or t » ' '"""'• "'" ''l"--"".^' «.rive in cool, ml s To'^we ) sor'Sr^*!,'' ' """^ '^''" ""^y -embered is, that al our p, ,„T ^ LT-st ^f ' '" ": into larger pois. What is desirprl fi. . ^ '''"^^ ^^ removed ;n.iured by L damp ^ar;^:^ ^^rprrtTot'lrrit 'f "" injury from the hot, dry atmosi^herp nf . ^^ ^''""''^ a..mdantwateri„g\he' fZt :l;";r",r'"'i;'"'''^f'^ water to pass off, and with the inside sr, shaped Zti""?""' can be removed to a larger one with ■„ liftl! '''""' AH these condition., are nicely me in tl! ?"''^ "' I^"'"'*- -^" - -'- '- The poLri^t^rrr::;-::: m CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS. uucfo- of heat, but allows all surplus water to pass slowly through it to the outside, where it is rapidly evaporated, and thus the pot and t irth cooled. Tlie yhape is such that when suitable soil is used, the ball of earth and roots can be removed unbroken, by simply inverting the pot and giving it a sli.rjit tap on the edge. These pots are frequently injured by efforts to improve them-such as glazing or painting the outside This makes them better conductors of heat, prevents the lilterino- tlirough and evaporating of water, thus tending to make the earth sour and soggy, and, in many ways, tliey are far less desira- ble tlum tlie common form. We admit that the simple earthen pot IS not handsome, and the better it is doing its work the more unattractive it appears; the filtering water keeps the outside con Ntantly damp, and thus encourages the growth of mould and discolors the clay. To avoid this, pot covers are ver. .i^sirable foi sale at ail seed stores and florists. When there is plenty tage^ They should be set low so that the top is level with the wmdov. Very handsome earthen ones are to be found a le stores, bu pretty ones can be made at home by covering a box oUolcIo^f «hape and size with some appropriate paft^no^ oil llooi cloth, or any desired pattern can be drawn on paper and hn.hed as directed for pot covers, and this fastened' o th box by cement, and then the whole coated with one or two dressmgs of varnish or shellac. Boxes for tlie outside of the window should have a fa. - ,e one-ha i inch thick nailed in so as to leave a one-half .noL • ■ space between it and the outside. This will prevent .' true CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS. ;^ easie. to «et it ^r^V^^^Z "ZT Z":^ " t.« cannot be done it may be made a» foUovvs t'ds * -n " old turf a,e piled up and allowed to thorou gW; deoav Z ,T sori tluis tormed we fake one bushel and .Z\ T^ ' "'" •HouM, one-half bushel ^''^-'r"'' '""■•oughly mix them togetlte Bv Te. J """'' "'"' Wch e..th formed by the Cof "^it :,: Ctrma'; wre:Tiier"\''bf-''"-^^^^^^^ Where a pile of vegetable matter has stood tor a loa<, time or n H-n M u '^ '■' ^^^ S®"«^«1 composition of tiie besf nr>f ".M more -I'lVL^^t^^Ta^tr;::: i-rnr: .0,1, we use less sand and add some clav Tr Tm "^^ ? ' ;;n. .... we ma.e additions for ^^^ pif^^ ^ 1 1!::" ^^amelhas, Orange and Lemon trees, and snch liard-woocTed t 1 nt: tJi i i"I^H IjH ^ -«H t « iHi ■1 '■-l..:'"j m cart; and C'JLTUltE OF PLANm. It is impossible to describe in word. . i^e many indlcntions wir.cii show to au experi^n(3ed ^.rower that a pi. at no ds re-pot- ting. We can only say that, gener.-dly, wheii a i lant has ren.-hed whri,?, 8eems a disproportionate size for its pot, and th,. new ■shoots «tu. t vigoroUKiv. but soon cease growing, it is pi-obahle that it needs re-potting For this purpose prepare soil suitable for your plant, and m. that it is of the right degree of moisture, which may be known by f.p.uiy pressing a handful of it, when it will tovm a ball u>- lump, but will crumble into line earth again if struck or pinched with the lingers. -If too wet, tl... ball will form but will not crumble; if too dry, it will only foru. by very hard presrinre. Select a pot one or two sizes larger tha^i the old one, and see that it is perfectly clean inside. If particles of dirt or mould are left adhering to the sides the new soil will adhere to them, so that it will be difficult to remove the plant when desired. Place a large piece of broken pot over the hole at the bottom so that it will cover the hole with an arch, surround this with smaller pieces, and cover them with a little earth Place the liand over the top of the pot containing the plant with the plant-stem between your fingers, invert it and remove the ball of earth by striking the edge of the pot downward upon the edge of the table. If the previous potting has been well done, the ball of earth will come out entire. Place it in the new pot so that the surface will be as high as before, and fill in the earth pressmg it firmly with the fingers, and settling it by giving the pot a sharp rap on the table. If the new pot is clear. ■ ul the earth m good condition, you ought to be able to remo- . 3 new ball of earth without it- . -umbling, but it shoul ' ^...^ >o pieces upon slight pressure. ■'■■ .,v^ plants have stood \n ih. .ame pot for a long time, have been in glazed pots or been ,> so that the earth is sour and muddy, it may be well c-,- This is doue by sloshing th( ' " ' - watered, ic.'oveit. •CARE AND CUL TURE OF PLAJV'JH 219 Water is most essential to the develonnient of r.Ur.f , u ^t nearly all the food finds its way into tTeh^^^^^^^^^^ . \' out a uniform and TJroper suT.nl vH ^^'^^'"culation, and with- loosely ,„,:,„L, WU.X • ~: Za^ "'^*""- relative posftio^: ^Tp ,'?'', r^™^'™"^ ^"""S-g "«■ oi' Which *«.e proiee: ir^itirmiit ■;.::*,: ™*'t very ,h „ walls-these are the true moutt!^ the I,^'' "•,:"''' t...-ow„ off, and the' rcellSlXt'^lrslaro' tt ™"' " portions „f the plant to sustain them 7ow tie wterT",? contams very few of the elements of plant «rowth the ^ential o, tl.em are furnished by the deoompS'of LZ tides ot the soil, and the deniv nf hu^ f • / ^ matter scattered amon/theTafd ':;::Lrr ^:T^ through the spaces between the mrticle« .... Z s-'f ™ 'oim water gathered on the surface ^th'™ Se: • , "it,'*''^ '^ *! into the plant. If there was no wati 4 ;;;";' " T'^f lie sniTounded with the best; -' - ■ "* i'. the loots might CAUE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS. would Starve, and if tlie .spncvs l.etween the particles were filled with water there would be little opportunity for the develop- ment and the circulation and absorption of this gaseous food ^I lie most lavorable conditions are where the particles of soil are kept (constantly moist so that there is an immense surface of water exposed for the absorption, and ample opportunity for the circulation of air to hasten the production of this plant food In attempting to secure this condition, we must keep in mind that he amount of water passed through the plant is enormous but the quantity varies greatly, being many times larger when the plant is in vigorous growth and exposed to the bright sun- . shine than when it is dormant or in a dull light. For these rea- sons, It IS impossible to give definite directions as to the precise amount of water plants need; this can only be learned by expe- rience, but a few hints may be of use. Aim to have the soil always moist, never wet or muddy; examine the plants every aay, but only water Avhen it is needed «tn/.V't^'"^ ""' '"^ ""^'^ '"'''^'' '' "^'^^'^*^^' ^^'^ in "'in^^ the fact stated above in regard to the amount the plant needs, varying with Its condition of growth, and also that the soil in a pot will appear much wetter than it really i, after a number of days of dull cloudy weather, and much dryer than it really is during a bright, sunshiny day. Smcct g,^emic^, ^l.ea.e*, 3ujt.tt^ fto.H S^rct. The most common and evident destroyer of house plants is the green fly or aphis. They are green lice a little larger than a pin head which gather in great numbers upon the fresh leaves and shoot^s, and, puncturing the skin, suck up the sap, and th us . injure and sometimes destroy the plant. The only efl'ective wa v I o get rid of them when once established is to fumigate witii I tobacco. If your husband and his friends do not do this for \ yon It may be accomplished by removing the plants to some ! OAJf^AXn CULTUUK OF PKAN^S. 221 back oloset, „i- in ,vunt of tliat fn , ,. , - ""!■ ™ ol.l -pef, and tl ' e«il ''" "'''' «""''" '^"•^' "'V««l « -W be .n,.i.t. „.. even «et t , nuwn '""• '''"" """-" W"''e III', as li.fa i, very inh, ■!„! *■ »moul,ler I,„t „,„ be token „„. „ „eate too ™. ,^' ''"« l""»'- C„re »ho„I.l leaves. Helio.ropes a„a Bol i, ^ "' " ""«'" "'-i'"- ""■ are quite liable to injury in this way "' """'""°"' "' «'■"""'• -«ca Snider Arn/.>. i more injurious.- T ;liTo Zif Z" t^*™ '"^ '°™-- '^•" .witl. the naked eye, anneal??;? r> "^ """ '""■''"y •>««",.„ •b.,t which ..un 4idi;r:fi 1L ; ta"'':^? ■«;:'-^ »'- '- under side of the leaves but th„i. , "f ■ -They live on tl„. face, first as n.inute Z d^s Xh" -1'^' "" "'*^ """«■ -'- -ntil the whole leaf if j^^'^^at,,''"''''"^ "'■■■■■«"»«'" """''>e.-.^ They delight in a hot cfrv atmo '""" ^"""■■' •■""' '"-• preventive is to kein a 7a„'T ' T' "" "" "'"'' '*''"'"' and others sitting an n^Te IrTw, " f "™ "'' ^"'•"-■" a foothold they „,ay be di,lS ^ k . ' "'"^ """'' «'""'"' sprinkling witlfwat ^o', b^tr^:',, 'b ^''"™.' '^"">^" '" forms, all looking liketlMe f .' '""""^ """''' '"« """J- «. of a t..rtle,\:f;:jri ^tiu.'j^'jfrT"''"^- '"? '"" washing wit;wh;ieon s ' "l 7'"*-" ""''' '"^ -'»-«l '-v nevera;pearo„tir,t::{I;;,tntr"''""""'"™'--- ^'""^ a ^.^f!r;Td™T„T„'::r " " """ °' ™'" -^ --'"-i™. --thing wi .„;; ■ J3 It:::: «; '"'■' "™'-^ -' '™'-' -' -' aecrease tl.e vigor and strength of the i Iff?" m f 4£S»- • 222 CA U/S AND CULTURE OF PLANTS. plant. It is to be avoided by keepinir pl-"* in the most vigor- ous condition, and may be checkci oy dustin<,^ tJie plants witli sulphur, applying it on a bright day and when the room is very warm. ^ Treatment of plants which ham he,en frozen. ~\i possible remove tliom before thawing out to a dark cellar, where they inay th-.w out gradually and in he dark. In doing this, handle them With the greatest care; the least jar or motion while frozen IS very injurious. If not possible to move them, sprinkle imme- diately with ice-c'.ld water and protect them from the light and direct rays of heat. If a portion of th>. plant is evidently kiP-^d and there is hope that the root is alive, cut away the injured portion immediately. Under this head we cannot do better than to quote from Mrs F. A. Benson, in Our Gontlnen*: ^ "It is frequently asserted by am teurs that a knack or witchery is requisite to f.e sur essful ,.ith house plants, which they do not possess. There are many persons who apparently take httle pains with their windr.w gardens, yet their plants thrive excellently and blcom througho... the season, while with others who are continually fussing over the m,wth in their win- dows and perchance coddling it too per.. ..enilv, the result will be yellow leaves and nevera flower -^t f^ veil t^, remen '.-r that house plants are very much lik af. s_they are entirely dependent foi their well being upon sh^ judicious care ..r those who r nrse them. Ladies very ofrnn fill tiieir windows with fine plants and then consign these to the tender mercies of the parlor maid, with instructions to water occasionally, and possibly to give them a breath of fresh air once in a while. As a matter of course the poor things will become sickly and pine awav, when their owner will wonder 'what ails them,' and probabl/ declare IP CAJiE AND CUITURR OF PLANTS. •""^i — wr ii^i_j m 223 ■""' ''"'••' '""^ "'e Si" of „„.ki„«. pl,,„t7^. ~^ ' TT •""••"'" i'"lK"'B„,, a„.l .mTv ,,l I r„,- '■"""""" '" lluvH Windows full otl.l.H,,,, .Mwl . , ■'"«""""•'■■« •■•'Clui.sire -e... to «ive tl.e„/~;,tr^T "r"' """ *'"""^"'' ■'""■' in fir.t.mte condition. "" ""'"■'■' '" l^"-*!' tii-m Hiat ,s ju.,t entering „pon its season f, } '' VnvAx^m one it to ,.en,„in aotmaat If i ,how "o ',■ '™ "'""'■" ■•<^"'""''" '•" '"'^ '""" it moderately. Frequentlv tZ, '' " "'«'" '""' ™ter foliage is at n.atnri^n w C aTh '";";■"""" J"'' "^ '"-■ and dro„„. This is narticuh ' m " . ,'""" '""^ "■"' >"">"■• »Mch are the flne-sH^ h „I !h 7'"'*''"''™ ""'''Fe.'n.s, >""gl.t t„ a florist t^h o^^'datTho ': *"■""'■ ^ ""'^ •Wto' ■.., which she had p« chased L" ",'"'"" """'"'S ■'» 1"iv< .ng, wiry stents h' ^ in^ -i "^ ;, 7'' "*■■«• "1-" ase. She indignantly inauired Tt >1T ^^''■"' '"">' '"'i" ''« l^ept.' Like m"nv o * ™' "'* '''"'' «' M"nts I-ickod' ont one foH^,," " "f "">" ^«™'"''« «>.' Lad Very soon its 1,, v s he'an „ , " T "' ''" ''"' '"'"""'>'■ '■■""■y presented ., mo^T„i „" T"' ""™ " "^'I'""- ""d cel ''"t cut ofr the lim„ f™i , •■'PPeamnce. ria.l its owner a few weeks uZu? b<,re patiently with her fern in t.emi.lewll^^lrr^ave-oJ'air™'''"' '"* ^"^ "' '"•-««'" ft^niXSr ^der s'l^ SrT ™™- " '"■"'— ties generally e„Itivated"in l Lot, Gh 7,™" '.■'"• ""*' "™- expose to draught, which ilT I *^" " "'™""''. I>"t never admittedthrouglanldirgt :•:';:, af m"* "'' "^ "^ window at the top. Never liff T i ''""' '" "P™ the As a rule house nlant;^, ff , T '""^ "'" "'»'""" '" >"nter nl,e- n,- Plants.suffer from lack of moist in •> 224 CARE A ^ i) CULT r UK OF I'LA\'rs. j,'!i,sli^ht. It is Ji very '^ood plan to set paiiM of water on tlie plant stand, and to till the vases in tfie ro,)in vviili water. This makes a. healthier atinosplieie for pe()i)le as \v(dl as i)lants. it is often tlie case tluit the only person in the lionse who will have blossoms on her plants will be the cook, whoso windows will he guy with roses and geraniums, becunse the steam from the boiler and kettles will |)i'ovi(le the desirable nioistnre." It is highly important to keei» the foliage of ])lants clean, not alone for their beauty, but their health's sake. Wash the leaves inside as well as outside, as often as they are dusty. A soft sponge and tepid water are the best for this purpose. To polish Ivy leaves, or those of Palms and Rubber trees, use soft tissue paper. It will make them like satin. Every day pick off any dead leaves or twigs, as these but interfei-e with the strength of those alive Blossoms should not be left on too long; they prevent others from fornung in jterfection. .Yaver permit bloom to wither on the stem. Newspapei-s may be pinned about plants when rooms are swept to protect them from the (lust. They can be shielded from the cold in this way if the fires get down on occ^asions of severe nights. Stirring up the soil in pots will contribute to the well being of plants. Care should be taken not to dig down too deep and wound the roots. All blooming plants i-equire sunlight; nearly all foliage plants will spindle and grow " white livered " without this great invigorator. It may be readily deternuned when plants need more light, as they become "drawn''— a term used by horticulturists to denote the lengthening of stems seeking- light. f topagatioiv of ^fatvt:y 61^ Suttwcp. With our first success in plant culture will come requests from our friends for slips or plants like ours, n 1 such requests he true lover of flowers is always willing to gratify; so that a knowledge of how to propagate or increase our plants is desirable. tTr CARH AM) CULTUHE OF PLASTS, 225 Every vigorous bn.noli contains plan. hnA enough to sustain cTttLrj? t; '^"''V""'^ "'^^ ^'^^ p.'<>pag.tion'of p,r ; cu t ngs d.i .n, .s upon th. utilizing of this stored fool for th . levelopn.ent ot roots, thus converting the dependent bran h into an independent phtnt. In order to secure this result t 'e cutting must be in u vigor<,us condition and supplied th 'u wtZ^"^^"; "^^^"-^^^ i" the disttmution ;' t food to he j.lace where it is most needed; at the same time any hav. nmch less power to over<-«'y«™wi„g ahoots which me been fully exposed to the light, and make the slips or out- J tings by cutting them oft just below the second leaf It the P ant has two leaves on opposite sides of the stem, cut just below the second pair of eaves. Cut off the lower leaf or pair close to the s em, and making a little hole in the sand with a pencil f™U th" ^ "'« "ottom will slant in towards and almost ouch the inner pot. Press the sand (irmly about the cutting and add others it desired, the cuttings forming a ring around the .nner pot. This should then be tilled with^arm ™ter, and s often as convenient, let the cold water out of the pot by rel water. If the whole can be covered with a bell-glass it will be an advantage. As soon as they show by their growth that thev roirttS"""""" "— ^ ^'■"™ - ~-- A second and very popular method is the saucer system Common saucers are filled with clean, sharp sand, and the c"! tings inserted clo.se enough to touch each other; then wa er un 1 the water stands above the surface, and place the dish on Jhe win, ow.s,ll in the bright sunshine. The .sand must be kepUon! stantly satui-ated to insure success. If permitte.l to diy b, t for a ew moments, the cuttings will wilt .and all the labor will be osL When using this method, the cuttings should be removed to pots as soon as they h.ave formed roots half an inch long pfE of the most attractivp nn^ ^ I of the home, one ^^^^Ct^Tr'"'''''''"''''"' flowers, ™o.st gladdens and makes "h! ''^T' "' *<>..nd in Chat eve.„eloon,e t'i ,--tt ■*• " No home is now consuUv^ri """f ^^^^— the (ianary. visitor has taken upsT, T'""''''' ""^^'^ ^'"''^ ^^^^'^ o^' some qniet nLr , tt^o:'?';'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ pages to the proper treatment of th Ith '^'"'^'^ ^ ^^^ domestic pets. ' *^^'^^ "'^^'^ attractive of ail gether il, adapted 'to c,™f ,, ^«i, ^^ '" f"™' -''-^0 alto- point, and admitting a snccessi'onnM "'"'■ " ""' ="'' *' «^«V night. The brass oj^en- arrX"l: ■•.?"' "■°'" "'°"''»g « " »..ch in vogne, shoL l!: ™ Wed :; :'at1o J"" *'""• "''»• ^ presents gangrene, ,„d when -1,7 ■ f ''*'""S ™' "'« "a-ass • "™ i'^? "' 'a»ted, produces sometimes im 228 CARE OF CANARIES. a sudden death. The best cage is made Iroiii luahcjgany and wire. It should be about thirteen inches long, eleven inclies high, .md eight inches deep, having the top, back, and one of the sides of wood and the other side and front of tinned wire- work, so as to admit the air and at the same time exclude a draught. The cage inside should be painted Avhite. A long, square, but narrow perch should run from end to end, about the center of the cage; and a second of a similar kind, directly behind the two tin pans inserted at the front of the cage, one on either side, to hold the seed. In the middle of the wire-work, at the front, let there be a hole sufficiently large to admit the bird's head while drinking. By having two perches only, the bird's feet will be kept clean and he will have plenty of room for exercise, without injuring his plumage. In addition to the water supplied in the tin, it is always expedient to have a square earthenware bath, fitted in a mahog- any frame, ready for use. Breeding-cages for canaries are required of larger propor- tions. The top and sides should be made of wood, the front of strong tin wire. Three or four perches should run aciT)ss the cage, and a little chamber, or rather one large chainber divided into two, should be made immediately under the top of the cage to hold the nest-boxes; in front of these should be circular holes, to give ingress and egress to the birds; and behind, in the side of the cage, doors by which you can yourself get access to them. Beneath the nest-boxes should be a small cage separated by wires from the larger one. This is for the young birds after they have left the nest. A distinct apartment of this kind is rendered necessary by a habit which the okl birds have of pluck- ing f)ff ibfi feathers of their young to line the nest for their next brood. The arrangements for food and drinking water should be the same as in the inner cage; but breeding birds will not require the bath. The wires of cages should not be painted; the CAEE OF CANAIilES. \ 229 ^ .on ..e, w.e. e. ..^ rS^ jrij'l f^ : ^ Birds are known to be old tl.at have blac.ki.h, rou -h scale, on then- feet, and .strong, long cKws. A fine, rich Aear 1 e^lth v mea y l,e„, i»ired with a healthy, clear, yellow :^ ^ ™ bred trom clear yellow stock, will produce hands , me ionqne .rds. There are two classes of c'lear canaries, of a darker or hghter shade of color, designated by the sy„;,nyl„ tl, yellow and wlute, jonqne and mealy, orange and wh te aTd ft-old and Silver. ^"ite, cina Tonuitch birds of the same nest for breeding is considered unadvjsable as rt will in every respect weaken ttem T„ bre^d crested birds, if one has a fine crest, match it to nn (lood birds may also be obtained by Sg 1 "lareflnr so,ueIyi.ed, and the other ,.lear yello. or n.eah-.' Tn„am™" colored birds are to be obtained by matching a gi-een ma^ aTd dear yellow or mealy female, or the reverse. SomeTei" n p^r t leir birds the latter end of Pebrnary; others a month a e As soon as the birds are paired, keep feeding them h h T„d add a little moist sngav to the bread and egg until the h n Ins commenced laying, as it will prevent her becoming egg-bound In winter canaries should not be allowed to remain in a cold oora; m summer it is proper to allow them fresli air whH, .ey enjoy, and in the light and heat of the sun they 2^ and reey. Wholesome air and a lively situation wirSen your bmls in spirits .and health; hut beware of placing them in ,^*;";T"-^ "''"-^ ••"■"-* colds, asthma,' and o^th "i^ ' itsjes iioui r.u;it cau.se. i ;! i'lij U^ 230 CABE OF PANARIES. Cleanliness being a great preservative against most of their disorders, at the bottom of the cage a false bottom should be made so as to draw out, that it may the easier be cleaned and covered with sifted gravel or sand; some persons recommend sea-sand, the saline properties of wliich are considered good Keep the birds' feet clean, and freshwater should be given dieni every day. The cages and birds must be kept free from vermin • examine the crevices and cracks of your cages, and if you iincl vermin, remove the bird and wash the cage with a mixture of tobacco and sulphur placed in boiling -^oap and water; should the bird have any parasites, syringe him daily with this mixture when cool, and while the bird is damp sprinkle over him Scotcli snuff. In the course of a week he will be free from insects. If a piece of old mortar and plenty of gravel are kept at the bot- tom of the cage, it will aid in keeping the birds healthy Canaries should not be put up for breeding too early in the season. When the n-ts are made, the hens soon commence laying. A canary lays, on the average, from two to live e-crg and the time of sitting is thirteen days. If three days after- wards any of the eggs remain as they were, remove them with a warm hand and place them gently in some water. If they are ahve, you will then, by watching, see some evidences of the fact and must tenderly replace them; if you do nol hey may be destroyed. "^ When birds are sitting, it is not desirable that they should wash themselves all over, but it should be remembered that the canary loves a bath, and that she should be judiciously indulged in this way. *= German canaries are the most delicate, and, in our capricious climate, are not long livers; it is not well, therefore, to use them for breeding purposes. Tne Belgian birds ,,re Inr^^e, give a healthy stock, nnd are most solicitous in attending to the' wants of th eir u iffsp rin GABE OF CANARIES. 2/^1 er» ^''^.'""'f ""^f» "e>ik '. * . "litoiie^awJiw S , green food, and yet neglect to gratify Jiim now and then with a gMthered leaf. When yon are in the habit of letting your birds loose, to fly about the room or in the aviary, and want to cateli them, use a circular hoop-net of stout string, made deep and fastened on a wire hoop attached to a pole about six feet long— not less. By the skillful use of this net, you may secure the bird without destroying the beauty of iis plumage. The canary is generally a very tame bird, and if made a pet of. will acquire or may be taught many amusing little tricks, expressive of his appreciation of your love, and consequent attachment. Of all birds, he is the least shy and suspicious. Canaries will sometimes acquire the habit of picking out their small feathers and thus disfiguring tliemselves. The only way of combating this habit is by suspending a counter attraction for them to pick at— such as a piece of packthread saturated with sugar and water, and hanging nearly as low as the perch. SHouftivtg. When a canary moults in July or August, according to the warmth or coldness of the season, all you need do is to keep liim quiet and free from draughts. Feed him with a very small quantity of raw beef, scraped and moistened with water, once a week, and occasionally a little of the yolk of a hard-boiled e<^g, with now and then a piece of sponge-cake, and ripe chickweed in full flower. As birds are attacked with various diseases, we enumerate the following symptoms:— Placing their heads under their wings; lowering their wings; their feathers becoming bristled, uncom- pact, or loose; a cough, whine, or moan, as if they were in pain; panting in their breathing, ^tc. Great negligence is often dis- played in not. immodintely they appear unwell, administering in GAME OF CA.VAJiim. 233 their food or water such medicines as are essential to their cure n all cases where milk is administered in warm weather, remo"; It before it becomes acid. -eiuove Ast/ima.^Thh disease arises from neglected colds, exposn.e t.. draughts, oy from the birds being kept in verv I „t Cms lie syn,i.ton, is a gasping as if for breatli. P„re" mild air ami salutary food may in this case benefit, bnt it is seWol I^d auckweed, grotmdsel, or watercress, will sometimes "a se rte btrd; lettace and endiv. leaves are also recommended, Caslor oil, wnh fresh mdk and bread, snlphnr in the seed, and a sm "l r:2:L™;t:'- '" '"^"•"'- -^ ^'- - "^^^^ ™«^"" Conmmpilon, or rf«.K««. -Atrophy is the form this disorder sometrmes assumes in its earlier stages, produced fr„n, impure an- or improper food. In addition to. their ordinarv food l" e mdlet-seed, a little fresh milk and bread, watercress, or chH. weed; place ,n the water a small piece of camphor, and in the seed a small quantity of sulphur occasionally £^ilepsi/.~Thh disease exhibits itself in'sndden fits The readiest method of treating is to syringe the bird well with water Somej,ersons have recourse to cutting the bird's toe-n,ail until ii Ukeu.-U soft ulcers arise on the head or other oarts anoint them w.th sweet or olive oil. Tumors require openin^^ and drawing p"=""«« Glddiness.-^ome birds, that have been in cages open at the top acqun-e the habit of twisting their heads and necks so f-ir back as to overbalance themselves. When this is the cise remove them to covered cages, or place a dark covering over'the top of the cage. "^ ^ BaMm'.i«B,-SJt»a««,;,j, 286 VALUABLE KECIPKa. for use. This is good for varnisliing anything that is wanted to dry quickly. To six ounces of fir-balsam add twelve of rectified spirits of turi)entine, shake well together, strain if requisite, and it is ready for use. This is good for transferring engravings, and holds the ink firmly. It is sometimes used for varnishing maps, engravings, etc. Dissolve (withf^'it heat) six ounces of bruised mastic in twelve ounces of rectifi ■;! "iiiritsof turpentine; when dissolved, strain it into anothei : • ;.>, cork it and place where the sun will strike it. After a time rljere will be a precipitate, and the clear por- tion may then be put in another bottle. This is good for maps and engravings. Take an opaque color and mix it with a very weak solution of gum water. The opaque colors best for this purpose are Indian red, yellow ochre, chrome yellow, and white. When mixed, coat it over thin drawing paper with a fiat brush; when dry it is ready for use. It is very serviceable to transfer your sketch made on the tracing paper. For oil pictures, for instance, Avhen you have made your sketch on the transparent tracing paper, place your transfer paper the color side to face the can- vas. Fit on your trace and mark all your drawing with a bone tracer or with the point of a sharpened pencil stick, when a very legible outline will be transferred to the canvas of whatever coloi your transfer paper is. Of course you will cho(^se a color that will show. Chrome or yellow ochie shows quite sufficiently on light colored canvas. After removing your papo" it is well to mark over on your canvas with lend pencil. VALUABLE JiLVJPES. In nuikii.^^ fhe transfer luii.er be caref,,' Mot to pur too much tZn^: " "'"■ ''"'' '"^ ^^'"^^ ^" y '^ i--equiHi;: ;^; 'SraciiKj 'Jape:. Get u slieet of fine tis«u„ puj,.-,- ,„„1 n,h it nil over ll.inly will, otohed „„eea oil, wh«, it will ,„.,,„it,. „,,„sp,uv,u, ,,„„i^i; . o chyi 1 takes ,o,„e time to .<^ y4t ^ C ^ 4^ :& u< m?.. m. i/j 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^ III 2.8 13.2 IM 2.2 ^ lis lllllio 1.8 JA. IIIIIM nA^ ,„ "noe of the finest black ^-^nL bv ,1 . "T ""^ "P"*"'" <-..ghIy dry and warn, the woo" lU^T^ "' '°"™^^ '^l'- •strong aqneous solution of extract of watT "^ '""' """ " ™'- -, f.t. a.eru;ic:.;:;:^:^r2s'- ■rer drvino. *\. 1 f" . "'* "" "^e parts of boi er drying thoroughly, is rubbed and polished To stain wood red, take two ounces nf Tiro,-i "P well in a quart of water- ndd 1 f '"''^^ ^"^ «"^' stand in a w™ place f l^eral davs'" W,'' ^"'"' ^"' ^^^ heat this liquid until boiling ,o Id "1,^5^ T^'^ "^^' wood till the desired H^nfif f , .^^^ ^'^^' "^ ^'-""^^ *« the ..-sh, dipped iris',: r:f'a"iur a:;::;"",; -f '"'°"'«" wood before the stain is dry when a benJ/ , ' "?"" """ "" will be formed. beautiful and du-able red ,.otas.f "To°:tarw:!;fbrT '" "^'^ "^ -^'"^ -- "^ *he N.en brush ovt^r/oodlt^tk ''""''"' "' '"^^"^ ^^ is ZlflZt "rTel'r' "^T--»- A fine crimson "oii in three quarts f t^ a^dl: S" "' ^"f ^■"'"' ""■' and again boi, f„r the same length oj'tto ""Z w T'f""'' be Pear wood or Sycamore J'lie wood should «»ncespe..rlashandtw:;tL7lt:,\::-;-^ ''^^ 'our 240 VALUABLM ItKCIPES. To Stain wood blue, put one rjound of oil of vitriol in a glass bottle, in which there are four ounces of indigo; lay on the same as black, A fine green: Three i>ints of the strongest vinegar, four ounces best powdered verdigris (poison), one-half ounce saj) green, one-half ounce indigo. A bright yellow may be stained with aloe; the whole may be varnished or polished. To improve the color of any stain, mix in a bottle one ounce of nitric acid, he-; If a teaspoonful of muriatic acid, a quarter of an ounce of grain tin, and two ounces of rain water; mix two days before using and keep the bottle well corked. i tfoiv t« Dc l^cuii Own ^tamping anil jVfal^o ^nur Own l^atteiins. ■••••''^.iH^'trcfjiP stamping powd.,., iLt mix S" p- ^f ' T*" ^;« ...* .oo<. .„a Hack pa J;t™-S The articles necessary are a sliept nf .,-, u- and a piece of transfer pa])ei- The ti!, f ^'"^ l^'^l^^^' ta.]h>w, i c';;. po.^le'^rbh 1^^^^^ '-''T''-^ °^ ^ «^- cient lanij)4)lack to n nket ' ^''^^ ^"^'^"^ °^1' ^-^"^^ «"ffi- shonki li meltal to"^^^^^^^^^ «f -■--■ These When dry, it will belt for u" "^ '" '^' ^''^''' '^^^^^ i-*- In order to make a perforated mff^vn ^+' cure a piece of writina pam-Ttr fl! '^^ engraving, pro- , be traced, and put a pfe^^I of t T^"' *^''''" ^^^ ^^^^^^^ *« paper; th^n plaLl;:.Xets ci^nX/^ "^ ^'^ .^^*"^^' pin the three sheets together one e^ *^"f aving and paper between and dark s de JaciW the w!^''"^ '^' '''^'''^'' then take a quill with a fine poTnT r. ^ Zv ""^ ^^^^''- ^^^ nicely), and, without leanL; tCh^rd t o^^ V^l' "'" ^'^ of the engravinff Yon irJ^il f ' ^ ''''^'" '''^^ ^^^ ou^ine on the e„«g«.vi4, a! t~uHrut'a"aelr? ^°">^"' same color as the transferring Xr „„ T -P.™'''''' *'^ Now .move the transfer pa^^^ SryoXt^ItLT^' 241 242 now TO DO TOUR OWN STAMPING. lately traced, ;in(l llie pattern is ready to be perforated. Lay a couple of folds of velvet or felt on tlie table, place the pattern on this, and with a needle of medium size (or tracing-wheel) prick out the pattera, being careful to follow the outline closely, and make the perforations quite close. Mechanical Bnlargement of Designs.— 'Y\\q reader has doubt, less admired many small designs, and would like to have the same design on a larger scale. The following method can be successfully used in enlarging paintings, photographs, etc.: The simplest way is to enlarge by the eye as artists do. One method is to divide the whole design into squares, and rule off the paper to be enlarged in corresponding squares of larger size. Each portion within the ^u,ue is then exactly reproduced, copying the portion in tlie smaller square. For embroidery designs especially we should think this would be very good. For further directions see chapter on oil painting. Dry Slaviping.— 'nnH is done by a process known as pounc- ing. The process is as follows: Place the pattern (rough side up) on the material to be stamped, placing heavy weights on the corners to keep it from slipping ; then rub the powder over the perforations with the pouncet or distributor (described below) till tlie pattern is clearly marked on the material, (this can be ascertained by lifting one corner of the pattern slightly). Then remove the pattern carefully, lay a piece of thin paper over the stamping and pass a hot iron over it : this melts the gum in tlie i)owder and fastens the pattern to the material. The iron should be as hot as possible without scorching the cloth. Should the heat change the color of the material, iron it all over. Do not do any stamping by this process on a hot or damp day if it can be avoided. Keep the powder in a cool, dry place. ^ In stamping with light colored powders, the best way to fasten it is to hold the bdck of the cloth against a stove pipe or the face of the iron. French stamping is better, however, for all dark materials. To take the powder up on the distributor, have a tin plate with a piece of woolen cloth glued on the bot- ., i.-U---ff.f.,>...,..^^^ jrowT^^o rom owi.sTAm-nw. 243 I 'Oil ,t up t,ghtly into ^ roll leavin" „ "" '^""'' •'« ™ytl.in«) , ^oMa.emuePo^,,,.'. ° '"='^'' " ■™°<'*" •••nd even. damarand white rosin an/trf"^""' T'" "^ I'nlverized ,.„„ "; mix well together. '"'' ™™S'' P«'«an blue u, ^Z yellow;for]iSt"c:C';„td^ for coloring ohr„„e Black powder is '•".p.-oved b^ :ddi„": i^T;' '""P '""*• ""» ^<^h Indelibu Stampinn ti,- • ., dark materials, in fact, Sml t f '? ,*'" '""" l™"'^'''' for all will ever be needed. By fltis 1 '"" 1"'^^<'«'' a™ all that « o, powder, and a^* " . f ^^ ;Vf" "' ^"""^ - "-d S , "^'" *<>* well, wei^rht tlm £ ^"^ ""»' tiioiigli either Eub the paint evenly X tl T "'" ■"°™ ^' '" ^^amp n' the Itnes clean, sharp and dist 1 rj;'*'""^ ' ""« " ""l eave the pattern must hLleL^T ., '^'^'"'' *''« ^'tamping is done mg the pattern on the StX"'*'^' "* '« "Le'l y nhc' to cut the paint, and t e wttn^'fjf "'™^'"oornaptha o^j^t wuhanow cloth, or, ^CSttiT"^ "'''""' *"'* «•*' machinists use to clean maoSk', .™"°"' ^'^^^ «»oh as tuepamtandnaptha quickly "hTw t^nrtf'""'' ""'* '»'««''« ^ , uoia the pattern up to the light s now TO DO YOUR OWN STAMPING. t,uni Aviii cio^r the perforations. oi^i.^ 1.' '^- "' ^' h'^ i'*"" ^^"" ^^"^^^^"S ^^b«^^t ^-^ pint is n, good si/e), liave a piece of board cut round, with a s(rrew iu tlie p'irJid u '^-iM ' '" '' ^^^^-^^ ^"^^ *^^^ p-1' ^-p «- - Son ifv t . 1 '' .f'^' ' ^'"^" ^^^"^^^^^ "P5 add a little oil o.-c-a- ough to ctotribute the paint well. Keep the brush in wat" to Keep It from drying up, taking care to wipe oft the water oelore using. .J!''S^'''\ff<'ii^rns.-l^^^ patterns, before being used, should be rubbed over on the rough side with a smooth ^iece o pumice stone, this wears off the burr and makes the stampino- come out cleaner and iiner. When patterns are so large that they have to be folded, iron out the creases before using them tlZTJ'f^ ^1''T ^°' ^^^•^"^ stamping, snap the pattern to shake the powder from the perforations. After using the patterns for pamt stamping, they should be washed thoroughly with naphtha, until the perforations are all perfectly cLi" Keep the naptha away from the fire. After the pattern has been washed, do not use it for powder until it has had time to thoroughly dry, otherwise it will gum up the holes •ind spoil the jjattern. If these directions are carefully followed, the stamping will always be satifactory. needle. It is „ot an easy painting hv anv n f whetheHtl Xi't::" ^"' tawa.y work nn.y TIL" produce, JTZi^^'^tiT "' ""'^^' '"^ ^^ '' ^--^^^« ^o produced constantly, exquisite iffi,>,, r^.^^Cr>l^^' pieces of Kensington painting ^^ o\ „ l£. I).y careful Avorkers, which at a distance can scarcely be dis- tinguished from the needle- work they are intended to re- present.. It is scarcely possible, m a written explanation of ar- tistic work, to give as full and complete information as in act- 246 KENsixnroN PAiyrfNos. mil teaching, but if the instruction h.nvaU.J~~~Tr ! foJlowea, a .ood dea of the mode of operation^i.s obt 1 uT "^ u.e the paint as it comes from t^^Z wi h ut 1% '" ^''^f'^^m^ 248 KENSINU TOA /'. 1 1 MINUS. t..mulu., vyhid. is (hm. I,y i,h.nn^ as ...url, xin.- ,MiM( '» -^ H... i ower. Care nuist be taken to put the p int on ." In making the leaves, the brusli is iisp.1 n • ^ • . lump Of p,.i„, „ „,„.,eve,.Ui„a ij.l;: r.,, U^.!;: a 1 n^H^ It IS thick With paint at the rioinf -^ni.^ i i • '/'"""^^"""i .._!( A7aw/AY/7V.A /v,/,vyy^Vr/« "" tlu' knilV. |,l;„l,. will. H. " in fli,. vfiiiN '■' '» ,S will, P'«i'it, it is betfPi- (() ],av(. !i litf I.' yellow, '""■»f NJeniKi, ""(1 Indian ivd ^'"■>^<'d iiloiio- ^^' i t ), t h '<. ^'■^'f^n, jind it; -^:"::^tr;;,;;;;;::;];:--^''-",n„Jri::;-i:;;;;' I'l be llliide, thus l„,vf,i^ , .1 ■• . "" *'"' "•""'* "f file sfp,;, '" "scd. "'■ *"'! •■•" fine work, the small needle "»«1. TI„. leaves of f™,\"i ';,"'';''''''"''■''•''*''' I'^in^ •■ilmost,.,itii,.h-OTee„ win, .,'•'?" ""^ '>'y-of-flie-v,illpv •„■,. 250 KEmimWN PAINTINGS. Ge^i,™ ttrmKft,af f ?"V'"^ ^^— colors use,,: Yellow, Kaw Siem- Rw iT ^^''^O' J?'"™l'l-G«.„, Chrome. mid I(,„es E'.sf... rn; 1'"^'."'^, '"^^ «> V^mt Moss Roses, the order i„ .hi 1, «..;'„ vl'S ,.1 T' i"' '"* *'°"''''' r-dvu. the desired s,.„^i;'-,St;;:;\.!r ""'-"^ ""■" *'■ min'; ™S:!S^*^ ^'-PfV" Sive, in an easy on.: simple thn ovf f .1 . Pi'iotical instructions to beo-innP,N in v^.;ieha«.et .L^zXn .t/t;^;: r;:tv:f- ™= ^M^^r^t; — "?« ^- "-^; hues the tendorest and Z, deli." 1 t" t^l^ "'^^.^^^""^ in addition, surlV'e and texture o£ eon^I 7.- ? ^\ ' ' jnore ,.,ard h. "„,, I^::^tJ^:^^^^^^ DirecHons.-^o put mateii-il on the stretcher i\v.i ... ii piece of card-board a little lamer tlnn fhf li ^ '''''''^ ^h« paints you -i^^^TT^ ~~~ ~~ — — — ^_ ^^^ are ready to imf +i, . "^ '^ ^"^^'^»' Jiever orcm. ^\r^ i Boin/- .>A. ^ *^^*^ P'lint on the - .f . ;"V'^- When you ' be n\ l*^'" P"^ «^^o^ilc^ bo WW "''"/' *^^^ l^aint on tJie the b i *'""■■' "' "'" P™ to tl,e Cif *"" J'."" »'•"■' tl'c'rebv work fe ,' r,? !''" '"'"°>>' «f the "r"™ • nf""» ""^ l«i"t on ou-er, tothc:ositiontha , ill ''! ^'""''^'"'^ «"« PartC . for writing; pi,^,; the J • T ^'fl."' ^'""^' ^^«"'l tlie same n^ i you in making- t]ie sHt. h f ' '^' ^'"^^ ^^^aw tlie nen t ^ . tofon embrojdpn^ After the fl,;;i» 252 KENSINGTON PAINTINGS. outline of the lent l. fnnsh.xl witli tlie pen, representing the On hne S itcli the l.rush is x.sed for lilllng in tlie ],roper ,3iade of file ](., . After the leaf hns been painted with the bmsh between th.| outlines, the pen is used in making- the veins of the Jc>at. Ihe veins aie painted to imitate the stitch the same as the outline. Nearly all the large Howers are made sin.ilar to the lea 1. I he outlines (,!' the tiowers mid corolla are iinished with the pen. a ISO representing the stitch ; the tilling in between the outline IS done with the brush. Always paint the corolla near the centre a trifle deeper than the outside or edge of the flower. Thr mvctural Arrangement of Flowers. -'Yixi, blossom of !t plant, or tliat which is usually denominated a flower, is o-en- erally coni])ose() of the following distinct parts : i'he Calyx so named fro:u a latin word signifying a cup ; the Corolla, named iroma, la!i:iAa)rd denoting a crown; the Pericarp is the seed vessel, or organ of generation. When coloring a flowei- or object, us.' a color the same as the object to be deliniated ; the outline completed, the next process is to tint in the different local (•ol,,rs. Never work to, but r.lways from the starting pouit. Properly speaking, there are but tliree colors in natur(>' Hiese are red, yellow and blue; they are called primaries' Orange, given, purple, and all other hues, are onlv composed from the Jirst three named. The student has tlien^o consider wlien regarding a color in nature, if it be not one of the piunanes, m what proportion it is composed of them For instance, if orange be the color under consideration, the proper (piantities of the red imd y<41ow must be determined by mixing a little ot each, adding a, little of one or the other until the g,,t fi.„ li^iuS *' T' '"?,'"« '" ■■' ''"<'" ""it« ..■ »'les Thi,,n„,st be, lone to^ ,1 "T", •'" *-"" "'"Ji'l'-.u witi. tl.e l,n„h youwo„Jcl elhW f' T '"? J"'""" WHns in your work would n„t|,e as nr.t; I 1- *"'"'' ""' «tiMu-s,T„„l o;«iue, to get tlu, bright ,l"2 T " """'""'• ^^ P"""".^' ' IIKllx^p ■.,.,„. • > J'JU CUJl KVif +1.,, .11 .r :;;" -:-'-'^:* :«r;:;: usin-nw sienna; if tlie d^r^ 7",^"'. httie tuples-yellow. iL^te'^ '' ^"" ^^^"•^^' -"^"^^ ^^ . as lor the moss. Tlie sfem n. "'' ''*^' ^''^<-'^^ f^''" the sn>m al- veins ana outli^.^ ^^ r^^r' '"' ^^"^'" ^'^ ' ^■ith M.e brusli. ' ^''^ ^"^ng ,n ,.f the leaf is don. .t:?ertie';,£['»?'y'*-^.^/^ «.ebu.uogot tile ,i;n2,*rtnm'^-^^:«-""'s "ui. tlewj„te; in p„i„ti tlie one, bio -.*■""""'"" '^'k« witi, ..,,1 tote M,e stitc!,. Tl,e vlf ,,. , """" """'' "'^ P«>'- to P'»'''-P.«'i-tingfr„,„tle rnt^erfthefl ""* •" "' "'"*«' ""' pen, using emeralxl-green -.t tb,?V 'T' '" I'"* "" "i"' tl"' shade is ,„,d„ , ^'^J™ ' «'» toj, cl tl„. pi„i, ^ j,,^, ™™s„,.„ p„t „„^i„ tl'etn ,r,7:*^;- •"';\-'""'^ n,e ^^ ! cl,ron,e-y,.ll„„. I„ paintin" t ,,, l ^' "'*'' *''« l'"". us,,,..- eme,.l,l.g,;en mixed ^n l'*^ "' *','" ''"'■''•^'- ^''-ulef , : dry a littl,. ,,efore the da keJ sh "d s n,' f ";" ""'S*'"'' «'-<'» are working on s„,ne otj"er pa fof '. i ■' "'"^"""'' >"" -.g.„ The outline of the .Sttut't'^'tf t,!! ;:!:; :^l II resenting the stitch ; for (lie l)ri"' ^w (imitating the stem°or ontli't s ul -'"" "' '"'" "'" '""' using raw amber and ememld-green '^ "' ^'°'''"«>' mixed seas to nTaUe ^ ry bri.li 'sladl' ""/s-'ni"'" i^i^e, shade brushed in go over U with the "■' ^"'^ ^"^ *'"^ .-ing the same ool«. u^^'fot ush i" T' r'""«/"«. ^'"^i, with the pen in sfitrh fn,™ '™""S ">• flie centre is made green and chrZ- elW ™d'l'"t'i,e'^ "V*-"" f "'^'' «"'-"1 green and raw umbe Tlfp L ^ '''"'''<"' """. ™e™ld- in s,itch form, >s:i^i^^:"fo^trl;f /'r'»^ loaves use raw umber- fn,. *j. ,■ , ! , "™^M shades of mixed wltliaJitrdrom°ve "»'",«"<'». emerald-green i Mse cmciald-greeii ui, c imme T, "'' 7""f ' *'"' *''« *'* ""^ .ri.e hud . fo^dark st.d^'r te"umbef iff ^"'* • ™ mg oil dark material u^p tho ,. • ! ""^^^r. It you -u-e paint- on the entire l^d '^^^J'T" ^T '^ '''' ''^''' ^''-'^^ -nting the «titch. e" t^ Z^^ '''''' ''''' 1^"' ^'^P^'^- •sliarp tootli-pick or wifhr. ^^ ''^^ f'^^'^ «""^tcli in with a of the same'shlde s the ^d Thet''^ ^""' "^ '"'^'^ ^^"^ l>en, in stem-stitch form „s no-" ,7^^'^*^"^^^ «re made vvi,h tlie ^^ loim, using raw sienna and emerald-green lU'oducetLproLfsrde .n.e ? "'''."'' ""^"'- >»'' '■■'"' representing the St tch The L'*,-' T''''^ "''*'' *"« P«». "y udng tht sam^ Srs 1 1 toZ- Ih"'"' '" *''^ ^^'"'^ "^'^ ■•> little Naple. -,Pow and whi e ™ *-/ ' ''"'™'- "'■^' l^™''' '» '-es„.thep.,„s;?hr;:t;s\'forSi^^^ EmsmoTON PAmriivGs. fan get the proper sh-,,^ i • ^^^^ u.-e raw sienna and Naples-™ ol' h ,''!'" '"•°"" -"''"des made by mixing :a„s4^/':'7''- the,],,!, brown sliade.s are made witl, t„e%„ in stteli W T,^''-""''"''''- '"- v»ms a e I'rst with Naples-yellow ,™ ' ^' ■'*'''™'= ■-■■■° braslied in «r»tp,™Sg^";,.^^^^^^^ corolla i.s finished •■I 1 Me madder Jake near the ht *'"" " dried, brush in :'»d i-side. Theoutlin s t r^i^r!,"' "'* """■«■■• """-de a siteh ; tlie outline and centre o? T ** """ "' *"•« '»™ of W'fh the pen ; between I e outlh e rf T "" "'"' »'•«' P"' «>' liglit sliades for tlie onflinL " '""* ™''k. To get tlie "dx a little madtrl r- xTe S"? "'' ^"" '»^ « ^ by using white, put on lisl.tl wirtb T' °" "■"" *'"« l'« he centre of the (lower below tirse™ ^^^ "' ""^ P""' ^or S;Ly:,for'- '- -'"-"Cr:r:;&L';;: «.f l^-^;,^;^^^-.;;-.. co.lla is finished dark shades; tho cen e „ ":" ""7 /'"^^ ■«»' «e«na for the t"e knot sti,ch. In painth" tie W T* '"" "™' *" ""''ate use en,erald-green ami ch ome ve ]^^^^^^^^ ^f * "'<* "«''* ^ades, raw .sienna. ', he leaves a"/^"? V t^ "'" "'''^ *'"'- «- The stem is flnislied with sameenM *° '*P'-«^™t the stitch, as the leaves. ^""^ '^«'<»-« and in the same manner JnslructioHs for Golden Mod Tl,„ fl Von can get the light shade of v^lT,?? "■."' " ""'-"'"^d ««t. for the dark shades that e r. nf ^ ^ """^ *™me-yellow ■ yellow and raw menna, miS al -''^ "1 *'''"'• »»« "t'ome-' --. ■".•«d. ■"-.irfii:r'i,ts:a?hip:,r 51! 11 fi. ^ JiE.M->• "'-> .nsteadof besinningThestit wUl tIeed:eof"t'; ™*'' "'f ' materia, vtlace ih^ i^^r. / iJie ecige ot the jien on the ).ol.ow sidi S^tr; Xn pLr„n't\"''''^™'- .:""' "^ so that it will leave iv.inV In 7 ?, . , *'"' l*" '">"' i* "Pens in the middle a s,it;rl^i""'f"' ""^P"' ""'^ " ««« '' »>""" ;l- pen with same eoS .s r ^^^e^t "■ hl'T " '"""' ''^• brushed in with Naoies vellnw n„ 1 it '*'"*'■'' '"'" ^I'st of leaves and U,.TZlmon^^,^T' '"'""' ' """""»»- as used for the wheat in order t * '*"' "'"'S """'*' ™'«'' leaves, mix a little enJmhl •*, ''' **''*'™ "*'""'« f"'' lower The o,t,inesa.^"tTI™iT •""'"' "■'"*''''■"' '•""''"■• >>"«d. ^onn, using same eX: rL'.r^sM;-* riitf" '" ^*^'> Preparing and Painting Roman Crystal Photographs. ' place it between the folds rfVh'Ll" ™.'? ™'«' •™a (he surplus water. Then 1.,^ ?"'''^«''''W«f to remove of rubbing paper, cut Tlittfe /"''' "? "P™ •■' !*»« Now with the fln^ei^ rl '„ !, ''"'««'' "lan the glass, the face of the picture, thiclf^Sr ''°™»eWy. and all over , in a one-half pint tin cupafew wf ,* ""'"'' "*' '°"°«« : Put I as you can hold on a tea-spoon indCu ''"■""' '"'°»* "^ ■"» I to merely cover it well. Then'stfa- it^t ™ ""'■* '™*'''' <*»o"gh cup over a strong lamp blaze o/^l fet r'^"/ ''."^ P'a«e the ZtV, .'«"" *° Sicken, thef sth ' K^/""'*''e " "Wly ~oked and free from lumps',, he" i',""* '''^"'■- ""til it i^ or of a slight gummy appearance ^.'"'""""'-to'nsparent m.lky you have not putTel^Iw, " '°.*' ^"7 wUte or enough^ If very clear, thin or wfLn ?h " '"^« »<" ™°ked i a^r ""' '"' '' ^^'^' *■>- '-^td tx^^z A thin paste works tho z>«„- ^ 257 a PREPARINO ROMAN CRYSTAL PHOTOORAPHS. After rubbing the paste well upon the picture, rub it also ui^n the inside of the glass. Now lay the glass cW upon the with the fingers loosely press the picture against the glass in 'nr^ftw', "T/'^'^ ^"^^^'^^^^ ^^^^ - therigft'^ncl tlie back of the rubbing paper, and with a slow rubbing motion rub out all the paste from the middle or face of the Sirrfirst Tthe ^^b^^ '' '"V^^^'-^^'^'^^ *^^ ^^^^^^- ^^^ -- "^^ ;. let p'r i' r ''' ^^^^^*^«"^^ P^^^^^' ^^d to mb the entire nrd W / ^^*\^:«^*^«* ^ith the glass, but do not rub it very owtrd. H r7. "'^' ^^^^^' ^"^^ '^^^ ^^^' ^^t ^n angle towards the light, so as to get a reflection on the glass which Tf h ^I ^r f 'i^ *^'' V ^^^ glistening places. The paper of the photo should not be allowed to get too dry, but kept shghrly moist by occasionally dampening it with a sponge ^ Change the rubbing paper for a clean piece occasionally if paste gets upon the ba(;k of it. ^ ^ The thicker the paste the more trouble you will have to work It all out smooth and the more glistening places you are likely to leave 111 but the more certain it will be to hold well to the glass and to prevent glistening from coming in after it is dry • while thin, paste works out easier, but it is more likely that glistening would come in afterwards or that it would not st^y ^^LJ't ^ f!; ^^'^^'^''' ^'y ^""^ S^^ "'^^^ *« working the paste thick. After it is on nicely, let it dry for an hoSr or two, orif you notice that many glistening places are coming in It as It dries, or if n; is on imperfectly, soak it in water a while and then carefuUy poll the picture from the glass and try past- ing and putting it on over again. Grinding the P7u>to.-Atter thoroughly dry, then begin to grind the paper or picture upon the back with a smaU piece of en pa (^t foi mc yo to w; gri: phi the and rub I the j f littl to ( sma but that can aftei to pi grou how glass pastf pastt C\ glass piece it ha.^ candl also, rubbi PREPABim^OMAir CRYSTAL PnOTOORAPHS. 259 emery cloth cut about one iiicli sauare T^iih^TrT- i i ' paper witlr tlie ends of the lingeH iu,]d I "^^^ "'? *^" yloth between the thun.b and S^^^^^^ZZ 1 '^ forehnger pressing upon the doth Rnlf i V Z. ^ ^^ ^^^ mostly, und keep rubbing <,ver e^-erf.vnt f ?,'"''"'^"' "^°'^°^ you ha,ve nearly ground off 11 f>,^ ^ '^ ^^'"^ J'"'*"^'« ^'"til t^> get very i^lifZ\:l^J^ S^^"^^^ ^\--^ ^ ^^^ When it begins 'to get very tlin ^tln^T'^ -PPearance. grind througli. Sometimes .,ml / " V '^■''' ''''''^^°" "«* ^o places while'^othe; r^l"2..n 1 ^^""'^^^^ '^^^^^ '^"^^^" ^'"-k the forefinger //a 7^,^!^^^^^^^^ n "" ^^"^^^^■^^' >''^" 1<'^ tl^e end of -^ then grinder "^^^^J^/^^^^^^ ^^ «f ^^oth nd)bing back and forth over the thicTlst ' i ^ ^''' ^'l "''''"^""^^ the entire pi<,ure us even as possi^Le ''' ^ ''"' ""'^^ ^"^ ^^^^« littr^Scl;::::::!!^!^^^^^^^^ ^k, but with . very fc. ere are no p^^eseftiT, ;'"""",""'' "™"' *"" *'""' »° '■an av„i,l it. Tliin Xe, ,„ 1 7, ';;" """"' '°° *'"" « J'"" afterwards in the ", „ h' ■ n t "' "'" ^T" "* '» '""""rf up to paint the pictu e nice v ihn^ t "'"" '\'"°"" *° "J" *""^ ""^ gronnd. A great d Cn,L ll^'Z ,"™/''^ P'"'"<' ^™" how it will grind, also „pon how well vo 1 ^l" "'. ^T' '" *» glass. I, yonr paste was too tlTin o if^n ^^n" / ""? "'« paste in the nictiii-e it ,.,iii • i ' ''"'' '''" hnnches of paste left J. tClack ff The S"er. """'" ''*™"' °' « '''^^ - Clearing the P/iojfo.— When thm-nno.!.! glass qnite hot over a stove ta'r^f'^' "°- ^eat the piece of parafflne candle nib over th^lv.fw^f ""'' ''' '""'1 it has melted over everv Bart R,,! , ^^ 1""*"'° """l candle, and then, whie ftis atm h t'^'T* r°"S'"y ^"*'' *"« also. If this cloth is Veil sa n lted\ -M '* ^'•<=" ««' "'"loth ntbhingof snndr, ,^X^' ""^^^ ^J^ w 1 1 'l'!' PREPARim ROMAN ORTSTAL PHOTOORAPm nibbed too hard oi Cdrv wh l •'. ' ^^^«"^ ^^^t to be will absorb too much of fhL ^ f '^° ^^^' ^^ ^^« ^l"*^^ I when it cools "mSni-i t f *"" ^^'^"^ '^^ P^^t^re, so that I examine it c::S;^^:SS;:S^ ^^^ «-^' ^02... upon 8omethin<.^Ll Tf M^ ! ""^^^'^ ^^ ^^^^^"^ i* I there ai white .po;;^ o/Sts o l^M^I^^'^^'^ ^' ^ you must heat ao-ain to m^^if +t. i scummy appearance, try to grind or scrati-h inf,^ n/ ''^'' ™''-'' P'^^es or spots and will not tal J Jd of tl^^ a r """'?"'• ""> "'""'■y «'°«' through while tt ;Lfflnn ^nTL" >■" T"' '° «"■«» don't be too afraid 01 grindinVthronl Y " i ^"^^ "'>' ™ keen it hot while iVbfes.-There are various methods of makine th. ™-„f„. t i PRSPARINO ROMAN ORTSTAl PIWTOaBAPUS. have used or taacht m1. n,!,? . ,''''"" .'7^'«rfm.7. Many Pictures have b^'^rirtf C , T,''™" I""" •"""^ vamishps ^tn i"i ' *^^ trouble was, thf^ oils or wouMt:»r ;poZf „;:.:„ X '^'"^™-"^ *^« i'^-- ca.for^1l''lTeht 't?r ""^"™!'^ '™*'"*' ^-^'^'s in using after it was patted HwIm 'I''''''' ';«'V'"»% «>«»■-. b»t soof can keep the oToranv other r'""- ^"''^ <"' 'P°*- Nothing without its drvL TkutlJ'T-'^ preparation in the paper i3 much less Ser rf^i^ *■" ™''y "''"'y *» <1°' """l there many might at fl?stl?n^^? '' '"f""'"' =""* ™nseq„ently method, but tLy sho: d S *XrTh 'Z''"'" "^ *"" S™'""^ their pictures loo'k at first they tm "tl.": '^fsM""/'"' much better, with a little r...n„*- "'" ™' '''st. It is, tlierefore, to be able t^ make a SctS e w, • \ «'V"'"^ '" *" 8™'J'"« •''"'i When picture" are Pronto? '"'"'^'l «™ •"> recommended to last. are m„c\ .iner\S7:&ror'' ""'"*^''' '"^ ^^^"^ '''- kno™ tday'SKe"' ^"^""^ "'^*'"^ '^ *»« <""y W photo,^obeLSs,;'rS):rraS^^^^ is a r,^ :ii~h:ntbi:"Tr"^ ^-^ PiotC btause it are not. ""''haugeable substance, while oils and liquids coid''::;r:;:t'Xctiriii':rm:dTt^ '■" °'"'"^^^ can be put aside for anTwth of ti™ ^^Ti' " *''' ^^ handling, dust &c Tf th„ !i ^*'' """^ *ey will bear hard wifh anythTn. d"mn L^^T ""T^"^' "' " ^^^ ^ .mXdby,jirx;:i^:;r:iXro-s^^^ A/ter It lo once painted iid c«oi^.i . ^i • • ""*'• i-iiii!.e^s JuTet; h""' ^''^ *^"^''' '■"•'••' '^•'^"^^- the., and even n.^^:^'^:^' :^]^Vf ^^^^ -. not lai^e, can he gone all over witw T'l ''*'^^^ '""^ ""* ^^^y even the hnir aL in the s n.e .^y ^'^^p, ^ ' r ""T"- '""^^""^^ en(!e li„w these look of Dr.f Ji ^" ' ^ '"'^'^« ""^^''i tliller- and rinted on ^:^i^Z Sr^'-^r?"'^' ^«^-I>-"ted ways lap ooer a litde ..li . .' ^f"^'' ^'^"'^^i ^'"^or -^''onld al- etc. N^^ien it^s a p," ! i 7 ^.Ud' V" ''",''"^' ^-^-und, weaker and paler than it i; rLih^^^^^^^^^ ^'"^?^""^'' '""'^ ^ ^i^^le ".- (h„t never aavk.^^c^^'''J'Tf ^" '^'" ''"''^''«'^ P^^'^" that the tints of tl Jd e^^s j ns ^' T '' '^^""'*^ '^^ ren.en.bered wardsontheba<-kor the picture .m;i;f'' '^. ''' 1'"' ^'" ^^^"t^^"- ]>Iexion so nnu-h n.ore ^ ' ^'"'^ ^'"^ ^"^^^ ^^^^P^n the com- with the flesh color as sn. "e^t^i < n. .""^ ^^^^^'"^■ '^^^^^ ^^^"r, etc., or whiskers are large and Cin ei ' /• ^^^^ make a hair color on vZ<^^c^^f T ^^P'^^"^"-)' ^ou can necessary to give them tl eTctu7 nt'd f^^ ''''' '' '' "«* on the glass, as they are inv- HmW . . '""'^ ^^' ^'^'^ I>^"nting back of the picture ^tnvar^ '" ^'' ""''' P'^^"^*-! on thf eolo. tonse hack of L.. -^^t^T^^^LlI^ L 264 PBEPABim ROMAN CRYSTAL PHOTOGRAPEa n Uttle Vandyke brown mixed with it, and which color when applied w,U merely make a little more contrast be w^^n the flesh and ha,r, than if you had gone over both with the flesh if wTirj'rl'' '""'^ ,°''"S dark .Imdea npon the back glass or L 1" wLH "-"'"it ""'' show strong lines Ltween ine colors. When hair is white or very gray in the nlioto vn„ can put clear white back of it. I, yellow oi'golden! « e Nkple yel ow, and, if desired, with some ,vhite in it to ighten or a little brown to darken. fe^i^tjii oi a Collo7's, Bosoms, White Dresses, Btc-Vxit clear white back of these and put it on thick. Small collars and bosoms at usually to be painted also on the back of the picture witliwld e and to be put on opaque, so that it does not make much dTffel I^r t Ti \ ^'''* "^^"^^ ^^^'«^^' ^«'^^^ bosoms and collars they should have plenty of white back of them, as it may not always be best to paint them also on the back of the picture without. On the back glass the white should always be put on picture""' "' *''''^^^ ^""' '^ ^" ^^^'^ shades of the Painting on the back glass, and especially for the flesh whiles and lightest parts of the picture, the object Tto g v^ these a softness or lyory-like appearance, which iJ is imposlwe to get If painted entirely on the back of the picture But in the darker parts of the picture this softness is not required, and it makes little diiference whether painted on "he back glass or not, when they are to be painted with opaque colors on the back of the picture. "i'^que TZ i" '^^^ '^'^^"- ^^^" ^^"^^ '"^'"'^ the smaUest trace of B ue, and perhaps a little Black also added to take off the decided blue tint. This color generally answers the best whether the background is light, dark or medium in the photo It may not appear as if it was dark enough when applied or a^ f there were not enough contrast, so that the entL picture looks as ,t ,t was weak after tlie entire background color has been put on but by using a light color you avfid so much show mg oyer of decided lines between the colors, and by^fte^^rl^ worfang up the tint of the background on tl>e back of S! rzTafToftttifr "™^"^' '■'^■'''^-'"^--^--s- Coats, Dresses, <&a-These are to be painted on the back of the picture afterwards, and most invariably with opaqL colors Therefore it does not make much diiference whSt Colors ari back of them on glass, or whether you put any upon or not have h^ '"^""''^ "''".* ^^ "^" *« '^'^ *1- same co'or you have been using upon the background all over the coats ItT and all other parts of the picture you had not beforpainted However, if a person, for the sake of practice merely Ses to try to get them as near as possible to the shade wSe^by th s painting on the glass, it will do no harm to do so. They can use White mixed with Black back of black coats, etc. VemSnon blht bL"%r ^T^^^^^^^-- ^1- and White to make" bright blue. Blue and Yellow mixed together will make green Any color can be tried to suit fancy. ^ Jewelry, flowers, etc., or any of the small parts of the picture bXfr'pfctr'"'" ''-''' •^--'™y-'-™rZ:t: glasses and proceed to painting the picture on tlie back. Note.~mw foregoing description has been made carefully to enable anyone without previous knowledge of painting or coto^ to get weU used to them. If the colors on the back of the gla s ge«*%lV.^C«r4:;T^_y o'f" - «-y --h, thus the picture" teelf ' ' ''"P-'^-S to pamt on the back of f ilii- ' I ^ i i^Mi it hi PREPARING ROMAN CRYSTAL PHOTOORAPHS. ^2cH,M,tmg ovt t^e ^gac^^ of' ^ture* of Xe cheeks ^^ "" "^"" *^' '^'^^'^ «^ *^^ ^«^"d««t part affaiiI'T..T •"' ^^"^ ^?^^' '^*"*'" ^' '^"^ ™b it almost entirely off again, leaving merely a sufficient trace of the color to give it a clrefnlf "^ ""'^i ™^^' '"" ^^^^' ^^^^ f'^««' ^^t try to remove^ urpus carefully, and each time after touching it with the Wer W n»nf'""'',^fu~" """"' '"' *'"* Sliadows oi' lines of the face an pear weak they can sometimes be strengthenea bv rubbW?„" ™-V'S?ty-<' -softly a little Vandike B™™ or mx a frifle Scartet I^ke with it. For tinting the cheeks andvarim.s part hm and very transparent, and softened down by b endU wift hill Z f r"" '^ I'*' """'' •••"'> *''y '' •■'S'-'i"- Yonr fin Je™ shonld not be damp when you try to soften or to rub color oT and * ™i«d with it. fi- will ahow through much ZaZl ,.!? pf T *^''" P'""' ""''^« -^ "«!'' darker color by .2. ^"^ ^ Z ^!'"^ ='" "«" "^ yo" <=an by working on (1« htLtoTtL'r" 1 "^tf .P'--- -'i to make it m^tch w th darker riLaro^rl " ," ^""^ •""' *^ '»^' '' "'" »»»* a c°£Sf ^""-* '^^*' ^:-r.rth:: agfin aro- tanVt-rCk H^ a^n '.^^r^" ^'^ Imper/ectum,.-Vov white spots, etc., which are frennenfl^ rwiU ,^'';'"\"''T"y ■" backgrounds, (andThetmHyi^ .?l to'the t r T "* "^ *™'' "' ^'"« "■■ White in it, accord or TwillT'l^^ ^''"' ^^*^ "" ^^^ ^"^«^^ ^^'l P^^t on very li^ht darl!?™2or'Sf"f •'%'■''*'" '^« P'^^re, you might use a folJoiTs Bosoms, White Dresses, Btc.-V-at on clear Whif„ and ., collars are smaU, it can „Uly be puroXr^d r PnBPARimmMAN GRTSTAL PH0T0GRAPB8. 269 and les, chalky if yorw^.f^/f^fy'^k. better and softer rather transparent thelam/" *," ™''""e °' White and Certain parts oartten beTometir''^'"^, •'°'™''' ™ *" '='»''■ White, put on more ZHZ^Tf^T^:^ "^ t" ""^^ °' good effect, especially for lace work »* f "*'■ ™'' '"* ^^^ ».al.e it look ™o. A. o':: ^^ :^i'^^^^::^ '" C?oajf*, 2)m'5e*, jY^c— For these if f1,«.. u, i '^ ' with colors to suit Even if th!'/v • , ,. ''" ^'""'^ ^^7 ™<1 wanted to be light bt'^ikL'^r TZ^^fT '"^ Opaque. b^'^^u, etc., put the colors on For ties, ribbons, etc., the same system applies ^.zo.Zr2/.-For gold use Naples Yellow for coml ni,- Vermillion, etc. ' "^ coral, Chinese B.uf rrii;r;;,^L-^rd-r^^^^^^^ „j^;-- -^ Bine and sometimes Brown or Black to darken ' °' """■' do s^t;: beC ti:?: tSrrir "'%'^"^' " ^^ -" *° same way as before described ' ' "" '^™''' ""'^ '" "»« andtf iSf rie1:.rr,:- ^B^ '^'^ '" ''^^ '"'-■ sometimes put in a little WUteTwi^T, ^ , " """^ "''"' '"'* Don't put it on very tWck ffl fJl ""f^V* "'•"•'' "P^iue- reddish, add a little bS ' Po btck hi ™™«f °' '"^ White mixed. Never use clear Black p^'' T** ^'""'^ """^ Brown will frequently answtr if: t'.,^": i^^f.^f t L T or other ,ed to the Brown. Light brown, gulden tdfltt'S^: iii.h\ r, ^''1 *■ •«**^'*»*'««*«s»*ia-i,-i 270 PREPARING ROMAN CRYSTAL PHOTOGRAPHS. Will usually take light in the photo. For the first, use Brown and White mixed white ; Naples Yellow for golden hair, or add a little White to it to lighten, or Brown or Black to darken a trifle if desired ; for flaxen hair use White with a little Black added. For white hair put on clear White rather thin, and then you can, if wanted^ touch up some of the hairs with fine lines of White, put on more opaque to make them more decided. For gray hair, work over it first with white and then touch some of the hairs which appear darker in the photo, with lines of Black and White mixed. Eyebrows. --'J:omg\i these carefully to darken some, using usually clear Brown put on very thin, or Brown and White mixed, or Black and White. Put it on with a small brush. If you get it too heavy, soften it by touching it with the finger Byes.—li the person had blue eyes, they will probably take light m the photo. Use for these Blue and White mixed, some- times adding a little Black. Put it on slightly and carefully with tlcve finest brush, and exactly upon the eye itself, not too thick or too thin. For dark brown eyes use Brown and White mixed rather dark. Clear Brown will sometimes answer if put on thin. For grayish eyes use Black and White mixed light. Black eyes the same, but darker. Touch the whites of the eyes in each corner with a small speck of White. iVo^e. — The picture may now be considered finished. If desired to remove the paint for the purpose of doing it over again or improving it, it can be wiped off witli a dry cloth while it is still fresh. If any trace of it does not come off readily, rub on a little Megilp with the finger and then wipe it all off with a cloth. When paint has become dry and hard, any part of It can be removed without interfering with the colors, by scraping it carefully with a fine pointed stick, then rub on a little Megilp and wipe it off again. Use no naptha, turpentine, etc., to clean paint from pictures unless you wish to take all the color bff. Megilp usually answers the purpose, and if that does PREPARING ROMAN CRYSTAL PHOTOGRAPHS. 271 not take all the trace of the paint off, naptha will, but after using naptha, the picture would always have to be heated and paraffined again, after which it will be Just as good as before, and ready for re-painting Thus colors can always be put on and taken off a picture, over and over, until you get it painted to suit you, and without much danger of injury to picture with ordinary care. Binding the Picture.— Cut a piece of card board the size of the glass, then with a few small pieces of gummed paper, fasten the card board and both glasses all together. Then with some longer strips of paper about one half inch wide bind the whole picture together at the edges. When the paper is dry it can be trimmed around the edges evenly on the top of the glass with a penknife. To Remove Photographs from C«r. The following is a list of materials, with the usual costs of the same : Convex Glass, card size, oval, per doz.. .35 square, " .50 " Cabinet, " oval " 1.20 Emery Cloth, No. ^(Baeder & Ander- son's) at hardware stores, per sheet, .00 Common Wrapping Paper, for rub- bing. Common Lump Search, Best Parafflne Candles, at grocers. Brushes, No. 1 Round Red Sable, No. 6 " .15 .20 Oil Tube Colors (Winsor & Newton's) as follows; Cremnltz White, per tube, .10 Ivory Black, " ^0 Prussian Blue, " .jo Chinese Vermillion, '• .go Naples Yellow, .jq Vandyke Brown, .10 Crimson Lake, _io Scarlet Lake, 40 Megilp, iQ Rulibing TboZ.-This can be easily made from an ordinary tooth brush handle, by merely having the end filed ^ovmjlat. iVo^e.— The glasses can be obtained by sending to Codman & Co., 34 Bromfield street, Boston ; Anthony & Co., 191 Broadway JNew York; Janentsky & Co., 1123 Chestnut street, Philadel- phia, and also of nearly all dealers in artists' material, as well as the colors, brushes, etc. Druggists and Stationers also fre- quently keep them, but if they do not have them, they can usually get them readily for any one. . . ■<>—*--<*- •*•- els Florail Faiottu^ Im Oil -^-». ♦"g^- ""** — * — <>-<^^-^> — ))^— *^>- •e-.o» N tliis chapter we sliall confine ourselves to the easiest form of painting, namely, flowers,- on canvas, silk satin, wliite velvet, ebonized wood, glass panels, etc ' and give such directions with each as shall enable the student to make satisfactory progress. It will be necessary to study carefully the hints on "Enlaro-e- ment of Designs," sketching, etc. We hope by this plan^o encourage quick execution, thereby inspiring conlidence, and soon ht the student for the more advanced stages of the art Each flower will be found to present a particular lesson in itself and a little practice will familiarize the eye with the proper- balance of color, its contrasts and harmony, and as no very clif- hcult eifect is attempted, we think that to paint them all will be a matter of very "plain sailing," indeed. An amateur should not, however, be ambitious to undertake the most difficult aesign at first. Let the advancement be easy. Take for the fir J effort a simple subject, requiring only two or three tints. A design of white roses would be a desirable study to begin with I'atience and continued practice will teach the pupil how to meet the difficulties in the use of brushes, colors etc The materials necessary for an outfit in oil and water color painting are, one sheet of tracing i^arx^v m^ one -t^--f -f f 18 273 tm 274 FLORAL PAINTING IN OIL AND WATER COLORS. fer papei. The colors necessary in oil painting ai-e silver vvhife, yellow ochre, medium cadmium, liglit cadmium, orange cadmium, light red, vermillion, madder lake, rose madder, cobalt, pernument blue, Antwerp blue, raw umber, bone-brown,' burnt sienna, ivory black, terre verte, liglit zinciber green! The same colors are used in water colors, except that lamp-bhick is substituted for ivory black, and Vandyke brown for bone- brown. Sepia is added to the list, and permanent blue and madder lake omitted, being unnecessary, as cobalt and rose madder are sufficient for any purpose. With these colors and their combinations any subject may be painted — figures, land- scapes or flowers. For oil painting you will need about six graduated flat bristle brushes from an eighth of an inch across in width to an inch. Two French or English sables, fljir'., pointed, Nos, 6 and 10. A linden palette, a steel palette knii'e, a bottle of Luioe's poppy oil, and a bottle of refined turpentine. For water color thi-ee brushes are required — one large, round, dark-haired brush, one medium-sized, round, pointed, camel's hair, and one very small, finely pointed, camel's hair for small details and fine drawing. A piece of clean blotting paper should be added to take out the high lights. cKoK) to Set tfvc CoCota en a Slafettc for Qit "2ai\x^n<^. The following order of arranging colors is taken from Carolus Duran, one of the greatest painters in France, and especially renowned for his pure and brilliant coloring. The idea is to have only the colors which are absolutely necessary, and these so arranged, like the scale on the piano, that one learns to know the place of each one almost without looking. First, select a large oval palette of cedar or any such wood of medium tone, and see that it is not varnished. The palette, which is ordi- narily about ten or twelve inches across its narrowest part, should be well oiled before using. Any oil will do for this' though linseed or poppy oil is generally selected. Put the oil .- FLORAL PATNTim IN OIL AND WATEIl COLOliS. t^"7 ^1^7>alotte, unci let it dry into thTTvood. Tlien Hgin o 1 lace tlie colors in tlie followi,,^ order, beLrinnin.^ at ta ♦. ol the palette jibout (l.r<.e-,,„jn.),.r,s of nn inch fmn. tlie extreme outside, and uhout an inch and a qua er art Belt wi I sdver n-hite, next place yellow ochre then 1 red v^ ?^ i/c^m rV" T7'1'"''-- '''" ^^ the regular palette. S re^ P ^°'^^^"^^*''l ^-^ needed, place it above or below light led Permanent blue, zinober green and tene verte are placed HI t^he same relation to cobalt ami Antwerp blue When beginning to paint, a so-c^-dled .secondary palette is a^^'unged about an inch underneath the first row of colo ' iif t^^^^^ 01 owing mannei. : First, a little yellow ochre is taken w th a knife and plax^ed under the yellow ochre. With this -7 ittle white IS loosely mixed, so as to form a gamut 0.1; fr'm! White in he same way, leaving about an inch and a half between each plat of color. After this comes Vermillion and whU^ madder lake and white, raw umber and white, cobalt a 1 v Ite' toiois with white in this way, but only those which in their combinations enter into all ordinary i^aintin.^ This n-anne of arrincrinn- +1./^^ v.,.i aj. i ' ^ ^''-wi^. j iiis manner oi X^ a^ 1 pn 1 '' """'•'' a^lvantages. One is, that tlie Ipn f n^ ''''''' ^"""'^'^ *^^^' general body of Colors are taken from this secondary palette, while the pure colors rl^Jed ^n^a''^^ '^''' ''-' r^' ^'^^^^-^-^ ^« when trtSs re needed, and so escape being mixed with white and other colors In c eanmg the palette after the da>-'s work only the redean2lSt%{'^^' '^ ^^ f ^^' those mixed with ;hit ne d oe Cleaned off, as the ])ure colors which are set -ilono. thl ^«f t: ^'n""' "•"'" ^'^■* ^o-s" '» -e ft"mt/to day- though of course, whatever fresh color is „™,led n,«y b" -Ided U, each pUe. Aitiste rarely clean off "their palette 27t{ FLORAL PAINTING IN OIL AND WATKli COLORS. entirely each djiy as U takes loo iniK.li labor to set all the colors iTeshly t'ach tiiih- orip wisiu's to paiut. The next step in order Is: There are several methods oi' i)reparinM- canvas for oil jiainf- ing, thon,uli most artists prefer to use that which is i)rei)ared l.y pxi)erienced manufactureis, it being safer for pictures of imjjor- tance, as that prepared wiflioiu, cx[)ei'ience and skill is apt to crack and i)eel olf. One method, and that most commonly used, is the following: Get ii i)iece of good, strong, evenly woven, unbleached linen the width desired. This is str.^tched out its full width, and secnired on each edge by sti-ong iinecord or stout lineu ihiead, to a framework which Avill keep it jjerfectly flat and tight. A i)rei)aration of ihiu licpiid gliu^ is now made, whicli is spread all over the linen, as evenly as po.ssible, without linni)s or iiivgularities. When this is quite dry, a coating of paint is spread over the surface. This jjaint is very 'r and may be mixed with either oil or turpentine, accordii'< to the texture desired. This is called the first ])riming, and tlu^ canvas is thus preferred by numy artists without further prei)aration, as it shows the threads of tlie linen through, thus forming an agreeable surface to paint upon. The very smooth canvas that is used is the result of still another <'oat of the })aint reduced thin by mixing with oil. The canvas with a very rough surfa<'e preferred by many artists, and called the '"toothed" canvas, is made by mixing the final coat of paint with turpentine, and put- ting it on thickly with a movement of the })rush which, when half dry, ])ulls the paint up instead of smoothly spreading it into an even surface. It will thus be seen that to prepare can- vas properly is a matter requiring skill and experience, as well as more time than most artists are willing to bestow upon such work. < I ■< F/.oh'AL i:\i.\Ti\- a sin.ple ,„attei to 1 nw tit /'^ ' "" "'''' '"'^<'«'l- !» « srrtH£ F'^- side twenty-six indies. ^engtii ot the long n.af:S;;:^;'r^r;s^;:;!::;::-^':^f;r ■"?*''•■ «''"''- from this, , .are l,ein.. taken tint fe fin ,'""*""■"''"'"'■«"'' tMs wiii have a tendene;;ot:t;'uX^^^^^^^^ be |[- Having by this or other means got your desigT^^iJiJi^i^^JZ^ the materia], you are now ready to begin paiSting; ^ ^ 3.1-^tztc-ctlotv* for '■Salntlnc^ m^^c^. White Hoses.-To paint white roses of a warm, creamy tint hrsUay ma general tone of very light, warm gray In^ wMch -e i^mted tl.. shadows and the hi|h lights, kS^^^ hot^ .mple. l^or the general tone, use silver white, yellow ochre ' htte ivory black and a mere touch of cobalt am madde Se for the shadaws, use a little ivory black with light red-ye low puint sienna The yelbw tones at the base of the leaf where it joins the cayx are painted with medium cadmium wh^e . It le ivory black and madder lake. For the yellow cen res use bttt™' 7^'rr'-- f ^^e, ivory blac\, raw 1^;"'.^!: green, qualiiied by white, ivoiy black, cad- mium and veiniilion for the lighter and yel- lower greens, substi- tuting madder lake for vermilion in the cooler tones and burnt sienna in the shadows. Grmaon and Yellow Roses. ~'\\) j)aint the crimson in oil colors, use madder lake, white, a little cobalt and ivory black for the general tones, adding in the shadows burnt sienna, Mud in the lights add ^l»'^ ff n i > II vermilion. In the reflected lights rise Indian red, white yellow oehre, cobalt, raw umber with a touch of black. For' yellow roses, use I'or the general tone yellow ochre, cadniium, \vhite raw umber and a little ivory black. In the half tints add a little cobalt and light red, and in the shadows add burnt sienna The liglits are made with yellow ochre, wliite, and a touHi of black or If t^herose be a very pale yellow, substitute light cadmium lor yellow ochiv. The leaves are painted with Antwerp blue white, ivory black, cadmium and light red. In the cooler tones' substitute madder lake for light red, and in the very lio-ht warm greens, use vermilion. In the shadows, add sienna" and raw umber. Wild Jioses.^ln painting this flower in oil colors it will be a great saving of time to transfer it to the ground on which you wish to paint by the use of transfer paper placed under hw design (dark side under), then go over the outlines with a trac- ing point, and you have the design accurately traced on the glass. A very charming effect would be produced by painting t]w roses upon a panel of clear glass for a single screen and i framing it in an open-work frame of light wood suggesting a I trelhs. This is something quite new, and when well done, ilie ■ effect IS charming. Before beginning to paint, outline the design carefully with spirits of turpentine and burnt sienna using a flat, pointed sable brush, No. 8. If painting on canvas or any material where a background is necessary, put this in while the burnt sienna is drying. A very good background would be a light, silvery gray tone with shadows thrown by the stems, leaves and flowers. Paint the general tone of the back- ground with white, yellow ochre, permanent blue, ivory black Jind light red. In the shadows, use raAv umber, burnt sienna, a little madder lake and permanent blue with ivory black For the pink wild roses, use for a general tone vermilion, white madder lake, a little ivory black and yellow ochre. Paint tlie shadows with light red, raw umber, madder lake, ivory black and a little permanent blue. In the deep accents add burnt I i FLORAL PAINTING IN OIL AND WATER COLORS. 279^ Vienna. Put on the liigh lights last, and toncli them in oiisnlv using- plenty ol color Paint these with ^ernnlion, white, n d: < er Inke and a, very little ivory black, to give qualitv. n he deeper red tones toward the centre of the flowers, n^e n ulder 1: 1-^?^. '''"""''' ''''^'^' ^'^^'^ cadmium, wliite', yellow o hre, a little light red and ivory black. For the faint green hlaments use permanent blue, white, cadmium, a little madder ^ and ivory black. To paint the leaves us'e Antwerp ue one ' '^.r^'^T'^ ''^^'^' -^' -^d ivory black for the gen-al tone. In the cooler greens use madder lake, with more black instead of light red ; and in the w.irmer and bilghte tone i.s^ vermihon in place of any other red. Paint the^hadowT w"th aw umber, Antwerp blue, cadmium, burnt sienna, ivoiy bW and whatever wliite is needed. The dark brownisl -red color a m iddlf l1 ""' '' 'Y ^"""^ '-^"^^ "^ *^"^ ^^-™'^ - painted wi madder lake, raw umber and white, shaded with a little burnt sienna and ivory black. The red seed vessels are veiy pre ty them "p w ;;■' '"'"^" r ''- *^^^ '*''^^^^^ ^--- ^^'^^ ^^-X o them. Pant these vessels with vermilion, madder \ake, yeltow sienna m the s ladows, and using a little permanent Wife, light red and ivory black, with white, for the soft gray half tinis. '■Ditcd;ion» for. 'gt.eat^tcnt Uv 0,f 3'aiittincf aivh ^tVaUz- Qotoz, of 9ie6 anb ^§dion> %nXip^. This vigorous and brilliant study of tulips may be used in a nnmber ol ways. As a single panel screen, it would be very eitective painted on clear glass with oil or ^vater colors or on Hny opaque material if preferred. It is well worth doing sim ply on canvas as a picture to hang upon the wall. If water colors are preferred, a strong effect may be produced bv using mns St th"r l" "^", ''J''''T''^' ^^«"''l- -^^V^-nn pap^r. To paint the tulips m oil, lust sketch the outlines in with charcoal, ,1 L.fl I and tlum ^(, over tins witli tu.-pentino nnd burnt sienn: . Now I n,Hl ^ l.„m.l on .anvas, a li^l.t, wanu ^ray ;,ne\iU look ."V : Fan t this tono ot hol.t o,.ay witli y,.|]ou' ociire, white, ivory and e.ae. . , broa.l simple masses at lirst, putting- in the details am hn.sh atteru-ards For the deep red t.dips, uLnuulde R^ and v.,nnl,on, qnaldied by a litth- raw nn.ber and ivory ]>la,.k \dd . .atever white is needed, and in the cooler, darker tones H- MitH'"; I '-"^ '"•''' ""^'''^^■' "^'"^ "'^^^^^<'^' i''^^"' ivory l.u k. a 1 ttle burnt siennr., and a touch of permanent blue. In ^ n '^ P "--;"l'l-- 1^'ke, vennilion. white and a littl norx blaj.k. Put m the yellow centres with vellow ochre cad- nnmn, white and a little iyory black, achli,..'....,,, .i.^nit and aw niuber m shad.no, p,,int the dark stamens with bone browij, i,ernianent blue and burnt sienna. The yellow flowers are painterighter, warmer green, substitute Antwerp blue lor permanent blue, and vermilion for madder lake In t e warm, reddishbrown shadows, use burnt sienna in place ' madder hike. In the cooler shadows nse madder lake .mdlvo ^ black with permanent blue, yellow ochre and white. Fse lar-e and niedium flat bristle brushes for laying in, and paint wi^h enty ol color. After the first painting, use imalh' brushes and tor the hne accents and careful drawina', etc., use flat- pointed Fnglish or French sables, Nos. B and 9. A little f Devoe s ix)ppy oil is used for a medium. For painting on glass I \ ^ J W^' / / / '*'>«*» 'fi wn iill in I 'it PW^fc— «*»»,', r ^ /i ■ !»«»'■ ."^y^ ¥■' Sithmn t\rr N 4 iiff imm. V,. nojuzPAnmm /.v oi, a^j> „.,^^„ p<„„^^ 281 >« mix..f,f ''■"''''=' I''"* "f < '«". blotting ?«4er wi^rCXJ rve'; S^^ iT "":* "? ' =""' *.ning a littirbr^ta r,s.^r '« • ' ';r"'"'' ";"*""•■' out fron, the baokgronn,,, an.li^v y efltti e"'° R ""'?T'^ give the sliadows the form of the .f '^">"^*"e. Be carelnl to which they are cast, atT. e tTZ^ ""^''^ ""^ '^•'-^^ '"'"' : out. Paint these shadows with b,,™?,!™ ™"'"''"'"t'y '^"^"<"l \ manent bine, yellow ochre ami wh tl T ■' '™''*' '''•'"■'^' l""" ^ oils, after the first paintto Ins d , ?","""'« "" «""•''« "' work again, the paifu tlri.l're tiW^^'tth '?''"'"''» '" Oil. Use Ueoolire with tliP nil ..^i • ^^^^^ ^^^'"i PopPY of oil. The oiling ", t taet^.'" 7T'? "" ""'» "'»'*™l with which the oil is well rZed n t' "I ""■'"'' '^'"■■"'' should be passed all over the surface' 'V "t' ^' ''"'" '■"« oil drops. All paint n,o re or let ' -n f ™°™ *''" ''»P«-H«ous For this reason art t use he ti J'" '"''™"' *'" "'i'™ dry. colors without giving too much gla"e ' "«" °"* *''« FLOIiAL PAINTING IN OIL AND WATKlt VOLORH. '5'robticc One 'SciK-. ^\ '• "i.-ali 1„ in.x th,.m in (),e f„ll„wiji" w,v ■ ']■.,?.?<" A.mv,.,,,,,„„. ,„„„,,i„git d„„.„f„ : ;;Lr !;,"„:«'* too miifli (,f somethincr p1«^ .>,. / ^-^ 'leeded to counteract tone. ^°'n^t^"nS else, or to produce a certain effect of ^-A-ii-i*^' H^ ! — / i i i m liglK I «««a/,^i>.,„TO« „ ,„ „,^,,^ ,^.,,^.^^.^^, ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ■-"•^"•«. whii,. th^il ,.v ' .;;:/;,;'"■■''""■ 'r- """"■■^' STii»«es, s,, tlis,, th« little s,„. !' } *■'■'■"" '""■"» ■""1 -I'ile the paint i. .til ft. li; T,, ''r' ""'' "'" '.••••kgrou,„l a..d ut .-uiy ti,„e when paintin. ' t , '.'T'"' " ''"''' ""''""■; oome clire,.tly in ,.„nta,.t «i,h le I,- V '■"' ""'^ 1""'^ »l.onla he city, ,.e„aint u s,na ,, „ ' X"'"''- "• . ''- !-••• light ,.ea ana Ho.yltrL;' t^^J; ii^;: '''^ ''^^ '•",""■"""• use raw uniher, Antvveii, l,i„„ ,",;•• J" ""■ sliadous, and ,,ui,„i„„, T],r o i ,!: ' '' ' """"■"■■'• "■'""■' "'"y " 1^ Mue in.,teaa „t Antv" n hf , ,, 'f '"","/'"' '""' l»'"'»n-nt for n,a,I,le,. lake, and Je A J '" f .f " "'"'""'" "•••••iii".. i ;vhioh are lighter an.l y^Z^l T "' '"^'- '''"« S™»'- i light y.inoher green and JZ , ', 1, "".'.•^V'"' I'"int«l wi,h \ •nilien and ivory hhtok. t \l e ^ , ll''"'''' ';'.''',""""' '"■ ^ green and whit,., with a little [T, "'"",,""• ""'■ ■•Sl^t zinOher nmher, ,.ad,nin,n and i™ t w-i"'""'' "'*"' ""'■'■f «■«•«••, raw ••ed centre, nse light .•adn Ja tilow ''' ■'■*" 'V" 1«"'»J-- -l^h little ivory hhtek for the ■ e™'-,- /!?, '"' ""•,"''ib^ ••••'! a Very toaohesadd a little lightC The ! , ' *''" ''"*■'""■' ™''"'-' moulder lake, raw ,„nher a, d <-ulm u, ,"! ':';"'"' "* '"'"'*"' »'■"' to give quality. The hi^ 1 ; 1, ! ' """"-'' "'"T Wa-'k mi™, white, a'^ad a, ver^ittfc ';:;'■;'■'"' ;*'' "«'" '■""- yellow pansy, of which 'the lack f , ' ''■ ," 1"''"'"'S f'"' givenlor the general tone in the el ,v How ':" '"T ""'"''^ Por the petals in shadow, ..sec,«h ,, i ^ ^''1 ''''''•'■'''■'''■ o^ .edoishwn and ^^^z:z^^zj::^-xz 282 FLORAL PAINTING IN OIL AND WATER COLORS. in the following manner: For the deep reddish-brown petals whi/J" l"" f:? ^\o»^-l'^-«^'^, a little ivory black and a littl^ ^^illte. 1 amt the brownish-yellow petals with yellow ochre the light hue of yellow, running around the edge of the petal IS made with light cadmium, yellow ochre and white, with a very little ivory black added. To paint the rich, deep purple pansy m the centre, use madder lake, permanent blue or cobalt and ivory black, with a little white where needed. The lines around the edges and the light reddish-purple touches in the centre, are made with madder lake, vermilion, white, and a very little permanent blue and ivory black. The bright yellow spot m the centre is painted with ligh^ cadmium, yellow ochre, mad- der lake, white and raw umber, adding ivory black and burnt sienna m the accents of shadow. For the reddish-purple flower at the right lower side, use burnt sienna, madder lake, perma- nent blue, white and ivory black. In the lighter reddish tones* add vermilion and raw umber. The yellow touches are made with medium cadmium, yellow ochre, a little madder lake and a little ivory black. The light purple or violet colored pansy is painted with cobalt, madder lake, white, a little ivory black for the general tone, adding raw umber and burnt sienna in the shadows. The yellow touches are made with light cadmium white, raw umber, ivory black, adding a little light red in the shadows. For the reddish touch-s in the centre'^use light cad- mium, white, yellow ochre, light red, raw umber and ivory blaclc In the deeper touches substitute burnt sienna for lio-ht red, and in the very lightest tones omit both. * •Steatment Ut QU anb ^atet> Qotoz^ of ^al^ic^ mi This graceful design is well adapted for toilet bottles, pin cushions, etc., and may be painted, either in oil or water colors on silk, satin or bolting cloth, or may be partly embToidpic'i I'^LOliAL PAINTING IN OIL \ND M'ATf':!; roLOUS. find i)iirt]y painted. The foundation may be either cream color, pale pink, or crimson. A very good result is obtained by painting the daisies and forget-me-nots in opaque water color and embroid- ering the grasses with etching silk. To paint this design upon silk or satin with oil , olors, mix turpenti-^K >vi:h the paint to keep I. oil from run- ning, and place blotting paper beneath the silk. Tlie blue forget-me-nots are painted with Antwerp blue, white, a very little light cadmium, a little madder lake, and enougli ivory black to qualify the crudeness without soiling the delicate shades o1 blue In the shadows, use the same colors, but add raw umber and burnt sienna; omit the cadmium and use less white. Paint the yellow centres with light cadmium, white, yel- low ochre, a little liglit red and ivory blade. Tlie white daisies are laid in with a general tone f)f deUcato light gra>'. Upon iilSft mm 1/ -r "■ 1 1 I 1 • .■'■ 1 \ FLOllAL TAINTING IS OIL AND WATI-Ui COLORS. this tli(3 high lio-lits ill .. sidcled and tlin juxrenls of shadow Foi- the general tone, use Avhite, yellow ochre, a little ivory black colKilt, and madder lake. In the shadows, nse the same colors' but adti burnt sienna and use less white and yellow ochre. The high lights are painted with white, a little yellow ochre and a very little ivory blaclv. Put the lights on with crisp touches and do not blend them. The yellow centres of the daisi<'s ar.^ painted with light and orange cadmium, white, iv(uy black and a little madder lake. In the shadows add raw umber and burnt sienna. In some of tli:- lighter touches use light cadmium, yel- low ochre and white, with a very little ivory black. In painting the delicate grasses use Antwerp bine, white, light cadmium" vermilion and ivory black. In the shadows use the same colors^ but adding burnt sienna and raw umber, while omitting ver- milion and using less white. Use for the general painting very small, flat, bristle brushes and lla,t, pointed sables, 'No. 8. FoV the line dark accents and small details use the flat, pointed sables, ]S"o. 5. Tlie grasses should be very neatlv' painted, employing even a smaller brush, if necessary. 'IV) paint these designs in water color nux ;"11 the colors with Uhines(> white to give them the pi-oper body. The same colors ma v be used as those named in the directions for loainting in oil, with the fol- lowing exceptions : For permanent blue in oil colors use cobalt in water color. For madder lake substitute rose madder in water colox For ivory black use lampblack in water color, and for bone-brown in oil colors substitute sepia. Do not use much water and paint Avith pointed camel's hair brushes. To paint this design on bolting cloth with oil colors, mix the colors with turpentine till they are quite thin. Paint with a piece of blot- ting paper or soft cloth beneath the bolting cloth. Use ordinary bristle brushes for the general work and draAv the outlines with French sables, Nos. 7 and 9. The bolting clotli could be laid over pale blue silk or over yellow silk with charming effect. C=i' pit^i III \ BLACKBERRY DESION FOR MIRROR PHIAME. FLORAL PAINTING IN OIL AND WATER COLOR, 283rt fo.. this aeste. wouui 1 J: ;n:^:;„.;;xi''';t;:f !:::!;!;; quality, so paintea as .,. in.itate the effect of ?,h s i ' t, i:£-;^it'th::r'i:'rv:r;::?-'-r^ above the nnVlrllp H,^ f • ^^ ^ '^' ^<^8""iing a little aoove tne middle, the tone is very much lighter but still fl-if Then in the upper left-lumd (Corner are min e, In.I • touches of high light with soft gray h^'ti^ Th Z.kJiS' nes are rich black with warm shadows and gray lio-h li. It ' Some ot the berries are red and oup ru- f,.-^ V" "^"ts. mixed, m„ki„R .„ a,.eea,fle ;" Ity :;:o,or "The'h ""' """'" The leaves n.'e warm green and some are tip„ea with .ir T pamt the blaekl^rries, nse ivory-blaek. nS e, e tbalt yellow oeu-e and burnt sienna and a little white foft'he U^al tone. In the deeper accents of shadow, use ivory W ick h ^t sienna and a little cobalt with madder lake. L iXh' liZs a^ patftted with white, a little ivory bla..k, cobalt and n'httd Pa nt the red berries with lisht red, madder lake vemil on white, a little raw nmber and ivory black. In the iJrriiS u e yellow ochre, vermilion, madder lake and a very 1 Utle ivorv black n the shado>vs substitute burnt sienna fo St" ed A little light zmober green with white vermilion and ivorv black IS used or the green touches in the berrieT Paint Z green leaves with Antwerp blue, white, light cadmiun, vern^?! on and ivory bla*k. In the shadows use the same irs™' t tt^Zl TT ^"^ '■''" '""'^•"■' "™S ''^ *'« and cadmium and ri>« ?"**" "'" "''"''''"• '•■''^«' "«''* '•«''. 1-.IW umber, wlZ and a little ivory black. The white blossoms are laid in Ja^t with a general tone of delicate warm erav. Afte^^n-tV high lights are put on with crisp touche^ralso the a^ceite of HI::'' FLORAL PAINTING IN OIL AND WATER COLORS. shadow are painted — use for the general tone, white, yello\\ oclire, a little ivory blaclc, madder lake and cobalt In the shadows use the same colors, adding burnt sienna and using less white. The stems are warm gray with rich brownish-grav shadows and cool gray higli lights. Paint these with raw umber, ivory black, white, cobalt and light red. Tn tlu; deH]>er touches use burnt sienna in place of light red Paint the gen- eral tones with medium and small, flat bristle brushes. For the fine details and small branches use flat pointed sables, No. 3. ^ow to ?Jai,it g)oc}vuoo^ gl^fo^^om^ fo^ 9IUrroi> S^tamc cv^ti^oob. The flowers are creamy white, with reddish-brown centres and reddish-brown markings in the notches on the out-side edge of petals. The leaves are a medium shr, le of rather waim green. Paint the whole background, first laving in a general tone with madder lake, bone brown and a little ivory black T^-^ turpentine with the paint and cover the wood thickly' Use Isow deepen this tone with ivory black, madder lake and a very little cobalt and paint sharp crisp lights at the top, using mad- der lake, then add white, vermilion and a little ivory black Then add a soft gray half tone with madder lake, white, \\o-\it red, a little cobalt and ivory black. Soften the edges of the half-tint into the shadow on one side and the light on the other When finished this gives the effect of a frame covered with crimson plush. When dry sketch in the flower- with white chalk, and paint them in broadly and simply, using plenty of paint and mixing a little oil and siccatif de Courtray. Lay in the dogwood blossoms at first with general tone of very licJit gray, using white, yellow ochre, a little cobalt, ivory black and madder lake. Paint shadows with the same colors, addino- -burnt sienna in the deeper accents and using less white and yeb low ochre. Paint the high lights last of all, using white, yel- low ochre and a very little ivory black. For the centres use a raw umber, white, burnt sienna, madder lake, and a little ivory black. Paint the green leaves with Antwerp blue, white light cadmium, vermilion and ivory black. See design on p lo7 i ++_++++ +++ + I!v JIISS L. FULMiUi, c_ + -t- + + + -(- + ■+■ I IS taken for granted tlmt tlie r,,„l,.r lias stn.lieil anfl >raoticed on the floral studies of the j.re -e ' ch™ ter, and has attained considerable pU. ten 'y in .he knowledge „f Ligi,t„nd Shade, the Laying ?,^^^o" to .le n.asses „t .olor, the handling ot th^ l,msh an o und."„on.;rir"';r,^":;;:^i''--ri,'''""™^^^^^^^^ practice, desire to direct W^;*, I "'"'"■""y. ''W"'- such ta^k of landsc pe ,a „ i'ni Af .^^°" *" '^ '"''■■<' "-""itious have selected as^on.' A.^'Sldy^L-'^rl: Ktr""''"""^' ^^ tt.«eT t2'leT.rrof ?"■""=" " ^'^^♦^'> »"" •"- discover the "leadin Mines™ ^ ? ™"'P™™t ?»«*<, and n,^ into the -^^'\^. ^J.^-^^r^l "Z^^SX '^ .'•"■; beinL^ marked off h^o-in k.. i ^ , ."^^ f^'^c^ size ot the original rigl.tS.and tanlf;o«cfn'rtt"",f •'" "? ™*«^ ""« "' *l'e seems to tonch t he IMe hl# 1 i T* '''""''' *<* ™t«r line in the water line the tff h ' ^'f /'"'"^ ^'''«' "°^' *<"<=h ...•e Placed in C^e^l^Lt t^^tr t.t i^ ''7 scale for the JaTz/t lines whir.}i nrJ^-n /^^"^^- /^"^ ^^ill give the the snral, .oat in ^^^:i;:^^^:^l:U^^^ a.wr;:'Sf;n;WL'eTsSi7'"'"« *"<' *^ '^ light coat of blue made v^T T ' he gone over with a loi, perwnent blue :S/:'^^i«: wiltV! 'f " ^"P'^ y^'' "nee. Use poppy oil for nux tag/ When d y 2^'' "'Tr coat. As vou c-irrv tliA «ir,. /I ^^^^^ "^ 7 give it another in the distre, X ' iSZ" .'",™"'^ *"« '"P^ »' ^e trees reduce the shade witli Napl es yellow and white. 285 284a LANDSCAPE STUDIES A' OIL. Tlie i)roper shade for the clouds is obtuined with wliite, Naples vcllow, tuid ii little Ii-)it red, for the darker shatles. The hi-'h hMht^s are almost pure white, with very litll,. Naples yelhnv Ihe ligiit and dark shades of the clouds should be well blended uhich IS done by dragging the edges tog. Kht witli a dry brush" while painting. The trees in the distance are next painted; use purple lake, permanent blue, with a little white, for the dark shade. For the light shades, reduce with w hite. Use very lit- tle blue, and make the shades as dim as possible to represent the distance. Small bristle brushes (Nos. 1 and 2) ai-e used in painting the trees. The river may now be painted. Paint the blue portion with a shade of blue similar to that of the sky, and wlien this is dry, paint in the light portion of the water, usin"- white with a little Naples yellow for the light shades, and for the darker shades use a little zinober green No. 2, with blue and ^vhite. For the gray tint to the left of the picture add a little l)itumen with the dark shade. Now mix burnt sienna and bitumen for the heavy brown portions of the river banks, carry- ing the same tint over parts of the boat and small rocks near the boat. Reduce this shade by mixing in white and Naples yellow, and with this paint the shadows of the bank, and the left hand bank, using more white to produce the lighter shades nearer the source of the river, and also for the light portion on the boat. ]?lend the shades in the boat with a dry brush. The shore near the boat should be painted with light chrome green, with a little burnt sienna put on here and there. Now paint the light green banks on the left-hand side, using King s yellow with chrome green. Carry this shade over certain parts on the right hand bank, and sliade with the darker greens. The dark shades near the trees will require a little terre verte and brown, and still farther back is seen a yet darker green with a tinge of blue in it; for this shade use zinober green, wich a little bitumen mixed for the very dark portion. The same shades ai-e carried over parts of the right hand bank. Some parts will require a little more yellow. The large cluster of trees having a blue tint are LANDSCAPE STVDJES W OIL. 286« I u r.cl ,j m,xmg a little blu.- with (he green. Reclu.v this s Hide wth Naples yellow u, the hish light. The 1 ,„e of I e trees in the buekgreund is painted with ehi me ^ * : .1. e,-ent numbers; f„r ihe lightest shades use a little Naples yellow, and apply here and there with a fine sable bn^, Se tees „„ ihele t hand side are painted in the same way, us n° I. -ome green Nos. 1, 2 an,l 8, and Naples yellow for tre« o ^ i a";!:::;":;!!,;;;;,'""*' rea„c,„gwi,h white to adinu.ess LaOhate Rapids, Ottawa. — In sketrhino- tlii« .fn/i, . • l^v drawing lightly, the water line at tt Se ,,«„;, 'rl? Next locate the points where the water breaks to onn the A 1 ' then the water line at the base o£ the fills .m.l ti ""^ '■"*. a little black, using poppy oil for thining. As you nen- th. top of the mountain, on right hand side redLlTln-r T' dnced than by us.ng so mud. yellow. Blend these cota well by twu'ling a dry blender round and ronnd workino- f l, 'L well together. Now paint the monntaln Vhe e t sL tu ..seen at the exfeme right hand side . ud extreme if n..d «.de o£ the study, u.se the same blue as the sky, mixin'' i ' more black and a little light red; when drv giw asl™„d eo!t .e bine portion of the ,no,.„tain, seen alfov the t'e" in ° .e .Istenoe, .s painted in a shade similar lo the skv. For «.e lirtl pmk t.nts mix a little ve.mili,,,, with yellow and white W^re the yellow sho-s strongest, leave out the vern^Hion P^ t, darker pink shade, add a little black to the colors used tor the I. .$♦ . I r - rf light pink, being careful to put tlie different tints in their proper places and correct shapes. Blend onhf the tints that run together. For the foliage at the base of "(lie 7nountain use emerald green, with white for those in back-round, and for the heavier shades, us., zinuber green No. 2 with the emerald own and u'lute. This will answer much better tlian the blul^tint shown m the study. In painting tlie small trunks of the dis taut trees, use a gray tone. Where the slnulows are de< |.,vst use a darker shade of gray. In painting the water at the base of the mountain, use new blue, white, black, and green Sev' eral distin<;t shades are seen; mix the sliades and then comT)are with that of the copy. Reduce the shades as jou near the f'llls For the falls, use white where the lights are stron-esf for' the gray tints, use black and wliite; for the blue tint m'ix blue white and a little black. Be sure and put the shades in their proper place and fonn, and you ^\ ill have no difficulty In the water below the falls there is more green; .hrome green with blue shades will answer. After you have laid in the foundaticm draw little white streaks through it, as shown in the study To paint the rocks in tlie centre, use for the light gray slndes black ancL white, and in certain parts use a little zinober 'neen to represent moss. For the light brown shades use raw uniber and white, making darker markings here and there using burnt umber, and for the mry dark shades use bitumen The same paints are used for the rocks on the right and left They will require no blending. The trees arc painted last Foi reddish-brown foliage, seen on some of the trees on the island and on the left hand shore, use Naples yellow, light red, brown ochre, and burnt umber for the dark shades. Those in the centre will need a little green. For the trunks use raw and burnt umber. For the light shades add a little white. On the shadow sides of the trees use a little black. Having the trunks and limbs neatly painted, proceed to coloring the brighter foliage of the remaining trees, useing chrome green Nos. 1, 2 and 8, and for the lightest sh.Mde u^3e Naples yellow, applied with a fine sable brush here and there. . V' q/KXc?Sss By p. C. he able Y, Author of -History of the Two Ammieas." UTHENTIC American Instory dates back only about four centuries. Previous to that period through an almost unlimited age, the existence of a vastly numerous and pre-historic race may be traced through the ruins of their cities, their won- derful caves, and subterranean habitations, in . vdiich skeletons of some of their ancient inhnhU an s, .tone implements of warfare and husbandry" ndV^ee's^f pottery and earthen vessels of rare and peculiar workmanship and coloring, are found. In some of these more perfect eol struntfid !ro"nd° i, -%io r.f ■, peiiftrij^ con- . -a mn..„d„, tools of coppeiN brass, and silver, and vases of ,'J., OEBAT msTOrXCAL EVEXTS. pottery, ornaments, and precious stones, have been found e2 ™ r I °]^ ""' "'' '"" '=""'"' *« "''«<=!«■" dig- ging.^ In one of these mines a ma^s of copper was found which weighed over forty tons, and which had beln slated fmm the o„g,„al vein by removing the earth and ore a" surface made smooth by pounding. About this huo-e pfeee rf -r/eir "' "'" ''" '""'^ "'"^^ '">™"' miner: haT^sed -stone hammers, copper chisels and wedges, as if the workmen had departed, intending soon to return. Upon some of tW deserted mines the largest forest trees are found growing and Zt" mrtl "" ''T""' *''"°' "^- '"--l tr:e::h£h at peculmr of all the rehcs of these ancient inhabitants are found Igeof" oToo "™% ''"•* •■"■"''^' everyhill.topwitUna range of 10,000 square mile,s i., covered with broken pottery so s'ertd '«:,"' "^ '"«'" ""-^ ™™" -'-"S >'- pre- served Here, also, are ruins ot buildings four stories in height and with walls two feet thick, reservoiS, irrigatnrcanar!nd and 1 Tk "*"■' ""■"""'^''^ °' »»''- •'"■'' ™« in '''e solid Ck ~d /he"!?-™''' "'i^'™" ''"^ --"'. -'-I' i-di preserved. These caves are only accessible by means of ladder, large enough to admit one person only was madp nf ^h^ + Which connected with a serie\ of chamt^ hrtney combTd the whole mountain, while eir walls are still black wZ the smoke from the fires of their ancient dwellers. These „bte ranean caverns were evidently prepared with a vast amount o, labor as asylums against a fierce and invading foe; and long and cruel must have been the warfare which forced tl' em to flake ocrdepfh::,!''"'"™'*' '^"^ ""-^ ■"■'"^ *- '--" rocky depths of the mountains. Where and how the last of this nume,»us and wonderful n,ce were blotted out of eltenc" OREAT mSTOlUCAL EVENTS. 291 l^eaving^behind no tradition of its origin";:^:;;;;:;;:;— ^ oppression were ^tm^gZgt^XtL^''^ t 'T""' '^^ Potomac River and pIvmLfh ^^""'"''"' ™ ""* ^OKs of the wilds of m. Mexto an7l"^'„rr "r""'''' "'"' «'« no account of these w„nL.f i • "■ '^'"■'"''' ''"""■'Is give intelligentandLTiXill dM''T'"""'''''''""*^- ^^'""erdid Indians subject to thiht ^^'""T"'-'^' "»'• <"e vast tribes of people. ^ loigotten age and TJie figures at the right hand refer to th^ «^„. • Chinese tradition aile.es the ^^y^Z^::' ^^>-'^- IccJund discovered by the lYormans . 458. 801. £S9. 985. 1003. Greenland discovered by the xXormans. The Danes peopled Greenland under Eric" Raud." .2 2 rrv . T' ^ natives ... MiSii^?*^?}!' tl^^t!!;^ j-;-der ^T^^^ -i to be the tirst child bo nnr-^.^i^ «°° ^'hom he nam 2 winters on the coast of child born of •KVopo-.rpaSf of .fnl '?■""• ■"PP«°'' A Welc. p„„cc, „™ed M^oc/^ppLdT, ^etctS^re^r", m, • i , coLUMBrs. ■••™cJ...,'r.'".?!.!';':.»S« »' f'^een-hi, fl,,. ,„l^ „„ aVlMto 1006. 1170. 1447. 1461. 1467. 1470-74. 1474, seas 5_78 reach the East Indies England for aid. April 17.— Ferdinand and T<-,hniin -V A" ' *. 5-77 bcila miing out the expedition at li't nln^'''" ^^"' .^'™ '-^ commission. Isa the port Of l>alos -itlthi^^i^^S -P--^|- ^.-^ sails f^ 1483. 1494 1496. 1497. 1498. 1499. 1500. 1501. 1503. 1503. 1504. 1506. 1508. 1513. 1513. at tlie feet of Columl shores lined with naked gold; October 38.— Ho dis- arrives at the .unary islands: Hnnt.mhn. « -_He left tlie Canaries, and, when return. He ■ discovered -s nnrl'lv^JT-'^'l- '"•"'" ^'' men° p7ostI-a7e ^hllnisdves 's and beg liislorsiveness. On hmding he finds the and finds small December 34 p, , , ,, . 78,89,6-81 ana nunierous other small islands, all of which are inhabited ri',^ir^'^^^]::f ,f^^= r?^'-'"'^-6.-Columbus sailed c"'^^^ The natives iisSlnrLtd/i;;S.crtSirS'J?i^^^ ^^^^ le New • onter- 7-85 ^^-.i^.^.^o ..xu uuasi irom ine extreme north to Florida i May 30.— * <'*"-" '1-' ' ■ ^ luwu.i j^ his ^ir^ip "T"'"'""';''"™'""'" '""^ (=ontment of South America 7-86 Negro slaves are imported into Hispaniola '^'^^ voyiTc®:r'^^' ^^"°'''' government send Columbus upon his fourth and last The Spaniards introduce negro slaves into the West Indies August 13.— Columbus again arrives at St. Dom .,]^'i^„,^?-.^^*?.?%:n5?tA year of his age Columbus dies at ValouolM seen in France. .-W9 lingo «-U Tlu. iold mines of U^tC^ ^^t ;;;aUh J^S^n!'!^^ .'!".'!! T^:':""'-^ A Canadian Indian seen in France. Juan Ponce-de-Lcon discovers Florida gi 94 15 L ... S-Ij aiouolM . .. ^91 1516. 1517. 1518. 1519. GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS. Oiarles V. grants a patent for Afri ca. an annual .94 Mexico discovered by Grijal^ import of 4,000 negroes from va, and gold in considerable quantities found "98 rortP^o. • ■ *^°N™ZUMA AND CORTEZ. I onez commissioned with flOO mnn ♦« 1 He receives a letter from the offlSof MnS"'"^ '"^^ .conquer Me.xico, 119. nt^t""^' th« object of his visit Cortez f^^TT'?'"" ^"^^''•^'^•^" "^^^^'^^ intentions by sending him presents Montezuma of his friendly August 30.-Cortez plants a colonv' U' v' ' " ' V, ^^^' ^^0 allegiance to Cuba; November T-Janl ?? ^7'^^ ""'^ renounces his invitatinn nf M„„f„l "-^lucr o,_(^oitez enters tlu, city of Mexico by 1620. invitation of MontP7iiman "•— yonez ent of 1521. 1522. ^, •• "'<^ '"aue irom weapons taken frm,?!?^"''''' ^"™^ ^'^ ^^^ and Th.ughfear.C.tez,MontezuLs:^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ into bondage . • "^"''P' """^'^ "^ *'^« natives and carries them drS;;tSLtSr "^"^ ^'^--''«-i->^ht-on the S^ania;;is- Z aftS^s:^":r!^^!"^'^--"^^"-'«^-it-hic^;have-.^^ IS repused by the Mexicans; X^27 r^T'"'^''^ ^'"'^ °^ "le city, but August 13 the Mexicans surrender ... 7.°'^''^' '"''"'''^^ *J^« attack and S™ ^?S^"^"^'^''i'S Se*^iX;S' "'^^^"^^ ^'^^'?' c^mm^nS'S person who f'Vf'r ni.nt,.„ •- .. > .,■ ' „f'^^i'!:"»'"'^e years and twenty-one < If tnlinr 1 1t T"!. _ fe'v^i^i- ^„. Spain (M:'u;^^sst:l^:\ ''^r''"^ F-*- GoVe;.uo;;f -j^fw them to work in the min !.i ^''P"'*'' "'"^^'^^'^'^ "^e Indians and comnek 1523. 1524. 1525. ?! 1526. Sebastian Caliot s :'!^?!:^'^l"'!^«»*--"^inghi;mi;sion: 136 »a foiw. i. „pSt *s? &!5^,isrLsis^r: ";° * "f ^"li? the mines ''"""' ""="*^^« t"e Indians and compels Bermuda Islands discovered by Juan Bermudez ^^^ He subK'tt whole ^^oum^j'" '' ^°°^"- Central America, and in two year, ^^^d::;^:?^;s:;:,::Li:ir"r^ ^-- ^^ at one time . .! .^ ' .""'^ .^""'' ''""'^^^d Nobles bui ned at the st.^ke PTZARRO AND TIIE CONQUEST Op" PERU ^^^ Ponce de Leon d.v. ^h,,„... 3xecutin.;'i;i;" ,",•;:;;: 133 &^' Pizano explores Peru, the inhabitants were decentlv clad and cultiv ,^( ( the Pizarro rttm-ns to Spain and meets Cortez 137 ooSe7lW.*''rr. '!'"'''' ''°''''^' ^"'^ '^^■^''°»en8ai!« i.i.Vn an expedition to Pi/arro founds the first colony in Peru, naming itSt. Mi'c'hr.' i.' " At{/jaiam andHuascar, sons of the former Emperor of Peru beir- at war tvii i nch oMisr lor the supremacy, did not disturb P:x,.rro, but each m)„le overtures t" hi!,,, out he preferred to remani neutral until he should learn the -n-cn«rth d ep,ri,. Under profrssions of friendship, Pizarro marched to C.-tamaco lh3 seat of Afhj'»hi|..i, who receives him with much display oflVrinff liiiv. many valuable p ■•' -its. Influaied bv the sight of so much gold Pizarro and hi8 soldiers resolve -, imjr -vh Athiv.lipa in his own capital and take posses oZ-f -K'T'?-- '^■'"'r';^'''^^''^^'^ V'*^^'''-^*'' '^ Spanish prisfrth a cruct.x in his hand, cl-^n.aad.vi sui>mission to the Catholic religinn and the King of Spam, rofasiic, t(. accepr tlie Spanish religion upon such authority Pizarro and hi. sold.n ^. rashed upon Athualapa, taking him prisoner and destroying thouranris c.> his subjects. Pizarro proceeded to plunder the city the boo y e.TCeeding hi.s greatest expectations. The captive moiinoh per- ceivmg their iJurst^forgoia offered Pizarro an incredible ransom to,- his'^'b- erty. He proposed to til the room in which he was imprisoned (wLi^i was 22 feet long by 16 feet wide) with golden vessels as high as he could reach Pizarro a-rees to the terms and the golden treasures, pour in for the r.msom 01 tue King jgg Pizarro melted the gold and divided it among his soldiers accordi'ngtoVheir rank. 00 vast was the quantity, that after reserving one-fifth for thi crown there remamed over $1,500,000 to be divided betweeu Pizarro and h™Tol- ^'T^ 140 bvFM^13u. v,r'''f"'' i-f fuses to release Athualapa, who submits to baptism D} bather Valverde, and is condemned to be straugeled 140 PJzarro's success inflames the minds of the Spaniards in Panama and Nicar- agua, who rush in, in great numbers " ... 140 u wi"^ f'^'arles extends the dominion of Pizaro and confers great" power James Cartier circumnavigated the island of Newfoundland, and soon France^ "^^'" ®*' ^''^'^'''^°^'': September 5. -He returned to Havana destroyed by the French. of hKm Ire "f ''"' ^'^^ °^ ^™''^ ^^^ establishes his palace and the capital *^ • 141 Maj' 19.— Cartier .sailed on his second voyage; he pursues his former course ana sails up the St. Lawrence 11 Money coined in Mexico and a printing press introduced.— A universltv and several colleges founded. *r.'^^^ Peruvians. 200,000 strong, attack all Spanish settlements anc' ov them. They surround Cuzco and Lima. The whole Spanish army. se two points are shut in and besieged for nine months. . . iJ2 A fort and trading post w .- - tablished on the site of the l' Jr:., ]^n of Asuncion, S. A., which gar- ,, '3 years the precedence of .Ta-i^sl. a, the first European settlement ia ;: Jnited States Cortez discovered the peninsula of C:.'illfornia. f i 1; li 15 15 16i i . QUE AT HISTORICAL EVENTS. 295 InSSn^St":^;::^ ^:;^S «^«'- ^-ix upon his third vcage. finds three^hifs with 200 •prrsJro^o?!^^^^ ^°'- ^'^'•"»^«. ^vlu.o he found a colony, under command of lS iTob.Tval '^''^ ''' ^'""'"^'* ^^ vaUon and return to Wnce tlie folloS simmer ^' ^™'" ■'^••^^^'"'^'^ ''"'^ 1'"- De Soto discovers the .Mississippi. ^^ King Charles decides to change the form nf r^,, provinces-abolishing slavery of the nation, ?°^.*^™"^"'' ^" ''»« American Silver mines discovered atVotasi tZZ^"^' '"^^°^'^'" ''' Pizarro publicly executed The entire Indian population in r-nT,., iV„ 149 of the Spaniards. ^ '^ " '" *^"'''' ^'^™'"'' f^-^»inft through the cruelty The mines of Santa Barbara and San Juan discovered Havana agam destroyed by the French ^cgro slavery first introduced into the West Indies June-Martin Frobisher sailed from FnJi i ., 213 Sir Francis Drake .ailed a^. thel^sS r T'f '^" ''"'^^ '''''''■ session in the name of the Qul^en of ELfuwi n?''!"-'' ♦'^'^'"S formal pos- passage back into the Atlantic he saH^l n^, 1 .• i l""'"''^' ^<^ «"d a northern eternal cold, but found no rpiJ^tp ':"/,"' ''V'" ^"^ ^'^'''^^'-'d the region of Spaniard cruisers he saile^Ztwa,da,d"^^^^^^^ Fearing to nfeet the igating the globe. He accomn kl p/i ifi. ""'^'"-d Lngland after circumnav unmeuse achievement. ^ ^^^^- -^^"^ was regarded as an FdappropViate^dlhuldst'^euSK^ Chr^;^-^^ ^^^''"^''^ *« discover in the name of the Crown of En|]a„d ^ Christian powers in North America Gilbert attempts the settlement^nf T^^^t " " V," ' V ^13 enes from which EncjiandTs derive J, ^"^'^"''^ ''*'^^'"*'^« *e cod-fish, island had been tilled with y/d mines "'"' P™^' ^''"" she would if the wSei-SiS.'™'".^?°f.^;^:°FJ«-'a granted by Queen Elizabeth to Sir Richard Granville with 7 vessels nnd 'i n« '^"'i"\"'^ -^^ Davis's Straits discovered bvlohn Ho J''^'^ ^* ^°"°°^'' 214 T/^K^^ fl . . "^""^^i^" 0} John Davis, an Enc-lishnnn Tobacco first mtroduccd into England by Mr Lane Virgima Dare, the first child borne of Fn.iti" V ' ' ' I '^ ^ Attempts made to colonize Nova iofi ^ parentage in North America, attempted as early as 1515 °^'''- ^"'"^ ^''^^""'^ declare that it was sai^TJ^S^irw^Hn^ft^^^^^^^^ and but 30 men ^n:& ^ ^r . !^~ ~^s;i ^ ^^^ m,.™ , • ., "'"•''■>■■"»» OK cirAjipLAiH. "■^" V I 1604. 1606. 1607. 1608. n 1609. 1610. 1610. tlom,!!!? L"""^'!'^ '"■?'?' ^I'^^npl'ii" ngfiin visited Canada and attempted a set- .pimg by a ve»el from Fmncc an/c],,m,.toln cxpEl S™ coS rf N » New Brunswiclt first colonized. April 20. -North America, between the 84th and 38th decrees of north latitude granted by charter of King James I of EiiLrhr tn .i?,? to ;, Company and froi the 41st to the 45th to the lLZ Compruy ' ^^^'"""'^ Sal^Sr^fa" '"'"P^^ *" '^""'^ -^ ''''^y «" ^^-^ Kennebec River at May 13. -Colony at Jamestown, Va.. planted under Christopher New- " OJfl and^SlI^^'^^i^i!:^^^.':^.^^^ -:- ^_ ^-^-^-k of •p;ovisions Champlain returns to America and founds the city of Quebec ~o« cofoTyV*^:?.^?!';;.^"'.'!^''^.'^'!^^ «^ *^^« '^^"^c" of'j^'t^wn Pocaho?:tas said ', ^ hr.ve saved the life of Capt.' Smith o JJ Chainplain c'bco/erc ,ke which bears his name and defeated' n,o DISCOVERT OP THE HUDSON. nS" ^^-^^"7 P"?'""' '^'^ Englishman, in the employment of the SSaa'rrT^". ."r.':r.":. :!">;'. ^:'!.':! ."'!""•. He'a'ceided £ May 23. -England grants the Virginia colonies' a new' charter and 'sen rk over a set of outlaws and imposes them upon the colonies. "Js Smith nearly loses his life through an explosion of powder 'He' retn'rTi'q"' t a England leaving .TOO persons in the cok'ny, which wer^ in sKn^^ntl.l reduced by famine to 60 persons ' ^'"^ o\(J eto^e'of prtSs""!"' ."l'.'^. !':!' .*;P^; .'^. """l'^';'-' "^' «<^«^'-« '«°^' "^ large Lord Delaware visits Delaware Bay, giving it his name. Lord Bacon's Company attempts to settle Newfoundland. HUDSON'S LAST VOYAGE. Hudson sailed on his last voyage, and before he had been a month at seihP discovered mutuiy among his crew, which, with great difhSv he sun pressed After sailing two months he entered the great bay wh"ch ha^ siZ been cabled by h^ name, and which he supposed was the Ion ^sought pas aee to the Pacific Here he soon found himself hemmed in, and discoverFnrufe fact too la e to return to the Atlantic, he saw he must winter in that des^ola e region, with little provision and a mutinous crew aesolate fhlfV'^''?A'^ ^^^"^'^ ^t'?'"' f"°"*^^« '^e^'oi'e the ice broke up around his shin so ?4a^ed"i'tLTas b^i'^'^T'Tf' "PP^^^-^^in^ "^e woS re'sut he p-.parea Tor th.m as be.,t he could. He gave each of liis men a certilicate of ler New- 216 rovisions 217 26 mestown 218 217 ated llie ony. He 1612 1613- 1613. 1614. 1615. 1617. 1618. 1619. 1620. l|:;2;:';j;;:;.;;S^'Setr%S.!^'/J?- -^^ divided t,. remaining alfected to tours. Tl,e k"ulor o U.e nuu n Pj J:''^^''"''"'^ ^"^ o^'^Q a protege of Hudson, wlio owed ,U 1. Lh^,.?'" "'*"V''^ "'^^"'•y Green, wlioHc life lie liad save d This m in >.. . " "'•'' 9«P'ain'8 bounty, and hini in .seizin, riud.son andV.i fr e d ' S tt'^rrll 1 ''"' ''''^^ '« "'^ and tlirusting tlie.n into a boat, tliev tl e v in «,»» ""*^'?'?' '^ ""^'■«' "'"yi piw'e. an iron pot. and a bag of ni'al Ti L ti "" "'"'"un'tion, a fowlini 8ailandIeftMu,ntotl,eirffte Nothing 'fore wL'"'' "^/ '^? ^P^' '"'^^^^ and hey must liave all miserably ptSdn a W /'''''' ''"•'"''* ^™™ "i*^™. for birds to be seen in that frozen iS '^"^'''' "*• '^ ^"« ^oo early Green and his chief abettor were, a few davs nft,... i -n .. • Bome Indians, and another died from hu.ter 1h\.'''"'^^ '° ,'^ ^g'** ^^th emaciated to the last de-ree, reached F , S • " c ""-' ""^eral'le remnant. their number revealed what had been do.ie^ " September, where two of _ The nefarious lottery scheme w'i« onnot^.^i i ^^ gmia colony, bringingyy ooTirtrt -ea ^ o'?' t " ^'i''*'^'- '" *^' ^''■■ Pocahontas was taken prisoner by Capt T^l "'"" ^'o-puny.Soo •17o.3. During this neriod Vnv.. «!,.«/ ' , o-^ 220 April.-Poc,l,omM wa.s married to John Bolfc ~cfe"dS'jrf„r,j'^rc£^^ for one year IrlbuK tJtl ° color" 'o( VMnl?°"^ '""°« "■"""» '° '■™" »■>« CUarnplaln explores the coumrj^, iho Hurons.' "»' The Dutch erect a tort on Lon- Island Slsri^'dro'vrX Sr-"""^ '■"" vir.in,a:;;;:;;;::;;;2 pd3trdie?j;;;r;;.x:iiV,™nr™---"-^^ orEn,d.rparentag.1SlrE"Sn'a^nSSed^;eJSLti!L"^^^^^^ LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS. vants ; ^"" ^"^'o^s ^o the \ irginia colony to be used as ser- GIRLS SOLD AS WIVES single ^en. and cfmol:^"'^^^ j''*^:^,^'. *? ^"■■'^'"'^ ^^'^''^ adventurers, and wealth in a few ye^^^^^l^^Si^S^^^^-^ ttlTl^r^^ 4 1623. 1623. 1626. 1627. 1629. 1630. 1681. fin Img that if fortunes ^ve^e made, they mast be developed by cuiti vatinir tho soil; theretore, m order to successfully establish th./iiselves and b U^.m homes they must j.roeure the "home-kenKTs," aud as t^ro were m.ne hU P they umst be •'imported," and to pay the' expense onhelr'Sfe^Sy weTe oom- T^„^.!"*''•^^'"""" "".fV',''''''r'"^^'' women were brought over in the tirst pnny and w, .e .iwekly .lispo.sed of, and the enterprise provd so successful that a second company were ordered, and sixty mire came over '"''''''''"" sold'fn^Mr" "^• •,'r'''' '""" "*■ ^''1 '-•^timated at 120 pounds of tobacco which I Ills was f' isidereU a very honorable transact on. and the wives w<.ri> received vvii),. so much fondness, an..- wer,. so comfi rl y estabHshed That the proceeding ad.h.l much happiness and .lifemity to tlie ,'olony ' 221 May 1?. -First marriage at Plymouth, Alass. Albany'.^. ^'..^""P*"^ ^""^ ^""^ Amsterdam (New York) and found School for Indians established in Virginia, by'^tho sav'iges"!'!!'!''^!':'.'!' •^".'"^'.'"^»' 347 of the colonists killed in open day Maine and Now Hampshire settled by the English ggo Ddlmai'ltiven '"''^ ^^ "" ^'^"^"* ''"'^ ^"'"'^ ^"'^ *^°^'^ Nassau built on the First white child born of Dutcli parentage at New Amsterdam cofe'^"vi4S''' ''' ^"^"" '""'^P'^"^'' '''' "^^'^-^d «-*™' of the newrnr^f^|o^:rm:n\Td;"^^^^^^^ discontinued by King James and a Death of King James. v5r^HT5~^''fv!''^ \ '^'^'^"'^^ the throne of England and appoints Sir Georffe Yeardley over the colonies at the ftead of a couuci' )f 12 men. ^ PURCHASE < M.VNIIArT.VN ISLA' >. York or Manhattan Island ^ > vght ot the Indians. Partnership of American settlers and London merchants dissolved Salem, Mass.. settled by a colonv of Puritans under John Endicot Massacliusetts charter surrenrl ..ed by the settlers First settlement in New Hainp.si!!re. Charlestown founded by the Massachusetts Bay colonv 244 Sir John Harvey succeeds Gov. Yeardley over tht ;rginia colony * "224 The French having long claimed Newfour " nd att, Mpt to conquer it vaS"" *''^''' ^^ *^^ ■^°^"'^' ^^"^ ^''''' ^' "' '''^''S^^ French ' ,U Boston, Cambridge, Roxbury, and Dorche founu^ 1 John Winthrop, first governor of Massachusetts iiay colony. ...'. ,, Fi • i-f. General Court Iield at Boston. w"!!° tuiidred Puritans with a fleet of 17 ships, arrive at New Eng- The Puritans pass a law restricting all participation in public affairs and all citizenship to church members. ^ 041 .244 ...244 GREAT mSTOnWAL KVKNTS. 2yy 1681. 1683. 1633. 1634. 1636. 1637. 1688. FIHST First iron works in tlio U. IHOX WOHKS. ;""\""" "'"'■'^« '""10 U. S. built at Lynn Mass ( unadu restored to tlie French. 277 Maryliiiul settled bv a lifiiii.in p„»i,„ii ^;irst house croeted^^^rt":?:';';:; ^ ""'^' "''"^ ^^^'''-^ " "^^^ Maryland settled by Leonu.d Calvert Lord R«im loger Wiimuns banished fron. .ililt^l'tf '"'""^- Hartford, Conn., settled 345 Harvard College founded ^48 inrcr.r'-:r;:"isr'«" »■''■' '•? ™^^»" ^s '1-planting enforced by law in Mnrvl.mH „ i JnJmu war in ilaryland Rebellion in Maryland and war with the Indians in Virg .a. Blue Uw, p^e„ ™„„, .,,„ .„ ,„ ^ ,„„„, .,,„ ^„,^,^^^ ^^^^ ;rj'"""'-"^^^^^^ p„„,,,^ „, „,.^, ting off an ear was added. Kissinro wnn '"^^'tional punishment of cut anfn;^' r'"'^ P™'^'™«^nt wrSariv TnflirTed''n^ ''?"' ""^ punished by an English sea-captain, who sahi er . "'"'cted about a c.tury later unon long separation. Inte^peranc' am „ '• '^'' ?•" '^ "*''^'^t i° Boston after a ngor, and keepers of iS and n.Zl h '"™°'''''''y ^''^'^ Puni.shed wiih groa? Indians in their own tongue untvcrsul'Ziyr'ecr'^'' "'" '"P'^"'' "^ ''^'^''' compulsory, and education Stuyvosant arrives at New Amsterdam. i:ofoS^^]^°!^.T..'^T.t.^^. ^"^'""'^ restricting tho commerce of the is d!:ffl ' bj Si'Ssr "i^!! ^ ::!':^r'=^ th^ 'cobui^s-of ■ vi;gbh. 'Z Tliirty lashes were inflicted upon Obediah Violmes forpreachlng Bapti!t doctrines in Jlassachusett.s ^ ™' The first regular book-seller in America 'wa.s"llezekiah Usher" of Boston.' rEIlRKCUTION OP TIIE QUAKEKS. 1656. Qualcers first arrive in Massachusetts. Their persecution hv the Purl tans UeigioHS intoleranrr was .arrie.l to huK (ST 1 /these mU guided milots that they actually tormented and put ode th KscoreHX only ChrLstmn sect in America who advocated the doHe of DeaoeanH who denied the right of man to take life under aiVclrJml.'lancei.'^^^. .''' 255 a our Quakers executed on Boston Common. 2''6 Afc'^ofVn.^'rilu' ^'■"'V ^'.migTating to Virginia under" scVero' penaUies. Great English navigation act established 227 Three persons hung for witchcraft in Hartford. Conn " ts^oTJif'^^ earthquake lasting witli short intervals for six months. The face of the country m some localities entirely changed. First settlement in North Carolina. Elliot translated and printed the Bible in the language of the American In- ' * , ^ ^ ^ 253 Fu-st permanent settlement in New Jersey. June 12. —New York City incorporated. Marquette explored the Mississippi River. Death of Lord Baltimore 281 First settlement in South Carolina ^r^d^r.''™''-'^ out between the Carolina colonies and the Indians! which was speedily termmated by the Governor offering a bounty upon every capUve 093 Indians were sold to the West Indies as slaves, in exchange for rum'.'. ." .'293 WILLIAM PENN. March 14. Pennsylvania granted to Wm. Penn, who colonized it 826 Penn starts a colony on the Delaware River 320 Oct. 24. Penn arrives in America ' '323 Penn makes a treaty with the Indians, and pays them for their lands' 329 The city of Philadelphia founded '33Q De La Salle takes pos8es.sion of the country on both sides he Miasissinni River, calling it Louisiana. iiooiooippi 1659. 1660. 1662. 1663. 1664. 1665. 1666-75. 1666. 1669. 1681. 1682. OliKAT lllSToiiUM. EVENTS. 1688. 801 1685. 1690. 1601. 1692. 1693. 1(394. 1697. 1698. First LegiHlative Assembly hel.] i,» Xcnv York Second AsHembly held in l'|,ii,.,i,.i„i,i , 308 and now laws pun Jl ..,'".'';';';;'• ''''"•'■ ""i' <* "ew Constitution adopted Roger Williuma dies in liis 84tli year '^^^ Arnold proceeds to lliirtford with a l.orlv ni" ' i. ■." ", -"^ render of their cliurter. The Isl' mblv w,.^, ' '""'f*' ""'• «l.'.nands the m.r- ceul the cliarter, and refuse to givx iTui ' ' '" '"'''"""• '''"T u.'tf.dly < o,!; • F.st priutin,.press established near l'hila;ic;ii,lda" by' wijlJa.;; I3nuifo;d '"' * ^"«'"f EXECUTED Fon wm- ric a u.r "1,'.^. to which was added a pre ace by he R v • . '"V,""' "' """ PHKred- The colonies attack Quebec nnrb.r pi.!." ." ', -«" retreats with a loss of ifooo m'en .1^'"''^"' •'emforcenients failing him. he Ol!() p. ,, ''IR^T PAPER .^fONEY. F rs paper money issued in Mussachasetts. of T;ir." '=-"^"''°" °^ I^^"^-- -'J ■Mi'bourne. at New York, on a charge New En^Mand contained 150,000 inhabitants ,^_ Massachusetts made a royal province, and Penasylvania taken from Wil- , Witchcraft L ZT.TZr ™ -Tc,.cuAKT. domical dist-eat num shn^''°'* '^"^'''' ^''''^ ^^ Massachusetts on English manufactures and English Tea first introduced into New England. Inoculation for small-pox introduced into N. E 49- Paper money first used in Pennsylvania. * First newspaper in New York (X. Y. Gazett,) published by Wm. Bradford Tobacco and corn made legal tender in Maryland. BIRTH OP WASHINGTON. Birth of Geo. Washington in Washington parish, Virginia Carolina divided into North and South Carolina. ...."..... 353 FIRST MASONIC GR.VND LODGE IN AMERICA. July 30 -First Grand Lodge of Freemasons on the American continent constituted m New Eng and, and called St. John's Grand Lodg^by He "rv Pr.ce, a succossfu merchant of Boston, who received his appointment from Anthony, Lord Viscount Montague, Grand Master of EngC Mr S IS considered the father of Masonry in the United States. Freemason's lodge held at Boston. refnJ!^ t!f ""^ ^"^ cast-iron fireplace) invented bv Dr. Franklin, upon which he TidvT' v'f 't'l.'^'^ "''*°,"'"' ^^'■""'^''^ " ^"''I'^hed by Franklin. July 18.-Vitu8Behmg, a celebrated Russian explorer, discovered Al.»..ka. GREAT mSTOmcjAL EVENTS. Faneuil Hall, built by Peter Fan.uil 1753 WASHINGTON'S PERILOUS MISSION. 1754, 1755. 1756. 1757. 1758. 1760. 1763. Q "^-"'-o MISSION. George Waah;^:""";--^ ° ^'^''' ^"^ the S T'^r -^rS- »"/,...! *»'"-- ■•»'* "^fSS'aSs E, ■ "'''■™''"°"i™i'».... asS l.,.md.. c«*d ,„ E„j,,„j 3J3 CHIEF PONTUC'S WAK. - i-iiu ins war brougjii to an >!' '(El- r Si! IIP' ■■"■ lift ^■^mmMMmm- 304 GEEAT HISTORICAL EVENTS. 1765. 1766. 1767. 1768. 1769. 1770. 1771. 1772. 1773. 1774 ji'i- THE STAMP ACT. iu,lig\iati?^Hn vfici " "'' '"^"^ '^'' '"°^' ''''''''' e.xcitement and First ^k'lliciil Colli'ge established in Pliiladelpliia March 18.— Stamp Act repealed June. -Tax laid on paper, glass, tea, and painters' colors 363 MASON AND DIXON'S LINE. The British Government stationed a military force in Boston Tlii« ^,.. Boston refused to receive goods from Great Britain, and sent thernb^ek ntt .J .\/\7^"f '".^J-'''''^'^''*^-, '^ '"O^' composed of citizens of Boston five'voulided ■"'■'''' "''''''''' ''''' ^'"'■'"" ''"" ^™^ '"''^'^ ^'tizens a^ killed°and 366 THE NORTH CAKOLINA REBELLION. Rebellion in North Carolina against the Government officers by the Resru hito s a^band of citizens who determined to resist the oppression of X English Government, iin.l redress the people "FPiession oi ttie May 16, -The rebel ion suppressed by Governor Tryon, and si.x Resmlators hanged, which created intense hatred against the British Government June 9.— A British man-of-v\'ar, the Oaspe, burned in Narr'i.rnn«et T?o„ by a party of Americans from Providence. i^arraganset Bay, First Methodist Conference, consisting of ten preachers, all of foreign birth. DESTRUCTION OP TEA IN BOSTON HARBOR. Dec. 16. -The citizens oi; Boston throw a cargo of tea into the ocean which was sent by Great Britain in open disregard and violation of theact of the colonies against receiving any merchandise subject to tariff . m Shakers founded by Ann Lee, an English woman, of North'AmfricI"^.''^ m Boston harbor as commander of the royal forces intmlicfed;^.".'.'?!'. ^!^'^''' ^""^ blockaded by the Engiisli, and'ali"commtTc!. PrlvinchiT Conlrefa.^I".". .^^^^'^''^^^^"^^"^ Assembly rosolve ■themselves ' into ^a .J^!"^ ralonies all unite in ai)proving the spirit of resentment shown by Mas sachusetts against the oppressive taxation of Great Britain 37] Gen. Gage was reinforced by two reginK.'nts of soldiers. .............. isri ■k^: L ;*.:;^ "* * .;" GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS. 305 1774. I77d The colonics procewl to enlist len, and appoint committees of Massachusetts calls for 13.000 men to be equipped to.\ Great Bn tarn prohibits the exportation of _ cople of Rhode Island seized 40 pi, and proceed to arm the inhabitants. PinST CONTIXEXTAL COXGRESS the protection of the people . . .! x'S'i'ation of order, and for men. and appoint commiTte7s"oV%Sy 'JScf sunJhnl"^ "'" ''"""^"^ «« "^'""t*^" •service 'y~-^ l>^ov\eoiM^M:;:;^:.S'^^^ «?"" winch" the and nropppri fn a...^ ♦!,„:„,„■,. r"'^*-'' "^ cannon from the public battery They prepared an addres.s to the aemandmg redress for their grievances. King, deeli iring their 373 ^ _.. Royalty, i)ut Iradrng n-itl, ihc Wiai indicj '"" ""• "'"' »' New Founilhnd. iinU from tion, ,„„cli to .h„i,- |„,,„l,„rv ,L,ivu,,i,°,°" """ "'I'mittcd to tl,c'ri,lrio. Q,S£"""" >»-'' " «• io ,»»„,. foMhc,,„vern,in.„Viho proVit.o-j';? BATTLE OF I.EXIXGTO.V Aprd 19.— Battle of Lexinn-tr... w. . p w open hostilities ti, Yr-,-7 ».^^'*'* foiight. n|..hedi£wSr„,l';i!;i;as';,r*tt"'Sir'- Concord. ... Th colonists at The people lis wa.s the beginning of nider Lieut. -Col. Smith, to destroy the stores of the -g a small c^mSiS^T^nimS^S^S^r- ^^"^^ ''^^' ^'^'-^ ^ Pitcairn, a Britisll officer ro le n ,. nf Le.Yington to resist them. Ma or chargnighispistolatthem uTdorcl^ritfc,T'''7'^^ The militia disper.sed. but lae Br t t \f'^'''' '° """^ ''' ^ "« ' ' '"'^^els. " 381 '" TiX;rr ''' ''" -^ ^-Si^^i^sf '^ '- "•'- "^- §uns, throwing SoV'Zmds of Sn'°"'; ^'^^^royed the stores, and spiked" the thi arms and pursued them, attackin liie British wi 381 bold '.w ^f I'^'-'^'Y '.'et'-eat toward Boston. 'Ml cm f. on, ^"^ «';'.f'«"-.had assembled in p nicm tiom every direction ;}81 did;|rSSon':'^!^^^ '-•'*" "P ^ -"'--I, but-in:iui^rfl;e:whl^h sannon, the colonists were kept • "^ iJiuisn were reinfnrpori .,f r • • "ih-likju ^^i under Lord Pierov ' ,V!, .'^' Lexington by a deta-hment of onn .^i^- at a gi-eat dLstance^" bu" ' '- "^ ■ '''^ ^''''' "^ ^'^n^on thr.nfil^^^i^e'^.'^? d great execution laKfin pn^uucrs. and ISn wounded " ^ ^""^ ''^ ^'^ '"^n killed and 381 r: Ll Mil i .'! I 1775. I I The colonists had 50 killed and 28 woundefl and ininsinK There were never more than 400 of the Americans en-affed at v.,.o time, and no dlsciS was observed among them , ""^'^'P^'ne of dO.OUO men, Ma-ssjichiwetts pledging KJ.COO of the number lisi May. -Gen. Gage is reinforced from Great Britain by a lar-ebodvof soldiers under Gens. Howe, Burgoync, and Clinton T. . "^{SS May 10.— Ticonderoga and Crown Point were taken by Ethan Allen aided by Col. Benedict Arnold and Col. Seth Warner Jgg ?ni-3T:l:^^tl?!t!:T'''''^'' ^"^''^' «'""1^ «f war, and' gained com- were mand of Lake Champlain Am^ri*^- ^^'~*^'^"'^^*' ^"**'"'^"'°" ^'^^ appointed commander-in-chief of 888 the ;;8() June 17 —Battle order 1,000 men mistake Breed's Hill BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. of Bunkers Ilill fought. The American Commanders to intrench on Bunker's Hill the night of the 16th By xlill was selpcted. and before .norning a redoubt of eisrh't rod^ square was thrown up ^. . _ _ _ _ ' ^'|y,^ nJ/'^P^^'f '.''-?'' ^/'"= "1'°" ^^'•'"^ ^' daylight from"tii"eir've.ssels ' At noon hey landed a force of 3,000 men unde? Gen. Howe and m'nThe^ towards llreed's Hill. They kept up a constant artillery Are, u^r wWc the Americans continued work on the intreuchments. ..:.... .... S The British set tire to Charlestown on their way. and the citizens of Bo.ston h^iM>,'^ '''['.■?'",'' J,"r '■"""''■•'' '■"^'^' ^^''' ""•^■f-'l «'^'-'"'-' froni every pinnacle and height, and the hiU-tops are covered with thousands of anxious inhabitants 7m The American forces engaged numbcr.'d but 1,.500. They reserved tlieir fire till the enemy was within a few rods, when they poured sudraflrVe and incessant volley upon them, that they were foVcwl to retreat in dis- upon the artillery were order. The British officers urged their soldiers at the point of the sword and as they approache<, the Americans again reserved rtre, and when n«r sent a second volley with .«ach te.'rible effect, that they again retreated. . . ! m _ The British made a third attack, bringing their cannon to bear intreuchments. The tin' fi-oni tlio '^ships, batteries, and redoubled, and the intreuchments attacked upon tliree sides. The .Vnierican;;, finding their powder nearly expended, ordered a retreat The soId.cMs reluctantly obeyed, fighting with their gunstocks unl il th, e„emy had taken possession of the trenches / 388 The British attempted to flank them, but were met with so much resist- aiico tliat tiiey desisted, and the Americans retreated to Prospect Hill and proceeded to fortify themselves. ^ ' The British retired to Bunker's Hill and prepared for defease. Their loss in this battle amounted to 1,054, among whom 19 wer and 70 more wounded. L'l'o coniniissioned otticers, The loss on the American side was 139 killed, among them the brave Gen warren. The wounded and missing numbered 314. The Americans lost live pieces of cannon. 1775. July 13 _Gf,n. Washincton took command of the American .^rmv at Cambridge. The combined forces numbered but 14,000 nien. unact.uainted with military di.scipliiu!, and destitute of everything which renders an arniy .383 fonnidabi GREAT msrORICAL EVENTS. 307 1775. Gen. Montg'oinory, witli 1770. ariM, taking 600 prisoners. . . .. .^.^ . . "* "'""""• ^'^''' l^^-t^^S and small At tlie same time Col. Ethan Allen wniVii-r.,,' ",' "• \ ^^^ was oaded ^ irons, and sent 11 ulaT c^^S/^^;;™^ ^^-^'-'. He Col. Benod ct Arnold with 1 mo ,„^., " ^i^ J-'Ho'-aiu jjyjj travorsin. the wilde^nls.; ^f NortEn "'/in^'r/^^^^ "', ''''"^^ ^'^<^bec l,y the St. Lawrence (Canada, and sailing down A navy of 13 vessels ordered by "congmss ^^ Congress ordered the issuing of $5,000,000, paper money Benjamm. Franklin appointed first Postm^.tcr'JenerT '^■ • • • OuL I Canada durin" a northern winter. 407 lieir indepondenco and 407 lire. Mnrf.l1 .1 w 1 • . 7 "uiujuzu vvinier Ma e 1 r-The"lfrr ""'" '"' *''" ^^^'^''^^"'^ ^^ ^^^^ Heights ^apeSs^diJ!^^-^ -Sl^-^ wyh^7,000 men, leaving^ i4th: coi^Sii''?:^^^! :-:^^.^'- «';«^_-o,^on in c;ng;;s^ T,.Iv 4 T, A ''!°^'^'='^'DENCK DKCLAUED. frif-^'^^i:-::;;;;-;:!^;- -p-y ^1.,:, it a 'St^' !:"-;'^':-^'""' StateM.staMish a '^ul ..anch of LegMaiure. cnllin. Jt%^':::^'^''y ^^^^ '" =^'^>-"'">^"f"--^: aGoverno;:orhead'f ^^^s^sr!i;-=f;- A o- m. "-^TTLE OF LOXa ISLAND. Tlfp'Tw ''""' °^ ^°"S Island was fought. .401» 409 Th<; action worn, led and pnsoner..'amon:";r;;;n.I/\."^%o^'^^ ™""- '"^'•"li'^ u'o SuHivan and Lord Sferiini^ ^ '"^ '"""' ^'^"' ^^ «'«<^<-''-«. including General ciiy of New ^'ork. ^"- '""^ P'''^"*' "l>"u Lon^ Tho wind heimrVavor-qhio .p,.i . -!,..-,- f I remove I.Jlaud, to the Msmtt A 'I ' 1776. 1777. 1778. UNSUCCESSFUL MISSION. Lord ITowc sends Goiicnil Sullivan on parole with a mes.saffe to Conirress requu.Hting an interview witli a coinmittuc of their members as " private citi- zens, lie not having authority to recognize the American Congi-ess but declared that he was. with his brother, Gen. Howe, empowered to conmro nu,se the dispute between them 401 Congress declined to send a committee in a private capacitv. hat dele.Vited Dr. Frankhn John Adams, an.l Edward liutledge, to enter with Lor, Howe m an olhcial capacity ^^^^ They wore received witli great politeness, but Lord Howe failed to satisfv them that his authority extended farther than the power to "grant pardoner- upon submission to English rule. But the colonies were not suin« for oar- don, nor were they willing to relinquish their independence T. . . 401 Oct. 28.— The battle of White Plains was fought. Congress convened in Baltimore, and resolved upon prosecutin"' the war redoubling their energies. Volunteers began to tioek to the army from all departments of life ■' 4^3 During tliis year Great Britain established the infamous" "pr^son-ship ^yf*-'"^ 4S4 Jnliuman treatment of American prisoners by the British, both in England and America __ " 4S4 Jan. 3.— Battle of Princeton. July 8.— Batlle of Fort Anne. ARRIVAL OF LAFAYETTE. July 31.— Lafayette arrived from France with fvoops and supplies and offered his services to the colonies .......! 414 Aug. IG.— Battle of Bennington fought by Gen. Starke ' "409 Sept. 11 — B;itfle of Brandy wine under Gen. Washington. Gens Lafaveth^ and ^^ oodlord were wounilwl f^ ' ^ ^{^ Sept. 19.— Battle of Stillwater 430 " 2G.— British troops under Sir Wm. Howe enter Philadelphia. . . . .427 Oct. 3 and 4.— Battle of Germantown 434 6.— Capture of Ports Clinton and Montgomery, on the Hudson. " 7. — Battle of Saratoga 400 " 17.— Surrender of Burgoyne to Maj. Gen. Gates at Saraton-a. . . 433 Dec. 8.— Washington and his armv encamped on tlie Valley For<>-c Dos titute of sufficient clothing and food, the army sulfered incredible hardshios m the midst of a rigorous winter 4.1(3 Jan. 5.— Capt. Cook explored the coast of Alaska. A YANKEE DEMCE. '/Battle of the Kegs." A contrivance of the Americans to destroy the British tleet. It was composed of a largo number of little machines rosembling kegs, containing explosive materials Avhich they thought would sot the British shipping on lire. The British were V(?ry much astonished at their apiiearanco and called out their forces to meet their new and mysterious cnemv. It re- sulted in little liarm to the tieet, but much consternation to the British which caused great merriment to the Americans. Bills were passed by tlie British Parliament granting all that the colonies had asked, but Congress rejected their offers. f OREA T mSTOUTCA L EVKi '"-1 I NTS. 1778. 1779. 1780. 1780. 309 March l._$i in Hno 7v!? ^'^V, ^"''^'"^''' "^ "'^^ United States 434 .Junt ~8.— Battle of rjoumouth .... ui-n ^ii^lSr andSirin^'to d^ 'l"'''''- ""'i" Tones'^ stroy„,.evo,-ytlu„ff i„ their .sav'^rjfi.r''''"' '''^' S''"'''''' P'"'t of them, de- Junel6.-War between Eusland and SpaW. ^^"^ Sent «? r, , T '^,'^'''''^^' ^'"^^'^^^ victory. J^nd. ■4ir^:!\il:'Ji;^, Krir\S?; f "- --^ ^f ^o'-k^hire. En,- nary battle ever fought betVetVi wo shi I P '^''''^ '''« "'O-^t sangul- squadron of 5 .shiiis Tlie /■,»? //! , ' »■ ,1 '"'I'^ones was eommundor of a clumsy vessel of 43 gun len^-SriinHf '''''' '"? «^^'° '^'"P-a ohuLl by m picked men. A desperate fi< h ei n ^1 ' '.'" .^ ^■''^'■'^«". «"'! "'ann.'d ft V *T*^ '?^ f''^ ^^''"'^ square alS 4 eo''fi,n / '' ^iP''' "'^'""^ around, their yards being entangled Jones r^slutti . ''"/:'"" ^^"'"""' ^''''•/'^'r/, and the most tearf ufencounter nS dedhi Iv 1 \''*?'"''' ^l^-""'^''' 'J^'"-''' '^-'San £ touching, and amid the r incesl nt w .. I'f °''-^- , -^ '"^ ^''»"""" "f ^^^h both ves.sels took fire. At thi.s terWl 1. r-, " ' "ashing of falling masts of Jones' squadron, beiran fir i..^ iTn 1 i ■' '"'.? '''^'"" «f the yJ///«;,.,, one Itichanl, causing h.'r to leak nf n , "•'.'^"''■'* '"•" H'o stern of tlie Bun Ilnnmo ^ was caused by pei^ia ' ha ,'d tow" c[ hl^ s '^'"^ '^^'^^ -"' ^ niSrC mcreasing m the ship, Jon(^s' o Tieer«?,n i ^'"IV''''or commander. The fire l^'scolors, b.itheref^;se,l"oy£w Tud «^^ porsua.le him to strfe Dec-Coal first used in \L . , ' ^°"" ""' '^''"/"■'' «un-endered. Death of Patrick JLn V t™ ' "'"' ^^'^'^^ ^acksmiths. to. ().-Congres.s calls for 35,000 men. 4fi4 jr .„ _ NOTABLE DAHK DAY. dark^sjthei!:;:^ S^;;.Sr):.ssf ;'4!^"^^ -^ -^^^--us hearts witli wonder, and niultitiZ li , f '''^? **" *^'^'''''" J»o»'-«. filing all Htifious regarding it as tlie " dav nf V/i '"^ ''"■'^ eonsternation-the .sun", . wholly unprepared to ac^Joun %r ,i "rnd.ivfV'T ''■'"•'"■'' ^»<^ «<-i""t^tic ues^ at midday was so dense that eonl xv ,." l^'"'!'!'""'"""' '^.e dark- pint, or determine the time of d' l 1 v cLa """^•'^' ^» •"^"^'^ common although at the full of tl e nmon x^f^^ °'' ^^'«tches, an.i at niel.t l"ck that traveling was im^ac" ea lie wi h^;';;^"T, ^'''\ ^" Impenetrably paper was equally invisible with , .u-k, v v^^'''nV'"'' " ''^''^'^ "f ^I'ite charged with a thick oilv s,,ln ,, . , ^'^- ^ be atmosphere seemed eoven.l with a thick scum- •',,'. '• "'f'"' .■'""' ^"eanis of water were dark color, and lelt as inl' had d-ufe'lS'^ir' '™'' '^^'P'^"^^^ °^" Sent OT T REASON- OP arxold. ^.tZ^^S^r^ -'™°''' ""^ "^^^^^ "f ^^''^-- Andre, greatf^ adn^iS'fer d t,:^!?;;' ^?„^" "^T"'-"' ';'^" '"">^- "-^ ""d been during the first years of tlfe vj/"! ' l.^^f''''"'"'^ f'""'<''de and endurance taptain to tJiat of Mai. <-,,.„en )„,/,» inl'T'' l"'""";"'d t'-oni the office of .) nciai, imt. being of a jiruud and haughty nature. ' H "•^^*-:-' 310 1780. 1780. 1781. GUEAT lIlHTOlilVAL EVENTS. Mw!Vf' ''T'l'-'^'^r","?'''"""'' '"« <^°vy at seeinff others rank above him laid phia while unfitted for service from wound.s received water, and while there his reekkss extravasunce caused hi.s cen8ure''by Con- nnri r..j>,.iniiind from the Commander in- hy Congress. This disgrace was 8. He had been stationed in Philadel- in a battle near Still- ores.^ nnil •> tri..i i.„ 7 . .• . ^^'''"•"ft""^''' i;iiuseu nis censure Dy Con- S'nf .; ^ foiirt-martiul and rei>nnmnd from the Commander ii- ^"!! ?,L^^" ."'•'">'• y'l'^-l' ^^'^^ approved by Con.rress. This diZu, J" 'x^z^ts'^ ''' '''''^■"' »^«-- vv«.hh.gton:-wi^-ii::[i jji^x 4G7 ILVNGING OK MAJOR ANDKK. Major Andre was Ining after a trial by court-martial, upon the It symi)atliy was manifested by botli lit the inexorable demands and usage jccssitated his execution as a spy . neccssit Oct. 2, unquestioned evideucc of liis guilt! Ore inends and enemies for Major Andre In of war, and tlie safety of the country) Oct. 7. -Cattle of King's .Mountain'. '" ^^o Nov. 20.-I]attle of Blackstock Dec Dec Dec, o n . , 462 v.— Lri-eeue takes command of the Southern army 473 20.— War between England and Holland '. . .'. 469 30.— National Thanksgiving 40., Jan. 1.— R' olt of Pennsylvania troops at Morristown. 479 Bank of Noiih America established at Philadelphia. Expedition of the British into Virginia under Bencdic't Arnold 470 Jan. 17. —Battle of the Cowpens ' '_ ^rf^ " 19.— Cornwallis joined by Leslie at Charleston. 474 Feb. 3.— Battle of McGowan's Ford " 16.— Battle of Guilford's Court-house Jan .474 li.ia.'"". .''."'' .^*:^~^^''"''"'''''^''' '■^"■'^^^ "^ ^™- Greene" through South "Caro"^ April 22. -Surrender of Fort Watson to Gens. Marion and Lee 47« " 25.-Battle of Ilobkirk's Hill 1. May 9.— SuH'ender of Pensacola. 10.— Camden evacuated .-„ 12.— Fort Schuyler (Utica) destroyed by Are " 12.— Fort Mott taken ^^g 15.— British abandon Nelson's Perry 477 June 6.— Augusta, Ga. , capitulates ..!......'!.. 477 18-19.— Siege of Ninety-Six, 8. C. July 6. -Battle of Green SpVin;r. Aug. ;j. —Arrival of the French fleet under De Grasse 473 upon the 1 by both nd usage I spy. 462 463 473 469 482 470 472 473 ....474 ....474 . . . .473 h Caro- . . . .474 . . . .470 ....470 .476 .477 .477 .476 1782. 1783. Now York, to Amori tiiiicli from ihelludi 1784. t'onnvallis JicmiiKd in ,„ V()rkt(»vnV.:'.7,";""; "4m Hon, near Sep.. 0.-nurni„, of New I.o.lon l.yB^aa)^ZS Massacre at Fort Griswokl, Conn. Sept. 8.— Rattle of Eutaw S|)rinL«i- a sT>l,.n,ii,i • , Greene .....' ""'*'""'"' victory under General Oct. 0.— nombardment of Yorktown. ■*"" 481 ted 481 bywiS[;;S;;^rl^dle^™;S"^^-^^^ «-. Lmeom appointed Oct. 24. -Indian batik; at Johnstown. National tnanLsgiving proclaimed. _. , I"'"«f*T STICAMnO.\T. I'irst boat propelled hy sicam wa: Jun.es Kunisey. a BoiiunianiwhJchwas'^nMr!" I'l" ^^T'^'' ^^^'^'' ^Y Feb. O.-Kesolutions passc^l in the Ili,u ■ ''''"""* ^" "^ ^"^-^i^'^ngiorl iace. placed upon the seen and cert i tied to April 17.-nolI:.nd nkuo^U^a^::: C!Z!^''r"'"'': '? 'T' "^ P^'- and a treaty of aruity and - disbanding the a.-my. ^ov. 2.-Wasli.ngton's farewell orders. . . nr'-^:;^°:^---^«^v»-Bri,;;h:::::::^^ -.{-AV aslungton resigns his commission . . ;„: I Dee. Great distress prevailed in the United So,*..^ n.. ireaiy „f peace wi(h (he Six Nations ng to scfu-city of money. 495 !l III!! 1784 17H5. 1786. 1 I I 1787. 1788. 1789. First ngrirulHiral society in tlie United States at Pl.ila.lelpliiu Methodist Churcli organized by Bisliop Coke. Feb.— First voyage made from" C'ljina to New York PortS'""'"" '''""'' ^'"'^'-''^" ^'"'''^ »'«'«« "»J P'-"'*'-!"- Dontnark, an i Tliomas Jefferson sent as Minister to France uS I^Slo'!iS'i,:^;i(;;:"'""- "^ ^^"^ ""^ «"' «-^--'^- ^-- «... Copper cents first issued froRi a mint at Rupert Vt Financial embarra.ssment tlireatens tl.e j.earr of tlie country Deatli of Gen. Greene First cotton mill in the United States "built "aV Be've'rly, 'Miis,s. ^^^ isii.vY's i!i:iiia.LioN. fishness. A rebel! i; Luke Day, and Elj ; sind the estabJishnirTi field, and jm'Veii', •••i. Governor Uowcloin -^ organized under the command of Daniel sii'iv V. !> s which attempted the overthrow of law and ordeV' n.ob force. 1 hey i)r,)ceeded to march upon Sprinir'- '..r.g of court, and if i.ossible, seize the arsenal. ]3ui IXVEr-TION OF IKOX BIUDGES the Sch^n-lkill' wZa si "fe'aiS o ""on of '4!;^ '^l^'Sf 'Vu "f^ "^" suggested to his mind by observing the conlSon ^f a'spiderWcf" ^"' FII^ST CONSTITCTIOX.VL COXGRESS New ?oitr"^"''' ^''''''''' ""'^'-''" ^^^''^ -'^^^'t'^^'^J Constitution assembled at iteamf4ci.;^r^jii;i';[,;^;i;-^i^„;;-;^ -;:;p-;yx ^-•"-"- -^-^^ ^-^^^ -^ THE OniGIXAL THIIiTEEX ST VTES iRnaiuii'uji.iiiuua (UiKAT msTOlUVAL KVKNW. «789. TlK- .Jopartmcnts of ^ute, War, u.ul Prcsiflont, ami •lollll m 1792. < ■ont'r...ss ,,n.ss.Ml ilrnt turlff bill Ticii.suryf routed. J^m Carroll tho first C^atl.olic Bishop In »;.; United Stales i'J" ''l'^^'« P"«'*<''l-or(lcrinsr a census In ).,. ...i forew. .,r /-■ stock all taken the ,i;.tda;"'''''^ Congress ,v.th a capital of $10,000 000- i.. tl^T^S S:*''^ '''^ "^"^''>'-"- first internal taxation ,o raise nu.nev First patent issued for threshing-maehines. «en. n ayne appointed Conimander-in-riiief r,f n, ^ Canada divided into T^nn . ""*-' '" CJiu l of the American forces 498 Canada. '"'« ^^^'''^ ^^'^ Lower, or afterward, East and ;vSt ST. cr.AiK's nr:Fi;.\T. wi;o?e\nn7.^ooo?",';;4^^^^ *''': ^"'l!;'nf- Wlnlo oncnmj.ed with hi- Kurp,-ised e^^ly in the n^nh^g V a £"" fo^^r^P T % ""■ ^^'^''-a^l' £' w s ^i5nS;Jfr:t;j-^^^^ p .-■■■ii:, ,1 mini. whi^S ?;S:!"lS ;;!;Sr '"^ n.pres,.n,a,ives under ,he new census. Great 0!innsit;iiii i,. n, „., ._■ . , irai. ^■rf ' ' ■ Lvh ': IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■- IIIIM 2.5 us IM lL2i III 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV "-q^- 4 %" . <* ? ^ 4?. ^^ f/j m i 314 1792. 1793. 1794. GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS. Prh^f "°^' '""■ ^'" *-''^"'-'''^'"» "'■ «"■'« "Pen'^cl at Litchfleld. CcDn., by Miss First daily paper tstablisshcd. Fugitive Slave Law passed. John Hancock and Roger Sherman die. INVENTION OF THE COTTON GIN. Cotton gin invented by Whitney. A machine for separating seeds from cotton; an invention which revolutionized the cotton tra^.^ and which added more to the wealth and commercial importance of the United Stales than any other invention or enterprise could have done at that time. ^ Yellow Fever first visited the UaHed S.aiesat PhiladelpJda. Automatic signal telegraph introduced and applied in New York. Steam first applied to saw-mlll.3 in Pennsylvania by Gen. Bentham President's salary fl.xed at $25,000. WHISKY REBELLION. Great Whisky rebellion in Western Pennsylvania, caused by the tax levied upon whisky. A large district in Pennsylvania, where the crops of Sn were over-abundant, and no atlequate market except the great Monon Jhe la distillers, openly re^sted the tax b/ resorting to' mob hiw. oElf and loya citizens were whipped, branded, tarred and feathered, and great excUe men prevailed m all the Northern States. The Union was imperTled and Washington headed an army to meet the crisis. The rebellion was soon .sun pressed, and law and order established " _ . 4^3 Fii-st woolen factories and carding machines in Massachusetts. Wayne's great victory. r«n"i""7.^*'^°w ^'■'"** ^'^<^^^rY over the Indians, under "Little Turtle." Gen. Anthony Wayne, or " Mad Anthony," as he was called, on account of his reckless courage, attacked the Indians upon the Maumee, in Ohio, and SJ'fr J'f ™'f"- '^ •!"« 'yipet"ous charge, he routed the whole Indian fhrnf,!r.T- it ■■ T"**',^/^,*'"^'^™"'^^'- '■^"'J clrove them more than two miles through thick woods and fallen timber in the course of one hour, causing them to sue for peace on the conqueror's own terms. Their confederacy was com- pletely annihilated ^ im Act passed for building ships of war, which laid the foundation for the present navy system. American vessels were prohibited from supplying slaves to any other nations Island' ^''^'"^ ^^^"^^^ ^^^"^ ^^^^ ^™™ ^°"''° produced at Pawtucket, Rhode Great opposition to the treaty with Great Britain. AVar imminent but the great hrmness and decision of Washington averts it '. 499 First large American glass factory built at Pittsburg. John Adams and Thos. .TefTerson elected President'^and Vice-President.. TOO Dec. 7.— Washington's last speech to Congress, declining further office.. 500 GREAT UlHTOnWAL EVENTS. 316 1797. Inau" 1798. 1799. 1800. 1801. 1802. March 4. inauourution of John Adams a« Presid.-nf 500 of^$10.000«reand i^^^Z^SS^T^ by pHvatecri.,, under" penalty ^:^^^i^ S^S^SlSci/'SSlff^^^^-^ ^'^- -- with The treaty of alliance with Vr. . -t^mekney) from Paris 503 giv_enforca^pturu.Jvrmed"^'n2"eL]r'"' "^ ^°"»--«' -«' -'thoriu 502 502 Provisionsi made for raismg a small regular army. FIRST CAST lEON PLOV, refused to u.e it, alle^l/tl^li' "^^ -'^-'!?^ the p,, of rocks! Ooinmercia^ Advevtker established in New York. crsey. The patentee N.tv? '°i ''°'' '"''""°°'" '"'="'«' ">«■"»» were lal.l ^™uog,o„ appoi„,ed c.™™„acr.i„:c,;iVr„,;h;;-;v- army, by Consrri TIIK "state's RIOnTS THEORY." President 503 expres victor peace are secured " ''" "' ^'"'- America 502 g^ne^rtSUi^^^i^^St^^ — 1800. — Removal of the seat of Government to Washin<.-*on General bankruptcy law passed. ^^•^«'""-on. May 13, Nov.— 1 ... ^ didate for President! .503 Nov ri^^'^^n'"^'''^ "^ "'" provisional army ,., iZZr^.J^r.''^''^' - ''^^ J^P^Mica. party eleeied" "its "th-st "^an Miireh 4 — //m;/,5-?0h.',} '>'' «^V:;.; " V ' "«'"''* moting Christian Knowledge.'^ '"'mtu, ana called Society for Pro- Adam and Wm Brent began the manufacture of pianos in Boston, first effort mudn toward teaching mutes. LOUISIANA PUnCHASE Feb. 4. -Frigate Presicleiit destroyed at Tripoli by Decatur ^o'i Fort Dearborn built-the present site of Chicago. Lewl« and Claris exploring expedition starts across the plains Ihe l>elaware Indians code to the United States an extensive u-mt of io«^ j^^ng^east of the Mississippi Hiver, au.l between\lS'^Ohro and wUash 505 DUEL BET^VEEN ALEXAXDEU HAMILTON AND AARON BURR bitka, Alaska, founded by the Russian-American Fur Company Ice first became an article of commerce in the United States wSrf *' r ; '''"'''["'^ ^"^'-''^^'^ ^'««'^ »nd insulted tU national flag. i£^t^:::^z:':^::'^r^^^ ;^-^«'. -^^h George hi COLUMBIA RiyER AND OREGON EXPL0"i Nov. 15.— Clark ing vo^'age. 503 and Lewis arrived at the Columbia .aver on their cyplor- SPOTTED FEARER. The spotted fever appeared in Jla^.acliusetts, spreading over the otl.P.- States, and continuing until the year 1815, and proved vc^y'faUl JoalimSfinf "'^ ^°' ^'"^"^'^ '"^ ^^"^'^'•™' f°""^^"l '^^ New York by Total eclipse of the sun at midday. poSs .^" ' " ""^' '""■' ""^ ^^'"'"I'"' •'^''■" ^•>' "'« vessels S tho introduction neutral 500 British vessels ordered to leave United States waters ^qt zimP"^^'*""'' "" ^'''^ American frigate Ch^xaprnke by the British" ship 506 AARON BURR TRIED FOR TRE\SON Congress ordered the first coast survev. GIIEAT msTOItWAL EVENTH. yi? 1808. 1809. 1811. «^^^ TILVDE DECLARED TO BE PIRACY Dec. 22.— Embargo laid by (he Unifod «t..t Amenean vessels fro„. saiiitT;. IW fSu ^^^ "P"n al) commerce prevenli,,..- gking out cargoes, and all «,a,s1 ngvc^se/s wel-e".'^ " ■ 'V''^'°" vLels ,"; land tlieir cargoes in the United States. .;. . .'I /;«l""-«i to give bonds I'l FULTON '8 STEAMBOAT ^^^ l^rst •nicceaiif III Steamboat built bv 7?ni,f v^ u and called the Clennont. Mr Fi^ltof m .5'' >""' ^"^^^ J^ulton stood upon the deck and vievvedtlem.fi ^'T^ ^'^^ seven dollar. Jan. l.—Sacc-trade in th^ Vnn , ^,/" ^"""" was famous. JohnHenkle. '^ -^^ ^^'^'-/^^ ^l/-^-^^..,;,;,,- uicer established at St Loui. hv First Bible Society founded in Philadelphia ' " First woolen mills set up in Xew York' ' March l.-TJie Embargo repealed . . Vice-PresldTm"!"!'..^.^';'."!*:':."";^ «™'-.'^'' Clinton BONAPARTE'S ORDERS JTapoleon Bonaparte ordered the sale of iqo « and cargoes, valued at $8, 000,00a ^'^^ confiscate.! American vessel. Mc.rch. —liamboiiillet Decree iwiinrl u„ -vr i sels to be seize.l and coiS™ne^ "^ by Napoleon, ordering all American ves Manufacture of steel pens began in Baitimore '''* ' First agricultural fair in the United Sf ./?,", Mayl6.-Engag^nentbetween^eU S^ ;'*2™'"»^^ D. C. sloop of war Little Belt. . . . ° '^'^ ^- ^' f"ff'f" Prcndent and thr- Britis!> Depredations upon American vc;;ei; byEn.llmd ;„d' Fr' ''"'' .) ^".-.i.inri and France continued.508 : 50T inaugurated President and oo: I' ■ ) * n ailh'AT lIlSTOlilCAL EVENTS. ilS 1812 1813. fi (lofense agmnst shot and shell, (lovi.st'd by ] , L. .stevoiis " "8"'"si' »uoi ana shell ^Tk^Jirst stean^^atM Western waters, the Ne. Orlsans, built at Pitts OKEAT EAKTIIQUAKE. 'ig the currents of the riveWan swa lo Jn '' '^",'"^»« t° t^e country dm n" ^-/^/*« ,/m>6 A»tor'.. Pacinc ';"''''' '^"°^ '"i' "P large sections of land ^ Oregon. ''^'•^ ^«'- ^'^'^i'^^y established their post at Astoria nTnu^tZT ""^ "^^"'^^ ^^ •^"^'^ Hall. May.-Congrftss levied a tax of |3. 000, 000. -Tunc 18 '^"; ?wf "7^"^ "^^'°«^'' ^N« T^i-VE. juiy u.— Hull invaded Canada. 17.— Surrender of Mackinaw 508 Aug. 5.— Van Horn defeated. 508 8.— Miller defeated. «^fk ._.*:'. ^r"' """ '^t Defoit before the first blow was ('■^i;LiSf r. °^ ."- British- f^iga^ -^-^^ • -• - ■^;^^^-m^ Oct. 13._Defe^t of the Americans at Queens'town ^°» war 4;-^:»P^:- of the British brig Er.Uc by the United States sloop of -?^S^'apI%;r^.*^.^S"^'«'^ ^n^ate '^o:;^.;,. " ,, j,, -^i--^ ^'^Su^ST^^^th^^'' frigaiei^^ioffuie ^oa;! oVb;;.;,.^ G6n. Proctor, who left them unnmtocted ^'"'^"^"'^ P"«oners in care of fo?vS. J;;;S^ :^-- ---.«m^. ^ ^^^ rv ?T-V,"/"'"' ""'^'"'^ ^y Gen." Jackson .' ^^'^ ^u^l between Gen. Jnek^on and Col. Benton ^^^ ^Mego declared independent, and a National Congress called under ^rst roUmg-miUa built at Pittsburg. Pa. and shell, It at Pitts- ■nson, 510 rginiii and nearly 30O ry, chang- ind. t Astoria, ceding Jive 508 508 508 low Was • . .508 txMuiion ... 509 3l00p of ... 508 ! United ... 509 azil, by . . 50!) care of .. 509 i Gerry .. 705 .. 511 .. 606 under GREAT imTOmCAL EVHNTS. 1813. 819 1814. J Ma> 27. -Battle of Fort George 509 July.— Attack StepLt'iison ^C7^*«^aA.w,u. killed in thbactlou. Indians upon - Of British and Indian; upon" ^^ Sel^ ^^^iS: by the Indians Z. .*.°':'. ^""'"«. Ala. Three hundred persoas killed ^^i^.-EnUrvrise captures the 'Box^r ^^^-ll 10.-Commodore Perry's great vic'tory on Lake Eric 510 m the .. 510 TECCMSEn KILLED. Nov. ll.-Battle of Williamsburl-' ""rif-f™;"^ of Newark. Clnada. " 90 ^"^'''° ^'^™'='I l^y the British. «}9.— Capture of Fort Niagara N V i ., t, . rive?'. 511 511 511 July 5 iL 1 TnTP'""''^^ ^'•°'" "'« British . bo wa.s wounded.-: .''""'^'•' ^ ^"'^^•' ^'^<^. fought under Gen Scott 24 -Battle of Bladensburg. WAsnrXGTON BmiNED buM.Lf-^'-'''^'' «<^^"P7 Washingt, ton, Aug 29.— Alexandria. D. Sept. 1 —The Wa. and burn the Capitol and public C, tal 4i 820 1814. 1815. 1816. 1817. GREAT IHSTOIUCAL EVENTS. „ ^^Tl }^-~^V'^'-'-"^' '-'l^^- "- «-t stSm voyage across the Anril 2fi T f ^.^°^^'«'"P 'N THE UNITED STATES. TlX:'i^iii^r;;r'l£S:;n"n'^^rr^ ''n '" ^'^It^nore. Md.. by called Washini^on LoS N "' T -da e'if r "'' ,"*' ^7 P^'"-**""^- ""^ numbered by scores of thousands. ^ membership of the Order is 18^0. Missoun Compromise agreed to by Con,jnss. ^"i^Z Z,I^T7 WtSiSh^lf 7^^ ^'-"^ "•'' '^^"•''"'^ «f ^I'-ouri. Talmage. a New Y,,rk Re, ubiie m n " n "' '' 'i ^" ^''^•' ^^'»- ^^'' mtHHluction of slavery iiitanvnnw^ T^ "!' ""'^flment prohibiting the followed, during Xic^i Mr c^i, 'of «''• .^^ ^'".""y debate of three^days died which all'the wtSs of ;. I^^^^^ ''"''• "^«''«-' '""^ '"'i'" kin- seas of blood can el-tngush"^ ToS,X""Vr'* ""'• ""*> ^^'"'l' ""> ' war. which gentlemen s^ m ch tl re. e n, ^"''"T "'P''*^'' ^ " ^^ <''^'" come! .... If bbo,! iVn 1 ^ . • ™""^^ assisted to kindle while rtn-ewff''^ to extinguish any fire wl,i,.l/i hav ! ute my own." Th rS-itJstnu.I . f,f ■^^"y. I «'"ill not hesitate to contHI ■ lost Inl820abillvva"t^^^^^ rul the measine v .s without restrictions, but Twl eh w w f,^,?,^'^"'"'' •' "''» '^ (Constitution m all territories north of laH le S« d .. n''* '■ ''''11?'.' ^^'-"liibiting slavery known as the " Jlissouri C SLise "^ f '"'"• ^'"'^ ^''''^"■^^ '^ ^hat fs Clay, and which was ca It^ "lien ^^^ "^ warmly advocated by Henry Oct -Cession n m -V . .7 ^ Coinpronuse Pleasure." "^ by Spain''.'!::"" °^ Florida to the United States for $5,000,000. and ratiiied as Viee-Presiden? "* "^'^ '''"'""' '™^- ^'"^ «^niel C. Tompkins again PETROLEUM DrSCOVEUED. knowntXX"S^eX?s^^ although their exi.stence was and oil-creeks were found in P«nn i • '*'' ""i''''^'''' "^ ^'"^ Alleghany River wiinS^ih-sii- ^^i=^o£Sz£t±^:^ SrSnieTtnr ofTrl ^"^^^ ^'/ ^"■"'^^ «^^*- huntsman of much renown "''''^' ''^ ^™'^"can pioneer, explorer, and July 21.— Jackson takes possession of Florida Fast cotton-mill built in Lwell. Mass " ''" 1821. 1832. n 822 ' 1 GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS. 1822, Gas successfully introduced into Boston. War by Commodore Porter on the Cuban pirates. "MONROE DOCXniNE." 1828. June \9.— Monroe Doetriiu-. The moMsaire of President Monroe, for this year, contained the following declarations; "Tliat we should consider any attempt, on tlie part of the allied powers, to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety," and "that we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing governments on this side of the water, whose independence we had acknowledged, or controlling, in any manner, their destiny by any European power, in any otiier light than as a manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States." 1824. Congress passed a tariff to protect and encourage cotton manufacturers. March 13. Convention with Great Britain for the suppression of the slave trade 518 Aug. 13.— Arrival of Gen, Lafayette on a visit to the United States 413 Nov.— .John Quincy Adams elected President, and John C. Calhoun Vice- President. Mexican Congress proclaimed a new Constitution similar to that of the United States, and a Republic of 19 States and five Territories formed with Guadalupe Victoria as President, and Gen. Bravo as Vice-President. 1825. The capitol at "Washington completed. FIKST OVKKLAND JOURNEY TO CALIFORNIA. Jedediah Smith, a trapper, performed the first overland journey to Cali- fornia, and established a post near the town of Folsom. Sept 7.— Departure of Lafayette for France. 1826. July 4. — The 50th anniversary of American Independence. A grand jubdee was universally observed throughout the United States. July 4.— Death of John Adams, first Vice-President and second President of the United States. July 4.— Death of Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States. Visit of Baron Alexander von Humboldt, the great German naturalist, geologist, and distinguished scientist, to the United States. Oct. 26.— Opening of the Erie Canal with a grand celebration. First pianos manufactured in the United States. Duel between Henry Clay and John Randolph, caused by personal insults flung openly in the Senate Chamber at Mr. Clay, as Secretary of State. Both of these illustrious men lived in times when, and were educated under a code of of morals which recognized no other means of satisfying insulted honor. It was much practiced m the early days of "Southern Chivalry," but which was ever regarded by the cool and more philosophical statesmen of the North as a pernicious, dishonorable, and brutal custom. Mr. Randolph refused to retract, and also refused to take the life of his antagonist, and resolved not to return the fire of Mr. Clay, yet he made every preparation for death, as far as his worldly affairs were concerned. Upon the groimd. the pistol of Mr. Randolph accidentally went off while repeating the words of signal after his second, but which was admitted to be purely accidental. Two shots were exchanged, Randolph's first lodging in a stump in the rear of Mr. Clay, and the hitter's ball striking the earth several feet behind Mr. Randolph. The second firing resulted the same, except that Mr. Randolph discharged his pistol in the air. He remarked to Col Benton, just after the first fire: "I 1828. SoSr" ""•'«"' " '"°'""" '""'■ ""Ich cau»„l much oppmltion »t iho Baltimore and Ohio R. R. begun. Nanfos'of™"n ''^''t" '"^ P'^'^'^' '^'''' °^ '"'^ Revolutionary War. 523 stiifbrAngthSTalf "^"^ "Republican" chosen thi, year Jthe parties pS^Um^d viee'Sid"^^^^ ■^"^" ''• ^"'^°"" ^^*'««''t° «» t'^'^ offices of Planing mill patented by Wm. Woodworth, of New York Mexican independence recognized by the United States Feb :J-^""f Webster's great speech defending the Constitution. . . .528 thfuniS-iS^sMll-r' ""^ "- ^-"-Sinia House of Delegates against May 3,-Hail falls in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, to the depth of twelve inches. p . "^nsr ASVLtTM FOR TOE BUND. th™S°^e"Ss ^V^Zl^VV ,^^^'""\ '7 '''' ^""-l established Direcfo, ^ho^ES^h'e^Stit'Torfy-thl^r^.rrf '''■ '"' ^^ ""^^^ ''■" ^^'P'^'^^;'^S^'^^!^^^!!±^^^ -.iblished thej,recc victor belong the spoils. " 1829. as lie is credited With the saying, "To the 1830. 1 ., „ ^^SE OF MORMOXTSM. Joseph SmhhT'J^nS,,"nT'H-^""ft^"^"" ♦^^ ^tipematural pretensions of no reputation for £rof,H[ffL"'"'"*'' -^'"^ Pretentiotis youn- man, who had Smith was tUSmlnV'^'''"'"''"'^-^ '^ ''''^'^'''' '" P'^'^'J''-^' ^' Y. "Bookof MormC"or -S^'S,;' V.^^^./^^elation. which he called the fane eyes from beSin' h^ /t ^''"'^'^ ^'""f ;>,"'"«^ the room, to ke.'p pro- claimed to have SnS y^"''r'^ records," or m.itallic plates which he fessed to be reading v^Sfh^ ''-'f "^V"? "^, * '^' ""'^ ^P'^^ ' These he pro- Btones revived-bv lolil f. '"'' f ^l'? .U"'" ""'> Thummim-the ancTent verted into ELni "".^n^ through which, the straniro clmr..icters wore con- "i" -c-ngiish ! 1 he true ongui of this book is claimed to be the manu- oiii:. I T JiisTouw. 1 L i: \ '/jy-js. scrii>t of III) (.(•(•(.(It involved ill (I ric It'lit. and undertook tl ^;::i:;;:lrn!'>:..'''" "i""« '»; «pauid inj,', wlio l)ecanio ,, ■ "" ■"• "">' loioeilooK Kfconinositiiin ,.f ,. i.i , " .■•■^" """ injennio .Mj.nusenpt Found;" l.y wl.i.l. n.e. .m K / t'ntille.l JVLSS. w.To written in l,s"l:.', ,„„| lei r..yv;^''rj;... ""^'" ^'-:. sp,;uidi';2"^ •i.li'.i.i.d toli,(»i,iaiehiMdel clits. Tl, reared, .Mr. .Mill,'., • n'"i.rin,,..oiiie;^;vi;;:,s^, :"^i. - lii/ed the i)la,ti;iuri.sui, and ttstitied ( parliier of Spauldiiur, „is,, '^^l '« ;■ Spiiuldinn's j),.„. The el 'Jiaiild '' new Hihlo HI <) a Krciit i)ortioii of the I iiii i wife. re( ■Ofr. i'iniS|)auldiiiir, hm doctrines , features of the .M inixed up with Seriptur laraelers, nan les, etc nl< as heiiiir (i„ and altofretherfonuiuK a hook of •luotatious, to^'etla Were verhatim Which I h( jvroujrht hy.Sniith'andh Ohio.heeaiue theheadc> inou relitfiou'wen! tlie pntended M'veral hundred | i-wilh Jiil)l( 'I'll e nmuk ;»,«i,.,;,™.i;i;:i;;--;,;; ,-1: ■ ;-i;lt:;l":.;>sm'V'(^ iH apostles, even to tht raisi »'re claimed to ho n;^<)fthe(h.a(l. Kirtland . . ■ •••• ■■> ■"■ouarters oi ine 'Miiriiwiiiu !.. iwoi ■ . ••■■■mini, destroyed hy a inoh. The no.inshed and look deep root /.n.oH.Jr, .,''"' ""?"": ' l^'"'''^' it t'on always dispels tiie dark clouds f s .er's.i, , , " , V ''■'""" '""' *■'''»"■ lounded upon 'sup.Tstition a . ..•'teiZ^^^^^^^^^I^,^.^^^ '^^ ■'""' '""'''■^' Htrattons, c..., lon/^er hope to ll'ur 1 Ict'V, J.V'ni^^,^ •l''"«"- a free pR-ss ahound. In ina9 the " ,,t . Fw Z^- . ^ ''''■, *'<''' mIiooIs, and of Smith, united tlieir for ces ai Ih.Mr.: J,? ^ ^""."'' /V"'*''' ""' '<''"l«-ship Tetnplc in Nauvoo. KKan y Avas , o In.':''" '"" '"" ''"'''''"- "*' »'»<-'"• Sn, th," as a special priv l;. " Mlu. he. of r '"'•'' ^'>\." '.'■vHation to Smith was rei)eatedlv ■..■• :';,.,i i 'J'" ^ '"'"'''• I^nriiitr 1842-8-4 bitt nm,mff«l'l 'S pu s 1, e mulf th/'^ >'».rder, treason, an^l adulte^; broker Ilira.n, ho ^ynI^^ taZSor^ l^h, r"""'"' "^•^^,f.'• '^■''™' ^^'i"' »''« where they were arrested fo /' ''> the t,„yc,„orof Illinois toCarthinrc the 27th of .In, . ,noh n> ^ / 'T' •"•'"' '''"','■'' '" 1^'''^"" ""'I't uuard On from the aftlicted C mon Th?- n t ''i":''^ n": '-•!".»;"'"«'""- went up that the "Lord's Prophe "was lie "^ «"•' " v"" '"'"''"^ ^"' "»'• "i'"' ization, where thev conld ,.,.!..^ ..." '"r':''^ 'W*'"..'!"' bounds of civil- pret " oscn „ . , — .'ould Biit—'-Mirafnlt; d,ct„ ! • m the very ce.iter of the ffie 'Itafes with hS'!^' " ^"'■"' "^ fi«vonnnent to sutt himself, defying the oXS^^^^T^ZT^I^^^^rZS'i!''' ion 1831. OliKAT niSTORlCAL KVKNTS. 1830. th th 825 1831. 1832. "1 > wayhii.l whole (.i„iir,.,,„t „.„i„, " , '' • } ""'>■ lli«- disuuis,, of li,,! ,ms •l,,I..s.s vu't „,s at ,|i..iP will. T 1,. ; y^A ;'''^ "n.l umva.rTtu;, huvt X ,/^,i ' "'•<-orni)li.l,i„g to-,],., i l, . " /''^'/'"wanl march of July 4.~D^^ZuJ T""^ '°"»'''^'' '■" Boston. -«— Tariff Convention at New York GIBBS, THE PIRATE, EXECUTED. t^apture and cxerution nf nuu.. «i Congress passed a new nmto^tt * • -» South Carolina thr^a^LTSS"'^ ''"• ^^'^ "PP-'^-n in the South 52( 528 IM'I^ p jt 1, 1 *■ f i '^M iii 1832. Ri .t'iinii I8S3. 1834. GEN. JACKSON VETOES SECESSION ^^^{^t'Z^':!!:^.^^^^J^.^^^ f«-- to chariest, on to :8 enforce the laws, which put au end to the secession FIRST APPEARANCE OP CHOLERA. June 8.— Cholera at Quebec; the first case in America. June 21.-First case of Asiatic Ciiolera in the United States, which scourge Z&.":": !''"''''''"' '^°^' '""■'•^'"^ ^^""^'^'^ds into a sudden and terrible , gOft Aug. 27. -Black Hawk War, and capture of Black Hawk. . '. 534 ideat '''^'^'*'''''"^°''''°"''' ^"^ P'''^«^d<^°t, and Martin Van Buren, Vi^-Pres. DeSliolonntpenrS.''' '^^"°"^"'^' "''^ '''' ^"™°S '^•^-^ ^' ^he President Jackson vetoed the United States Bank bill. Dec. 28. -John C. Calhoun resigned his office as Vice-President Electro-Magnetic Telegraph invented by Professor Morse antSStPn'l'lrUrSi."^"" '"^ """^ ^°^^ ^•^^' '^^''^^ ^-^ -""ths, Dr. Samuel Guthrie first published his discovery of chloroform March 4. -Andrew Jackson inaugurated President for a second term. JACKSON CLOSES THE TINITED STATES BANK larS.mffifnolit'JcafZn^^^^ ^^^^^' Bank was using S. Tntrnr,F V^ H pui'poses removcd the deposits and closed all oper- m, o f ^^^"^ "^''^ '^^"Pted by the opposition party !^533 The Southern States held a " State's Rights " Convention. May 3.— Congress passed Henry Clay's compromise tariff law. from Vkghii?."'^^ °^'^°''" ^"d°'Pl^. a distinguished United States Senator ?ir«t n^rJ^'f cylinder printing-press constructed by Hoe & Ncflrton. ± irst useful reapers patented. FIRST NEWSBOY. First copy of New York Sun printed by Benj. H. Day, and "sold for one rriedfn'th°P^; ]'' f^" "? ^'^"^ '^''''' ^'"'^'^ted the first " newsboy "that ever cried m the streets of an American city. ^ nJl?Ji 13.— Great meteoric shower known as the "falling stars," which S xcitTl'on'A^'"" '" Tr-"'*^ ^^'^"''•y- *^"^^» f^'^'- ^»d consternatio had come ^ superstitious, many supposing the ' ' end of the world" rn'!^r!°°fhl*'^'°f '"''*'''■ "^ '^?'' constructed by Rufus Porter, of New Britain o ™I;.'i •'ept experimenting, until about fourteen years later he produced K mCTx hi/ '*^"'"' '^'''^' ^' .^^'"^'^^^ ^' \\^ishington anSin t he JViercii, nts Ji.xchange, New York, and a ioiirnal of the dw declared "it made the circuit of the rotunda eleven timei lik. ,,. tl,i„g^'„?^ated'Sth life " the Bank ^In^fffh?';'""''' ''^ ^H ^'""^e against the President for removing me tmnK deposits, but was soon after expunged 533 mt 1834-5 1835. 1836. 1838. The whole United States debt paid off. Lucifer matclies first made in America. FIRST SEWING-MACHINE. Sewing-machine invented by Walter Hunt of T^pw Vr.ri, -m eye-pointed needle and .shuttle; making u EWitch Zit^f. f '. ^'^l ''' '^"^7^'^ It or to get a patent for it ' "' ^'^ ^'"''•'*^ '« Perfect ThCherokees so d their land to Government for $5,200,000 Sv7 dLm'I ft'f f ^'^.^"^'^^d by James Gordon Bennett. nead&'y-S."'^^^ Chief Jast.ce Marshall, who had tilled this high office anfcSetZriut fl^ToiToto'"'""^' ^^^"^'^ '''"''' --n years longer, burned. ''-^'•^'^ '" '" N-^ York city; $32,000;00o" wo;th'of propeSy inuminating gas first introduced into the city of Philadelphia. watihrnaTe?. ^'"'' ^'*^ '^''^^^"'^ P"''^*'^' "^^^^e by Levi Brown, a Detroit Washingon was foundecrfe^Tr ords of Ttfs t^T'^'' ^^^^^'^^^^ '^^ Nov' MTrH^V '^i''"'' f '^^'•^•'"- '""••"^ P'-'^^^'^^"' °f ''-'^ United St. .es PrSdem:'"^'"^"" ^"•■'^'^ '''''''^ P-^'d-^^ -«1 Richard M. Johnson Vict Jec. 15._Burning of the General.Post-offlce and Patent office at Washing- Texas declared independent. J- Q. ADAMS' GREAT DEBATE achieved for the AmericanTon e a vinVnit f ?• f^^f'"' / "f ^reat battle, and while (he nation has 'm exiSa ^ '^""^"^ ^"^ commemorated Death of Aaron Burr. Gen. Scott subdued the Creek Lidians in Geom-ia paySt^ir^'^Sf flrsrSLC>k^^''v ^?° '^T '° ?^^^^' ^^^-^ stopped two days reachic $27 (K)0 000 eSi t 4^ " f m'^'"'''^ ^", ^'i^^ Orleans in could not pay its debts ^ '^^^^•^' '^'"'^ "*^ United States m. ORIGIN OP THE EXPRESS BUSINESS. a younSman'whn "''' ?^W^^^<^^^ in the United States with Wm. T. Harnden established in boSi ciUe w n " ''""'' ^""•i "" J'^-^P'-e^^ Office" was which soon grew into m, y^ .n • ''■'^'7' «!"P'oyefl upon each steamer, course of threfZars Mr Wnrn?nr/",'^ well-organized business. In the an emigration sS'^' wiuHraddnVl ,f '''' ^T? i»5">"^™tal in establishing Duclbetween W T r f T ™''''''' ^''" ""^'"" 180,000,000: gress. Cilley killed at ?Mrd fire ^ ^°^*^''° ^'"'^' ^°*^ ^^^^^'^^s of Con- iii'ii i I' mm OliEAT IIISTOIUCAL EVENTS. 1838. 1841 1843. 1843. Mormon war in Missouri ' "^"'^' ** ^'■''''' P«nic. Mechanics' Institute. He liad been in nfi. ^^'^ ^''^l'^ go'd medal from the Mr. Ericsson planned and i fper .Tended he h'!.- 2 ^"'^°"« ^''^'"- ^'^ tl^e^i'ie at Greenpoint, N. Y., which a iL a?st 'tHnl ^•^' - > ''* "Monitor.' "Mernmac." "^ "'^' *"al disabled the iron-clad ram Adams' Express Company founded. ^J^^pS^^ -e-President. UnteVta7;r^ «^ ™- H-y Harrison, thfninth President of the ^^^^^SSS^i;:::^^^-^^-^- 536 Upper and Lower Canada united in one Government ^TSrT "h'*^'^^ '"^ "^'^ '''^'^^' States abohshed. BuTker Hm J"^^"« f ^'^l^"*-! by Horace Greeley, junker Hill monument completed ; great celebration Attempts to re-establish a mtional Bank veoedbv the Pr •. . Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island in snn/Ir f ^ "'^P'^esident 537 rights of suffrage. It was soon put down' ' "'" Constitution and the Mormonism became prominent and received Inr,rp „.. • Aug. 9.-Treaty of Washin-rton ne^n ^ i ,^t^ '''''°"' ^° '^^ ""mbers. ^t^TT' ^f^''^^ "»• S-e"astem ffilVjv"^^^^^^^ '"■'» Lord Slave tradeandgivingupfugitivecrimL'r^'ScK/^^eSo"^^^^^^^^ FREMOXT'S EXPEDITIOX tb^^A^^lI'l^i^JS^-J^fJi^-Jo^e Poeky Mountains. He explo^s golden shores of the Paciflc ^ ''"'' "'^' wonderful gateway to thi ^^^'S'^^^S^^^ -n starch. His^-eat tons a day. Average number otCdSen TOO ' ^'°""''' "unually, Sr 35 SKn^^P'' ^- ^' ""^^^^^ SpeAe;;? Slit JiS S^lIl^JSt^I lines"!!:E,r;,7e'S;r^" '^"^"^^ ^- «■ ^^"'- ^^ -^'^''^''^'^ l- telegraph tha?7oin"t^^^^';?l2t^i;-rv{i^v^?o^r,^^^ i^'-^- ?r^^-' «-' ^-^ snow and cold overo-rn iN/.l,.;/' ■^/!^ Klamath Lake, pushing on through KBB GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS. 1845. 329 1843. 1844. 1846. GRKAT COMKT OF 1843 and startled the country by its si uWen ,u ,f ^nl- ^^''', " ^"^ ^'^'^le at night. It as a si^jn of tlie comirig Ld of Le wo W ^in J n?Lf T'" ^''^^ '""Ah It was visible to the naked eye for weeks wnn .?"'*^r,°^ '"'^Yolutio" or war. Death Of Noah Webster. Uo. 0^^^^:^:;''^'''' ^''^'^^^^^^^■ ton, killing t£'fc"ar?ol- St';5'^;^K'^ ^^^^ ^- on board the Pnnc Thomas W. Gilmer, ....... ..... ^- ^^'^'^•■' ''"fl Secretary of the Nav^ First telegraph line stretched Vrnm wV \'-" \ 537 message sent. 'V.W J^afS/.^r^S""^ " '" ^"^'''^'''- ^""^ ^''^ mSS^'^ISSS?^^-'-^'^'^ ^- P-i^-^ James G. Birney of James K. Polk elected President and Geo. M. Dallas Vice-President. . 538 MORMON AVAR. Copper excitement in Michigan ' HOWE'S SEWING-MACmXE Elias Howe produced his first sewing-machine Files^rst made in the United States the wfster'i'bou^t\7of^^;ts''^^""'''^ ''"'''' ^'^-^^ soldiers to Corpus Christi stater ^-''''''' '' ^"''-^ J-kson, seventh President of the United Free Soil party originated. Watchword. '■ Free soil for a free people. " MEXICAN WAR. builtT?on dk?cUy SuSi^^s'VPf T' ^^ '^' I^io G^nde. He ^ The Mexicans ordered h m t„ ro^ , ' ., ^'^'"^^"'^'•'crs of the Mexicans Ws. or .,. tr, fi. , . 1 1 o"«. «>i'./?'-:P"':'"}ent, for permission ,.„.■ permission iikeAsphaltites, or Dead Sea. to his applicaton. The command, and was laden 4 * ■ I — I— I. I ..."!r: to circumnavigate and thoroughly explore the' lake After some delay ^ favorable (h.^kmn ,.->, • ^ • , • ' United States stoLhip S™ .^aced , H'^^^^^ ^° '"'' "PP'i^f^o"- The With stores for the A.^eric^%;;^d'™ t f Me\ t'™m'' "si,"?,^ '"''^'" ned two metac boats one of fomim- ti,,,;, ^""iircrranean bhe also car- IX'ad Sea and the River Jordan E iif.nr" Pf™'^«'on to explore the and thence proceeded to Bd^ut Z A ^f M° ' m ^ pitched their tents on the sou h bank of tie iSL^ZV' ^^f'/l'" P'"'*^ storeship A^«^;y, which now stood out tn It., '''^>' ^''^^mg parted from the route toW the Sea of SeroiTbcHn--tJ^i^^ expedition directed its observation wauiee, oi i ibeius, as the first point in their tour of i n II' i '' IM 332 GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS. 1847. «ia patient and povvc-rful animTS thev had hT" ^,f«'"PlishmentTn I od alonsr with it.s lioavy load upon i s b-ick^ On f '^'^If "'«"»''' A* only to niountc-d. The metal boa^ witJ. fh i •'* ^^ ^^^'^'^^ Bedouin, all wfi inoiuited on carriaires dnnn b h„I f Im&v!'""''"^' ""^1 J-nibling done snen':'.'"'?/^ «^ ' impatiunTe " far down the ^ri-en sloping chasm thfseTi of (^h .f t "I'^' «^°" «'»v below, Si^Ke.: and^J^-S<>;-'£^^^ consecrated by the presence of the R^eS- " '' '^''^^ '"^' ''"^ ^^olj 'ake? Sabhnnf h'°'"'"°^ to tradition, the disclpe, lucked M,' ^''"" l'^ ^"« "^'^ A^ld Sabbath day; yet nearer was the snot wl>o,l. *i o ^''.6 ears of corn upon the aslirub! uothmg but green grain jrrass -in H " ' ; • • ^o* a free! not dure. .... Ikvvoiid the lake and owrti.'^^^^^^^ clear sky the snovvy peaks of Mount Uemon """'"'"'• "'^'^ ""'J^^tic in the ^^4^l^^^Li;!J^:^ *7 ^ts, after some Galilee with their tlags flyin-r •' 8!,,^,'*?,: • ^Tt '"""(^''f'd into the Sea of Z^rr' f Tr ''''■ ^^'^^^^d up?n t is sea and ;w ''*"^ ""^' *'''' «« a solitary keel had furrowed its sirfne, •' i ' ""'',*""""">'• '"any years bu tion of his goods, Lieutenant Lyi Xrch.M!?! ?he'' 1" i"^^'"^' ''"^^anspo ta governed and listless inhabitants to .,vi?r',, " '^ ""''^' '"'■'" "'^•■•l 'h' the mis- lake which was tilled wi h fisb n?H .7"^ lake of til "riiT i was purchased for abouV tntyZ doTm's '^^l ''"''^' ^"/^ *""^- Slioa' merely to bring wood from l?e oiVos° e sic lo nV^i' ' TV' ''^' "'" "'I'abitams April the expedition started fronu o foot of t 1 ''.' '"'"', ^^" ""' l«tl> of descent of (he river Jordan Not w^bs?^,,, n .^ ^"''''' '""' f'omnicnced the T|berias, they could not procure aiy'dSenfo 'itT"'' ^'"'^^'"^ '"'l"'--}' "' They found, to their consternation^ tha he Tn,.?/:"" ''"'l'"'''^ course^by frequent and fearful rapWs In some a ''"' 'f '''■'"P'"! '° its out o d channels, to make new ones and somSLeffr'' ''''y.^""^ ^^ ^lear velocity down appalling descents So TrearwerfM ^^rlP^ with headlong down the river, that on'the second eveS tW J "^ d>' •eulties in passing direct line from Tiberias. So toituons /s fho . '^ were but twelve miles in a space of sixty miles of latitude, and "", or five 07').°^ •" /"'■•'^'™' ""'^ i" ^ least two hundred miles I On tli 18 h of Anrll h 'onfe^'tu'lp. it traverses at and found its northern shore nmensivi^i ^Y^' '"'''''"'"'^^ ""-' ^^^^ Sea. beyond, and the very type of desolation R,"".''"*^'"' ''''^'' '•' ''""'b' plain scattered in every (lirL^fion some cln^re^anrl''?:^ "1"^ *'V"'^« "^ tilel lav white with an incrustation of sal, The w. tei 'f i^'"'^ ^>' «'•«• otuers nauseous compound of bitters and silt As the ^Tn V" '?'' "'^^ fo"Dd a •'where there was no vegetatio, wtver fe^f f "^ "'V t'^^y found scenes J°^ks blackened by sulphurous depSits :„id ,n , ""I ""'V'' ^''"Sm^ts of dead trees upon its margin, all within the Jn.'. """atural sea, with low, sombre aspect." ° ' ^""'"^ "^'^ scope of vision bore a sad and 1847, ORE AT 1II8T0UICAL EVENTS. 333 Xcar tlie southern cxtromitv nf tiw. t^ i o low, from one to two fall om l-cn ivi,""' ^''"' f''^ ^'''''^^' became veryslml. or Sodom, tiny were astonLl^.iat^heS.::."'''''*^'^?'^ "lo.mtain of LWn ii'g apparently (ietaclied fron, heienJn^ n' '^^^ 'l"'-^' '"""'» I'*"'"-. «" "nd'- and abrupt cfmsm. •• We inimXte v V. u'l '• "" '"i'"' °*' « •'''''P. > arr nv Lynch, -and D,-. Anderson mdl wen\' ,"' '" ^*V "»-' >^liore, " s' iy.s J.ic,u sol , .shmy mud.inerusted will .s, t (u.d J, /.■•^""""^ it. The lH.,u;h wai To; If l"^^''''''^';'''"'^ ■•">'' flake o^t^^ so id sUt capped will, carbonate of Ih .. ; • > ■ .*""'"' "'•^' l''"ar to be of bt-h.m . The upper or r.aiude" p'^rt is I nn^ f ^'''^ '" ''""• "'"' Pvram ,1 ot oval pedestal, from f<.rty to i x v fee ^ 1 "'.i^' ''^^''i^^''. 'Vsting'on a k dec.,™ in size upward, cru^il £a 1 hmo "l i'"'' "^ "'^«'a- It slight y I '"■ , J^ '"»'■'"'• pillar is mentio e. ' ' '■ '""■ ''"'"■'' '"ass of cryi- by Inm, and he in his Ilistory express,' ti^^^^ ''avin- been seen one into which Lot's wife was h-ats o ^^ -a ''u- k J''* "^ '■'' ''^'"'" ""' i'l^'"ti<'a ni,^ on the borders of this reniarkable 'e iw ti ''•'".-'"= "^'■'•and encamp- l.tion assumed a dropsical appean ,V t£ 1 /'"'■'' """ "^' "'^■f'M'e- stout a niost corpident; the i a le f e^'t,.,, ""' '"','' '"'C'^""-' stout, and the over, the sIi.i,t,At sera cl kKen-l . n,l . •«;'.""%'l"rid and ru.ldy o > covered with small pustul. s Ti. ^'"'^^"'^ "^ >"a"V of the n-ulv u ,t ''c :f,. ''''^'',"',''^ L'.vploration^ ' Ve Lv •• '"^ t*'"' "f'^''' T-'Mdin!. taiefully sounded this sea determino,! i» ' ■^"^'^ Lieutenant Lvnch exa<^ topo^niphy of its shoi^s a" n d li:^'?''""'"' '"'^'f'""' 'a^'^' lo md velocity of its tributaries c ,1 eel, , In,.! teniperature. width, depth the wuKls, currents, changes of "h w „h^ "^ ll?:!,,"^, ''^'■'^ k''"!. and r^^^a ■•. 1 he uifcTcnce from the Bibl(. t , ib' ' •'^•","'^Pl't''-'f phenomena, and overw/tdnud ' hv the wrati, , ' Pn, "' '""''' •'•'asm was a plain s,mk d.na.;y character of our s.^nZ^, ^"''' ^^'^"(^i '> - -f-'-l by tile extrao,^ cmilieting opinions. One of tl.' ^^<'»t to Acre bng; the other by the lan.l om. n L U^'' ■"''"^^•■''''''' '" "" ^^'■'' ' » fnjm Acre they went to V'.y < i, \t ■ iV*^ command of I.ieut,.„,(„t 1) to the source o/^thelni;^'' i f 'j,,^';!;"' ^^"""t T^^or, Tiberias Be LS]- approached the Uter place mvfM, n..?;''"-T"'' ","*' "^''''"t- As they Ju y Lieutenant Dale lied at y?^l L ? Z^- ■'^'^'^'^"cd; and on the 2oth .'f fi I h"''''''*^ i" >ralta, where on the i^to An" ","'"","• ^'•"'» K^'i''"' eaSin n.'''*'f ''"" ^■'-■■'^^l^arkedfo7tho United' C''"' ""i *'"'?'''•'/ ^'"'"? eaiiv m December ^ uuitea btates, and arrived there Sem ;$-I«r':''^ "' S''"^-^- ""^ Churubusco. Sent 1'^ «, . ,"""^*''^anaLminibusco rm '' 14 1?°''"""° "f ^'^^ "tadel of Chapultepoo ^f. post and -^-^riv-[-— Ji-;.^^^^^ Mil i •. I 't It i 1 1 ! i , Hi; ,'1 'i! i4'l l> . »1 1347. saved the total destruction of Santa Anna's army, as under the cover of darkness the Mexicans fled, and at sunrise the American army entered the city, and the Stars and Stripes were soon iloating above the Halls of the Mon- tezumas 547 St'pt. 13 to Oct. 13. — Siege of Puebla, held l)y the Americans against the Mexicans. The Mexicans were repulsed by Gen, Childs 547 Oct. 9. — Huamantla taken by the Americans under Gen. Lane. Dec. 31. — The several ^Icxican States occupied by the American army placed under military coutributiou.s. War with Slexico ended. SPIItIT KAPPINGS. Great excitement at Rochester, N. Y., and surrounding country caused by mysterious knocks, noiises, and peculiar and strange demonstrations. The first appearance of these knockings was at Arcadia, Wayne County, N. Y, The fan 'ly where they first made their appearance fled from the house, and it was afterward occupied by Mr. John Fox. His daughters were the first mediums through which this mysterious agency professed to communicate. 1848. Feb. 21. — Death of John Quincey Adams, sixth President of the United States. Feb. '2. — Treaty of Guadalourc Hidalgo, by which New Mexico and Upper California were ceded to the United States, and the western boundary of Texas fixed at the Rio Grande. This war cost the United States nearly 25,000 men and $160,000,000. Feb. 18. — Gen. Scott relinquishes the command of Mexico to Gen. Butler, GOLD DISCOVKIIED IN CALIFORNIA. May. — Gold discovered in California, at Sutter's Mill, near Sacramento, by James ^larshall. The news soon spread over the State, and great excitement prevailed. All classes rushed to the mines. Ships were deserted by their crews. Soon the whole world was electrified by tlie report that a new Gol- conda had been discovered. Thousands i-ushed to the new gold fields from every State and from almost every civilized country. In a little over a year California had a sufficient number of inhabitants to entitle its admission as a State. The city of San Franci.sco grew up like '^Jonah's Gourd." Its streets were soon thronged with daring and reckless adventurers from all parts of the world. Gambling became tlie daily pastime of the idle and the success- ful miners, and murder was of almost dailj' occurrence. Vigilance committees were appointed, and for five years justice was administered in this manner with telling effect. In 1856 law and order was established, and for many years California flourished, and was the great El Dorado of the West in point of mineral wealth, agriculture, and general prosperity 549 rEHFECTIONISTS, The Oneida Community, in the State of New York, another Socialist order, was established, also a branch at Wallingford, Ct, This is a religious com- munity of very peculiar ideas, among which are "personal holiness," "com- plex marriage?' " community of goods, " etc. They are a very industrious and peaceable community, and in point of wealth are a success. But they number, after nearly thirty years' experiment, less than four hundred mem- bers. Missouri Compromise repealed 553 Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore were elected President and "Vice- President, I 1 1848. i849. 1860. Corner-stone of Wasliington Monument laid. fo?nk ^■~^'"''^ '^'-'P^''^ "^ California gold in the mint. Great rush for Cali- fiS"^^ ''ij^ni^m ^"^^^^ *? ^J'^^^'^^^ Apostle of Temperance, to the United labirs "^ converted to total abstinence principles tlirough h^ President Taylor issues a proclamation against the Cuban filibusters. Cholera again visited the United States, spreading far and wide- the victims in St. Louis and Cincinnati numbering 8,000 each vicums Great riot at the Astor Place Opera Jlouse, instigated and led by the friends of Edward I-orrest, the great American tragedian! upon the attempt of Mac ready, the emment Engfish actor, to play upon the boardsof tStheatre Great fire in St. Louis. $3,000,000 lost. United States gold dollar first coined. Parliament House in Montreal. Upper Canada, burned down by a mob Constitution forbidding slavery adopted for California. States'" ^^•~-^^^* °^ "^*™^« K- P«'k, eleventh President of the United staSanS'^oS^'^aroliJ^ ^^''"^" ^"^^•^^'^' '"^ -■"-* ^--- OKEGON MARKET FOR 0IRL8. 'laSpS"^ nf^fnn"^ *!'*' Donation Law. giving cvovylbona Jide settler of Oregon 320 acres of and; also, giving the same amount to a wife, upon conditions of settlement upon it within a given time and remaining fouV years Very soon nearly all the girls over fourteen years of age were married off anJ old maids were scarce in Oregon. """nt,u uu, ana UNCLE TOM's cabin. "Uncle Tom's Cabin," a novel written on slave-life in the South and fX^ri V}'^ ^"''T^ ^''f This book caused great excitement S over the North, and was extensively read in the South It was translated a nH sold n every civilized country' on the globe, and wa probaWv u'e most popular and sensational novel ever written piwuuui^ me most M^rb%:nIL'& pTowarS^ "^^'""^ ''^ '''' ^'^''^^ ^'^'^^ '' ^-^-^' FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW. . Passage of tlie notorious " Fuf/itive Slave Late," introduced by Henrv Clnv in his great -Omnilms BiU." This law made every foot of free soil upon th{^ llrf Republic a hunting-ground for slaveholders to hunt fugitives who had escaped from a life of slavery. And every citizen who aidfd orl7arborPd fugitives was subject to fines and punishment. imrbored July 9.-Death of Zachary Taylor, twelfth President of the United States Defliven n^Pp *i°°i|-°*^^^'''"' ^'''^•'' "?'^^'" command of Lieut. E. j' Burgeon ' ''°*' accompanying the expedition as naturalist and JENNY LIND. *^. ^^^^^■'^^■—^^^^y'i^md.the " Sioedish Nightingale: gave her first oonrprt in ui-u, ..i!ii M«, ...rnaaidsra excceauu anyihmg ever witnessed it a nnhlip nnr^n^U ordramatic enterUinmeut in the United States. She gave one huKd conS n < J f.r 'j^ 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. iiuder ('nj,'iijj'cment nnd direction of P. T. Barnum, in all the large cities of the Union, involving nearly u million dulhirH in total receiptH. The first ticket for h(!r N(!vv York concert was j.incliiiscd by Ucnin, the hatter, for which he paid law. The procccdM of this concert were devoted to charitable ohiects Ossian E. I)od^r(. puid |(j2.> An' a ticket in Boston. The liighest price paid for a ticket to anv of her concerts was $050 by Col. Wni. C. Hoss of Provi- dence. During her stay in Washington she was visited by the' chief and eminent men of I he; land, and the most distingnished honors were paid her in every city that she visited. When .Jenny Lind bade adieu to Anu'riea she bore the hearts of the American people with her. Never before had prima donna, or queen of song, so tlioronghly captivated the whole nation, as did this plain, simple Swedish maiden with her pin'e, sweet nature, and her miparalleled gifts and sweetness of voice and heart. April. — Erie Railroad completed. July 4.— Corner-stone of Capitol e.\ten,sion laid, Daniel Web.ster deliverinjr the oration. * Return of the Grinnell Arctic E.xpedition. Dr. Kane reported having dis- covereil an open i)olar sea. Reign of Vigilance Committees in California, which jjroved effectual in checking crime and restoring order and public safely to tlie citizens. A panic, caused by false alarm of "tire," occurred in a New York public school, contaming 1,800 pupils. Nearly 50 children were instantly killed by suiTocatiou, and many seriously injured by jumping from windows, and from fright. June 29.— Death of Henry Clay, an American statesman and orator of great ability and renown. Oct 34.— Death of Daniel Webster, LL.D., an American statesman of creat renown. ° First street railway in New York. Whig Convention in Baltimore. Gen. Winfieid Scott nominated for President, and Mr. Graham of North Carolina, Yice-President ' ^!-,q Au^.— Free Soil Convention in Pittsburg, nominated John P Hale for President, and George W. Julian, of Ind., Vice-President 550 March 4.— Franklin Pierce inaugurated President. TREATY WITH RUSSIA. Treaty with Russia gujiranteeing neutrality of the United States in the war of the allied powers of Europe against that power, and recoguizin« the nron- erty right of neutral nations wherever found 7 , .5,51 E.\ploration for a Pacific Railroad. KNOW-NOTniNGS. American or Know-Nothing Society formed, which carried the elections in nearly all the Northern States, their watchword being, "Putnoiie but Amer- team on guard." ' ' Let Americans rule America. " Prohibition law passed in New York and Pennsylvania 552 Feb. 28.— American mail-steamer Black Warrior seized at Havana. March 31.— Commercial treaty between United States and Japan signed.551 Stephen A. Douglas' popular sovereig ity or Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed TFhich caused great excitement in Congress and all over the country 00a I i ',]•« ' I. (J HEAT IIISTOHWAL EVENTS. 337 18S4 tfl 1855. 1853. 1856. Virtu.il .•.•|)..al of tlic A[i.ssouri Coinprotnise ..„ ihiioitS;;,';;."'''' """ "'""'" «""™™"'« "■« «"«"i.u„',ccn;iv;;;; sAubr"""' ""'™'' f^'P" 1° "■« Ml"«'"«i|>Pl valley o„..,,.cr„lc,l ,.. Oct. 24.-Sii()w in Louisville, Ky., tmd Nushvil!,., Teun" IJlt. 3;3.—BritisIi discovery .sliip AVwy^/^., iibaiKloiiwI In tlw. a-^h a . her crew, was l,ro»glit to N.'w Loniloa, Ct./lJy u whuLr. * ^^ nOGSAC Tt-\XEI,. of A.lun.s i„ ,1... nm1l^^vestem S'^^^^^^^ 'I "'T"' '?^'""'';"- "'■'"• 'l.e town Cenis Tunnel lln-.,u.vh i^ s ,) " \l i '^f'^ •''!''^<'t'«; an,l-excep( the Mt. admits «f two lines „T n.ilr, , 1 ir.in' Ft' ! n -r''' "'"'t'^ f*-'^'' '"-''• '""• i/ins a loan Cf llie State 'ii;,'' .'"^n^ "'", '^'""' I'i'^^''"' «» Act author- S.jteassnn..dU.en,ire;;:;ll^;;ii;;tncl'con.;:;iof'S John Brown's victory at Ossa wattomie. ^ Ocean telegraph projected. Rci)ul.lican party established. There were thren ,, „ t. campaign, I)enu)cratic, Know-N^)thnraT. l/e hi *? '1^^ V^h.-Context for Sneaker of t e Hon '^ '"'''""" (o'' Free Soil). months, settled l,y placing Xa.hanie '.nksofTl'''''"/''' '''''• •''^^""'^ ^^^ April n.-are.t hridge across the Mis.; -j:;^:; tZS^i^Il^r- ASSAULT UPON SUMXEU. SeScimmbcr.Sioned^^^^^ Charles Sumner in the ernm^lin Kansas a'n Jet oT'rdif uior'"'"^ '^'^ '"■™^''"" °^ " ^'"''O State Gov- b/Ju^ l>;;™nS!'.?'.'''"- ^'^"''^^-- «•- ^n^;,; Envoy at'TVa;hingto^ ident. The two important planks n the mvnl'^' j^- .Dayton. Vice-Pres- anti-polygamy ' " ^"° "' ^^ platform hemg anti-.^davery and preserved. ' ^ ^ iiniUlo diver. Its contents were well Aug. 10.— Lost Island, a summer report -vn «i t • • during a violent .storm of three .lays;' nTperso^s wSst" ''''''' ^"'''^^^Sed Aug. 21.-Famous Charter-oak at Hartford blown down." ft f 1 f I i&iti. 1857. .t^?'^^'',T'^''" '(^■'•"'«'« piinliH8('d from ifH (liwoverurH, and refitted bv the United Stutt'H, iH pr.wMiud to tlio BritlNli Oovernmeiit, iit Portsmoutli Enir- land, hy Ciipt. llurtstfiii, ou hulmlf of the United States. ' (Jrgani/iilion of the Fenhm Brotherhood under the name of the Emmett Monument Associiitioii. JMiireh 4.— Jiunes Huchanan inuugurult d PrcHldeut. with John C. Brecken- ridgo tor Vice-President 5^3 DHKU 8COTT DECISION. March 0.— Tlie famous Dred Srott Dcci.sion. by Chief .lustico Taney was made Itnowii ; u paH.saj;e in wliieli tiiese worcis found exi)resHion, " Slaves have no rights which the wlwt(! man is liound to respect," and which were gener- ally attributed to that docununt for their origin, but which the defenders of Judge Taney claim was but a iiuotation of the Henfiments of the iieonle at the tune liie coustUutiou was wrilteu _ 553 First attempt to lay the Atlantic Cable. It was coiled upon two vesaels, tlie United blates steamship Ai„,/.,ra and the British steamer Agamemnon. Ih'y proceeded to mid-oeean, and each vessel sailed towarrl its respective country, layuig the cable. After the wire had twice broken, the attempt wiw abaiK oiied. but renewed again, the end being fastene' - -- -•'ming major. vi^o?ia'J. pSSChS.:;;!* "™" "'^ A;hu;tic*i,^;;a..io-fro„;-QuS f Ai;^;;:;^;;t.:rsrii';^'-TS;?*Vrj?S;r- ^^ii^^' ^^-^^^ «-ntor ick was nmrially woundwl and died ^tlie (.1." "^ """ ^""''- "'•"l^'r- und landed in Sacramento ^''"'- ^'-'''''y '-"^''Ped on a .teamer John 0'Maho„ey/X£Sf "ilSr;.: ;^er''i;:,i::1-''^^ ' "«-^y of Feb. lO.-Trcaty between United Statl,! and Parw. '"' ^'"'^'■^- wells was 5o.401.3l; bbi^llf 40'^;i'''';, J' ^"■'^^ ^'■'"" "'^' ' '""^^ Worcester's large Dictionary published. ' freedom. " and that, whe^i th . w ^ . ° *'"''" ^'P''^^ '"-' '^ ' ' watchwor 1 for rm «njl assert their iS y Hjfn n^ ^^ ' rV'^' .""'^' ^^'"'"'1 »»""'"" "5 v more than those of a gSal ora nvn"" ^'H ^'>°'^' "^ "» i"s"..e n incf handful of men, of whom^Pvnnf experienced statesman. With a tth taken P'nlanthro^ilt^L'naScfnv^deltl.^'sr^'^^ ?"{l'^" -"'"red. this' "J m eaptunng the Government Armorvti'i- ^^ °^ ^ '"^ '" ""'' •'*"^^«''^ed of arms and ammunition, the railroa?lbrr!"^f ?>'""'".» "" ^'^''t quantity of the Arsenal, th,. .v^noh^J.^l^T^^^^^^^ Inquired as totlu' ohjc'crof hk procmlimS"^''"''"'"'- J'' '^ Prisoners; who To the questtou by what authcj^l^^^^^^^— -J^;' T^^^--; 30 I n, Conn., ania oil- .: -j *^^*w^«yi4ia^fefei4^H^ ^' of (,(1(1 Aliiii-lity. Brown swrncd to bo impicw^scd witli tlic idea that God had chos,-!! hmi to he the iiistninicntality in frecin- tlie m'-rocs from slaverv boon tliu tKhnus spread, and an arniud for(.'G appcarfd. ' Tlicv attacUtid the engine house where Brown and his associates were gathered, anti were repulsed by the bravo old man. hovoral were kilL-d on both sides. Great excitement prevaded. Military companies arrived from dilferenttjlaces. The news spirad to Washington, IJaltimore, and Kiehmond. aad produced the wildijst exeitement, and trooi)s were instantly ordered to the scene of action Col. Robert E, Lc^e, with a comiiany of United States JIarines and two field-piecos, was sent from W'asliington, and with their combined force Brown and his men were tmally captured. He was greeted with execrations and one of the Government ollicors struck him with a sabre several times in the tace wiieh knocked him down, and another soldier ran a bayonet twice ]nt(3 the body ol the ])n)strato old man. But he was protected ffom further violence by the soldiers Ho was immediately indicted for treason and mur- der by the \ irgmia authorities. Ho asked for time, on account of his .severe wounds which was domed, and lie was tried on the 26th of October in htu^T^- ] 'V / wl" '''''."" ""'t J^*" *° "'* "I^' l"y "P"" '> n>"ttress during his tr al, which lasted three days. He was found guilty of the chai-es prss. He is cool, collected, and indomitable, and inspired me with great trust in his integrity as a man of truth." Two of his .sons wore .shot and eleven of his men were killed; four escaped and the rest wera taken pri-soners. Upon tlie arival of the hour for his execution lu> walked coolly and calmly out ot the jail, his countenance radiant and his stop elastic. A colored woman with a child in her arms, stood near. He paused, and stooping, kissed the child. The colored people, as he pas,se(l, blessed him. His proud anc manly bearing as he ascended the scaffold and calmly gazed about, liiiii and his great courage and in.sensibility to fear, lilknl even the armed .soldiers wiin amazement.^ His tirmnoss and courage continued to the last. He died like a hero, winning the admiration of the military, the sheriff, the jailor and the undertaker. 1 he citizens were not permittetl to witness his execution His body was sent to his family at North Elba, N. Y., whore an elonuont eulogy was pronounced by AVendoll Phillips at the place of burial. .... . .553 KANS.\8 FREE. Dec. 6. -An undisputvd election was hold in Kansas under the new Consti- tution, and Republican ofhcers and Members of Congress elected 553 GHEAT BO^ANZA MINE. Comstock Lode originally discovered by James Fennimore, known as '•old f '"»cy, who, not knowing its value, .sold it to P. Comstock for an old, bohtailed Indian pony and a quardily of whisky. Comstock himself bi'iim' Ignorant of the immense value of the lode, disposed of his entire claim lor 1859. I860. GlihJA T IIISTOliWA L E VENTS. g^. some $4,000 or '55,000 Wllifll nrnnnrtir i„ 1 ., than $1,000,000.^ U u er t^! m ^[X.Si'it ^,f '^ '''i'\^^;?''' '^^'^ ^^' more proved to IX. tlie nehest .iver mhrcfiu the workl.°°'' * ^ ^"''''^' '' ^'^^ «»^^« K-MHASSY FItOM JAPAN. that empire. The Amba.ssa.lors were tSrt wiH, l?. ''"^ nationahty by ernment onicials and the .'itizens of Wa.shi . 'o ^Th/n'"' r ^'X '^'"i ^°^- dress, customs ami inanners excited mudieiu-iosity. P'^^^^^l'-^rity of their PRINCE OF WALES. Tour of tlic Prince of Wales throurfi the Uniterl ^fnt^c tt where received with n«u-ks of RKpt^t and disHmfl.,, ''i .P ^'? every- hospitalities of the nation and IXH)p\c ^IxtcI^S U. him ''"" "'^^ounded p Expedition of Charle. Francs Hall to the Polar Sea m search of Dr. cam{iStS-i;?7^^'^s:^';:rSKi,;^ ^"'•'?^**'"'. ^- ^•' ^« ""--^to 554 CHICAGO "WIGWAM." I.nc.n_....,^eilem:i';^^^^ a JtSaiiJith,^ J S^i;;^:^i;i;t^^^^^^ "r " "> ' --entio!! of Massachusetts, for Vice-President ' *°'^ '^'^'^1*-'"^' '""1 Edward Everett, 554 DOUGLAS NOMINATION tti. country. oVV&o'oVS Sil-fSS.""""' "' '"" "'"" '™' '"«»™ '" ELECTION OF LINCOLN. f0I^Tc•efc4{2'''^nif'?^'^'''''^''^^^ ^-'t'' H'^"ni''al Hamlin siouinhui^es^iKc^-X,-J^i-;^i^n- U-l ^1 jn ! 342 GREAT niSTOltlCAL EVENTS. hold property in slaves whSavery does or m "f ,S.' V/ ^^T'^^^^^'t *•" protection by Congress in this riffbt in all th^^r -w ^ ^^' '"./^vpr of their States; andil, hi favor of thc^-ilit of t . m f ?^ "'"'^ admitted as SECESSION OP SOUTH CAROLINA of''srckf^o;;:^Z'TdTred1he Szu^e^'o?' tho'^F T^'*^,' ^''^'"^ ^ ^^-'^-^ limits of the State ''^ "'"^ ^"'^'"'''^ property within t ,=i duSi^re'-;»^Sbi^^^ ^^'^'^'^ «• ^-««- -^ wasmensively'ufel SECESSION OF THE SOUTH. 1 861. Jan. 9,— Mississippi joined the seceding States 554 Jan. 11.— Florida passed a secession ordinaace '554 Jan. 11.— Alabama passed a secession ordinance. 554 Jan. 19.— Georgia united with the secession States ".'.".'.".".". 554 Jan. 26.— Louisiana joined the seceding States ■■........ Soi FIRST ACT OF REBELLION. Jan.— First overt act of the Rebellion was the firing upon the Governmonf steamer Star of the West by the South Carolina State froops . . ^"'''^'"g'g"] Feb. 1.— Texas joined the seceding States. Morth-;;StcSTsIeS&^^ ''^^'T''- '"'''''''' ''''"'^ Alabamt7?H 'S' /'°'" "'•" '"'^"'^'"S States assembled at Montgomery' Aiaoama and formed a new compact, called the "Confederate Sh p« nf America." and established a Provisional Government whJcff^^^^^ a^ President and Alexander H. Stephens as Vice-President . ^ , Abraham Lincoln, the President-elect of the United ^tntp/i^VtYloT ho!FJt^f-' ?'••• T"^ '''' sorrowful' and univ^rs r^rcg et^l^ railt\roo7st^d ried-r;^? ^"^''^•^"* "' *^« '''^^^^ States.' ' ' H^ Feb. 32. — The President tarried in Philadelnhia to nlont h,o fln„ ^t .1 Umon upon the Hall of Independence, but thefcrhilSmYn BfltliS 18 IL= lendment of e-holders to Ivor of their admitted as slaves who the Fugitive adment was to the Gov- 554 pro-slavery 554 1 ordinance within t ,a .......554 ract'-d state 1 the slave- e failed to 554 liers, trans- r, to Fort nmediately ide to pro- 554 sively used 554 554 554 554 554 )vernment 554 s from all 555 itgomery, States of ion Davis 555 his home !crc't fore- ater upon 555 ,tes. He ag of the Baltimore Feb. 26. -West Virginia was admitted into 'the Union." ." .' ". .' .' ." \ \ [ [ [ [ [ [ [f^l INAUGURATION OP LINCOLN " ••.. 555 SEIZURE OF SOUXnERN FORTS. The South seized the most of the defensive fortifications within their bor- over 3, 000 guns, and costin;.' $20 000 000 •e seized. too-i^liPr nHti, ti„."„T*:...' , ."'. _"^j '8. 555 ders, some 30 in number, mountin Also the Also the navy yard and arsenals were seized, ogeTherwitirtl,.nHrr.'"" the frontier, with all its equipments, revenue emitter, m tS .,w.n « ™^' and sub-treasuries. amonutin|to 120.000 000 more ^u^tom-housw SUMTER BOMBARDED. . April 12. — Bombardment of Fort Snmtor r>nn -n^ from all the torts and battels Edmmui .?2„ T'v"'''''^-''P'°^^ ^^^ haired old man. flred the first crm AfnT \Li > ' o^^'i-ginia, a white- men, and without an oi nee of Cad i^ siot n^l'/'w' ^^J" /^'"^"'"'"l °^ 34 hours, Capt. Doubleday fi -1.^ fie fliNt ^nn ii^ ^''-'f?nd«d the old fort fire from 47 heavy guns a^id mo?ta ? tfirovvfro 3^0 ZTandoS TT^"]^ the fort, during which not a man was hui{ ^ \ f ^ , . T^^,*^ '^'"^ '"^ burning for several hours the i i'..rr,!„n ", ;., '^^' < ''^ barracks had been gates of the fort destroy.,! Ilm" Si Nx),i s, vr^f '* ,^^ '^' '^"'^ ^^'^ "^'-^i" but only upon the niostionombi conditions ''"* '^'' ^'''' ^« ^1^^' ''^^'^^>^' o56 LINCOLN CALLS FOR 75.000 TROOPS * enlist ^ '"^^"^^^ I'^'i^l^'''. to meut, andhewasreplaccdll; ien Lyon'''"'^'"*"' ^^' '^"^ ^''^^'^^1 Go^ern- May 13.-Gen. Butler occupied the city of Baltimore.' .' .* '. '. '. ." .' ! ." .' [ ." .' .' .' JS ■WEST VIRGINrA REPCDLVTES SECESSION. Of lhfsS?.°'':'. ";'!*;".. ^°'^^;'";'°°' '^"'^ ^°™^"y repudiated the secession R.^R^. ^*!"."r.'^^'. ''!'.'|' ^"'^ '^^"■'-'i "^"'^iff-^^ «^" t'jie Baitimoi-e "and oJ^S LySdTe'JIlretToS rnv- I^°"i\^-''«;lFf<^nded by its commandant; Gen field. 111. ; "- Government, and its contents transferred to sjiring. 5o7 CONTR.VBAND. roe^^co,np;«ed™f S'o!)o',-nw'?°"'^''",'^ ?^ ^}'' Union forces at Portress Mon- Butler protected some ?,,;! '"T""'' ^'"V'''l.° P'""^^'^ i^^'"^"""* ^o'^li^rs. Gen. order of tlSi?";'i"5S.«5;r^V *" ■^'"•render them to the Mxv "4 _in onn !• '1*''''^""- •^" '^'''"'l Property contraband 553 Bcott '^^^ ^"'°" *''°°P'' advanced into Virginia by order of Gen. FREMONT IN rOJTMAND. He^took^iTornSresV° "? command of the Wcs' era Department. Eoperty ofTheTeb'Sr Lo%£ir^" ,vr%t%5s^ W Department, .ud was shortly up\m.dld%y Hunter"' ^'"'^"^^ "'^^ '^'^ secession 556 nd Oliio 557 sas also 555 nt, Gen. Sjiring- . . . .5o7 1861. a acquired. 3. To hlocrade K,itS^^ «f ^o be •• Wayward sisters, .0 in ,,^:^:^^'t'l'''^^eo;;,;i:;ZS^^^^^ Pa';'to \^^^:'::':!^^''' ""•^ ^'^"^'^^^ ^™- Chamber.sbu,-g. Junel.-The Savannah, a rehol private;;/ capiu^;!' a Unim; 'myrchant^ 561 STEPHEN A. D0rGL.\8. a nomination alsrSn i^l8i^^ V?/^\'l-,^™' i'-^'"'" "^ l^^^' '""1 '''^^'eived of loyaltTto t J Governme t t/r.^^^^^ '" 'T'f '^' ^t'-"»^?^«^ ^'-''^'i" J in tli^ir smuggle to SZ its Union.''' '" '^"^P""^^' ''' "^ ""'^''^ ^^^f^^de^s June 11.— Battle of Romney, Va. June 14.— Jolinson evacuated Harper's Ferry bc;!rsidrs'?cTr;.S;r'""'^'''^^'°- ^'^""'■"^•^'••' ''^^^ •-•ft'^'- f^"'- fours' action. June. -Battle at Fairfax Court-IIouse ; the enemy driven out -5-^8 i;;;; 4 coT "" '^"'.''^"^^'••^^'' "^'"'-'^'^- ^* «'= B^ethei rXd::::::::558 JulJ 4. -Congress met in sp.jcial sussiou ^ 5.— Battle near Carthage, Mo. " 11.— Battle at Ricli Mountain, Ya. " 18.— Battle near Ccntreville, Va. T , "t-I,L RUX DEFEAT. attacla>(l tlio main lioclv nf .i,„ , ' ! V,^'^,'P'^i^ "'"^J''*' '™*-'y volunteers, bravely, and t le "n v w .-o ^''', ",' I^"».Rnn. The recruits fough brigade, tluy rcne we ^1^ '-'-<^'l by Jacksoli's gained the pla e",, wl... n.^r ^'"^ ^ '""" "'"OP^ fo"S'l't Sallanlly and Johnston^sarmvu;cl^;!"I^,. i^^S^y ^[•'■^V'''''" '•^■'"fo^'^"' ''>' 'Tosejh E. after thirteen hnuirlr. ^ .• ^"' '''^ ■■ "'"" "•'■"3' now began a retreat denlv a" ra , 'c p nic sdznd' ^Tn^ "V^^='^'i"p ^-'^ '^^"«> reintbrced. Sudl evo.ything beid£i'uL,^''t w" baS t e ..^^i^^;" ^j^'^ t"!?^"' '"^^'"l the Hume wliirhhoniTi,.H tw.V.^i .1 ^^"- ^- J--T'ieksoureeeiv«i him liv one "5" ^ ^m''':,''. """"S''".",' "'? ^V'"-- Stonewall .Taeksrai "-siven h//„!.f^, T 1 . ^5-lbroadside of the -6?. Lawrence. 558 ■ -.-. ^..i. ^ ouci sauK at tne nrst hroadsi( July, -Stonewall Jackson invaded JIaryland ' » 1 :it i ,1 f!!l!l' 'ia^^iwSfeS.^UMtt*-'.***.,- GREAT IIISTOIilCAL EVENTS. 1861. July. -Battle of Laurel Hill. Gen. McClellan, with Gen. Rosecranz attacked the rebel forces under Generals Garnett and Pegram, driving them across the niountams to Monterey 557 Aug. 10. -Gen. Sigel repulsed and Gen. Lyon killed in battle at Wilson's L/lC'L'K. .... ^ ^ KRC\ Aug. IC— Gen. Butler succeeded by Gen. Wool. Butler -^•"^"'"^'''"■'^'"'^"t of rebel forts— Ilatteras and Clark— by Gen. Aug. 29.— The forts surrendered by Com. Barron 561 " 30.— Fort Jlorgan abandoned by the rebels. 31.— Fremont issues a proclamation freeing the slaves in Missouri, burned ^•~^^'"^^'^'"'' ^^ Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad; Platte bridge Sept. 10.— Battle of Carnifex Ferry, between Generals Rosecranz and ^oyc. A short but severe action took place, resulting in the retreat of a loyd m the night _ gg^ Sept. 13.— Rebel privateer Judah destroyed by the Federalists, Rebels twice defeated in attacks on Cheat Mountain, West Virginia. Col John A. Washington, proprietor of Mount Vernon, killed 7 558 Sept. 20. -Col. Mulligan surrenders Lexington, Mo., to the rebel Gen. i'l ice, after fifty-nme hours without water. Loss, 2,500 prisoners and a large amount of gold. ° \o?a^^' ^■~^'^"'® °^ ^'■^'^° ^^^'^'■> ^^- I^ebels defeated with considerable Oct 5.— Rebels attack the Union troops at Chicomacomico, N C but were destructively shelled by the gun-boat Monticello and driven off. The SamnnaJi captured by the U. S. brig Perry 561 Oct. 9.— Rebels repulsed by Wilson's Zouaves at Santa Rosa Island. .*.' .561 Oct 11.— The rebel privateer Nashnlk ran the blockade at Charieston and burned an American merchantman in British waters. Oct. 12.— Repulse of the rebel ram and fireships by the Union fleet at S. W. Escape of Slidell and Mason from Charleston. Oct. 21.— Battle of Fredericktown, Mo. Jeff. Thompson's flight 560 Oct.— Lexington, Mo., recaptured by Union troops. Gen. W. T.Slicrman appointed to the command of the Kentucky forces over Gen. Anderson .560 , 9'^\ f^-";;?'^"!^ ^^ ^'''"'^ ^l"^- Colonel Baker killed, and the Unionists defeated. The slaughter was fearful, and Gen. Stone was charged with inef- ficiency. ° Oct. 29.— Rebels defeated at Springfield, Mo., by Zagonyi. Nov. 1.— Soldiers' Aid Society formed at Detroit. 2.— Gen. Fremont superseded by Gen. Hunter, and his body-guard, coniposed of the best material and enlisted for three years, mustered out by Gen. McClellan •; ggQ Nov. 0.— Gen. Grant attacked Gen. Polk, routing and burning his camp, capturing the guns, and driving the enemy to the river. Gen. Polk rein- forced took possession of Columbus, and caused the retreat of Grant, who saved his arms. Union loss 400. Rebel loss 800 .560 1861. L lai^SeStS'""' "" ^"'^ '•''''-^ "^t -ith full pay. and McClel- 562 SLVSON AND SLIDELL. bS 'e;;£;P£,:^ill;: SSir^::^J'^J-^^ ^^l on board the stcanvsliip .San Jacinto. They S b o tS^^^^^^^ '"''"' ^" '^^ DuliJ "^ ""''"' '»""'"*'' «"'! r^o employed hui Feb. 33 six years. Fcl) — Fti'treat of rxcn. A. S before {Jen. (). M. :\Iitclicl, ville. bundrcds of whom lied eeiia, (akiiif? a large number of negroes whom the rebels had lr nine MccieiiL in hi^s sight. whiK;; XernriiiiiairrS/o^i^rhi?;;'"'^^ ""S negra ^^-^'™'»^''' ^''«»'^'- ■•"" <'"t of Ci.arleston by Robert S.nulls, a May 20.— McClellan within eight miles of Richniond May 23.-McClellan m position, live miles from Richmond 8tate;Ar^S;^"l£r'l!S:^-.Sl^.Sr^" ^"•" ^™"^- ^^^'^'^ ^!'^.T~S"m" ^i""!"' "'^'"'''^ '" Winchester: retreats to the Potomac. " ^?"~?ri'n ' ?T ?''""^ ^'"'■'"'''' '^'^ '•'^'^'-''^ evacuating 569 31.— McCleUan badly beaten at Fair OalIea(h' placed in conunand of the Army of the Potomac. June 28.— Hooker .superseded hy .Meade. " — Kehel General Early invaded York, Pa., and levied u large sum of money upon that place. June 29.— Meade advanced to South Mountain. — Longstreet mid Iliil march toward Gettysburg and order Ewell to meet them there. June 29.— Battles of Savage Station and Peach Orchard. Jiiiie ;i0.— I^lttles of While Oak Swamp and Charles City Cros.s.roads, .Teflf. Davis and Lee attending in person. L'nioii forces led by AlcCall. Franklin' and Slocum, reiiifoiced by Hooker late in the day. ' .June ;i0,— battle upon the .lames river, with Commodore Porter's lleet and Hemt/elman upon llw Held. .McCall captured, and the Union forces retreat to Malvern Hill on James Uivcr 571 July 1.— President Lincoln calls for 600,000 volunteers. , . ," —Attack of the rebels on Malvern Hill; their repulse and the decided victory of the Union forces 571 July 3.— Kvncuation of ^Malvern Hill— where the army was stroncrlv posted —by Older of Gen. .MeClellan. " "^ Tho Union losses during the seven days' battles amounted to 16,249. July 5.— :Murfrecsbor(), Tenn., captured by the guerrilla chieftain, Forrest. July 7.— Ualtle of Bayou de Cache, Arkan.sas. Gen. Curtis severelv deieats Pike. "^ July 7.— Raid of Morgan on Cynthinna, Ivy., and his repulse by Qreen Clay Smith. July 8.— Surrender of Port Hudson hy Gen. Gardner to Gen. Banks. . .578 " —Gen. Lee withdrew his forces to Ilichmoud. n.\LLECK GENEKAL-IN-CniEP. July 11.— Gen. Ilalleck appointed Commander-in-chief of the Union army at Washington. Gen. Grant succeeding him at Corinth 560 July l.'j.— ]\Iurfreesboro, Tenn., taken by rebels, capturing the garrison with Gen. Crittenden. July 14.— Gen. Pope takes command of the Army of Virgina, and issues an address. July 1-5.- Battle of F.ayetteville, Ark. Gens. lituns, Coilee, and others. Major Miller thoroughly Seating 1862, (fUEAT lIlSTOnWAL KVHSrs. '^bV, Jiiiv aa.- poiied, July 94. StiltCH. -Vicksh.iia- ,aual foinplckal iiiul f,mii(i usdc-ss. Hio^ro p„,m. MAIITIN VAN nunEN. -ncnih of Martin Van Umvn, ihu eighth Prpsidrnl of the Tnitwl Au.if. — .Major Foster, with a forcL" of HOO men at, Ton.. lM..k ,..,. ,i .■ . i by (;,.lon,.l,s jfluKluvs an.l ColT.e with a f..iT."fmrlv'>lit'^^;,'K^, "'''''" cavalry, and Oon. Ulunt in tnrn drov Collor L'ro^^^l.TflLlnsas line ""^' coiI^ut:;^':'!;^'"';':'^':'!:!"'!\?^';':^^^.;^^ '^'i'"'"" ""•» ^'t^upi-s orange w.fi"!fii iliT?:";, "*:":"' ":■'''■'■'' ^^"- ^^•^^'''"''" ^° '"'^'■^ ^ ^^^ ihop;.n;n:ub liebfl Ofu. Jell. Tliompson defeated with great less near MeinphVs vem.'^'' ^-^'''^^ •"■ ^*"<^'*'"*^ '"'^" "'•'•^•"''>. ''■'I''^H volunteering .should pre- Aug r,.-Uiisueee,sHful attack on Baton Rouge by the Confederates under Aug. «;-R';l';;l.';"n. !./.,..«. destroyed niiu-'vicksburgby Com! P^^t^f "^ ' M.■>...... Wl._l.** 1 n" ... ■" C„f&;,^:;*Sl,*.°'. .':™'*"'S ""«■«■' U-i"" oca. W. W. Averm and LonB»,Ll,,,m,iiahS\h™d"fforcM ""'' '" '« '" """<"? Aug, S»-!»--Poi» dctcalod „cn. Bull Ruu andCenmyjlte S by1i:!;;.li;T,?S,"' ""^ "^""'° '"^ -«'"«- Nc,»n.."Ri;i;„.„„dVKt SURRENDER OF MEMPHIS RACE BETWEEN BRAGG AND BUELL. Ge? P-^r WZ merr.l%°er^ ""^"^ '^^' °^ "'^ ''^'^ ^^'^'^^ Bragg and detained iy ^S^^.^ZS&^\S^^!!^J:^^^^ urn. tflil *l , > lh;*f ■ .i: Ill', «• x-a um im mm -i $t i I! 'Mi 1863 Buell attacks Bragg, and a desperate battle fought at Perryville Braetr retreats by night, taking an immense quantity of plunder, Bept.— Tiie Union forces suffer several defeats and quite severe losses from lU-ad vised expeditions into Southern Louisiana 579 f ^);P'- i.T,^'^"^'^ "f Chantilly, Va. Union army victorious, with the loss ot Gen. Phil. Kearney and the brave Gen. Isaac J. Stevens ,573 Sept. 2.— Gen. Pope sent to the North-west to conduct a campaign amiinst the bioux Ind'-ins ° " r-) Sept. 2.— Attack on the rebels under Col. Poindexter at Chariton" River by Col. Guitar, who drove them north, where they were met by Gen. Loan and again attacked by Gen. Guitar, who utterly annihilated the command. Sept. 3.— Gen. McClellan takes command of Pope's army. Sept. 4— Lee's army cross the Potomac at Poolesville, Md. General Porter was, in like manner, driven back upon Gen. McNeil by Gen '• if?""' *!"" compelled to disperse his command to save it from destruction Ihese skirmishes drove the enemy entirely south of the Missouri River where they remained during the war ....562 Sept. 14.— Battle of South Mountain, conducted 'jy McClellan, Gen. Hill aiding the rebel forces. Union arms victorious. Mai. -Gen. Jesse L. Reno lulled c~o O ( .J Sept. 15.— Surrender of Harper's Ferry to the rebels by Gen. Miles 573 BATTLE OF ANTIETAM. Sept. 16-17.— Battle of Antiotam. between Gen. McClellan and Gen Lee. Nearly 100,000 men engaged on (;ach side. Battle raged for fourteen hours, extending four miles along the line. Gen. McClellan was aided by Burnsidc' Hooker, Mansfield. Sumner, and Franklin; Gen. Lee by Hood, Hfll, Walker' and McLaw. The Union arms were victorious. Lee retreated across the Potomac, leaving behind 40 of their colors and 25,000 men either dead or taken prisoners. Sept. 19. — Gen. Griffin crossed the river by night and carried eight rebel batteries on Virginia Bluffs. Sept. 19. — Battle at luka. Rosecranz wins, against superior forces under Gen. Price, who retreats in the night with the loss of 1,438 men 574 Sept. 20.— Gen. Porter was ambushed by Gen. Hill and driven back to the river with great slaughter. Sept. 22.— Re-occupation of Harper's Ferry by Union forces under Gen. Sumner. EMANCIPATTON PROCLAMAIIOI, ISSUED. Sept. 22. — President Lincoln i.ssuesaprocl;imation abolishing slaverj'in all the States that should be in the rebellion on the 1st of January, 1863. Gen. Schofleld, in command of Mi.ssouri, was superseded by Gen. Curtis. Gen. Scholield, with 10,000 men, drove the Confederates from Southwestern 3Iis.souri 5(i;i Sept. 24.— Proclamation of suspension of writ of habeas corpus in military cases. Oct. 8-4. — Haffle at Corinth. Desperate fighting between Rosecranz and Price. A" Bunker Hili" encounter— the rebels throwing away their arms, and fleeing in wild disorder. The Uniou forces engaged nuniJ)ercd 15,700, and the Confederates 38,000 57,-» 1862. GREAT IirSTOJUL'AL KVEM'S. li Oi) ..574 ^-^^:ti^'''^::i Sj^-fc;? ^r^-^. division of huou-s Oct. -I}u,;Il .superseded by Muj-Gen. Rosecranz r It 7P,?- ^'"'^^ '■""'' "'"^ '''-'^'-'"^ »' Maysville, Arkl Gen. McClellun after repeated order.,, advances into Virginia. Nov. 8.-GenBurnside assumed command of the arnw of he Potomiin and began a rap.d march toward Fredericksburg. Gen. icieUan^Sd burnside's expedition . -So? l^:SSi.S;!:iiireStio:rtStt^^^ Goldsboi^ugh .n com. robel fleet and capture the forts' airmuif col .rr^"-,, *''7 d««foy tlio North Carolina. ' ^ command of the whole coast of w&?v%t" ""'""' '''''''' "" '''''' «''"• Marmaduke at Cave Hill. Ark. . anJ^ScfS'SLS: Sl^^£^ ^^:^ «»• Heron. Stem, aide to General Hindman, was killed ^ ^"'"^ '"™^' <^'^»- 563 BATTLE OP FREDERICKSBURG Dec. 13. — Buttle of Fi'ederiplcs!>nr'••■»»' "»<' advantage, and. at the earnest so idtuiS i, T^' "^'i^'"'"! to gain any from aclion, and at the oloTof tl . Si? jf '"« o hcers, Burnside wltl.drew The Union loss this 1 loodv d iv si^^^ T wounded, and nussing.'''&;'!f,o::,'';;'i-^ a 1=^.771, including killed.' BANKS SUPERSEDES RTTTLEK. Icj^^lig^SS ?0M slJdS'iSlni ?uLV^' '' NcwOrleans: But- of negroes. Ho collected *1 088 min 1° /-^ regiments and two batteries >ng the poor of the c,ty to the exC of ^^\Z T^^«"«T"''«°- '^f^er feed- to the U 8. Treasury.^ His ,i™lu S 3 '"^ VV"'^ ">«= ^'»''i"c« over a reward of $10,000 to be offered for M^S '^^^v and justice caused rebel of Charleston. 8. C. . . ^°''^ '^''^'^ «•■ *ili^e. by a leading First Issue of Greenbacks. ^^^ property to Geil. Van Dorii: of sluu-nml^Vrmi'"'' '^'''"'''^^ ^°^''^ ^^ vH^in^miaiiisisii •"'■"- "'-•Tiiillli.: 356 1862. 1863 I! GREAT IIIHTORWAL EVENTS. BATTLE OF MUBFREESHORO. Dec. 31 to Jail. 3.— Rosecranz defeats Bi'u-g after successive and exhaust- ing combats against superior nuiniiers. Tlie Liiion forces amounted fn ^W 40 000, and tlie Confederate 60 000. Union loss hm^XvS^l^^SS 2,800 missing. The killed and wounded of the enemy amounted to 14 560 Dec. -61.— Monitor founders at sea oil Cape Ilatteras. EMANCIPATION PIIOCL A I.MED. .^'^i*"' .^•~"^.''*'''^* Emancipation Proclamation announced to be in force. It was long contemplated, but as a "war measure" was delayed until a nrooi tious moment when it was annoui-^ed, and enthusiastically received it the North. By this act more than 3,000,000 slaves were made free Tt^xas" rl'tTwn^'fhi'i?.?'^'' f""'^'''''^ the Ma«sa<'husetts troops at Galveston. SeiSSlIfe""^'''""^"'^'^'-^^^^'^ "^^^^' t^.,o.^her^;';;f^«:,i , (jT'S I.YMAN BF.ECnEK. Jan. 10.— Lyman Bccchcr, D. D., died in Brooklyn, N. Y., at the an-e of yt-iirs. He was an American clergyman, and author of great eminnice and father ot Henry Ward Beecher and 3Irs. II. B. Stowe. Mr Beecher enjoyed a large popularity as an eloquent and able minister of the Gospel and bore an unblemished reputation. In 1833 he was called to the presidency of the Lane Iheological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio, which post he main- tained until his death. Jan. 11.— Gen. Banks attacks the enemy at Canipy's Bridge defeatiu"- them and destroying the gun-boat Cotton ." _' 57I Jan. 11.— Arkansas Post surrendered to Gen. McClernand. Jan. 12.— The gun-boat Ilatteras sunk by the rebel privateer ^^aJaww at Galveston i) I s Jan. 21.— Two rebel gun-boats captured at the mouth of the Sabine. . .57^ " 27— Bombardment of Fort McAllister, on the Ogeechee, by the Mon- itor. JNo results. •' Jan. 28. — Gen. Hooker succeeded Burnside over the Army of the Potomac. Feb.— Soldiers' Home established in Louisville by the Kentucky Branch Commission. Feb. 25. — Act to provide a national currency becomes a law. Feb. 28.— Rebel steamer Nashville destroyed by the Montauk on the Ouci'- chee River. March.— Soldiers' Home established in Cairo by the Chicago Branch Com mission. March.— Col. A. D. Streight was captured by Gen. Forrest, aftera runniiiir fight of nearly 100 miles. He was sent to Libby Pri.son with his men, num- bering 1,365. March 8.— Twenty-three rebel steamers captured u]) the Yazoo river. March 9.— Gon. Custer succeeded by Gen. Schofleld in command of the I)c partment of Missouri gg^ March 14.— Severe horabardmcnt of Port Hudson, and attempt by the fleet to pass rebel batteries. ,\ 4*H ,)7s 1 1883. GliEAT IIISTOniCAL EVENTS. SoT March 2O.-C0I. A. S. Hall tlef eatod Gen. Morgau, at >Iiltoii, igainst . . .570 iiu :£".?ff ';?£iiL^«^'"P' ^y Com. Dupont to take Fort Sumter, with forces vastly superior to his own. . . April 7, serious slaughter to his tleet "^^f" ^,«~I'"' ^T '■'^"^'"'^ ''^ ^'"'^^"'^ "i' Go^-'^o'i G>'i"ger 570 April 27.— Chancellorsville campaign begins. n„„"n^^'r"9"'?^,-. ^'^''^•"' ""ackerl the rebel batteries of Grand Cnlf h„f ^^kS^:^S^ -^discontinue the assault, Port,^^.S"SSeS BATTLE OF CnANCEI.LOKSVILLE. 577 ^±ZS?{^}^r^ f°rce readies i^toa^ r""'"^' V^VLANDIGIIAM's ARREST. ride through Mississippi, """" """"" """■"'^ '''"'^^ ^^'er fifteen days' iS,iri:^K.ll!t!i^l^!sl'*™ f«^"i^^ly «xp^^^ sympalhy with thejouth, and for treasonable language against the military aiideivii-iidn^in: May 10. -Death of Stonewall .Jackson, sued'to Bi,;;? ulve"^ .^'!'?'''^' '^""°"- ^""^^^ '^^f^'^*"! V Grant, and pur- rebSTarS uiSS thdJ V^^'^'' ' ^^^- '^^ Crocker" d^feaimg 'SI Grant completely routes Pemberfon May 16.— Battle of Baker's Creek who loses 4,000 men and 39 guns May 17. -Battle of Black IJiver Bridge to Vicksburg. Grant capture May 18, Yazoo. ?.s 18 guns and 1,.500 prisoners. SIEfiR OP VICIiSBURO 15EGUN Gen. Grant clo.ses hi on Vicksburg and begins the siege r.77 19. -names' Bluff evacuated by the enemy V.i ^o.-Admiral Porter destroys 110,000,000 worth' of' pmpmy'up'uie i' i tl SDRIiENDEU OF FORT •^"°'',^i-~^°^* Hiudnian, or Arkansas Post, surremlcred to Gen. McClernand with 17 cannon, 3,000 stand of arms, suvcu stand of colors, 5,000 prisoner-; and large quantities of munitions. Gen. McClernand destrovcd the work«' imd returned to Miiliken's Bend r,;'^ REBEL SCARE. The rebels captured the Union rams Qticcu of ihe West and Indianola, but blew up the latter on the approach of a counterfeit ram— made out of a llat- boat, with pork-barrels for smoke-stacks, and inud-rurnaces—sent down tli<' river by Com. Porter ^-^^ Rebels under Lee moving North— Hooker starts to meet them. Henry Ward Beeclier visits England, and successfully meets the opposition to_ our Government amid vast and tumultuous mobs, silencing them, and winning applause mstead of hisses. June l-L- Attack on the Union forces under Gen. Afilroy at Winchester bv the rebel Gens. Ewell and Longstreet, with a large force. Milroy having biit a, tew regiments, maintained his ground until the afternoon of the 15th, when lie retreated toward Martinaburg. Four miles out, he wa.s again attacked, by another division, and his force routed and dispersed. Hundreds of his fugitive soldiers were taken prisoners, and the loss of arlillerv and wagons was extensive. June 15.— The whole rebel army enters Pennsylvania, and marches North to withm 13 mile,'! of Harrisburg. Great excitement prevails in tlie Northern States. President Lincoln calls on tiie nearest States for militia, and is promptly responded to. June 17.— Rebel ram Atlanta captured by the Weehatcketi after an enga"-e- ment of 15 minutes. " " 26.— Andrew Hull Foote died in New York. He was an Americiin Rear-Admiral, who served in the civil war with great distinction. June 28. — Gen. Meade supersedes Hooker. Lee's forces within four miles of Harrisburg. July 1.— Judge Cooley, of the New Orleans Bar, was shot in a duel by Col. R. B. Rliett, a political opponent. morgan's raid. July 3.— Morgan began his raid through the border States, capturing pris- oners_ and destroying property, and committing acts of depredation and hostility; robbing the mail, and plundering private citizens. He was cap- tured, with over 2,000 guerrillas, near New Lis'.ion, O., bv Col. Sliackh ford, and, with several of his officers, confined in the Penitentiary at Coluiii bus, from which he escaped in November, and reached Richmond, Va., and again entered the rebel service, and was killed the following year .5bl n\TTI,E OF OET'l'YSnXTnrt. July 1-4.— The battle of Gettysburg, between Gens. Meade and Lee, wa'^ one of th(^ most l)loody and liMnlfought battles v)i ;lio war. Tho armies were each about 80,000 stroVmr. They fouttlit desperately for tJiree days, but finally victory crowned \\w. Union arms. Total Union loss was 23,180. Meade cap- tured 41 ti.'igs ;itj(i 13,021 iirisoiiers. L(!(; made no report, bui, Ids supposed loss was 18,000 killed and wounded, and 10,000 unwounded prisoners. . . .580 1863 1863. SUKKENDER OF VICKSBURO. Ji,]v4._Vicksburg, with 31,000 men, sun-cndcrcd to Gen. Grant The Ciimpaign hud been carried ou with great vigor for several months' Tli.. inhab.tauts had been obliged to burrow in" caves and hol^s dug hi t e ground to protect them.selves from the ttery storm of shot and shell which continually poured upon them. Destitute of ammunition ami nece.s.wv provisions, the rebels at last capitulated. To Gen. McWierson was granted the honor of formally receivmg the surrender. ^ ..,'^H'l^^-~^"™°'!°'""^ P"^*^, Hudson, with 7,000 men, to Gen. Banks, and the Mississippi IS thus opened. M.\XIMILI.\N DECLARED EMPEROR OF MEXICO. July 10.— The provisional French Government, set up in Mexico by the ?nr"!nli^'''"1 ^''"^^T^^''^'^''' "^""''cnngSlo persons, assembled and declared rochimwi Ell '•" .'^^ ^°^'^™'"*^'^'' ^^^ Archduke Maximilian of Austria was Charlest(f'~~^^"' '^'^™°'"° ^'^Sins his attack on Forts Wagner and Gregg, July 13.— Lee recrosses the Potomac into Virginia. RIOT IN NEW YORK. July 13-15 -Great anti-draft riot in New York. The mob destroyed tho Draft-ofhco, burned the buildings and th.; whole block preve uKhe flro department from doing their duty. Marching through the d y t ev fook vol session ot. and destroyed every building wliieh^the Go'4'i men SliceS occupied, gainin,^ entire control of the city, and holding it f.^ four (lavs ISner I'^^Srd?'"''"'^ '^'-■''tea.and murdered inni.e mostiniuSii manner |2 .jOO.OOO damages were claimed, and the number of lives lost wii by'JheXr^^s'^^f 'p ^T '^' *" ''T: 'T^'^' """^ ^'^^ finely qu hi "i;i; by the efforts of Gov. Seymour and Archbishop Hughes, but chietlv I v il e un iring elforts of the police and the militia and the supprcSiou of tLXaS mX^^a^^^et'""' ^'''''' ''''' •^°°" ^m^^^^^^^a, and one rioter killed Aug. 16.— Rosecrauz begins his march upon Chattanooga. QUANTRELL'S RAID I\ KANSAS py^'ff;. m."'^''" ''^'^" '"''" '"'" ^°'^' ^^"S"'^'' "•"' tJi'egi? and Gilmom orcu- Sept. ().-,Surn..uIer o Cu.ib.rland Gap to Burnside, with 3,000 men. .583 / H t r -■-'^■**«*^'**»«*s»«&^^ BATTLE OF CniCKAMAUGA. 1863, ,, S^opt. 19-30.— Battle of Cliickamauga I'ouglit bj- Rosccranz and Gen. Bragjc Union army delealed tlie second day, and withdrew to Cliattanoo"-a except Gen. Thomas, who stood liis ground, with u few divisions, for sevmi'l liours jujainst the whole rebel army of 70,000 men, till night closed the bloody scene' The total Union losa was 16,351, and Gen. Bragg reported a loss 18,000. .582 SUEKilAN's MARCH. _ Oct.— Oon, Sherman, with his whole army, moved from Vick.slnirg south into Alabama, repairing the railroad and subsisting on the invaded country.588 Oct. 2.— A large cavalry force, under rebel Gen. Wheeler, crossed the lennessee and burned a train of eight hundred wagon.s— destined for Thomas at Chattanooga— at Anderson's Cross Roads, a large quantity of supplies at McMinuville and Warren. He was repulsed at IVIurfreesboro and Farming- ton, and recrofc.sed the Teunes.see, having destroyed a million dollars worth of Government property, but with a loss of 2,090 men 583 Oct. n.— President Lincoln calls for 300,000 more men. " 18.— Gen. Grant as.sumed command of the Department of the Ohio. Cumberland and Tennessee armies soon after arrived in Chattanooga 583 Oct. 20.— Gen. Thoma.s succeeds Rosecranz in his command. " 27.— Gen. Hooker encamped in Lookout Valley. " 28.— Hooker's forces take Lookout Mountain. First Sanitary Fair, for the relief of soldiers, held in Chicago, the net pro- ceeds of which were |72,000. First Fenian Congress held in the Uii.>'.;d States. Nov. 6.— Gen. Averill routed a rebel force, under Gen. Echols, at Droop Mountain 5gj Xov. 6.— Col. Shacklcford attacked at Roger.sville by Gen. W. E. Jones, and 750 men cajitured. Nov. 7. — Gen. Meade crosses the Rappahannock southv^ard. Lee retiring. Col. Woolford. with 2,000 men, attacked by 7,000 of Longstreet's men, and after fighting several hours. Woolford cut his way out, leaving his battery and 32 wagons, but .saving the most of his command 533 Nov. 17.— Longstreet begins the siege of Knoxville, occupied by Burnside. BATTLE OP CHATTANOOGA. Nov. 24. — Battle of Chattanooga, extending from Lookout Mountain, on the left, to Missionary Ridge, on the right. Hooker sweeps up tlie sides of Lookout Mountain and reaches the summit under a thick fog, driving the enemy down the precipitous eastern sides of the mountain, while Sherninn attacks the enemy's riglit at Missionary Ridge, and Gen. Thomas, with 25,00(», attacked the center bcfoi'e Cliattanooga. the battle raged along the whole line, and al midnight the enemy was in full retreat, leaving their strong posi- tions with (i.OOO soldiers, 40 pieces of artillery, and 7,000 stand of small arms in th(! hands of the Unionists. The Union losses amounted to 5,010; the rebel loss not reported : 533 Nov. 28.— Morgan, and six of his ofTicers, dig out of Ohio State Prison. " — Longstreet repulsed, with a lo'^s of 800 ,583 " 29.— Rebels repulsed, wilii great slaughter, in tlieir attack on Knox- ville. 'V 1863. 1864. aUKAT IllSTOUICAL EVENTS. S61 BANKS' EXPEDITION TO TEXAS:'. Gen. Banks" expedition into Texas HernntiirfN the n.iw.i r.^r-i^. i,^ , B.-azos Island. Point Cuhcl and Brown "KC;i'd^^s',S S^'e^ E'w^^^t o the Colorado. By order of the Government, Gen. Banks rductanUv abandoned Texas and returned to New Orleans. . ....... _" rtiu(,tan_u> Erection of the Great Organ in the Boston Music IIairthelar2'ea't""n«''m'nlf perfect instrument of its kind in America Its uw.iX u '^ f-!^ , i 5.474 pipes. Its cost was $60,000. '""''"''''• "^ ^^ *-'«'" '^ '" tons, and has Dec— Rebel Gen. Forrest raided through W. Tennessee, tanoo-a."'^'"''^''' '"'""^^ "'^ Rapidan. Grant concentrates his army at Chat- Dec. 5.— Longstreet raised the siege of Knoxville and moved east. . . 583 mer'lost.'"^''"''"'' ^^^^'"''^'^ ^•°'^'' •'^* ^^'^i' anchorage at Charleston, and 31 Sanitary Fair held in Cincinnati. Net proceeds were $235,000. Dec. 8.— The President i.ssues his amnesty proclamation. Virginia." ~^''°" ^^''""'^ ^^'^ ^^^^''^^^ ^^s* rebel supplies at Salem in S. W. Jan.— Second voyage of Hall to the polar seas. TK Ij-^'^'f ^'Pat'on anniversary celebrated by many colored people J^; J^2Si; -siTLEjs ssz:'S,^ ssfi^^z& ^ rroq „ii^?' 5Tt^-""§'o^^ Sives a vote of thanks to Cornelius VandVr'bilt" for' hi« gift to the United States of the steamer l^nderbilt, worth $800 000 in*lhe nighl • '^'""' ""'"P''^" '^"""^' "'"' «■->• = '^'^ '•«bels evacuating Feb T^'nr^ftTSnn nnT""'' '"'"'"'^''^ °^ "^^ Department of Missouri.587 *eb, 1.— Draft of 500,000 men ordered. mour. ''-<^'''"°'-'^''* "dvance lands at Jacksonville, Fla., under Gen. Sey- Jacksonville. leaving the Ldil llfenemvthandf ^""^- '^'^ "*""%S *eb. b.-Colfs armory. Hartford, Ct., dekroyed by fire. ' Loss, $i,000, 000. which aSiolfr "'' '""'' "' Charleston by rebel torpedo-boat Davis, raiSirptoneS'TiTcanZ^^^^ X}^'''^'^'^''' destroying a great amount of refugees. ^.^'.^I'P*'"'"^ ^^^ pri.soners, 1,000 white and 5,000 negro OlSe, Fir^""' ^^•>'™°"'-' ^-'f^i Gihnore's trooprsevereV defcMUedtl Feb. 23.— Gen. Palmer drives the rebels at Tunnel Hill, Ga. KII.P.\TRrrK'!J HAID. Feb. 28.— Ivilpiitrick's raid into \' of Richmond. Gen. Dahl irginia. He approaches within two miles ?ien killed in the expedition H lU « 'mmtmtmm. ■'«»«ia»iSMfa«ks,,..ji 362 GREAT JIISTOUirAL l-JVEXTS [ itfiSi; Union iirmies, and (iKN. (iUA.NT l.N CO.M.MANU. 1864. March a.-Gen. Grant miulc Lieutenant General of tlu proceeded to reorganize tlie forces. GoJ'"ir!lm~,;t\f'"''? ^^f''^ (Government for Louisiana was inaugurated with ui^^:iJ:SSiz:::,T^^ -^ enthusiastic ^nu,t[,idr| 586 RED RIVEB, EXPEDITION. caiSs";uu/wafpn:fTf^^^^ '''^''} "P *^" Red Wver to Alcxand-i„. capturing ou the wa> Fort Do Kus«i. with ten guns, and !>88 prisoners. .. r,86 lil ^'^--^he President calls for 200,000 more men to be drafted April March 16.— Arkansas votes to become a free State. —Alexandria surrendered to Porter without a stru<'gle 586 United Stit^cr^'"'' ^'""^ '^'''""''' '"''■■^ command of all the armies of" the rebd Gen' T7ylox-.''' "^ ^''"' ^'""•' ^^" «^"- ^°"^»»'« ^^^^'^ ^^^^eat the soldk.''r?tri;r;!!l''"'''^- ^'^^l l"'" '^''''•"■"^'*' Government officials, and a band of soldiers took possession of Axonterey, and established the national capitol April 4. —Gen. Steele attacked by Kirbv Smith at Jenkirm' Vnrrv Ari^ ^ April 4-23.-New York Sanitary Commission Fair, receipts over $1,000.- April 8.— Defeat of Gen. Banks at Sabine Cross Roads by Kirby Smith. 9.— b,nitli repulsed by Banks at Pleasant Hill 596 Vr. '1 ^^V^P^^ ^'"°T M.»ssacre under orders of the notorious "iien-illa Forrest which was a relentless and wholesale murder of colored men women and chi dren by the most cruel and savage means, many being fastened in the tents and burned alive, and the wounded and sick were made to stand up and bo shot down like cattle; the only plea being that the loyal white Southerners were "home-made Yankees," and the colored troops "niggers.'' April 19.— Porter's fleet aground in Red River by low water 586 ^uy!\ cnn~^'^'"*'"*lV ^' ^•' surrendered to the rebels by Gen. Wessels, witb 1,600 prisoners, 25 guns, and valuable stores sge April 24.— Banks defeats the rebels under Gen. Bee at Crane River 58(5 " 28.— Washington, N. C, evacuated by Union troops; the ram xilbe- marie controls the Sound. Sherman's grand march. May.— Sherman began his march to the soa through the heart of the South He swept everything before him. Atlanta taken and burned ; Fort McAllister captured; Savannah abandoned by the Confederates and taken; Columbia. h. O., burned, and Riileigh, N. C, taken; the Confederate army under John- of"543 da"f'""^' *"* P'"''*"- <^'"""''^«^o" '»'so evacuated after a .siege SHERMAN BEFORE ATLANTA. hp!£l"T,nf.?... n''''''"'?M • ^''^^ \^^-^^^ "''^"' comprising the army of the Cum- ; j Mnd £ on r.V ^ 'A"!"'"' ^'?^ ''P^y "f Tennessee under Gen. McPher-son, and the aimy of the Ohio under Gen. Schofield, together with 554 pieces of 1864. GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS. 'M'S iirlillery bopi.i the c.imimign against Atlanta. The rebel army opposinir him by (jrcneiaLs llanlcL', Ilood, and Polk. ^ ' -May a.-C;ol. Bailey builds dums across lied River, and by raisin-' the water, saves Porter's entire fleet _ , _ " •' '""""o ;»|; 3Iay4.-Gen. Butler in co-operation with Grant, omi'pied City Pointun the James li.ver. and began intrenchments. while Col. West with a eav drv force, moved up the noith bank and occupied Bermuda Hundred. "^"'""^^^ 3Iay 4. —Grant's army crosses the liapidan "_ jy^ di-iven ^g"^'''''"*'"''^ '° Albemarle Sound with the ram Albemarle,\vhich is UATTLK OF TIIE WILDERNESS. May 5. -The battle of the Wilderness began. This was the lonjrest 'md most terrible engagement of the war. lasting from the .Itli to the "iT wi^h great loss to both armies. The weather wa.7 intensely 1 ' the Ur st I'lTm St. u,g. The .hiclu.ts caught tire, and ami.l .Ih,- fea.^'ul carnVmd i," o •,var the flames added Iresh horror to the terrible scene. The smoke •ind p Wmd,.d and nearly suffocated the soldiers, who fought ndTll ad h asc?name(f^^'"'^" '''''"''"'^ ^^'^ ^"'"" '°'' ''* ^^'^^^- '^lie rebel loss was not May 7. -Sherman advances from Chattanooga on his Atlanta campaign 9.-Gea. McPherson forces his way through Snake Creek Gap Morgan.^' .T?""'. !^]''!!\ .^''!'™ *"* Wythervillc by a heavy force under J,,lm May. -Gen Crook repulsed by Gen. McCausiaiid near Dublin Station* 'S 10. -Johnson evacuated Dalton, and retreated to Rcsaca 591 vi^milfes:!;;'-^^;^^!?^ ii^i^Ss^o^ ^s prisoners. Reaching the first line of works nrofZ'^i?^^^^^^ tered the enemy and^kiUed their GenrntrsSart ^^'"'""""d' »^« «"*="""- May 15.— Engagement between Gen. Sin-el and fJ^n T!r.,«i.,>,. -^ t May lo.-Battle of New Market, W. Va. Sigel defeatVd -Banks' troops defeat the rebels at Aroyelle's Prairie La River,' pur7ulfb;teUnirarmr"' "' ""'"'^ " "" "'^'^^ '' ^^'^^^'"""''^ hiffiSc^llg'S^iSiS^S'iJj;^^^"'^'^ ^'"ff -^ -« driven into May 19. -Howard's forged proclamation for 400,000 troops appeared •| 21.— Grant advances toward Richmond to the North Anna ''^ 23-34.— Grant cro,sses the North Anna. Leo still retiring. 28. — Sheridan had a cavalry cn^'ao'emcnt wi(I» Tf!»,i,„f,.j, t^„ j routed liim. with a loss of 800 to the rebels:' i^itzhugh Leo and May 28.— Attack of Johnston upon .McPJierson .it Dallas Tohnstnn repulsed with a loss of a.OUO ' i'<"iab. jouuston May 31.— Cold Harbor seized by Sheridan, i ..'!!"..!!!*!!!.!!!'"]" "538 .1 ';»'« Rii *; i ■.^ 1 i • 9 ) ' 1 ■ 364- 1864. GREAT HISTOnWAL EVENTS. Jiino l.-SlKTi.Iun '■■kinnislics around llic left of Leo and routs a bod v of pSnL!'"'''''' '' """ "■"'""""• "• ''''■••^'"""" '^'"''""- tuking'etru^ared ^^S'SZ:::^^:^^''^^^ ^''-- -^^ ^»»« -^-k to Kcnesaw HATTLE AT COI,l) IIAUItOU. cofto7|"00(rn?r''' '"'"'"'" '■"-"^'" "^'^ *""""^ '^"'^ ''°>^ "^'^i'- ground at a .f ""'■ '^rrr^P'"' iimki's a grand assault on the enomv wliirli w.w r,.ai«fo,i with tcrribl,. force. The ongage.nent lasted but tweymhluui '"'*''' iv^'l"^'/''"^*'?-^'",""''"' ''"''"•'? wuceccded 8igel, had an encounter with Gen in the caprure of Petersburg, wh ch Butler had alre.ldy Xked.° . 589 prisoner?'"^""" "'"'^"^'S'-' ''^fcats Morgan at Cynthlana, recapturing many June 12-15. -Grant moves ],i^, army to tlie south side of James River " 13.— Fugitive slave law repealed. 14.— Engagement between Sherman and Johnson. Gen. Polk killed —Sherman still advancing. their' wort^''"''' °^ ^"''■' ^^°""*'''''^- Sherman drives the rebels ')ack to by'^thTrebt^.^'"^' ^'"'°" "'"'''''■'' P"«°»e''«- P'^ced under fire at Charleston GKANT AT PETKIISBURG. June IG.— Grant makes a grand assault on Petersburg; Lee, with the most of his army, having arrived during the previous night.^ The day closed wUh heavy loss to the L%ion side, and no advantage gained. . . . . .^. ? . 589 SIEGE OF PETEnSBURG. r^nnW,/?.;T»^i''""^ "^'t'° assaults the enemy before Petersburg, and is again repulsed with loss. He now intrenched his army, and besiegeS the city 589 e arHvalTf^SlTnl^^^^^^^ '^ ^''^'^^"y ''"^^^'^-'^ ^y to Meadow Bluff, in . ^^>.u,,^. "-lai-iv. jjjucnuurg, oui nnuing it I. My^l,"^,?.'^:?'^i'!!'^^\J;';_«t'-'-''"«- ^'^^^'-Ply pursued accross the Alleghan^ 590 KEAKSARGE ' SINKS THE "ALABAMA." and"{lH.^IWH'''il.r^''' '"'t^^-rQ »>e rebel cruiser ^?«Sr/;«a. Capt. Semmes, FvLo. 4f nv . n""-''""^ Kearmrr/e, Capt. Winslow, off Cherbourg r«nt Somt, •"" ''""" ™P'ff''V^"if tl"^ ^^i^>na ran up the white flag &^tr Tl n"T/'7' "^'''•''";"'^.>' ^^•"^ '"ken on board the British yacht Dartof KM-rJvv :;:>"'""' '""'^'•■'^ ',' ^''-'""l "tl'"'k upon Sl.cnnan without hiutcss losing 1J,0((» nu'ii. IH stand ot colurs, and n.OOO small arms. Union loss a 732 includuig Ocii. Mcl'licrson anionic th. lulled 593 Jul V 24 -Karly with a laig.' lone, falls u|)on tlio troopVof '('rook and Avcnil dr.vnig thoui into Maryland, with u km of 1,200 men. Inrh.l ng t*on. Midliiraii ri\?\ July 28. -Hood again uttack.s Sherman, and was six times repulHcd with heavy loss, when he retreated ; gQo Julv ;10. — McCausland cro.sscd the Potomac and approached Chambersburc' and demanded a ransom of r»0<».000. whi.h being refu.sed, he set «rc to the town and destroyed two-thirds of it. . -^".'y aO.— E.xplosion of a mine under the rebrl works of Petersburg res dt- lug ui the immediate loss of a garrison of aOO men. but whieh brought ti worse disiwter upon the Union forces which attempted cros,sing the crater; 4,400 were kUled, wounded, and taken prisoners. b v. 1 . FAKUAdUT'H FKIIIT IN MOBILE BAY. Aug. 5— Commodore Farragut's splendid achievement in Mobile Bay lie silenced the forts at the entrance of (he Bav. fought the whole Confederate fleet, and cai)tured the monsti'r ram Tennessee, with her attendants. Forts Morgan and Gaines .soon after cai)itulated. ,»A"'%V.''''T'^^''"" totally defeats McCausland and other rebels at Moorefleld West Virginia. Aug. 7.— Gen. Sheridan takes command of the Middle Department. . . 190 8.— Fort Gaines, at Moliilc, surrendered to Farragut and Granger " 10.— Canal at Dutch Gap, below Kichmoul, begun. " 18.— Battle at Reaiiis" Station. Warren holds his position on the rail- road. Aug. 23.— Fort Morgan, a Mobile, surrendered to Farragut and Granger. " —The 5th Illinois c;ii)tured by Shelby near Little Uock, Ark. . .587 " 25.— Sci'ond battle at Reams' St..tion— the rebels win. " 31.— McClellun nominated for President at Chicago 593 EVACCATIOX OF ATLANTA. Aug. 31. — Hood ha. lily evacuated Atlanta, blowing up magazines and stores, destroying seven locomotives and 81 cars, and a large amount of cot- ton 593 Sept. 4.— The guerrilla, Morgan, shot by Gilman's men at Greenville East Teniuj.ssee. Sept. 2 — Sherman's united forces occupy Atlanta, and he orders a removal of the citizens cither North or South, as they should prefer. Sept. 16.— Rebels drive •,>,500 cattle safe off from behind Gen. Kautz'slines. KAUI.V'S RETREAT. Sept. 19.— Battle on the Opcqiian Creek, near Winchester, between Sheri- dan and Early, and procipitntc retreat of Early through Winchester to Fisher's Hill, leaving behind his dead ami wounded, and nearly 3,000 prisoners with five pieces of artillery and nine battle flags. The Union loss was about 3,000 mcluding Gen. David A. Russell killed. The rebels lost two Generals, , ,m) Sept. 19. — Lake Erie steamers, Parsam and Island Queen .seized bv rebels. ■' DATTLB AT PaOT KNOn ^m-^7--iyi'oanmk.aGvn. £»'.„« at I'ilot Kiml. will, a (ore,. ,.f lo lowMl l,y A. J. .Suiiih. will, 0,000 inu.1. . . . . "^ ^""'*' ""'* ^'""^ '"'" Sept. aa -Buttle of Cluipiu's Farm, near Ja.uc^'lVi;;;; Vdn;!" fork's "takl. mond. with"fK:«™!f ^"' ^''' ""^'^"•' •""-■ ''' "- ""'"-'^ oi H.ch. Bix^milSr'^""" °^ """'"^ '^°'' *^°'^'"'"- ^«'-''^'" '>'"^^J"g Ro-^'T twenty. ^n?.'^\' ^-Shpridan attacked by Rosscr with a large bcxlv of cavalrv l),.t l... fc si'lii'le"' .'"" ;-»^;;"0 P'i--'" «»J 11 guus.^'cauHi.i hl„?tS'r!M';.l'(y' Oct. la.-Deatli of R ■.'•■■- ' * " ^'^^ He Chi 7ci. i^.-i)eatii of n M«'rl5n.ok(! Taney. Chief-Jastiec of the United St«i - Si^:?s£r;-a"S'^.^^^^^^^^ KaS.' be7.!a.''k,!r''"^ I^exington, driving Gen. Blunt, n.th a force from 578 HATTLE AT MAIIAIS Dies (YONKS, 087 ^^heridan visits Washington, l-ving 'hi;' am^y" "unde; ■command of nATTI.E OF CEDAH OREEK. .590 epanjc.str.cken an.y Jk-d. in confusion Sre a In of n tie covered tr"j;P'"':'"'' "; "'' ^''''■'l ""«'^'o»- occupied by Gen CJimps, and the panic.stricken could be forme ' Wright, who ^yil "S 'T;' r? P'"""'"''"fe' ""• •deserted camps 590 bans. Vt '■'^"^''' ^™" Canada rob banks and citizens at St'. Al- SnERIDAN's BIDE. ?.— Returning from Washington, Gen. Sheridan slent at Winebe«fo.. Oct. 19. and was the sniind r.fi,.V/n ■""■"? "'""^' lu'-^^-''" nines irom uie front, when he heird heartened sol(^ierswit^.~.''^^^^^ ^^ ^'^ *^' ^"^'^ ehcenng the dis- cnce, the ret formed into given for and .solidly on the enVnrvCnfwiH^r""",'''' .'" "" 'P""'^ " '"o^^'l swiftly mu^ketrr T?,! ; ^ V '"^'^'o"- ""der a tremendous Are of artillerv and musketry . Falling back, they were again roused to one grand overwhelnin^ h ' i 368 a HEAT HISTOItWAL EVENTS. 1864. clmrge by their gallant coinniaiiil(!r, wlu'ii the rebels gave way, and the late vietorious, and exulting rebel army were in turn now lleeing, a panic-stricken mob, before the eliai-ge of the brave and gallant Sheridan, who pursued them through Strasburg to Woodstock, fifteen miles beyond. The Union army slept that night, as it luul fought all day, without food. They captured 1 500 j)risoners and 23 guns, besides retaking the 24 lost in the "mornin-"- this notable victory closed the war in Shenandoah Valley ?'.... 590 Oi't. 25.— Price again routed by Pleasanton at Marim dcs Ciianes. Ark leavmg 8 guns, 1,000 prisoners, two Generals, and other olHcers. . . ..... .587 LIEUTENANT CUSIIINg's FEAT. Oct. 21.— Rebel mm Albemarle destroi/ed in the Roanoke by a torpedo which Lieut. Cashing secretly affixed to her, ami moimiiumj back under a Iuuv,i tire lie escaped to the Union vessels in the offlng , {jge Oct. 31.— Plymouth retaken by a fleet under Com. McComb 586 UNION SUPPLIES UUUNED. ^"™'"S of Union supplies and vessels to the amount of |1,500,000 at John- sonville, Tenn. Tlie store buildings took tire from the Union vessels which were burned to prevent their capture by the enemy '. . . .593 Nov. 8. — McClellan resigns his commission. Lincoln's re-election. Nov. 8.— Abraham Lincoln was elected by an overwhelming majority to a second term in the President's Chair, with Andrew Johnson of Tenn. as Vice- Pre.sident, the soldiers voting nearly four to one in his favor— the Republican platform being " The Re-establishment of the Union without Slavery " The Democratic platform, with McClellan for its candidate, was either the separ- ation of the Union or its re-establishment with slavery .593 Nov. 11.— Sherman sent his last message by the telegraph connecting with the North, severed the last wire, and moved from Atlanta, scattering the cebel forces before liim, and destroying the railroads, and subsisting upoii the invaded territory, and accumulating stores for the future suiiply of his army. Nov. 25.— A gang of rebel incendiaries fire several hotels in New York and Barnum's Museum, but fortunately without success. Nov. 30.— Battle of Franklin, Tenn. Hood attacks Schofield, and after a fierce and savage fight with bayonets and clubbed muskets, the battle ceased at ten p. m., with victory on tlie side of the Unionists— the rebels losing 6 000 and Union loss 2,300 .543 Dec. 1. — llood prepares for siege before Nashville. SLAVERY ABOLISXIED. _ Dec. 6 —The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution passed, abolisli- mg and forever prohibiting slavery throughout the United States. Dec. 6.— Salmon P. Chase appointed Chief -Justice in place of Roger B Taney, deceased. Dec. 10.— Savannah completely beleaguered, and Sherman communiciilcs with the fleet [ .^y,-, Dec. 13.— Capture of Fort McAllister. " 15-16.— Battle of Nashville. Hood's army, fatally defeated by Gen. Thomas, fled in dismay, pursued by Wilson's cavalry. Dec. 30. — Evacuation of Savannah by Harden 595 ii-'teii. 1865. CAPTUKE OP SAVANNAH. pec. 22. -Sherman enters Savannah with his army and cantures "t non bales of cotton, 150 cannon, and large quantities of ammnnU^n ^„~ '^ the news to ' President Lincoln as f cgristiafprlrtoZ'rtion'^' '1^ se^r^fl^fe'^inil^cSS'^efS^hi;^ Sonthwestcrn Vi^^nia/has a prc'lenteJ^y'^o^irnte^S"'^ ''^* '' ''''''' -°- -- ->-s pro- Dec. 24-25.— Butler and Porter attack Fort Fisher, N. C. in vain War between Ecuador and Spain. " Imtcal^fslT"'^''"^*''' Republican forces in Mexico, under Diaz, to the War declared by the Argentine Republic against Paraguay. FREEDMEN'S BTJREAIT. Establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau, an ors^anization to nrotect th*. hberated slaves,. the refugees from the tyranny of tl e sSonis?s and for tl!^''fZ protection of the rights of Government property Td of 'the loJal ffi-Sl race' Gen ' Sflle^O^'fJ^ 'V""' ^'^"^'^^'°'^ and ^^-otccdon of S mandcr. ^°'^''''''^ appointed its head, or chief com- Jan. 8. -Blair and Singleton visit Richmond to treat for peace ' ^f a l5.-Surrender of Fort Fisher to Gen. Terry, after a terrible resistancp ^oS^ :tI£isst!. '!:rr!':!'. or/he -.ga^innuS^ ^Jan. 16— Sherman sets apart lands for freedmen from " Charleston souUx- BOMBARDMENT OP WILMINGTON. tPr"!-n?i'.fi^;^^l\'"'""i°''' '^■S- ^'irrendered to Gen. Terry, after suflferinff a S^nS^£^^£:^,^ Se!"°^"'"^ ''' "^^'^ ^^- ^p- ^^ gr£VthrsS(S'^"^'°"''^ amendment abolishing slavery submitted by Con- Feb. 1.— Sherman leaves Savannah and starts northward 3.— Presideat's conference with rebel commissioners. STTRHENDEB OF COLUMBIA i'o'';ai!sr,;'rJiLi^X'JJ.°.!i';?.!';:'!!*rrf SURRENDER OP CHARLESTON. fontVkfou1^ir"''^^^-f'''^''''^y.'^ ^I'^y"'-' ^^-'^'^ all its surrounding i^ A -N???' «'^'"or- and Its occupation first, by a colored rcnment wear ing he National uniform and bearing the .National Hag. The gR-Tfer portion els et anVthp'SS'^ V^' ^'' ^™'" '*'« burning-cotton, 4hich tKe" killed . ^^Plosioii of large quantities of powder. 200 persons were evacmite(?~^''°" ^^'^"'^^''^ captured Fort Anderson. Georgetown hastily 24 ^'^^ .595 . I I! 1865. March 8-9.— Gen. Canby captures Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, the defenses of Mobile. March 16.— Battle of Averysboro, N. C. Hardee withstands Sherman, but retreats in the night 595 Emancipation amendment thus far adopted by 16 States. March 19-20.— Battle at Beiitonville, N. C. Johnston, with his whole army, attack a division of Slierman's army, under Slocum. Johnston hastily retreated during the uiglit of the 2(>tli 595 March 22.— Gen. I honias sends a large force of cavalry, under Gen. James H. Wilson, to raid in Northern Alabama. They attacked Forrest at Boyle's Creek and completely routed him 595 March 25. —Rebels takiFort Steadman, before Petersburg, but are ouicklv expelled, losing 2,500. m j March 27.— Sherman turns over his whole army to Schofleld and hastens to City Point to consult with President Lincoln and Gen. Grant 596 DAVIS FLEES FROM RICHMOND. April 2.— Last grand assault of the Army of the Potomac upon the Con- federate forces under Gen. Lee, during which the rebel Gen. Hill was killed. A telegram the same day from Gen. Lee to Jeff. Davis reached him while in church, stating tliat Richmond must be evacuated that evening, sent conster- nation throughout the city, and Davis fled to the South, closely followed by Lee. FALL OF RICHJJOND. April 3. — Richmond, the capital of the Confederate States, surrendered. Flight of Jefferson Davis, the Confederate President, and commander-in- chief of the Soutliern armies. The city was evacuated by night, and on the morning of the third. Gen. Wcitzel, with a colored brigade, entered the city and planted the Stars and Stripes upon every prominent point. The morn- mg of the 4tli President Lincoln arrived, and leading his little son by the hand, walked from the boat-landing to Gen. Weitzel's headquarters. The colored people thronged about him, blessing him as he passed, and he was joyfully received by the remaining white people — the lebel element leaving with thf Confederate army. LEE PURSUED. Sheridan and Meade pursued Lee, who was fleeing with the remnant of his army toward Danville. Aprils. — Selma, Ala., captured with large stores, 2,700 prisoners, and 32 guns. Forrest and Rhoddy escaping in the night. SHERIDAN CAPTURES LEE'S FORCES. April 6. — Sheridan attacked a portion of Lee's forces near Sailor's Creek, capturing 16 pieces of artillery, and a train of 400 wagons, and being rein- forced, a general attack was made, which resulted in a decided defeat of the enemy and a capture of 6,000 or 7,000 prisoners, with Gens. Ewell and Custis, and several other officers of rank. April 7. — Grant demands a surrendek of the Southern army. " 8. — Meade and Sheridan continue the pursuit of Lee, and capture his provision train and 25 pieces of artillery, intercepting his flight. president's address. April 3. — Address at the Exneutiv'o Maiision, in Washington, of Prcsideiil Lincoln, to a vast concourse of people, on the reconstruction of the Qovern- pient. M^^^HM 1865. SURRENDER OF LEE. April 9.— Last charge of the defeated enemy and siirrpndpr nf fho r"™'"^- ^^^^ cities and to^wns seemed almost to vie with each other in their so emn and funereal nomn Th.. orators and poets gave vent to the universal spirit of sadSnTen-thened took up tterdn^'"^^ "'"'* "'"'"'■"^ '"'"■'^ °' "^•^"••'^^"^ ^°"s' and ail hearts "Gone, in his noble manhood, down, We blindly question, wiiy ? When bells, and guns, and muffled drums Alone make sad reply." It wastruly said that his funeral procession extended fifteen hundred miles— from Washmgton to Springfield. 111. For miles, in some^acelue saddened cit^ens grouped along the railw.ay, with heads uncovered aid eyes over flowing with tears, as the solemn funeral train swept past. He was finllTy interred in a beautiful and appropriate tomb in Sprin^eld, where his honored dust IS revered as something sublimely sacred. ^ ^ ' ^"^ "'^ uonoreu f ■ ■ IK . ■ 1865. ASSAULT UPON SECRETARY SEWARD. April 14.— Attempted assassination of Secretary Seward bv Pavno Tinn-h'a stipes." ^^•-^°^"S»''«''o« of Andrew Johnson as President of the United April 16.— Columbus taken by Wilson. —West Point, with its garrison, captured by La Grange 596 SHERMAN'S PEACE. , -^P:;! 18.— Agreement between Sherman and Johnston for susnension of hostilities with a basis for peace, which was rejected by the President. SURRENDER OF MACON. April 31.— Wilson entered Macon, and 1,200 militia, with five Generals were surrendered by Gen. Howell Cobb . .? 597 CAPTURE OP BOOTII. den was?h^.^°°*'' discovered in a barn in Virginia, and, refusing to surren- 591 JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER. April 26. -Surrender to Gen. Sherman and disbandment of Johnston's army upon the same terms of Lee's surrender. LOSS OP THE "SULTANA," -Steamer Sultana burned near Memphis. 1,500 souls lost out of April 28.- 2,106. May 1.— An allmnce formed between Argentine Republic, Uraguay, and Brazil to conquer Paraguay. s j > May 4.— Surrender of Gen. Dick Taylor to Gen. Canby. 9.— Assassins of Mr. Lincoln put upon trial at Washington. CAPTURE OP JEFF. DAVIS. May 11,— -Capture of the rebel President, Jefferson Davis, near Irwinsville Ua by a force of Wilson's company at Macon, commanded by Lieut. -Cols! ±^itcliard and Harden. He was disguised as a woman. GRAND REVIEW OP THE ARMY. May 23-24.— The Union army at Washington pass in grand review before me President and Cabinet, Foreign Ministers, and a vast concourse of P^°P"^ 599 GEN. 8>nTn'8 StTRRENDER. Muj 36.— Surrender of Gen. Smith, with his entire command, to Gen. Canby, in Texas. LAST CONFLICT. iz^^V'^'T}'"''^ ""P,?,^'-* ""^ «'^ ^'fi'- on land took place on tlic Rio Grande. Oen. btourfiton, with a superior force, drove Col. Barrett, with a loss of 80 men, into Brazos. 1865. OBBAT HISTORICAL EVENTS. 373 tioS^ 29. -President Johnson proclaims an amnesty with 14 different excep- May 30. -Second Sanitary Fair at Chicago. A fund raised of $200,000. BURNING OF UN;ON STOKES. J^o'yTl'Z^lrS^l'^X"' ^"^"'"° ^'Sht or ten million dollars Th^ateher ■~^"'* '"^'^ ^°'' ^''^'^'^- ^^^^'^^'"'^ 'l^'e^y occ"Pi«'l by Admiral June 33. -Up to this date the pirate Shenancbah had destroyed 10 whalers Trade restrictions removed and blockade ended. HANGING OF THE ASSASSINS. of*^w^7-~T'^'' as,sassins, Harrokl, Payne. Atzeroth, and Mrs Surratt hum? frnp^SSoTiiff °''^^^^' ^^•""'''' ^^^-'^' «P-^Sler. an^d EiigS July 13.— Barnum's Museum. New York, destroyed by fire Aug. 15.— Wirz. keeper of Andersonville prison, put upon trial Mississippi nullified secession ordinance and accepted emancipation „v,^r'^,^' ^.-•-^^''^^''''^^ declared the ordinance of secession null and void abolished slavery, and repudiated the rebel debt '"'' ''"" '^^'^ ^°^^' State'' ^^•-^^'-'^•^^ ^'^'^•'^'^ Chiefs sign treaty of loyalty with the United slavery ifelTsler^''"''"" ''"^'^^'^ '^'' '''''''''' '"'^^^^'^ a°d declered ^T' ^J-^labama Convention recognized emancipation, rights of tSjo.^^'"'^'^' °^ ^^««^««iPPi. recognized by proclamation the Un'Jt'ed Le?''™"''"' "' '^"''^ ^"'^'^'^^^'•'^^ '""^ P'-'^t^ ^'~«« to the W?ri-en"~'^''''- ^^'^P^'^'^^ '^"^ othe. prominent rebels released from Fort guSlfcfg'IfCisv'L^"'""^^ ''•^'^^ '"^ ^'^^^"^^^ ""d ^-^^S^^der the ^.f S~i^r.!!^ ^"'^ ^'"^'^^'^ ^"'^^'i ^^ Kentucky by the President. 25.-Florida annulled the secession ordinance ouf uT;[^„^ifc£n;1.1'^'"'T"'!''f ""'^•^^•^ >" *''« P^^ifi^-- capturing numer- lll^Sy3!:;;?ite'l^StJi^h^SliiS --^p--'^^^ *° Nov. 10. -Wirz executed at the old Capitol prison ■ 13. -South Carolina passed the Constitutional Amendment. idenf ■ ^-"^"^ °* ^"^"^ ""''P'^' restored in the Northern States by the Pres- Dec. 3. -Alabama ratified the Anti-slavcry Ameudmenl. jl 4.-Georgia declared slavery abolished, and nullified her war debt. 6.— Florida declared slavery abolished. M 374 GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS 1865. 1866. 1867. TT .yjlf"^*^*^' S^'^ard officially declared slavery abolished throughout the United States. , Dec. 28.— Florida ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, emancipates the Government slaves. There were 3.54 fires this yonr. where the loss was upward of $20,000. at which property valued at |43,419,000 was destroyed. Losses by fire from 1855 to 18G5, inclusive, amounted to $214,588,000. Smithsonian Institute at Washington badly burned; the meteoroloffical department suffered severely. ^ Jan. 12.— Order by Gen. Grant for the protection of loyal citizens in the South. •' Jan. 22.— Free School bill defeated in the Tennessee Senate. Apr. 3 —Proclamation of the President declaring tl>c insurrection ended in the rebeUious States. Apr 2.— Civil Rights bill passed the Senate over the President's veto by a vote of 33 to 15, and the House on the 9th, by a vote of 122 to 41, and became a law. May 29.— Death of Brevet Litat.-Gen. Winfleld Scott. FENIAN INVASION. June 1.— Fenian invasion into Canada, under command of Col. O'Neil, but which was soon suppressed by the Canada Volunteer^ after a sharp .skirmish. A number of the Fenians were taken prisoners, and nine Volunteers killed and several wounded. FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT. June 8. — The 14th Constitutional Amendment pa'^'^od tiic Senate l)y a vote of 83 to 11, and the House, on the 13th, by a vote of 120 against 32. June 17. — Death of Hon. Lewis Cass, an American statesman. niHNING OF PORTLAND, ME. July 4. — A fire cfiuglit from a fire-cracker thrown among ^onio slmvings in a cooper-shop by a boy, which spread, and swept away one-half of the city of Portland, Maine. Hundreds of families were made destitute, and scores of wealtliy men became poor in an hour's time. 1,600 buildings burned; $15,000,000 worth of property was destroyed. July 23. — Tennessee Representatives and Senators admitted to Congress, by a resolution pa.ssing both Houses. • July 27.— Successful laying of the Atlantic cable. *• 30. — New Orleans massacre. Visit of Queen Emma, of the Sandwich Islands, to the United States. Indians massacred 93 soldiers near Fort Kearney, Neb. Military government established in the rebellious States over the veto of the President. Tenure of Office bill passed by Congress, limiting the powers of the Presi- dent to removal of oflacials. Jan. 4.— Congress passed the Confiscation and Amnesty bill. " 11. — A National Equal-Rights League Convention of colored men met at Washington and adopted an address to Congress 601 1867. 1868. GUEAT IIISTOIUVAL E VESTS. 376 =nl A DAUINQ FEAT. The Nonpareil, or American Life-Raft, with three men, crossed the Atlantic Oceiin from New York to Southampton. It was a frail craft, 13 1-3 feet bv 24, and was constructed by lashing three pointed cylinders toyetlier and plac- mg a flooring of canvas and boards upon it. It arrived safely, without leak- age or damage of any sort. '' Jan. 18.— Samuel Downing, the last Revolutionary soldier, died in Edin- burgh, l\. Y., aged 105. Jan, 30. --Death of Nathaniel Parker Willis, an American poet, essayist and journalist of wide reputation. '' Feb. 7.— Mr. Pcabody gave ,|3. 100.000 for education at the South. March 3. —Alaska was ceded to the United States in consideration or" the sum of $7,300,000. April 26 — Japanese Commissioners in Washington. May.— By an act of British Parliament the Canadian provinces of Ontario Quebec, ISew Brunswick, Prince Edwards Island, and Nova Scotia were t'^derally united into one Dominion of Canada. Canada purchased the territory belonging to the Hudson's Bay Co. May 13.— Jeff. Davis bailed for $100,000 by Horace Greeley and others. Negotiations opened for the settlement of the Alabama Claims 603 July 1.—" New Dominion of Canada " inaugurated at Ottawa. Aug. 13.— President Johnson removed :\Ir. Stanton, as Secretary of War and authorized Gen. Grant to act in his place ad intenm. mSliiie^'"^''''^'' ""^ ^''"^ "*''^''' '"'■''"'°'" '"^'1 patentee of the sewing- Nov. 19.-Death of Gen. Fitz Greene Ilalleck, at GuUford, Ct, aged 77 The Fourteenth Amendment ratitied by a majority of the States dent Jo^:;;? to Gel:''!£" ^""""'"°"*^^'^'- '^^ ^°"^^'-" «^^^'- f™'" Pre^i- n.''.^:..^.^;r"""!!.°^ "''''''''"''''*''''' ''"*''* *° ^P'^''^^^'^ President John- Gil?"<^mnrSf P '"'■^''P."''"?" Convention met in Chicago and nominated V^^^^^^S'^::^^'''' ^«'^- ^-- ViccePresidenroS May 33. -.Brevet Brig. -Gen. Christopher Carson, better known as "-R-it ^^y^^zT:^^:!^' ^"'^ '''''' '^^'^^^^^^^ the^GofenSishhro^X^i-fH^i^A'^^^ ^Z '^'? '"'^"'"^^^ ^^ «''»- «>'^-'-i^'an from me t^overnorslup of the Fifth Military District (Texas and Louisiana) June l.-Death of James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States. son June 33. MATHEW VASSAR. sie N Y HpSZt^ '^'' foun«ler of Vassar College, died in Poughkeep- Ind f,;,nkhi?rr f/^^ '}" aggregate of $800,000 for its endowment, repair, and luimshuiir He died very suddenly while addressing the trustees at the anniversary of its opening. ' ">^' "<-^ "„ t"t uumlcs at tne July 4.— The President issued a full pardon and amnesty proclamation. m a: 376 GREAT IIISTOIUCAL EVENTS. 1868. 1^ 8ey"lLtTnd S ^•^•"«""'''= Convention met in New York, nominating fhi'ii^ 28. -Mr Seward, Secretory of State, issued a linal proclamation that toe i mjrteeulli Amendment to tlie Constitution of the Unite'd StatSad been iomxt "--Death of Tliaddeus Stevens, an American statesman and re- PrSdentT^""' ^'^""^ '''''' ''"'^"'^ President and Schuyler Colfax Vice- debt^''" ^^~^'''^ °^ Representatives denounces repudiation of the national 1868. Death of Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth President of the United States. IMPEACmiEKT TUIAL. Feb.-Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, tried for hijrh crimes and misdemeanors; tliirty-flve members found him guilVy and nin? teen not gudty; he was acq. 'tted. b""''J'. auu ume- Feb. Q.— Nolle prosequi ends prosecution against Jeff Davis oredman."^'"'"'^"'^ the Fifteenth Amendment Bill enfranchising the col - March 4— Inauguration of Gen. Grant as President. The Supreme Court pronounced Confederate money to be worthless. PACIFIC UAILROAD COSirLETEB. May 10.— The grand event of the nineteenth century. The completion of the great Pacific Ra ilruad-the length of which is. exclusive of branches over 2,000 miles, and ciossing nine distinct mountain ranges, which were tunneled in several places; also, many wonderful bridges were built span- mng chasms ot feartul and precipitous depth. This great enterprise was begun in 1863 and completed in 1869. ' » GREAT PEACE JCBILEE. June 15-20. — A peace jubilee arl musical festival was held in Boston in honor of the restoration of the Unioji oi :Iie States. There were 10 000 sing- ers, and an orchestra of 1,000 instruments, and tens of thousands of specta- tors. It was hold in the Coliseum, .an immense building erected for the pur- pose, and was conducted by Prof. P. S. Gilmore. GRANT FATORS LABOR. uight-hour system with ten hours pay for Government employes ordered by President Grant. Colored People's Convention In Washington, Frederick Douglas presidino- pronounced against emigi-ation to Liberia. "' July 11.— Irish National Republican Convention held in Chicasro. adoptinn- a resolution requesting Comrress to pass a law for the naturalization of foi" eigners after one year's residence in the United States. July 24.— French Transatlantic cable laid in the Bav of Minon, near Brest reached Duxbury, :\Iass. " ' ^ Aug.— National Labor Convention met in Philadelphia, re-afflrmlnff the eight-hour system. ° Aug. 7.— Total eclipse of the sun. Temperance and Prohibition Convention met in Chicago. GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS. }869. 1870. 37' BLACK FRIDAY. YrS"' iir^^'^ terrible Wall street Panic. A memorable day in New r.^,{ ,The panic waaproduceil by the gamblers in gold, or the "bears" anil bull9"ofWal Street, controlled by the Fi.sk-GouUl rinrwho Sc, d a "corner" on gold, selling in short sum.s until about |1.5 OoB OOoXe hro vn upon the market, when the " gambling " began. Tht^a IroTs oT^ Sn^^ ?ntl ^T^^ ''*'? P'iY'^^' " desperate game, and the exc eS b^Jco.n ine mtense, the great gold " manipulators " of Wall Street beLmn their n,i,f They ran up the price of gold from 137* to 166. The '',„&' went nto the fight det,.rm.ned to win if they ran gold up to 200, but at 166 they co Psed ^^^SJt^u'^lh^ Bontwell, with the advieScU^o^rder <4oL^.-nS^^^^^^^ ?[sk Gould rin^'f "^ ■*'" to control the market, had impCd "Le sIc et! y t^l J^n tl^.^a^larif arnount. but the Government preferred to place tt/olJ in the market tL I The Gold-room presented a scene of the wildest excitement Money was loaned at 500 per cent, perannum. When the bids reached 155 men shrieked am raved l.^e wild beasts The room was filled with curses and men rushed abou in paroxysms of fury. Speyer, a large operator, became cra/ed and raved like a madman, and was taken home by lis friends Thritock Sm iTef ofX ''bull?' ^" ,™'^'"°S to the Gold-i^om to ^wSess ,t dSh simggies ot the bulls. The scene outrivaled any low gambliu"' den— men at a ''prize fight "do not so utterly forget themselves an their'' hnmn.ffv as did these great Wall Street brokers. They w4re more "iL i vick Tfn ^' ished wolves coming suddenly upon fresh blof,.L oSe lie el,^iteLnt was almost as intense, /kew Street was packe.l, and all trLV was s u?ou • ll were watching with stra ned eyes the dial that marked the flu 'tua ons of'thc Gold-room. The struggle to reach the Gold-room was worse than a scene at fn 'fisrin7GlirriPf\''H"";"^^'''^'"'">^'t« set out, and fighting to ge in. J^isk and Gould left the stieets, and could not be found Men were everywhere threatening the life of Pisk. The bankers and brokers sen" 8 03'^ messages over their wires on that day. and the other lines were in proportiou burdened xv-ith the excitin.r dispatches. All confidence was destroyed °n he markets and in tra. e Millionairess were hourly bc'coming be'-ars an mu^i room opera ors suddenly found themselves worth miUi^m U^^m^lS^ Wholesale dry-goods houses refused to sell goods, as they could norS mine the prices to place upon them ^ ^. j^Uional Woman's SuiFrage Convention, Ilev. Henry Ward Beechcr pre- n^^l^f^^V~^»'°°.^^ Colored Labor Convention met and sent a delesatior l«lS« i'"*'"^ ^'r'?''^' ^'■^"*' ^"^^ "ff'^""S >"™ thesupportof all cSed mS of SSl'b^otte^^^^^^^^^^^ ''''' "' '""^ '^''^y ^-^ -'^ "t'^- d^P'^^ The census makes the value of the United States |31 , 000, 000, 000 officer! ^'^•~^''^*'' ''f ^^^'° ^- Stanton. LL.D., statesman and Cabinet Aug. 14.— Death of David Glascoe Farragut, Admiral of the United States Navy, and one of the most illustrious of naval commanders. to fh!?"T reformer and founder of the New -i uvklnhnn,; died in W.'slchester ( '.. , N. Y. Mr. Givel.'V was born f x»Z p.ir..,ts in the town of Amherst. N. 1 F, , in 1811. and wo kV.l . ,m a f „ ITZ ?^''V ?^f-•;• ''''"''U''^' *''"'•'•«• the piin.in^r.ollice of' tli, A^ '/". ■ S,mta(o,', in Last P„„ tiiey, Vf., as an ai)i)rei,tiee, where he remained ver four years masteriii.i,^ his trad., in all its branches, he then wen Erie Va a d fmm.l e.up oynient ma newspap..- ofliee. where he made m „,y f ic ..Is' rvr'f«Tn' '"'■"';r'"Pm the business, though but twenty ye rs old In Aug.. 18.U. Horace Greeley arriwd in New York with onlv ten dol ars „ his pocket, and a. scanty wanlrobe ti..! up in a l-uudle. He ha.l nev t mi city of such .size and \yas utterly ignorant ol its ways an"\'""1 '^ p!''"' ^^ Work so dimeult that no* OS t,on n • ,; ^^ .'" "'i;,c>t.V f''Hild be induced to accept it. It was the com- ^r S R ,,?•'"■'' ,-^"'' ^/'■^"^"i«"' i" 'I <'uriously 'intricate style of typo- anT uY.lS 1 '1^' '''""'^'''^' "t ""'■•'•'" '•""""•>' ''<>y " ""-took the-iob. ly e CO V ""!^ '7nf int apiilication fromtwelye to fourteen hours each man of , in <'"^ /'""'«'. and becoming soon on intimate terms with the fore- oXo nn 1. liT'-'' '^'"'? ""'•''.■'''' " partnership to establish a job printing, stm t's n ^ " r"'.V"''' '" '"■'"' '^ '•^"-•'P •''"•>■ n^'wspaper to bi sold on the the inl; nn(. -.•^" ","1 ""'"'"I'l-tency of its editor it proved a failure, but ne pi ocured another, and m a short time the new firm started a weekly news- T'anronm'n.hr1 ^^''Vf"'^-^^''- ^r Greeley being the editor and His com- pamon the publisher. This paper liyed for over seven years, and arose from ) 1 1 II ^■mmni^li>m»'^^s^_-i 382 1872. 1873. GREAT Tin^TORTCAL EVENTS. one dozen subscribers to over 9,000, but beina; conducted on the credit system was a losing speculation financially. Next Mr. Greeley became editor of the Jeffersonian, a Whig campaign paper, which attained a subscription of 15 000 and was admirably conducted. During the Harrison campaign Mr. Greeley conducted the Log dibin, which was subsequently merged into the iV^. Y. Tribune, which paper Mr. Greeley was identifled with till the time of hi"- death The original list of Tribune subscribers numbered 600, and at the end of the first year its success was established. The high character of that iournal under Mr. Greeley's supervision is so well established that it is un- necessary to detail its history. Hr. Greeley was a Whig in politics, and a liberal thinker. He was elected o Congress in 1848 to till a vacancy, and never afterward was a member of any deliberative body except the late Con- stitutional Convention of New York. His greatest power was exerted in the editorial ciiair, although his career as a lecturer was successful. Mr. Greeley was the author of several minor works, the most interesting of which ^ya8 "Recollections of a Busy Life," which was his autobiography. Mr. Gredey ioiiied the Uepublican party at its start, being one of its founders. When the war wai over (which he aided in every laudable way), he was exceedingly an.xious for peace, and bearing no malice to the South. Ik- heeame one of the bom'smen to Jeff. Davis, which act lost him an election to the Senate and made him verv uupopul;ir for a while; but he still claimed he had done right Upon his noinination to the Presidency in 1873, the stormy campaign and vitup.'rous abuse of the press, together with the sickness and death of his wife and lastly his defeat at the election, and his continued mental labors, allciiliuinatcd'in the wreck of his noble intellect and his sad death. But whatever niMy have been said of Mr. Greeley durinij the excitement of a polit- ical campai'ni no man could bear him anv malice, for his character was singularly pure and his nature one of the most fiauk and unselfish upon the political records of any nation or people. Wm. Henrv Seward, LL.D. Auburn, N. \. Dec. 12,— Edwin Forrest, an eminent American tragedian, died in Phila- delphia, his native city. United States had 60,853 miles of railroad. A fatal and unknown distemper visited Brazil, and carried off. in three eminent American statesman, died at towns, 13,000 out ol x8,000 inhabitants. April 1.— Wreck of the ocean steamer Atlantic. 535 lives were lost. MODOC MASSACRE. April 11 —Gen R. A. Canby was murdered by the Modoc Indians in the I ava Beds of N. California. He was a graduate of West Point in 1839 in the same class with Gen. Ilalleck, and served in the Florida war from 1839 ) 1843 He served through the Mexican war as First Lieutenant, Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Major of Infantry, etc., and attained distinction for Ins bravery and purity of character. He was employed by the Government to 1)ring the Modocs to accept the terms offered them by the Governnient; in which expedition, through the effort to use practicable measures and moral suiision with the savages, this noble and gallant officer lost his life. COLFAX MASSACRE. Massacre of over 100 negroes .at Colfax, Grant Parish. La., by the "White Lea-nie" .settii'"' fire to tlie Court-house where nearly 400 negroes were con- gregated for defense, and shooting them down when they attempted to escape. 187f 187? July— Beecher and Tilton scandal breaks, out. GREAT SNOW STOH ,i DIXON BRIDGE DISASTER. Falling Of the brid-o at Di.xon. II].. whi,], was covered with oeonle w,t nessiug a baptismal rite iu the river. KM) lives were lost ^ SALARY GRAB BILL. Salaries of the Government officers and Members of Congress increased to which great objection was raised throughout the country "^^reased, to GREAT STORM. Aug.— A great storm raged along the Atlantic coast 100 rpssnlt. wo^f Aug. 27.— National Temperance Society held at Saratoga, N. Y. THE GREAT FINANCIAL CR VSII h^u^ 'ci'r ^i;? ,^dt i:^, ;;:;;i z ;;:? ^^l:^;;,:S rf sxss branches of the firm had also gone under. ] )eposits 4. v c" rm ons inVl n^^^^^ nvrl-l^tTZr''' 'f ''' ^*-^ ""^ "''"^ *" ""^ amount otS,{(^^0% The tck maikets broke, and .securities were .sacritiocd in the most nrklessmanne. Five important banks followed in the crash, an.l ru a an 1 c mstm^^^^ rS d'"S;"iiick "tK "?" "^ i^ 't"" p^?<^'% of Xf'dl;!"; rtcLivcti a scvtie shock. The Secretarv ot I he Treasurv made the •mnniinfP Off"; ;L'i-evruel"?f° b'r''"'''^-'''''^ V"'^^'''^^^' •'Tl'u.t tomeet uleriUng on in tht ic\enues of the Government, he must have recourse to taxation " "CaDta1;r£f"*''q f Fort Klamath, Oregon, ,,: the Modoc Indians, Uiptain Jack, Schouchm," "Boston Charlie " and -'Black Tim " whA murdered Gen. Canby and Peace Commissionei Thomas. ' "" THE "VIROINIUS." Nov. 33. -Tweed sentenced to twelve years imprisonment. LODIS AGASSIZ. Dec. 14— T)e!it!i of Louis Agassi/,, she most eminent of modern scientist.! also a naturalist and author, at Cambridge, Mass. scientists, Dec-Escape of Tweed from the New York County jail. 'F ''BfJ i m I I ^^^k ■ .y «k*.-ai<>SMwK«siaj|iij5^^ iHiliWjtMi^fM^ts^ij^^^^, 1873. A decision was iuiuUtwI by the Supreme Court of Illinois in the case of Myra Bradwell against tlie Slate of Illinois, refusing her a license to practice law, on the ground that she was a woman. Automatic signal telegraph was introduced and applied in New York. The free postal delivery was adopted in all cities containing 20,000 inhabi- tants, and the penny postal cards introduced. WOMANS CllUSADE. 1874. This year witnessed the most wide-spicad and intense excitement upon the subject of temperance. It began in a smab lt)wn m Ohio, and was the result of the efforts of a band of women wlio visited the saloons, holdmg prayer- meetings ancf singing religious songs and hymns. When refused admittance to the saloon;;, they held their meetings upon the sidewalk in front. In some places the saloon-keepers used violence in driving the women from their place of business and from tlie sidewalks, and in a few instances mobs of lawless men congregated and insulted the women with coarse and brutal language. KINO KALAKAUA. Visit of King Kalakaua, of tlie Sandwich Islands. First instance of a reign- ing crowned head entering the United States. Senate passed a bill to resume specie payment in 1879. The revision of the United States Statutes adopted by Congress. Inflation of the currency voted by Congress. Bill to increase greenbacks $400,000,000 vetoed by the President. Compromise currency bill signed by the President. Kellogg Government overthrown in Louisiana and restored by the President in five days. CUARLKS SUMNEK. Mar. 11.— Charles Sumner, the eminent American statesman, scholar, and author, died in Washington. FIllST UEOULAR LADY PHYSICIAN. Mar.— Death of ^Irs. Van Tassell. a missionary among the Ottawa Indians, who coiimieneed her medical studies at r)8 years of age. She was the first woiiKi admitted to the full course of medical lectures in this country. She spent several years as a medical practitioner in Memphis, Tenn SECOND CHICAGO FIKE. \nother extensive Are occurred in the newly built portion of the city, des- troying a great number of very line buildings. The loss was estimated at |4,"()0ti,000. Gerrit Smith, an eminent American philanthropist, reformer, and states man, died in New York city. SIAMESE TWINS. Death of the Siamese twins, Chang and Mng, at Mount Airy, N. C. These unfortunate creatures were for twenty-flvc years publicly e.\hibited in Europe and America, when after acquiring a joint fortune of about $80,000, and at the age of 45, they settled down as farmers in North Carolina, and married two ".iHterH l)v whom thev had eaf'li a number of children, two of the number being deaf and dumlK They were connected togetlier at tlie side by a fiesjiy cartilaginous band about eight inches in length, compelling them to partly 187^ 1875, Mikj 1874 1875. GREAT HISTOltWAL EVENTS. 385 face each other. Lhiinn; « ,U,ith occurred about two and a half hours before Engs. and was caused by con^^cstiou of tlie lungs, and Eng's death was broth °r° '^PP'""'-'"* ^''"*'*''' ^"' "''* i'e.vvou8 sliock produced by the death of his Death of Millard Fillmore, thirteenth President of the United States throws ^■~^'''^^'' °^ '^"'^"'^ Edmonds, an ai'le Nev.- York jurist and philan- MILL RIVER DISASTER. May 16.— A terrible disaster occurred in the town of Williamsburg Hamo- shire County, Ma.ss., by which U7 persons io.st their lives and 1 aoo were left destitute. Over fl.OCH) 000 of property was dest.oied. It was caused by a defective reservoir ot 100 acres m extent. ^ May 23.— Senate passed the Civil Rights' bill. Jur - 1.— Gen. Bristow confirmed by the Senate as Secretary of the Treas- GRASSIIOPPER RAID. Great devastation caused by the grasshoppc'rs throughout the Northwest especially in Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa, and .Minnesota, duriuLr this and the following year. " CHARLIE uosa. July l.—'T'he abduction of a little hoy of four years of in-,, .on nf ri.rw r £;tS~.; i/S"yer"7'^^- '^ ^"'""'^ of'^i^:;^;^.!!^ ■ ^^^ nis orot. ci, agui six years, playing upon the s dewalk before his fithcr'q house, when two men in a wagon enticed them witl ' ui h and ^ m n se of nre-crackers ou;et nto thewa"-on nnfl f..l-,. .i ,.!,i,. a i 'i '"'".''' P'<>"i'se 1 1 ... . .^ ., , ""^ Willi tiie jittle one, and were never ^.oon nr bu UT folf lllomhs' } :'^' T'"^ !"'" ^""^ ^^■'"'" '" ""^"^^f ~ii^K of the 4diTcto S/> o M^^^^^ "'',""' '' ^.^■"■'^"fter the child was stolen, one he dmi W ? K, . ^"'iV' '•■""' '" '^''''<''' •'" P'-oposed to deliver up n r ^1 sin Jo rf, f °'"- "'" '''"' "■" *^''«' '■"^'^ "f bricranda^xe, or hole - ing a puson ur child tor a ransom, ever auempted in this counlry. a 'S^^^^^ S;S ""^ ^"^-'-"^ "^^^ ^^'""^ 200 lives ^ an?St?o7?f "dSon.'"' '^ ^"'^ ^''''- ^^^- ^--» -- '- Philanthropist thc^UnUed sLfs.""' ^''' '''''' "^''^ ^^•^'^S miles of railroad in operation in Nearly $6,000,000 of the Publi- Debt canceled this fiscal year There were 5,830 failures in business this year. nEECnRR TRIAL. Broo }l? S'T Zr'nrA'r^''''-^r^r' ''ITh^^'^th Congregational Church, husbaml Ny> for adultery with Mrs. Theodore Tilton, as char-ed by her New Vnrt ) ^ ,"" "^'T '■* prominent literary man, and editor of the New York Inde,pen,fe„f, also a very intimate friend of Mr Beecher T o ofleTo hrs"So"rf 'r' '""^i;"'^"'^' •^"''''"■^ ""'^ '' tt k[nd i" the'ann 'l K^^Jl^pSlSiS^^slEi^''' ^"'^"'^-^ -'^ influential it& aili !^ i m^^-duAi'i -Hiold the lowest for tlii KEELY MOTOR. Invention of a motive power which seemed to promise a revolution in the entire mechunical world. March 8.— Damages of $0,537,000 awarded against Tweed in civil suit. " 20.— Destructive tornado in Georgia. Great loss of life and property. April 13.— Death of Samuel R. Wells, well known professor of phrenology. and proprietor of the Phrenoloijical Journal. lie was, for many years, associ- ated with the Fowlers in the advancement of the science of Phrenology. April 22. — John Harper, senior member of the firm of " Harper Brothers," died, aged 78. April 25. — Burning of three steamers at the New Orleans levee; fifty lives were lost. April-May. — Great floods in the South. Large portions of Arkansas and Louisiana inundated. Great suffering among the inliabitants, especially among the laboring classes and freedmen. Large contributions were sent from the North. May — Extensive forest tires in Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York, and Canada, with great loss of property and some lives. xlppearauce of grasshopper.s in Iowa in great ur'-ibers. jVIay 5.— Trial of Prof. Swing, by the Presby. j of Chicago, upon the charges of heresy and unfaithfulness in duty as y astor, preferred by ]\lr. Patton. May 17.— Death of John C. Breckenrldge, at Lexington, Kj'. Mr. Brecken ridge was chosen for Vice-President of the United States, with Mr. James Buchanan, President, and in 1860 he was Uic candidate lor President of a sectional party at the South, and in the same year he was elected as U. S. Senator and defended the Southern Confederacy and secession in the Senate. "DOESTICKS." June 25 -Death of Mortimer Thompson, a Immorcus writer, well known as -Doesticl s " He married, for his second wife, the * aughter of Mrs. jlmes Parton. or "Fanny Fern." His literary name was "Q. K. Philander Doesticks, P. B." „ . ■, . o. t • • , j„ly 8 -Death of Hon. Francis Preston Blair, Jr at St. Louis, an eminent po tician and Congressman. He was in 1«68 a candidate for Vice-President ^n the ticket with Gov. Seymour, of New York, as President. July 3L-Death of Andrew Johnson, seventeenth President of the United States. KTT-KLTJX m ILLINOIS. A band of outlaws and desperadoes in disguise '^'-^flf '.^.J!;'"' ''V^hSi- whipping and mnrderinc citizens and destroy.ng '^, P^" J, ^,i„ /Vt .e zensforn^ed themselves into committees of scouts, ''"^f' J/ '/ '^ ^^^j.^^ ! Governor, and scoured the whole country. The band was fit. ,11\ l.ioken up and dispersed. Threatened revolution in Mexico caused by the passage of liberal laws. Aug. 26.-Sud.l<.n suspension of the ProalCalifnniinBnnlc Intense e^ nient"in San Francisco.' resembling "Bkek f ^^^^ „• ". SZ oSo 000 11,400,000 were paid out this day. The bank had a capital of |5,C0O,OOU. i ^Wl^f' 1875, 1876. Sept.— Trial of William Westcrvclt for complicity in the abduction and concealing of the "stolen child." Charlie Ross, lie was found ffullty and sentenced to the Penitentiary for seven years. ' FAST MAIL. Sept. 17.— Arrival of the first fast mail train in Chicago at 6 ai a m which left New York at 4.17 A. m. the Kith. The train was brought into Chicako by Frank Osgood, of Elkhart, Ind., who had to make twenty-five minutes of lo.st time in one hundred and one miles. He fainted in the cab when the train reached the depot, so great had been the strain upon his nerves and his mental an.xiety. They arrived several minutes before the expiration of the allotted time. Oct. 5.— The highest price of gold for the year 1875 was on this day, 117J. Nov. 22.— Henry Wilson, Vice-President of the United States, died of apoplexy at Washington, D. C. Nov. 24.— Death of William B. Astor, eldest son and principal heir of John Jacob Astor. Dec. 4.— Escape of Tweed from the custody of the Sherilf of New York County. Dec. 17.— Burning of the Pacific Mail steamer Japan, from San Francisco to Yokohama; a great number of lives lost. During the present year the public debt was reduced $14,344,514.84, and the contract for refunding it renewed. Beginning of the great revivals conducted by Moody and Sankey. Their first meeting was held in Brooklyn, N. Y., in a skating-rink, there beinjr no other building lante enough to hold the audiences Forest fires i Pennsylvania. Property to the amount of $3,000,000 destroyed. Great inundation in Texas. Severe storms in the South. Four hundred live-i were lost. Three hundred lives lo-t. Threatened disturbances in Louisiana cheeked bv the military under Gen Sheridan. Jan.— Debate on the Amnesty bill, a Democratic measure, which proposed granting pardon to all the participants in the Rebellion who liad been excluded troni previous pardons. The bill received the support of \Tl votes 97 voting against 't; a two-thirds majority not being secured it was declared lost A second debate followed, whicli was characterized by a great deal of bitterness and party .strife, with like results. Serious difficulties between the Americans and Cl.ii.ese in California and great opposition to Chinese immigration. The white population in Contra Costa County, expelled the Chinese by for.;c and burnec" their houpp- nnd property. WniSKY WAR. War upon the "Whisky Rings." by Secretary Bristow, of the United Stjvtes Treasury. Indictment of Gen. Babcock, Private Secretary and personal friend of Pres- ident Grant, for complicity in the whisky frauds. Feb. 10— Death of Hon. Reverdy Johnson, the distinguished .iurist, in Annapolis. Md. , aged 79. March.— Terrible ravages of the hog cholera throughout the Western States, especially Hlinois. it ; J.V/'I fak^mMia^MUm^^'n^i 'H'iiAVlAj...*:.*..: feiSiiJiLiilK 388 GREAT HISTORICAL h:VENT3. ile's Home, a Catholic charitable institu- iged and decrepit men were suffocated 187fi March 6.— Burnint^ cf the Old F'<' tion, in Brooklyn, N. V. Eighth i, and burned to diuitli. March 80. — Bursting of a reservoir it W' jcegtoi, AInss. The flood carried every thin^; before it tor r.lne miles, ui>a tii. dly Lottie' i upon a large Inwt of meadow lund. Millions of dollars worth o,' pro,ioity wns liertroyed, but no lives were l.)st. April 10.--Death of Alexander T. Stewart, i!it> propi ittor of the largest ,ft;tai' i.;fy-j.',(V)ds house in tiie world. May IH. — Grc(i).'l> '...:k National Convention met in Indianapolis, niid nomi- m'.*iilla"rati()n cov- ered a space of 1,500 square miles; 15 persons known to have lost"tlieir lives. 08T1UCISM. June 13. -Judge Hilton refus<.s to admit .Tamos Seligman, a well-known and influential banker of .New V orU an.l Lis family, to liis hotel in Saratoga, declaring that he could not open his house to Jews. GREAT FIRE IN ST. JOIIN. June 20.— Destructive fire in St. John, N. B. The principal part of the city, conlaming forty blocks, was destroyed, and thirteen lives reported $12 OoSb"" '"""^ '»'««'"«'• The loss in property was $10,000,000 to June 27.— Hanging of six Mollie .Alaguires at Pottsville, Pa. E.\tra session of Congress called by the President. July-Aug.— Great and extensive labor strikes occasioned by a "•eneral reduction ot tea per cent, iu wages. o'-uciai ST^VNLEY'S RETtniN. Aug. -Return of Henry ^r Stanley, (he great African explorer, from his second visit to Africa, where he rcmuiiud nine months niakin^r nv, - „„o. graphical and scientific discoveries. Sin..' his return he has prepa; - aro-e work, with a full account ot lu.s travels and discoveries. Au^. 29.— Deatli of the great Jlormon leader. Gov. Young, of Utah. He was Mormon President, Prophet and High Priest, and the founder of Salt ijaKe city. Oct. 19.— Army appropriation bill passed. .. Nov 1. -Death of Oliver Perry I\Iortou, United States Senator and great "war Governor ol Indiana. ^ Nov. 23.— Fishery Commission siftina: at Halifax, X. S "-ave a verdict agauist the Lnitcd States, and awartled Great Britain 4he suiii"~of !^5,500,006. Ku-Klux bill passed l)y Congress. Loss of the steamer Alabama, with 70 lives. Agitation of the civil service question, and a Board of C-nnissioners ajipointed. March 3.— Death of Benjamin Franklin Wado. an American Senator of great abUity aud force of character. March 4.— Bayard Taylor's appointment as Minister to Germany confirmed by the Senate. ORANGEMEN AND CATHOLICS March 18.— Riot in Toronto, Canada, on the occasion of a lecture by the Irish champion. O'Donovan Rossa A mob of 7.000 roughs surrounded the hall, bmiking all the window-glass with mi.ssiles, and driving the speaker and audience from the building, 300 persons were injured— 20 by pistol- sfiots The affair ended in a prolonged flght between the Orangemen and Catholics. ° Mar. 24.— Hanging of three Mollie Maguires in Bloomsburg, Pa. gray's TELEPHONE. Prnctlcnl dovelopment of the telephone invented by Eli-^ha Gray of Chi cago, in 1874. which, in the language of the inventor, will transmit vocal sounds telegraphically. ; I 1878, ProfeAsor A. E. Dolbear niro n ' ' i < improvement to the telephone the 811111C yciir III 1878 the ii. .cution became of puctical utility, ami was quite extensively used. :Mr. ThomuH A. Edison, of Menlo Park, N. J., has also invented a tele- phone. The phonograph, or sound-recorder, is ;i device for permanently recording and faithfully reproducing at any time or ])1m((' all kinds of sounds, including those of the huniun voice. The sp(.'uking phonograph was uivcnted by Mr. Thomas A. Edi.sou, and is a purely mechanical invention, no electricity being used. April 12.— Death of William Marcy Tweed, the great "Tammany Ring" leader, in the jail in New York city. He was the moving power in the rob- beries connected with the Municipal Government, when $50,000,000 were stolen from il,s treasury. May 2.— Great explosion in the Washburn flour mills at Minneapolis, Minn., the largest flournig n ill in thi; world, causing the destruction by tire of several other large ii ills. Total value. $1,500,000. 17 li' ->s were lost. May 10.— Senate passed the Bankrupt Repeal bill, whici. should be oper- ative iroui Sept. 1. May 12.— Death of Catiiorine E. Beecher, sister of Henry Ward Beecher and Mrs. Stowe. She was a well-known author, and a woman of r n-.. sense and virtue. Aged 77 years. WILLIAM CTJLLEN BltYANT. June 12.— Death of William Cullen Bryaui the eminent American poet, at the age of 84 years. June-July.— Riots in St. I-f)iiis betwcrn the Mayor and his marshals and the Metropolitan i)olice; al> between the Illinois and St. Louis Railroad Compa :'nd till' ( itizens. June-.' .'v.— Oca. John ( . iVemont confirmed as Governor of Arizona. July —Indian outbreak in Washington Territory. Battle oi Willow Springs; 43 soldiers killed. Generals Howard and Miles fluully rout the ludiaas. FTIOM Qr^BEC TO THE GVi.. July 4. — Nathaniel IT. Bishop canoe with sails, to make a tri'i boat for a paper (;anoe oi; the • OF MEXICO IN A PATEP. CAKOE. PtrirttJ from Qncl^'c, Cam. la, with a large ; tiie Gulf of Mexico, He exf hanged his itv in one of the New England ports, and journey pleasantly and safely in nine weeks' lused by a threatened riot among the Orange- »emplated grand parade of tli. Orangemen ■went on his way, perf' 'ng tin time. July 12 — Panic in' itre men and Catholics upi the i ui on that day. STTNSlROtJF.S. July 20 -Dnrinff the week endins; July 20 145 person^ died from excessive heat in the city of St. Louis, Mo,, and over 50 m Chicago, July 20— Death of "Minnie Warren," the dwarf wife of Maj. Newell (also a dwarf) and .sister of Mrs, Tom Thumb. July 29 —Total eclipse of the sun. seen in the United States in a path 116 mileswide, extending throuffh the Western Territories, from the British 1 o.^ sessions to the Gulf of Mexico. For the year ending with July, 1878, fifteen Mollic Maguires were hung JA'if '"'isfpl % i 1878 1879. 1880. ORRAT mSTOriWAn K^'ENTS. m^ July-Auu;.— Unprecedented and prolonged heat all over tho United States. Great sulicring and many deaths in conHequenee. Aug 7-9.— Terrible storm in Central IllinoiH, flweeping across the State doing much duiuage. '' Aug -Sept —C'/unene Embassy, among whom were several Chinese Indies visit the United States. Sept 3-8 — Griind parade and national tournament of tircmen in Chicago- procession three les in length. ' SILVER BILL. Silver bill passed both Houses of Congress by more than a two-thirds voi It was vetoed bjy President H.iyes, but immediately passed again over In, veto. Under tliia law the United States Mint proceeded to coin the new eilver dollar. Dec. 17.— Gold was sold in New York at par. It was first sold at a pre- mium January 13, 1803. It reached its highest rate, |2.85, July U, 18«4 Dec. 27 —Death of Mujor-General Daniel Craig M'Callum, manager of mil- itary railways during the civil war, aged 04 years. RESUMPTION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS. Jan. 1.— The resumption of specie jiayments by the Government took place on January 1, 1879, us provided by law. It took place without producing the slightest unfavoral)le impression. The enormous exportation and dimin- ished importation of the previous year still continued, and soon enlivened the stagnant trade that had prevailed durin'j; the larirer part of 1878. The conse- quence was a state of remarkable prosperity during 1879. Feb. 2.— Death of Richard Henry Dana, editor, i^ct, ami essayist. March 7.— Death of Elihu Burritt, a scholar and philanthropist, born at New Britain, Conn., Dec. 8, 1810. A?^^^ 31. --Death, in New York city, of General John A. Di.x, ex-Governor of New 1 ork, in his 81st year. May 7.— The New York Legislature pass. . bill ftrmg the leal rate at mterest at si.x per cent ° June 10.— Both Houses unanimously passed a iiill t'> erect a monument on the site of the house in which Washington was born. Sept. 18.— Death, in New York city, of Daniel Drew, aged 83 years. Oct. 9.— Collision at Jackson, on the Michigan Central Railroml Fourteen persons killed and thirty-two wounded. Oct. 31.— Death of General Joseph Hooker. ( 'ommander of the Army of the Potomac. Nov. 1.— Death of Zacliariah Chandler, a Senator, member of the Cabinet and politician. He was born in Bedford. N. If., December 10, 1813. Mr! (.'handler took an active part in the Presidential campaign of 1876, bein" the hardworking President of the Republicnn National Executive Comml'ttee. He was durinu the greater portion of his life engaged in large business enter- prises, fr. m which he had realized a handsome fortune. He was a man of commanding appearance, and pos.ses.sed an excellent practical judgment great energy, and peseverance. ' ' Jan. 3.— Death, at Miiidm, Mass., of Bi.shop Gilbert Haven, of the Matho- dist Episcopal Church, in liis 59th year. !l H ■, s 894 GRKAT HlsroniCAL EVENTH. 1880. 1681. ^Vpril 18.— Torniulo swtpt over ptirtM of Western nnd Soiiflu-rn HtntcH, dcstioyin^c inucli |)iopcfl v imd killiiijj tii;iny people. The town of MarHliIieUi. Missouri, wan totally dcslroyeil. One huiidred killed iind 150 wounded. The town of kl 1'a.so, ArkanHus," wu« also destroyed. During \\m\ and May a large portion of Southern New Jersey was laid wa.ste l)y forest tires. June 9 — The National Kepubliean Convention at Chieai?o, 111., nominated James A. (Jirtield, of Ohio, for President, and Chc»ter A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice-Freaident, June 34.— The National Oemocnitic Convention at Cincinnati, Oiiio, nom inated MaJorGeneral Winlielil Scott Hancock, of Pennsylvania, for President, and William U. English, of ludiuua, for Vice-President. PniCSIUENT G.VBFIEbl) rNAUaUHATEO. March 4.— General Garlield inaugurated President with unusual civic and military display. The General introduces a new feature hy salutuig his mother and wife with a kiss at the close. Senator James G. Hlaine, of Maine, Secretary of State in the new Cabinet. Great pressure of otHce-scekers. TIIE rnESIDKNT ASSASSINATED. July 2.— At the railway depot in Washington, on his way to attend the commencement exercises" at Williams College, of which he was a graduate. President Garfield was shot down by a pistol in tlu' hands of Charles .1 Guiteau, a disappointed petitioner for office, who had watched liis opportunity for weeks. The as-assin was at once arrestwl. Profound sensation over ail the civili/ed world, and many telegrams expressing sympathy and sorrow sent by crowned heads and other dignitaries. Sept. 3-7.— Michigan forest flres. Great loss of life and property. Sept. 19.— After a lingering and mo.st painful illness, the President dies at Elberon, near Long Branch, N. J. Great grief throughout the nation. Sept 20 —Vice-President Arthur privately takes the inauguration oath as President, and re takes it more formally and publicly at Wa.shington, Sept. 23, when he delivers liis inaugural address. Sept. 26.— Tlie remains of President Garfield buried at Lake View Ceme- tery, Cleveland, O., witli ^reat pomp and ceremony. The funeral procession was more than four miles in length. During the nine months ending September 30th, 560,000 emigrants arrive in the United States. GUITEAU INDI(T!:> Oct, 7.— Chas. J. Guiteau, the assassin of the President, is indicted for murder. Oct. 10.— Special session of the Senate opened, to consider President Arthur's Cabinet appointments. YORKTOWN CENTENNIAL, Oct. 13-21.— Centennial celebration of the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Va. Family rcprese^tati^ ^ of Lafayette, the Count Roeliambeau, and Baron Steuben, were present, < the 18th was laid the corner-stone of the Yorktown monument, to cost about $200,000, and be built at the national expense. Nov. 14.— The trial of Guiteau begins, before the Criminal Court iu Washington. '-• "f the brfg William, b^und r.fi!e ^^i» £ SSiS;:^tS^™'SS.2'^^"'" ^-^^>- Asia, the northern limits of. determined by Baron Wi-rn^le .lilljtil^rihe cSSSe :^l"^;-r^^^'f-'V - -^-'^ »'- --t between mou^h of the la^^JrS™ ^g'^^i^^^^i^^S ""' *'" "'"^ "■°™ "^'^ BlSora ii^covcrcd H,el"o^?1 "^' l^'' y'^''' ^-'P'^'^^ B^echey. in H. M. S. 140 mi™,; o col t ifnitC bX ^'^.i^-"'^^ ^-^ P'""* B'""'-"^- '^^^^'"^' '^^^o-^* Barrow is loOrW To.S ' '"' ^°'"* ''""^ P«'"*' Beechey.' Point IsfCmt''''''- ^^"^«— t passage. Discoveries of Captain Ross, October No^vemlStlf™'"^'""" "^^ '"■^^■'^^•"-' ">' Ri^'hanl and John Lander, Arctic discoveries by Dease r.nd Simpson Livmgstone and friends trace River Zouga, Africa. Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls, Africa Du Chaillu explores Equatorial Africa Captain Burton crosses Equatorial Africa. Captain Speke discovers Victoria TS'-yanza Cameron crosses the continent of Africa British Arctic expedition within 1,000 miles of North Pole the same.^ '^'''''^'' *^° S''''' ^^"^^^ "^-^^ Congo and Lualaba as one and Si^lSJ^SSli=5lSS^,?;^-2-- P-.e around the n^^:i';i^r:^^^^X'^Z^^^^^^^ in the 2fi 1819. 1819-33. 1831. 1835-6, 1837, 1839-33. 1830. 1838. 1849. 1855. 1856-59 1857. 1858. 1876, 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. ^:*S&:-^Amm!:*mtM-A^,s ■niimmii.ij:!m>./ i.*««**.^i.&«te*-«^*.^,^,4^,,,,a^i^^ ??' _>^f -t^T.-'-'C — t— *- By p. B. DICKERSON". N his publication on Education, John Locke says: ''The writing of letters has so much to do in all the occurrences of human life, that no gentleman can avoid showing himself in this kind of writing; occasions will daily force him to make use of his pen, which always lays him open to a severer examination of his breeding, sense, and abilities than oral discourses, whose transient faults, dying for the most part with the sound that gives them life, and so not subject to a strict review, more easily escape observation." Letter writing was the link that in the last century bound together those literary coteries that we would now sneer at as " provincial," and in the interchange of epistles we get glimpses of literary life that are as vistas of green fields and fresh waters to the writer of the present day. The cirUured leisure recog- nized as the natural necessity of thought, the slow and deliber- 402 : j I 1 <• ; SC i tl i (^1 i tl 111 m i bi i gr 1 en . m m 1 WJ i CO ; W€ I th i th< 1 th( ad Le tei tri( an( ma to pu tht 1 the "7TW9 \': i I SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITTNO. 403 :i(;e workmanship by which alone sucli thought could l)e insured lifting expression, the exact balancing of a period, the close scansion of feet, and the delicate ear-ringing of rhymes, have to the mass oi: writers of the present time the same picturesque and charming antiqueness that the stage-coach has to the iiurried traveler who must perform his journeys by express train. We flatter ourselves that we can do all that our predecessors did in much less time and with decidedly less fuss. This may be true; but still, when we examine closelv, we discover that Ave are in a great measure reaping where they have sowed, and that our pres- ent ha^te is largely indebted to their leisure. And whatever we may say when we find our pens in request, and when study is so much time wasted that might have been given to reproductive writing, the old ideal of the literary li^e is the only one that will commend itself to the truly literary man. Napoleon's instructions to his 'son, through his executors, were: " Let my son of ten read and reflect on history. This is the true philosophy. Let him read and meditate on the wars of the great captains. This is the only means of rightly learning the science of war." We believe the application of Napoleon's advice to his son the only correct way of learning Scie7ice in Letter Writing, hence we publisli ns our "sample letters" let- ters from the most noted men and women of this and other coim- tries, including letters from every President of the United States and fourteen signers to the Declaration of Independence. In making this selection, we have endeavored to have them relate fo as great a variety of subjects as possible, and every lover of pure society will welcome this volume, which is the result of the expenditure of great labor, time and money. cICmiI^ fo Compoiitiovv. Cobbett'« advice "to know first what you want to say, and then sny it in the first words that occur to you," is sound, and f »-i I J ?Trt?SS85v-5iJir occasion seems to demand. Bfiwlope.—The envelope should be adapted both in color and size to the paper. Those known to dealers as Nos. 4 and 4^ are suitable for ladies, and Nos. 5 and 5^ for gentlemen's social correspondence. Nos. 6 and G^ are generally preferred for busi- ness purposes. Both paper and envelopes should be of line quality. It helps to create a favorable impression on the recipient, and beside is conducive •! one penmanship. InJc.—A\o'-C\ black ink can never be in bad taste, ft is the most (IrtiiUfle color, and one never tires of it. Purple ink is allowable, tlsough not so much in vogue as a few years since. All other colors should be discarded entirely. ASfeft/s.— Seals have almost gone out of date since the intro- duction of gummed envelopes, being now little used except for valuable enclosures sent by express. Still a seal of wax neatly put on gives a much more refined appearance to a note, and adds something of distinctiveness to it. The heading consists of the place and date. On ruled paper it should begin on the first line, near the center of the sheet, and may occupy one, two, or three lines. It should of course o(;cupy the same position on unruled paper. The place should include at least two items, the Postoffice and the State, and if the place is not a large one, the county also, unless well known to the i)er- son for whom the letter is intended. When writing from a city where there is a free delivery, the street and number should also be written. The date should give the montli. the dav of the T^m y HVIENCE OF LETTER WltlTIXG. In n.onth and year, and n.ay al«„ inc-lu.le th. day of the week social notes the year is often oniittetl. s«<««,„«. The former consists of the iiumu and title ol ll,„ perso,, wntten to, with hi. place of t-esidence. The „ , ,! si ,M l.e wntten plainly and in full. Connesv ve>nZTT, title sl.„,jia be atlixed to the na.ne, u,,,e7th;'^rn d ..Z; IS a member of the society of Friends. """itssea The ordinary titles are Mr., Esct JJ,., .,„,i ^r■ used in addressing a boy. T™ oUhese ti , '^ *'"'""■'' nor shottld they be nsed'in connerli: "" 'X^ 1 XZ'' or military titles, except in one or two instCcr I^ t T^ clergyman it is allowable to write Ret, nu „ i ; man has u profes.sional or literary title J/W ™ 1 " ?'f '''"' it to denote his wife. ' *• ""^^ '''^ "*'' '»'''«■« rae 5a/«fo«<,„ or covipUmentary address is a term of polite ness^ respect, or affection with which we introduce a lette, ™ t 'Lt:;"Vf '"" "C"""' '^■'"«««"™- MosT „Vtr:.;i .' Z le tr T'"^^' 'f ™ -<* ''1«»">' '.PPfopriate in many xZs 1 t^, h' ™'f r "' '""'" ^despondence, the particular expiession to be n.sed depending on the feelings or fancy of the writer, and his relation to the person addressed. In J"' ''""■• '" ''»^'™^» '««"". "Ot official, it to« s. Both forms are allowable in social letters. I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. A //J. S^^, A f/. LO I.I '- IIIIIM |50 '™^^ ^ 1^ I'M M 1.8 liyi llil mil 1.6 FnotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 rtW iV 'S^ \\ ^ % <^ 'u IC .^.^ ^Fo nil?. MeM^. eaUf/f, Skl,y,.^ ^a//un. (^ ^a. '^&'?'U/e7}2e9i. 9A /lU'fie o4et (ea4s ^Inc^ '}' : ■]-■■ w 410 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. <:.J6tM (^ci^a (8. M" -"P"-n\ar;!;dd «ne the dash should not be used. ^-^■'f ' w \-'.i\: ~ W>»fii±o!ii»>ai«U,y^i 412 SCfKNCl-: OF l.ETTFAt WIUTIXG. '^hc ^^;vx\j of iC.c ^c\U:. TiiK Hony OF TiiK ].i:tti;u is the communication itself, the meiir in tlie imtslicll. It begins eitlier on ilie same line as the com- l)limentary address, or on the line following, the latter style being l)r<>fei'al)le unless the introduction is long. A blaidv margin Iron" one-fourtli to thive-fourtlis of an inch wide (according to the size of ])ai)er used) sliould be left on tlie left-hand side of each slieet. l>ut not on the right. Great pains should be observed to liave this maigin pei-fectly straight and even, using a lightly ruled pencil line, or a heavy black line on a sheet beneath the one written on. if iiecessary. Letters should be divided into paragraphs whenever the wiiter passes frou' ,ie subject to another. Sometimes persons fall into the mistake of making a separate paragraph of each sentence, but this is wi-ong. A letter may consist of only one paragra})h, yet contain several complete sentences. All pai'agi'aphs except the first should begin the same dis- tance from the marginal line (about three-fonrths of an inch or an incli being the proper distance) and not under the end of the pi-eceding one as many sux)i:>ose. Penmanship.-Wvite neatly and legibly at all events, ele- gantly If you can. If not an insult, it certainly is an impo- sition to send your correspondent a letter so badlv written that It compels him to take double the time to decipher it that lie would to rmd it if w.>ll written. Flourishing is entirely out o[ place. Leave that for the itinerant writing teacher and the commercial college student. It is best to write upon every page unless the paper used is so thm that the writing shows through. Business letters thnf are to l)e copied in a press should be written upon but one side of the sheet, as when the paper is dampened the ink penetrates through, making the letter very difficult to read if written on both sides. SCIE.WI-: OF LETTEH Wlil TIXG. ^ 4 i . ) Blofs ;ii-e not allowable, iijul iiitvili.„..,t; >., . ^o be .voided as nnu-h as posslb :,:: /"''r'"'"^ ="" -^" totbeirinendsandtosocietv ne-., •";''':''''"'■ i» "'="^"<'^-. Should theym,, stn Ve ,' , ^ " '"""^ ^^''-=''" the medium of tbeiv l.ni "' '" ^^i'^^^^"' ^ -^'" ^^''-mL eo.ui' 1 1 .^ 1 o 1 1 . onnal tl.an other, in ,he dose, and the te,™ yo„r „*„ ;, T'- ™f/V"»"'°>>. i^ now in this couatzy aln,ost Ju,^,^. restricted to tliis class of letters >"ih ij Signature xn letters that contain anything- of ,„o„. .mportance than mere .gossip shonUl be si™«I will, ,|„ r„,l ",11? "'■'": '"'""'" ^ ^"'^™ *" '"■"-' if ^" 1"'-™>.V 'I-at te "ho "n may read, especially if the letter is to one who is a stran-^er more difflcnlt to decipher than a word in the body of the letter to there the context will enable one to tell, in n,;,,, ,,,„.,, ,,,„; 1 e word on^ht to he, bnt no such cine is aiTorded in n,aki « out ahadly wntten name. If the wri,,.,- i, a Indv she shonld' in «-ntmg to a stranger, so sign her nan.e that the recipient of 'the lit I Pi ? it) ' ! 414 8CIKNCH OF LETTKlt WRITING. letter may understand not only her sex, but whether she be mar- ried or single. T?te complimentary close is written on the line following tlie end of die letter proper. It may occupy one, two, or even three ines The first line should begin an inch or two to the right of the left margin, and each succeeding line half or three-fourths ot an inch further to the right. When the address is placed at the end of the letter it should begin at the left margin on the first line following the one occupied by the signature, and be arranged in the same general form as when placed at the beginning of the letter The following models will serve to more fully fix the general principles above given, and indicate the proper punctuation: Social cFot-nta. -^t-it^e^^e^^ '^€>^-t4d^ (The dotted line represents the last line of the letter.) ^UC^ty- C^^i.eT--^^n-i>4- . ^^'^'i^, ^^^ t/eny}, At'ii^z^/^ •^rjr*' >* le be mar- awing the ven three e riglit of se-fourths it should the one e general B general ition: fy^^■^€>^4■. t^^f/ied^. I 8GIENQE OF LETTEli WltlTJNa. ■110 yc/rA-y. df-'-^ice^ei^j. ^-y- -yetted.. w^^:^. ^. 'l^^a-t't^H^t^ C/te^n^iH^^ <^, Q>^ SSuaineaa cForM4>, naTid Ivu/'U Jamed Muim^dmi. ■ fi N SCIENCE OF LETT Eli WlilTlMI. Ofl'uial' OFoMII;>. J/^e'e.t.-^^* \/Yt./A 't• f"''!"'- present t„e ,i,.. ,.,.«„ ,,„ ,„., „,: ,;;;,'> "l«'ne,t it .,„„ Aolold tlu' Jiote .sheer J-iv if ,>,. fi . , . •I- '""t page „i,, T„, 'th bVt,,";, " ■ '"■'■'"■- '■""■ -"■ lengrl. of fhe sLeet, then turn rl.e,,, '!'";'," '""■"'"■'' "'■• The envelope shonM be a trifl 1- ,',' :' "''.'T;, '■-■»"■ "lieet. Letter paper reqnires the Zl t^ T' "' '" '''" folded by tn,.ning „p thi botton, eZL ! ' " T' '""• '" nearly ,,„; ,„rn the right ed.ve llTS.t I T'' ""* '"''• "'' «heet, then turn the left ertgelve Zl\ T "'"'" '" ""- If yon are ..ompelled to wrUe o , ,d , ", T"" ™ '"" '"'"^■ to „»e »on,e ingennity to n,ak, , , "",'""■■ ^"" "'" ""'ve .0 keep in n.ind the /ener„rr;;,e'l.i':;„:';:„r'"'«-' '-' ™"«'™- "unl":nd"t;r:rth:.";,er:j;''; -'r"""""™ -"-'-^ <'f the on account of beino- inmpvr..,i 7. ^ '^^^my eveiy niontli theabbrevlatioIrots^LoSntX. ^re'""^rr written, Pa., Va., and N. Y and N T ™: ,}^,^*" ™''<''e««'.v fonnded, and we have known Ind fobeso b^df V "'"'■ ..p~f'i':r^::i SttiXe""B;r:iT t ™te upon. If yon cannot otherwise write stratht ",'"'• " of heavy ruled paper or catdboard inside SeMp?" " ''^'' The proper forms of superscription, pnnctnation c.,„it.,li™ .on,^p,aee for sta»p, etc.. will readily b'e seen in ^Z^ 27 .iff': ^i mil ' ( •«Sl.t*J.tUiMilk, Ij ■xM 420 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRTTING. Model for the addres3 of a letter of introduction. STAMP. ?7Z. -. vi.^,^..eJ_-t— »-*-£.-; ^. ■ ~c \— -^»_-< '0--T_.^0>-- ee-li.Me'i^. 7/zi.M- Model for the address of letter sent in care of a third party. STAMP. J j3<^ &^/,r.. // ^a>e (3tci ei'i-yii^-no-'t-i e/^ <=&^. CJi)ir/f. The above are models for the address of a business letter, showing the name of the county in different positions. STAMP. X : partj- TAMP. f-r//. . 8 letter. J Anotlier arrangement of the precedino-. 427 m f t 11 ■■**4Sis&*to«.«iafc,ji4,i 11 , SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. Si. j2^^. sS^^U*.;.^ y^^. it^ytre.-7^ ^ ~\iy'€i'^^e "* .Je^brnTLr'"'"'^"'''' ""'^'^ "■'"^'' known a person's hr«rti;'ntmsr "^ "^^^ """'* "^^^--^ "- »■■' ■qA5.9/oy/^rZ and qtfieiai, -.nv] B us mess. am!*; 424 SCIENCE OF LETTEll WHITING. Whatever is here said of Notes will generally equally apply to Ceremonial Cards, as in reality they are simply notes on cardboard. Notes are, however, more appropriate for occasions of formality and importance, and also for acceptances and regrets. When notes or cards are to be sent through the mails an outer envelope of a coarser quality should be used to protect the envelope proper from being soiled. Upon the inside envelope should be written the name only of the person for whom it is intended. The outside envelope should contain the name and full address. The language of notes should be concise but courteous, the writing or engraving plain but elegant. Excessive ornament should be aT^oided, and the elegance allowed to consist of rich- ness oi' material, beauty of form, and harmony of parts. The following French words and phrases or their initials are sometimes used on notes and cards: B. S. V. P.—Repondez sHl vous plait: Answer, if you please. P. P. C— Pour prendre conge: To take leave. Bal Masque : Masquerade Ball. Le Cotillon: The "German." Costume de rigueuer: Pull dress, in character. Fete Champetre : A garden party. Soiree Dansante : A dancing party. JE. v.— En Ville : In town or city. Notes of Ceremony are embraced in two classes— Inmtations and Acceptances and Regrets. Among the former are invita- tions to Weddings, Wedding Anniversaries, Dinners, Social Parties, Balls, College Anniversaries, etc. Notes of accept- ance . ^-^1 regret are all embraced in two or three general forms. We append appropriate models of all of the above. mpi"^' I 426 SCIENCE OF LETTER WHITING. 1 If a reception is to be given at the residence of the bride's parents, the following card should be enclosed with the invitation: ^e. ecc/i-^i. Or the following more elaborate card may be used : (%.. ^ (^4^. ^ct.z^/c^ QKa^e^, ^K ^0144<2'^ Qk<^n, ideca^ ei^ei--yio-{!tt ., yei'ntta-l-^ ■rtt^^t/u. ^i^ryi- ^a.i^/iad/ J^ul *t■^^^i^ -fef^t o- eui^. #.. ■/y^2 <^«<^>««^<^ o^«^«srij? et^a^^t. /3-/S (^ciedf ^yftfe. SCIEWUE OF LETTER WRlTiyo. -IL'9 It IS, however, more generally cnstoniary in the case of a private or informal wedding, that the bridegroom make tlu- announcement of the marriage. Two cards mav be used, on. bearmg the names of the married couple, and' the other the nuuden name of the bride. These sliould be enclosed in doubh envelopes and mailed to the friends whom it is .lesired to infonr ot the event. (%. ^ (m... ^-^fta^i^^ ///e(^^^u ■»^^l^/ f^a fe-== I 430 8GTENCM OF LETTER WlilTINO. Another form of announcement is as follows; C^^. (/f/>t: C^^ccJ^/^-z^e-Ut^fOd tt^nee O^A^^ \c/'tc^:>4-f*w«/<^^ _, Mcfyn^u-a.4-^ ee^-^^n-^ /SS^Sii^ ^eAc66.Hg. c?/ W<5/ :/C^ -«^. A,r^^^ invitation is on wooden or imitation cards. For Tin Wedding, paper made in imitation of tin is used. If it is p,v- lerred that no gifts be offered the invitation .should contain an announcement to that effect. Tlie invitation should be on crystallize ,1 cards 482 SCIENVH <>!'• LHTThA' WJUTL\0. mat iitirie, The invitations are on silver-bordered cards. fi> CPfr^eiiUee/ Qu-^ie /^e/, iSZiS. <^/^t€'t4ettt.-H^ e-ve>n^t*T, Utttifi /j^t^e/, /. 'A / l€lnyf<>^ W. ■iefitte4 ea M /ne //I ^eadtfie <'if /Ae roiiiyia-f'/^t ^jf '^.. 8^/ \///eit/</... — - Occcpfcai'Kc of linnet Snviiaiion *i-edf^^ce^^ ^/«C€^/-j^i'^€'i e/f/'e^i^i/^. ^ecWatiovt o^ 3nt>i.tatii,it-iice /'-JY Qfe./ Or a.,'«:::'-ffiag!iia8M !tm ' '■Vri «?= 442 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. The other sisters nse full names. C?^fM St^f^-J0^ <^€l4d/^ti^. The address may be added on either of the above if desired. 1 SCIEJ^'VE OF LETTEH WRITlA'a 443 The following are samples of gentlemen's hand-written cards. The address may be added in the lower left-hand corner, if desired. i I »**.««ne««HW»a*Cfc; Ui SCIKNCE OF Lhrni'm wiuttno. Official' eaiJ>. ^^^. C/M^/Ji. o/^*^^. CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER U. S. A. 3lrofeo»iovva^ Catb. i^ J2^j-'n.^ ^eMS^ldif^i,, Office, No. 15 Lafayette Avenue. Hoiir.a, ft to 10 and 2.M to 4. ^■^■^^^^r^ |i*'^«^Ni^^fr.|? BM "Iff, SVtHMK OF l.HTTHIt WHITIN!}. U: ■3u ti)ICcmotici)ii C'cc^jv. An Enolish (ULstoiu ..ipMly gaini,,. favor in this ,-,„M.r.v is Che «enain«- out of Canls i,i Alen.orian, to frieucLs to nnno.n.n. :. 'leutli, ol which they might reuumi iu ignorunre hut Un- ^hU 1 inui-l< of respect. i ■■'■ !' m : 1' ' j 1 ' L I dnetds Corretspondence - AND— Mercantile Korrti*^, ^eS2525252529SH!R5i!S^^ A buaineHs letter shotild be brief and to the jioint, yet clear- ness should never be sacrificed in order to secuire brevity. Endeavor to make your meaning i)erfectly clear, and use as few words as possible to do it. In penmanship avoid everything in the nature of flourishes, and as well a careless style of writing that renders words indistinct and liable to be mistaken for others. Mistakes are expensive — they cost both time and money— and one-half that are made in business transactions might be avoided by a very liitle care. It is a most excellent lule in business to copy every letter in which anything is said that there is the least possibility of being referred to in future. It not only enables one to be sure oijiist exactly what ho said, but affords a current history of a man's business that is useful in many ways. In answering letters follow the same order that is observed therein, discussing each subject thoroughly before proceeding to the next. If one's business correspondence is at all extensive the letters should be filed away in nlphnbetical order as soon as answered, so that any letter may be readily found when reference is desired to be made to it. Full information regarding materials, fonns of address, super- scription, etc., will be found in the general remnrks in the open- ing chapter on letter writina;. Below are ffiven samples of letters embracing a large ranire of subject'^, and illu-^frnting the prin- ciples underlying correcit business correspondence. 446 \i^^m:^m^^mf-.^^^--ff:^^^^^ -—■"■' ••■*■'••- ^sawii SCIENCE OF LETTKll \VIUT1\G. My DeurSlr; Chicago, 111., April 8, 1882. I)arlin.r whn,n r' ""'" "l" """'"■ "^ '""•'"'"'^'"R "» ^""^ "<'.iuuinlu„cc. Mr. John iiarling whom I commond to your kind utteulion. Very truly yours, Mr. SAMtlKI, TIIO.VIPSON, KOBERT T. WILSON, Dayton, Ohio. £e^^e^ 3^tro6uci,K, (^eutf.n.au .^ccfuK, £oca«OK for §8uMne^*. J. F. Gaylord, Esq. , Chicago, June 9, 1883. Grand Kiipids, Mich. Dear Sir:-Wo rccommcn.i to your attention and favor Mr Daniel Lon,., a pn>nus.ng young business man of thi. city. He i. seeking „ suit ble o , on for open.ng a general dry good.s store, and will I.e i„ ,our c.ty 'for that rp ma few days He ks a gentlen^an of energy and business capactty and woul 1 b valuable acquisition to any city. I am, respectfully yours, JOHN M4NN1NU. Henry Watson, Esq., Boston, March 29, 1882. Charleston, S. C. bearer Mr Goo Hol^^^'' ,T"'""'"'^ '" '''"'' ^'""'"'''^''^^ ''''''' ^^'^ ''"«"tioa th. .carer. M Geo. Holmes, eldest sou of Mr. Wm. Holmes, of the hi-^hlv n-socefil,!,. iiousc of IL.lmes, Martin & Co., of this city. ^ ".spcctal.lo Our estcenu'd younff friend ivi ■,\^n„t »„ „• -^ ,, Charleston, on bus! ess for hi' we 1"; '"'"'"" '''''''''• '' "^'^ '' ..fr,.,.,i 1 • "ousc, we therefore request you, most earne^tlv tn possioie. He IS rlov.T, sfeadv and una'^stimin!?, and we are convincf.,1 H,.f on a near acquaintance will prove him.lf deserving of -our est^^raXooTwi Comman. us f,ve,y in si,nilar cases, and bo assured we will u^e 17 est endeavors t.. .h, justice to your introduction. ' We are, respectfully yours, HENRY MINER & CO. ^^i^»|^ n ftj I* us SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. Detroit, Mich., Mar. 4, 1883. John Miner, Esq., Chairman, Sydney, Ohio. Dear Sir: — The bearer, Mr. Abram Morton, who is about to leave this district, where he has been engaged in teaching, is, I am pleased to say, of good standing here, both as a teacher and member of society. His character is above reproach, and I cheerfully recommend him to a position in one of the district schools of your town. I am, respectfully yours, ANDREW F. WILLIS, Chairman School Committee. oHc a efcrPi. Denver, Col., May 9, 1882. Messrs. W. W. Barton & Co., Omaha, Neb. Gentlemen : The bearer, Mr. Walter Beard, being about to leave our employ, it gives us pleasure to testify to his merits as a clerk, the capacity in which he served us. He has been with us the past four years, and during this time has dis- charged his duties with skill and ability. He has been punctual at his work, courteous in bis manners, and by his care and attention to our business has made himself specially valuable. He bears a good character as a gentleman as well as a man of business. Yours very truly, F. D. VIN'ING & CO. Buffalo, N. Y.. Jan. 10, 1882. To whom it may concern : The bearer, Mr. Thomas Myers, is personally known to me a.s a young man of sterling worth. He is a graduate of Yale College, is of good family, possesses an unblemished character, and as a member of society is highly esteemed. I cordially recommend him to good people everywhere, and especially to those to whom he may ofiEer his services. Very respectfully, EDWARD C. GRAHAM. SCIKXCE OF LETTER WIUTING. 449 flppficatio.v for a et'etluCip. Messrs. F. B. Dickerson & Co., ^°^^ Huron, Mich., July 17, 1883. 47 Larned St. West, Detroit, Midi. for Ihe same. I h«re not li.,d nLi, , "'*"^°' """"'"S 'PPlicaUoi. Very respectfully, JAMES BROWN. appfkatioH fot 2o.itioH of SSoofJtccper. M. W. Ellsworth & Co.. ^^"'^ Kapids, Mich., July 17, i882. Detroit, Jlich. appeared in ^o-^^^^^Z. Tj^lZu^.r^''' ''''''''-'^' ^'^^^ bookkeeper for John Smith & Co hnt i^ ™^ '""''''• ^ ^"^ ''^ Present with the duties of the^osi l^^pp i d T ^'T'^^r ' ^" ''''''''' ^^-"- present employers, who wi It Lk satilf' t" , "" ''"'^ '' "'" ^"^^ *" "^ character and Uiflcations -'^f-torUy answer any questions as to my Very respectfully, (Cut out and enclose advertisement. ) WM. brown. appficatiou fo. IfoMtio.v of Sal'..,uc.H anb Coffccto^. Messrs. Smith* Parker, Cincinnati, O., June 1, 1883. Buffalo, N. Y. Gentlemen : I am thirty years of asre and huy. resnon-ibl- '-= -i -^ ^a'-ehouse. will give bonds for me if required " 1^^^:] ""'"^'"^ '" ^""' ^''^^ ^^° 29 ^'''iU'rea. 1 have had experience in your line of business, ■ I |i •M' li ^^i^^?i^1SLfe^f^y^^Jil^i!;ca^.j- SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. and would be pleased to have a trial with you, if preferable, previous to a permanent engagement. I am at liberty to refer to J. C. Johnson & Co., of your city, in reference to my ability and character. Very respectfully, JOHN C. BRYAN. filppElcaHoH tot a»v 3nc*eaae o^ Saio-*.^. New York, June 1, 1882. Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. Gentlemen:— Will you permit me to call your attention to a subject of considerable importance to me, namely, the question of an increase of salary. I have been with you nearly two years, in which time you have determined upon my disposition and ability to do the work required of me, and in calling your uttention to this subject, I do so believing it has escaped your notice in the more pressing demands upon your attention. I have endeavored to perform my duties faithfully and punctually, and if I may venture to hope for encouragement from you, believe me ever ready and willing to respond to any demands your interests may require. I am, yours respectfully, ' •' ' FRANK C. CHAPMAN. £ettet of Srcbit. Cincinnati, Ohio, May 9, 1882. Mr. Benj. Davis, N. Y. Sir,— Permit me to introduce to your acquaintance the bearer of this letter, Mr. Alex. Jones, who proceeds to N. Y. on his way to Eng. Should Mr. Jones desire to take up cash for the payment of his passage, etc., you will please advance him any sum not exceeding $500, takmg his draft at three days' sight on his house here, Messrs. Calkins, Vance & Co., in reimbursement. I shall feel greatly obliged by such maiks of attention as you may be able to show Mr. Jones, whom you will find highly deserving of your regards. I am, respectfully yours. JOSEPH ELLIS. Mr. Jones' signature, Alex. Jones. J. C on s( iinpc perfc John youy( I willini H Messrs. Gei with N. extra CO to suppl you thii Tru ■^'^'"'•""^'■■''''niffiiittiiiaM SCIENCE OF LETTER WlilTLXG. 451 aiefvisaf to (^^ont £*ttct of erc.S.l. J. C. Boyer, Esq., Cleveland, Ohio, May 1, 1882. Indianapolis, Ind. ou some hou.se in New YoTk iTiulrrl.? ^^^ ^^It "''" ''''1"««ting a Letter of Credit impossible, at present, for us\o collTwi , ^" "'"^ *" ^"'°^'° ^^ "-' >' - Perfor. this service will not^l^^^I^l^llr;:; ^"^"^ °"^ '^^'''^ '^ We are, yours very truly, W. C. BARTON & CO. John C. Walters, Esq.. Flint, Mich., June 18. 1882. Detroit, Mich. youyesterday. ac^^rJSJ::":::-^-- .y faille to .eet willinllTr ''''-' '-'-' ^^'-«"-"- -- -^ "e. you to helieve . was not Hoping you will pardon me in this instance, I am, respectfully yours, JOSEPH M. BAKER. Me,s,srs. F. B. Dickcrson & Co. . Barnesville, Ohio, Dec. 15, '82. Gentlemen. ^'"''''^ ^'''''■ With N. Y. draft ttm^rtrpr;Lr:'"/T !^^ ^°^'- "«- ^^P-tment.- extra copies in the best bindl whTc. n.e . ''"" "'^ "^''^^ ^"""^ "« ^o to supply an my subscrib^^I^thYo ~^^ ^'"; ^^-■•^-- - ^ «'-" need them you thmk they will reach here in t me senTbv f^"^ "•'. " '"'^ ''' '^"'^ '^^^' ^^ Trustmg my order will receive ::;rpr.Srr;;m.""' "' '''''''■ Very truly, JAMES M. PATTERSON. i' u '""'/fwiitife '»-'f-f atn- -i52 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. Kokomo, Ind., Dec. 5/82. Thorndike Nourse, Esq. , Detroit, Mich. "' Enclosed I hand you an order for a miscellaneous assortment of odds and ends in Stationery, of which I see I shall run short before Holiday.s. Please get this order off at once by e.xpress. I also enclose my check for $337. 40 to cover invoice of Oct. 8. The last bill (Nov. 30th) had not arrived up to last night. Please have the kindness to start a tracer after the goois, as I am needing some of them now. I am. Very respectfully, ^ "^ ^ "" JOHN P. ALLEN. if fllppficatioit for Catafogue. Hoopestown, 111., Feb. 26, '82. Gentlemen : Will you be so kind as to mail me your latest catalogue of garden and field seeds, and also catalogue of flower seeds, if ready. I remain. Very truly, HENRY HUNTER. D. M. Feury & Co., Detroit, Mich, Setter cUccftiCAting §^ti»Hate». Detroit, Mich., Oct. 15, '82. Mr. 8. A. Gibson, President Ka'amazoo Paper Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. ^"^^ '^' We hand you with this two samples of book paper. We wonld like to nave you examine them and let us know at what price you can furnish u* paper equal in quality and finish. Of the Rose tint we shall use from 375 to 400 tons. It is 2Hx32 in., . 9 lbs. to the ream, super-calendered. The flesh lint is 25x34 in., 75 lbs. to ream, and also super calendered. We expect to use at least 500 tons of the latter during '83. »"' •■ ' '•»"--3'-Jti-"?j> m'^mfMmmMifiT^gcp''f--*i-»^vi.- <..« „. £r__^ l«MM ■kh 11 SCIENCE OF LETTER WHITING 453 in D^:^ "'^^ "^ ^""^ ''-' ''-''''' ^- «-^ «^"- «; the al,ove, ..elivered^to^ Awaiting your reply, We are, Very truly, F. B. DICKERSON & CO. I i Office of Oliver Cxomwcll, Commission Merchant, St. Louis, Mo., .Tames Marlborough, Esq., Oct. 4th, 1882. Moberly, Mo. Dear Sir, apples thi. f.lj, I, j,„„ ,„i„| ' "™ '°'°™«'. '!■« yu ha™ a krg, crop of if you w„„M c„„,i/. . ,ew r,r.r:f °'hX';:: z^v "'°'" ^= ^"^ mission business, and ffivine mv nnr,nnai f, * "^''' "P "^ ^he corn- realize for you a; large^T uotTrrTeln T. '" '^^ "^"' ' '"^ «"- ^'^^^ ^ -- In regard to my fe habili^ Xes 1^^^^^ ^''^ '""^ '"^ ''' ^^*^- or the American National Bank 'P°°"^"''^ ' ^ ^'" '■^fer you to McMillan & Co. Trusting to hear from you favorably at no distant date, I am, Very truly, OUVER CROMWELL. S.icfoMHg g),,aft5 fot CoWecWon. A. Guibord, Esq., Detroit, Mich., Nov. 15, '82. Cashier First Nat. Bank, Dear Sir: Plattsburg, N. Y. No. 1283, A. G. Ba:t1ot" '"' '''''' ''' ^^"^^""^' ^ ^^''^^ ■ 1384, ' " 30 •■ .".'■ You need not remit until both are paid. Resp'y yours, $111 10 332 30 P. B. DICKERSON & CO. M *A«bd«rtSW*iWi||S««B(fci ■'***»****!**«««4.Kft*i;,a '■"■^•'^-^ilWrliMiyliiiiiMViiifriiii 1 1^^ 454 SCTENUE OF LETTER WHTTTNG. Su6»&tiptiott \ox, 9Ic.vu6papet.. .Leroy, Mich., Nov. 13, 82 Evening News Association, Detroit, Mich. Gentlemen;— I enclose with this, American Express Company's Money Order for $5.00, for which please forward to ray address the daily edition of the "Evening Newo " for one year. Very truly, U. COLEMAN, Jb. Settct o^ 3:tqiiity. Bryan, Ohio, Oct. 10, 82. L. K. Gould, Esq., Toledo, Ohio. Dear Sir, . .„ . xi u « „ I take the liberty to inquire if you can give me the address of some good live commission merchant in your city to whom I can send a large consign- ment of choice Catawba grapes. An immediate reply will greatly oblige, as the grapes must be shipped very soon. Trusting that opportunity will soon occur to allow me to recips .)cate the favor now asked, I am, Very truly, •^ E. H. AUSTIN. et eo.,vmi»Movv gnU^criant gnceoMug 'Skiil of £abing fot (^oob* to 6^ Sofb OH Co^vl1^ti^.^io^^. Huron, Ohio, Oct. 11th, 83. Oliver Cromwell, Esq., Buffalo, N. Y. Dear Sir:~-I this morning received your favor of the 10th request- ing a trial consignment, and on the same mail a letter from my old friend, Hiram Hawley, speaking so highly of your facilities for iiandling fruits, that I have decided to send you some of my choice Catawbas to dispose of. You will accordingly find enclosed a Bill of Lading for 740 baskets, each con- taining 10 lbs. net. They were very carefully packed, and leave here in tirst-class order. Trusting you will be able to put them in a good market, I am. Truly yours, - •' E. II. AUSTIN. '-«,n'ffS^^i.;»'^*^--f;^ V£,*. ^.^, ;, „„^ ■^•^^''"f''^'^''^""|'liV I'j'i I' L i hn ' w " Mm >i' mAitimmmmf£htJifii ififig^^ t CORRESPONDENCE OP NAPOLEON AND JOSEPHINE. Napoleon was married to Josephine de Beauliarnais, widow ,.f Count Beau- harnais. Marcli 9tli, 1796. Tlie marriage was dissolved December lotli. 1809 Bonaparte taken prisoner to St. Helena August 11th, 1815-died May 5th. 1821. at St. Helena. Bonaparte to Josephine, Marmirolo, July 17th. 179G. I have received your letter, my adorable friend. It has filled my heart with joy. * * Ah! I entreat you to permit me to see some of your faults Be less beautiful, less gracious, less aflfectionate, less good. Especially be not over-anxious and never weep. Your tears rob me of reason, and inflame my blood. Believe me It IS not m my power to have a single thought which is not of thee, or a wish which I could not reveal to thee. ****** ^ A thousand kisses. BONAPARTE. BONAPAKTE TO JOSEPHINE. T , .^. May 16, 1800. I leave this moment to sleep at St. Maurice. I have received no letters from you. This is not kind. I have written you by every courier. * * * A thousand affectionate wishes for you, my good little Josephine, and for all who surround you. BONAPAKTE. Josephine's marriage dissolved from Napoleon Dec. 15, 1809 The beautiful palace at Malmaison wa.s assigned for her residence. She retained the title of Empress and received an income of ,'$600,000 a year 4r,r^ h IV i •"''*<«AlMi^*4^lB«lMfc Without this the heart of sensibility will struggle aguinst ,, j.^sioM il,:,t i. „ot reciprocated. Yours afffctiDnately, GKOR(iE WASHINGTON. T * Rl \ ( •ItiO SCIKM'I': OF I.KTTKn WUITISG. Th- fi.llnwIiiK is (I racHliiille .if tli>' ■hIkImuI letter written by John Weiiley, In the 70th year of Ills line, K.McH, Ell/,a Heimis, I.oeuloii, KiiK'.,Kel). I'J, 1778. (ilveiiby lierfluuKhH'r to Dr. Wm. dray, of I'hlliiilelpliln, ns cotiipeiisatlon for meillcal KervleeH Dr. Uray willed t.i.- letter to .lullus KliiK, t.f tMevelHMd, ( )liln, ami he iireHt'iited It to Mr. Lou. Burt, of Detroit, Mich., in whose pogsesslon It now remulnii. V rotw' Pnar-r%^ o^f'£lip-. r-'/*t see with my eyes or he need have gone no farther than Athlone I wi.sh he does not make a foolish bargain at last, one that ha will repent of as long as he lives He surely wdl if he does not acknowledge Uod in His way, but lean to his own understanding. AS long as you trust, not in yourself, but in Him that has all power in Heaven and in earth you will And Hm Grace sufBcieat for you and His strength made perfect in your weakness. ],o„k to Him continually and trust on Him, that you may increase with all the increase of God. lam, My Dear Sister, Your ever affectionate Brother. J. WESLEY. f ''■*i>aiiiii'^£Smgf^^f,^_^ 462 SCIENCE OF LETTER WlilTING. Daniel Webstek to Misb Phebe Coleman. Dear PLebc Colemiin : I was much obliged to your mother for bringing you to see me when I was at the Astor House. I send you mj' autograph, and pray you to belie%'e tliat, for your father and mother's sake, as well as your own, I shall always je your friend. DAN'L WEBSTER. Charles Dickens to His Son on Going to College. My Dear Harry : I have your letter here this morning. I inclose you another check for £35 Now observe attentively. We must have no shadow of doubt. Square up everything whatsoever it has been necessary to buy. Let not a farthing be out- standing on any account when we begin together with your allowance. Be particular in the minutest detail. I wish to have no secret from you in the relations we are to establish together, and I, therefore, send you Joe Chltty's letter bodily. Reading it you will know exactly what I know, and will understand that I treat you with per- fect confidence. * * * *#*«#« You know how hard I work for what I get ; and I think you know that I never had money help from any human creature after I was a child. » * » # Whatever you do, above all other things, keep out of debt and confide in me. If you ever find yourself on the verge of any perplexity, come to me. You will never find me hard with you while you are manly and truthful. As your brothers have gone away one by one, I have written to each of them what I am now going to write to you. You know that you have never been liampcred with religious forms of restraint, and that with mere unreasoning forms I have no sympathy. But I most strongly and affectionately impress upon you the priceless value of the New Testa- ment, and the study of that book as the one unfailing guide in life. Deeply respect- ing it, and bowing down befo\e the character of our Saviour as separated from the vain constructions and inventions of men, you cannot go very wrong, and will always preserve at heart a true spirit of veneration and humility. Similarly I impress upon you the habit of saying a Christian prayer every night and morning. These things have stood by me all through mj' life; and remember that I tried to render the New Testament intelligible to you and lovable by you when you were a mere baby. And so God bless you. Kvcv your iiffcctioiiale father, CHARLES PICKENS John G. Whittieu to R. S. Rantoul. R. S. Rantoul Esq. Danvers. Second mtmth, 11th, 1880 T am not able to nrcept thy invitation tn attend the meeting to morrow I need not say I fully approve of its object. There may possibly be some differences ^ ■■■'«'*— SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. 463 of opinioa as to the legislation needed for the relief of Ireland, and as to the share wh,eh unjust laws oppressive landholders, and unthrifty tenanis have Id n pro d.ng the present d.stress. but the important fact to us is, that there is great suffr- .ng. and that wo are called upon to relieve it at once. It is an exigency which cannot wa.t for the slow remedies of wiser legislation, and social and inclus r reforms. Starvation cannot be ar,. .d with; the gaunt spectre cannot b i7 ' peeches and resolut.ons. We must share our abundance of bread with the hungry W are one great brotherhood, children of Him whom our ancestors truly called^tl^ keeper ? Whenever and wherever men. women and children suffer we are bound .rrespect.ve of any considerations of nationality, creed, class or color, o r 1 '; hem. Massachusetts has never failed to respond to the call of need, and now I r t^ tit t:;rd """ " '''-' "^° -' '-'^ '^ -- - - -- JOHN G. WHITTIER. X. r.'^°"J '''^''^''^^ ™ '^""'^ ^'^"^ ("^"^ '''^ '"« PaEACtlERS IN AmE.UCA) My Dear Brother: tvt .i t ^ ^ . ^ North Leeds, July 28. 1775. Always take advice or reproof as a favor; it is the surest mark of love I advised you once, and you took it as an affront: nevertheless I will do it once more. Scream no more, at the peril of your soul. God now warns you by me. whom He has set over you. Speak as earnestly as you can. but do not scream. Speak with all your heart but with a moderate voice. ****** ^^ ' O John, pray for an advisable and teachable temper! By nature you are very far from it: you are stubborn and headstrong. Your last letter was written in a very wrong spirit. If you cannot take advice from others, surely you might take it from your affectionate brother. JOHN WESLEY Lady Jane Guey to her Patftek, three days before uer E.xecution. Father: Although it has pleased God to hasten my death by you. by whom my life should rather have been lengtliened, yet I can so patiently fake it. that I yield God more hearty thanks for shortening my woeful days, than if all the world had been given into my possession, with life lengthened at my own will. * * * * Although perhaps it may seem woeful, yet there is nothing which can to me be more >^'% "•■■»« ««««>afc*ia,toMl^teit4», 464 SCIENCE OB' LETTER WRITING. welcome, than from this vale of misery to aspire to that heavenly throne of all joy and pleasure with Christ my Saviour, in whose steadfast faith (if it may be lawful for the daughter so to write to the father) the Lord that hath hitherto strengthened you, so continue to keep you, that at the last we may meet in heaven, with the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. I am, Your obedient daughter till death, JANE DUDLEY. Madam: Dr. Samuel Johnson to Mhs. Fiozzi. July 3, 1784. If I interpret your letter r' 'ht, you are ignominiously married; if it is yet undone, let us once more talk together. If you have abandoned your children and your religion, God forgive your wickedness; if you have forfeited your fame and your country, may your folly do no further mischief. If the last act is yet to do, I who have loved you, esteemed you, reverenced you, and served yon, I who long thought you the first of womankind, entreat that, before your fate is irrevocable, I may once more see you. I was, I once was, madam, most truly yours, SAM. JOHNSON. Sir Mrs. Piozzi to Dr. Samuel Johnson. July 4, 1734. I have this morning received from you so rough a letter in reply to one which was both tenderly and respect*' illy written that I am forced to desire the con- clusion of a correspondence which I can bear to continue no longer. Farewell, dear sir, and accept my best wishes. You have always commanded my esteem, and long enjoyed the fruits of a friendship, mver infringed ht/ one hnrsh expression on my part dunng twenty years of familiar talk. Never did I opjwse your will, nor can your unmented seventy itself lessen my rega'd, but till you have changed your opinion of Mr. Piozzi, let us converse no more. God bless you. Robert Burns to Miss Ellison Begbie. Lochlea, 1783. I verily believe, my dear E., that the pure genuine feelings of love are as rare in the world as the pure genuine principles of virtue and piety. This, I hope, will account for the uncommon style of .all my letters to you. * # * I don't know how it is, my dear, for though, except your company, there is SCIENCE OF LETTER WIUTLYG. 465 nothiug on earth gives me so mucli pleasure as writing to you, yet it never gives me those giddy ruptures so much talked of among lovers. * * * * The sordid earth-worm may profess love to a woman's person, whilst in reality his affection is centered in her pocket ; and the slavish drudge may go awooiug us lie goes to the horse-market, to choose one who is stout and firm, and as we may "say of an old horse, one who will be a good drudge and draw kindly. I disdain their dirty, puny ideas. I would be heartily out of humor with myself, if I thought I were capable of having so poor a notion of the sex, which was designee, to crown the pleasures of society. B. B. 'Tenuy Clay's JIothek's Last Letter to Htir. My Dear Sc Woodforr' Ky., Sepfr 13th, 1837. lour km.l favor of the 14th of August came to hand a few days a-o Rest assured, my son. I feel glad that you have got again to the bosom of your famdy, and found them well. I have been a great deal worse than I was when I had the pleasure of seeing you last. I can make out to cross the room, with the help of a staff or some one's arm. To-day I feel better, having had a good ni-hfs rest My cough is not so bad as it was. Mr. Watkins still enjoys his usual health and joms m love to Lucretia (Mrs Clay) and to the rest of the family. Pray write me when convenient. That God may bless you, my son, is the sincere prayer of your mother. Mr. Henky Clay. ELIZABETH WATKINS. Hannah Arnold to Benkdict Arnold. ^'^'■^'^"^''^ Norwich, April 12, 1754. I received yours of 1 instant, and was glad to hear that you was well; pray my dear let your first consern be to make your pease with god as itt is of all conserns of ye greatest importance. Keep a steady watch over your thoughts, words, and actions, be dutifuU to seperiors, obliging to equalls and afflbel to inferiors! from your affectionate, ^ HANNAH ARNOLD. P. S. Your father and aunt joyns with me iu love aud servis to yourself, your sister is from home. To Mr. benedict arnold, at Canterbury. J! I ff •■*«««s*#.i»i«.tfe.^i 466 av.'ENCE OF LETTER WRITING. Robert Southey to a Young Authoh. Dear Sir: Keswick, 15 Sepr.. 1831. If you publish your poem, I cannot but consider your desire of dedicating it to me, as a compliineiit wliicli an old author who thinks he has deserved well of his countrymen, must always be gratiiied by receiving from a young one who is likely to pursue the same honorable coarse. But I advise you not to publish. ^^^.H- ******** Let your fruit ripen, and it will amply repay you for its culture, but do not gather it green. And be assured that no advicL was ever offered with more sincere good will, and that I shau not meet you as a stranger if chance at any time should bring you iu my way. God bless and prosper you. Yours very truly, ROBERT SOUTHEY. Miss Loui9.\ M. Alcott to Boys. My Dear Little Men: I was very much pleased to get such a fine batch of letters, and much surprised at the curiou.i coincidences of my imaginary and your real school. I am glad you like my boys, for you are the best judges of the truth of the pictures I drew of them. If I had known of your school before I wrote the book, I should have been tempted ♦o ask Mr. Beck to let me come and study you a little, and put you into the story. I wrote it in Rome, and had not a boy anywhere to refresh myself with, so I recalled many of my own early scrapes, and got some artists and gentlem-^n to tell me theirs, and just popped the pranks into my book. * * * Wit; best wishes to you, every one, and regards to Mr. and Mrs. Beck, I am, my dear lads, very sincerely your friend, ^ ^ alcott Caulyle's Letter to a Young Man. My Dear Sir: London, September 21, 1841. The truthful, genial temper manifested iu your letter cannot but increase the interest I felt in you. It will be gnod news in all time coming to learn that such a life as yours unfolds itself according to promise, and becomes in some tolerable degree what it is capable of bei ' j. The problem is your own, to make or to mar; a great problem for you, as the like is for every man born into this world. **#***»**** You can take comfort in the meanwhile, if you need it, by the experience of all wise men, that a right heavy burden is precisely the tl)ing wanted for a young, strong ^ .',««r!a<>i jiatissssa'asa SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. 467 man. Grievous to be borne, but bear it well- von will «. i ■* verily blessed. ''I would not for any u.oa y "C tl e br ' '^'^^^^ '" "-« ^'-^ way. "have had money in my youth ^ He 'snZ ! T "" ^ ""' '° '"^ ''"'''"^ seem to many. ^ ^ "' 'P'"''' " ^'•""' '^-^re, singular as it may I have no time here, in this immeasurable treadmill of a nUoo t. But you may take it for a new fact that if you cu, r .n "'"' ''-''''^'■'• your letters shall be altogether welcome '^f ar::; u;;"' ' ^""" ^^'^''"^'' '"'•^-'•' done by answering, doubt not I shall make time for it I haste yours with true wishes and hopes. If at any time a duHuite service can be subscribe myself in great T. CMtLYLi;. ^ „ Abuaham Lincoln. Gentlemen : I have received the modal you have sent me ^f '^"; '^"'^ ''' ''''• with which this nrnof nt n. ■ ^ '^'"'''"' ''^P'''^«« ^'»e emotion fills me. 80 mIZr tl !„? 'T"'' " " ""'^^ ^'°"^'^"'^^ «^ ^^^ --^'•^-- services in tir u e o Z 5 ." h """:'' '' "'' '"='^'"'' ^'•^■^" "^ ^^^ "^ ^- great end, touch! m o y ^ rb: t^^^t ''"'"''l ^ ^^"^' ^°^ ^''^ ^^- whom you represent, my mo.t gr a.:;:! thai' ""'' '" '"""'^^^ ^"'^ ^""- I am. with the profouudest respect, your most obedient servant, MARY LINCOLN. Sir KiN(J OF Sfam to Gi.:n'i, U. S. Grant. T I. .,. '^'i*^ CJrand Palace. Biimrkok Anrilll 1970 I have very great pleasure in welcominn- you to Si.n, T' t , your pleasure that vour reception should J ''' ^ *"" "^f^'''^^'- to show, as far as I'can the 1 li , " • '"■"''*' ""'= '"'* ^^^ '""■^^ P'"''"!' '"^ that gro^t nal wl • '. !^ ; ::^r^ ;" "^'^ ' »-" ^^ --' eminent citizen of intercourse with the nati^L o^l^ E^r ' "" "' " ''"' '^'^'^ ''"^ '" ^" ^'^ Brother: Tecu.mseii to Gi.n'i, W. II. Hauuison. I give you a few words until I will be with you myself wo^dstTir ""TT ' ''"''' ^°" ^" "^^- - - -^^''«* I se„d™Tew Brother. iTh yorn;w ''" ^"" '"-^' ^" ^^" ^""^ "' ""''^" '^'--^- young imine what you have from me. I hope that it "Ti I '"'-***"«*««.»-«s8 SCIEyCE OF LHTTEU WIUTINO. will be a satisfiictiou to you, if your intentions are like mine, to wash away all these had stories Uiat have been circulated. I will be with you myself in eighteen days. •If. ■;{. •» •»******* Urother, if T find that I can be with you iu less time tlmn eighteen days I will scud one of my young men before me, to let you know what time I will be with you. July 4th, 1811. -^^Ml^ettei"^ ol doi\gi'klulktioi\.^^$i^J;?i^ •^'^^- -»i:^J(^-" •-^'iJrt) A letter of congratulation is one written to a friend who lias experienced some good fortune or great joy. Such a letter should of course be written in a lively, cheerful style, suited to the occasion, and should be free from all admix- ture of envy or foreboding. It shoidd be a rose without a thorn. If there is any unpleasant news to communicate, concerning yourself or any one else, or if you have any advice to give, leave it for a subsequent letter. Exaggerated expressions of joy have an air of insincerity, and should therefore be avoided. To sum up all, in a word— feel right, and write as you feel. The following letters will illustrate our remarks: Tiiom.ils .Trfferson to nis Sistek on her Marriage. My Dear Sister: Paris, July 12, 1788, My last letters from "Virginia inform me of your marriage with :\li Hastings Marks. I sincerely wish you joy and happiness in the new state into which you have entered. I have seen enough of Mr. Marks to form a very good opinion of him, and to believe that he will endeavor to render you happy. I am sure you wil! not be wanting on your part. You have seen enough of the different conditions of life to know that it is neither wealth nor splendor, but tranquillity and occupation, which give happiness. This truth I can confirm lo you from larger observation aud a greater scope of experience. ' lp~l SCIhLXCh: OF LETTEU Will TING. 4m . sho„ ,i w,sh to know where Mr. Marks pn.posos ,o settle un,l n l.at line of lile he .,11 follow. ,n every situation I .should wish to render hin, .„d you every sev m my power, as you „.ay he assured 1 shall ever feel n>yself warmly .nter'sted n your happ.ness. and preserve for you that sincere love I have always borne you My vollt nlrToT'"T7 '""•"'' '•''"' ''^"'""' "^' ^"'' ^"'^ "^ ^"-'^ ^'^^^ »-^- '^ to ot ;o:rC:o the j ^^'° ""' '^ '-'''-' ^°" '"' '-'''y '-'^-^^y ""'> '^ --'— Accept assurances of the sincere atta.hineni with which 1 a.n, n.y dear sister, Your allcetionate brother, TII. JEFFERSON. Sm W.LTEH Scott to Robert Sout.iev on nrs ikvestituue as Poet Lat.ueate. T , , , , . Edinburgh, November 13, 1813. I do not delay, my dear Southey, to say my gralulator. Long may you live as Paddy says, to rule over us, and to redeem the crown of Spenser and of Dryden to Its pristmc dignity. * * * * .,: .^ ^'iui.iiio I was greatly delighted with the circumstances of yo.u- investiture. It^reminLl me of the porters at Calais w.th Dr. Snu.lletfs baggage, si.v of them seizing one sm, portmanteau and bearing it in triumph to his iod-^in^s * * * * Ad.eu mydear Souchey; my be.st wishes attend all that vou do. and my best g atulafons every good that attends you-yea. even this. tl. very l.vst of Provi dence s merc.es, as a poor clergyman said when pronouncing grace over a Lerring. My best compliments attend Mrs. Southey and your family. Fver yours. WALTER SCOTT. To .\ Gentleman Elected to Conokess. Tj 1 . ., , , Metropolisville, Nov. 5 187.") urrah! he battle is fought and the victory won! Give me your hand old n d whde I gjve tt a good squeeze of congratulation on your election. The r su ha.s not surprised me in the least. I knew you would be elected, because I knew th Z Zr ^" ":•;"• '"r '"^ ''"''- °^ -^'""^ ^'^^^^ '-^ -"- enough to kTow Inor is "'; "^"r^''- ""' '""'•' '"' ' '^y' "Principles an4 men." This honor ,s s much a tribute to y.nir personal worth as to the correctness of your prin- uples. Just such men as you are needed in Congress-never more than now and I Thr:.':" !T "'"^' '^•'^'^^^^^^'""' ■^■"' """"^ >-""-'^ -'» >'"- --tit "1 That such may be the ca.se shall ever be the prayer of- Youis faithfully, C'lTMu.Es GoonMAN, EsQ., Pleasant Valley, Utopia. " '^'"''^'^ Hopewell. 1 l^_j^^__g^^__J^_J^afe_g;^_^^^_g|^^_ci^ li (^ tjji, c.^ c,)^ ^ c.'^ Rj^ c-ljr ^-i-^^ .^ . •,jr"j^5— ^1 A letter of condolence is one written to a friend who has suf- fered some grievous loss or bereavement. To write a good letter of condolence, one that shall comfort and console the sufferer, requires good taste and iine feeling. Persons often, by injudicious words, probe afresh the wound they are trying to heal. In offering condolence, do not call up the harrowing details of the sad event, nor attempt to argue the sufferer out of his (or her) sorrow. Reasons that appeal to the head cannot touch the heart. Above all, do not reflect any blame, directly or indirectly. What the bleeding heart most needs, in the first gush of grief, is sympathy— that genuine, tearful sympathy that lessens another's grief by sliaring it. The expression of this in a few loving words, and a pious reference to the great source of consolation, are all that a letter of condo- lence requires. The following letters afford excellent illustrations of this kind of composition: To A Sister on the Death op a Child. [The following tender and touching letter was written by a celebrated American authoress. The bereaved mother said that no other letter gave her so much comfort.] Sister Darling: I cannot write what is in my heart for you today; it is too full— filled with a double sorrow, for you and for iny.self. Tears blind me: my pen fremble.i in my hand. Oh, to be near you! to clasp you in my arms! to draw your head to my bosom and weep with you! Darling, God comfort you, I cannot. 470 S. SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITINO. 471 Anotiiku on ti£ic Dkatii ok a n.\ni-: [The concluding sentences are very ' eautiful and appropriate.] My Dear Miiry: /--i i . ,;,.., , Charleston, S. C, Dec. 4, 1875. 1 teel that a mother's sorrow for the lo.ss of a bdovc.l child cannot bo assuaged by the commonplaces of condolence; yet I n.ust write a few lines ,o a ure you of my heartfelt .sympathy in your grief. There is one thing, however', should soften the sharpness of a mother's agony under such a l.ereaven:ent It is he rertect.on that little children are pure and guileless, and that "of such is the kingdom of heaven.- ■• It is well with the chil.l." Your precious babe is now a treasu e la.d up m a better world, and the gate through which it has passed to peace an.l Z unspeakable .s left open, so that you. in due time, may follow. Let this be yo.^ consolation ^ Affectionately yours, Mrs. Mauv Browning, Norfolk, Va. SARAH YOUNG. La FAYETTtc TO Jefferson, announcing the death of Madame de La Pavettf rJl'TT^'^T-^ "f I ''"""'"' ''''''' ">""^" °"* «'"^=f'y '^ >««er of condolence relates to the subject of death, and therefore belongs to this class. ] My Dear Friend : a . ■, ^ ™, Anteud, January 11, 1808. Ihe constant mourning of your heart will be deepened by the grief I blvTl r tT"' 'V' "^'^ ''"'■■ "''*° y°" "''' ^y^^-^^^^- for the loss of a beloved wife? The angel who for thirty-four years has blessed my life, was to you an affectionate grateful friend. Pity me, my dear .leifer.son. and believe nu. for ever, with all my heart. Yours, La FAYETTE. TrroMAs Jefferson to John Adams on the death of Mrs. Adams. tTI»c following is probably one of the finest models of a letter of condolence that this kind of literature affords.] T,, , ,. Monticello, November 13. 1818 The public papers, my dear friend, announce the fatal event of which vour Ic'ter of October the 20th had given me ominous foreboding. Tried mys n t school of atlliction. by the loss of every form of connection which can rile' he ,« heart. I know well, and feel what you have lost, what you have suffered, are suffer- mg, and y.t have to endure. The .same trials have taught me that for ills so immeasurable time and silence are the only medicine. I will not. therefore by use- T SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING. less condolences, open afresh the sluices of your grief, nor, although mingling sincerely my tears with yours, will I say a word more where words are in vain, but fliiit it is of some comfort to us both that the time is not very distant at which we are to deposit in the same cerement our sorrows and suflci in'.; bodies, and to ascend in essence to an ecstatic meeting with the friends wc have loved and lost, and whom we shall still love and never lose again. God bless you and support you under your heavy a(!!icliou. TH. JEKFKRSON. <*>■*>, »l,«*ifM|»ltfi>»H^lljll^>/«»,l>l»l,Ml»'>i«ltM,Mi<«»i»>|Ht»l>«>«'>«»«|l ^^Tm^ (•«*«f>»l <*lt*lt'«*<**'*lMi#*lf*i<>||<|(*ii«»t**af«t#l|ir|«i|,¥|,l|,i|,«|,f«tMti>tir<(i AVe n]ii)eiicl, in as concise a form as possible, the laws of business that are in most common daily use: Ignorance of the law excuses no one. The law does not require one to do impossibilities. Principals are responsible for the ac^s of their agents. The acts of one partner bind all the rest. Each individual in a partnership is responsible for the whole :i mount of the debts of the firm, except in cases of special part- nership. A receipt for money is not always conclusive. Signatures made with a lead pencil are held good in law. A contract made with a minor is void. Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. No consideration is sufficient in law if it be illegal in its nature. SClHSf'E OF Lbirmu WIUTLW, A-W All M.trrfcment wirlioiir (-(.nsidenifion is void. An oral JigrferntMit must be proved bv evidence A written !i,irreemenr proves it.seli". Tlie law prefers written to oral evidence !»ecuti!se of its precision. Written instruments are to be construed and interpreted by the law accordiuo- to the simple, customary and natural meaning ot the words used. No evidence can ba introduced to contradict or vary a written contract, but it may be received in order to explain it when such evidence is needed. A note made (mi Sunday is void. A note by a minor is voidable. A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in u state of intoxication, cannot be collected. If the time of payment of a note is not named, it is payable on demand. Value received should be written in a note, but, if not it mav be supplied by proof. The payee should be named in a note unless payable to bearer. The time.of payment of a note must not depend on a contin- gency. The promise must be absolute. The maker of an accommodation bill or note is not bound to the person accommodated, but is bound to all other parties, the ?..ime as if there was a good consideration Ciiecks or drafts shouhl be presented for payment witho.it unnecessary delay. (Checks and drafts should be presented during business hours- but in this country it is not compulsory except in the case of banks. If the drawt-e of a ciheck or draft has changed his residence, the holder must use due and reasonable diligence to find b.im. If one who holds a check as payee, or otherwise, transfers it I 474 isCIKNCE OF LKTTKlt WJilTLVO. to another, he hii.s n right to insist that the check be presented on that day, of, at farthest, on tli« day following. An indorsement of ;i bill or noti- niiiy be written on the fnce or back. An indors.'i may pn^vc^nt, his own liability to be sued by writing without reconrs; , or similar words. An incorsee lias a right of action against all whose names were on the bill when he received it. A note indorsed in blank tthe name of the indorser only written) is transferable by delivery, the same as if made payable to bearer. If a note or bill is tranid'erred as senurity, or even as payment of a pre-existing debt, the debt revives if the note or bill be dis- honored. The holder of a note may give notice of protest to all the pre- vious indorsers, or to only one of them. In th(i latter case, he should select the last indorser, and the last sliould give notice to the last before him, and so on through. Each indorser must send notice the same day or the day following Neither Sunday nor any legal holiday is counted in reckoning time in which notice is to be given. If a letter containing a protest of non-payment be put into the postofRce, any miscarriage does not affect the party giving notice. Notice of protest may be sent either to the place of business or to the residence of the party notified. If two or more persons, as partners, are jointly liable on a note or bill, notice to one of them is sufficient. The loss of a note is not sufficient excuse for not giving notice of protest. The finder of negotiable paper, as of all other property, must make reasonable efforts to find the owner, before he is entitled to appropriate it to his own benefit. If the finder conceal it, he is liable to flic chaii^e of larceny or theft. arceny or ■®t*«&*iM3B»*«h»S -^ fr Commercial Forms 9lcc,ol:,.a;fe «)7^fe. i /J'/S.///P. ^7joj/e>-^i, -e/p^/ ^/^ /cTJ'J. i^/frl/y. ^/,^ ^^^. ^^^ 9to»-9lcc,otia6fs 'Jliol, ^.^^ ^.^^ .^„, ,^,^ O^/;.,,,,^, ^ . <2^....Umry.,, ^,,, <2^n..^,e^^^^,^,,,^^^_ f-i^e 47; f ■-i^BHi^hmmm,. «W««i**4^jH«,, '■•"■«»***«i«'-«=a; SCIEyCE OF LETTER WlUTiyo. , ^■''-'0.00. Clinton, N. 1., .^ept 1st, 1881. Oh demand, I lyromise to ^^y (Jlarke Emns, or order, I Tlirec Hundred Dollars, witJi, interest. Value received. Harry Blodgett. 3ol»it awb ScuctciC 'j)lolc. $1,500.00. Sixty days after date, we or either of vs, promise to pay to Hiram Han ford, or order, Fifteen Hundred Dollars. Value receiced. Robert Fulton. Ionia. Mich.. Oct. lo, 1882. Charles Darwin. ^ubgiitciit' 9lolc. — (^owr-vnoyi cFotMv. $100.00. Cincinnati, 0., Sept. 6th, 1881. Three montlts after date, I promise to pay Henry Holmes, or order. One Hundred Dollars, with interest at the rate of secenper cent, per annum, from maturity until paid, without defalcation. And T do Jierehy confess judgment for tlie above \^um. witJf interest and, costs of suit, a release of all errors, and waiver of all rights to inquisition and, appeal, and to the ttenefit of all laws exempting real or personal property from, levy and sale. T^esley Wood. '^SOO. 00. Oh icago, HI. , May 3d,, 1883. Three months after dat^ I promise to pay to the order of A. S. Brown Five Hundred Dollars, at the First National BanTc. for valve received, vvth interest at seven per cent, per annum from maturity mdilpaid. Moses Watts. . SCIENVR OF LIJTTlUt WIUTING. 4 I t Know all Men by these Presents: That I. the u.ulersigue.1, am justly iu.lebted to A. S IJrovvn ,„)„„ . , , ■ promissory uote, of even date herewith, Ibr tive hundrel > with interest at the rate of seven per cent Z .uu um ' ''''"" ''''''''''■ Xow, tlierefore, in consideration of tlie premises I ,]n I,p,.,.i.,. , H-.d appoint John Weils, or any attorney of anv ou.; P ^^ ' ^^'"^^"""^■' lawful attorney, irrevocably for uad in my nufe ' T" ' T "-' "•^' '""' "'"' court of record, in term time or in .^^^ZZTZT" ^''^' '' ^^"^^"'■- '" -•^• States, at any time after said note ^^co^^'Z^'ZZ'::^!'^ ''' ''"'"' confess Judgment in favor of the said A. S H own ^^t ^'"""""' ""' utysiees, and also to hie a cotynov t for the •immmt h...,., r •., Witness my hand this 1st day of May, 1883. ^^04^ O O \^) MOSES WATTS. S SEAL. * 5? '^ $100 on n„ ',,., j^ , ""■>">""''- I'^i^-' Minn,, 1S83. On. demarid, /or mlue received, r promhe to pa,, J P W,mn.&Co., or order, 0„e H„n,lr...l Dollars, ,Sf„L'l- payahU >emoui any reli^' v,kale,n f,o,n ,.„t„„tZ .', appraisement. "uio/t. 0/ , I iSamuel iSiioi-ier. \ i^t\m II m" "*«*«**«»8to« g*-^tea^;j,,ttiaatia... ^ .,g^^..,..^ . .. ^ ' 11 SCIENCE OF LETTER WRITING cFotnt. of efvccfj. ^e/lct/, Cy^/^u^^., Cyh-v. 3, -/SSS. THE MERCHANTS' AKD MANUFACTURERS' NATIONAL BANK, OF DETr i ^ i ^ ! »— ' t R $250.00 &i €4-/'^ «(ei.^d ef//el J-iyAf/ia?/ /-jf Tn HamBr Pattan & Cn,, UHHSt I 'K^ cFotitt of oHcccipt. iiiiiiiiiiiiniunmiiininniniiiaiiiiiHiiiniiiiiiimHiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii' -iiiiiiiiiuiuiiiiiMiHHniiHiiniHiiHiiiiM I ^^cjeimd 0/ M M ^icA-emnn (t ea. I \ acccucnl. IwilllldlMIBtMIIIIUIIIlUUinillMIIIIIUIWIIIWnnilHlWIUIinMUIIIUIIIIIHIIIIIIIllllMllllllllllllllllWMIIIIHWIIIIIIIIIMMIIHIItlimiB Jjmmm^ ^' ti^jO BY PROP. L. G. GORTON. L^l '''^''''''''- To purify the blood. IIov. does hreatlunr, purify the hlooaf The oxygen of he air combines with the carbon of thellood ''\'^M>^ -^ ''''^'''''"'''^^'^^^ At first beino' e%^e) rarelied by the heat of the body, it is lighter bat Wrn^t , "^'" '^'"''"•'^ '' ''^""^"^« ^'-'-'vier and ^lescend Accordingly rooms should be ventilated both -.f ^"'V f the bottom. W/iaf is rarhnn T ?' ' ''^ '''^^ ^''^' ^^"^^ ^^ „„^ • .. , . ^ '* <((it)on,.^ It IS an elenientarv subst'inco and .» ,„„n,l ,„ «,^at u.,„„.,a„,. i„ „„,„,„. „ exi'^t^ i„ Ze '^:«Mr«Hit^glH,^ aiiBfeaaiitt. .i.L^.: , -^, g,)^ ,.^ . ^ .^ . ■ibO SOT EN CI-: Oh' COMMOy TlliyUS. I lornis, vi/., cluircoal, gmi)lute .ind diamond. TF//.// is it dan- tlie carbon of the perims to burn charcoal in moms / Becanse charcoar nnites with the oxyuen of the air, t'onning- carbonic acid. What are the effects of breathing i-arbonic acid} Tlie blood is not purified, and tliis causes drowsiness, stupor, and linally death. Of lohat is the atmosphere composed } It is composed of twenty-one parts oxygen and seventy-nine parts nitrogep. What is oxyf/en ? It is an elementary gaseous body, the most electro-negative element known. When united with twice its bulk of hydrogen it forms water, and is found in com- pound with nearly every known element. What is an element ? An element is a body composed of but one kind of atoms. What is a compound f A compound is a body composed of two or more kinds of atoms. What is combustion? It is the rapid union of elements in forming compounds. W7iy does exercise make one feel icarmer f Because more muscular tissue is ton down, consequently more carbon is given off to unite with tin oxygen, thus producing heat. Why does blowing a fire mciJie it hum brighter ? Because with each current of air it receives a fresh supply of oxygen. What is nitrogen ? It is an ele- mentary gaseous body, and the second electro-negative element known. I. is found in the air, and in nearly all vegetable and animal tissue. What is the use of nitrogen in the atmosphere f The nitrogen is used simply to dilute or weaken the oxygen, and is not changed by respiration. Why witl a candle when placed under a closed vessel soon he extinguished? Because the oxy- gen has been consumed, and the nitrogen will neither burn nor support combustion. What is hydrogen? It is an elementary gaseous body, th.e lightest known substance; when united with oxygen it forms water. Will it support life ? It will not. Will it support combustion? It will not. Will it burn? When pure it will burn with a steady bluish light, but if mixed with air it will explode when brought in contact with tire. What is the con the to a gas liab an othe posi closf and isa j tides well ] Expa are t mech gathe or foi Whai smoJct consu inhea does s Becau heat t What the ho of woo wood ii The mi masses SCIENCE OP COMMON TJIINOS. 481 to a glow, and thus gives the IW,, A """"'" ''^'"•■'' .-/^ dangerous to Ufe ' iTilTi'L * "" ^»<^P'ofiaummatm„ liable to explode «{lighU \ fef ^ i; "'r"^' »"" '^ ™'''' anC in keep.ng 7: iX^:^:^^,^^' "^'^^ is a form of energy. It consisN "t „ih , "^''"^ « '«"'"!•• Heat tides of matter o^JXZl :^:S^ "T'"' "' *« Po- well known sensations of wanmla ,^003 ir/ f "" ?' '° ""' Expansion, fusion, evaporation fnS ... '■" "'"■^"'"'' are the principal sojes »/" V^ T''°" ''""'' mechanical action, sound, light ad electricT; iT/Ti """"' ^na glasses set fire to oombustit s,Znel ' l^ T' gather all the rays of heat thit f» I *"''*'''f « ' Because they or focus, thus 4king the t^afLr" '?'"'" ='''"«'^P'''''' What U flrei It is the In, f ""*""'' ""^ *='' Point. *»>ofe? Small pat icl^o ?„V'"'? "' ''''"'^'"''- '^''"^ - consumed by hear rU! r"™' '"'"'='' l^"™ »»' b«et> in heated air^ wll the afrt " ?r '"^ ' '''^^»>-« '* '^ hell Becanse the air is not of f he tl 7 ''' *"" '' *''* ««»'^*«- •' ^*^«< diffused . B ' condLT '""'^ "' "" ""'«^- ^-o™ '■■' the hotter to the colder part oTa Todv W, T ""'''' ''°'" of wood burning at one enn Z /\ ^''■' *"* »'"' " P'""" wood is a bad condLTo T^::^^':^ ""Z ' ^^^ The method of diffusing he! L , S n 7°"' "" "^ ''"'" -ses; as when hot water risesCn:::l:r:i:::,™ I i0 •■-■fc.. '-^..v,««t •482 SCIEACE OF aOMMOJSr THINGS. ll conveys heat to tlie colder water above. What is radiation of h eat f The propagatif )n of heat by ether. Can lieat he reflected ? It can. What is absorption of heat? Thf taking d; of heat by the body to which tlie lieat is transmitted. Why do some articles feel colder than others, loJscn all ar>: ?/' the snuie 'em- peraturef ]?e<;a,use, beirij? better conductors, they take away the heat of the hand m(M-. lupidly. Which are the hetter con- ductors, dense or porous bubsUmccs ? 11ie dense ones, gener- ally. Is air a good conductor of hf:atf No. Why is a piece of ice longer in melting wJcen v?rapped in flannel ? Because tho flannel is a poor conductor, and keeps the heat from reaching the ice. Why do iron articles feel Dcry cold in lo inter ? Because iror is a good conductor, and takes the heat from the hand rap- idly. Why is it patiiful to touch the tongue to a very cold iron ? Becaut;. the heat is taken from the tongue so rapidly the tongue is frozen. W7iy is it frequently warmer when a frost sets in f Because when a liquid is changed to a solid heat is given out. Why is it sometimes colder when a thaw sets in? Because when a substance changes from a solid to a liquid it takes up heat. How is ice cream frozen f By placing salt on pounded ice. The salt melts the ice, and in melting the heat is taken from the cream. Why does sprinlding the streets make the air cooler ? Because the water evaporates or changes into a vapor, and whenever a liquid changes to a vapor it takes up heat. Why does fanning the face make us cooler ? It increases the evaporation of moisture from the face by bringing fresh, dry air in contact. What are the best reflectors of heat ? Smooth, bright surfaces. Why are lohite articles of clothing cool? Because they reflect the heat. Why are dark articles of cloth ing warm ? Because black abso-' ; heat. What is the cause t ' wind? The temperature of diffv . -t localities is unequal - > ; sequently the air at some places is lighter than it is at c.l rs; the lighter air is forced upward by the heavier air, which, t- ; * -^ SCIEXCI'J OF COMMOX 'n/ISGS. 483 >^^ Place .,a J^T'^jzT^^tTr' T heated by tlie Are it is lighter tinn f ,! '^ , '"""'"' '*'"« cold air rushes to the flame from '.11 .wl« ^'' ''^"^ Because the ing as a vapor. m^ZT^'r'" '""^ ™""' "'« l»«erescap. a mode of Ltion!JThe;,;^;:::"^;;f -/-.'' ""^^ '-"« else that increases ti,at m^ ';„;',: t;/™'"" - -y«'i„g *^2/ does moisture colleot on ttZ^^T' r ^"von^awarM Because tlje moistare of fl,» ,t ""''««'* of an ice-'pitcher ? in contact wit, thl cLd ^rohT'^rl':/; """"7"'^ "^"""""^ the earth and all objects upon it , Jtf TT ''^ ' "^^ '"'s'" the suu during the dav and ?1 T, *' '"■'" """""^'^ &<>"> vapor of the ah- co^i^'g Z^^Z,:^: "•^l '"« «-• -^ the densed and deposited fn tit f™™ « 'd ^ T;'" "t^'V^ """• on. sm,u^ objeas than on o(hen° r" '' " *" '^'=''*'- better radiators of heat thl h ""^ '°""' °''J«'"« =»■« earth is rellectedCkbvL^o !, ' 'i''^"' ""^''"^'^ "■<»" «'« "early the sa^e t™ e4 e as t""' Tf'" J """"'«'"'•" foretell f am f Because hit , !, " ''y * /'(^flfj/ *™ with tnoisture. rZ!" i^,. tr/M*" '''^, ^ -" charged --.' When t.eairiscooled'-theJir iTt ^^^ \ •1^1 SCIHNCK or ( n]IM()\ TlUMiS. condensed and thus rendered visible us clouds. What art/ot/s / Clouds ncai- the eiirth. Why do they disappear soon after sunrise.'' Because the heat of the sun expands and disperses them. What are the different kinds of doads / Tlie principal are the cirrus or -'cat's-tail," the cumulus or "ball of cotton," the stratus or ''white sheet," and the nimbus or ' ' rain clouds." What produces the mrions shapes of clouds ? The state of the atmosphere, the electri(!al condition of the clouds, and the winds What do cirrus clouds foretell? When they are high, tliin and light, fair weather ; when they form fleecy lines across the sky, What do cumulus douds fore- :^^^_ tdl? Fine weather when they are well defined and advance with the wind. Rain, when they are thin and dull and float in a direction opposite the surface wind. A thun- der storm, when they increase in size and be- cumuius Clouds. comc dull and gray a t sunset. What do stratus douds foretell f Damp, dreary weather. What do nimhus clouds foretell f Rain and thunder. What causes raiu? When a warm <;uri'ent of air containing a trreat nniou.nt of moisture comes in contact with a cold current the moisture is condensed and falls as rain. Does rain ever Cirrus Clouds. light rains or a gale of wind \ •"^i ■!!::, cj: oy ckjmox riiryni^. ■\K^ ■»«« rainfaa m Marc/, a,„l Ap,ll aa„ „ ./3 , , /'' "Z mln^ ^"\ "' einpentrure are n.ore freque,, , and eA ei y fal of temperature in the air condenses its vapor Who then, %s the wmthernot ^^'ipoi. \y Uy colder before a rain? Because this change in temperature is in tlie upper currents of air, and not on tlie surface of tlie earth. What is snow/ Snow consists of the watery particles of the atmosphere frozen for the most part in a stratus ciouos s:S"^i^:ion!?^,;; z: ^% '^ ~ - ^^^ peaks covered with snow ? Because the upper regions of the atmosphere are in- tensely cold. WJiat is the cause of hail ? If tlie rain-drops in falling j^ass g__ through a current of air ^W of low temperature the drops become frozen and fall as hail. Wh.f.. sleet > Tf .^^'"^"^ ^'-'^^• a warm current of .u- if L \ I T^' '" ^'''"'"""' P''^'^^« through How far is hTlur 'T f^ "^'''^^ -<^ becomes sleet! mile. v.j;t>^-sx^;r''. ""r^^-^^^ I —Of at^cting .he ops::^:^ ^t ^ -j:;:-^ ^ t most f refund!,, bdweeu the. Uth and Uth ot^ Non'„d>. r of each year / Eecaus.- tlie eartli at tliat time IN passin- through a portion of space wJiere (he greatest number of these l)odi,.s is found. What /•v the mirar/e, and what is its caifsie/ Afirage is the appear- "^ ^ iinc Ml the air of an erect or inverte(i image o| some distant object \'hicli is itself invisible. It is most f quently seen on water, where , is U'vmed tooni iny, but has also appeared to persons traveling tlirough des- erts with such vividness as to make them believe that thev ^„„^e sI-T' ''"V^^""^' ^'^"^'^ '^'^"^ ^" '^'^ distance. Capralu athei s vessel when distant from him more than thirty nules and consequently below the horizon, by its inverted ima-e in the a,r, though he did not previously know it was in tin part of the ocean Mirage is caused by the rays of light from the object bemg bent differently by different layers of the atmos- pheie until they are curved so as to strike the eye. What ea.ses twilight ^ The bending and reflecting of light by the atniosphere. What raises the .olnred sJn, at subset? Th! sun s rays aiv partially decomp.xsed by the vaj.or that is in the Mirage. 'S- ^f: # •-*%»-*..., - ' ^-- 'aa& ai^ utmosphei*'. Why does a hi,neat atnoiiut ol' moistiiie. What is electricity? It is that mode of motion which is manifested by tlie peculiar ijlienoinena of attraction and repul- sion. It is best understood by its elfects. IIoio is the electric Ihjht produced .' In two principal ways, viz., by incandescence or glow and by the electric arc The electricity is produced either from a powerful batteiy or from Ji magneto-electric machine. In the first method the electricity passes through platinum or carbon, and heats it until it glows. In the second case, two points, ustudly of carbon, are separated a short dis- tance, and the passage of the electricity over this di.itance, carry- ing with it heated particles of carbon, gives the light. What is the cause of lifihinimj ? It is <'aused by electricity passing from the clouds to tlie earth. The earth and the clouds become oppositely charged, and the tension of the electricity overcomes the resistance of the air between the earth and tlie clouds, and passes througli it. Why does it sometimes take a zigzag course ? So as to pass where there is the least resistance, What is heat lightning f It is an unsteady gh)W of lightning seen near the horizon, and is simply the reflection of lightning so distant from us as to be invisible. Why is it dangeroits to stand near a tree during a thunder storm, ? Because the tree, being a high object and a good conductor of electricity, is very liable to form the conductor for the lightning. Why is it dangerous to he near a ■fire durinq a thunder storm ? Because smoke and flame are conductors of electricity. Where is the safest place during a thunder storm ? In the center of a dry room, away from all con- ductors of electricity. What is the came of thunder ? Thunder is caused by the sudden rush of air into the vacuum which the electri< "ty, as it dnrts with inconceivable velocity, leaves behind 'WIKXCK OF COMMON TJ/LYGS. IK "■r fintfs' hro/t-ei, uikJ in»t«„f, „„,l „, ,„„„,. timis i L d.-.r -T'"' '" '" '"*' ""•"" --.u™u.v „„ me so,;::,'d :, ':^^r. t!7T ''■'"" "- " What /.v ,v„„«rf? soumi i,il,„t^ ,*''"'' ''''"'■ v.l.,-at,„„ of «,„„. elastic sutotance n'MoTf ■' '"" .1 I 11 imiiiii diiy l/iaii we do mi. a dm n«« t n l"n.I. «...■ i» M,e l«f,„,. conductor of sound WlL /! ^'"^ i» a reHwted sound //„,„/;,,/', ^nat isaneAor It About elev.n hund.wl (f/ *"'""' '™""' '•" "" '">•' lieats of tl.,. puis,. wJZf^l By conntnig tlie „u„,|,e,- of t..und. is hel^, iJa a r,,^';«r'' ■-- - "- .',""e ...e miles. *' ^ "^^- T"** answer will be in surface. lYhat ,> «. ^^fo , - '""'^ """"■" '""'' "' thousand pounds, or iifCl' " ^^^f^^^ /»««/ Thirty the internal as well as 0^1!! } I '""''^ direction, and on About thirty fei^t trl,5 R ""■ "'*' """'^'' ™ «i»""*? f«et high and one incS; " " "'"'""" <" ™'^'' '"irty when they atlemnf f„ wiZ l, '"""^ "'■" '" ''""""l 'hat vacuum i.f f,„ m" ■ 'nd 7h!? ■"/'■'"" "'" ^<'"'"« ^ 1'-^ irA« U i, / ,' '^ pressure of the air holds the tlv an P „, ^ ' ^"' ^^P^ i'lnf' (no wafer does 'imf fall -7,/ a P -aa piessuie ot the an- holds it in. What is the ^•"imiiiih.a&taad «*f*«M**i»*aist* -i^mimmt^U loeight of air f One hundred cubic inches weigh thirty-one grains. Why does a stove smoJce when the fire is first lighted f Because the air in the chimney is of the same temperature as the air in the room, and does not ascend. WJiat is the best method of convey imi air to fires ? Tubes built in the walls communi- cating with the outer air, and terminating beneath the grates. Why do chimneys smoke in damp weather ? The heated air in giving off its moisture becomes heavier than the outer air. What is a barometer? An instrument for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. There are two forms; the mercu- rial, consisting of a glass tube over thirty inches long, filled with mercury, and the aneroid, a cylindrical box of metai, with a hand to indicate the pressure. The glass tube filled with a watery fluid is a humbug. Why is the barometer called a ^'•toeather glass f Because changes in the weather are pre- ceded by changes of atmospheric pressure, and these changes are indicated by the barometer. How can the weather be predicted by a barometer f The rising of the barometer generally presages fair weather, the falling the contrary. A sudden change in the barometer, a sudden change in the weather; a gradual change in the barometer, a gradual change in the weather. Which is the heavier, dry air or moist air ? Dry air. What is a thermom- eter f An instrument for denoting temperature. Why does the mercury rise when the temperature becomes greater, and fall when it is less f Because the mercury expands with heat and contracts with cold. Why does water boil f Because heat enter-1 ing the lower portions of the water forms vapor bubbles there, which rapidly ascend. Why is rain water soft f Because the minerals which make water hard do not evaporate. Why is it difiicijlt to wash witfi hard icater ? Because the soap unites with the minerals of tlie \v;itev nnd loses its cleansing powers. Why is the sea salt? The salt, which prevails largely In the earth and lb: SCIENCE OF COMMON TinNGS. 491 is readily soluble in water, is ci^l^i^l^Tl^e^"^^ each other. ^n„t ,. ora^^'^l^^ ^^T m the universe has an attraction for every oZe tarH I' h,s attraction is called gravitation. IvllToZTa 'T theiDicJc alamr)^ it \. a '^ "^U ^^ocs oil ascend m «on. For the Ze' re on tZZt '' "'^f "'^ ""'■""• water the whole towel will be ome v^e^ nT7 °/ " '""''' "' mountains. Wk?/ doe^ n f^nfh.^ ^ 77 ^"lacted by the stone f Onacconnttf herfijree^f.h™°" ''""■' '""' « wonld fall with the same velTc tv If T ' '" "" ™™™ " rjntiir-r f r"°" -- -~ ™- e;rt ii wei^nt. ^iom do som,e insects walk on mnfPT ^ l^ n substance is secreted from theii- f..of i . " ^^"^ ""^^^^ «fc..^ Because i cZT T- ""'"""'''' '""" *-'««-' wat^r tasTeM^ ■'contains carbonic acid. JF/,,/ doe.s bo!M off mnt!., T" *' "'"*'"'''' ""M ''•'"' lieen drive.i off.^ W,.M ^s soda ^.aterf It is water charged v.ith carbon" Why does gunpmoder explode ? Becm^o it ,-. , , potassium nitrate, charcoal and snlfr k "'"'""'"^ "^ when heated to a' certain" , n fe "^idTl T™" ""'""• that is many times larger in bulk th n Z^^^r^^, T. e^rttrrifsidrT.:^^^^^^^^ Bee they are hj^th I^t t:i^^!^:Z^J:: ^i balloon and the weight o,t;!:;;;zi>'';;^-;::r^: ""^m^m.^ "*"'^*--'''*«-««^^ ''■''-••i^'fium'mmttit. 492 SCIENCE OF COMMON TIIINGS. in the airf It rises by the force of the wind which strikes obliquely on its under surface. WJiy does a lioop roll without falling ? Owing to the tendency which matter has when revolv- ing to retain its plane of revolution and to go in a straight line. Why does a top spin ? On aoconnt of the persistence of the plane of revolution. Why is it that lohen we whirl a pail, that is partially filled with water, over our heads, the water does not fall out? Because of centrifugal force, or the tendency which matter has to keep away from the center of revolution. Why do fiat stones ''skip'" when thrown obliquely on water ? The water is compressed by the stone and by virtue of its elas- ticity it causes the stone to bound. What causes a hall to rebound when thrown against a surface f The ball and the sur- face are slightly compressed and in suddenly regaining their original forms the ball is thrown. What is the cause of dreams f Weariness, or a derangement of the digestive apparatus. It is a semi-unconscious working of the mind. Why do we cough f Because the respiratory organs are irritated by some foreign substance and coughing is an effort to free the organs by rapidly forcing the air from the lungs. Why do we sneeze f Because particles of matter enter the nos- trils and excite the nerves, and sneezing is an effort to drive away these particles. The nerve can also be excited by cold air coming in contact with it. Sneezing is a sudden contraction of the respiratory muscles. Why do some plants droop at sun- ■^ef f Plants grow by heat and light, and some do not receive force sufficient during the day to keep them erect at night. What is a telephone? It is an instrument for the trans- mission of sound. There are two principal kinds, the string telephone and the electrical telephone. The string telephone consists of some kind of an elastic diaphragm supported at its edges so as to be free to vibrate, and having a strong cord or wire attached to its middle and extending to a similar instru- SCIENCE OF COMMON TIHNOS. () center of one of the boxes and extend it to the other b't- ."g :t tightly and being carefnl to support ail t,,", tl some iiexiMe substance as cotton or sill. See tha 1„ ■ sharp turns in the wire nnd fl„t u a '*"' "'" "" metal excepting L boxes if' f " 7! '"'""' ™^' '™°" ™' the magnetic wave to a sound wave, which is heard .-jaMyj-'iiiiiimii,;^.,.