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 Reprinted from "Peocekdinos op tiik OeolooisiV Association," 
 
 Vol. VIII, No. 7. 
 
 GLACIAL DISTKIBUTION IN CANADA. 
 
 By TOB Rkv. D. HONEYMAN, D.C.L., F.R.S.C, Hon. Memb. 
 
 1. Triassic Amygdaloids {A) and Carboniferous Boulders. — 
 The author's investigations of glacial distribution in Canada began 
 in 1873. On the beach at Cow Day, east of Halifax Harbour, 
 Nova Scotia, abundance of amygdaloid i)ouldor8 were seen. 
 These were at once referred to Cape Blomidon, whose rocks are 
 Triassic basalts, amyjdaloids, &c. Blomidon, or some part of its 
 rock extension to Five Islands N.E., and Brier Island, is the only 
 series of rocks in Eastern Canada which could produce these 
 boulders. Red Head, on the east side of Cow Bay, was seen to be 
 the secondary source of the boulders. From this bluff of drift 
 large and small amygdaloid boulders had just fallen. Here an 
 agate was found, and specimens of Blomidon zeolites. Great 
 masses of Cambrian quartzites had recently fallen, and were still 
 imbedded in drift. These were strikingly grooved and striated on 
 varying sides. Rock surfaces had also been observed on our way 
 showing glaciation. Action and reaction were thus suggested'. 
 A copy of the Admiralty chart, on wbich Blomidon and Halifax 
 both appear, was procured. A very fine and extensive glaciated 
 expanse of Cambrian argillites at Pleasant Park, Halifax Harbour, 
 was located on this map. The direction of the glaciation and 
 grooves, S. 20 E., N. 20 W., was extended, and found to pass in 
 front of Blomidon. Deep grooves were seen having a south-east 
 termination, where the graver had evidently been fractured by 
 coming in contact with hard edges of tilted and crumpled strata, 
 the grooves terminating in small stricB, running in different direc- 
 tions and disappearing. These show that the glaciating agency 
 had evidently come from the N.W., the direction of Blomidon. 
 An interesting problem was thus presented for solution. I found 
 similar boulders occurring in abundance on the Atlantic shore, 
 from Point Pleasant, Halifax Harbour, west of Cow Bay, to Three 
 Fathom Harbour, east of it. Associated with these were Lower 
 Carboniferous Limestone boulders with fossils (^Brachiopoda, &c.), 
 and boulders with Carboniferous plants, such as Stigmaria, Lepido- 
 dendra, and Calamites, from the beds intervening between Blomidon 
 and the coast. TLis is very interesting, as showing that the 
 
D. HONBTMAN ON QLAOIAL DIHTRinUTION IM CANADA. 
 
 transporting agency levied upon every formation over which it 
 passed. An iceberg could not do this : a glacier could. The dis- 
 tance between Bloraidon and Cow Bay is 62 miles. Drift accumu- 
 lations and drift sections occurring on the lines of railway, especially 
 the Windsor and Annapolis Railway, were all examined, and the 
 amygdaloid boulders wero found to increase in numbers as we 
 approached their source. 
 
 2. Triaasic Amygdaloid^ (B). — From a distance of 45 miles 
 west of Blomidon, amygdaloids have also been transported to 
 the Atlantic coast. In the drift cuttings of the Nictaux and 
 Atlantic Railway, on the side of the Nictaux River, I found 
 amygdaloids of the same character as those of Blomidon. I 
 also observed a fine outcrop of Lower Silurian argillites on 
 the north of Cleveland Mountain, on the south side of the 
 Annapolis Valley. North Mountain, a continuation of the 
 Blomidon iT*iige, is on the north side of the valley. The 
 position of the glaciated rock-surface is at a height corres- 
 ponding with the general elevation of North Mountain, 600 feet. 
 This is the most northerly glacier found in Nova Scotia. The 
 Triassic sandstones, which are undoubtedly In the valley, although 
 they cannot be seen, must have filled the interval between the two 
 mountain ranges in Pre-glacial times to account for the glaciation 
 indicated and the passage of the amygdaloids. In my collection 
 I have a large amygdaloid boulder which was picked up at Lunen- 
 burg, the Atlantic terminus. The Nictaux and Lahave Rivers, 
 which nearly meet at their sources, are approximately in the line 
 of transport, as are also a long chain of lakes. The Nictaux River 
 flows northerly into the Annapolis River in the valley : the 
 Lahave River, southerly, into the Atlantic. The Nictaux and 
 Atlantic Railway runs generally in the same course. 
 
 3. Archcean Gneisses, ^c. (A). — On the north of Blomidon, 
 at a distance of 13 miles, is the south side of the Archaean 
 rocks of the Cobequid Mountains. This range extends from 
 Cape Cbignecto, on the Bay of Fundy, through Nova Scotia, 
 to a distance of ninety miles. Boulders have been transported 
 from it in a direction, indicated by glaciation, S. 20 E. mag., 
 the same as the Blomidon amygdaloids. These are spread 
 broadcast in the eastern part of Colchester County and the 
 County of Plants, which bound Halifax County on the north. 
 ( Vide papers in the ' Transactions of the Nova Scotian 
 
 ( 
 
 r 
 
 • •• 
 
 
D. HONEYMAN ON GLACIAL DI8TUIBUT10N IN CANADA. 
 
 3 
 
 'J 
 
 ( 
 
 IiiBtiiute of Natural Science,' 1881-2 and 1882-3). In Halifax 
 County tbey are largely intercepted by a great belt of granite, 
 which is generally six mile? wide, extcading from Major's Lake, 
 near Waverly Uold Mines, on the west, to Ship Harbour on the 
 east. Some of the Cobequid boulders reach the shore along the 
 course of the Mnsquodoboit River, and other breaks in the granite 
 belt, i.e., a granitic transportation takes the place ot the other, the 
 boulders of the latter having to be closely searched for among the 
 abounding granite boulders at Musquodoboit Harbour and Clam 
 Bay. At the Waverley (W.) end of the granites, or rather at the 
 end of another granite occurring farther north, which seems to 
 come into a line of it, the Cobequid boulders have found a better 
 passage. Their course became changed to S.W., Ad is seen by 
 the glaciation of the Cambrian argillites at the Intercolonial 
 Railway, near the Grand Lake. This brings them into Bedford 
 Basin, Halifax Harbour, and the City. The Archasan trans- 
 portation thus unites with the Triassic, so as to predominate 
 over the latter. The combined transportation then deposits the 
 accumulations at Laurence Town, Cow Bay, and at Eastern 
 Passage, Halifax Harbour, at Thrum Cap, McNab's Island, and 
 George's Island in the Harbour, at Point Pleasant, Fort Massey, 
 Fort George, Observatory Hill, H.M. Dockyard, and Fort Need- 
 ham, and at Navy Island, Bedford Basin (' Trans.', 1881-2). 
 
 In like manner the great and extensive granites (B) on the 
 west side of Halifax Harbour, in their extension toward Blomidcn, 
 at Bedford, intercept a part of the aniygdaloids, and in turn are 
 transported towards the Atlantic. Some of these boulders become 
 huge roches perches, e.g., the great " ^iocking Stone" of Spry- 
 field. 
 
 3. Archcean Gneisses, ^c. {B). — Eight miles from the north-east 
 termination of Nova Scotia, Cape St. George, Antigonish County, on 
 the Northumberland Strait, is the " Typical Archaean Series," which 
 I first recognised in 1868. Dana, in his 'Manual of Geology' 
 (1874), gave it the name " Archaean," which I have since adopted. 
 I found the boulders of the series, on the shore and in the drift, at 
 Ogdens, Gypsum Bluflf, St. George's Bay. The largest boulders on 
 the shore are very striking in appearance. It is more than twenty 
 years since I first noticed them. It was then supposed that they 
 had been carried from the coast of Labrador. The ideiUical rock 
 was easily recognised among the series on the Northumberland 
 
O. HOMEYMAN ON QLAOUL DIHTIIIDUTIUN IN CANADA. 
 
 Strait, associated with crystalline limestones and serpentines. 
 There is no apparent glaciation, but a line drawn on the Admiralty 
 chart from the rock in aitu to the drift-section of St. George's Bay 
 coincides exactly with the line of Biomidon transportation. 
 
 Fjords. — Looking at our chart, we observe that the Strait of 
 Ganso, which separates Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, and which 
 enters St. George's Bay, runs parallel with our last Archaean trans- 
 portation line. All the harbours of Nova Scotia, from the Strait of 
 Canso to Ship Harbour, where the great granite belt ends, are 
 approximately parallel. From Ship Harbour to Halifax Harbour, 
 the harbours conform with the changed direction of transportation. 
 Halifax Harbour, Bedford Basin, and the Estuary of the Avon are 
 approximately in the line of the Biomidon amygdaloid transporta- 
 tion, and are only about eight miles apart. 
 
 Remarks. — The Archaean of Northumberland Strait lies (14') 
 north of the Archteanof the Cobequids. The transportation could 
 not originate there ; we must, therefore, look beyond Nova Scotia. 
 This consideration led me to refer to Logan's ' Geology of Canada ' 
 (1863). Examining the Tables of Glaciation Grooves, I found that 
 the S.E. courses to the N.E., N., and N.W. of Nova Scotia, prevail- 
 ing over the S.W. in the proportion of two to one. The Nova Scotia 
 transportation i.., therefore, a continuation of that of Quebec Pro- 
 vince, and my investigations have given it an Atlantic terminus. 
 
 Ottawa Gneiseea (C). — On a visit to Ottawa, in May, 
 1882, I observed massive boulders of Archajan gneisses 
 in a number of places. At the Rifle Ranges I ex- 
 amined them more particularly. Some of the gneisses 
 were beautifully banded, others of them contained abundance 
 of magnetite. In Sir W. Logan's table, the course of the 
 glacial grooves at Rideau River, Stegman's Rapids, and also at 
 Barrack Hill, is S. 45 E., true meridian. Defining this course on 
 Vennor's Map, I found that a N. 45 W. extension passed between 
 the Hull and Laycock Magnetite Iron Mines. According to the 
 same table, at Hull the glacial grooves run S. 45 E. This is 
 certainly a satisfactory coincidence. 
 
 Kingston Gneisses {D) Archcean. — When I was at the 
 Dominion Exhibition at Kingston, in September, 1882, my 
 attention was directed to the large quantity of boulders 
 Wiiich lay about the exhibition grounds. The greater part of 
 them corresponded with the Ottawa boulders, with the excep- 
 
I). HONKYMAN ON OLAt'IAL l>18THIIIUTI0N IN CANADA. 
 
 5 
 
 tion of tlio niagiietitic ones, and were consecituMitly Archaenn. 
 One boulder was of Trenton Limestone, and was glaciated. Look- 
 ing for glaciation in situ, I found it on the limestones at the edgo 
 of the water near the entrance to the Royal Military College. 
 The course of the grooves was S. 54 W. magnetic. The direction 
 observed by Sir W. E. Logan was S. 45 \V., true meridian, 
 while " other grooves run S. 85 E." Trenton Limestone is the 
 formation on which Kingston is built, and of which it is built. 
 Hence it is called " the Limestone City." In the approach to it, 
 near the Rideau Canal, the Archrcan (Laurentian) is seen with 
 the Trenton Limestone lying directly upon it, in the same 
 way as on the Railway from Montreal to Ottawa, near the 
 latter. Wo have now reached long. 76° 25' to 29', and lat. 
 44° 14' to 19'. In long. 80° 54', lat. 44° 28', is the last of the 
 southeasterly grooves (S. 5 E.), according to Logan. In long. 
 79° 33', lat. 46° 10', is Nipessing Lake. Here, and beyond all 
 grooves are, therefore, S.W. Lake Temiscamang, long. 79° 26' 
 to 30', lat. 47° 7' to 36', has glaciation generally S.E. This is 
 the region of divergence, as well as of watershed. 
 
 Himouski Gneisses {E) Archcean. — At the Railway Station, 
 on both sides of the railway, I found and examined Archwan 
 boulders of large size. Some of these were granitic gneisses, 
 identical with those that I found at Ottawa and Kingston. 
 The only place where the rocks of this kind are to be found 
 in situ near Rimouski is on the opposite side of the River St. 
 Laurence, which is here 20 miles wide. Glaciation was found by 
 Sir W. E. Logan at Kempt Road, near Metapedia Lake, long. 
 67° 43', lat. 48°. Its course was S. 80 E. 
 
 I would observe that the lines of glaciation of Pleasant Park, 
 HaHfax, extended in a northerly direction on our Admiralty chart, 
 pass through Rimouski at a distance of 310 miles. 
 
 Our field of observation thus extends from Cape George, Nova 
 Scotia, long. 62°, to Kingston, Canada, long. 76''-25' to 29', i.e. 
 through 140 25' lonj;., and from Halifax, lat. 44° 34', to Rimouski, 
 lat. 46° 26', i.e. through 3° 52' lat.