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( . \ '. D A
BiiiLiOUi u!ONAl.E

CANADIAN SURVEYS AND
MUSEUMS AND THE NEED
OF INCREASED EXPENDITURE
THEREON.

B. E. WALKER, Esq., F.G.S.,

President Canadian Institute.

Reprinted Jrom the Proceedings oj the Canadian Institute.
Read 11th Noimmher, 1899.

TORONTO:
MURRAY PRINTING COMPANY, GLOBE BUILDING.

1900.

Canadian surveys and Museums and
THE Need of Increased expen-
diture Thereon.

B. E. Walker, Esq., f.g.s.

President Canadian Institute.

lieprint'ed from tlif t'ioc.eedin(jti of fhf ('iiiuulidu IttMitulf.
Head lltfi November, 1899.

W'c fiiul ourselves posst-sscd in C'lnada ot a Cv>untry \iist in its dimensions, l)ul ot which the populalivMi is as
yet comparatively small. If, tliercl'ore, wo h.ive jjooil reason to bolievi' that the natural resources ol our
territory are in any respect commensurate with its area, we niav look forward with confidence to a (,'re,nt
future. But in virJer that this may Iv realized properly and so.m, we must devote ourselves to the exploration
auil definition i>f i">ur latent wealth, aui.1 to the solution of the priihlems whicti inevitahlv arise in the course- t»f
its utili}!atii>n under circumstances which are often more ov less entirely novel. For this purpose we .are pro-
vided it the present day with methods, .appliances .and an amount of accumul.ited knowledfic not previously
thoiig"ht of, hut which we must be prepared to enlist in our service if e^ur purpose is to be achieved. -Cicorjje
M. n.awson, CM G., etc., Director CleoloKical Surve> of Canada. Presidenti.al Address. Ko\,il Society of
Can.ida, iSck,

It i.s' my iiitt'iititiii to conline my aildrcss to the subject of iiiilioiiiil .survey.'^ ami
museum.-;. If a private iudivitlual were to become the owiie.' i>f five or ten tliou.sauti
acres of diversitied virf:;in territory he woidd, j)re.siim;uj;' tiiat he was wliat we call
a |)ractical person, make or have made a carefid i^xamination of his estate in order
to know its resources uml )iossil>ilities. He would keenly examine the \arious .soils
as to their suital)ility for aj^riculture, tiu- timber as to its immediate or prospective
value, the clays and sedimentary rocks as to po.ssibilities of t)uildino; materials; or
if his estate lay in a mineral area lu would look eagerly Ibr an Eldorado. Ho
would consider the lakes and streams and tlie water powers and watersheds of his
property, and the nature of the drainajre or the necessity of artificial draitian'. . lii
a word, he would take stock oi' ids i)Ui'chase Jusl as a merchant or uumufaclurer
would of his goods. Now, a new country is but an enlarfremeut of tid.s diver.sifieil
tive or ten tliousand acres, and the peoph> of a new country arc bnt an eulargement
of this practical individual. If they are is able to recognize tlieir interest in the
national protilem as he is in the individual i)robhMn. they will w i.-.h to know of
what th(.' national ilomain consists, what are its resources and its future i)ossibilities.
Clearly, they will vish to know what can in any i)arti»;ulai' part of the domain l)e
first and most profitably marketed or |)nt to use in manufacture as raw material.
Just as clearly tiiey will want to know what raw material they posse.ss wlucli
although not marketable now will eventually help to build n\> the national wealth.
Also if they are reasonably intelligeat they will desire to Icnow the extent of the
so-called waste places which have apparently no present or prospective u.se or
value measured by money. I need not tell you that at this moment I cannot stoj)
to discus.^ the enormous value to man of the waste places of mother eartli. so dear
to tl artist, the sportsman, the naturalist, ami the truly intelligent man of any
class. I have purpo.sely begun by making a bald statement in defence of national
surveys which will be admitted by all because it is based on economic grounds
which are recognized l>v all, and it will be a surprise to many l<i be told that deal-

-k

as is tlio truth oftliis bald stateinoiit, we possess witliin rasy distaiu'c fiDia loiij^
settled districts vast areas about which we know iiothiiif;. or nearly nothinj;. For
some of this ij^norance there is adequate excuse ; tor intu-h of it there is no excuse
whatever. Jint in addition to the ivuowledgi which is so clearly due to tlu. peojde
on economie grounds, there is knowledge, uuu'h of which upon a wide cousiderat'ou
of national interest it would be a tnu' economy to possess, but Avhich may be better
understood by l)eing Tcgarded as what is due to the intelligence of the people rather
than to their pockets. As an intelligent people we are entitled to learn gradually
all that there is to be known about the natural plienonuMia of our country, and a.s
an intelligent peoj)le we are entitled to j)o.ssess nuiseums in which may be exploited,
not only the materials for national wealth, but also the entire range of natural
))henomena as far as it can be exhibited objectively. Doubtless, no one in this
j>articidar audience will ((Uestion this la.-^t statenu'iit. but wt> should always keep
before us the fact that in a new counti-y tiie majority of the people Imve theii' minds
tilled with material considerations alone. They or their parents have begun life,
if not literally seeking their bread, still having as the main ]tiU"pose the improve-
ment of the material circumstances of tlieir lives, and so it happens that they are
deaf to any but what tiu'y deem practical argunuMits. The j)oliticians relle('t the
people an(l it is therelore much more <lifKeult than would at first .seem natural to
obtain a hearing for any expenditure of money which will only indiieetly benefit
the peojile. But while this is inevitable in the early days of a country struggling
with poverty, it is disgraceful in any country to contiiuu> to neglect the higher c(m-
sidiM'ations of national life when there is no longer the excuse of national povei'ty.

I should like this evening to con.sider with you what national and provincial
surveys should accomplish, and what national and provincial museuins .should
contain, and whether there is any longer a shadow of excuse fo'- Canadii jiersistiug,
as it has for so long a time, in negli'cting these duties.

And first it may be well to review .sonu^ of the work done in the past by whicdi
we have become better acquainted with our coinitry. I shall refer aln.ost entirely
to work done by those who were in the public service, whether of Great Britain,
the old Provinces, or the Hudson's Bay Company and other fui'-trading companies,
with only passing n-marks on others whose work had no ollicial origin.

In 1S14, .\dmiral Bayfield, his duties in connection with the war being over,
began a survey of the (Jreat Lakes, which after the labour of many years resulted
in the .series of charts covering the entire St. Lawrence .system of lakes and j-ivera
and i)arts of our Atlantic sea-coast, on which charts so much of our navigation still
depends. He also found time abimt i88<) to publish in the lirst volume of the
journal of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, papers on the geology of
Lake Superior and on coral a'limals in the (iulf of St. Lawrence. Major-General,
then Lieutenant Baddeley, and Sir Richard, then Captain Bonnycastle, both of the
Royal Engineers, appear also to have been students of geology, and both con-
trihuted ]>apers to the early vohnnes of the .same journal, the services of the former
being used, aci'ording to Sir William Logan, in a public cai)acity. He was the
first to write regarcling the lower Silurian limestones about Lake St. John and
Murray Bay, and some of our early knowledge of the Labrador Coast and the
Magdalen Islands, is due to him.

About the time when Bayfield was surveying the Great Lakes, I'rof A.
Lockwood, who was styled '' Professor of Hydrography and Assistant Surveyor-
General of the Provijiee of Nova Scotia an(l C^ape Breton," was sui'veying the
coast and harbours of that province, the result of his labours being published in
1818.*

We are not so much concerned with mere topography, hut it is interesting to
note that Major Samuel Holland, Surveyor-General of British North America, who,
as eai'ly as IJfiS, was working out the latitude and longitude of Cape Breton, was
the uncle of Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Bouchette, who was also Surveyor-General
and did considerable work regarding the Maine boundary in connection with the
Boundary (^^ommission under the: Treaty of (rhent, and whose topograi)hical and
statisti<'al volumes on the various ea.stern provinces art' so well known. t From our

* " Rrief I")escription of Nova Scotia." A. I.otUwood. Loiulon, 1818.

I "A Tapojfraphical Dusi-ription of Lower Canada, ' J. Bouchette, Loiuton, 1815,

t i "The British nominions in North America," etc. J. Bouchette, a vols., London. i8_j2.
3 " A Topographical Dictionary of Lower Canada." J. Bouchette, I^ondon. 1832.

jioint of view tlic services to science in Canada ofF)r. John .1. Higshy. who liad he»-n
commissioned in icSli) to report on the jLC»u)!o^y t)i' Upper Canada, and l)ecanje in
1822 Secretary to the H(»undary Coni' lission already mentioned, are more interest-
inj;. Wliile Colonel jJonchetie travelled ah.iiit the moi-e setth'd i)rovin<'es, investi-
i^atinij; scijiiiiory h(»un<larics. statistical conditions, and matters mainly incident to
the settlement of the conatry, Dr. Hij^shy ptislu'd liis way into liie wilder parts.
He ai)pears to have examined with more or less detail the ^eolojiy of Lakes llnron,
Superior, Simcoe and Nipissinj;, and the main river systems in connection therewith.
The twenty-seven j)apers written after his return to Enjjjiand and contrihotcd to
.Mcieutific journals, as shown hy the Hoyal Society Catalojiue of Scientilic raptors,
down to 1878, treat almost entirely of North .Vmerican j;-eolo;;y. He puhlislu'd in
1852 a popular illustrated hook in two volumes alxuii Canada, and it is safe to say
that in the nortln'rn part of Ijake Huron he laid the foundation of the kno\vle<lfje
which resulted half a century later in his Thesaurus Sduficus.* His " Xote^^ on
the (leojii'aphy and (rcolojiy of Lake Huron," London, 1S24, appears to he tlie first
geological rejxirt of an ollicial character regarding any jiart of Canaihi.

Before dealing with a later period in lOa.stern Canada we must turn to that
great wr>stern territory which only came under our control after the Coti federation
of 1807. Year by year we are becoming accpiaintcd with it. hut for a hundred
years before the members of our (leological Surve\ began to thread its wilds it
had appeali'd to the imagination of a few by its vfU'y remoteness from (uvilization,
and the volumes published by the most lamous of its explorers are therefore fairly
well known in literature.

In 17()!) the Hudson's Bay Company i.ssued a letter of instructions to Samuel
Hearne ordering him to undertake an " exi)edition by land towards latitude 70°
north, in order to gain a knowledge of the Northeiii Indians' country.'" et<'. From
17Gi) to 1772 in(dusive, Hearne made several Journi-ys, the main objec^t being the
discovery of copper mines and to try once more for the North-West Passage, so
long and anxiously sought. Before his day, as since, the Comi)any had been
accused of being lacking in enterprise and disposed merely to buy furs and keep
the country as mut^h a terra incognita as i)msible. but this idea Hearne in the
introduction to the account of his travels, endeavours to refute. The published
accountf shows that in 1770 after a short Journey in 1769. Hearne travelled from
Churchill into the not far distant country of the Doobaunt and Kazan rivers and
back, thus covering part of the barren-lands country through which .L H. Tyrrell
travelled on behalf of the Dominion Geological Survey in 1893-5)4. ^: On his return
Hearne immediately set out again and travelling first westward, thus avoiding the
barren-lands country, and then northward, he eventually reached the Coppermine
River. He recorded little of geological interest but devotes an entire chapter to
the description of the animal and vegetable life observed by him. For various
reasons his geographical work is out of its reckoning, but apart from the mapping
done by Tyrrell it (constitutes all that we know about an enormous area of Canada
we.st of Hudson Bay.

In 1789 the active competitor of the Hudson's Bay Comjtany, the Xorth-West
Fur Company, sent Alexander IMaekenzie who had been for some years factor at
Fort Chippewyan on Jjake Athabasca, on a journey of exploration, doubtless
suggested by himself. We all know that he followed the Mackenzie Rivt^r to its
mouth and returning set out from Lake Athabasca again in 1792. this tinu; up the
Peace River to its source, crossing the height of land and reaching the Pacilic
Ocean at about the fifty-second parallel. Sir Alexander Mackenzie was neither
geographer nor naturalist, indeed he was only a trader, but he was on«^ of the men
who subdue empire and enrich their (country in the effort to enrich themselves.
His observation of natural resources and of tlie highways possible f,)r commerce
was very keen and whether it has a reasonabh; connection with my subject or not,
I cannot forbear quoting some remarkably prophetic words, from the closing pages

* " Thesaurus Siluritus. The l''lom and F.-iuna of the Silurian Period." John J. Blgsby, London, i8(>8.

t "Journey from Prince ot Wales' Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean," etc. Samuel Hearne,
London, 1795.

; " Report of the Doobaunt, Kazan and Feri^^uson Kivers and the North-west coast of Hudson Bay, " etc. J,
Burr Tyrrell. Geol, Surv, Can. Annual Report Vol. IX. 1896. (Published in 1897.)

<»f tht> iicioiiiit of his tnivols.* After a ciirt'ful tliseusrtioii of wiiterwnys he coii-
eludes us follows :

" By openiuj; tliis iiittTfourst- hetwet'ii the Atlanti*- iuitl I'acKii: Ocouus, and
f(»ri»iin<j: rejjulur cstahlishmeiits througli the interior, and at both extremes, as
will as alonv; tiie coasts anil islands, the entire coniniand of the far tnule of North
America mi^hl he ohiained, from latitude forty-eij^lit north to the pole, except that
portion of it which the Russians ha\e in the I'acific. To this may be added the
lishiu}; in both seas, and the markets of the four quarters of the^lohe. riuch would
b«' the Held for c(.mmereial enterjjrisc. and ineaK-iil;d)le would be the produce of it,
when supported by the operations of that credit and caiiital which (ireat Britain so
pre-eminently possesses. Then would this country ((Jreal Britain) bej^in to be re-
munerated for the expenses it has sustained in diseoveriufj; and surveying the coast
of the Paeilic Ocean, which is at present left to American adventurers, who with-
out rcijularity or capital, or the desire of con(!iliatin<? future conlidence, look alto-
gether to tint inti'rests of the moment." lie was not dreaming of stt-am railways
rcaciiiii;^ Vancouvei' from Montreal in live days, but merely of makini; less arduous
such a Journey by canoe and foot as he practically !inished when having reached
the Pacific he wrote : " I now mixed up some vermilion in melteil fjrease, and
inscribed in large charact(!rs. on (he .south-east face of the rock on which we had
slept last inglil. tins brief memorial : • .Mexander Mackenzie, from Canada, by
land, the twenty-second of July, one tin>nsaiid se\-cn hundred ami ninety-three.' "
Captain (jeorge Vancouver being commi.ssiinied by the King on a voyage of
discovery particularly to try once nnu'e for a [la.ssage between The North I'aeitic and
North Atlantic Oceans, spent the years from 17itO to 179'>f at .sea during which
tiine he surveyed the coast of North-West .imerica. We afe, however, more con-
cerned with tlie work. of another explorer who sMcnl his life between the (Jreat
Lakes and the racitic. but who. because of the indilUrence of his ct)untrymen, is les.**
famous than Vancouver. I n^fer to iJavid Thompson, Astronomer and Surveyor,
a.s he .styled himself, lirst to tlu' Hudson's Hay Company, then to the North-West
Compariv, and later acting with the International Houndary Commi.ssiou,who from
1784 to 1 Hot), as the forty volumes of rect)rds and maps nnide with his own hand
and now in the Crown Jjands Department of the Province ol" Ontario show,
laboured strenuously for science. ]iractically without a fellow-worker. In the pub-
lished journals of Alexander Ilenryf edited by Elliott C<nies, fi-^tnotes and other
infornnition irom tiie iini)ublislu'(l journals of l)a\i<l Tliomjison ajjpear, and Mr.
Cones also gives ns facsimiles of three sections and the title part of the great nnip
he evidently hoped woidd be ])ub1ished. Elliott Cones says in his preiaee : ''It
has long been a matter of regret among those versed in the history and geography
of the (JreaTer North- West that this luminous record of the life work of so modest,
so meritorious an exidorer as Thompson wm; — of so scientific a surveyor ami so
great a discoverer — has never seen the light, either under gov«^rnment patronage or
by ])rivate enterprise." And later in the same preface : -The irony of the event is
the world's revimge ou David Thompson : but the ivorld can never hv allowed to
forget ihc di.scoverer of the sources of tlie Cohnnbia. the first white nnin who m'cr
voyaged on the ni>per reaches and main upper tributaries of that mighty river, the
pathfinder of more than one way across the continental divide from Saskatchewan
and Athabascan to Columbian waters, tin; greatest geogiapher of his day in British
America, and tluMuaker of what was then by far its greatest map — that 'Map oi'
the Norlh-West Territory of the Province of Camida. Knmi actual surveys during
the years 17!t2 to 1812' as the legend goes."

During the years 181!) to 1822 inclusive. (.;ai)tain, afterwards Sir John Franklin,
acting under a ro.val commission, was carrying out an ■' expedition from the shores
of Hudson's Bay by land, to explore the northern coastof America, from tlu; mouth
of the ('opi)ermine River to the eastwanl." This, and subsequent arctic expedi-
tions, not only resulted in some imjjortant geographical discoveries. Initgave to the

■* " Voy.Tjfcs from Montreal oil llic Kivcr Sr. K;i»Tt'nce. thotitjh the L'ontinont ol North Americ.t to the !• lozeii
.tnil Pacific Ocuitiis." .'\lcx;>nJer AIacl<enzic, London, 1801.

t "A VoV'^KP of 13iscovcrv to the Northern I';icific Occ.'in," etc. Capt;iin (.leorne V;inroiiver, ^ vols .ind
.itla.«, London. 1708.

J "New I^ifr''* on the Karlv Hislorv of the ilreater Norlli-Wesl," ett. Kdileil 1)V I'^lliott Cones, i vols,
Ni'w York. i8<»7.

Wi)ilil tlie two most iniiioiiaiit wurkn on thf natural history of northern Canada,
the Fauna Boreali-Amoricana of Dr. John Richardson. F-Vuiddin's co-cxplort r, and
others, published 1X2!»-1S:^7, an<l the Flora Boruali-.Vmerieana of Sir William
Ho<)ker. 18n:H,S40.

In 1807, Captain .John I'alliser was e.onnnissione<l by tii<- ."•'cerelary of Slate to
'• conduct an expedition for explorinj; that [lortion of British North .Vnierica which
lies hetween the northern branch of the lUver Saskatchewan and the frontier of ihe
United States, and between tlie Red River and the Rocky Mountains. "' with per-
mission to pt tlirou^^ii the mountains to the I'iuifn-. lie had as a.ssociates in the
expediti<in l)r. Hector as ^eolo^ist. Lieutenant Blakiston as astronon\er, and Mons.
Bourgeau as botanist, who, aetinu; under instructions from Sir Roderick Murcliison
and Sir William Hooker, wi>re to be the .sciintifie nu'inbers of the party. I'alliser
had in 1847 and siu'cecdinj^ years, hunted anion;.; the ind'ans of our Xorth-West and
knew the country, so tlial during 1807, 1858 and 185!), the various routes travelled
by I'alliser. Blakiston and Hector, togi'ther and separately, pretty well covered the
country south of the Saskatchewan from Lake Superior io the Rocky .Mountains
and also throngh many of the passes and valleys beyon<l. In the various blue-
books* which residted, much valuable information is put on record, ami of Dr.
Hector's work. Dr. G. >I. Dawson, in hi< Boundary Commission report hereafter
referred to. says : '-To bin: the iirst leally trustworthy geiu-ral .ideological nuip of
the interior jiortion of British North .\meriea is due ; and he has besides accumu-
lated a great mass of geological observations, the signilicance of many of which
appears as the country is more thoi-oughly exi)Iored."

Captain Talliser thought it worth while to (explore this country ami to report
elaborately upon the future prospects of civilization, but while his recommendations
as to necessary ste]is are generally sound he certainly did not overestinnite its
po.ssibilities. On the sid)ject of confederation he writes in the report of 18(i0 :
" Much has been talked about, but perimj)S U-ss really thought of, the union of the
British North .Vinericau Provinces, a scheme which, although in the i.rescnt age
might be thought .-iomcwhat speculative, nuiy yet not oidy be [irojectcd but accom-
plished. But it must be a work of time, and such time as many may b«-conie
impatient even in contemplating." Regarding telegraphic communication he
writes : ''It would be ri(licidt)us to expect for many years to come a continuous
railway ('(unimudcation throughout this immense distance, but from the fact of over
one-fourth of the distance being now complete, and considering the incalculable
benefit the United Kingdom ami her distant colonies wouhl derive from connection
by telegrapii. 1 am encouraged to a.boc'atc warmly the carrying out of this enter-
prise."'

In the same year, 1857. when Captain I'alliser received instructions from the
British (Tovernment. the Canadian (Jovernment commissioned George <;ladman,
Director, Henry Yoitle Hiiul, Geologist, W. H. E. Napiei p:ngineer, and S. J.
Dawson, Surveyor, to " make a thorough exanunation of the tract of country
between T-ake Superior and Reil River."" This was done in 1857. In 1858 the
Government commissioned Messrs. Hind and Dawson to extend their explorations
to the country -'west of Lake Winniix'ji and Red Rivei-, and embraced (or nearly
.so) between the Riv»;r Saskatchewan and Assinniboine, as far west as 'South Branch
House,' on the form<>r river." In addition to the olllcial re])orts-|- to the Canadian
Government the reports a]>peared as British blue ])ooks and Professor Hind also
published in an extended and attractive form the results of his labours in two
handsome volumes. + Professor Hind, like Captain Palliser and Sir Alexander

* "Papers Ri-latlve to K\i»lontl,-.n l-y Ciptain Pallistr ol that p.>rtioii vit Hrltisli N\>rtli America.' etc.
British Blue Boole, 1859.

" Furtlior Papers, " etc., in continuation of above. i8t)o.

"Journal," etc.. iu continuation of ;ibovc', 1863.

'■ Index and Maps," etc., in continuation of above, 1865,

t "Report on the !''xp!oratlon of the Countrv between Lake Superior and the Ked River .Settlement "
Canadian UUie Hook. 1857. British Ulue Book, i8sq.

"Rep.rtot t'.ie As .innib.iiue and Saskatchewan Kvpeditiou. " Canadian Blue IJook, .«S4- Uritish Ulue
Book, i860.

{ "Narriti.e of the Canadian Red River Ivxplorins Kxpedition of 1857 and of the Assinniboine and Sa»-
katchewan fc-vplorins Expedition ot 185,8." H. Y. Mind, i vols., Lonjjmans, London, i860.

MiMkt'ii/.ii'. iiidiiltjrs ill pr«j)hecy. He writes: "As I stoiul upciii th»' siii..iiiit of
the blufl" iookiiif^ down upon the ulitterin); liiivc .'500 Icot iu'low. and across tlu-
boun<ll«'Hs plains, no livinu tliiiiji; in view, no sound of life anywiicrt'. I thoufilit of
the time to come when will he seen passinj; swiftly alon^j; the hori/on tin wiiite
eloud of the loeoniolive on its way from the Atlantic to the I'aeific, and when the
valley will resound with the many voices of those who have (tome from the busy
city on the hanks of the Red River to see the beautiful lakes of the (^n'Appelle."
How natural it all sounds now, but doubtlesH it fell in IHIil* upon as deaf larsas
sinular forecasts made at the present tinu- by meml)ers of our jieoUtgieal sur\ey, or
as tlu- fervid words of Mackenzie a hundred years ii^o.

I have not examined the various Uritish blue books from \H',\2 to I87f>, nearly
forty in number, relatiufj; to th(> settlement of the boiuidary between the United
States and Canada, but in addition to the work by IJi^rsby and Houehelte this is the
time to menti(»n two scientiiic results arisinji from markinii the forty-ninth jiaiallel.
John Keast Lord who acted as Naturalist to the British North Ameiican Boundary
Comnnssion when markinjjj the boundary line from the Pacific coast to the eastern
slope of the Hocky Mountains, publisheil two illustiate<| volume^ in 1S6H on the
natural history of British t'olumbia. ■ And in 1874 and 1X75. Dr. (Jeor^fc M.
Dawson, not yet connected with the (Jeolo^ical Survey of Canada, made his reports
on the {geology and resoun-es of the •• region in thi' vicinity of tlic forty-ninth
parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky j\ijuntains."f

I Inivethus far indicated, not with precise accuracy, l)Ut perhaps suMiciently, the
extent of the e.vploratory woi'k done in the countiv now included in Canada. und« r
the ausj)iees of the trading; companies and the early governments, and not by
established geological and natural history surveys. If we consider tlu- publicatioi.s
by their number they stand as an evidence of the inability or unwillingness of
Canadians in the j>ast to grasp the future of their country, and judged by the
(piantity of matter of a pui'ely scientific ntitiu'c, they Itetray an iiiditl'ereni'c to higher
considerations ).ot cretlitable to their intelligence. We c-erlainly owe a debt of
gratitude to the few ardent men who braved the terrors of our unknown lands and
gave us this scanty literature.

Before referring to the regular geological survey estab'islu'd in Canada in 1S4;^.
I should like to compare the exploratory work done in the United Statts before the
establishment of a regular geological survey, by the Federal t^lovernment.. It must
be borne in mind that during nearly half a <'i!ntury Ix^fore the Federal (iovi'rnment
established a regular survey mo.st of the States had established surveys on their own
account just as we shall have o(H>asion to remind you that our survey was originally
a Provincial and not a Dominion survey. Not referring, then, to the work done by
the various States, but merely to the exploratory work of a similarly irregular
character to that done in C-'anada in early days, I shall read a list of expeditions
ordered by the United States Government. It does not pretend to be acH'urate
either as to the luimberor as to the details given of the various expeditions. It was
compih'd merely in order to indicate how much more earnestly the people of the
United States craved for ijiformation about their unsettled areas. The majority of
the rejtorts are quartos illustrated with expensive plates and oftei\ running into
several volumes. The Pa<'i(i(! Railroad reports alone exceed in matter all that we
have done. The dates given in the following list sometimes indicate the date
of the exjiedition. .sometimes of the publication of the reports : —

1804-(). Captains Lewis and Clark. From the mouth of the Mi.s80uri River
through to Pacific Ocean.

1805-7. — Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike. Through western territctries of North
America. To head waters of Mississijjpi River, through Loiusiana Territory and in
New Si)ain.

181i)-20. — Major Stephen H. Long, Pittsburg to the Rocky Mountains.

1820 — Henry R. Schoolcraft. From Detroit through Great Lnkes to source of
Mississippi River.

i^i

* " Thi' Naturalist in V.-incoiiviT Inland and British Coluinbia." J. K. Lord, ■ vols., Bcnlley, London,
i868.

t " Report on ttie Tertiary Liffnite Formation, ' etc B. N. Boundary Coniniission, C">. M. Dawson, 1874.
" Report of Ueology and Kesotirces,' etc. B.N. B.C.. G. M. Dawson. 187c;.

H»

182.'i. —Major Stcitlu-ii II. Limj.'. To the sourcv of St. I'ltt-r's Uivor. Lakt-
Wiiinc>i)i'ck, F.aki' oftht- Woods, etc.

1884. — (J. W. lMulli»'r«tonhauf,'h. F^lcvattd countrv lictween Mi.ssouii ami lUd
River.

18;i5. — (;. W, lu'atluMHtoiihauKli. (Jreeii Hay to Coteaii <U- I'rairii- or IVum
MiH.soun to St. IMcr's River.

1838-42.— WilkfS, U.S. Exploring Expfditioii.

1839. — I)avi«l Dale Owen, (teojojrical FLxjiioratiou of part of Iowa, VViscon.sin
aikI IllinoiH.

1842-44.— Captain J. ( '. Fremont. Expedition to the Roeky Mountains. Orefjon
and Nortli California.

184;^.. — I. X. XieoUct. Basin of iipi>er xMississippi Itiver.

184f;-r)().— Dnrinfi these years there were seven or ei^ht reports of minor
military exjx'ditions in eonneetion with Texas. New Mexico and the Santa Fe
route to California.

1848. — Lieut. J. \V. Aliert. (JeofjrRphieal examination of New Mexieo.

1861 — Prof. L. Ajra,ssiz. Examination of Florida Reefs, Keys jind Coast.

1852. — David Dale Owen. Iowa. Wi.scunsin and Minnesota.

1862.— Captain R. B. Many. Red River of Louisiana.

1853.— Captain Howard Stan.sbury. Valley of the Oreat Salt Lake i;f Itah.

18.')3-.")4. — Exploration and survey to ascertain the most praeticable and
economieal route, for a railroad from the Mississijjjii liiver to the I'aeilic Oeean.
12 volumes. Published from 1855 to 18fiO.

1854. — Captain L. Sitj?reaves. The Zuni and Colorado Rivers.

1864.— Cai)taiii R. B. Marey. The Kra/os and Bi^ Wieliita Rivers.

1855. — David Dale Owen. Minnesota, Iowa aiul Wisconsin.

1855-57.— Lieu). (!. K. Warren. I- xpioration.s in Nebraska a'ld Dakota.

1857.— Lieut.-Coi. W. M. Emory. I'nited States and Mexiean Boundary
Survey.

1857-58.— Lieut. .loseph C. Ives. The Colorado River of the Wist.

1859. — Captain.!. H. Sim}>son. (ireat Basin of Utah.

1859.— Captain .1. X. ^lacomb. Santa Fe to Grand and (ireen Rivers.

1859-60.— Captain W. F. Rayuolds. Yellowstone and .Ali.ssoiii'i Rivers.

1871-75. — Lieut. <ieorge M. Wheeler. F:xploration and Survey west of 100th
Meridian. There are ovi-r thirty publications as the result of this survey.

1S71-77.— Clarence King. (Jeological Exploration of4()tii Parallel. Published
in six auniud reports of progress, followed by six volunu'sof scicntitic <'ontril>utions
by his co-workers.

Although the Federal (Jovernment v.i' \\n- I'nited States down to 18()7 iiad not
established a regular geological survey and conducted the exploratitai ol' the Icrii-
tories by semi-military expeditions generally luider control of the engineering
department of the army, .-^everal of the State governments established surveys
before 1835. and Sir William Logan in 1844 refers to '• the libcial view of their own
interests, which, during the la.st ten years, has induced not less than twenty of the
State Legislatures of the American Union to institute investigations into the
mineral resources of their respective territories," etc. I, at one time, intended to
prepare a list of the \arious State surveys now covering almost every State, which
have been conducted during the last sixty -seven years, or thereabout, indicating
when each survey began and the extent of the publications, but ! have found this

imp<)ssil)l(' i'l tlio short tiiiu' at my disjiosal and I must coiiU'iit myself witlj such
coir,pari' ns as will show how lHu'ial ami inlcllip-iit almost all oiher jiovciiiimt'i-.ts
in Noi'tli Amovica iiavf hopu irlativols to our own.

Iji>t us now turn to the fstahlishmoiit of our own regular survey.'^ In 1842,
followinj^ the examjde of about twenty of the States of tlie American Union, the
old I'n.vince (>f Caiuuhi instructed Sir William Loj^an to undertake a geoloj^'i-al
siM'vey of the Provinci . work in couiicetion witii which liejian in ]<S4l>. Sir William
having one assistant. .Mr. .Vle.xander ^Iiu-ray. For the ensuing ten years these two
devoted men worked in the field, and after a few years J)r. T. Sterry Hunt hecame
their able co-worker iii the laboratory as clu inisl ami mineralogi." t to the .survey,
tor '\11 practical jturposcs the first ofhccr of that character, although not literally
the lirst. No matter how dt'vntc<i, two men could not do nnu'li Judged by quantity,
and the len annual rejjorts fi'om LS4'* to ISoS with two .separate jianiphk ts on the
mining regions of Lake Superior anM the nortii shore of l.ake Huron, make alto-
gether less than '.'2")() ))agerf of small octavo. al>out as much matter as one annual
report of the .survey now. Two maps of a mine accoi.ipany one of the pamphlets,
and here and there there is a badly e.vecuted illustration, but (d fossils there are
neither descripti,)ns nor illu.stratioiis. It is true that in I80I and 1852, Sir William
Logan (U)ntributed imjiortant i)ai)ci'.- on the "'Foot-priuis in the I'otsdam Saud-
Htones of Canada '■ to the ((uarterly Joui'ual of the (Jecdogicai Society in Lond.ui,
which wvfc most ade()uately illustrated by the Society, but in ;hese i)apers he
thanks a member of the Cieological Survey of Ureat Britain for naming the fossils
he has occasion to refer to. If I could lay before you tiicse twelve slcder
pam]ihlcts and the still nu)re slender rejiorts of Dr. Ge.sner nnule in the ^Maritime
Provinces. 1 -reafter referred to. ar.d put beside Iheni the reports niadc by the
various public surveys in the United States down to IS');?, you W')uld reali/.e nore
foi'cil'ly tiian I can express in words ho\v comj)U'ti'iy the Canadians lailed to uike
that " libeial view of their own interests'' which characterized the ]»eo]>ic of the
United Stati's. But somewluit lietter days were in store for the suTvcy. Mr.
James Hichardson had been added to the workers in the lield. an<i in LSTiO ;Mr. E.
Billiiigs entered the survey as palieoiit')logist. In IS')?. Prof. Pobert Bell, still a
menil)er of the start, also Joined the survey. The survey was now (iiirly e«|uip],ed
and its [publications ga^"e evidence of the larger scope of its operations. The report
for lK.'iM-.')(>. ])ublished in one volume, was accomjianied by the tirst series of ma]»s,
illusti'ating rej)orts on the geology and topograjdiy ol' the IMuskoka. PitcAvawa,
Bonueclu're. .^lailawaska. .Maganetawan. l-'rench. Sturgeon, and Wahnapitae Rivers
and Lake Nipissing and its tributiwies. also of the Ishuui of .Vr.ticosti. altogether
about 2o majis. In this volume a])])eared the (irst report of the i)ahvoutol(;gist. the
begiiiniiig of a scries which established ^Ir. P>illings" reputatiim throughout the
scieiititic world. It is no! accomi)auied by illustiations. whi<'h fate also Ix'tel i^ome
of his later reports. This is not so strange as the fact that to this day sonu' of his
species have been allowed to remain unillustrated. It is characteiistic of our
interest in science that his name is doubtless much better known to-day in Euro)>e
than it is in Canada. In ISfio the re. ults of the vork of the survey from the
"neginniiig ajvpeared in the well-known volume of bout l.OtK) pages, j'ublishc.i
without a single jiiale but svith about oOO good wood-engravings and an i'XceH<nt
atlas of maps and section;;. This atlas contained the lir.'-t geological ma]) of
"Canada and the Arijacent Begions," ])rinied in coloir r, 120 miles t<» an inch and
it was followed in 18(10 by the largi' map on the scale of twenty-five mile.- to an
inch, coloured by hand. \ wish that every Canadian might read the pn-fatory n )te
accompanying this atlas, and learn what goes to tlie nnikin,;- of a reasonably
aecu'-ate map of a new territory. The ordinary report of urogress for the year.s
18fi3-fi6 c< ntaining papers by two new c:)ntributors. Mr. .\. .Michel and Mr. Thomas
Ma<'farlane. was the last \nade t(^ (he old Province of Canada. In aildition to these
reports of progress, seven panii)hlels ap])eaved and six imjiortani contributi(ins to
palaeontology. Four of these latter, called respectively l»ecades L 2. :> and 4,

* '• riie first ffforl m.ul.- tciw.ir,! tliL' I'st.lblishim'iil of .i m'>'l>'«ii.'i>l Miiviv in Cii laila. appiMis in a pilitioil
aililri'ssi'J Id tile Hi.iisf i>t ,\ssfiiil)lv iif I'ppi-r I'.uiaila in iH\. . b\ I)r. I{.-il'. ^■otl^in^. . Iiovvcht. canir nl this or
of M'veral other atli-nipls ot thi- sini.- kiiul. till in tin- first i.niti-ii I'arlianienl of I'pp^-r ami l.owur t'aiiaila in iS.|i,
tht Natnral Historv S.vietv of Montreal an.l tlir Mistorioal Sotirty of OucIhv joiniit in iirjrinR the ri.ntliT iii>oii
the tfovcrnmcnt, with the ri-sult th.U the mode-il s itn of IJi.s-xi sterlinsj was irrnnteit ".or the piirpoie i.f lv(;inninf{
sMi'h a survey." PresiJentia! .Vilitress. R. S. C. iSot. G. M. I>a«son.

appeared in 185S-59 and 1865. The coutributons were Mr. Billiugh of the (Junadiau
Survey, Mr. Salter of tl)o Survey of (Jreat Britain, and Prof. James Hall, the State
tTC<.iogi.«t of New York. Tiioy were slender octavo v«)lnines <-onlaiiiin^ altogether
only 3V(» page.s of text, but with a liheral supply of exoellently engraved i)lates.
Three of the Decades are mouogra£)hs on the subject dealt with, and the four
voiunies are classics in North American Geology and absolutely esst-ntial to
students of North American invertebrate jjalieontology. In 18()5 the lir.st volume,
4L'Gpp.,ofa series entitled •' I'alieo/.oic Fos.m1s'" appeared, the species described
being entirely by Billings. Many of the descriptions are unacconiitanied by
illustration.s and those allbrded are wood-cuts. In 18G6 the pamphlet, !Ju pp.,
entitled "Catalogues of the Silurian Fossils of the Island of Antico.sti," was
published. It also eon.sihts of descriptions oi species, sometinn-s illustrated, some-
times nol. This closes the work djne by the survey of the old I'rovince of
C'aniula, the operations of which extended only to portions of what are now t^uebec
and Ontario. As Sir William Logan .said, much of the jtcriod svas occupied in
obtaining topographical knowledge suthcient to enable the tirst geological ma]) to
be made, and iiuleed this is the main result of his labours.* When we look lit the
very .small quantity of matter in the reports produced duriug (his j)eriod of twenty-
four years we must deeply regret the inditlerence of a people who could leave uu-
supporteti. save by two or three euthu.sia.sts, a man with such endowmeuts a«s the
Director of the Survey, Sir William Logan, our honoured president in the first
ye.'rof this In.stitute. \W' shall see later whatthiH ignorance sml imliHerence have
cost us.

But uarrcjw as was the scope of the work in old ('auada it was worse in the
Maritime Provinces. As early as 1888, Dr. Abraham Gesner began a geological
.survey ol' New Brunswick, which was carried on in some fashion until 1844, when it
came to an end, the result being the reports <letiiiled in the footnote below.f There
was also, aj'parently. ii rcpoit in 184;>. 88 pp., not, liowever, styled the fifth re{»ort.
Dr. Gesner ha<l already published a volume on Nova Scotia;]: as a private venture
in which he was assisted by the province, and the work in New Brunswick resulted
in jinother (contribution which re:\ched the public in a similar manner. He waa
employed in 1840 l»y the government of Prince Kdward Island to report on the
geology of that province, wbii'b apparintly resulted in a short rejiort in 1847, and
in 184l> he published a volume on the "Industrial Resources of Nova Scotia,"
but whether aided by the provincial governmeut or not, I am unable to .<ay. He

publisiied
evi<lentlv

(I ((tliev p!ci)er>' regarding gold. iron, coal, and esjiecially jietvoleum, but

volume on New Brunswick, {.ublished iu
1847, aud noted Iielow.lj Dr. Gesner says: 'Of the British North American
Colonies, New Brunswick was the first to tutdertake an examinauon of her mineral
resources. Since the commencement of that survey, similar ones have been in-
stituted in Newfoundland and Canada. Prince Edward's Isliud has also followed
the example. Nova Scotia would have engaged in such a work long ago, w»'re not
her uunes aud minerals sealed up by a close monopoly, which withholds from
.''x' inhabitants any participation in the mineral wealth of the country."

T'.iere were a few ai>])arently oflicial but irregular reports j)id>Iished in New
Brunswittk which should iu)i be overlooked. In 18o0, J. F. W. Johuston made a
report on the "Agricultural Ca))abilities of the Provirci' '" etc., which includes
geological notes by Mr. P.obb. In 18(i4, L. \V. Bailey maoe a re]>orl on Mines aud
Minerals. In ISfto, Messrs. Bailey. Matthew and Ilartt. nuule a geological rej)ort
on Southern New Bnin-»vi:'k.

We have already mentioned Professor Henry Youle Hind in (■onne«lion with
the Red Riv<r aud Saskatchewan expeditions. When apjuiinted to this important

* " III iN,i;4 . . vvhun lit'torc t!jt- . sele>:t coniiiiittec' ot tliv Luffistlntiirf appoinlt'd to invchtiKatB
'he workitiR" i^t th*? siirve\ . . i,o(jr;tti wmn .Twkcit \vh*it thr print'ip.-il difficiiltit's he h.id met with were ; he re-
plied : ' ItuU'peiulcntU' df thiiM» iinavoid;iltiv inciili'iil to traveliiinf in I'aimi's up shalU>w riMTs, ^ir i»n foot through
" ■ • - • ' - ' u; I -rtL.. k— . A *,. . I... ;_

Accurate topi^ijraphy is

pheil : huU'peiuk'ntly ot {hOM» iinavoiuattly inculi'iil to iraveltunf in I'anoi-s up stialU'W n
the forest, are thos;' nrisinir froin the want of a (Jood topojrraphical map of the country,
the basis of aiiiir."ie ^jeolog:)-.'" Presidiiuial \dclre"!s. R. S. f.. iH<>4, O. M. Pax.son.

First, Second, Third and FiHirth Reports on the Cuvlotrical Survey of the Province of New Brunswick."
Gesner. St. John, ist, i8iq, 8a pp. : jmi, 1840. 7a pp. , jrd, 1841. 88 pp. ; 4th, 184a, loi pp,

J " Remarks or the Geology and Mineralogy I'f Nova Scotia , with a new map of Nova Scotia. Cape Breton,
Prince ICdward Island, and part of New Brunswick." Gesner. Halifax and London. iH-)f).

I! "New Brunswick with Notes for Kmiurants." Gesner. London, 1847.

work he was the Prolessoi ol'lii'ology of Trinity University here, and lie had for
many years edited the journal of this lustitiitt;. After eompleting the publieation
of the otticial reports and maps and the other publications whieh resulte<l from his
expeditions he, in 1S()l, visited Labrador, the results of his exploration reaching the
public in a work pul)lished as a private venture* similar in style to the London
editions of the Red River an<l Saskatchewan Expeditions. In 18()4 he was
authorized to begin a new survey of New Brunswick the only residt of which
reached the public in the following year.f

We do not tind that Nova Scotia ever attempted a geological survey. Ri'ports
generally in the shapi^ of legislative documents on lur coal and gold mines have
been made by J. W. Dawson, Joseph Howe, Henry How. Henry Poole, J. Campbell,
David Honeyman, Henry Youle Hind and John Rutherford, but the work in general
geology has been done by men who published the results ot their investigations at
their own ' xpense. In addition to the labours of Dr. (iesner in Nova Scotia
we find that in IH'.VI. (Charles T. Jackson, afterwards State Geologist of Maine
and Rhode Island, assisted by F. Alger, made a report on Nova Scotiat iUid Dr.,
now Sir J. William Dawson, in addition to a handbook in 1848, which went into at
least six editions, jmblished in 1805 Hu- well knowti Acadian (reology|| of which
there have been three editions, the third in 1878.

In 1873 Henry Alleyiie Nicholson, then Professor of Natural History of the
University of Toronto, aided by a small grant from the (jrovernment of Ontario,
made collections of fossils in the Province, and in 1874 and 187') ]iid)lisheti re})orts
on the '• Paheontology of Ontario," with .several plates and other illustrations.
These reports, jierhaps tiu' most valuable ])ublications of the (lovernment of the
Province, are now so scarce as to l)c out of the reach of nu)st students interested in
geology, although indispensable until something more compiehensive appears.
Unfortunately the descriptions and illustrations of many of the more difficult forms
collected by I'rofessor Nicholson do not appear in these reports biu are i)ublished
in expensive jourmils and other scientific works in England and Scotland, of which
very few copies are to be found — in some cases literally only two oi- three — in all
Canada. Since the excitement in mining has inHuen»ed the piiblic. some of the
provinces have establishe<i Mining Bureaus, and while these are a very inadetpuite
subsiitute for regular geological and natural history survi-ys we ov\ a di'bt of
gratitu(»e to those who have induced unwilling governnu'iits to do even this much.
The nu»st important series of |)ublications of this naturr are those of the Ontario
Bureau of Mines, which was created by legi.slation in 1K!^7 und the ])ublications of
which liave nv)w reached thi' eighth vohimc. Under die gtiidaiicc of its director,
our worthy member Mr. .Vrchibald Blue, it will no doubt grow year by year,
limited in s«H>pe only by the liberality of the Ciovernnu'iil of Ontario. ^linislers of
the Crown in this province need not lilind themselves to the fact, liowever, that
since 18()7. that is for thirty-two years, such material and intelle<'tual interests in
this province as would be represented by a proper survey and public museu'M, and
which, down to (\)nfederation, were being s<» excellently looked after by Sir William
Logan, iiave been persistently neglcfted. The next public-ation regarding mines
in importance is that of British Columbia. The Bureau of Mines of that province
was established by legislation in 1895 and published its first bulletin in June, 18!)(!.
The annual rejiorts for ISiXi and 1897. ))ublished in 1897 and 1898, respectively,
are very creditable productions, (|uite superior as to printing and illustrations to
those of (Ontario

Novv if we i: Lher together the pre-Confederation work of C'auada, New Bruns-
wick and other iovinces, and the publications bj' provinces since Confederation,
including the ]\1 niug Bureaus, and compare the entire result with any one of .say
five or six of the leading States in the United States, the result must make us botJi
a.stonished and ashamed. But if we add all the work done by the Dominion Survey

* " Kxplor.itioiis Im the Intorior ot tho l.a!ir;uli>r IV-niiisiil.-i. I'ti'. H. V. HInJ. j vols . I.oiulon, i!<(n
t " Preliniin.nry Kepoit on (hr i;ciilo),'y ot New Bruiiswiik. ' llitul. I'Veilfniton, iSd.s.

I "Miner.iloM:y and Ocoloi^y ot llu- I'rovimv ol^ Nov.i Siolia.' f T. J.iikson iml K. Alfji-t. Camhn'dKr,
MasH,, i8;/,

II ". Acadian lieoloKV ; an Aciount of the lieolot^iial StniiiiHC and Mint' ral Kl'soiitiv- i<r Nov Siotia," etc.
J. \V, Oawson. EdiiiliiirBl) and London, iS^j.

aiuce IX(»7 to the proviucial v\ork, one state, New York, exeeeds the whole iu
quantity of matter. I'ray notice that I am not discussing in any manner the re-
spective value of the work itself. I am very anxious to impress the legislatures of
the CJanadian provinces as to their shortcomings, and in order to do so I shall, at the
risk of wearying you. j)ress the point still further. If one were to look over a
collection of reports on geology and paheontology of the various states he could at
once count between 7"» and 10(1 ([uarto volumes illustrated with line maps and
literally many hundreds of plates describing many thousands of fossils and other
things of course besifh'S fossi.'s. And then turning to octavo volumes, similar to
our own, I should be afrai<l to say how many huiulred volumes he could count, but
the total result would satisfy you that I am warranted in saying that we stand dis-
graced until we bestir ourselves and show that we i)ossess ordinary intelligence
regartiiug such matters. I shall not iurther hurt our pride as Canadians by com-
panng our position with that of many Houth American republics whose limited
civilization we are wont to deplore.

We now come to the work done by the Geological and Natural History Survey
of the Dominion. Although the series of publications from 184:^ to date is unbroken
I have separated them in order to consider the work done by the dominion
Government apart from that of the old Province of Canada. The cliange which
was caused by Confederation was of very great importance, although it does not
seem to have impres.sed itself on the (Canadian peoj)le. Just belbre Confederaiiou
we had in operation a survey of what now constitutes portions of Ontario and
Quebec, which would have year by year become more minute in its character until
we reached such results as those obtained in nuiuy of the States where each county
is reported upon so fully that the nature of its water co'irses, the character of its
soil, the area of its forests, the value of its minerals, buililing stones, clays for
brick-making, etc., etc.. are published in sui'h shape as to i)e available to anyone
interested in such matters. But instead of this very desirable consunnnation of the
early labours of Sir William Logan his work was largely arrested by Confederation,
and there was thrust upon the Survey a problem similar in character to that under-
taken by him in lS4;i. but incomjjarably greater in extent, mimely, the survey of an
area larger than that of the I'nited Stati's. if we exclude Alaska. I refc to the
problem as similar in kind to that undt taken in 1.S4:>, because it was destined Jbr
many years to be mainly topographical and only subordinately geological. .\s late
as 1880 the present director of the Survey, in demonstrating the inaccuracy of our
maps of the northern and western i)arts of the Dominion wrote as follows:* "It
is very commonly sujjposed, even in Canada, but to a greater extent elsewhere,
that all parts of the Dominion are now so well known that exploration, in the true
sense of the term, may be considered as a thing of the past. This depends largely
upon the fact that the nnvps of the country generally examined are upon a very
small scale, and that upon such nuips no vast areas yet remain ujiou w liich rivt'rs,
lakes, mountains, or other features are not depicted. If. however, we take the
trouble to euipiiie more closely into this, ami considt, perhajjs, one of the geo-
graphers whose name may appear on the face of the map which we have examined,
a>*king such awkward (piestions as may occur to us on the souires of information for
this region or that, we may probably by bit; be referred to another and older map,
and so on till we find iu the end that the whole tojiographical fabric ol' large parts
of all these mai)s rests upim information of the vaguesr kind.

'' Of most of the large an as nnirked upon the map here shown, this is abso-
lutely true, and the interests of knowledge, witii respect to these, would be better
subserved if such areas were 'eft .'utii'ely blank, (tr. at least, if all llie geograi)hical
features drawn upon them aiii)eared in l>idken lines in such a way as (o show that
none of them are certain. Fn other regions, the main geographical outlines, su(di
as the courses of the larger rivers, are indicated approximately, with such accuracy
as may be possible from accounts or ilinen'ries derived from travellers or from
oHicersofthe Hudson Bay Company ; or from th" descripticuis or rough ^kelches
of Indians or other i)ersons by whom the region h:is been traversed, but who have
been un|)rovi<led witii instiumeuts of any kind, and whose knowledgi> of the country
has been incidentally obtained."

i8i^.

' On Siimi" .it till' L.iiX'i' I'lii'xpliireJ KcK''i"> >>• t",iii:nl,i." Li. M. OiiWMWi. l)tt iwa .Niitur.ilist. \'ol. IV.

Apart from tlin ^irt-as of Asia ami Africa not yet exaiiiiiied, and possibly of
Brazil, the worlv Ijcf'oic tlif (jieolo};iiai ?^iir\ey of Cauad;; is the greatest in extent iu
the world. The topofrrajihical \vori< alone is enough to break the heart of any
director sui)portpd only by the meagre giants of t)ur Government, and if we con-
sider the geological work, confined as it must be at first to the broadest generaliza-
tions, it is fairly certain that we shall not in another century reach the position
wiiere our people will have belbre them the information regarding t.'anada which
is ])ossesse(l to-day by the people of the I'nited States regarding their counti->'.

Our Dominion Survey, since Confederation, has published its annual reports of
progress, and these lia\e grown in size until they are among the most important
annual eontriI>utious to our knowledge of geology, but they are still oidy reports of
progress ( ontaining information largely topograi)hical, accompanied by notes on the
geological and nauiral history features. Tliese rei)oris have been accompanied by
a libera! supply of maps, the majority of which arc topugra]ihieal and form
material for llie conijilete map of the Dominion whicli we may liope to see iu half a
century or so. In addition to the report of the director these annual reports of
progress contain in separate jiapers the results of the labours of the various exidor-
ing parties and tlie re])orts of the section of chemistr> and mineralogy and the
section of mineral .statistics and mines. The work of the |iabeontological section is
published separately. These have apjjcared under several titles in a manner which
makes it difficult to at once apj>reeiate just how much work has been done. There
are at least five distinct .series, mo.st of which are still in progress. There are the
•' I'alieozoic Fossils'" of which the first volume ])r(<-eded ('(nilederatif>n. The tii-st
})art of the second volume, conlaining work by liillings. apjieared in 1874 and
remains unfinished. Of the third volume three parts have ap[)eared — 1SS4, 1S'J5
and 1897. Then we have the " iMeso/.oic Fossils'" »)f which three parts of the lirst
volume have been pulslished — 187(>. 187i> and 1884. There is a series entitled
" Contributions to Canadian Pala-ontology " of whicii the lirst volume was jiub-
lisbed in live part.- and is complete— 1885, I88it, 1891, 18!*:^ arid 18!)8. The ])re-
.sent able pabeontologist. Mr. .1. F. Whiteaves, Assistant Director of the Survey,
sucoeede<l Mr. Hillings and these volumes contain his work alone. The first part
of the second volume of •• Contributi«)ns to Canadian Paheontology,'" which
apjieared in ISDO. is devoted to Canadian Fossil Insects an<l is by the eminent
authority on that subject. Dr. S. H. Scvidder. of Cambridge, Mai^s. The first i)art
of the third volume, published in 18itl, is the only quarto puldication. It is by
the late E. D. Cope and is a valuable Intt all too small contribution to our knowl-
edge of the fossil vertebrali's of the \orth-Vv e.st. \\h have also a series called
'" I'ontribniions to Canadian .Micro-I'aheontology."' of which have been published
four sl( nder parts of a first volume by as many authors, none of whom are members
of the Survey, but all experts in the particular subjtct. In addition to these series
Sir William Dawson cuntribnteil two monographs on fossil jjlants, jtublished in
1871. 187:; and 1882. This sounds like a great deal of matter bvit when jmt
together there are less than l.oOO jiages and about 185 plates, eiiual in quantity to
two. or at the most three, average reports in the United States. This is what we
have ])roduced in thirty years from a country most notably rich in f"ossils, and
during ii period when hundreds of vohunes on i)alieontology have appeared in the
Ignited States. In botany thcif have been six extensive catalogues of Cana<lian
plants and several additional pamphlets mainly the work of the indefatigible
b(Hani.st of the Survey, Mr. J. Macoun. I do iu)t rem»'mber a single illu.'^tratiou,
although in the Ignited States Pacific Railway reports already referred to, there are
hundreds of engraved jilates illustrating western plants. There are a few other
piiblication^ of the Survey and many contributions h\ nuMnbers of theSurvey to the
volumes oi'lhe Royal Society of Canada and to othei journals, but they only serve
to enii)hasi/.e the imjiossibility of making bricks without straw. I am very happy
to hear that in addition to the contributions of Mr. Whiteaves we are to have
important contril)utions in the shape of a revision of the I'aUeozoic ('orals of C^anada
by Mr. L. M. Lambc of the Survey and 1 hoi)e we may soon see the results of Dr.
H. M. Ami's work in i)rint and plates. It is also gratifying to hear that Dr. (I. F.
Matthew, of St. John, N.B., one of the most eminent authorities in Cambrian
geology and whose contributions to the Royal Society of Camula form the most
im))ortant adilitions to our knowh-dge of this hranch of iiaheoutology. is to do work

v.\

m ci'fuun Kt'lds Cor the Survey as he did some years ajj;*). If we eoidd lail feel tlmt
as tlie hehl workers briiif; in material it \v<mhl he studied at au early date by the
paUeontoldfrists of the Survey, so far as it might conic in the line of their studios,
and that the rest of the material would l>e suhmitted to other paUeontolojjisls, who
are experts in the jjurticular subjects, a new day wnuld dawn for us. but without
money this is impossible. I have not alluded to the ))artieular exiiloralions of
those who workeil in the lield luider the directorship of Dr. Selwyn and of his suc-
cessor, Dr. Dawson, and o*" their fellow-worker.s in thi; laboratory and study. It
woubl be impossible to mention the names nf all or t<> make a selection, but we can
well aiford to thank the lew who are leil in the field. Messis. .MeConindl, Kell,
Ells, Fletcher, Low, Mac()un. and others, for their de\otion.

In 1867, the year in wliieli tiie Dominion (lovernment took chars'-e of «>ur
survey, the L'^nited States inaugurated the Urst regular survey under the Depart-
ment of the Int rior. It was called the •• (iecdogical and (ieogi'aphical Survey of
the Territories," and was underthe charge of Dr. F. V. Hayden, until it was .super-
seded in 1880 by what is called the •• I'inted States (ieological Survey." A
comparison of the publications of these two surveys alou«' with thost* of Canada
during the same period, would be unfair to the United Statis, because we thus
oveilook the publicationsof the Smithsonian Institution, the I'nited Slates National
JIuscum, ami other dej)artmcnts at Washington, but the residt is oviiwhehning
enough. We must also bear steadily in mind the fact that while these publications
were being produced, twenty-five or thirty States wen- also actively at work, while
the Trovinces of Canada were doing practically nothing. During Ihiydi'u's
Survey, 18()7-lS7!l, animal ri'itorts were issued somewhat similar to ours in size and
character, but there were also live volume;^ of bidletius. containing upwards of
ITiO papers, thirteen miscellaneous, and fifteen nncla.«silied publications, about
seventy-five maps, and thirteen final reports or moin)graphs. The monographs
weri' splendiil ipiartos. liberally supplied with plates and other illustriitions, ;ind
illustrating and describing vertebrate and iuvertebrate fossils, including fossil
insects, also fossil flora, and existing forms of rodents, acridians, rhi/.opoils, etc.,
all from the far West. The iiresent siirv(>y has j)nblisned nineteen annual reports.
The last report will include, a])pavently. six i)arts, and sr)me of the i)arts cover two
volumes. I w'.-.li it were possible to ex]tlain here the scope of this one annual
report. Of bulletins about loO had been published down to 1S97, and of j)apers on
Avater supply and irrigation, ten. Of monographs, of the same character as those
under Ilayden's Survey, thirty-four. Of inajis. statistical pajiers, etc.. there has
been also a liberal supply.

The operations of (Hir Survey for the year ending .June .'JOth, 18it7, cost
$117,001). For the nearest year iuthe United States the cost was i?l,0;U,0()0. Onr
usual basis of comi)arison is populati(jn, and measured thus we sjiencl the nu»st, but
clearly, that is not the measure for this particular item of national expense. The
real basis of comparison between the United States and Canada of (xpenditure for
survey and topograjjiiic purposes, should be the resptMitive areas of unexplored or
insutticientiy explored territ<u'y. Judged thus, Caimda should be sjjcnding miudi
more than the United Stales, and we not forget that in comjiaring the

$117,000 spent by <'anada v.ith the *1,' ic

the United States, we leave out the pe

carrying on surveys on their own .account. I am (luite sure that on mere toj)o-
graidiic work we should s|)eud nu)re than the lTnile<l States, but I am aware that
we think al all e\'ents that we cannot afford to six-nd so much, and I would not
spoil a good cause by asking for what will certainly not be granted. Hut looking
at nnitters in the hai'<l light of i;olilics. and gauging tin- possibilities in <'anada by
other countries not more able to spend, I am ipiitc sure that at least $2.')0,000
annually should be appropriated for onr geological and natural history survey.
.Vnd in addition to this, the Provinces .should each spend jil least $10.(100 annually
and carry on their work in conc(>rt with the Dominion Surxt'; , so thai in all
resi)eels there would be united effort an<l no unnecessary duplication of work.
Perhaps some of the Maritime Provinces would think #10.000 too high, and a
smaller sum might suflice, but for Quebec, Ontario ami IJritish Columbia with their
vast areas, tlu' sum suggested is very snnill. That the people would find the
expendituix' a good investment in dollars and cents I am certain, i|iiite as good an

ot forget that in comjiaring the i
ent by the Federal (iovernment of 'Sf
penditinH" bv the various States '^

investrni'ut aw our expenditure on eaniils and railroads. I approve ol' .state aid to
railroads and canals in a new country. l)e(uiUHe transportation is one of our greatest
prohhins, but the lirst duty, the very firstduty of an intelligent country, is to know
what it has or may have to transport.

In eonelusion I should like to say a lew words as to what we nnght reasonably
expert in the way of Dominion and Trovinoial surveys. We should have the
Dominion and Provincial surveys working out the topography in a far more minute
manner and on a greatly largci s(!ale than at i)reseut. We should never again .send
out a topograi)hic party, a boiuidary party or a land surveyor laying out a base
line, without being accomi)anied by trained geologists and naturalists. The hi.story
of our own Northern Ontario is an example of what we have failed to accomplish
in this respect. We should not only publish annually s>U'h broad truths of geology
and natural history as are gathered during these rapid topographic surveys, but we
should be engaged in oiu' provincial surveys on reports dealing with the features
of each (iounty sejtarately, and in our Dominion Survey in working out special
problems of geologic or other .scientific interest. For instance, in the United States
there are many complete monographs dealing with the iron ores of different
localities, or the coal, or natural gas, or the forestry conditions, or other problems
of great commercial importance. Have we no curiosity about our great areas of
iron ore, our really wonderful coal fields, and our other minerals? Should we not
appreciate intelligent moiu)graphs on the treatment of refractory ores, on modern
mining machinery, on brick-making, salt-wells, gas- wells, and the many other
things so intelligently i)reseuted to the people by the State in more favoured
countries? Of course we should. Let our Governments but try.

And as to Public Museums. The Dominion Government at Ottawa and each
province, at its city of chief importance, slu)uld have a mu.seuni belonging to and
supported by the people. These museums should contain exhibits of the metallic
and non-metallic minerals of the country, both those of economic and of merely
scientific value, the forest trees, with the bark preserved, in say six feet sections,
cut iilso and partly polished, and each si)ecimen accompanied by a small map
showing its habitat ; the fresh water and sea fishes, mounted after the modern
methods ; the fur-bearing animals, the game birds, and the birds of our forests,
fields and sea-coast, many of them mounted so as to tell a child their habits at a
glance ; the reptiles, crustaceans, insects, plants, indeed as complete a record of the
fauna and Hora of the country as possible ; the rocks of stratigraphic importance and
all the varieties of fossils which can be gathered in this country ; the archaeological
and ethnological evidences of the races we have supplanted in Canada, and much
more that does not occur to me at the moment. I should not like to suggest a limit
of expenditure on such museums. The necessity of a new building at Ottawa is
admitted. The crime of leaving exposed to fire, in a wretched building never
intended to protect anything of value, the precious results of over fifty years of
collecting, has been pointed out in a recent otticial report. But the Government
seem deaf to such claims. I can only repeat that we are rich enough to bear the
cost with ease, but we are not intelligent enough to see our own interest in spending
the money.

I have been careful to indicate that so far as this is an account of what has been
done in geology and natural history in t.'anada, it is mainly a recurd of work done
officially, that is for the governing bodies and not by individuals unassisted by
public money. But it must not be supposed that I am unmindful of the fund of
information which has reached the public through the journals of the scientific
societies of Canada,someof which have been labouring for over half a century in this
field of higher education. Nor must I fail to acknowledge that such societies are,
as a rule, aided by public grants of money. It would have been a great pleasure
to have mentioned many of the writers and investigators who have contributed
gratuitously in the pa.st to this fund of knowle«lge, but T can do no more than to
record here our gratitude to some of the living geologists — to Sir J. William
Dawson, Dr. G. F. Matthew, Prof. L. W. Bailey, Dr. J. W. Spencer, Dr. F. D.
Adams, Prof. A. P. Coleman, Mgr. J. C. K. Lallamme, and all others who still
labour in the good cause, although not members of our Sux'vey. I am aware that
I should add tlie names of many botanists, ornithologists, entomologists and other

workers in natural history, but I fear my knowledg.; of these subjects is too limited
to enable me to give credit where it is due.

I am sure I must have wearied you with such a lengthy address. I have
but one excuse — my firm belief that the future of Canada depends to a degree
not generally recognized, upon our liberality in spending money to exploit our
country.