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Thoaa too large to be entirely included in one expoaure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many framea aa required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Lee cartea. planchea. tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fllmte i dee taux de rMuetion diff«rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un aeul clichi, il eat film* * partir de I'angle 8up4rieur gauche, de gauche * droite, et de liaut en bee. en prenant le nombre d'imagae n*ceaaaire. Lea diagrammes suivants iliuatrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 '■■"r :i ^^k:^- ' f ■ » 0lif ABA EAST AX VHB ,- -•'*** AL EXHIBITION OATALOGUB OF PBOBFCTS FROM ^|iilDALS"A5D '* HONORABLE MENTIONS" AWARDED 1^: 'i^ ^^>^C* >i^ AKD THB LTioir OF PBzzie lo the oouwiiii izmmoBa^ jitlt ^mss. i TO WHICH IS AOBSB AbOOUNT 07 THS XASTBBir TOWHSHIim 07 UmVdQtSAS^ BY HBimY H. MILES, -VLk.'f ooimiaBiONER fob cmiida at tbe imtebhationai. BXHnmoNi '' . '^• t^- LONDON, Utti. i I ^ " . 't^ ^^ 'r^%%J ^'^mH '^■^^^■L^ m mM. i •L¥ i... ■ ' ''^ TlWi^^..jJ j^ '^- ^ii, ' k INTEBNATIONAL EXHIi^ITION, 1802. COMMISSIONBES FOB CANADA IN LONDON. J. B HuBLBiTBTyt Esq. Pbov. H. H. Miles. \ Mem. The Exhibition was sIbo visited by the following gentlemen, appointed the Canadian Government. f CoLOim THOMfSOK, of the Canada Board of Commissioners— also a JurQ#-| :' (returned to Canada after tJu^'Distribution of Awards on Jiily 11th.) ^ | W. BowMAJT, Bj^Q., Honorary Commissioner. CoLcaixii Bhodis, T. KiBXEB, Esq., MaJOB OAMBmSJL, n n » II » * Alao « /unir— returned to Canada on leave, after the Distribatkni of Awards, Jnlv 1 Idi. t Alio a /«rwr>-dtttiee u Commiflsioner ceased from the Distribaticm of Awards, July 1 1th. ^* \ ^'•r ■*?'■ m *■ IQ2. llUi. lylltb. A CATAtX>&QWiy*^\ PRODUCTS OF CANADA EAlJt, r AT IHl tfc. •' ' INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1868. [N.B. — The namea. of Exhibiton to whom Medal* and Sonottrable ICnUkmirw^ awarded by the International Juries have the letters K and E M r§HgoeHftAj prefixed. w«t»t^. kppomted K) a J^ufiHI r>lth.) t f OBJECT. iMmomie ]li9mli» Books, [etalUo (Hm, %m^ ka. in ^ iron ore )ieoes ready for fbmace /ashed bog ore • ^lag from l£e smeltmg qualities of pig iron, one piece re-east railway wheel nailrddB . [orse-shoe nails scythe iron , „ hmtimered railway wheels that Kve run 160,000 miles ffOMMiM, magMtie itonore, eimens, bog iron ore lens, red hematite amens of hematite letic iron ore j^'^dressed lead ore ) id-piimd prills . ^1 idressedliad ore . . lenite . ♦Si* bllow enilphuret of eoj^pier > KXHIBITED BT M— A. La Sue and Co., Three Bivers G^logioal Surrey of Ca- nada . ^^i \ C. C. Gloster, Gaspe James Wright and Co. . Geological Survey of Ca- nada . . . . Gt, B. Moore and Co. Geological Survey of Ca- nada . . . . LOOAUTT AVB BSHABXS. Procured from the nekhboiu^ hood of the St. Maurice and B^tiscan BtTers for the Badnor fonras ;?about 2008 tons azumally produoeJ. JBvllt Lot 11, range 7 ; and QrentilUi i» »' „ from lowest bed „ from highest bed „ dressed Plan of the mine. Yellow sulphuret of copper Plan of mine, by WilLion and Bobb. Vwriegated and vitreous sul- phurets of copper Variegated sulphurets of cop- per .... Plan of mine by "Willson and Bobb. Variegated and vitreous sul- Ehiu>ets of copper, from a ed. »> » Plan of mine, by Mr. Bich- ardson. Vitreous sulphuret, with green carbonate of copper Sulphurets of copper. . Copper pyrites with iron. Yellow sulphuret of copper from a bed. EXniBITET BT HM— W. H. A. Davies, and C. Diuikin Pomroy, Adams, and Co., Sherbrooke, Eastern Townships . Pomroy, Adams, and Co., Sherbrooke, Eastern Townships . • • Shaw, Bignol and Hunt, Quebec M— English and Cana- dian Mining Co., Que- bec . Flowers, Slackie and Co. Griffiths and Brothers, Sherbrooke, E. T. Flowers, Mackie and Co. H M — Sweet and Co.. North Sutton, E T. G. D. Bobertson and Co. Geological Survey of Ca- nada. LocATirrr and bemarks. HM— Tho. McCaw, Len- noiville, E. T. Acton Mine, Acton, Eastern Townships, Lot 32, range 8, about 17 per cent of copper. Wickham Mine, Jf^kham, Eastern Townships, Lot 15, range 10—30 per cent. Yale'sMine, Durham, Eastern Townships, Lot 21, range 7, supposed to belong to the same band as the Acton Mine Black Biver MinOjS'/. Flatten. Harvey's Hill mine, Leetft, Eastern Townships, Lot 13, range 15. St. Francis Mine, Cleveland, Eastern Townships, Lot 26, range 12. Jackson's Mine, Cfeveladd, Eastern Townehips, Lot 2^6, ; range 13. Coldspring Mine, Melbourne, Eastern Townships, Lot 6, range 2. Sweet's Mine, Sutton, Eastern Townships, Lot 8, range 10. ' Craig's Mine, Chester, Eas- tern Townships, Lot. 8, range 5. Nicolet Branch Mine, Ham.: Eastern Townships, Lot 28. | range 4, abundant watery power near, for crushing] and dressing the ore. Charthby, Eastern Townships] Lot, 22, range 1. Haskell Hill Mine, Ascotl Eastern Townships, Lot 8| EXHIBITED AT THE INTBENATIONAL EXHIBITION, ^^^t^t^i^i^^ aEHARKB. OBJECT. Minerals, &0. — continued. Plan of mine, by Willson and Bobb. I Sulphuret of nickel Native gold .... Stream gold in nuggets I Stream gold in dust jStream gold — a nugget with quartz Luriferous blende drains of gold in bitter-spar lOrains of Platiniun and of Iridosmiue iChromic iron i^bromic iron Specimen of chromic iron Specimen of chromic iron [olybdenite )olomite lesite . [agnesite . Soapstone (steatite) it specimens of soapstone ?ot8toue (compact chlorite) iTJncut specimens miea rock I Cut and dressed plates, mica and crystals of do. . I Specimen of plumbago [Specimen of plumbago [Specimen of plumbago lAsbestut from a vein . EXHIBITED BY Geological Survey of Ca- nada. w t) n M Benj. Walton, Montreal LOG ALT. T ASO REMABKB. Eussell and Co. Geological Survey of Ca- nada . . . . A. Cowan Geological Survey of Ca- nada . ... rang^ 8, Ore from this mine without any dressing, has been sent to Boston, and yielded on an average about 8 per cent, pure copper Orford, Eastern Townships, Lot. 6, range 12. Fief St. Charles, C. E.— Nine, among the nuggets, weigh from 10 dwts. to 126 dwts. Vaudreuil, C. E. — the nugget weight 80 dwts. Bapids of the Chaudiere, C. E. — Occurs in a vein with galena, &c., the vein from 2 to 3 feet thick. Leeds, Eastern Townships, Lot 16, range 14. Fief St. Charles, C. E.— Se- parated from gold dust found in the drift. Mt. Albert, Gatph. Ham, Eastern Townships, Lot 4, range 2 — the bed 14 inches thick. Bolton, Eastern Townships, Lot 23, range 6. Melbourne, Eastern Town- ships, Lot 23, range 6. Quetachoo river, Manicouagan Bay, C.E. Hrome, Eastern Townships, Lot 16, range 11. Sutton, Eastern Townships, Lot 12, range 7. Bolton, Eastern Townships, Lot 17, range 9. Bolton, Eastern Tovmships, Lot 24, range 4. Sutton, Eastern Townships, Lot 12, range 7. Bolton, Eastern Townships, Lot 26, range 2. SMpton, Eastern Townships, Lot 18, range 6. Grenville. Pointe du Chfine Graphite Mine, Argenteuil, C.E. Grenville, C.E. Lochaber, C.E. St. Joseph, C.E. PE0DUCT8 OF CANADA BAST, ji-rij~ij~i II II II II M n n n n » C. B. Cheeseman, Fhil- lipsburg Geological Survey of Ca- nada II II II » II II II II II II n n n >t n M » n LOCALITY kSn BEMABKI. St. Foy, near Quebec. Phillipsburg, St. Armand. Caughnawaga, C.E. St. Dominique. Pointe Claire. Montreal. Chevotriere Augmen. of Grensille. Quin's Point. Abercrombie. Jeiuie Lorette. Grenville. Grenville. Grenville. St. Joseph. Barmton, Eastern Townships. Grenville, C.E. Aug. of Grenville, C.E. Phillipsburg, St. Armand. St. Armand. St. Joseph. Caughnawaga. St. Dominique. Esquimaux Island. Pointe Claire. Montreal. Dudswell, Eastern Townships, Lot 23, range 7. Excellent and beautiful marbles ob- tainable here. The dark grey sometimes resembles < the Portor marble from Italy. The streaked andj spotted are thought by some to excel the cele-i brated Egyptian. Or/ord, Eastern Townships,! Lot 6, range 13. Orford, Eastern Townships,! Lot 12, range 8. m^i0*0t0^ft0^^^0^ ^^*^*^*^ BXHIBITBD AT THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. JV OBJBOT. Minentll, 4o. — continued. Green and white serpentine marble Dark and light green ser- pentine marble Brecciated grebn serpentine marble Brecciated green serpentine marble with white veins Specimens of roofing slate . Specimens of roofing slate Do. Do. n n Do. „ Baw cement stone Do. i Baw limestone , . Prepared lime . Bed bricks Common red bricks Common building bricks Pressed front do. Badiating front do. Circular do. Clay used in making sewer- age pipe tiles A six-mch sample of pipe tile Cut whetstones . Do. KXniBITKD BT Benj. Walton, Montreal Geological Survey of Ca- nada M— B. Walton, Montreal Geological Survey of Ca- nada It »» M M Peel <& Compte, Montreal HM — Bulmer and Shep- pard, Montreal. H. O'Donnell, Quebec Geological Survey of Ca- nada. LOCALITY AirO IKIIABKR. Melbourne, Eftfitem Toim- ships, Lot 20, range Q. Melbourne, Ikurtem Tbwii*'. ships, Lo St. Joseph. ships. Lot 20, range 5. Job Melbourne, Eastern Town- ships, Lot 82, range 6. Ex- cellent sla^e, equal to the best Welsh and French. Supplied in upwards of 20 different sizoH for roofing, and placed on the railroad cars at prices from 2 to 4 dollars per square of 100 feet. Fffr less costly for roofing than tin or iron, and only about one-third more than common wooden »hingle». Or/ora, Eastern Townships, Lot 2, range 6. Tring, Eastern Townships. Kingsey, Eastern Townships, Lot 4, range 1. Cleveland, Eastern Townships, Lot 6, range 16. HuU, C. E. Magdalen River. Montreal. — About 270,000 bushels per annum manu- factured — price about %d. sterling per bushel. St. Jean.— About 2,000,000 have been made there in a year. Montreal.— 6,000,000 annu- ally, at 5^ to 6^ per 1000. Montreal.— 6,000,000 annu- ally, at prices from 6$ to 12jj, according to form of brick. — Boaden's machine used. Quebec. — Used for main sewers and house drains. More than 160,000 laid in Quebec. — Price, according to diameter, M to 4« Qd sterling per linear foot. Stanstead, 'East Townships, Lot 16, range 1. Hatley, Massawhippi Lake, Eastern Townships. PBODUCTS OP CANADA BAST, fiff^^^^t0>0^i^^^fk ^ ^0tm0i^ -^i^i^'^^ ^ m^» OBJICT. KXHIBITID BT Mineral!, kA.— continued. Cut whetHtoneii . Do. A Buhntone, drosHed . Specimen of marl . . Do. „ Do. Brownish iron ochre . Brownish black do. Yellow ochre Green and yellow ochres Purple and yellow ochreB Cut and polished specimens of Labiadorite . Cut and polished specimens ofEpidosite Sandstone, for glass making . Specimen of peat . 2. A^oultural ProdnotB. Half bushel, Canadian barley „ two-rowed Eng- lish barley Half bushel, English oats early peas late do. autumn rye black sea wheat wheat „ flax seed . „ Timothy grass seed Half bushel, two-rowed barley Indian com oats « peas . . wheat barley beans Indian com white com potatoe oats early Canadapeas Black Sea wheat buck wheat Zoological Survey of Ca- nada It E. Caron Geological Survey of Ca- nada. LOCALITY AKD BKMARKH. >» n » >i I* n M Agricult. Society, county Beauharnois. >i »> » n n »» n » » Agricultural Society of Huntingdon J •» '' "w- '■ » >» — W. Boa, St. Laurent, Montreal . > w > t) > » 1 > M » n » » ) '» Bolton, Eastern Townships, Lot 28, range 0. Kin » II «►■■ -- n If n ff n ft II if II w II i» M — D. Broton, Cowans- ville, Eastern Townships If Lymana, Clare, and Co. Montreal . Pierre Martin, St. Lau- rent Tho8. Datoet and Son, La- chine H H—T.Badham, Drum- mondville. Eastern Townships H. Mathieu, St. Hya- cinthe "V Unrefined, as usually made by farmers 30 min. per arpent. PEODUCTS OF CANADA BAST, II If Agricultural Products— con- tmued. Half bushel, peas Specimen maple sugar One box, maple sugar Half bushel, buckwheat Half bushel, spring wheat Half bushel, wheat Half bushel, wheat Half bushel, wheat III. Products of Forests and Waters. 1. Woods. Specimens of 73 varieties, with branches, leaves, and flowers „ of 74 woods „ of 71 „ „ of 73 „ „ of 72 „ „ of 72 „ Specimens of 23 kinds of squared timber, with 20 do. of pine and spruce planks and staves Specimens of sawn woods 2. Pharmaceutical Products Canada balsam . Spruce oil ... Extract of spruce Canadian SarsapariUa . Gold thread (Coptis Trifolia) Wild endive (Cichorium intybus) Canadian Dragon's Blood (Sanguinaria Canadensis) . WUd anice root (Anychia Canadensis) Ginseng (Panax quinquefo- lium) .... Winter green (Pyrola umbel- lata) . . . . Capillaire (Adiantum peda- tum) . . . . Castoreum (in its natural state) . . . . Cod liver oil £XniBIT£I) BT Henry Gumming,, Megan- tic, Eastern Townships H M— Eev. F.L'Heureux, Verch^res J. B. Alix, St. C^saire L. Brunelle, St. Hyacinthe Jaa. Drummond, Petite C6te John Drummond, Petite C6te J, Lamonde, St. Damase D. Stewart, Inverness, Eastern Townships M — TheAbbS Provancher, St. Joachim HM-J^ F. Prieur, St. Vincent de Paul J. B. Le Page, Eimouski Br. Dubord, Three Bivers Bavid Price, Chicoutimi H M- C. E. Coutlee U — Messrs. Duncan, Pat- ton and Co., Quebec HM — Geo.Giugras, Que- bec Mr. Olivier Giroux, Drug- gist, Quebec BEMABKS. » » ■ » 60 min. per arpent. 15 min. per arpent. 25 bush, per acre. The numerals white paper printed on „ on green paper „ on yellow paper „ on pale rose colour „ on red paper „ on blue paper Collected in the Quebec market n » Giun of Balsam Fir extracted from Black Spruce, for making Spruce and Beer EXHIBITED AT THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. . ^_ j-L-.n_ n - i.-in -i-i - « - i - i ■" ' ' ■ ■■* ****'* '*****r*^'*» " ■'■ I -■ ■ i . i ^n. -L ii j- i j i j_-_a i Liu» 11 OBJECT. BXHIBITEB BT BBMABKB. Produots, &0. — continued. 8. Preserved Fish. Smoked Salmon . Salted Salmon Smoked Herring . Salted Labrador Herring Salted Herring (from Bay Ghaleurs) Salted Eimouski Herring Salted Cod Salted Eel . Salted Sardine . 4. Substances obtained from Cetaoea and Fish. White porpoise skins . Skins of seal. Oil of white porpoise . Oil of shark Cod liver oil . . . 5. Furs. Skin of moose deer Skin of bear Skin of red fox Skin of black martin Skin of beaver Skin of pecan Skin of racoon Skin of mink Skin of otter Skin of Canadian lynx Skin of skunk Six skins of musk rats Skin of marmot 6. Birds. One case containing 103 spe- cimens of birds found in Canada East Specimen of weasel (Mustek wdgaris) . . . . Eed squirrel (Sciurus Hud- sonius) . . . . rv. Manufactured Articles. 1. Chemical Products 1 dozen arctusine 2 lbs. Canadian yeUow wax . Toilet soap .... 2. Substances used for Food. 2 smoked hams . 2 dried bacon hams 1 piece smoked beef Messrs. Turgeon and Ouellet, Merchants, Quebec }> n M n » » >» "V. » Mr. C. H. Tetu, Eiver Owelle, county of Ka- mouraska. »» » » >* r. Olivier C6te, ofQuebe* »> »» »> » » »» >» *• » »• » n ft n M II »> •I » II » » » M M— Jas. Thomson, Esq Montreal . Two sides, undressed. Two, in their natural state. Undressed. S. J. L3rman and Co., Montreal i> J. Wheeler, jun. Monti-eal M — G. Eeinhart, Montreal if ft f> In glass case. Prices attached, from S^d to 7\d for the ham and bacon ; lOd per lb. for the beef. 12 PEODUC5T3 OP CANADA EAST, pn OBJECT. llanufkctared Articles— con- tmued. 1 piece smoked bacon . 1 piece dried bacon 2 bologna sausages 2 cases wine . . . Forest wine 3. Bailway Plant. Bailway wheels from Badnor forges, St. Maurice . Improved railway wheel, from tne Badnor forges . Model of direct action, self- balanced oscillatingcylinder 4. Carriages. A four-wheeled open carriage 6. Manuftustnring Machines and Tools. Brick and Tile making Ma- chine, small Model of Fug Mill .... Model of Improved Water Wheel .... 6. Agricultural anil Horti- cultural Machines and Implements. An Iron Plough . An Iron Swing Plough 7. Philosophical Instru- ments and Processes. Diagram of mean diurnal changes f temperature, of air and water of the river St. Lawrence . . . 8. Photography. A case containing two port- folios of Photographs EXHIBITSD BT G. Beinhart, Montreal N. Pigeon, Montreal Madame Paulet, Montreal M— A. La Bue and Co., Three Bivers Joshua Lowe, G. T. B. of Canada East Clovis Leduc, Montreal . W. Bawden, Hochelaga, Montreal HM — E. 0. Bichard, Quebec REMARKS. M~J. Jeffery, Cot6 de Nieges, Montreal, C. E. M — J. Paterson, Montreal T. D. King, Montreal M— W.Notman, Montreal Prices attached, from 5^d to 7^d for the ham and bacon ; lOd per lb. for the beef From Canadian wild grape ; price attached 4« 2d per gallon. From Canadian wild grape; price 4a 2d per gulon — 1« 8d per bottle. Have run 150,000 miles in a post office car of the G. T. Bailway. Pattern now in use on G. T. B. and G. W. B. of Canada. For locomotive, marine, or stationary engine. Price attached, £90. Price attached, 10 guineas. The Bird's-eye maple case was made by J. and W. Hilton of Montreal, and silver-mounted by B. Heu- dpry, Montreal. The port- folios are the work of J. Lovell, Montreal. The Portfolios are labelled Ca- nada Eatttaid. Canada West respectively. EXHIBITED AT THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 18 miles in a of the G.T. use on G. T. i. of Canada. marine, or OBJISOT. Manuf&c' n Articles — con tinued. 9. Suigicoi Instruments. Apparatus for detecting con sumption and testing the lungs 10. Woollens, &c. 2 lbs. woollen yam 5 pieces Canadian tweed 1 piece Canadian spring tweed 1 piece of check . 1 piece EtofFe (light) . 11. Paper, Stationery, Printing and Bookbind- ing. 1 ream printing paper 1 ream Manilla paper 12. Educational Works and Appliances. Collection of 17 School and Text books, printed in Ca- nada . . . Journal de I'lnstruction Pub- Uque and Journal of Edu- cation for the years 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860 ^d 1861, 5 sets Sapport sur I'lnstruction Publique, and Eeport on Education in Lower Canada for the years 1855, 1856, I 1857, 1858, 1859, and 1860 I Acts of the Provincial Parlia- ment concerning Educa- tion and Schools in Lower Canada, 2 copies in each language 3 sizes of desk aiid seat for schools 12. Furniture, &c. Samples of 18 kinds of brooms, whisks, and dus- DOFS • • • • • EXHIBITED BT G. 3. D. Bonald. Medical Student, McGill Uni- versity, Montreal M— Mrs. P. Dunphy, St. Malachi M — Wm. Stephen and Co., Montreal n Angus and Logan, Mon- treal . . . , •» M — Hon. P. O. Chaw veau . . . . >*>. n t» M— W. Nelson & Wood, Montreal . BIXABKS. With an illustrative diagram. Prices attached, from 2« Qd to 3« Qd per yard. Approved, according to law now in operation, by the council of Public Instruc- tion, as class books in schools in Lower Canada. The sets are in paper and in cloth boards respectively. Made by W. Allen, Montreal, approved by the Council of Piiblic Instruction and in use in the schools. Classified as extra and com- mon — prices attached to the latter from 1« Qd to 9« Zd per dozen. 14 PRODUCTS OF CANADA EAST, Ac. I- , OBJECT. Manufaotured Articles— con- tinved. 13. Iron and General Hard- ware. 8 sheets of nail-plate from " Canadian Pig Metal," , "Scotch Pig Metal," and "Scrap Iron" . 8 pieces of iron, cut ready for nail machine . . . A chain of cut nails 14. Pottery. Specimen of drain-tiles 15. Manufactures not in- cluded in previous classes. 1 fount of Long Primer, Eo- man 2 type cases Stand for cases Specimen impression in frame Cigars of Canadian manufac- ture, 9 kinds . 16. Architectural Drawings. View of the Lower Canada Industrial Exhibition Build- ing at Montreal Interior view of a skating rink Photographs of the Liverpool and London Assurance Of- fice, Montreal, and of the new Unitarian church 17. Oil Paintings. Viewof the ShawenaganFalls, on the St. Maurice River, Canada East View on the St. Maurice Ri- ver, Canada East EXHIBITED BY H M— W. H. SneU, Vic- toria Iron Works, Mon- treal, C.E. . n M — Missisquoi Tile and Drain Co., C.E. C. T Palsgrave, type- founder, Montreal. • »» >i P. Henry, Montreal, C.E. J. W. Hopkins, architect, Montreal, C.E. . Lawford & Nelson, archi- tects, Montreal, C.E. Hopkins, Lawford and Nelson, architects, Mon- treal, C.E. . 0. R. Jacobi, Montreal, C.E. . . . . *» BEMABKS. Puddled Bent when cold, showing their extreme toughness. Price per lb. attached, 1» Gd \ Prices attached ; from £5. Bs Sd to £16. lis Sd per 1000. The Exhibition held during the visit of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. Frame of inlaid Canadian woods, by J. Guidi, Montreal. Erected for the Victoria Skating Club, Montreal. Photographed by Notman, Montreal. The property of A. J. Pell, by whom the frume was carved and gilt. Price, with frame, 200 guineas. The property of A. J. Pell. Price 50 guineas. Note. — The prices are stated in sterling money ; and those attached to articles of commerce whose value is fluctuating, were the market prices iii Canada in March 1802. A LIST OF THE AWARDS TO CANADA. [Kote. — Tliis List ia not confined to success^ Exhibitors from Canada East, but includes those belonging to both sections of the Province. CLASS I. Mining, Qnarrying, Metallorgy, and Mineral Prodaots. NAME OF EXHIBITOB MTD AWABD. OBJECT BEWABDED, AJSTV SEASONS. Medal. Billings, E., of the Geo- logical Survey English and Canadian Mining Company Eastern Townships, C.E. Foley and Co. . Hunt, T. Sterry, of Geo- logical Survey La Eue and Co., Three Eivers, Canada East. Montreal Mining Com- pany. Taylor, A. The Officers of the Geo- logical Survey of Ca- nada. Walton, R., Melbourne Eastern Townships, C. E. West Canada Mining Company. Williams, for Canadian Oil Company. Honorable Mention. Davies, W. H. A., Acton, Eastern Townships, C.E. For his published decades on Ca- nadian fossils, and his valuable general contributions to palseon- tology. For the skill and perseverance with which they have opened thair ground, and the discovery of deposits conformable with the stratification. For plans of mines, ores, and lead, smelted in the colony. For the instructively - described series of the crystalune rocks of Canada, and his various pub- lished contributions to geological chemistry. For excellent cast iron railway wheels from bog iron ore which have run 150,000 miles. For interesting series of copper ores, accompanied by plans and sections of the workings. For good specimens of crude and prepared gypsum, with plans and section of the gypsum mines. For an admirably prepared collec- tion of specimens, illustrating the mineral resources of the pro- vince. For the discovery of good roofing slates. For specimens and plans illustrating a well worked copper mine. For introducing an important in- dustry by sinking artesian wells in the Devonian Strata for pe- troleum. For interesting and instructive spe- cimens from a remarkable de- posit. 16 AWARDS TO CANADA. CLASS I. — continued. Mining, Qnarrying, Metallurgy, and Mineral Prodncts. CLASS n. Section A. Chemical Produots. NAMB OF XXHIBITOB AlTD AWABB. Hon. Men. — continued, McCaw, T., Ascot, East- em Townships, C.E. Sweet, S. and Co., Sut- ton, Eastern Townships, C.E. OBJXCT BXWABDBD, AND BEASONS. CLASS ni Substances used for Food. Section A. Agricultural Produce. w Medal. Benson and Aspden Canadian Oil Works McNaughton, E. A. Pearson, Brothers . Medal. Agricultural Board of Tipper Canada . ACTicultural Society of Huntingdon, one medal to grower, Canada East Agricultural Society of Wellington Agricultural Society of Wentworth and Hamil- ton, (three medals for growers) Boa, W., Canada East Denison, B. L. Evans, W., Canada East Fleming, J. . Johnstone, B. Logan, J., Canada East . Peel (Counly) Agricul- tural Society — -Medal to John Lynch, Secre- tary .... Shaw, A. Agricultural Society of Beauhamois, Canada East (two medals to growers) . , Wilson, J. . . . For fine and instructive specimens of ores, running with the strati- fication and illustrating the struc- ture of the country. For fine and instructive specimens of ores, running with the strati- fication, and illustrating the struc- ture of the country. Samples of Lidian com starch. For the excellent quality of samples. For an extensive exhibition of the derivatives of petroleum. Flour and potato starch — for the excellent quality of samples. For an extensive exhibition of the derivatives of petroleum. \ For samples of wheat from various counties, of excellent quality. For peas, 40 bushels per acre, grown by John Percil. For wheat of excellent quality. For blue-stem wheat grown by J. H. Anderson; for red chaff wheat grown by John Smith ; for po- tatoe oats grown, by A. Gorie. Venr superior in quality. For all his samples in collection. Indian com stalks. For extraor- dinary growth. For collection of grains and seeds, excellent and interesting. For seeds and grains, as excellent and interesting. For sample of Soule's winter wheat, of excellent quality. For spring wheat of excellent qua- ]xtj. For barley, peas, and two kinds of spring wneat, all of excellent quality. For rye of excellent quality. For flax seed growii by C. Bergoin ; for grass seed grown by C, Tait. For oatmeal of excellent quality. AWAKDS TO CANADA. 17 live specimenB th tne etrati- ting the atruc- ive specimens ith tne strati- ting the struc- CLA8S III. Substances used for rood. Sectiow B. Grocery and Prepa- rations of Food. NAMS OF EXniBITOB AFD AWAEI). CLASS IV. Animal and Vege- table Substances used in Manufac- tures. Sectton C. Vegetable Substances used in Manufac- tures. Honourable Mention. The Agricultural Society of Huntingdon, Canadia East .... The Agricultural Society of Wentworth and Ha- milton Badham, E., Eastern Townships, CanadaEast Logan, J., Canada East . Shaw, A. . . . Wilkins, C, Canada East Medal. Brown, D., Cowansville, Eastern Townships, Canada East Eeinhart, Q-., Montreal, Canada East Honourable Mention. L'Heureux, Eev. ¥. L., Canada East Medal. Blaikie and Alexander Bridge, Andrew Eddy, E. B., Ottawa lugersoll, C. Lew'iH Laurie, James McKee, Hugh Moore, T. Nelson and Wood, of Montreal, Canada East Patton, Duncan and Co., Quebec, Canada East Brovancher, the Abbe, Canada East . . OBJBCT BKWAUnED, AOT) BEA80NS. For bariey grown by Mr. McNaugh- ton. The collection of wheats. Good- ness of qimlity. For oats of good quality. For barley. Goodness of quality. For Indian com and marrowfat peas, excellent quality. Indian com, goodness of quality. Maple sugar. Excellence of quality. Hams. Excellence of quality. Maple sugar. Hluatrative. For dressed flax. For a tub on a new principle of construction, exhibiting much taste and ingenuity. For machine-made wooden pails and tubs— at exceedingly low prices. For a cask constructed on a new and iiigeuioiis priiuri])Io, for five liquids. For planks and logs, and 21 named specimens of woods from Ontario district. For a scientifically-named collec- tion of 98 of the woods of the colony, accompanied with leaves, &c. For a large collection of excellent handles for tools and implements in hickory and other woods. For whisks and brooms of Sorghum straw, at very low prices, from Iff Qd to 6« per dozen. For 19 very fine squared logs of timber. For a very extensive, accurately named, and extremely well illus- trated collection of tne woods of 18 AWARDS TO CANADA. m JKf^~ * f^ ' i'V<'^ f"'rf'Vw* ii — ■ *'f* > *M*^" n 'W*v—tf VAinS OF SXniBITOS A2n) AWARD. CLASS IV .—continued. VM.— continued. Animal and Vegetable Substances used in Hannfaotnres. Sharp, Samuel Skead, James OBJECT BEWABBED, Aim BEA80N8. VonAUen, D. R. . Trembiscki, A. L. . Honourable Mention. Bronson, A. Burrows Choate, Jacob Coutle^, Canada East Gingras, G. Quebec, Ca- nada East Crooks, Miss Prieur, F. X., Canada East Rose, E. H. the colony, accompanied with dried specimens, useful informa- tion, &o. For a magnificent collection of planks, polished slabs, veneers, and a named collection of 26 spe- cimens, all from the Western districts. For a magnifioent collection of planks, logs, and a scientifically named collection of 37 woods, all from the Ottawa district. For planks and logs, all magnificent specimens, from the Thunes dis- trict, and 21 scientifically named specimens. For magnificent logs of white oak, rock elm and hickory. For magnificent sections of Strobus and white oak. For fine sections of " Landrus sas- safras." For fine cherry-wood and soft maple plants. For named collection of 72 woods of the colony. For fine planks of timber. For collection of 490 native plants. For a named collection of 74 woods of the colony. For a box of very fine black walnut veneers. CLASS V. Railway Plant. CLASS vni. Machinery in Gene- ral. CLASS IX. Agricultural andHor^ ticultural Machines and Implements. Medal. La Rue and Co., Three Rivers, Canada East . Honourable Mention. Sharp, S. . . . Honourable Mention. Richard, E. 0., Quebec, Canada East Cast Iron Hollow Wheels. For] excellence of material. Model of sleeping and freight cars. | Medal. Gaskin, Capt. P. . JefiW, J., Canada East McSherry, J. Morley, J. Model of water-wheel. For his collection of Agricultiiral j tools. For his iron plough. For his iron plough. For his iron plough. AWARDS TO CANADA. 19 ED, AlTD tponied with leful iuforma- collection of labs, veneers, ion of 26 Bpe- the Western native plants, n of 74 woods black walnut Class IX. — continued. A^oiUtunl and Hor- tionltnnl Maohines and Implements. CLASS X. Civil Engineering, ArohiteotoTal and Building Contri- vances. Section A. CLASS XIV. Photography. CLASS XXI. roollen and Worsted, including mixed Fabrics generally. CLASS XXIX. lucational Works and Appliances. NAME or EXHIBITOB AHD ▲WARD. Med. — continued. Faterson, J., Montreal, Canada East Whiting and Co. . Honourable Mention. Sovereign, L. L. . CoUard, H. . OBJECT BEWABDED, AND SEASONS. Medal. Brown, J. . . . Stephenson, G. R., as re- presentative of his cou- sin th'^ late R. Ste- phensoii, M.P., F.R.S. Honourable Mention. Bulmer and Sheppard, Montreal, Canada East Gibb, T. . . Missisquoi Drain Tile Company, Canada East Betts, E. L. Hodges, J. . . , Peto, Sir S. M., Bart., M.P. Medal. Notman, Montreal, Ca- nada East Medal. Mrs. Dunphy, St. Mala- chie, Canada East, and W. Stephen and Co., Montreal, Canada East Medal. Chauveau, Hon. Canada East Passmore, S. W. P. 0. Honourable Mention. Thomson, James, Canada East For his iron plough. For their collection of agricultural tools. For his combined cultivator and drill. For his cultivator. . For the excellence of manufacture of his hydraulic cement. For the extraordinary boldness of conception and the great inge- nuity of the construction of the Victoria Bridge,Montreal,Canada East. For the excellence of their bricks. For the excellence of his white bricka and drain tiles. Drain tiles of good quality. A collective honourable mention for the successful execution of the Victoria Bridge, and for the inge- nuity displayed by Mr. Hodges in constructing the cofferq. DoMiKiOA. — p. L. Simmondt, Etq. Jamaica. Sit Excellency C. H. Darling. Wm. Cunningham Glen, Esq, Sir Joshua Bowe, K.C.B. Edward Chitty, Esq. Thomson Hankey, Esq. M.P. Lucaa Barret, Esq. F.L.S. F.G.S. Wm. Smith, Esq. Alex. F. Ridgway, Esq. St, Vihcemx.— Ctforyc C. Stacpoole, M.L. Tbinisad. Win. Sennie, E^q. Sir W. H. Holmes. 3.— AFRICAN COLONIES AND COUNTRIES. Natal. — W. C. Sargeaunt, Etq, St. Helena. — N. Solomon, Etq. LiBEBLl. Gerard Ralston, Esq. Bev. Alfred Crummell. Samuel Gurney, Eaq. M.P, Thos. Clef. Ef, |. Thos. Hodgkin, M.D. Mr. Ei-Pi-utao. .Mberts. Edwin Fox, Eaq. Mr. Ma'-, liall 4.— AUSTRALIAN COLONIES. ' • New South Wales. Edward. Hamilton, Esq. Alex. Stuart, Esq. ;2?r Dfl^nici Cooper. W. Sedgwick S. Cowper, Esq. Jfi ,cl?xa'-uur, Ef 1^. Queensland. IT. A'. Mdrsh, Esq. M.F. Alfred Denison, Esq. Arthur Hodgson, Esq. Henry Jordan, Esq. Secretary. 28 Victoria. Sir Edmund Barrif. C. £ Kright, Eaq. Juba Gfo. Knight, £#4. South Australia. Sir Richard M. ^'cJonneU. G. S, WaJtors, Esq. Alox. Laiug Elder, Esq. f*^nliois H. Dutton, £h(|. WfiBTUBN A.STBA.LIA.- AJe». AmifOW*, E«q. Tabmaj«u. Sir 11. E. Fox Young, C.B. Fred. A. Du Ct\>z, Esq. Joseph Milligan, M.D. F.L.S. James A. Boui, Esq. New Z£ai«akd. John Morrison, Esq. M. Hulmos, Esq. 5.-MEI)ITEURANEAN COLONIKS. Malta.- Hon. F. V. Ingloit. 6.~EA8TERN COLONIES. Cbylon. — E. Rawdon Powers Esq. Mauritius.— JiwiM Morrit, Eaq. Ilona KoNO. — Patrick Campbell, Esq. Meditebraneax Pbotectobate. Ionian Islands. — Druiumond Wolff, iilsq. 7. -MISCELLANEOUS FOREIGN STATIONS. Manley Hopkins, Esq. Feejee Islands. — London Commissioner- Japan. Rutherford AlcocJc, Esq. Patrick rampi «11, Esq. HiAM. — P. L. Simmonds, Esq., Deputy-Superintendent of Colonial Departments at the Exhibition. At 1 o'clock the Special International Bepresentatives of all the prin- cipal Foreign Countries were met by Her Majesty's CommiBsioners for the Exhibition of 1862, at the North Entrance to the Horticultural Gardens (made part of the Exhibition for the day), whence they proceeded to the Daii in the Gardens, and, after a short address of welcome by Earl Gran- ville, a Report on the work of the Juries was delivered by the Hight Hoik Lord Taunton from the Council of Chairmen — as follows : m ■I "I'll h If 24 RKPour OF THE Council op Chairmen on the Work OP THE Juries. The work of tlio several Juries having been brought to a termination, it becomes the duty of tho Council of Chairmen to explain the manner in which the Juries were constituted, and the result of their labours. The Juries consisted of English and Foreign members in varying pro- portions. The English Jurors were in the first place nominated by exhibi- tors, and these nominations having ueeu carefully considered. Her Majesty's Commissioners invariably appointed such persons as appeared to be named by the general agreement of a trade or district. In cases where the nomi- nations were not made on a common understanding, the Soyal Commis- sioners were guided in their choice by the number of votes given to particular individuals, and, in some instances, by the desire expressed by exhibitors that the Commissioners should themselves select persons pos- sessing the necessary qualifications. The British Colonies were represented by Jurors recommended by the several Colonial Commissioners. Foreign nations taking part in the Exhibition had a right to nominate one Juror for every class in which they were represented by twenty exhi- bitors, and for every section of a class in which they had fifteen exhibitors. As an alternative, each nation had a certain number of Jurors allotted to it, in proportion to tho space which it occupied in the building, and sevei-al countries accepted this alternative. Her Majesty's Commissioners, without fixing any arbitrary proportion between Foreign and English Jurors, appointed as many of the latter to each Jury as the experience of past Exhibitions showed to be necessary for its efficiency. The Juries were sixty-five in number, grouped so as to form thirty-six classes or Head Juries corresponding to the thirty-six industrial classes under which the objects are arranged in the Exhibition. Each of these Head Juries, when subdivided into sections, acted as a united body for the confirmation of awards. Before, however, these awards were considered final, they were brought before and received the sanction of a Council, consisting of the Chairmen of the thirty-six Head Juries. The Chairmen, forming the Council which regulated the affairs of the Juries, were nomi- nated by Her Majesty's Commissioners from the Jurors of different nations, a number being allotted to each country relatively to the space assigned to it in the building. The Council was presided over by a Chairman appointed by Her Majesty's Commissioners. Her Majesty's Commissioners decided that only one description of Medal should be awarded by the Juries. This decision considerably facilitated their labours, as it became necessary only to reward excellence wherever it was found, without reference to competition between exhibitors. As the work of the Juries advanced, it was ascertained that 'nany articles possessed excellence of a kind which deserved a special mention, without, however, culitliug them to a Medul ; and although it involved some depar- 28 ture from the principle that had been originally laid down, yet the Council of Chairmen acceded to the wish of the Juries, and permitted such cases to be classed and published under the title of " Honourable Mentions." The Jurors and their associates engaged in examining the objects of the Exhibition amounted to 615 persons, of whom 287 were Foreigners, and 328 English. They are men of high social, scientific, and industrial position, drawn from nearly every civilized country in the world. Their labours have occupied two months, and have been of the most arduous description, as they had to examine the objects displayed by at least 25,000 exhibitors. It can scarcely be expected that none of the articl^o exhibited have escaped their attention. In a few instances the delay of arrival or of arrangement has rendered it impossible for the Juries to examine every article now within the building ; while, in other cases, errors in classifica- tion have rendered it doubtful to which of the Juries the duty of examining some particular object shoidd fall. Every effort, however, has been made to conquer these obstacles, and the omissions, if any, must be very few in number, and are not owing to the want of attention of the Juries or of the officers engaged in facilitating their work. The number of Medals voted by the Juries amount to nearly 7,000, and the Honourable Mentions to about 5,300. The proportion of awards to exhibitors is greater than in the International Exhibition of 1851, but less than in that of 1855. Notwithstanding the varied nationalities represented in the Juries, it is gratifying to record that the. utmost harmony has prevailed during the whole time that the Jurors have been associated in their labours. The mutual dependence and intimate alliance between the industries of the world have been illustrated by the zealous and impartial efibrts of the Jurors of different nations to recognise and reward the merit displayed in the exhi- bitions of their industrial competitors. We are glad to observe that the state of industry, as shown In the International Exhibition, gives evidence of a singularly active and healthy progress throughout the civilized world ; for while we find every nation searching for new raw materials or utilizing products hitherto considered as waste, we are struck especially with the vast improvement in the ma- chinery employed to adapt them to industrial purposes, as well as with the applications of science and with the great and successful attention which is now given to all the arts necessary to gratify our taste and sense of beauty. We cannot conclude this Eeport without expressing our obligations to Dr. Lyon Playfair, the Special' Commissioner for Juries, for the constant and iatoUigent assistance which he has rendered to us throughout our labours, as well as to the Deputy Commissioners and Secretary who have acted under his direction, and have afforded efficient aid to the several Juries during their inquiries. Taunton, President of the Council. 26 The Duke of Cambridge having replied, and the other preHininary ceremonies, as set forth in the Official programme, being concluded, a procession was formed, which included The Duke of Cambridge, The Pasha of Egypt, and other Special International Representatives, Her Majesty's Commissioners for Exhibition of 1862, Her Majesty's Ministers, The Commissioners for Exhibition of 1851, The Lord Mayor of London and Suite, The Jurors, &c. &c., and, entering by the Eastern Annexe, passed along towards the appointed Stations within the Building. On the arrival of the Procession at the Victoria Trophy, where the Colonial Commissioners were assembled. His Boyal Highness handed to the Chairman of each a handsomely-bound book of 459 pages, containing a list of the Awards of " Medals " and " Honorable Mentions " assigned to Exhibitors of the various countries, British, Colonial, and Foreign, whose natural products, manufactures, and works of art were displayed in the Exhibition of 1862. The Colonies gained, in all, 437 Medals^ and 515 Sonourahle Mentions, as will be seen by the accompanying tabular statement : — Table of Colonial Exuibitobs and of Medals and Honobable Mentions Awabded. Lxdian Empire . . . North American Colonies Canada .... Nova Scotia . . . New Brunswick Newfoundland . . Prince Edward Island Vancouver . . . Bermuda .... Columbia . . . Jamaica Other West Indian Isles Natal New South "Wales South Australia West Australia Victoria . . Queensland . Tasmania . . New Zealand . Ceylon . . . Mauritius . . Malta and other Stations no. exhibitors. 532 194 65 86 22 6 21 216 469 77 68 542 93 158 116 41 25 medals. 59 63 14 5 4 3 1 1 1 57 30 12 41 18 4 66 13 20 5 9 4 7 HON. MENTIONS. 147 29 10 9 1 4 1 68 15 8 34 18 11 85 18 26 10 7 5 9 Of the 92 Medals and 49 Honourable Mentions awarded to the North American Colonics, there were assigned to Canada upwards of 60 Medals and 29 Honourable Mentions. The whole number of Canadian Exhibitors may be set down as 194. Of Specimens of Mineral Products from Canada there were 37 exhibitors, by whom materials from upwards of 200 different localities were displayed, and of whom 36 were private individuals, or incorporated companies, — for about three-fourths of the mineral products on exhibition in the Canadian Court were entered in the name of " The Geological Survey " of the Province, which appears as one of the 37 exhibitors. It is but just, as regards Canada, to state that while there is no reason tp be dissatisfied with the number of Medals and Honourable Mentions assigned to her, yet it has been felt and expressed by numerous Canadian visitors to the Exhibition that the display of products was by no means so extensive, so varied, or so generally excellent as to do full justice to the country. From many parts, both in the Eastern and Western Districts, there were no specimens whatever of natural products or manufactures. The manufactures of the Eastern Townships in particular were not dis- played in a single instance. But it is to be borne in mind that although the utmost was done with the Canadian collection to exhibit it to the best advantage, the Commissioners in London could not make up for all deficiencies grovnng out of the smallness of the means placed at their disposal, or for such defects as sprung from delay in commencing pre- parations in Canada. It was felt that at least a whole year should have been allotted to the work of preparation. The products displayed were virtually got together during the space from December to February, and despatched to England in March. It is easy to see that various products prepared in Canada in the winter season are not necessarily the best of their kind that the country afibrds — not to name the greater difficulties encountered in procuring them. The Provincial geological collection sufficed in part to prevent defects so far as one great class of industrial objects and pursuits are concerned, and it was admitted by all that ample justice was, under the circumstances, done to that branch. Upon the whole, however, notwithstanding the deficiencies obvious to persons acquainted with the capabilities of Canada at this day, the favour- ably expressed opinions of English and Foreign visitors to the " Canadian Court," and the results generally of the Exhibition cannot but prove gratifying to the Province at large. The display of articles in the Canadian Court at the Exhibition was much facilitated through the active and most obliging services of the curator, "Wm. Dixon, Esq., formerly of Toronto, in Canada "West. The value of this gentleman's constant attendance in the office con scarcely be overrated on account of his ever-ready and lucid explanations in reply to the interrogatories of innumerable visitors to the Court, I il I i I'M m .9 :K' 28 In conclusioDi we must not omit to refer to the obligations which Canada, in common with the Colonies at large, lies under on this important occasion to Dr. Lindley, the eminent botanist, Superintendent of the Colonial Departments at the Exhibition, as well as to his able deputy P. L. Simmonds, Esq, These gentlemen were indefatigable in the discharge of their various onerous duties, and in acts of courtesy to the Colonial Commissioners and Exhibitors. The writer has, therefore, much pleasure in appending the following letters expressive of the obligations here adverted to : — C■*; ■^•■, Do>vniiig Street, 4th June, 1863. Department of the International I must express to you, first, my My deab Db. Lindlet, Now that the Colonial Exhibition is very nearly complete, thanks for the trouble you took in showing me the various productions, and, next, my extreme admiration of the spirited and successful manner in which the Colonies, with scarcely an exception, have responded to the invitation of the Commissioners to send specimens of their natural pro- ducts and their industry for the information and, I may well add, the instruction of the Nations of Europe. It is impossible that such a display of what the Colonial portions of the British Empire can produce should be without a very material influence upon the future prospects and prosperity of each of them. In gold and other metals, in cereal produce, in timber, in wool, above all in cotton, the visitors of the Exhibition will find the English Colonies eclipsing all competitors, and I am much mistaken if Foreigners will not find in the department allotted to them more to excite their admiration and wonder than in the more showy and artistic displays, which do so much credit to the taste, energy, and manufacturing power of the mother country. I assure you that not only officially but individually I am delighted at the position before the world which the Colonies have assumed in the Exhibition. <4 I am, my dear Dr. Lindley, Tom's very sincerely, Newcastle. '■«f<4 29 itions which lis important dent of the able deputy- he discharge ;he Colonial ich pleasure :ations here ecHng the , 1863. ■ i temational , first, my eductions, manner in led to the itural pro- ^ add, the onsofthe influence gold and )tton, the psing all d in the i wonder credit to ;hted at in the Copy of a Letter addressed ly the Canadian Commissioners to Dr. Lindley. Canadian Department, Exhibition Building, July 14th, 1862. Dear Dr. Liitolet, The Canadian Commission here having been reorganized in consequence of the approaching departure of some of its members, we feel that we cannot separate without tendering to you our heartiest thanks for the unwearied attention you have given to Colonial interests, and for the assiduous labour you have devoted to the discharge of the onerous duties imposed on you as Colonial Superintendent. The governments and people of the several Colonies represented here owe you a debt of gratitude for what you have done in their behalf on this occasion, as on that of the first great International Exhibition, to which on behalf of Canada we desire to give expression. We consider ourselves fortunate in having been brought into official connection with a gentleman who BO thoroughly understands and appreciates the great resources of the Colonial Empire. Wishing you many happy years in which to enjoy the general esteem, and the distinction in the scientific world which you have so fairly won, We remain, dear Dr. Lindley, Your very obed^«nt servants, W. E. LooAW, J. HUBLBURT, * B. ClIAMBERXIS-, Henry H. Miles. John Lindley, Esq., M.D., F.R.S. &c. &c. ■'^ Copy of Dr. Lindley s Beply. ' An.siitst 4lli. 18Gl'. My DEAR Sir, The flattering letter you have been ao kind as to send me on the part of the Canadian Commiaaion demands my warm acknowledgments. Could anything add to the satisfaction of feeling that one haa done one's beat to execute faithfully a public duty it is the knowledge that the endeavour is appreciated by those best able to form a correct judgment. I must, however, observe that nothing which I may have done would have been of value to Canada in the abaence of the admirably-directed and untiring exertions of yourself and your brother Commissioners. Pray do me the favour to convey to them the assurance that I feel most sensibly the extremely kind manner in which they and yourself have done the honour to address me. I am, yours very sincerely, John Lindley. B. Chambcrlin, Et>q., Secretary, Canadian Commibsioners. ^ f l-a . ■ ..■■«ii. % I ■^l'^ /.;.lll-a«> ^'/iV^rf^U, B(ld£lRtS< O^Mlr a.H:«)L u I i\ W' mmmrim (Ulap of t^i» EASTERN TOWNSHIPS or LOWER CANADA 6m/c' of 6tafyUf JiUivt '►/' to s o I I — L w (W' fj^t* & llAi^^vrfwtU ^JAif.'vi^i' C.«n-. IMI.L.X THB EASTERN TOWNSHIPS OF LOWER CANADA. CIIAPTEE I. J INTRODUCTION — OF CANADA OBNEBALLY. Colonists sojourning in England are sometimes amazed at thd vague- nees of the knowledge possessed by the Eogiish public on subjects relating to their own possessions abroad. It might of course be expected that people generally would be ill- informed about the more recently founded colonies — but it is remarkable that such should be the case with respect to those which have cost England dear for their acquisition, defence, and maintenance, and which, in the increase of their population, the development of their internal resources, and their progress in self-government and the arts of life generally, are beginning to afford indications of fitness to assume, at no distant day, the position of independent nations. Not to speak of the several communities of British North America, but confining the attention to Canada alone, it cannot but be a subject, both of regret and of surprise, that the value of this great province, as an integral ,e:v. portion of the British Empire, should be so imperfectly realized here. Every person who is really acquainted with Canada, and who is not under the influence of prejudice or party spirit, knows that this is the case. Whether Colonist or not, no man can doubt it ; one has only to refer to the course of current events, the debates in Parliament, the editorials of leading newspapers, and the tone of conversation out of doors. Under these circumstances, the writer of the following notice, although his aim is to present information about a mora section of Canada, finds it necessary to his purpose to begin by referring to the country at large, seeing that it is in name alone really known to the majority of the British public. Let us understand, at the outset, that the past progress of the Province, its value and future prospects, can be far more distinctly apprehended through statements made in the American House of Congrew than through what transpires from the lips of members of our own British Parliament. In Beports prepared by American Committees of the House of Bepre- sentatives all facta of material importance relative to Canada are pro- minently set forth for the information of their own people ; all the hitherto discovered natural resources, peculiar advantages of position with respect to contiguous territory, progress achieved in past years, and estimates of what may be looked for in future, are brought out with so much clear- ness and force that no man can rise &om the perusal of those Beports f U' Si '.i .li< I wij :; l.i 32 without roflocting that, woro thoy not frorncd oxprcasly in view of dealing with certain commercial treaties now Bubaisting between the United Sliitea ond the Province, the Americans mu«t bo contemplating the orrival of that period when John Uuirs apathy about his foreign possesHiona should attaiu its climax, and when that nneicnt Province should be cast adrift on tho world. After duly placing on record " that Canada consists chiefly of a vast projection into tho territory of the United States — that it possesses » coast of nearly 1000 miles on the river and gulf of St. Lawrence, where fisheries of cod, herring, mackerel, and salmon, aro carried on Huccessfully, in addition to the valuable fisheries in its lakes — that it is rich in metallio ores and tho resources of its forests— that its territory is peculiarly favour- able to tho growth of wheat, barley, and other cereals," these Reports present two remarkable statements wcthy of the attention of every thoughtful well-wisher of the British Empire. " The British possessions on this continent have now a population nearly equal in number to that of our Union at the time of its origin, and nearly twice as largo as that of tho seven originally seceding states, sprung from tho two great rival nations of the Old World," and " during the last quarter of a century tho population of Canada has increased more than fourfold, from 582,000 to 2,300,000 ; and it is computed that Canada alone, if her past and present rate of increase is continued, will have twenty milliom of inhabitants at the end of this present century, numerically exceeding tho population of Great Britain when this century began." -*' ' The foregoing extracts at least prove that our American rivals do not regard the " Canadas" with auy feeling akin to contempt, while the state- ments embody focts which the truly loyal Canadian people would earnestly desire their fellow subjects in England to give them some credit for when- ever pnrtiznnship at homo takes the form of inidervsiluiiig tlie colonies, or of meuacinsf them witli the witliilrnw.il of Britisli miiitury protection. Lying bctwcon tho lucridiuus of about (J.V and JH)" west, mid, for the most part, between tlio parallels ol" Hi" uiul oli** of north latitude, Canada is within ten or eleven days' sail of the principal English and Iriah sea-porta. It is possible however, on occasions of iniportauee, for intereomnuniicatiou to take place in about six days through the aid of telegraphic connection between England and Queenstowii or Londonderry on this side of the Atlantic and between Bolleisle and Quebec on the other. In fact, so far as distance is concerned, Canada may now be held to be virtually no further off from the British Isles than Scotland or Ireland were from the Metropolis seventy or eighty years back. . «: * Nor has the advancement of the country been confined solely to the discovery and development of natural resources. Conjointly with these and the increase of population noticed in the American Reports, very great progress has been accomplished in all that goes to constitute foundations for future national existence. Even if comparison be made with the ii I ■ of donlinj» litcd Siiitcs ival of that ould uttaiit rift on tho y of ft vast ISC8 a coast TO fishoriea jssfully, in in motollio irly favour* )0 Koports I of every lossossions • to that of that of tho nations of population 2,300,000 ; ut rate of the end of of Great lis do not the state- eurneatly |for whcn- ilouiea, or loll. |l. lor ihi' Janada is iea-ports. Imicatiou Innection of the !t, 80 far mlly no om the to the lose and ry great Idations Ith the 33 United StntcB themsolvefl there has been no greater improvement during any d«>ca(ie of their wonderful history up to tho breaking out of their civil war than that witnessed in Canada during the ton years terminating in IHOI Very important and for a long time embarrassing questions, reloting tt» municipal and political privileges, religion, education, adminis- tration )f the law, and the abolition of feudal tenure, have been satis- factorily adjusted. Nor can there be any reasonable doubt but that all remaining hindrances to the political and social welfare of the people of Canada will in duo time be surmounted. From the narratives of emigrants and visitors issued twenty years ago, people in England who have not looked further into tho matter can form no just estimate of the facilities for conducting all the internal business of the country. Long journeys of 400 and 500 miles can now be performed by rail with a degree of comfort, speed, and punctuality not surpassed in any country of Europe. Indeed there are at least 2000 miles of railroad communication in operation in Canada alone. At the same time there is scarcely any settled locality in tho Province from which the inhabitants do not enjoy perfectly easy access to other parts, and from wbich, whether travelling for pleasure or for business, they cannot readily pass to any leading place in the American Union or to tho sea-board for the purpose of embarking for Europe. The gigantic river St. Lawrence, expanding in the interior into five immense lakes or inland seas, supplies, at least during seven or eight months of the year, the requisites of cheap water communication through the entire length of the country. Through this natural channel vast stores of grain and provisions are transmitted from the west to the ports of Montreal and Quebec, and, as may be conceived, while we are speaking of ! a water route of thousands of miles, the lumber and other products of tho forests and soil of Canada, find their way to the same outlets through numerous considerable rivers, by which the regioxis lying north and south of tlie St. Lawrence are drained into that river. Impediments to naviga- tion at several joints above Montreal are surmounted by means of a mag- nificent system of canals, whoso construction, though costly, was indis- pensable for procuring a free communication between the ocean and the I Lake regions, by means of steamers and sailing vessels. A very common objection to Canada is stated to be its rigorous climate. It would be easy to demonstrate to the satisfaction of every candid ^mind that the objection is without any real foundation. The inhabitants themselves do not find their ordinary avocations interrupted by severe weather to an extent greater than is the case, in some form or other, in all the known countries of the world. Indeed the atmospheric irregularities of all countries under the sun are probably felt by their own inhabitants to be as objectionable (and in most cases more so) as the occasional extremes of heat and cold in Canada. The monsoons of the East, the siroccos of Italy and Spain, the whirlwinds and hurricanes of the West c 15. 84 ■m i ii'i' Indies, tbe drencbmg and continuous rains of the Tropics, and even the foggy, moist atmosphere of Great Britain, might, with equal force, be cited in disparagement of regions contentedly occupied by millions of the human race. In fact, the lowness of temperature which occurs a few times between December and March is proportionably compensated by the dry, pure, and quiescent state of the air, of which the effects are healthful and exhila- rating. The monotonous aspect of a vast tract covered with snow from the beginning of December to the end of March does not afflict the feelings of the Canadians as it appears to do the minds of those who quote it in England as a drawback. For then is the time for the most joyous inter- change of visits of relatives and friends throughout the country, and residing separated from each other by considerable distances. While there is plenty of profitable occupation at home of various kinds, for those who have farm premises and stock to look after, the repose of nature and the excellent snow roads invite all to indulge themselves with occasional holiday trips across the country. Very few indeed are so poor that they cannot participate in such winter recreation as is afforded by a sleigh-ride; not to speak of the convenience to all, both rich and poor, wherever located, of having access to neighbouring markets over roads more smooth and comfortable than the finest turnpikes of England. In short, to the great bulk of the inhabitants of Canada the winter time is the happiest, and perhaps no greater calamity could befal them than during one winter season to have their territory denuded of snow, seeing that tiiis at once provides them with ready and agreeable means of locomotion, and protects vegetation, preventing its temporary suspension from becoming perpetual through the destructive agency of frost. It may appear to some not a little singular in connection with what is here said about Canadian winters that the people of England should be so generally impressed with senti- ments of an opposite kind. As a probable reason, we may, perhaps, attribute their origin to the narratives of the earliest visitors to British North America, followed in more recent times by the accounts of trials endured by the earlier settlers and emigrants, who went ill-prepared to encounter any considerable changes of climate. The misapprehensions existing on the subject have thus come down as an established tradition to the present time. They operate, it is feared, in preventing the most ancient and nearest colonies from receiving speedily such accessions of emigrants as are alone needed to place them on a footing of permanent prosperity. Some persons, indeed, emigrate who are unfitted to prosper either at home or abroad, and such are too ready to ascribe to causes external, and beyond their control, their own want of success. It may be added, that as yet colonial life in any part of the world is necessarily accompanied with the experience of a state of things different from that which subsists in the oldest and most civilized countries ; so that those who are only fitted to exist amidst the superabundant requirements of elegant life in England and France, usually do, when they come to Canada, 85 a, and even tlie I force, be cited B of the human ? "'^'' " " ''°''=*»Wer;ir"siZ; Xni'r "r » ^^'^^/eXthot'"" *»'-">°' S:: »ws of .,^ ^,_ J^» ^- and County ConnoOs aro prosoHhed by the - Cp^rSje^- - --.;t may he added, that the indi. PuWu creditors and the matter is so 41 adjusted that the burden falls lightest upon those classes who are least able to bear it. The local taxation, Established from time to time bj the Municipal Councils, is conducted on similar principles, and is freely open to the supervision of the parties principally concerned, and to correction in case of any inadvertence or inequality. But, in fact, the taxes are very small compared with the ability to pay them, while the prices of food and all the necessaries of life admit of a man's living comfortably on what in England would be considered a very insignificant income. In cases of cleared land rented, although this is not very common in the Eastern Townships, a man in England would pay from £2. 10s. to £4 per acre annually, for land of less value than he could rent in the Townships for 16«, taxes inclusive. CHAPTER III. CAPITAL TOWN, AND OTHEB TOWNS AND YILLAOES OF THE EASTEBN TOWNSHIPS. The capital of the Eastern Townships is Sherhroohe, a town which for electoral purposes has between 6000 and 7000 inhabitants. It occupies both banks of the river Magog at its confluence with the river St. Francis. The former river, after leaving the lake, called Little Magog, a few miles above Sherbrooke, descends in a rapid stream towards its junction with the St. Francis, into which it rushes tumultuously after a succession of falls, thus creating an amount of water-power which, associated with the other natural advantages of situation, will, it is believed, render it the principal seat ( ^ manu&ctures in Lower Canada. The town also extends to the opposite bank of the St. Francis, the communications across both the rivers being maintained by substantial bridges. It is represented in the Provincial Parliament by one member. The principal Courts of Law of the Townships are held here, and it is the chief way-station of the G^rand Trunk Bailroad leading from Montreal and Quebec to Portland. Various manufactures are prosecuted ; there being, besides iron foundries and mechanics' work-shops, a woollen factory, paper mill, pail and tub factory, machine factories, grist and saw mills. A very well supplied market for provisions and all kinds of country produce ia heii twice a week, in addition to the monthly Cattle Fairs, established last year by the o£&cers of the Land Company, to the great benefit of the district. The mails arrive and depart twice daily. Various chartered Companies have their head-quarters or branch olficea in the town ; among ■A , V" ■ iii; ,\ : Vfiit-, I which may be named The Eastern Townships Bank, The City Bank of Montreal, The British American Land Company, The Mutual, and several other Firo and Life Assurance Companies. There are two local newspapers— the SherhrooTce Gazette, which has a large circulation in the Townships and elsewhere, and has now been con- ducted by its present editor and proprietor, with remarkable ability for about twenty-five years; and the Sherbrooke Leader, a paper recently established, and issued twice a week. The new Town Hall, of which a cut is given, with accommodations in the open space and sheds underneath, is built of brick, and adds greatly to the substantial appearance of the town. Of other public buildings and places of worship, St. Peter's Episcopal Church, the Soman Catholic Church, the Congregationalists', Methodists', and the buildings recently built for schools, are all handsome structures, erected at considerable cost, of brick and stope, and remarkable for their appropriateness of design and architecture. The town is abundantly supplied with shops and stores, where every necessary and convenience of life can be procured — the old system of long credits and high charges, formerly so great a drawback to the country, being now discountenanced by all the principal business men, who, it may be added, are, as a body, distinguished for their integrity and fair- dealing. The medical and legal professions are represented by gentlemen of the highest order of ability in their respective callings, and of whom it is not too much to say that any where, even in the principal towns in England, they would necessarily command the respect and confidence of the people. There is as yet no local infirmary or hospital. The County Gaol, erected many years ago near the Court House, is larger than experience has shewn to be needed by the number of criminals, of whom seldom more than one or two of a really bad class have ever been immured at the same time. TSo country town in America is better off for inns ; among the principal ones may be named the Magog House, conducted by Mr. Cheney, the Hotel of Mr. H. Cameron in Factory Street, that of Mr. C. Cameron in Wellington Street, and Mr. Boote's Hotel advantageously situated close to the Eailroad Station. Li these inns the sojourner can procure very comfortable entertainment ; the charges are quite moderate, and, what is usually of equal consequence to strangers, one meets with the utmost civility and even kindness. There are many handsome private residences, both of wood and of brick, in and around Sherbrooke ; we may instance, on the north side, those of the Eev. C. E. Eeid, Sheriff Bowen, and Mr. Clarke ; and within the town, those of Dr. Johnstone, Dr. Brooks, Mr. Sanborn, the late member for the county of Compton, Mr. Walton, Dr. Worthington, Mr. Eobertson on the bank of the Magog, and, on the street leading southwards, the own, the on the f^' 48 house of the mayor, J. O. Robertaon, Esq. The Hon. A. T. Qalt, tho Town member of Parliament and late Finance Minister of Canada, also resides in Sberbruoke, as well as Mr. Henneker, the Chief Commissioner of the British American Land Company, the Hon. Hollis Smith, the elected member for the "Wellington district to the Upper House of the Provincial Legisloturo, and the Hon. Mr. Justice Short. Sherbrooke is situated in about 71" 55' west longitude and 45° 28' north latitude. It would be impracticable to furnish here a full description of each of the numerous smaller towns and villages scattered through the Eastern Townships. For the most part they are situated near to the rivers and small streams, so plentiful throughout the region, and there are very few indeed so placed as not to have, in addition to grist mills, structures with machinery erected for the purpose of applying, at least on a small scale, the abtmdant water-power. One universal characteristic strikes the eye of a visitor to the Town< ships. Every village has its church or other place of worship, its neat academy and school-house, and its one or two blacksmith's forges. The contiguous country is almost always beautiful and picturesque, and there is no greater treat to a lover of fine scenery than to drive along the roads leading from one village to another. Li the county of Compton we may mention the villages of Lennoxville (more particularly described in the appended letters), Suntingville, Waterville, Compton^ Eaton Corner, Oook- thire, Bury, and Lingwich, Suntingville, on the banks of the Salmon Biver, is remarkable for its tannery and the long established and excellent grist and saw-milla, equipped in the most perfect manner by their enterprising proprietor, Mr. Mallory. Further south, at Waterville, about five miles from Lennoxville, on the line of the railroad, rather extensive works, including Iron Foundry and various applications of machinery, have been established, chiefly through the influence and exertions of Charles Brooks, Esq., the Warden of the County and Mayor of the Township of Ascot. It has a magnificent back country and many highly cultivated farms adjacent. The village of Compton, which has about 300 inhabitants, about 16 miles distant from Leimoxville, 18 from Sherbrooke, and one mile from the line of railway, is the immediate centre of a district presenting evi- dences of great agricultural prosperity, and the surrounding scenery is of the most beautiful description. The other villages named are in the eastera portion of the county. Eaton Comer with about 250 inhabitants, is 13 miles from the line, and is a thriving place, with a daily mail from the cities, and commu- nicating by stage with a great number of settlements in the adjacent townships. Cookshire, the county town, is the residence of the county member of Parliament, John Henry Pope, Esq., to whose enlightened and enterprising flBP ,4 1 lit if I charaotor and liberality this portion of the country, and, indeed, the Towa- shipa at largo, are deeply indebted for the i)roinotion of their agricultural ami other interests. The place stands on a sito commanding one of the moHt beautiful and extensive views in the province. Circuit Courts are held hero. It has communication doily with other neighbouring places and with the cities by stage to Leunoxrille and Shorbrooke, from which Utter Cookshire is distant about IG miles. Its population is from 250 to 800. Bury, with a population of about 120, and Lingtoick, are the most dis- tant villages in the county eastwards — the former 21 miles from Sherbrooko and the latter 35. The lands in their neighbourhood have attracted much attention during the last twenty years, and are thought to be equal to any in the province, and to offer very favourable prospects to settlers with small capital. Ooaticook, in the Township of Bamston, on the line of the Grand Trunk Bailway, about 20 miles south of Lennoxville, is a very thriving village of three or four hundred inhabitants. It is on the river Coaticook, and in the vicinity of some of the principal rapids of that small river. As there is access to any amount of water-power, and the soil of the adjacent country is very rich, it is so favourably placed that it will probably become hereafter a large tovm. It is a port of entry, and several manufactures have been already established. The small towns and villages in the Tovmships south of Compton are numerous, and each is the centre of a fine farming district where the land is highly cultivated, and much attention given to the raising of the best breeds of live stock — horses, sheep, cattle, and pigs. Stamtead, close to the boundary line, has a population of about 1200. It is the residence of the late Provincial Secretary, the Hon. T. L. Terrill, as also of the County Member, Albert Knight, Esq. It is the county town, and the Circuit Courts are held here. There are also the Provincial Bank, Library Asso- ciation, and Mechanics' Institute, the Academy, of high local repute, several branch Insurance Offices, and good hotels, and almost every descrip> tion of business is carried on. • In the same county are Hatley (two villages of this name, called Ea»t and West Hatley), the beautiful village of Oeorgeville and Magog at the outlet of Lake Memphramagog. The scenery all across the country sur- rounding these \&&t named places is such as to afford the most lively satis- faction to all visitors. Near Hatley it is diversif \ by the presence of a considerable lake, whose margin consists, in part « bold hiUy surface, and in part of cleared and richly cultivated land, iurther on towards the Bouth-west, Oeorgeville, stated to have about 300 inhabitants, is placed ou the east side of the Lake Memphramagog, much visited of late years by tourists. The lake is about 30 miles in length, and extends across the line into the American territory. A small steamer plies on its surface during the summer season, affording, in the course of its daily run up aod down the lake, A prolonRod sucrcssion of vicwR of wliat many pronounce to bo tho most picturoHquo and most romantically bonntiful Hoenory in (^annda, In her trip the littlo Btoamer alwayB callw at " The Mountain Houho," which is Bimply an inn on the west side, iihoiit midway down the lake, built at tho foot of an omincnco called tho "Owl's Head," rising abruptly from tho water's edge to a height of about 200<) feot. Here, an well as at (Joorgc- ville, whero there are two excellent hoteln, many a visitor and tourist lingers awhile every season in enjoyment of one of tho richest treats to be had anywhere throughout tho province. Now that the passage across tho Atlantic is accomplished with such speed and facility, it is not too much to expect that summer tourists from the British Isles may ere long begin tho practice of going over for tho purpose of witnessing for themsehos tho novelty and the attractions of this whole section of country, and of viewing nature under one of its most charming aspects. Lake Memphramagog can be reached from tho railroad station at Sherbrooko or Lennoxville in a journey of less than 20 miles, over good roads. At the village Magog, where the water of the lake issues and forms tho river of that name, there is a vast amount of water-power available, and which has been already applied to a considerable extent in various manufactures. Its population is rated at about 250. Northwards of Sherbrooke, and in the counties of Bichmond and Drummond, are several thriving small towns and villages, among which we may mention Bichmond, Melbourne, Danville, Durham, and Drummond- yille, with populations of from 200 to 400. The most noted of these from their situation are Bichmond and Melbourne, which are virtually one town, whose parts are connected by a covered bridge over the St. Francis river. Bichmond cupies the right bank, and Melbourne the left, the united population of the two being between 700 and SOO. As the Townships advance thoy are likely to become places of increasing importance, on acct-unt of the junction here of the Quebec, Portland, and Western brttuohes of the Grand Trunk Bailway, and from being the seat of one of the leading Township educational institutions, St. Francis College. The sxirrounding country is rich in attractions both of scenery and soil, and contains many fine farms. DruiAmondville is stated to have about 400 inhabitants, and Danville 800, the laf . being near to the line of railroad between Quebec and Bichmond. Durham is about eight miles below Melbourne, on the St. Francis, and ha-s a population of about 220. Nearer to Sherbrooke are situated the rising settlements of Windsor and Bromp- ton Falls ; the latter remarkable for immense water-power and tho great saw-miUs established there, and conducted by Mr. Clarke the proprietor. These mills, being perhaps the most extensive of their kind in America, merit a more particular notice, and will be referred to further on. The village of Dudswell is 20 miles east of Sherbrooke, and contains about 120 inhabitants. The surrounding country is very hilly and pictu- resque. There are enormous deposits of limestone and the whole region *': 46 \ is remarkable both for tbe facilities of procuring the best quality of lime and on account of the presence of yarious valuable minerals. Extremely beautiful varieties of marble are found in the vicinity, and as there is abundance of water-power it is believed that the attention of capitalists will be engaged in establishing works there on an extensive scale. It is also one of the best farming tracts in the Townships. Westwards of Sherbrooke are some of the oldest villages of the Town- ships, in the counties of Sheford, Brome, and Misnsquoi. The country in these directions possesses the richest soils, and is everywhere well stocked with water-power and valuable minerals. The scenery throughout is beautiful, and in many parts romantic. For a long time the inhabitants have enjoyed the benefit of excellent roads, but more recently their com- munications with the city of Montreal have been vastly improved by the construction, of a second township railroad, called " The Stanstead, Shefford, and Chambly Bailroad," which is intended ultimately to connect with the terminus of the Fassumpsic road, passing through the valley of the Con- necticut to Boston in the United States. The principal villages on this line of railroad are Waterloo, West Shefford, and Qranby in the county of Shefford, and West Farnham in Missisquoi. Waterloo is a place of about 250 inhabitants, has a local newspaper, and a branch of the Eastern Townships Bank. West Shefford is 58 miles distant from Montreal, and is situated on the pretty river Yamaska, with about 200 inhabitants. It is the resi- dence of the Hon. A. B. Foster, elected two years since a member of the Upper House of the Provincial Parliament. Qranby' in the same county, about 50 miles from Montreal, vid rail- road through St. John's, has between 400 and 500 inhabitants. It also has a local newspaper, and various manufactures are carried on, and is a place which probably will become very important through its situation in a fine farming country contiguous to the railroad, and the existence of copper ores understood to lie in its vicinity. Froste Village, in Shefibrd, is a smaller place, of 150 inhabitants. West Farnham, in Missisquoi County, 35 miles from Montreal, has a population of about 800. Extensive saw-mills have been carried on here for some time, and large quantities of sawn timber prepared and exported to the United States, Frelighshv/rgh, Cowansville, Stanbridge, and Dunham, also in Missisquoi County, are considerable villages, of about 350 inhabitants in each. Fhilips- lurq. in the same county, has a population of 500, and is the residence of the Hon. Philip Moore, of the Legislative Council. Stanbridge, in the township of that name and county of Missisquoi, has about 300 inhabitants, and is the centre of one of the wealthiest farming districts. The corporation of Eastern Townships Bank have recently established a branch of their institution in this place. In the county of Brome there are the villages of Knowlton, Brome, 47 and Mansonville, with about 200 to 260 inhabitants each, Brotne is the residence of the Hon. F. H. Enowlton, also a member of the Legislative Council of Canada. In addition to the foregoing towns and villages, mentioned by name as existing in the Eastern Townships, there are numerous smaller places and settlements springing up in different parts, of which there does not seem to be occasion here to offer any particular description. CHAPTEK IV. CLIMATE OF THE KASTEHN TOWNSHIPS — AGEICITLTUEB — MAKUFAOTrEIKO CAPABILITIES. We have already alluded to the long-prevailing misapprehensions respect- ing the climate of Canada in general. These make it diCBcult, in relation to any one section of the province, to procure that amount of careful attention to the facts which is necessary to enable a mere reader to acquire for him^ If a rational knowledge of the subject. A person's previous experience of the climate of the Bdtish Isles, as indicated by numbers expressing the temperature, moisture, &c., is a very poor guide in this case, and few indeed of the thousands who annually emigrate are either fitted to make correct deductions or willing to encounter the trouble this would involve. It may be added that the effects upon the feelings are usually not measurable by means of the numerical statements. A damp winter, for example, in England, may, on the whole, produce more disagreeable sensations of cold (with a thermometer seldom descending to ten degrees below the freezing point) than those experienced by residents in Canada, I who oqcasionally witness a temperature 40 or 50 degrees lower down in the scale. Under these circumstances, the writer, in presenting the following brief Summary of the Climate of the Eastern Townships, will confine himself chiefly to the statement of such facts as any general reader can foimd a judgment upon, without neglecting altogether to furnish the data required by those conversant with meteorology. The chief authority at present on meteorological matters in Canada East is Dr. Sinallwood, whose observatory is situated in the neighbourhood of Montreal. For ingenuity uf device, fidelity of observation, and sagacity in generalising the results and deducing useful practical deductions, he is well known to scientific persons on both sides of the Atlantic. He was preceded in these pursuits by a gentleman who has long occupied a prominent JB'I ^ m 48 position in Lower Canada, and who has been styled by Professor Smallwood himself the " Pioneer of Canadian Meteorology," now the Hon. Mr. Justice McCord, and the Cliancellor of the TJnivorsity in the Eastern Townships. Other observers in different parts of the country have preserved records of the principal facts relating to temperature and the general state of the weather, some of which extend back more than thirty years. Prom printed reports for a series of years, kindly furnished by the above-mentioned authorities, the following small table has been prepared, shewing at a glance the conditions of mean pressure, temperature, and moisture for that part of Canada, both for the whole year and for each month : — Mean An- nual. 29.7 42» Jan. 29-7 13i» 87 Feb. 29-7 170 80 Mar. 29.5 26^" 83 Apr. 29*7 40« 81 Moy. 29.6 54J0 77 Jane. 29-7 640 July. 29-7 71J0 Aug. Sept Oct 29-6 460 Nov. 29-8 320 Dec. Barometer (inches) . Thermometer (Fahr.) 29-7 63i<> 29-7 58" 29-6 lei" Humidity .... (Saturation, 100) 77 '4 76 81 82 82 83 Ifote. — In a recent article on "Hardy Fruits iu the lutomational Exhibition," a writer in the English Gardener's Chronicle and AoricuUtwal Gazette makes use of tables of tem- perature (slightly dififering from the above) for the vicinity of Montreal, deducing the conclusion " that abundance of fruits can bo succcssAilly grown in Upper Canada ;" but, in fact, the deduction, so far as reference to tables of temperature is concerned, should have been made for Canada generally, including Eastern Sections, where, as is well known, most I of the productions named are found in perfection, especially apples, plums, cherries, and most of the smaller fruits grown in gardens, or met with in a wild state. In the "Colonization Circular," No. 21, issued in 1862 by Her Mt^esty's Emigration Commissioners, it is stated at page 95 that the nuian range of the thermometer, /rom obeer- vatioM taken for one year in Eastern Canada is 771" for three summer months, and II40 for the winter months. Not to dwell on the fiiict that the term mean range is hero used in quite another sense than that intended by meteorologists, it is to be lamented that results for one year should ever be employed for such uses, as it not imfireqnently happens that the mean for one of the three months included is from 4" to 8" higher or lower than the mean for the same month in a series of years. Thus, for July of last year (1861) the mean tem- ])erature was about 7" below the average ; and the December mean for 1859 was the lowest on record by about 5<*. Instead of 11*> for the mean winter temperature, as given in the Colonization Circular, it would probably be nearer the mark to say 13" or 14". Twenty years ago, as estimated by Judge McCord, the mean winter tempcratim) was given at from 160 to ^70^ QQij lYiQ summer mean at 67" — the one differing fh>m the result in the Coloniza- tion Circular by 5" or 6", the other by upwards of 10". The year selected for illustration of tlic climate of Canada must have been otherwise remarkable and exceptional, for we read on tlio same ]^e tliat there were 309 fine days, and only 56 on which there was snow or rain in Eastern Canada — results which difier very Qpnsiderably from those stated in the text. The tables for Montreal may, without essential variation, be employed to illustrate the climate of the Eastern Townships. Although these as yet possess no established observatory, the following statements may be con- fidently relied on, as the result of many years' observation. }mallwood [r. Justice records of ite of the }d by the prepared, iture, and for each I ^oyj Dec. 29-6 B 29-8 o| 320 82 83 ii" a writer lea of tem- ducirig the a ;" but, in lould have lown, most orrius, and Imigration nmobur- and 11^0 "oused in at results IS that the bhe mean tean tem- e lowest |n in the Twenty at fiiom 'oloniza- licrwise |ie days, very ployed yet con- \\ 49 There are about 150 fine clear days annually, and from 90 to 100 moT€ upon which we should call the weather fair. During aome years (as in ISGl, nn exceptionnl year, in this respect,) it has rained on upwards of lOi) days ; but in general, and including the continuously rainy, ahowery, and/o(/ffi/ days, aa well as those upon which snow falls, the average number scarcely exceeds 100. About 41 inches of water falls in the form of rain« aud 11 inches more in that of snow, making a total of about 52 inches* The amount of evaporation (allowing 20 inches and 10 inches respectively for summer and winter) is about 30 inches each year. Taking one year with another the direction of the wind is westerly for more than five months, but seldom blows from that quarter continuously above three days at a time. Thunder-storms occur from 12 to 15 times a year, and do not last long. Whereas in England not more than from 40 to 50 nights a year jire understood to be suited for astronomical observations, this species o£ work can be prosecuted in the Townships on at least 120 nights. Occasional severe cold is experienced in the months of December, January, February, and March ; but when the temperature is lowest the air is usually clear, as wpU as conducive to good health and spuits. A moderately low temperature, accompanied with wind, is far less grateful to the feelings than those beautiful bright days for which the climate of Eastern Canada is celebrated, but upon which, judging by the thermometer alone, an European mi/^ht be led to imagine the weather intolerably cold« AVintcr may be said to set in generally about the latter part of November, commencing with a snow-storm and an easterly wind. The fall of snow is from seven to eight feet for the whole winter, which has usually disappeared from the clearings by the second week in April. It is not uncommon, however, to find the snow later in coming, and the weather not unfit for out-doora farming operations, such as ploughing, &c., up to the close of November. Sometimes the ordinary gardening processes may be begvn in the first week of April. As a matter of choice, however, the inhabitants would oil the whole welcome the access of snow at any early period after the 15th of November, and its diisappearance about the same date in April. In distant parts of Western Canada, where the winter season is a few days later in commencing and where it is said not to linger so long by perhaps 10 or 12 dayp, the advantage is not near so great as might be supposed, owing to the greater exposure of vegetation to frosts and the impassable tliaracter of their spring roads. The statements of mean temperature, whether for summer or winter, do not however furnish adequate means of realizing either the intensity of the cold or the absolute heat occasionally experienced in the Townships. For example, although the means for January and February are stated respectively at 13^° and 17°, yet once or twice during each winter, gene- rally in the night shortly before sunrise, the thermometer sinks as low as 25" or 30° below zero, and even lower sometimes. Again, iu the height of summer a temperature of 95" to 100" is occasionally registered, occurring D ! •\. ^ *^- w V 50 wroally in July, and for a short period, at about two or three o'clock p.m. Such incidents of low and high temperature occasion no particular incon- veuieuce, and frequently pass unnoticed except by those who are in the liabit of registering meteorological phenomena. Their occasional occur- rence is anticipated, and all possible evil consequences provided against in the common modes of building and securing beforehand adequate means of warmth in winter and cool currents of air in summer. In fact, throui'hout I the Eastern Townships, the bodily comfort of the inhabitants generally during the winter season greatly exceeds that of the residents in most houses in England, because fuel is abundar^t and cheap food plentiful, and i the other precautions requisite for protection from cold simple and of > isy application. The occasions of intense cold customarily occur early after snow-storms, and are immediately followed by mild weather. A great many persons declare their preference of the winter to the summer season. Prom about the latter part of August the weather in the Townships is exceedingly pleasant, and it is doubtful whether, in this respect, the climnte of any country in the world is more agreeable. Towards October the scenery of the country becomes peculiarly attrac> tive, owing to the gradual changes of colour in the foliage which then present iiiemselves. Wherever there are trees in view, the leaves are seen to be tinted with various hues of colour. Patches of wood, scattered over the surface, and especially extended masses of forest-trees viewed from any •eminence, offer to the eye a very gorgeous spectacle, which, for brightness of colour, variety, and the charming aspect of the whole scene, would inspire disbelief if it were ever so truthfully delineated by the painter's art alone. Some of the most pleasant weather of the whole year often occurs just before the winter sets in, and at that period commonly desig- nated the " Indian summer" This is accompanied with a peculiar hazy appearance skirting the distant horizon. The soft, balmy character of the air then resembles that of the real summer, as if it were, indeed, lingering on and trespassing on the confines of advanced autumn. In the Eastern I Townships there is very little of that damp, foggy weather so well known to the inhabitanta of London and other parts of England in November, when, as is alleged, the Londoners frequently find it so dark at eight or nine o'clock in the morning that they need artificial light to breakfast by. As respects salubrity and general suitableness for agricultural purposes, the climate of the Townships is prohrtbiy superior to that of any other part of Canada. In page 95 of the " Colonization Circular," already referred to, it is stated : — '* The climate of Canada East, like that of the Lower Provinces, is unquestionably the most healthy in North America. Disease is unknown among the usual population, except that caused by inequality of diet or imprudent exposure to atmospheric changes. The dryness of the air is shewn by the roofs of houses covered with tin remaining so long bright, and by a charge of gunpowder remaining for weeks uncaked in a gun. ... If the real excellence of a climate depends upon the earth 51 jielding in perfection and abundance the necessaries of life, or those which constitute the principal articles of food for man and the domestic animals, then Canada East may compare favourably with any part of the world. The steadiness and the uniformity of the summer heat causes all grains and fruits to mature well and with certainty." In proof that the climate of the Townships is healthful and conducive to longevity, it would be a good test to examine the census returns. Un- fortunately, the whole of the census report for 1861 is not yet published. We can, however, in this instance, partially illustrate the matter by means of the returns for the year 1851. In those of the Townships which were included in six counties as then constituted, and waich had a population of 94,275, there were returned 2792 persons between 60 and 70 years of age, 1074 between 70 and 80, 327 between 80 and 90, 40 between 90 and 100, with 7 who had survived their hundredth birthday. This state- ment exhibits a fair proportion to the whole number of people that of the aged. A more extended examination of those returns furnishes similar favourable results as respects the mortality at the various periods of life» and especially in the case of children under five years. The people of the Eastern Townships are entirely exempt from a^ue — that terrible scourge which is so prevalent through all the western districts of North American settlemenc. It is difficult to approach any discussion of the agricultural capabilities of the Eastern Townships without incurring a risk of seeming to advocate the claims of one section of Canada at the expense of another. This the writer desires by all means to avoid, as being both unpatriotic, and, iu its tendency, injurious to the general interests of the country. As in England, France and Belgium, so in Canada, different sections vary in a greater or less degree. Some rich alluvial tracts in all extensive regions are pre- eminently fitted for the cultivation of the more important cereals — such as wheat— with the attendant disadvantage of being less hclthy as the seat of a numerous population. Others surpass in aptitude for the coarser grains and root crops— as oats, barley, potatoes, turnips, and the grasses required for the profitable raising of cattle, sheep, and horses. In a country where labour is dear, as in Canada, it is plain that the agriculturist best consults his interest in applying himself to the cultivation of those articles Mhich yield the greatest profit in proportion to his expenses for w ^rk. Now it happens, that while many of the farmers in the Townships do grow wheat of excellent quality — enough to supply their own wants — they find it more advantageous to attend to the rearing of sheep, cattle, and horses, and the cultivation of grass and the common grains, than to the growing of wheat on an extensive scale. It is, in fact, cheaper for them to allow their section to be supplied with flour from Western Canada than to raise this article themselves in sufficient abundance for the wants of the whole population of Canada East. Thus it happens tbat Canada East generally is less distinguished than Canada West as a wheat-growing u2 ■'^^ ta I IicAuntry. But the j»ra88 is better, ns well as most of the ordinary root crops and coarstir grains. The testimony of competent prootical judges who have paid great attention to this matter, and whose veracity cannot be impeached, goes to prove that the Eastern Townships are unsurpassed, if equalled, by any other tract in Canada for the purposes of sheep, dairy, and grazing farms. In the average, the Township farmers raise -10 or 50 bushels of oats per acre, sometimes 80 bushels, or more ; from two to three hundred bushels of roots, such us potatoes, <&c. ; 40 to GO bushels of maize or Indian corn ; and excellent grass year after year from the same fields from one to one and a half tons per acre. The climate and soU are excellently adapted for the cultivation of hopa acd ^flax. Of the last named article, /lax, it may be confidently stated, that in no part of the world could it be grown of a better quality and to better advantage. The region abounding in pure water — so necessary for the processes by which the fibre is separated from the straw, and on the care ful attention to which the quality so mainly depends — with a climate and soil especially adapted for its groveth, it is not unlikely that the Eastern Townships may become a great flax-growing country in the course of the next few years, stimulated by the extraordinary and increasing demand for fibre of a fine quality for the Leeds, Dundee, and Belfast markets. The early settlers of the Townships were in the habit of sowing small patches solely as a means of supplying themselves with house- hold liueii. Tlie separation of the fibre, and the spinning and weaving, were effected by comparatively rude processes, although a very excellent quality of linen was often produced. The domestic manufacture has, how- evei', decreased much of late years. But the old doctrine that flax-growing impoverishes the soil having been exploded, and replaced by the admission that under a proper system of rotation of crops and attention to ordinary requirements, the land is actually improved in its capabilities for evefy agricultural purpose, it is believed that advantage will now be taken ol ..ue opportunities offered in this direction. Flax is known to be one of the most valuable crops that can be raised, the return per acre being greatly in advance of that for wheat or any other cereal. Eecently, a " flax associa- tion" has been formed in the Townships, under the auspices of E. W. Henneker, Esq., Commissioner of the British American Land Company, aided by some of the most influential farmers— the main object being to encourage this branch of agriculture by disseminating useful information about the cultivation of flax and its preparation for market. In the Townships farming is carried on upon every variety of scale — from the clearing of 12 or 15 acres with small loghouse as a homestead up to magnificent farms of several hundreds of acres with substantial dwelling- houses and out-bu)ldings. Uncleared lands can be bought at two or three shillings per acre in some parts and at from 5 up to 25 or 30 dollars per acre for fine largo farms, according to extent and situation. The steady persevering cultivator of the soil having a little capital to begin with, can maize or 5.1 with prudence and tolerable management secure not merely a livelihood but also a comfortable competence, which has indeed, in hundreds of instances, been acquired by persons who had at first no pecuniary funds to start upon. Owing to causes which the writer does not feel called upon to discuss here, however much it may be a subject of regret, the display of Agricul- tural pi'oducts of the Townships at the Great Exhibition is yery small indeed. Accordingly, in such objects Mr. Brown of Cowansville, and Mr. Badham of Drummondville, alone received rewards — the former a Medal for his maple sugar,* and the latter an Honourable Mention for sample of oats. It appears certain that if the agricultural products and the local manufac- tures tad been adequately represented by specimens prepared in their best fashion, a much larger number of awards would have been assigned to them, and the result altogether such as to present their section of country on a most favourable footing in comparison with any other portion of the British Colonies. The great natural capabilities of the Eastern Townships as a seat of manufactures has been already alluded to. It is believed that the advan- tages in this way could scarcely be over-stated. Tlie inhabitants are most desirous that British capitalists should visit the country, look about them, and judge for themselves. In nearly evpry village and town, as well as in innumerable localities throughout the unsettled parts, there are water privileges to be had on almost any terms that a capitalist could desire. The facilities of a home market will steadily increase, while the low rates of taxation, easy access by railroad to the cities and to the United States and the seaboard, with the contiguity of splendid farming regions, and building materials of all sorts to be had for the labour of procuring them on the spot, invite the attention of all manufacturers wlio export goods to America under great comparative disadvantages. Machinery driven by water-power can be kept running throughout the year, in winter as well as in summer, as is done in the capital town, Sherbrooke, and throughout the New England States. A theory loosely thrown out some years ago by persons not conversant with these facts, and taken up in a few instances by interested persons — viz., that the water-privileges might prove unavailing in winter, has been entirely exploded. The same thing was alleged formerly respecting the working of Railroads even in England, and during the infancy of those undertakings the suggestion exercised some influence on timid minds. In fact, the grist and saw mills of the Townships are usually kept in operation throughout the winter, unless there should exist some temporary deficiency of water in the smaller streams, or some other cause, rendering it undesirable, in the judgment of their owners, to work them. Local manufactures on a small scale ore prosecuted generally by the inhabitants — including various processes in the use of iron and some * Most of the farmers supply themselves with this article of domestic use from their own tugaries or groves of the mapU tree (Acer aaceharinumj. The sap, procured by per- forating the trees, is boiled down to the consistence of a syrup that will form into cakes ' on cooling. Sugar of the finest grain and flavour is thus obtained. 64 other metttln, nmcliiuo and tool nmkinii?, various works in wood, carriage making, manufacture of agricultural iraplonients, lime, lumbering, matches, cloths, paper, leather, and po forth. But the manufacturing capabilities are not as yet, in any degree compatible witli the ample provisions of nature, turned to account. One instance, however, merits particular mention, one of the local lumbering estiiblishmeuts — that of Measrs. Clarke and Co., at Droinpton Falls, a few miles below Sherbrookc — is extensive and well appointed. On these premises are accommodations for the employment of seyeral hundred men and several descriptions of cutting machinerj. The out-buildingn arc numerous, and include various sheds, storehouses, and offices, workshops for repairs, gashouses for supplying their own means of illumination, and stables, besides the day and night boarding-houses for such of the workmen as may not desire to provide their own dwellings. His Boyal Highness the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Newcastle inspected these works on the occasion of their late visit to Canada. Messrs. Clarke and Co. export an enormous quantity of timber in the shape of boards, planks, &c., for the United States, and sugar boxes for the West Indies, which reach the seaboard at Portland by the Grand Trunk Bailway. They also carry on, during a considerable portion of each year, extensive lumbering operations among the forests contiguous to the head waters of the Biver St. Francis, many miles above Sherbrooke, aided by the small lakes and affluents of that river. The inhabitants of those parts of the Townships no doubt experience benefit from the existence of those works, as they furnish employment and assist in creating a home market for agricultural produce. Increased attention has of late years been paid also to the mining capabilities of the Townships, in consequence chiefly of the discovery of great deposits of copper ore. From fourteen different localities, including the Townships of Upton, Acton, WicAham, Durham, Leeds, Cleveland, Melbourne, Sutton, Cheater, Ham, Garthley, and Ascot, very ndi specimens of this material are dis- played in the Canadian Court at the International Exhibition, of which four or five have been selected by the Jurors as objects of reward. It is believed that a more extended search will prove the presence of similar ores in a great many other localities in the region. When we reflect that it is not very long since the opportunities of producing copper were so small in all North America that the wants of a single sea-port could not be adequately supplied with that metal, we cannot but anticipate that these deposits in the Eastern Townships, so favourably as they are situated for the trade, may soon engage the attention of large capitalists, and contribute materially to the progress and wealth of the country. There are besides immense quantities of the very best slate for roofing and other purposes, and of beautifiil marble, serpentine, chromic iron, and that very valuable material steatite or soapstone. Of these materials also fme specimens were sent to the Exhibition, and their exhibitors in some instances were worthily rewarded by medals. An inspection of the .f^ o m O "^^g"' ' 55 Catalogue for Canada Eaat will shew that in upwards oi forty inttatieet the mineral producth on exhibition were from the Plastem Townships. If the Townships were a poor bleak region, unprovided with water-power, and abundance of timber, limestone, clay, and other building materials, and not blcHsed with good soil and agricultural fncilities, even in that case their very favourable position, with the possession of so much mineral wealth, might be expected to render them a most profitable field for the employment of <>apital. It must not bo understood that the Jurors oa minerals based their decisions solely or even principally upon the quality of the objects exhibited. They included in their judgments the force and skill which had been employed in the processes of mining and quarrying. Hence those parties in the Townships whose objects on exhib\tion were not rewarded, or which gained only the second class of awards, have no occasion to feel discouraged at the result ; for, as if jvell known, the mining opera- tions of individuals, or of infant companies embarking on a small scale in undertakings of an exploratory or preliminary charac it, are not usually so distinguished in those respects as the w*. kmans!; j oS tax stabliiibed and wealthy co-partnery. CHAPTER V. INSTITUTIONS OF THE EA8TEBN TOWNaUIPS — BAILWAY8 — EASTliBN TOWN- SHIPS* BANK — BRITISH AMEBIOAN LAND C05 i'ANY — KDUCATION — UNIVEBSITY, COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS — THE PRESS — RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL, AND POSTAL MATTERS — AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES — LOCAL SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. It is impossible here to offer more than a brief notice of the Institu- tions of the Eastern Townships. Tho.( -hich have exercised, or which promise to exercise, the greatest influi;.. .;e upon their general progress, including those which afford the best means of realizing a judgment upon the state of the country and peoplp will occupy our chief attention. Bailways. — Railway communication has already become familiar by daily experience, for the Township community participate to the full in the advantages afforded by the most gigantic railway line in the world — now called the Grand Trunk Eailway of Canada. Its entire course, more than a thousand miles in length, is indicated on the appended map.* Erom Sarnia, on Lake Huron, it passes through several cities of the Upper • For the use of this map the writer is indebted to the Secretary of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, John M. Grant, Esq., whose ability and most obliging coortcsy ore known to all who have information to seek or business to transact at their London Office, 21, Old Broad-street. ncj ! Province, and reaches the coramprcial metropolia of Canada, Montreal, whence, after crosBing the liiver St. Lawrenco by the Victoria Bridge, i diverges towards Melbourne and Richmond in the heart of the Eastern Townships. At Richmond it divides into two main branches, one leading eastwards to Quebec, and further on to ita present termination ot Riviere du Loup, below that city and on the south shore of the St. Lawrence ; the other souJiwards through Sherbrooke, Lennoxville, Waterville, and Coati- cooJce, towards Island Fond and its ocean terminus at the city of Portland in the United States. Both in the west from Detroit beyond Sarnia, and in the east at Portland, as well as at important stations along the line, connections have been perfected with other lines of travel leading to all the principal places on the continent. The completed Grand Trunk route is marked red on the map, and dotted lines shew the course of the proposed Intercolonial Railroad for extending the communication on British territory through New Brunswick and JVova Scotia to the sea at Halifax. When this great Canadian Railway was projected, and until after some progress had been made in its construction, it was very doubtful whether the territory inhabited by the people of the Eastern Townships would ever be traversed by any portion of the line. Without ignoring the valuable services of others, we may be permitted to say that this result is to be ascribed chiefly to the exertions of a few of the principal residents, whose ; names will on that account be long held in grateful remembrance by the : people. The late Samuel Brooks, and the Hon. A. T. Gait, then Chief Commissioner of the British American Land Company, were most pro- minent in their influential efforts, and foreseeing, at an early period, the immense importance of the occasion to the lasting interests of their section, were successful in enlisting general support and in securing the route to Portland. Like all other great public undertakings, the Grank Trunk Railway scheme has, from time to time, been the subject of much controversy, chiefly on account of the vast expense incurred in the construction and putting into operation. With t'jese controversies we have here per- haps no other concern than to express an earnest hope that all who have borne a share of the outlay, and taken a part in the execution of so Tast a project, may reap the just reward of their enterprise. Making due allowance for the magnitude and variety of the interests involved — for ,partlzan and sectional feelings on the one hand, and on the other for timidity, interested misrepresentations, and tlie difficulties necessarily en- cj^ltered in endeavours to ibster extensive traffic in a new country— there wW»|jispasBionate person who would not say that the Grand Trunk Com- pany iie entitled to the gratitude of the people of Canada, and to all the support and assistance which can be lawfully given by the Legislature. So far as the people of Canada are concerned, it may be stated that, notwithstanding its euorraous cost, this railroad was a necessary supple- «T way ersy, and for en- nere )om- the hat, plu- i nient to the other great nod expensive public works of the country, the value of which would have been in a great measure sacrificed if the rail- way scheme had failed of accomplishment. As respects the Eastern Towuships, its construction gave an impulse to progress which has never flagged since. It has conferred on real estate generally an additional value of at least twenty-Jive per cent. Property of various kinds, which could scarcely be parted with at any price, has become saleable. The access afforded both to the leading Canadian markets and to those of the world at large, stimulates activity eren in the remote back settlements, and makes the people feel that they are no longer separated by impassable natural obstacles from commercial and social intercourse with the rest of mankind. Those who knew the Townships twenty years ago will concur in ad- mitting that the Hailrqad has essentially assisted in advancing them to their present stage of progress. It has given life and breath to many a useful local enterprise, of which, in the absence of the facilities afforded by it, the execution would have been impossible. At this day it is an affair of but a few hours to arrive in the centre of the Townships whether from the sea^ coast at Portland or from the St. Lawrence at Quebec and Montreal. Letters aud newspapers are brought daily, and even twice a day, to all the principal localities — and it is not too much to say, in behalf of the manner in which those services are performed aud of the travelling facilities generally, that tlie people of the Eastern Townships enjoy the benefits of safety, personal comfort, economy, and punctuality, in their railroad communications, in a higher degree than is the case throughout the greater part of England. Strangers visiting England after travelling in Canada are usually surprised by facts of this nature, and especially at finding almost everywhere the want of punctuality and high charges on the express routes which extend to any distance from London. One particular advantage for which the Eastern Townships are indebted to the organization and proceedings of the Grand Trunk Company merits special mention. The Company, through the willing and courteous explanations of its officials, published documents, pamphlets, maps, and various other means, has been instrumental in bringing prominently forward into notice the resources and capabilities of this part of Canada. It is not, as some have unreasonably imagined, the interest of the Company to carry the emigrant to the western boundary of Canada on purpose that he may become a settler in the territory of the neighbouring republic. On the contrary, every such passenger, transported beyond the confines of the Province, is, as it were, lost to the Company, while every settler retained in Canada is of some prospective value. Instead of being parted with as a customer of the road, probably for ever, he is likely, as a Canadian, to con- tribute to its future business in some proportion to his own prosperity. In fact, it must be obvious that the Graud Trunk Company is most deeply t 58 interested in promoting the development of resources and the increase of population in all parts of the country through which their line passes. Through the numerous puhlioations adverted to ahove, all the more important sections are made known and kept in view, and in this way the Eastern Towubhips are, as it were, advertised to an extent which under any other circumstances would seem to be impracticable. There is a second line, connectiug the Eastern Townships with Montreal, called the " Stanstead, Sheford, and Chamhly Eailway," com- pleted as far as the village of Waterloo, about 30 miles distant from Sherbrooke. On referring to the map of the Townships it vtrill be seen to pass from Montreal towards St. John's on the Hichelieu, and thence through the Townships of Farnham, Oranby, and Sheford. Eventually it will be extended through other Townships towards Lake Memphramagog, and further on into the States to connect with the iPassumpsic Line of Bailway leading to Boston. It is understood that a branch will be uon> structed so as to join this second line with the Grand Trunk. The advantages of the Stanstead, Shefford, and Chambly Bailway are already sensibly felt by the inhabitants, especially by those who occupy the section west of Sherbrooke. The country through which it passes has already been described as exceedingly fertile and abounding in romantic scenery — and one of the benefits to be expected from this road is the opening up of access to enormous stores of mineral wealth which have hitherto lain dormant. For this valuable addition to the progress of the Eastern Townships the country is indebted chiefly to the forethought and exertions of A. B. Foster, Esq., of Shefford. The Uaxtern Townships Bank. — This Institutik. . ^ as chartered by the Provincial Parliament in 1856 ; its capital stock is 40o, .00 dollars, in 8000 shares of 50 dollars each. The necessity for its establishment has grown out of the ordinary legitimate business wants of the country, and it is a noticeable fact that it has been put into most successful operation by means of capital raised among the Township people themselves. It pays dividends equal to those of the most prosperous and oldest established banking corporations in the Province. But there is this important difference between those more wealthy establishments and the Eastern Townships Bank, t-iat the latter does not depend for its security upon having a comparatively small number of wealthy stockholders, or upon outside institutions not vitally interested in the welfare of the country forming the scene of operation. The character of the Bank will be best apprehended from the following passages quoted from a notice appended to its printed By-Laws. " Up to "the date of the organization of the Bank this section of country was " entirely dependent on the City of Montreal and United States Banks " located on the frontier, for all Banking accommodations, and was conse- " quently always liable to be hampered by the necessity those Banks were " under of regulating their action by the frequent fluctuations of business \ ** in their aeveral localities An inspection of the Stock Books " will shew the wide extent of the Subscriptions scattered over the whole " of the Eastern Townships and comprising all classes of the oommunitj, " including merchants, mechanics, farmers, professional and business men " of all kinds. It would perhaps have been easier for the promoters " to have raised the capital required from a few wealthy individu>,' j, but " the object in view was both to benefit the country and to provi.e at the '' same time a safeguard against any speculative action on the part of " the Bank itself, by creating a wide-spread and deep interest in its well- " being among the people themselves. When so large a proprietary exists, " most of them desiring accommodations for carrying on their business, it " is reasonable to expect that great advances to a few will not be tolerated. " In fact, the safer business of accommodation in small amounts to the " many is the rule." The head-quarters of the Bank are at Sherbrooke, and branches have been established by the directors at Waterloo, Stanttead, and Stanbridge. Conformably to the Charter, the whole capital must be paid up by September, 1864. Including those cases in which subscribers have paid their whole subscriptions, the capital paid in, up to April 80th, 1862, amounted to 227,698 dollars, and the accounts shewed 109,546 dollars under the head of deposits. Business was not actually commenced before September, 1859, when the organization was finally completed, and since which period five semi- annual dividends have been paid — the first three at the rate of 6, and the last two at 8, per cent, per annum on paid up stock. Since the breaking out of the civil war in the United States, there has been a partial cessation of several kinds of foreign business hitherto profitable to the Townships, while the Directors of the Bank have felt obliged to avoid all dealings which might cause them loss through Iho depreciated condition of the American currency. The amounts of the dividends just stated are, therefore, indicative both of the correct prinoipie>) upon which the proceedings of this institution are regulated and of the prudence and success with which the Directors have carried them out. T?^'0 President of the Bank is Benjamin Fomroy, Esq., of Compton ; and the Directors associated with him are all gentlemen occupying prominent posi- tions in the Townships, and deeply interested themselves in the prosperity of the country. It should be mentioned here, that the laws of the Province make the most ample provision to guard the country at large from many evils which have been found to infect Banking operations elsewhere. Canadian Chartered Banks are not allowed to commence business before funuBhing proof that a certain fixed proportion of the subscribed capital has been actually paid in. Securities are required to be deposited with the Inspector General of the Province, and reports, accompanied by satisfactory vouchers, must be rendered periodically, shewing the precise state of their affiun and 60 pUblislied by authority, and their issues of notes or bank biHs are prescribed by law in such manner that the amount in circulation shall not exceed certain limits — the general principle followed being to secure the com- munity from inability on the part of the Banks to redeem their obliga- tions on demand. Depositors and other creditors of a Bank are further secured by a provision of the law making the stockholders responsible in their private capacities in the event of the assets of the corporation being deemed insufficient to liqui-hte its liabilities. The responsibility referred to is, for each stockholdt r, the amount of the shares held by him ; or, sometimes, as is the case iritl' the Eastern Townships Bank, it extends to double that amount. M >reover, special clauses in the Charter prescribe limits to the amount of indebtedness that may lawfully bo incurred, with penalty for excess, requiring also that statements of affairs be made monthly and published. Ko person can be a Director without being a British sub- ject, seven years a resident in Canada, and the owner of at least twenty shares of the stock. To prevent possible embezzlement of the funds of the bank by officials, that offence is adjudged to be felony, punishable, under the Act, by imprisonment extending, according to circumstances, from two years in any jail to seven years in the penitentiary. The Chartered Banks of Canada have thus been placed on so secure a footing, and their general management has been characterized by so much prudence and success, that the whole system has been pronounced admirable by all competent judges who have taken the trouble to acquaint themselves with the matter. In the case of the Eastern Townships Bank, which is also the Govern- ment Bank of Deposit for all public offices south of the St. Lawrence — failure appears to be well nigh impossible as regards all the legitimate purposes of banking. The writer has been the more desirous to state the particulars of this local institution, because it not unfrequently happens that persons emigra- ting from the British Isles to the Townships, or sending remittances, in ignorance of its existence, place their funds so that they can be drawn only through some distant banking house, located, perhaps, in Toronto, or some other town in Upper Canada. This is not only altogether unneces- sary, but is attended with expense, delay, and other inconvenieu'^e.* It should also be mentioned that, whether in the form of shares in rhe capital stock, or of deposit on interest, money, which is invested at the cus* ..raary • Persons having occasion to remit money from Great Britain, to bo received in the Eastern Townships, should cause it to be paid in to tlie bank of Messrs. Glyn, Mills and Co. Loipbard St^oct, London, with the direction that it is to pass to " The Eastern Town- Ifliips Bank, Shcrbrooke, Canada East," in which case it is remitted by the eai-licst mail through the *' City Bank of Montreal," the city correspondent of the Eastern Townships Bank, at whose office in Sherbrooke the amount would be paid to the parties entitled to receive it. In tlie case of purchasing shares in the Bank stock, the process would be eimilar, accompanied with the requisite instructions to the cashier. 61 ♦ low rates in the Old Country, for the benefit of residents in the Townships, can now be as securely lodged there, on the spot, and becomes productiTe of much greater revenue to the recipients. With a Bank of their own under the vigilant control of the resident stockholdere, and the management of responsible Directors nominated by themselves, it would be difficult to overrate the advantage of this very useful institution, whether we consider its subserviency to the general interests of the section, or its convenience in the above named particulars to those who have occasionally to transact money business with correspondents in distant countries. Up to a recent period, and during the earlier history of the Townships* banking facilities were afforded by an Agency, or Branch Bank, maintained in Sherbrooke by the City Bank of Montreal. It is believed that this establishment, so far as it could safely sp *re any portion of its moderate capital from requirements in the city, accorded all reasonable accommoda- tion to the pecuniary wants of the community in and around Sherbrooke. Its connection wi';h the Townships has not altoofether ceased, since the Agency is still kept open for most kinds of mone^ -usiness, while its head office in Montreal acts as the city correspondent of the Eastern Town- ships Bank. The British American Land Company. — The interests of the Eastera Townships have now for thirty years been so intimately associated wit^ the proceedings of this Company and their employes in Canada, that no atv-ount of the condition and progress of this section of country could be made intelligible without setting forth in some detail the nature of their opera- * tions. In this connection the writer feels called upon to premise that he is entirely unbiassed by those partizan political feelings which in Canada "x-a so frequently permitted to aiFect a judgment upon the actions of incorporated bodies. It is well known that sentiments unfavourable to corporations are often loosely expressed by people who take no trouble to think for themselves, and who, unacquainted with the real facts, accept, as such, the exaggerations and partial statements that sometimes find a hearing even iii the Provincial Parliament. However much suich a state of things is to be regretted— the necessary incidental accompaniment pobsi)ly, of the V loneering days of a youthful people endeavouring to work out for themselves the destinies of self-government — there does exist a certain amount of touchiness on those subjects, which, whenever it is worked upon, has the haniiml effect of strengthening prejudices, and of preventing those who may be under its iniuence from judging fau-ly about matters ^^ which their own interests are concerned. Fortunately for the Townships, however, prejudices of that nature hav? not been able to prevent them from deriving very great advantages fro;'>'. their connection with the British American Land Company, although this body has not been exempt from occasional attacks growing out of and' founded upon those feelings. The Company, in England, is represented by a Court of Directors, con- I 62 slfiting of r. Gi wrnor Dfcj ty Governor, and ten otbef gentlemen, who, with duly appointed audit >«, a Solicitor, and a Secretary, hold their business meetings in London* In Canada, their affairs are conducted by a Oommiesioner, whose head-quarters are established in the town of Sher- brooke, and who presides over the duties of a numerous staff of ofi&cers and agents reqmred in the management of the local businpsb. In the selection of theit Commissioners the CompaL/ hav< been siugu- larly fortunate, and indirecUy instrumental in benefitint! the ^ rovinje at large. Some years ii^a tha olfice was filled by Mr. Oalt Li Li*' -.aBii ;he Township people themselves eubsequeiidy c.ndorsod the chnce by electing him to rf^present Sherbrook- in Parliament, a position which he has continued, in virtue of suooessive elections, to hold to this day ; and, it may be added, the whole of Canada has in some senst^ ^xprepsed a concicrenc j and appreciation of the value of 1 "3 serviccrj by hia advaxicemont to vh^ pott of Finnncc Miniater in the Government. Th' ss-ccessor of JW-. Oalt, and t>io prcjp vL Commiaaioner of the Company, is Mr. Heni5ekc:', who took up his residv v.^ a great many other localities. In the application of this, more particulrirly t Sherbrooke, mills and other works have been erected at the Compr.ixy'f . .tpense. These are placed by lease ai 'he disposal of manufacturtrr> ■j.^f ptcsons willing to carry them on uprr j^^uitable terms. In many .mBt^ocp all the capital * Offices, 354, New Broad Street. ,a required for sfcOirting has been furnished by the Company, who, through tlieir Commisaioner and agents, assist in every way that can be reasonably expected, both as regards the prosecution of manufactures, maintenance in a state of repair and in rebuilding, and in rendering as small as possible losses which occur through fire and unavoidable accident. The Company have, in fact, virtually founded the town of Shorbrooko, the principal sources of its increase in wealth and population being the natural results of their own business or consequences of proceedings for developing the general resources of the section in which they have alwayr taken a conspi- cuous part. In contributing to bring the railroad through that part of Canada, in promoting the establishment of the Eastern Townships Bank, and in various smaller undertakings of local importance, the Company has done that at the proper time and in the proper manner, which, if then omitted, would have left the Townships in a very much more backward condition than they have now reached. In the sale of their lands, " the terms vary according to circumstances — ^the principal object being to secure an industrious and thrifty class of Settlers. " A small payment at the time of sale is usually demanded to insure that the application is made in good faith ; and time is given for the pay- ment of the balance of the purchase-money. ** The price of Land varies from Ten Shillings to Twenty Shillings per acre, but the average price of good Farming Land is about Twelve Shillings and Sixpence per acre. " Improved Farms, vfith. Buildings complete, may be purchased in any part of the Eastern Townships, at from £200 to £750 for a lot of 200 acres. " Town Lots, in Sherbrooke Town, for trade or manufacturing pur- poses, may be obtained at from ^30 to £50 per quarter-acre building lots, or rented, with water-power for manufactuving purposes." The terms of the Company for water-power are very much more favour- able to the lessee than those customarily afforded throughout Massachusetts and in New England. The foregoing statement about the British American Land Company, as a Township Institution, would be essentially defective if the writer neglected to refer to its co-operation, through its officials, in all efforts for advancing the educational, social, and religious welfare of the inhabitants. The Commissioner is a trustee of the local university, and exercises a most useful influence upon its counsels. Assiptance in money and donations of land have been contributed by the Company in order to promote religious worship in the settlements. The officers of the Company and their families add in a considerable degree, by their mere presence, to the social attrac- I 04 tions of tho neighbourliooJ, rendonng it an object to new Bettlcra hnving families to locate themselves within reach of intercourse with them. They are all gentlemen of intellectual character, and mucli roHpoctod in the community. The important office of Mayor of Sherbrooke is now tilled by J. Q-. Eobertson, Esq., who presented the Address on behalf of tho Town on the occasion of the Prince of Wales' visit, ond was formerly for many years one of the principal officers of the British American Land Company. Wc shall now turn our attention to those institutions which are more expressly intended to promote intellectual, moral, and 80t-i:il progress. Without these, it ife scarcely necessary to say, no country, however bounti* fully endowed with nal'.ural resources, can be held to be in the possession of the essential requirements to happiness needed most by those who, leaving behind them the civilization of Great Britain, go to establish homes in the colonies, Education.— In order to form an idea of the state and prospects of education in the Eastern Townships, it is necessary, in the tirst place, to say a few words about the laws o: ■ i "• Province framed in that behalf. The State places opportui.it'o,^^ of ;yV nation within the reach of every child. Whether the opportune ;es b" v'.ui" use of or not, taxes are required to bo paid for educational purposes oy ..ii parents and owners of property. Tho public schools, more particularly the subject of Legislative enactnjent> are classified in three grades, — Priinnrif, or Common Schools; Model Schools ; and Academies, or Qrammar Schools — in .vhich the instruction given rises by gj-adation from the most elementary up to the higher branches, for the further prosecution of which recourse must be had to colleges ^nd uni- versities, which latter grades in Eastern Canada, are included under the name of Superior Schools. The municipalititsare divided inlr two or more School Districts, in each of which school-buildings must be erected and maintained, and in eacli municipality five School Oummissioners are elected to form a corporation, to hold office for three years, and to execute various duties imposed on them by law. The duties include all objects appertain- ing to the management and dii^posal of property applicable in their districts to public education, the nppoi'.itmeiit and removal of schoolmasters and schoolmistresses, the regulation of course of study and fees, the raising of money from assessment and otlier sources, with power to prosecute persons who may neglect to pay their lawful portion of school rates. In conjunction with the foregoing provision?, Hoards of Examiners are established, whose members are nominated by the Oovariifir General with a jurisdictijii txtending, ii. the case of each Board, over tlt, nro prencribed by the Council of Publie In$true- Hon, whose proyisions in that behalf, and ^u regard to the text books to bo used in the schools, become law, after receiving the approval of His Excel- lency the Governor General. Every candidate for the office of teacher must be provided with certi- ficates of age and of good moral character — tho latter to be signed by the minister of his or her own faith, and by school commissioners of the district lived in during the previous six months. For the due execution of the various provisions of the Educational Laws, there is a Superintendent of Education, appointed by the Governor General. The superintendent, who has a seat in the Council of Public Instruction, receives the reports required periodically from school commis- sioners and boards of examiners, and prepares annually a statement exhibit- ing the condition and progress of education throughout the country. Uo also receives and distributes, under the sanction of the Governor, the public funds allotted for educational purposes. It would require a large volume to present in detail an account of the scheme of education as established by law for the benefit of the present and future inhabitants of Canada East. In this section of the Province very great progress has been made in all essential particulars. Under the auspices of the present Superintendent of Education for Canada East, the Hon. P. O. Chauveau, who has now been in office a number of years suf- Hcieut to test the applicability of the laws to the wants of the people, the advancement has been, proportionally to circumstances, considerably more rapid than in the western section of the Province. It is due to that gentle- man to say, that those who have watched the course of things during his administration, including persons of a different religious creed from his own, are agreed in ascribing to his tact, enlightened views, and other admirable '}U8lificatious for office, the largest share of credit for success attained. Indeed, many of those who were at first quite oppost^i to the introduction of existing modifications and amendments upon tfie older educational laws, have quite changed in their sentiments on witnessing the ability and impar- tiality with which the duties of his important office have been discharged. It is perhaps well to mention that the educational scheme embraces the maintenance of three Normal schools for instructing and training teachers who are made to prosecute a course having special reference to the duties of their profession. In about fifty of the Eastern Townships, those most settled and occu- pied by English speaking and Protestant inhabitants, the latest publiaheb statements of the Superintendent report upwards of 500 Educational -i'ifc-.'^ 68 InBtitutions of all kindfl, attended ^y about 20,000 pupilu. Vrnrnf^st tho«o are included 1 univertity and 2 eollege*, attended by u;; tv ^ ot 800^ together with 22 academiet having more than 2000 pimils, and, of primary and model achoola about 400, with about 15,0<)0 soholara. The acii'loiiuoi and other Bcbools of the Townsliips are included in two large dit n( faculties of . In the ji various plac much encoi physical trai in that behs Had thi Eastern Cai ■ "» ^ -^ 60 university education, and, without being in any sense exclusive, it does not dissociate, as is thr case wich its Protestant rival, the McGill College of Montreal, the work of education from special recognition of the obligations of religion — one daily attendance in the College Chapel being required by the regulations. It differs also from the institution just named in pos> sessing a Divinity Chair, as well as in devoting a more strict and more lengthened attention to the classics and to pure mathematics, as the two fundamental branches of collegiate learning. The customaiy branches of modern and general science are included in its course. The M'^Gill Col> lege in Montreal, having attached itself to the previously existing faculties of Medicine and Law, for each of which the city had long been famous, and also to the old-established High School, is able, on occasions, to suggest an appearance of force and progress, which, strictly speaking, do not belong to any of the three Universities of Lower Canada, and in tbo face of which inferences have sometimes been drawn to the disparagement of the one foinded in the Townships. But the truth is the country itself, and especially the Protestant portion of the community, have not yet made that progress in numbers and wealth necessary to the full development of institutions of the highest class. The present staff of the University at Lennoiville consists of a Principali "Vice- Principal, Buraar, Librarian, and four Professors in the Arts* Faculty, with one in that of Divinity. One of the Professors is Eector of the Junior Department and Grammar School, and has undei* him a sufficient staff of instructors ranking as College Tutors. Each Professor occupying a chair in the University is required by the regulations to exercise a certain super- vision over the work done in the Junior B^anc^ and School in relation to the course of instruction in his own special department. In a country where the French language is necessarily so much used it became important to provide definitely for that subject. Accordingly, a professor of the French language and literature was recently appointed. In due season, when the growth of the neighbouring town of Sherbrooke affords the requisite facilities, and when the progress and wants of the country render i^. necessary, it is contemplated to establish in the miivevsity the faculties of Law and Medicine. In the junior department and school, which are attended by youths from various places in Upper and Lower Canada and from the Lower Provinces, much encoui'agement is given to healthful out-doors exercises, and to physical training, the regular services of the drill-sergeant being employed in that behalf. Had this institution been founded in either of the principal cities of Eastern Canada, instead of being located in the Townships, it would doubt- :i 70 leas have earlier attained to its preseut stage, and avoided some of the numerous obstacles it has ir?t with. At one time, indeed, through unforeseen deficiencies in its then slender revenue, the work must have been suspended, if not finally closed, but for the titnely assistance and liberality of its friends in Quebec. Since then its progress has derived a strong impulse from the counte- nance of the Metropolitan of Canada, who has taken a lively interest in tU its concerns. The annual convocations of the university are pre r by the Chancellor, the Hon. Mr. Justice McCord, who also, :■.' ; ^ at other influential gentlemen of the city of Montreal, have contribr eul most materially to its advancement. The last annual meeting, held in June of the present, year, was attended by Sir F. Williams, Commander of the Forces in Canada, and by numerous other distinguished visitors, and, judging from the interest shewn on this and the iiko occasions during the past few years, there is reason to anticipate its attaining ultimately to that measure of usefulness and strength which shall serve to perpetuate its existence. But it must be admitted that there is much remaining to be accom- plished. Its library, and museum, and endowment fund are still very incomplete, and the heavy expenses entailed by the erection of the new buildings have placed the university in a position to need pecuniary aid. The Pl-ince of "Wales, when His Eoyal Highness visited Canada, gave the college £200, which sum was appropriated in founding a prize, to be bestowed in his name annually for scholarship and merit. The people in many paj*ts of the Eastern Townships, as well as benefactors resident in Quebec, Montreal, and elsewhere, have subscribed, in proportion to their means, towards relieving the institution from the pressure of its building expenses, and it is hoped others may be found to assist in removing it altogether. It would be difficult to over-estimate the influence for good which a well-appointed Protestant University is calculated to exercise hereafter in that part of Her Majesty's dominions, in ^he interest of learning and good morals, in fostering loyalty, and in strengthening the bulwarks of civil and religious liberty. ( '. Before finally leaving the subject of education in the Townships, it may be proper to allude to the Educational Journal, published monthly both in French and English, under the auspices of the department presided over by the Superintendent of Education in Eastern Canada, the Hon. P. O. Chauveau. It is a work of very great merit and usefulness, and, no doubt, was chiefly instrumental in influencing the Judges on Educational Appliances at the International Exhibition to award a Medal to that gentleman. Although not peculiar to the Townships— indeed, it is printed in Montreal of n '% -^ —this journal is largely distributed there, and falls into the hands of many of the teachers and others concerned in the progress of education. It abounds T'ith information on topics of interest to persons of that class, keeping them acquainted with every occurrence of note affeoting them or appertaining to their pursuits. Official notices are published in it, discus- sions on the teaching of various branches, original poetry, narratives, copies of reports, summaries, and valuable extracts from other publications. The general tone and style are excellent, tending to inspire loyal and patriotic feelings. There can be no doubt but that it serves a very useful purpose in co-operation with other means of sustaining and promoting educational interests throughout the Townships. The work, moreover, is supplied to persons concerned in education at the low rate of four shillings sterling for a year's subscription, for both English and French copies, or for either, each monthly number containing about 20 large pages of two columns, and very well got up as to type and paper. We shall conclude this part of our summary with mentioning the Teachers' At8oeiation9, consisting of teachers of all classes, and persons, officially or otherwise, connected with educational pursuits in the Town- ships. Their meetings are held at intervals of six months in different towns or villages, and are usually well attended, and continued during two or three successive days. The discussions which take place, interspersed with the delivery of written addresses and of speeches, are of a most instructive and interesting character. The meetings are open to the public, and a general holiday is kept up by the inhabitants of the neighbourhood> and hospitalities of all kinds indiscriminately extended to visitors. It is easy to see that such proceedings are calculated to produce much advantage in furtherance of educational objects generally. For the establishing of the Teachers' Association, and for its operation in attracting public attention usefully to a great cause, the Townships are indebted chiefly to the services of the Eev. C. Pearl of Waterville, and J. H. G-raham, Esq., of St. Francis College, the active zeal and eloquence of these gentlemen being most ijonspicuous at every session. The Press. — Within the memory of persons still living there were only about five newspapers published in all Canada, and almost confined in their circulation to the cities of Quebec and Montreal, At the present time there are six newspapers issued in the Townships alone, exclusive of another published at St. Johns, and which ought perhaps to be counted as virtually belonging to the local press. In the year 1837 or 1838 a paper was started in the then inconsiderable village of Sherbrooke, entitled the " Sherbrooke Gazette and Eastern Townships Advertiser y The ability with which this publication ) as been conducted has been already adverted to, and it is still 1^^ 72 Bustained the first in rank amongat its more youthful competitors by the largest circulation. The following remarks, extracted from Lovell's Canada Directory, pub- lished in 1858, page 1145, and there made use of in reference to the journalism of the Province at large, possess a special applicability to the circumstances of the Eastern Townships :— " The information itself should " prove alike suggestive and instructive. It encourages the belief that the " moral and intellectual advancement has kept pace with its political and " material progress, and it inculcates very earnestly upon all the duty and *' necessity of adopting such measures as may best preserve the character •• and usefulness of the perioaii il press In variety of " information and in moral sentiment the newspaper literature of Canada " will compare favourably with that of any other land ; while, through the " unexampled liberality and cordial co-operation of the Legislature, carried " into effect by the untuning exertions of the Post-oflBce Department, it has " been able to find free access to the homes of our people, and has thus " brought to the door of the most humble a blessing which has been regarded " as belonging exclusively to the luxuries of the Old World." There is only one newspaper in the Eontern Townships which is issued oftener than once weekly. This is the " Leader" published also in the town of Sherbrooke every Tuesday and Friday. The other Township papers are " The Stanstead Journal," commenced a few years later than the Sherbrooke Oazette; the " Shefford County Advertiser," of Granby ; the " Advertiser" printeol in the village of Waterloo ; and the " Eiehmond Guardian" published at Bichmond every Friday. The facilities furnished by the Post-office and railways enable most people to receive their papers on the day of their issue, which is also the case with such city newspapers as find a circulation in the Townships. In the Beading Boom of the local uuiversity most of the leading pro- vincial periodicals are also received, as well as several of the principal British newspapers. The ordinary annual cost of subscription to the Eastern Township papers is six shillings sterling. Beligion. — The intercourse of the members of the different religious denominations scattered through the Eastern Towiiships is characterised by mutual Christian kindness and forbearance to a degree which is not generally experienced in other countries. Persons of all religious creeds are on terms of perfect equality, politically, and in the eye of the law, none either possessing or attempting to exercise exclusive privileges, or comport- ing themselves in a manner calculated to give offence to the feelings of Of the ProteBtont population, *^boBe belonging to the United Church of England and Ireland are r^iawively the most numerous. They have churches in all the older and moro settled localities, and about 35 pastors occupying fields of labour in the Tovruships, which are included withii^ the limits of the tw Diocesan districts of Quebec and Montreal. The other ',' otestant denomin..tions, of whom the most numerous are the Presbyterians, ^esleyan and other Methodists, and Congregationalists, have . \so tl^eir places of worship and ministers stationed in all the principal centres. In the town of Sherbrooke therj is a large church, built some years ago by the Bom an Catholics, and contiguous to it a seminary for the use of members of that creed resident in the town or within a moderate distance. It is a happy circumstance, in view of the welfare and progress of the Townships, that the hormorVus feelings above referred to should be so gei 'ally prevalent ; nor is there any just reason for believing that the 'ustincts and good sense of the viajority of the more enlightened inhabit- ants will not always in future sufEce to repress the growth of less fivourable sentiments. Other Local Imtitutiotu. — "We must now allude briefly to some other features indicative of the condition of the Townships. The agricultural interests of the Eastern Townships are protected and fostered by means oi Agricultu, «' Societies, formed in the several counties, receiving, in addition to the subscriptions of their members, aid from the Provincial funds. Their operations, which include the periodical holding of Shows of animals and of all kinds of farm produce, with the distribution of prizes, are conducted under tie auspices of a special branch of the Government. It should be ment: ned also that a Provincial Show is held annually in one or other of the principal places of Canada East for the exhibition of everything relating to agricultural industry. The Provincial Show is sometimes held in Sherbrooke. It took place there in 1855, and was opened by the Governor- General, Sir Francis E. Head, attended by a number of eistinguished persons from various parts of the Province. During the pi. ? ;nt year (in September, 1862), it is appointed to be again held in the capital of the Eastern Townships. As these gatherings afibrd opportunities of free personal intercourse among the farmers, rnd for competition in eve^/ department of agriculture, they servo at once to manifest its condition and progress, and to stimulate observation and further efforts in behalf of this great fundamental basis of ail wealth. An impulse has been given recently to the agricultural opportunities by the establishment of a Fair, held at Sherbrooke on the first "Wednesday in every mouth. For this ,^:..-,';t iujcrovement the Townships are indebted 74 I to tho enlightened oxortiuns of the Comiriasioucr and other oiEcials of tlio British and American Land Company, who saw that the existing facilities were incommensurate with the wants of the country. The Fair is chiefly for the sale of cattle, b' loe, sheep, hogs, &c. The grounds on which it is held adjoin tho railway station in the town, having every crvenience for loading and unloading without risk, and including a weif'K' . house and complete arrangements for the transaction of business. The undertaking proved highly successful last season, under the personal supervision of Mr. Kellam, a well -known agriculturist of Compton. At present its immediate arrangements are placed under the charge of Mr. Pennayer, of Sherbrooke, who has long been connected with the Land Company, and is intimately conversant with the agricultural concerns of the Townships. The Fairs are well attended, and by attracting dealers from Montreal and Quebec, and by bringing face to face the farmers of the Townships, and purchasers from all parts, benefit the interests of both parties, to the exclusion of middle-men and intermediate agents, by whom such business used formerly to be executed throughout the country. The formation of a local association for promoting tho cultivation of flax as a staple production of the Townships, has already been alluded to. As the country is so essentially dependent upon the state and progress of agriculture, everything relating to it assumes an importance that could hardly be over*rated. The local newspapers, therefore, are usually found to contain judicio lit' wKraets from the agricultural and horticultural publi- cations of othei' >t!,unl ies, besides which the Agricultural Journal, issued in the ProvkiHi aji^i^f the auspices of a Department of the State, as well as similar periodicals published in the United States, keep people Informed of all the improvements of the day. Under all the circumstances which have been alluded to, it is scarcely poiiaible that the Eastern Townships should not make progress in all branches of agricultural industry. In connection with local facilities appertaining to the general advantage of the community, it is proper to allude to such as grow out of the pro- visions of the laws for " Promoting the development of mechanical talent among the people of " the Province, by disseminating instruction ia mechanics and kindred " sciences, extending escouragemer.t to arts and manufactures, and ,« stimulating the ingenuity of mechanics and artizans by means of dis- " tinctions awarded on the same principle as has been already so succesa- ^ fully applied to the encouragement of agriculture." Under these laws, « " Board of .irts and Manufactures for Lower Canada," has been created. The enar.tments contemplate a connection \ 70 between and joint co-oi)erotion of n Central Board in Montreal, and the Mechanics' Institutes of tho country parts. Such institutions, under the designation of * Mechanics' Institutes, and Library Associations," do indeed exist in towns and villages of tho Eastern Townships, although they may not, as yet, have produced all the advantages usually expected from them. Thoir meetings are sometimes well attended, affording opportunities of Belf-improvemont, and, during the winter reason more especially, of spending evenings profitably, through the services of professional persons and other residents. Of several other local associat n* lor the promotion of religious objects, temperance societies, and so f not considered necessary here to offor any description, as it m) dious, as well as superfluouB, to discuss matters so well kiu)w'iij lings ao similar in their nature everywhere. ^1 i 1 Ti ' CONCLUSION. * We shall close this summary account with a few additional particulart of information relating to houses, farms, settling upon cleared and uncleared lands, and in the villages, embodying in these some brief reference to the classes of persons whose removal to the Eastern Townships might be attended with happy results both to themselves and the country. Tho houaes of the people are, for the most part, built of wood. In the capital town, as well as in some of the larger villages, there are buildings of brick or stone. The wooden buildings are so constructed as to continue comfortable and otherwise serviceable, without any great cost for repairs, for a period of twenty-five to forty years, or more. The cost is, compared with houses of corresponding pretensions in England, very small, so that the farmers, and nearly all the business people and private residents, build or purchase their own habitations. A dwelling, which in England would cost from five to seven hundred pounds sterling, is customarily finished at about half that expense, notwithstanding the higher prices paid in Canada for the xinskiUed labour which may be needed in the work. It is a great advantage that alterations and additions to existing buildings may be inexpensively made, owing to the nature of the materials required, and the fiiciUty with which they can be everywhere procured. Good taste is often IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V] 1.0 2.2 Hi Ei " m I.I 1.25 I «. 1,20 WUi. II 1.^ 1.4 mil 1.6 Photographic Sdences Corpomtion 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 76 displayed) eipeciallj in the vioinity of the towns and villages, in the appearance of smaller dwelling houses, such as suffice for moderately large families, and have not cost for their construction more than £125 to £175 sterUng. A family can usually buy a good-sized and neatly finished house in a Tillage, recently built, with outbuildings, fences, &c., complete, and an acre or more of land attached, for about £200 to d63dO; or where none are vacant or for sale, the same may be procured through the services of resident artizans and contractors. Land suitable for building purposes is procurable in the villages at about £20 to £100 for an acre, according to situation and other circumstances. In n^any cases the cost of the ground is not one half of the sum named. Artizans and persons desiroiis of establishing themselves in business near water privileges, can usually purchase the necessary ground, and erect their buildings at inconsiderable rates. Such persons coming into the Town- ships, with only a little capital to commence upon, are welcome everywhere, and can do much for themselves to spare the outlay of money necessarily attendant upon hiring the labour and services of others. In some parts, indeed, where thriving settlements have been commenced, suitable lots can be had at the most insignificant prices, in consequence of the desire of enterprising owners of land, and of the settlers already established, to promote the growth of the neighbourhood. Whenever land, building lots, water privileges, mill-works, or dwellings, are sold to a purchaser, easy terms of payment are accorded, rendering it next to certain that a man having small capital, and starting in his business at once, will soon be enabled to possess the freehold. Of course there must be temperance, and the exercise of ordinary common sense in the management of one's affairs, as, without these essential qualities, a person cannot fairly expect to succeed in life in any part of the world. The farm buildings, from the small log dwellings and out-houses in the back settlements, up to the comfortable neat-looking structures, equal to those of the villages, and occupied by substantial farmers, are constructed at rates of expenditure too various to admit of description here. A farmer can usually provide his buildings, deriving materials from his own grounds, and contributing the assistance of himself and his own labourers, or with the reciprocated assistance of his neighbours, at an outlay in money not exceeding one-half of the sums mentioned for village habitations. This is a very common mode of proceeding, especially when a new dwelling-house is to be erected on the same farm, and when repaii's are to be made or new out-buildings constructed. But those who buy farms partially or wholly cleared commonly find the requisite buildings already prepared. The prices of such fiirms as have been last mentioned vary of course according to o c o o > o X < 3} m C3 m z o m o -n 3 en JO' •n I( 77 circumBtances. But as this is a very important matter, and as the writer is most anxious not to over-state opportunities and advantages, it seems best to descend more fully into particulars. Taking, therefore, as an example (of which the facts are derived from personal knowledge) the Townships of Ascot and Orford and the County of Compton, which latter includes the Townships of Compton, Eaton, Bury, Lingnick, Clifton, and Westbury, with six others, farms with buildings and more or less cleared land can be purchased at prices from jCIOO to ^61000, according to size and state of cultivation. Farms of 400 acres, with sawmills, good house, and out- buildings, within a mile or two of villages and easy access by excellent roads, are purchaseable at about ^6900. In some of the above-mentioned Townships a great many farms of say 100 acres, with 20 to 60 acres cleared, and buildings, can be had at from ^6100 to ^6200. These are the properties which would best suit most of our British small capitalists and yeomen, who could take out only a very moderate capital to start with, because these would not be able to settle upon the selected wild landa (purchasable at seven or eight shillings per acre) so cheaply as persons who are already experienced in the occupations of the country. At the same time, the present occupants, consisting generally of the persons who have made those clearings, are, for the most part, willing to re-commence on new lots, selling their already partially-cleared lands to successors more skilled than themselves in agriculture, though less fitted profitably to make fresh inroads into the forests. So far as the writer can judge from his own knowledge of facts and the reliable testimony of others, the above plan of procedure can be mcst safely recommended to British farmers of the class and amount of means referred to. Of such, it is known that thotisands in Britain subsist in anxiety if not in absolute penury, to whom, having the comparatively small capital required for the first purchase of farm and stock, with a surplus adequate to their family wants until they get in their first harvest, a removal to the Eastern Townships would be attended with plenty and comfort. The cheapness of food and of all the actual necessaries of life, combined with access to the other advantages stated in the fore- going pages, would undoubtedly make the country to them a veritable land of promise. In connection with what is said above about settling on lands wholly uncleared, it should be distinctly understood by the intending emigrant that the Government Free Chants are of that kind. They are offered only to actual settlers, who must reside upon their lots a certain time, and during that period bring a certain quantity under cultivation. This affords the opportunities to both parties referred to above, as it enables the man who sells his partially cleared land to the new comer to take up a fresh lot. 1 7% without purchase. It is quite true» howerer, that persons only conversant with British modes of agriculture have gone into the backwoods of Canada and eventually succeeded in effecting comfortable settlements. But as a general rule the other method — that of settling on partially cleared land, is likely to prove the more economical to the small British capitalist. For British farmers and yeomen of more considerable means, whose thoughts have been directed towards emigration, whether through failure of crops, increasing families, or deficiency of profit on their business, enough has been said to shew that these could at once step into a sphere of existence where most of their anxieties would cease ; where one*half of their present capital would suffice for establishing themselves on good farms to supply a comfortable living, and the other half, invested, would yield revenue for educating their sous and starting them in life with prospects not open to them in Britain. It is unnecessary here to dwell upon the larger opportunities of usefulness in all local, municipal, and political affairs that would at once present themselves in their adopted country. But on the subject of investments it is perhaps well to say, that €ight per cent on perfectly good security is readily procurable by those who lay out money at interest in the Eastern Townships. In the rural parts of England, as is well known, a ratio of capital of from £5 to £10 per acre is required in order to rent a farm ; so that if we take the case of a person farming about 500 acres, we might assign £4500 as the capital needed. Of this amount less than one-third would enable the possessor to become owner of a very fine farm and good habitation in the Townships, with a money income besides to assure and perpetuate the respectability, comforts, and the highest social advantages attending the enjoyment of a moderate competency. In consequence of the establishment of the local University, and of the School founded in connection with it, as well as the free opportunities now accessible throughout the Townships, an English gentleman can now establish himself in the country on a footing of comfort to himself and family, and giving his sons an education of the highest order, on a capital whif h in the old country would scarcely yield revenue enough to pay one boy's expenses at Eton or Eugby. At the same time, the writer would not desire it to be assumed that persons of any class, removing from Britain to a Colonial home in the Townships, would not in some degree experience sensations of longing, and even occasional regret, when their minds reverted to circumstances by which they were previously surrounded. The hallowed associations which bring up the scenes of one's youth and intercourse with former friends in f ■«&.: 79 \S the dear land of one's birth, cannot be flung aside like an old garment the moment it oeases to suit present requirements. They must recur in an eiperience of young colonial life, when this is placed in comparison with the time-honoured usages of England. But it is a fact that living under British Law, surrounded by Britiuh Institutions, and in the midst of a people who aspire at handing down the British name unstained to the latest posterity, is calculated to mitigate and to do away with any acerbity that might, under other conditions, prove intolerable. The knowledge, too, that Britain is within ten days' sail, instead of four or five weeks when the earlier settlers came to Canada, removes that sense of exile by which, as we read, they were often impressed. On the contrary, few persons £rom the old country who have lived in the Townships some years, in the enjoyment of health and moderate prosperity, would be found willing to l«8ume a residence in Britain, where, to speak generally, there is more anxiety abd even suffering on account of the mere necessaries of life in a single small city than would be met with in Canada from one end of the Province to the other. Without questioning the presence of what is good and great and venerable in English society, i*; is plain to every thoughtful observer, that a large emigration alone can sensibly afford relief from evila pressing upon it in all quarters. As some must emigrate, and as others i desire to do so, impelled by various causes short of absolute necessity, there does not appear to be any good reason for laying much stress upon minor drawbacks growing out of the feelings alluded to, and which, after all, are for the most part temporary, and as nothing, compared with those occasioned by the suffering inevitable in an overcrowded popu- lation. From the statements made in the foregoing pages persons of intelli- gence intending to remove from Britain to her nearest colonies can judge for themselves how far the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada offer the facilities they need. It will be seen from the incidental remarks made and the character of the information furnished that the writer has by no means solely in view the classes of emigrants chiefly referred to in the publications issued by Companies and by the Q-overnment authorities. In addition to capitalists with large means for embarking in manufactures and mining, private gentlemen of moderate fortune, as well as the better class of British farmers, under any inducement whatever for emigrating, will infer that the country is quite in a state of preparedness to meet their views also Leaving Britain these need not dread that they are putting behind them for ever the refinements and other concomitants of civilized life. On the contrary, the writer feels able to assure such that in all pro- bability they would for the most part enjoy the change on various accounts. but chiefly because of the extended sphere of usefulness in Which they would be placed amongst a people thoroughly in earnest in their appre* ciation of the blessings of civil and religious liberty, and who under their free government and with their valuable municipal privileges have already achieved a good start in the occupation of the avenues leading to a well- grounded state of social happiness. The exercise of the Legal and several other professions is so regulated by the laws of the Province that gentlemen dependent on these callings for a livelihood could scarcely expect to benefit themselves by coming to the Townships. In fact, the excellent Provincial Schools for the education of professional men form a source of supply adequate to the demands of the country. It is, however, barely possible that competent medical prac- titioners to whom, coming from any part of the British dominions, the Boards of the Province are authorized to grant a licence to enter upon practice immediately, might here and there find an opening. But such opportunities may be stated to be rare. As respects the prospects existing at present in the Eastern Townships for emigrants of the class dependent upon labour and having no capital, it is difficult with any degree of confidence to say what they are. If the anticipations should be realized relating to a more considerable influx of those other classes which have been previously mentioned, then it is obvious there would arise a very great demand. The official returns issued a short time back by the Canadian Bureau of Agriculture furnish a state- ment of the numbers immediately required in 24 municipalities of Stutem Canada. They include £arm labourers, female servants, boys and girls over 13 years of age, in all, it is stated, 1660 persons — but how many of these would be directed to the Townships does not appear. It should be distinctly understood that while there is customarily a demand for the services of respectable domestic servants there is little or no encouragement to induce females of higher pretensions to go out in the expectation of immediate employment on arrival. Educated ladies, such as governesses, when they do obtain engagements, usually do so through the agency of private recommendation. The writer cannot close these remarks without alluding to a topic which has of late been the subject of much discussion — Canadian Loyaltif. To speak of this matter here, in reference to Canada, generally, is unnecessary, as the disparaging insinuations which had been permitted to intrude in some quarters in England have been satisfactorily refuted in the published letters and speeches of Canadians now on a visit to this country. But as respects the people of the Townships, it may be said they are not surpassed by any in the Province in the amount of their attachment to I ^ 81 \-. their Queeu, constitution, and country. They have manifested this on many occasions. The Queen's birthday is customarily observed with demonstra- tions, bonfires, &c., in the towns and villages. When subscriptions have been made in the colonies in behalf of national objects and sympathies, the Township people have shared in such eSorta in proportion to their ability. Several corps of volunteers and riflemen were raised among them to con- tribute to the defence of the country, when, recently, there were appre- hensions of a war with the United States. In fact, they are no more deficient of loyalty than are the inhabitants of any English county. It should be stated, however, that while there can be no doubt but that the people of the Eastern Townships would, in any just cause, not fall behind any other community in the Province, or fail in doing all they could in their own defence and to aid their country, still, the peaceable nature of their avocations, the peculiar position of their territory, as well as the long- continued friendly intercourse which has subsisted between themselves and the contiguous States, all unite in rendering the prospect of a war between England and that country extremely repugnant to the feelings of the majority. It is plainly quite natural that such should be the case, and that no imputation of disloyalty can be justly founded upon it. To allege the contrary would be as unreasonable as to impute disloyalty to the vast majority of the inhabitants of the British Isles for entertaining feelings which would make them deplore the breaking out of a war with their near neighbours, the people of France. The writer has pleasure in appending the substance of some letters, from a resident of the Eastern Townships, of a few years standing, to a cor- respondent in England. Although confined almost entirely to a single locality, the statemer.tsi are generally applicable, and may serve to assist the reader in forming an opinion about social and other characteristics. .'.^iiK S2 APPENDIX. ^ Lennoxville, Eattern Townshipa, Sept. Srd, 1801. My deae p. So I find my guess was an over true one. I had touched the sore in hinting that the arrival of No. 10 and 11 was not quite so joyous an event as the welcome of previous additions to the old stock. It has had one good effect, however, in inducing you to think whether, after all, it would not he better to move the whole of the incumbrances to a cheaper country. Bely on it, such is the result : their arrival will prove to you the greatest blessing that has ever been sent to you. Gladly will I answer your queries ; and though I confess to a strong bias to my new country, I will give you as honest an opinion as I can. I will confine myself as much as possible to facts ; and as you will of course make enquiries from other sources, before finally deciding on moving, you will easily ascertain if my facts are indeed facts. Tou say you are surprised at my former descriptions of the English appearance of the country— of the English tone of feeling, society, manners, &c. — so different from what you had supposed. Tou must please remember that Canada is a large country. To give an honest and fair description, each writer must confine himself to an account of that part with which he is personally acquainted. His description may therefore differ as much from another account, equally honestly given, only from another place, a» would be the case with two accounts of life in Cornwall and the North of Scotland. Persons reading descriptions of this part of the country, and going west, have no right to consider themselves misled, if they find the reality differ from their expectations, and vice versA. Now I have no intention of writing to you about all Canada. I have lived in the West, have seen other parts of Canada, and have formed my own opinion as to where I my- self prefer to reside.. Others, however, may have different tastes. Lennoxville is an exceedingly pretty little country village, consisting of one large wide street, with another crossing it at right angles. The centre of the village is a large open square, with two large clean comfortable hotels. On the left of the road, a little out of the village, stands the brick church, with its high tin-crowned steeple. Opposite are the pretty English looking cottages of some of our gentry. Going through the village by the cross-road, we come to the Eailway crossing (the Montreal and Portland part of the Grand Trunk system), which runs through the village : then comes the house of our good clergyman, and next that of one of our Uni- ^ m A R. » vcrsity ProfosBorn. Then wo pass through one of the bridges over the rivor MuaHawhippi, poculinr in build to tliit* part of the country, being entirely covered and closed in at the sides. Beyond this, on a rising ground, about 100 yards from tho bridge, stands the imposing (for Canada) pile of the College buildings — built of red brick, in tho Gothic style, with its pretty chapel flanking it at one extremity, and looking down on a wide reach of the river St. Francis, and the junction of that river and the Massawhippi ; and beyond this may bo seen the churches and chapels of our county town of Sherbrooke, about three miles distant. The village lies in a hollow, with well cultivated hill sides rising from the valley, very prettily wooded, with the farm houses dotted about on each clearing. Tho village boasts its three or four excellent shops or stores, as called here, where almost every thing can be obtained ; a post office, two forges, saddler, watch-maker (who is also a first-rate photographic artist), and a very neat railway-station and large freight house. It has also a consider- able saw-mill worked both by water and steam power. In the cross street is a neat Wesleyan Chapel ; and the plain but most useful Town Uoll, the public room of which is in continual request for meetings, singing classes, &c. stands in the main street. The Inns are large, clean and comfortable. I never knew greater comfort or attention in any English country inn than I have experienced at the Albion, and its charges are so moderate as to astonish any one who has lately come from England. Three shillings a day (currency not above half-a-crown sterling) provides excellent bed and sitting-room — meals three times a day with meat at each, and everything properly cooked. We have a Doctor in the village, but strange to say, and almost incredible, neither a lawyer nor a rat I We boast of being head- quurters of three companies of Volunteer Eifles, all uniformed at their own expense, but supplied with arms by the Government. The uniform is the regulation uniform, almost exactly similar to the 60th. Connected with these is the excellent Brass Bund belonging to the Eirat Company, and consisting of 19 performers. The village also has a large covered jBinfc— that is.a covered Skating Eoom — 80 feet by 40, with dressing-rooms attached, heated by a stove. In winter this is tho great meeting-place for all the young folks (and many old too) of the neighbourhood — and a pretty gay sight it is to see the beauty of Lenuoxville enjoying this most fascinating and healthy amuse- ment. Very few places in Canada, except the large cities, possess Einks like those of Lennoxville and Sherbrooke. About three miles north of Lennoxville, lower down the St. Francis, is our county town of Sherbrooke, a large thriving bustling town, through which the river Magog pours, tumbling from one fall to another —afford- ing perhaps the finest and iiioett valuable water power to be foiind in all m Ctnada. It prinoipallj belongs to the Britich American Land Conipanj— who own a large breadth of valuable land in tbia part of the Townships, and whose affairs are placed under the spirited and enlightened management of their present Chief Commissioner, B. W. Henneker, Esq., who is ever anxious to advance the true interests of the Townships. A few miles further on the Railway are the Brompton Mills. To the south and south-east of Lennozville is the thriving manufacturing village of Waterville, distant about six miles, and beyond this, other centres of important agricultural neighbourhoods, whore farming is carried on on really scientific principles, and which contains farms second to few either as regards stock or high cultivation in any part of the world. I will answer your questions about the College and School here in my next letter, and also about prices, climate, «ft;c. i f Lennoxville, Eattern Townahipt, November 3rd, 1861. Mt nxAB P. I now proceed to perform the promise contained in my last letter, and shall make up for my past delay by writing to you this time a long one. To begin with a point which naturally interests you very much, viz. how you are to get good education for your boys, I will say a little about the College here and the Grammar School founded by and closely connected with it. It has been established nearly 20 years, and is probably destined to be to this Province what Oxford and Cambridge have been and are to England. It has a Boyal Charter with the privilege of granting all degrees. It is conducted under regulations prescribed by its Corporation. The Principal of the University is Dr. Nicolls, of Oriel College, Oxford — whose resi- dence forms the left wing of the buildings. He is also Classical Professor. The Vice-Principal is Professor H. Miles, Professor of Mathematics, and Natural Philosophy. The Divinity chair, which has been vacant, for a short time, is about to be filled by a gentleman from England, not yet, or only just appointed. The Eev. W. Williams is Professor of Belles Lettres, with charge of the Junior Department and G-rammar School. The exami- nation for degrees takes place yearly, and they are conferred at the Meeting of Convocation in June. The Students have their private rooms, attending lectures from the various Professors. There is a large and very handsome Dining Hall, where the Students have their meals under the superinten- dence of some Professor. There is daily service in the Chapel, a gem of its kind. The subjects of study are quite as advanced as at the English Uni- 1, 85 ▼enitiet. The coune extends over three years. A gold modal price has been instituted through the generous endowment of the Prinuo of Wales. Many of the Students are residing in College. The charges are very moderate. The College fees for tuition are $27 or £6. 10«, and for their rooms, use of the College Library and firing, $0 or £1. IQa per annum. Students who have parents or friends residing in the neighbourhood (and this is a very important consideration for families settling here) may attend the Lectures, only paying the tuition fee of |19, having all the advantages as if resident. Though Bishop's College is of course founded in connection with the Church of England, no intolerance of religious feeling is shewn. None are required to attend the Chapel services who have a conscientious objec- tion, and the degrees are not limited to the members of our Church. Closely connected with the College, and situate in the Quadrangle, but distinct from it as a building, is the High School of Bishop's College, numbering at present above 100 boys, under the charge of the Rector, the Bev. J. W. Williams. Undei his management, the School has already taken a high position, and is drawing scholars from other British Colonies, as well as from Western Canada. In the course of study, Drench, being a necessary qualification for success in every profession or business in this Province, is specially provided for. Besides the Bector, the School has two English and one French Master. The charge for boys boarding on the establishment is only $3 or 12« sterling per week, and the tuition fees are $36 a year, or £7. 5«. Wash- ing 1« a week. The whole expense for 40 weeks amounts to £35. 6«. Several families in the vicinity accommodate boys whose parents prefer tliis, at a charge of frouj $3 to $5 per week. The great advantage, how- ever, to families residing in the neighbourhood, in that they can board their sons at home, and have only to pay $36, or £7. 6«, for the tuition fees, for which they will receive as high a class education as any school in the world can ofier — the school having the great advantage of the supervision and assistance of College Professors of the highest standing in addition to the teaching of the masters. The boys have a Drill Instructor, and they have proved their loyalty by establishing a Corps of Volunteer Hifies, which has been enthusiastically supported. Three of the elder boys were gazetted as Captain, Lieutenant, and Ensign. All English manly games are in full use here. The boys have their cricket clubs, football matches, &c., besides skating, snow-shoeing, &c., all manly, athletic games being encouraged. t mm T" 86 The advantages for education cannot be surpassed in any country neigh- bourhood, either here or in England, whilst the cheap cost at which it can be obtained, especially for residents in or near Lennoxville, renders it a most desirable locality for families such as yours. Lennoxville is a particularly healthy neighbourhood. Fever and ague, that ]t)ane of the west, is utterly unknown here ; and notwithstanding our cold winters, coughs and colds are very uncommon. Our houses are well- warmed, either by open fire places or stoves, and so little is the out of door cold thought of, that English lad'es drive about in open sleighs with little change from English winter costume, except perhaps in using a fur cap in- stead of a bonnet. With the thermometer between 20 and 30 degrees below zero we have large parties turning out to enjoy our lovely moon- light nights, and none suflfer by it. We are fortunate in having a very excellent society in and around Len- noxville. The Professors of the College, all of them English University men, and their families, would alone form the nucleus of a superior circle of society, but in addition there are many English families settled here and in Sherbi'ooke who contribute greatly to render it agreeable. ■ • • - Lennoxville is a particularly cheap neighbourhood for all the necessaries of life, the prices of which contrast most favourably with those in the old country, and the quality is equally good. Beef from October to March costs 4i to 5 cents, or 2dto2^d sterling — from April to September it is higher, about 6 cents, or dd per lb. ; mutton, 6 to 8 cents (Sd to 4«?) ; lamb, 6 to 10 cents (Sd to 5d) ; pork, 5 to 7 cents {2^d to S^d) ; potatoes, lOJ to U 6d per bushel ; butter, 7d to 9d per lb. ; flour and other articles in proportion. We get excellent fresh fish from Portland at 3 cents, or l.|rf per lb., consisting of cod, haddock, mackerel, &c. Lobsters and oysters are also very cheap. Easpberries and strawberries grow wild in the greatest abimdance and of delicioue flavour. They are brought to the doors in great quantities by the children for sale. All English garden vegetables succeed well, especially asparagus. There is a very general complaint about the difficulty of getting good servants, but still such are to be found. Wages for a cook are ^4 to $7 per month; housemaids, |3 to $5; nurses, |3 to $6; waitress, $5 to %7. Men servants in livery are unknown in the country parts of Canada. As every English gentleman comes to Canada with the British mania for being a landowner, I will now mention the price of farms that have lately been sold in this neighbourhood. I must preudae, however, that I think that it would be better for the great majority of emigrants, especially those who look principally to educational advantages, to content them- selves with a few acres of land (there are hundreds of beautiful sites) near 4k \. 87 the village, on which to build cotluges to suit their own tastes. A very good house in the G-othic style, with high roofs lined outside with brick (a very warm and cheap style of building) would cost from $800 to $1200, dS200 to £350 sterling. If without the brick casing it would be consider- ably cheaper. In fact, a good two-storied cottage with four rooms on the ground floor and five bed-rooms above, with kitchen in a side wing, built on stone foundations, and well cellared and surrounded by a verandah, has been built for $800, or ^6160 sterling. The land would cost according to situation near the village from $20 to $400 per acre, £4. to jCSO. During the last two years the following farms have been sold : — A farm of 450 acres, 8 miles from Lennoxville, 150 acres cleared, with good house, outbuildings, barns, &c. ; very good land, for $3400, or £680 sterling. • A farm of 115 acres, 4 miles distant, 40 acres cleared, with good log hut, cellared, and good barn, for $4000, or A*800 sterling, payable by instal- ments in 4 years. ,, . , .y'-'.f.*; <• ' y , A farm of 360 acres, close to the village, 200 acres cleared, an excellent stock farm, indifferent house and buildings, $6000, £1200. This farm has some beautiful sites for villas. A farm of 600 acres, 5 miles from Lennoxville, 300 acres cleared, and 150 acres of rich interval land, excellent house and outbuildings, $ 10,000, or £2000 sterling. A farm of 115 acres, close to the village, 80 cleared, with a large Gothic bi'ick house, stables, barns, farm cottage, $6000, or £1200 sterling. The house is most substantially built, with 8 foot cellars under the whole ; and one seldom to be found in any of the country parts of Canada. A farm of 400 acres, about 10 miles from Lennoxville, near the pretty village of Cashahire, 80 acres cleared, with comfortable cottage, farm- buildings, &c., $1400, or £280. A farm of 110 acres, situated on the flat land near the river, about one mile from Lennoxville, with excellent house, farm-buildings of every kind, very rich land, $5000, or £1000 sterling. ,, ; *^ v There are several other farms within half to 3 miles from Lennoxville, which might be bought at from $800 to $2000, £160 to ^6400, according to the value of the buildings upon them. There is but a very trifling expense incurred in legal charges for land purchases in Canada, a simple form, half printed, gives the buyer all the title he requires. This is entered in the Municipal Eegistry, in which all mortgages must also be recorded, to make the security complete. The cost of stocking a farm, with 80 to 100 acres cleared, would amount to about $500 to $800—^6130 to ^6160 sterling. -^^1 ■j^sniim 0. f 88 Firowood costs $1 per cord measuriDg 8 feet by 4 and 4. The con- sumption of a moderate sized house would range from 30 to 80 cords. Almost every farm has its sugary, comprising from 300 to 1000 maple trees, which average from ^ to 2 lb. per tree, according to the season. This sugar is worth about 8 cents, or 4i^d. per lb. There is a very good brewery in Lennoxville. Groceries are cheaper than in England. I have now, I think, answered all your questions, my dear P., and hoping you will soon make up your mind to join us, remain ever yours, &c. Lennoxville, Feb. 14, 1862. Mt deab p. f So the great decision has been really and truly taken, and both you and Mrs. P. have made up your minds to follow my advice, and exchange scarcity for plenty, a deficient for an abundant income. I can well enter into your account of the many pros and eon» to be weighed before you decided, and can feel for the painful opposition of well-meaning friends which you have had already to encounter, and which it will take years of success here to overcome. It is certainly by far the most painful phase of emigration to part with dearly loved friends. One word about what you should bring out with you. Do not bring furniture of any kind, except it be some old favourite bureau. Pianos, ieven, can be better and cheaper got here. Bring everything you have in the shape of clothing ; Canada is a glorious place for using up old clothing. Bring -a good 8ti|^ly of boots and shoes for all the family. Get yourself a pair of knee boots, large enough for two pairs of worsted stockings. Bring lots of blankets, house linen, crockery, glassware, flannel, calico. Bring good English saddles, and any fairish harness you may have but do not bring any new. Of course a good gun and a rifle would be useful. If a fly fisherman, bring rods, lines, &c., but no trout flies ; here they use them three times the size of our English flies. Bring carpets, rugs, &c. Books are cheap here, being American editions of standard English works. I have now said my say. I have told you facts so far as facts are useful. Where it becomes a matter of opinion or fancy, I have given my honest candid opinion. May we meet soon, my dear P., in the New "World. Tours ever, &c. * THB END. G. NORMAN, PBIHUBR, MAIDEN LANE, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. ■# - : ■ ^iJ^'.iii'^I^.^VtfA' -*-'«'' ^•j^kJ^i i-n-iiiJtf "liiAi^tvfiW«f^,« .'■^j.i t *1«feJ,.' ,\ V i i I i i:-' I BRITISH i^^G^^"/'^^----^r-.i'' -**"--*1 B o u nda rv \\ J^ 3 /I ft Route ■n UNITED ^ STATE TERRITORY ^J5 C \^* 4r df ST MUL o GceanBorj iGcoa •:.J ^tacemws ▼ Cnhimhia i ^ w '? ^ •«• *§ f^ ^ 5 I I 2 § I .«i I 5. :§ 93 8 .^ r^ 'I. ^. 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