^>. Q »vi \l ^^ 1 ^ A^ "v^r ^ ¥ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^^^ IM 12.5 |3 2 m 1.4 12.2 2.0 1.6 V] <^ /a /y % %. # o> Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) S72-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques a! ^>, c*>an8, «tc., may be filmed at different . 'ucti jn ratios. Those too large to be entirely included ]). r.. huwiiiijr. i'ii 15. UUWLING, 15..\.!Sc. OTTAWA ri:iNTi:i) r,v s. i;. dawsox, i-kintkk to tiik '•! kkns >r<)HT KXCKLMINT MAIKSTY 1900 701. Tij of ( fro fea Jan To (J. M. Dawson, C.^\.(i., LL.D., F.l^S., Director (J«K)l<)j,'ical Survey of Ciinada. SiH, — T l)eg to suhinit the acrompiinying report on tlio west shore and islniids of Lake Winnipei;. In order to complete; tlie dosi-riptions of OLCurrenees of all tlie formations in this district, extracts are taken from Mr. J. H. Tyrrell's notes. To illustrate some of the structural features sketches and sections are also subniitU'd. I liave the honour to lie, Sir, Your obedient servant, D. H. DDWLIXt; J.WUAHY, 1S99. H \ S) il Note. — The bearings in this report are all referred to the true meridian ilF- M i KlU'OUT ON TIIK IIHIILIIIIY «F THE WEST SllllliE AM) ISLANDS IIF LAKE WINNIl'Efi Hv I). !'«. DowMN.;. 'i (Jkskhai- DKsciunioN. The basin in wliioli Ijikr Winni|teg lies is very lonj; and rutlier shallow, divided by niirrows into two piirts, the iiiiijor portion l)eing that to the north. The lake ranks fifth in superticial area amon«; t!ie iakesof North America. Its area of 9,414 sipiare miles is '_',] 50 .square miles more than tiiat of i..ake Ontario, ami but "»(>(» si|Uare miles less than that of liJike Kiie. Its greate.st li'nj,'th is '-'GO miles, somewhat lon;,'er than Ijike Erie, or about the distance from Ottawa to Hamilton, Ont. For the sake of comparison it may l)e interesting to note tliat this is also nearly the length of tlu; peninsula of Nova Scotia from the Strait of Canso to Yarmouth or only twenty miles less than the lenj^th of Vancouver Island. In width the lake varies veiy much, as a refer- ence to the accompanying map will show, but its ntaxi.num, in the noithern part, is about sixty-six miles. It has a mean height above the sea of 710 feet, and a geneial *pth. Str»-ani- i-iit>-riii^. b i « K LAKK WINNII'Kt;. < )ii tlie sout li, the font inualiuii uf llio dcpirNsion in which th« soulhiMii iMtrtioi) ot t lie hike lies is that down wl.ifli the H«'tl Hivor Uniiiis, briti^inic witli it lh<* wiittTs ot' liir As>itiilMtiM»'. I'cml'iiia iiiul oilier liiltutiiiius. Oil thi- west, the ^^('lll est slrcani iiii.iiiiji lln' Imsiii i-^lho Suskdlfhewaii. This large iiv«'r litnally falls iiitu Likr Wiiiniju-g, iis in the last four milt's of its course the doscoiit is 7*' fffl, foriiiitig the Graiui Itapiils. The |)auiiliin or I,itll»' SiisktilclifWiiii Uivcr drains into Stuitjeoii Hay .iiid Initio's tlic sui|ilii-^ fioiii Lakes Manitolia and \V'inni|nij;o8i>-. Other small stroauis such as Wai jmiIi Mivir, Fisliei' WImt and Icelandic I{i\fr may l»e mentionctl, lnii they ilrain only limited areas. fi'ii)lii(fii'tif Fealiii'i'K. |-"ii|liialiu: iKifill. LiUilKfnil (li-'Kwit lit I'ikKt KJdt . The hasin of Lake NViimijiey is excavated alon;; the lonlact of tlie I'alieo/dic liinestoiies with the Arcliiean which forms so lari,'e a part of the middle northern part of the continent. Here th" surface of tlie Arcliiean forms a i;ently slopinj,' plain trending to the south-west, on which was laid down a vi-rv sandy deposit, first forniei! when the sea was advanciiii;, followed l)y a successi(»n of liiiiest(»ne l)eds. 'i'ho thinner oserlappiiig deposits have now lieeii removed from the Arcliiean, and the process of denudation has lieen no doiihi gre/itly assisted by the sccuiring action of the ;4lacier8, until what was, perhaps, previous to iihicial times. ;in esciuiiment along the foot of whii'li ran a stream passing proliahly llirouv''' several siiiiill lakt?s, is now a large Kasin oceupit'd l»y the lake, on the wesieiii side of which are found the cliffs of limostone that are the K-mains of beds that lonnerly extended north-eastward to join those of the liiidson I'.iy basin. The rocks of the east shore are ;ill gneisses, giiinites, -chists, iVc, of the l..aureiitian and Huronian formations, and the country is natundly more rocky and Imrren than that to the west and Mnith, which is well coveied i)y till or boulder-clay and later lacustnd deposits. I'foin I.,jd<« Winnipeg eastward, there is, partly covering the rough rocky country, ii deposit of .stratified cliiy and silt which has been ciirried lo ,i height of id)ont one hundred and lifty feet above the present lake during o.ie of its higher stages, while still ice-dammed to the east. The silt deposited in this way was derived from the material brought by the ghicier and is found to e.xtend northward past tiie limits of the imip, fdl'oriling farming land in unexpected quarters where only rocky hummocks would otherwise be looked for. In this connectiim the following paragraph by J. !'>. Tyrrell may be ((U(»ted : — i tiKNKU.M. DKM'KliriUN. 7 K ' A (lupoMit of ulay Miinilur t4> thut mi Mos.4y Point oxtonda all aloni,' th<' •>iw( slion* of liiikc \Viiini|i)>i;, iimi tli)> wiivi>h diiHliin^ a^'niiiHt tlu! .soft cliffs Imcoiiii) flminftl willi tin- iiiuil, fniiii wliicli tlw lakf (l«'- rivvs itH iiiiiuo. 'I'Iuh cliiy is almiof groat <*fnnoiiiio iiitnruiit, for instoad of the oast hIiop* of tliu lako hiMii^ an uninlnil)ital>lo riK-ky wil(l«>rn(>!W> AKiiiiilturul as is g»«iu'r.illy supposod, it is laryj'ly ftvi'n'd witli a ricli, l)lu(' alluvia '"'"'■ ■^oil, and tin* aroa of titck surface \n rolaliNtdy small. Much of tluH land is coviM't'd with foK'sts of |>o|ilar and spruco, whilt* on account of till' r«)t4Mitivc inipurvious luiturc of thn day noil nnich of it is aim* l>o;;iry atid W(*t, but when it is oh'ari'd and drained it will form rioii agricultural lands. .\l ISadthroat l>i\fr, .Mr. \V«»ik1, the liK-al Inspector of FishnricH, had cleared a Iteauliful f.irm out of the midst of the poplikr forest, and ho informs mo that he jjrows Huccussfully all the or«>p8 ordinarily raised in Ontario. Mr. McKay, the Indian .\>;ent at Ken'ns Kivr, has aim) a clearim; situated on the .south side of the rixer in the midst of what was a tlense foiesl of small spruce. He hiM under cultivation a nice ^aiden, and this year the itotaUie.s were not cut down hy the fro-il till the middle of Sept^Mulier.'* On the .south side, the limestones are generally oulderclay. The lacustral de|Hi6its y the present stream. Alulder clay, mostly of a reassorted character, showing faint lines of stratitication as though deposited in a liody of water. Tracesof underlyini; drift deposits which have heen overridden hy the >;iacier arc occasionally sui^^ested hy the form of some of the smaller low-lying islantis near the west shore whose contoui- and outline have th ' a.spect of drumlins. The surface is generally well wooded with aspen ( /'"jmfiis tr'innfoi>/t:g) and black and white spruce (I'irfii Jiiijrn ati'l /'. nlhn ). The principal settlements are those of the Icelandic colonies on the west side of the .southern portion of the lake, those of the Indians and • Annual K.iKiit. \. \ . iN.S.) l.s'.m. p. ;fj v. .\. is 8 F l,AKK WIN-MI'Ki. \u m h Imlf lin'oiN (HI tin- liiwcr purl of till' Hfd Hivcr iirnl Hrnii«>nMl soIiIp' iiHMits oil the I'UMt Hill)', I riiu'i]iiillv U'twcen tlii> K)-r iiiul i'Virt AlcxiindiT. TIh' iu>i-()iii|iaiiyin|{ iiiitp hIho sIiowh in its Noulli)*rly part thu tniirt' thickly populntcMi cnuiitry in tli«> virinity of tlii>railwny lineH. (ient'ral He.»oiirefi». Fi«liiii>,' iiiilimtry. /'is/iiii'/. The wiitcrs oi till' hikes in thi' Imsin ixw ),'»'ner.'illy woll Ht*)ck(Ml with II hii'^o viiri»'ly of th«) fn'shw»t«'r fiMMJ li«h<-8, Imt the ahumlanoif of thcso in the waterH of Luke \Vinni]M>^' hiM intiured the tMtiililixhnii'nt of extensive lisheries and the euiin^ and sliipmeiit of iiiine <|uantitie^ of wliitelisji and trout. Kroin the reports of ihfl Inspector of I'isiieiies for thi.s district th«) following tigureH ure submitted. Kv|>>rt fur The fisli exported in ihe early years of the industry were whiteJish, pike and pickerel, and for the yearn IS.s;j and IS81, the ligures are given an follows : — \\'lMtcti"li. I'ikf Pi.k.ivl . ihh;i. ' >ii.iiilily. \ :iliif. 7l'.si;7 11.,. ,s a.dii f.i..s:.<( •• I.IN'.I IMIMI •• .|S»I 1 «■«*». • ,'ii.Tiititv. N'.iliif. .'LV.l.mNlllw. SI (.(Ktti rx;i. •ji .S77 1 .:«<> .so The pioduc. of Lake Winnipeg is fully half of the total, as an e.sti- mateof the winter Twhing and otlier shipment- from Lake Manitoba |i puWUIm] liKNKIIVI. Dr.NCIIII'riiiN. 9 f is ^iv.'ii Its . — wliit.dsli ;»0o.000 Ihh., piko 4.'»0.000 U.». Tin- growth of till- imliistiy iiiiiy Im- fuillirf stiiilifd l>y n-fcriiiij; to ihf ('ij;iir«'H for lli«< yt'ais ISSS ,s;( ;»() iluiiiij,' wliich llircf (isliin^ < «»iii|>iiriii'>* wire o|M'riitiii;,' on Ijikc Winni|i»':,'. rmpluym;,' iiiftiiy lu^s and Imrgt's for tlie toMvryiitico of iVozi'ti lisli to tin Id stomp' waiflioiiM' in Selkirk. TliH lisli lit tliitt tiinc wi'ti! fro/<th(His in preservinj{ and shij.pin;;. At j)re>eiit the eoM stora;,'e warehouse c,,],] ,,j,„.„™. in Selkirk is e<|uip|H'd for the ammonia proeess, and several lar^e steamers are constantly runiiin;; during' the lishing season to the lishiiii; grounds, principally in the northern part of the lake, where there are hiaiuh estalilislmients at Selkirk Isiimd, .Mossy I'oint and at r.iTciis Island. 7'/»/('i»'r. — On the western sliores there .K». Hadtliroat River (two iMiii|paiiie,-.). Fisher I'av KM.an.l Fluw l'.av Wasiiow Kay Ki^lui- |{iver (IriniUtiiiii' I'oint Hliuk Island 1,7:^7,L'H4 l,tM!'J.'J41 •J.»(>i.r>.s2 i,;c.(t i,L'o4,(;<,ts 2.M,r.r>:{ I l,(ir),S,232 os.ooo (l.«44,4(U I 4.314.5t3!l 18<,H. l,724,i:>9 1.047.47r> 51t),4!M( 4,"SS.1'-M This return shows a steady decrease and compared with that for 1884 maintains about the same ratio, the returns for 1884 being 7,820,000 ft. H. M. Minerais. — As thr j^reater jnirtion of the area surrounding the lake is underlain by Laurentian ^Mleisses and Pali<>ozoic limestones, the districts in which the precious metals might be looked for are very limited, and are contlned to tlit; two areas of lluronian indicated on the map. In that .shown near Wannipegow Uiver, many claims have been staked, and a small amount of development work has been carried on, but returns as to the assays of ore are not to hand. Gold and silver ores are rejiorted, i)ut apparei. iy they are of small amount. Molybdenite — Sm.nll mas.ses of this mineral are reported by Mr. Tyrrell from granite veins on Little Playgreen Lake. Iron ore — A deposit in apparently large (|uantities is found on Black Island, and this will no doubt be again exploited. Gypsum — l)eposits of workable extent are known to exist north of Lake St. Martin, but the needs of the province have not yet called for their being worked. Building Stone. — The quarries at Selkirk produce a soft mottled limestone of excellent texture, and those at Stonewall and Stony .Mountain have been already worked to a large extent. The ex- posures on Lake Winnipeg, mainly th )se of the lower and mid- dle beds of the Trenton, are of l)eds too easily split into thin slabs to be useful for large building operations, so that the building stone is coniined to the uppt.-r beds which ant exposed mainly in the southern part near the .settlements. ( »J (iENKHAL UKSCKIl'TION. 11 F Lime. — Aliiuist any of tlie limestones of the district produce a good i,i„K'. lime. That from Stonewall is, however, of a fine wJiite colour and is much more in demand for tinishing work than that from the lower beds. Kilns were erected at one time at (Jrindstone Point for the manufacture of lime, hut the carriage on the lake was attended by so much ditliculty as to discourage the industry. Clays. — Pottery clay or clay for fine terra-cotta could no doubt be Clays found at many places along the east shore of Lake Winnipeg, but the only deposit known to bo wi^rked is in the vicinity of Ljic du lionnt't. The resultant terru-cotta is of a dark-brown colour, lirick- clays in the vicinity of Wiiiiupeg, and in fact in all the .southern part of the province, produce a light cream-coloured brick which is much employed. This clay by a iimch more thorough burning would in some cases become red, but the result would perhaps not warrant the added expense. The natural resources of the ilistrict may still be said to incluiie the game and fur-bearing aniuuils, though these are fast being de- pleted as settlement encroaches on the wilderne.ss. The country on the ea.st and to the north still produces many bales o furs for the trader. The natural water-powers of the Winnipeg River, which are within reasonable distance of the city of Winnipeg, should in the near future become of great iinportance for electrical pt)wer and light. All the streams on the cast side also have many eligible sites for water- powers and even on the Saskatchewan, the great fall at the (i rand Rapid may be S(»me day utilized. \\':iti'i -ixiwrr. ■]■ 1 1 i Niirigiitiuii of till' Laki'. The great length of the lake, running as it does nearly north-and NaviKiuimi mi south, would suggest at once a long navigable stretch h-ading toward the tide-waters of Hudson Bay, anil many years ago surveys were carried out for a railway from the lake to York Factory. At present the principal carrying trade of the lake is connected with the fishing industry, the lumbering and the mercantile sup- plies of the fur-trading posts situated in its vicinity and along the waters of Nelson and Saskatchewan rivers. Previous to the building of the railway lines to Edmonton and Prince Albert on the Saskatche- wan, large shipments were made up this river in fiat bottomed river steamers, as dften as the state of the water would admit, and a small tramway was built across the beud from the font to the head of the tirand llapids. (i 12 F LAKK WINNIPEfi. i Navitfiitiiiii of l:ik-. Variutiim i^f COIUI>.l.-i:<. The shallow nature of tiie lake renders it a very ilitfieuU one to trav- eise in many parts, — shoals occur in localities far from land — the suspended matter in the water prevents shallow sp»ts ftx>iu Ijeing recognized, and, for small boats, the storms raise in a short time a very heavy sea. As the accompanying map is the tirst published from instrumental surveys, it may have to be used as a chart by -ome of the masters of the boats sailintt on the lake. It may k)e mentioned that courses may be taken from the magnetic meridian laid down at the noi'th west corner, bearing in mind the fact that llie variation is decreasing slightly to the soutii, and at the mouth of !{eint to the east of Gull liarbour. Gull Harbour is merely a large bay opening to the northeasts It is a good .shelter from the south and north-west. Grassy Narrows is becoming silted up, so that it is ^v \iJ ible only for small boats. Gull H:irlMiiii' The water in the channel from (Jull Harbour to flrindsioMe Point, to Grinistmi" by the west end of Punk Island, is all of gixxl depth at mk or gravel spit projecting from the east side. \ \ OOWIINO J (;f.neral dkscription. 13 P From Hull HeacI to Do^ Head ilin shores are all steep, and there is Unu h,.,„|. good water t<» near the shore, while there are several sheltered points that would do well for lx)at landingH. Just inside the point at Hull Head there is a wharf for the steamers to wootl up at, hut this is somewhat exposeout 40 feet. In the channel at Dog Head the ileepest point was 96 feet near the west shore. This is the deepest we found on the whole lake. The channel to Fisher I'ay on the east side of Mnose Island is narrow, and at the narrowest part a shoal was struck near the centre of the opening, on which there was only 5 feet of water. Fi.sher Bay is not much deeper than 14 feet '"''"''" '"y- in any part. At the south end of Little Tamarack Island there is a gravel spit Littl." behind which fishing boats can shelter. For storms from the east | A'!""P' there are several sheltci-s along the east shore, and a good harbour at Rabbit Point, but it wjvs not visitvd by the writer. The western channel from I>og Head to Stony Point, passing Jack Head Island, is much too shallow to be safe for steamers without a pilot knowing of the location of the shoals to the north of Etig Islands. A gravel bar that is likely to prove dangerous to navigation is Ihnitrinms situated to the west of Flour Point. It is about five and a half miles p,'j,',/' fiom the east shon;, and steamers running between Dog Head and Berens Island should not get out of their course to the west or not more than four miles from Flour Point. During low water and in daylight it can be seen as a white bar, but its position, so far out in the laki", renders it very dangerous at night. The north-eastern point of Commissioner Island is a limestone ridge ci,.,,,,,,.] ,„„.t|, which shoals out for some distance and should be avoided, as well as "' ("minis- the waters between the north end of this and the Twin Islands. The course, followetl by many pilots through the chaTuiel south of the lighthouse is to pass Commissioner Island northward until the Twin Islands open, then run to near the liiibt, say half a mile at nearest, then steer to pass within half a mile of the north-west shore of Twin I U F LAKE WlNNII'E(i. Kiitruiic'i ;>\vaiii|>y Hiirlioiii' liercns Isl ti) ilid Course t( StuiW'on li.u Islands and continue on t'll the islands open again, then avoid the south shore of Berens Island. The entrance to the harbour on the west side of lierens Island is on a line at which the buildings at the rloek close on the trees of the northeast side of the liarbour. After approaching on this line till the first bushes on the bar close with Little Hlack Island, follow at the same distance along the bar to the dock. All the water of the east side of the harbour shoals from Berens Island and there are many reefs. As the bar is of giavel and sand built out from the island, deep water would naturally be expected along its face. The old Swan l{iver Harbour whit-li was used by the inlaml boats of the Hudson's iiay Company is a small bay un the east side of Berens Island, a corntsr of which is sheltered by a gravel bar. This is useful only to small boats. The channel to the east of JJerens Island is occasionally used by passing near the north east end of the island. Two reefs here have to be looked for — Cox's reef and one lying to the east of the present lighthouse. The course to .Sturgeon Bay, where some time ago there was extensive fishing, passes between Outer Sturgeon and Bushkega islands raid way, as long bars run from each island. As .soon as the islands are passed the course turns sharply for the most easterly of the Sturgeon Islands till well past the reef marked to the west of Buskega Island. This island may be approached ijuite closely on the west, but there is only a very small opening to the east between the bars. The steamers generally pass to the east of Tree Island, and then south-west, passing well to the north-west of l^ound Island and thence steering for the mouth of the river. The low point north of the river is shallow, so that it is necessary to swing out a point to the south before making for the mouth. PHYSICAL FEATURES. TIIK VrEST SUCRE OF LAKE WINNIPEfJ. West shiii'c of Lrike Wiiiiiipig. The plateau country through which the Great Saskatchewan River cuts its gorge at the Grand Rapids, as it falls to the level of Lake Winnipeg, is at a height of about one hundred and thirty feet above the ' level of the lake. Its eastern face forms a rather high esct . . extending from south of Long Point, northwards past the limii-a or the lake. The shore approaches the foot of this slope at the OOWIINO WK8T SIIORK OF LAKE WINMI'ECi. 15 F mouth of the Saskatchewan, and follows it northwards at a gradually churjict.i ..f increasing distance. Near the Saskatchewan the shores are Itoulder- I'^'J^'^ j'.'^r''^' "' Li: strewn, and no rock in place is noticed till north of Selkirk Island, wiiere cliffs of limestone! commence and are seen to the mouth of Lime- stone liay. Southward from the river the general character of the country is more diversified. A spur of high land runs out to the east, forming the prominent Long Point of the map. The southern face of this is bold, but toward the north the slope is very gradual and on its surface many ridges of boulder-clay are found running northward. These seem to run in a direction parallel to the glacial stria; and are of the nature of drumlins. The contour of the shore-line from the S.iskatchewan River to the end of Long Point is evidently influenced very much by these ridges. Very good examples are seen near the 1 ndian Reserve and also eastward. Long bays running to the south are found to have heavy boulder bars on each side at the mouth and ridges forming the side,s. ! i *;i Hon.DKU-STKKW.N SlIOUK NKAU SASKATCIIKWAN UIVKH, KHtiM HKMI lATlOX OK DOULDKK-CLAY ItlDCK. A section of one of these near the Saskatchewan shows boulders and |'„,ul.ii r- pebbles in a light-coloured boulder-clay. Many of the pebbles are of "'""" '*'i""t- limestone, and on the beach in front of this exposure, two miles east of the mouth of the river, are some large boulders of limestone rounded and polished by glacial action. The shore, to Long Point, ia tjuite irregular, and apparently the water shoals away very gradually with many boulder-bars off the points. The south side of l^ong Point is more regular in outline, having higher country immediately behind the bouldery beach-ridge. On the north side are two large bays cutting in /, 1'^ Sliorcs of Lung i'oiiit. Wickf(! Poiiit. Siluriiiii. Li)w sill ires. 16 K LAKK WINNIFKti. toward the soutli, .somewhat rounded hy having sand bars cutting off a portion of the soutliern jiart. The points between are principally low- lying, with boulder-bars off the central one. The remainder of the shore to the eastern end of Long Point i.s regulai-, w itJi gravel and sand beaches. Evidence of the continuation of the Long Point ridge to the eastward i.s seen in the numerous bouldei's scatteied far off the end of the point. Stratilied deposits of sand are seen at the end of the point and extending along its south side for two miles, evidently overlying the till or clay composing the main part of the ridge forming the point. The angle or bay formed at the south-west side of the point is partly inclosed by gravel-ridges running from both sides forming a shallow harbour occasionally used by fishermen. Soutlnvard the shore is low, and at the tirst point is boulder-strewn, the boulders showing in shoals out in the lake. This is called Wicked Point, and possibly deserves its name. Near it is the first exposure of limestone south of the Saskatchewan River. The f-ection is given here, as it seems to belong to a higher horizon than the other limestone exposures of the lake. The top of the lock is 14 ft. ") in. above water, and the beds are in the following de>-cending order : — Feet. Indies. H.ard doloinitic linipstniu' witli ;i iVw shells ami ccnals, tlui wlidle more or less liiiiiiiy 5 4 Porous fiKiiiilal cKiloiiiitic linicstoiie 2 3 Thin white liucis very niiicti shattend and sonii what rotten, cavities tilled with white clay-like material. '^ 4 Yellow i»(>roiis floloniitiir limestone, fucoidal 2 3 Covered by sliin}rle to water's edp^ ] 3 14 .'. From one to two feet behiw the watei' are seen beds of a blue shaly limestone. This exposure extends along the shore for about .300 yards, the apparently horizontal. Above is a thin deposit of two or three feet of boulder-ciay, and at the southern enil of the ciill' there is a mass of this material piled up behind th; rock. The clay contains a great number of limestone boulders, evidently from this ledge, with a few of graniti' or gneiss. The fossils obtained from this place, princi- pally from the upper beds, seem to indicate Silurian age, of about the same horizon as the lowest rock at the Grand Rapids. From this first exposure south to the next, there is very little variety in the shore-line. The country bordering the lake is low and flat, the rocks being covered by a thin coating of boulder-clay. Boulders are strewn on the points and gravel- and sand-l)ars extend between, forming the present shore-line. Behind this as a rule is a wet mossy muskeg reaching back to the higher, more thickly wooded ( uowuNO 1 WEST SHORE OF LAKE WIN.Ml'FCi:. 17 F cround. About six and a half miles nortli of Dancinj? Point the s..iitli fn.m shore is strewn with limestone fnitjmenta, and a mile south the - "">f ' '•">'• underlying beds become exposed, showing eight feet of limestone in a series of receding steps. The beds, of a hard mottled dolomitic lime stone, are thin or split into fragments. The exposed surfaces are rough and covored by fucoidlikc markingr; They resemble the Selkirk- Island beds, and are apparently not far below those of the last exposure. These same beds are seen again about a nnle faither south, and the shore is there generally covered more thickly with scattered limestone pebbles and gravel. At Dancing Point, a low cliff shows 4 ft. G in. above the water, and linuciiiif extends 100 yards along the shore. The beds are nearly horizontal niul the surface fornis a flat table which has hern .somewhat smoothed bv glacial action and shows u few striic. These are running nearly S 35 E., with some, seemingly older, running S. 03 E. This rock is a dark semi-crystalline dolomitic limestone, similar to that on Sel- kirk Island (north end), and contains a few badly preserved fossils of the same horizon as those found on the western shore opposite the north end of Selkirk Island. From Dancing Point southward, the shore for a short distJince i^ Nturtli. War- very shoal and is strewn with boulders. The whole bay .seems to be rather shallow. The tirst point south is boulder-strown and but very little above the lake. Four miles from Dancing Point the beach gra- dually becomes freer from boulders, and is then almost entirely a sand- bar with low country behind. In the centre of this long bay a small stream, the War-i)ath River, cuts through the sand-bar. In the spring no doubt the river is of some size, but at the time of our visit (August) tlie water flowing across the bar was only dee]) enough to float a canoe. The next rock noted on the shore was a small exposure of yellow .'^hi.l r.imt. dolomitic limestone at Sliiel Point. This is in a low cliff showing about il feet of apparently horizontal beds of fini'-grained mottled dolomite. They are marked with fuooid-like markings, and vertical sections show numerous small cavities such as might be left from the di.ssolving away of salt crystals. The beds weather a dark y(>llow, almost an orange. In genend appearance the specimens from this place have a re.sem- ,.'.'..',\„i"|,]j„,, blance to the rock at Stony Mountain. Tlu' top beds, three or four ^t"i>v teet thick, are quite liard and hne-grained, while the lower ones are not limcstnu. . '|uite so hard and seem to contain more earthy impurities. The beds exposed seem to be barren of fossil remains. 2 / V i I' Hi- 18 K LAKE WINN'irKli. 1 1 ■ MJ 1 \' 1 ' t ■5| Carscallfii Point. MoiJiHH I'diiit. The shore soutii aroutul t\w rest of tliis \my lias a fiiif liigli j,'nivel- iind siviid-beach, lait toward the soutliern point the country bohind is low, ill fact, a small lake lies back of the point and drains oast to the lake farther to the south. The hi^'h bar ends at the above point, leaving tlu' sluav turther .south rough and shallow. At Carscalleii Point, several exposures of limestone are seen in horizontal beds rather dark in colour. Otherexjiosures similar in nature occur along this shore as far as Clark Point, and details are to Ite found in the topographical descriptions of the I'pper Mottled lime- stone. South to (travel Island, about four niili-s. the shores arc high and riiuk I'oiiii to ^^.,,|[ timbered, with a l)each iirincipallv of limestone gravel. South of ( 01111(1 Uliiml. ' I I J n this island the shores are boiddersfrewn. Sturgeon Bay has a width nf eleven miles, and from Tree Island to stiiriic.iii l?;iy. ,jn. i,„,uth of the Mantagao liiver the distance is sixteen miles. In the mouth of the bay are seen the .Sturgeon Islands, narrow bouldei'strewn ridges, with groves of poplar anil spruce. The reniaindercf the iiay is open, but is generally not deep, the average being aimut three fathoms. The shore.s to the east are flat and low with boulder- bars in fn '^t, while to the south they are somewhat higher and steeper, having gravel beach-ridges. The bay at the mouth of the Mantagao River is nearly closed in by a gravel bur which is being built u[) from the west side, and the inclosed part is rapidly filling up, and is now mostly (;overed l)y rushes, making it a famous resort for ducks in the autumn. .V low muskeg-llat extemls f'om the east side of Sturgeon I'.av ti> the iiottoui of Lynx Bay, so that from a distance the lake ,-eems to extend through, thus apparently cutting off a portion of the land which terminates in Saskatchewan Point. On some of thi' older maps this part is called Lynx Island. In Lynx Bay it is found that this low strip is separated from the lake to the north by a high sand- and gravel- liar which now effectually seals the pa.ssage, otherwise in high water a canoe-route might easily be found through the marshy strip. Many examples of these high bars built entirely b}' wave action are found, and another may be here cited. The point known as McBeth Point, which is just to the east of Cat Head, is connected to the high land to the south-west entirely by a wave-built bar with perhaps larger pro. portions than any other on the lake, the material being ready to hand at the cliffs running from Lynx Bay to Cat Head. In Lynx Bay the limentone debris is found scattered all along the east side. Kinwow Bay is a long narrow inlet, with an average width of two miles opening out to the lake in greater width. The distance .Maiita>,'ai Kivcr. FjVux Hiiv. Hi^'h ^'lUM'l bar. Kinwuw Ha\ WK8T HUOHE OK LAKK WINNII'Kci. 19 P ttcroc • the mouth from McHetli Point to Willow Point on th«' east is over eijjht miles. At tlie upper end of the bay the country is fairly well wooded, anil sprtiiH! of ecoiioinic value us tiniljer is re|Kirted on several small streams. Heliiml the lieaeli on the eastern [loint of the hay is a series of samldunes, a\erai,'iny from ten to fifteen feet in .s ,,„v I'ojnt. lieij,'hl. The timber seemed to be small. At Stony Point the .sand and LCravel is piled into a iiij^h heavy bar, projectinj^ into the lake toward the east. The eastern end is pioteited 'oy a small .iccuuiula- tion of boulders at tlut water-line. A line of boulder-liars i uns from tiiee.\trenie end of Stony Point to tlie shore, four miles to tiie south, probal)ly the remains of a .series of boulder-olay ridges similar to those formini; islands to tiie north. Following the shore southward to the mouth of tlie Jackfish Uiver? S!i..n- near it is seen to be rather iliLjh and straight, with occasional small ex- j.'^;,„ posures of clay abov« the iteach. These are fouiul to Ijc i uttings into ttie side of a ridgo of bouliler-clay, slightly modified, showing very faint traces of stratification. At the Indian Piesei ve at Jack Head> the timber has lieen cleared away and the ridg-^ is clearly seen. It is about fifty paces wide on the crest, sloping to tlie swamp behind. The shore just here, by a series of eurves to the south ea-t, leaves this ridge and gains two or three similar, though smaller ones, lying at short '"•"'"'••ry 11 1 rni r 1 • 1 II- 11 1 riiljff C-r B;»y. i>ay are all low, and the south corner is marshy. The timber of the west shore has already lieen largely cut off, and two saw-mills, one on the west shore and one on the Fisher River, have ceased operations. On the east side, the shores are low and the country behind is also not elevated much abo\ e the lake. The points visited are merely reproductions of the same kind as that descriljed on Moose Island, low boulder-ridges separated by swampy strips. The shore to the south is fully described in dealing with the rocks Character rif exposed, but in brief, from Dog Head south to Little (irindstone Point, f.'fa'.'ij" **''^ cliffs of limestone front on the lake. The south-western shores of Washow Bay are, however, low, and on the west shore of the southern 2* 20 K I.AKK WI\NII'i:liipi's up iioiu tlit- liiki- and many aottlcrs' liouses are socn in tlio cl«ariMl placn'). 8!eop hIidpos are found nour (linili, but are seen to he out hunks ..f stratified clay, a deposit formed when tlic lake was at a higiicr It-ve!. RIVKItS KNTKItINd TIIK I,AM; FIIO' hi; wkst. War 1 'III h RiviT. 4- Tho two hirf,'c streams, the Saskatiiicwan an., tiic |)aup!iin<»r Little Saska'chcwan rivi-rs have hetMi pn-viously dusci ihed in various u-ports. The jfoology and general description of the Saskatchewan in the vicinity of Lake Winnipeg; is yivcn in .1. M. Tvrrcll's report on North Western Maiutoba.* A f,'eneral desciiption of th(» Dauphin IJiver is also liiven l»y the same writer in tlie >'iniiinaiy I{epi>it tor IS^iO.t A traverse was made ilown tiie Miuthern hrancli nf tiie War-path River, by crossinj^ from the Little Saskatchewan Uivor, at the iiend, liy a two-mile poitago t<> the westward. The trail crosses a low coinitry, imperfectly draitntl, half the distance heiiiL.' ihrou^h wet mossy muskeg. IJclls of tiinlier of small yniwth. jtrincipaily poplar and spruce, were passed tiirouj.'li The stream, at the point rcM'hed by the trail, is llowini; in a siuail channel cut down only about tivc feet ai\d liftepn feet wide. Fn the summer hardly enouirh water is running to float an euipty canoe. Owinii to the gradual descent, smull accumulations of boulders se>'ve to dam the water back in long (piiet stretches. The general direction of this branch is north northwest in a nearly direct line, almost a prolongation of the direction of the upper course of the I..ittle Saskatchewan Hiver. The country passed through is a gently sloping pl.iiK! inrlined to the norih, wooded with poplar and a few fair sized spruce. No exposures of lM)ulder-clay or any underlying rock were seen on this bi'anch, and whelher the till is inoditied or not is conjectural. TIk^ western branch joins that from the south nearly five miles svest from the lake, and from there the course of the stream is changed to the east. The banks are oidy about eight feet in height in the lower pari an tlie snutli west in sexeral iManches. The two princi. pal ones meet at tlie l'"(iriprui<- is seen. As to the nature of the uuderlyini,' formations little could l>« learned. At the dam, four miles down from the Fork.s, a section of the bank showed one foot of black loam with stratified clay and a few j>ebbles. I'ouKlers are foutid in the bed of the stream miinly at the rapids- Stratilied sandy clay is also shown lower down, but this seems to bo riser deposit. The land bordeiin" the stream at the lower part is reserveil for the Iiin some of the farms were small fields of wheat, oats and barley, growing well. Fish, when not abundant in the river, are caught in the lake, but whitelish are seld(«m obtained nearer than Tamarack Island. The river is navigable for small boats of less than four feet draught up to the Mission and Ilud.sons l>aj' Company's establishment, while larger craft might, if the bar at the mouth of the river is cleared, reach the mill, about a mile up. ISLANDS OK I.AKi: WlXMPKf:. r>ig Island is seventeen miles in length, and of an average width of ,, three miles and a half. The western shore is low with hav llals and marshes, but the eastern and southern portion is more elevated and Imtter adapted to farming and stock raising. Nearly all the surveyed sections on this part arc occu|)ied by settlers of the Icelandic colony. 22 r I.AKK WINMI'Kil. l > Kin Inlaml ""' '•ikI'I''' P'^'ts luc well woodcil wiili pupliir aiul soin.- siimll spruce hiirh, iVo., iiiiil llif Inml liiix to lie clt'iirrd for use. Tlu' uortluMii part of tlie I'jwteni slioro i« underlain by liineHtonf, hiuI ,)fton (li«>soil is light and fit only for ^jni/iii^,' purposes. The ri'iiniiiider is enverel hy a re- as.sorted ^'laciill deposit, day with .some s.md. and Uiulders art! seen on the shores, esptiially to the south. NJioals iM-cur soulli-west of the island extemUii^' out at least two miles fnmi shore. Itliu'k InIiukI. HIack Island, though not as large in area as lUg Island, is inuih more prominent, as its surfaee inland rises nuioh higher. Its length is twelve miles and a lialf, and breadth four and a half. It is well wooded, and a mill for some years was lo"J. showing C'anaria and northern part of liouisiana. Iron Island is shown a short distance south of the N.irrows, evidently the same as the lilack Island of to day. A des- crijttion of this deposit is given by Mr. 'ry''f*^"> '" the Summary Report for 18S1», pp. ]-2]:\. I'unk Island, to the mirti;, is smaller, and is eomposed generally of the lower sand-tone capped l)y tiiin lieds of limestone. A small amount of timl)er, mostly black spruce, i.s found on the iiigh parts, ijut birch and poplar are the prevailing trees. Herry Lsland, in ^\'asllo\^ liay, lies well out to near the line ljetwe»!n Grindst(me Point and \'\i\\ Head, at a distance of six miles from the former. It consists of two masses of boulderclay, the larger one to the south cont.uning large angular bir>cks of lime-tone partly striated, and large bouldei's of Lauientian gneiss. The mass is in all probability lying on a jiart of the Winnipeg sandstones not erodeil to the usual depth, ha\ing been protected previous to the passage of the glacier by a capping of limest(»ne which if still exposed would be f, iiml iit ri;,'lil angles in tlip Hliorc line, urn hImo ■een Hovernl Ncratcli«'H n-spnililiii^' ({liicicr inaiKiuKs, (uit inr^iilar iind MiiniotiiiicH HJi^litly riii'Vf>(i, niitl no doultt, tliic to tli** etloct of tlir pr<>HPnt liikf i shoving llit- hoiildi'is u|iwiii(l tVnm tlnM'<. Toward tli«> western ••mi tlio^neisHii- iMiulders increase in nuinUer, and for a consideralile distance suutli wrnt t'orni liirs and >uiall islands. .Inst west of tliis island, another smaller one seems to lie made upenlin-ly of Iwmlder flay — the Ixnildei^ tmni wliieli, form hars that run with fuw interruptions to noar Narrow Island. Snake Isl.md is, like lUack Hear Isl.ind, •■omposed of limestonu of snukf Im! ,n<|. the samo charnctflr as Do^ at Head. The eastern side is lii^di, liut ii slopes down to a low shnie on the west. Narrow Island sliows only Ixiuldery shores and is nrohalily ati oh „. long hill of IxMilder clay resting on tin- lime-,tiine which is here not far l-lati>l. below the surface. The depth of the water surrounding these islands is not gie.it, exoeid to the east and south of Itlai k iW-ar Island. In the pass S(uith of Snake Island the depth at the narrowest part is fifteen feet. Itiit slial lows to the we-t, and in the liay into which Moo.se Creek empties, the channel up to the mouth nf the creek is not more than live feet deep with a shoal in the centre of the hay. Of the timber on these islands little need be said. A good deal has already been cut for use on the steamboats, ami although comprising poplar, sj)ruc>> and birch, it is a!l of medium size. The Moose Islands, lying in the entrance to Fisher Hay, so mMriv ,, 1,1 ' •' O J ' ■ M.KIM' Nlilllll fill it that three comparatively narrow channels only are left. The larger one lies near the eastern shore, ami is long and narrow, being thirteen miles long and a\eiaging a mile and a half liroail. Its shores are altogether of drift material and iic e\ idenco of older rock is seen. From the character of the bars at the extreme ends and of boulder ridges along its eastern and western shore^, the ili'ift ajipears to lie arranged in a series ut interrupted parallel ridges of varying height, such as are called drumlin-. The few islands in the channel to the east also .show the same formatinn. S»!\erai of these are now connected by low lantl with the mainland to the east. The western side is straightei and with the exception of a few small bouldery points is much stet 'ler. Towards the north end a few ridges run northward, continued as bara out in v lake, and thus form narr«iw bays open to the north. 24 F LAKE WINNIFEC;. Little Moose Island. ti V Scotc'li I- (in 'III 1. Taumiac'k Island. Tho northern point is very rough ;ind large Laurer.tian bouiilers extend in a bar hn- at least half a mile beyond the point, toward the eastern bluff on Tamarack Island. The western .Moose Lshmd is smaller and is generally called Little Moose Island. It is four miles and a lialf long and nearly two in width. At the north end, two ridges form tlie eastern and western points of a large open bay. The eastern ridge terminates in a long gravel- and boulder-bar, but farther south is scattered and several small ridges c me out on the southern side of the island. Tlie western ridge is continued across the island and forms shoals out in the lake to the south. The Scotch Islands to the west of Rabbit Point is a group of islands which have been called the Scotch Islands. Locally, however, these are given individual names. The largest is Tamarack Island, a low wooded strip. Just to tlie north a small but higher one, well wooded, is called Little Tamarack, as it lies close to the end of the larger one. The others of the group are Egg Islands and Jack Head Island. Tamarack Island is a long low strip of muskeg, seven miles and a half in extent and a mile wide, on which is a small growth of tamarack. This is relieved by three or four 'blutl's' of larger timber, occupying higher ritlges or mounds toward the centre. The eastern part consists of a long low point stretching towarJ. Little Tamarack Island. The eastern face of this has a high sandy beach-ridge behinil which is a mossy muskeg bearing only stunted spi-uce and tamarack. Tb.e lake in fi'ont is shallow and full of bouldcry shoals. The north .-hore is low, broken by a ridge of higher land running out to form a lough iioulder point. This ridge can be traced south-west aci-oss the island and forms a similar point to the south. Shoals running on this line extend nortliward to abreast of Little Tamarack Island, showing a nearly con- tinuous ridge of bouldcry material, probably of glacial origin running in the direction of the glacial movement. The waves of the lake are fast eroding the soft material of the western and northern shores where unprotected by th(i bouUler-deposit, so that at sevci-jd places stumps of trees are found standing out of the water, while the sh()re behind is apparently nothing but soft peaty matter. A few bars of gravel and V)Oulders can be seen to the west and south, one opposite Little Jack Fish Point has a small grove of poplar on it and might therefore be called an island, possibly Louis Island of Hind's map. Little Tamarack Island is a limestone ledge, low on the western side, but on the north rising ten or twelve feet above the water, showing ] ISLANDS OF LAKE WINNIHEG. I'D F there ledges of thiii-befldod limestone. The efistern face is built up ,^:tt),. principally from the broken material of the cliflF, and has formed a high j^JJIJJJj'^'^'* ridge behind which are several ponds and meadows. The northern half of the island is high and well wooded with spruce and {)oplar, but the southern part is mostly willow scrub with a few open nu-adows. The Egg Islands are a connected chain of low bars which in high- e^k Islands, water would be resolved into four. A few bushes on the smaller ones and one grove of larger trees, (the Ulutl), on the largest, are all the foliage to be seen. These bars are evidently all of glacial origin, and seem to be a continuation of, or are similar to, the series to the south crossing Tamarack Island, and run generally in the direction of the glacial striii'. The shores are generally very shallow, and the west side is much shallower than the east, many boulders being scattered some distance out, — about five miles. North of these islands is a high bar of limestone pebbles. This has no doubt been pushed up by ice from a submerged limestone ledge. As then; are no bushes or other high objects on it, and from its position in the middle of the lake, it is dangerous to navigation and should be marked carefully. The remaining island of this group is Jack Head Island, lying .hick Head directly east of a point bearing this name. It is rather small, but quite prominent, being well timbered and high. In shape it is an oblong, a little longer than its breadth, which is half a mile. From its eastern point, which is piled high with limestone gravel, numerous small rock exposures are seen all along its northei-n and western shores, rising to about fifteen feet. The southern shores are generally low and boulder-strewn. The glacial stria- were observed to run S, 25 \V., or nearly parallel to the ridge composing the Egg Islands. Commissioner Island (!roup. — A line drawn from Inmost Island ('.uiiinissiomi to the eastern side of Betens Island, would run along a chain of ^ '"" '"^"''" islands that seem to be composed altogether of drift material, probal)ly of the natui'e of drundins, judging from the general direction of the chain and that of individual islands which is nearly parallel to the glacial movement. The southernmost one is a lenticular mass of boulder-clay covered with poplar and birch. From the south end runs a long gravel- and sand-bar nearly half a mile, then suddenly turning east it reaches nearly to Conuuissioner Island. The latter part is evidently recently built up by wave action with material derived from the larger bar- At the north end of the wooded portion, a small exposure above the beach, shows light-coloured boulder-clay. The second island in the group is larger or the wooded portion is of greater extent. Shoals seem to connect the two, and both occupy a position near the western 20 F LAKK WINNlPKd. i ii Twin Islands, edge of a shallow area roachiiig to Coinuussioner Ulaod. The Twin Islands appear to be the visible parts of two ridufci lying in deeper water. The shores are boulder-strewu and similar lo Plunkett Island which lies half-way to P.erens Island to the Fiorth. The>e. a> noted before, have deeper water surrounding them, the -teaiubi-at channel passing to the south of Phinkett Island. Sund Hill luu] Another ridge or line of ridges erusses Couunissioner Island fr« mi Nut Island-^. .^^ ^^^^^.^j^ ^^^j ^^ ^^^ .southern point, following the west shore, and is continued .south on Sand Hill Island and Nut I-iand. Sand Hill Island consists of two ridges, one slightly in advam-e of th«» other, while on Nut Island one ridge only is seen. Tiie shares of Ixtth are strewn with boulders and bars extend toward the soath end of Com- missioner Island. CoDiiiiis-'iiiiiiT Island. Commissioner Island is generally low, i-on;-isting vf one series of ridges as mentioned above, to the east of which sti-etches a low tama- rack swamp, somewhat like that of Tamarack Island, west of Dog Head. Cranberry I.sland is, however, the older tenn. and is descriptive of the general charact'M- of the island. At the north-east corner is found a large rectangular bay opening to tlie north. This was used as a harbour by the first steamer on the lake, the C"iitmU'iion^r. The shores are generally low and in sheltered pans the muskeg reaches to the bench. The point which forms the eastern side of the harbour is found to be a low shelving limestone ridg»\ t^vered mainly by boulders, and is continued far out under watt*r, so that steamers from the south turn fcr the liglilhouse channel onlv after opening the Twin Islands. Ufl' the north shore, farther west, are eit<»nsive shoals with boulders showing occasionally, but they do not set-m to e.xtend as far north as the Twin Islands. Bpivns [slan-l. Berens Island is a long lo'.v wooded island lying to the west of Pigeon Point and tlie mouth of Berens liiver. Its longest diameter is a Utile over eight miles and lies in direciinn aljout north-east and south-west. The northern half averages alM)Ut two miles wide, but south of this it is increased to nearly ft eievaletl much alntve the beach, but a ridge of higher land is said to run the length of the island from its extremis points. The shores .ire generally Iwulfier- strewn :ind shoals ruti to the sduth-west and are also seen oft" the north point. Limestone ledges are found on the east side, gene- rally low, shelving out under water with hiirh ridses of shingle in their vicinity. Along the north side, siii<.".tti glaciated surfaces of limestones are found at the waters edge, and to the west, the beach, P">>«sce)^ca£^ ] ISLANDS OF LAKE WINNIl'KG. 27 F k after leaving the limestone exposures, becomes nearly pure sand, and is cf>ntinuo(l as a sand-bar nearly the wlinle distance to Little Black Island. Little Hl;ick Island is formed from an exposure of horizontal beds of l.ittlc I'.lack linipstone, the dt'l)ris from wjjich has produced a beach and two bars, '""" ' running to the east and nearly eonnectt'd with the sand-bar from Berens Island. On the outer shore is a clitt' of over twelve feet of fractured liiiiPstone beds, the shingle from the denudation of which spreads nearly i» round the i.sland. On the higher land of the central part is a thick grave of black spruce, and thougli the island is of small extent — half .i mile in diameter, — it is conspicuous. In the bay between this and l>erens Island, formed by the projecting bars, a small liarbour has Ijcen used for some years by the fishing companies. To the south-east of the entrance to Ivinwow Lay a small islaiul lie.'^ liiin()>t Isliuul within one mile of shore It is oval in shape, pointing to the north, and is about half a mile in length and twenty chains in width. It is well wooded with poplar, birch and spruce, and seems to be high in the centre. This is probably a mass of boulder-clay lying on the surface of the fiat-lying limestone which is expo.sed on the northern lieacli. Tins island is marked on Hind's maji, (ISyS) as Birch Island, but since then, vai'ious collections of fossils brought from there have been labelled ' Inmost Island.' ( )n the noithern end the beach is strewn with flat .slabs of a fine grained dolomitic limestone, containing many rounded concretions of dark cherty matter, averaging about four inches in diameter. The eastern and northern shores are piled high with pebbles of this rock, iiut, the western side is mostly covered with gneissic boulders on the sliore and scattered on its slope out into the lake. From the southern l)oint a bar of limestone gravel extends southward to very near the mainland. Near tin- island this bar is ingh, but it gradually lower.«, the greater part of its length being just below the waterdevel. Northward from the island a few bars are visible, being probably ledges of the underlyini; rook scattered over with boulders. Half way to McBeth Point anotiier shoal sliows a line of boulders just above the water. In the bay ea«t of the island there is a depth of twenty-four feet with rock bottom and also about the same imme- diately to the west. Lying ofl" the eastern entrance to Sturgeon Bay, and northward from Saskatchewan Point, are three quite prominent islands. The most northerly one of the group is known as Outer Sturgeon I.'iland I 1 xi OllttT Stiiffji'dii Island. IniuT Sturfrt'i 111 Island. Bu.shkega I.sland. 28 F LAKE \VINNIPE(i. and is the only one on which the underlying rock i,'< exposed — although the presence of gravel-bars on some of the othcr.s would suggest the probability of the limestone being not far below water-level. The Outer Sturgeon Island has a diameter of about one mile and in shape is nearly square with the diagonals pointing to the cardinal points. The broken material from the cliff at the north point has been carried for some distance around the island, seemingly in both directions, toward the south end where there is a mass of this gravel forming a bar. The south western end is all low, but along the shore is a gravel-ridge behind which are several marshy- ponds. This beach-ridge is high, averaging eight and ten feet above lake-level. Part of the mateiial has been pushed up from the lake, as the bar is no doubt built on the shelving limestone, but a large percentage has Ijeen transferred from the northern end. At the extreme south point, the. grave! is being carried from both sides out into the lake forming a bar which at present extends half a mile from the island. Nearer Saskatchewan Point are two islands. These are probably the Bushkega Islands, of Hind's map. The western one is commonly called Inner Sturgeon Island, and is the largest of the group, being over two miles in length but not very wide. It is formed by the junction of two long narrow islands, the one lying in advance of the other, the northern one slightly to the east. Between these a high gravel- and .-sand-bar has been built, forming a bay open to the north- west, but ailoi-ding good shelter from the east and south. The water in this bay is deep, soundings in the centre giving eighteen feet out- side, thirteen just inside the points, and eight feet c\v.^^ to the 'nar. The shore of the east side of the bay, as well as the point at the west, is rough with large boulders. Tiiese two masses which form the island ai-e both strewn with boulders. The siiores are rough, and to the north and south extend long shallow bars on which at intervals are seen large boulders showing above the water. The shoal running northward commences at the extreme north-eastern point, ;uid runs north, and for about a mile bouklers can be seen. The steamboat channel is a little noithof the middle of the openin" between this and outer Sturgeon Tsland. To the south, the lake is quite shallow with numerous bars running otV from ihis island. From off the eastern part of the island a long bar extends south to near the other IJushkega Island, which is smaller than the first and is formed in a similar manner, a couple of masses of till formin" two islands have become joined by a wave built bar. The eastern half is 'J ISLANDS OP LAKK \VI\MFi:(;. 29 p well wooded, and besides a lot of Laurentian boulders on its shores it has a considerable extent of gravel- and sand-bea(;li, especially at the southern end where the gravel is piled into a liish bar. The channel south, between this and the mainland, is at present very shallow, although in early times this is said to liave been the usual boat-route and formerly used by some of the steamers. The bar from the island is now built nearly acros.s the bay but shows only at intervals above the water. In the middle of the mouth of .Sturgeon Bay there is a group of small islands eleven in nuiTil)er, called Sturgeon Islands. They are all either long ridges or lenticular masses forming narrow islands, and are all lying in a general north-and-south direction. As to structure, some of them are quite low with a heavy beach-ridge generally of boulders on the more exposed side ; others, such as Tree Island have a higher ridge probably of bouldet-clay running down their length, Hanked by beach-ridges. These boulder-clay ridges are sometimes interrupted and some of the islands at the eastern side of the group are evidently formed of several pieces of a ridge joined by the beach-ridge. Their shore-lines show nothing but transported material, — boulders of gneiss and a fine-grained limestone like that at Cat Head, — but of .solid rock nothing is seen. As all these ridges lie approximately in the direction of the glaciation, they may be described as diumlins. The laige island lying north of the St. INFartin Inlands is locally known as Reindeer Island. It is nineteen miles in length, with a greatest breadth of six and a half, but an average of four miles. The surface is all low, consisting of patches of tiuibered land surrounded by hay-tlats or marsii, so that it has, from a distance, the appearance of a cluster of islands similar to those farther south. Its shores are not bold and along the south east side are protected b)' shoals. From the south point along the eastern side th(!re is a shoi't distance in which the shore seems slightly hij^her, and in one place rises to seven feet, showing light-gray boulder-clay with limestone fragm(>nts and pebbles of Archican gneiss. A little south of the middle of the I'astern side an island lying just off the shore has been connected with the main .shore by a sand- and gravel-bar running from tlu' no?'th IJehind this the bay forms a land-locked haibour which, in low water, can hardly be used as such, since the entrance is too shallow. In the summer of 1890, the depth of water in the bay was about four feet and in the channel leading to it about two feet, with a rough bouldery bottom. A few years previously this was used as a harbour by the fishing craft, an entrance being then found through the sand-bar, but this has since closed up. .Stiirp'eu RlMIllloi'l- lahand. 30 F LAKK WINNIPKU. W.St. Ill shores nf Kciiull rv Isliin.l. Near the nortli point, bouIder-cIay was again scon, containing small pebhles, hut the shore was strewn with slabs and biuklers of a mottled liiuestune containing Maclaren Manitohftisis. This seems to be the same rook as that at Little Black Island, but it is not seen here in place. The larger boulders an- glaciated, and as nuiny of them are broken, the t^tria' appear on one side oidy. The north-west(>rn shore has one large indentation running to the south-east and on the west side of this a small harbnur has been used by the fishing companies. In front of this bay are .«everal islands — four of them timbered, tiie rest merely shoals. Tliey all seem to be foi'ined of drift material, but some derive their shingle probably from shelving limestone beds beneath the water, as several have strong beaehridges of limestone pebbles. The possibility of there being lime- stone beds here, but slightly submerged, is confirmed by the fishci'men, who report at the western point ne;ir the harbour, a flat table of rock which appi\ars at very low water. The south-western side is low and the shores near the south end are without beaches, being protected by many islands and shoals. The timbered blulls come out to the shore and form points with low land lying between, often in the form of hay-ilats that seem to run nearly across the island. An elevation of ten feet in the level of the lake would resolve the southern end into a cluster of islands corresponding to that lying just to the south — the St. Martin Islands. These seem to be a s(>ries of small narrow islands, many of them in line Connected by shoals, showing them to be mer<'ly higher points of an interrupted ridge. < )thers are oblong masses of till, and where exposed show an unstratified mixture of light-coloured clay containing large Arcluean boulders. The islands generally have their longer diaraet(>rs running north-and-south, and are llanked on both sides by bouldery beach ridges. Exposures of limestone may be found on some during very low water, as several of the larger ones just to the south of Reindeer Island have, added to them, large bars of limestone pebbles which are probably derived from below the water-line. iGeorgelslaiiil. George Island, being formed by a high jilateau connected to a strip of lower land, first appears as a high island only two miles long, but from a nearer view two isolated bluHs to the south-east appear aS separate islands. These are, however, included in a high sand-bar stretching from the larger part to the eastward, the outer blutf being at the extremity of the bar. The main body of the island is about two miles long, in a north-west and south-east direction, and a mile wide. On the southern shore the highest point is estimated at seventy St. Murtiii Jslaii.ls. OOWUNO ISLANDS OK LAKK WlNNll'Kt;. 31 K 1th feet. As far as could bo seen the hill or plateau forming the island i^ composfd principally of sand and clay, with thn upper part only exposed. Where a small exposure was seen it consisted of a liberal ^ty assortment of i)oulders at or on the surface of a bed of water-worn gravel and pebbles rudely stratified, with sandy beds below. The face of the bank was everywhere hidden and covered with vegetation, so that a complete section could not be made. The beach in front of m ' >ii l:>m 32 F LAKE WINNlPEd. Houldery this escarpment is a heavy bouldorridgo, the boulders seeming to run out into tlcop water. 'I'owards the west tiie top of this escarpment is not as high, averaging about forty feet, with the same character. In a liay on the western side, the boulder-beacii is replaced by f^and, and the l)anks behind are also of sand piled in high dunes, one or two reaching tifty feet. Tlic northern end of the island is of gravel and boulders, though the banks are not very high. On a point on the eastern side, cleared of timb<>r by fire, the edge of the terrace can be seen from the shore, at an elevation of about twenty feet above the water. It is entirely grass-grown and boulders are liberally scattered on its surface and on the slope. Fdi'iiiatian nf mi i • i i . i i i u i. i.aiy and a small one on the west side are free from boulders on the shore, but all the rest of the shore is thickly covered, more especially the southwestern part. The northern and eastern points are low with bouidery shore-ridges. The otiier two islands of this group are both long narrow ridges of gravel and sand covered by a l(»t of boulders, making rough shores. I'etween the western islaml and the middle one are several shoals. South of the eastern island, und out to a di.stance of a mile and a lialt, are several shoals lying in the direction of Little (Jeorge Island. These seem all to be of gravel and boulders and are lying in a general north-west and south-cast direction. To the west of the group the water appears to be deep, that is, the average depth is alx)ut ten fathoms, which is also found between the islands and Long Point. Of the trees on these islands it may be said that besides a scattering of spruce and birch the main tindier is poplar. On the higher part of (ieorge Island and the middle of Handy Island there is some spruce of a medium size. Selkirk Island lies ten miles north from the mouth of the Selkirk .11 n- XI 1 ■ /. -1 -1 Island. .Niskatcliewan luver. Its lengtii is nve miles, with an average breadth of a mile. The shores are generally boulder-strewn, but interval-s are seen occupied by limestone beds in place. These exposures are noted under the general descriptions of the Upper Mottled limestones, and occur at the north end, on the west side and near the south-east corner. Gravel-beaches are always found associated with the rock exposures. Those at the north end, furnish a large mass of material which on the west side of the island is formed into a long hook, behind which is an excellent harbour. The whole island is wooded generally with spruce and poplar. Near the harliour at the north-west point, a clearing has been made for a fishing station and the timber cut appears to l)e small, consisting of spruce and tamarack. 3 34 F LAKE WINMI'KCi Ht)nie-nliot' Igland. Horse-shoe Island, oiiled, locally, Pony Island, is ii small woimIccI limestone knol) just off the south-east corner of Selkirk Island. The limestone dohris from the eastern face of the low dill's has lieen carried westward l»y wave-action around l>otli north ami south points, and this is continued towards the large island in the t'orin of two long liars, thus inclosing a small hay which is extensively us(>d as a shelter for fishing boats, and may probably be found large enough for a lishing station. The shape of the island is thus, roughly, a horse shoe with the opening toward Selkirk Island and the wooiled part occupying the toe portion of the shoe. SYSTEMATIC OF.OLOGY. CAMBRO-SIU'RIAN. Corrilatiun of formntions. Ciiinl)!'!)- •Silui'iaii in Wiiiiiii>fj; The Canibro-Silurian is found n'sting on the uneven surface of the Archaan and conformably below the Silurian which outcrops at the Saskatchewan Riser, Lake St. Martin and in several other places south to Stonewall — while the Archiean forms the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg, leaving thus a long strip in which the Cambro-Silurian is seen. The lower member is a sandstone followed by shales and limestones bearing fossils of Trenton age. Above this, red shales and reddish and white limestones form the beds referred to the Hudson River or Cincinnati formation. iM.niiatioiis ill In Minnesota, the sections carefully worked out show that below the Miiinesotii. Hudson River formation — divided thereinto two divisions — are found beds of the Trenton, Black River and Chazy formations, while in Manitoba no rocks are found below the Black River and of that the upper part only. The following table of formations for Minnesota and Manitoba shows the positions relatively assigned to the Manitoba formations : — * *Tlie subdiviHioiiN in Minnesota arc those adopted in the introduction to part II of vol. Ill Geology of Minnesota. OOWUNO ' SYSTEMATIC GEOLOOV. 35 F Till. I.. <'oiTflatiiiK' fi'i'iimtidti of M.iiiitnlia iiiid Mimii'sota. IX'M'.I lliiJIIMJ_ — ■~ 1. "^ 3 — M ''A M o •5 ' 3 4 ' t J5 ; It: — 5 ■ h !i ^1 ) 30 F LAKK WINNIl-KfJ. jm„„^. Tlie liiiie.Htonos and slmlcs at Stony Mountain citntaiii a ^vvnt nuuiluM' Mouiituiii ,,£ ff,^^ii t'dniis, many of tlicni also found in botli tlio Uiolini md group ((irii.atidii and , , ,, » ... i • • • m i it i •* ^t HichiiwMi.l and t\w Utica group of MninoHota, and it is cds with part of tlio slialoM boiu'atli could 1)(? corrclatiMl witli tlit' Ikicliniond ijroup and tlio lowor shales with tlio Utica. Tniituii ot Of thtt Trenton group in Manitoba, tho most striking' dissiiiiilarity to of Mhiiitwlta. ^li"''' t'O t'ho south is the great increase in iliiokness. It comprises about three hundred feet of beds of limestones witli very little shale, wiiilo in Minnesota, though the thickness varies c-onsiderabl}', tho (xireuio thicknos.s, or that gi\ en for Fillmore eounty is one hundred and lifly nine feet. The divisions adopted in .Minnesota are based on the prevalence of certain typical forms of fossil remains found in each, and the beds so distinguished reipiire careful examination to recogni'i. This method of sulniivision seems necessary from the recurrence of beds of similai' character tliroiigliout the section, but, in Manitoba the divisions are made on broad distinctions in the general api>earance of the beds, and are easily recognized in the Lake Winnipeg basin. The jireseiu'c of nodules of chert in tiie Cat Head limestone is one l)Ul not the only distinguishing feature, and in comparing it vviiii the .section of the Fusispira bed of Prosser's ravine, near Wykoff, Minnesota, it is noticed that a thickness of nine feet is found having the same character. The fossils that distinguish the upper division of the Trenton in ISlinnesota are ft)und distriljuted tiiroughout the whole of tlie Trenton of Manitoba, and many of those of the lower divisions in .Minnesota do not seem to be so characteristic of the same betis in the northern basin. W 11111 1 K'tr san(l>tiiiic bnsnl foruuitiuu. The basal member, tho Winnipeg sandstone, contains in its upper part shaly beds which in drill-holes elsewhere to the .south-west in Manitoba are shown to become sliale. The few fossils found are either representatives of forms in th(> Trenton above or occur, in Minnesota, in the Black River shales and occasionally in the Clitambonites l)eds, the lower division of the Trenton. T! character of the deposit and that of the few fossil forms found, induces the belief that it represents the upper part of the Black River formation. TllENTON PERIOD. Various The limestones, which in Wisconsin are readily separated into two fomations of divisions, Galena and Trenton, become less distinct in Minnesota, and of Trenton have caused considerable trouble in their correlation there. In many I enod. •' eowiiNt HV8TBMATIC (iEOLOr.Y. 37 |)ii|)(M's iiii'l n-ports puhli.slied by l)otli tlin .Miiinnriotu and Cnnmlinn NurNTys, tlio Trcntun hin l)0«'ii refeirml to viiridusly us thf (lah-im, (iiilpiiii Tn'ntdii and Trenton, lli'ds now rcfernMl to the IMiick Uiver grou|i were !issi>,'ned variously to tin; Tpper Trenton and Upper Ulue linieatunr iiml the IJlue Carbon. The liiuostonoHof [^ake Winnipeg basin aro releruljlo to th'\seproviou.sly called tho tJah-na limestones. The latest desi^nationH for the Minne- sota divisions are ^'iven in the l''inal lleport of the Ceolo^ieal and Natur.d History Survey of .Minnesota.* Tn discussinir the age of tho (ialena limestone, I'rof. N. II. Winchell A^i' oi (iniena , linu'KtDin*. sums up by saying : — ' It niav therefore be ooncludod that the (Jalena limestone is only a phase of tho Trenton intensified in the typical region and fading out in all directiona. ' It is a convenient i<.iis . , , . , 1- 1 I • 1 !• i- • 1 '1 "f 'I I'l'Iltdll toha are matio mainly on litnoiDgical distinctions, toi;etn(!r with a pre- f,,riii:itiik';ni (ifdlojjist vol. XV, No. 1, p. 33. 38 LAKE WINNIPEG. The lowest division is a dark-yellowish to grayish-white mottled limestone, found exposed along the more eastern points of the west side of the lake, and termed the Lower Afottlcd limestone. The thick- ness of this division amounts to about seventy feet. List of fossils As noted before, larger collections of fossils will doubtless greatly add divisions of to the lists here presented, and mainly to that given first for those forms ^nintk) which have a vertical range through all these divisions. The following lists have all been compiled from Pahuozoic Fossils, Vol. Ill, Part IIT. List of species known to range through the limestone beds of the Trenton formation of Manitoba : — Receptaculit«s Oireni, Hall. Pasceolus gregarius, Billings. Ualysites catemdaria, L., var., gracilis, Hall. Columnaria ab-eolata, Goldfuss. Streptelasma robustiim, Whiteaves. Cala/necia Canadensis, Billings. Stvophomena trilohata, Owen. Rafinesqxiina lata, Whiteaves. Plectambonites sericea, Sowerby. Orthis (Dinorthis) snhijuadrata, Hall. " testudinaria, Dalnian. Pfaft/strophia biforata, Schlotheim. lUtynchotrema capa.r, Conrad. " inen nature of the floor on which it was deposited. Those at Gi'indstf)nt' Point show forty feet of bods, while the channel of the lake just in front of the exposure has been eroded by glacial action and kepi clear by currents to a depth of fifty feet. This is probably not carried down to the lowest point in the Arcluvan floor, but, with the e.xposed section, probably represents ninety feet or more of easily eroded beds. At Dog Head, tiie base of tlie limestone is probably only a few feet below the lake-level, and ti)e channel in the immediate vicinity has beoti ertxled to a depth of ninety- six feet. On Black Island, exposures of similar beds form a nearly continuous section of about one hundred feet. 61 It :? lit 4' :'■ Thickness of formation. Lower bi'd.s Upper hei 40 F LAKK WINNIPEG. If the plane formed by the base of the limestone beds capping the cliffs of Grindstone Point, Little (Jrindstone Point, Punk I>land and Black Island were projected eastward, it would W found that a varying thickness of sandstones might exist beneath it, amounting in some cases to more than one hundred feet, but in others, along the east shore, to much less. It is also apparent that east and north of Dog Head the limestones must have been deposited immetliately on the Archaean. The lower beds are exposed on the east end of Punk Island, and are there found to be soft, clean sandstone, stained in places by iron-L>xide from underlying Huronian rocks. The upper bttis are exposee limestones form the principal part of the sections at (irindstone Point, Bull Head and Dog Head and on the islands nortii to Herens Island. The ojnd>ined section gi\en by these .several exposures, amounts t«. a thickness of about seventy feet. The lowest beds are those seen at Deer Island and Distributiim. Grindstone Point capping the sandstone. Irame«r.«pi.t.-<. iireak- section. ing u\> into lumpy fratrinints not \v(;iriiiy iliscoidiil >>n the U-ach but inei,'ular. .V few piece's from top \\i-mU are not mi motttxl Aud ut«ak suiootlily (pniliably liase of (';it Head iinte-tone) E.\pos\ire on west side of .Fack lleiid Island. (2) Thin-bedded, mottled biitf and Krayisii-white limestone, weatherinjr a>hT- white, in which are many !ar^'e ceiihalupods : ijrthi>-(ms. Sadoeerat, Pntcrioct m.i, Oncnrer'in .iiid t'urlDCi /■((.■<, while s))tt.-iiuens of 3ii*^.una ManiliilH nKiK and li(C( iiUicviHcg Oircni are al)nndant Eleven feet of the.'ie beds are exposed on Little Tamarack Island and similar beds are e.\ix)«ed on Little lilack Island near IVr-n^ Island. Feet. 15 15 ol SYSTEMATIC GEOLOGY. 41 P (3) Mottled liiiiestune, buff-coKMirttl but weathering lighter, in rather thicker bttls than alHivi- ami not so rich in fossils These form the upi^'r [wirt of elilf on lilauk Bear iHland. (4) Thin beds of similar rock, rich in fossil remains Tiiis band oociipies the lower jxirtion of tiie exposures on Black Hear rsland, on Snake Island and Dog Head or Whiteway Point and tlie ni>l)er part of the cliffs of IJiiU Head and intervening exposures. (')) Darker, mottled, impure limestone, where not weathered, almost blue on fractin-e, fractures into thin Hags with surfaces covered with fucoidal markings. The lower Iwds are of very earthy limestone resting on the sandstone of the lja.s;il serie.^ 10 (bneral section. 20 10 70 No. 5 i.s seen at the top of the exposures of sandstone on Deer Island, Punk Island, Grinpds on the east end of Coinmissioner Island resemble this latter niembtr and are probably an upward continuation of it. The different l>e(N enumerated in the above table are all very similar but can be recoj;nized in the Held. The line of division for the top is arbitrary and for convenience only. Between the three upper members there may bi' slijiht gaps, but they are thought to be of a few feet only, if any. The fossils fo'inu, (generally rano(> through either the two lower divi- K,,ssils found sioiis or through the whule series, but a few seem to characterize this "'Jhisilmsion . ... only. division only, and from the table submitted it will be seen that the following as yet belorn; exclusively to the lower beds : — Cliinacograptiis hii'oriiis, SoleuopDrii ••a, ( '/i" h'tt's perantlqua, Serpit/itus dissolntns (also found in sandstones immediately below), Stoniato/iora Canadensis, Di/)!ot)-i/p'i Wcstoni, f/iniji'la loirensis, CHlanihonites dirersa, Anastro- phiii heniipHcata, Rnjinexquina Leda, Orthis peclineUa, Platystrophia blfhriUa var., cras>sa. Cyii'hynra lisidratn, Mndialopfds parvinscida, Vann.vemia Uayniaaa, Ilonnntoina Winnipeafusis, Solfniospira payoda var., occidenta/ is, Trochoni'ina tiiofa, Lvrnnenia Winnipei/ense, Actino- enras Canaition. These lower beds an- to be found at a point about nine miles north from Clark Point, and at Dancing Point. The latter aie almost the exact counterpart of the Selkirk Island beds, but southward become more impure and darker in colour. In the section north of Clark Point, it is found that at the base, there is a few feet of a cherty, yellow fine-gi'ained limestone exposed, which approaches the character of the Cat Head rocks, but this is possibly a thin band of that cliaracter, here found higher than the top of the second division. The upper beds are similar to the Clark Point limestone, which appears to foi m the upjier memljer of th(! series and might bti termed transition l-eds. The section at Clark Point is maiidy of a yellowish-gray limestone, with several shaly bands. The top beds are mucli softer and of a clayey natui'c, often so soft as to be easily broken l)y the fingers. Near the mouth of Dauphin River they again appear in low flat exposures, but at the foot of the rapids they arc exposed in low cliffs on each side of the river. Although these beds show little change in the faunal conditions as compared with the beds below, they seem to form the (>xtieme top of the limestone series, and it may be found subsequently tliat they should be included in the lower member of tlie Stony Mountain formation. Beds of lower part at l''islii v Kiv.r. Exi)Os\U'(?i at .Selkirk. On Fisher lliver the only beds seen, ai-e near the mouth of the river and seem by their position, to be notfaralxne the Cat Head, or near the base of the Upper Mottled limestones. They are light-coloured mottled limestone, very similar to that at East Selkirk. The mottling is in irregular patches of a light-brown, in a stone which is made up mainly of small ca'.cite crystals and remains of shells, with tine chalk-like particles distributed freely throughout the mass. The stone is soft, breaking readily. The same characters are repeated in the rocks of East Selkirk and Lower Fort Garry. The beds at the Selkirk ([uarry are found in a broken state and are probably near the edge of a pre-glacial trough extending south from the present shore of the lake and since filled in by drift- and river-deposit. No disturbance in the lieds is seen at Lower Fort (Jarry. At West Selkirk the drift-deposit was found, in »] SYSTEMATIC CiEOLO(iY. 45 F drilling for a well, to extond to at least eighty feet below kke-level jncrtiw in find the limestone is eroded to near the top of the Cut. Head limestone. t'"c!pcr ])art only, ^<1'<"''<- is exjioscd at the above localities, while of the lower part iiotliing is seen except what is probaiily represenleil by a few exposures near Fisher River. Fiom the deptii at wliicli the base of tlie limestone was found in the 'ri;it as a total thickness for the Trenton. At Uosenfeld the measured thickness of this limestone band \va- three hundred and five feet, or slightly greater than to the north. In addition to the list already given, of fossils found in all three of F(is.;*ils fcmiui 111 l_' I '1 ^V the divisions of the Trenton, the following may be added as foinis that .M,,ttkil are found as yet, in this upper division only : — liiiii" Siluriiin, attain a great thickness in Eastern Canada and New York. Westward, however, they are found in diminishing thickness to Cincinnati, where they still exceed eight hundred feet. The sub- divisions a'^signed to the eastern beds are recognizable there, but north- ward from Ohio, owing to a continued diminution in thickness, some of the subdivisions disappear. In Minnesota they are described as and having a thickness of only .seventy feet. The lower division of the .' Cincinnati rocks, the Utica, with a thickness of twenty feet, is there recognized, consisting mainly of thin-bedded limestones and shales. The central division, the Lorraine group, is not recognized, and the upper division is described as being similar to those of the Richmond group or upper pai't of the Cincinnati section, and consists of arenace- ous and argillaceous limestones, mainly thin-Vjedded. Although this formation is supposed to thin out altogether in northern Minnesota, there is found at Ito.senfeld, in the southern part, of Manitoba, a great thickness of shale beds between limestone for- ::i OOWUNO 1 SYSTEMATIC OEOLOfiV. 47 K mations whicli uro probably Tronton and Silurian. At Stony Moun- Thickm-K of tain, tlio section, althou},'h incomplete, in a known thickness belov/ the j^',*'^y" "' Silurian of one hundred and ten feet, consists of shaly beds in the Mount;ii>i. lower part with thick-bedded limestones above. The fossils from this part are mainly from the shaly beds below the limestone of the top of the section, and proi)ably all these are cullected from less than fifty feet below the top of the formation. We might infer from this that the upper part, that of which we have a section and a list of * ^ fossils, is referable to the Richmond group of Minnesota, and that the lower beds, mostly shales, are similar to the Utica of the Cincin- nati formation. One species only, characteristic of the Utica of Minne- sota has been found at Stony Mountain — Primitiella unicorns, Ulrich. The majority of those common to the two localities are from the upper parts of the sections. Tt is noted in the .Minnesota reports that seve- ral forms occurring in the Trenton, appear in the Richmond group without any evidence of their presence in the Utica. The same might possibly be asserted of some of the Manitoba forms, as several are found to range from the Trenton to the Stony Mountain formation. The only outcrops in Manitoba of rocks of Cincinnati age, appear I>i;-tril>nti(.ii to be in the vicinity of Stony Mountain and Little Stony Mountain, but their presence elsewhere is proved by bore-holes, showing that they extend from Stonewall south-eastward to the vicinity of the city of Winnipeg. Their continuation southward probably occupies a band now heavily drift-covered, since their presence is demonstrated, as before noted, in the section drilled at Rosenfeld. Northward, no exposures are seen, the outcrop being hidden. The basin in which Lake St. Martin is situated is eroded through Silurian rocks, and it is found that the beds below belong probably to the Trenton, which lies on an elevation of the Archiean floor, as bosses of granite and trap protrude through. The Stony Mountain rocks are evidently here wanting, and if they outcrop northward the band is much thinner than to the south. At the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan the Silurian beds are found near the mouth of the river, and but a .short distance eastward, the upper beds of the Trenton appear, so that the interval would allow of only a thin band to be interposed, but no outcrops of recognizable Stony Mountain formation are seen. A few beds near the mouth of the War i)ath River appear to be above the Trenton and somewhat similar to the upper part of the Stony Moun- tain, but the absence of fossils leaves the age somewhat uncertain. Crossing the Little Saskatchewan River at Four-mile Rapid, Dr. Bell records shales holding Jihynchonella capa.r, but as this species is found m ; i i 8 V LAKF, WINNIPKC. Cimipiliitiim of list of fosailx. in the Trenton, the Stony Mountain age of these hods is also doubt- ful, since nearly similar rocks at the inouth of the river and at Clark Point have an extensive Trenton fauna. A list of all tlie fo^isil forms so far ol Gained froni the hods of Stony Mountain, as well as from the exposures of the Troiiton and Black River of Lake Winnipeg, has hcen compiled from the palicontological reports of the Survey a!ul arranged in tabular foiiii so as to show the horizon of their occurrence and give a comparative view of the fauna of the Cambro Silurian of the Manitoba basin.* LTST OF FOSSILS FItcM 11 IK (AM lUiO-STLTnilAN OF MANITOBA. I HicH- I JIONI) ;TUEN1I>N ((iAI.KNA.) (illOIf. 1 (fill.) (9 — 2 f 5 Z s « i * e 0;l Is J ik MM. v.. Licrophycus Ottawacnsif,, Billiiip.-* Chondrites (Biithotrcphis) imMii^, Whitciivcs . '1 11 CIDHdtdS M ChorulriUx cuprcsninust, Wliitcavi's 11 (jrucil/iiiiuti, Wliitcavfs Bylhotrcphis (like li. snccuknx, Hall) RECEPTACULITID.E. Rcceyjtacu/He.i Oiroii, Hall ... Ischuditcs Juwinsin, Owen . . . . Pasccoliis yrcyarius, Billinga. PORIFERA. Anlacopelld Winnipeiicnsm, Rimff. Trichosponyia hi/ntri.r, Wliitcaxes CCELENTERATA. Hydrozoa. Cliniacoyraptus hironiis. Hall Thamnogrnptug uffinis, Wliiteave.s Inocaulis Ccnmdtntiis, Wliitoaves. . . ^ ■ *PaliEozoic Fossils, vol. III., parts II. and III., by J. F. Whiteaves, F.G.S., F.R.S.C. w*^"""] SYSTEMATIC OEOLO-' ACTINOZOA. Alcvdiiiiiiu. Halimitea calminho'iii, Liiiii, var. gracilis, Hall Trtriulium Jihratum, Saffonl Zoaiithariiv. I Cohnnimriii ahrolaUi, (loldfnss Diphiiphi/lliDii St()k(!. . . Strcfttclan)ii'( rohimtiiiii, W'liiti'avt's 11 ri(,sH);i, Hillings II 11 var. trilubatum, Whiteavt-s Protarwa rctiist'i. Hall II II var. hiiuitui, Wliiteaves Fdirisitca jtrnliJirtiK, liilliiigH t'ulapitcia C'linadi'tinif, Billings Hydroineduste. Bcatricea untlulatu, BillingH. II nodulom. Hillings. UnclaHHified. Soltnoporn lompncta, Hillings ChatctcK /HTdntiqiiHH, Wliitcaves. .'. . . KCHINODER.MATA. Crinoidea. Glyptocrinus ravinlosus (?) Billings II H\). >ind<'ti'rniinaV)h' . . . Cystoidea. (fli/ptoiiiftiUn, s|). undetenninal)l«v Astprciidwi. Tieniunttr, s|). \nidi't('rniinal)l('. . . . VERMKS. .\nnflida. Sfrpulitcf itissoliitiin, Hilliii},'.- Arabr.lliUs, sp. undi'ti'rniiin 1 4 50 F LAKK WINNIPEG. I t' -1 ill ) i LTST OF FOSSILH FRO^f THK CAMHRO HILUKIAN OK MANITOBA. Thkntox (O.m.kna.)! MOLLUHCOIDKA. I'olvZlPil, 1, 3 .!2 ♦* L Rhinidictijii mutabiliH, Ulricli M ohlii/iia, I'lric'h Eifhuroporn ritimmi, I'lrii'li StoiiiKtopitrii ('iintiili iiHin, W'liiti'iivcs Prolionciiin tniliiiolr/ipil/(t tiriiiilis, Nirliiiltidii Hflthoponi tli'lifiilnlii, Nicli(ilnon II Ktritit'i, riricli Prliiiopora uriihiDiui, I'lricli MoiHtlriipiHii i/iKiilrdlii, Iviiiiiingi'i' liiitiiKlnmit Mi(aifolii Hf) , I'lrifli Artlirorlemit aii;/iil(in', I'lrii'li Hdopiira Hurrisn, .liiinis Sccplropnni fdciilii, I'liicli PtiloilictiM H'liitCdVf.iii. I'liich I Dirranopdni frdiiili.i. Ililliujfs II eiiidctrdtti, NicliolsDn ...| Honidtriipa hilnU rtili.i, I Iricli I Pachiidicliia lii.e(i;/oiidli.i, L'lricli I II M».'//ii7)i);v(, I'lrich I II dentil, Hull : PhjiUoporiiid 'J'rrla. Linyula loircnaiii, Owi-n 11 chniialu, Hall II ohtuxd, Hall Diiwbolits parni.i, WhittifUl II Hj). uiulftfrininahlc Citdtiilionitcs diverm, Shiilcr AnaKtrophia (?) hemiplicald, Hall Strophmncna incitrvala, Sliepard II fluctunsd. JJilliriL'H II ruf)()X(i, liliiinville M trildlidla, Owen. ... II .Bi7/nij;«ii',Winclifll and Sohueliert Rafineaquina ddtoided, Cunrad II Vt res, Billing.s j II allcrmitd. Kirinons j II Leda, Billings | '9mm HVHTKMATIC tlKOI.OOY. 61 p MST OK FOSSILS lllo.M THK UAMUUO SILIKIAX OF MANITOBA. fi'iiHurK'iiiinn liil'i, \Vliit«;vvf. iiov.) I'lilnoptiriii jiiimilii, W'liitcavt'H MiHli'iliipsi.i /Kirriimriiln, H\\\\nf(A H II niiii.iti/ron.i, Wliitoavt's. . Orthoiloniut nffiiu, Wliitfavcs Vnuiixfuiiii Hiiiiniiiwi, Satford Cldiiiilontn itstartiifoniiix. Salter . . . II mibnusiita, I 'Irii-h Ciirtodoiila C'anatlcnsi.^, HillingN .... Clinopinthn dtitii/im, Wliitcaves* . . . lOijitimiiii rictn, Wliiti-avcs Cnniiraniium iiiituiuinn, J). 1). Owen. fjilmoiiilia nt'tstii. Wliitcavcs ...| • -■ I ■:::■.,; * ^ (iaHtcniiKxla. TftriiiKttii liidormita, Hall .SV/'/)lH'/o,1^»/i<( Hurl/ii, WliitfifUl Conriidclln, s\). viiictTtaiii Pkurotntniiria hiriiii'ta. Hall II muriili.i. I). I). Owen II itrutii (?) .Sdwrrliy II Stokvuianii, Whiti-avt's. ... II M'iriHirili)iil<.i, Whiti-aves :'l li ' J ; 11' > hl'U 52 P LAKK WINNIPECi. LIST OF FOSSILS FROM THE CAMKKO-SILrKIAX OF ^FAXITORA. ' c3 ■r. * s I !'£ i s^ l! HlCII- I MOM) 'I'liKNIDN ((Jai.kna.ij (;U(»ri'. !l (fill.) ^1= i «? ^ I '21 ^ X .4^ Ijfl. MOLLUSC \.-Con. \\ Gasteropod: — CoJ!. j Liospiru AmcricniKi, Bllliiiffs II pcr.iimili,^, I'lricli and ScoKelii .... II (iwinstata, Ulricli and Scotifld.. Hormotonw < II II .S'u/i/)so)i(', Billing.s. . Actinoccraf Richdnlsonii, Stokes II Bitishiii, (?) Broiui II Alhtinctten.ie, Billing.-* (Dcironcras) Pijthon, Billing's 11 (Sactocvras't) C(()ir((/e»,sr, \Vliiteaves Orthoceras Whinipeiicn.-ic, Wliitcave.-i II miiiiiiiiiikatiim, Billings II Sdkirkcnxf, Wliiteaves II (inclluK, Conrad Tripteroccriis lAuahli, Whiteitves 11 seiiiiplitiialwii, Wliiteavfs Ascoceras ronUihttum, Wliiteaves . II sp. uiidctennined Potcrioccrus nohilc, Wliiteaves II apeHum, Wliiteaves °°"'"'"] SYSTEMATIC GEOLOGY. 53 j, J..ST OF FOSSILS FR OM THE CAMBKO-SILURIAN OF MAxNITOBA. Ricif- TIIKNTON (CaI-KNA.)!! (;k,,[-,. (Cin.) Pntcrioceras 'jracile, Wliitcin es Oiicoccras magnum, Whitcavcs " " var. iiitcrmalinm " Whiteavc>iii,y,l\\\^'r , _ , _ Ci/rtocemn Manitohense, WhitfaveH. [ [ ' II Micurvatuvi, Wliitcaves Euri/stomitesplicittiis, Wliiteavt-s Diacoccras C'aniulenne, Wliiteaves Trorlioceras{1) McChnrlcsii, Whiteaws Litociras irmiyne, Whiteaves, » * * CRUSTACEA. Ostracoda. Aparchites Whitcavesii, J.tiif.s parvuhiK, Jom-.s ..... Ti/rre/lii, J()nc.>< II miniitisKinmn, Hall. . I.'prnlitia suite iiUndrica, l-lrich. ". J'riiititic/la nnicoryiin, VhkU I'rimitia lativia, Ulricli , .,, " (Hcjirkhia ?) pnmlir/a, iUrich f-iiriirhthna Manitohensi.^, Vhich T(tr,«/,/hi ■inailriliriita var. simplex, '\]\r'wh " hinatifcra, Ulricli Triloliita. Cahnncnc ki nuria, Owen " cdge 15 48 Inches On the north shore, to tiie east of the mining claim laid out there, Kxposunson al)Out midway along the shore, but nearer the eastern end of the """^'' '*'""'®" island, the following section is noted : — 'The clitV behind, which is higher than that farther east, is here thirty feet high and is composed as far as can be seen of light-yellow and white, soft sandstone in horizontal beds, capped by a few feet of mixed up sandstone containing boulders. Sandstone is ulso seen along the edge of the water, thus giving in all a thickness of about twenty- five feet.' I i|i 66 F LAKE WINNIPEG. l'!iMsi(iii ipf channel tllVdlitfll »and.*one. 1^? Section of .sancisttines neiir western point. han'istone on Big Island. IJeer Island. The shore in view of Gull Harbour on Big Island, aflFords many examples of small exposures of the soft sandstones. None of them seem to be of great thickness, and the prol)ability is that the bfuse of the Trenton is not far above lake-level, and that the strait between the two islands, which is eroded to such a great depth, mainly by current action, is through the soft sandstones. The depth, forty-two feet, may be through the greater part of the section here, though toward the eastern end of Black Island, the surface, l)ack from the shore, rises to ninety feet, and is probably all sandstone with a light cap of lime- stone. The only section showing the limestone in place capping the sandstone, is at a point one mile from the south-west point on the south shore. The section recorded in Mr. Tyrrell's notes is as follows : — Feet. Inches. (Iray, mottled Trenton limestone in thick beds, somewhat slidden but evidently in place 4 A little soft gray sand is stuck to the bottom corner of the lime- stone .slabs. Covered 8 Dark bottle-green soft earthy shale containing near the top con- cretionary masses of hard clear quart/.ose sand 4 .Soft brown sand Blue sandy clay 1 White or light-green hard sandstone, much broken, weathering light-yellow and smelling strongly of sulphur, in places tinted br' )wn with iron ,S (1 Soft, light-blue sandy clay 11 Thick-bedded sandstone, bn)\vn and hard enough to break off in pieces but the bottom part soft and white (5 Covered, to water 14 40 9 Two hundred yards farther east similar sandstones are seen extend- ing down to within six feet of the edge of the water. < )n the northern end of Big Island the sandstones are exposed just below the limestone bed, but the face of the exposure is generally covered by debris, so that the section can not be given in detail. The height of the dividing line between the two formations, was found to be at twenty-live feet above the water. Owing to a dip to the south- west, these beds are not again exposed on this island. The exposures on Deer Island are best seen on the northern face, but as the eastern side was visited by Prof. H. Y. Hind, the exposures there seen will be described first. On the eastern face of the north- east point, there is a sloping exposure of sandstone and shale, showing the following beds in ascending order : — At the beach there is about three fret of soft sandstone, the hardest in the exposure. WINNIPEG SANDSTONK. i)t V res lie, This is in beds eighteen to twenty inches in thickness, the colour is generally light, but a good deal stained with iron — exposed surface=i weathering dull brown. Above this, for fifteen feet, arc thin streaky Scrtiun im btnls of sandstone, separated by shale, generallj' L'rccn and black, giving iiii (I.- liiiid. bedded shaly sii ndstones, two or three feet answering well tho descrip- "''rtl" «ihiii'l. bands, than described by Hind, and is no duubt due to a slight change in tlicse false-bedded bands farther north along tlie section. Hind's section wis observed at the northern end of the island, at nearly right-angles to this one, and would conse()uently not show the false- bedding. Here the proportion of shale increases from the top. The general colour of the lower lialf of the section is a daik-yellow, with streaks of red, blue and griH>n. Above, it is of a lighter yellow, with a few rusty spots and small patches weathered ashy white, fresh fractures appearing less .stained with red, and of a light chrome-yellow. At the base of this sandstone are two feet of a dark sh.ile with sandy streaks. The shale is green or black. It is all soft, easily crumbled in the hand, and is in no part free from sand. A thin bed of dark sandstone, averaging a foot in thickness lies below. This is a harder bed than any in the section above, except the limestone, but it is, still a soft sandstone. Dark sandy shales again appear, adding about three feet more to the section. The top was forty-one feet six inches above lake-level, in September, 1891-bottom of limestone and top of sandstone thirty-one feet six inches- bottom of three-foot bed of sandstone, and top of false-bedding, twenty- eight feet six inches. False-bedding extends down foi' about seventeen f«et, and at a point eleven feet six inches above lake-level, has about regained the horizontal stratification of the upper beds. About nine feet six inches above water, the shaly beds overlie a sandstone layer of varying thicknes.s. The top of the beach averages four feet six inches above the lake. The shore facing the south-west shows no exposure of this .sandstone. On tlie small island to the west, sandstone and shales are exposed, with a predominant green colour. This is evidently the same as the lower part of the section just described, the beds being here nearly horizontal. Fossils collected from the sandstones of Deer Island : — Licrophycns Otlmvaensis, Serpulites dissolxtus, Rltinidictya mntabilis, Escharopora ramosa, Strophnmina trilohatn, Ort/iix teslndinario,, and Conularia (sp. undeterminable). On Punk Island the total thickness of this sandstone is nearly one hundred feet. The svestern half uf the island is cajiped by the lime- stone, as on Deer Island, dipping to the .south-west, fornnng a sloping plane, broken on its eastern edge by the denudation of the limestone. The eastern part, being made up almost wholly of the .'sandstone, is irregular and at a lower level. At the eastern end, the sandstone is ound resting on the Arcim^an. No actual contact is seen, but the oowuNO ] WINNIPKG HANDSTONK. 61 F small isIandH immodititeiy off the point, are found to be Huronian. The sandstone here is generally lij,'ht coloured and very friable, but some- times are darkly stained witli in)n,i)resumably from deposits of iron-ore, immediately beneath. The exposures on the north side arc mostly covered l)y great slabs of limestour, fallen from above, but in theshaly beds many fossil forms were collected. Among the more common the following forms were identified by Dr. Whiteaves : — Licrophycus Otlamteiisin, G'fyptocriiiiis (sp. idnt.), Sei'pufites diisohitus (sj). indt.), and a C'oniilaria. On the mainlatid to the north, this sandstone underlies the points on the western side of the lake to near Dog Head. At Little (Jrindstone Point the overlying limestone is at an elevatioi f.ittleJJrind- of about seven feet above the water, so that very littleof the sandstom is seen. The section observed consisted of two feet of fucoidal sand stcme, showing above the beach. Indications of fossils are seen in this, and from a few loose blocks of the lowest bed several specimens of Cyrtodnnta Carta j >ve .... 3 At water's edge, light-yellow sandstone harder than in .section above. — — 40 11 From this exposure of thirty-five feet of .sandstone a few fossil Ki>>sils. forms have been collected. Dr. Whiteaves recotrnizes the follovvine: — LicrophycHS Ottawaensis, Glyptocriniis, and Cyrtodonta Canadensix. Westward along the north side of the point, the .section resembles I'alse- that of the north side of Deer Island, but the false-berJding noted "^ "^ '"^' there, is continued to the top of the sandstone in the Grindstone Point exposure, as shown in the cut on next page. 62 F LAKE WINNll'KO. .SKKICII-SKCTIOV UN NiHllI .-.IHK dl' (UtlMislD.NK I'UI.NT ; IlKDS ItKSTIXti O.N FALSK-llKDDKli SAMiSTUNK. I.IMK.STU.NK Sliurlstdlir CXliiiscd lift I'.nll ll.;ul. Fissures in liiiiestoiif. On the north side of Washow Bay, these sandstones are exposed in several places from near Little Bull Head northward. The exposure at Little Bull Head, three miles south of Bull Mead, is at the base of a high escarpment rising sixty feet above the lake, showing limestone at the top. Dt'biis covers the face to about twenty-five feet from the water-line, where two feet of blue and green shales lie on the top of thick sandstone beds. The upper bed is marked by numerous harder portions resembling the fuooid impressions common in the limestones above. Red and yellow sandstones, very friable, occupy the rest of the section. The top of the fucoidal sandstone bed is here twenty-two feet above the water, and is again seen near Bull Head at eight feet, and within half a mile of Bull Head at five feet above the lake. The limestone resting on these soft rocks is broken by vertical cleavage- planes, and sometimes dispiac(>d, but the base would appear to be at about nineteen feet above the fucoidal bed, making with the section at Little Bull Head a thickness here exposed of about forty-one feet. Following the shore northward to Dog Head, there is abundant evidence that the limestone exposed all along, rests on these very soft beds. Everywhere great blocks are l)roken off and have partially slid- den down toward the water. An estimate can be occasionally had of the th -'cness of the limestone exposed, so that the surface plane of the sandstone is estimated to lower to the north until it reaches the water-level near Dog Head. 3?»H OOWUM LOW K 11 MOrri.KI> HMKSTONK. GG Y <;7MA^^ SKC'I'ION Alltoss CIIANXKL AT HOG HKAI>. A section, made l>y soundings, shows a prol)al)ility of there l>eing '||ii,.Ui,(s> of altout one hundred feet of soft Ijeds below the limestone, resting on the 'j'i',|j"|'|,!!,',] sloping floor of the Archioan rocks. Lower Mottled liniestone. Islam The lower beds of the Trenton are exposed along the eastern edge of r.nw. r the outcrop of the Cambro-Silurian in this i)asin, from Herens Island j|,,„','^^,|,„, southward to Elk Island and the peninsula south of it. Drift-deposits seem to cover the outcrop farthei- south. Owing to the friable nature of the lower beds, an enormous amount of material has been moved and appears .as surface deposits. In the vicinity of Elk Island and on l>"ift'li;i">sit> Black Island, the boulder-clay is covered to a height, in many instances, oiinrii|i. of upwards of fifty feet by lacustral sandy deposits, and these are some- times dirticult to distinguish from the Winnipeg sandstones. ^Nlr. Tyrrell records in sections IT) and 16, Tp. '20, R. VII., many large j,.| slabs of mottled limestone strewn along the shore, and on the south- west end of Elk Island, a low cliff having twelve feet exposed of the mottled limestone of the lower part of the Trenton. On Black Island the only exposure of beds in place is in the section i,iiii,-,tiiii> already quoted in the descriptions of the Winnipeg sandstone, in which •'''"'^ four feet of limesttme is seen. The presence of this lied capping the sandstones composing the main part of the island is shown by the finding of limestone slabs at various points along the shore, reaching on the south side to past the centre of the island. On the north shore limestone boulders were found only a short distance from, the strait separating the two large islands. The rocks exposed on Big Island are everywhere thin-bedded, dark ],i^r ishuul. earthy-yellow, mottled limestone, weathering lighter in colour. It is immediately above the sandstone which is exposed on the islands to the north, and a small exposure is seen at the extreme northern point. This is a small clifi' of ten feet of limestone overlying sandstone of '(i f.l K I.AKK WIXMI'lUi. Munl.d IllllCftiillc nf l',\|HiMlilr,> nil SiMltlll'.lst >liiirc iif I'lilf Island. I)({ oov»M(>(l uitli di'brix. Above the liiiu'stono clitt" is cxptisctl a section of reassortcd liouUlei-day nnd gravel, luit from the limestone a Muiiii)er of fossils have iiotii ooliectcfl, of whicli Dr. Whiteave.s deter- mines (lie following: — Ji'i'cr/i/iH'ii/if'S Oiriiii, llali. Ort/iin friceiinria, Conrad. Machiroa Jfaiiitohrnsis, Wiiit eaves. FusiKj)irn injlitta, Meek and Worlhen. Cyrtoccras Manifohensc, Whiteaves. These l)eds are not seen in shown, apparently the same beds as at Hecla P.O. Above the sandstone exposures on Deer Island, there is a capping oi ten feet of limestone overlying a sandstone bed, (piite conformable with it, and above the false Ijedding shown in the sketch. The characters of this stone need not be described in detail, as there is a great similarity LOWKII MOTlXKIl I,l,MK.sTONK. C5 I' btttwi'en nil tlniso nx|)t)sur«H. From this looiilily ii iiumlMT of fossil j,',^.''j'/|"",'| forms havo been collected of which thf following is u list : — Sfreptf/itsmn robiis'tini, Whiteaves. Cii/npirria Canndfusis, Billinj^H. aljIptoi'i/Hliti's, 8|). undeteiiiiinahlo. J)i/)/(>t)\i//ut Wfsfoni, riiicli. A iiiixlropli ill hem iplicnhi, I f al I. S(ropfiuitli si„\ylx^ "" the beds are seen in place, but separated in birge masses by vertical cleavage planes. These beds, owing to the yielding nature of those underlying them, easily tip outward, and sliding on one another, cause a vast amount of loo^e material to be accumulated. In a tew of the beds, are socn what appear to be sections of the b(Hly-chaml)er of a large s])ecies of (/omphnnentx cutting them at right angles. These, (iriin|. Point and Little (Jrindstone Point, show a uniform dip south-west- ward, and from a height of forty feet six inches, at the former place, it has fallen to six feet at the latter, showing a dip of thirty-four feet in six miles and a half along the shore, but, if measured with the full dip, i' I'lunts to about eight feet per mile. The beds continue exposed 66 F LAKE WlNNlPEfi. m Dull Littl. llra.l I5uil at the Niii- rows. for about a mile farther, and it is evident that additional exposures are not to be expected, as the phine sinks below the water, whih- the liigherbcds seem to have l)eeei- Island exposures Another exposure near the last, shows the limestone in tiiin layers. The colour is a light-gray, spotted with d.ark-yellow, but the lower beds are darker and not so mottled with yellow, and seem to contain dark, earthy matter. On the surface they are weatherfd a I'usty-yeliow. common to upper and lower Ijeds alike. Tliree miles south of IJull Head, the t'scarpment reaches its maximum .height of sixty feet above the water, showing imly about nine feet of limestone above an exposure of sandstone beds, previously described (p. 62 V). This l)roken clifl' extends southward to a point about eight miles from Hull Head, and is there seen with the limestone mucii lower down — about three or four feet above the; water. From the nature of the exposure the exact point at which the lowest bed should reach lake-level, is hard to find, Init it would be not far from the .southern end of the clifl'. Broken mas.scs of limestone strew the short- all along the face of the exjiosure, and indicate the prest nee of th<' rock in place in many instances where it is hidden by a dense growth of trees. The Narrows between Bull Head and Dog Head show the near (Fs approach of the Cambro Silurian deposits to the eastern shore. Thi> section made at D.og Head sug:;ests that, underlying the limestone, there is possibly one hundred feet of .soft beds. The eastern shoie is of Archiean gneiss and granite, forming a fairly straight and high shore. The west side is bold but deeply and irregulai-ly indented, leaving several high points between the bays. One of more prominence than OOWUNO LOWER MOTTLED LIMESTONE. ()7 F the rest is called Limestone Cave Point, from the immense fissures in I;iiiii.stciiii- the clitl" behind the beach, sometiuvs forming galleries, as described by H. Y. Hind. This structure is not confined to the above point, but is found all along this shore, and is due to the yielding nature of the underlying rock. From Dog Head, south for two miles, the limestone is exposed in a Srcticni south broken clift" consisting of pillars and blocks standing back from the " beach. They have all been tipped out from their original position in the clifT. The true section can only be measured in crevices back from the outer face. The beds here exposed are sununarizeil in the following desci'nding section : — Feet. Incln's. Iiiglit-yelk)w linit'stoiH', with diirkcr yellow .siK)ts, foniiiii^ iilxmt 20 per cent of t he mass Dark-yt'Uow huils of similar charactrr to rhosr aliovf, ».'\eept tliat the (lark s|H)ts form .">0 pvr cent of the mass T* When this rock is exposed, it weathers light-yellow with rusty markings — the same in character as that on Snake Island and the main-land opposite; l»ut, in these large crevices, .samples broken off show this light colour to l)e on the surface only and the original colour to be a dark grayish-yellow in a mass almcjt bluish. Small grains of pyrites .ire seen through it, and help to give the exposed surface a rusty appearance. The Ijods are all very similar but with a darkening in colour in the lower jiart of the section. The thickness of the beds varies from one to two feet. The height of the exposures rises toward the south, and at Lime- ■'^'"l"' "'. -n'' /-^ T-». 1 "1 ii-K ■!. fact' of liiiii'- stoneCave roint, that ot tlie top bed is lorty-eight teet al)ove the lake, stone, or about twenty feet higher than Dog Head. On the shore are seen slabs and pebbles of limestime with a few large l)locks that have slidden down, liehind this the slope is irregular, being formed of large blocks, partly concealed by forest, scrub and moss, and separated l)y wide, deep fissures with steep rocky sides. The vertical jointage is r.rokin clilt-. here roughly east-and-west, and north-east and south-svest; so that the lines of fractures are roughly parallel to the shores. The beds expo.sed In these fissures are not shattered and seem to t)e of a tliickness vary- ing from two to six feet, with thinner ones showing at the bottom of the fissure. Tids broken clift' extends at practically the same level for two miles south, where, in a deep crevice, twenty-three feet of beds were measured. Large l)locks have slidden l)odily down to the shore, and form an irregular wall; giving an appearance as of a low exposure of limestone, with the top at aiiout fifteen feet above lake, whereas. >»■ 68 F LAKE WIXXIPEG. Brok.n olitf-; concealed by the trees, the solid fliff stands at nearly fifty feet high. A section sketched at this point is here reproduce*!. Boui'lii'i Point. North at Dog ;ily into slabs and flags. Other e.xposures are found across the l>ay to the south, where the top of the limestone is thirty-one feet eight inches al>ove the lake and ten feet six inches of liod^ are exposed. At the waters edge a bed of sandstone similar to that at Bull Head is seen. The cliff at Do}JC Head ii continuiid along the north shore to near Snake Island. Al)out twelve feet only is exjx)sed at the point, and the beds aie thin or bioken, of a yellowish colour, with dark- brownish spots or stains, causing the whole to l)e evenly mottled. The principal fossils noticed are End'' eras ■•^uhannHlatuin, Machirea Mani- tohensu, and E''crj)tariilif(:-< (hcrni. The olitf. tlmugh broKcn shows occasionally a good section in the crevices back from the face. Nearly two miles westward, the section measure*! in descending order is as follows ; — Ff*"! Iiiclie.s. 1. Tliinly-laiiiiii;ili-il lircl.-* of .-^iiott''!! linifstiiiif 7 2. Ev('iily-L,'r;uni 1 3. Soft, siiottfd lirnc.-itonc, hri'akiiik' into thm shkljs and irrejrwlar nochilcH 2 8 4. Dark, I'arthyliinf.stonc. .■*|M)ttiMl 2 5. Two IhmIs .siiiilhir to No. 2 6 16 10 One mile and a half fartl.er west. No. 4 is a fofit and the top of No. 2, four feet seven inches ;il»ovi' the water, showing a dip in this direc- LOWER MOTTLED LIMESTONE. 69 F tion of tive t'eet two inches, or three feet four inche-s in the mile. The Xoitli .slioie cliff there shows .m addition of live feet at the top, of beds siiuihir to '^' '^"S Hoad. No. 1. One mile west a small exposure shows No. 2 at the water's edge. This increases the dip to four feet seven inches in the mile. Opposite the southern end of Snake Island, ten feet of limestone similar to No. 1, is seen very much broken into lumpy fragments. Fol- lowing the same dip with that given by the last two sections, the present one would add four feet to the top beds or, roughly, along this shore, al)out twent}'-five feet of the f-ower Mottled limestone is exposed in all. Low lioulder-strewn shores extend westward with no definite ex- I>iisure of rock in i)lace, to the point west of Moose Creek, where lime- stone debri . indicates the proximity of beds probably below the water level. These icay be slightly higher than any seen in the foregoing sections. The following fossils have l)een collected from the exposures at lj^^ of fossils Orindstone Point, Bull Head and Dog Head, and represent a similar horizon to that of l!ig Island and Deer Island, the lowest of the mot- tled limestones : — J'asci'ohis i/rt'(j(iriiis, Billings. ffnli/siten cafemifaria, L., var. yracilis, Hall. Streptelnsnm rofjuafitm, Whiteaves. Calapii'cia Canndensis, liillings. (Hjiptoci/Ktitfiii, sp. undeterminable. Linyida lotreiisis^ Owen t'litatuboniti'ii t/ivrsa, .Shaler. Stropliomi'na trilohatu, Owen. P/ectaiiil/oniies srrirm, Sowerby. I 'latij atrophia hi/oiafa, Schlotheini. Jiliynchotreina capai; Conrad. I'leiirotoniaria i/iiira/i'<, D. I). Owen. I.ivupini Ai)i-:7-ifiiiHi, Billings. llorinotonia Hniiiipfyensifi, Whiteaves. Maclarea Manitoheiisit, Whiteaves. Trot'lionema lonbi/icdttiui, Hall. " niota. Hall. Fitsispira hijlata, Meek .md Worthen. LoxoneiiKi Winniptyp.use, Whiteaves. Endoceras suhmuiidatum, Whitfield. " Sinipsoni, Billings. J% (0 F LAKK WINNIPEG. Uli.ck r.t-ar Island. 11 Snakf IslaiK Littlf 'ram; rack iHlaiid J'oterioceras ajwrlnm, W'hiteiives, Onroceras W/iitearesii, Milhir. Cyrtorcras MaiiiUihi'nac, Wliitcavcs. 'J'rorhoceras JlcC/mr/esii, Whiteaves. AsapliHx iiKuiinnx, Lucke On Black Bear Isla id the beds exposed are of the same hori/on with those at Dog Head. The lower sandstone is not seen, and is probably several feet below the lake. Tiiirty feet of limestone is exposed in one cliff on th(> eastern sid<> of the island. The upper ten feet is of mottled buff colour, and fewer fossils are found in it than in the lower beds. Toward the centre of the island the upper beds have been renmved, and the surface is lowered, sloping toward the south- west. The exposures on the north and west side are of the same beds, which appear to be nearly horizontal. Fossils collected are determined by Dr. Whiteaves to be of the fol- lowing species : — Rei-eptaculiten 0/n'ui, Hall. Halysites cateniilaria L., \i\,v. iji'aciHs, Hall. Fi(>iispira inflaftr, Meek and Wortlien. Endoceraii siibannnlatitni, Wliitlield. Actinoceras Alhimettensf:, Hillings. lUifnus Americanxs, ['.illings. On Snake Island a cliff of the same limestone is found, exposing about ten feet of beds. 'l"he following fossils were collected here ; — tS/ropfehisuia robiislinn, Whiti^avos. Stro])ht side. The beds there are thin, with fucoidal markings or casis, having a grayish-N'ellow colour mot- tied with dai'k rusty-yellow spots. Northward, the shore tren:^s to the north-east, and at its extreme eastern extension limestone beils are exposed near the watei' for some distance along the shore, and fragments from these beds have furnished mateiial for a high gra\el b'?ach. The character of the rock is similar to thai last noted. Other exjiosures probably occur on the shoals lying otl' this point towaid I'^lat Head. On the northern shore k)w exposures ai'c again seen, and all the l)eds exposed on the island are practitally the same. A few fossils were collected, niosth' cephalopods, among which were Acfuii)C)'ras Canadensi: and J'oterioceras nvhUe. Beds similar to those on Little Tamarack Island aie exposed r/ittl.' Hiack 111 on Little Hlack Island just west of Berens Island. These are above the lifds shown on the latter island, and form a dill' fourteen feet high, on the north side. The beds are thin antl the face of the clitl' is Itroken or shatteretl so that it resemliles exposures of the upper beds west of Dog Head. 'J'he stone is light yellowish-gray, mottled by darker or t)range mai'kings. The list of fossils from this locality, is more complete than from any other at which these iieds hav(> iieen examined. It is made up from the determinations by Dr. Whiteaves of specimens li', Ml l''(pssili Littlf Island : fri'Ill Jack \ Isliiiul \,w\ 72 k lake WINNIPEG. V)rought in liy Mr. J. li. Tyrrell in 1S89, and l)y Messrs. D. 13. Dowling and L. .M. Lainbe in 181)0. Receptai'ulites Gireni, Hail. J/(t/i/sites catemdaria, L., vai". yracHis, Hall. Slrcptelaifma rohnstum, Whiteaves. I'rntarcva vetutita, Hall. " " var. may no, \Vhiteaves. Arahellites, sp. undeterminable. Stomatopora Canadensis, Whiteaves. Orthls tittlx/inuh-afa, Hall. Plati/.sfrophia bijorata, Schloth., var. crastia, James. Ilormotoina Wiainpegennis, Whiteaves. Solenospira pagoda, Salter \ar. occidentalin, Whiteaves. Maclurea Mnvitolwnsia, Whiteaves. Trocfionenia n nihil icatuiti, Hall. Funispira itijiata. Meek and Worthen. Loxonema Winnipegense, Whiteaves. Endoceras siibannulahini, Whitfield. " Sinipucmi, Billings. Actinocerati Jiujxhiji, Brown. " Canadense, Whiteaves. Orthoceras Winnipi'gense, Whiteaves. Ascoceras coKtuhitnm, Whiteaves. Poterioceras gracile, Whiteaves. Oncoceras magnum, var. itilermedium, Whiteaves. " Whiteavi'nii, ^Miller. Cyrtoceras laticnrvat>iin, Whiteaves. Eunjstomites pJiculus, Whiteaves. Discocfiras Canaden.«>, Whiteaves. Trochoceras McC/iarlenii, Whiteaves. Aparchites Whltcai'enU, Jones. Asaphns Snsd', Whitfield. Bnmastus Tnntoneyitiix, Clarke, The highest member of the Lower Mottled limestone is that ex{)osed on .lack Head Island lying to the west of Little Tamanu'k Island. From the eastern point, which is piled high with limestone gravel, numerous small exposures of limestone ai'e seen along the north and western shores. Flat-lying rock is exposed to the east near the water's edge and six feet ab.)ve this or at the top of the beach-ridge three feet more of the same ruck is .seen in a small cliff. This ia of a hard, mottled limestone of a dark-yellow colour with brownish-yellow •] I.OWEK MOTTLED LI.MKHTONE, J'.i P markings, breaking up into lumpy fi-agments. The boacli, which is j,j^|.. j{,..^,| made up of this rock, consists of irreguhirly siiaped fragments not I "'•'"*'• weathering into discoidal forms. At the northern point there is an SHATTKtiKI) BEDS OK TllK U)\VKK MOTTLED LIMESTONE, ,IA(K UE.\I> ISLAM). exposure of fifteen feet of these beds in a vertical cliff, showing the mottled beds at the base with thin-bedded and more evenly coloured ones at the top. These top beds approach in character those classed in the next division as the Cat Head limestone, and are the highest seen on the lake, of the lowest division of the limestones. The fossils collected are rcferi-etl to the following species by Dr. \Vhitea\ es :— Pasceolus greyaruis^ Billings. Halysifes cafenularia L., var. gracilis, Hall. Columnaria aivrolafa, ( Joldfuss. Streptelasma robu-'tum, Whiteaves. Strophomena trilobata, Owen. Rdfinesquina lata. White. Horinotoma Wuinipei/enxi.s, Whiteaves. Maclurea Manitohensis, Whiteaves. Loxonema Winnipcgense, Whiteaves. Endoceras subannulatum, Whitfield. Oncoceras Whifeavi^sii, Millei'. (Jyrtoctiras Manitobeuse, Whiteaves. " latk'iirvatnm, Wliiteaves. Fo.-sils t'n'iii .rack Head [sland. ^i ft I ' 74 K W II riiufiii'fi'vs. Cliff at I,vii\ I^nv LAKK WINNll'EQ. Cat Hrtvl limi'stoiie. Above the series described as the Lowoi' Mottled limestone, lire creiun-ooloured doloniitic liiiiPstDiies of a <,'i'niTiil cvcti colour and tex- ture and rather fino-j,Mained, in which an^ found numerous nodules of chert of varying sizes. The exposures of these beds aie seen in greatest thickn-iss along the northern sides of Cat Head and Mi-Heth Point, and are continued westward to Lynx Bay. At the western end or near the entrance to Lynx Bay, the cliff is twenty live feet from llu! loj) beil to water-level. The lower part, seven feet, is a soft, even-grained, yellow doloniitic lime.-tone followed by two feet of the same regular fine-grained stone, but containing large concretions of cherty matter which seem to have had some influence in lireaking up the beds. The Hues of fracture run outward from the nodules as though from tiie ellect of an expansive force. One kidney-shaped nodule, the largest in the cliff, measured Cli.it iioclulcs. two feet long and eight or ten inches in depth. Aliove this liroken band is three feet of beds of yellow limestone, succeeded liy another broken band of three feet, conuiining also many large nodules. Many of these sugge-^t sponges or corals from their shape at least, but no stiucture was noted in the.:? The upper binls are not, so cherty, and the top one is covered on the upper surface by rough raised fucoidal markings, though not accompanied by a mottling in eilour as in similarly marked beds in the di\ isions above and below. Towards the east the broken bands \ary, and are Itss distinguishable from the rest of the section, and at Cat Head the lower twenty-seven feet, which seems to be of the same rock, has become I'Vcnly spotted with small clierty concretions, and the beds are not so irregularly broken up. The upper part of the section there, shows nearly twenty feet of thick beds of yellow, granular, diilomitic limestone, weathering rough and honey eoml)ed. One bed of two feet and a half in thickness, the top of which is forty feet from the water, shows a much moie marked fucoidal structure, the softer spots easily weathei'ing away, leaving a very rough far-e. There is no marked distinction between the contiguous beds, but the rock from the ufiper pai't can easily be separated from that of the middle of the section, A correlation of beds in different ex- posures is dithcult. Tlie beds at the top, or at an elevation of twenty- five feet above the lak(\two miles west, seem to correspond with those- at about twenty-eight feet at Cat Head, showing a dip west A only three or four feet in two mih's. Titis dip must increase westward or these beds woulil be seen at Clark Point, where nmeh newer ones occur- The extreme end of Cat Head is an overlianKiu'' clifl' with the ba.se ^" *^'*' exposed to the denuding agency of the waves, and in consequence large OOWLINO I CAT UKAI) LI.MKSTONK, liJ F blocks fre(|uently full. Jiut they Hoeiu to ]>e easily broken up jiiul the debris is swept into the bay to the east, forming a high gravel-ridge around the bay and out to a former island, the northern end of wiiich ;^ij.j{,.,) is iMcHeth Point, tlerc is a small clifVof the same dolomitic limestone l'"iiit. with cherty nodules, showing about twelve feet of l>erls. They are easily split into thin slabs, and from these at various times a large collection of fossil remains have been collected. The following list. coml)ined with those from Inmost Island, may be taken as forming a fairly complete .series from this division. List of fossils from the Cat Head limestone, at McBeth Point : — Li-t ,,f fossils. Chondrites cimcatiis, Whiteaves. " cnpressiniis; Wliitea\es. Aularopella Winnijicf/eiisiti, ^V'hiteaves. Trichuspongia hystrir, Whiteaves. Tliamnograptus nl/inix, Whiteaves. Inocnulin Caiuidensifi, Whiteaves. IIahj-o horo ifniarkfd tliiit tho statu of pmserviition in wliidi these are t'ouiui enal)le(l Dr Wliiteaves to identify more varieties than was possible in many of th specimens from other exposures. List of fossils from Inmost Island : — Chondrites pahiliis, Whiteaves. " (jracilHiniui, Wliiteaves, /'asceolns i/rn(/arais, Billiii.iis. Iiioi'iut/is Cdiincloisifi, Wliiteaves. (j'/yptot'rinii.f, sp. undetorminahle. Limjula e/oinjafa, JIall. Strop/iorwyin inrurvatd, Shepard. Rajinesiinina ddto'idea, Conrail. '• nlternata, Rimnon-i. Lept(vna nnicostata, Meek and Worthen. PIcrtambonites ni;ricea, Sowerby. Ort/i is triceiiaria, Conrad. Zjjyostpira recdnnrontra, Hall. , Pahiopteria jiamda, Whiteaves. Clinopixtha (in(iqn;i, Whiteaves. Edmondiu vetnulu, Whiteaves. Tetranola hidorsata, Hall. I'leurotoinaria nunvfurifoidi's, WhitiM\ e-<. Liospira Amnricdna, Billings. " (uiynsfafii, Ulrich and Scotield. Maclnrea M(niilolie>isis, Whiteaves. Conularia nsperata, Billings. Oncoceras Whiteavesii, Miller. Asaphns S»s(i; Whitfield. " ffi(/as, De Kay. Ilfmnus Americamis, Billings. Bronteus luiiaius, Billings. E.Kposures on the noi'tli side of Outer Sturgeon Island, north of Sa.skatche\van Point, are of beds which belong to this division, and are [iinbably of tin; upper part. On the northern point, a lot of loose limestone blocks are lying on the face ot a low exposure of horizontal beds of a hard, seini-crystalline, dolomitic limestone. The lower betis are close grained, somewhat similar to the Cat Head rock and contain many nodules of chert. Above is a .semi-crystalline limestone, in some of the beds resembling a sandstone, but generally composed of frag- ments of shells. Of this there is six feet. Four feet of thinner beds '1 I I'I'l.H MOTTI.KK I.IMKSTONK. 77 F are on the top and aro seoii to contain few traces of fossil remains. Tin- ()iit«r broken niatt'rial from this eliff has been carried partly round the island i-laud. in l)oth directions, formin;,' hii^h ;,'ravcl heaches and bars. That to the Houth-s\t'st, forms a loiij^ bar extt'iidinu' nearly half a mile from tin- island, tliou;,'h part of the material for it, is derived from shelvin;.; rock not far below water-level. The fossils collected from this ex- posure consist of the following sj)ecies : — Stroplumiena iiicnn'ata, Zyijoxpirn ricarvirnstrn, ('tfundotiftt it^tartufurmis, Mdrlarpn Afani- ^'"'""^*' fohi'niis, Connfnrla nxpi'iuilii, Kudon'raa imlidnnufa/iim, Actinocerds liirlmr({'i<>nii, and ('hi'iriiriis fifiiiri'.ndit/iciinin. Amoiif{ the St. Martin Islands, no e.\])osures of rock in place were St. .Martin . • -.^ 1 1 i 1 I • .1 i? r 1 • L II I '"I'l Ki'iiulfcr seen on those visited, out loose rock, in the torin or high ^'ravel-oeacne.s, i^i,i,„i^ liavin;; the same charaiter as the beds above described, is a common feature, and it is supposed that the surface of the beds may be just undi^r the lake-level. < )n Reindeer Island no exposures are seen, but th<' same loose rock was also noted, thoiii;h toward the northern end, loose bhjcks of the Lower Mottled limestone were seen in the boulder- clay. The Cat Head limestone ise.\posed at Howell and Robinson points, on NOitli of the west shore, north of Selkirk Island. The cliffs there are mainly of •'JV|^'.|;;,'"'"''"" the Uppoi' Mottled limestone, but the lower bed is of the fine-grained, dolomitic limestone, such as characterizes the Cat Head bcfls and repre- sent the highest rock of this divi.sion seen on the lake. A few feet only is there exposed neai the water-line, and it is tjuite possible that the whole thickness of the division is much less than at Cat Head. Upp'f Motf/fd limestnn<\ The (Exposures in the valley of the Red River, below Winnipeg, are T'liaractcr.- all of a light-j-ellowish mottled limestone familiar to the residents as the building stone used in Winnipeg fnmi the quarries at East Sel- kirk. This is a soft limestone, containing about seventeen per cent of carbonate of niagnesia. and seventy-eight to eighty-two per cent of carbonate of lime. The colour is a light cream, mottled with dark- yellow to brown, spots or irregular markings. The stone dres.ses easily, and also burns to a very good lime. On the Red River, exposures are not freijuent. Low shelving lime- stone crosses the river at St. Andrews, but very little is exposed, being covered for the most part by drift. (iiin V. M Aimly .snt 78 V I.AKK WINNII'KfJ. At tlu! SUmr I'oit, (ir Lower I'Virt (iiirry. nu I'xpoHuro of v\n\\t to "' toil t'et't of limi'stone in lioiizonfiil li mIs is seen on the wcslcrn Ixwik, near the moiitli of a snmll stream cnlfrinj; alM)Vf tlu' fort. Th in ex- posure wa8 noted ity Major Loni; (lurint; liis oxfu-dition > the sources of tht> Si. Pptcr IJisiT in IS-_':<, hut no fossils wimo touiid in it, and the tirst disoovory of the fossilitVrous ihaiactcr seems to liave l)eeii made by D. D. Owen in IHI.S. He also noted the iloloniitic characte'- iif the rock .iiid puMished two iinalyses which are ^'iven helow * : — 'Compact linu'stone oontainiii!,' L'-jitniin. ('iirliiiimti' of lime .Ml" ('iii'lH)iiiitc of iim^ni-.^iu ^^t Ti lllsiillllile Ulilttcr ■** Aliiiiiiim, iixidf uf iron and niiifrn*'xiit •♦'" Watlul>lt' niiittiT 10 .Vliiiiiina, cixidf (if irtin anil iiiati^fiineAU 14 Water and los.s 17 100 This has long been (juarried for making lime and for buihling stone. The walls of the fort and warehouses have been built from stone ob- tained from this vii'iiiity, and stone was also ([uarried here for the asy- lum at Selkirk during the winter of 18S3S4. The character of the stone is that of a soft mottled limestone, white and brownish, dressing easily, and siniilai' to that of Kast Selkirk. Dr. Whiteaves, in vol. III., part HI., Pala'ozoio Kossils, discu.sses the collections of fossils pre- viously made at this locality, and mentions this as the tirst locality at which fossils were found in these limestones. The following list is compiled from the above report, and probably includes all the well identified species collected to date. l''"-'sil'^. Eeri;/jt(tciiHtes Oireni, Hall. Iscliadit.es loirenns, Owen. Pasreolns gmjarhis, Billings. , Halysites catenularia, L., var. (jracilis. Hall. Cohimnaria niveofata, (Joldfuss. Diphyphyllum Stvki'si, Edwards and Haime. SlrfptelasDia 7'ohnstnm, Whiteaves. * Reiwrt by D. D. Owen on Geology of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, 1852, p. 181. Hilildiu^,'.- const nitt. I'l'I'KIl .MOTTLKK MMKSTONK, 7'J K I'rotardii retiisfa, vm. mmjan, Wliil-wivcs. h^tvnuif'H /iro/iJli'iiH, nillings. Calitpiiiia Cnniuifnxin, llilliiigs. I'ai'hydirtij:! niiii/nl/n'rn, I'lricli. " nriifii, Hull. I'hyllojtiifiiia Tr'nfonnisln, NicholHon. Montii'iiliporn Wff/n'rhi/i, I'^lricli. liylholiifjiii lo.iata, I'lricli. Slropliitmena inmrvnln, SlR'|iar)iitvs nrrlcea, So\vori)y. Ortli'iK li'ntudiunrla, Dulmiin. I'latyntrophm hi/orata, Si-hlothcim. lihyiii'luitrimn im'i/nifah'is, Cu.stelriPiUi. Bi/xsoHi/c/iin in/n-)ii'-(lin, Meek and VN'orthcn. Modi.o/iipsit, tiiKjunfi/'roHn, W'liitt'aves. Conocanliiini aiitii/nnm, D. D. Owi-n. Sa/piuyosfoma liuellii, Wliittiold. Vonradella, sp. unceitaia. J'lrurutomnrin inunt/is, I). |). Owen. Troclioiteina ninhUii'iifnin, Hall. Eiineina utrigiUnlnn), Salter. Funispirn hijlala, Mock and Worthi'n. " clougahi, Hall. Endoreran HuhaniialiHiun, \\'hit(i(»ld. " ('r(tii/i niatinn, Whiteavcs. Actiiiocrras lilc/iardsouii, Stokes. " liign/iyi, Uvown. " A//iniii'tft'ns'\, Billinjjs, 'J'rijit'rocrras si'tnij>l(inaliim, ^^'hitl'avl•s. I'oti'rioc'rnK nohi/i', WhitPavcs. .\])ar<'hili'H Whiten ffsii, Jones. C(dyin<'iie t^rnnria, Owen. Asaphiis Sitfiii, Whitlielii. l/lcfiiiis AineriranuK, Hillings. /liiniusfus 7'mifo7>enifis, Clarke. C/unrnriis pffurernnf/irmns, (rreen. Stmiroeaphalns, sp. undeterininablo. Lichas cHCidlns, Meek and Worthen. " cornutnH, Clarke. FoMKiJM Ifnlli KiiMt Selkirk. :^* 80 F LAKK WINNirKi; Kast S.'lkiil (Jitiiriy at V/.lM Srlkil At East Selki.k there ;irc two ('x]i()suit>, one uii tlic liank.s of Cooks Creek, to the wes" of the siatioii, and tlie other to tlie south and auioss tlie ereek. ll-e first has not hceii used extensively as a exposure is not very extensive as yet, the <|uarry being ojiened but a com})aratively short time. As you approach this jilaee from the station you perceive tliat thei'c is a slight <'le\ation, well defined in the vicinity of the outf^-o] . Tiooking at the fac(> of the rock you obser^e that the strata are covered with about four feet of ixtse tliift in the southern part, but full ten in the iiurthern. In this are numerous bou'.ders, a few gneissoid, but most of them the same material as the solid roek, and of a more or less .mgular nature. The strata on the east side is quite horizontal, but on the we^t very much tilted. Tliere appe.irs oO be a break tlirough the centre of the (piarr}, indicating a marked upheaval at one time. * * * On the west side there are immei"-'e fragments, lying ct a,' .-■iiule o' l"i with vacant .spaces like caves below them. I'roni the iais(>d appearamc of this part it seems as if the apparent nioutid over tlie quarry has had its origin in this uplieaval. ' Fossils appear after the firx layer of rock is removed. No part of the (pii'iry as yet seems iimri ]irolific than another. The layers of rock are about two feet thick and exposed to a depth f>f about twelve feet. Neither from personal observation nor from questioning the workmen have 1 been abl- to ascertain that cei'fain fo.ssils character- ize particular beds. The most casual observer could not fail to observe the fossil.^ on the stones of this place. Remains of cephalo- pods, corals and the genus receptacuiites are seen on every side, tlie last being exceedingly coinmon. The cephalo])ods are numerous and large — several five to seven incli;\s in diameter have been observ(>d. ' The rock from this place is largely used in Winidpcj for orna- mental stone. I'eiiig cuiniiarali\('ly s(jft it dresses readily and takes a good finish, ..nd when burnt pro(iu(fs a very white lime. It is of a grayish-white colour, and etterve.'ice.^ strongly on treatment with cold hydrochloric acid. It presents a peculiar niottled-like appear- ance which adds much to its be rity as an ornamental stone. This strange mixture of l.>rown and white is diffioult to account for. In some cases it appi ars as if its origin might lie due to seawfcd re- "TraiH ictidii Nil. I.'i, Man. lli>. ;i,iiil Sr. Sur.. Winiiiini'. tss4. '] UPI'ER MOTTLED LIMESTONE. 81 F Miains. Often tL« coloured portion approaches the colour of yellow uclire, and seems strongly in.pregnateil with iron, while the interven- JSv' ing spaces are more or less coloured. So marked is this- mottled con- dition that the stone from Selkirk district can be distinguished at once from the rock described in a subsequent part of this paper.' Mr. Tyrr(>ll's notes contain also a description and as it is later it -,, shows some features not disclosed before. The following is the .lSl!ti„„. extract : ' It [the quarry] is a pit on the west side of a small knol cut down to a depth of about twelve feet. The exposed face runs S. 35" R, and the north end of the exposure consists of horizontall thick-bedded limestone for seven feet, overlain by five feet of till or, boulder clay, consisting of white clay holding fragments of limestone lying in every direction. Th." surface of the limestone under this very irregular till, is r(jugh, not being scored or polished. The southern portion of the exposure consists of large irregular masses of limestone, lying in all directions, between which, the spaces are packed with smaller masses and white clay, often with a few pebbles and small boulder of the Archn'an rocks. This has evidently been a pre-glacial hill of li..,estone, and the glacier from the north-east has broken off the upper portion and shoved it down as a tail-deposit behind. Near the station, only a few hundred yanis away, it is necessary to dig about thirty feet to the limestone rock." Many fine specimens of fossils have been obtained here by officers of the Geological Survey, and others, notably Mr. A. McCharles and mT Prof. Panton, have contributed to the collection now in the (Geological Survey Museum. The following listis compiled from Dr. Whiteaves's report and contain the names of specimens obtained from all sources : List of fossils from East Selkirk : Rc.ceptaculites Oircni, Hall. ffalysUes calennlaria, L., var. gracilis, Hall. Tetradiinnjihrafinii, Safford. Columniiria alveofata Goldfuss. StreptdaHina rohnstmi.,, W'hiteaves. farositef* prolific us, Billings. Calaptiecia Canadensis, Hillings. Mesotrypa Selkirkmsis, Whiteaves. StrophoDiena inciirntfa, Shepherd. " trilobala, Owen. Jinfinesf/idva altcrnafa, Emmons. " lata, Wiiiteaves. Afacliina Manitobmsis, Whiteaves. Collcftioii.s or Li-it of fiissil> 82 F LAKE WINNIPEG. Fossils from Endoceras suhannnlatitm, Whitfield. " scrassisip/ionatum, Whiteaves. Actinoceras Rirhardsonii, ►.'^tokes. " Bii/sbyi, Bronn. Orthoceras magnisulcatnm, Billings. " Selkirkense, Whiteaves. Tripteroceras Lambii, Whiteaves. Poterioceras nohile, Whiteaves. Oncoceras magmoii, AVhiteaves. Trochoceras McCharlexn, Whiteaves. Asaphus Siis(r, Whitfield, Illanus Americanus, Billings. Buniastns Trentonensis, Clarke. Pteryyometoptis callicephaliis, Hull. ChfiirnriiK pleurexanthemu x, Gi'een. Staurocephaliis, sp. undeterniinablo. The presenco of corbonaU^ of magnesia in this stone is shown in the 'subjoined analysis and is pratitically the same as that found by D. D. Owen in the spotted and banded limestone at Lower Fort Garry. Analysis of building stone from quarry at East Selkirk.* Analysis of 'Specific gravity, (temp. ()0° F.) 2'702.j. Weight of one cubic foot, iiig.>, ouo ^calculated from specific gravity) l<'iS'9 pounds. 'Absorbing power -( the nundjers represent the absorption obtained by the aid of the air-|ium'-). ' Water ab.sorbcd. per cent. .'?-471. Weight of water absorbed by one cubic foot of the rock, 5'SG lbs. 'After drying' at lOO (.'., its composition w^s found, by Mr. F. D. Adams, to be as follows : — • Carbonate of lime , 82'f(12 Carbonate of magnesia K'l OSU Feiric iixiile and alumina ;WJ Silira (ilissolveJ) 032 I nnoliihle matter 0!tl3 100 :si Another exposuie of these Ix-ds is described by Mr .\. McCharles as being on Sec. (l, Tp. 1.'?. H. VI. east, about five miles to the south- east of Selkirk Station. ' Tliere is a natural exposure of similar strata in two small hopprr shaped hnl.'.>^ closp to each -therat the Junction of a low marsh with one t>i the gravel ndges that are so common in that * Report of ProgreBs for 1882-84, p. 1. part m.m. =J UPPER MOTTLED LIMESTONE. 83 locality. The stone is thiiiner-bodded, and therefore broken into smaller Exp(3suren blocks than at the Selkirk quarries, though otherwise the same in rfsiwhem every respect. But this outcrop is seldom worked, as it is usually under water in ordinary seasons.' * It is impossible to judge the exact position of these with relation to the Selkirk beds, but they may be lower. The beds at Lower Fort Garry are of about the same horizon as those at Selkirk. On the lake northwards, similar beds were seen at the mission on Mouth of Fisher River, but the fussil remains found were of an obscure nature ^'i^^er River. and only one, Actinore7-as Biyshy' can be defanitely determined. This has also been found at Lower Fort Garry and East Selkirk and ranges down through the lower divisions. The exposure there is in the bed of tlie river at the first rapids. It shows two feet of a soft fragmental rock containing small crystals of calcite and white streaks from the remains of shells, itc. Yellow spots giv(> it the same mottled appearance, and in hardness it closely resembles the Selkirk stone. The rock contains many .softer pulverulent portions. To some extent the same is the case with the Selkirk stone. A few fossils not identified were a valve of a large brachiopod and a coiled cephalopod. (-)ne mile south from the mission, a ridge elevated four or five feet above the general surface, is covered with slabs and loose blocks of limestone. They appear to be derived from beds below, but may have lieon moved a short distance. The absence of other varieties of lime- stone seems to point to their being near the parent beds. The slabs are of a dark-yellow granular limestone with many cavities partly filled with a light, ochreous powder. A few fossil brachijiods and a branching coral something like DiphyphyHwn Stnkesi are found in this rock, which, if in place, must be at least eight feet above the whitish limestone in Fisher River. In the northern part of the lake, there are beds which are con- Xorth-wost sidered to be of the same horizon as those of Selkirk, but th(>ir sl"""<'« of lake, characters are varied. The mottled parts are rather tiarker in colour and much harder, and the thickness of the divi.sion is much reduced. Above these and apparently just below the Stony Mountain shales, are much daf-'-^r Ijeds with several clayey layers. Other exposures are seen at Dancing Point, wh'^ro a low cliff shows four teet and a half above the water, extending 100 yards along the ^^'"'cingPoin • Trar.aactidn No. 27. Hist. & Sc. Soc. of Man., Winnipeg, 1887. 6i •W*MlllW1l*MM>Mi 84 F LAKK WINNIPEG. Carscalleu Pt)int. DiHicingPoint shoro. Tlie beds arc about horizontal, and the surface forms a flat table, which lias been somewhat smoothed by glacial action and shows a few striic. This rock is a dark, semi-crystalline, dolomitic limestone lather harder than that at Selkirk. A few badly pres(TVcd fossils were obtained here, including Streptdasma robiistuin and Orthu proavita. Opposite the St. Martin Islands, at Carscallen Point, are .several exposures of beds which possibly occur just above the Dancing Point rock. They are of a soft impure limestone, dull yellowish-gray, and semi- crystalline, in beds from two to three feet thick, but splitting up into thin flags. The thickness exposed in the bay to the north of the point is eleven feet ten inches. Under this is a fine-grained yellow limestone, the upper part evidently fragmental — a few inches of a thin bed at the top being a congloii) n-tite with rounded pebbles of the .same materital as the matrix, though not of as dark a colour. Of these tine-grained beds there is about two feet three inches shown above the water. Tlie stone breaks readily with a smooth fracture and on a weathered surface the conglomeritic nature of the upper part is strongly shown. This ex;)osure is on a slight anticline which brings up the yell-jvif beds at the centre. On the point the beds exposed are practically the same as those in the bay noted above. They dip slightly to the west, and at the water-lini' another bed of the tine-grained limestone is exposed, in which are seen some obscure fossils. In the upper part the conglom- eritic band does not show in as marked a manner as at the last exposure. The upper part of the section consists of the dark -yellow semi-crystalline rock noted above. Of this there is a thickness of ten feet in which a few fossils were found. The fallowing comprising those that have been identified • — Strophomena triJohata, Rhyncho- trema rapa.r and Orthoceras anellu.<. This band is again exposed at Clark Point (Limestone Point of Hind) the north-west corner of Sturgeon Bay, \i\ a cliflf showing a ver- tical section of fourteen feet. In the upper part, the beds are a yellowish-gray limestone, with several thin bands of soft clay parting the bed,'--. The stone is soft and easily broken up, showing a good deal of clayey impurity. The section shown is as follows, in descending order :— Feet. (Ttreenish-frray, sdft, iiii]iuri' limestone 2 Sc.uii f>f liK'ht clay (> Beds in -ioiiie iilrce.s very mtten aiul easily hri)knj, iiifrillaceous 2 Clayey bed H:ir(ler limestone, gray-green, earthy 2 Shaly band and dark inipiin limestone 2 }51ue limescone, vveathering k'''I.V Blnish-gray limentone, iiarder than re-^t of flection 4 Clark F'oint. Inches. (> 1 3 10 6 4 14 UPPER MOTTLED LIMESTONE. 85 F Fossils found in these beds : — Iiiocaidis Canadensis^ Sfrophomena West side trilobata, Leptcvna unicosfata, Maelnrea Manilobennis, Trochonema nm- """'S'^on "''y- hilicatnm, Artinoceran Jiichardsonii, A. Python, Ortlioceras Whiteavesii and Trochoceras McCharlesii. Similar beds are exposed at the mouth of th(> Little Saskatchewan River. That is, the lower beds of the above section are probably found there, but the remaining ones, extending to the foot of the rapids seem to be d«^nuded, leaving perhaps a higher bed exposed there. These seem to be passage beds to the shales of the Stony Mountain formation, and similar ones may perhaps be found along the lied River near Winnipeg. The rocks at Bishops' quarry near St. Andrews are described as being fine-grained, dark-yellow, and are doubtless the lower part of the tr.msition beds, though they suggest very much the rock at the lower part of the section at Carscallen Point. In the northern part of the lake, the section of the Upper Mottled Northern . „ , . , • • 1 1 1 1 section. limestone seen, is of no great thickness, comprising those beds exposed on Selkirk Island and on the points on the mainland northward- Retween this and the Silurian at the rapids on the Saskatchewan River, there are no exposures, and the soft beds of the vStoiiy Mountain formation have been denuded, while the possible thickness of this formation is reduced to a very thin section. The mottled beds of Sel- Selkirk Island kirk Island are exposed in several points around the island. The lowest are at the north end. Tiiere the exposure shows ten feet of a hard doloniitic limestone, mottled witli dark olive-brown spots, the mat- rix generally a dark yellow. This is in thin oi* shattered bods which seem to lie about horizontal. The lower beds are richer in fossil remains, but do not hold a great variety. Those identiiied by Dr. Whiteaves are the following : — Strej)fi'/(isina rohiistinii, (Jrtliis proavita, Rhyncliotrema capa.i; Orfliodesma njjtnc, Madnrea Manitohensis, and Actinoceras Richardsonli. . Two miles south, on the western side of the islaiifl, limestone is again seen in elifls showing twelve feet of beds. These aic (juite thick, but are easily broken u}i into iriegular fragments, in fact the face of the clift'is shattered. Very few fossils seem to be pti'served in this rock, wliich is a hard dolomitic limestone of a yellow colour, with darker stains running through it. The darker parts are much harder than the light, and the surfaces of bods or fractures are in consetiuence lumpy. These beds are again seen in cliflPs a mile and a half farther south. Near the south end of the island llat liods occur near the water's edge. They are somewhat hardei' and finer-graini'd than the last, and of a dark orange colour — wliere polished they are dark 86 F LAKE WINNIPEG. Rnbinson Point. Fossils. reddish yellow. The top surface is planed hy glacial action, and a few fine stria> are observed bearing south. On the eastern sid<> of the southern end of the islanrl broken cliffs continue to abreast of Horse- shoe Island, on which is also an exposure. These show about twelve feet of a hard dolomitic limestone similar to the upper part of the exposure at the north end of the island. The fossils are badly pre- served, and no new species are added to those enumerated above. On the nuiinland, these beds are seen in several exposures, running from a point west of the nurtii end of Selkirk Island (Robinson I'oint) to Howell Point, near the Ivi^le Islands. At Robinson Point nearly twenty feet is shown. Tlie upper beds are thick, measuring 4 feet 3 inches and 5 feet (! inches, then in tlu^ lower part — -ten feet — what appear to have l)i.en thick l)e(ls ai'e very much broken up into thinner layers. Passing northward the beds rise slightly, l)ringing up lower beds which are of a filler grain, and as before noted, appi'oach the characters seen in the Cat Head rocks and resemble very much those on Outer Sturgeon Island. A large collection of fossils was made at Robinson Point, and those identitied by l)r. Whiteaves wei'e of the following species : — J'ascfioliis gregarins!, Halysites cateituhtr'ni \ar. and often contain little bands of conglomerate from the water u|>. It contains a few nodulen of flint 10 20 fi These section.s show that probably the entire thickness of the Upper Mottled linii'stoiics as shown at the e.xposures of Selkirk Island and Howell I'oint, is much thinner than farther south. The Cat Plead beds are also seen at the base of the,se northern cliffs. In the topographical descriptions of the difl'erent divi.sions no references are made to the Trenton rocks of Lake St. Martin basin. The only fossils found so far are indetinife, as tliey include impressions of parts of a brachiopod having sculpture resembling Stropliomena alterimta and a cup-shapt'd coral, undetermined. 'J'hese are not sutHciently typical of any of the subdivi.sions of the Canibro-Si'urian to admit of their being placed in any definite horizon. Stony Mo\intain formation. I'enitentian well section. Stony Moiintahi for mat ion. The only natural exposures of rocks referable to this formation are confined to Stony Mountain and Little Stony Mountain. At the former place, the upper limestones are exposed on the face of tht^ hill, but in digging a well for the provincial peniter.tiary, situated on the south-west spur of the ridge, a .seetion of one Imndiiil and ti>n feet was expo.sed. The record published by Prof. Panton for this section is as follows : — * Solid, hai'd stone, like that at the cpiarries Thin layers of the same Solicl rock Thin and 1 irc iken Yellowish I'ock, c|r.ite ochreous Reddish layer fnll of fossil shells A mixture of yellow and red containint; some fliiitv material . . Feet. 20 4 2 6 8 10 CO A general descri[)tion and section of the surface outei'ops on the western face of the escarpment i.s given from Mr. Tyrrell's notes for 1897, and is as follows : — 'Stony Mountain rises as a con.spicuous routided hill, sixty feet above the surrounding grassy plain. On its summit is a gravel plain *,Transaction No. 1."), .Man. Hist, and Sc. Soc, Winnipeg, IHSt. y. y. y. X. ■f. I 1, 8T0NY MOUNTAIN FOKMATION. 89 K or ridge, beneath which is a thick band of bedded linieatono, below stmiy this again is light-gray, yellowish and red, argillaceous limestone of "•""»''*">• Hudson lliver age [Stony Mountain formation). Toward the west, between it and the ridge extending soutl from Stonewall, is a wide drift lilh'd valley. The face of the cliff is very steep even below the drift, as Mr. (Junn sank a well forty-two feet close to the foot of the cliff without coming ^-o rock. The top surfautf of the hill, in plan, resembles a great horsi'-shoc opening to the south, and its summit is everywhere composed of llat-lying limestone which is usually yellow and more or less liddicd with cavities. It i.s usually yellowish in colour, but occasionally has reddish streaks, and on the eastern arm of the shoe it seems to bo rather thinner In'dded than on the western. In places tlie rock seems to be streaked with many impressions of plants. ' The following is a descending section seen in Mr. Gunn's quarry : — tVt't. IncheH. Bed of gravpl 2 In soii.f |)l:icts this i.s it'Dlaccd l)y a tliiii ciiiitinjfof Ixnildt'i'-dny. A yi'llowisli-^'niy liiiH'stoiu- in wliiili :irf sttled ;< Covered, hut probably coniixj.sed of soft, yellowish-green, slialy beds, for little patches of yellowisii fossiliferous lieds ear. be seen in places .-, Red, highly fossiliferous -hale, with many thin b.oids of lime- stone from one to thret inches in tiiickness Ki .SS •Section in quarry. 10 ' This section is carried down to the spur of the railway track, .•^aid to l)e sixteen feet above the level of the main track out on the prairie beyond. ' The well referred to above was drilled in tli(> tjuaiiy, beginnint^ 15 Well in feet 11 inches below the top of the rock in the above section, and was T"'"'>- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A '<^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^ 111 ill 1^ 22 2.0 1.8 U 111.6 V] ^ ^^ /. c*^ <-w ^>#:<^^ ''> ■> ^^ en by a couipariMin of tlio two Hcctions. The Hurfac)> l)edM at the {>eiiit4>ntiary, appear to be HJightly higher than those of the ({uarrji while the liuiefltone lied yielding water at the iMittoni of the two wells is |>o>.sibly the ^aule. 'I'he upwani extension of the section to the ixpomni Silurian rocks of Htunewall is found oidy in well-sections at that place, and «how« that proliably the top of the Stony M»)untain for- mation is the l)ed cxiKised on the surfaciof tlie hill at the (juarry. The succeeding l)ed. a white iiniestonc very similar to the St4)newall rock, contains a lari^e |>er cent of siljrti or saiul, and is probably the luisal l>en IvtWtt'll St.iiiiwiill juiil .Stoiiv Mountain. Hutherfonl's well — F.'«>t. Thick AiiH in'Mlcratelr r IhhIiIimI wliito litu<-i«t<>M<-, xini- il.ir t" tin- lw liincfton*-, liniken by nunuTtiux frartun-* mn<1, thi>ii)rh »<>in»- 'if thr binli* arc tjuiti' tliick U Lu8tcd woU — Vert. Kino-tfnunf, rathi-r olayt-y, hrittli- linxtxtonc, Hiightly Kre«'nii«h towan! th«- lop, usually rathiT thicklxHldcd, Iiut in pI.'u-i'M thinly i>r irr>tnilarly li<-<|i|f(|, KiliciiMiK. . . . . .. H (tray, thick'l>t?i|cicu|fh breaking, linicxtom- in which nr«' many hiil<-» li-ft by til) ili»M>lvintr away nf nalt or tin- lircay of fiM- nilK. Thiit ic a|>|>ur>'ntly tin' Kanic IumI that Ih i|unrni'ier than it is. Thee are two «iuarrie», one ownetl by the city of Winnipeg, and the other by Mr. Egan. In the former .some excellent dimen.sion stone and stone for foundations i- obtained, and a large amount is also crushed for •1 WOXT MOrTTAIN FORMATION. 91 F •treet paving. It is opened fur uiie hundred yard.s in length, and about Diagram of half an wide, on the eastern -side of the ri«lKe. In Mr. Egan's (juarry, a •"'<-'''""«• Hhort tlistance farther «outh, the thick IxHisapitear to have an addition «« C -i-* r« r »» ^H --, rf A I Hihiriiin (Niajfnra.) Stmiy ' Muiiiitniii fiiriiiaticiii I KirliiiKiiid Utira « Ticiiton ? St<>mw.\i.i. SioM MmvfAix. niACiRAM RHOWIXO CnMrARATIVK aacnoX!* AT MTOXEWALI., HTONY MOl'NTAfN ANK UmC SIDXT MIHNTAIN. w 92 F LAKE WINNIPK(i. I mx liittif Stnny Mountain. Effan's qiiurry WinniiH-g. K'»t*nffl(). Distrilmtion northward. of one or two feet. The section observed is as follows in descending order : — Unovi-nly Ix-ddwl more or leso artfillacfonx linit'Ktonr, tin- U-ds often having Hhaly ixirtingx or Ix-ing very much broki-n. At the top i» 11 IkhI n<>arl„ two ffct thick, pretty uniform in texture and granular 7 Moderately thick iKHldeil, hard, whitiwh liniextoiie, many of the IhhIs riddled with cavitieit. Thew are the l»eiln worked in the ijuarrieM and the only foHsii found ho far iH a large Btatriritt 7 •> Light greeni§h-gray argillaceous limestone, thick or thin-lN>ddeeg, 18K7. * On certain Uirings in Maiiitohii and the Northwest Territorien by Dr. ( J. M. Uawson, TranH. Hoyal Soc. of Canada, vol. IV.. part IV., IWti. Dommo ] HUPERFICIAL DEPOHITS. 93 K and thence nortli probably altogether beneath the Silurian except at the localities above described. Some doubtful beds near the mouth of the War-path River and at Shiel Point have already been referred to, ,m,i^,| j>,,j„j but the absence of fossils prevents any definite correlation l)ein<; made, although they resemble some of the beds at Stony Mountain and are above the Trenton rocks of Carscallen Point to the south and Duncing Point to the north. The fossils so far recorded from these In-ds, have been compiled by Dr. J. F. Whiteaves, and published in vol. III., part II. Palii'O/oic Fossils (Geological Survey of Canada) and are incorporated in the list of fo.ssils given in the jji-esent report. FoMHilH. SuPERKiriAL Deposits. Boiilder-clay or Till. The mantle of boulder-clay which in southern Manitoba seems to be of a maximum thickness of nearly one hundred feet, is found to be much lighter in the northward extension of the basin, and toward the eastern side, on the high land from Grindstone Point to Dog Head, a slight covering only, is found. Very few sections are seen, and the pre- sence of boulder-clay is inferred in many places from the contour of the surface. The high ridge forming Long Point, is connected to the ridge separating Cedar Lake from T^ake Winnipegosis, which is lielieved to be a great moraine. Sections are found on the .s«)uth side of Long Point, showing light-coloured clay with few Iwulders. One or two large boulders are exposed, however, in the bank, embedded in a fine clay containing few pebbles. North of the point, the surface is found to be ridgetl in the direction of the glacial movement and the general description of the shore from the Saskatchewan River to Long Point suggests the possibility of these being of the nature of drundins. A section of one of these, near the Saskatchewan River, shows a light -coloured clay with numerous peb'olcs, and many large boulders of light-coloured limestone, all well striated. South of the Long Point ridge, a mantle of reassorted l)oulder-clay is found covering any boulderclay which may exist there. This mantle appears, however, to have l)een of slight thickness, as ridges similar in outline to those on the north side of Long Point are found in many places. HoilliliT I'lav iann! I'diiit. 94 v LAKK WINNirE'J. (ifaeial Strio. i iliicial Htriir. ])riitiiliiis. List of Htrin! observed on isliimlH and west shor*! of l^ko Win- nipeg :— S,lkirk IhIbikI «• 1 ••■• H.-will Point «• - •*•■ Dikiicin^ Point S. ;<.» K. Slii.l Point S. :».V K. HrnnH Uland S. W \V. .Iiiok llfa.1 iHlancl S. 2:.'W. Snnk.' IhIiuhI H. 'JT) W. Hlnck Hiiir Uliinil i^- *' ^^'• Littli" < irimlHtonc Point .S. 42" W. In tho iihovo list tlie first four records nre from loculitieH on the western side of the hike, mid were (h)ul>tli'8s nmd" liy the southwftni niovinjj Keewiilin ghicier. The reiniiinder are from loealities nearer the eiistern shore, and were made by thu Iat W. from the eastern side of Herens Island is paralleled liy a ridge on the western side of ("onimissioner Island. These' .see'!! to lie parallel to the glacial stria-, which were observed on the north side of lierens Island to run S. 40 W. Several of these might be overridden lateral moraines of the earlier glacier, though their (jrigin can not lie clearly made out. They rre tlierefore enumerated in the drumlin series. The next group, at the mouth of Fisher Bay and on islands north- ward, no doubt contain examples of moraines, but a reference to the map and sketch appended, show that tliey are intimately related as a whole. The stria> found at Snake Island and tiack Head Island bear S. 25° W., and appear to Ije nearly parallel to the ridges in the vicinity. ] SUPERFICIAL DRP08IT8. 95 F ThoHe on Black Bear Island turn more to the west, following the i)n„„iins. general direction of the Hhure at that point. If the Iwsin afforded more examples of striiu to the .southwest af the points above noted, it J^oA tffytaiuuMiJtf NKKTtll <1K I'Aiii OK I.AKK SMNXll'Kii, TO NIloW INKI.IKXCK OK liKIMl.lN I1II>(;KK ON CONIOI It OK HK.XCII I.1.NK .\N'> THKIH ItKI.ATlOS TO UENKIUI. IIIIIKCTIOV (>K CI.AIIATION. might leasonaMy he expected that they would show a deih^ction toward the south and into Kisher Bay, following also the west shore. This, it will be noted, is the course followed by the ridges, and the 96 F LAKE WINNIHKO. ■ ;■' v relation Ix-twcpii these and the k1'W5»»' strii.- is tluis apparently miiintnined. ImsIht liav t(. I" •'•^ "'■♦''^ fliiown on the sketch ii.ap, the hasin is very shallow and lack llfiul. ti,e land is not niui-h elevated uliove the lakf ; indeed a rise of fifteen feet in the lake-level would sulmier^e nearly all the islands west of Snake Tslaiul and eidarge the width of Fisher Bay. Slight ridges are thus easily distinguished on such a low plane, and are found to have an important influence in shaping the eontour of the shore line. This is noted especially on Tamarack Island and on the shore of the eastern entrance to Fisher Hay. IvOoking from Snake Island north-westward, the only trees seen on Tamarack fsland are those on the ridges, tlie tamarack swamp forming the remainder of the island Ijeing below the line of sight. Moose Island, properly speaking, is one long ridge, but the lesser ones forming the points are noticeaMe. Kastward, owing to the low country, the ridges marked al)ove, appear from a distance as a group of islands. Kca.-^^^tiitcd iMiuldcrcluy. Jieassortrd liou/derchii/. Exposures of this deposit are not numerous, those noted being maitdy on the west shore. The ridge described as occurring near Jack Head River is composed partly .)f reassorted mateiial, liut the section of it on the lake-shore shows only about three feet. The stratification is indistinct, but the material was evidently deposited in water. The clay is of the boulder cluy type, and is plentifully supplied with both large and small boulders of gneiss and limestone. On Fisher Hiver, the deposit is of a more pronounced stratified type with fewer boulders ; and farther south, near Uimli, cut-banks on the shore show a decidedly stratified clay. Stratifud Sandx aud Gravels. Stratified xaiiii.M and (TTttVl'lH. < )n the south side of the eastern end of Ix)ng Point, a low exposure of coarse stratified .sand is found. This is a deposit of later age than the clays forming the point, and undoubtedly overlies them. The group of islands lying to the eastward in the centre of the lake, (ieorge and Sandy islands, are compo.sed of stratified gravels and sands form- ing small plateaus. The middle one of the Sandy Islands is the largest, and shows the best section of the gravel terrace on its southern side. The highest point of this appears to be about fifty-five feet above the lake. «rpKitnri\i, nKi-iKiiM. 07 K (t«or:.'c Isliirnl is tlic next in t'i/.", ninl tfio wctiou is ih re very Himiliir til tliiit (if lln- fii-.i. In IhiiIi, tlif hi:;l>e->t ]i;irt of ilic ili>|i(isit is siMitli-wt'Ht side, ,111 I tin* surt'.K-'P <»f til" t«rrde«i »«Io|mm froui tliis jMiiiit •(lii^litly tdwiird tin- mitt It east. Tli«" •i'^'i'iin i X|mi<4«><| slmw (ilciirly tin- stratiliid natun'of tli" t(MTii<'e, l»ut iIjom* on tin- t'.ico of liic lii/licr aoctniitiliilioii iiri> not ho ii(>tiiiii*'. It wfeins prol»Mlil<' tlnil llic liii^lier partH rcpnsciit iIh' rnniiins of «??»k»T «lp|i>( small j>lati-au-». This is siii,'|;,'chI«'i1 in |iart. Iiy th(> tact tiial till"-!- islands arc arniiitri'd in a !/roki-n line luiiiiini; from noar I'ophir I'uint on tiii« «'.»st Mil« out m a ncirtii-weHtcrly dirt-ctiim towai'd till' I'Mo of l,on;^ I'oint. I'lif lii>,'li»'r portions of the saialU-r i-< an' lilM-rally sprinkli d i)y Iai't;i' AiiliM'.in l)nn!dcr-<, evidently carricil tlu-n- liy lloalin^ icndurin^ja !iii,'li«>r St. !;.'•' of tlic lake. -Iiortly .ift'-r this deposition of malerial, and while tli( plate. «us were luin^ foriietl. Stiatitied sands sery similar in iieneri! -tricture aiv found ne;ir KIk Island on the S'liii li shore. Iloii lers wer*' tliere noted slldiii;;^ ilown the face of (he hanks, as ihoui^h f.illin.; from the surface. In this con- nection it may he mentioned that Dinl Hill, east o:' the He I Uivor. norlh-"ast of .St. iSitnifaee, presents s<>'newliat siiiiilai' deposits. .^triiiilii'd ► .lll'is Iklllj Ki.i'.ii», Lair b^a>-h''*. The formation of ;i lieaeh e >»nniences prim.irilv hy the aceiimtilation M.m. lies. of the heavi(>r d>liiis left hy the denudation of the .shore. This may form a houldei- rid;(e, i^r.adinij «li)*n t'> a j^ravel- or sand-l)ar, as the result • of the nature of drumlins in omtour, arc found to have remarkably rough houldery shores, esjHH-ially at the northerly and scmtherly extre- mities, often forming Ion;; bars ext<-nding out in the lake. The boulders seem to be derived, from the boulder-<.day forming the points) of the ridges. They are thus left iu place while the liner material is OS y .«KK WINVIPKU. Im'UcIiI*!!. 1 Fforiiit'trncon, (ir;iv«I Liiiit'Htiiiii trravcl. AsHiirtiHl iinii Mpifiul over tln> lM>tloiii of iIm> Inkc Tliix iictiori ih partt- culiirly iidtirriiliii' on lh«' wcstiin nlKirf. Thi* iMiuUlei'- tlcrivfd from I'liuldtT clfty foriiiini; tlic string of isljuiils nuiiiiiii,' snutli from tin- ••ust Hhlrot jjcrt'iis Inland furiii piiv«»iiii nts uii'l liiiis Mint an' p»ni ••xmnjilt s. I'luiikott. Island, oil wliich tlif liKlitliouHi' is placed, is surruuiidtnl Ity MO rouf^li II wall of iHJuldfrs tliut n IniKlin;; (iIimi' for small Uuits can liiinlly lie found, except at an artificial "-lip in front of t tm ki'«"per's 1| of (ieor^e ami liittle U«'orj{e islands are pK»d exau.ples. There the iMtuldei- are o( nearly uniform size, though occasionady larye. All are of An-haan jjneiss, schist or uranite. Sandy islands also ha\e the game lioidder heaclr rid;.'e deriveii from thu erratics tleposited on the surface of the gravel terrace. Granl beaches, — These are either of similar ori>;in to th" houldi-i heaches or are derived from denudation of cliHV of rock. <>win^ to tln'ir hein^: composed of smaller material, which is more easily trans- pii iiH wi'sl«ai(l coursi' iIiIh Imr Ihim iilroiidy inclii-i'il u siiiiill Imy m-ivr tim i'hnI crul inul I'mm low cxposun's «)f liiiK-stoiic in'iir lli«' liiirlMiiir, iiliuut tin* ct'iiirf ot' tlicvnulli ^i(l^•, iii itoriiil is lifiiij; cftrrii'il int|ily w«'nMi IIMtUtll. IILACK IIKAU IKI.ANI). IIKHBIH KICDM I.IMKXTKSK (I. IKK KOIIMIM; IIAH ACHO-HH A IIAV. TraM8j»<)rt«>rtod of l.itllt' Tiiiiiarat-k Klaiul. fonnin;,' Ninall hooks. At fnmust Island '""''*■ the sinalliT niaicri.il, yravol and sand, fnini tlio mok oxpoMir«»s on the north sid(;, are distrilmtcd in a ion^ bar, nearly lonnecting this island to the mainland Ut thi> south. l{«'twe«'n Cat llc.ui and McMoth Point, which Heoins to have lieen the end of an island, is now found a hi^h har of liniosione ;,'rav('l dorivod from till' iidjariMit. olills. This is tin- hi-avifst .iocuinulation of its thar- iKliTon lilt! lake. The Little IMaek Island clitVs are supplying,' material to form I»ai-s, running eastward to rtmneet with l»reiis Island, and on the eikst side of IJeren.s Island there ar« also exanijdes of transported gravel liars, -one «if them, ending in a small hay, foniis a little harbour which wa.s used in former times by the tradinj; company's brigade xiini)(| ai'<- tli«»si' i>ti SiHxiik Isluiul .iml tlii- -innll isl.iiiil oil tlic soiitli ('list ciiiiici-. Till' iiai'liour ill tlic iimth < n soiitliwnrt! tor liall' n tiiili'. 'I'liin, tiius I'onic a lnii;j naiTiw I'liy. (Iccji imiuulIi 'of \'\ki' siimii'.cis mikI vvi'll s|ii-lli'ii')l. jicrp WMlci- )"< toiiiiil 11)1 to tiic ctl;;!' ot' tlii' Imr uii tlio iriM u I'll iiy ill' liyliiiii; upiii|i.irii»'H_ iliNJiic and till' li-ti'l>oui lias I Aiiotlit't', iiiadi' it) tlic siiiiM' wav, is ilitit on I'ony Isliiiiii, alvcady dwHcrilM'*! iiH t'(iriiiiii>; t\ lior>«i> shoe 1>\' iwo i'uis lunnir"^ tCom l.uiii hMi'm of ilii' idainl to tin- wc^l v. .inl. 1-1 ami (Sriwi mill >aii(i I) aril Tl.o i mv III tile ii'ii ill wi'si cMiinrr of ll le •<)niil UwJicM. lako lailfi i.iiiiistinic U.iy, i> p'oici-tcd liy a loiiy naiiow vjiii of saiij. Tlii>* may Ix' wln)lly liaii^poricd fumi iIk- ca.twaiil, a- llif i' ~m1i of storms from llw 'ioiilli and fast in ilic la!l. Tlic Ion i-i'. idling to tilt' otitlt!t of tlic lako lias itiL,' iiio'tly iioriii - iioru llld llCMi !l, Wotllll ull'.ird a lar;*!' Mipji'y of matcri.d for ilic liar. South of l,oii^' INiiiit ilio Comer iiioi>'S('d Im'Iwi'i'Ii it and ilif west shn is Kciiii; cu', I) tr 1. i;ia\i atid sand Wnr^i Imilt from Imtli ^lln||'>;, and iinnii lOlJv 'iiialli-r ox)iiii)>l<'.s of this, an* found aloni; the north -lands uH Saskalehewan I'uint in the same iiiantier as .Ml I'.clli I'oini i- now united In Cat Head, while near liy in l,\nx May a hoavy sandbar cut-* oH" a iioriion (,f the eml of tin- ii.iy ihieh I IS now formed into a lak l'"urtht fmm I'i;^ Kland, ;ind a > oiujiaiiion liir from the west simre ne.ir li I'l/nidir I{i\e!'. W'illdw I'cint is a l->o mostly l)\iilt iqi liy trail -iioiicd iiaifrial. The o>--ioulli from the vicinity of (iiinli. Across the lake at (irand Marai-- and iiftar I'^ik Island other similar e\am|ileN are indii'atefl on the .■.ccom))an\ ini^ mii|). The heache.s aloiiLj the smith rliore an' jiartly tiaii^]ioitcd and ]iarlly derived from the siftiiiLTof the delta material hrouyht down liy the I'.ed Uiver. The transjiortins,' ayent is generally the waves, ami as the direction of the storms afl'eotinfr this part is mostly from the northward, the transport- ation eHected is from Imtli the east and west shores, converging to the centre of the hay. ( i //