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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams Illustrate the method: Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole ^^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, ii est film^ d partir de Tangle supdrleur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant ie nombre d'Images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. f errata d to It le pelure, pon ck n 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 SUMMARY OP CANADIAN HISTORY. WITH QUESTIONS ADAPTED TO EACH PARAGRAPH. BY J. A. BOYD, B.A., XFniversity College, TorontOo FOR THE U3E OF SCHOOLa IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA,, JAMES CAMPBELL & SON, TORONTO AND MONTREAL. MDCCCLXVIT. % t. i»=:;" ♦ I, '■^■■■-t ^ J * <»^ .. ^ *■•• u ^ ^ ^ y ^ \ \ V WI \ JA lUsiiifteiri 18ritisji-Inii!ttOT gttics nf Itjronl 58nikii. A SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY: FROM THE (SLimt of CartierV 53i?"cobErp to tf)t ^tt^ent 5Dap. WITH QUESTIONS ADAPTED TO EACH PARAGRAPH. \' BY J. A. BOYD, B.A., UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, TORONTO. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS IN BRITISti NORTH .' MERICA. JAMES CAMPBELL. AND SON, TORONTO AND MONTREAL. MDCCCLXVII. §■ I 2 iO 6 91 5597 PEEF ACE. Many histories of Canada have been written, but there is not one which, while comprehending in brief space the story of our three historic centuries, is not either confused and fragmentary in arrange- ment, or disfigured by gross blunders ; while some are remarkable for a union of both defects. To supply a deficiency, therefore, the present little summary has been written. It aims at giving, in small compass, a full as well as accurate and con- nected relation of the chief incidents pertaining to Canadian History, from the time of Cartier's dis- covery to the present day. Many omissions have been supplied, many superfluities retrenched, many errors corrected, which deform popular text-books on this subject. The general arrangement adopted is that which has been naturally suggested by the progress of events. The questions appended to each chapter will be found available in the school- room. It is hoped that a book has thus been pro- duced which will mainly serve for the instruction of Canadian youth in their country^s history, and may be useful also as a manual of reference to all classes of readers. t Toronto, August^ 1860. CONTENTS. PART I.— CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. OHAPTEB PAQB I. — From the Discovery op Canada to the Founding OP Quebec, Y II. — From the Founding op Quebec to the Death op Champlain, 15 III. — ^From the Death op Champlain to the Erection OP Canada into a Royal Government, . . 23 IV. — ^From the Erection op Canada into a Royal Government to the Overthrow op French Dominion, 30 PART II.— CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. I. — ^From the Overthrow op French Dominion to the Division op the Province into Upper and Lower Canada, 57 II. — From the Division op the Province to its Re- union UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT, 69 III. — From the Re-union op the Canadas to the Present Time, Ill > SUMMARY OP OANADIAIf IIISTOEY Part I.— CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. CHAPTER I. FROM THE DISCOVERT OF CANADA TO THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEC- EARLY VOYAGES. I. — OuE Continent was discovered by John and Se- bastian Cabot, who, sailing from Bristol under the pa- tronage of Henry VII. of England, landed on the Lab- rador coast in June, 1497, seventeen months before Co- lumbus reached the mainland of tropical America. In 1524, Verrazzano, a Florentine navigator in the employ- ment of Francis I. of France, sailed along the Atlantic seaboard from Florida to Cape Breton, and appropriated the whole in the name of his master under the title of " la Nouvelle France." Ten years after this. Captain Jacques Quartier, (or, more commonly, Cartier,) made his first voyage from St. Malo, in France, to the New World, and explored the north-eastern and western coasts of Newfoundland, (previously discovered by the Cabots.) He then proceeded to the mainland, entered the Miramichi river, sailed on to a large and picturesque bay, which was called " Golfe de Chaleur," by reason of the unwonted heat there experienced, and after run- ning along the Gaspe' coast, erected a cross bearing the 8 SUMMARY OP CANADIAN HISTOEY. 1: B inscription, " Yive le roy de France." Having thus taken possession of the country for Frarcis I., Cartier returned home. DISCOVERT OP CANADA. n. — Cartier, commissioned by the King, set out with three ships and 110 men on his second voyage, in May, 1535, when he was destined to discover Canada. His little fleet cast anchor in a small bay on the Labrador coast, on the 10th of August, and this day being dedi- cated to St. Lawrence, the voyagers styled their place of harbourage " la Baye St. Laurent." This name was afterwards transferred to the great river of Canada, and to the oceanic gulf into which it empties. Cartier next discovered the island of Anticosti, which he named " Assomption," and, sailing to the west, he entered the river St. Lawrence, which was greeted as the long- sought path to China and the East Indies. The wish to realize this single object dictated all the early voy- ages to America, and therefore, hopeful of success. Car- tier pressed on till he reached the mouth of the Sague- nay. Here he found several bands of Indians engaged in catching porpoises and other sea-fish, and was inform- ed that the country of Canada lay beyond. Along the whole course of the river, the Commander discovered and named numerous islands, and among the rest. Isle aux Coudres, (from the abundance of Jilberts it pro- duced,) and Isle de Bacchus, (from here having first seen grape-vines,) now called the Island of Orleans. Having reached this point, Cartier was visited on the 7th of September, by Donnacona, Lord of Canada, so-called, who received the French in a most friendly manner. The vessels were moored in the St. Charles, (then namei " Sainte Croix,") in close proximity to the resi- dence of Donnacona, which was in a village called Sta- j:\ DISCOVERT OP CANADA. 9 ag thug Oartier >ut with in May, a. His abrador ig dedi- ir place me was ida, and Cartier ) named sred the e long- le wish ly voy- ss, Car- Sague- ingaged inform- ang the jovered St, Isle it pro- rst seen Having Yth of -called, lanner. , (then le resi- ed Sta- ! ( dacon6, built upon the site of the lower town of Que- bec. Many visits and presents were interchanged be- tween the strangers and the natives, and at the request of the Chief, Oartier discharged 12 pieces of artillery, now first heard by the amazed Indians. III. — The name Canada was understood and used by Oartier as applying simply to the country adjacent to Stadacon6, under the authority of Donnacona. But it is very probable that his use of the Indian term arose from a misapprehension of the savages' meaning. The Indians signified by this word any town, or village, or collection of huts, whereas Cartier supposed it to be said of the district. It is uncertain at what time " Can- ada " began to be used in its present extended sense. IV. — Notwithstanding the endeavours of the In- dians to prevent Cartier from penetrating farther into the country, he set forth (September 19) in two boats and a pinnace, bound for Hochelaga, a settlement high- er up than the river. This place he reached after some danger and diflSculty, (October 2,) and was hospitably entertained, according to custom, by the inhabitants. Hochelaga was a rudely-fortified Indian town, consist- ing of about fifty houses, sheltered by a beautiful moun- tain, which so delighted Cartier that he called it " Mont Royal," a name yet preserved in the corrupt form Montreal, assigned to the city at its base. After gain- ing some information respecting the country, he return- ed to his station at Sainte Croix, (October 11,) where he determined to winter. Unprepared to withstand the severity of the climate, and unprovided with proper food, scurvy broke out among his men, and cut off 26 of their number before its ravages could be stopped. On May 3, Cartier erected a cross, 35 feet high, with a shield bearing the arms of France, and the words : — "Franciscus primus, Dei gratia Francorum rex, reg- 10 BUMMAEY OF CANADIAN HISTOET. '*f iSi nat." He seems to have doubted as to the friendlinesa of the natives ; this suspicion, however, cannot excul- pate him from the charge of treachery in seizing Don- nacona and four of his Chiefs, and setting sail for France with the captives on board. This occurred three days after he had taken formal possession of his discoveries ; the unfortunate Indians died soon after their arrival in Europe. After touching at the northern point of Cape Breton, and sailing along the southern coasts of Newfoundland (thus completing his circumnavigation of the island), Oartier arrived at St. Malo, on July 16, 1536. r \ VOYAGES OP OAETIEE, EOBEEVAL, AND DE LA EOOHE. v.— The attention of the French King was awakened by Cartier's narration of his adventures, and by sundry interviews with the Indian Chiefs, and he nominated Jean Francois de la Rocque, Lord of Roberval, Viceroy in the countries of Canada, Hochelaga, and Saguenay, and Oartier was subordinated to him as Captain-Gener- al and Master-Pilot. Five ships were prepared at St. Malo, and as Roberval was unable to accompany Car- tier at the time appointed, the latter, a third time in command, sailed forth, on May 24, 1541, to resume his explorations. Delayed by tempestuous weather, the expedition did not arrive at Ste. Croix till the end of August. Cartier told the Indians of Donnacona's death in France, and then moved a few leagues up the St. Lawrence to a more convenient harbour, now known as Cap-Rouge. Here he laid up three of his ships, and dispatched the others to France, to inquire respecting Roberval. He built a small fort in the vicinity of his ships, and another on the top of the overhanging cliff, and named the place Charlesbourg Royal. In the neigh- bourhood were found minerals resembling gold and sil- 4 ndlines3 excul- ig Don- • France •ee days )veries ; arrival oint of )asts of ligation Fuly 16, )CHE. akened sundry ainated i^iceroy ;uenay, •Gener- 1 at St. ly Oar- ime in me hi3 er, the >nd of i death he St. inown »s, and ecting of his ; cliff, Qeigh- id sil- 1 V • VOYAGES OP OAETIEE, EOBEEVAL, AND DE LA EOCHE. 11 ver, besides abundance of so-called diamonds, which afterwards gave name to the bold promontory, Cape Diamond. Cartier spent the autumn in exploring the river above Hochelaga, under the belief that a district said to be rich in minerals and precious stones, could be gained by this route. On the approach of winter, he returned to Fort Charlesbourg Koyal. An attack was anticipated from the Indians, whose dislike for the French was daily increasing. Nevertheless, spring came without any bloodshed on either side, and Cartier, despairing of effecting any satisfactory result without Eoberval, upon whom he depended for muni- tions and stores, resolved to return. VI. — On his homeward voyage, he put into the har- bour of St. John, Newfoundland, where he found Rob- erval with three vessels. These contained 200 souls, men, women, and children, thereby showing that it was the intention of the Governor to begin the coloniza- tion of the country. Eoberval desired him to return, but for unexplained reasons, Cartier declined, and to prevent any dispute, the latter weighed anchor during the night, and continued his course. The discoverer of Canada died soon after his return to France ; to his heirs was granted the exclusive privilege of Canadian trade for twelve years, which, however, was revoked four months after its bestowal. YII. — Eoberval, seemingly not discouraged by los- ing the experienced Cartier, prosecuted his voyage up the St, Lawrence as far as the commodious harbour of Cap-Eouge, where he disembarked. He repaired the partially-ruined forts which Cartier had thrown up eighteen months before, and occupied them during the winter. Justice was administered by him strictly : it is recorded that one Frenchman was hanged for com- mitting theft, and that several were thrown into irons, IS eUMMAEY OF CANADIAN HISTOBY, m m I ijliij or publicly whipped on account of other misdemeanours. The scurvy attacked his settlement, and about fifty died from its effects. In the spring, he set out with a select party to explore the Saguenay district, but after losing a boat and eight men, he was obliged to return. The same year he sailed back to France. Being engaged in the wars between Francis I. and Charles V., Roberval took no farther interest in Canada, until 1549, when he and his gallant brother, well-accompanied, embarked for the New World. But the whole expedition perished at sea, and every hope of an establishment in America was abandoned for nearly fifty years. VIII. — Henry IV. having at length consolidated France, which had been rent asunder by civil and reli- gious wars, gave to the Marquis de la Roche authority, as Lieutenant-General, to form a settlement in his trans- atlantic possessions. This nobleman accordingly gath- ered together a numerous body of settlers, partly drawn from French prisons, and embarked in 1598. Little is known of his proceedings save that before returning he landed fifty convicts to colonize Sable Island, a sterile sand-bank off the Nova Scotian coasts Seven years afterwards, twelve of these were found living, and be- ing brought back to France, were pardoned and provid- ed for by the King. ESTABLISHMENT OP TEADINGhPOSTS. IX. — The fur-trade of Canada had begun to attract attention in the commercial emporiums of France. Merchants of Dieppe, Rochelle, Rouen, and St. Malo, were gradually establishing temporary trading-posts, chiefly at Tadoussac, near the mouth of the Saguenay. Henry IV. regai*ded with favour the opening up of such communications, and in 1599, he entered into a contract with two distinguished traders, Pontgrav6 of St. Malo, 1 ESTABLISHMENT OF TRADING-POSTS. 18 i *? and Chauvin of Rouen, whereby they engaged to trans- port and settle 500 emigrants in return for a monopoly of the St. Lawrence fur- trade. Captain Chauvin being appointed Lieutenant-General, made two voyages, brought out sixteen colonists, whom the kindness of the natives afterwards saved from starvation, and died in 1603, leaving, as his memorial, a house built of stone and mortar, the first erected in Canada, of which re- mains were lately to be seen at Tadoussac. His death put an end to the scheme. X. — Commandeur de Chaste, Governor of Dieppe, was the third Lieutenant-General, and organized a com- pany of merchants for the purposes of trade and dis- covery. Ho engaged the services of Samuel de Cham- plain, a bold and sagacious naval officer, who had gain- ed a reputation in the West Indies, and with him was conjoined Pontgrav6. These two were sent* in com- mand of an expedition to Tadoussac, and instructed, moreover, to ascend the St. Lawrence as far as possible. They accordingly passed Hochelaga, now dwindled into insignificance, but found themselves stopped by the Sault St. Louis, now known as the Lachine Rapids. Here landing, they made observations on the country and river. "With these Champlain hastened to France, where he learned of De Chaste's death, and the de- rangement of the entire scheme. He explained, howev- er, the results of his investigations to the King, who remained pleased with his diligence and success. XL — The conduct of the company, together with a monopoly of trade, was now transferred into the hands of Pierre du Guas, Sieur de Monts, whom the King ap- pointed Lieutenant-General of New France, in 1603. De Monts and Champlain turned at first to Nova Sco- tia; they explored nearly all its coast-line, in 1606 and 1607, and were the founders of the colony of Acadia. m U SUMMARY OF CANADIAN III8T0RY. Champlain then induced De Monts to direct his atten- tion to Canada. Two vessels were accordingly fitted out and entrusted to Champlain and Pontgrav6. Tho latter remained to foster the fur-trade at Tadoussac ; the former sailed past the island of Orleans, and select- ed a spot at the base of Cape Diamond, called by the natives Quebeio or Quebec,(meaning thereby a strait, or narrow passage,) as suitable for the site of a town. On the 3rd of July, 1608, Champlain laid the founda- tion of Quebec, the future capital of Canada. This was the earliest permanent settlement in America witli the exception of Jamestown, in Virginia, which was found- ed in the previous year, 1607, by the English Captain Newport. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER I. I. Who discovered America? In what ygar and under whose patronage was the discovery made? Where did Verrazzano Bail ? What title did he give to his discoveries ? Who sailed after him ? What discoveries did Car- tier make? II. When was Oartier's second voyage ? What did he discover ? Explain the reason of the name St Lawrence ? To what was it applied ? What name was given to Anticosti? What was the ob- ject of the early voyages to Amer- ica? Where did Cartier first meet the Indians ? What Islands were named in the river? By whom was Cartier visited in Sep- tember ? Where did the Indian Chief live? What is now built on its site ? Explain what passed be- tween Cartier and the Indians. III. In what sense was " Cana- da" used by Cartier? What did the Indians mean by the word ? IV. Where did Cartier next go? Describe Hochelaga. Explain the name Montreal. Where didt Car- tier winter? How was the win- ter passed? Describe the cross which was erected. Of what act •f treachery was Cartier guilty ? What Island did he circumnavi- gate ? When did he reach home ? V. How was the King's atten- tion aroused ? Who was the first Governor of Canada? To what posts was Cartier appointed? How many voyages did Cartier make ? How long did he occupy in the 8rd voyage ? Where were the first forts built in Canada? What was the place called ? What were found in the neighbour- hood? How was the autumn occupied ? Why did Cartier re- solve to return ? VI. Where did Cartier meet Eoberval ? How many people did Eoberval bring with him ? How did Cartier act ? What was grant- ed to Curtier's heirs ? VII. Where did Eoberval dis- embark? What did he do on landing? Give instances of his severity. How many settlers did he lose, and in what manner? When did he return to Canada ? What prevented him from re- turning before? What became of his second expedition ? What effect had the loss upon France ? VIII. Who next received au- thority to form a settlement in Canada? From whom? Whence ^ ALLIANCE WITH THE HUE0N8 AND ALQONQTTINS. 15 were hia Bettlers partly drawn? When did he sail ? Where did he land a colony, and with what re- sult? IX. What had begun to attract attention ? Who established tra- ding-posts? At what place? With whom, and when did tho Kingenter into a contract? Ex- plain the nature of their contract. What was Chauvin's success ? What memorial did he leave ? X. Who organized a company of merchants ? Whose services did he engage ? Who commandi-d the expedition? How far did they ascend tho St. Lawrence? What did Champluin learn on reaching France ? What did he do notwithstanding ? XI. Who was placed at the head of the company ? To what office was ho appointed ? Where did he flrst turn? When was Nova Scotia explored? Who founded the Colony of Acadia? To what place was attention next given? Who was sent out to Canada? Where did Pontgrav6 remain, and for what purpose? What was Champlain's object? When was Queoec founded? What was the flrst permanent Bottlemcnt in America ? By whom founded? ♦^ ^ CHAPTER II. FROM THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEC TO THE DEATH OF CHAMPLAIN. ALLIANCE WITH THE HUEONS AND ALGONQUINS. I. — StadaconI;, like Hochelaga, had dwindled away since the arrival of the French, and the few inhabi- tants who remained, lived in great part on the bounty of their European neighbours. In 1609, Champlain as- cended the St. Lawrence and met a band of Algon- quins, a large Indian tribe with whom he had formed an alliance at Stadacon6. Their territory stretched along the northern bank of the St. Lawrence, as far as the Ottawa, which was called the river of the Algon- quins. The remainder of Canada to the west, was oc- cupied chiefly by the Hurons, or Wyandots, who were extended from the Algonquin frontier to the great lake which now bears their name. Hochelaga was their chief village, as Stadacon6 was that of the Algonquins. These two peoples were united and in constant hostility with the Iroquois, whose country lay to the south of the St. Lawrence, from Lake Erie to the Richelieu, which was known as the river of tho Iroquois. This 16 BTJMMART OP CANADIAN HISTORY. tribe was called by the English the Five ITations, being made up of the Onondagas, the Cayugas, the Senecas, the Mohawks, and the Oneidas, who formed one grand confederacy for offensive and defensive purposes. On the arrival of the French, a hereditary war was raging between the Huron-Algonquins and the Iroquois. It was necessary to take sides with one party or the other to escape the contempt of both ; the French therefore chose those tribes nearest them, while as a natural con- sequence, the Iroquois allied themselves, in subsequent wars, to the English, with whose settlements they wefe conterminous. The Algonquins had guaranteed to Champlain a safe passage through the country, pro- vided he agreed to assist them against the fierce and hostile Iroquois. They now called upon him to fulfil his promise, and Champlain, fetching a reinforcement from Tadoussac, accompanied them up the Richelieu, which opened into a spacious lake, now known as Lake Champlain, after the name of its celebrated explorer. A smaller sheet of water (now Lake George) was next entered, and here they came upon the barricaded en- campment of Iroquois. The allies gained an easy vic- tory, on account of the fire-arms of the French. On his return to Quebec, Champlain learned that DeMonts' monopoly had been' abrogated by the King, in com- pliance with the petitions of numerous French mer- chants, and this action involved his own return to France. II.— DeMonts managed to arrange with the traders of Rochelle and other cities, that in compensation for his affording them the use of the buildings at Quebec as a depot, they should assist him in all plans of settle- ment and discovery. He was thus enabled to dispatch Champlain to " Nouvelle France," as the country was now called, in 1610, with fresh supplies and reinforce- ALLIANCE WITH THE HURONS AND ALG0NQUIN8. 17 merits at his disposal. After a remarkably rapid pas- sage of eighteen days, Champlain reached Tadoussao. On arriving at Quebec he again complied with the in- vitation of the Algonquins, and joined in an attack upon the Iroquois, in which the latter were defeated. lie shortly afterwards left for France, on hearing of Henry IV. 's assassination, but returned in 1611, to fix upon the place for a new settlement higher up the river than Quebec. This resulted in the choice ^f a spot adjoining Cartier's Mont Eoyal, which ho cleared, sowed, and enclosed by means of an earthen wall. III. — The colony at Quebec was flourishing exceed^ ingly ; the cultivation of the soil had been successful ; the labours of the settlers had been unmolested ; peace and prosperity satisfied the wishes of all. Ohamplain now formed plans with his Algonquin friends for more extensive schemes in the way of discovery and coloni- zation, and therefore returned to France to furnish himself with the necessary resources. De Monts had resigned his appointment, and was succeeded by Count de Soissons, as Viceroy of the country. The latter en- tered into the plans of Champlain, whom he constitut- ed his Lieutenant, with the right to exercise all those functions which pertained to himself. But very soon after, the Count died, and the Prince of Cond6 was created Viceroy (1612). He in like manner became the warm supporter of the enterprising Champlain, and delegated to him the same powers as those conferred by his former patron. CHAMPLAIN, GOVERNOR OF CANADA, 1612. IV. — Champlain, as Deputy-Governor, and with the delegated authority of Viceroy, sailed for the col- ony in March, 1613, accompanied by several French merchants. In a previous expedition, Ohamplain had 18 SUMMABT OF OANADim UI8T0BT. named that part of the river above the St. Louia rapids, La Chine, believing it to lead to China ; he was now induced by the story of a deceitful Frenchman, who had lived among the Indians, to undertake a laborious journey up the Ottawa, nearly as far as Lake Nipis- sing, under the impression that he would thus reacft the North Sea, and discover a North-west passage to the East Indies. Having been undeceived by the In- dians, he returned by the same route, and sailed for France to further the interests of the colony. lie found no diflBculty in equipping another expedition from Rouen and St. Malo, which came to Quebec in 1615. This had been joined by four fathers of the R6collet order, who were the first priests in Canada. Champlain now engaged in a long tour with his Indian alhes, — up the Ottawa to Lake Nipissing, and thence to Lake Huron. They next turned to the South, and reached the shores of Lake Ontario, (then first discov- ered,) and subsequently, crossing the St. Lawrence,came upon the main object of their expedition : an Iroquois settlement defended by palisades, which they prepared to storm. Champlain, however, was twice wounded in the leg, and the allies were forced to retreat. The Gov- ernor occupied the winter in exploring, and did not reach Tadoussac till the spring of the following year, whereupon he sailed for Honfleur, in September, 1616. V. — ^He found the Prince of Cond6 disgraced and imprisoned, in consequence of his share in the disturb- ances during the minority of Louis XIII. After much controversy, it was settled that the Duke of Montmo- rency, Lord High Admiral, should purchase Condi's of- fice of Viceroy for 11,000 crowns. The associated mer- chant company, formed in 1610, was prevented from embarking in further operations by disputes between Bochelle and the other cities. Attempts were also OHAMPLAIN, GOVBBNOR OF OANADA. If made, but in vain, to degrade Ohamplain from liis high position. At length everything was quieted, and Ohamplain with his family sailed in 1020, for the land of his adoption. He learned on arriving, that an Indian conspiracy against the French settlers had been sup- pressed by one of the missionaries. The total number of the colonists, notwithstanding all his exertions, amounted to no more than sixty. He found that tho various settlements had been neglected, and proceeded to strengthen that at the Three Rivers, by erecting a fort. Ho was disheartened also by the information, that certain adventurers from Rochello, in violation of the company's privileges, had bartered for furs with the Indians, heedlessly giving them fire-arms in ex- change. The RecoUets were now busied in erecting their first convent on the banks of the St. Charles near Quebec. The first child of French parents was born in Quebec, in 1621. The same year, most unexpected intelligence reached Ohamplain. Montmorency had de- prived the merchants' association of their privileges, and had transferred all colonial trade to the Sieurs do Oaen, uncle and nephew, of whom the latter was com- ing to assume its personal superintendence. Ohamplain was thus superseded and subjected to the control of an- other. In July, De Caen arrived at Tadoussac, and act- ed in the most harsh and arbitrary manner, seizing tho vessels belonging to the merchants, and disregarding Champlain's remonstrances. His violent measures re- duced the colony to forty-eight, the rest returning to France, whither De Caen soon followed. Ohamplain now managed to effect a temporary treaty of peace be- tween the continually- warring Indians. After this ho busied himself in erecting a stone fort named St. Louis, at Quebec, and on its completion he departed to Franco in search of farther aid. : . ■'] -i ', I , . '•; - lit n *1 80 SUMMARY Off CANADIAN HI8T0BY, VI. — Meanwhile, in the mother country, a sort of union had been formed between the old company and the De Caens, but with so little cordiality on either side, that Montmorency was glad to relieve himself from trouble, by disposing of his viceroyalty to the Duke d« Yentadour. The sole object of this energetic religion- ist was to diffuse the Roman Catholic faith in the New World. In 1625, ho added three Jesuits and two lay brothers to the R6collets already in Canada, and laid illiberal restrictions upon Protestant worship. Dissen- sions were now breaking forth again between the Iro- quois and the Algonquins ; Champlain exerted himself to the utmost to avert the threatened hostilities, but in vain, and war recommenced with barbaric fury. VII. — The De Caens were Huguenots, and, withal, more interested in profiting by the fur-trade than in developing the resources of the country. Cardinal Richelieu therefore superseded their consolidated com- pany by another, known as the Company of One Hun- dred Associates, to which a charter was granted in 1027. This company undertook to send out a largo body of settlers, and to provide them with all requisites for three years, after which time land, with enough corn for seed, was to be given them ; the colonists were to be Roman Catholic Frenchmen ; and, moreover, to each settlement, three priests were to be allotted, who should be cared for during fifteen years, after which, glebes were to bo assigned to them sufficient for their support. In return, the King made over to the com- pany the fort and settlement at Quebec, and all New France, with power to appoint judges, confer titles, and generally to administer the Government. It received a monopoly of the fur-trade and other branches of com- merce, the cod- and whale-fisheries excepted, which were reserved for the benefit of all subjects. The r i U M^p K p jt > 1 1 CHAMPLAIN, GOVEBNOR OF CANADA. 21 i sort of )any and ;lier side, elf from Duko d« religion- the New two lay and laid Dissen- tho Iro- hinisolf ities, but ury. , withal, than in Cardinal ted com- •no Ilun- anted in a largo equisitea enough ists wero jover, to ;ed, who r which, for their ;ho cora- all New- ties, and received of com- , which s. The viceroyalty was now suspended, and Champlain was appointed Governor of the colony. VIII. — Richelieu's famous scheme was interrupted by the breaking out of a war between Franco and England. Sir David Kertk, (Anglice Kirk,) a French Calvinist refugee in the British service, was commis- sioned in 1C28, by Charles I., to conquer Canada. He intercepted some of the company's ships, burned the village at Tadoussac, and then summoned Quebec to surrender. Champlain refused, and Kirk retreated for the time being. In 1629 his brothers Louis and Thomas Kirk, with a squadron of three ships, sent by him, ap- peared before Quebec, in which place both provisions and ammunition were well-nigh exhausted. On their proffer of honourable conditions, Champlain felt himself justified in surrendering Quebec and all Canada into the hands of the English. The settlers (at this time not much outnumbering one hundred souls) who wished to remain were allowed so to do ; those who preferred to go wero permitted to retain arms, clothes, and baggage, and were provided with a passage to France. Champlain hasten- ed home, and so influenced the cabinet of Louis XIII. that the restoration of Canada was stipulated for in the articles of peace which were being negotiated between the two powers. The peace of St. Germain-en-Layo was signed on 29th March, 1632, whereby New France was handed back to the mother country. IX. — It will not be deemed extraordinary that botb England and France regarded with indifference the loss or acquisition of Canada at this time, since the only settlements were comprised in a fort, barracks, and some houses at Quebec, with a few fishing- and trading- huts at Tadoussac, Montreal, and Three Rivers. The year of the peace, two Jesuits came in a ship of their own to the work of evangelizing Canada, of whom Paul 22 8TIMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOET. I 4 le Jeune has been styled " the father of Jesuit missions.'' Kichelieu's company was now re-invested with its priv- ileges, and Ohamplain again appointed to his former office as Governor. In 1633, a fleet was prepared, which carried out more property than at that time ex' isted in the colony. Prosperity was in some measure checked by restrictions laid upon professors of the re- formed religion, ever the most enterprising colonizers ; while Roman Catholicism was more firmly established by the erection of religious and educational institutions, under the control of the Jesuits. Schools for child- ren were opened in Qaebeo, by Father Lalemant. A son of the Marquis de Gamache, Ken6 de Rohault, who had joined the Jesuits, founded a college at Quebec for the education of youth, and also an Indian school, to- wards the close of 1685. X.— On December 25, 1635, Ohamplain died at Quebec. His remains were interred in the settlement he had founded. His name stands in the annals of our country, equally illustrious with that of the discoverer, Oartier, as the one man who gave success and perma- nence to French colonization. He identified himself with the progress of Canada for nearly thirty years, and by his untiring energy and perseverance, overcame the apathy of French courtiers and French merchants, more eager to enrich themselves than to disseminate the blessings of civilization and Christianity. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER IL I. What places had dwindled away since the arrival of the French? What did Champlaia do in 1609 ? Name the principal Indian tribes in Canada. Where waa the Algonquin country sit- uated? Name their river. Give the limits of the Hurons. Name the chief villages of both. What nations were always at war? Give the Iroquois boundaries. What did the English call this nation, and why? With what party did the French side ? What was the arrangement between Champlain and the Algonquins ? Where did he accompany them ? For what purpose? what did Champlain learn on his return ? II. What orrungement did !>• c i OHAMPLAIN, GOVERNOB OF CANADA. 28 Monts make ? "What was Canada now called ? What was the length of his passage in 1610 ? What did he do on arriving ? Where was the place for a new settlement chosen ? In what year ? III. What was the condition of things at Quebec? What plans did Champlain now form ? Who succeeded De Monts? Who fol- lowed him ? How did Conde act towards Champlain ? IV. In what capacity did Cham- plain return? What name was given to the river above the St. Louis rapids ? Why so called ? What journey did Champlain un- dertake, and why? When and where was another expedition equipped for Canada ? Who came in this expedition ? Describe Champlain's tour, and the results of it. When did he return to Franco ? V. In what position did Cham- plain find the Prince of Conde? Who succeeded the Prince ? What company had been formed In 1610? How was it now pre- vented from acting? When and with whom did Champlain return to Canada ? What did he learn on arriving ? What was the num- ber of the colonists ? Where was a fort erected? What disheart- ened him ? When was the first child born in Canada, and where ? How was Champlain temporarily suspended ? In what manner did Champlain now occupy himself? To what number did De Caen re- duce the colony ? VI. Why and to whom did Montmorency dispose of his of- fice ? What was his successor's object, and in what way did he further it? What dissensionj were breaking forth in Canada? VII. Why did Eichelieu su- persede the De Caens' company f What was the new company called, and when was it char- tered? What did the company undertake to do? What return did the King make? What change was made in the Govern- ment? VIII. What interrupted Eiche- lieu's scheme? Who was sent against Quebec ? With what re- sult in 1628 ? What happened in 1629 ? What conditions were granted to the settlers? What was Champlain's action ? When and where was peace signed ? IX. Why was the gain or loss of Canada regarded with indif- ference ? Who was the father of Jesuit missions, and when did he arrive in Canada ? What is said of the company and Champlain ? How was prosperity checked? How was Koman Catholicism more firmly established? Who opened schools for children ? When and by whom was the Jesuit College founded at Que- bec? What school was estab- lished ? X. When did Champlain die? Where was he buried ? What eulogy may be passed upon him? CHAPTER III. FROM THE DEATH OF CHAMPLAIN TO THE ERECTION OP CANADA INTO A ROYAL GOVERNMENT. CHARLES HUALT DE MONTMAGNY, GOVERNOR, 1636. I. — After Champlain's death, a temporary Governor was appointed in the Commandant at Three Rivers, M. de Chasteaufort who was succeeded in 1636, by Chaiies 24 flUMMAEY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. L de Montmagny. Trade was now languishing, and the company had become indifferent to the success of the colony. But great vigour was manifested in religious concerns. Under the auspices of the Duchess d'Ai- guillon, a party of Ursuline Nuns founded the Hotel- Dieu, at Quebec, in 1639. Madame de la Peltrie brought out at her own charge, another body of Nuns, who established the Ursuline Convent. The Abb6 Oli- vier, who had originated the order of St. Sulpice, pro- jected a plan for founding a Seminary in Canada. The importance of Montreal marked it out as a suitable lo- cality, and in 1640, the entire island was ceded by the King to a company of about fifty persons of eminence. In 1664, this company handed over the island and seig- neury of Montreal to the order of St. Sulpice. In 1642, Montreal (called at first Ville-Marie) was founded by M. de Maisonneuve, who, in command of a party from France, erected the first fort, whilst the superior of the Jesuits consecrated the site. In the following year, two ladies of fortune founded the H6tel-Dieu at Montreal. II. — The Iroquois after Champlain's death renewed their attacks upon the Algonquins and the Hurons. They had conquered the former nation, had nearly sub- dued the Hurons, and were now menacing the French. The Governor therefore erected and garrisoned a fort at the mouth of the Kicheiieu, by which river they usually descended, in order to check their advance ; whereupon the Iroquois, awed by this measure, conclude ed peace with him and his Indian aUies. This, how- ever, lasted but for a short time. LOUIS d'ailleboust de cotjlonge, governor, 1648. Montmagny was removed from office in consequence of the King's decree, that no colonial Governor should 8 o h LOUIS D AILLEBOUST DE OOULCNQE, GOVERNOR. 25 hold office for a longer term than three years, and was succeeded by M. d'Ailleboust in 1648, who had previ- ously been Commandant at Three Rivers. A few years later Margaret Bourgeois founded a seminary at Mont- real, known as the Daughters of the Congregation. III. — The Jesuit Missionaries had been continually preaching among the Indians, and finding the Hurons most tractable, had baptized several thousands of them. These converts were then induced to unite in villages. St. Joseph on Lake Huron, was the village where an Indian congregation first met for Christian worship. In 1648, the Iroquois seemed resolved to exterminate the Hurons, and suddenly fell upon their unsuspecting villages. St. Joseph was singled out for attack, and whilst the priest Daniel was performing service, a band of Iroquois burst upon the unarmed inhabitants, mas- sacred every one of them to the extent of 400 families, and last of all put the good father to a martyr's death. At this time the first communication passed be- tween the French and British American colonies. An envoy from New England brought proposals for a last- ing peace and alliance with Canada, despite all hostili- ties of the mother countries, — a proposition which M. d'Ailleboust announced himself by a deputy at Boston as willing to entertain, provided that the English unit- ed with him against the Iroquois. This proviso waa not acceptable to the Puritans, and the negotiation ended. Again did the Iroquois descend upon the Huron set- tlements : St. Ignace and St. Louis were desolated and given to the flames, and the Jesuit missionaries killed ; shortly after St. Johns, with nearly 3000 inhabitants, was totally destroyed. The decimated Hurons now abandoned themselves to despair, and fled in all direc- tions. Some took refuge among the Eries and Ottawas 26 BUMMAEY OF CANADIAN HISTOET. and other more remote Nations, and some united with their Iroquois conquerors ; some, under the direction of the Jesuits, removed to the island of St. Joseph, where their inveterate foes soon found them out and well-nigh annihilated them. An unhappy remnant of some hundreds sought aid from the missionaries, and was hy them conveyed to a post near Quebec. The descendants of these refugees are still to be found in the village of Lorette, a few miles from Quebec. At this juncture the French were virtually blockaded in their forts, and the Iroquois remained masters of the country. About this time the traders at Tadoussac introduced intoxicating liquors among the tribes of the Saguenay, and drunkenness became so frequent and so injurious that the chiefs petitioned the governor to im- prison all natives found uilty of this offence. JEAN DE LAUSON, GOVEENOR ■*? 1651. IV. — In 1651, M. d'Ailleboust was replaced by M. de Lauson, one of the principals of Eichelieu's compa- ny. Colonial affairs were not very promising ; the Iro- quois were increasing in audacity and harassing the French at all points. So dangerously beset was the isl- and of Montreal that M. de Maisonneuve, the local gov- ernor, went in search of succour to France, whence he returned in 1653 with a reinforcement of 105 men. In consequence of this and in part through the self-denying labour of missionaries, the Iroquois sued for peace, which it was thought prudent to grant. In 1655, the Onondagas solicited that a French settlement should be made in their country, which De Lauson after some hes- itation complied with. Sieur Dupuis and 50 men, to- gether with 4 missionaries, were accordingly appointed to form this station, and to found the first Iroquois church. This movement excited the jealousy and sus- JEAN PB LA.UBON, GOVEBNOB. 27 pioions of the other four Iroquois tribes, and 400 Mo- hawks in consequence attempted to intercept the party of French ; they only succeeded, however, in pillaging a few canoes. The same band of marauders attacked a body of christianized Hurons, working on the island of Orleans, and carried them off into bondage without any attempt at rescue on the part of the governor. At length Iroquois insolence became insupportable, and the French determined on war. Dupuis and his little colony, meanwhile, managed to escape with great ad- dress from their critical position, and reached Montreal safely in fifteen days. PIERRE DE VOTER, VISCOUNT d'aRGENSON, GOVERNOR, 1658. V. — A succession of changes now took place in the government : de Lauson was succeeded by his son, who in turn gave way to the former governor D'Ailleboust, who was superseded in 1658 by Viscount d'Argenson. The very day after he landed, the Iroquois massacred some Algon quins under the very guns of Quebec, and escaped from the 200 French that were sent in pursuit. The same year the Mohawks met with a severe check in an attempt to surprise Three Eivers. In 1659, the indefatigable Francois de Laval, Abb6 de Montigny, arrived at Quebec to preside over the Roman Catholic Church as apostolic vicar. On the erection of Quebec into an episcopal see, fifteen years later, Laval became the first bishop. PIERRE DF BOIS, BARON d'AVAUGOUR, GOVERNOR, 1661. VI. — In 1661, Argenson was relieved by Baron d'Avaugour, who by his representations to the King seems to have saved Canada from abandonment by the colonists. He pictured to Louis XIV. the helpless state 28 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTOET. I i ft ■■;(. ■'■1 % of the country, and induced him to send M. de Monts to investigate the state of affairs ; 400 troops, more- over, were added to the colonial garrison. The govern- or having permitted the sale of ardent spirits, in spite of the protestations of the clergy, disorder arose to a deplorable height. Laval hastened to France, and by his remonstrances succeeded in obtaining such powers as were necessary to check the fatal commerce. On his return he founded and endowed the Quebec Seminary in 1663 (now Laval University). In the same year, a remarkable series of violent earthquakes, recurring two or three times a day, and continuing w'th slight inter- mission for half-a-year, agitated the entire surface of Canada ; it is singular to learn that no loss of life or permanent injury was occasioned by these repeated shocks. Vn. — An attempt at peace on the part of the Iro- quois was frustrated by an ambuscade of the Algon- quins, who intercepted and killed the deputation. The Iroquois had about this time procured fire-arms from the Dutch at Manhattan, (they first received +hem from the Dutch on the Ohio in 1640,) and thus acquired an incontestable superiority over all the other aborigines. They now attacked those tribes who had given refuge to the Hurons, and commenced by driving the Ottawas into the islands of Lake Huron. They next engaged in a desperate struggle with the Eries, who were finally exterminated, leaving no memorial of their existence except in the lake that bears their name. VIII. — Baron d'Avaugour was now recalled, part- ly on account of the liquor-traffic, partly on ac- count of complaints against his stern administration. Louis XIV., influenced, it is said, by Laval, and sec.ond- ed by his able minister Colbert, resolved to rescue Can- ada from misgovernment, and to render every assist- BABON dVvAUGOUR, GOVERN OB. 29 ftnce necessary for the well-being of the colonists, at this time numbering 2000. The Associated Company resigned all their rights into the hands of the King, who transferred the same, with like conditions, to the West India Company, whose powers were yet kept in abeyance for some time. Heretofore all civil and military authority had been vested in the governor. The executive function was now separated from the legislative. Canada was transformed into a royal gov- ernment, with a Council of state nominated by the Crown to co-operate with the Governor in the adminis- tration of affairs. This sovereign Council was to con- sist of the Governor, the Bishop, the Intendant, and five (afterwards twelve) leading residents. Courts of law were established at Quebec, Montreal, and Three Elv- ers, and the laws of France, the " Coutdme de Paris," became the legal code. An Intendant was appointed, who combined the duties of Minister of Justice, of Fi- nance, of Police, and of Public Works. Grants of land continued to be made, in the form of Seigneuries, by royal edict. Questions of feudal law were subject to the decree of the Governor and the Intendant. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER III. I. Who succeeded Champlain ? "What relipious institutions were established? Who thought of founding a Seminary in Canada? What was the site selected, and •when ceded ? By whom and when was Montreal founded ? To whom was Montreal given in 1664? II. What was the condition of Hurons and Algonquins? Why was a fort erected at the moutn of the Richelieu? What eflfect had it? Why was Montmasny Removed ? Who succeeded him, ard in what year? What did Margaret Bourgeois found, and WherS ? III. What was the effect of Jesuit preaching among the In« dians? What distinguished the villajre of St. Joseph ?" What did the Iroquois resolve on in 1648? Describe the attack upon St. Jo- seph. At what time did commu- nication pass between the British and French colonists ? What was the purport of it, and how did it end ? describe the second attack of the Iroquois. What was its effect upon the Hurons? Where is a remnant of the Hurons to be found at present ? What was the relative position of the French and Iroquois ? What commerce had been introduced at Tadous- eac, and with what result ? lY. Who and what was the *i 80 SUMMARY OF OAITADIAN niBTORT. next Governor? Why did the Governor of Montreal repair to France, and with what result? What induced the Iroquois to ■ue for peace? What did the Onondagas desire ? How did the Governor act? What was the effect among the other Iroquois tribes ? Describe the conduct of the Mohawks. What became of Dupuls' colony ? V. Mention the ofBcial changes which took place in the govern- ment. Give the occurrences of 1658. Who was first Apostolic Vicar in Canada, and when did he arrive ? To what place and in what year was the first bishop appointed in Canada ? VI. Who succeeded Argenson ? What did he do for the country ? What induced Laval to go to France? What inctitution wnt founded in 1668, and by whom ? What occurred in the same yeart VII. What frustrated peace with the Iroquois ? From M'hom and when did the Iroquois first receive fire-arms ? What was the subsequent effect of this acqui- sition r and exemplify. VIII. Why was Avaugour re* called? Who co-operuted with Louis XIV. in his Canadian schemes? What was now the number of the colonists? What company succeeded the " 100 As- sociates " ? Describe the consti- tutional changes made in the government. What were the In- tendant's functions ? How were grants of land made and ques- tions of feudal law decided? a h tl tl m CHAPTER IV. FROM THE ERECTION OF CANADA INTO A ROYAL GOVERNMENT TO THE OVERTHROW OF FRENCH DOMINION IN CANADA. ATTQUSTIN DB SAFFEAT-M^ISY, GOVERNOR, 1663. I. — Augustin de M6sy, appointed in 1663, was the first Governor nnder tlie new regime. He was a man of haughty and obstinate temper, and having quarrelled with his Council, he took upon himself to send back to France two of its principal members, — an arbitrary act which procured his own recall. He died at Que- bec, however, before the dispatch arrived. ALEXa. DE PROUVILLE, MARQUIS DE TRACT, VICEROY, 1665. The Marquis de Tracy arrived in Quebec in 1665, as Viceroy and Lieutenant-General ; De Courcelles was named under him as Governor, and Jean Talon as In- tendant. The Viceroy brought with him the whole regiment of Carignan, who had acquired renown in Hungary against the Turks. With these came likewise MABQUI8 DE TRACT, VICEROY. 81 i a large body of settlers, bringing sheep, cattle, and horses, (now first introduced into Canada,) so that the colony in a few years of immigration received an ac- cession of numbers exceeding its former population. Prompt measures were taken against the Iroquois, and three forts were erected on the Richelieu so as to cover the French settlements : one at Sorel, one at Chambly, and the third nine miles higher up the river. Three of the Nations speedily came to terms, but the Mohawks and Oneidas kept aloof sullenly. De Oourcelles first took the field against them, and afterwards the Marquis in person, but the Indians never risked an encounter, and the French, after traversing about 700 miles of country, were obliged to content themselves with burn- ing the various villages they passed through. Most of the officers belonging to the Carignan regiment settled in the country and received grants of land with Seig- neurial tenure from the King. Having placed the Col- ony in a state of defence and established the authority of the West India Company, the Viceroy returned home in 1667, leaving De Courcelles at the head of the Gov- ernment, and ruling over a population of 4312. Before his departure, a peace was concluded with the Indians, in 1666, which lasted for eighteen years. This noble- man's term of office is further memorable, from the fact that trade-monopoly, so fatal to all colonial enterprise, was abolished during his administration, chiefly at Ta- lon's instance, (with certain exceptions in favour of the West India Company,) so that the colonists were per- mitted freedom of trade mother country. with the Indians, and the DANIEL DE REMT DE COURCELLES, GOVERNOR, 1667. II. — This Governor by skilful diplomacy averted a threatened Indian war, and in the interval of peace $9 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN UISTOKY. Pil «;' 1%: |i; i m I tho enterprising Intendant, M. Talon, diapatclied Nicho- las Perrot to visit tho distant western and northern tribes. This bold traveller penetrated 1200 miles into the wilderness, as far as the great lakes, and induced Indian deputies from all the neighbouring Nations to assemble at tho Falls of St. Mary, between Lakes Su- perior and Huron. There the assembled chiefs were met, in 1671, by Sieur de St. Lusson, who persuaded them to acknowledge the sovereignty of his King, and erected a cross with tho arms of France. Tho Governor had fixed upon Cataraqui, on Lake Ontario, near the present site of Kingston, as an eligi- ble point for the erection of a fort, his object being to protect the fur-traders, and. to check Indian incursions. He visited the spot in person, but was so much injured in health by exposure and hardship, that on his return to Quebec he desired to be relieved from the burden of office. About 1670, the smaP t^ox broke out with the utmost violence among the Indians, and many tribes were all but exterminated by its terrible ravages. L0UI8 DE BUADE, COUNT DE PALUAN AND DE FRONTENAO GOVEKNOE, 1672. III. — The Count de Frontenac assumed the govern- ment in 1672. Ho caused the fort at Cataraqui to be built immediately, and gave it his own name, Frontenac ■ — a name still applied to the county in which King- ston is situated. In 1674, tho West India Company was suppressed by Louis XIV. During Frontenac's administration, an extensive scheme of exploration was planned by the Intendant, Talon. News had reached him from tho Far West re- specting a vast river which flowed in a southerly direc- tion. He entrusted to Father Marquette and an adven- turous merchant of Quebec, named Joliet, the danger- 4 i I a( si COUNT DS FRONTENAO, OOYBRNOB 83 hcd Nicho- 1 northern ) miles into id inJnccd Nations to Lakes Su- hiel's wero persuaded King, and i, on Lake as an eligi- t being to incursions, ich injured his return burden of b with the my tribes iges. RONTENAO le govern- qui to be rontenac ch King- Company extensive itendant, West re- rly direc- m adven- danger- ous task of ascertaining the truth of this report. They Bet out with two canoes and six men, and after many adventures these explorers discovered the mighty Mis- sissippi, and sailed down its stream past the mouths of the Missouri, Ohio, and Arkansas. At this point they turned and commenced a homeward journey. Marquette remained among the friendly Miamis, at the extremity of Lake Michigan, and Joliet alone reached Quebec, where he found that Talon had departed for France. A young Frenchman, named La Salle, was fired with Joliot's narrative, and in the hope of being able to reach China in this way, he departed to France to organize an expedition. Being joined by the Chevalier de Tonti and under the patronage of the Prince of Oonti, he embarked for Quebec with thirty men, in 1678. He had received from the King the Seigneury of Cataraqui, and after his arrival, rebuilt Fort Frontenac of solid stone. Accompanied by Father Hennepin, who was the historian of the voyage. La Salle's party hastened on to the West. Above the Niagara Falls, La Salle constructed a vessel of 60 tons and carrying 7 guns, which he called the " Griffon ; " this was the first vessel built on Canadian waters. In this he sailed to Lake Michigan, where he established a trading post, as he had previously done at Niagara and Detroit. The Griffon was sent back, laden with rich furs, and bound for Niagara, but never being heard of subse- quently, it is believed she foundered in a storm. La Salle, meanwhile, was pressing on undauntedly, and having embarked on the Mississippi, he followed the windings of that river to its outlet in the Gulf of Mexico. He took possession of all the country along its banks in the name of his master Louis XIV., from whom it was styled Louisiana, and after an absence of more than two years he regained Quebec. 84 8UMMAEY OP CANADIAN HISTORY. \ ) m Hi r'l ' rV. — Frontenac, though talented and energetic, was self-willed, suspicious, and domineering, and as may bo thought, he was engaged in continual disputes, of which the chief were with Laval and the clergy on account of the liquor-traffic, and again with Duchesneau, the Intendant who had replaced the illustrious Talon. The home government in consequence decided on recalling him, and likewise the Intendant. LE FEBVEE DE LA BAEEE, GOVEENOB, 1682. In 1682, M. de la Barre arrived as Governor, and M. de Meules as Intendant. At this time the French population of Canada was about 10,000 souls. "War was now threatening to recommence between the French and the Iroquois. Since New York had passed into the hands of the English, these Indians found it more for their profit to leave the French traders and to carry their peltries to an English market. They even bought up the furs of all Indians in alliance with the French for the same purpose. Grievous complaints were made by the Canadian Colony, but the Iroquois, being assured of British support, entirely disregarded them. This astute race soon began to perceive the means of giving influence to their own position, by re- maining as far as possible neutral, in the rivalry which was now becoming manifest between the two bodies of European colonists. This state of affairs was reported on by a general assembly convoked by the Governor, and a memorial was transmitted to Paris. At length La Barre, on the arrival of a detachment of 200 soldiers from France, was prepared to administer chastisement to the perverse Iroquois. He marched up the river to Lake Ontario, where was appointed a place of meeting be- tween him and the Indian deputies. Notwithstanding his high resolves, he found his array, on arriving at the i MARQUIS DE DENONVILLE, GOVERNOR. 85 ergetic, was I as may bo ;s, of which on account esneau, the Talon. The n recalling 682. pernor, and ihe French '. War was the French )assed into ad it more 3rs and to They even se with the complaints e Iroquois, lisregarded rceive the ion, by re- ilry which 3 bodies of Bported on nor, and a La Barre, iers from ent to the ' to Lake ;eting be- hstanding ing at the place, so reduced by sickness and want of food, that he was obliged to accede to the demands of the deputies, withdraw his army, and retreat to Quebec. Hero he found to his mortification that a fresh reinforcement of troops had arrived, bearing despatches from the King, relative to the conduct of a triumphant war against the Five Nations. JACQUES RENf; DE BEISAT, MARQUIS DE DENONVILLE, GOV- ERNOR, 1685. Y. — In consequence of dissatisfaction felt at his want of success, La Barre was replaced, In 1685, by the Marquis de Denonviile, who had been specially selected on account of his distinguished valour. He saw the necessity for thoroughly humbling the haughty savages, and laid plans for building a fort at Niagara, to inter- cept the communications of the British with the Iro- quois. In 1683, he received a warning letter from the Governor of New York, informing him that the Iroquois were the subjects of England, and therefore under that kingdom's protection. In the following year, a large reinforcement of 800 men, under the Chevalier de Vau- dreuil, arrived from France, whereupon the Governor dishonourably seized a number of Iroquois chiefs, whom he had plausibly induced to assemble at Fort Fro ntenac^ and forwarded them to France to labour in the King's galleys. After a skirmish in which the Iroquois were repulsed, the Governor erected a fort at Niagara, and garrisoned it with 100 men. A fatal disease shortly after cut off nearly all the garrison, and the survivors abandoned the post, which the Indians soon destroyed. The French fort at Chambly, on the Richelieu, was attacked by the Iroquois, apparently instigated by their English neighbours. The assailants, however, were repulsed, though they devastated the surrounding set- 86 BUMMAET OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 11 I'! h §■1 I: Mi tlement. Fort Frontenac was with diflSculty sustained ftgainst the same indefatigable foes, who blockaded it at all points. Strange to relate, the Iroquois at this juncture proffered peace, which the Governor accepted with humiliating conditions. Some of the Hurons, however, who wished the utter destruction of their hereditary enemies, managed by sundry acts of dissimu- lation and treachery, to break up the newly-formed peace. 1400 Iroquois instantly laid waste the island rf Montreal, slaughtered all who opposed them, and carried off 200 prisoners (1689). The French were filled with consternation, blew up Fort Frontenac, burned two vessels, and abandoned the Western Lakes. At this crisis, French Canada was virtually reduced to the forts at Montreal, Three Rivers, and Quebec, with the post at Tadoussac. tit'! LOUIS DE BUADE, COUNT DE PALUAN AND DE FRONTENAC, GOVERNOR FOR THE SECOND TIME, 1689. VI. — When affairs were at this c: tremity, the gov- ernment was entrusted for the second time to the expe- rienced hands of the Count de Frontenac, who returned to Canada in 1689, and brought with him the Iroquois chiefs whom his predecessor had so basely entrapped. By restoring these captives, the Indians were for a time pacified ; but the Ottawas and other allies of the French began to make overtures to the Iroquois, in order to enjoy a share in the English trade. The Governor thought it now a prudent stroke of policy, to prevent this union, by showing to the natives that the Frencli were superior in power and resources to their rivals, the English. There was at this time war between the two monarchies, in consequence of the Eevolution of 1688, when Louis XIV. espoused the cause of the out- cast James II. The Count de Frontenac therefore 1 COUNT DK FEONTKNAO, GOVERNOR. 3T T sustained ockaded it ois at this r accepted e Hurons, a of their )f dissimu- ly-formed the island ;hem, and inch were ^rontenac, ern Lakes, educed to ^beo, with lONTENAO, the gov- the expe- ' returned Iroquois strapped, or a time e French order to Tovernop prevent Frencli r rivals, f'een the ition of the out- lerefore organized three expeditions to invade the British set- tlements. The first marched from Montreal in 1690, sur- prised Oorlaer or Schenectady, the frontier town of New York, pillaged, and massacred the inhabitants, and burned the fort and houses. The second expedition mustered at Three Kivers, and fell on the village called Sementels (or Salmon Falls) in New Hampshire, which it demolished, and in returning fell in with the 3d division, made up in part of Acadian troops, who had mustered at Quebec. Joining forces, they assailed and gained possession of the fortified village of Kaskeb6, in Maine, which lay upon the sea. A largo convoy was now despatched to Michilimakinac, to strengthen that remote western trading-post, and to conciliate, by presents, the Ottawa and Huron chiefs. The Governor thus secured the fur-trado of a wide region, and re- stored the influence of the French. VII. — The New Englanders now resolved on re- prisals, and besides sending out a small squadron which took Port Royal and therewith all Acadia, they planned two expeditions against Canada: one by sea from Boston, against Quebec ; the other by land from New York, against Montreal. The latter, under General Winthrop, failed through want of necessary stores, con- joined to dissatisfaction among his Indian allies, and fell back without accomplishing anything. The naval force consisted of 32 vessels and nearly 2000 marines, and was led by Sir "William Phipps. Several French posts on the coasts of Newfoundland and the lower St. Lawrence were taken with impunity, and the fleet had reached Tadoussac before Frontenac was warned of his danger. He hastened from Montreal, strengtliened the defences of Quebec, and refused the Englishman's sum- mons to surrender. Phipps landed about 1500 troops and some field-pieces, but through the activity and 38 BUMMAEY OF CANADIAN UISTOET. courageous zeal of the French he was obliged to desist from his attempts. Considering the enterprise hope- less, he re-embarked the soldiers, leaving his cannon in the hands of the enemy (1690). In Quebec a church was built to commemorate this deliverance, and dedi- cated to " Notre Dame de la Victoire." Unfortunately it was set on fire by the bursting of a shell, and burned to the ground, during the siege of Quebec by General "Wolfe. The French King, on receiving the intelligence of success from the gallant Count, caused a medal to be struck with the words " Francia in novo orbe vic- trix ; Kebeca liberata, A.D., M.D.C.X.C." In the following year a large body of Iroquois, as- uisted by the English, advanced along the Richelieu to attack Montreal, but they were repulsed by de Calliere. The Governor was now engaged in strengthening the fortifications of Quebec, so as to make it the most for- midable stronghold in America. In 1694, the Iroquois were decidedly inclined for peace, and allowed the Governor to re-establish the fort at Cataraqui without hindrance. Still further to impress the Indians, a grand expedition was led forth against some refractory tribes, who, nevertheless, managed to evade the pursuit of the French. The latter, after contenting themselves with burning villages and destroying grain, returned to Montreal. VIII. — A discussion had now arisen between the Colonial and Home Governments with reference to the advanced trading-posts in the upper parts of Canada. The Court maintained that they were of little use, and were besides a constant cause of war, and proposed that the natives should bring their furs to Montreal, while the attention of the colonists should be entirely devoted to agriculture. But the Governor objected that V^'^3 step would throw their allies into the hands I '« 1 of Br en ab of '^ to desist >rise hope- cannon in a cliurch and dedi- "ortunatelj md burned )y General Qtelligenc© medal to orbe vic- oquois, as- ichelieu to e Calli^re. ening the most for- 3 Iroquois owed the li without ndians, a 'efractory le pursuit lemselves turned to f'een the !e to the Canada, use, and •I'oposed ontreal, entirely •yected > hands LOUIS HECTOB DE CALLll^E, QOYEBNOB. 89 1 4 of the Iroquois, and that all the trade would pass into British channels — while, moreover, a general confed- eracy of the tribes against France might be reason- ably dreaded. His reasons prevailed, and the monopoly of the northern fur-trade, which ensured ample profits, remained with the French. The Colonial war, known as King Williani's War, was now settled by the treaty of peace between England and France, signed at Rys- wick in 1697. In the same year, Sieur de K6v6rin formed a company, and established a fishing station at the harbour of Mount Louis, half-way between Quebec and the Gulf. LOUIS HEOTOE DE CALLlilEE, GOVERNOE, 1699. IX. — In 1698, the old veteran. Count de Frontenao, died at Quebec, aged 78, and was succeeded by M. do Calliere, Commandant of Montreal. In 1701, a tem- porary pacification and alliance of all the Indian tribes was effected by him. In the same year the War of the Spanish Succession broke out in Europe, in which France and England were engaged on opposite sides, and the latter soon conceived the magnificent design of annexing to herself the whole North American Con- tinent. PHILIPPE DE EIGAUD, MAEQUIS DE VAUDEEUIL, GOV., 1703. In 1703, de Calliere died at Quebec, and the colo- nists petitioned for the appointment of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, which Louis XIV. willingly granted. Soon after his accession to power, a deputation from some of the Iroquois formally acknowledged for the first time the sovereignty of France, and claimed her protection. The number of French now in Canada was over 16,000. It was at this time that the King increased the number 40 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. I IK.; 1 m of sovereign councillors to twelve. In 1708, a council was held at Montreal to determine on the course to be pursued against the English, who were intriguing with the Indians. The result was that an attack was made by 400 French and Indians on a border fort, named Haverhill, which they carried, and efifected a retreat, though not without some loss. In 1709, Col. Vetch laid before Queen Anne a scheme for the conquest of Canada, which was approved of, and a fleet of 20 ships prepared for executing it ; but they, being called off to Portugal, never crossed the Atlantic. The English meanwhile had formed a chain of forts from New York to Lakes George and Champlain, on which lakes they then erected forts with a view of covering their descent on Canada. Failing, however, to obtain the co-opera- tion of the Iroquois, who found it most for their inter- est to remain neutral, they relinquished the design and burned their forts. In 1710 another abortive expedi- tion was undertaken against Canada. A fleet under Sir Hovenden "Walker, with seven regiments of Marlbor- ough's troops, was sent from England to co-operate with General Nicholson, who marched, at the head of 4000 militia, from Albany towards the frontier. The fleet, being driven among islands and reefs in the river, was almost entirely destroyed, and Nicholson, hearing of this miscarriage, retraced his steps. The greatest enthusiasm prevailed at Quebec, and on the rumour of another invasion in 1712, the merchants furnished the Governor with 50,000 crowns to strengthen the fortifi- cations of the town. A new enemy now entered the field against the French, in the Outagarais or Foxes, who undertook to destroy the fort at Detroit (a station established in 1701). But the French, assisted by In- dian allies, defeated them in a succession of sanguinary engagements, and almost annihilated the tribe. The MARQUIS DB VATJDEEtJIL, GOVERNOR. 41 war, which had been raging continually on the boun- daries of the Colonies, and is commonly spoken of as Queen Anne's war^ was brought to a close, and the alarm of the colonists quieted, in 1713, by the Peace of Utrecht, by which Louis XIV. ceded Acadia, New- foundland, and Hudson's Bay Territory, together with all claims over the Iroquois, to England. Canada, how- ever, was retained by France. X. — After the treaty, Canada enjoyed a long period of tranquillity, in which her resources were greatly developed. In 1717 a court of admiralty was estab- lished. In 1720 and 1721, Charlevoix, a noted French traveller, visited the colony. Quebec, in the latter year, contained 7000 inhabitants, and Montreal 8000 ; the population of the entire Colony numbered 25,000, of whom 5000 constituted a provincial militia. The land along the St. Lawrence for some distance below Quebec, was laid out in Seigneuries, and tolerably well cultivated. Above Montreal, which was rapidly rising in importance, there was no extensive settle- ment, but merely forts at Cataraqui, Niagara, Detroit, and Michilimakinac. In 1722 the Governor, Bishop St. Yalier (who succeeded Laval in 1688), and the In- tendant Begon divided the country into 82 parishes. About 1717, the Iroquois confederacy was joined by another tribe, the Tuscaroras, from North Carolina, since which time it has consisted of Six Nations, and is so named by English writers. Vaudreuil, after a rule of twenty-two years, died at Quebec, October 10th, 1725. CHARLES, MARQUIS DE BEAUHARNOIS, GOVERNOR, 1726. The government was administered by the Baron de Longueuil, a native of Canada, until the appointment of the Marquis de Beauharnois, in 1726, who held oflQca 42 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. for twenty years. He diligently promoted the interests of the Colony, and Seigneurial farms were extended along the whole distance from Quebec to Montreal. The Indians generally were now becoming concihated, both by the suave and obliging manners of the French, and by frequent intermarriage. In 1736, the Colony contained about 40.000 inhabitants. XL — The Governor of New York having erected a fort and trading-post at Oswego, wkh the view of pro- curing the commerce of the lakes, Beauharnois obtained permission from the Iroquois to construct a French fort at the entrance of the Niagara River, more efficient than the former stockade. The Governor also built a fort on the commanding position of Ticonderoga, and another at Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, which secured the frontier-line. A large annual fair was opened at Montreal, and this place became the centre of the fur-traffic. In 1745, France and England were embroiled in the "War of the Austrian Succession, and colonial war followed in consequence. This, however, was confined chiefly to Nova Scotia, and its pernicious effects did not mar the prosperity of Canada. The Marquis de la Jonquiere, Admiral of France, was ap- pointed Governor in 1746 ; but, on the outward voy- age, his fleet was intercepted by Admiral Anson and Bear-Admiral Warren. The French were defeated in the engagement which ensued, and the new Governor of Canada was made prisoner. Upon the capture be- coming known in France, the Count de la Galissoniere was commissioned to fill the vacancy so created. EOLAND MICHEL BARKIN, COUNT DE LA GALISSONI^EB, GOVERNOR, 1747. This nobleman arrived safely in 1747 ; and although ruling for little more than two years, be thoroughly studied the position of Canada and proposed a measure, 5 interests extended Montreal. >nciliated, e French, le Colonj erected a vv of pro- obtained ench fort efficient o built a 'oga, and n, which fair was le centre ind were sion, and however, srnicions la. The was ap- ird V07- son and 3atecl in overnor nro be- 'Soniere ON s^IEEE, though OUgh]y 3asure, OODrrr DB LA QALIBSONlfiEE, GOVERNOB. 43 on returning to France, which marks his intelligence, lie recommended that the frontier, instead of being kept a wilderness, should bo peopled by 10,000 peas- ants fom France, who would thus act 85 a check upon the invasions of the British. His advice passed un- heeded, and the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 ter- minated hostilities for a time. Just before the peace the Governor dispatched M. Celeron de Bienville with 300 men, to define the boundaries of the French Colo- nial possessions. A line was assumed from Detroit run- ning south-east, to the Ohio, and thence along the Apalachian Mountains; leaden plates, with suitable inscriptions, were buried at intervals to mark out this limit. "While La Galissoniere was tampering with the Acadians and exciting a revolt against British author- ity, the Admiral de la Jonqui^re was released. In 1748 Francois Bigot was appointed Intendant of all the North American possessions of France. JACQUES PIERRE DE TAFFANEL, MARQUIS DE LA JON- QUIEEE, GOVERNOR, 1749. XII. — La JonquiOre reached Canada in 1749, where- upon the Count resigned his trust and returned to France. The new Governor cook ai? active share in Nova Scotian affairs, and stopped for li time, by arbi- trary seizures, the trading of English merchants on the banks of the Ohio. To neutralize the influence which the English acquired by Fort Oswego, (built in 1722,) he constructed a fort on Lake Ontario, in 1750, called Rouill6 (the name of the Minister of Marine) or more frequently Toronto, which occupied the site of the present capital. In the same year Commissioners met at Paris to settle the North American boundaries be- tween England and France, but the French were so exorbitant in their demands that the conference was broken up, without any arrangement being concluded. u BTJMMABT OP CANADIAN HISTORY. In this year the number of colonial inhabitants amount- ed to 65,000. A great and growing evil now became manifest in the Canadian Government. The salaries granted to the officials by the Home Government were so scanty that they had every inducement to peculation. Incal- culable dishonesty prevailed in the Indian trade, and the finances generally became involved in disorder. The Governor monopolized the sale of brandy to the Indians, aijd thus realized enormous profits, which gratified his avarice ; while the Intendant, Bigot, farm- ed out trade-licenses, and having, moreover, the distri- bution of public money for military service, he man- aged to accumulate during his career fraudulent wealth to the amount of £400,000 sterling. La Jonquiere's avarice provoked complaints on the part of the colo- jiists, and fearing an investigation, he demanded his re- call. Before a successor could be appointed, the Gov- ernor died at Quebec in 1752, and was buried in the Recollet Church, alongside of Frontenac and Vaud- reuil, his predecessors. He was replaced temporarily by Charles le Moyne, Baron de Longueuil, (son of him formerly mentioned,) then Governor of Montreal. In this year (1752) two ships laden with wheat were sent to Marseilles, and this was probably the first exportation of Canadian grain. MARQUIS DUQUESNE DE MENNEVILLE, GOVERNOR, 1752. XIII. — Before the end of 1752, arrived as Governor General the Marquis Duquesne, who encroached moro decidedly than any of his predecessors upon British ter- ritory. He first attended to the military resources of the Colony : the Quebec and Montreal militia was or- ganized ; companies of artillery were formed ; after- wards the militia of the county-parishes was carefully inspected and disciplined. He then equipped detach- HABQUIS DUQTIE8NE, GOVERNOR. 46 s amount- anifest in ranted to so scanty 1. Incal- rade, and disorder. \y to tho 3, which ot, farm- he distri- he man- it wealth nquiere's the colo- d his re- he Gov- 1 in tho I Vaud- porarily of him eal. In re sent Drtation 1752. )vernor d more is]i ter- fces of s'as or- after- refully etach- tnents, who fortified eereral posts upon the Ohio and the Alleghanies. The Governor's object was to keep up free communication between Canada and Louisiana, as well as to deprive the English traders, who formed the Ohio Company, of all share in the western fur- trade. The Governor of Virginia thought to check these hostile designs, and sent a body of militia to hold the forks of the Ohio and Monongahela. This company had already commenced the erection of a fort when the French drove them from the position, and completing tho fortification, named it Fort Duquesne. Fort Neces- sity was soon reared in the neighbourhood by Lieuten- ant-Colonel George "Washington, at the head of tho Virginia militia. The Iroquois, at this time, equally courted by English and French, endeavoured by every means to remain neutral in the contest. But finding this impossible, they fluctuated from side to side, ac- cording to the success of the opposing parties, till final- ly it became clear to the majority of the warriors, that their interest would be best promoted by adhering unwaveringly to the British flag. In the course of hostilities which ended in 1754, Washington was forced to capitulate to M. de Vllliers. T!ius began, originating from a question of disputed boundaries, what is com- monly called the French War, in which England and France subsequently participated by a formal declara- tion of hostilities in 1756, — a date marking the com- mencement of the European Seven Years' War. XIV. — The English Government notified their colo- nists to unite for common defence, and a Congress was accordingly held at Albany, where a general confedera- tion of the British Colonies was proposed by Benjamin Franklin, but without any practical result. Meanwhile, the Governor of Massachusetts planted forts on the Kennebec river, to secure the north-eastern frontier, and at his solicitations two regiments were ordered 46 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. n ' i i i 1 H m ■ from Irolnnd to nnito with tho colonists in resisting tlio encroachments of Franco. Mnjor-Gcncral Braddoclc, being appointed General of all the British forces in America, arrived in 1755, with strict orders to inarch upon Fort Duquesno. These ho prepared to fulfd in concert with two other expeditions planned by tho Council at Albany : tho one against Niagara, under Shirley, Governor of Massachusetts ; tho other under "William Johnson against Crown Point. Franco had row prepared a fleet at Brest under Admiral do la Motto, having on board Baron Dieskau, (who had gain- ed renown under Marshal Saxe,) at tho head of six battalions of veteran troops, forming in all 8000 men. Two of these battalions were to be left at Louisburg, tho rest were destined for Canada. The Marquis Du- quesne, having requested his recall, with a view of re- entering tho naval service, was succeeded in 1755 by the Marquis do Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Governor of Louis- iana, and the last French Governor of Canada. PIERRE RIQAUD, MARQUIS DE VAUDREUIL-OAVAGNAL, GOV- ERNOR, 1755. This nobleman, son of a former Governor, and bom at Quebec in 1698, was appointed in compliance with the wishes of tho people, who remembered his father's happy administration of that high office, whereof pop- ular favour had likewise made him tho incumbent. De la Motte's fleet reached Quebec with tho new Gov- ernor in 1755, having lost two of his ships, which wero captured off Newfoundland by Admiral Boscawen, The whole Colony was now under arras and agriculture was neglected. Provisions became scarce and prices rose enormously, while tho fur-trado was declining. Notwithstanding this, the Intendant, Bigot, and his creatures shipped off wheat to tho West Indies, and ^^^qai^»*sifiMR*6M sisting tho Bradtlock, forces in to inarch to fulfil in C(l by tho nra, under ilicr under 'ran CO had lira! do la had gain- ead of six 3000 men. Louisburg, irquis Du- 'iew of rc- 1 1755 by r of Louis- a. JNAL, GOV- ', and bom ianco with lis father's 3reof pop- icumbent. new Gov- hicli wero Boscawen. griculture tnd prices declining. , and his idles, and MARQUI3 DB VACDHEUIL, GOVEBNOB. 49 received largo profits. Tho Governor sanctioned these proceedings and others equally infamous, and soon lost the respect and confidenco of tho people. XV. — Meanwhile Braddock's expedition liad set for' ward, but it became entangled in tho Alleghany defiles, and was cut to pieces by a Franco-Indian ambuscade, (1755.) Tho General was mortally wounded, and Wash- ington conducted a ma?^terly retreat. Tho British frontier was now nnprotccted, and was ravaged fero- ciously by tho French and their Indian allies. Shirley's expedition against Niagara accomplished nothing be- yond strengthening Fort Oswego, and erecting on the opposite side of tho river a new fort, named Ontario. Johnson took tho field with GOOO militiamen and 300 Iroquois Indians, over which people ho exercised al- most supreme influence. Ho erected Fort Edward, near Lake George. Tho French had entrenched them- selves at Ticonderoga, and wero reinforced by Dieskau, with some of his regulars, as well as Canadians and In- dians. Tho Baron attacked tho British position on Lako George, but was repulsed with heavy loss, and ho himself fatally wounded. Tho French left their General on tho field, and sought shelter at Ticonderoga ; while Johnson built Fort William Henry on the com- manding position he had occupied. The campaign of 1755 had, however, on the whole preponderated in fa- vour of France, and many Indians wero on this account forsaking the British, and casting in their lot with tho winning party. XVI. — In 1756, the English Government appointed the Earl of Loudon as Commander-in-chief of its Amer- ican forces, and the Marquis do Montcalm was nominat- ed to a similar post by Louis XV. ; regular troops ac- companied each General to the scene of action. In August, Montcalm gained possession of Fort Ontario 48 BIJMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTOBY. 1 n 1^1 ii i i. and Fort Oswego, and caused both to be demolished. This brilliant success was stained by the barbarous murder of many English prisoners by Montcalm's Indians. On the western frontier, innumerable murders and ynassacres of English colonists were being continually perpetrated by the savages, aided by scarcely less sav- age Canadians. In the whole campaign success remain- ed on the side of the French ; by destroying Oswego, they gained the unhindered control of Lakes Ontario and Erie, and the English forfeited the "'ndian trade and commerce of the western lakes. After an ineffec- tual attempt by a brother of the Governor Vaudreuil upon Fort William Henry, it was obliged to capitulate to the victorious Montcalm. Again, in spite of the Gen- eral's efforts, the blood-thirsty Indians fell upon the English garrison and slaughtered over 1000 men (1757). This important fort was dismantled, and all the English vessels were destroyed on Lake George, the command of which passed into the hands of the French. Even Johnson's entreaties could hardly restrain the whole Iroquois Nation, at this juncture, from going over to the side of the victors. XVII. — A change of ministry occurred at this time in England, and the great Commoner, "William Pitt, was placed at the helm of Government. In 1758 the first operations were directed against Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, which obtained signal success in the cap- ture of Louisburg (the key of the St. Lawrence) by the exertions of Admiral Boscawen, General Amherst, and Brigadier-General Wolfe. A squadron was then sent round to break up the French settlements on the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. Many fishing-stations were destroyed, and among the rest that at Mount Louis. The current of war, with one exception, now set in favour of England until the close of the contest — an auspicious *- BY. e demolished, he barbarous 'aim's Indians, murders and ? continually 3ely less sav- 5cess remain- ing Oswego, kes Ontario idian trade f an ineffec- r Vaudreuil capitulate of the Gen- 1 upon the nen (1757). he English > command ch. Even ^he whole g over to this time iara Pitt, 1758 the Jotia and the cap- e) by the erst, and hen sent ihe Gulf ns were iiis. The 1 favour spicious MA-RQUIS DE VAUDREUIL, GOVEENOE. 49 change for which gratitude is due to the energy of the great war-minister, Pitt. The ineiucient and vacillating GenCi'al Loudon was recalled, and the chief command fell to Aber;;romby ; the British cabinet pledged itself to repair at any cost the losses of the colonists, and called upon them to come forward, in the common cause — a summons which was willingly obeyed by all. The second expedition was planned against Ticonderoga and Crown Point. The largest army seen in America, consisting of 6350 regulars and 9000 militia, assembled at Albany, and advanced towards these strong positions, which commanded the chain of waters leading co the St. Law- rence and into the very heart of Canada. Montcalm, therefore, resolved to defend these *' Gates of Canada " with all his resources. Abercromby, after Lord ITowo had been killed in a skirmish, drew his army aside with some pusillanimity, and attacked the French encamp- ment at Carillon, close by Ticonderoga. Here he was terribly defeated and 2000 of his men slain. Tliis great misfortune was in some measure repaired by the ad- venturous Bradstreet, who captured Fort Frontenac, containing immense stores of provisions and ammuni- tion for the supply of Fort Duquesne and the v,estern forts. This post v/as laid in ruins, and then abandoned by the British. The third and last great expedition against Fort Duquesne was led by General Forbes, in November. Tiiis stronghold was not in a position to resist ; the French Commander therefore abandoned it, and floated down the Ohio to a friendly settlement. The British thereupon took possession, repaired the fort, and substituted for its former name that of Pitts- burg, in honour of the celebrated minister. This con- quest was of great advantage in protecting the western frontier, and in reviving respect among the Indians, 50 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORT. who began to proffer help in some cases, and in others, neutrality, to the British. In fact the reduction of the two forts Frontenac and Duquesne, insured to England the whole territory from the Canadian lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, for the possession of which this war had arisen. On the news of this campaign reaching Eng- land, Abercromby was superseded by Amherst the con- queror of Louisburg, as Generalissimo of the Anglo- American troops. XVIII.— In 1759, Pitt's scheme of imiting the French territories in America with those of England, thus creating one vast range of dominion, was drawing nigh its realization. A comprehensive plan, similar in its general features to that of the previous year's campaign, was arranged, whereby Canada was to be attacked si- multaneously at three different points — Niagara, Mont- real, and Quebec — by military and naval operations combined. But this plan was subsequently modified, in- asmuch as its execution was found to be impracticable. The Marquis de Vaudreuil perceived that the object of England was the annihilation of French power in America, and issued a proclamation to quicken the zeal of the Canadian militia. lie directed that all males, from sixteen to sixty, should be enrolled as soldiers, and ready to march at the shortest notice. The result of a census showed 15,229 as the number of those capable of bearing arms, but a large proportion were neither serviceable nor trustworthy. The rapacity of the government in seizing the colonists' grain, to profit by the sale of it, had brought on the greatest distress, and indeed absolute famine, so that horses were used for food in Quebec and Montreal. M. do Bougainville was dispatched to France to crave succour and rein- forcements, but returned without success. Montcalm Btrongthcned, as far as possible, the various outposts I anj thJ flgj wll Frl edi he| 01 and in others, Auction of the ed to England es to the Gulf this war had caching Eng- lerst the con- f the Anglo- uniting the of England, was drawing similar in its •'s campaign, attacked si- igara, Mont- operations Modified, in- practicable, ie object of 1 power in ^en the zeal all males IS soldiers The result ' of those ftion were ipacity of I, to profit t distress, t^ero used Jgainville md rein- Xontcalra outposts MARQUIS DE VAUDREUIL, GOVERNOR. n ^ and outlying settlements, and appointed his oflQcers to their several commands. XIX. — In July 1759, General Amherst moved against Ticonderoga first, and then Crown Point, both which after sharp fighting were evacuated by the French, who retired to Isle aux Noix, which command- ed the Richelieu. Amherst occupied the forts, and was here delayed until winter stopped all proceedings with- out being able to attack the enemy, for want of trans- ports. In the same month, Brigadier Prideaux and Sir William Johnson (knighted for the victory over Baron Dieskau, 1755) with his Indians, marched against Fort Niagara. Prideaux was killed by the bursting of a mortar, but the investment was carried on skilfully by Johnson. He defeated the army of relief under d'Au- bry, and this last chance of succour having vanished, the garrison capitulated on honourable terms (July 25). In February, a fleet under Admiral Saunders sailed from England for Quebec, and to Wolfe, now raised to the rank of Major-Gene ral, was assigned the chief com- mand. They touched at Nova Scotia for reinforce- ments, so that finally the number of land forces on board was about 8000. On June 27th the troops were landed on the island of Orloans. Within Quebec was the valiant Montcalm at the head of 12,000 French and Canadian troops. A British brigade under Monckton was now sliipped across the arm of the river, and drove the Canadians from Point Levi, opposite Quebec, whence heavy ordnance could be played upon the besieged city. Strong intrenchments were thrown up on the western extremity of Orleans. The British fleet then opened their guns upon the enemy's lines between Quebec and the Falls of Montmorency, and under the cover of the fire Wolfe landed on the north shore below the Falls, ami intrenched his positioa. 62 BTTMMABT OF CANADIAN HISTORY. i But there was no ford across the river, and an error had been committed by Wolfe in dividing his small army. While Saunders occupied his original position off Or- leans, a squadron under Holmes had been sent up the river to harass the French above Quebec and to recon- noitre. Wolfe had now been five weeks before Que* bee, and as yet no important result had been gained. He then attempted the desperate measure of forcing the French intrenchments above the Montmorency at Beauport, but ho was beaten back with a loss of 450 men. XX. — While Wolfe lay on a sick bed, a council of war was called, and Colonel Townshend proposed the skilfully-audacious plan which was adopted by all. Above Quebec, e, narrow path had been discovered winding up the precipitous cliff, 300 feet high ; this was to be secretly ascended, and the Heights of Abra- ham gained, which overlook the city. Part of the Brit- ish fleet, containing that portion of the army which had occupied the northern shore, sailed past Quebec to Cap-Rouge (Sept. 12), and there joined Holmes. The rest of the troops marched up the south shore till they arrived opposite the men-of-war. Here embark- ing in flat-bottomed boats, they dropped down the riv- er the same night to Wolfe's cove, and almost unoppos- ed, division after division scaled the heights. When morning dawned, Wolfe's whole disposable force, in number 4828, with one small gun, was ranged in bat- tle-array upon the Plains of Abraham. Meanwhile, Montcalm had been completely deceived by the tactics of the British General. He had dispatch- ed M. de Bougainville with nearly 2000 men to oppose the British at Cap-Rouge, where he thought they in- tended to land ; while he himself watched the move- ments of Saunders, who made a feint of landing at I .1)3 be fc: • an error had small army. >ition off Or- sent up the and to recon- before Que. been gained. e of forcing tmorencj at loss of 450 1 council of roposed the ted hy all. discovered bigh; this its of Abra- of the Brit- rmy which ast Quebec d Holmes. h shore till 'e embark- ^n the riv- ^ unoppos- s. When force, in d in bat- deceived dispatch- '0 oppose thej in- le move- iding at MAKQUIS DE VAUDEEUIL, GOVEENOB. 6a Beauport. Moreover, in the French camp, there was a want of unanimity : half-famished Canadians were deserting every day, and mutual distrust had arisen between Montcalm and the Governor. On seeing the true state of affairs, the French General crossed the St, Charles, and seized by some incomprehensible impulse, determined to meet "Wolfe in the open field. He ac- cordingly attacked the British force (Sept. 13) with 7520 men, besides Indians, and two pieces of artillery. In the desperate struggle which followed, both Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded ; but complete victory at last remained in the hands of the British. The loss on the side of the conquerors amounted to 55 killed and 607 wounded ; that of the French is uncer- tain, but was probably about 1500 in killed wound- ed and prisoners. Scarcely was the battle of the Plains of Abraham over, when Bougainville appeared with his forces, — but only to retreat with great precipitation. Four days afterwards, a flag of truce came from the city, and the day following, (Sept 18, 1759,) Quebec capitulated. Before night, floated from the walls of this American Gibraltar the broad banner of England, where it has ever since remained untouched by an en- emy's hand. The garrison was allowed to march out with the honours of war, and was then to be embark- ed and sent to the nearest port in France. Wolfe died on the field of battle ; his remains were conveyed to England and interred in Greenwich. Montcalm died on the 14th, and was buried within the precincts of the Ursuline Convent at Quebec. XXI. — The remains of the French forces, with the Governor, had meanwhile assembled at Montreal, and Chevalier de Levi assumed the command. In the spring they moved down to attack Quebec, upwards of 10,000 etrong. General Murray, who commanded at Quebe,c, 64 8rMMABT OF CANADIAN niSTORT. St' I m ir^! 1^ iHi S 1 unwarned by Montcalm's fate, met this force on the Heights of St. Foy with scarcely 3000 men. lie was defeated with great loss, and retired within the walls. Levi prepared to besiege the city ; but on the approach of the British fleet, he withdrew. Lake Ontario was now cleared of French cruisers ; and the combined British army, nearly 10,000 strong, under Amherst and Johnson, moved down upon Montreal, where the strength of the French was centred. Murray, with 2500 men, sailed from Quebec to co-operate with Am- herst. Colonel Haviland, also, with over 2000 troops, who had driven the French from Isle aux Noix, now bore down upon the same fated town — so that 16,000 British were before Montreal. On the 8th September, 1760, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, on terms similar to those granted at Quebec, signed the capitulation which transferred Canada, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the unknown western wilds, into the hands of England, Canada was formally ceded to the British crown by the Treaty of Paris, Feb. 10th, 1763. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER IV. I I. Who was the first Governor under the new refilme, and when appointed ? What prooJired his recall ? Where did he die ? Wlio •ucceeded him, and with what titles? What other officials ac- companied tlie Marquis de Tracy ? "What regiment now came? In what year were sheep and horses Introduced ? What measures were taken against the Iroquois, and with what effect ? Describe the French expedition against the Indians. What became of the officers of the regiment ? What did the viceroy do before returning? Who was the next Governor, and in what year ? What was the population in tliis J ear? What peace was conclu- ed, and how long did it last? II. What travels were now nn- dertakon, and by whom ? With wliat result? Where was a site for a fort fixed upon ? Why did the Governor resign ? What dis- ease broke out among the In- dians, and with what result ? III. Who followed M. de Cour- celles ? What fort was built, and how named ? What .scheme of ex- ploration planned, and by whom? Who discovered the Mississippi ? What induced La Salle to go to France? What did lie effect in that country ? What did he do on arriving in Canada? Who joined his expedition, and in what ca- pacity ? Describe the first vessel Duilt in Canada. Where did La Salle establish trading-posts f What bocamo of tho Griffon? Ho| Wl 60 si II act! Byl ycf noi M FrJ th(f pla QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER IV. m :l >rce on the n. lie was n the walls, he a]>proach Ontario was combined Amherst where the '^raj, with with Am- OOO troops, Noix, now hat 16,000 September, similar to pion which krence to f England, crown hy ero now nn- !»">? With ^^•as a site Whatc's- ipr the In- •esiilt ? ^- de Cour- * built, and oineofox- t>y wlioni? ississippi ? > to go to ciToct in 1 he do on io joined w])at ca- rst vessel did La i/?-posts t Griffon ? I How far did La Snlle journey? What country did ho take i)os- eession of, and in whose nanie ? IV. What was Fronteiiac's c-lur- Bcter? Why was ho n'calU'd? By whom succeeded, and in what year? What was the jxHiulation now ? AVhat circunis'anoes gave rise to hostilities between the French and Iroqtiois ? Why did the Iroquois disregard the com- plaints of the French? What policy did this people endeavour 10 pursue? What reinforcement diu the Oovornor now receive? What did he determine upon ? Describe his expedition aiiainst the Indians. What mortifled liira on reachinji Quebec? V. By whom, and why, was La Barre replaced ? How did Den- onvilleact? Wlmt letter did he receive in 1686? What dishon- ourable action did he commit? Where was a fort erected, and what became of it? What at- tacks did tlie Iroquois make? What interrupted the peace ? What resulted ? W^hat were tho virtual limits of French Canada at this time ? VI. Who was made Governor In 1689 ? How were the Indians pacified? Why did Frontonac make an attaci^ upon tho Eng- lish ? What war was now going on between France and Endand? Mention Frontenac's expeditions. Describe their results. Where was a convoy sent, and for what purpose ? VII. What expeditions were undertaken by the New England- ers? Give an account of them. What commemorated tho deliv- erance of Quebec? How did the French King act on receiving news of tho victory ? Wliat ac- tion occurred on tho part of the Iroquois? Describe tho French expedition against the In Hans. VIII. What discussion had arisen between the Colonial ami Home Governments? State tho arguments which prevailed. By what name was this war com- monly spoken of, and how was it ended? Where was a fishing- •tation 08tablished,and by whom ? IX. Where and when did Fron- tenac die ? By whom succeeded? What war now broke out in Eu- rope, and in what year? What occasioned tho Marquis de Vau- dreuil's appointment? What re- nuirkable Iroquois de[)utation came to him ? Give the number of French in Canada. Wl»y was a council held at Montreal ? What was the result of its deliberations? What plan wi^s laid before Anne in 1709, and oy whom ? What was the etfect ? Where had tho English fortiud posts? H« y did their design result? Describe tho English expedition of 1710. How did the merchants show their enthusiasm at Quebec ? What now enemy had tha French? What success had they? What was this colonial war com- monly called, and how was it ended? What did Louis XIV. cede at peace of Utrecht? X. What was the condition of Canada after the treaty? What traveller visited tho country, and in what years? What was tho population of Quebec, and of the whole colony ? How many mili- tiamen ? What settlements above Montreal? How long did Vau- dreuil govern ? When and whero did he die ? What change took place in the Iroquois confeder- acy? Who was tho next Gov- ernor, and who administered till he arrived? Where were farms extended ? Hew were the Indians bccomini: conciliated ? What wud the population in 1736? XI. Why was a fort constructed at Niagara? At what other points were forts built? How was tho fur-trade promoted? What war broke out in 1745 ? In what placo was tho colonial war confined ? What prevented La Jonquiiiro from fultlUing his appointment in 1746? On his capture, v,'ho was appointed ? What measure marks La Galissoni re's intelligence? By what jieace and in what year was tho war ended? What did the Governor do just before tho peace? Give the boundary as- sumed by France. With what people did the Governor tam- Jer? Who was aow appointed ntcndant ? 56 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN niSTORT. i| ihi A. iji M! XII. Who was the next Gov- ernor? Whnt were his acts on arrlvinsr? What fort did he con- Btruct, and for what reason ? l)e- Bcribo the events at Paris. What was the population now ? State the preut evil in the Can., iian Government. Exeinplify it. Why did the G overnor ask for his rc- cdl? "W hen did he die ? What Cvweinors >vere buried in the IRccollet ohiirch ? Wlio governed temporarily? Mer^i'^a the firbt eiportation of Canadian gruin. XIII. Who encroached oa the Biitish territory ? To wliat '.i-l he first give at'^'^ntion ' Mention circumstances. Whore did lio fortify posts, and with what ob- jects ? Who opposed him, and in what way? Describe the erec- tion of Fort jvuquesne. WJ«at fort was built in the nei^^hbour- hood, and by whom ? State the policy of the Iroquois. To whom did Washington capitulate ? From what did tlio French war origi- iiate? What European war be- gan in 175C? XIV. For what nurposo was the Albany congress liold ? What Bclieme was proposed, and by whom ? What did the Governor of Massachusetts effect? W)io was appointed British General, and when did he an-'ve? What were his orders? "N/hat other expeditions were formed? "Wli; t help came from France ? Who was the last French Governor Ifo land? What des- ttemptod ? the plan ' this plan. ?'l ? What Ife's men ? beer le- inuuimity ^Vhen did i^ith wl.at ! victory f 1? What Who ap- ? When ? What d to the Wolft French he com- r move- Where iVhy did ; forces 'ntreal ? ition of us Can- Eng. fv Part II.— CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH CnAPTER I. •«0M THE OVERTHnOW OP FRENCH DOMINION IN CANADA TO THB DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE INTO UPPER AND LOWER CANADA. I. — On the capitulation of Canada in 1760, the Srench population was estimated at 69,275 (excluding ever 3000 soldiers and others who had gone baclc to France) and the converted Indians at 7400. The Brit- ish guaranteed to the colony the free exercise of the Jjloman Catholic religion, and the preservation of prop- erty and privileges belonging to the religious commu- nities; but this was refused to the Jesuits, the Fran- ciscans and the Sulpicians. Immunity was to be granted to the colonists for their share in the war, and they were to liave accorded to them the same civil and commercial privileges as British subjects. The Indiana friendly to France were also to remain unmolested ia the possession of their lands. At this time were disclosed the enormous frauds and embezzlements of the French officials during the late war and previous thereunto. Many of the inhabi- tants were ruined by the refusal of the French govern- ment at home to honour the bills drawn and the paper-currency issued by the late Intendant, Bigot, to the extent, it is said, of over £3,000,000 sterling. Bigot, on his return to Francf^, was thrown into the Bastille, and was afterwards condenmed to perpetual bu. ishment. II.— A short time after the conquest and under 68 SUMMARY OP CANADIAN UISTOUY. ^I ■•I. ' •:it; ■^1' 16 N } i ^ Murray's administration, tlicro was a comprehensive scheme formed by an Indian chief named Pontiac, be- longing to the Ottawa tribe, for the overthrow of the Britisli, and tlieir total expulsion from the country. No plan ever framed by the Indians can rival this in the breadth of its conception or in the vigour and sys- tematic perseverance of its prosecution. Pontiac was born about 1714, and early allied himself with the French, to whom he constantly adhered afterwards. He was present in nearly all the important actions be- tween the French and the Enirlish colonists in their struggle for supremacy. On the ultimate triumph of the latter, ho contem})lated a simultaneous attack upon all their frontier posts from the Niagara to Lake Michigan. These military stations were ten in num- ber ; at Niagara '-t Presqu' Isle, at La Bueuf, at Pitts. burg, at Sandusky, at the Miamis, at Detroit, at Mich ill mackinac, at Green Bay, and at St. Joseph. Ho suc^ ceeded in capturing sevcii of these ; but Niagara, De- troit, and Pittsburg were impregnable to his assaults. The siege of Pitts! urg is the most extraordinary pas- sage in the annals of Indian campaigning. A British armed vessel was taken by a fleet of canoes, while tho siege commenced in May 17G3, was carried on till tho place was relieved by General Bradstreet in 1704. Pontiac's efforts, therefore, to dispossess the British, were futile, and he at last fled the country, and took refuge among the Indians on the Illinois, where he was subsequently assassinated in a petty quarrel. III. — General Amherst, before departing to New York, regulated the government of the country, and as Governor General left instructions to his lieutenants. Canada was divided into three districts and placed under military courts. General Murray governed at Quebec ; General Gage at Montreal, and Colonel Bur- to ta m al GENERAL MXHIRAY, GOVERNOR. 59 tensive iac, be- of tJio oiintry, tliis in nd sys- fic was th tho wards, ns be- ll their •iunipli attack o Lake n urn- Pitts, ficljili 10 sue- •a, De- saults. 7 pas- )ritish le tho 11 tho iru. itish, took was ^cw (1 as tnts. teed at •ur- ton nl-fhree Rivers. At tho capital tho most impor- tant civil and criminal affairs were decided by tho com- mandant, assisted by a military council composed of about seven officers, which sat twice a week. General Gage was rather more liberal, and allowed tho people in certain cases to settle their own disputes witli right of appeal to tho military ruler of the district. Ho afterwards erected five courts of justice, where officers of <^he French Canadian militia decided on the causes of their compatriots. The government at Tliree Rivera was nearly as arbitrary as that of Quebec. Tho Cana- dians regarded this military regime as a violation of tho terms of capitulation which insured to them tho rights of British subjecis ; but they were pacified by tho assurance that, on the conclusion of peace between the European powers, a regular civil government would be established. For over three years after tho conquest martial law was predominant. In October, 1763, George III., by royal proclamation, virtually abolished the French laws and substituted those of England, and it was announced that representative assemblies should be convoked only when circumstances permitted. In November of the same year, Murray was named Gov- ernor General, as successor to Lord Amherst, who re- turned to Europe. The Governor called together a new council, which was invested, in common with himself, with executive, legislative, and judiciary powers. The right to impose taxes alone was witldield. The council consisted of the two Lieutenant-Governors at Montreal and Three Rivers, the Chief Justice, tlie Inspec,tor General, and eight of the most noted inhabitants. Only one French Canadian found place in this council ; an invidious distinction which, being persevered in, gave rise to many subsequent tr(nibies. The Court of King^s Bench and that of Common Pleas were now established, eo SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTOli^ tho judges of wliich were nominated by a majority of the council. In April, 1766, tho Governor and a special council established in Quebec a system of equity juris- diction, which was, in fact, tho introduction of the Court of Ciiancery into Canada. In 1704, the Governor was appointed vice- Admiral in the province of Quebec, and tho territories thereon depending ; a title which his successors yet retain. IV. — In 1703 a printing-press was brought from Philadelphia by a Mr. Brown, and the first newspaper in Canada, named tho " Quebec Gazette," appeared on June 2 1st, 1764, being partly in French and partly in English. This journal is yet in existence as a tri- weekly English paper. Tho first Montreal paper, also called " The Gazette," and printed in French, followed the former, in 1778. In 1765, a great fire broke out in Montreal, which consumed one hundred and eight houses ; and three years after another occurred which burned ninety houses to the ground. All ofticial ap- pointments were now conferred upon British-born sub- jects and Protestants, selected from tho oflficers of the army and the traders, who at that time represented in great part this class of the population. These officials too frequently showed undue contempt and supercili- ousness to tho new subjects^ (as the Canadians were called,) and especially to the colonial noblesse. Dis- content and disorder Averc thus produced among the old inhabitants, and we find the annals of Canada to con- tain at that time little else than a series of petty con- tests between the old French colonists and the new settlers of British origin. Governor Murray, be it said to his honour, uniformly supported the cause of the French Canadians, and rescued them from many indig- nities. Even now, however, tho decisive change of Canada under French and British rule became marked : t BIR OUT OARLETON, GOVERNOR. 61 i ority of I special ty juris- of the ovornor Quebec, which from v^spaper I red on artly iu ' a tri- er, also allowed i out in I eight wijich ial ap- rn sub- of the ited in fficials ercili- were Dis- 10 old ► con- con- new 1 said 'the idig. > of ced: under the former the country had been a military and trading colony, and in time of war the various posts were transformed into a chain of barracks ; under the latter, tlio agricultural element predominated, and as an evidence of tliis it may bo noted tliat in 1771, 471,000 bushels of wheat were exported, chielly from tho Sorel district. A representative assembly was allowed to convene onco or twice on petition from tho people, but only as a more matter of form. In one of theso assemblies Murray allowed Roman Catholics to sit, whereupon arose loud accusation from tho Britisli population, which reached the ears of the homo government. Murray went to England to defend himself, which he did effectually, but although acquitted of all blame he did not return to Canada. In 1766, Brigadier- General Sir Guy Carleton was appointed Governor, and the severity of colonial rule was somewhat relaxed. Reports were now made under tho direction of the homo government respecting tho administration of jus- tice and the state of Canadian aflfairs generally. In 1770 these reports were transmitted to England, whither Carleton also repaired to state his views, leaving Crara- ah6, the President of the Council, at tho head of the Government. The English ministry considered the docu- ments, and Thurlow (Attorney General) and AVedder- burno (Solicitor General) recommended tho plan which was adopted and introduced into Canada in 1774. V. — In this year a new order of things was instituted by the British government, with the twofold object of tranquillizing the French in view of the apprehended contest with tho Thirteen States, and of encouraging British immigration. An act was passed, called *' the Quebec Act," which enlarged the boundaries of the provipce, by including within it all lands in tho back 62 6UMMAKY OF CANADIAN UISTORY. t 11,' ■' ' Si'!' .41 (■K Rk fly iCV m 1 I 1 E 1 eottlements, not otherwise possessed by virtue of a previous grant or charter. By the provisions of this bill, all controversies relating to property and civil rights arising among the new subjects, or between them and the British colonists, were to be settled by the old French laws, as in force at the conquest, including Iiercin the custom of Paris and the edicts of the Kings of France raid of the colonial Intendants. Judges were to be selected from colonists conversant with those laws, and it was directed that the French langujige should be used in the courts of justice. In all criminal cases, iiowever, the criminal law of England (and trial by jury) was to be in force. Moreover a council \. as to be ap- pointed by the Crown, of not niore than twenty-three nor lesf than seventeen members, which w^as to assist thfo Governor in framing ordinances for the good gov- ernment of the Province of Quebec. Legislative powers, subject to the approval of the Crown, were entrusted to the Governor and Council in all matters excei)t in bach as related to provincial taxation, and these re- mained in the power of the home government. An equality of civil rights, also, was granted to both Prot- estants and Roman Catholics, by that oath being dis- pensed with which had hitherto precluded the latter from holding office. Another less important measure was passed in the British House at the same time, providing a revenue for the Colonial Government, by imposing duties on spirits and molasses ; this, however, was found to be inadequate, and the deficit was supplied from the im- perial treasury. VI. — These constitutional changes had the elTect of quieting Canadian disturbances, and of rendering tho inhabitants well satisfied under tho established state of affairs, so that they made no response to the inflomma- SIR GUY CAKLETON, GOVEllNOK. ne of a 5 of this ud civil !en them ^ tlie old ncludlng Kings ^'es were ->se laws, .should il cases, by jury) ) be ap- ty-tliree o assist od q;ov- Ipowers, itrusted ^'ccpt in cse re- it. An h Prot- ing dis- 5 latter in the evenuo :ies on to be 10 im- ect of ig the ito of mina- tory calls from the Thirteen English Colonies to thft south. On September 5, 1774, the first American Con- gress met at Philadelphia to memorialize the British Government, and amongst many other addresses, ope was directed to the people of Canada, inviting their co-operation. The proi)Osal was fruitless ; and in Sep- tember, 1775, the American insurgents determined upon a double invasion of Canada, by way of Lake Cham- l)lain and the Kennebec Kiver. Two or three thousand men were assembled on Lake Champlain, under the conunand of General Montgomery, (once serving under AVolfc,) who i)roceeded to besiege Forts Chambly and St. John\s, whicli he took after a lengthened resistance, and made prisoners of the garrison. Ethan Allen, an ollicer commanding under Montgomery, with a detach- ment, made an attempt to surprise Montreal, but he was met by a snuiU British force, who defeated his troops, and he himself being captured, was sent to Eng- land in irons. Meanwhile, Colonel Benedict Arnold set- ting out from Maine with over 1000 men, ascended the Kennebec, and after iiumy perils and distresses, (so that even dogs wore devoured for food by his men,) reached Point Levi, opposite Quebec-, on 9th November. His j)assage over the river being delayed through want of canoes, and owing also to Colonel Maclean's f)romptitude of movement, Arnold failed in surprising the city. Thereafter, he marched up the north shore of the river, and lixed his station at Pointe aux Trem- bles. Governor Carleton, who could only muster a small force of French militia in addition to his 800 British troops, was now at Montreal; but, on hearing of Arnold's movements, ho resolved to repair to the defence of his cai)ital. This he accomplished under cover of night, and Montgomery innnediately occupied Montreal, (Xovcmber 10.) The American general soon 64 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. !-ff!l !l;" i proceeded thence down the river, and having effectei! a junction with Arnold, the united army under Mont- gomery's chief command marched against Quebec, now to bo assaulted for the fifth time. VII. — The Governor had under arms no more than 1800 men, made up of 70 regulars, 230 of Fraser's High- land settlers, and the remainder militiamen and mari- ners. The summons to surrender was, however, reject- ed, and Montgomery laid siege to the stronghold during the month of December, but without any success. A night-attack was at length determined upon, and orders were issued to prepare for storming the city, before dawn on the last day of the year, (1775.) Two divis- ions being made of the besieging army, they were led on during a heavy fall of snow — the one headed by Ar- nold, the other by Montgomery. The attack was made npon opposite sides of Quebec, but the British were prepared. Montgomery's men were mowed down by a tremendous fire of grape-shot, and he himsel' was killed; while Arnold's division, after gaining somo slight success, was attacked in the rear by a detach- ment from tlie city, and 42G men were compelled to surrender. Arnold having received a severe wound, had already quitted the field. The Americans had about 100 men killed and wounded ; the British less than twenty. Arnold was now appointed to the chief command in Canada, by order of Congress, and tho blockade (at tho distance of three miles from tho walls) was nominally continued during the winter. In April 1776, Arnold retired in disgust to Montreal, after being superseded by General Woostor, who, arriv- ing with reinforcements, made some further fruitless attempts upon the city. Early in May three ships hove in sight, precursors of a larger fleet from Enghmd, with troops and supplies, on which the enemy raised tlie r. SIR GUY OARLETON, GOVERNOR. 66 ^ ! I ving effected nidcv Kont- iiiebeo, now moro than aser's High, ^ and niari- ^ycr, reject- 'iold during 'uccess. A and orders •ty, before Two divis- y were led ded by Ar- was made Jtish were down by "isel' was 'i"ff some a detacli- ipolled to 3 wound, cans Jjad itish Jess ;Iie chief and tbo JO walls) ontreal, 3, arriv- fruitless ps hove tJ, with ed tlio siege and hastily retreated. They were pursued by tlio newly-arrived British under General Burgoyne, "who captured one division of the Americans at the Cedars, while another was defeated at Three Rivers, and the rest driven in confusion beyond Lake Champlain. The province was linally evacuated on Juno 18th, and with the exception of a contcm[)latcd expedition under La Fayette, no farther attempt was conceived against Canada. Burgoyne afterwards took Ticonderoga from the Americans, but having encountered General Gates near Saratoga, ho met with a severe reverse, and was obliged to cai)itulato with nearly GOOO troops in Octo- bei'j 1777. In 1778 Carleton departed for England, and was- replaced by General llaldimand as xjieutenant- Governor. VIIL— The peace of Versailles (January 20, 1783), whereby the Independence of the Thirteen United States was recognized, brought to a close this long war between Britain and her colonies. By this treaty the boundaries of Canada were curtailed, so that Quebec and Montreal were within a few leagues of the fron- tiers; Lake Champlain and the mountains adjoining, as well as Detroit, passed away from the hands of the British. During the progress of the Revolution tho population of Canada had received considerable addi- tions from ft minority in the States who remained loyal to England. Many thousands of these sought refuge in this country, and under tho nanie of the United Empire Loyalists were commended to the special favour of tho provinci.'d government. They received liberftl grants of land in Upper Canada, together with farming imple- ments, materials for building, and subsistence for two years, as well as tho promise of two hundred acres of free land to be given to each of their children on attain- ing majority. - 66 8UMMABT OF CANADIAN HISTOEY. |::iS \ ik H At the close of the strngrgle the province received another accession of inhabitants in the families of many discharged soldiers, who settled in the neighbourhood of Prescott, around the Bay of Qnint6, and along the shore of Lake Ontario. Grants were made to these veterans in the following proportions: 5000 acres to field officers; 3000 to captains; 2000 to subalterns; and 200 to privates. This arrangement was subsequent- ly modified, so that the most extensive grant did not exceed 1200 acres. The number of inhabitants in Can- ada in 1783 was about 125,000, whereof 10,000 or 12,000 loyal refugees had settled in Canada "West or Upper Can- ada, thus laying the foundation of its future prosperity. In 1784, Lieut-Go V. Ilaldimand established the Iroquois on the banks of the Grand Kiver, between Lakes Erie and Ontario, and also upon the Thames. The last pub- lic act of this Governor was to confirm an order of the legislative council whereby the law of Habeas Corpus was introduced, after which he transferred the reins of power to Henry Hamilton, a member of the council (1785.) Hamilton gave place next year to Colonel Hope, Commander-in-chief, who was shortly after (in Oct 1786) superseded by General Carleton, now raised to the peerage under the name of Lord Dorchester. In 1787 Canada was visited by a scion of royalty, in the Duke of Clarence, then in command of the 84 gunship Pegasus. He afterwards ascended the English throne as William IV. In 1788 Lord Dorchester divid- ed Western Canada into four districts, which he named Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, and Hesse. The order of the Jesuits had been abolished in 1762, and in 1788 all their goods were declared to be held sub- ject to the order of the King. IX. — In a few years the dissimilarity of British and French habits, customs, and notions of govern- LOBD DOKCIIESTEB, GOVEENOE. 67 e received 's of many ibourhood along the to these > acres to Salterns ; bseqnent- t did not s in Can- ^r 12,000 per Can- osperity. Iroquois kes Erie ast piib- r of tlie ' Corpus fie reins council il Hope, in Oct ised to altj, in the 84 English divid- samed The 2, and sub- ritish rern- inent began to bo felt. Ilowevcr loyal each party might bo to the existing governmcut, yet this allianco was found to be uncongenial. The two distinct codes of legal procedure also contributed to the alienation of each body of colonists from the other. And by recent ttcts, moreover, the different tenure of land above and below Montreal suggested the propriety of political sep- aration: to the AVest the land was held in free and common soccago; to the East the feudal tenure pre- vailed. These things induced "William Pitt, son of the Earl of Chatham, to consider the advisability of a division of the province and the grant of a consti- tution to each community. Meanwhile the country was steadily advancing in prosperity, but yet desires were often strongly expressed, and petitions presented by the British colonists for a representative govern- ment. Accordingly, Pitt's scheme, somewhat modified by a suggestion of Fox, and after some opposition both in the English Parliament and from Canadian merchants, passed into law a few years after, and is now spoken of as " The Constitutional Act of 1791." All the other Brit- ish colonies have had their constitutions granted to them by royal charter ; Canada alone by act of Parliament. X. — By this the Province of Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, by means of a line rmi- ning from a point on Lake St. Francis, along the west boundary of the Seigneuries of New Longueuil and Vaudreuil to Point Fortune on the Ottawa, and thenco up the river to Lake Temiscaming. It was provided that a Legislative Council and Assembly should be es- tablished in each province. The Council was to bo composed of life-members chosen by the King (Pitt had proposed a hereditary noblesse) ; in Upper Canada to consist of not less than seven, in Lower Canada of not loss than fifteen gentlemen. Each province was to be es SUMMARY OF CANADIAN" ni8T0RT. :»!*'- divideil into electoral districts, which wero to return representatives to the Legislative Assemblies ; — the lim- its of the districts and the number of members return- ed to be delined by the Governor-General. In Ui)j)er Canada the members of the Assembly were not t'^ bo h.\A tban sixteen ; in Lower Canada not less than fifty. All laws recjuired to bo sanctioned by the two Houses of Assembly and tbo Governor, befoi'O coming inia force. There was also for each an Executive Council, consisting of the Governor, and a Cabinet of eleven nominated by the King. QUi:STI0N3 TO CHAPTER I. I. "Wlnt was tlu! popiiliition of Canada tit tlio timo <»f its oaiiltii- lationy How many rctiirnoil to rraiico? estate tlii- nature ol'tlio tiTiiis irrantcd by ihv Diiti^h. Sviiat uai now discilo.sL'il? How wvro many pi-oplo ruined? What W:i.< I)i;xat'.s fate 5" H. Who formed n comprc- lii'iuiv • ichoino? Wiih what do- ei:;n? When was Poniiac burn, and to wiiatsidc dll he adlierc? Stato the circnmstanees of lii.=» plan. Wliat mill lary .station;} did lie attaeli. and wiih what suc- cosH? wile re was the most ro- inarl appointed ? What .system w.as established in ITGl)? What new title did tho Governor re- ceive ? IV. When and whcro nid tho first Canadian n* wspaper appear? When was tho first Montreal pa- ])crp;;bllshed? Mention tliepivat fires at Montreal. To whom wero ofllcial apnointmcnts exclusively given? What was the result? \\ hat were tho French Canadians now called? How nmy the his- tory of this time bo summed up? How did Murray act? What chantro distinguishes French from lirltlsh rule in Canada? How much wheat was exported in 1771? What occasioned Murray to po to England ? W ho suc- ceeded liiin, and when? What action did the home-frovernment take? When and why did Car- leton go (o EnglaiKl? Who re- commended n Judicious plan ? When was It introduced into Can-ula ? V. Why was ft now order of things introduced? What act Avas now passe 1 1 ? IIow was Canada cniarged ? Dofino the changes Introduced in tho legal code. What body was appointed to assist tho Governor? What powers wero granted to tho Gov- ernor and Council, and what with- held? What was dono respect- ro to return s ;--tl)o Jim- 'bers rctnni- III Upper *e not tM bo s tlian fifty, two Houses ""ling inia v'o Council, «f eJoven Iio^v woro (ho \\Ji;it system '-'overnor ic- 'Jioro aid (ho 'Montreal pa- tioiitlii.pivat " HJi«>ni Were) scxdiishvly I'le result? ^"'1 -anmiinns iifty the J, Is. '""uned iin» ,»|'t? What I' ronch from '•■^■porfod in "c'd JMiirra/ ^Vho sue. ^»^ What "veinnu'iit •y lnto(l J" What tho(;ov- iiatM-lih. respoct- QUESTI0N3 TO ClIAPTKU I. 60 Injr religious disqualifications ? What wua tho other lueusurc uow passed '/ VI. What was the effect of these chaiii^es y When did tlio Jirst Ameiicun Congress meet? Wliat was it.s action y When and by wliat ways did tlie Americans determine to invade Canada ? ■\Vlio besieged forts Chambly and St. J(din's, and with wliat result? ■\Vh() attempted to surjirise Mon- treal, and with what success? Sketch tho movements of Ar- nolds expedition. AVhero was Carleton, and what was his ac- tion ? When and by whom wiis Montreal occupied? By whom was Quebec now assauUeil ? How nuuiy times i)reviously had it been besieged? VII. What was the Governor's force ? How long did Mont- gonu'ry besiege? Wlien was a night-attack made ? Describe tho success of it. What was the loss on both sides? Who succeeded to the comtnand ? In what man- ner was tho bloiikade cttntinued? Wlien d (1 Arnold retire, and on whata(!Connt? Wliat caused the siege to be ultimately raised ? What became of tho American army? When was the province evacuated ? Who afterwards con- templated a Canadian expedi- tion ? Whet was Burgoyne's fate ? What change occurred in tho government at this time f VIII. How and whin was this war closed? State how the Ca- nadian boundaries were curtailed. How had the Canadian popula- tion been increased during tiio jirogress of tho revolution ? By wliat name were these refugees known? In wliat manner were they favoured by tho rroviuclal Government? Who came inio Canada at liie clo.^e ol tht^ con- test;' Where did these Mijilieis settle? In what proportion were grants ol land i>iade to li.ein? How was this arrangement afn-r- wards modiUedy What was tluj population of Canada in 1Tn{? What was the number settled in Upper Canada? Wliere were the Iroquois estublislied. and by whom? What was Ilaldi- mandu last net? >ited Canada in lTb7? What tlivi.'^ion of western Canada was made, and by whom, in 17^i5 ? What is said of the Jesuits? IX. What became felt in a few years? What contributed to tho alienation ? What Buggested po- litical separation ? How was llio land held to the east and we.>t of Montreal ? W'o llrst considered this qucstioti, and with what de- sign? What did the Brithsh cido- nists desire? What name is now given to Pitt's scheme? What opposition did it meet witli ? AVliat distinguisiies these e tho iilib- wlieroih il to tljo ^ time of 3f the Ot- opulation of Upper nnce Ed- t Quebeo tleparted of Low- bly witii » fifteen, nor Col- 0'. On Suncoo consist- and the Newark, lamei.t, nadiaa Home, or tlio 10 said d trial luring (JPl'ER CANADA, FROM 1792 TO 1812. TI. — Sinicoo gave to tho River Thames this name, and selec'tcd on it a site for a town, wliioh he called London, intending this to be his future capital, as ho was not satisfied with the frontier position of New 'k. Dorchester then interfered, and wished to secure h) advantage for Kingston. As a sort of comprom" ? th seat of government was ultimately fixed at ""^"k in 1796, (a few miles from where old Fort Toronto hal stood.) In 1793, the furtlicr introduction off' ep was prohibited and the term of existing contracts for ser- vitude limited. The first Upper Canadian newspaper was about this time publislied at Newark. In the ses- sion of 1795 a bill was passed regulating the division between Upper and Lower Canada of duties paid on imported goods, whereby the former province was to receive one-eighth of the net amount. The first ses- sion of the second Parliament was hardly concluded at Newark when Simcoe was appointed governor of St. Domingo, and on his departure the government of Up- per Canada devolved, for the time being, upon the lion. P. Russell, President of tlie Council. By him the sec- ond session of the Parliament was held at York, which was at this time inhabited by twelve families. An act was passed making tempo.ary provision for free inter- course with tho United States in tho way of trade and commerce, and in 1800 certain ports of entry were es- tablished. In the session of 1798 a bill was carried for determining the boundaries of the different townships. Next year President Russell was superseded by General Hunter, as Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. The " Upper Canada Gazette " was begun at York about 1800. In 1803 the Talbot settlement was commenced in the Township of Dulwich on Lake Erie ; w\f ro Cot M BUMMAKT OF CANADIAN UISTOKV. ill il 41 -J oncl Talbot had received a grant of 5000 acres on con- dition that he placed one settler on every 200 acres. Various meatis Iiad been taken by Parliament to pro- mote the cultivation of hemp ; seed was purchased and distributed, and in 1805 it was determined by law that £50 per ton sliould be paid for hemp. Governor Hun- ter died at Quebec on August 21st, 1805, where ho was buried in the English Cathedral. lion. A. Grant, Pres- ident of the Council, administered affairs for a year until the appointment of Governor Francis Gore. Dur- ing his rule an act was passed to establish public schools in every district of the Province, (1807.) The census of Upper Canada was first accurately taken in 1811, when the population amounted to 77,000. LOWER CANADA, FROM 1792 TO 1812. TIL— In 1792, arrangements were made for having a monthly mail between Quebec and N. York, which, however, was not very regular as to time. In 1795, the harvest was so scanty that Lord Dorchester (Parliament not being in session) prohibited the exportation of grain from the Province. In July 1796, the Governor set out for home in the Actice frigate, which was wrecked on Anticosti, but happily without loss of life. He con- tinued his voyoge from Halifax, and having renched England, General Prcscott, whom he had left as admin- istrator in Lower Canada, was appointed to succeed him as Governor, (1797.) At this time loud complaints began to be made respecting the fraudulent action of the Land-Granting Board, the members of which had appropriated large districts, to the prejudice of immi- grants and other settlers. In 1799 Prescott wns re- placed by Sir Robt. Shore Milncs as Lieut-Governor. Postal arrangements had been making great advances, and a weekly mail was now established between Mont- grc till GENERAL PRKSCOTT, OOVEUNOR. 73 i on con- U() acres, t to |)ro- Jised and law that lor Ilun- D Iio waa it, Prcs- u year Dur- schools ) census a 1811, liaving wljicli, '95, tlio iiament >f grain :ior set recked 10 con- e.'iclied idiiiin- uccc'cd I)UiintvS ion of ]i had inimi- 11 s re- ernor. inces. !iIont- rcftl and tho States. In 1803, Chief Justice Osgoodo declared shivery inconsistent with tho laws of tlie coun- try, and all negroes held as slaves, over 300 in nuniber, consequently received a grant of freedom. Land-job- bing was on tho increase, and valuable grants were ma(l9 to favourites and speculators, so that tho gen- eral settlement and improvement of the country waa greatly obstructed. An act was now introduced for the better rcrulation of pilots and shipping, and for tho improvement of river-navigation from Montreal to tho Gulf. This caused tho establishment of the Trinity Houses, (1803.) In 1793, the first Protestant Bishop of Quebec, Dr. Jacob Mountain, had been appointed by the home government, who were anxious to build up a State-church in Canada; and a1)out 1804 an Episcopal cathedral was erected at Quebec on the ruins of tho Recollet church. Before leaving for England in 1805, Lieutenant-Governor Milnes had a ditliculty with tho House of Assembly, and arbitrarily prorogued it. Presi- dent Dunn was left in charge of tho government till tho appointment of Sir James Craig in 1807. Some stric- tures on the conduct of Governor Milnes having ap- peared in tho Montreal Gazette, the publisher of tho paper was indicted for libel. The matter, liowever, was suttered to drop, whereupon the Quebec Mercury ridiculed the whole proceedings. Tho editor was forth- with arrested, and Avas released only upon condition of apologizing at the Bar of the House, (1800.) IV. — About this time attempts were made, and chiefly owing to tho representations of Bishop Moun« tain, to dilfuso education. Directions were given by Parliament to establish free schools (which were to bo maintained from tho funds of the Jesuits, and where writing, arithmetic, and tho English language were to bo tlu* chief branches of education) throughout the 74 BUMMAUY OF OA^'ADlAN UlSTOUT. i different Lower Canndinn pnrlslicf, hut tho Ttoman Catholic clergy managed to tVnstrato this movement in great part, and grnnmiar schools were opened only in Montreal and Quebec^ (1806.) A French paper colled " Le Canadien" appeared in November 1800, and begun to decry the British population and tho ])rovincial Gov- ernment, mider tho not-unfounded supposition that tho habitants were looked upon as an inferior race. Appre- hensions of a war with tho United States were begin- ning to be felt, and therefore Sir James Craig, a dis- tinguished officer who had served in tho American war of 1774-7, was sent out to tho colony as Governor- General. In November 1809, tho first steamboat was seen on tho St. Lawrence, plying between Montreal and Quebec. Sho was built by John Molson of the former city, and was named tho Accommodation. Tho second Canadian steamboat, named tho Sitiftsure^ was also built by Molson, and made her first passage from Montreal to Quebec (May 4, 1813) in tho midst of tho American war. V. — Difficulties, which had been increasing in magni- tude for several years past, reached a crisis in 1810. Tho Legislative Assembly wished to become independent of tho other branches of the government ; a majority of that body therefore required that all judges should bo considered ineligible to hold a seat in tho Lower House, inasmuch as they were influenced and roniovablo by tho Executive Council. This representative body, more- over, wished to exercise a general snpervision over all Colonial affairs, and to gain this object tho Assembly pledged itself to defray tho whole expense of tho civil administration. But Gov. Craig managed to parry theso covert attacks npon his powers, whereupon tho Assem- bly expelled Judge do Bonne, by a three-quarters vote. By way of rejoinder the Governor dissolved tho House ju. em OEORQB PUEV08T, OOVERNOB. 70 Roman vonient in 5<1 only in por CO Hod ind l>e^'an ^eial Gov- 1 that tho Appi'o- ro begin- ig, a dis- rican war Jovernor- boat was itreal and »e former io second also built Montreal American n magni- 10. Tho ndent of ority of lould bo f House, 3 by tlio I more- over all isembly 10 civil y these issem- s vote. House of Reprosontatives, (1810.) This blow was followed by tho forcible suppression of " Lo Canadien," which had sovoroly criticised tho Executive, tho seizure of its press, tbo imprisonment of its printer, as well as of three members of tho Assembly and three other persons, who were never brought to trial. These despotic and un- justifiable measures caused this period to bo designated " Tho Reign of Terror." The Governor was apparently seduced into these high-handed acts by the insinuations of his Council, who had acquired, and were anxious to maintain, an undue preponderance in the guidance of affairs. Tho Governor, in fact, was duped by his ad- visers, who represented the Canadians as factious and rebellious, and he only discovered his error when leav- ing tho Province in 1811. Tho government was then administered by Mr. Dunn until the arrival of Sir Geo. Provost, in September, as Governor-General of British North America. At tbo same time Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, tho hero of Upper Canada, succeeded Lieu- tenant-Governor Francis Gore. "War at this time was imminent between England and the States, and these two governors were selected with special reference to the critical position of colonial affairs, internally and externally. Sir George caused seven now members to bo added to th«^' Executive, (which caused satisfaction, inasmuch as tho Executive body was well-nigh exclu- sively chosen from tho Legislative Council, and lience of both bodies was tho Assembly jealous,) and preferred to places of trust some of tho members whom tho for' mer Governor had wronged. A militia bill was intro- duced, which authorized the Governor to embody two thousand unmarried men from eighteen to twenty -five years of age, for three months in the year, and in case of invasion, to retain them for twelve months. In Juno 1812, war was declared between England and the United t ; 7« BDMMAJIY OF CANADIAN III8T0UY. States, and the Canadians nobly cast aside any remain- ing dissatisfaction, and made the most zealous disijjaya of loyalty and devotion to the British crown. WAR OF 1812-15. VI. — Provost immediately not ified American citizens living in Canada that tiiey must leave the Province within fourteen days, and an embargo was laid upon all the shipping in the ports. AVith the consent of Par- liament, army bills were issued bearing interest, as a substitute for money ; and by this :uethod s[)ecie was prevented from passing into the Spates. The regular forces in the colony amounted to only 4500 men, of whom no more than 1450 defended the Upper Province, though of more extended frontier and more exposed to attack than Eastern Canadj... But the United Empire Loyal- ists rallied round the standard of (ieneral Brock, and in the Lower Province four battalions of niilitia wCiO raised, and a regiment of Canad'an Voltigeurs. Que- bec was garrisoned by militia, and the regulars were moved to Montreal.. Canada was first invaded by General Hull on 12th July, who crossed the river at Detroit with 2500 men, and took possession of Sandwich. He issued a proc- lamation inviting the assistance of the colonisti], and then proceeded to attack Amherstburg. But before ho could effect anything of importance, Brock prorogued the Parliament at York, and arrived at the scene of action witii about 300 regulars, 400 milllia and GOO In- dians. IIulFs force had been somewhat reduced by Bickness and otjjor causes, and ho consequently re- treated across the river and shut himself up in Detroit. This i)lace was forthwith invested by the Canadian army, and after a short resistance it capitulated, and Hull, and his entire army, were seat to Montreal as SIR OEORQB PREV08T, GOVERNOR. 77 ny reinain- us disijlays :'<'in citizens J Provinco laid upon ent of Par- crest, as a specie was lie regular i,of wlioui ICC, tllUUgli to attack )iro Loyal- IJrock, and lilitia wCiO nrs. Que- uiars were ill on 12th 2500 men, 'd a proc- Duistj, and before ho prorof^ued 3 scene of ul GOO In- Mliiced by lently ro- n Detroit. Canadian lated, and >ntreal aa ^-.isoncrs of war, (August 16.) Moanwliile another success had been gained in tlie West. Captain Rob- erts, stationed at St. Joseph's, an inland in Lake Huron, under Brock's directions had captured the American Fort Micliilimakiuac (or Mackinac) without opi)osition, (July 17.) VII. — Tho Americans now resolved to make a great eliibrt upon the Niagara frontier. In September, moro tlian GOOD troops were brought to tho banks of tho river, with n view of invading Canada. On October 13th Colonel Vai. Kensellaer sent over a detachment of 1000 men, who attacked tho British position at Quecnston. Ilensellaer with a reinforcement then crossed in person, and his troops gained tho heights. But at tills moment, in the grey of tho morning, Gen- eral Brock, with an insufiicient force of COO men from tlie 4l»ih regiment, advanced hastily from Fort (ieorgo for the puri)oso of checking tho enemy's advance. "While ciieering on his men to tho attack, ho fell mor- tally wounded and soon after died on tho tield. Tho 49th were discouraged and fell back, for tho time, but in tho afternoon a body of abo''t 800 men, composed of regulars, militiamen and Chippewa Indians, under Gen- eral Roger SheaiVe, (who succeeded to tho civil and mili- tary connnand,) came to tho rescue. After lialf-an-hour'a fighting tho Americans to tho number of 900 surren- dered at discretion. The British lost seventy men, while 400 killed and wounded was tlie loss which tho enemy sustained. Tho Americans niado another at- tempt to retrievo this campaign. General Smyth as- Bcmblod 4500 men near Black Rock, in November, and crossed the river, but ho was repulsed ; and after some fui'ther untoward adventures, ho decided that tho expe- dition should bo abandoned. Another success, how- ever, awaited tho British : Captain McDonnell crossed i ! 1: 78 BUMMAIJY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. ii l: i >. Ill tlio St. Lawrenco on tho ico and attacked Ogdensburg, drove out tlic gaTisou and took some cannon and a quantity of stores. Vlll.—In January, 1813, the British Colonel Troc- tor defeated tho Americans near Detroit and captured their leader, General AVilkinson, with 500 men. Tho enemy had meanwhile been equipping a naval arma- ment at Sackett's Harbour, which gave them the com- mand of Lake Ontario. A largo force was also assem- bled under CJeneral Dearborn, and the i)lan of the on- coming campaign was limited to the conquest of Upper Canada, at this time defended by only 2100 men. In April tho liepublican CJeneral embarked about 2000 troops in Commodore Chauncey's fleet, and sailed to York. Tho capital was scarcely at all fortified, and was held by General Shoaffe with GOO men. Tho Brit- ish were obliged to abandon the town, which was plun- dered and j>artly burned by tho invaders. 200 militia- men surrendered themselves prisoners of war, and tho artillery and naval stores were carried off. Sheatfo was censured for retreating, and before long ho was super- seded by Major General do Hottenburg. Dearborn and Chauncey now turned their whole available force upon Fort Georgo at tho entrance of tho Niagara river. This post was gallantly defended by General Vincent with 1000 regulars and 800 militia, till the fortifications were dismantled by tho enemy's cannonade, whereupon the British fell back upon Queenston, (May 1813.) Vin- cent then called in tho garrisons of Chippewa and Fort Erie, and after destroying these posts, ho retired to Burlington Heights. Upon this tho Americans occupied all the Niagara frontier, and effected for the first time a lodgement in Canada. Sir James Yeo having arrived fronv^England with several officers of tho Royal Navy and 450 seameri for Bill GEOUGE rUEVOST, OOVEKKOB. 79 L,'(Ieiisburp^, ion and a oncl Proc- 1 caj)tiircd non. Tlio val arrna- tlie com- so assem- of the on- of Upper men. In )out 2000 sailed to ti^ed, and The J3rit- was phni- mllitia- , and tlio catfe was as super- horn and »rce upon er. Tin's ent with ons were ipon tlio .) Vin- ind Fort itired to )ccupied I'st time nd with nefi fur the lakes, ho and Governor Prevost hastened to Kings- ton to j)reparo the fleet for action. "While the main body of the enemy was engaged at Niagara, an attack upon Sackett's Harbour was thought advisable and about 1000 men were embarked on the British flotilla for this purpose. But the expedition shamefully mis- carried, and Provost's military reputation received a stain from which it never has become freed. Colonel Proctor's jiosiiion at Detroit was again menaced by General Harrison, who wished to regain the Michigan territory. The American General had posted himself near the Miami rai)ids and was awaiting reinforcements. But ProcLor did not wait to be attacked ; lie proceeded ngainst the enemy witii over 2000 regulars, militia, and Indians. His adversary, however, had found time^o in- trench himself, and Proctor's efforts were unavailing to dislodge him. The British, nevertheless, fell upon 'a reinforcement of 1200 men, which was advancing under General Clay, and made ujiwards of 500 j)risoners. This loss crippled the Kej)ublicans, and secured Detroit from all immediate danger. IX. — On the Niagara frontier. General Dearborn sent forward Generals Chandler and Winder to crush the British troops collected at Burlington Heights. But Colonel Harvey made a dexterous night-attack upon the en'imy at Stony Creek, captured the two gen- erals and 116 men, and caused the rest to retreat in great disorder. Tiio British gained several other suc- cesses, chief among which was the surrender of Colonel Boorstler with 500 men, at Beaver Dams, to Lieutenant Fitzgibbon ; so t!mt the Americans held nothing on the right bank of the river except Fort George. On Lake Chauiplain also the British arms were vic- torious. Two vessels of the enemy were taken at Islo aux Noix, and the magazines destroyed at Plattsburg inpi 80 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. and Swanton. But while this was going on, Commo- dore Ciuxunccy "vvas siinihirly oninloyed on Lake Onta- rio in burning the barracks and stores at York. Our troops were row destined to expcrienco some scvero reverses, owing to the extraordinary exertions of llio Americans. A squadron of nine 5ail under Connnodoro Perry attacked the British floct on Lake Erie under Captain Barclay, and captured every vessel, (8ei)tcinl)er 10.) In the same month, Harrison, having been joined by a fierce body of mounted riflemen from Kentucky, advanced towards Detroit in such force that General Proctor crossed the Detroit river and retreated up tho Thames. On being followed by tho Republican army of 3500 men, he made a stand at Moravian Town with 800 British, and 500 Indians under the brave Tecumsoh. This noble Indian was killed, and Proctor retreated in confusion to Burlington Ileiglits, in order to join the Niagara army. Harrison, flushed with triumph, march- ed to strengthen his countrymen in the same quarter. X. — A grand plan of operations was now formed against Montreal. Two armies were to co-o[)erate in this enterprise : the one of 6000 men under General Hampton from Lake Champlain ; the other 8800 strong under Major-General Wilkinson, from Sackett's Harbour on Lake Ontario. Hampton found himself opposed at Chateauguay by a body of Canadians and Indians under Do Salaberry and McDonnell, who manoeuvred their small force of 400 so judiciously that tho American General thought it prudent to retreat, and stationed h'n'self for th • winter at Plattsburg. Wilkinson's force jiow entero(i the St. Lawrence, and two detnohments of lOOO each vero landed at Williamsburg to (lisj)erse tho Caii'dians who Iiarassed their passage. The Americans andt; lioyd were attarkc^l by a much infei-ior force un- der Morr??"!) and the (so-called) drawn battle of Chryst- T. on, Coinmo- I.ako Out a- York. Our '^oirio 8cvcro tions of ilio t^oniinodoro Krio under (Se[>tcniber been Joined 1 Kentiickv. lat General oated up tlio d'lican aiMny Town with Teenniseh. ivtrea,tcd in to join tho npli, niarcli- ic qnartcr. now formed vofiorato in lor General 8800 stroller :t's Ilarhonr opposed at dians under ivrcd tlieir ' American 1 stationed 1 son's forco ^limcnts of ispersjo tho Amerirans !• forco un- uf Chryst- Bill Gi-OKGE PREVOST, OOVLRNOR. 81 ler's Farm was the result, (NovombLT 11.) But as tho Kcpuhllcan forco lost a general and v>ver 200 killed and wounded, and were obliged to relinqrish their position and re-embark in haste, it may bo judged that our troops have tho better claim to victory. Proceeding down tho river, "Wilkinson was notified of Hampton's /etreat, whereupon ho deemed it best to abandon his designs upon Montreal, and subsequently retired to Plattsburg. Major-General McCluro was now commanding on tho Niagara frontier. On tho advance of tho British Colonel Murray, ho crossed tho river, after abandoning Fort George and reducing Newark to ashes. Murray gallantly followed him, surprised Fort Niagara, and took 400 prisoners. Tho British under liiall after- wards surprised and burned tho frontier towns of Lew- iston. Black Rock, Buffalo, and some others, by way of rejjrisal for tho destruction of Newark ; and so ended tho campaign of 1813. XI. — In tho Assembly, which met in January, 1814, Chief Justice Sewell of Quebec was formally impea* ed, under seventeen heads of accusation, by Mr. J. S art, (afterwards himself Chief Justice.) Among o other charges were those of wrongly advising Gov< )r Craig to dissolve the House, of sanctioning the an of three mend)crs, and tho seizure of the opposition news- paper, and of sharing in the confederacy of John Hen- ry. (This man had been sent out in 1809 by Sir J. C aig as a spy to ascertain tho state of political feeling in tho States ; lie conducted a secret correspondence with tho Governor, which lie afterwards disclosed to the Uni* jd States Government for 50,000 dollars.) At tlio same t'me was presented another im[)eachment against Chief Justice Monk of Montreal, wherein ho was charged with advising certain criminal prosecutions, and sitting is...SHi.' BIB GEORGE PRETOST, GOVERNOR. 83 •( '^ommenc- witli ICOO « ^AfiU, on -10 was \vith 4000 vain, and In May Ii General '"mmltion lanced by J- Great I frontier 00 Amer- ^ort Eric ho caus- Heira. 8uch '•'^''• I'revost. «nd Jiritish «Jty to Eng- at UiQ best " tlio exter- )ravery and TO 1819. granted for treal to La. £1700 was Queenstoii In April, 9 iTiilitary ^e Gordon strator-in- I tijo gov- >Iaced bj lor. The was rep- y Hajor- ^e begun )rovince, Robert 'Xposing BIR J. C. BnEBBBOKE, OOVERNOIU 85 flbuses, was at this time rising into notice, and soon b©* canio obnoxious to the government. Next year tlic decision of the English Privy Council, discharging the accusations against Monk and Sewell, was announced to the Canadian Legislature, and the members of the Lower House resumed the consideration of the question. At this, Drummond, acting upon in- structions from England, prorogued the Assembly of his own authority, a step whi(!h only increased popular irritation. This Governor was removed in May 181 G, and Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, who had been Govern* or in Nova Scotia, was vested with the supremo com- mand in British North America. This Governor saw at once and pointed out to the homo authorities tho fruitful source of Canadian dissensions, which aroso from a want of confidence in tho Executive Government, This sprung from the positi(m which tho Governor's ad- visers occu[)ied in being irresponsible to the peojde, and in fact totally independent of them. A most fatal di- vision, which time was ntnly rendering more conspicu- ous, had now become manifest in the colonial govern- ment — namely, the systematic jealousies and opposition between the po])ular representative Assembly and tho two Councils, Legislative and Executive. In 1810, com- mon schools were established in Upper Canada, and £0000 was set apart for their use by Parliament. XV. — In 1817, the first bank in Canada, that of Montreal, was opened in the city of the same name by an asso(!iati()n of merchants — an example which was soon followed in the capital by the establishment of tho Quebec Bank. In 1818, Lord Bathurst instructed liis Excellency to accept of the offer formerly made by tho Legislature to pay the whole civil list out of provincial funds. This being done, the control of tho whole ])ub- lic expeudituro became subject to the annual supervis- m 80 BUMMAUY OP CANADIAN niSTORT. ! I^ii t\' fp 1 I M 1 M ri. :;.■ i % III ion of tho House of Assembly. Wo now find the conn- try divided into two parties, nioro distinct in their aiitaf^onlsni tlmn had licretoforo been apparent. Tho liberal i)arty saw in this measure a salutary constitii- tii»nal fheck upon the Executive (iovernincnt ; the Tory party regarded it as giving an undue i)owcr to tho As- sembly, and repudiated the principle of any one depart^ nient of government being dependent for its ctiiciency upon an annual vote of supplies. XVI. — A severe malady induced Shcrbrooko to ro- qucst Ids recall, and in July 1818 ho was relieved by tho Duke of Richmond. This nobleman was accompa- nied by liis son-in-law, Sir Peregrine Maitlund, wlio had been ai)pointed Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. After tho peace of 1815 there commenced that steady tide of immigration into this country which has contin- ued more or less to our own day. In tho Lower Prov- ince these liritish immigrants found French laws and customs repugnant to their feelings, and they of course ftided with their own countrymen, who formed the dominant party in Parlian''^nt. This movement arous- ed tho alarm of tho French, who dreaded less they fihould bo totally swamped and deprived of all jxditical existence ; hence tho Lower Canadian opi)osition was in tho main composed of tho French part of tho popu- lation, many of whom, indeed, advocated the erection of a nationality independent of Great Britain. In the Upper Province a very diverse result was produced : there certain United Emi)ire Loyalists, half-pay officers, and poor gentlemen, had formed themselves into a pseudo-aristocracy, and as such, frowned down all new- comers who migiit compote with them for political in- fluence. The members of this exclusive party had man- aged, through course of time and general subserviency to tho Governor, to monopolize all places of power and TUB DUKE OF SICIIMOND, QOVEltNOK. 87 |i(>litioal 'tion was 10 popu- eroction hi tho odncod ; ofticors, into a 11 now- ical in- J man- viency er and trust under Ciovemnient, and being woven topjetlier ])j continual intennarriages tlicy came to bo stylod tho Family Conipaet. In Upper Canada, therefore, tlio op- position gradually fortning consisted not, as below, of tho old inhabitants, but of tlio recent settlors, who justly considered tbcuisulves debarred from their right- ful privileges. rPPER CANADA, FROM 1810 TO 1829. XVIT. — When Maitland readied Upper Canada, Gourlay was being prosecuted for libelling the gov- ernment, which was filled with members of tho Family Compact. After two verdicts of acquittal, tho persecuted man was finally imprisoned, and ho was released, after long confinement had rendered him par- tially insane, only to be banislied from his adopted coun- try. Tho Governor and Council, moreover, ordered at this time tho suppression of all public meetings. An act was passed in 1820 nearly doubling tho number of representatives, and about tho same time tho Bank of Up[>er Canada was established. Next year five new Legislative Councillors were made, ono of whom was tho Rev. John Strachan, afterwards the first Protestant Bishop of Toronto, lie soon rose to a prominent posi- tion among tho Family Compact, and for many years virtually directed tho affairs of government. In 1824 Iho Welland Canal between Lakes Erie and Ontario was begun, having been projected in 1818 by "NViliiam II. Mcrritt. Attempts were made by tho Church of Scotland to secure an api)ropriation of tho Clergy Ro- Borves, which the Episcop'il Ciiurch had hitherto exclu- sively claimed; and in 18;J2 tbeso efforts met with success. The Canada Land Company was formed in 1824, which bought up immcnso tracts from the Crown tKjum'mm- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ,V^ 1.0 I.I ^ B4 ' ]25 2.2 50 ^^* 11.25 il.4 K^ 6" — p* '■^ / r :^> ^^. ^#L¥ ? Photographic Sciences Coiporation \ ^v ^ ss N> 6^ 23 WIST MAIN STREIT WiBSTER.N.Y. 14SS0 (716)872-4503 '^^4" y ^ 88 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 7I ■■ and Clergy Reserve Lands, at a trifling rate, and re- sold them in small lots at a large advance. XVIII. — The Bid well family had become an object of disfavour to the Compact, and attempts were made, but in vain, to prevent the return of young Mr. S. Bid- well, who finally rose to be Speaker of the House. The energetic W. L. Mackenzie also shared in this ofiicial dislike, and his paper, " The Colonial Advocate," was destroyed by a mob of soi-diaant gentlemen at York, and the types thrown into the lake. In 1826 the Re- formers had gained the upper hand in the Assembly, but many important bills were thrown out by the Upper House, which, as well as the Executive Council, contained Tory members only. A charter was now panted by George IV. for the establishment of King's College at York, and in 1828 it was endowed with large tracts of land formerly set apart for educational purposes. In 1828, Judge Willis, who took part with the people rather than with their oppressors, was dis- missed from his situation on frivolous grounds by the Governor. Maitland, being shortly after appointed to the government of Nova Scotia, was succeeded by Sir John Oolborne (afterwards Lord Seaton) in 1829. LOWER CANADA FROM 1818 TO 1837. XIX. — In Lower Canada, a serious difficulty arose between the Governor and the Assembly, during tlie incumbency of Richmond. He submitted the civil service estimates to Parliament, divided into branches, of which the total amount was given, but without any detailed statement of expenditure. The Lower House refused to sanction this, and voted that each payment should be in detail. This resolution was rejected by the Upper House, and the Duke had recourse to the irregular measure of drawing from the Receiver-Gen- ite " and re- an object re made, S. Bid- pse. The official , was at York, the Rc' ssemblj, by the Council, i^'as now f King's 3d with cational irt with tvas dis- } by the nted to I by Sir 3. Y arose ng tlie 3 civil inches, at any House j^ment ed by the -Geu- EAEL OF DALHOUSIE, GOVERNOR. 89 era! the sura required. In 1819, after a tour through the Province, the Governor was seized with an attack of hydrophobia, resulting from the bite of a tame fox, of which he died in August. The government now devolved first on the Hon. James Monk, senior member of the Executive, and afterwards on Sir P. Maitland, who was superseded by the Earl of Dalhousie. This nobleman, promoted from Nova Scotia to the chief command of the British North American Provinces, arrived in June 1820. Dalhousie brought forward a scheme to obviate difficulties with the Assembly : he showed the members that the annual permanent revenue was not equal to the annual per- manent public service money by a deficit of £22,000 sterling, and he therefore solicited this amount as a permanent grant. But the Lower House refused to grant anything beyond an annual bill of supply, in which every item was to be specified. The Legislative Council, however, again rejecting the supply bill, the Governor thought proper to draw the requisite money upon his own responsibility. In July 1821, the Lachine Canal was commenced by a Canadian company, pre- viously incorporated for that purpose. During the summer the Governor visited the military posts of Upper Canada. XX. — The lumber trade was becoming well devel- oped ; hundreds of ships were employed in exporting Canadian wood to Great Britain, and as a consequence of this demand, settlements took root on the Ottawa and elsewhere in remote regions, which, but for this branch of commerce, might have remained for years in their primeval desolateness. The Assembly had been making incessant efibrts for many sessions to obtain the appointment of a Colonial agent at the Eng- lish Court, but success had always been marred by the n 90 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN mSTOBY. |i^ steady opposition of the Executive and Legislative Councils ; this likewise occurred with several subse- quent motions referring to the same subject. In 1822 financial misunderstanding arose between the Canadas, respecting the proportion of import duties to which the Upper Province was entitled. The origi- nal eighth had been raised to a fifth, but even this was not deemed a fair allowance, on account of the rapid increase of Western population ; and, moreover, arrears were claimed from Lower Canada to the extent of £30,000. The matter in dispute was referred to the arbitrament of the Imperial authorities, who, to settle all differences, proposed, among other things, a union of the two Provinces. This part of the bill was opposed by the English House of Commons, as trenching unne- cessarily upon the rights of the colonists ; the remain- der, however, passed into law as the Canada Trade Act, which adjusted the difficulties, with judgment given in favour of the Western Province. Upon the contem- plated union being mooted in the Provinces, almost unanimous objection was made to it in Lower Canada, both from Parliament and people. The popular cause was strengthened in 1823, by the discovery that Sir John Caldwell, the Receiver-General, had become insolvent towards the Province in the sum of £9G,000 sterling. About this time was settled, by commissioners appointed under the treaty of Ghent, the boundary-line between Canada and the United States, from St. Regis to the Lake of the Woods. In October, 1823, another official Gazette was commenced under Dalhousie's patronage, to the detriment of the old Quebec Gazette, now in the hands of Mr. Neilson, a powerful writer, who had always advocated the con^ Btitutional rights of the Canadians. This piece of ill-advised policy created many fresh enemies to the EARL 01? DALHOUSIE, GOVERNOR. 91 •egislative al subse- between ort duties ho origi- this was be rapid r, arrears extent of id to the to settle union of 'posed by ig unne- remain- a Trade ;nt given contem- !, almost Canada, !, bv the jeneral, the sum tied, by Ghent, United ds. In menced of the reilson, le con- Joe of to the rule of the British Governor. In the next session the Assembly condemned the unlawful appropria- tion of public moneys, and reduced by one-fourth the amount demanded for the expenses of the civil adminis- tration. This House also put forward a claim to the administration of the whole public revenue, including such as was raised by the authority of the Imperial Parliament. Of all the members, Mr. Papineau in par- ticular was loud in his denunciations of Governor Dal- housie's conduct, and proclaimed him as undeserving of public confidence. In 1824, the Governor founded at Quebec a Literary and Historical Society, which has effected not a little towards the elucidation of early Canadian history. In the same year an immense flatbot- tomed ship, named the Columlus^ was launched at the island of Orleans, and sailed to England with a load of timber. Next year a still larger one, the Baron Een- frew^ was launched at the same place, and after travers- ing the ocean was unfortunately wrecked off the French coast. These two vessels are the largest, except the Vanderhilt and the Great Eastern^ that have ever crossed the Atlantic. Shortly after, Dalhousie sailed for England, leaving the charge of Lower Canada in the hands of the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir F. N. Bur- ton. XXI. — For four years affairs had been at a stand- still ; no progress had been made towards a satisfactory solution of the difficulties betwen the Assembly and the Crown. By the Lieutenant-Governor some of the points in dispute were conceded. A bill of supply was passed through both Houses, and sanctioned by the Gov- ernor, in which no distinction was made between the salaries of permanent and local officers. Previously the Government had insisted upon paying the Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor, and some other salaried func- i! 92 BUMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. i f' 1: j J: ,( « Is: 'I n' tionaries, from certain revenues of wliicli the Assembly desired to obtain the management. These revenues consisted of the produce of duties on imports, imposed by Act of the Imperial Parliament in 1774, yielding the annual sum of £35,000 sterling, with others of minor importance, arising from the sale of land, timber, &c. A parliamentary grant, therefore, having been made for governmental as well as popular expenditure, and this being accepted as legitimate, the proceeding amounted to a virtual acknowledgment of the Assembly's con- trol over the whole revenue. The plan adopted by the House was to tender a round sum, in which was in- cluded the whole of the permanent Crown revenue and such part of the Provincial revenue as was sufficient to make up any deficiency of the former. The Home authorities disapproved of Burton's course, in compro- mising the permanent revenue, and on Dalhousie's re- turn in 1826, a bill of supply was refused, in which the House similarly disposed of the entire revenue. The University of McGill College at Montreal, founded and endowed by the Hon. James McGill, was now established by Royal Charter. In 1827, Dalhousie projected the erection of a monument to the memories of Wolfe and Montcalm ; subscriptions were made, and the pillar now standing in Quebec was finished next year. In the session of 1827, Papineau was elected speaker of the Assembly by a large majority ; this ap- pointment the Governor refused to sanction, by reason of the persistent opposition which this member mani- fested towards the acts of the Administration. The House would choose no other Speaker, and the Gov- ernor accordingly prorogued the Parliament by pro- clamation. Acrimonious discussions now took place in the papers, which gave rise to many prosecutions for libel by the Government. In this year the Rideau [ssembly fevenucs imposed ling tho |f minor )er, &c. ade for nd thia ounted 's con- I by the was in- nue and cient to Uome iompro- lie's re- ach tlie )ntreal, ill, was Ihousie Jrcories le, and d next elected his ap- reason mani- The i Gov- pro- ice in IS for ideau SIR JAMES KEMPT, GOVEBNOB. 98 Canal, communicating between Kingston and the Ot- tawa, was commenced at the expense of the Imperial Treasury. XXII. — In 1828, discontent had reached such a pitch, tliat 87,000 of the inhabitants petitioned the King, complaining of the conduct of successive Govern- ors, including the Earl of Dalhousie, and urging a com- pliance with the claims of the Assembly. Viger, Neil- son, and Cuvillier were deputed to present this peti- tion. It was referred to a Committee of the British House, who recommended that the receipt and expen- diture of the whole public revenue should be placed under the superintendence of the Canadian Assembly ; but that, nevertheless, the Governor, the Judges, and the Executive Council, should be made independent of tho annual votes of that body. The Committee most emphatically condemned the practice of appropriating large sums of provincial money without the consent of the representatives of the people, and advised that a more popular character should be given to the Legis- lative and Executive Councils. These suggestions gave gi'eat satisfaction to the Lower Canadians, and are known as " The Eeport of the Canada Committee of X828." Dalhousie was recalled and promoted to the mili- tary command of India, while Sir James Kempt was sent from Nova Scotia to redress grievances, and gen- erally to carry out the recommendations of the Com- mittee. Having called the Legislature together, he ac cepted the election of Papineau as Speaker, and by his liberal and conciliatory course gained the hearts of the people. Although an act transferring the disputed rev- enue into the hands of the Colonial Assembly, had not yet been passed, Kempt assured the House that it might be speedily expected from the Home Government. i-i<. k( JM u SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTOEY. i i -1 • New and popular members were added to the two Councils, and the Governor assented to a provisional Supply Bill similar to that for which Burton had been blamed. In 1829, the representation of Lower Canada was increased from fifty to eighty-four members. Next year Kempt returned to England, and was succeeded by Lord Aylraer. In Dec, 1830, the Colonial Minister, Lord Goderich, sent despatches, in which he informed the Governor as to the nature of his contemplated bill. Its chief feature was that the whole revenue was to be assigned to the Provincial Legislature, except certain sums which arose from the sale of land, the cutting of timber, and other casual sources. This despatch was laid before the Assembly, who forthwith passed a reso- lution " that under no circumstances, and upon no con- sideration whatever, would they abandon their claim to control over the whole public revenue." In 1831, " Le Oanadien," which had been suppressed 21 years before, was re-established, and immediately commenced a warfare against Government. At this time there were about eighteen newspapers published in Upper Canada, among a population of 274,000 ; and in Lower Canada thirteen for a population of 898,000. — A proposal was made at Kingston to annex Montreal to the Upper Province, whereby a port of entry would be secured independently of Lower Canada ; but the move was ineffectual. XXIII. — In September, 1831, the Koyal assent was given to a Bill introduced by Lord Howick, Under-Sec- retary of State for the Colonies, which transferred all funds — the casual and territorial revenue excepted — to the Colonial Assembly. The Jesuits' estates were likewise made over for educational purposes. Lord Aylmer was instructed to procure in return a grant of permanent salaries to the Judges, the Governor, and LORD AYLMER, QOVERNOE. 95 the two ovisional had been r Canada rs. Next ucceeded Minister, informed ated bill. 5^as to be certain itting of atch was d a reso- i no con- Jir claim In 1831, 21 years amenced ere were Canada, Canada osal was 9 Upper secured >ve was ent was ier-Sec- rred all epted — 3S were . Lord rant of Lor, and four of the chief Executive functionaries. In 1832, a disturbance took place at the Montreal elections, when the military were called out and fired into the mob, killing three and wounding two severely, — a circum- stance which gave rise to extraordinary excitement. In the summer of this year the first Asiatic cholera broke out with fearful virulence, and spread in a very short time from Grosse Isle, the quarantine station, all over Canada. ' The Assembly voted to the judges permanent sala- ries, which, however, were to be drawn first from the casual and territorial revenues. This was rejected by the Home authorities, who yet conceded the right to vote the Supply-bill by items. But the House refused to allow permanent provision to be made for the Gov- ernor and the four Executive officers, and this deter- mination placed them completely at issue with the Crown. In 1833, difficulties again arose with Upper Canada, respecting the subdivision of duties, and in consequence the project was revived of uniting Mont- real to the "Western Province ; this, however, was pro- tested against by the Lower Canadian Parliament. In this year Montreal and Quebec were incorporated, and the first elections of Mayors took place. The Lower House now demanded that the existing Legislative Council should be abolished, and one substituted elect- ed by the body of the people. Stanley, the Colonial Minister, opposed this, as inconsistent with monarchical institutions, and next year the Parliament in conse- quence declined to pass any Bill of Supplies, and pre- pared a long list of grievances, based upon the famous ninety-two resolutions. Meanwhile, £31,000 sterling was advanced from the military chest for the part-pay- ment of the civil oflScers, whereby their responsibility to the Assembly was evaded. J I H| li I . i Wi > 96 8UMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOJBY. XXIV.— In 1833, the French Canadian Press as- sumed a menacing tone ; an organization took place at Montreal, where delegates sat under the style of " The Convention," and repudiated all interference of the British Government with the local affairs of Canada. A similar organization was also formed at Quebec, and named " The Constitutional Committee of Quebec." The Asiatic cholera again decimated the Upper and Lower Provinces during the summer of 1834. The last Parliament of Lower Canada met in February, 1835. Papineau was elected Speaker, and the members stated their wants in plain terms to Aylmer, especially insist- ing upon the Elective Legislative Council. They drew tip a petition to the King, complaining of the head- strong conduct of the Governor, and of his preferring to office men from the minority, who were opposed to the popular cause, and also of executive usurpation, which could only be rectified by making the Council responsible to the people. The Lower House appointed John Arthur Roebuck, M. P., as their agent in Eng- land, where he was of no small service in explaining the difficulties which existed in the Canadian Govern- ment, and plainly warned the Home authorities that they would force the colonists into rebellion. A commission of inquiry was sent out in August, 1835, composed of the Earl of Gosford, (who was also to relieve Aylmer as Governor,) Sir Charles Edward Grey, and Sir George Gipps. They were instructed to allow the Assembly's claim to the disposal of the entire revenue, on condition that provision for ten years was made for the Judges and Civil officers. An Elective Legislative Council was to be refused, as well as the surrendering of the management of the Crown Lands. Gosford convoked the Legislature the same year, in Oc- tober, and his conduct towards the popular leaders was EAEL OF Q08F0ED, GOYEBNOB. •T Press as- ►k place at e of " The ice of the )f Canada, it Quebec, f Quebec." Upper and The last lary, 1835. bers stated ally insist- They drew the head- preferring opposed to usurpation, he Council i appointed Qt in Eng- explaining m Govern- irities that in August, o was also 38 Edward structed to ' the entire years was n Elective irell as the wn Lands. ?^ear, in Oc- eaders was extremely conciliating, so that supplies were granted for the arrears of three years, as well as for six months in advance. Gosford is accused of duplicity, and of having led the Assembly, by hints of liberal instruc- tions, to believe that all demands respecting the election of Legislative Councillors would be granted. The de- ception was soon discovered, and barred the way to all compromise. The Lower House refused the promised supplies ; the Upper House, indignant at the attempts made to overthrow it, rejected almost every bill sent up from the Assembly, which Gosford soon prorogued. Every political element was thus disturbed, and violent collision was inevitable. XXV. — In March, 1836, Mr. Speaker Papineau ad- dressed a long letter to Mr. Bidwell, Speaker of the Upper Canadian House, in which was promised tho co-operation of Lower Canada in all constitutional means to advance the best interests of their common country. Sir F. B. Head, at that time governing Upper Canada, referred to this letter when dissolving Parlia- ment, and defied the interference of Lower Canadians. The English Commissioners now saw that things were at a stand-still, and believed it indispensable to obtain the money requisite for the working of government, without the Assembly's consent. They thought this would best be accomplished by the repeal of Lord Howick's bill, which had transferred £38,000 of rev- enue to the Assembly. The Colonial Minister, Lord Glenelg, was averse to this extreme measure, and in- structed the Governor to make another effort with the Assembly. Parliament was accordingly assembled in September 1886 ; but the same position was firmly maintained, and the members resolved to adjourn their deliberations entirely, unless Government would begin the work of reform. The Commissioners had now re- G II I I »"- 1 ?■ ; 1 1 :" •$ SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTOBY. Ill ! i i» turned to England with their report, in which a respon- flible Executive was recommended. But the Homo Government resolved on decisive measures, and in March 1837, Lord John Russell moved a series of reso- lutions, which was carried by a majority of 269 to 40. It was resolved that £142,000 should be taken from the Provincial funds, and applied to the payment of judges and other civil functionaries ; and that afterwards the government should be carried on, strict economy being observed, with the casual and territorial incomes. This step was in fact a suspension of the Canadian constitution. An elective Legislative Council and the responsibility of the Executive to the Assembly being declared inexpedient, amendments were promised in the formation of both. A small section of the House denounced the resolutions, and predicted civil war as the result of their enactment. By reason of the death of William IV. some delay occurred before action could be taken on Russell's motions, and in the interim, Gos- ford was notified to make a final appeal for supplies to the Canadian House. XXVI. — Demonstrations against the Government had already taken place ; meetings were held in which it was decided not again to apply for redress to the British Parliament, and a general convention was ad- vocated as desirable. In June 1837, a system of or- ganization was accordingly begun by Papineau, upon learning which Gosford applied to Sir Colin Campbell, (then Governor of Nova Scotia,) for a regiment, which reached Canada in July. In pursuance of Home in- structions the Governor summoned the House together in August, and laid Russell's resolutions upon the table for consideration. By a majority of 46 to 31 these were branded as destructive to the representative gov- ernment of the country, and the supplies were reso- LORD GOSFOBD, GOYERNOB. 99 I respon- e Homo , and in } of reso- 69 to 4G. from the ^f judges ards the ny being incomes, 'anadiao and the )ly being nised in e House "^ar as the ieath of Dn could im, Gos- pplies to ernment in which 3 to the was ad- n of or- lu, upon ampbell, t, which [ome in- together he table tl these ive gov- re reso- lutely withheld. Lord Gosford with deep regret pro- rogued the House. Recourse was now had to arras, that a separation might be effected from the mother country. A central committee was formed at Montreal, and Papineau took the supervision of everything. The Governor dismissed eighteen magistrates and thirty-five Militia officers, who took part in rebellious meetings. An association, called the " Sons of Liberty," paraded the streets of Montreal, in a hostile manner. In the County of Two Mountains, British authority was entirely disregarded, and an ac- tive training and arming was carried on among the malcontents. This example soon spread to the six Counties situate on the Richelieu and Yamaska, so that the Government applied to Sir C. Campbell for two other regiments, and also to Sir F. B. Head for some of his Upper Canadian troops, — while volunteer corps of loyal inhabitants were rapidly organized. XX Vn. — The first skirmish took place at Montreal, when the " Sons of Liberty" were put to flight, but without loss of life. The government now resolved to arrest the most active leaders, and warrants were issued against twenty-six, including Papineau. Nine were soon apprehended, but the master-spirit escaped. In, the execution of these warrants, eighteen volunteers were sent to St. John on the Richelieu, but their return was intercepted at Longueuil by 800 armed rebels, who wounded some of the party and put the rest lo flight. Papineau and other leaders were said to be at St. Denis ftnd St. Charles on the Richelieu, and Sir John Col-, borne, Commander-in-Chief, sent detachments in No- vember under Colonels Gore and Wetherall, to attack these villages. Gore met with such opposition at St. Denis, that his retreat was unavoidable, after he had lost six men killed and teji wounded "^eilierall, how- Pi mi .ii 100 SUMMAET OV CANADIAN HISTOET. ever, succeeded upon St. Charles, and drove out the rehels, who lost 300 of their number. In December, Gore, being reinforced, took possession of St. Denis without opposition, as a panic was beginning to spread among the habitants^ and their leaders had already Bought refuge in the neighbouring Republic. A filibustering expedition of restless spirits from the States crossed the frontier, but it was frustrated by a party of British volunteers. And thus, in fourteen days, rebellion was quelled in the six Counties. Colborne afterwards turned his troops to the districts north of Montreal, where sedition had first arisen, and with slight opposition tranquillity was restored before the end of 1837. . UPPEB CANADA F20M 1829 TO 1838. XXVIII.— In Upper Canada, after the accession of Colborne to the Governorship, it was found that the casual and territorial revenues in the hands of the Crown had increased so much that the Executive was completely independent of the Assembly, so far as sup- plies for the civil list were concerned. The inhabitants of Toronto presented a petition to the Home Govern- ment, praying that the judges inight not be- subject to the control of the Executive, and that a local and responsible Government might be granted to the country. In 1829, Robert Baldwin appeared before the people as a candidate for Parliament, and Egerton Ryerson issued the prospectus of the Christian Guar- dian. In 1830, the Assembly asserted its right to con- trol the whole Provincial Revenue, and, by way of retaliation, the Upper House threw out most of the bills presented to its consideration. In 1831, the As- sembly made a permanent provision for the salaries of the Governor and certain other high officials^ and re- LOBD GOSFOBD, OOYEBITOB. 101 ^e out the December, St. Denis to spread id already s from the 'ated by a teen days, Colborne north of and with )efore the session of that the is of the utive was ar as sup- habitants Govern- )• subject local and i to the i before Egerton '' Guar- t to con- way of i of the the As- aries of and re- ceived in return the entire management of the imperial, as well as all other, revenues. Thus was solved the diflSculty which occasioned such profound agitation in Lower Canada. In 1832, Mackenzie was sent to Eng- land as the bearer of a petition from 24,500 colonists, who requested, among other things, that the Legislative Council should be made elective, the public revenue properly expended, and the land-granting department regulated. In 1834, an act was passed making the judges independent of the Crown. The Parliament of 1835 drew up the Seventh Grievance Report, which is chiefly devoted to the subject of Executive responsi- bility to the Assembly. The Executive now deter- mined to secure the English Church in possession of a great portion of the Clergy-Reserves, {L e., a seventh part of the Provincial Territory which had been set apart by the Constitutional Act of 1791 for the support of Protestant Clergy,) and created fifty-seven Recto- ries, which were put into the hands of the ministry of the Episcopal Church. This intimate connection, it was thought, of land and owners would prevent the secularizing effects of any future legislation. " ' XXIX. — Colborne was superseded at his own re- quest in 1835 — (while at New York, on his return home, he received despatches constituting him Commander-in- Chief of the Canadian forces,) — by Sir Francis Bond Head, who received instructions much the same as those of Gosford. Cf his own authority he began to appoint members of the Family Compact to lucrative oflSces which were vacant. He added also three highly popular members — Baldwin, Rolph, and Dunn — to the Executive ; but, never consulting them upon any public measure, they shortly afterwards resigned. The Lower House took up the affair, and framed an address to the King, charging Head with " deviations from candour 102 SUMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBY. and trutli.'* Difficulties increased nntil, for the first time, the supplies were stopped in 1836. The Gov- ernor now resolved upon a new election, and put forth Buch exertions that the Assembly became little more than a mere echo of his voice. The previous numbers of the Legislature had been forty Eeformers and twenty Tories. After the elections of June, 1836, the Governor's influence changed these numbers into forty- one Tories and twenty Eeformers ; while, besides, the Reform and ultra-Reform leaders, Baldwin, Mackenzie, and Bid well, were beaten at the polls. The new Par- liament in 1837 introduced a bill erecting the first Court of Chancery in Upper Canada. Mackenzie, at the be- ginning of 1837, was holding meetings throughout the Home District, and keeping up a secret correspondence with the Lower Canadian malcontents. XXX. — It was at tMs time that the troops were sent down to Lower Canada, and the Western Province was left unprotected. The withdrawal of the troops acceler- ated Mackenzie's movements, and he resolved to march upon the capital, with the intention of afterwards pro- claiming a Republic. The rebels mustered on Yonge Street, (the great military road leading out of Toronto, which had been made under Governor Simcoc's direc- tions,) and after an effectual attempt upon the city, they were routed at Montgomery's tavern by a militia force under Colonel MacNab and Justice McLean. Mackenzie, and most of the other leaders, fled to the States, while thousands of loyal volunteers, unapprised of the change of afiairs, caine flocking to the rescue of the capital, from all parts of the country. In the London district there was an attempt at in- fenrrection, but Colc.el MacNab marched thither and dispersed all the rebels. The country had already be- come tranquil, when danger arose from another quar- LOBD G08F0ED, GOVEENOB. 103 the first 'he Gov- put forth ;tle more numbers ners and 1836, the ito forty- sides, the ackenzie, aew Par- rst Court i the be- hout the )ondence rere sent ince was I acceler* march irds pro* 1 Yonge Foronto, 's direc- he citj, I militia IcLean. I to the pprised scue of ; at in- er and dy be- ' quar- ter. Mackenzie had collected at Buffalo a number of desperate characters, and with these he meditated an invasion of Canada. The command was assigned to Van. Rensellaer, who took possession of Navy Island, in tha Niagara channel, and fortified it. Volunteers were in- vited from Canada and the States, all manner of flatter- ing promises being held forth, and soon the filibuster-, ing armament amounted to 1000 men. Colonel Mac- Nab now arrived at Chippewa, and found himself at the head of 2,500 militia who were prepared to resist any attempt at landing. The steamboat Caroline was employed in the service of the (so-called) Patriots on Navy Island. MacNab gave orders for her capture ; this was effected, and the boat, after being fired, was allowed to drift over the Falls. At this juncture. Gen- eral Scott appeared on behalf of the American Govern- ment, to prevent any supplies or recruits from reaching Navy Island ; where upon Van Rensellaer evacuated his position in January, 1838. Various bands of American adventurers were collected at Detroit, Sandusky, and Watertown, to invade Canada, but all efforts proved equally ineffectual. XXXI.— In March, 1838, Sir F. B. Head was re- called, and Sir George Arthur appointed Governor in his stead. Five hundred political prisoners were at this time crowded within the gaols at Hamilton and To- ronto. Two leaders — ^Lount and Matthews — were exe- cuted, others were sent to the Penitentiary at Kings- ton, while some were released. In May, Bill Johnson plundered and burned the steamer Sir Rohert Peelj and escaped vengeance by taking refuge amidst the Thousand Islands. A few gangs of American " Sympa- thizers" crossed the frontier and effected some slight depredations. A final Patriot invasion was attempted, contemporaneously with the second Lower Canadian i I I •« f'L'il 104 BUMMABT OF OANADIAN HI8T0ST. Rebellion, in; October, 1838. One body of invaders landed at Preiscott, and ensconced themselves in a stone windmill. Here they were attacked by the Canadians, and after a lengthened struggle they surrendered at discretion. Further to the west, an assault was made at the same time upon Amherstburg, but the Sympa- thizers were defeated by Colonel Prince, and driven across the river to Detroit. Courts-martial were now formed — the chief prisoners were executed, while a large number (151 in all, including sixty-eight from Lower Canada) of the less conspicuous were trans- ported to the penal settlements of New South Wales. These, and the exiled rebels generally, were allowed to return about five years after this, on account of the intercession of the Assembly on their behalf. LOWER AND UPPER CANADA. FROM 1838 TO THE UNION. XXXII. — Returning to Lower Canada, we find that in June, 1838, Lord Gosford was recalled, and Sir John Colborne appointed Administrator of the Govern- ment. Martial law, which had prevailed from the outbreak of the rebellion, was discontinued in May ; and in the same month arrived the Earl of Durham, in the double capacity of Governor-General and her Majesty's High Commissioner, to adjust all questions about civil government pending in Upper and Lower Canada. The Imperial Parliament also suspended the constitution of the country, and in its stead the Gov- ernor was empowered to form a Special Council, which should exercise the functions of both Houses. One of the first steps taken, was to hold in abeyance the Habeas Corpus Act, that the imprisoned rebels might be sum- marily dealt with. Every act of the new Governor was marked by liberality and disinterestedness. The Crown Lands Department was inquired into, and many wi :.- ^r^ EABL OF DUBHA.M, GOYEBNOB. 106 invaders n a stone madians, dered at as made Sympa- driven ere now while a ht from trans- 1 "Wales, owed to of the UNION. ind that Sir John orovern- om the a May; >urham, md her lestions Lower ied the le Gov- which Dne of Babeas e sum- vernor , The m&nj abuses brought to light. By a bold expedient, which has been much criticised, the Governor disposed of all the political prisoners without the excitement of a formal trial : the minor offenders were pardoned, and eighty of the ringleaders were banished to the Ber- mudas. The British Parliament did not approve of his conduct, and passed an act of indemnity, setting aside Durham's Ordinance whereby the prisoners had been banished. On learning this, the Governor sent in his resignation, to the universal regret of the French and British populations alike. He advocated a Federal Union of the British North American Provinces, as a counterpoise to the extended territory of the States on the south. Before leaving his government, he made a tour through the Oanadas, and prepared a Keport so admirable in its accuracy and impartiality, that it holds an unsurpassed rank among oflBcial documents. It was owing to this report that the Union of the Oanadas was resolved upon. Responsible Government introduced, and a general amelioration of Colonial policy effected. All lovers of our country must honour the Earl of Dur- ham as the originator of good government in Canada. He left Quebec in November, 1838, and his place was filled by Sir J. Colborne, at first as Administrator, and then as Governor-General, (Jan. 1839.) XXXIII. — Durham's departure seems to have been the signal for a second rebellious attack under Dr." Nel- son. Martial law was again proclaimed in force, and the Habeas Corpus Act suspended. After sundry skir- mishes, Sir John Colborne attacked Nelson at Napier- ville, and completely scattered his forces. The mal- contents experienced another defeat at Beauharnois, from the Glengarry men ; and with this the second Lower Canadian Rebellion ended, after a duration of seven days. Twelve rebels were then executed, and 106 BUMMAEY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 11 i 'I'i 1 'i'l 1 1 || > Oolborne followed up this stroke by suspending tliree judges, who, biassed in favour of the insurgents, pro- nounced his conduct unconstitutional. These function- aries were, after two years, reinstated by Lord Syden- ham. Several marauding incursions were made during winter by ruffian gangs from the States, who styled themselves Hunters^ despite the vigilance and repres- sive measures of General Worth of the United States army. In June, 1839, Lord John Russell brought for- ward a Bill in the House of Commons, relating to the Union of the Canadas, that it might undergo dis- cussion. Finnally it was laid over till next session, that more information might be acquired. Chief Jus- tice Robinson, of Upper Canada, then in England, pro- tested strongly against the projected Union ; but in Upper Canada generally, it was popular. In October, (1839,) Mr. Charles Poulett Thompson, a British mer- chant, and President of the Board of Trade, arrived at Quebec as Governor General. Colborne, released from his arduous labours, immediately sailed for England, where ho was honourably received, and elevated to the peerage as Lord Seaton. - XXXrV. — Meanwhile, Mr. Thompson convoked his Special Council, and explained the views of the British Ministry rela.tive to the union of the Canadas, and the Concession of Responsible Government, which was chiefly to be effected by rendering the principal mem- bers of the Executive dependent for their position upon the majority which their policy might secure in the House of Assembly. The Council immediately passed resolutions indicating their entire concurrence in the proposed action of the Home Government. The mat- ter was thus settled, so far as concerned the Lower Canadian British population, and under the circum- BON. 0. P. THOMPSON, OOYEBNOB. 107 pR ing three ints, pro- function- d Syden- during 10 styled 1 repres- id States aght for- ating to ergo dis- session, hief Jus- md, pro- ; but in October, ish mer- rrived at sed from England, )d to the )ked his > British and the ch was I mem- on upon in the passed in the e mat- Lower lircum- stances it was inexpedient to regard the opposition of the French, who were mostly disaffected. The Governor then proceeded to Upper Canada, where more diflBculty was experienced, inasmuch as the majority of the Upper House opposed the introduction of any liberal measure whatsoever. But the Governor published a circular despatch from Kussell's pen, and by thus appealing to the loyalty of the Family Compact, he succeeded in getting the Union Bill introduced as a Government measure. It passed both Houses before the end of January, 1840, with stipulations that there should be an equal representation of each Province in the United Legislature, — that a sufficient permanent civil list should be granted, whereby the judicial bench might be rendered independent, and the indispensable business of Government prosecuted, — and that the pub- lic debt should be charged on the joint revenue of the United Province. The sanction of the Imperial Parlia- ment was now the only thing required, and to expedite the receipt of this, the draft of a Union Bill was framed by Chief Justice Sir James Stuart. This was intro- duced by Russell, and with the exception of certain clauses relating to Municipalities, passed both Houses, and was sanctioned by the Queen on July 23d, 1840. Owing to a suspending clause, the bill did not come into operation until Feb 10, 1841, when, by proclama- tion, it was announced as law. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER II. I. Hotv many forms of govern- ment had Canada within thirty- two years ? State what they were, with dates. What was about the population of the Can- adas at the time of separation f What member of the royal family came to Canada In 1791 ? When did the first Parliament assemble in Upper and Lower Canada? State the number of members in each; where and by whom con- vened. What change was made In the names of the four upper Canadian districts? Give some other acts of this Parliament. II. Where did Simcoe intend his future capital to be? Who interfered, and for what purpose ? Where was it ultimately fixed. f i 108 SUMMARY OP CANADIAN HIST0B1. •nd when? What action was taken respecting slaves in 1793 ? Where was the llrst Upper Cana- dian paper published ? How were the duties divided in 1795 be- tween the Canadaa? What change now toolc place in the govern- ment? When were ports of en- try first established ? Who was the next Governor of Upper Can- ada? What was the first paper published at York, and when? What action did the Parliament take respecting hemp ? State the changes in government in 1805. When were public schools first established ? When was the first accurate census of Upper Canada taken, and with what result? III. What postal arrangement In 1792? Why and by whom was the exportation of grain pro- hibited in 1795 ? Who succeeded Dorchester? What operated to the prejudice of immigrants ? When was slavery abolished in Lower Canada? What caused the establishment of the Trinity Houses ? Who was the first Prot- estant Bishop of Quebec, and when appointed ? When and where was an Episcopal Ca- thedral built? Who succeeded Milnes ? How was the liberty of the press infringed upon ? IV. Who was instrumental In diffusing education in Lower Can- ada, and with what result ? What French paper appeared in 1806 ? What course did it pursue ? Why Was Sir James Craig sent out? Give particulars respecting the first Canadian steamboat. Ke- gpecting the second. V. When did internal difficul- ties reach a crisis ? In what way did the Assembly seek to become independent? How did it seek to gain a control over ail colonial affairs? What was the result? Of what despotic and unjus- tifiable measures was Governor Craig guilty? What was this period called ? Why did the Governor so act ? Who succeed- ed him ? Who was now appointed to Lower Canada? What con- ciliatory measures did Prevost adopt? What militia bill was introduced ? When was war de« clared ? VI. How did Prevost first aci ? How was specie prevented from passing into the States? What regulars were In the country, and how stationed? How were their small numbers reinforced? By whom, when, and where was Canada first invaded ? Who has- tened to attack him, and with what result? What success had Captain Roberts in the far wesf? VII. Where did the Ameri- cans concentrate their efforts ? Where did they open the attack? What success had Rensellaer? Who advanced to check him, and with what success? In what manner did the British ultimate* ly succeed? What were their respective losses ? How did the republicans seok to retrieve the campaign ? How and by whom was O^densburg taken ? VIII. Descrioe Proctor's suc- cess near Detroit. Who had the command of Lake Ontario, and by what means ? What was the plan of the campaign ? Sketch the expedition against York. Where did the enemy next turn, and with what result ? How did Vincent act? What was the po* sition of the enemy ? By whom was the British flotilla organized and manned ? What was the re- sult of Sacketfs Harbour expe- dition ? State the progress of events at Detroit. IX. Describe the victory of the British at Stony Creek. What success was gained at Beaver- Dams? What did the Ameri- cans hold on the right bank of Which party was Lake Champlain? in part balanced ? did Perry's fleet gain ? Describe Harrison's move- ments. X. State the plan of operations formed against Montreal. How was Hampton checked f Sketch the movements of Wilkinson. Between whom, and with what result was the battle of Chryst- ler's farm fought ? Describe th« operations on theNiagara fruutisr. the Niagara? successful on How was this What victory Bn -tras war de. evost first aci ? revented from states ? What the country, ? How were rs reinforced? nd where was d? Whohas- im, and with at success had the far westt, a high- church Tory, arrived at the capital in January, 1842, and relieved Sir Richard Jackson, who, as commander of the forces, had been administering the Government. Baldwin and Hincks now came into power with tho French party under Lafontaine, and, on accepting office, the Ministry went back to their constituents to be re-elected, in accordance with the principle of gov- ernmental responsibility to the people. Ill health in- duced Bagot to request his recall, (he died at Kingston in May, 1843,) and accordingly Sir Charles Metcalfe was appointed Governor-General of Canada, in the be- ginning of 1843. He manifested a decided leaning tow- ards tho Tory party, of which Sir A. MacNab (knighted for his services during the rebellion) was now a promi- nent member. This Governor maintained his right to appoint the Executive officers of the Crown, and on the resignation of the Ministry, he sought to form a Provisional Cabinet; but his conduct was denounced by the Reformers. In 1844, the seat of Government was removed to Montreal. III. — A new election now took place, by which the Tories gained a small majority in the House, and their administration, under Mr. Draper, (Sir A. MacNab being Speaker,) lasted during the term of Metcalfe's, and his successor's governorship. In 1845, two large fires desolated Quebec and rendered 24,000 inhabitants houseless: Britain contributed £100,000 sterling to the relief of these unfortunates. Bad health compelled the Governor (who had been raised to the peerage as Baron Metcalfe, on account of his long and valuable services in India and elsewhere) to retire from his duties in November of this year, when Lieutenant- General Earl Cathcart, commander of the forces, was appointed Administrator. About this time the Ministry proposed to pay all losses caused by destructioD of ^!!i 4 ■\ 4 114 BUMMAET OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. property during tho rebellion in Upper Canada, by the Bequestration of a special fund arising from tavern and other licenses. This was agreed to by the French party, provided that compensation should likewise be given for all losses sustained by the Loyalists in Lower Oanada. Everything was thus satisfactorily arranged, and at the close of 1846, six Commissioners were ap- pointed to classify carefully all just losses so sustained. But to obtain a correct imd trustworthy classification seemed impossible^ — ^it was no easy matter to separate the innocent from the guilty— the rebels from the loy- alists-^and, as might be expected, the Commissioners (in April, 1846) presented a very unsatisfactory report, in which it was conjectured that £100,000 would suf- fice to pay all real losses. Mr. Drier's Ministry accordingly introduced a Bill ordering the issue of £^,d8'6 in Provincial Debentures, to be applied to the partial payment of Lower Canadian Losses. In 1846, Common Schools were extensively established through- out the country, and the present educational system introduced, chiefly through the creditable exertions of Br. Eyerson. I V „— The Earl of Elgin, the new Governor of Can- ada, arrived at Montreal in January, 1847. The Tory Ministry was now in the last stages of decrepitude, and was being vigorously attacked by the Reform press under the guidance of the Filot^ a Montreal paper, edited by Mr. Hinoks, (who had also established the Toronto Examines in 1839.) Agitation was again becoming prevalent respecting the Clergy-Reserves' question, and their secularization was advocated by the Reformers. A Relief Fund was this year opened fbr the purpose of contributing to the wants of the famine-stricken poor of Scotland and Ireland. This famine now began to cause vast numbers of the desti- of ■%K*; LOBD ELOIIf, GOYERNOB. 115 ,da, by the tavern and tie French ikewise be 8 in Lower arranged, were ap- sustained. assification to separate )m the loy- imissioners ory report, would suf- s Ministry le issue of lied to the . In 1846, jd through- >nal system xertions of Qor of Oan- The Tory lecrepitude, eform press ;real paper, iblished the was again ;y-Reserves' vooated by year opened ants of the land. This )f the desti- tute to emigrate to America, so that up to the begin- ning of August 70,000 emigrants had landed at Quebec. After the meeting of Parliament in June, Lord Elgin informed the Legislature that the British Government was ready to hand over to Canada the control of the Post Office department, and that the Canadian Houses were also empowered to repeal the differential duties In favour of British manufactures. Parliament was soon after dissolved, and Reform-Conventions were held all over the country in view of the new elections of January, 1848. The Reformers then proved com- pletely triumphant at the polls, and nearly all their leaders were returned — Hincks, Baldwin, Price, Blake, and Malcolm Cameron. Dr. W. Nelson and Papineau were also sent from Lower Canada as representatives to the new Assembly. On the opening of Parliament, Mr. Draper's Ministry resigned, and the Baldwin-La- fontaine Government assumed the direction of affairs. Towards the close of the year, an important measure was passed in the repeal of the Imperial Navigation- Laws. This and the former repeal of differential duties insured to Canada the privileges of free trade. The colony was allowed to import goods whence and how she pleased ; she was entrusted with the entire control of Provincial trade and the regulation of her own Tariff of Customs. ' ■ ' V. — Parliament was again convened in January, 1849, and the Governor remarked upon the completion of the St. Lawrence Canals which was brought about during the year, and the speedy transference of the Post Office Department to the Colonial Government. Mr. Lafontaine introduced a bill to pay the balance of Lower Canadian Rebellion-Losses, and a stormy debate followed. The Opposition contended that by its pro- visions actual rebels were to be remunerated, and that ir Ii I ill I 1 1 I 116 BITMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. it was therefore doubly unfair for Upper Canada to pay any proportion whatsoever. The Ministry replied, that the object of the bill was only to pay for all destruction caused by the rebels, and to carry out the views of their predecessors in oflSce in 1846, who had paid Upper Canadian losses from licenses forming part of the general consolidated fund, and had contemplated a similar provision, in part fulfilled for Lower Canadian Rebellion-Losses. But the Opposition members man- aged to spread their view of the question over the country, from Montreal westward, and monster meet- ings, denouncing Ministerial policy, were held, in which the common watchword was "No pay to Rebels." The antagonism of races broke forth again, and many members of the Ultra-Tory party threatened annexa- tion to the States, sooner than submit to the conse- quences of Lafontaine's measures. Nevertheless the Bill was carried in the Assembly by 48 to 32, and having passed the Upper House, it was assented to by Lord Elgin, on April 26th, 1849. On leaving the Par- liament House the Governor was insulted by the crowd, and in the evening a disorderly mob, to the lasting disgrace of Montreal, set fire to this building, which, with the valuable Library, (wherein were 1800 vol- umes on Canada alone,) was comi)letely destroyed. Ri- oting was carried on in the city, and many Reform members were maltreated, and their houses injured. Similar scenes were enacted throughout Upper Canada, especially in Toronto, where Baldwin, and some others, were burnt in effigy. Some further attempts at vio- lence taking place in the capital, the military fired into the mob, and one man was killed. Meanwhile, ad- dresses, from the Reformers chiefly, came pouring in from all quarters to Lord Elgin, expressing their confi- dence in his Administration, and their regret for the LORD ELGIN, GOVERNOR. 117 'anada to 7 replied, ay for all y out the who had ning part templated Canadian )ers man- over the ^ter meet- , in which Eebels." and many d annexa- ihe conse- leless the o 32, and ted to by f the Par- he crowd, he lasting ig, which, 1800 vol- )yed. Ri- y Reform 3 injured. V Canada, ne others, ts at vio- fired into s^hile, ad- ouring in leir confi- )t for the scenes he had witnessed. The Governor nevertheless tendered his resignation, but all the Home authorities approved of his conduct, and requested him to con- tinue in office. To this he consented, and the more gladly, inasmuch as the unfounded agitation was already beginning to subside. In view of the late unseemly occurrences, it was resolved to remove the seat of Government from Mont- real, and for the next two years to meet at Toronto, (its name had been changed from York in 1834.) Sub- sequent to this period the practice has continued of holding the sitting of both Houses for four years alter- nately in Quebec and Toronto, which, however, will shortly be done away with, by reason of the Queen's selection, in compliance with the wish of Parliament, of Ottawa (formerly Bytown), as the permanent seat of Government. "VT. — The repeal of the Corn Laws in England, in 1846, whereby all preference in favour of Canadian grain was abolished, and trade consequently diverted from the St. Lawrence, now began to produce telling effects upon the credit and revenue of the country, from which it took many years of industry and perseverance to recover. In 1849, a complete system of Municipal institutions was organized in Upper Canada, and in the following year a somewhat similar measure was intro- duced in Lower Canada. By this expedient, each dis- trict was entrusted with the management of its own local affairs, and the general revenue was relieved from any undue burdens which were more properly charge- able upon the localities benefitted. In 1850, the first proposition was made concerning Reciprocity, or free interchange of trade with the United States. In thii year also the Glodef Examiner^ and other Reform pa- pers, commenced agitation afresh and persistently '.- I i :' i li I 118 SUMMAl^Y OF OANADIAJKT HISTOBT. ! I i i I ■jj f :li respecting the Clergy-Reserves' question, with a view to their secularization. A division thus arose in the Reform ranks, and the extreme party became known as Clear Grits. The free banking-system was now introduced, which provided for the issue of notes se- cured by the deposit of Provincial securities with the Receiver-General. In 1851, the Post Oflfice Depart' ment was transferred to the control of the Canadian Government, and a uniform rate of letter-postage (3d. per ounce) was adopted. About this time railways began to be constructed, chiefly for the purpose of successful competition with the States for the immense carrying trade of the West. The first lines commenced were the Great Western, (projected by Sir A. MacNab,) the Northern, and the Grand Trunk. Numerous light' houses had also by this time been erected in the St. Lawrence River and Gulf, to insure safety to naviga- tion. Canada now made a very creditable display at the great industrial exhibition of the world's products held at London. VIL — In October, 1851, Mr. Hincks became pre- mier ; he greatly forwarded the interests of the coun- try, and especially identified himself with the prosecu- tion of the Grand Trunk Railway. The Parliamentary session of 1852 is characterized as the Railroad Session, fiince, at this time, all existing railway-charters were amended, and many new ones granted. Montreal was this year desolated by a terrible fire, which deprive(} 10,000 people of their houses. In 1853, the elective fran^ chise was reformed and extended, and the number of members in the Lower House augmented from 84 to 130. The Reciprocity Treaty between Great Britain, Can- ada, and the other British North American Colonies of the one part, and the United States of the other, was SIR SDM,U2?D HEAD, QOYEBNOB. 119 th a view >se in the le known was now notes se- with the Depart- Canadian stage (3d. railways urpose of I immense )mmenced MacJSTab,) 'ous light- in the St. ;o naviga- display at I products 3ame pre- the coun- > prosecu- amentary i Session, ters wero itreai was deprived! tive fraD' umber of )m 84 to ain, Can- lonies of ;her, was finally concluded, after much negotiation, at "Washing- ton, in July, 1854, where Lord Elgin appeared as a special representative of the British Government, This was the first time that Great Britain recognized the right of the Colonies to participate in the framing of a treaty which concerned their interests. This treaty allows to Americans, with certain exceptions, the use of British sea-fisheries; it provides for a numerous list of commodities which may he inter- changed free of duty, between the United States and the Colonies, and the third great feature is that it opeu? the navigation of the St. Lawrence and the Colonial Canals to Americans, while the right to navigate l.ako Michigan is accorded to Canadians. In this year Lord Elgin was recalled, and was succeeded by Sir Edmund Head, the present Governor-General of British North America. In 1855, the Universal Exhibition was opened at Paris, and there Canada distinguished her- self by carrying off one grand medal of honour, one medal of honour, thirteen first class and thirty second class medals, while forty-three of her contributors obtained honourable mention. VIII. — A settlement of the Clergy-Reserves' ques- tion, satisfactory to the people, was now obtained. The Canadian Parliament, under the authority of an Impe- rial Act, separated the State entirely from all Church connection, commuted with the various incumbents, and after providing for the widows and orphans of the clergy, divided the remaining land and funds among Upper Canadian Municipalities. In Lower Canada, likewise, a great social change has recently been effect- ed; the Feudal Tenure, which so long repressed the industrial efforts of its French population, has been abolished, with the consent of all parties interested. The rights of property have been respected by making 120 Btt:\!MAnY OF OAKAniAN niBTOnY. Ml ftti firrangomonfc ho that oficli tenant hIiouM pay a cer- tain amonnt to hin Hoignotn*, wliilo tho riMiuiHitc balanoo of about i!(]r)0,0()0 bIiouM bo nmdo up hy a contribution fVoni united Canada. In 1850, tbo elective i)rinciplc was introduced into the LegiHlativo Oomicil. The old iioininoes of tlie Crown are to retain their HoatH for life, but every now inend)or is to be returned by one of forty-eight electoral divinions into which tho I'rovince luis been nuipped out for thin special purpone. The Canadian Government has been obliged, in Hclf-defenoo, to ostabliHh a weekly lino of ocean HteaniHhii)fl to Eng- land, at an annual expciiHe of £45,000, in order to com- pete with tho Cunard lino, ruiming to Boston and New York, which tho Imperial Parliament had subsidized. Our lino of ships has suflforod greatly by the succossivo losses of t>he Canadian^ Indian., and J fmigarian; never- theless, by the average of passages, it has been proved that tho Canadian route is superior to any other, and A ])rosperous future may therefore bo anticipated. In 1857, ft severe commercial crisis passed over thid coun- try, which, combined with the bad harvest of that and the following years, depressed trado and business gen- erally, to an alarming extent. In consequence of tbo falling off in the revenue, new customs acts were passed in 1858 and 1859, which imposed additional duties on many imported articles, and extended tho ad valorem principle, in order to dovelopo direct trado by sea be- tween Canada and foreign countries. This policy seems to have met with success, and Canada is rapidly advan- cing to a higher and more influential position than she has over yet occupied. IX. — Attention began to bo given about this tirao to tho annexation of lied River settlement and certain portions of tho territory a(\joining, held by tho Hud- son's Bay Company^ under a charter of Charles II,, ay a cor- c bnlttnoo tril)ution principle Tl.o old HoatH for by one of Province; IDHO. Tho tlefcnoo, to Eng- )r to com- and New iibsidizod. snccGBsivo 171 ; nevor- on proved >ther, and >ated. In thid ooiin- f that and inesH gen- ice of tho jre passed duties on I valorem y sea be- icy seems ly advan- than she this tirao d certain the Hnd- arles IL» SIR EDMUND HEAD, GOVEANOR. 121 granted in 1070. Red River was first sottlod by fur- traders of tho Company, but was not regularly colo- nized until after having? been purchased in 1812 by Lord Helkirk, who ostablishod a number of industrious Bcottish families in tho wilderness. A fow yours after liis death, tiio colony reverted into tho hands of tho Company, who repurchased it without tho knowledge or consent of tho inhabitants. Tho hardy Bcottish Bottlers have survived all manner oi vicissitudes : at- tacks of hostile Indians, violent opposition of tho rival North-West Company, failure of crops, insufilciont fitoro-supplies, freshets of tho river, ravages of insects, and of disease, — and form tho nucleus of a flourishing settlement which now numbers 10,000 souls, including Christianized Indians and Canadian half-breeds. Tho Hudson's Bay and North-West Companies were amalgamated in 1821, and a parliamentary liccnso of exclusive trade in tho vast regions between tho At- lantic Ocean and tho Rocky Mountains, north of Cana- da and the 4l)th parallel of North latitude, was granted to tho united Company. This license was renewed in 1888, and the date of its expiration was 1859. A largo proportion of tho Canadians sought to prevent the re- newal of this monopoly, questioned tho validity of King Charles's charter, and agitated for tho annexation of Buch portions of this region as would bo available for colonization and for communication with British Co- lumbia. To this movement tho Imperial authorities seemed propitious ; but owing, it is alleged, to the su- pineness and masterly inactivity of tho Provincial Gov- ernment, the scheme proved abortive, and it now seems tho intention of Britain to erect tho territory in ques- tion into a Crown Colony. X. — In 1858, an act was passed providing for the protection and proper management of tho Lake, Gulf, ii . J l! '; 1 ■ ( iT 1 '<: ' - f I 122 BI7MMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBY. Ill i, -a and Eiver fisheries of this country ; and in the same year were established reformatory prisons for juvenilo offenders. The noble pile of buildings of the Provin- cial University at Toronto was now finished, and the Governor laid the cope-stone in October, with all cus- tomary ceremonies. The new Oanadian Decimal Coin- age came into circulation during this year. Victoria Bridge, the won^trful viaduct across the St. Lawrence at Montreal, has recently been completed, so that the Grand Trunk Line, comprising over 1000 miles of con^- tinuous road, forms one of the most comprehensive railway-systems in the world. In 1859, the Committee appointed some time previously to consolidate the sta- tutory law of Canada, brought its labours to a success- ful completion, and the entire Canadian law is now within the reach of every one who can read. As the Canadian people loyally extended their as- sistance to Britain in the shape of contributions to the Relief-Fund, towards the close of the Crimean war, so during the rebellion in India, a still more decided ex- ample was given of their devotion to the mother-coun- try. An offer was made to raise a Canadian regiment, which should serve among the Imperial armies ; this was accepted by the Home Government, and forthwith recruiting commenced in Toronto, Hamilton, London, Quebec, Montreal, and other places of lesser note, with such success, that in June, 1858, the Prince of "Wales* Royal Canadian or Hundredth Regiment was embarked from our shores, en route for England. And we shall yet further have an opportunity of showing our loyalty in person to the young heir of England, whose antici- pated arrival has already sent a preparatory stir from Gasp6 to Sandwich ; who, before these words pass into print, shall have come to show how highly our gracious QUESTIONS TO GHAPTEB lU. 123 the same juvenile Provin- and the all cua- lal Oom- Victorla lawrence that the of con- •fthensive >mmittee the sta- k success- r is now their as- ns to the 1 "war, so Jided ex- er-coun- Bgiment, es; this ►rthwith London, te, with ' Wales* ibarked re shall loyalty antici- ir from iss into racious Sovereign values her. Canadian subjects, and to leara with his own eyes how fair a jewel in Victoria's crown is our beautiful Canada. QUESTIONS TO OHAPTEE III. I. What educational advance- ments mark 1840 T What ques- tion attracted attention after the Union ? What bill waa carried f What was now implanted in the Constitution? What threatened to excite international war ? Where was the Seat of Govern- ment fixed? In whom was the sole authority vested ? What was the State of parties? II. What difficulties did Syden- ham encouuter ? What bills did he introduce ? What caused his death, and when ? Who was his successor ? Who now came into power ? What was done on their accepting office, and why? Why was Bagot superseded, and bj whom? How did he disagree with his Ministry? What place succeeded Kingston as the capi- tal, and when? III. Of what complexion was the next Ministry, and how long did it administer affairs? State the circumstances of the fires of 1845. Why did Lord Metcalfe retire ? What important measure was now brought forward ? De- scribe the arrangement effected and subsequent proceedings. Give the chief event of 1846. IV. Who was the next Gov- ernor-General ? What was the state of the Tory Ministry ? What papers did Mr. Hincks establish ? What did the Refo Tiers advo- cate? What Eeliei Fund was opened? How was emigration Increased? and exemplify. Of what did Lord Elgin inform the House ? What was the result of the next elections? Mention some Lower Canadian represen- tatives. Who succpieded the Dra- per Ministry? W.'iat important action was taken by Parliament ? What was the result for Canada? V. What were the chief fea- tures in the Oovernor^a speech of 1849 ? What bill was intro- duced ? State the positions taken by the opposing parties. How was the U50untry affected ? By what numbers was the bill car- ried, and when sanctioned ? What consequences ensued ? llpw did the Reformers act? What was the Governor's resolution, and its result ? How was Montreal pun- ished? How Is the alternating system to be abolished ? VI. What produced disastrous effects on Canada, and how? When were Municipal institu- tions organized, and for what purpose ? What proposition was maae in 1880? How were the " Clear Grits " formed ? Explain the free banking system, and when was it established ? What departmental transference was made in 1851? What was the chief inducement to construct Railways ? What lines were first commenced? How had naviga- tion of the river been ensured ? VII. Who came into power in. 1851, and what was the chief fea< ture of his policy? What is the Session of 1852 called, and why ? What political advances were made in 1858? When and be- tween what parties was the Reci- procity Treaty concluded ? What is remarkable about this Treaty? Define its chief articles. Who succeeded Lord Elgin? What success had Canada at the exhi- bition at Paris ? VIII. In what way was the Clergy-Reserves' question set- tled ? What social change was ef- fected in Lower Canada,and how? What recent change has been made in the Legislative Council ? What gave rise to a Canadian line of steamers? What depressed trade in 1867 and 1868? What :|!lii| 124 SUMMAET OP CANADIAN HISTORY. CAU action did the Oovernment take in consequence P IX. What question assumed Importance in 1867-69? How ■was Red Kiver first settled, and how afterwards colonized ? What change occurred after Selkirk's death? Through what perils have the colonists survived? What Is the population now? What Companies were amalgamated in 1821 f What was granted to the united Company ? What was the object of many Canadians in 1869 ? How did their scheme re- sult? X. State some remarkable events of 1868. What great un- dertaking was brought to a close in 1859? Give some recent in- stances of Canada's loyalty to Great Britain. T] THE EISU of ^ usaj and Coi ren laf I t ed to th« itwaathe kdjans in shenie re- markable great un- to a close ■eccnt in- Dyalty to CAMPBELL'S BRITISH-AMERICAN SERIES Of SCHOOL-BOOKS. New Volume, Kow Beady, Price |1, 25o. WALKER & WEBSTER COMBINED IN 0» THE ENGLISH LAMUAGE. In which the definitions of Webster, and the pronunciation of Walker, are united and brought into conformity to the usage of the present time; many new words introduced, and numerous terms carefully discriminated. WITH AN APPENDIX, Containing Walker's Key to the Pronunciation of Proper Names, Explanations of Numerous Contractions and Cur- rent Phrases, from various languages, and other Valuable Information. JOHN LONGMUIE, A.M., LL.D., Formerly Lecturer in King's College and University, Aberdeen. m JAMES CAMPBELL & SON, PUBLISHERS, TORONTO .iND MONTREAL. Foa Sale bt All Booksellebs. ■ y cc: J^l^TXTO■C^l^TCEIwffE^TT. JAMES CAMPBELL & SON'S LIST or CANADIAN AUTHORISED EDITIONB OF Standard English School-Books. DR ARNOLD'S FIRST LATIN BOOK. „ SECOND LATIN BOOK. „ LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. COLLIER'S HISTORY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. CONTIE'S WORD-EXPOSITOR AND SPELLING GUIDE. EDWARDS' SUMMARY OF ENGLISH HISTORY. BRYCE'S READINGS FROM THE BEST AUTHORS. DE FIVAS* GRAMMAIRE DES GRAMMAIRES. ELEMENTARY FRENCH READER. CHAMBERS'S HISTORICAL QUESTIONS. I - „- MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. „ LATIN DICTIONARY. MORELL'S ESSENTIALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR. EXERCISES ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR. LARGER GRAMMAR. „ LARGER GRAMMAR, with Exercises. OOLENSO'S ALGEBRA, Part L ,, ALGEBRA, to Simple Equations. (For beginners.) „ EUCLID. POTT'S GEOMETRY. FULTON AND EASTMAN'S BOOK-KEEPING. WALKER AND WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY. Edited by J. LONGMUIB. WALKER'S SCHOOL DICTIONARY. WEBSTER'S SCHOOL DICTIONARY. ILLUSTRATED BRITISH SPELLING BOOK. All the above Books will be ready in August, and additions will be made to the List as occasion requires. Teachers desirous of examining any of the above books will be supplied at half-price for specimen copies. Circulars and Catalogues may be had on application. .ft JAMES CAMPBELL & SON, PUBLISHERS, TORONTO AND MONTREAL. LIST )ooks. IRE. URE. 'r GUIDE. [lY. lORS. MAR. [AR. eginners.) li Edited by additions )ve books ^ioQ. ERS, 4> '.* ♦ -. 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