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(Presented by John Reade and read May 2G, 1899.) The exact origin and first history of the race whose energy so stunted the growth of early Canada and made the cause of France in America impossible, have long been wrapped in mystery. In the days ol' the first white settlements the Iroquois are found leagued as the Five Nations in their familiar territory from the Mohawk Eiver westward. Whence they came thither has always been a disputed question. The early Jfcsuits agreed that they were an off-shoot of the Huron race whose strongholds were thickly sown on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, but the Jesuits were not clear as to their course of migration froiu that region, it being merely remarked that they had once possessed some settlements on the St. Lawrence below Montreal, with the apparent inference that they had arrived at these by way of Lake Champlain. Later writers have drawn the same inference from the mention made to Cartier by the Hochelagaus of certain enemies from the south whose name and direction had a like- ness to later Iroquois conditions. Charlevoix was persuaded by persons who he considered had sulliciently studied the subject that their seats before they left for the country of the Five Nations were about Montreal. The late Horatio Hale' put the more recently current and widely accepted form of this view as follows : "The clear and positive traditions of all the surviving tribes, Hui'ons, Iroquois and Tuscaroras, point to the Lower St. Lawrence as the earliest known abode of their stock. Here the first explorer, Cartier, found Indians of this stock atHochelagaand Stadacona, now the sites of Montreal and Quebec. Centuries before his time, accord- ing to the native tradition, the ancestors of the Huron-Iroquois family had dwelt in this locality, or still further east and nearer to the river's mouth. As the numbers increased, discensions arose. The hive swai'med and band after band moved off to the west and south." " Their first station on the south side of the lakes was at the mouth of the Oswego Eiver.'^ Advancing to the southeast, the emigrants struck the River Hudson" and thence the ocean. " Most of them returned to the Mohawk River, where the Huron speech was altered to Mohawk. In Iroquois tradition and in the constitution of their League the Canienga (Mohawk) nation ranks as ' eldest brother ' of the family. A comparison of the dialecis proves this tradition to be well founded. The Canienga language approaches nearest to the Huron, and is undoubtedly the 1 " Iroquois Book of Rites," p. 10. 8/6M., p. 13. ;, Sec. II., 1899. 14 200 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA source from which all the other Iroquois dialects are derived. Cusick states positively that the other families, as he styles them, of the Iroquois household, leaving the Mohawks in their original abode, proceeded step by step to the westward. The Oneidas halted at tlieir creek, the Onondagas at their mountain, the Cayugas at their lake and the Senecas or Sonon- towans, the great hill people, at a lofty eminence which vises south of the Canandaigua Lake." Hale appeals also to the Wyandot tradition recorded by Peter Dooyentate Clark, that the Hurons originally lived . about Montreal near the " Senecuj," until war broke out and drove them westward. He sets the formation of the League of the Long House as far back as the fourteenth century. All these authors, it will be soon, together with every historian who has refeiTcd to the League, — treat of the Five Nations as always having been one people. A very different view, based principally on archeology, has however been recently accepted by at least several of the leading authorities on the subject, — the view that the Iroquois League was a compound of two distinct peoples, the Mohawks, in the east, including the Oneidas ; and the Senecas, in the west, including the Onondagas and Cayugas. Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, of Baldwinsvillo, the most thorough living student of the matter, first suggested a late date for the coming of the Mohawks and formation of the League. He had noticed that the three Seneca dialects differed very greatly from the two Mohawk, and that while the local relics of the former showed they had been long settled in their country, those of the latter evidenced a very recent occupation. He had several battles with Hale on the subject, the latter arguing chiefly from tradition and change of language. " The probability," writes Mr. Beauchamp — privately to the writer — " is that a division took place at Lake Erie, or perhaps further west ; some passed on the north side and became the Neutrals and Hurons, the vanguard becoming the Mohawks or Hochelagans, afterwards Mohawks and Oneidas. Part wont far south, as the Tuscaroi-as and Chei'okees, and a more northern branch, the Andastes ; part followed the south shore and became the Eries, Senecas and Cayugas ; part went to the east of Lake Ontario, removing and becoming the Onondagas, when the Huron war began." It is noticeable that the earliest accounts of the Five Nations speak of them as of two kinds — Mohawks and *' Sinnekes," or as termed by the French the Inferior and Superior Iroquois. For example Antony Van Corlear's Journal, edited by Gen. James Grant Wilson, also certain of the New York documents. The most thorough local student of early Mo- hawk town-sites, Mr. S. L. Frey, of Palatine Bridge, N.Y., supports Mr. Beauchamp in his view of the late coming of the Mohawks into the Mohawk Eiver Valley, where they have always been settled in historic times. According to him, although these people changed their sites every 25 or 30 yeai*s from failure of the wood supply and other causes. [i.kjhthall] HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS 20 1 only four prohistoric sites have been discovered in that district, all the others containing relics of European origin. Mr. Beauchamp believes even this number too large. Both put forward the idea that the Mohawks were the ancient race of Hochelaga, whose town on the island of Montreal wan visited by Jacques Cavtier in 1535, and had disappeared completely in 1608 when Champlain founded Quebec. " What had become of these people ?" writes Mr. Frey, in his pamphlet " The Mohawks." " An over- whelming force of wandering Algonquins had destroyed their towns. To what new land had they gone ? I think we shall find them seated m the impregnable strongholds among the hills and in the dense forests of the Mohawk Valley." It is my privilege to take up their theory from the Montreal end and in the light of the local archaeology of this place and of early French historical lore, to supply links which seem to throw considerable light on the problem. The description given by Cartier of the picturesque palisaded town of [lochelaga, situated near the foot of Mount Royal, surrounded by corn- iields, has frequently been quoted. But other points of Cartier's narra- tive, concerning the numbei-s and relations of the population, have scarcely been studied. Let us examine this phase of it. During his first voyage in 1534, in the neighbourhood of Gasp^, he met on the water the fii-st people speaking the tongue of this race, a temporary fishing community of over 200 souls, men, women and children, in some 40 canoes, under which they slept, having evidently no village there, but belonging, as afterwards is stated, to Stadacona. He seized and carried to France two of them, who, when he returned next year, called the place where they had been taken Hongu6do, ana said that the north shore, above Anticosti Island, was the commencement of inhabited country which led to Canada (the Quebec region), Hochelaga, (.Monti oal) and the country o£ Saguenay, far to the west "whence came the red copper" (of which axes have since been found in the debris of Hochelaga, and which, in fact, came from Lake Superior), and that no man they ever heard of had ever been to the end of the great river of fresh water above. Here we have the fii-st indication of the racial situation of the Hochelagans. At the mouth of the Saguenay River— so called because it was one of the routes to the Saguenay of the Algonquins, west of the Upper Ottiwa— he found four fishing canoes from Canada. Plenty of fishing was prosecuted from this point upwards. In "the Province of Canada," he proceeds, " there are several peoples in unwalled villages." At the Isle of Orleans, just below Quebec, the principal peace chief, or, Agouhanna of " Canada," Bonnaconna, came to them with 12 canoes from the town (ville) of Stadacona, or Stadacon^;, which was surrounded by tilled land on the heights. Twenty-five canoes from Stadacona afterwards visited them ; and later Donnaconna brought on board " 10 or 12 other of the greatest 202 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA chief's' with more than 600 persons, raen, women and children, some doubtless from the neighbouring settlements. If the same 200 persons as in the previous year were absent Hshing at Gaspe, and others in other spots, those figures argue a considerable population. Below Stadacona, were four ' peoples and settlements " : Ajoasti, Stdrnafam, Tailla (on a mountain) and Safadin or Stddin. Above Stadacona were Tekenouday (on a mountain) and Hochelay {Achelacy or JIagouchouda) ' which was in open country. Further up woro Ilochelaga and some sott'ements on the island of Montreal, and various other places unobcerved by Curlier, belonging to the same race ; who according to a later statement of the remnant of them, confirmed by archieology, had Bovoral " towns" on the island of Montreal and inhabited " all the hills to the south and east."'^ The hills to bo seen from Mount Eoyal to the south are the northern slopes of the Adirondacks j while to the east are the lone volcanic eminences in the plain, Montarvillc, Belceil, Rougeraont, Johnson, Yamaska, Shofl'orJ, Orford and the Green Mountains. All these hills deserve seai'ch for Huron-Iroquois town-sites. The general sense of this paragraph includes an implication also of settlements towards and on Lake Champlain, that is to say, when taken in connection with the landscape. (My own dwelling overlooks this landscape.) At the same time let me say that perhaps due inquiries might locate some of the sites of Ajoaste and the other villages in the Quebec district. In Carlior's third voyage ho refers obscurely, in treating of Montreal, to "the said nown of Tutonaguy." This word, with French pronunciation, appears to bo the same as that still given by Mohawks to the Island, — Tiotiaki, meaning "deep water beside shallow," that is to say, " below the Rapid.'' In the Bo-called Cabot map of 1544 the name Ilochelaga is replaced by " Tutonaer," apparently from some map of Cartier's. It may be a reproduction of some lost map of his. Lewis H. Morgan gives " Tiotiake" as " Do de-a-ga." Another place named by Cartier i8_^ilfa«S0Mna, to which thechief of Hochelay had been gone two days when the explorer made his settlement a visit. On a map of Ortelius of 1556 quoted by Parkman this name appears to be given as Muscova, a district placed on the right bank of the Richelieu River and opposite Hochelay, but possibly this is a pure guess, though it is a likely one. It may perhaps be conjectured that Stadacona, Tailla and Tekenouday, being on heights, were the oldest strongholds in their region. All the country was covered with forests " except around the peoples, who cut it down to make their settlement and tillage.'' At Stadacona ' The latter I conjecture not to be the real name of the place but that the Stadacona people had referred to Hochelay as "Agojiida" or wicked. The cliief of Hochelay on one occasion warned Cartier of plots at Stadacona, and there appears to have been some antagonism bi;t\veen the places. The Hochelay people seem to have been Hochelagans proper not Stadacona Hochelagans. Hochelay-aga could mean " people of Hochelay." 2 Relation of 1642. [iJOimiALL] H0CHELAGAN8 AND MOHAWKS 203 he was shown five scalps of a race called Towlamans from the south, with wliom they were constantly at war, and who had killed about 200 of thoir people at Massacre Island, Bic, in a cuvo, while they were on the way to Honj]fU(5do to fish. All these names must of courflo be given the old French pronunciation. Proceeding up the river near Ilocholaga ho found " a groat number of dwellings along the shore " inhabited by fisherfolk, as was the custom of the Huron-Iroquois in the summer season. The village called Ilocho- lay was situated about forty-flvo miles above Stadacona, at the Richelieu rapid, between which, and Ilocholaga, r distance of about 1H5 miles, ho men- tions no village. This absence of settjoments I attribute to the fact that the intermediate Throe-Rivers region was an ancient special appurtenance of the Algonquins, with whom the Ilochelagans woro to all appearance then on terms of friendly sufferance and trade, if not alliance. In later days the same region was uninhabited, on account of Iroquois incursions by the River Richelieu and Lake Champlain. In the islands at the head of Lake St. Peter, Cartior mot five hunters who directed him to Ilocho- laga. " More than a thousand" persons, lie says, received them with joy at Hochelaga. This expression of number however is not very definite. It is frequently used by Dante to signify a multitude in the Divina Gomi- dia. The town of Hochelaga consisted of "about ffty houses, in length about fifty paces each at most, and twelve or fifteen paces wide," made of bark on sapling frames in the manner of the Iroquois long houses. The round " fifties" are obviously approximate. The plan of the town given in Ramusio shows some forty-five fires, each serving some five families, but the interior division differs so greatly from that of early Huron and Iroquois houses, and from his phrase " fifty by twelve or fifteen," that it appears to be the result of inaccurate drawing. There is therefore considerable room for difference as to the population of the town, ranging from say 1,200 to 2,000 souls, the verbal description which is much the more authoritative, incHning in favour of the latter. Any estimate of the total population of the Hochelagan race on the river, must be a guess. If, however, those on the island of Montreal be set ui 2,000, and the " more than 500 " of Stadacona be considered as a fair aver- age for the principal town and 300 (which also was the average estimated by P6re Lalemant for the Neutral nation) as an average for the eight or so villages of the Quebec district, (the absentees, such as the 200 at Gasp^ from Stadacona being perhaps offset by contingents from the places close to Stadacona) we have some 4,900 accounted for. Those on all the hills to the south and east of Mount Royal would add anywhere from say 3,000 to an indefinitely greater number more. Perhaps 5,000, however, should not be exceeded as the limit for these hills and Lake Champlain. We arrive therefore at a guess of from 7,900 to 9,900 as the total. As the lower figures seem conservative, compared with the ■^ ^gm 204 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA early avorago of Huron and Iroquois villugos, tho guess may perhaps bo raised a little to say from 10,000 to 11,000. "This people continoH itHolf to tillage and finhing, for they do not loavo their country and aro not migratory like those of Canada and Saguonay, although ^he said Cana- dians are subject to them, with eiijht or nine other peoples who are on the said river." Nevertheless tho site of Hoehelaga, unearthed in 18(!0, shows them to have been traders to some extent with the west, evidently through the Ottawa Alg<>nquin8. What Cartior did during his brief visit to the town itself is well known. The main point for us is that three men led him to the top of Mount Royal and showed him tho ooun- try. They told him of the Ottawa Ilivor and of three great rapids in the St. Lawrence, after passing which, "one could nail more than three moons along the said river," doubtless meaning along tho Great Lakes. .Silver and braas they identified as coming from that region, and '' there were Agojudas, or wicked people, armed oven to tho fingers," of whom they showed "the make of their armor, which is of cords and wood laced and woven together ; giving to understand that the said Agojudas are con- tinually at war with one and other." This testimony clearly describes the armour of tho early Hurotis and Iroquois ' as found by Champlain, and Boems to relate to war between the Ilurons and Sonecas at that poriod and to an averaion to them by the people of the town of Hoehelaga themselves ; who wore, however, living in security from them at the time, apparently cut otf from regular communication with them by Algonquin peoples, particularly those of tho Ottawa, who controlled Huron com- munication with tho lower St. Lawrence in the same way in Champlain's days. On returning to Stadacona, Caitier, by talking with Donnaconna, learnt what showed this land of Saguenay so much talked of by these people, to be undoubtedly the Huron country. " The straight and good and safest road to it is by the Fleuve (St. Lawrence) to above Hoehelaga and by the river which descends from tho said Saguenay and enters the said Fleuve (as we had seen) ; and thence it takes a month to roach." This is simply tho Ottawa route to Lake Huron used by the Jesuits in the next century. What they had seen was the Ottawa River entering the St. Lawrence — from the top of Mount Royal, whence it is visible to- day. The name Saguenay may possibly bo Saginaw, — the old Satfuenam, the "very deep bay , on the west shore of Lake Huron," of Charlevoix, (Book XL) though it is not necessarily Saginaw Bay itself, as such names shift. And they gave to understand that in that country the people are clothed with clothes like us, and there are many peoples in toion.^ and good persons and that they have a great quantity of gold and of n I copper. And they told us that all the land from the said first river to Hoehelaga ' Similar armour, tliough liighly elaborated, is to be seen in clie suits of Japauetie warriors, made of cords and lacquered wood woven together. [hlOIlTnAI.L] H0CHELAQAN8 AND MOHAWKS 20B •If and Sdtjuenay is an island surrounded by striams and the said great river (St. Lawrence) ; and that after passing Saguonay, said rivor (Ottawa) ontors two or three great lakes of water, very large ; after which a fresh water sea is reached, whoroof tlioro is no mention of having sooti ll»o ond, as they have heard from those of the Saguenay ; for they told us they had never been there themselves." Yet later, in chapter XIX., it is stated that old Donnac'onna assured them he had been in the land of tho Saguenay, whore ho related sevonil impossible marvels, suoh as people of only ono leg. It is to bo noted that "'the peoples in towns," who are apparently Huron- Iroquois, are hero referred to as "good people," while the ilocholagans speak of them as " wicked." This is explicable enough as a difference of view on distant races with whom they had no contact. It seems to imply that the '• C-anada" peopio were not in such close com- munication with the town of llochelaga as to have tho same opinions and perhaps tho Canada view of the Ilurons as good persons was tho original view of tho early (settlors, while the Ilocholagans may have had unpleas- ant later experiences or echo those of the Ottawa Algonquins. Hut furtherniore they told him of tho Richelieu River where apparently it took a month to go with their canoes from Sainto Croix (Stadacona) to a country " whore there are never ice nor snow ; but wliero there are constant w^ars one against another, ami there are oranges, almonds, wuts, plums, and other kinds of fruK in groat abundance, and oil is made from trees, very good for tho cure of diseases ; there the inhabitants are clothed and accoutred in skins like themselves." This land Cartier con- sidered I ■ be Florida, — but tho jioint for our ])re8ent purpose is the frequenting of the Richelieu, Lake Champlain and lands far south of them by tho Ilocholagans at llmt period. At the beginning of the seventeenth century Capt. John Smith met tho canoes of an Iroquois people on the upper part of Chesapeake Bay. VVe may now draw some conclusions. Originally the population of the St. Lawrence valley seems to have been occupied by Algonquins, as these peopio surrounded it an all sides. A question T would like to see investigated is whether any of these built villages and grew corn here, as did some of the Algonquins o. he New England coast and those of Allumette Island on the Ottav \. This might explain some of the dosertnd Indian clearings which tho early Jesuits noted along the slioi'e of the river, and of which Champlain, in 1611, used one of about GO acres at Place Royale, Montreal. Carder, it is seen, expressly explains some of them to be Huron-Iroquois clearings cultivated under his own obser- vation. Tho known Algonquins of tho immediate region were all nomadic. In 1534 we have, from below Stadacona (Quebec) to above Hoche- laga (Montreal), and down the Richelieu River to Lake Champlain, the valley in possession of a Huron-Iroquois race, dominated by 206 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Hochelaga, a town of say 2,000 sculs, judging from the Huron average and from Cartior's details. Tho descendants of the Ilocholagans in 1642 pointed out the spots where there were "several towns" on the islan 1. Mr. Beaucharop holds, with Parkman, Dawson and other writers, that " tho.se who pointed out spots in 1642 w >re of an Alyonquin tribe, not descendants of the Mohawk Hochelagans, but locally their succes- sors." But I cannot accept this Algonquin theor}-^, as their connection with the Hochelagans is too explicit and 1 shall give other reasons further on. The savages, it is true, called tho island by an Algonquin name ; " tho island where thei'o was a city or villiige," ' tlie Algonquin SHALLOW GRAVn IN PaEHISTOKIC BURYING-GROCNn .." WEiJTMOUNT ON MOUNT ROYAL SHOWING ATTITUDE OF SEPULTURr;. phrase for which was Minitik-Outen-Er'tagougibr-i, but these later terms have snr>all bearing. The site of one of the towns on the island is conjectured, from the finding of relics, to have been at Longuo Pointe, nine miles below Hochelaga ; a village appears from Cartier's account of his third 7oyage to havel^^existed about the Lachine Eapids ; and another wa8 gome miles below, probably at Point St. Charlo or the Little Eiver at \^erdun. Fourteen skeletons, buried after tht ...ohawk fashion, have b'^en'diecovered on the upper slope of Westmount, the southern ridge of Mouut Royal, about a mile from Hochelaga, and not far from an old Indian well, indicating possibly the proximity of another prehistoric town-site of the race, and at any rate a burying ground. The identification and ■ Relation of 1W2, p. 36. [lighthali.] HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS 207 excavations were made by the writer. If, however, the southern enemies, called Toudaraans, five of whose scalps were sliown Cartior at Stadacona, were, as one conjecture has it, Tonontouans or Senecas, the I roquois identity theory must be varied, but it is much more likely the Toudamans were the Etchomins. At any rate it seems clear that the Hochelagan race came down the St. Lawrence as a spur (probably an adventurous fishing party) from the great Huron-Iroquois centre about Lake Huron'; for that their advent had been recent appears from th*^ fewness of sitea dis- covered, from the smallness of the popxMation, considering the richness of the country, and especially from the fact that the Huron, and the Seneca, and their own, tongues were still mutually comprehensible, notwithstand- ing the rapid changes of Indian dialects. Everything considered, their coming might perhaps be placed about 1450, which could give time for the settlements ^n Lake Champlain,' unearthed by Dr. D. S. Kellogg and others and rendered probable by their pottery and other evidence as being Huron- Iroquois.'^ Cartier, as we have seen, described the Hoche- lagan towns along the river. The likeness of the names Tekenouday and Ajoast^ to that of the Huron town Tekenonkiaye, and the Andastean Andoast^, shows howclo-\d " ray mother told me that in her youth the Hurons drove us from this island." (164G, p. 40.) This makes it clear that the inroad was Huron. Note that this man of eighty years does not mention having himself lived on the island; and also the addition " in her youth." This fact brings us back to before i.566. But in 1G42, another •' old man " states that his "grandfathers" had lived there. Note that ho does not say his parents nor himself. These two statements, I think, reasoning from the average ages of old men, carrj"- us back to about 1550-60. Champlain, in 1622, notes a remark of two Iruquois that the war with the Hui'ons was then " mo- 3 than tifty years " old. The Huron inroad could not likely have occurred for several years after 1542, for so serious an incursion would have taken some years to grow to such a point out of profound peace. 1550 would therefore appear a little early. The facts demonstrate incidentally a period of prosperity and dominance on the part of the Eurons themselves, for instead of a mere incursion, it exhibits, even if made by invitation of the Algonqulns, a permanent breaking through of the barriers between the Huron country and the Montreal neighbourhood, and a continuance of their power long enough and sufficiently to press forward against the enemy even into Lake Champlain. It also shows that the Superior Iroquois were not then strong enough to confine them. Before the League, the latter were only weak single tribes. When Dutch firearms wore added to the advantage of the league, the Hurons finally fell from their power, which was therefore apparently a^ its height about 1560. Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nbuvelle France, end of Bk. V"., after de- scribing the first mass at Ville Marie, in 1642, says : "The evening of the same day M. de Maisonneuve desired to visit the Mountain which gave the island its name, and two old Indians who accompanied him thither, having led him to the top, told him they were of the tribe who had formerly inhabited this country." " We were," they added, " very numerous and all the hills {collines) which you see to the south and east) were peopled. The Hurons drove thence cui' ancestors, of whom a part took refuge among the Ab(5nakis, others withdrew into the Iroquois cantons, a few remained with our conquerors." They promised Maison- neuve to do all tiiey could to bring back their people, " but apparently could not succeed in reassembling the fragments of this dispersed tribe, which doubtless is that of the Iroquois of which I have spoken ?n my Journal." .^,„,-j-^-,^.-^ A proof that this people of Iroquet were not originally Algon- quins is that by their own testimony they had cultivated the ground, [lighthall] HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS 209 One of them actually took up a handful of the soil and called attention to its goodness ; and they also directly connected themselves in a positive manner with the Hochelagans by the dates and circumstances indicated in their remarks as above interpreted. The use of the term " Algonquin " concerning them is very ambiguous and as thoy were merged among Algonquin tribes they were no doubt accustomed to uoe that language. Their Huron-Iroquois name, the fact that they were put forward to interpret to the Iroquois in Champlain's first excursion ; and that a portion of them had joined the Iroquois, another portion the Hurans, and the rest remained a little baud by themselves, seem to add convincingly to the proof that they were not true Algonquins. Their two names " Onontchataronons" and " Iroquet " are Iroquois. The ending " Onons " (Onwe) means "men " and is not properly part of the name. Charlevoix thought them Ilurons, from their name. They were a very small band and, while mentioned several times in the Jesuit Relations, had dis- appeared by the end of the seventeenth century from active history. It was doubtless impossible for a r'^mnant so placed to mc itain them- selves against the great Iroquois war parties. A mino: question to suggest itself is whether there is any connection between the names "Iroquet" and " Ii'oquois ". Were they originally forms of the same word ? Or were they two related names of divisions of a people ? Certainly two closely related peoples have these closely similar names. They were as cleai'ly used as names of distinct tribes however, in the st^^enteenth century. The derivation of "Iroquois"' given by Charlevoix from " hiro " — " I have spoken " does not seoin at all likely ; but the analogy of the first syllables of the names Er-ie> Hur-ons, llir-oquois, Ir-oquet and Cherokee may have bomelhing in it. The Iroquets or Hochelagans attributed their groat disaster, — the destruction of their towns and dispossession of their island, — to the Hurons, but Charlevoix' records an Algonquin victory over them which seems to have preceded, and contributed to, that event, though the late- ness of Charlevoix renders the story not so reliable in detail as the per- sonal recollections of the Iroquets above given : Ilis story^ given " on the authority of those most versed in the old histoiy of the countrj' ", pro- ceeds as follows : "Some Algonquins were at war with the Ononteharonnons better known undei- the name of Tribe of Iroquet, and whose former resi- dence was, it is said, in the Island of Montreal. The name they bear pro- claims, they were of Huron speech ; nevertheless it is claimed that it was the Hurons who drove thom from their ancient country, and who in part destroj'cd them. However that may be, they were at the time I speak of, at war witb the Algonquins, who, to finish this war at one stroke, thought ol a strata jem, which succeeded ". This stratagem M'us an 1 Journal, Vol. I., pp. 1624. - Journal Historiqne d'un "Voyage a L'Ara., Lettre VI. 210 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I I l! I I H ! I w ambuah placed on both sides of the River B^cancour near Three Rivers, with some pretended fishermen out in «mnoes as decoys. Thj Iroquets attacked and pursued the fishermen, buiin the moment of victory, u hail of arrows issued from the bushfs along both shores. Their canoes being pierced, and the majority wounded, they all perished. "The tribe of Iroquet never recovered from this disaster ; and none to day remain. The quantity of corpses in the water and on the banks of the river so infected it, that it retain.s the name of Riviere Puante " ; (Stinking River). Charlevoix' gives, as well 'supported, the story of the origin of the war between the Iroquois and Algonquins. " The Iroquois had made with them a sort of alliance veiy useful to both." They gave grain for game and armed aid, and thus both lived long on good terms. At last a disagreement rose in a joint party of 12 young hunters, on account of the Iroquois succeeding while the Algonquins failed in tho chase. The Algon- quins, therefore, maliciously tomahawked the Iroquois in their sleep. 1' hence arose the war. In 1608, according to Ferland' based evidently upon tho statement of Champlain, the remnant of the Hochelaganp left in Canada occupied tho triangle above Montreal now bounded by Vaudreuii, Kingston and Ottawa. This perhaps indicates it as tho upper part of their former territory. Sanson's map places them at about the same part of the Ottawa in the middle of the seventeenth century and identifiers them with La Petite Nation, giving them as " Onontcharonons ou La Petite Nation ". That rem- nant accompanied Champlain against the Iroquois, being of course under the influence of their masters the Hurons and Algonquins. Doubtless their blood is presently represented among the Huron and Algonquin mission Indians of Oka, Lorette, Petite Nation, etc., and perhaps among those of Caughnawaga and to some extent, greater or less, among the Six Nations proper. From the foregoing outline of their history, it does not appear as if the Hochelagans were exactly the Mohawks^proper. It seems more likely that by 1560, settlements, at first mere fishing-parties, then fishing-villages, and later more developed strongholds with agriculture, had already been made on Lake Champlain by independent offshoots ^of the Hochelagan communities, of perhaps some generations standing, and not unlikely by arrangement with the Algonquins of the Lake similar to the understanding on the river St. Lawrence, as peace and travel appear to have existed there. Tho bonds of confederacy between village and village were always shifting and loose among these races until the Great League. To their Lpke Champlain cousins the Hochelaganb would naturally fly for refuge in the day of defeat, for there was no other direction suitable for their retreat. The Hurons and Algonquins carried on the war against the 1 Journal, end of Letter XII. 2 HIat. du Canada, Vol. L, p. 92. [lighthall] HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS 211 fused peoples, down into Lake Charaplain. "VVhon, after more than fifty years of the struggle, Champlain goes down to that Lake iu 1609, he finds there the clearings from which they have been driven, and marks their cabins on his map of the southeast shore. This testimony is confirmed by that of archaeology showing their movement at the same period into the Mohawk Valley. Doubtless their grandchildren among the Iroquois, like their grandchildren among the Algonquins, remembered perfectly well the fact of their Huron and Algonquin wrongs, and led many a war party back to scenes known to them through tradition, and which it was their ambition to recover. It seems then to be the fact that the Mohawks proper, or some of their villages, while perhaps not exactly Hochelagans, were part of the kindred peoples recently sprung from and dominated by them ar.d were driven out at the same time. The two peoples — Mohawks and Iroquets — had no great time before, if not at the time of Cartier's arrival — been one race living together in the St. Lawrence valley : In the territory just west of the Mohawk valley, they found vhe " Senecas" as the Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas together were at first called, and soon, through the genius of the Mohawk Hiawatha, they formed with them the famous League, in the face of the common enemy. By that time the Oneidas had become separated from the Mohawks. These indica- tions place the date of the League very near 1600. The studies of Dr. Kellogg of Plattsburgh on the New Yo:k side of Lake Champlain and of others on the Vermont shore, who have discovered several Mohawk sites on that side of the lake may be expected to supply a link of much interest on the whole question, from iho comparison of pottery and jiipcs. On the whole the Hochelag'in facts throw much light both forward on the history of the Iroquois and backwards on that of the Huron stock. Interpreted as above, they afford a meagre but connected story through a period hitherto lost in darkness, and perhaps a ray by which further links may still be discovered through continued archaeological investiga- tion. Note. Like the numbers of the Hochelagan race, the quebtion how Icng they had been in the St. Lawrence valley must be problematical. Sir William Dawson describes the site of Hocbelaga as indicating a residence of several generations. Their own statements regarding the Huron country — that they " had never been there", and that they gathered their knowledge of it from the Ottawa Algonquins, permits some deductions. If the Hochelagans— including their old men— had never been westward among their kindred, it is plain that the migration must have tjiken place more than the period of an old man's life previous— that is to say more than say eighty years. If to this we add that the old men appear not even to have derived such knowledge as they possessed from their parents but from strangers, then the average full life of aged parents should be added, or say sixty years more, making a total of at least one hundred and forty years since tLe immigration. Something might, it is true, be allowed for a sojourn at intermediate points : and the scantiness of the remarks is also to be remembered. But there remains to account for the con- siderable population which had grown up in tha land from apparently one centre. If the original intruders were four hundred, for example, then in doubling every twenty year 1, they would number 12,800 in a century. But this rate is higher than their st" "^ J of " Middle Barbarism" is likely to have permitted and a hundred and fifty years would seem to be as fast as they could be expected to attain the population they possessed in Cartier's time. , . mmmmm 9m