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Jui^ori^edfy the Honorable the Minister of Education for Ontario. m n I i^l "Geography and Chronology , „,ay call .he Sun and the Mcon. the right eye and the left, of all History."_//„^y„^/V Voyages, Preface. MONTREAL- PUBLLSHED BY TOHN I OVFT I Avr> r^ ^^ .-H.N I.O\ELL, AND FOR SALE AT THE BOOKSTORES 1880. ^k. vWVW 1 PREFACE. The Advanced Geography now presented to the Public is intended to replace the General Geocraphy, originally prepared in 1861, by J. George Hodg.ns. Esq., LL.D., Deputy Minister of Educalion for Ontario, to supply a special want which had long been felt in the British Provinces of North America. The merito of this pioneer Canadian Geo^^raphy obtained for it a widely extended and long-continued popularity. As the science of Geog- raphy is progressive, therefore thorough revision of the work, to keep it abreast of the present state of geographical knowledge, was deemed necessary. The Advanced Geography is the result. The work is divided into seven Parts. Part I. is introductory, and treats of Mathematical, Physical, and Political Geocrraphy • care has been taken to secure in it methodical arrangement and accurate terminology. In the remaining Parti the Great Land Divisions of the Globe are described. The introduction to each ponsists of a compreliens.ve description of one of the Continents, and is followed by a less detailed description of the particular states or countries contained in the separate Land Divisions. In the preparation of the work, the latest and most reliable authorities have been consulted. Owing to the proc^ress of -geographical discovery, political changes, the variable nature of the statistics, and other causes, these -authorities were frequently found to disagree. In all cases of conflicting evidence, the statements in the text have been made after careful examination ; and although perfect accuracy in regard to geographical details is hardly possible an earnest endeavor has been made to obtain an approximation to facts. ' Thl statistical information contained in tabular form in various parts of the work, as well as the statistical items given in connection with the topographical details, will, it is hoped, prove useful for reference. New and finely executed maps have been prepared to delineate each of the Great Land Divisions of th .lob,, the Dominion of Canada, the British North American Provinces, and the principal Countries of the world. Numerous beautiful illustrations and diagrams have also been introduced to elucidate the text. To enhance the value of the work, a copious list of geographical names, with the pronunciation according to the best authorities, will be found at the end, pages 145- 147- The hope is expressed that H.e Public will find the Advanced Geography worthy of its generous reception. Toronto, ist Jidy, 1S80. "^f^^^^^iJi^ordin? 10 Act7l'arlia.nent, in the year „ne iLousancl ciKht hundred and eighty, l.y John Lovbll & Son, in the ollice of the Minister of Agriculture and Statistics of the Doiuinio ■ ol Canada^ T i T %i TABLE OF CONTENTS. Part I. PARE 5 Defliiitiou— Divisions Matlieinatical Geograiihy, 5 Pli jHical Geography g Political Gcosrapliy 13 Slictcli of Genoral Cieogm|)hy i,; The World divided into Heiiiisplieres, IB I Part II. [ North America jg I Brjtisii >foRTii Amkhica, 25 Dominion OK Canada, 25 Province of Ontario, 2(i " Quebec 31 " New Brunswick, 38 Nova Scotia, 39 Prince Kdward Island, 42 " [Newfoundland], 43 " Manitoba, 45 " Pritisli Columbia, 4C District of Kcewatin, 47 Uniti:i) Statks of America,. ... 43 North Atlantic or New England States, Middle Atlaiiii- .States, Soiitli Atlantic or Gulf States, Central Stjites gg Pacific Stiites 'I'orritnries Mexico, Centrai, American States, \Ve1 BelucliistJin 119 lieniiudas . . 62 Bolivia, Kepublic of 73 Brazil, Empire of 72 Britisli Columliia, Province of 4fi British Dependencies in Europe . . 88 Britisli Empire 80 British Islea 83 British North America 25 British West India Islands and Ber- mudas fi2 Bulgaria, Tributiry Principality of . 10(i Cape Colony IM Central Africa, Liike Kegion of IM Central American States 60 Central Nortlieru Africa .. 135 Central .Soiitliern Africa . 135 Central States 56 PAOR Ch.inncl Islands 88 Chili, Kepublic of 73 China, Empire of \%\ China, Foreign Possessions in 124 Chinese Turkestan or Kashgarla. . . 124 Comino, Island of 88 DanLsh America 65 Danish West India Islands W Denmark. Kingdom of 1K> Dominion of ('aiiada 25 Dutch Wast India Islands 64 E:Lstern A friia 133 Ecuador, Heiiublicof 72 England and Wales Sit Eurojie 74 Falkland Islands and South Georgia. 73 FivcDuchies 98 France, Republic of 92 Free Cities 98 French North Americii 65 French \Vest India Islands 64 Further India 122 Geographical Distribution of Animals 12 Geographical Distribr.tion of Man 13 Geographical Distribution of Miner- als 12 Geographical Distribntion of Plants 12 Germany, Empire of if? Gibraltar 88 Gozo, Island of 88 Greece, Kingdom of . 108 Greenland (i5 Guiana, British, French and Dutch... 71 Gulf States 5,') Ilavti, or S,an Domingo VA Heigoland 88 Hindostan or India 120 Holland, Kingdom of 96 Iceland . 65 ludepeudeut States (Africa) 135 PAOK Indeiwndent TurkesLtn 124 India 120 Ireland 8 SelKistoiwI 110 Shcrbrooke, City of ;«> Silver Mine. 58 Snow Line or Limit in tlic different Zones 12 Snow Plough on the Intcrailonial Railway 39 Siiccimens of the Five Classes of Man- kind 13 Spring and Neap Tides 11 St. Isiwc's Square and the Senate House, St. Petersburg 110 St. John, NB, Citv of 38 St .lohn River, Grand Falls on the. . :» St. tlohn's, Newfoundland 43 Suez Canal 128 Sunrise in the Desert of Gobi 115 Svdnev, Town of 40 Tliree liivers. City of 36 Tides, Spring ano Neap 11 Toronto, City of 27 Trollies 7 Turkestan, View on the Plain of 1 13 Vegetable Ivory Plant 70 Venice 104 Victoria, British Columbia 40 Victoria Riiilway Tubular Bridge 30 Vienna 100 Warsaw 110 Waterloo, Monuments on the 'tattle- field of !« Western and Eastern Ileiiiisplicres. . 7 Western l^oneers 47 West Iiidlii Products 01 Winni|iog 45 Windsor Cnstlo 83 York Factory 47 Yosrmitc Vnlley, CaUfomift 69 7j.M-m\ -.vitli the Position !if the Eartii in each of the Four Seasons.. 7 Zones T \ r I ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY. PART I. I. Definition. EOGRAl'HV is the science which treats of ih.; form and pliysic.il features of the earth and its var- ious inluibitants and countries. Tlie term Geography is derived from two Greek words : ^v, eartli, and grafilic, writing. 2. Divisions.— Geography is ^J^ divided into three branches, viz. : -^' Mathematical, Physical, and Po- litical. 3. Mattiematical (or Astronomical) Geograpliy i)oints out the relation which the earth bears to the other bodies of the univer.se • describes its form, magnitude, and motions ; and explains the various lines which, for scientific purposes and convenient reference, are imagined to be drawn upon its surface. 4. Physical Geograpliy treats of the configuration and natunl divisions of the earth's surface. Under the heads of Geology and Mineralogy, it treats of the structure of the earth's crust and of the materials of which it is composed ; under the head of Meteorology it explains the peculiarities of climate and atmosphere ; under the li'ea'ds , of /.oology and Botany, it treats of the particular anin.als and plants found in dilTerent countries ; ,,„.l. under the head of Ethnographv of the races and v.irieties of man. 5. Political Geography points out the extent, population, com- merce, government, religion, langu.age, and civilization of the various empires and stat.;s into which the habitable parts of the World are cuvided. Under the head of History, it treats of the early settlement "f countries, their forms of government, the progress of geographical Minutes make a degree ("). 360 Degrees make a Circle (Q)* 30 Degrees make a Sign of the Zodiatx 3 Signs, or 90 Degrees, make a (Ju.ad- rant (or one-fourth) of the Zodiac. 12 Signs, or 4 Quadrants or 360 De- grees, complete the Circle of the Zodiac. SENITH ■•JiT,^ CELESTIAL SPHRRR; IMAOINARV LINES DRAWN ROC.M) A SMALL INNLK (.LoLE. CIRCUMPERI'Nrn, DIAMETER, L IC, r.RRAT AND SMALL CIRCLES. (2.) The centre of a circle is a point within the circumference so situated that all straight lines drawn from it to the circum- ference are ecjual. (3.) .\ liiiimctcr is a straight line p.asslng from one point of the circumference to another through the centre. (4.) The diameter of the earth, about which it rotates, is called its axis. One end of this line is called the north /■ole, and the other end the sonti J-oU. R.uliiis (pi. radii) is a straight line drawn from the centre to the circuutfercnce. (5.) An arc is a portion of the circumference. (().) A xrent circle of a sphere is one wliosc jilane passes through its centre. (7.) A small circle is one whose plane docs not pass thnuigh the centre. (8.) The Great Circles are : The Equator, Horizon, Meridians, Ecliptic, and the Colures. The Equator (Lat, aeqiius, equal) is a great circle, passing round the earth equidistant from the north and south ]ioKs. It divides the earth into a Northern and a Southern Ilemispliere (Gr. hcmi, half, and sphaira, a globe). * A degree is the nngle at the centre subtended by the ajj part i)f the circumference, and does not vary with the size of the circle. The term (ifgref is often used as an abbreviated m'nle of expression Utr arc of a degree. In this sense, if the clrcuinfercnco be 3^h) miles, then a degree of that circle will be one inilf long ; if the circle be 3'>o inches in circum- ference, then a degree will be one /«(■//, etc. The circumference of the earth is 21,^x10 geographical miles, of 60 to a degree, or 24,002 ICnglish miles, of 61^,17 to a degree. The equator consists of jfio degrees of (>o geographical miles e.ich. Parallels of latitude, being smaller circles, have each degree, i. e., the arc of each degree, proportionately shorter, accord- ing to the size of the circle. (The division of the circumference of the circle into 3fK> equal parts took its origin from the length of the year, which was supposed to consist of 3f)o days, or 12 months of 30 days each.) t i'he term minute is from the l.alin mmuluni, a small part, 'he term seconds is an abbreviated expression for «iti/n/ minutes, or minutes of the second order . nnORRRS, ETC. < ( < ( ( ( L^,eclator stands. As applied to the earth the - ns,l,le horizon is a small circle which bounds our -'■;v where earth and sky seem to n.eet. The //„«, "f tins hon.on ,s the level surface on which the Z^^:T''^ •'•"—^>'"/ /""'At of the horizon •m North, South, I,,ist, an,l West. Its w,, ^^e the ■ru,, „„„.„., S; V:,"' "y"'"- , ■''''^' ^-"-'l' (Arab. ....y .f „. of the heavens e.vac.lv overlK^■tTlVvu,!7^ ,''"!' "' "'' '""'"'"• "^ "^<= i'""" horizon, or the point of the heaven, dire.SplS tZlv^" "°'' "^ ""= north to tl/c l;;.; ;;;:'''''' ^■'-'^•--— --cle extending from the u. The Zodiac is a space, or belt, i8 degrees broad, or 9 degrees on each side of the ecliptic. It is called Zodiac irom the the Greek word zodiatos, from f . zodhn, a little animal ; because \ii the stars, in the twelve jjarts t\ into which the ancients divided '"•. <^ it, were formed into constclla- V^ '' — ...^....- Vim* "■'*>;> tions, or groups of stars, and ' ' most of these were called after some animal. E,ich of these twelve parts or signs into which thb ,om., * the ancients divided the Zodiac "' ^"VZ^';S;;r^Z;r """ ■" '«" measures 30" along the ecliniir Ti,- , the sun enters theulare a! Mlow,. """"" °' ""= ''^"^ """ ">« day, on which <• "P tOUALOArl,NltHl NORTHKRN SIC.NS, r Aries, the Kani, 2,st March. 8 Taurus, the Hull, ,;jth .April, n Gemini, the Twins, 20th .May. Sunimer. ■S C.ancer, theCr,ib, 2,.stjune. SI l.co, the Lion, rjnd Julv •n. Virgo, the Virgin, ;2nd August. SOUTHERN SIGNS. Aiiliimii. — Libra, the llalance, 21st Sept. m Scorpio, the Scorpion, ijrd Oct / Sagittarius, the Archer, 22nd Nov. Winter. hf Capricornus, the Goat, 21st Dec OK A<|uarius, the Waterbearer, 20th Jan X Pisces, the Fishes, 19th Feb Kvery meridian circle di- vides the earth into two hemi- spheres, which, with respect to each other, m.ay be termed Kastern and Western. "Hie meridian cin le 20" west of Greenwich divides the earth into ///.■ Kastern and the Wcst- .-—-^V^- em Hemispheres. \ first mc- liy astronomers in liifcenf r„ 1 u '•'«'""' Aw is one fi.xed ujjon Fcrro i„ the Ca ar I, Is ' "",'■ T '? ''""'""'•■'^- ^'''''' ^-'""6 on, calculated. In T J^:^t ^^ '^ :t^ T'"'^ " ,""- '^'-'^'"- line is fixed at Greenwich Tl L I ' • ^.eograph.es the first meridian "- - '-^ -- mo,„en.:':n:!';;; ■: :!:;s :: ;;;: :;;;;;: ;:-- "- have .heir meSrii^:::;.,:;::;'':;::;.!::;'^':;:/" "-= ^- -^ ^ p-e from me ^rst first meridian i, is s , \° n. VlTx "."""V'l' ''''"" ' '"^" '^ -'^' "^ "- "f it, in West Long 1 , ■ l' u ' T'^' • m"''^'' '•■ '■""«) ^ •■•"■' -hen west longitu.le. '' ' "•" '" '' ^^ • '-'"'fi-'' ' '"^ ""»!. and south poles have no ™^n:, r;::s^; ' '""" ■ "'■^^^" ^' '"^ '^ ^■"' ^-"' ■■ - - -inci. ^., u ; cn-clcMvhidn.p,.estn,l.s,lC.Mm./ K ro o t o ''.T " " ^"''' the (i.vcd .stars in H,,. coins,. .( > ^ ""-' ^"" •■'m"»g round the s„n. ' ' ^■'"■' '^"' '^ "''■' ^'^^ I'^"l> "f the canh i>.^!e ::h:;;"i ':;:..::'t':;r iii^ns' v '^^ '"- - °^ '^= -- -^^ moon crosses the cclipth- arc call ,1: m.hc ' t"^"""' T''"' ""= "'"' "^ "^ toints, because, when the sun ar K^tl^rf'';; ''"*;"'''"'''" ^^''''''''^'''' '/'W (l,at. ,„y«„) |„ ,,„^,|, ,„ ,1, .' " . '^""^^' "f 'I'^'m. the «,,./'/ d-at. „„.v) is .s.m crosses the e.p.ator ,'re all t ■/;"""" .''r' ''""''■ '''^'^ '""" "'-n 'he March, when the sun crosse „ nt^ft":"' ''" '/""" ^^""'« - "- =.M •",r' ^^r""- ^ .=^;::^rgoi::;:r- — ^» ca.ic;^K:x;i;;irSa::: ^Lirr ::-: -;;• -^.'^^ -"■-■ -^ . Tl..,»,„,h,„ ,„,.,„,, - „J ," "1 w",""""""" '""» "1™"'- (9.) The Small Cirrlns or« ii,„ 'r • . „ Parallels of Latitude. """P""' "^" ^"''^^ ^■''■^''-'«- •■""' the S :;o'^"7"^'":" '° "- ^^"•^'-- -d re,spec- t'vt-Iy 23 28 north and south from it. They are so named bemic ,..!,„ .u parent annual course a ri vecl V ,"'" '" "'^ ^"^ ^r;fpr:nrr:--r:i:-- -,,edthejii/c:jr.tr:;;^r:rcir^--^ -r.h'p:,;':x trirt- c^' ^^/r:-', '7- '- -^^ --" -^y-"" -^e ■» -'-"' Zotie is in darkness ' "'"'' ""'' "»^ "hole of the North Frigid ^.;/«(Gr ..,;.- a belt) are belts or divisions oHhe^earthboun^^^^ The tropics and polar circles divide the -lobe into .U -mes, v,z. .■ the TornW ^„„,, ,he A:,rt, .„ 1^ 7 '"" «/. ^^v,„, and the A.,M and W. /W^,,; z'™ "- The rr;^,vV/ Z^«.. (Lat. /ornWus. J,ot and (> ^^^-, a belt) is the belt between the Vropic of (ancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is 46° 56' in breadth, or 21° rS' on ^..-i • 1 . Knglish miles. I.s area is .^bou. ] of thlt of .h: ^ ^ ''"'"' ^'""' '° '''' The AW// rm/ and the Arctic Circle. oet^ecn the Tropic of Cancer \ of the'gll.^' '" '"'""■ ''•"^' '° ^5^« ^"8"'" ""- I«» area is about „ of .hat The South Temfernit /out is the Imlt between the Tropic (if Capricorn ami the Amaritii- Cirtk-. lis hrcadili .mil .irci arc ihc same as those of the Ncirth Ti-inpc- lale Zone. The Xort/i Frigid Zom- (f.at. /ngidiK, cold) or Antif Zone (Gr. ivklio,/,s (from two Oreck words, unti, opposite, and foils, fodos, the fool) are any two places on the surface of the earth, at which Ihc/V/ of those living at one place are diametrically opposite to the feet of those Ii\ ing at the other pl.ace. When it is d.ay at one place, it is night at the other; ami when it is summer at one place, it is winter at the other. .Viilipodcs Island, near New Zeahind, is nearly diametrically opposite to C.reat liritain— that is to say, they arc as nearly opposite , s the extreme points of a diameter. same. TOf, summer) arc those which connect places whose 9. The Heavenly Bodies, which revolve round the sun, are //,;«,/,?, //,iwfe/,/r, satellites (these rev,.lve arni.iul llu'//,;H,/.t), .ind eomets. I'lanels, from the Creek word flaiutes, a wanderer, are so called to disiinguish Iheiii from llred stars. Planetoids arc also called Minor Planets. .Satellites are bodies which move round some of llie planets; they are also , .illed moons, (.'.imcts (from the Creek, iomefes, lon!;-haircd) are so called from the hair-like appearance of the tail which generally accompanies ^y^M^-^^^^ fS'^'^ them. They are not .olid bodie, like the planets, but gaseous, am! have one point of their orb.t near the sun and the opposite point very far off. The sun and all these rrvolvmg bodies form our solar system, llevoml this solar system are the hxcd stars, supposed to be >hc suns and centres of other systems. Th: .Milky Way IS composed of myriads of small stars. 10. Our Solar System (from .,./, .he sun, being the largest body in it) coasist, of : he .Sun ; nine l.irge planets revolving round il in nearlv circular 'orbits ; a large lumiber of minor planets or planetoids (sometimes calle.l asteroids), of which more than 210 are now known , ;o satellites or moons ; ami a host of comets. It ni.iy be thus reiircsenlcd : Tht Sun, by a lull one fi;)t in diameter. Vulcan, by a foiirlli of a inustarilsecd 15 feet distant Mircury, by a nnutanl-secd 43 feet distant. Venui, by a pea ;(• feet disUuit. Earth, by a lar„cr i«:a 107 feet distant; and a rape-seed for the MoOR, four inches from tile pea. Man, by a large rausUrd-seetl or a small r.iilish-sced 10.) fict distant. Minor PlaflJtl, by sr.ilns of sand from .}); to ^..j feet dislant. Jupiter, by a small Ulliarcl-hall 5(^.0 feet dislant. Saturn, by a laruc marble lo.-j feel distant. JUPITCH || Uranui, by a cherry J050 feet ilistanl. Niptunt, hy a plum jjao feet distant. i^iSff The Sun is about ,S6o,ooo miles in diameter. It turns on its axis, from west I,, east, at a rate varying from once in about .^5 ^^p.^ days to .,nre in about 2O;,' days. It also moves onward ;o NEPTUNE fcJi space, in an orbit of its own, at the rate of about 125,000,000 ^^ miles per annum. Its weight is 326,800 limes greater llian that >if the e.irth, and its si/e 1,257,000 limes larger. Its si/e is 500 times greater than the combined bulk of all the planets that earth© 'Q URANUS o revolve around il. VCNUS O MARS « VULCAN . COMl'^RATIVB r.'" as OK TIIR P'.ANBTS. AN ArPROXT.MATlOM TO THE RSLATIVS ORBITS OF THE PLANETS ROUND TUB SUN. Vulcan, the planet nearest to the sun, being only about 13,000,000 miles from il, is j.Sj (.') miles in diameter. It was discovered by I.escarbaull, a Kreiu I-, physician, in 1S59. This l>lanet can hardly be said to be fully discovered, as it has never been seen, so .as to be recognized, since hcscarbault saw it crossing the sun's disc in 1859. During the total eclipse of the sun in 187,8 I'r.if. Watson s.iw what he believed to be two small planets close to the sun, one of which was seen also by Prof. .Swift. I'o.ssiblv one of these objects was Vulcan. It seems probable that Ihcre are several small planets revolving round the sun in orbits inside thai of Mercury. Mercury is 2y92 miles in diameter. lis distancefrom the sun is 35,750,000 miles. It is seldom seen except bv the aid of a telescope. Venus, 06,750,000 miles from the sun, is nearer to the earth, and is more brilliant th.in the oib.er pl.iiiets (diameier yfiCa miles). When east of the sun, Venus is the I''vening St.ir ; and when west, the .Morning Star. The Earth is dislant from the sun about 92..(oo,ooo miles. It is accompanied by a moon or satellite (l.at. s,i/e//es, an ntlcndant) which revolves round it in 29 days, 12 hours, .).( minutes ; and rotates on its axis in llie .same time. The moon h.as four motions, vi/,; iis rotation on its axi.s, its revoUilion round the earth, its revolution round Ihe sun wiih the earlli, and ils movement in space with the sun. The diameier of the moon is 2l(x> miles. Ils mean distance from the earth about 240,000 miles. The moon coming between us and the sun, causes an eclipse of the sun ; the earth, when between the sun and moon, causes an eclipse of the moon. The combined attraction of the sun and moon is the cause of the ocean tides. Mars, .12 11 miles in diameter, is 1.(1,000,000 miles from the sun. It h.as a red or licry .ippcar.inrc. Il has /;,',' iiiuons. The Minor Planets, Planetoids, or Asteroids (from Or. «rtr, a star, and ei.los, form), of which more Ihaii 210 are now known, are comparatively small bodies, the diameier of \-esla and Cere.s, the l,ii-.t;cst of them, being only between 200 and 400 miles. They revolve in orbits between those of Mars and Jnpiler, their mean distance being about 284 millions of miles from the sun. About eight new ones are (lis, ov.Tcd on an average every year, and they probably number many thini.sands. j Jupiter, 480,000,000 miles from Ihe sun, is the largest of the planets. Its I diameter is 86,000 miles. Il has/./,r moons, discovered bv Galileo in the beginning of the seventeenlh cenliiry. It is surroumlcd by a cloudy atmosplierc, forming belts. Saturn, 881,000,000 miles from the sun, has el^-Zit moons. It has also t/irte rings, two of which are luminous. Diameter 70,500 miles. Uranus w.as discovered by Ilcrschcl in 17,81, and is 1.771,000,000 miles from the sun. It has/>,/r moons, which mm e from east to west. Uranus was formerly called Mcrschel ; also Georginm Sidus, or Georgian .Star, after King George the Third. Diameter 31,700 miles. Neptune is 2,775,000,000 miles from the siin. Its diameter is 34,500 miles. Its place in ilic lieavens was calculated and predicted by Lcverrier and by Adams; and it was discovered, in 1846, by Gallc. It has one moon. e one point sun and all cni arc ihe Milky Way PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. II. J'J/YS/CAL GEOGRAPHY. SECTION I. «.tAT,v. P,oPo»T,o«, or ..,„ ,,„ „,„, „^ ;^^ ^_^^_^_^ i. m Earth's Surface is divided into Land and Water 2. An Island (Norse, ,i /,;//,/ \„,r c^v .^/ //■ /„, /\ . . ' • ' ■^""- ■^•^•'f- '«/ ■'l-^^- ""■ »-' '"Vl f ^ iiiL l.reat .Norlhern 1'l.im ot the (.'I World i,i l-;,,., ./ . . de,::iL;:::::;;"^:'; ^2::!:%^''' -" ""^''- '■•> '"^^- -^ "-«^- '^•' ^--- "< 9. A Plateau (Fr. //„/. fiat), or Table Land, i.s ,.n e.v.cnsive and elevated plain, h.x. The Plateau of .Me.xi.o is 6000 f.., above the Hi! I '1 ' ''■' ^^''"'■" "'' ''"'"'"' ''''^''' '' ■■"g«'='l " i^ termed a I'Liteaus are div^ided into two classes ■ („,, Those which lie at an elevat.on of more than 10. A Prairie (Fr //•„;>/., a n,eu- -Nerca^L'rtr'K:-::;;^^"'' ''"'' "■"" --'^ .^^.ater. Ex. The reefs which surround th J Sandwich ull^l^l^a M^: -rr ^^^'J 3. An Archipelago is a cluster of islands. It sometime., comprises several groups. Fix. W-jst Indies. comprises ...';l?'ii'c:;,:r;:;::;:,;':"'' '- - '»'- ■" '-" p-i-'im.- i..- « > * ;;— "■"' "^"- '". '""". •- -". . — i., ,. . „», ™i, „„ {..> A CUifi IS ^ SIC.]. in.iKlmn In.ik. ^^(^.) A Cape is also called a .i;a,l, Headland, Poin, M„„, Xa.e or Xess (. ,.. nose,, Bilt AN OASIS. ^ j3.^ An Oasis (Egy. Auasis, a resting place) is a fertile spot in a Hvr!n"t:t:::.t::^;;::i'l:;/^--:;-7''- ^■.".- ^^. ...e emrance of one I 15. A Mountain (Lat. «.«.) is an elevation of land excecdino It! if,':: ';""'" "' f '""""'■•■"' '^ ^^^•"•"-l f^m me level of the sea l.ciS^^r;^^I^°°° '-' '- --^""-^*<' '-'^- H.ev.ions of inconsiderable j (./.) Moiint.aiiis occur singly, in ranaes or rhnin. i„ ,■ ' , , , "' Ses or cliains, m groups, and 111 svstems. (^.) A mountain raofre ..r .'la^n mnd » f • - ' ! ~,and.rmi„,acon.inuous;i„e:::i:.:— :r-''Kj':;;:b::^,^^^ ' Hx:-^,i^;rt,i2:.^™''^*^ -' ^e^cralshor.,irre.i,ar .i.es. more oHreT:::,. M GEOGRAPHY (.1,'.) A inuiintuin *';, .";v" when so deep as to cut the range to tlie base. The latter are those that become /laiiis, by their Ixiunding heights lowering as thoy enlarge. A transverse valley or gorge cut by a river through a ian;;c of miantains is sometimes called a gate or gales. V.}i. The Iron ( late on the Danube ; the dates of the Uocky Mount.iins. (.it) In .Scodand, a valley is calieil strat/i and glen : in I'jigland. vale, ,lale, ilin-le. ete. {.e.) .1 Canon is a deep, narrow gorge wilh precipitous sides, cut Ijy a river below the gener '.1 level of the surrounding country. 17. ". Volcano (Lat. Vnkanux, liie god of firi:) is an opening' i,i tlic earth's smface giving exit to vapor.s, steam, sniuiic, asiics, :ind lava. E.\. Mount V('suvius. (a-) A volcano consists of two parts: the base and the co.ie. (/■.) The Crater (l\r.i-rater,,.cni,) is the deep depression found on the summit of the cone, and Is so called from its hollow, bowl-like shape. (.-.) .1 /••;,w(,to/,- (Ital. /;n:are, to smoke) is an opening in the grnmid from which smoke, steam, and ,,;ases are emitted. When suliihur is deposited around a fumerole, it is called a sol/alara, and, in th'; West Indies, a sotifricre. (,/.) Ihrnites, or IIern,s (.Span, ovens), are hillocks from 5 to 10 feel in height, from whose sides and sun-mits colunms of smoke aiul other vajiors are emitted. (.-.) .Mad IWeanoes, or Salses, arc low conical hills that send forth mud and water accompanied by vapors and gases. (./:; There are two chisses of volcanoes, viz.: (r.) J-xtinel voleanocs, or those which were once .lct,ve volcanoes, but have ceased to be so ; (i.) .letive voleanoes, or diose which discharge from their craters melted matter without intermissiim, or after intervals of longer or shorter duration. E.-i. CbimUirazo is an extinct volcano; \-esuvius is an intermittently active volcano ; ^tiomlxili is a pcrmmently :ielive volcano. (.;'.) V.ilcanoes are :irranged in two systems, (1.) the Central, which comprises a cluster of volcanoes grouped together in a limited :in a ; (_•.) Ak Linear, which comprises a scries of vulcannes ]ii.iced in ;'. line. 18. A Bassn of any !)ody of water is all that surface of country whose dniinage it receives. A Ilasin is also called :i ilraijrai..- area or hyihograf-hieal re--i,vi. 19. A Water-parting is an elevation of land which separates con- tiguous basins. 20. A Watershed is tlie slope of land between a water-parting and a water course. £ Watci- cover.': vcarh th, cr-foitfti,.<; of the earth's surface, mid its naitiral divisions mr c/,issiflr,/ as folhnvs I. The Ocean, or the '_ — Sea. is the c:iiire bodv i : ,*. .^ - '• "vx •"' X/-'\. '^ RA^-tf.F OF M3UNTArj^_S V,,;^^^. OCEAN^ _ ""'^'^, "^ " "■ m J uiN TAIJ^J^S ^^^t "-Vv.,^ OCEAN •^l^r^CITY A *»«•' V of Siilt water which sur- rounds the globe. It comprises five great oivi- sions.cacli of whicli is .;.Jle(.i (IH j ocean, viz. : the Atlantic, the ! I'iicific, the Indian, the Arctic, ' ;nKl the Antarctic. i 2. An Ocear (Or. okearios) is one of the largest divisioi-.s of salt water. K.\. 'I'he Atlantic. 3. A Sea (Sax. sm; or .Ciri,';', a basin) is a body of salt water ne.\t in size to an ocean. Ex. 'I'lie Mediterra- nean Sea. ((7.) .■/« 0/en .Sea is one ' which connnunicates with the i ocean by a wide opening. E.x. .\rabiaii .^u'a. (/'. ) An Inland Sea i- one which conilnunicafes with the ocean by a strait. Ex. Medi'.o'- laneai. .^ea. (.-.) -■/ LanJ-loeked Sea is one which is cut off fr. in the ocean by a jieninsula and a , clip . of islands. Kx. I.tjum Sea. (//.) An Arelaf-elagtt is part of an ocean, or of a sea. interspersed with many islands. 4. A Gulf ((>!■. /'"//w, a cavity) is a large body of water stretchins. into the latul from ,111 ocean, a sea, or another gulf. Kx. CJulf of .St Lawrence. 5. A Bay 'Sax. hxc, a bend) is a g'llf with a wide inmith. l''.x FuiuU' i!;iv. '^"klU ^aJCy^'a'i •.^" HARbOUP .^i^ ARCHIPELAGO ^f^.li> __"_ I (■"■ ) A bav is sometimes called - a Hglit. (il.) '1 he narrow b;iys on the v., Coast of Ireland are called fe^' ^""£^"1' un the coast of Scot- land, liiehs; and on the co:ist of Norway, .//'('»•(/.!. (. .) A Harbor is ;i bay where ships in.iy be sheltered (irr li;ir- Ijored) from the wind :uid wa\i's. .•( Haven (Sax. ha/an, a still l)l.ice) is a small harbor. (/) A Jioail, or A'l'ail.^teatl, is anchorage grouml near ;i har- bor. 6. An Estuary d.at. icsttiii, 1(1 boil, or foam) or a /■)i//t (l.iM.frrt/tm, the sea) is ( ti u- .. , out/e^. Kx. Lake Albano, near Komc. '''''''" ^""^ ^''"^^ ^^'^'^'^ >>'-^ve neither m/r/ nor (fi.) Those whicii have an ou/Lf, but nt> inlet nr I.L-n. ( ■ ■ ('-.) Those which have M,s, but „„;:;,' ,';'"";""•• /--Lake Itasca. (./.) Those which have both an ,'«/rf ,7 -, '"'"/''""'. tx. tireat Salt Lake. Ontario. '"'" •""' "" "'"''•'' "^ '"1^" "f /nm«,„™„. E*xSLake wh^;'«^s';^::;:^"'' " ^ ^'"'"" ^^'■'^" """^ ">'- ^^ '^"^^ ^ »" - ™"e., or cfflucn., on. inc^i: ;,r ::::;: ,;:tr„n;:;;e;s"""^ ^" '-'- •"^" ■-- "■•"-• >^-' «ait.wat„ ,a>.e, (J.J S„n,e salt lakes, when larRe, are callc.I .„„. Ex. Caspian .Sea i ».tt-,tr;<:;;',,f z;,t",'''"""- - '"":-' '- - -"-" - I tr^^r-'- -"---'""--■-.-:' »;:n£ so«™;S,;;,,r"' ""■■■'• " "»'"*»»' .i» ««„,„„„,, Jf- •„?::''■ "' '"""*' " » »»" "»"". *, ™- w. i,s « though .hiTJ,' ■' '"" '""•' "' '"" >"'" '»"■"« i» « cl„„„c, ; can onl/ca.;' r^tni:;,;: "" "'^" "" ""^ ^"'"^ "'■ '^'="^' -' ^ ^""^ ^"- one that ™.e..Ws..when-:rts^^^^^^^^^^^ the'baik! f;f;'':;;'t: ZJ:. "' """ '™^"" "■ ■'"' ""^ "-"""^ "- -l-c space between (4.) 7-/.. a,..„,/ „f a :.iver is the .notion of the water in flowin,. l:x. .Si.ilt Ste. Marie. ' -'""'"' '' '•'1"^ '» "f^n called ,, S.„,/i. (.S.) 7y; V n '"T' "" ^' '"■™'"'' ' called a 0,.,™v, and of a sn.all s.rean,, ^ ni^.,!' '"" ' '"' '""^ "' ^' '■"^" -- -^ ^J.) T,. ,,r,s of a river are those places in it which n.ay be crossed by n.an or beast, on o"rn!:'nT:" ' '"" V'"^ '™' "' """ "™-^" '' ' "'■- -" "^ '■■"--'- V".j 1 lie Kasni nt a river is a Un i ill,>,t lie / oMARff,, *^' '(^|1 @ •^,ii«iit(>. ■ " ■■■ '■ Ntr-' SPRINli AND NSAP TIDES. SECTION II. I- The Six Grea. Land Divisions <,f ,i„ ,,„,, ,,,, ^ „ . 'I.. , 1 aciiic, boiiig placid wlicn i ,st iiavi-'ir..,! In- Wu, .11 The greatest .leptl, yet sounded s':^ ' e .^^ ZT f,'" "i"'^ ""' '''""'' ''' "" '■""'• "•^ water of the ocean are i„ pr , n,^c, , ^ , r^:' "' ■'■'-■''■"■"^'^Hstics „f j™>-^, ..el, and depth ; an^ its ...ll^^rXlll^rr^Sr^til^X^ ' "^->' by the twentieth meridian, 0^.^10,^7 T ^ T °' ''"™'" '"'' '''"'''' -" and .South America, and te ten fifth , ^' " ""•'"" '^"""^ "^ ^'"^'^ north .0 .south, is nbouf l'^ .^ "a d i fSV? "'^ ^^-'"e 'ength. fron, 30 millions of square miles. ^™'" ^°°° '° ^ooo miles ; area, .^y !hi A;:;:^KiS: ' ":tr .^rr ?^ • v^^'^^ ^^^^ ^ - '^^ --•^ Antcrica, ,,„d by the seventvfifT ' ■ "■" '^"'^^ "^ ^°"'' ^"'l 'iou'l Anstrali; and 'L o e 2 tcl' 'fia 'j;;^,^^^" 'p ''"'' '"' ""= ^^ ^y A-, 9000 miles from north to south am abo u "'7''""' '"'■ " ^''"="'''' •^''""' li"".s of .scjuare n.ilcs. '•°°° f''"'" ^^' '° "<=^' ! »rea 70 mil An:^rLieCirnret;Ztir:h;;ml"rV'^.^^;^^ °" '"^ -'"^ "^"'^ 1> Africa and the Atlantic Ocean I ?!»! T ) ' '"•''"' ••""' ™ "''= "'^^t ^"". about ..coo from east't: ^ ^ ^^^S^^^ ^^-Jr -" ^ ^^^ (4) Ihe^/r//.- avv/« lies within the Arctic Circle, -.n 1 „ ' .. - ". .;>e Antarctic Circle; area of both oce^^ ^^'^I^^L^t, ::^'X ''"'" (5) Waves are caused bv wind and l,v ,i 1 r ■ exceed., forty feet fron, .1. ...^^^^ 2:;:!^,:~ ^^^ "^«""' ^^ "-'V (fi.) The Tides arc the alternate rise and fall, or "»• ^'Hl -W., at regular intervals, of the waters in -• ocean, perceptible on the shore. .S>-/«,. or l>'«l. .K les are caused by the joint attraction of the ■•^in, and moon ; an '-^ --^ ^^ l'-'lvnmndi,,anl merl inr<>< ^H T ]" ^"'''""^ ■'^■='' "''^'^'^^ •■' '--'^"i' '■•'"■■ida and < ' ba > "h " l , ', '"'"='' "' '"""" '""^Be bet.een l^""l. «l>erc, on the (irnxl Hank n , , '" = "'"' "'"' "^ Nowfound- ■n.eune,,ual .cn.per , "t^w "^ ""-' ''"'" ^•"-•'" f-» li^'ffi" iiav. "- prevailing fogs on 1 . c ,, .? Z'T 1 ""'"' "■'"^'' "'^'' ''"<= --^■ is eastward till it n,ee s t le H i^h V ^"'^^ ^^ Newfoundland, its course ""-.e polar. Sin Of spit:i-;:';-::i.;ix-,--^ (liKikes. •iiiiora^, mir.ige, volcanoes, and earth- "■ .' height of not less'.han o "'r t^*"' "'"V:""" '"^' ""'" ^ —."led -". ".»s :.eco„,ing lighter, .^ ^^ '.^ , y" ^ ""■^^^'^ '' '-™'- '-'e.i, 'Inccs wind. The veloci.v of this , ' •'"■ '" ''">''''>• i''' Pl''ce, pro- '^•) "Hs., (3.) high. „:,■:; : ,;; Tr:^:^ s;:::r^2r" ;'^ "^ '■""« '■■' -■'"- >l"rm, and (7.) a tornado rv,-l,,, . ,""'"'•'•' '"'^''^ne or revolvinc Winds .are ( ) tl .S co and S ' r"?' "' ""'"" '"'"■-"- ■'"'k- I.o .!^ Afica : , J tii .Lnl^z,™ i^: ;;;;;.;i: :,;:'f -^ ^'-v<^- which blow fr^m (J.) the .Simoom or .SamicKpoisl „ ''*•''"' "^ ^^^'''•■'" '" "'« Atlantic; -' Arabia ; ,4., the peri^ I M ^ ^ ^ J !"^""- '" "- deserts of AfricJ •'•■■'.le-Winds of the .Atlantic P ic , 1 ,."" ™"' ^ ^^'^ '''" •••"-'""' .1..- !:,;„*: ,'..'" '""""■ '"■■"-" '•"■■""' " »« » "■• '"Wi" .*„. „, (.)) Lightning is, I i>,iiii.,i,t |i.,.jl, ,,f II,,., . <"-'^ ^'-'Hcity from one ciou;!::'.::::^; ::::r o;;;^,::;;;---' < --' ff 12 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. r (4.) Thunder is a loud sound produced by electricity in passing rapidly through the atmosphere. (5.) Rain is vapor condensed into water, and falling in liquid drops. (6.) A Rainbow is a lieautiful arch, visible during a shower, on a cloud opposite to the sun ; and is caused by the refraction of the sun's rays, by the drops of rain, and their reflection by the surface of the cloud. 1^ ll?V^U£yJ SNOW LINK OR LIMIT IN THB DIFFERENT ZONES. {7.) Snow is the vapor of water congealed ; it is often crystallized into beautiful forms while falling. Snowfalls upon Europe, the northern parts of Asia, Africa, and North America, and on the southern parts of Australia, Africa, and South America. Within the tropics, it falls only on the high mountains, at an elevation of from 15,000 to 20,000 feet above the sea. (8.) Hail is rain falling from a higher and warmer stratuni of atmosphere through a colder one, and frozen into drops in its descent. {9.) Icebergs are floating masses of ice of great height and size, like hills (Ger. /v/y, signifying hill), generally detached from the Polar glaciers or rivers. (lo.) Glaciers are immense mas'->::s of ice formed by solidified snow which be- comes comi^actcd in the gorges or valleys of snow-capped mountains. (11.) An Avalanche is a sudden descent of a mass of snow or ice down the side of a snow-clad mountain. {12.) Fogs are clouds of dense vapoi resting on the land or on water. (13.) Dew is the moisture of the air condensed by contact wiili bodies cooler than the air. (14.) A Water-spout is a violently twisted column of water, caused by a whirl- wind, and united with a cloud surchaiged with water. (15.) A Meteor is any luminous appearance in the air, such as a shooling-5;~r, a bolide, thunderbolt, etc.; also as an t^'ft/s/iifuits, or will-o'-the-wisp. (16.) The Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, are beautiful rays of iight shooting up on a clear night from the northern horizon. They arc supposed to be electrical or magnetic in their origin. The Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights, occur in the southern hemisphere. (17.) A Mirage is the name for a peculiar condition of the atmosphere just above the horizon, when it assumes the appearance of a sheet of water, often exhibiting the reflected or inverted images of distant objects. (I'S.) A Volcano is a mountain giving vent to fire, smoke, ashes, or lava. The mouth, from wliich the fire, smoke, etc., issue, is called the i-/;i/,r. (19-) An Earthquake is a shaking, trembling, or concussion of the earth, caused possibly by volcanic or other internal action, possibly by the shrinking of the earth's crust through loss of heat, possibly by the attraction of the moon. 4. Climate signifies the general state of the atmo.sphere as regards temperature, wind, and moisture. These arc chiefly varied l-)y an une(jtial distribution of the sun's rays unon the earth's siu'face. The heat is greatest at the C(iuator, wherf* the sun is almost directly overhead. As we approach the North and South Poles, it gradually becomes cooler, caused by the sun's rays falling more or less nblicpiely upon the earth as we recede fr ;.. the equator. Climate is also affected by the height of a place above and its distance from the sea; tlie direction of mountain ranges; the existence of large forests; prevalent winds ; and the tpiantity of rain which falls. Climate, from the (Jreek word /7//H(/, a slope, was originally one of the thirty zones intti which the ancients divided the globe accortling to the obIic[uity of tlie sun's course. 5. Geological Structure.— it is generally supposed that the interior of the earth is in a state of intense heat, and was originally a fused mass, which became solid by cooling, and was finally, by the action of water and chemical forces, covered by successive layers of sediment. r///t GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAIS. 6. Minerals. — riie substances of which the earth's crust is formed aie nearly all conijjoiuid bodies called minerals. \Vhcn analyzed, these cimiiMiuiHl iKxlics have been reduced to sixty-nine rlcnirntary sul>- stanccR, which hy chemists have hcen divided into two fjroups, tall.'d llie .metallic and tlie non-metallic. There aie upwards of five hundred species of these compound bodies, arranged into 37 families and 7 orders. 7. Metall are sometimes found pure; hut they are generally united with other substances, forming what are called ores. The metals are fifty-four in number, the best known being gold, silver, etc. The non-metallic substances are fifteen, viz. : oxygen, nitrogen, etc Of the sixty-nine elementary substances, hydrogen is the lightest, and platinum the heaviest. (I.) Gold is the most valuable of the precious metals. It is fouii ' in grains or dust in a pure state; sometimes in lumps or nuggets. The qnld regions ( ' \ustralia, California, and IJritish Columbia arc the most productive. (2.) Platinum, a grayish metal, more rare and almost as valuable as gold, is found in the Ural Mountains, Brazil, Itornco, and Cafifornia. (3.) Silver is sometimes found pure; but it is generally mixed with gold, copper, lead, arsenic, or sulphur. Mexico, California, Nevada, the north shore of Lake Superior in Ontario, Peru, Bolivia, and Chili are noted for their silver mines. The principal Eurojwan mines are in Norway, Spain, Transylvania, and Hungary. (4.) Iron is the most useful of all the metals. It is found in greatest abundance in Great Britain, Belgium, France, Cicrmany, Norway, Sweden. Russia, the United States, and British North America. {;.) Copper, next to iron, is the most useful metal. The richest copper mines in America are on the shores of Lakes Supc-ior and Huron; in the Island of Cuba; and m Chili. The most noted of Lurope are m Kngland, Sweden, and Norway. Siberia, Persia, J.-'.paii, Aus- tralasia, and Malaysia also furnish copper. (6.) Zinc, which is combined with copper to form brass, is found in abundiince in Prussia, Belgium, Kngland, and the United States. (7.) Lead is round in (ireat Britain, Ireland, Ciermany, France, Spain, Norway, the United States, and Canada. (S.) Tin is found chicfiy in England, Spain, and Saxony; also in B:mca, one of the islands of Malaysia. Combined with copper it forms bronze. (v.) Mercury, — Tlie principal ([uicksilvcr mines are those of California, Peru, Idria, in Southern Austria, and Almaden, in Spain. ( 10,) Cobalt is chiefly used for imparting a blue color to glass and porcelain. It is obtained chiefly from Oermany and Norway. (11.) Arsenic is procured chietly from (icrmany. (12.) Antimony and Bismuth are brittle substances, found chiefly in Ciermany. Combined witli lead they form a mctiil used ftir printing types, 8. lnRammat)le Minerals. — The chief inflammable minerals are coal, jet, sulphur, bitumen, and amber, (1.) Coal is divided into thrc-i distinct species, viz. : anthracite, bituminous, and lignite. It is found in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, the Saskatchewan Kivcr Valley, near the Rocky Mountains, Vancouver Island, the United States, Kngland, and other countries. (2.) Jet is a substance like coal, found in Yorkshire, England, and some other regions. It is much used for mourning ornaments, such as necklaces, etc. (j.) Sulphur, .sometimes called brimstone or burn-stone, from its great combustibility, is found tliietiy in Sicily. (.}.) Bitumen is soineiimcs found in a fluid state, when it is called petroleum ; in its solid state il is c, tiled a^jihattiMn. In the Island of Trinidad (West Indies) there is a lake or pond of semi-fluid bitumen. (v) Amber, a resiunus substance often made into ornaments, is obtained chiefly on the sliorcs of the Baltic in Prussia. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTSJ^ 9. The Geographical Distribution of Plants, of which there are iihoiU 120,000 species, t is dependent chicfiy on climate, and on the moisture or dryness of the atniosphore. Vegetation of some kind e.xi.sts in almost every part of the globe; either on the soil, as trees, shrubs, and herbs ; on the rocks, as lichens, etc. ; in the water, as sea-weed, etc. ; or on the snow, as the red or ()r;uiue ( ' \\'.-\ plant mistaken by Arctic travellers for red snow. 10. Principal Food Plants.— (ir.uu, fruits, and tuberous roots are the principal food-plants; and the nuist important plants for clothing are cotton, flax, and hemp. THE GEOGRAPHICAI DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.% II. The Geographical Distribution of Animals like plants, is dependent chieily on climate. The animals which inhalrt the earth are naturally divided into three groups, — those found in the torrid (or tropical), the temperate, and the frigid zones. The fiercest animals are found in the torrid, the most useful in the tempera. e, and the most prolific in the Arctic zones. The cat-triljc (tiger, panther, etc.) degenerates as it recedes from the tropics, while 'iuch animals as tlu' Iwar and the whale increase in size. • The group of plants thai iuh.duts any particular n-j-inu, cmlmiLiug all tlui spccifs. both tLMiestrial ami a(|uatic, is called \\% flora. t .\ i^ccici nmpriscT a:: thr ititUvithial^ th;tt arr r-upptr-^rtl (•• wmxv- fn'tn it shvgl^ pfltt i M\'\ .* /;r'N*»l itirhules several species having certain proiwrties in cmninnn. X The grnui) nf animals iliat inhabits any particular region, enihracinn all tlu! ^ipiTJi-s, hoili ai|n,Un' and terresirial, is called its/rtKHii. .1^ / -0 14 ' of St) slidii may I. "r con cdlor, coni|)|{ or l)lnc of llic ; J. -I slral^h ami [,i| .111(1 (hu 1 bodies, arranged !(!, is fountl in the ri)mbustibiHty, is [1 cliiefly on the J PLANTS* cipal food-plaiits; 's, both tL'iiostrial such as worms, leeches etr • (, ^ r- . <:"S5ca , vu. . (i.) Annehdes, or rineed (3.) Spiders; a;,d u ) l'„: j,' ' v ^nre/"^"; ;""•"?""'' ^"^" ^'^ "^'-' '"'«'-. "' .-. centre, c,f which there are fit ch.e, rtf f ' " • T """" *'™^'"- ""'"" f™" and vegetable worlds. The k .„'^ "ies „ ."",''■ "" '"""'' """ ™""-'^ "- -"".al ^3.oco; n.Mo„usca.„,ooo; H^ aSL ^^ ^ ^'^ ^/ir""! ^ ^ ^-^-". 13 Th. iHiij « I . > I , V . Kaaiata, 7000 ; I otal 250,000. "• The Wild Animal., etc., „,„.sl useful to „.an are the fullowin. • MAM.M1FKRS (M ILK-IIEARIN,;). /Vamcs. Prodittls. Oil and whalelxjne. Oil and spermaceti. Oil Oil and skin. Oil and leather. Ivory and fooil. The r.reenland Whale The .Sperm Whale, J'hc Walrus, The .Seal, The Porpoise, TV h''"'''""^', '^"O-an" Otter .Seal, Sable Krmine, Vm T\^ Squirrel. Chirchilla, •ilK, or Moose, Ante ope, Cb.i- t in,l mois, Dison, and liuffalo, ' f i.ea"her BIRDS. The Ostrich and Eider-Duck rat, > ox, V Fur. -P,^'"""; ««""•■=». I'roduCs. The rurtle, iRuana, and Frog, i.-,,,,,, IheAlhgator, ^^^^^ ^^Ihn ^heCo^™' "7''V""'»"'"^'"«'-» T„ i;i' ,. . Food and codlivcr oil Ihe .Salmon, Herring, Shad, Mack- ( crel, I urbot, etc., ' j Food, The .S.Ik Worm, „.,. The Cochineal Insect r- , ■ ■ The Lac Insect! ' C-ochmeal. The Call insect, ^ac. Ihe Bee, „ , f'»l'- Spanish FIv, "oney and v'ax. ,.„,,. Medicinal. MOLLUSKS, ETC. inhabit,. Southern In.lia a ulAttstral The a "'fr "'''''"' '^^-^'fi-, wl,ich south of the IJcsert of Sahara portiotofM .^ ', • ""''' "'''■-■'' '"'''^^'^'' ^f"'^^', States of America, whither. 'iCX, '^eS ;,?'r '"';'"', ''''= ^"""'"" transported. ■ '■"'citie.s of the .Slave Trade, they were The total population of the World is estim-.te,l ., i . a.s follow., :- estimated at about 1,440,000,000, distributed America (Novth and South) ^-^;-'^'l'-e Mile. Kurope . ; • . . . 15,879,400 Ash, including Malaysia") ; .' .^ : : .^^^^^ Oceania (excludingMalaysia) .' : : "['f^^^ Population. 86,500,000 313,000,000 831,000,000 205,000,000 4.500,000 5'.392.9oo The S«^|;;o;;;:CnnS;Smigan ?""'"'• I f?" i^^'^-f^-ildcr, Kedli^l- Snipe, I-artridge, and Quail, '""' { Food. | ^ ';ter,'and Crab''"'' ■''"'''"«■ ^""^ | Food yjB GEOGRAPHICAL DfSTRLnUTION OF MAN '^^°'-0/^ ///. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. \ i .' '^^- -:^:™ ';:;":^j;r,s,': "t" ™" '-°" »' of soil and climate, wind, hZ i . ' '''"°'' *=^'">' ^•^"•''-'ly sliuui,.,,, .so a., ,0 , roc uc ,e ,1 ff ' V'"''"" "'"" '"' "'•>-^'«' -"- con-plexioii, -n„.,i„H.! :; , ;,i; '■"" ^^' ''^'^'^. "-"O. These have a swarthv - I;'ack, and inhabit S„:,b:: tl ^^l,::^;:'';^;^"- "7->- -.1 hair dark-,:'!' 1 "f the Mediterranean. ' ' '"'"' ''■^'>'' ■■"«' ""^ ""'ih and .so,„h shores 3. 1. niul 5. Mongoloid. - \ raoc with v ii , ^•"iRh, hail, „,,i,h i„,„|,i„ „,„ ;^ :„:"?^;^":;'-" '-7 «llack eyes, l,h,.k, -" . 'Panese ,„,,y be taken as tvp s ^^ ,^ "'t' " f' '"""' ^^^'^ -n-e ( liine J -I -e iiihabitaius of Malaysia,' M, ,^ I'l^; ;;:;^^^"""> A-crican Indians I. The Political Divisions of the Earth ar^ Fm Kepubhcs, Dominions, Confederacies 1 '''\^"'P"^^'^' Kingdoms, "ies, and Dependencies. ' ^ ""'='P^''"«- I^»chies, Colo- Knili" """'*^^ '^ " '-''- "^ '-" '"Habited by a parti.u-ar people. Ex. or ^n->'r ■ r :^;^ ™ :™-r "'':^;:r ^ '"^ -- °^ -^ ---- countries a Sul.an, Car, Shah, Mogul or Mikado """■■ " "'""' '" '''"''"^"' Ki,Ig-lrt.l!;:f "'""'"""■•"'^'^™^'^'^°^ °- - — countries governed by a unl!^ie:l;!!^'"?,"--f '^ ^ «— ^ '" -ich the Monarch possesses ■ ~ci^^^St::i'*TZZ: '— - --" - .ower of the whl'ii tSyli^f^Tiz.^;^;::^;:/;: y--- --"^ -■-' ^ ''-i^ent. by them. Ex. The United States ' ' '"="'"'■'' '^'- ''>• "^'^S^'« elected elective. ' ^ '"^'•"' Electors, etc., cither hereditary or i^hS ;:dSt%;:,:,:r'^^ '"™^'"« "■ -<• «--""' -^y ^-ncr. kx. tor*;:i;:;:;S'^r "''"" """ '■^-'"-- '-'-'-. departments. States, Terri- (M.) In Canada, a Counfy is a sub-division of -x Vr ■ , ■ oflicers. The Conuty Town is the plad 1 e . 'V '■ '"""« "^ "«" !""> public business. '"■'• "'"" ""^ ™"»ty officers transact the ('2-) A Township is a sub., Mohammedan, 13rahmin or H^,^ J,:" '^ ^'■^'^"-'- J-v- There are uncivilized races who h. o 1' ' '''''' ""^' ■'^"^''• )- believe in a stiperioTi:^ t^ ^ Z ^^Ir;' ""^'"" '^'^"^^ over them for evil or good ■ „„ f " • " ''"' '"' '»«"<-■"« '■>'. -ve no belief in uJ.;/;;:i;^r:;:-- - n.e^—r of adberen.s..be various re,i.„ns is estiinatcda^fl... i Chrir.tlaii Jewish , , Mohammedan liralimin lliiddhist 375,000,000 S,ooo,ooo 1(10,000,000 200,000,000 500,000,000 I'arsco Sikh . . , I'ncivilized 200,000 >, 200,000 '95(»o,ooo n * '■""•" '''"""' '"''• DV„„„„v,,l.l,„d. C nnil.l, r.,l„mM,. D lU k,- M„„„l,i„,. t rwrUl,, 'f 1..K. \V„u,f,„r OM,„lf„l,» Mtr ^ , ..L.,,, K.^,.K,., tuunnuH. „,„,„M ..,. N,.u,„„o„, , o N.,^,„„„u,.,, p r 1 ;;;,»l;,nr r-Q*;,:;;;:^";;^:; i^i^ u^r"' ''"'■'"■" I Lrl.lu.. iiiartoy. IIJ,,„„|.|„j,. i! 1 16 NORTH ^[MERiCA. SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. /. THE WORLD DIVIDED INTO HEMISPHERES. I. Th« World is generally divided into the Western an.l Eastern Hemispheres. It is ills,, divided into the Northern antl .Sontliem Ilemisiihercs. I. The Weitern Hemlsplien!, or New World, w»s disc»vcrDd by Columbus only about 400 years as". It contains less land surface and a greater water tine than the Eastern Hemi- sphere. Its grand divisions arc North and .-^oulh America, and Oceania in part. The great ni.i.ntain-ranges of the Western Hemisiiherc, and two of its great rivers, the Mississippi and tl. 'araguay or Kio de la Plata, run in a southerly direction ; wliile the I'arinie Mountains in Soiu, America, and two other great rivers, the Amazon and the .St I awrence run in an easterly .lirection, The route by Cape Horn, soutli of the Island of Tierra del' I'ucgo, was, after its discovery by .Schoutcn, the common highway between Eastern America and Asia, and between Europe and the Pacific ; but now the shorter route to these places is bv the Isthmus of Darien or Panama, which connects North and South America. It is expected that the much more direct route through liritish Nortli Ajnerica to the Northern Pacific and Asia by the .St. Lawrence, the great Lakes, and the Cana.la Pacific Railroad (now in course of construction), will yet be (lie great highway to the vast countries of Asia. 3. The Eastern H;mitphere, or Old World, was the cradle of our race, Hie scene of .he Saviour's advent, .,nd the first al^xle of Cliristianity. It contains all those celebrated coun- tries of antiquity which are mentioned in the Holy Scriptures and in Ixioks of history. This Hemispliere is noted for its lofty mountain-ranges and elevated table-lands, which form PART II. NOR TH AMERICA. Named from Amerlsn V Amerigo Vespucci, n FInronline a.trnnoin,,. who made several voyages to the New World soon afler i,s discovery by Columbus. a,„l who in ,50; first totliL Nlw \\ rd piiblislied iiii .iccuui.t iif ;\ vtiy.iKc nearly three-fourths of the whole surface. Its principal mountain-ranges, and six of its great rivers (tlie Danube, in Europe, the Ganges, Vang-tse-keang, Iloangho.and Amoor, in Asia, and the /aml>esi,iii Africa) chielly run in an easterly direction. The shorter mount-ain-ranges along the eastern coast of Asia, with the rivers Indus, Tigris, and Euphrates, in Asia, the \'olga ami Dnieiier, in luirope, and the Niger, in Africa, run in a soutlierlv direction ; while the Vral Mountains, and the rivers Lena, Yenisei, Obi, in Asia, .and the Nile, in Africa, run toward the nortli. 1 he Congo, m Africa, runs in a westerly direction. The European part of this Hemi- sphere has long been the seat of Christian civilization and of commerce ; the influence of both of which is now rapidly spreading to every jiart of the habitable globe. Around the Cape of f iood Hope was formerly the chief passenger-route from Europe to India and China ; but a much shorter one by the canal through the Isthmus of Suez, which connects the Continents of Asia and Africa, is now followed. ♦. The Northern Hemisphere is projected on the plane of the horizon of London, and con- tains two-thirds of the lan.l-surface of the globe; so that, in this Hemisphere, the world's metro|)olis is situated in about the centre of the habitable parts of the earth. 5. The Southern Hemisphere is nearly all covered with water ; the only large portions of land in it being Australia and part of South America. It contains almost the whole of Polynesi.i. New Zealand is nearly in the centre of this vast exp;iiise. In the greater portion of this Hemisphere it is mid-winter in June, and mid-summer in January TllH HKINIU'.M. ANIMALS ON THB CONTINENT OF AMliKlCA 1. Boundaries— North America is bounded on the north, by ilie Arctic Ocean ; on the ea.st, by the Athmtic Ocean ; on tlie south, by the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean ; and on tlie west, by tlie Pacific Ocean. 2. Form.— It consi.st.s of a large triangular-.shaped portion of land, broadest at the north, and tapering almost to a point at the south. 3. Position.— It extends from about 82° to 7° N. I,at. and fioin 20° to 168° \\. Tiling. 4. Extreme Points, — North, Arii>r'iho>> roint.'m lionlhi.i Peninsula Feli.v, 71° 55' N. and 92° 25' W. (the islands in the north e.vtend beyond' 83" N.); iiO\M\ M,r>:\tto J'„int^^" 11' N, Lat.) ; east, Cafe St. Charles (55° 3S' W., 52° 17' N.) ; west, Cape Prince of Wales (lG^° \\\ (,,° 30' N.). ' ■' 5. Extent.— (,?.) The extreme /,v/-//^ from Cape Lisbmn on the west coast, in the Arctic Ocean, to the Isthmus of Panama, is about 5600 miles. The extreme firearl/li from Cape Caiiso to the niouih of the Columbia River is about 3120 miles, {/k) The area of North America, e.vclusive of Creenland, is al)out 8,200,000 .stjuare miles, more than twice that of I'-.uropo. (e.) 'I'he eaasl line is about 2.(,ooo miles, or one mile of const for 559 square mill's of surfare. 6. Population.— The estimated populali. to about 59,500,000. of North America amounts \ NORTH AMERICA. 7. POLITICAL AND TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICA. 1. Itritiiili North Amcricft. . 2. lliiiteil HUiUw 3. Mexico 4. lli'itisli IIoikIiii'iih ft. f Honduras South of NicaraKua ^JUst of Central America North-east of Ilritish Noitli .America. South of NewfouudUind Am In Enf. ■q. Iiiilea. 3,B27,r>6(! 3(ill,H4-t 74;t,!«a 7.5G2 40,77(i 47,0!)0 7,.'t:W 58,170 21,4!» M.mw 6311,800 91 PopuUliuQ (tboul) CaplUI. 3,!)14,5O0 OtL-iwn 45° 22' 30,000.000 Wa.>iliington 38. 03 'J.aW.OOO Mexico 10.25 2(i.()0(> Hclize 17. 32 1,200,000 New Oiiatemala '■■ 14. 41 .•WO.OOO iTemiriKalpl | l.t 50 BOO.noo Now San Salvador. . . . ■ \:\. ■:» 300.fU)0 M;inaf;na 1 i'» lo mvOOO SauJosi ! >i:x. 4,500,000 Havana, &c j ■>,•) i) 7U,r>00 iKeildavlh, &c w' h 0,100 1st. Pierre 4u; 4,1 8. Physical Coast Features. I. In the Arctic Ocean : (1.) IslanuS.— C^m'«/„H,/, north-east o£ liritish North America; Parry Islands (including (Irinnell Land, Kllcsmcrc, North Lincoln, North Devon, liathursl, Melville, and I'rincc Patrick Lslands), west of Northern C.rccnland ; Banks Ishiml. Primt Albert Lan.l, A-lnf IVilliam Island, Prhhf 0/ Wales Island, Aorll, .Somerset Is'aml, and Coekhirn Island, Ijctivcen the Parry Isles and the mainland ; Coekburn Island .mA Bajfin Land, west of Davis .Straii. (2.) Peninsulas.— AVv;/, Adelaide, Hoolhia, and Melville. (3) Capes.— Cu/»m/'.:M;//, north- I west, and Cape Charles, south-cast of Labrador ; Cape A'aee, south-cast. C-pe Freels, I north-east, and Cape Pay. south-west of Newfoundland; Cape Canso, north-east, .and ; Cape Sable, south-west of Nova Scotia ; Cape .■Inn and Cape Cod, at the entrance to ; Massachusetts Bay ; Cape Afay and Cape Ilenlopen, at the entrance to Delaware Bay; I Cape Charles ;\ni\ Cape Uen-y. M the entrance to Chesapeake Bay; Cape llatteras, j east of North Carolina; Cape Sable or Taneha, south of Florida; Cape Palmer, J north-west, and Cape Catoehe, north-east of Yucatan ; Cape Graeias a Dios, east of \ Honduras. ; (4) Seas, Gulfs, and Bays.- Cra;;/.!Mi/ Sea, south and east of Greenland; \ Penny Gnif.hawKKn ('unii>cr!and Land and \\,\ Land; Hudson Bay, w'Mx James \ Bay, went of North-Last Territory; Gulf 0/ .St. Zawrenee, bclwecn Newfoundland ; and New Brunswick; Fundy B.iy, between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; I Massrehusetts Bay, east of Massacluisetts ; Delaware Bay, between Delaware and 75°4.7 77. 1 Ul)" a 8«, !) !I0. :15 8(i. 45 K'.l. 13 S(i. 12 8:1. ai 82. 22 21 05 5U. 14 Vlhtn •ItaiM. Itivor Ottawa River Potomac Lake Tcieuco Ki\er Uelize Uivcr Moiitagua I!i\ er Choliiteen Ne:ir the Paeilie Ocean . . Like Managun- River Cartliago North-west coavtof Cuba Soutli-weKt CO. of Iceland St. Pierre iHlund Popultllnn o( Capiul. 21;, 000 10!I,0(H) 2:«).0(;o ii.i:i4 4.''i.(HKI 12 (KW Iti.OOO 0.(100 12.(100 2;«).()oo 1.200 aoo New Jersey; Chesapeake Bay, in Maryland and Virginia ; Appalaehee Bay, north- west of Florida; Gulf of .Me.xieo, south of the United States; Bay of Campeaehy, west of Yucatan; Bay of Honduras, hciviccn Honduras and Belize; Mosquito Bay, east of Costa Rica; Caribbean Sea, between Central America and the West Indies. (5-) Straits.— /)<;r7> strait, joining Baffin Bay and the Atlantic; Fox Channel, leading north from Hudson Bay to the east of Southampton Island and Melville Peninsula; Frobisher and Hudson .Strait, joining Hudson Bay to the Atlantic Dcean ; .Strait of Belle Isle, between Labrador and Newfoundland; Strait of Florida or Bahama Channel, between Florida and Cuba; Vueatan Channel, hclwecn Vucatan and Cuba. (6.) Isthmus.— C/z/fwr/n, eight miles wide, joining Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick. III. In the Pacific Ocean : (I.) Mania.— I aneom/er and Queen Charlotte Islands, west of British North America ; Prinee of IVales Island, Sitka, A'odiae, and the Aleutian Arehipelago, iouth and west of Alaska; St. Lawrenee, or Clark Island, in Bchring Strait. (2.) Peninsulas.— iS«wr California, Ijetween the Gulf of California .and the Pacitic Ocean; W/.ij^A;, between tlie Pacific and Arctic Oceans; A'enai Peninsula, south of Alaska; Atiaska, separating the P.acific Ocean from Behring Sea. (3.) Capes.— Ck/,' Prinee of Wales, Romanzoff, and A\toenham, west of Alaska ; Flattery, Blanco, Mendocino, Coneepcion, west of the United States ; Cape .San I.ucas, south of Lower California; Corrientes, west of Mexico; Mariato Point, the extreme southern point of North America. (4) Gulfs and Bays.— .\;'<-/<;« Sound and Bristol Bay, west of Alaska; Cook Inlet, between Kcnni or Tchongatchis Pcnin.sula and the mainland of Alaska; Georgia Gulf, between Vancouver Island and the mainiand of liritish Columbia; Gulf of California, west of Mexico ; Bay of Panama, south of the Isthmus of Panama. (5.) Straits. — Behring strait, between Alaska and Siberia; Di.xon Entrance, between Prince of Wales Island and Queen Charlotte Island; Queen Charlotte .S' Dixon /Entrance, \ Qiiiiii Chiiiiollt i lumhia ; Strait of \ ic Ocean and the J ;rica and South ', '::\ i- 7.;!! foet. i Syslem, and \ ! IS, ihc i';iciric ; ska to (.!a|)e San ' Kivcr in British \ summit in North J r t') Cape lilanco. / foot ; and Mount \ IS. Hi-.;he.st sum- \ U (if M.iuut Dana, \ litney, 15,000 fed. \ ;ls of 41" and 14° / O", 44.13 feet. ; 1 to the Isthmus J : here are several i ■ I'l I 20 NORTH AMERICA. .h.r„',7s,'T"''^T." f'""^" """'"n™ 'I'e Arctic Ocean to ,I,c northern b-mndary of he tn,tc>lMate, Ilishct »„n,m,.,, Mount ll«,ker, .6,750 feet ; Mmmt Murchi,on, ,5,;,,, Icet J and Mount Ilrown, ifi,ooo feet. ' hUtej to the I'lalte R.vcr. Il.shcst summit, Frmnont's I'cli, 1 ,,576 feet. (r.) /.«/., r,ak, ,5.000 f.ct, />,^...V /■,.„-(•, M,.,6 foot, and ' St,„ush I'cals, »,ooo feet continue the eastern rauKC southward from the Wind Kivcr .Mountains to the (,/.) CorJilLn, of Coalnula .n,.l Po,o,i, which runs southward Iron, the Kio f.rande and forms the eastern edge of the I'lateau of Mexico. wi'l'J''''''''^^ '■'■'••''•. ■'/''''^'"..•>nd.l/.,,/n. continue the we..m, ran,e southward from the Wmd K.ver Mountams, and forn, the western clge .,f the I'latc.u. of .Mexico. „. '■{:\ ''''•''-'''■'''"'■•■•' ■'■■ ■^'•""•.' skirts the eastern cast of the G.df of California, fron, the K,o O.Ia, and umtes w.th Sierra Ma.lre an.l the Cordillera of Potosi, north of f.uanaxLto Pla.^;!, ^'''"'""" "/-<'"">''''■. i" S""tl.crn Mexico, cxten.l fron> east to west across the Plate.-,u. Il.shest .umnuts, Or.zala, or Citlalleptl (Mount of the St.ar), .7,,-. feet Jl 1'op.Katertl (Mount of Sn.oke), ,7,77.,, the lushest sun,„,it but one of .North .Wrica ' JyiS:::i^iLt'"""'"" '" '™'"' ""'''- "'»'•"' ^ ^'- -^^-^ ■^■- '-•• (/.) Ahu»/„ms of Vcragita, in the Isthmus of Panama. I lei-ht 5000 feet. II. The Atlantic System, called also tl.c Alleghany „r Appali- chian Sy.stcm, extends from llie Gulf of yt. Lawrence to Ceor-ia • length, 2000 miles; breadth, from 150 to 200 miles; average height' 2500 feet. General direction, from north-east to south-west. TliJ Atlantic System is divided into two sections, a northern and a southern, by the valleys of the Afohawk and the Iludso.i. The chief ridges in the northern section arc: «.,it"; «?,V>'^f f'"""T/' '" ^'^ "•■""I'slHre; highest sununit, .!/.„„/ Washing,,,,, 6|2S feet, (b.) the (^rccn .Uau„t.„ns,m \-ern,ont; and (..) the AJiyondack Mountains in New k ork. ' The chief ridges in the southern section arc : (,;.) The niue KUIs', cast, (/..) the SlunanJoal, AV/^r, central, and (,.) the .Wc!;l,a.,y Tfi T J 1T ",'"""" °' "" •^l'l'--''^^'"-> •'----". I'l-l^ M™"t.-.i", or Mount CuvoL 04,6 feet, m North Carohn.i, at the south end of the Blue Kidgc. ' 2. Highland8.-(^.) The Arctic HIghlanda comprise elevated tracts extending along he Arctic coasts from I fudson IMy ,„ the n.ou.h of the .Mackenzie River. /. ) The Western or Pacific Highlands extend fron, the Arctic Ocean to the Isthmus of Panama. (...) The Northern Plalcau of I he KoUy .Uounlains lies Ixtwecn the NorU.ern Kaives of the Rocky Mountains Height from 1000 to jooo feet. c'f'* ^'"S'?'"' "'"'" ''■'"™''' ^'■""" ""•' '*™''y J'^mtains to the .Sierra Nevada, and from 4, to 34 ,N.Uit. Height from 5000 to 7000 feet i .irc.1, 300,000 square miles. (.-.) The Plateau of Mexico, or Aimhuae, extends from Santa I'd ( -t' 41 N i „, ) to ll„. Isthmus of ■Iehu,,nte,,ee (,;» N. I.at.). Length ..00 miles; greatest breadth 3& miles- mean height 7000 feet. •' ' (.A) The Plalea; of Gualem,,!., extends from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the Isthmus of 1 anama. llc,:;ht at western side, 5000 feet. Us elevation rapidly decreases towards the south-cast, the mean height of the Isthmus of Panama being S30 feet. (C.) The Eastern or Atlantic Highlands extend fron, Hudson .strait t„ the Gulf of^Me.xico. Length, ^500 miles; breadth, from 15010 200 miles, except in Labrador where it is 400 miles. ' (.;. ) The P.:,te„u of Labrmlor, north of the St. Lawrence. Height 2^40 feet. (A) The Atfolachmn Plateau, south of the .St. Lawrence. .Mean hei-ht 2,uo fc-t • -ire-i Jo.ooo sqiuare miles. - oii,./// 0/ Land whicli crosses the continent north of Lake Superior, in Lat. 48', and unites the Pacillc and At- lantic Highlands. Length from north to south 3000 miles • area 3,250,000 square nnles. The average height of the Northern Slope is from SCO to 700 feet, and of the Southern about 500 feet. There are two principal subdivisions of the Northern Slope : («.) The Northern Plain., extend from the mouth of the Mackenzie Kivcr to the llei-hl of Land between the slopes of the Rocky Mountains and the water-parting extending frnm"l ike Superior to the Arctic shores. (/..) The Great Northern Plain extends from the shores of Hudson and James P, ,v i„lanrl'," '^T"'" """' '^"•■'""""'" «"="■' '■"»» "'= "eight of Land to the swami.v flats of the r.ulf Slop., b.lween the slopes of the Rocky Mr.unt.ii,,, .„d L.ikc Miclligan. liie Cheat Y"''-'-'' '""" « tl'C I'igher terrace of the pr.airie laiuls next the Rocky Mountain, The J.Iano I.staeado is the southern part of the Great Western Plain. (.,.) The Koeky Mountains form the gict water-parting of the continent. The ~i:7;:L;i: " ""^' '"" "' '"^''' --' ""•^'^ ^^'^' " "-' ''- ^^^ ^-^-'^ ^^ (A) The Aa^'hauy Mountains part the waters llowing into the Atlantic fron, those flowing into the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence. (r.) The IfeixhtofLanJ, .about ,300 feet high, ,/^/..„... (,,., The Churchill, or English River, rises i,, an angle of two o 1 r';;.:i:r..;:d '1r' '"" ^"^^^^^-^ "- '^-^>- «-"'-«. it is a continuation De lake , f""""^.{'' ■••"'• -'^ •^■'«"-»'-' '»■ ,j n . ^ UM Uke, State of Minnc.,.,.. .„, tl^Zj^'ZlX ''' '"V '" """• from the cant the AW,i« frnm I iko W, . , Winnipeg. It receives CUa. W.ur "' ■ '""""' """•■• ""^'-'^ '"^"*'. ^-' ^/"/-. Great WkaU, and A^Oi^TV/ AMERICA. IV. The Watershed of the Caribbean Sea IhnJa, B.l,u, .\fon,.„rua, Segovia, and San Juan. II. The Water-ihed of the Atlantic Proper Superior; .S/ ^/.n I !^^^,; .t's '""" '? ^""""^ =""' ^^^e 6V,.>, between I-ake'uu o ,d'"^l sTT^. '^"1 '"'^' ""^°" ^ •">■'• Lake St. Clair and I akc J.Vi h .r ' ""-" ^'""''^ •"-■'*«<=" Lake Cn.ario. ll w^ r .Li, "^IT;;,: ^Z'^-" ^"^^^ ^^ -d between Lake f)ni iri„ in,! m , ^'■"4""'". or Cataraqui, Montreal ,0 'a ^' L' " ;^°";'-^'';'' -^, "- •^'- /-~ from north-easterly co„r.se fr. tl' '^ f "'"'""' ^^''"' ""^ '" ''^ Montreal are the G.J^' j , J c"/ ,"'"'■' ''•■''"'^"' '^'"*?^'°" =«"'' I-chine. At (Jueb c i,e S ' I ' '"' "-'"'•''"• ' •'■'^'^•■"''-'^' ="'^ passing the Isla, of ( rLn' ^r^"'" " '"" '"""^ ^^*^''--- ''^f- on. A,t.ena;t :u;::;::i r r^S':;t::;i t r '-r^ of basi,; '.Lo.ooi^qt^r ^^"' S; ""= '=^^-' "°° '"■-• Area navigable for the hrl.^st . IlL' ^^ ' '''"'"'' '^°°° '"""• I' '« III. The Water-shed of the Gulf of Mexico. ' Principal Rivers.— i. Tjic MiQaiqsinni i\- ., Lake Itasca, a beautiful sh^t!?" ^^ t 8 mnr'^'r^l ^'^'^^ "" ^- Lat., 95° 35' W. r,ong.), .vest . i" sl '" T"" ^'''° '''' H^^i^lus. .680 feet abovV the I i , e s "'"vth';' ' • "^^f^ ;;x;st:x:t;;;;;^^^^^^^ ^ppi is navigable for i>oa.s 7,1: ^^.^ J^;: j^l ;% f'^ ^f'-'^ branch, the Missouri, .;oo m.les fro^/;:/ . "cu,; '^r^' line, or 3900 by tl„. stream. »'^xican Gulf ,n a direct lis princip.,! triluitarir, m 11,,. wmi „„, . („ , .,., ... from .1,0 Tr„i, TiUm, ,.,," ,,S' N. i „ ,V ',' /f'"""-' '"'"1 Kivcr), 3,00 miles Ion,, with i„ alllucn.s ,1„. r,V/„„.,/,„„,/v„«;'a„,,A-l ""■■■'■,'" ""^ '*^'''"' '*'"'• Mountains, ;;)"»), ^vi.h i>H afiUicn, ,hc f;,«,„^,^, ,;'„''";:' •'^'-/-»li- Oano M„„n. Tlic /V,/ AV7W, „r /•„. /■„„, icJ, ■ *^, ^''"■^'^'"Pl'i at N.tpnle„ni aiul (. ) i"i"i"K .he MiHsissippi l„.|„wNal,C " '"^' "'''•'"' ''"'" ""= ^'•""« """"t.nins, lis princip,il Irihiitarii- 1 ,m, i|,c ,.,-,1 ir.. . / , •,-, """^^""^■""'"'"^ ■'•■■'™ "'■-.*i!;,::rs';^;;^;:?''''^'- '^■' fh.ii„.th.n t„r„i„. ,„ ,Hc ''7""", ""•• ^'-•■^^a Ma,lre a,„! ,he R^,!,., ^,,„.,„^. Howing s.„i.h..,st .^.wc::;;;^ ;':;:„ ';::;;::;!:; ;--"^"<- -f 'ohai.,.,::::;::; I'elow Matamm.,s. It, „r|„ci„,l , ■'".itcs, em,.rs th. Cilf „f M,;,,^,, ">iics : area „f ,„.„ ..cS^J'^rSr^' "" '"= -"' '^ "•<= /--• Length t^'^; ITtI^L"?""?'!. ""•"■• °^*'"' ''«''"''' Sy*""": (a.) The Rio Grande Santiago r-se-. ,„. .1, ■-, , pacing through Lake Chapala a, ulen : ^ nul "' , "'""' """" """"•«"'• •he S.as. Length 350 „,i.es . area of ^.^^loZ ^r. miLT'"' ""- '"' ""'"■ (<».) The Rio Colorado rises in tl„. s;<.r„ v j right bank the 6>..« AVr./ omTh VV T P x!' ''"'"" "" '^' the left the .^V .w' . v! 7 . " ^"" '^^°""«»ins, and on I both from th, ^^tf dT'l"/;;'''' '"'T''''' ^"' '^^ ^'^ ^'''"• The Colorado .s no ed for Us vl - '"'° T """^ °' ^"^"f"^'"'^- Grand Cafon. is 30 miles irien'h "T''.' '""' "' "'^''^'•' '^^^ feet to nearly a nfile in expels;:' ig^" re::;^ '™'" T" area of basin 200,000 square miles. ^ '°°° ""'" ' <..) The Sacr,n..«o ri«, ,„ the Sierra Nevada, and flow, .ou.h. and (^.) The Columbia rises in Mount Hooke aTtT . u Saskatchewan. After breaking through he Se.krk T"" °' ''' ^^:=^:^:::~-^^ falls, and rapids. In passing the C.s.p" ' "'" °^ '■•"''=■"'' ^^^"- canon 50 mi es in lenrtirih " ^'"'^'' '' ''"^''" '•'^^"gh a height ,^f 6000 or £ I'sirr"^- "' ^^ m' ^"^ """^ '° ''>'-' -nes fr.n the co4. Leigtl^o m Tri^;):::"^ ""^^' '° miles. Its tributaries on the ri..ht K,ni, ' '°°° ^^""^ its affluent the ^wl!' "' "" ^"'■^'"'''''' -"' "- ^^-"/-« with U) The Yukon, or Kwlckpack rises i,, th. p , ., under the n.nme of the /W/v 1 1 fl , ^"^''>' ^'o^ntains, chief tributary, the jZ^^; -n ^'^'''^r' T' "^•^'^" '^* -rd ,0 Nulato, 350 miles from its tno , ^^^ A TV""-^ ^^"■ after turning ,0 the south-west and wese„t ',"''' "■'^'^' ""'^ RomanzolT by three n.ain branches u)' , T ''''' ^''P'' but is frozen over for the great™ of h '^^ '°' "°° '""^^• delta measures 40 miles Ten, t . V '^' '"'"''"''' °^ *'« .square tniles. ^'^"«"> ^°°° '""-; area of basin 200,000 (/^,) The principal Rivers of the Continental System- which enters it fr,„n the .n„th an^l 'LrXT "" "7";' ''" ^'"■''""' f™"' La"*' 1"="- D. L.aKe8.— Ihe estimated area of the lakes of Nnr.i a .50,0.0 „.,„e „i,e,. .,.,„ u,.. ,„., ,. „::;:; r,::: :;;™:.r Di^wn b^ J.JoboiloDfOLUwi. RuiwU \ Slrotbin, Kogr't N, Y. W The Arcto DlVi8ion.-(i.) Z.l^ mil„ston, on f e water-parting between the Mackenzie ami thnrchill River basins. It communicates with Lake AthaK.sc. m .he basm o the former rver. and with Hein Deer Lake in the basin of the lauer. js >ull m islands It is ring-shape.!. .„d has a circumference of about 300 miles. r'n n r^ '"" ^""f'"^'", '"'" "'<= Athabasca River. (3.) Zai. A/kaia^ca e.x.ends e em„y into Great Slave Lake. Length .50 miles ; breadth 40 miles; area 3400 M,uare miles. M Gr.at Slav. 7.,ke, so named from a tribe enslaved by its more ^a like neighbors, has a very irregular outline, with bays and promontor^s. Laies Ayl,„.r^mU.,Uo„, ,0 the north-east of :,, are tributaries. The Mackenzie River issues from its western extremity. Length 300 miles ; breadth 50 miles ; area .2,000 sciu^re niiles. (5 ) Gr.at B.ar Lak. is connected with the Mackenzie River by Hear River t, nor.her„ shores are rugged and precipitous. It has five de-p bays. H,,ght above sea-level 230 feet; length 250 miles ; breadth 250 mi'les; area .4,cxx) square miles. (6.) Zake PeVy, in the basin of Great Fish River. (B.) The Atlantic Division. ". Water-ihed of Hudson and Jamn Bay. («.) In tlie basin nf Chesterfield Inlet : Lake Dub^nt and Lak, Baker i2'aVLTV!1^'' "^}-T<'-] ^'■'- t^'."'''"'-, which is cnnccted also with i^ake Athabasca. 2.) Acn Den- 0,kc, drained into the Churchill bv Creat Kiver li stretches fr„„, north ,0 s„.uh for mo nnles, and has an extreme breadth 00 „,, /««-/«« Lake, an expansion of the English River. ' '^- ' (c.) In .He basin of the Saskatchewan.-(, ) Lake mnni^es- (Dirtv Water) receives the Red River at its southern ex,re,..ty, and the Saskat^h w n V a / Lake, vvhich ,s ,^o feet .above sea-level, on its western side near tCe northern extremity. ,s surplus waters are carried off by the Nelson River. J ich from Its northern e.x.icnu.y, and empties ,iself into Hudson liav. Height above h. .sea ;,o fee. ; lei^.h .80 miles; breadth from 5 .0 57 miles, area 900^ sue mill' ) lake W p,„„s. and (3.) Lake ManMa lie directly west an^ara lei .0 Lake W mmpeg. I he loriner is 770 and .he la.ter 75, fee. above the sc. . Ea h hket more than ,00 miles in length. Lake Winnipegosis is connected w.b Lake Manitoba by the .Sauguisippi, or Water Hen River, and Lake Manitob s^n ..■c.ec w,.h Lake Winnipeg by Partridge Crop River. .S.'. ./„..„. Z,,., and ,upZ River The principal tributary rivers of Lake Winnipegosis are Red Deer RWer and Swan River. (4.) Kan.y LaU, west of Lake Superior, forms pa of h ot Lae.f,s M,.le Lues. I ength 50 miles ; breadth 39 miles. (5.) Lake of the \Vo,„h .s a very irrcgularly-shaped body of water, its shores being indeed w ,h c p b^t I receives the surplus wa.ers of Rainy Lake cm the south side by Ra v'Riv " which IS ,00 mies long. Winnipeg River issues from its north end, . d 1 .^ ourse of ,60 m, cs -o La^.e Winnipeg receives the waters of /,„«./. zj by t r.nglish River Height of Lake of the Woods above the sea ,04. feet; length 7 miles ; breadth 75 miles ; area .300 square miles. ^ ^^ (./.) In the basin of the Abbitibee.-/.,,^. AbHULee is 60 miles in length and =o in hr..,adtl.. I, IS studded with islands. It is drained by the Abbitibec into James liav (<■.)!.. the basin of Rupert River.-Z,,^. Mistassini extends from nor.h-west .0 y...h-east .about ,co miles, with a breadth varying from ,5 to 30 miles, contains several deep bays. Its surplus wa.ers are carried off by RupeU River .0 fi.) Lake Superior is the largest fresh-water lake in the world It is crescent-shaped. The north shore is generally bold and rocky" and the south shore low and sandy, though occasionally intersected wuh limestone ridges. The.e are copper and silver mines of great richness along its shores nnd islands. It receives about 40 rivers, and 200 smaller streams. It abounds in fish, principally trout, white fish and sturgeon. Islands arc numerous along both the northern and southern shores. Isle Royale, the largest, is 50 miles long. The St Lou,s An'cr, wluch is regarded as the source .f th-: St. I awrence, rises at an eleva.ion of 550 feet above Lake Superior, which it enters at the western end, between Duluth and Superior City. The Kaministauum Rtver takes its rise .n Dog Lake, which has an area of 200 sqt.are miles r^' ^ / '°'''"°"' """■'^ °f ^° •^'''-'■^' discharges its waters into' Thunder B.iy. About 30 miles from the mouth of the Kaministaquia are the v.akabeka Falls, a magnificent cascade, ,30 feet in height. Ihe Ntptgon River, 30 miles long, is the most im-ortant tributary of Lake Superior. It drains Lake Nipi^on into Nipigon Bay, between which and Thunder Bay is Black Bay. The shores of Lake Nipigon are deeply indented with bays. It receives 1 umerous streams and contains more than 1000 islands. Height above the sea 850 feet • length 60 miles; greatest breadth 50 miles; length of coast line about 300 mile-. Lake Superior discharges its surplus waters by St. Marfs River which issues from its eastern extremity, and after a course of 63 miles' enters Lake Huron by three channels. At its efflu.x from Lake Superior are the rapids of Sault Ste. Marie, which descend 22 feet in less than a mile. Two canals have been constructed on the United States side of the river to overcome this impediment to navigation. Height of L.ake Superior above the sea 630 feet; greatest depth ..00 feet ; lenglh from east .0 west 4.0 miles ; breadth ,60 miles ; length of coast line ,650 miles ; area 32,000 square miles ; drainage area 100,000 square miles. 2. Water-ihed o( the Atlantic Proper. bv t'hilK "''.'"''" 11""" Koksoak.-Z,,/-,. Caniapuscaw, in Labrador, is surroimdc.l by a hilly and wooded country. I. is dr,.i„ed by .he Koksoak into Ungava I!.v Length 70 miles; breadth from 15 to 20 miles ' (/'.) In the basin of the St. Lawience.-The five great Laurentian lakes form the most magnificent and important lake system in the work!. They contain half of all tlie fresh water of tlie globe It would take the Mississippi ,00 years to discharge as murh water as they contain. Their combined area a.nounts to nearly ,00,000 square miles. ' ■ 1 • ^ (2.) Lake Michigan, Great Water, formerly called Lake Illinois and Lake Dauplm,, is wholly within the United States. Its shores are low and regular, and indented with few bays. Its surface is clear of islands, except a few at the northern extremity. It is connected with Lake Huron by the Mackinaw Strait, 6 niiles long and 8 miles wide. Height above the sea 57S feet ; depth yoo feet; length from north to south ,20 miles- breadth So miles ; area 25,600 square miles. ' ' (3-) Lake Huron is the third in size of the great lakes. It is divided into two nno()iial portions by a long peninsula and a chain of islands, the largest of which, Manitoulin, is 80 miles in length. The p.irt of the lake to the east of the peninsula and Manitoulin Islan.I is called Georgian B.-.y, and that between the islands and the mainland the North Channel. ( .,. the west side of the lake is S.iginaw B.iy,' which is 60 miles in length and 30 in greatest breadth. Georgian B.iy receives the .surplus waters of Z,;/(r A^y»/>«>,^, so miles in length and 35 "1 width, by the French River ; of Lakes Joseph, ''osseau and Muskaka, by the Mnskoka River ; and of Lake Simeoe, 30 miles in length and 18 in width, by the Severn River. Lake Huron is noted for its extensive fisheries, an.l its numerous islands, of which there are 3000. It IS connected will, Lake f-no by the Kivcr ,s,. Clan, Lake St. Clan, and the Detroit River, .UKl IS 57S feet al»ne the sea. Mean .leptl, ,000 feet ; length from north to south aSo iiuics ; hieadth itjo miles ; area 24,000 square miles. Lake St. Clair is an expansion o' the St, Clair River, i- is a shallow lake bciiiL' only 20 feet deep. I. contains many islands, and receives several rivers Height above the sea 570 fee. ; leng.h 30 miles ; greatest brea.lth .4 miles; mean breadth 12 miles area 300 square miles. (4.) Lake Erie is the shallowest of the great laki's, and is noted for i(s violent storms, which are often very destrnclive lo shipping. It is elliptical in shape, and has in general low shores. It abounds with fine fish. I(s surplus waters are catricd to Lake Ontario by the Niagara River. This stream is 34 niiles long and from three-tuKirlers of a mile to .1 mile wide. The celebrated I'alls of Nia„ar;i are twenty miles from Lake Erie. In Ihe half mile of rapids above the Kails, the river descends 55 f'-el. Go.it Island divides the cataract into the CanaCan or Horse-shoc Falls, 600 yards wide and 158 feet hi-^h and tl,e A.nerican Falls, .00 yards wide and ,64 feet high. Im's calculated lliat 100,000,000 tons of water fall over the precipices every m.nute. Below the Falls, the river rushes through a rocky chasm for eight nules, and .hen flows with a deep but gentle current to Lake Ontario. I The WdlandCnal connects Port Clbomc „n I..kc Eric .ml f.n n.-,lh.u»ic on Lake , Untaru), ' .ni, "^t!:;[ o?'::^,:';! '"^ "^' '"' "-' • "^'"" '°° '--^ • '^"«"> =^° -'- ■■ '-^'•'- «= , Jon,tl. nl cnast line 65S miles ; area 10,000 Mjuare miles. (S.) Lake Ontario is the sn,allest, but most important for co,n- ■nerce, of the five great lakes drained by the St. Lawrence. Its coast >s regular ,n the west ; in the east there are manv islands. It receives son,e nvers, the chief of which is the Oswego, which enters it on the souh side. Burlington B.y is at its western extremity, and on the ^::^c:.z ' °' """'"^ ^"" ''^ ''^''"^-'^ -' '^'"- OS :^:::^f;:^ :;:: "■= -^ -- -• • -■-• -° ^- : ■-.'" -o miics ; .eadt,. (c.) In the basin of the Ottawa /,>/.,. v...... , . (//.) In the basin of tlie RirhHIr-n /"„;.. r-r ±r ■ Richelicu.atnbu.arv,,f.,,eS te ;T Uis "'^f T',""" '""^ '"'""' ">•"'" nc.-ii. i..mrence. It is connected with the Hudson River by a canal. .V Water-shed of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea >. »ui ai Jan lilas.— ia/tr Oiaiia^an, in British Columbia, 6. mile, Ior,g, is drained by the Okanagan River, a tributary of the Columbia -.1/^., lai, a ';;e:';r:t:rcr"' '^ "-^^ --^ '" "-^ ^^"°" -=■" '-■ - "^= --r Ki^it;;: Ilei't 1 I " ' "' r''" '°"'" •■"'"' -'5 ""'" ""'"• "» »™is .Soo square miles vatf lake ;" r', '"" 'Ti " '^ ^'™^''- '™l'^=»''^'='' -'" -"• ^•""'' '^''^■'•. a" e^.' s:;^^:^^ ^e";;;:^::' '-^ ^" -'- ■" -^^ --- -''- ^^ ^^ — ^^ «'^' --t th t.ible.lancl fron, north to south. Its waters are strongly impregnated with salt It is ,- "..les long and 9 miles wide. Its greatcs.depth is .0 feet. ^Mexico i^ situated on Ustest link' c>.c!" sn,Tnd Gr^r C""' '^'" "' ""° ""'"' ''"''"-''' ''' ^ ^"^^ '^^^'' '^"-»-. (2.) The principal lakes of the Atlantic Watershed are :- (-r.) In the Hudson and James Bay Section : Dubant and li.aker ; Wollaston Deer and MiS: :"r^r ' c^ ■:■;? ■ir:::; 0.:;^"^"" """ "=^^"'^--' ^■"-^- ^'-™' (.-.) In the Gulf of M.,x.;co and Caribtean .Section : Itasca, Leon, and Nicaragua r,ake.'' """"■ ''™"'"' '"'" "' "" ''-""- ^\-=""^l-J -- ^lapala, Okanagan, aiul Moose ( '.) The principal l.ikes of the continental drainage are ;— («.) In the Great Dasin, Sevier, Utah, .and Great .Salt Lake. {i.) In the Plateau of Mexico, Parras and Tezcuco. 7. Animals.-.\orth .Xmcrica has nmnerous fur-bcari„g animals such a, the hHoI rT""',b'^ T"') "^ "'"""' ''^ '^^^ P"-""^-- and tLe oner; a , °' ■, ">= f"''. "^'•- ^vl...e, the hrovvn a,Kl the grizzly bear, the Ivn.v, the ,un,a 1.0 buff,alo, or, more correctly, the bison, the reel-dee^ the moose-dee;, the rein-cle ' he musk.o.v, .also the wild-horse, and the curious animal called the , rie-dog ^ tl.e prairies. Among the birds of .Xor.h America may be named t L uri. tl e parrot, the eagle, the wild-duck, the wild-goose, and the humming'birl ^t c snakes, alligators, and turtles .arc numerous, ^ civiuzed, an] Jilt::..^:::::.:;.:::^'™ """ '-'-■' ''-'- - ^--^^ .akL 'SSI!?:;-'- '*''" ""? *""":^" '^ "■"-• f- ■- «-^' -'e,. ; its numerous ertiw" . ' ■; """" '''''"'"■'' "' '•^'■"'^^' "-^Sreat timber areas; its lertilesou; and its free momarchical iiLstitution-. 2. Boundarie8.-]!r:.ish Xorth America is bounded on th. rth by the Arctic Ocean; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by the Uh,, ic , ' and the United States; and on the west by the PaclHc Ocean and Ah-lka 3. Area.-Thc „m; of British North Atnerica is estimated at about , c^, cfiT. square miles, or equal to a .square of i.SSi miles. 3,S27.S66 4. Populatlon.-The population is esiimato! at about 4,000,000. /. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, 5. Physical Divisions.-Ihi.ish North America is divided into three crfiat fi ; P ;„'. '" '" "■"'"• ""' f^' ''■'"' -"l—stcr„ slope on the Li. No!; sco^ r?'"?' ""^T' r" ^ "''''■^'' ^'""""'^'-^ -"■ -^'-^ s-"^'. f- go'di DOMINION OF CANADA. Tl„- name Cana.la, „r Kanata, was a wor.l „..„ ,,, „„, .^,,„,„„;„ „,„i,„^, „„^„ ^^ ,^ sa„; .„ have heei, given by M„ue Spanish explorers, wl H, ,',; U , , " """'T' " ''"""""^' ""-■ ""»"'"" ' ' "-- -"■>S'-- ^'1 .re,,t lakes, ts noble nvers ; its extensive lines of raihvavs and canals • ;^ «o,K. harlx,rs ant. shipping; i. „n ,,,„„, ,„„ ;,, ^^.^^ " ; •■mbo , ,ts fisheries; ;tiul as mineral and ;,grieultural products. 2. Extent.^The J)<,nnnion comprises the Nvhole of British North America, except the Province: of Newfoundlaiul. 3. Boundaries. ■ Quebec. Ii is also, but err..ne,.uslv, " '"^ '"'tintled on the north bv the Vrctie ( )c,..,n ■ ;■;; 'i- cast ,,y U. Allaiitic Ocean ; oi, the so^th bv hi ;^ Ocean aiK, the United States; and on the west by the Pacific; ll:!: 4. Dominion of Canada.-The fo.n Provinces of Ontari..-. Ouebec T^ • . . ' ""- 1^0'1'1-Uest I LMiilories were transferred I,. il„. or^anucd as a Proviiuv, untler the name of Manitoba. British roh'>"''i.i was admitte.1 to the Dominion in .S;,, and Prince Edward ^;;; '!' ;^"- . '^^- .^^'--^ ^^^ I^--,in was fonned front -\o.th-Uest lerntor.es in 1S76 by the Dominion Parliament or heads of departments, "i he fxecutiv.^ of, ' ^"^•''.'"^■^'"^'ature, ami Executive who represents' the Queen, and P " Co, c ' o I™;;:".,:":': "',^^-"- «">-'- '"™ ' .-verumcnt, who are appoLed ^ ^^^^^^ -^^ ol^ departments of the n-ombcrs of this Council must hal- scats inVari amc, t The " ":""'"""^'' """'• "'^ hranches.- ,. The (Jueen (represented by .1, , ' G II , ' ^7 s"'""" "' "'^" louse of Common,. The thiee branches nu st ive 1 i , ' i„ ev I'^rf'; ' '■ '"'° -r, memlx-rs, elected by ratepayers in con tic,, cities an . » „' ' L ' "• ' T^ "' can originate any bill. U controls the revenue L., cxp:;m:::nhe^;;:ml::; : "' '™'"^'"" i ! i1 DOMINION OF CANADA— ONTARIO. ^ DIVISIONS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, AN^l^^^^i^^^^^i^^^ Area in KtiRtifih Population lubuut). ^M Oiitjirio yiiebcc ....'. New Urun.swick N'ova Scotia ] I'rince Edward Island .....'.'.'..'.'... Newfoinidland Laln'ad(»r !.!!!!.'!'' Manitoba HrilisliCiiliiinbia '....'. N„itli.\Vost and N.-Ka.^t Territorie.« KoenatiM '."JO.OOO ;.'10,(XX) 27,;iL'2 :.'i,7,'ii 2,173 40,200 112,000 14,140 .115,000 2,200,000 a>5,000 l,li41.000 1,1112.000 280,000 388,0(XI m,ooo 15!>,(X)0 2,400 4ii.iino (l,').,'iilO 4,500 Copital. I.«t, N. Ti pronto Quebec l'"rcn. Ilalira.\ CliarluttctoHi 1 1 .St. .Jolin's . .. Winnipeg . . . Victoria , Battleford . . . 4yo.«i' 4li.4!) 4ii.:i 44..il) 46.15 47.33 Lons. tV. Where Situated. 4fi.,';3 48. 2S .'i2.42 7^)02,1' I Liike Ontario VI. i:) i liiver St. I.awreme .. Wi.4.') I l!i\er St. ,lo!in . . . •a.'X; llalifa.v Harbor.. . 03.7 Near llillsl«iroUf;li lia; 52.43 Peninsula of Avalon, S. !•:. i?J,9„^ <^'"iif- ot As.siiii;)olne witli 1_. .. -S,)nth-east end of V.-mcou lOU.O ! C'oiif.oflJattleli.witliN. S; I'opiilation of Cupitul (ulMiut;, 7,'), 000 la.OOO 7.000 35,000 10,000 .. of I.sland. . . 30,000 Ki'd niver . vcr Island. . . askntcliewan 8,fX>3 0,000 150 ) CITY OF OTTAWA. I PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. , Aron r.o,ooo square n.ilcs or .,,ual to .1 square of 46., miles. F..1S "" d !or i^:^?'-'''"'""''""' f °"''"'' '^ "°'^''' '"' "^ ereat lake., the Niagara I all.s, .,„d for ... fisl,er,es minerals, petroleum .springs, fine climate, and fertile soil 2. B0Undarie8.-0ntari0 is bounded o„ the north l,v Kee«atin, the Kiver Albany, .and James ],.ay; op the e.ast and north-east by the Xorth-Kast Tetriiorv and the K.vet- Ottawa; on the south-east, south, a„ vers and lakes. The rulge of high land which enters the Irov.nee a, the rails of .N.agara e.v.ends .0 Han,il.on, and is continued to Owen Island' "T U ' ""•;,!""r'"^' '" ^■••'''°' "-^<' -'<' "Hough the Manitoulin .sands. Lake Huron. 1 he l.auren.lan Hills run westward from the Thousand Ishands, near Ku,g.sto„, and e.xtend north of Lake .Si.ncoe, fornting the coast of Georgtan liay and Lake Huron. The water-partings of the Province are not, in general, sharp r„Iges, but rather level, and often tnarshy surfaces, on „bich ihe streams tnterlock. A man, water-shed separates the waters of the ()„awa fr,.,n those of the St. Lawrence, a tmnor one divides the .streams Mowing into Lake .Sitncoe, Georgian li.ay, and Lake Huron from those .lowing into Lakes lOrie ami Ontario FALLS OF NIAtiAKA. •,„d^,^''V''"'""'''' "''"■' •'"" ""= '^"^"'■^^'•'-■■^ of ">- Ol,ar.a; the Kaministu!„i. and the ^./;,™, emptying into Lake Superior; the .S„lo„. Misshu.sa, .SaLu Stamsh, ami U !,.,c FM K,va- into the North Channel of Lake Huron ; the Frauh M,.'.,,,,,,noa,,. S^rn,, and AW/k..,,.,,,.^ into the Ocoiyian H.v; the .V„„.r,v, M,u'. I /.W and .-/„x .SMs in.o Lake Huron; the n.„„..- into Lake's,. Clair;'the Cr„„J I mto Lake Lne, through the County of Haldimand ; the 7h',a and .Wv™ into the -ay of (lumte; and the A.,^.,r., in,o Lake Ontario. The lioundaiy Uivers between the I'rovmce of Ontario and the United Slates arc the A;,n,y k'.-o„ St Cl.,,rD,-/roi/.JVi„^.„:,, and .Si. /.„;,•.,•,.„,■,■,• ami between the I'rovincVof OnlaHo and Quebec, the 0//,n,-.„. The Niagara is 3., miles long, and connects Lakes Krie and Ontario. 1 he I'alls, which occur .0 miles from its head anl,ul; the ion. The Like 'I'he Xortli Channel is 1i'Kv..i, m, x< •. .. ' 8 TheC^a,. o ' " ""■" •^"" ""^ ™"" ^"-^ "' '-''-^ "-■ . a. ""••"Iliate.— Ontario, faun its (.vt,.nt„f ; in. the winters are not so co il as 1 ,se o v'" "'■ 'l" ^' -'"»W"l™-^te. Generally speak- pered by the winds which hlow two- hTrd ,, , f ■■""'"''' ™'' ""= ^""""- '-«' - 'env 9 Th. Chl»fP H . ■ , "'"""™'"""'>^«'™'>'™.?tl'esre.,t lakes. I .heehi"'.!;!!:::;:':;':..'"'""^ vari„„skinds„f grai„,.i.W,.i„eral,.e.c. These for™ liritish Empire. ' "''""'"' »'l«»"= "hject was to maintain the unity of the seh!!;,^:"S^-;::- --:: -^^^ r e,„„, ,„ ,, ,„^,^^ ^^^ „^^,_ '"^.".v excellent private Academies, .Sen.inaries, and .Schools "" ""•' '" "" '"'" '"'V™'" 12. The Local Government consists of a r ientemnt r „ ..u.„,hers, and a House of Assembly of ei.htSu ^en'C' ="" ''"^"'■''= '"'"''"' "< -' TOKONTO. ^■) Five Counties on the Ottawa ^XT'" '""^^""- I ^^"-^' --• ---^ --. cane. „ , . I 'on Place. Carlefon, OU„7o„, New Kdinliurnli ! Rpofrp..!/ />/,„, oioourgn. I «entre*,/,7«/;TO/(Y, Renfrew, Arnprior. (/) Eight Interior Counties Middlesex ZW,,„, .Strathn,-, ,.ucan. , Waterloo, /../,>, Gal, Waterloo. Oxford, //,W„W., Ingcr.soll.Tilso„- Wellington, W//,, Orangeville. Br JX-«^.., Paris. ! p!!;;;;''' ^t^"- "'"^■"^•=- Perth 9/,-,// / ^ ,. I P«*e'^'«""0''Bl'- Pch;borou^r,,^ Ash- Perth, ^/,„/>v/, .St. .M,,ry's, Mitchell. ! In.rnh.™, I.aketicld. /'w7>/„„„/r,v,„/,..- Haliburton, .i//«,/,«. ',■«,■/,■,/ c -ounlU's ; -': l;:S:S Sr "" •^'^"»^-^' ^ Northumberland and Durhan,. "^- I- Presoott and Russell. ■'■• R!!^m uZ:^' ""^ """"'' "' "'"" '^-' '^— ^ ■•■-- i" '>.'«. -d Chief Towns in County (") Five Counties on Georflian Bay and Lake Huron. Simcoe, /.•.»■/•/,■, Collirgwood, Orillia Grey, Om;i Su,i„J, Dnrhum, Mea ford. Bruce, ;K;«-,7/«,, Kincardine. Huron, 0'a,/.-nW,, Clinton, Seaforth. Lambton, Samiii, Pctrolia. (/'•) Six Counties on Lalce Erie Essex, .9„„,/„,,./, Windsor, Amherst- | Norfolk, .W... Port Doyer. Kent,"S„M,„„, ,:o.|,„e||, "«'J||J«nd,G,.„,„,Cale•,•, .,v(t,7/^ (ianano.pic. | Grenvillc, /•,;s,„/f, ^f<.rrickyilk■. I Dundas, Morrislmrg, Irc.<,nois. on Lake Ontario. Northumberland, Coi,>„rr, lirighion, Colbnrne. Prince Edward, /•/,/„«. Hastings, l!c!U--ilU; Trenton, Htir- li.-.B. Lennox and Addington, a;,/,,,,,.,., liath, Xewlnirg. Frontenac, Amf^sto,,, Portsmouth. the Si. Lawrence. Stormont, Cormvall. Glengarry, Alexandria. J)islrils : Muskoka, lirateliridire I ai Parrv Sounil l',r.v\:' , A'flOma, .Sault .Ste. Afarie. ■ any oouna, 1 arrv .Sound Tk..-.^. ■. .. . Nipissing, Matawa,; Thunder Bay, Prmce Arthur's Lai.d- I ing. The Citii-s are ■ Ottawa, tl,e capi.al of ,he Do.ninion of Canada. Toronto, tl.o capital of the I'rovince of Ontario. Jamilton, St. Catharines. Brantford. London, and Guelph, iVest- Kingston a.ul Belleville, EasHcant of Toronto. Ottawa [ib.ooa] is situated on a hinh hmk of ,i,„ ij- ™,inion. the Confederation of the ^arious^Y vin • , T , ^'"^■^■' """«"' "^ ^'•■""•da. Since "f .1.C nonunion of clda .t ' '. "' 7'T "" "'" "' ""^ ^-vernment nepartn,ents, the hi^ltCm■r 7,1;' ';';■' "" •' ■^'■"'""•'"' """•^'-■»' "-' I'"^>'- the Governor Gener-arLtr a P /i 'T'm "'"''^" ^'^"''^■"^ "^ '"'' '-^-"cney '..V ...e Rideau Kiver 'a, ^c n i;"^: 1^;;";' •'^'"""- ''""= ^"^ ''^ '''^«'='' ■-vrence and Ottawa Rivers. " ' )", Xa'"""""""'"" """ "" ''' Cn.nd -I'runk Railway and with M ;"'"' ■•"Iwa.v communication with the tl'c Kiver Ottawa. '"■'" "'"^ '■'"'='^"' ^"■•' "«■' """I' ^I'orc of Toronto (75,000), formerly called Vork, the seat of .ho r ,...! r Province „f Op...rio -v f-,„H- 1 1 .' "^ ^"-''' f^o^crnmcnt of the Ku.1.114 suull.ri.lJi,,,'. II y^ 30 ONTARIO. i I u < I ment, two Universities, three Colleges, the Normal School, l'iil)lic and High Schools, a large numlior of excclleiu private Academies, Seminaries, and Schools, and a Provincial Lunatic Asylum. It is an important station on the Orand Trunk Railway, which connects Detroit, in Miciiigan, with Portland, in Maine, and Sarnia willi South Quebec, nearly opposite (he City of (Quebec. I''ivc otiicr lines of rail- way enter the city. In Summer, steamers arrive daily from Montreal, Hamilton, Niagara, and Rochester. Its trade is extensive, and manufactures are carried on to a great extent. Toronto and (Quebec were, from 1849 to 1859, alternately the sea's of (lovernment of Canada. CITV OF nilELPH. I Guclph ( 10,000) n the River Spc;vl, which luis a fall IRre of alxiut thirty feet, furnishin;; I water power to several lar^c llciur mills, woollen anil other factories, ami sewinq niacliine anil ineloileon c5tlblisl\niont5. There arc several beds of ■'ulomite, yiclilin); excellent building and lime stiine, in the neighborhood. Cuelph is the nortluTn terminus of the (lalt and Cluelph branch of the Circat Western Railway, and the smitliern terinirnis of the Wellington, Grey, anil linice R;iilw.iy, anil is a chief station of Ihe (iianil rnink Railway. The Provincial School of -VgricuUure is situated near the city. ) ClTV 0¥ HA.MILTON. j Hamilton (30,000) is situated on Burlington Bay, at the south-west angle of Lake J Ontario This safe and capacious bay is highly valuable as a harbor for steamers J and other craft sailing on the Lake. Hamilton is built on a plateau of slightly j elev.ated ground, winding around the foot of a hilly range, which extends from j Niagara Falls. It is an imiiortant commercial and manufacturing cily, and con- tains a College for Females, excellent schools, and a Provincial Limatic Asylum. Hamilton is the chief station of the Great Western Railway, which extends from tlie Niagara Suspensiun Ibidge to \Vind.sor, opposite Detroit, and to S.irnia, opposite Port Huron. ClTV OF I.UNOON. London (20.000), on the River Thames, is surrountled on all sides by a rich a'.;rirultural country, anil is the chief western connnercial depot of the Province. It contains tluee Col- leges, several .\cailen'.ies and Schools, a Provincial Lunatic Asyluin, a number of manufac- tories, mills, machine shops, anil foundries. I' our different railways pass through the city. St. Catharines {12,000), on the Welland Canal, which connects Lake Ontario witli Lake Erie, and is noted for its mineral springs and its attractiveness as a .ununer report. Branttord (11,000), on the Crand Kivei, tributary to Lake lirie, i:. noted for its manufacture of steam engines, mill machinery, agriciiUuiid implements, and stoneware. It is the seat of the I'rovincial Institution for the Kducation of the HIind, and of a Ladies' College. B«lltwltle( 11,200). at the mouth of the River Moira, which flows into the U.iv of (luintd. It is a secure harlwr for vessels. The scenery is interesting, owing to the windings and- indentations of the opposite slinrc of Prince F.ilwartI PeniuMil.i. It has a good lumber trade, and several manufacturing establishments. It contains a University and College and the Pro- vincial Institution for the Kducation of the Deaf and Dumb. ClTV OF KINOSTON. Kingston (15,000), formerly called Citaraqui and Frontcnac, on the north bank of Lake liMt.nin, at the head of the River St. Lawrence. Next to Quebec and Halifax it is the vtn.ngest iniliLary post in Canada, and is the main entrepot of trade between tlie Provinces of l.hieljcc and Ontario. Tlu- h.iihor is convenient and well sheltereil, and is the chief naval depot on Lake Ontario. The River St. Lawrence, as it issues from the Lake, is twelve miles wide, and is divided into two channels by Wolfe, llraml, and Long Islands. It is the scat of a I'nivcrsity, and a Roman Catholic College. 11 contains al.-^o a Provincial Penitenliarv and a Military College. Ot*en Sounil (.|o.i)), originally called Sydenham, on (icorgian Pay, at the outlet of the River Svilenluim. has tlie best li.irbor on Lake Huron. It contains manufactories of machinery, agricultiu.U implements, and leather and woollen goods. Colilngiwoad (.15 m), on Nottawasaga Hay, li.is a large himlier and grain Hade, and is the starting-point of steamers for the upper lake ports. Ooderlch ( |doo), on Lake Huron, has a good liarbor, protected by a pier with a lighthouse at the mouth of the Maitland River, and is the only shipping port for many miles on the lake. It is noted fnr its salt wells, wliich are a considerable source of wealth. Clinton 12JOO), on tlie liuffalo branch of the Orand Trunk R..iKvay, n miles from Ooderich, li.is .^ruin li.ide and salt wells. ivrr, possesses extensive water powe id h.is a large Walkcrlon (2501), .m the Saii';een 1* I li:oil)i,T trade. j Seaforth {2000), 21 miles south-east of (iodericli, is an important market town, li.is .m iron foundry and woollen mills, and the most extonsivi; salt well:! known uii the continent. j Sarnia (1500), on the River St. Clair, near Lake Huron, is a safe port at which steamers and ! vessels, Ijound to the u| per lakes, can call. I Windsor (f'ooo), on the Detroit River, is the western terminus of the Clreat Western Rail- w.iv. It has tobacco aiul broom factories. ONTARIO- Q UEBEC. Port Stanley (750), port Dover (Soo), mA Port Colbome are sliipping purts on Lake Eric. SIncoe (jooo), „n the Ki/cr Lynn, Ims several manufactories of machinery, potash, leather \ and woollen floods. ; Welland (3200), on the Welland Canal and Kiver, possesses good water iwwer, and has . woollen factories and saw mills. ; Elora (1600), at the confluence of the Irvin,- will, the Graml River, 14 miles from (Juelph, amidst very lieautiful scenery. It manufacture's c.upets and other woollen -.^oods, and agricul- tural implements, and has a good (ieological musiiim. Gait (5300), on the r.rand River, manufactures a.xes, paper, lasts, and woollen goods. Waterloo (4000), on the Cirand River, has a large grain and produce trade. Dundat (3300), near Hamilton, is noted for the manuf.acture of iron machinery, cd-o tools, paper, and cotton ami woollen goods. Stratford (9000), on the R.ver Avon, which .su|,plies the town with good watevpower for the various manufactories. It has a large trade in grain and produce. Woodstock ;55oo), on the River Thames, is the centre of a good agricultural section, and has a considerable trade. The Baptist denomination has a Collegiate Institute here. Ingenoll (5300), on the River Thames, ,, miles from London, is noted for its cheese factories. It has a large trade in lumber and grain. St. ftoma. (,Sooo), on Kettle Creek, is the he.ad office of the Canada .Southern Railway w.Kch has its c.ir sliops here, employiiv; 50.5 jieoi.lc. ^^^^ CMham (6000), on the River Thames, has a very considentble export trade in grain, pork, ) OIL WliLLS. ; Petrolla (3300) on the .Sydenham Kiver, and a branch of the Great Western Railway, 50 ; "Ides south-west of London, is noted for its petroleum wells and refineries. . Brampton (4000), on the Grand Trunk Railway, is an important grain and flour market. ; Barrle (4S00), beautifully situated on Kempenfeldt Bay. an ann of Lake Simcoe has a ; woollen factory and several flour mills. It carries on a large lumber trade. I Whitby (3;;o), on the north shore of L.ake Ontario, has one of the test harbors on the lake > Port Hope (5500) on the north shore of Lake Ont.ario, has a good lurl»,rwi.h important inland I rmlway commun.cations.as well as to the east and west, an« s foinders, for ,ts commercial importance, fisheries, lumbering, shipbuilding mineral wealth, beautiful scenery, and noble river.s. sn.pDutldmg, 2. Boundaries.-It i.s bounded „n the north by the North-East Territory and Labrador; on the east by the Gulf of .St. Lawrence; on the snu.h bv h7 BaJ C cur. New 1 runswick, and the .States of Maine, Xew Hampshire, Verniont, and New V urk ; and on the .south-west and ^yc5t by the Province of Ontario. 3 Physical Features.-(-) Though not a mountainotts country, the scenery of i L?^""; " """ '""'r^-^'""^ "'•-•» "'•^' "f ""'-i- Its rivers and moun'.ain dges re also on a grander scale. Fogs frequently prevail in autumn on its ay gable waters. Ihe Lower St. Lawrence is enclosed by two mountain r..ng 1^ the Appalachian on the south-east, ninning along the peninsula of Gaspe there known as the Notre Dame Mountains), and e.vtending to Alabama ; and the Laurentian, on the north, running from the Ciilf of .St. Lalvrencc to C.pe Tour ment, near the city of Quebec, and thence e.x.ending into the interior of the con. nent north-west of Lake Superior. John, h,h.ard, ^rata..,,,. Graves, Grand, Sl. Fra.uU, ,t/,y„„//,, Mcmp,,remaco,\^A Tenxscouaa-. also the lake c.pan.sions of the River St. Lawrence, and T lake sources of the St. Maurice and Saguen.ay Rivers. (.0 The Principal Rivers are the.V/. /.„„or«,v, the Sa,ua,ay, the .V. ^faurUe, ZrT •"'"•'••'nes in part, the RiMU-u, the St. Francis, and the Chau- and'i/.rnri'r""" ^'^' "'""^ "'^ '"''"' "■' ""''"'""^ ''" p""' ''^"*"'' ^■-z"'- Gu! of St. Lawrence ; S., Vertc, An. Condres, Orleans, and Afontr.,1, in the Rive St. Lawrence; AUmnetle, Calumet, Perrot, and Jcsus.m the Ottawa. The Island 0/ Orleans is 20 miles long by 6 wide. It is fertile and well wooded. The Island ,/ An/uos/i, 400 miles below Quebec, and an important fishing s ation. ,s .35 miles long by 36 wide. It has several lighthouses and depots to aid shipwrecked mariners. ' The Ma,.la!en Mands.m the Gulf of St. Lawrence, too miles west-south-west of Newfoundland, and 5., miles north-west of Cape liretnn There are several good harbors in the islands. A large trade, in summer, is done in dried fish and oils f CONTINUATION OF MAP 1 ►^°/' n THE SAtiUBNAV KIVER. (/) The Oiisf^ J'diinsulit is 175 miles in length, from Ca|)e fl.ispe ti) tlic hr.icl i)f lake Me(ai>e(li.ic, ami is abonl 90 miles wide. Its coast line is 400 miles. The popniation is abont 25,000. (;■. ; The Uivcr St. [.aw- rcncc is described on page CI. The Siii^iieiiitv, whicli flows throngh Lake Si. John, is 400 miles long, anil falls into the St. Law- rence at Tadousac. It has thirty triliiitaries, and drains a triangnlar area of r^.oco square miles. It is very deep, ami its banks arc very precipitous. It is navigable for 75 miles, as far as Clhicoutimi, above which the rapids are numerous. The .SV. Miiitricc rises in Lake llskclanaio, and falls into the St. Lawrence Including its winding.s, it ml iliaiiis an area of 21,000 at Three Rivers, so called from it.s threefold mouth is nearly 400 miles in length. It has many tributaries, ^ ^ s(p:are miles. In its course it expands int^i numerous lakes, liesides the great I'"all of Shawancg,-in (160 feet in height), it has a nmnhcr of minor falls and cascades. 'X\\ii Richelieu issues from Lake Champlain, and flows northward 75 miles to the Uivcr St. Lawrence. Champlain .tscended the Richelieu in i6oy, and discovered the lake since named after him. The .a /><;«<•/> issues from Lake Si. Francis, in the County of Ileauce, flow, .south-westerly as far as Leimoxville, ami thence northwesterly to the St. Lawreiuc, which it enters at Lake St. Peter. Length about 220 miles. The ClumJi^re issues from Lake Megantic. and flows northerly to the St. Law- rence, which it enters a few miles above Quebec. Length about r'50 miles. 4. The Cliniatl is different from that of Ontario, bcinj much colder in winter, and not so warn, ni sununer Spring bursts forth in great Ixauty, and vegetation is rapid. The atn.os- pliere is dear and bracing. 5. The Chief Producti include various kinds of grain, timlx-r, furs, minerals, etc. The iron leail, ani.<, \'allcyflelil. Chateauguay, .sie. .yranim-. chatcau- gnay. Lapralrle, f.a/'rairic, Canghnawaga. Napiervlile, Xa/. Dorchester, .SV,-. IleinMne. Bellechasse, St. Michel. Montmagny, .sv. Thomas. L'JSlet, .St. Jean Tort Joti. Kamouraska, Kamomaska. Temiscouata, lie I'crte. RimOUSki, Rimonshi. Bonaventure, jW-h' Carlisle. Gaspg, J'crcc. Arthabasca, .sv. Christo/'he. Megantic, /.cds niias^e. Beauce, .sv. Tran(ois. Drummond, llnimmomlvUh. Richmond, I'i.hmon.i. Wolfe, South Ham. Shefford, Waterloo. Sherbrooke, City of .Sherbrooke. Compton, Cihttshire. Misslsquoi, Frdighskir!;. Bromp, h'ih~,::l;.:n, Stanstead, .Stanstead Plain, Coaticook. gka.no .mhtis fall IIH Sr. LAWFvLNCR. Note. — Counties arc prinlcd in black Iftler^, t'.iunly Towns in I'lalLx, .ind (.'liief Towns in Coiinlv in Roman loiters. / I I i I 'J'/if Cilifs arc: Quebec. iIr. ...pital of tl„. l>rovincc of Oiiebec. Montreal, ihe com„u.,xi,,l metropolis of the Domi.uon Hull. St. Hyacinths. Sherbrooke. ,„ui Three Rivers > 11^. .7Sy. ..l.ir ,.,, iKToic .lefccc !„• .Mu„,„l„,. The Americans ALLAN MAIL STEAMBR LEAVING OfEBRC. C.ibra 'r f" \,^' '- '"-""ns. ,s consi.lerc.l i,„,,reg„al,le, ..,„!, s called ,he cape ^i- :Li:^::;; . '^:::- --;L- -- ::;t:--;: --"7.:^ t: \^. ]:r:::i;:r; '•""- '-- ■'- - -'-''^ ' -■-: a^ ilss Montreal ( I rio.ooo) was f,iiiM.i,.,i ;,, ./-., j "'c .si.e ..,■ ,1,. , , , . ,L , , f-"' "",''" ""= "•™'= "f ^'i"--- "-■^•. "ear M..n. Koval. „r M„„,re, ' / '^ , :£ '^ "^^ "^ ^f"-"'^ ^''an.ecl ,0 fnun . .uel.ec .ilv. [i .s,,,„.ls „„ , • "7"'"' "^•^■'«'-"'""- ^"<' '^ '^o miles l""g a„,l ,0 wi.le; whi.h i ,t, ,, , "'" " '"= ^••■'"^' "^'"-■- ^''">->' -to miles ''"'"'"-" "< Canacla. To , ^ f ' ' " ""-.^""^ ^""""^^^'■" '^"^ '" "- li |i BHIICTeil AT A COST OF 16,300,000. This lUid: nrincinl. r„n, , ' ,' , ''"V™" "'"l^ f;™' f """•'^•'' '" S'- I"'"''*''*. 11 w:„ fornully .,pcn,.,l, bv II. R. II. The Piu.vr,.: <,>- Wm.v.,, in August. iSCo. Tt is .,f iron on tl,c tubular w ic t wr. n f ■;' r' T 7' ■" - : "'• ""' "'"'^'' *"'" ■'"•° '"■' •" '^■"■^"'■-"- """^ -f '•'"■^1> '^ "< ™ '■'--•i"" -f '■■0 ^ot aw. tl. currcnt,-tbos,. r«t„„ limestone pier.,, Cr ,r, , M '''r ' "•'"■: '^■"•■'' '" '"'" ""^ •"•'•'•""'= "f ""^ '" '" ""= "■""'■•• ■''"'' "l"-'"- -^t ^^"^1' '•""-"'^'^ 'I'"'' "■-• two very n.assive stone ab„tn,ents. .24 feet Ion,, formin, approaches t,. the bruise. RonnRT Stephenson and A. M. Knss, Knsineers ; James Hoiiges, nuii.lpr. " 4 .-,, , City of Hull (rooo), nn the Ottawa River, two miles from Ottawa, is largely enija^red in tlic maniil.u lure ol lunilx-r, and lias an extensive matcli, pail, and wnodcnware factory. A suspen- sion brid-e, spanning the Cbanilicrc Kalis, connects it with Ottawa, and it is connected by railway with the city of Montreal. It was first settled in 1800. ab the .Ste. Croix to the Penobscot; and the Abena(|uises, or Kannabises, from t.ie I enobscot to ihe Kennebec. These nations aflerwar.ls became more ch.sely united and were kmnvn to the Prcncl, under the natnc of Les Nations Abenaq.iises. The F.tchcmins and the Abonaipuses have a few small settlements on the .St. John. They are now known as Mali- cites. 1 h -ir number does not exceed twelve hundred. iL ll'MHKHMUN KV WilHK. CITV tiK HALIFAX. f. Noteil For.-Nova Scotia is noted for its coal, iron, gold, and .Hhcr minerals • and .ilso for its fisheries, shipbuilding, lumbfring, niamifacturcs, and its extensive' line of sea coast. 2. Position anil Extent.— The Province includes the Peninsula of Nova Scotia and the Island of Cape lireton. It is separated from New lirunswick by the Isthmus of fhignecto and the Hay of fundy, a,id from Prince Kdward Island by Northumber- land Strait, and lies to the south-east of them. 3. Pliysical Features.-!,,.) The Peninsula of \i,va Scotia is somewhat trinngu- l.ir in shape, ami is connected with New IJnmswick by a short isthmus 16 miles in width. Its surface is undulating and picturescpic, and is dotted over with many small, beautiful lakes. In the interior are .several ranges of hills, of which the Cobequid are the most important. On the coast, the capes, bays, and harbois are numerous. No part of Nova Scotia is more than thi-ty miles from the se.i. A licit of nigged rocks, aver.iglng 400 feet in height and fr(mi 20 to Co miles in width, extends along the Atlantic co.ist from Cape c:,an.so to Cape Sable, and along the Bay of Fundy coast. The Island of Cape I'.reton is nearly .severed in two by an inlet of the sea called Ilras d'Or Lake and by St. Peter's B.iy. The island Is rich in minerals, well wooded, and fer- tile. T"he surface is undulating, and the scenery generally beautiful. ^^■^ The Principal Capes of Nova .'^cotia are SI. (hvrj;,; on the north coast ; C Hay and Afiiias C/iaiincl. The May of Flindy is an arm of the sea, extending 3no miles Inland from Use. .\tbnlir t.~. the head ^f Colmitiid liay, and is from 30 Im 60 miles wide. It is remarkable for its high rapid tides and fogs ; its coast is liold and rocky. The rivers .SV. Joliii, .SV,'. t'lw.i, and Aiinafolis, How into it. 40 NOVA SCOTIA. passages, one ('/.) i\n\\%.—N'nrlhum!ier!anJStraU separates Nova Scotia from Prince Edward Island, and Camo Strait, 15 miles in lengtli, and alxjut a mile in breadtli, separates Nova Scutia from Cape Dreton. (c.) Tlie RIviri ill Nova Scotia are short. (/.) Th« Principal Uku arc the Kossigno! \n Nova Scotia, and the MarpirU in Cajie Breton. liras d'Or, in Cape Dreton, is a lar^e inlet from the sea, with two navigable for large ships. (rO The Priaclpil lllilldt of Nova Scot'a are SMc, Seal, Loni;, and Pidoit. Near Cajie Breton are BoiilarJarU, Scntary, and Madame. Sable Island, S; miles south-east of Cap.,: Canso, is 25 miles long and from one to two wide. It is noted for its sandy and dangerous coast. 4. Clldate.— Nova Scotia being within the influence of the Gulf Stream, and nearly sur- rounded with water, its climate is less liable to extremes of heat and cold than that of the neiglilxiring Provinces. The aulunm is an agreeable season of the year. 5. ProducU.— The Province is rich in coal, iron, gold, and gypsum. In Nova Scotia and in C.ij)e Breton there arc extensive coal-fields. The agricultural productions of Nova Scotia are abundant. At the liead of the Bay of Fundy, the alluvial deposits thrown up by the high tides and enclosed by ilykcs make the soil very productive. The fisheries of the Bav of I'undy and the Clulf of St. Lawrence are valuable ; cod, haddock, mackerel and herring being the principal. 8. Railways, Canal, etc.— The intercolonial Railway runs from Halifax to New Bruns- wick, with a branch line from Truro to Pictou. Another line runs from Halifax to Windsor, and thence to .\nnapolis. The Shubenacadio Canal connects Halifax with Cobequid Bay. The electric telegraph connects every county with Halifax, and Halifax with the other Provinces and the United States. 7. Manufactures in domestic articles and shipbuilding are successfully carried on. 8. Commerce is greatly promoted by 1200 miles of sea coast, and about fifty ports of entry. 9. Inhabitants.— The Province was originally settled by English and Irish, near Halifax- by Scotch in the Ii:astern Counties ; by American United-Empire Loyalists in the Western and Midland Counties ; by Germans and Swiss in Lunenburg County, and by French in other parts. to. Education.— There are six Colleges, a Norm;d and a Model School, and numerous public schools and academics. I(. Civil Divisions. — I'liere are fourteen counties in N'nva Scotia Peninsula, and four in Cape Breton, which, with their county towns, arc as follows: {a.) Six Counties on the Atlantic Coast. Guysborough, Guyshorough. I Queen's,' //riv/iv/. Halifax, Halifax. j Shelburne, siuihume. Lunenburg, Luncnhirg. \ Yarmouth, Varnwutii. (b) Four Counties on Fundy Bay. Digby, Dis^y. I King's, Kent-.'ilk. Annapolis, Annapolis. I Hants, ll'iiii/sor. (c.) Four Counties on Northumberland Strait. Cumberland, Amherst. i Pictou, Pidou. Colchester, Truro. I Antigonish, AuUxonish ('/.) Four Counties in Cape Breton. Inverness, P«ri HooJ. i Cape Breton, Sydnef. Victoria. Baddeck. I Richmond, .Irichat. 12. Clilel Places.- Halifax (;o,ooo), ihe capital of Nova Scotia, 1 was founded in 1740, by tiovernor Cornvval- lis, an'! named after the Karl of Halifax, the aclivc promoter of the '^:'tt]cmcnt. The orig- iii.d name was Chebuc- to. The liarb)r is (he I finest in AmcriLa, and r.ircly freezes in win- I trr. Halifax is well I I iili'tted by the cita- ti 1, which c 'Wns the iimmit of the hill, on ' the declivity of which I the city is pleasantly t situated. The Prov- ince building and oilier j piiltlice'iitices are plain but sul}stantial strtic- I tiircs. There arc sev- er.d good churches alul two colleges, vi/. : Dal- MAII. ^Tr \\\V\K AT ;.R.\. housie and St. Mary's. Halifax is the chief station for the Royal Navv in British North .\mcrica, and an important packet station. Its dockyard covers fourteen acres. It carries on an extensive trade with Cireat Britain and the West Indies. Lunenburg (3000), on the Atlantic coast, south of Halifax, stands on a jieninsula, and pre- sents a fine ajipearance from the water. It is extensivelv engaged in fishing, and has a large trade with the West Indies. Liverpool (2900), and Shelblirne (1000), also on the Atlantic coast, .are engaged in shipbuild- ing and fishing, Yarmouth (4200), on the south-west coast, owns a large amount of shipping, and is exten- sively engaged in shiiibuilding and in the carrying trade. It is noted for its public schools. Annapolis (foo), at the mouth of the River Annap(,Iis, on a fine inlet of the Bay of x-undy, IS an ancient scltlement, and was founde.I by the f-rench in 1605 and named Port Royal. It was four times captured ; but was finally ceded to Great Britain in 1713, when its name was changed to Annapolis, after (Jueen Anne. Windsor (.',300), beautifully situated on the Avon estuary, is a seaport, and a place of commcrci.d importance, in consequence of coal, gypsum, limestone, and other valuable minerals ill its vicinity. It has the oldest University in British -North .Vmerica, Truro (2800), ne.ir the head of Cobequid Bay, is a station on the Intercolonial Railway. It contains a Normal .School, a Model .School, and manufactories of steam engines, machinery, and iron castings. Londonderry.— .\ seajiort on the north side of Cobequiil bay, and the seat of the Acadian Cliarcftai Iron works. Amherst (2200), on Cumberland Bay, is a seaport, with a large trade, especially in lumber and sliipbuilding. Spring Hill Coal Mines, celebrated for its extensive coal beds. Pictou (35o°)i a seaport on .Norlhumbirl.ind ."^trait, is the centre of the great coal mining distric t (if the Province. Its harbor is good, and its shipbuilding, commercial facilities and lr.lde are extensive. It has extensive quarries of building stone. New Glasgow (3000), near Pictou Harbor, is a seaport, and noted for its shipbuilding, and large exportation of coal. Extensive coal mines a.e worked in the vicinity. Antigonish (1200), cast of New Glasgow, is the seat of St. Francis Xavicr College. Sydney {3000I, formerly the capital of Cape Breton, on the east side of the island, is an im|iort;int seaport, at the head of an excellent and secure h.iilior, witli a safe entrance. The famous Sydney Coal Mines arc within three miles of the town Arlchat (1200I, on Isle Madame, has a harbor capable of sheltering the l.irgesl vessels. It has ini|iorlanl fishery esl:d)rishmeiit3, and a lead mine. 13. The Constitution is founded upon Treaties, Urdus in Council, Koyal Instructions, .and Imperial and Colonial .\rts. Nova Scotia, then railed Ai.ulie, was settletl by the French, under Do Monts, in ido4 ; ceded to England in i;r 3 ; colonized in 1748-.) ; a Constitution was granted in ir;^, which was modified when Cape Breton was taken by ICngland in 17.I4, Kes|)onsible (Invernnient was introduced in 1S4.S ; and the pulilic statutes were revised and con- solidated ill 1S51. The Province was cmifeilcrated as one of the four provinces of Canada in iSri;. The hical government is vested in a I.ieuten;ii.i 1 lovernor, and an Executive Cmmcil of nine members. The I.egislativiM'.iuncil consists of eighteen memhers, and the House of Assembly of thirty-eight merahjrs. 7 mm ■^ ■ p 01 ^s s <» g 7 J'KOriACE OF FRINGE EDWARD ISLAND. So called from Prince E.Iward, Duke of Kent, Queen Victoria's father. Size, about c{)ual to a squire of 46 miles* tllAKi.wI J1-. 1UW;J, mil CAI'ITAt, OK I-BINCII 1U)\VAHU Ibl.ANU. 1. Noted For.— Prince Edward Island is noted fur its shiplniiUling, lisliLrics, fertility, and salnbrions climate. 2. Position and Extent. — Tliis crcseent-.slia|)ed island, 130 niiks long !)>■ aljimt 31 wide. ',>ccii])ie!- the tuuth portion of the Gulf nf St. Lawrence. It is 30 miles from Cape Drelon, 15 from Nova Scotia, and 9 from New lirunswick, and is sep- arated from llu- n\ainland liy Northnmlierland Sirail. 3. Physical Features.— The surface is .slightly UMduhuiug, .A chain of hills extends nearly west of Uiihmond Hay, but in no place do they reach a high eleva tion. file land is very level. I'he nulenialions alonj; llie co.a.st are ninnerons, the chief of them being llillshorough and Riclunond Hays, which penetrate the island from opposite directions, and chvidc it into three separate peninsulas. 4. Products. — The soil is froe from ruck, easy of tillayo, and very pruiluctive. Ajjricilltiirc is the tliicf ocuipation of the inli.ibitants. 5. The Climate is remarkably healthy, and niililvr than that nf the adjoining cimtineiit. The air is ilry and bracini;. Fcjgs arc rare ; winter, tlioiish cold, is asrecablc, and summer, owing to the insular character of the country, is tempered by the sea breezes. 6. The Inhabitants consist of dcscenilants of ."Scottish, bish, Acadian, French, and Knglish settlers. 7. education. — There are alxmt ^00 free elementary schools, a Normal and a Mixlel School, Prince ol Wales College, and various jirivate schools. 8. Government.— The (li>vernnien' \ administered by a Lieutenant fiovcrnor, an Kxecutive Council of nine members, a Legisl.uivc Council of thirteen nu'mlxirs, and a Legislative Assem- bly of twenty-nine members. 'J'he Province W'as admitted into the Dominion of (.'aiuula in 1.S7J. 9. The Counties are King's, fjuecn's, and I'rince'.s, divided into si.xty-seveii townships (numbered from I to 67), aiul three royalties. 10. Chief Places.— Charlotlelown (10,000), the cmmty town of Ouecn's County, and the c.tjiital of the isl.uiii, is situated three miles luirth of Hillsborough It.iy. Its liarlmr is one of the best in the gull. The city is well built. There are four public .s(|uares ; on one of which, (Uu-en S(iuarc. the Ci>lonial or I'arli.unent buiUlin^ st;uHls. 'Ihc- ( iC)vermnuu buildings, the Churel! s, the Convent, the P.il.ice of the Itonmn Catholic lilshop and the Lunatic A.sylum arc the duel ediilces. Georgetown (110), the county town of King's County, jo miles cast of Clunlottetown, is .» ti.uling town, and has a good harbor. Summerslde ( ;ooo), die capital c^f Prince Countv, on llcile(|ue Hay. f-». obtained I, a '^-^■"' '»;/-"-. ".<-• '-Hi ..tier, and the sea otter. Fish al>.„nd on the coast. ., est of ,r°'"f 1 "''"''' "'■ """' " "' •^'"'"'■■'""^ "' "■•"• 'J'-- »- ="- vast ' Zm;;[;7;:t:' "'"'''■ '"^ "™«"' ^^^ -'"^- ""^"-'-^ ^' '^^- -< 3- '- -^ C„i!;c.l7r'"''~''l'" '■"TT"' '" •■"''"""^'"«' ^y - Lieutenant (lovcinor, an Executive Council of three members, and a Legislative Assembly of twenty-five members. 8. Education is free to all. 9. Divisions. -For electoral purposes the Province is divided into twelve districts, six on loori'nd'n''-; :;! ^^•"'""-'" ^''V. ^-^ VVestminster District, Vale and Lytton. I- looett and Clinton, Kuotcnay and CnlxK, ; and si.x in Vancouver Island, vi..: Victoria City, tsquinialt, .Saanich, Cowithan, \.,naimo, and Comox. eJ.!?"!"" """""''"-"l Vancouvo, Inland were, in ,858, by .-let of the Imperial Parliament, trcclcu into a IJntish Colony, under one sovernmcnt J and, in 1871, the colony was admitted as one of the provinces of the Dominion of Canada. II. Chlel Places. --Victoria : 6,-00), the capital, at the south-east extremity of Vancouver .Isl.mcl. It has an cxcdlcnt harbor, and is an important coaling s;.ition. Esquimau, three miles from Victoria, is Her Majesty's naval station on this part of the Pacific coast. It h.as a graving dock. Nanalmo, on the eastern shore of Vancouver Islan.l, has valuable mines of bituminous c. al. New Westminster (2500), the former ca;);tal, is 15 miles from the mouth of the Fraser Kiver. Farther north are Forts LangUy, Ilofe, and Yale. NORTH-EASr AND NORTIT-WESr TERRITORIES. 1. These Territories were formerly called the Hudson liay Territory, after Henry Hudson, who discovered the Hay in ,610, and perished on its shores.' They were transferred to the iJominion of Canada by the Hudson Bay Company in 1870, .md have since been styled the Xorth-West i'erritories. 2. Boundaries.— They are bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean ; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by (,)uel)ec, Ontario, Manitoba, and the United States; and on the west by lirilish Columbia and Alaska. 3. Divisions.— These vast territories arc divided into three parts by the district of Keewatiii and the Province of Ont.ario. 4. The eastern division lies to the north of Quebec, and between the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and Hudson and James liays, and Ontario on the west. The centre division is bounded on the norili by Hudson Day, on the east by James Dav, on the s, u.h by Ontario, and on the west by Kcew.atin. The western portion lies to the we^t of Keewatin and Manitoba. The valley of the Saskatchewan, called the Fertile Delt, contains an area of 64,000 sipiare miles available for agricultural purposes. Deyond the Fertile Delt, as far north as the 6oth paralh 1. in the valleys of the Athabasca and Peace Rivers, are vast regions, having an estimated area of three hundred million acres, admirably adapleil to the growth of wheat and other cereals. The Mackenzie River country is a finely wooded and fertile plain. North and e.ast of Lake Athabasca is a cold, barren region. il FUR-TRADERS. 'I ) I ! NORTH-EAST AND NORTH-WEST TERRITORmS-KEElVATIN. KEE WAT IN. 1. The Olitrlct of KNWalln was formed from the North-West Territory, ia 1S76, by Act of the Dommion I'arUamcnt. / , u, /ii-i 01 2. BouiUarlM.-It is bounded on the norf. by the Arctic Ocean; on the east l.v the men.han of ,^,° 8' West Long ; on the south b: OnMrio, the United States, ami M uiitula Its western boundary, after passi.ig through Ulies Manitoba and Winnepcgosis, runs alon- the meridian of 100" V West Long., to the northerly li.ni j of Canada. ° 3. »r«a.— Its area is approximately estimated at 365,000 square miles. 4. Government.-It is under the jurisdiction of the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba. 5. Uke Wlnnijieg, lying exactly in the centre of the American Continent, is almost wholly withm the district of Kcewatin. Its northern extremity is only 3.S0 miles from the tide waters „f "'"''"" ""' H'*™llct is the Nelson Kiver, which has ifa'I of .bout twenl) inches to tl, mile ft8**4SIJ5S« ' WESTERN PIONBRRS. 5. The Exports are chiefly the furs and skins of various animals. 6. Minerals.— Coal and iron .ibound, and gold i.s found in the valley of the Saskatchew.m. 7. The Inhahitants include the white traders and half-breeds, besides numerous tnhcs (if Indians and Eskimos. 8. The Government is vested in a Lieutenant Governor, two Stipendiary Macis- trates, and a Legislative Council. 9. Capital.-Battleford, at the confluence of Hattle River and the North Saskat- chew an. .-.r,-**!; ^^am YORK FACTORY. 6. York Factory, at the mouth of Hayes River, is the chief trading post of the Hudson Bay Company on Hudson Uay. Prittu of WaUi Fort is situated at the mouth of the Churchill. Little Whale River, ,-, trnding post of the Huch„„ B.^y Company, where manufacture,! 5„„,la ,ne bar.erd w„l, the Indi.uis f„r furs, and with the liskimos for oil, ivory, a„d fu.s. Porpoise. -d .eils arc c.uialii 11, ihis p,ii t of Hie coast of Hudson Day u . eais (0. The Intern.ational Financial Society has upwards of fifty forts or fur trading' posts in various part.-: of the country. II. Labratlor Peninsula lies between the Atlantic and Hudson Jl-tv. Its csti- matcrds eggs. About iS.ooo seals are annually taken. The exports are chiefly shipped through Newfoundland. The chief European .settlements on the coast are Nam, Okhak, Hebron, and Ilopedale. 7. Tlie Indians ol Britlth North America. -Although the Indian tribes which w.-re scattered over the entire continent were very mimerniis, they have all been found to bclon- to eight or ten distinct groups or families. Four of these occupy the area of British North America, viz. : I. The Eskimos, who, in their appearance, but still more in tlic'i- manners, belief and supersiltioii. customs, resemble the n.-.tiv,-. .-.f I,r,pl,-,n.'! and r,r,.en!an.l ; II. The Chipcwayans (not the Chippewis or Ojibways, who are Algomjuins) ; 111. The Algonipiins; IV. The Iluron-Iroquois. Fach of these groups speak a distinct language. The four gvoups are sub- divided into various tribes, each speaking -. dialect of their original tongue ; vet among all the tribes a remarkable similarity in customs and institutions prevails. In color, form, temperament, religious belief, and pursuits, ,-,11 are alike. The men engage in hunting and fishing ; while the women perform other kinds of l.ilior. These tribes niMuber from 125,000 to 150,000 UNITED STATES. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Size, about the name a, British North America, or equal to a square o( ,900 mile,. I. Noted For. — The United -States are noted for tlieir great area of habitable ter- ritory, strctiliins f^"!" 'lie Atlantic tcj the Pacific, and including the great central river basin uf the Mississippi ; for the cotton, rice, and tobacco of the South, and for the rail- w.iys, comnuTcc, and manufactures of the North. 2. Boundaries. — Omitting /'laska, the United States :.re bounded nn the north by Canada; on the east by the Atlantic (Xca. ; on tiie south by the Gulf of Mexico and the Republic of Mexico j ard on the west by the Pacific Ocean. 3. Extent.— The extreme hiigth from east to west, between the AtLantic and the Pacific, is about 2S00 miles. The extreme hreadlU from north to south, between Manitoba and the mouth of the Rio Grande, is about 1700 miles. The area is estimated at .about 3,611,844 square miles, or e(|ual to a .scpiare run .natiu.n.vi, caiti of 1900 miles. The length of the- coast Hue is about 12,000 miles. 4. Physical DIvislons.-The teiritory of the United States is divided into three great n.at„ral regions; (,,.1 The Atlantic or Alleghany slope ; (,'..) The Mississippi Valley; and (..) I he Pacific or Rocky Mountain slope. The general character of the country ,s that of an immense plain, traversed bv two chains of Mountains, vi? • the Alleghany or Appalachian, and the Rocky Mountains, and drained by the great .M.ssissippi rker and its tributaries. 5. Political Divisions.— The United States consist of thirty-eight States, ten Territories, anl one Federal District. The Slates mav be classified as follows: si.x \orth Atlantic Stales, seven Middle Atlantic States, eight South Atlantic and Gulf States, fourteen Central Slates, and three Pacific States. Thirteen of the States were originally liritish Colonies. They declared their independence in I77(i, and after a severe contest, it was acknowledged by Great liritain in 17S3. 6. Inhabitants.— The United States were .at first sctUed by immigrants frcjin Great Britain and Ireland, and Holland. The pop- ulation now consists of the descendants of people from every country in Europe, besides Negroes, luilians, and Chinese. 7. General Government. — The several States are uniteil muler one general govern- ment, called a Federal Republic. Each State has a government of its own; but the general concerns of the nation are entrusted to the Central government. This Government con- sists of three branches, viz. ; the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial power. The Legislative power is vested in a Congress, which consists of two branches, viz. : the Senate and the House of Representatives. The F:xecutive power is vested in a Presi- dent. The members of his Cabinet .are the Secretaries of St.ite, the Treasury, War, the Navy, the Interior, the Postmaster General, and the Attorney General. The President .and the Vicc-Picsident hold office for four years. The Vice-President is the presiding officer of the Senate. The Federal Judicial power is vested in one Supreme Court, and v,irions Circuit and District Courts. W.\SHlS(iro.N. 8. State Government.- Each State has its own independent legislature, judi- ci.iry, and executive government, consisting of a Senate and House of Kepre- ' sentatives, a governor, judges, &.<:., who have the power to m.ake, judge of, and execute all laws pert.aining .0 the State, e.xcept such as belong to the General Government. Th- chief officer of a State is styled a Governor. Each State IS for the most part divided into counties, and the counties mto townships, as in Can.ada. In many of the States there is .1 land-fund for the support of schools. Education, by means of schools, colleges, and universities, is widely diffused, espe- cially in the eastern and northern St.ites. POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE SIX NORTH ATLANTIC, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. Name of State. Position. DeriVBtion or Sij^niflcatloQ. Date ot Settle- mpiit. I '• ''"''.10 • IntheX. K. of tho U. .S. i. N. Hampshire. South-west of Maim. 3. Voiinont ' \Ve»tofXe\vHiimp.-li.ll ,11.- 4^.,-"^ tniifo from 3 = ^ n - Wii«hlnBl(.ii e-cS-ife ill inilcs. cZcCS" 1820 1770 17!)1 17711 1770 1770 :i."i,nm) i lOT.nno lP,.10n ! 318,0(KI , io,2iK) i .TU.ono;; 7,800 11,457.000 J Augii la.. Conc-(ii-,l . . Kcnncliec Kivor. .i Merrimao Uiver.. I, .100 ■1,750 •217,000 537,000! ^-'>.>..,,, ..III,. II tiituv; IM vet I Moiitpelier . j Wiiiooski Kivor..., Uoslon ! Massarhuai-ilB Bay I Providoncel 1 Xarra!!an>et Hay 1 Newport....! ' li'"«le Islanil . . , | Hartford . ..| Conneotieut lilven .105 474 524 432 3114 403 :i3u S,0fl0 12,200 :l.(KK) 2S2,I100 1 11,000 12,.'i00 37,000 7. Now Y'l.-k. , ., )*. i'«Miiisyivaiii;i !). .Now .UcMy.. 10. Delaware 11. Marvland . 12. Vliuinla 13. Weal Virginia W. of Vor. Mass. &C011. .Sou lit 4if New York I^asl ot Peniisvlvaiiiii.. . Wc'Kt ..f Deiiiwaru Hay.. Woci of Delaware Soulli-wo«t ot .^laryland West uf Virginia After Iho Dukcot York&.\lb'y, After Win. Poun.ils founder. .. After .lerw'v I»lo After Lord Do ia >Varr After Henrietta Maria After Queen Elizalieth After Old Virginia THE SEVEN MIDDLE ATLANTTC STATES 1009 10:1 1-«2 1C27 1027 10.34 1007 1007 ThoDutch Swedes and KnellsU. .. . DuU-li and Swedes Swedes and FiniiB Eng. col. of It, C'alholloB TIio English Tho English ... ^ 1-70' 47,000 177ti 40.IKHI 1770 8,320 1778 2,120 1770 11,121 1770 38,.'),'i0 1803 23,1100 4,377,000 3.,')22.lliP0 0011,(1011, 125,0110 7>'-,f'aronnn... South of Virginia, lli^ THEFOUR^O UTH ATLANTIC AND THE FOU R GULF STATES. 370 1 20 175 lot 43 1.10 400 70.000 2.'1.IHI(1 22.800 I.IHIO .".000 ."i I, Olio 2li.ellO I 18. 10. 20. 21. .S. l.'arolina., (ieorgia,,,. Florida Alabama, , , MisBissijtpi, Louisiana,, Texas ouih , W 'f N. Carolina.. f S. Carolina.. S S SoiiUi of Georgia.... West of Georgia.,., Wosl ,,f Alalmma., , S. W. ot .MissiHsippi West of Louisiana,, After Clwirles II. „f Knglaiid... .Vfler Charles II. of England... .Vftor (loorgo II. nf England,... I 1' rom being iliso. by the Span- I i I iards on Palm Sunday I Indian for "Here we rest".... Indian for "Tho great water". After I.oula XIV. of Fianee.... I Spanish for " Tent eovering ".. 100,5 1070 1732 1,180 1713 1710 100!) 11187 The f^ngli.-ih EngliBh and Freneh.., Goil. Oglelhoriie Tho Spanish The Freneh The Freneh Tho Freneli in 1009... Tho Spanish 1770 1770 1770 1845 1819 1817 1812 1845 ,10,704 l,07l,0(H)i 31,1100 7I10,(HXI 08,1«IO |,ls|,ii0(), 59,208' 188,000 .111,722 47,150 41,265 997,000: 82,s,00ll' '27,000 274,350 819,000 Unleigli, ,, Columbia. .Mlania TallalmBsee. Montgomery •laekson . . .'. Newllrloans Austin NeuHoKiverOiear) Congaree Kivor... Chiiltahooelieo K. Ocklokonee Kiver. Alal ania liiver... Pearl liiver MisMissippi River. Colorado Kiver... . 1,019 1,091 1,818 111,000 11.300 22.1100 2.000 11,000 4,000 191,000 5,000 22. WisconBin. 23. Miohlgaii... 34. Illinoia 25. Indiana,... 20. Ohio 27. Keulecky., 28. Teiinossee. . 29. Minnesota.. .30. Iowa 31 Misoouri,.,, 32. Arliaiisas ., .33, Xebraska, ,, 34. Kansas., .. 3i. Colorado,. , , Wostof l.akoMioliigan, Del, I.aki'sSnp, ,V .Mleh, aiicl l.ok™ Mirh.*lli,r„.i. Soulh 01 WlBi'.insln.,,. P^ast of Ijliiiciis East of Indiana S.ot Imli,iuHinid Ohio, Soiilli „f lv-oiitii,-kv Westi.f Wis. & 1,,'Sup.. South 111 .MinnoBota .South of Inuii Soulliof .Misiiiurl. We»l of Iowa, .. South i.f Ni-bnwkii West of IvaiiBai ., THE FOURTEEN CENTRAL STATES.* Indian Indian fr,r 'Great Lake ' Inclian for " Here ore men "., Indian country Indian for " Iloautiful iii'vor'' Do, "Dark ami bloody ground' Inillan name cl the river Ind. for "Sky-colored water", Indian Indi.anf..r " iif 11.! Kiver"' .4'r. Froneh, and Kaneas Indian for " Hroad Uiver"... Indian for " Good Potato ". ,. I Siianlsh for " Ked Uiver ".... 1830 1070 IT 19 1730 n.'-s 1775 17115 1849 18,13 1085 1854 1851 IMS Various Stales Tlie French 'J"ho I''renrh The I''ronch Now Eliglan.l Daniel Hnoiiefroin \'irg The Englixii Vari> ins States Various Stales The French Tho French \'ariou8 Stales, ,. VarioiiB Stales Various Stales 1848 1837 1818 1810 1802 1792 1790 1857 1848 1821 1830 1807 1801 1875 .13,924 1,11,15,000 511, 1,11: 1 ,,'134,000 I! .15,110 2,540,0(Hlti .3;l,809 1,081,001 I 39,!Mil 1 2,00.1,0011; I 37,080, 1, ,".21.000 •15.0110 l.2.1.8.,10n! 83,.13l; 439,000'j I |! 55,045 1,194,000; O.'),!. ,721,001111 .W,200, 484,,W0'' 75,995i 123,000 81,318 301,0001; 104,5110 00,000 MadiKiii Lansing. .Springlield.. Indiaiiapolih Columbus.. . I'raiikfort Nashville .,, Sl.l'aul. .. Des Moines, .IcITorson Little Uo.-k. Lincoln Tcipeka Denver ,' Hot, 3d&4lh Likes ; Grand Kiver Sangamon Kiver.. WciHr, Willie U. Scioto Kiver Kentucky Iii\i'r.. Ciimberldnd Kiver Mississippi Kiver. I Itaccoon Br, of I 1 Pea Moines K!v( .Missouri Kiver — .ArkaiiBiiB Kiver... Plaitc K. (near).. Kansas Uiver .Souili Platte K... • The first seven east, and the remaining seven west of the Mississippi. 1,092 819 1,024 725 534 M7 774 1,.347 1,220 1,119 1,098 9,000 7,500 17,300 ■18,000 34,000 8,000 20,000 20,000 12,000 4,500 12,400 5,000 6,000 5,000 «,noo iL',2no .■I.IKW) 2(i'.',i)on ip.noo ii'.rioo .■17,000 7I1,IKK) ■1,0(1(1 ."..0(10 ."i 1. 0(10 ::ii,l'(10 111,000 ((..TOO 22.(100 2.000 11,000 4,000 101,000 .•i.OOO 9,000 7,000 17,300 ■IS.OOfl 34,000 C.OOO 20,000 20,000 12,000 4.IM0 12,100 n.ooo 0,000 s,ooa i i > NORTH ATLANTIC OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. THE THREE PACIFIC STATES. 49 tfuntof lUto. M. Urugoii .... .'17. Culiruriilit a». Nnviulii . . . . PMIUon. H. of NViiHltliiutuii Tur. . Huiilli nf ()ri.i|(iii KhhI of ('aUfnriiln Darirttlaa or Siffolfleatloa. 8|«iiiah lor " WllU ttayu ". . S) uiiii^h Spitiilih for "Wiat«" Diti of insnL 1811 1789 1M8 By whom Battltd. VariouaStatea. TboSpanlah... Varloua Htatea.. Admiitnl liitolhi UnloD. IHSU IWO 18M Ana In JCoff. «i. 0.1,274 1K!I,(MIr .Miiiitniia.... HiMilh nf Colnrud t Wi>Kt<(f .MoiitlllUilttul I I Wydiiiiint I \Vc'»t.pf Ciilllliulu Siilllll nf IJlllll H. of Ml'ltlHll I'olllllllillk.. IllUloN.W.iiftlloCoiit. Aftur (;lLrlaU>phur (-'oliiinlMia. . liiillaii for "iillliul" irlliea . Terr, rcaurviid f()rtliy liuDaiia. Floin Uucky Muulituliis Jtiiliiiii AfUT "Moxllll," • Star" Iiullati for IiHlli\n SpflUtHll After (ion. Waahtn^ton A grpiit cuuiitry, ur coiitiuont. 1790 IKW \m IMIW ISIM 1848 1811 Varioua Statoa Varlourt Stutei.... Till) Indluna Varloua .stawa.... YariouB Statea.... Tlie Spanlith VarnuB States.... The Mormons Varloua States Viirlima HUtea leutea and Indians. Urganlit'lf 1861 1864 1830 1863 1890 1863 18.^3 1867 M 191,000 P8,(I00 114,000 08,000 121,(XI0 86,000 «4.wm 114,1100 70,000 086,286 1.12.00(1 14.IKN1 7(1,0(K1 21,000 0,000 92,000 l.'S.OOO e7,0(M) 10,000 2iflun\ TO, 461 1 W.V»I1ISQT'N Yankton. Talilet by New Ilrunswick and llic Atlantic Ocean, on the bouth by the Atlantic Dcean, and on the west by the .State of New York. 3. Physical Features.— With the exception of Vermont, the North Atlantic States lie CHI ihc Ailaiillc seaboard, and are indented with numerous bays and harbors. The Alleghany or Appalachian Mountains, under various names, run in a soulh-wislcrn and .soutliLrii direction, giving a south and south-eastern slope to the rivers. In Vennmit they are called the Orecn Mountains, and in New Hamp- shire the While Mountains. The principal rivers are the Penobscot and the Kennebec in Maine; tile Merriinac in New Hampshire; and the Connecticut, sepaialing New Hampshire from Vermont, and running through Massachusetts and Cunncclicut. 4. Climate and Products.— Ilcing the inost northerly of the Unitea States, the climate in the North Atlantic States is generally colder, especially in Maine, than in the other States ; but it is less so in Massachusetts and Connecticut. Agricul- ture is the chief pursuit in the New lingland St 'cs; but, owing to their maritime posiliiin, early settlement, and .abundance of water-power, their fisheries, commerce, and manufactures have acquired great imi)orlance. 5. Travelling Facilities. — in no part of the United States arc these facilities developed in a liinher dcgiec ihiii in New England. K.adiating from Boston (the commercial capii.il) railroads diverge in every direction. Portland, in Ma ••. forms the e.tstern terminus of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canadi, and in wi , is an outlet to the ocean for Canadian products. The completion of the Inuicolonfai Railway has made llalifa.v, in Nova Scotia, 'also an outlet in winter lor Canadian products, 6. Inhabitants.— The original .settlers were British colonists who named their new home New England. The i)rinciples of civil and religious liberty which they broughl Willi ihetn from K.iigland have laken deep root, and have been ever sine; developed in ihcir political institutions. 7. SIltM.— (.-I.) Malm lies west of New Uriinswick, and south-oast of the Province of tjueltcc. Us surface Is hilly. The highest snniinit is Mount Katahdin (53S5 feet). It is well watered with niinu'riiiis lakes and rivers. The v.illeys of the St. John, Penobscot, and Keiineliec iiic (erlilc and productive. Mooschead, Chesuncook, and Schoodic are the I, truest l.ikfs. I'orc^ls ii( pine, lietnlock, lir, and oak cover the larRcr |iart of the State. It ir. lalled the I.iinilH'r Slate. I.iimlx:r and ships are the chief articles of commerce. It is noted fur its excellent harlxirs. I.'.) Chid Clllii.-Au|Uiti (H« arsenal. Katlftrl (4iK«.), .11 tin- Mil .i( the State, las a Llrije trade vvilh New Ilrunswick and Nova Scotia. I'orllilhil (,li,4.»i), nil V:\Ku Hay, the larKest city anil chief seaport, li.ls an excellent harbor and exteiiHive rtnniniTce. Il.iiix'iir (iS,,\iK,), on the I'euobsccit, in a Kreat himbcr depot. n.illi (H0.K.I, near the iiiuuth of the Kennebec River, h.is extensive shi|ibuilding. l.fwiilaii ( 1 1, !««.), nil the AiidinncogBiii River, lia.i manufactories of cotton and woollen goods. (/'.) NlW HSMptlllra lies soiilh-wcst of Maine. It is mountainous, except at the south- east ; and its venerv, .■Hpecliilly in the White Mountains, in one of tl„- m.-.-t p.-tiire^.-jn;. in the United St.ili.s. M.iunt WashiiiKton (fi^S feet), the lushest peak of the White Mountains, is line of the loftie^l of the Alleiihanics. The Connecticut and Piscataijiia are bounctary rivers. The M.rriniac Hows thnumh the State. It has but one harbor, and only cislitecn miles of sea cnast. Iron is ahiinilant, and tin has been discovered. Its geological formation has caused it to be cilleil the Cranite State. I the capital, is situated on the Kennebec River. It has an if.) Chief Cltlei.— Concord (11,300), the capiul, on the Merriinac River, is a railroad centre. It is famous for its manufacture of carriages. Manchtiltr (13,500), on the Merrimac, is the largest city, and one of the chief seals of the cotton and woollen manufactures of America. Nashua (10,500), on the Nashua River, near its junction with the Merrimac, and Dover (9000), on the Cocheco River, have manufactories of cotton goods and shoes. Portsmouth (920c), at the mouth of the Piscataqua River, has a large and excellent harbor. It is rn important naval station and shipping port. (C.) Vermont lies west of New Hampshire. It is traversed by the celebrated Green Mountains (the Vert Monls of the French), which extend into Miusachusctts and Connecticut, and form the water-parting between the numerous rivers flowing cast to the Connecticut River, and those flowing west into the Hudson River and Lake Champlain. The highest summit of the Green Mountain^ is Mount Mansfield (4359 feet). Lake Champlain bounds the State on the west for loj miles, and separates it from the State of New York. The Connecticut River forms the eas'jrn boundary. Vermont is chiefly an agricultural and grazing State. It pos- sesses good marble, stone, and slate quarries. (r.) Chief Cities.— Montpelier (3000), e capital, on the Winooski or Onion River, ast of (he Green Mountains, lias, from its central position, an extensive trade. It has fine water-power and numerous mill-sites. It is on the railway route ccnnectinj; the Atlantic at Boston, and the River St. Lawrence at Montreal. Burlittgton (14,400), the largest city, is beautifully situated on Lake Champlain. It is the seat of the University of Vermont. It has a large lumber trade. Rutland (10,000), on Otter Creek, has fine quarries and large factories of white and variegated marble. Iron ore is found in the neighborhood. Brattliboro (5000), on the Connecticut, and Middleftury (4000^, on Otter Creek, are extensive manufacturing towns. St, Alb- :'j (75oo>, near Lake Champlain, has manufactories of railway cars and rails. (D.) MaMlchutettt, the Bay State, was first settled by English Puritans. Its boundaries touch upon all the New Eng.« ' States except Maine. It is hilly rather than mountainous. The soil is poor, but agriculture is skilfully and successfully pursued. It has abundance of water-power, and ranks as the first State in the Union in the value of its manufactures. Its commerce is second only to that of New York State. It is noted for its shipbuilding, and its whaling, cod, and mackerel fisheries. The foundation of its commercial prosperity and general intelligence was laid while it was a British colony, and its pre-eminence in these respects has been maintained. The principal rivers are the Merrimac and the Connecticut. Massachusetts Hay, Cape Cod Bay, anil Buzzard's Bay are tiie chief indentations along th« coast. The '■lam's of Nantucket and Slartha's Vineyard lorin part of the State. El -^ " '■ " ' » rimr iihrn A. Y. ,l'» Jfonn nn Ih '1^^ Hfni-f joo r. I II a I til lit m ir. j«»_»n A. v. ,i'» yi,n too /. 'I II all mil n on I h f Sit r t4l I an S on W> • ( fro m m Ortttimlck »/ Sronwfck "JT , UNITED ^ STATES OF AMERICA SCALE 1 7ncV'-sl7» JK'/«T 100 1^ Buuell t Stratbeta N.Y?> 1 1 n, and South Boston. Boston Proper is situated on a peninsula, whirh is joined to the mainland by an isthmus called the *' Neck." The harbor and its approaches are strongly fortified. Cambriii_s;e (.i<),(«x)), near Boston, is the seat of Harvard University, founded by the Rev. John Harvard, an Lnglishman, in 16,18, and fostered by the State Legislature. The Astronomical Observa- tory connected with the University is one of the most celebrated in the world. Ch^lcstown (26,000), opposite Boston, has a United Slates navy yard. In the neighborhood is Bunker Hill, the scene of a celebrated battle between the Britisii troops and the Colonists, in 1775. Sttlem (24,000), nvi Massachusetts Bay, a wealthy seaport, has a valuable museum, with over 5000 curiosities of nature and art. Lynn (28,300), nine miles north of Boston, on Massachusetts Bay, has extensive manufactories of boots and slioes. Loweil ^^x^o^jo), at the confluence of the Concord and Merrimac Rivers, is the chief city in cotton manufacture, hence called the Manchester of America. It is also celebrated for carpets, and for linen and woollen goods. Latvrence (29,000), on the Merrimac, is noted for cotton, woollen, and steam-engine mannfaciures. *V>7y Bet/Jor J (21,^00), on Buzzard's Bay, is tlie lieadquarters of tlic United States whale fishery. Fa// Kivcr (26,800), at the mouth of Taunton River, has cotton mills, iron works, and an active shipping trade. Worcester (4[,ioo), in the interior of the State, at the head of Blackstone River, is a railway centre, and .\\\ Important manufacturing city. SpriugfieU (27,000), on the Connecticut, contains the largest arsenal in the United States, and is noted for its manufacture of fire-arms, such as guns and pistols. Plymouth ((xkw) is the oldest town in New England. Here the Pilgrim Fathers landed from the Mayflower, 25th December, 1620, (£.) Rhode Island, familiarly called Little Rhoda, is the smallest State iti the Union. It lies between Connecticut and the south-eastern part of Massachusetts. 'V^i State takes its name from a small island (shaped like the isle of Rhodes, in the Mediterranean) in Narragan- set Bay. Its rivers fiiniish water-power for manufacturinjf purposes. It has two capitals. • (r.) Chief Cities.— Providence (6rj,ooo), one of the capitals, ;it the head of Narraganset Hay, ranks in size as the second city in New England. It was founded by Roger Williams in 1636, and is the seat of Brown University, and is noted for its numerous manuf.ictures and extensive commerce. Sewport (12,500), the other capital, on the island of Rhode IsL^nd, has a fine harbor, and is a fashionable watering-place. Ptnututkt-t^ where the first cotton mill in America was erected, 1 . largely engaged in the manufac- lurt , and is one of the most beautiful cities in the United States. It is the seat of Yale College. Miiid/etown (6000), on the Connecticut River, is the seat of the \Vesleyan University. Bridgeport (19,000), on Long Island Sound, and Xorwich (16,600), on the Thames, arc manufac- tur iig centres ^ ^iMl^ j^Vt^ Xr'i . J, 4^\js^ Tlin CITV OK NHW YORK, FROM HRODKLVN HBIGIITS. // THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 1. Noted For. — New York is chiefly noted for its commercial pre-eminence, and for its railways and i.iiials; Pennsyhania, for its coal, iron, and pctrolcnm ; AVr,' Jersty, for its fruit ; Delaware, for its fruit and grain ; MarylatuI, for its wheat and tobacco ; Virginia, for its tobacco, iron, and salt ; and West I'irgiiiia, for its grain, iron, and coal. 2. Position,— Thr Middle Atlantic States extend from Lake Champlaiti to Lake Erie, and fron\ llic Atlantic to the Ohio. The Province of Ontario is at the north, and the State of North Carolina at the south. 3. Physical Features. — The Appalachian Mountains, uiulir various names, run through this division from north-east to south-west in parallel ranges, scparatcil liy fertile valleys. Fn \rw N'ork, they are called the Adirond.ick and CatskiU ranges ; in Pennsylvania, the Laurel Ridge, the Alleghany, the Tuscarora, and the Illue Nfountains; and in Virginia, the Alleghany Mountains, the Shenandoah Ridge, and ilie nine Ridge. The chief rivers are. the Hudson (300 miles), from the Adi.ondack M(.untains, emptying into Xcw York Hay ; the Delaware (300 miles), from the Cats- kill Mountains, forming the lionndaiv between New Jersey and Pcnnsvlvania, and eniptying into Delaware liayi the Susquehanna (.|Oo miles), from Lake Otsego in New York, flowing through Pcimsylvania and enipiying into ("hcsapcake liay ; the Potomac, from the .\llegh.any Mouulains, forming the boundary between Marvlaml .and Virginia, and emptying into Chesapeake H.iy j and the James River, from the Alleghany Mountains, flowing through \'irgiru'a, and emptying into the south end of Chesapeake Il.ay. The Alleghany and the Monongahela imite at Pittsbmg in I'ennsylvania and form ihe t)|iio. The Genesee and the Oswego in New York are tributaries of Lake Ontario. The Xiag.ara and St. Lawrence rivers, with Lakes Krie and Ontario, fiuni the northern boundary of these States. i s MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. ; 4. Climate.-Tlie climate of New York does not differ much from that of On- ; tano. h\ the other States, the climate is warmer. i 5. Travelling Facilities—These are developed in a high degree, especially : m .New \ oi k aiul I'cmsylvaiiia. Two railways, and a canal to the Hudson River , connect Lakes Eric and ( >ntari,) with the cities of Albany and New York ; while , rivers, canal-, and railways intersect Pennsylvania. I 6. Inliabitants.— These States were first settled hv the Knglish and the Dutch , and, pro'ubly, the continued commercial pre-eminence of these States may be thus j accounted for. ! , ^- State.-l.(.) New York, called the Empire .St.,te, is trianguhir in shape, with its , longest side bordcruig upon Lakes Eric and Ontario, an.l the Kiver .St. Lawrence The , Adirondack Mountains separate the rivers falling into Lake t)nlario .ind the St. I awrence from I those falhng u.to Lake Ch.amphin and the Hudson. Midw.iy in the State, these mount.ains I which form a curve towards the Catskills, arc intersected by the Mohawk River and its fertile valley. Mount .Marcy, 54^7 feet, in the Adirondacks, is the loftiest svnnmit in the State The scenery uf Lake Chaniph.in, Lake George, and the Hudson is justlv celebrated for its pictur- esque beauty. In population, wealth, and the extent of its public improven,cn,s. New York ranks first among the States. Long Island and Staten Island form part of the State. (...) Chief Cities.-Albany (76,00c), the cipital, is situated on the Hudson, ,50 n.il.s above New ",',■■'1 "'="''"'•'""""■" "f "« Erie Caual. It is the sea. of a universitv, .,f a mili,,rv ac\,l nu and of the Dudley Observatory. Its transit trade is extensive. mmLirj ..cidemj. New York (,4,,a,.), called the Empire City, Is situated on Manhattan Isl.and, .t, the mouth of te H,,dso„ R.ver, and .s the cluef oaun.ercial city in t,,e Ut.ited States. 1, was founded b>- ,1, ,c Na o:sa St':;irir: ,.'" : °"'^r'-,°"= '^^-S '^'-' S".."1,and the other bvt W. rrows a Staten Island. It ,s abundantly s.ipphed w,lh pure w.ttor, brought a distance of f„„v udes hy the Croton Aqueduct. nru,.dway. with its .hop, and extensive hotels, is ,h 1 , b e promen.de; but Wall street, with its banks, custom-house, r..,d exchange, is the great c , f business. Parks and squares are numerous in the upper par, „f the ity, where the 'rV.e residences predominate. It is the seat of a ui-.i-rsity. "ere tne pru.ile Brooklyn (39<-,,ooo), on Lung Island, opfosite New York, contains a United States navv yard In size It ranks as the third city in the Union. • • Buffah (■ ,8,0001, on Lake Erie, .it the western terminus of the Erie Can.-,!, is the chief forwarding place for western commerce to New York. 1 1 ha, a ship yard and iron foundries. '"^"''"8 Rcclu^ler (6.,ooo\ seven miles from the month of the Genesee River, i, an important manufac- turing city and the sea. of a university. Frou, its large milling interests it is called the Flour c".y ''"7f (^■■°°°>' ™ Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Oswego River, is an active grain port, and IS noted for Ihe manufacture of Hour. Ogdemliurs- {m,om\ „„ the St. Lawrence, has an extensive lake trade. .Jl7 *"'''°°^' '■" ,"" '',"■'' "' "''""''°''" '"'«^''°" "" "■« ""<"'™. i» » commercial ci.y, „,„, ;, noted for us iron works. It is the seat of a university. tcia. .iij, aim is rovU^fu, (2o,oo„l, on the left bank of the Hudson, is the seat of Vassar Female College. ir,st Point, on Ihe Hudson, is the seat of the United States Military Academy. Ul.\t (.0,000), on the .Mohawk River, is a manufacturing city, and the seat of Hamilton College wo;k:i;;Xu:rrs,:;es:" """'"" ■" "-= ""'" "" °™=«° ^"-'^' '■- •-= -- —-- -" ^„i,.r„ „;,a,v,l, west of .Syracuse, has a Presbyterian College, and a Stat" Reformatory Prison. Bmshamfton ,,3,000), in the south of the State, is a manufacturing city with large coal trade I. IS the seat of the .State Inebriate A^vlum. ■ urge coal trade. It Elmira (,6,000), west of llinghamplon, is a railroad centre, with a large trade. S.,r„tos„, north of Albany, is a fashionable watering phace. v,rv P"""'*;"'"''.."""' ";e Keystone State, is a hrgc, comp.tct State, lyin, south of V ," ■ ■ '""^ ' " "' "'-' "'"''' '" ""^ "^''■^" ^'^ "'-^ X^A^s-c^r^ Kiver and Chesa- poake nav. 1 be pnncip.al branches of the .MLghany Mountains divide the State into three sections, watered by the Delaware, Susquehanna, and Alleghauv Rivers. Coal, iron and petr,. oiini, the great st.tple pro•■''"= "' i" •"■inufac.ures, ,he second in population, . Id the f.,irth „, the extent of „s foreign commerce. I, w.a, founded by William Penu in ,6S. uring ,„e revolnnnn it w.ts the capit.d of the United Colonies. In the Old State Ho.ise, the , ! ' '!" ri";',"''-'";'-' "■■,'» •■"'"IX"' I'y >'•" ^■"'"'"•'l Congress in ,776. ,„ public buildings are I .u.d „„v, especal.y „ra,d College. It is the seat of ,, United States navv yard and of the mint. It ,s the principal coal market in America, lis Fainnoun: P.irU contains sooo acres. /V«rf„rf(,S„,ooo) sometimes called the Iron City, or the nirmi„8h.am of Auierici, at the co„- nuence of the Allegh.any ..iid Monongahela liver, ,which here form the t.hio R v, , ,, e ,. the l.nted States, and also the largest market for petroleum and bituminous co.al in the Union Shipbuilding is extensively carried on. union. 'l"'^''"'»y C,ly (i^,2„.■< the Alleghany River. „ppo,i,, Piltsb,,,,, lusc,„.„Mve iron and „la„ works, and a large coal Irarl,-. '■ .Tc^„,,/„„ ,,5,00,,), on the Lackawanna Kiver, in the anthracite ,nal legi ha, an .aclive trade in coal aiul iroiu /!e<,./,nf (l4,o.«,, on the Schuylkill, in a rich farming region, is an i,„|,ortant railway centre /.n»r(■<■ (13,000) is a well Mluated port 01. I„ike Erie. (t.) Hew Jerte,, called tne ^iarden State, is separated from Pennsylvania by the Delaware n r .and lies between .h.at State and the Atlantic. Us rivers arc unin.poita't „ ,": the northern Aleghany ridge (the Schooley). and the Palisades (on the Ihids.,, t is no t ble ■ IN -I " ''""""' "' "S""'""™' ^^'='"--. ••>"Iaryland »_as colonued by Lor.l Baltimore in .r,,4, an,l was named i., lionor of Henrietta Maria, (lueen ot Charles I. I obacco, Indian corn, wheat, iion, and coal are its chief products. ,,-.) Chief Cities.-An.apolls ,50,.,,, ,he cpital, is situated on the Severn, near Chesapeake Bay 1. „a na„,ed ,n honor of , Jneen Anne. I, i , ,|,e seat of St. John's College and of the United St e N al .tcademy. It has fine public buildine. The Old S,ate House in which Congress was ™c" held contanis the roon, ,„ v.hich (Jcneral Washington resigned his con.inission in the army. Baltimore (2,6,,;4), on a branch „f the Pataj.sco River, near the head of Chesa).eake Bay i, the 1,1,-1 cay ,u the I „„„, ,:, foreign commerce, an.l the sixth in population. It has the principal i4acco lo I-, and oys,er n,a,ke,s n, the United States, and is ku^-ely engage.l in n.a,„,f. cure and sh . driLL,:,,;:, a;:: ' - "-"" ""'"""«'• ■"°"""""''' -' '--'- " ^^ --timej'c:!;^; : Cu«lierlan./ (,W,), the secon.l of the State, situated on the Potomac, is noted for its coal trade. i (^.) Virginia, calktl the r)ld Dominion, was the first English settlement in A,t,erica in I .60;. I, was s,, nam.,1 in honor of Eli/abcth, \-irgin Oneen of Engl.and. It lies south' of ' Ma,yland. A ritlge of the .VUegbnnies separal.'s the river, flowing i,„„ ,he Atlantic from hose forming the tlibutancs of the Ohio. The fircat ^•allcy of \-irginin, between the Blue Ridge and t.,e Alleghany .Mountains, is noted for its fe,-tili.y. The Great Dismal Swamp on Its so.it 1-oast.ri, boundary, extends into North Carolina. The chief products are tobacco iron a.ld salt, llie \ irginia sulphur springs are noted for their medicinal qualities, (icneial Washingtm was born in this St.ate. ^ eniiai (/) Chief Cllles.-Richmond (s.,000), the capit.al. i, beautifully situated ,m James River, ,,0 m, e. rom the se.,. 1, «.,, the seat of the Confe.lerate (Jovenunen, .luring the Civil W.ar. I i" note.1 for ,t, Hour mills, tobacco factories, iron works, and exte„s,ve coiiunerce" .Vor/oli ti.),ioo). ,-ear the mouth .if James River, is the principal seaport. rorts,n..„t/, Cio,5.x,), opposite Norfolk, is noted for its fine harbor, navy yar.l, and naval hospital. re/ersl;,rs-(„i,oon), 01, the Appomattox, has tobacco and cotton factories. tobacco!'""'"" ""''""'' "" ""' ''""""■"' '' " *""""'*■' '''"""■""' '■"' " '"'SO ira.le in flour and M.'KHt I'rrnon, on tin' l»ul ; here ('» il Washington was burietL ((A) West Virginia lies west of Virginia. It is a mountainous State. .Several ridges of the .\ll,-ghanics cross the eastern part, and the western slopes loivards the Ohio an.I the Big ^.uuly Kiver. The prin.ipal ]>rodiictions are corn, wheat, an.l tobacco. Coal an.l iron are abiin.l.,nl, aiul there are numerous salt springs and oil wells. The Stale was formed out of \ irginia in i.Sr.j. j t>.) Chief Cities.-Wheellng (^o,.,.,), the capital, is situated on the Olii, is noteil for its iron works and its c.imtnerce. 1 the P.m Handle. It OuirlnloH, on the Crct Kanawh.i. w.is formerly the c,i|iiial. /'arleriiur/^, on the Ohio, is an active bnsiness ceni,,.. ^ /lar^r'. Ferry, 5., n.iles ahoy,- Washinglou, wl,e,e ,1,.. l>o,o„,,,c lueaks through the Blue RiilRe, IS celeltrated for ,1s fine scenery. It cimtains a United Slates arsenal. t t ///. THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF STATES. 1. Noted For. — These States are chiefly noted for their products of cotton, tobacci), rice, and sugar, and for their negro population. 2. Position.— The South Atlantic and Gulf States extend along the coast, from Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of the Rio Grande. Nearly all Louisiana and the whole of Texas lie west of the Mississippi River. 3. Climate.— The summer is long and hot, and the winter mild. Except in north-western Texas, the climate is very moist. The southern part of Te.xas and Florida have the rainy and dry se.asons common to hot countries. 4. Stalej.— (./. North Carolina, called the Old .North St.itc, lies south of Virginia. It was origin.illy n.imed after Charles l.\. of France and afterwards after Charles I. of England. The coast region is a low sw.unpy plain extending 6o jniles inland. The Pine Barrens lie to the west of the littoral ))lain and oc- cupy a breadth cf 50 miles of undulat- ing 5\irface. The Blue Ridge crosses the State in the west. The Black Mountains at the south end of the Blue Ridge arc tae loftiest in the Appala- chian .System. Highest summit, Mount (iuyot, 6476 feet. The .MIeghany Mountains form the western boundary of the State, separating it from Tennes- see. The principal rivers rise in the Blue Ridge, viz.: the Roanoke (260 miles), which enters .\lbemarle Sound, the Tar (200 miles) and the Neuse (-,00 miles), which enters Pamlico Sound, and Cape I-'ear River (300 miles), which enters the sea at Cape Fear. The (ireat Dismal Swamp lies in tlie north- eastern part of this State and the south- eastern part of Virginia. It is 30 miles long and lo miles wide. The Ilattcras Banks, enclosing Pamlico Sound, end in Cape Ilatteras, which is the most dangerous point to i-.avigators on the North .Mlantic coast. The chief pro- 1) ducts of .North Caiolina are turpentine, tar, pitch, and rosin. It yields tobicco, cotton, indigo, Indi.m corn, and rice; also geld, copper, ire n. and coal. (.1.) Chief Cities.-Raleigh (10,000), the capital, is near the Neuse kivei. ii-'llminston (1.1,500) is tile chief jiort. Xt-.v ISrrne (5S.K1) is ou the Neuse. Hr.iii/iirl has a jjood li.irbor, and is the only port 011 the co.ut. Fayettfz'ille^ on C.rpe Fear River, h.is .1 I'uiled States armory. (/(.) South Carolina, called the Palmetto State, is triangular iu shape. The coa.st is low and sw.mipy, but the interior is elevated towards the centre, and ino.nit.iinous iu tli.; west The principal rivers are the f.reat Pedec, the Santee, and tlie Savannah (450 miles), the latter forming the boundary between South Carolina and f.eorgia. It has one Universitv, fourteen Colleges, and over seven lumdred and fifty public Schools. Kducation is largely suj^orted by the State, and forms a leading feature of the peoi.le. (Iraiiite, marble, mica-slate, sjapstone, p.ircelain, clay of a hue tpiality, yellow ochre, limestone, and slate for whetstones are in great abundance, (lold, iron and lead are found among the treasures. Its chief productions are rice (for which .( is the leading Stale), cotton, Indian corn, indigo, and lumber. The islands on the coast jiroduce the celebrated long-libied sea-island cotton, called Long Staple. The short cotton is called upland. («.l Chief Cines.— ,'- ■■ Columbia (ojoo), ihe I i;>llal, on the left hank lif llie Cuugarce River, is llie seal o( Somli Carolina ColIej;e, .uid the Sinitlieni Tlieolo-i- c.il Seminal y. CharU'stoH ((,),o>,>, ou the coast, is the lar- gest city and the thief scapoil. It Is defeniled by Forts Sutn[iter and Moultrie, and is one of the chief coinuiereial cities .if the Sranh. It lias a fine harbor, and is .1 place .f extensive trade. 'I'he city is well laid oul, and the streets are planted with tree.. SCR.M'INO CiaUU TCKl'CNTl.NlI. KICK I'l.ANTINi;. (C.) Georgia, so named in honor of George II. of England, lies south-west of South Carolina, from which it is separated by the Savannah River. It is the most southerlv of the thirteen original States. Flat, sandy islaii , which yield the long-staple cotton, skirt the coast. The surface is low and level on the sea coast, undu- lating and hilly in the centre, and mountainous on the north-west. The ex- tensive Okeefinokee swamp, on its southern boundary, extends into Florida. The principal rivers are the Savannah, the Ogeechee, the Altamaha, with its branches, and the Saltilla, flowing into tlie Atlantic; and the Chattahoochee, forming part of the western boundary, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, The State has one University, thirty-two Colleges, about eighteen hundred public Schools, and a large number of Institutes for females The chief products of (ieorgia are rice, cotton, tobacco, corn, and sweet potatoes. Gold, iron, coal marble, and granite abound in the mountains. if.) Chief Cities.— Atlanta (22,000), the capital, near the Chattahoochee River, is au important railroad centre. Sauannah (28,000), near the mouth of the Savannah River, is the chief com- 1"^' ' "''''" * mercial city and the principal seaport. It has numerous public squares. "''*'']!| "y*'""'" AugusUt (15,400), also on the Savannah, is an important manufacturing and commercial city. itacon (10,800), on the Ocmulgee River, is the centre of an extensive cotton trade. Columbus (7400), on the Chattaho.ichee, is largely ei-gaged in the manufacture of cotton goods. MilMseville, the former capital, is on the Oconee River, and is surrounded by a beautiful and fertile cotton country, (D.) Florida, called the Land of Flowers, is a great peninsula, south of Georgia. Though its coast line is extensive, it has but few good harbors. There are no mountains, but a long range of hills extends through the State. The principal rivers are the St. Mary's, which forms part of the bciundary between Florida and Georgia, the St, John's, which flows north into the Atlantic, the Pease River, the Suwanee, the Appalachicola (formed b\- the union of the Chattahoochee and I'lint at the northern boundary), the Choctawhawchee, and the Conecuh, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, In the southern part of the State are the l'-,vergladcs, an extensive marsh or shallow lake, studded with numerous islands. Along the rivers the soil is fertile, and, being near the tropics, vegetation is luxuriant. Tiie chief productions are cotton, sugar cane, rice, tobacco, oranges, lemons, figs, and pine apples. C»dar, pine, and live oak are found in the State. On the southern coast, navigation among the Kevs, or low coral islands, is dangerous, and wrecks are frequent. Sponge, which grows on the coral reefs, is a valuable export. The climate of Florida is hot in summer, rnd mild in winter. (./.) Chief Clties,-Tallahassee (2000), the capital, in the centre of northern Florida, has many fine public buildings, JiuksonvilU (7000), on Ihe St. John River, is the largest city. SI. Auguiline, two miles from the Atlantic, on au inlet, is the oldest city in the United States having been founded by the Spaniards in 1605. ' Key ir,s/, on an island of the same name, near Florida Strait, is a place of commercial importance, and exiinrts salt and sponges. It is a Uuit-'d Slates naval station, and commands the eutrauce to the Gulf of Mexico. It is the most southerly town in the United States. Afpalachicoli. at the mouth of the river of the same name, ships large quantities of cotton. /V«jrtc-o/,(, at the ex- treme western part of the Slate, on Pensacol.i Bay, has the best harbor on the Gulf. It is a United States naval sta- tion. (E.) Alabama lies west of Georgia. The Alleghany Mountains terminate in this State. These mountains give to the northern part of the State a picturesque aiipearance. Towards tlie(,;ulf of Mexico the surface is a dead level. The .\l.ibama and the Tombigliec flow south- ward lluough the State, =1tfi- - ,j I'lCKlNG COTTON. .and, uniting, fortn the Mobile Ri-er, which enters Mobile Bay. The Tennessee flows through the tiorthcrn part of the State, The State is rich in mineral treasures, parlicularlv in coal .ron.hniestone and marble. In the principal cities and towns, are manufactories of cotton' b.ur turpentme cartiages and leather. It has one rniversity, seventeen Colleges, and about two thousand public Schools. Cotton and sugar are the staple products. (e.) Chief Cities.— Montgomery (i exports cotton. a llonrishins city, the cipital, ou the Al.abama River, mmcrciai port. In the cxpolt u( - the (hi udedhya rich and populous district. It has a cottcm Moltiif (i2,oon\ tlirt larsest citv. on Mobile Rivi cotton it ranks next to New Orleans. Stlna, on the Alabama Rivei, i, sum depot. /W.„&„„, „,, the Black Warrior River, i, ,, cotton depot ami the seat of the State Universitv It IS noted I(u its literary insUtulloiis and active trade, ItmtnilU. a IhrlviuK town, In Ihe northern part of the Stale, It has tw„ semiuaiie, for (etiiales '-v SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF STATES— CENTRAL STATES. (F.) Missisilppi lies west of Alabama, and takes its name from tile Mississippi Kiver, which forms its western boundary. The chief tributaries of the Mississippi in this State are the Vazoo and the Big Black. The Leaf and Peail flow to the Ciulf of Mexico. From the Gull inland for loo miles the surface is level, and is covered with pine forests interspersed with extensive marshes ; but toward the north it is hilly. The soil is fertile. Mississippi ranks as the chief State in the production of cotton. Sugar, rice, and Indian corn are jiroduced in great abundance. The olive and the fig flourish in the southern part of the State. (/.) Chief Cities.— Jackson (4(joo), the capital, on Pearl River, is in the central part cf ihe .State. i'kkibtiyff ti2,4ou>, on tlie .Mississippi, has a large commerce and is a great cotton mart. batches (9000% the (^ity of the IMuffs, on the Mississippi, is the chief port in the Stale for shipping cnlton. ((;.) Loulllana, sometimes called the Creole State, lies south-west of Mississippi, and is one of the most important States. The surface is level, but towards the west there are a few low hilly ranges. The Mississippi forms the eastern boundary to the northern half of the State ; the southern hall inchules the delta, the outlet, and both sides of the noble river for 250 miles inland from its mouth. To protect the country from being flooded by the overflow of the river, great embankments or dykes have been constructed both above and below .\cw Orleans. The breaking of the water through the cmoankmcnts, or levees, as they are termed, is called a crevasse. The great delta, which forms one-fourth of the area of the Mate, is subject to inundations in spring. The Red River flows south-east through the State and joins the Ml ssippi. The Pearl Kiver on the east and the Sabine River on the west are boundary streams. Sugar, cotton, rice, and tropical fruits are the chief products. Louisiana was settled in 1699 by Iberville, a native of Montreal. It was purchased from France in 1803. (.<'.) Chief Cities.— New Orleans (11)1,000), the capital, called the Crescent City, stands on a bend of the Mississippi, 100 miles from its mouth. It is the greatest cotton port in the world, and lias also an exlensivr: trade in sugar, molasses, tobacco, .md Hour. Its levee or quay, four miles long, fo'-ms an embankment to the river, and is a place of great activity. The public buildings are numerous an:st hr.wch of White River, is the centre of numerous railroads. MtJison Ui,,yao\ ^V«« /I/A.«j. (,s,, 01, tile Wabash River, is a railroad centre and great pork market. It i« llie seat of the Slate Normal School. LafxyMe (13,500), on the Wabash, is the chh-f grab- market in the .Slat., and the seat of Purdue U.Hversity. Fort tVayn, (17,700), at the head „f the Mauraee Riv. r, is the business centre of a fine aericul- tural district. (£.) Ohio, called the Buckeye State, lies east of Indiana. Lake Krie forms the i-reater part of ,1s northern boundary, and the Ohio River flows along its south-eastern and southern border, separating it from West Virginia and Kentucky. It is not mountainous, but in the c.-ntre a table-Iand, 1000 feet atove sea-level, divides the rivers running north t.. Lake FCrie from tbos3 flowing into the Ohio. The soil is fertile. It surpasses everv other State in the production of wool and wine, and is second only to Pennsylvania in tlie production of coal. It IS noted also for iron, salt, wheat, Indian corn, and [jork. (..) Chief Citles^^-Columbus (,v,,ooo), the capital, on the .Scioto River, is a manuLicturioe ci,v and contains many fine buildings. "■.■"ui.n.uiriiif, t ly, Cincinnati (276,000), on the Ohio, at the snuth-west corner of the .State, is liie third cilv of the Central States ,„ ,^,„t of population. As the chief commercil ci.y of die Ohio valley it is he Queen of the Vest. Next to Oiicago, i, i, ,he gre..,e,t k mtrket in America. I. is note, for lis astronomical observatory, wine manuf.iclure, iron foundries, ami cotton mills. Porlunouth (10,600), on the Ohio, is noted for its iron works. fS'TA'"' '1'"'°°°'' °'; ''""= ^''"' ''" *••■" '■•'"' ""'• •■""' '"■'" '"' """<'=••'»« "venues is called the forest Cily. I, IS one of tlie five great lake jiorls, and h.is .„•■ excellent harbor. Sa„dus»y (,3,000), on Lake Erie, the great fish market of the Slate, is an important lake port. lumSrtale.''""'' " "'" """''"""'■ ""■• ""= """"'> "' '1«= "■»""" River, li.is extensive grain ami its l>!m wmks "'^"'' '" "'" '"""'""■'''■'' "" "" '""'■^'"' R'vei'. ■■>" important railnud centre, is noted for ^,.««;,/& (.0,0001, on the .Muskingum River is note.l for iron ni.iinifacmres and paper mills. (/•■) Kenlucky lies .south of Indiana and Ohio, front which it is separatc.1 bv the Ohio River, which forms its northern Ixiun.lary. The Mississippi Hows along its western border, separating it fnuii lliini is and Missouri. On the east, the llig Sandy Kivcr separates it from West \'irginia, and on the south-east the Ciiniberland Mountains separate it fioin Virginia. It is bi-hly fcrlile, anil surpasses every ollur State in the production of tobacco, h: nip. Il.i.s, and whisky. It is noted also for wheat and Inillan corn. From the celebrated Mammoth Cave, at the smith, nitre is obtained. The more important minerals founil arc iron, coal, and salt. (/.) Chief Cities.— Frankfort (8000), the cipiial, is siinate.! on the Kentucky Kivev, amidst bold scenery. Louisville (i.x>,Sool, on the Ohio River, called Falls Ciiy from llie neighboni'K r.ipids on tile livei, which are avoided by a ciiKi'. hv.i an,, a ImI; miles lone-, cut thr..ugh the solid rocli, h.is ,111 immense tn.dc in tobacco, poi ',;, fioar, ,iiid hemp. Covington (2.|,5.)ci), and Xewport (15,000), situated op|ni- C^^^^|PC-^-^^^fee/ site Cincinnati, at the moudi of the Licking River, have iron }-'^^\\ Ji^tf^^T^ works and cotton factories. >-'■' "^ Lexington (,4,Soo), scnilh-east of Frankfort, has a large COTTON PI..^^^T. inland trade. ( G. ) Tennessee lies south of Kentucky. It has three physical divisions. East Tennessee lies between the Alleghany Mountains and the Cumberland Mounlains ; Middle Tennessee between the Cumberland Mountains and the Tennessee River ; and West Tennessee between the Tennessee River an.l the Mississippi. The scenery of F.ast Tennessee is pictllrcs llie clii ii Minnctfoli, (,.1,000), at the head of navigation on the Mississippi, is noled for il, great lumber and flour liade. SI. 4 nthony (7000), opposite Minneapolis, with which it is connected by a bridge, commands a fine view of St. Anthony's Kails, at wliicli the river descends eighteen feet. It is the seat of the State lliiiviTsity. n Inona (7200), on the Mississippi, at die southern part of the State, has a great lumber and wheat trade. It is the seat of a Slate Normal School. Dututk (3000), at the western end of Like Superior, is the terminus of the N.-rthern Pacific Rail- -oad. (/?.) Iowa lies south of Minnesotr., between the Missouri on the west and the Jlississippi on the east. Its surface, chiefly a rolling prairie, is watered by numerous rivers, the principal of which is the Des Moines. It ranks as tlie second State in the Union for the production of wheat and Indian corn. It is noted also for woollen goods, lumber and farm implements. Coal, lead, iron, and gypsum are abundant. («.) Chief Cities.— De> Molnee (12,000), the capital, is on the Des Moines River, a tributary of die Mississippi. Duiuqui (i,'i,4oo), on the Mississippi, is the principal depot of the lead mining district. Pavenporl (30,000), on the Mississippi, is a raaniif.icturing cily with a large river trade. tiuritngton (,5,000), on the Mississippi, is a flourishing city Krokuk (12,700), on the Mississi|ipi, at the south-eastern angle of the State, is largely engaged in pork packing. Council Bluffs (,0,000), on the Missouri, is a great railroad centre. /ot»< Cily (6000), on the Iowa River, is the seat of the State University. (C) Missouri lies south of Iowa, and is separated from Illinois by the Mississippi P.ivcr, into which the waters of the Missouri and its tributaries flow from tile westward through the centre of the state. Prairies abound north of this river, but south of it the surface is broken and musintainons. At the south-eastern part of the State, there is a mountain of almost pure iron. Lead, coal, copper, tin, and salt arc abundant. Indian corn, wheat, hemp, tobacco, cattle, and horses are the other chief products. (c) Chief Cities.- Jefferson City (4500), the capital, is situated on the Missouri. St. Louis (3,1,000), nn the Mississippi, 20 miles below the raoudi of the Missouri, is the commer- cial capital of the Mississippi Valley. Il is an impoitanl railway centre, a great iron mart, and the de|iot of the fur Irade of llie Rocky MounLiins. //„««,Aj/( 10,000), on the Mississippi, is a rising town. SI. yoseth (19,500), in Ihe north-west, on the Missouri, is a manufacturing cily. Kansas Cily (32,000), on Ihe .Missouri, is a railroad ce-itre ; it is noleil lor its lieef-packinr estab- lishments. (Z>.) Arkansas lies south of Missouri, and west of Mississippi. It is nearly divided in two by the Arkansas River. Its north-west corner is traversed by tlm Ozark Mountains. The lioston Mountains lie to the north of the Arkans.is, Inland from the Mississippi the surface IS highly diversified ; but the soil is not good except near the rivers. Cotton, corn, zinc, iron lead, and coal arc the chief products. ' ' (,/.) Chlel Cities.-Litlle Rock l ,2,400), Ine capital and largest city, is on the Arkansas River Its hot springs are celebraled. Fort Smith, on the Aikansas, at the wcslern boundary, is the second cily. I'ine Bluff, on the Arkansas, and CamJtn, on Ihe Washila, are ihriviiig towns. (£■.) Nebraska lies west of Iowa, from which it is separated bv the Missouri River which forms the nnrth-eastern and eastern boundary. The Platte runs through the State from' west to east, and cnlcrs the Missouri at Pl.lttsniouth. The surf.ice is an undulating prairie the only elevations being llic .Sand Hills in the north-west. In the vestern part of the State is an extensive tract known as the Ikid Lands. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco are the chief pnxlucts. Coal and iron are the chief minerals, and salt springs arc numerous in the south- eastern part of the State. (•■.) Chlel Cities.— Lincoln (50CK,) is the capiiaL 0,nal,a (,6,„„), on Hie .Missouri, is Hie largest cily. I| is a commercial and railroad centre. Xt'l'raska Cily (iioool, also on llie Missoiiii. (/•'.) Kansas lies south of Nebraska. It is an extensive undulating plain, drained by the Kansas and Arkansas Rivers, and their numerous tributaries. The soil is verv fertile CNcept in the west, where there are some sandy plains. Oypsum, coal, and iron arc abundant, 'wheat corn, oats, ,ind cattle arc the chief products. ' (/.) Chlel Cities.— Topeka (6000), the capital, is on the Kansas River. Lawrence (S300), al.so on the Kansas, is a flourishing trade centre. ^.■,.r„m.».M (17 s,x,), the largest city, is situated on Ihe Missouri. It has a great river commerce, and IS die se.it i,| a Sl.ile N.unial School. luiiimene, Atchiion (7000), on Ihe Missouri. Fort Scott is the centre nl a coal district in Ihe eastern pan of Ihe State. 1(7.) Colorado lies west ,.■ Kansas. The Rocky Mountains traverse the State from north to south, in a double chain. lU-iwccn the ranges are four extensive valievs, called the Parks of Colonido, and distinguished as North Park, Mithlle Park, South Park, and San Luis Park The eastern Range ol llie R„c:t Orcstm on tlic I'acifif coast. The Sierra Nevaila Mmintaitis to the cast traverse the entire length of the Slate, with a breadth varyinK fri lit 30 to 60 miles. 1 ''!■ hishest summits of the Kansc arc Motints Shasta, iMoa, I.vell, Tyndall, and Whitney. The coast x.\\\•^K^. stretches nl.ng the Pacific coast to the west. In the north and in the ^oiilh of the .State these ranges unite, ami enclose the fertile valley of the Sacramento and San Joaiiuin Kivers. Kast of the Sierra Nevada is a desert region. The Valley of the Yosemitc is celebrated for its wild scenery. It is a chasm ten miles long and two miles wide, with p'crpetidieiUr.r walls of granite towTring to the height of from 2000 to 40CO feet, over which the Merceil Kivcr descends in three leaps. The Yosemite I'alls are of extra- ordinary granilcur, and arc the h.ftiest in the world, being half a mile high— 5i.\leen times higher than the Falls of Niagara. The New A'maden quicksilver mines of California are, with those of Spain, the most celebrated in the world. 'Ihe Dig Trie Crovc and the C.eysers \alley are great curiositic s. Laiaveras llig Tree Cirovc contains a beautifid group of the AV,/»,v„ f;c«"'.n, called also Wcllingtnnia, and in the Vnitcd States, Washingtonia. In this gr.ne, the 1-athcr . f the forest is 120 feet in THF. PACIFIC STATES. (A ) Oregon lies smith of Washington Territory, on the Pacific coast. The Snake Uiver forms Iho greater part of its eastern, and the Columbia Kiver the greater part of ,ts ttorlhern boundary. The coast is rocky, and is deficient in good barters. Ihe Coast R»"S'=. ' ', '^:';- ca,le, and the nlue Mountains divide it into tottr parts. Mounts Hood, lef erson, and 1 .t are the highest of the Cascade Kange in < h> gn„. To the west of the Cascade R->'^'= "> -' fertile especially in the valley of the Willian.ette, a tr.butary of the CoUnnb.a ; bu to the e. st the plateatrregion is sterile. Wheat, lun.ber, wool, and canned sabnon are the ch.ef exports. There arc rich gold mii-.es in the State, and coal and ir,m have been found. circumference at the base, 2ro feet high up to the fir't branch, and 450 feet in ti>tal height. There arc over 750 public schools in the State, and 12 Colleges. Cc^ngress voted 6.:;oo.ooo acres of land towards their niaintcnance. The climate is tem- perate along the coast, but hot in the interior. Cold and ([uicksilver ar'^ the chief minerals, buti there are also valuable mines tif silver, copper, tin, and coal. Cattle, wi'.d horses, and deer, are numerous. The chief pro- ducts arc wheat, barley, fruit, and wine. (^.1 Chief Citics.-Sac- Mmcnto t'''»Soo), the e.tpi- lal, is on the S.icrameuli. Ilis accessible for steamers ami sailing vessels at all I.I Ihe year. SacrameiU.i baa a gr.Kleil system of public , a mining depot for the great region of the South. San Francisco (MO.000I, the chief commercial city, stands „n San rrai.eis... It.iv, uhicli is entere.l I y a strait, four miles l.nig and a mile widei called the ( iolden Gale. It has a branch mint, and a United States ii.ivy yard. (>,i«,ii/(/(io,5oo'l, the former capital, on San rranciseo I!ay, lies opitositt San Francisco. /!,-i,ici,< (7000% on Karqucnas Strait, has a naval arsenal. S,,„lll,m (,o,oc«.1, in the San Joaquin Valley, is the trade centre for Ihe southern niininB districts. .V.in 7ase lies near the head of San Kranciscn Hay. /,« .l»,-r/,M, in the soiuh, and .V„» /I/Va'O, are near ll-e MeKtean frontier. (C.) Nevaila lies east of California. U occupies lh.it part of the r.reat Uasin which lies between the Sierra Nevada .•tnd the llumlxildt Monnt.iins. The Nevada desert is covered with sand, alkali, and sage brush. Pert.le soil is found only In the valleys. The rivers are few and small. The lakes are salt, and have no outlet. Nevada is very rich in gold, silver, and lead, Coal, iron, and salt, are abundant. (,., Chief Cllies.-Carson Clt» (l.-l, the capital, is near Cirstiii River. ^. , , i;rg,mn Oy>(io,<.«.\ on the Carson River, ,s the centre of a rich silver-nnniuR district. It is fK.., feet above sea evel. 4,.,li,,, in the central part ol the Slate, is on Resse Uiver. 3 V: t^;s k ! f ! I ' i i E ^/f SII.VPR MINR. [ \ '# (A.) The Olitrict ol Colambia is an area of sixty scpiare miles, on the banks of the Potomac Kiver, 120 n„l,.s from its niniitl,. It was ceded by Maryland to the United States, as a site for the seat nl ihe F«lor,.l „r (Itneral fiovenment. It was organized as a Territory in 1871. («.) Chief Cllies.-Washlnglon (rco,o„o\ ,|„. capital, is the metropolis ..f the IJmtcrl States. I. ,. s,.ua,cd on the Polomac, and c ains d,= Capitol, i„ which Congress assembles, and other public bu khngs, mdudinK the Sm.th5on,an Institute Cf„un,led by Ja„,.s Smi.hson, an F.nglishman), th. W Int. House, or cffical residence ,.f d,o President, the Treasury, and the Naval Observatory. The cily w,,s laid nnt by C :„eral W,i.shinsi,.n, wh<. w.is the first President r;,v,-j,./,„„„, i., the neighborh I .,t W.ishinRton, is a great shad and herring market. W Dakota lies west of Minnesota and south „f Canada. The surface is broken bv mountains and valleys. Herds of bis.m roan, over its plains. The Missouri Kiver crosses h from north-west to south-east. Alon=; the rivers the soil is fertile. The Bad Lands occupy an extensive tract ,n the snnth-west. fietween the north and south branch of the Hi, Cbevenne Rner nse the lilack Mills, noted for their tnineral wealth. Dakota is the home „f the Sioux and the Mandan Indians. (A) Chief Towns.- Yanklon t?..)), ihe ca|)- ital, is on the Missnuri. /Vm/Urma«, Si6a feet above the sea, is the highest railroad station in the Rocky Mountains. (F. ) New Mexico lies south of Colorado. The Rocky Mountains traverse its western part, and form the water parting for the rivers Howing into the fbilf of California and into the (iulf o Mexico. Kast of the Rocky Mountains, the Territory slopes towards Texas, and forms part of the Llano Kstajado, The Kio Grande intersects the Territory from north to south. Its fertile valley is =0 miles wide, and is bounded on the west by the sierra Madre. Gold, silver copper, iron, and salt, arc abundant. (/) Chief Towns.-Santa Fe (7000), the capiul, near the Rio Grande, stands on a plateau which IS elevated ahnnt ,..„ feet above the .sea. ami a short distance s„n,l,-„est .,f the base of a snow-capped mountain, winch rises 5000 feet above the level of the t„wn. I. has an important overland trade. Taos, AliugutrgM, and AfMilta, arc small places in the valley of the Ri„ Grande. (G.) Idalio lies west of Montana and Wyoming. It is separated from the former TerritoT' by the liitter Root Range. The surface is mountainous. The Snake River forms part of the western boundary. It has valuable ,n,old and silver mines. (^.) Chlel T0W,,S.--Bol8« Cll, (,00c), the capital, „n Poisii River, a branch of the .Snake River. I. beean,. the capital of the territory in the latter part of .SO,. Gold and silver are f„un7i,: the f-hrence, near the Salmon River, and iV/rrr City, are mining places. (//.) Utall lies west of Colorado. Its rivers fall into lakes which have no visible outlet the principal of which are Cireat Salt Lake to the north, and Sevier to the south of ,t l-xce„t a ong the r.^-rs the soil is not fertile Great Salt Lake is shallow, and abounds iti crystallized salt The Uahsatch Mourtains divide Utah into two nearly equal parts. The principal pr,> .hictions .ire cotton, oats, and barley. The grape and the peach thrive we,,. The summers are warm and the winters are mild. Utah has been the home of the Mormons since 1847. (/-.) Chlet Towns.-Salt Lake CIt, (,3,c»x„, the capiial, „„ the J„r,la„ R,ver, wh,ch connects Great Sa LaKe w,d, Utah I.,,ke. I, was U,d out in Jnly, ,s,;, by a company of , „ Mormons. The climate f he valley ,„ winch the cty stands is very salnhnons, and the s„,l in the neighborhood is extremely fe t,le. Ihe ,no„nta,ns w„ch enclose the valley „n the east side are covered with penietual suow. 1 l,e,r sumnuts are sa„l to be about .0,000 feet (nearly two miles) above the level of the sea. I. is tlTe chief ciminiercial tentri;. O.C*» is on the U,,io„ Pacific Railroad. Proz'o, on the east shore of Utah Lake, and Fim„or.. on a branch of the Sevter, are growi,ig places. i""ior, , (A) Arizona lies south of Utah. It is watered by the Gila and Little Colorado Rivers The including gold, stiver, and copper, are abundant. The soil is not very fertile. ; popl^at'n't! S:-;;;!^" '^'^* '"^ """" "■'" '"'-' "'^■- '- '^'-'-' "•■ «•- ^-^ «-- <- i RiXr"'""' """■ ""■' """° "' ""■■ ""'""'" '' ' ■•'"' "•"""« '"'"""• '■" '■- - "" the Colorado { { (7)Wa«l,ingtonlies south of liritish Columbi.a, on the Pacific Co.ast. It is crossed bv the i w of the highest suinm, s of the Cascade Range, are covered with perpetual snow. Eas o <' he Cascade Range the lerritory is a grazing region; west of it the country is coverelense forests o pine and cedar. The Cohinibia Kiver waters the interior and ft's t lie ' greater part of the southern Ixnmdary. Tuget Soiin.l extends inland .So nules. Lu ber s the chief export. Gold, silver, and coal, arc abuntiant. 0.) Chlel Towns.— 01),mpla(, 200), the capital, is at the head of PmrelSnnnH <:■.. •/ east side ,.f I^nge. Sound, is noted h,r its lumber Ind its fisheries. Sf.aac..,,,, on the was formally made iver to a military fori .If r^u'dei S^t r^-^Ttcin: t"'"^^ pr.nc,p.al part of the Territory lies west of , ,,'■ West I oneitude \ '\'^ '""«'■'• 'he ■niles inbrcuUh, extends southward to the ll.rde^";:^ fSr'^^hin; i^ o t^t"! ^ Along the west coast there IS a clmin of n„mnt.iins, of which Mount ^t inias -.n , , .9,500 feet, is the principal peak. The chief river is the Kwi^u k IvX: '':^2 H:T tanes, the Porcupine and Tanana. Lakes are numerous : I.iamna,'w id ^h ^ t^ H M M--. .s he arges . The soil is sterile, and the climate severe ; but sh an,l fli "ntW a in are plentiful, Salmon ab.unds in the rivers, and there are great banks -, , ., tu \ ' hcmhK.. ..,d,siiver,ir,,n,e.,ai,petroie,in:,rm;::^;'h::'r,?::::^:r":r^^^ popbtion ,s very iimted, consisting of about Sooo whites and ,,,000 Indians, ih son e Eskimo, on the northern coast. The Indians are rapidly tlecreasingin nunikM- The Alentiat, Islands consist of several groups lying U.,ween the Peninsula of Alaska antiles and beautiful birds abound in the lu.xuriant foresls. fl,i^flibl | g[[|P|p: It is 7200 feet alxive the level of the sea. Trff'^yilWS^^ <' } •■:->il"ii^iii,t^limk'- CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES-WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 5. Central States of America. \aiiu'. I'ltjiitiun. ;-== I'ciii'liliiin i.'-^ tUlMlllt). I- (luiiiHinula.. L'. SauSftlvfttlur .'(. Ilniiilnrah. 4. N'lffivu^Miij '. CllBlll lill'il • iN.W. of Ceril, Am. Ill.TTi; l.:;i)(i.lHl(l . 'S.K. ot (iihiti'Mialii. 7 :::i."j r)i](i,(i(i(] . j.N.K. of s. s.ihailor I7,0!iii xid.oud . S.K. of Hoiitlllr;is..|.W,I70i ;!IH),(KM) . S.K. of Nii'ur.i.'na.k'Uml iMri.non ^. ... . .. _.. ■idmn V ,, T "" ■' .-i-r,. oi .^K'ur.irna. L'l.4!>.^ I), lint, IIoii,lur.Ti.|\.K. of (liiuu-iimlttl 7,5fl2 C'upiul. Where lUiiateil. g, = £ N. (i'latuiimla.lMomuKUH liiv, 4ri,i)(l() San Salvador. {N'rlliL'l'aciili' lil.iio.i To;!Ui'i|.allPU [Choliilfi-a liiv. Vi,«m MaoaKiia iT/ke .Mnnaijiin |{l.lKKi Sail .liwiS RIv.CarlhaKo.: IL'.ikmi UellzB Uolizo Uivcr.. B,«1K) Slatet.— (^.) Guatimala extends from the Caribbean Sea to the I'acilic. It is celebrated for two mlcanois alxiiit i ;,ooo feet liii»h, named respectively Fiie^o (l-irc) anil Agii.i (Water), and for its ancient ruins and numunicnts. Cochineal was the chief export, but coffee is now produced in lari;e tjuaiitities. (n.) Chili Placet.— New Guatemala (50,003), the capital, is un a plateau 41;:; feet above the sea. The house- are iniill only one story in height, in ci)nsee|uencc of Ine fretiuent earthquakes. Olll Guatemala, 25 miles to the west, was the former capital. It was founded in \U7 and nearly destroyed by an earthquake in i;;4. ' Coian, in the centre, is a considerable town. .SV. Thomas, on the (ailf of Honduras, and Islafa, on the Pacific, are seaimrts. l^.) San Salvador lies alon,? the I'acilic. It is the smallest of the .States, but, in proportion to Its size, the most populous. The surface is mountainous, it produces the lialsam of Peru. It has rich gold mines. Iniligo is the chief export. ; (b.) Chief Place».-Safl Salyador(i6,ooo), the capital, w.-,sde5troyedbyan earthquake in 1S54. I It has been rebuilt. Cojiitcfequc, on Lake Ilopango, was for a time the seat of government. San Mii^itcl is an inland town- Acajiilta and Libcrhul, on the Pacific, ami La Union, on Fonseca Ray, are seaports. (C) Honduras lies .aloni; the Caribtean .Se.a. It is celebrated for its forests of mahoganyand dye woods. ■I'urtlc fishery is carried on along the shore. Lake Yojoa or Taulelw, 2050 feet above the sea, has an area of 135 sciuare miles. It has three ajflucnis. The liav Islantls (the chief of which are Kuataii, Tionacca, and Utilla) were added to Honduras by liritain in 1S60. I (c.) Chief Places.— Tegucigalpa (12,000), the capit.il, is in a rich mining district. | Cmnayaxua ( iS,ooo), formerly the capital, is near the centre of the State. I Omoa, one of the hottest places in the world, and Truxilh, are the chief ports of Honduras. I {!>. ) Nicaragua extends from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific. The Mosquito Territory, ' stretching along the Caribbean coast from the Kio Coc.i or Segovia to the San Juan, w.is cedJd to .N'icaragua in rSr.o. It contains Lakes Leon or Managua and Nicaragua, the latter drained by the San Juan. The surface is hilly, and the scenery beautiful. (.1'.) Chief Places.— Managua (10,000), the capital, is situated on a lake of the same name. Leon (30,000), the former capital, near the I'acific coast, has a fine cathedral. Ran Juan, or Greytmvn, on the Caribbean coast, has an excellent harlior. Rcalcjo is the principal port on the Pacific coast. (/;.) Costa Rica, or Kich Coast, extends from the Caribbcin Sea to the Pacific. Its surface is niounl.iinous. T'he forests are extensive, and alxjund in dye woods. It has .'old and coal. Coffci- is the chief export. (c.) Chief Places.— San Jose (12,000), the capital, 4500 feet atove the sea, is in the midst of a coffee district, Carlai^o, the former cajiital, was nearly nestroycd by an earthquake in iSji, ranta Amias, on tlio (iulf of Nicoya and CiMira, on the Pacific coast, are the chief soa])orts. T//E WEST INDIA ISLANDS. '. call«l by Cohimbun, who supposed thai ,hcy lay on the route to .he K.ist indies. Size, about that of England and IreUncI, or equal to a Kjuare of 306 miles. 1. Noted For.— Their Irtipical pro- duction.s anil fer- tility. Tlicy are chlclly culunial |)c>s- .sessiims of (ireat Hrilain, I''r.aiice, Spain, Denmark, and llollantl. 2. Position. — They extend from the southern part of the Peninsula of Flo.-ida to the Gulf of ^ ^nezuela, on the n irth of the WEST INDIA ..Koofcrs. contincnt of .South America. 1 hose opposite the American coast were first called AnIilU-s, and that name has been since applied to the whole of them. Thev have been v.iguciv I denominated the ff^'.rf /«,/,„, from the term /W/„, originallv'given to America by I t hnstoplier Columbus. These islantls m.ay be said, in general terms, to run in a I south-east iluection from the coast of Florida, to the iiorlh-east part of South America, forming a sort of interrupted barrier to the (Julf of Mexico and the ! C aribbcan Sea. 3. Divisions.— They are divided into four groups, viz. : I. the liahamas whch stiotch 600 miles south-east of f.'lorida. If. The greater Antilles (front anti-hle, or isles opposite the main land), reaching from the Gulf of >texico to the Virgin Islands, in. Tl>e I.es.ser Antilles, from I'orto Rico to the mouth of Orinoco Kivcr; and I\ . The Venezuela Coast Islands, off the northern co.ast of South America. The Greater Antilles are Cuba, Ilayti, Jamaica, and Porto Kico, The Lesser Antilles are o T,i„i,lad. The Knglish, ,lie French, a, I the Spaniard ave affixed d.fferen, „,eaui,,„ .0 ,l,e .enu.s ln„.,...ar.i a„d /..,.„.„.,/ /./„„,/,. ' „ is cvWe tin 4. The British West India Islands and the Bermudas. Xaiiif. (/•;.) British Honduras lies e.ast of Vuca.an. It extends ,along the Caribbean Sea from if.) Chief Place,--The capi..,, is Bellie or Walli (6000), a Spanish corruption for WMIi, .0 name of a noted l-,n.,lish pirate who formerly frequented the principal ri e Tf 1 ,ndm s' 1 he anchorage m front of the harbor is excellent, I, has an lios'pi,aI,'and a hinatle lyhi'm. lt.VII,VM.\s .'.t.M.Ml'.V I.i:kw.m:ii I,-.i,.\mis. Virgin Ishiud.s*. ., .\iignilhi Ilailuidn St. Kitts N.nis -ViitigUii .Moiit.siM-nit Doiiiiuiea Wl.NHW.Mtl) Isi.AMll St. l.iicia .St. Viueoiit (iri'iiailiiH's (Iri'iiad:. Dnrbadoes Tobago Trinidad l'ri(Miii.\s • (S,,11lP„f tlH't. j -Mnclc of iirtiiiu.Uipii unit j iliUp. . SetthMuout. ]i;l".i .ICiipitiiliitioii, lii.-,,-| , .' . Settloiiient, Kiim . Settlcniciit, liiiu; j . (.'apituhition. lliiiii I . ^Scttlcniciit, li;i>:i, ](i,-iO.,| . SettloiiiiMit, Ki'j.s ... . jSettlomcnt. lil"L> \[ . 'SottleiiH'iit. l.;;'.o 1 . jC'cdod by Franco, i'Tiiii. . '<'a|iitiihitioii. Lso:!.. , ' .Ceded by Kmiico, 1711:; | , (.'oiled by Fiance, ]7(|;l. 1 Ceded by |.-iaueo, nc'l.h Settlement, liia'i ' (.•eded by Finiice, 17r;' t'ii|>itiihitioii, 17!I7 .. . Settleincnf. pill r.>|iiiiuii„i (uli.JiU). Cnpjtul. Pop. .'i,;«io 4.i!i;i "lil.Lno Xassau ! 7,(100 rm,m) Spanish Town ; (i.OOO li.liTiO .'i.HUO 2,r>lK) l.'H.7(K) IL'.lHHI o.'i.'JIlO S.7(K) '-".l,(X10 ;i;i,(ino ,'!(i,()(N) Ifili i 40,81)0 7S I 70 i L'O i KW i H2 I 201 I 2;)7 I 147 I Kifi 114 1,7.'>4 40 i(i;i,ooi) 17.1HH1 1I0,(1(K1 PUnO I Koadtowii . , :.Vii^'uilhi liarbuda.. . Ilasseterre. . , I liarlc-ti wu. St. ,lohn Plymouth . . . tUoscnu ... . t 'astrics Kingstown, . .St . George. . . Hvidgetowii ,Searhoroiii;h. Port of Spain Hamilton 2,S00 ;irio 130 7,700 LSflO I.-L.TOO 1.400 I r>,coo ! 2,400 : r,.rm \ 4.000 '■-'2.000 o.fHX) 24.1)00 2,.'>00 5. The Spanish Island, are Cuba, Isleof Pines, Porto Kico, and two of the Virgin Isles. 6. The French Island, arc <„,a,laloupe, l.Vsir.ad... Marie tialante, Les -Saintes, St. Ilartholo- mew, the imithcrn part of St, .Martin, and Martinique. groj/'" "'""'' """'" '"'-' '"'" '^'"' '*• ■'''"™"^' ^""' ^^- J"'-- ^'» '" "- Virgin 8. The Dutch tsland, are St. Lustatius. Sal„, and the soud, part of .s,. Martin in the Leeward Islan.ls, and Los Koqiics, Uuen Mn: Curasoa, and ,>uba in the \eiiezuelan Coa!! 9. Haytl, between Cuba and Porto Kico. is indc|.cndeiit. 10. The Venezuelan Islands arc Margarita, Tortuga, and drchilla. il 62 JVESr INDIA ISLANDS. BRITISH WEST INDIA ISLANDS AND BERMUDAS. NEW PROVIQCNCE. SCT-VLCO INiaiS COULDINS Bay (^fjf-HO«Aac. CONCH toe KS. lt|3(' I. The Bahamas, or Lucayj lilandi, an- a j^mup of about 500 islands north-east of Ciib.1 and south-east of Florida, between which and the liahama Islands the (iiilf Stream flows into the Atlantic. Tliey are chieHy lonif, narniw, and rocky. The sand I)anks iirc dangerous to navigation. The chief islands are, (irand Hahania, (ireat Alxicii, Kleuthcra, Andrns, New Provi- dence, (iuanahani 01 San Salvador, Kx- lima, I.rm;^, Acklin, iMariyiuna, and (ireat lna;.;ua. J Ik- Caicos and 'J'urk Islands, at the simthern extremity of the lialunias, arc annexed to tlie gov. crnment of Jamaica. San Salvador Is. land (Watlinij's Island) is supposed to be the first land of the New Western World discovered by Columbus. Many of the settlers in 17SJ were Ameriean Cnitecl- Empire Loyalists. COilWtrCB.— The chief exports are salt, sponges. oran;;es, pine apples, and other fruits. Nauau, the capital, is a well-built city gn New Providence Island. Its harlMir affords safe anchoragc- PINU APKLB. (3). SI. Christopher, nr SI. Kltto, is traversed in the centre by a volcanic mountain ridge, in tlic middle of whlLli ri>cs Mount Misery, 4100 feet hi,i;h. The scenery i-* beautiful, the soil fertile, and the clim.itc healthy. There are four rivers, and several salt-i>onds. Hurricanes occur occasionally: a terrific one visited the island in 1772. Exports: sugar and rum. • Baueterre is the capital. AHgnllla is a dependency of St. Kitts. (4)- Ncvil i^ a single mountain, two miles south nf St. (.'hristophcr. Exports: suj;ar, mm, and molasses. The gnvernment is administered by the Lieutenant (ioveriior i>f St, Kitts. (5). Dominica is of volcanic orii-in, and is the highest of the Lesser Antilles. Though ninuntainous, the valleys are fertile. Ex lorts : su«ar, coffee, rum, and cocoa. Chief Towni. -Roseau, the capital, and .S7. Joseph. (f^*). The Virgin Islands are a group of 100 small isles cast of Porto Rico. They occupy a space of aUtut io3 miles loni; by 20 wide. Fifty of them are Kriti^h ; the others Ijelun j to I )enmark and Spain. Turtula, Virgin tiorda, and Anegada are the chief uf the iJritish islands. Exiwrts: sugar, cotton, coffee, cattle, and copper. Roadtown, in Torto.i, i^ the capital of the British Islands. 4. The Windward Islands arc as follows: ( I 1. Barbados nr Barbadoes, the fusl-settled Mritish West India Colony, is the most easterly of the group. It is nearly encircled by coral reefs. The surface is hi-hly picturesque. It is one of the healthiest of the West India Islands. Kains fall in November and December; Init viulent thundcr-stnrms are not frequent. Uf the 106,470 acres which it contains, 1 50,000 are under cultivation, \n^r,no with su;^ar-orts consist of sugar, mo- lasses, meal, tlour, n.m, and tar. Bridgetown, fine citv. the capital, is a ^''CiCHTSTOWNJJ^Xi- B ARBA D OS SCTTI.ED IN ie03. BRIDCC-VOVi« CNW^' ( 2 ). St. Lucia is twenty-one miles north by east of St. \'in- cent, and twenty miles south of I'rench island of Martin- if|uc. It has a rugged and moun- tainous surf.icc: many of the heights arc fantastic in appear- -^ ^^ '"i-^ *. ^ ancc. The forests are dense, *» ! ut the valleys arc fertile and well cultivaled. Exports : sugar and coccta. Chief Towns —Castries, the capital, and Sonjfriln: liriil^ednvn Latitudi 04' N. LiJi'^itude. 5'i^ ^;' W. 2. Jamaica, <>r the Land of Wood and Water, one <>f the (ircatcr is the most important and the largest of the liritlsh West India Islaiuls discovered bv ("olinnbus in 1494. It is sitiialed 90 miles snnth of ("td)a, in the Caribbean Sea. Its length is about one hundred and fifty miles, and its width fifty. The JJluc Mountains, in many places from 7000 to '>rts are sugar, rum, c(tffee, lo,;ur)nd. and spices. iiii. the scat of government, is in the interior of the extcTisivi; commerce ni.ike> ' \. a place of Commerce. Spanish Town, or .sv. lutio de l,i / Island, abiut 16 miles from Kingstnn. Kingston ( ',5,000) is die chief ]ilacc of trade, and il consecjuence. port y?o_)'«/{i5,ooo) is a fortified naval ^ ation. 3. The Leeward Islands, embracing the six colonies of Antigua, Montserral, St. Christo- pher, Nevis, Dominica, and the Virgin Islands, were imitcd as one Eederal Colony in kS;i. by Act of Imperial Parliament. (i). Untigua.— ihe co r.t %tt^ fc./e^r ^^ ''"^ J'-land is indentec and /^^ ^^^^^(v^\- ^j^^.^ Exports : sugar cotton, ■'f~)^ Af' rum, and niolassf ChiLi Towns. - St. John, the capital, I almoiithy and Parham. Barbuda, a fertile island, ; : /:-uc::r; grain, cotton, and ' >uacco, is a dependency of Antigmi surface are mountainou^ ; the ANTIGUA SETTLED IN 1632. *^ file'* T ^^^^ tV^"^ Oir^i'^j f(fi rxx-vx\. The interior i . rich ^^^^^^^-'^'^ '■^0^'^^'* x-^^'dl. '^"'^ fLTtilc. The climate is (2). Monlserrat remainder is fertile an o\al-si^pcd i-^land. Two-thirds of tl; Exixjrts : sugar, rum, tamarinds, and arrowroot. Chief Town.— Plymouth. HARVESTING MtiAR CANE. (,;). St. Vincent, discovered by Columbus on the festival of .'^t. Vincent, is a hundred miles west i.f Marbadoes. A ridge of well-wnoded hills runs north and south throut.;li the island. Soutfricre, a volcanic mountain, is 3000 feet high, with a crater three miles in circuit and 00 feet deep. The valleys are fertile, and the climate is humid. The exuorts are sugar, .nolasses, arrowroot, rum, cocoa, and cotton. Some of the Grenadines, of which Betpiia is the largest, are dependencies. (4 ). Grenada, north-west of Tobago, is a k-auliful oblong island. The interior, traversed by volcanic mountains (some of them 3000 feet high), is rugged and picturcMpie. In tlie centre is a circi:''vr Kike, 1700 feet al»ve sca-levtl, and enclosed by lofty mountains. Strcinis are numerous. Exports: sui;ar, rum, and cocoa. Sfuue of the (Irenadines, of which Carriacou is the largest, are dependencies. St. Georgetown is the capital. J t I L hI miles e island. ciiit and e suyar, crscd by j c crntre \ iins are < „i T J I I (S*. Tobago, twcntv-fipur iiiilcs iic.rlli-iMst iif Iniii.Ii,! i. •, n„. I T^'^T^'^^^"^ inuhisM^, and iiiiii. . i..»|p"ji sii",ir, 8Cur!M>'ke ""c and a l.alf tniles in elrenit, and ,So feet above the .sea.' ' li ,a i, tt' ;;;"r ; ::,:" - '-''- -" "-'- ^'-'^-^- ^-^^ -.'-- a^e ..i i:; Port or Spain, the eapital, is one of the fines, towns in the West Indies. The ''■''' ■' ' "" "'""' •""' "^■^' '■™^'" =>^^' K"-«l ^..ul are plentifnlly stocke.l withfish THE BERMUDA ISLANDS :ettled in 1611. 1 ^„^j5EuliaS TOWN SCEomES^:^. '""X^KTC^:, "OMItVLEr TUB BANANA. 5. The Bermudas, or Somers I.sland.s, are a clus- ter of coralline island.s, about 500 In ninnlier, and of very fantastic shapes, in the North .Atlantic Ocean, 600 miles from .South Car- olina. They were named respectively after Juan Hermudez, a .Spaniard, who first sighted them in 1527, and from Sir Ccorge Somers, an Knglishman, whose shipwreck here in 1609 was the Immediate occrsion of their being colonized from Virginia. They are almost sur- rounded by coral reefs, the only ones in the Cen- tral .Atlantic and the most northerly ones on the gh)bc. The chief e.xports are potatoes, tomatoes, bananas, onitins, anil ar- row-root. Hamilton, the capital, is on Long Island, the rriniipal island. Clniii;,tinrn,on St.Gccirsc's ' Island, is fortified. ; Ireland IslanrI h.is extcii- ' .sivc dockyart's, .ind Doaz, I convict prisons. i li I i '< 04 IVJiST INDIA ISLANDS. S/'.l.\/.S// wh Ana, li.»7«~|U'io mil.-, "i "lu.' ST /.\n/.i til A Hiu.irs III all — : — I— ISLANPS. DUTCH WEST INDIA ISLANDS. Arr.i. ir>S Kiuaic luilcii, i.r ,il>oiit a fcnuiri: iil i>) mill-'. I Thm lllindt lie In the n..rlli aivl «onlh p,Ktn ..f ll..> CariblKan Sr.i. Thpy are W M.,rl,„ (u, ,urt), .s-...*.i, .SV. liusUtlius, L,„ A',.,/..^', i*.«-« /'.V', C«--.i(W, an.l Or«/'... t St Marllll, m<\ tlm,I Oruka ..re olf il»- South American coast. Th, v .-rr lHlh:,.,tlo.r tb, , i.o. 1 I^.■(.■^,...t, ar. mU. limU-r, Inm-juic. .och,„.-.,l, .o.,l (run. ltV//;,,"/..r,;.//, ihu (..|.il,il o( th,' nvoup, i'. .. place ol conM,l,-r..lile tr.uh-, IM)r.I'l'.NDF.NT.—IIA YTI. OR SAN DOMIXCO. ||.,v,„ (r...n *,..W/. IorI. UiuI. Ar.... >9.V, „,"■>"• '"il'-. '" '■•l'"' >" ■> ■"l"''"' "' '" ''"'•'^' I'l'ltuiatlou, Hoo.tno. CITV or 11AV\NX. IIIIA tArir.M OK TIMI I'ANI'ill WF-T CNOIA ISLANDS, I. Noted for. -Cuba, ..ill.-.l Ihe " Oucrn of the Anlillcs," i» notc.l lor bcio;.; th.' l.irx>'>l ol j the WVst Imlia M.vn.K, .o>il for its fertility. J. Poilllon.-The W.iii.l of CiiIm, the most imiHirt-mt of 'h Wrvl In^li.v -.irour, Is silu.il.'.l ,ilh of Klori.U ill the rnilfcl St.Uos, l>ctw<-en Iho ti,.rlhcrnmosl (..irt ..( Yucatan aii.l to ll-.i in hriMcllh. tlu' westirnioosl jxiint of Uayti. It is aiioul 700 mil,-, hm- .iii,l .,l»'ol :-^ 3 Pt-mlcal Featur«l.-A ui,mut.,iii ran^e runs ,,1,.U'.; th.- M.liul , f Culu, ,livi,lin^ it into North .ool .--..ulh Col .,. •rlu- C.i.io, th- l.o--,-~t ,;>,-r in th,- isl.nul, Hows r • m-les from th,' Copi',', Mo.inl.uns. The vall.->s ,in,l plains ,.1 l!,,- no.lh.'in pan a.,' r„h an,l 1,-itil,'. thief |.r,«lucts : sui;,»r, coffee, tolacco, Ir.^pical fruits, iuaho;.ai.y, .o.,l copp,-, . 1 he rivers .oul co.ut. Iboiind with rtsh, and turtles frequent the shallows. 4 Cities. -Havana ui" >' '.. //,..'..«.. uhe harh,,,), the rapit.rl. Is .uhmmWv sit„,ueH on ih.- ,„„„,.»-,.>. coa,. of f.,lM. ao,l ,, ,1 Pla.e ol K„'a. .cnnKrcial hnporUnc,'. ll, h-uhor ,, one of ,lK l«-M in Amen, a. Th,' .'otran.,- 10 it is lhro„sh a nar.-w 1'a.saKc ha f a lu.le !,.„«. A , r.,n«.y , forlil-u-.l castle Buar,ls eillu', ,i,l,' ,-( Ihc entrao,-... The (-..Ih^h..', ll-e f.ov.rnor (..-neral , I alace, | ,l„. l'o,l niTic,-, an,l the Ar„-nal are the p.inci|.al .'.lilue,. A railway connects the a,l|at,„ ,.,„,„. The ren,ai„s .,( folun,h„s „h.. .lie.l in .y- .0 Vall.nloli,! (S,,a,n> as,-,l ;o. «,r.' r.-,n,.«-.l in ■.„., fn,m Seville ^Spa,„^ ,0 San l.,.,nn,«o tllavO>, in ,s,-„ „. lla.ana, ami o, .*.o ,0 a cm.-t.'.v ne-ir that city. .lAi.-.ins." (Ji'.'««'\ on the north coisl. is an important s,-apo,-. S.iHU.tg<. t.lo.--> is the vhief port on the ',o„lh..-aM , .-a-l. rnHi.l.til, o" ih,- south i-o\sl, has a i;oo,l halhor. f'tifrf,. Pr.'r V l.ri,>Kio^ is an imiMut.it,t inlalul I rn \ur:'il,ts ihe norlli coast. the Isle of Pines, t- the south. h.-.onRs i„ luha. 5, Porto Rico uich p.',l>. a hcauflnl i.lao.l. «,.h a l\ne elim.t.e ..n.l l.'rille so;l I, was ,li..,.'v,r.-,l I'v tV.innhus .lurloK Ins s, cnnl vov.t;:e n, ihr var ,,.,.,a„.l ,s a II lies hetvvTcn ihe Isl.rml , f llavo an,l Ihc VivBO, IslaixK, San Juan ,n,lo.>\ on the north t.nst, is ,!',• capital. Tho islan.l of CM.- r /-........ce /.<.■..„,/. in tin' VoRin Broiip, heloilRs I" I'-no U„". It i T,.-,t,-,l hv a railioi.l «oh its |"-it- oli-H I.T Its aKii.,1 .Irpemtenvv of C'lll'.' -; FREXCn IVF.sr /x/^/.t /s/axiks. Aroa, mil sipiar,- iniU"-. -r ,-,pial to a Mpiau- .'( V miles. I Guailaloupa lies s.mth of Anti^^ua. It is ,livi,l,-.l In- a str.tit into ,„„ isl.-.n.'s. .■.,lli-,l (;..,„,/. /•,-„.■ an,l Dns.„- T.-ru: Ilasse Terre isvol.-.inic, ami contains ,h.' I'oin.n, t.ioutuam of Sou^Tri^re, clo.S feet hijh. llrainle Terre is of coral formation, ..n,l ,s hss l,rt 1, . U.,ne C.,il.u,t.: Us S.,„,f.s. /Vwr.../.-, a.ul ,.,r1 of Ihc islanil ,'1 -SV. .U..."". >" Hu' n..rtl„ are .k'prn.lencies. Chief e-ciwrts : sii'^ar. coffee, cocoa, ami si'.ces. Baue Terre is the cpilal. /•,•».•.•,•./•..-.. is the chief town in t^amle Ti-rre. a, MartlnllO. is separate,! from ,o,a.lal,n.pe hv Pominic.. 1. ';;'«^^;- ■"';' ':,;;".;;:^;;: ,,„ ,„,,, In--. The interi.u is w,-ll woo,le,l. an,l. where level, is lert.le. 1 he ,h,.-l .xporls are sii'^ar an,l colli'C. r.irl A'iM-.i/ is Ihe milit.try capital. ^^ ri:-r.r is th,' prin,--pal pl-tce ol tra.le, 1. is the hirlhplace of Insephin,-, the hrsl K mpress of NaiKilctMi !. 3. St. BartHolomew I„s Ivtw,-.,, m. Martin a„.l lUrbn.la. U is hillv. fhe evports at,' cotton an,l sail. I'lie eapit.il is Gustavla. IKlXlSH U/:sr iXDiJ I'SFAXPS. : Ar,-a, 101 s,iuare mi'a's. or lu-arlv a square of , , miles. i I Santa Cm is the br.es. of the Danish Virgin Islands. ;rhe nortlo-rn pir. . h,lK, but ; the interior is l!.tt. The chi.'f rr">l"ets .ire su-ar and cotton. i ^, T:..„.u and S,. r..^" are two islamls .0 the north of S.mta Cru.. 1 hev are r- , .v aiM \ irres-dar, ?t. Thomas,' the capital, is an i,„,v,rtant mad-pacl;ot station. { :. Chrisllanstailt is the capil.il , f the ^r.^.p. 1,AV OK J.AMANA. Position ittC.-Th,- Islan.l of ll.tvti, or San Domin,o, was cdle,l In- Columbus //.--/.-mV/.r, ,-r I itiio -'p'>i". 1' 'i'- '»•'«■"■" '■-"'" Ki"-'""" "'''■■'' " '" '^'i'''"'"' ' ■■ ;'"', y'"-; ''; s.,.,' - , n th,' i-asl, ami Iam..iea ami Cuba on the west. The channel betweet, the l.t.ter Islaml and I lavti is ,l,.„ominale,l bv seamen Ih,' I Vh„h,H,nl /'„....,w,-,and ,s alxsut ;/, miles wi.le. The n Hives al th.' time of the .liseoverv of the islan,! were of the Caribbean race, but they were sub- i,i,;ate,l bv the Spaniards, in t ,.,-„ who R.tve it the name of San Doimn.,0. In .6,.-. the islan.l was .iivi,l,.,l into two p.irls, K'tween I-'rance and .s.uin ; that which ,s now properlv .,„d strictiv callcl //,„/,, .iml //,../.."-,./„, the former comprelu'iulins the Fcnch ,liv,s,on an,l the l,,„crthe Spanish. In .70., .be slav,', in the western, or French, part of the isl.,nd rose and ,„.,.sacre., he whites. In tS,-,, it became an In,lepen,lcnt Kepubbc and slavery «-.ts als. .shed 1„ ,S., ,, a secoml in,lepen.lent Ne,ro Republic was cstaMishe.l, in the eastern, . r Sp.,nis li, pat- of ih' island, iin.ler th,' name of Dominica ; but in iSf.t the Dominican Kepubhc pl,.c.'.l itself under the protectiim of Spain. Physical Features, -I-bc^e are two ,reat chain, of mountaitr, which s.relch from east t,, vv.-s, an,l (p-in tlu'se numerous spurs branch out. There .ire als„ imm,-nso plains calk.l A- i /./„,;„.,, which occupy nearly a sixth part of the islan.l. The rivers ,a,.- numerous, an.l tlu're are l.uny e„ellcnt K.vs and l,arl«-rs. The »oil is very pro,l..c.ive, an.l the flora is v.r es,.. - ! Mve The island is ,hslinquishe,l for its mine, of Rold and silver, copp,'r an.l ir-n, M.diogany I is a staple export. Snjar, cotton, coffee. tob.acco, and cocoa are its chief exports. Port au. Prince (^r-^""!, the capital ,.f Uayti, is situated on the Hav of Conaivcs, i (,.-/.• /Am-.';,-.; (l3,ooo), ,m the mirth coast, is an important town. 1 y.umfl is im the south roast, ! Sat, Oomlngo (.;.oonV on the south coast, was founded bv the Pp.aniar,ls in ,.,05. a"' '"'>v i K- . msid^-'l tlu' lirst nn,l ,d,les. I'-.tiropean settlement in ,h,' West Indies. 1 he port, thoush „nb lit f.ir small vessels, is convenient ami safe. ■ S.mlmi.' (13,000), and .V,„;r,r.„t, on the north coast, are imp,.rtant ports. II am.ina is'one of the tinest natural harliors in Ihc world. I!a VEXF./rFJ.AX isi.Axns. Margarita, Tortuga, Orchllla, Blangullb, an.l ih- islet ,.f Testigos f.'im .he state ,-f Nueva I';s,urt' tie ,"."• st...t,.s of Vene.iola. Ascuncion is the ,apit.ll. Si,e of islan.ls, ateut a "'" Mlirii.i'vis'fornurlv ceh-brated f,,r its pcail-ovster tisherv. It li,s northward ..f Cumana. Tortufja lies sixty miles west of Margarita. n ; Ia,p, ; si'tii,' ! s,>iii:i ; l.at.) ; 5- "11' rf Nu(»va \ s, a!xmt a | f Cumana. [ ^^^-^-' T ^•W«.«MI» fi->*T':-^ffm *#i(P#^ 5 -p— I)AX/S/f A.\rF.RICA-FRE,SCH NORTH AMHRICA. DANISH AMERICA. Arri, ^tf],*oo Kquari! mil.-, ..r cqii.il In .1 »<|ii.iri- i.( 7i)<) mile» Extent. -Danish America crimpriscM i;r,;nl,iii,t {in |i,iii). /,,/,(«,/. and .siuiu- ■ill 1 li 1 i^l.iiul. lyiii;; .iliiny their ciiasls. (;a-/:/:x/..ix/). Sc( c.illwl from tile Krt'fii i .ilicMil r«..,..«.s,,u !-li"i.-,«lH.nfl. .l.hM,,v,.r,-,l, v.D.gSf,. Au.l, proMilv i'i|".il 1,. .1 sq.i.ii f .,( 775 niili-s. I'„,,i,laii..ii, ,,.*«, I. Noted For. -Greenland i. .hiciy „ I f,„. i,. ,iiscove,v in- ila- r.cl:.„,K.rs cxplou,! |,y l.r..l.,.shL.r, Davis ami lialiin i.i I5;(-, i,, iCM,. 2 Pasltlon and Physical Features.-ri.is ,.,,: .• f,-,,, ,„, „,„„, ,, , „,„, M. ,,l,an,l ,,,,,-. .cas, l,v .hc Aa.ic Occaa; „„,he .„„ul, .ast ami .o.uh l,v lu. Atlantic ; ami ,m tlic: wos. I,y Davis Strait. Ilafrin's liay, an.l Kauicclv Channel. Is., ve«i,,n of niikiiown extent ,u,rtl„vanls. S„„,e ,e,.ir.l it as a cliis.e, of islands joine.l ,„,,ctlK.r l,v lee. 1 he ii„«i„r has not hecn exg.Io.ed. .\lon« the coast the ""I '".kv. lowards the eastern shore. Monnt IVtennaiii, snifaee is inoiiiit.iiiu anil 1 the height r.f ii,.|jo feet. I'ai'e l--.ireivell is the southern e.vtreitiitv. ;..... ....lyn. i„„....,„s .:,h a, st a,, the ;::^:rz ^r;;;;,.:;;:r : :;■ ! :r;:rc::^is::;:er;^.::;r;:-^^^^^ S., cillcl (r,i,„ ii, icy c„I,ln«.. It i, ,„m,.lim« conudereJ a. bdunBinu to Kum,w. Arf.i, ,,^„ ><|U.iri- milea, or equal tu a aquarc ..( !.« mil«. PopuLllion, 7j,,).x,. 1. Noted For— IcelaiMi l» noted for its eight active volcanoes, chief amoim which H the celehrate.l .Monnt Ilccla (s.Mofeet), which has been a Imrning n.oiimaiii since the year 1106. Ahoiit thirty volcanoes have hecn iliscovered o,. the island. It i.s also noted for its wonderful geysers and the niiinher of it.4 hoiling springs. 2. Position.— This island is sitn.ited on the verge of the Arctic ocean. It is distant from the colonized part of (Mceiiland 166 miles, from the Keroc Isles, 2JO miles, and from Drontheim In Norw.iy jjo miles. It was discovcre nieclieiiial moss are met with ; orclitarv .arden ^e,et.abl , ,row in a hun.lance. Domestic animals are numerous, the eider.liick and fish are i ab indan. .■ ,„„n, the mincr.d productions arc oolite, cbsidian, nial.ichites, Uvsalts, cry tX : agates, a kind „. petrilied w I, which supplies the place of coal, and vitriol and iron. \ 6. Tlie Natural Curioslllei are the volcanoes, and the celebrated Geysers, or lx,ilin, springs, i i ! THB tiBVSBRS, o» BlIlM.VO SPKINGS, IN ICBUND. which aboun.l in tlio w.sterii part of the iskind.' inei!;J*"e't!'lTrT "V' "'" ■^™"'""'^"'^" "^■- The cMin,, or council of twenlvsix Dennuirk. '" ' "'' '""'' "' """'""'■ '''" '''"""""" " ^"P"'"'^"' "■• "^ '^■"' "' Mciim OF TK.\VHLl.m(l AMONi; TUB libKHD.s. 4. Dlyi3ll)l„.--Sreeitlai.ll is divi.kd, by the Coth parallel, into a Vorlh.rp a.>d - ^ee.i-.- ;,•■,);;;,',;'":, ' ;'"■"- "■; f;"\''''' "" "'*• ■^'■""l. *» 'l-^- ^pltal ot X„r,hern, and .1 !' nt's V '^ • "T" ; '^ """• "^ ""■ •'"""'"" ■-P-">-""- ■'•!.<= oll-cr chief sc 1 iiunts an 7„„„„.,vl,,„/,, the pr,ncip.d statiim in Greenland, atul /-V.v/.rW-./,,,,,^, i„ „,e "1. ,/Av, „/,„,', ,|,e eh.el nii.ssion station, «,■/,//„„..l]t (i^Il, ' 2. Extent and Position.-It is composed of -he small fishing islands of .]//,,„,./„„ including /.,„v/,.,. peninsula, and .SV. JWrr,, which lie off the south coa.st of Xew- foundland ; on a part of which coast the French have, by treaty, a right to salt or Chlel Town.-St. Plem, on .'^t. Pierre Island; the surface is rocky and vegetation scanty. II I .M 1 i f! PART III. SOUTH AMERICA South America is noted for its compactness, and its \inbrol!/' Gallinas, nortli-east of Columbia, the northernmost point of South America ; Cape P.iri.i, at the entrance to the C.nlf of Paria. cum; morn. (4) Gulfs and i&yt.—Gtil/ n/ Darien, north of Columbia; Gulf of Paria. north of \eneziiela; Gulf of Venezuela, between Columbia and Venezuela; to the south of this gulf is the lagoon of Maraca^yia ; Bay of Guattmaia, to the uortli of Panama. II. In the Atlantic Ocean. (i.) Islands.— .1/r;ra/(i or Joannes, and Cavianna Islands at the mouth of the Amazon. The Falkland Islands, a group of ,wo large (East Falkland and West Falkland) and about 200 small islands, about 300 miles east of Soutliern Patagonia ; South Georgia, a barren region with high snow-clad mountains, about 1000 miles south-east nf Patagonia. The archipelago of Tierra del Fnego lies off the south coast of Patagonia, from which it is separated liy the Strait of M.igellan. The most soutliern island of the group is J/orn Is/and, and the most eastern Statcn Island. In the large island, named Eastern Tierra del Fnego, there are several volcanoes,— whence the name Land of Fir-j. The other principal islands of the group are Clarence, Iloste, and A'ararin. (2.) Peninsula.— .S'o de A'orte (North Capt), at the mouth of the Amazon; C.;/<- St. Koque, north-east of Brazil : Cape liranco, the most eastern point of South America : Cape San Thome aid Cape Frio, east (jf Brazil : Cape Santa Maria, east of Uruguay: Cape San Ani,.nio and Cape Corrienles (Ca\k of Currents), east of Buenos Ayres: Cape Tres /'««/,«, cast of Patagonia : Cape I'in^ins, i\l the eastern entrance to the Strait of Magellan : ('■;/,• .S',;« Ihego, at the eastern entrance to the Strait of I.e .\Iaire : Cafe Horn, on Horn Island, the most southern point of the New World, (4.) Gulfs and ^«i%.— Estuary ,f the Amazon ami Kia Para, iinrtli of Brazil: All Saints l!a\, in Balr'a : Hay of A'io de Janeiro, east of the pro\ ince of Rio de Jane^r.i • laie of Patos, in Rio (Jrande de Sul : F.stnary o/' the A'io de la Plata, between Uruguay and La Plata: liahia /!lanca,\\\ Buenos Avres; Gulfs of San A. alias and St George, cast of Patagonia. (5.) Straits.— .SO-.i// 1/ yl/;,!,','//,;//, between Pat.agonia and Tierra del Fucgo : Strait of I.e Moire, lictwecn Tierra del Fiiego ami Stateu Island. III. In the Pacific Ocean. (l.) Islands.— The Galapagos, or Turtle l.dands, thirteen in number, lie 700 miles west of Ecuador, to which State they belong. They are of volcanic origin, generally barren, and umnh.djitcd. They are frecpienleii by turldises of inunensc size, wlience the name Turtle Islands. Albemarle Island :iiid /ndcfil.'g-lile Island :ire the largest, Two nthers are named James Island and Charles Island, after kings of the Stuart lim. The Chineha Islinds, west of Peru, are a sm.ill ,eroiip crvered with a rich deposit of e.vcelleiit guano. Juan Fernan.lcz lies about 400 iiiilos west of Chili, -„-,< f profusion 4600 miles, 2100 miles, It 7.187.500 liles, about ■ temperate le of coast liree great ast are the ian group ; the Straits PopiilalifMl / Coi"ilal. [ 50.000 j 50,000 \ ;)7,ooo J 25,000 ! 8,0(X) ; 273,000 ! 80,000 100,000 I K.OOO ! mum 1 •joi 1.000 < 2(1, (KX) i '•1,000 i yoo 1th of the and West '.itagonia ; 000 miles the south The most c'll hhlttti. Icanoe.s, — ;roup are ih-easl of in 7/it'mt' Oi/i' .Sijii Ca^e Tfi's .Strait iif ire r r,;A- if Brazil: >f Kio tie U r/,il.u •fs of San I Kuego : J 700 miles \ generally j e, whence ' , e largest, ', i he .Stuart th a rich of Chili, r 1 I [I 11 n hi 68 SOUTH AMERICA. to which it belongs. It is iS miles in length, and is of volcanic formation. It is celebrated as the solitary residence, for four years, of Alexander Selkirk, whose adventures suggested to Defoe the well known tale of Robinson Crusoe. Chiloe, Chouos Archipelago^ Wellington^ Mmire tie Dioi AnhipdagOy and Desolation /.ami in the Tierra del Fuego Archipelago, west of Tatagonia. (2) Peninsula.— /\'«/«j//Az */ 7res Motttes, west of Patagonia. (3) Capes. — Cape San /''fuunriseo, \\c-a\. of Kcuador ; Cape Blanco^ Cape Agnja, and Cape Parina^ the most western point of South America, all north-west of Peru ; Cape Pillar, at the western entrance to the Strait of Magellan ; Cape Frowardy the most southern point of the mainland of South America. (4.) Gulfs and Bays.— ^r Cord/llera of tlie <^>ast, -Are: (.'luKiui- baniba, 21,000 feet; Arequipa, 20,320 feet; Sahama, 22,350 feet; Gualatieri, 2i,f)rio feet; and iu the eastern chain, or G'n//V/«/(/ Keal, Sorata or .Ancuhuma (15" 30' S Lat.), .>.t,8i2 feet, the highest summit of the Andes; Illimani, or While Mountain, 21,140 left; I'hocnlxamlMi, 17,073 feet ; and Cerro de Potosi, 16,152 feet. In this section there are 14 volcanoes, of which three are active. The height of the snow-line is iS.ooo feet. (./.) The Andes of Chili extend, in a single range, from 21" to 42*' S. Lat., with a hreaciUi of alxmt 30 miles. The chief sunnuits are : .\concagua, 22,422 fr-et ; Tupungato, 22,016 feet ; Maypu, 17,662 feet ; Chilian, 13,100 feet ; Antuco, (>2(2 feet; Villirica ; andOsorno, 7443 fee*. The height of the snow-line in tlic south is aUuit 8600 feet. U'.\ The Andes of Patagonia extend in a single chain from 42" .S. Lat. to the Strait ot Magellan. Height from 3000 to Sooo feet. The chief sunnnits are: Minthinmadun, 70113 feet ; Vanteles, S030 feet ; Melimoyu, 7400 feet ; San Clemcnte ; and Stokes, 6400 feet. In the Chilian and Patagnnian Andes there are 24 volcanoes, of which 13 are active. Across the Str.iit of Magellan the hitdi land is continued in Tierra del Fuego. Highest summit, Mount Darwin, (iSoo feet. (G.) The Mountain System of Parim^ is enclosed by the Orinoco, the Kio Negro, the Amazon, and the Atlantic Seven ranges, besides groups of mountains, cxteiul in a direction generally from cast to west. The principal chains are : the Sierra Imataea towards the north, Ijctwcen the tJrinoco and the Cuyuiii; Ihc Sierras Parime and Paearima, ncAt the centre, between the tributaries of the Orinoco and the Kio Negro ; aiul the Sierra Aearai, in the south, between the triliutiu ies of the Amazon and the Essequibo, and separating Guiana from lirazll. Highest summits : in the west, Duida or Vconnamari, SS23 feet, and Maravaca, 10,500 feet; and Mount Koraima, 8500 feet, in the east of the Sierra Parime. (C.) The Mountain System of Brazil is enclosed by the Amazon, the Madeira, the Paraguay, the Kio de la Plata, and the Atlantic, and extend from 50 tc) 25" of south latitude, and tlieir extreme breadth may be about 1000 miles. The ranges are of moderate heigiit, and t)ccui>y a great breadth of country, forming an irregular plateau, l)ristled with sharj) edges nnining nearly parallel to the eastern coast. The ranges run in a direction generally from north-east to south-west ; the principal ones are : — (./.) Sierras Tiin/'u and /is/'inha^^o, b;;tween the .\tlantic and the San Francisco. Highest smnniits ^,i the latter ; Itambe, 5755 feet ; Piedade. 5S30 feet ; Itacolumi, 5750 feet. (/'. ) The Sierra do Mar, or Coast Kani^e, south of Sierra Espinha^o, forms the south-east edge ui the Brazilian plateau ; somewhat further ndand is a higher range, the different parts of which have different naine^, but it is best known as the Sierra de Manticiuiera, In the iieighljorhood if Kio de Janeiro it l)ears the name u( Sierra Orgaos [ih'^Au Mountains), in which is the point A/orro dos Candos, 4476 feet high. The Sierra do Mar aiul the Sierra ( )rgaos are called the Brazilian .Andes. (i .) The Sierra Tahatintja, between the San I'rancisco and the Tocantins. Towards the north, it forks into the Sierra Ir/naos, which divides the waters of the Sim I'lancisco and the Paranahyba, and the Sierra Mangal'eiros, which divides those of the Parani.hyba and the TiHrantins. tol>/ado, or uninhahiti'd riLiimi. 2. The Chief Plateaus on the east side of the Continent. {a.\ The Plateau of Parime extends between (kio and 700 miles from east to west. Its height alxpve sea level does not exceed 2000 feet. It is enclosed hv the Orinoco, Kio Negro, Ama/on, ami the Atlantic Ocean. It is crossed by seven priiu:ipal ranges of mountains. (h.) The Plateau of Brazil \s a vast tableland n| triangular shape, enclosed by the .\niazon, Madeira, I'araguay, La Plata, and the Atlantic Ucean, It extends aUmt 2000 miles from east to west, and its mean elevatum is from 2500 lo 3000 feet alxive the sea. .\t the head waters ol the Parana it forms ,i /(;»;//.?, or grassy plain. (3.) The Plains. (.7.) The Llanos (Spanish, level fields), or Plains of the Orinoeo, extend from the mouth of the Orinoco to its tributary the (iiiaviare, between the Sierra Costanera and the eastern chain uf the Colund)ian Andes to the north and west, and the luouutuin system of Parime to the s-utth and east. Tliey occupy an area of 160,000 square miles, and at the distance nf .^50 miles from the sea have an elevation of only i(,2 feet. I>uring the rainy season — from .\pril to October — the plains arc Hooded, aiul when the water has subsided Ihey become rich pastinc grounilH ; but as (he dry season advances, they are scorched with heat, and again become desolate sandv wastes. (5.) The Selvas (Port, stlva, a wood), or forest-coverad plains of the Amazon ex.e,Kl from the months of the river across the co.uine,. to the base o the A de ' Ihey vary „. breadth from 350 to Soo n.iles. Their area is estimated at ,,50! c^ the plains ,s only i jo feet. Impenetrable forests cover the country ; . he east, ■n.e average breadth of ,h,s longitudinal valley is .00 miles. It unites ; he p an,s of the An.azon and of the Kio de la Plata. The Pa,„J~. ,/. .,/, J ' , ; vel ract n, ,,, having numerous lakes, and is supposed to be the partia 11 , r . up ; bed of a great lake. Farther south, between ,8'' antl .0" .S. La,., ar the / „ 2 swamps covered with coarse grass and rushes. (C.) The Pampas (Quicha, fi.ins) extend from -" .S. I.at. to the Rio Necro esiimateu at aso.ooo square miles. The. tract of country immediately west of the upper Parnguav is called the Fl Gra,. a,aco ora..u (an India,, name for the lair of wild lL{sl Ww e ,1^ Paragu.ayandthe Vermejo the plain is covered with woods aiul pas,, rr bu, t ween the Vermejo and the .Salado it is a desert. To the south we t'hGn ;^piains covered for -h^.- '^/;r w^ h';!!;::^^;:;^ ^r^^^-;^- interspersed with swamps and saline tr.icts. munensc size, In the northern part of the Kuire kios, between the Parana an' \v r„ 1 Of the Pariii.mountain.ain.\oomi^r;a:/oft!..s^:;:r,::;:;r^';.::^ ': is^Srr^::^:.^' nrtr:;r;:5:Tt iS'V' ^^■■- Kron, jlie month of the ,p,.. it Hows eastward to .hrAtl!; :: ':S' . ^ 'b; bout hfty channels. The branches of ,he ,|,„a b.-giii , jo mile; from h , o ^e river, and flow norlhward from ,l,e main chanirel, which is call d h V 1 Length of basin, ,000 miles ; area of basin, .50,000 s.piare miles, (a.) The chief tributaries of the Orinoco on the ri"ht bank ir.. il,„ I- , ■ -■ /'«™i.„„,.,„dG»„,„- fronuhePariin^niomUains. ' ' '"'"""'• '"""•"■ (*.) On ,he left kink, ,hc <;„„r,.:>y, Met.,, .in ?^:f:i;;::: ii^iir"' "" "• «'-• '' « - — ■ «•". ■•■■-^":,i;t:r:;i:,,;::::rr:;,::;;;:,,r-^^^ ■• ^ --- '-....... wo U bo h as re' ir'l 7 "' '"""" ^""'"' '^ ""= «-""-' "^^ "^ '"« world, both as regar.ls volume of water and area of basin. It is over 4000 miles "ig. In a direct line its basin measures .too miles, and has an area estimated a , .00.000 square miles. Its navigable waters are 50,000 miles. Its ge e cour! llie .yianti , I,, estuary ,s 200 miles lo.g and .So miles wide. The chief estuarv Joannes or Mar. ,0 forms a secc ....ary estuary called the />/. P„r.,. The force of he current is felt 300 miles out at .sea. The tide ascends 576 miles a u ful n oon rushes up the channel in a succession of waves from .0 o .5 feet 1^1 1 i phenomenon is called the /><>re. ^ ^ (^'■) The Amazon is formed by the union of the (a.) Man,fio„ and the (i.) Ueayali. (.'.) The Maramm or Afun.nhao issues from Lake Laurichoca, on the plateau of Peru, north of the Knot of Pasco, in about to" 30' S. Lat. and 76" " Tn, at an elev.at,on o more than ,,,000 feet. Its chief tributaries are the .J fn.m the north and the //„„//,,„ from the south. The Pastaza is navie l,y s' earn rs 'o ::^Z7^i:V'r ''"' ""^"■^'^^ " '°°° -"^^ ">-" ^^ rCrrii soutn-east ot Lake Laurichoca. ■ the'fwVrr '''r\ "!"'"'"' ''^ "" ""'■"" "^ ""^ '■'^"'■'■"'"^ •^■"" ^>"A"»'>«, and is I e headstream 0, the Amazon. At its coniluence with the .Maranon (4^ 45" S la, fter a course o ,.,^0 miles, it is 300 feet deep. The Apurimac ris's h tL Pe r ! Wilf •-^''V'^'"'''"'" '"' '"■" '•"'"''"' '^i»'"taries, twenty of which are great rivers \Vith Its tributaries, it affords 50,000 miles of inland navigation. It fs nav "a u n,,n the ocean to the P.,,^, ^ ,^,„...,,,.. ,.,,,„„ ..^.^^ ^,„,, ^^::tt^ feet i;ireao,h \ 'm," fT '" " "^"" '"''^'^ '" ''"■"«'"• -" '-'^ ">''" 6° ictt m nreai.lli. At the foot of the narrows, the river surface is i .r,. f,., f ,1 .l sea, and the stream varies from a half to a niile in wicUh ' ' ^'""" "' rJ:r:^rrz tr:\z:::z:^:r:tv::'-' -^ '^ ^ — ■■ '" - -- (<'.) The I'„l,„„„yo, 1000 miles, flows from the Andes of Quito tributary of the Kio Nesro "" '"'" ""-' '"'™'^ "™'"^"'^ '' ""-■ '^'"'^f - -- — . the .v.,,, ^iti::; j::r;;:::;; ri ir:r^ "" ^^- -- ..0,.... i...i„» 11. ^,.„u.i„ . „.,: ^;:: °t;:i,;x;i',*:" '"^ '"" ""- '"" "^"■"'- ■'■"- --"' .iu.o.:dilie:a'-:;r;:i:'':;;^^ within a short disl^nce li ^^T: '""' ""'" ""^ '"™^"" •" ^-'--'' " ^ "-'s.>ble ,0 No 1 n.-.\, .Saiu,.rom ll,.. ..\„„,jo„ U only iKly fe.t .ilmvo sw Icvd. ---" s;r;,,;;:i::;;,;£:;, --,:-:: "■ '•»■ "■ » (./. ) The /•„,„/,■ ■ ,,,, has nuiiy head streams .south of Villal.^i or fiova- 'v-" = t at - i, z::':r:r7i:\ ""^" " r '"^ '^--^ ^ ""-- ^'-^"^^ >• '» 'i^ ".- ^1 llic^ .ua, l.cn„l, ol b.,s,n, i.fo mile, ; area of basin, .9^,480 s,|u.are miles, \ -e of ,lK. I„r,e„ river i^UiiC, ,n .„: wodll '""" '™'"""'" "■'"■'*"'" *""" ■""' -"- i I s^ i Ui SOUTH AMERICA. (7.) The Paranahyba flows north-north-east, and enters the Atlantic by several mouths. l,en;;tli ot' basin, 650 miles ; area of basin, 115,200 square miles. (8.) The San FrunciSiO rises at an elevation of 3000 feet alxive sea level in the Sierra Canastra, and Hows north and cast througli a luni; valley of an aveniije width of 150 miles. It is the Ixmndary line between the provinces of liahia and Pernanibuco. In its course there are many rapids. Leni^th of basin, yoo miles; area of basin, 187,200 square miles. (9.) 'I1u- Parana, formed by the union of the Parannhyha antl the Rio Gramif, rises in ISra/il. It flows south-west and west, fi-nnini; ilie eastern and southern bimiidaries of Paraguay. At Corrientes it turns in a southern direction, and after passing Santa K-, flows south-east to its estuary, the Rio Uc la Plata. Length, 2400 miles; area of basin, 1,200,000 square miles. Navigable waters, 20,000 miles. NoTii.— The esluary of the La PUla is jSo miles long, and at its cniraiice 130 miles wide. (.'/.) The chief tributary of the Parana on its left bank is the Uruguay. ((/.} The Uruguay^ so called from the turbulence of its waters, rises in the Siena do Mar, in Hrazil, about 75 miles from the ,\tlantie. It flows west and south, forming the boundary between tlie province of Kio Grande do Snl and tlie State of Urui^uay on tlie east, and the Argentine departments of Corrientcs and I-'.ntre Kios on the west, and joins the Parana at the head of the La Plata, after a course of about 1000 miles. It is navigable to the Salto (Irande, the last great fall in its course, about 200 mues from its mouth. Its chief atfluenls are the //'/tv/cand tlie Rio A'ej^ro from the east. (//. ) The chief tributaries of the Parana on its ri^ht bank are the Parai-nay and the Sala.fo. [a.) Tlie Paraguay rises in seven small lakes in thi' Sierra dos Vertentes, in the lirazillan province of Matto Grosso, It flows smith Ixtween Ilolivia u Leofuy from the Chilian .\ndfs, flows sontli-cas throu^^h the Argentine Republic to the Atlantic. Leni,'tli, 600 miles. (11.) Tlie h'io Negro or Limay Leofu rises in two chief branches in the Aiide'i, .md iUavs south;'ast to the Atlantic, Leni^th. Soo miles. (5.) The Lakes. (I.) Lake Maracayho, in the north-west of Venezuela, is connectL-d with tlie Caril)bcan Sea by a narrow channel, 12 miles long. .\rea, 5000 square miles. (2.) Lake Dos Patos, in the south-east esa-uadero River. (().) The salt Lake of Porongos^ (7.) Lake Gua- naeaehe. (S.) Lake S/l- -rro. and (<>. ) Lake Hexe- dero are tlie chief l.ik- s between the Parana the .\ndes. (10.) The y/'era L.:- goon is a vast inipass;ihi.' swamp between the Parana and Uruguay KivL-rs, more than 1000 sciuarc miles in extent, During the rainy season it Ijccomesau inland sea, covering thousands ot square miles. t (11.) Lake Xaraycs Is I ftirined hy the overflow of I the Paraguay, in Ilrazil, I aljt southern lake, nameil I'rr- I..iniMu'ti. the depth of ten or twel feet. Much of the water is never carrietl off, but forms extensive lakes abounding in fish. 9. Vegetation.— riic chief iirnduils ■ cimlo almost all grai. . and fruits. Among indigen- ous plants are niai/e and tobacco ; llic man- dioca, or cassava tree, from which we obtain tapioca; the cacai), or cocoa tree, from wliich we (d)tain chocolate ; the guava, which re- sembles a small pome- granate, is used in making jelly ; the cin- chtma, or I'eruvtan bark, tree ; the potato of the Andes; the caoutchouc, from the sap of which iiulia luljber is made ; llie mate or Paraguay tea plant ; the cow tree of Guiana; the ivory-palm; and many other kiiuls of jtalm trees: lose- wond, maliogany, and d\e woods. Other im- portant prndiuls are .(itton, coffee, rice, sug.it, indigo, (.inn.i- inon. vanilht, and iropii.d spiceri .iiid fruils. 'IIU'. VhiailAbLli-lVOKV I'LANT L N^T!V^^ NAVKiAlINC, l.AX'H tlTICAfA. 10. Minerals.— Soiiih .Vtncii.a i> ccUlif.Ur'l tor ii^ miiici.il pni II Imic niilil, ^ilvc^, iniii, cii|i|iiM, iil.iii ii, Ic.i'l. imii in y, tin, /iiii: ,ili, iii;irl)lc-', ami prcclmis sloncs. lllCtil 'lis, wllii II , Mllplllll, t s ! ^ I I I inns, wliii ii ,ll, Mll|p|illl, \ Y CM* NUT, US»D PO„ MAK,.r. W,... ,„,„^, ,„^„ ^^^ ^,^^^^._^ ^^__ _ ^ II. Animals.-!,, ,he forests .-.re foumi the tapir, the largest aninul of South A:„er,ca, the ,ag.,..r, the puma, ,„a„y kinds of „,o„key.s, the arttutdillo, h oth ha,ry .ant-eater, an.l many kinds of serpents, inch.ding (he boa-constrict^rAlt;;, ,': and other rept.les abound in the marshy hands bordering the rivers. The llama and the alpaea are peculiar to the Andes. Among the birds may be nan.ed the humming. b,rd the parrot the penguin, the nandu or emu or American ostrich, and the condor of the Andes, the largest bird that flies. 1. UNITED STATES OF COLUMBIA. Cohiml,;.,, fn,n. Columbus. Size, eciual to .1 s(,u,ire <,f {66 miles. ■ '; ^°*^'* .'^"'■■-'''""•"''ia i« "»'«1 f"-- its celebrated Isthmus of Panama, which IS also called Darien, and for its emerald mines. 2. Extent.-The republic of the Columbian Confederation (which comprises ante St.ates) extends trom Costa Rica (S3" W. Long.) to the C.ulf of Maracavbo, on the Caribbean .Sea, and to the mouth of the Mira, on the Pacific coast. 3. Physical Features.-The threefold range of the Andes, which stretches from the north, un.tes into one at the bo.nulary of Ecnad.,r, forming the Knot of Pasco W ith.n these ranges, the Magdalena River with its tributaries flows for 1000 miles northw.ard to the Caribbean Sea. Along the eastern range, the tributaries of the Orinoco River take their rise; and some of the tributaries of the Amazon water the e.;'"u, at ciJil.::ih!;;::irzH^,;;:r::',,:.:';r'-;.;'^-"-'' r^"- ^t:r:T:::i:' '-t t- <-->■ «-- '- i-:!^r;ir ;;: "f .he .■a,„pas are partly Indian, and are called C' ::d,!::i:':r;,.„:.:;:"""""'-""^ •2. REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA ! -. . .a.uela, Li.,,. ^•,.,...... So calle.l l,v Vespucci, «„„ f„„„„ a vii,..,e on Lake Maracaybo* built o,. piles. Sue, equal ,o a s(|uare ef |-,63 miles. I. Noted For.-Venezuela is noted for its llanos (grass plains). . ■nit.bh.""'"'"'''''" ''''"'""' "' "''^"-"" "™^'"'^-' '"'-'«' i" -SJ-, lies east of a o of '1 e Orii p"'' ZT"' "'""= "" ""^"'' --'-"'S the richlv fertil nne rncr. halt, coal, and copper are .abundant. oysfers^*" ^^"^ ^'"""■'' '"' ''"''"='' P^''"'"'''' '^^'"^' '^'''-. ^onis, and pearl 5. Cille..-Caracas (5^,000), the capit.al, is about thirteen miles from La C.uayr.l its port lies i^ik'nd ■'''"'■"'"'■' '"'°°°' ''' ">" -^''i^-f P"^'^- -M'^s/.n. is on the Orinoco. ;■„,•/„« 3. BRITISH, 4. FRENCH, AND 5. DUTCH GUIANA. From Guayanoes, a nall-e Iiul,.,,. ir.bo. .Si,,e, equal ,„ a s'' ^l--' -"' 'b-voods, and for its oeii)ni,ingi,, iiirco J-.uropeaii powers. •■■""t.iins In he 1 acarainia, the luliiest range, an elevation of S,oo lee, .Mount K.iraniia) is at.ained. The Sierra AcaraV chain is densely wooded. ' 4. Climate, Products, Sto.-The.e are two wot and two ilrv seasons Purine iioh :rie:;r"\'::.M'""^^ ;^ '^"'^'- ■'■"--'- violent -thunde;:s;orm:Z .n.i:;:;:h:ai::rc:i:f:-rL.,s--^^^^^^ 6 French Guiana is the eastern portion, and lies between the riv.rs Marnni and ' . 1. er p "; r ■"'^~ •':'' "■^■" "■^""^■'' ■• '"" "»-• ^'--^'e is not so health are^iS;.:'^;;!:^: 'r:'' s""" ''^":^",'='"-^- I- physical features | nanu- ,„ .1,,. 1 ' '"^"'•-'> ' "'•".•i. Surinam is the principal river, and gives a ^,.-«,r.„. lua, the capital, is the residence of the Duud, C.overnor C,..-ne,-aI. 1 • Lake Mar.,cayl.„ i, .,„ i„|,iml exteilsicm ,.( .he 1 iulf ..( Venezuela. 1. Notpil For. ii-st> ; its wilil .luim.ils, ami Kii.ls oi Inilli.iiu |'luini;i'; il- .nnM M\A ill.iiiioiul miius, .uul il< lrii|iii.al pioilur- lions, .uul ]u\miiMis \tL;fI.ition. 2. Bounilnrics. -l.i.i.'ii is ismiuliil .>ii {\\c \hni\\ \'\ ihf I niu-.l .'^i.iiis oi r.ihim lii.i, \ I ni/iul.i, C.Mi.iiM. .in.l ilu- \il.iiiii.- Oi'i'.m; im ilic cisi |.\ ihr .\ilanlii' ; .m tlu' Mmil\ l>\ rni;;ii.iv, .uiil .m ilif west liy llii' Argentine Keimhlie. I'aiai;nay, lni!i\ i.l. I'clu, .l!ul I ,. U.uli'I . 3. Physicill FcnturfS. Tins extensive eoui\tiy i.s ili.liue.l iliielK \'\ llu' nohle Knei .\i\i.l/on. .\ i.tlii;e ol Mi.'UMt. uns sin.u.lte.-* the einpite ti.Mn \ eiu/uela .ilul luii.m.i at the luMtli; .uul .ini'ihei, .it the siuitli, wit!) ninnei.nis I'l.tndus. seit.u.ites the liihnt.iiics oi the Ant.i.'on Ironi tl\«tse iM the I .i I'l.u.i I'lieie -vie \ei\ tew hi^h tiioiinlains : Init vast plains luvuf between the liveis, .uul ilense tuiests in the interior. 4. Soil, Climate, and Products. - I'lu- suil is lieh ami lerlile. ami, exeept at the eiiiiatui, lunih oi the .\iua.'un, the eliinale is niihl ami ajjteeal'le. I'lu- liiviuiant luiests aie tiUeil with almost e\ei\ kiml of ilan,i;eions aniniaN, upiiUs, ami inseets. •iml with l>irJs of hriUiaiit I'litmafie. I'lu- eMen-ive I'l.uiis aie the alvnles of wiM cattle ami hoises. Of tiees, the palm speeies pieil.itnin.iies ; Imi rioweiins; trees ami shrnl»s ate met witlt in .tU theit i;otgeoiisness .ttul vaiiety. The v hicf expoits ate eod'ee, sui;ar. eotton, tolviee.i, li.e. imlia inliher, hiiles, tallow, l\onis, ihiij;s, ami il\o Mn\ othei wooUs, The i!i.im>>nvi mines i>t lUa.'il .lie .uu.'iig the liehest ii the woilil. Its mineral wealth is also great. Iron of siipeii.M .pialily is aluin.l.uit ; anil salt also is extensively proihiceil in saline marshes, l>v the .ilternate processes, aeeoiding to tlu- se.iso-i. of ininulation .uul evaporation. 5. CMies. - Rio lie Jilliolro i lami.u\ Kivet\ tlio eapilal, ami the l.ii.,est eitv i" .'^.nilli .\metiia. '.s sitii.itisl I'll .1 tiiu- Kiv el th.it ii.uiie. I'or sttiuilivin aiul colnmeri i.il l.uilities. this eit\ Is one of the finest in the wothL The harlxir, luv, .iii.l nuiiiiilaiii seeliery aie hi;;hlv pieliiresijiie. The eitv is siipplieil. b" a luihle a«;iushu-t, with ahiiiulaliee ei water. The eluiuhos, ihantalile institutions, Jiul other piililic huiUinss are niinier- ills. Us st.iple ex^Hirt is cottee. /'.;ni, f'.'w/e.',;, ami .l/.(»,i«.i.i,' are at the iioitli, /'.■•>.-.iw,';<,a(ii6^>oo\ tlu- ihiul eity aiul seai>ort of 11 e empire, near the mlJiUe of the ^.ust, is the seat ef a I'uuersity. /•'..■■';i.; 1 129,000), on .Ml Saints llav. ihe sivonil eily hi sice in the empire, is a ureal eoiismeui.ll eity aiul se.iivrt. Its staple cx|mit is 5ii;;ar. .V,i>i /'.m.'i, west ef Kio de Janeiro, is a 1 laee of eonsiiler- aWe mule. i'u>e /'nw or IV.Vii A'i.,i, luirlhwanl of Kin ii.xiiiioK OF mo. laneiro, is the eentte of a cel.l ininini; ilistriet. fV.imjH- //ii.i. f.irmeilv 7.'i.,,>, north of Oiiro IVto, is the nipital of the iliamoml ilislriet ,1 Minas. (.■.•!.!-. or I'::.'.! P.j IS near the c-.e.tie ef the e lipiire. 6. B0Vift«Mt.— llraiil was a IVituiuese eoiony imlilitUs! then an iiulei>en,leiit kin;- ilom; aiuUn i."* ;.•-:; liecaine an empire. I'he government is an hireililary, roiistitutioii.il nliTOUvhv. Th,' eniiwrer is invc>!evl with exeentive p '»fv. The lo';islaf.ve jxiwer U vesteil in 1 SeriAle apivintwl hv the sovere: ■' atut a I tiainlx'r -f I Vputies eleetcil bv the pts-ple. Ura.'il - .!:vv.h^l into twentX'ime priwioi-'s. 3. Physical Features.— The .\mles nms in a donlile range, :o miles apart ami too miles iiilaml. Some of its loftiest peaks are to be found here, vi«. : the eeleliiateil t-'himbora.'o, _. rrr^-Si .- ■ js*^"- J ^ '■- -•■, I'.iN.inibe, .'Vntisaiia, and p^' the tiiiiualed voleanic eoiie of I'olopaxi Six 01 eight others higher ihaii Mont lllanc iiecnr, .ill within a distance of -SO miles, tfwiiig to the deep vallevs in the nioimlaln ranges, and the high table lands, the ellmate and produets varv a good deal, and combine tliose of l!ra/il and e'olnmbia. I >n the plains of (^>iiilo Ihete is perpetual spring. 4. CItlu. Quito, tlie capital, a hamlsoine eity, lies •illnost iimler the eipialor, oil the side of the extinct voK.iiio of richinclia. Oj-'o feet aKive the sea. Its churches, collei;e, and ch.ai it- .ibie institutions are tine structiiies. Khneii snow peaks are within sii;b^ of the city. It lus siilfered iiiueli from eartluiuakis ('.'!(■//.. I lJO,ooot, tlie seal of a university, and A'..^ .*,r;«.*ii iU>,oool, with poKl aiul silver tnines, arc on the eastern sU>ih' of the Atule (I'liiiiiiyKiV (a6,3O0) is tli chief coniinercial citv aiu! scajHirt of I'cu.ulor. 5. OlvltlOBt. — Fru.u!.-: was t.'imerlv dividerl iiit> three Jeiurtments, vU. : (Juito, tbuyaqeil, and A- suav. It is now divide-' into ten Provinces. t'imm \ i "■•■■""■""'■' 1 m < 1 'ifiM n s II '^1 ■ £H 1 '■ ^HU miles apart < r, vin. : llio I r0 SOUTH AMERICA. 8. REPUBLIC OF PERU. Siie, equal to a square rf 71J niileft. 1. Noted For.— Peru is noted for its silver and other mines, its medicinal bark, its gii.uio, .iiiil ils great length of Pacific coast. 2. Position. — ll lies scjnth of Kcnador, on the Tacific coast. 3. Physical Features, etc. — One-third of the principal r.ingc ol the Andes is within the luirdcrs of I'cru. A second parallel range is divided into two by the I'cayali River and tributaries, which run northwaril to the Amazon. Aliont half of Pern is a mountainous region ; the other half is sandy, with many fertile table lands and valleys, Peru is rich in minerals; and these, with Peruvian barli, indigo, chinchilla fur, and guano, are the chief articles of export. 4. Cltlei.— Lima, on tho coast, is the capital. A railway connects it with Callao (38,000), its scapnit, seven miles distant. It is a ro,^iiIar and well-built city. Principal buildinss : the Cathedial, the Convent of San Francisco, the Palace, the I'nivcrsity, and the Senate House. PaiCO, in tho interior, the liif;ticst city in the world, bcin^^' 1 1,720 feet above the sea, is noted fur its rich silver mines. Ctti^o (.(6,000), the ancient capital of the empire of the Incas, and .•Ui-i/ui/'a are in the mountain region. Aritn is the principal seaport of Southern Peru. 9. REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA. N.iniccI after Simon Hnliv:u, wlui librr.iti'il it fnuii the Spaniards in 1825. Sire, equal to a square of 707 miles, 1. Noted For. — Bolivia is noted for its extensive plains; and for its desert of Atacnma, on the Pacific coast. 2. Position. — This republic lies south of ?crn, and between Brazil and the I'acitic Ocean. Its position is almost inland. 3. Physical Features, etc. — T is country possesses almost every variety of physical aspci t, soil, ;ind cliiiialc. \ii inner range of mountains runs southward, and parallel to the I'acitic chain. 1 ctwecn these two ranges arc the elevated lakes Titicaca and Aullagas. Titicaca is on the boundary of rem, and was the seat of the Incas. The products and exports arc similar to those of Teru. 4. Cities. —Oruro, the c.ipital, is a furlilied town situated north of I-akc Aullagas, C/iu- i/itisacn or Su, jv stands in a line v.ilU'y of a tabic land in tlie interior, and between two rivers flowing in opposite directions. It lias a university and a fine cathedral. Near it is Po/osi, ij,3oo feet alwvc the sea. famous for its silver mines, and Cocfml'aml'it (.(i.ooo) manufactures glass and cotton goods. Lif Puz (;6,ooo), near Lake Titicaca, has a large transit trade. 10. REPUBLIC OF CllILl, OR CHILE. Siio. eiiu.il to a sqiMrc of 353 miles. 1. Noted For. — Clliii is noted for its narrow width and extensive coast line, and for its lofty mountain pealcs, 2. Position. — It lies west of the Argentine Kcpiblic, on the Pacific coast. 3. Physical Features, etc.— Numerous hilly spurs jut out fiom the Andes toward the coast, forming deep ravines and many fertile v.alleys. In the Chilian .■\ndcs arc numerous volcanoes. The rivers arc short, but the liiobio is :oo miles lung. The chief products are silver, copper, wheal, figs, olives, and grapes. 4. Cities.— Santiago, the capital, is in the centre of Chili, at the foot of the Andes. It contains a univcrsit)', .A railway connects it with ValpL\rai\\ Vale of Paradise (101,000), the chief seajKirt. t>thr/^i.>ii and Siin Caru^s on the island of Chiloe. arc at the south. C'f'inffl (13.000). the most northern town, is the centre of a rich mininc; district, 11. ARGEXTfNE REPUBLIC (LA PLATA). From Latin ri»;^'v«//(w. silver. Size, eqii.i! to a square of 10S5 miles, I. Noted For.— TIlC Argentine Republic is noted for its vast plains or pampas, and for its herds of wild cattle and liorses. 2, Position,— The Argentine Republic, including the territory of Eiicnns Ayrcs. extends from Bolivia on the north to Cape Horn on the south, and from the Atlantic on the cast to the .\ndes on the west, and forms the great south-eastern slope of South .\merica. Patagonia (Spanish, /.i/,jj,n'«, large foot) was formcrlv a separate countrv, but is now a jiart of the .Argentine Republic, as well as the island of Tierra del Fncgo (I„ind of Fire), 3. Physical Features, etc. — The interior is a vast plain ; in its centre is an } extensive saline desert, and in the southern part are the Paitipas (or trcclcs.s ; plains), the habitation of immense lierds of wild cattle and horses whicli are cap- < tured with the lasso by the shepherd hunters. Ostriches also abonnd on the pampas. J The chief exports are hides, horns, horse tails, ostrich feathers, and wool. Buenos ! Ayrcs seceded from the Confederation in 1S5J, but rejoined it in 1S60. ' I.ASSOINO CATTLE ON THE PAMPAS. 4. ClllBS.— Buenot Ayrei (from the Spanish for good breeics, on account of the salubrity of the climate), the capital, is on the Kio dc la Plata. It is a well built city, with an extensive trade. Pitt-niui, the former capit.d, is on the river of that name, McuiiozLi { 18,000), at the foot of the .\ndes, has important tr.ade with Chili. S>iUii {12,000), on a branch of the Salado, is noted for its trade in hide" and mules. Puitia Arenas (1200), or Sandy Point, is situated on the Strait of Magellan. VI. REPUBLIC OF PARAGUAY. ' size, equal to a squa-c of 303 miles. 1. Noted For.— Paraguay is noted U r being entirely inland. 2. Position. — This republic lies bewcen the .Argentine Republic and Brazil. 3. Physical Features, etc.— Paraguay forms the high table land between the Parana and Par.aguay Rivers, and is the only inland State in South America. The soil is fertile, and the climate temperate. 4. Cities.— Asuncion, the capital, is situated at the confluence of the Pilcomayo and Para- guay ; and C,>«.r/jw«, on the Paraguay Kivcr. Their chief exports are the leaves of a species nf holly called yerlm mate, or Paraguay tea, hides, tobacco, and sugar. 5. Population.— Us iiopulaticii was formerly about 1,200,000; but a large proportion of the inlLibitants were destroyed in the recent war with Drazil, and it now numbers only about 300,000. 13. REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY OR BA.XDA ORIENTAL. Size, cqii.il lo a square of a6q miles. 1. Noted For.— Uraguay is noted for having been the eastern boundary (or baiida oriental) of the regions formerly composing Spanish America. 2. Position. — This republic lies cast of the .Argentine Republic. 3. Physical Features, etc.— .\ double range of mountains from Brazil encloses the valley of the Rio N'cgro. The climate is humid but healthy, and the soil gcnerallv good. The exports are hides, tallow, wool, and dried beef. 4. Cities.— Monte Video, the capital, on the north side of the I.a Plata estuary, is well fortified. It is well and regularly built, ^falJouaJe^ and Co/jnia arc seaports. U. FALKLAND ISLANDS AND SOUTH GEORGIA. Sire, Ci;ii.il to :\ sf]ii.ire of Si miles. 1. Noted For.— The Falkland Islands arc chiefly noted as a rendezvous for British shippmg in the Southern Atlantic, :itcd \o^ milos cast ot Patagonia. There arc two East and West FalklantI arc separated by a narrow 2. Poiitlon.— These islands .ire ; large and about 200 smaller islands, sound. 3. Phyilcal Features and Climate.— The whole group of islands is much indented with bays, sounds, and harbors. Tho climate is equable and salubrious. There arc no *-cc5 ; but swcct- sccn:od llowcrs abuuuJ. Th,; ».!iicl pruuLicts arc cauic, huscs, ai.d v-^yciaule^. Vciuly \.uuc of exports ?75,ooo; revenue $45,000. Tliis grouji was taken possession of by England for the protection cf the southern whale fishery. Stanley is the capital. South Georgia Island, to the cist, belongs to Grcit Ilritain, but the climate is too cold for settlement, therefore it is uninh.ibitod. The Talkland Islands and South Georgia together constitute the colonv of the Falkland Isbnds, EUROPE. PART IV. EUROPE. '"• ' •■' '' ::;ri::M;:;;:::;::',!:::::::r:":;::,:' "z;"" :...! '^-'v,,,. .,. .J.,.,, „. .„ .,;,.„..,-„ ,. r... ,„ „ < i^^. IHI-: .\NIM.M> »'l Europe. Ili.mph the smallest »f the Rrcit l.iml divisions of the cnrtli in CNtcnt, is in icMV.I lo Cliri^li.in civi!i/:Uion, extensive commerce, political inllncnce, learnmg, science, .tits, .1,1,1 m.iniifactiives, the most important division of the glolie. I Boundaries.-Kiiropc is liouiulca ..„ the north l.v the .\r. tic Ocean; on the cast l.v the Kara River, the Ural Moimiaiiis, the Ural Kiver, aiul the ( .xspi.in ^e.i; ', the south l.v the Canc.is.is Mountains, the Ill.ick Sea, the Sea of Marmora, .he and on the west by the .Atlantic on I Mediterranean Sea, and the Strait of Gibraltar Ocean. 2. Form.-Kiirope is triangular in form, wilh i.s grc.ntesi cMenl from east to wc.-l. 3 Position.-Con.inental Knropc extends from :,(■," 2' to 71" lo' \. I. .at. and from .)" :,o- W. Long, to (\f K. Long., and insnlar Kiii-opc from ;,4^ 55 '" ^"' l';' V. I, at., and from V'' "^' ^^'- ' •""."• '" ''S'' I'"- '•""? Crodi.o in Russia, and of the latter the soulh-east corner of Sweden The centre of the former i- vedeil (A,) THE FIVE 4. Extreme Points.— N'or.h, (".;/<• Xonl/.-yn. 7'" 'o' X- lat. ; South, Ciife T.ir'i/.,. -.ff 2' N. Lai. ; West, C.:/;- AW-i, (f' ;,o' \V. Long. ; East, the Cnd Moun- l.iins,(i-^' v. long, in Term. 5. Extent.— (^1 1 'Ihe extreme h-tixth from Orsk in the Ural Nfoimtains to Cape St. Vincent is y.\aa miles. The cxticmc/'nW/// from North C.ipe I.. C'lic Malajian is ;.(50 miles, (,'■.) The ."V,i of Knropc, including the islands, is .about 3,860,000 sipiare miles, or is equal to a square of 1972 miles, (,-,) The length of the a\jsl line is about x-.'.x miles, or one mile of ,-oast for 210 miles of surface. 6. Population.— The estimated population amounts to 315.000.000. The most dcii>clv peopled countries are I'.elgium, Holland, and Rrilain. ? 7. Political Divisions.— The Luropcan States arc divided into three separate I classes according to their political importance. GREAT POWERS. ; Nam.' n( Slalf. 1, Creat Uritain ami Ireland 'J, V'ranee. , , . .". (ieriuanv 1. .•Vus.r.vlluiiga.-y ,"1. Uus.sia Form ,.( fiiivcrumiMit. Kill^dom. iiepuhlie, Luipire. . . >Iou:uchy l-aui.ire rosill'in of Rlntf, West of I'entral Kiiro|io Soiilli I'f r.HLtland i:ast of I'ranci', lli-l-iiini, Holland, ,soiilli-east of tieruauy North-east (.art of i-airope Ki'i;;li*li s'J 1 ■-'1,1.117 •JIM.tl'.Hl 24L<>:'4 -MTS.tX).) Populotion :i4.-'.w.ixxi I :i;,iHHi,(iilil i ■l'J,TOi>.(»iil ! :i7,Ti"i,inw I 7(i,:toii,.io() I cipiui. London Talis Iterlin Vienna St. I'etprsliui'g, 4K.,''iO r)j,i;! 4.S,12 ,'i',l.,-iti lH.ni!, E, Where Siliinted. 'J. 'JO 1:! •J4 Hi. 2:! .'in.m TlinmcH Seine.. Spree. . , Hamilie. Neva t'mmlntinii ol Cupitul (nlioiip .■i,(ino,tKH) Liri'i.o.Hr l.ni.'i.lHH i i.tai.iii". (i70.IKKI I)i>tniirr fnim I.iin- il,,li ill llila. '.'l.'i ,Mi.S 7711 i:t)0 (B,) THE SECOND RATE POWERS. 1 Spain (ine, Ilaleavielslos.^! Kingdom •_•, lt,dv ' Kinml.un ■X llelLMuni Wui-dom, 4 Sweden anil Norway Kingdom ,-•,. Turliey Kmpire, , South-west of V'ranee South-east of Swit7.erlaiid Nnith of Holland Noith-west of Russia South of .\uslria liKt.iUtl 114.41,-. Il,:l7:t 2!i;i,s;w ir!0.ri72 iii,;!4:i.oo(i 27..srtl,0(10 ,^,4hll.00() C.liOll.llOI) S,.S7d,(HKl Madrid j Rome, . . i lirussels Stoeliholm Constaiitinoiilc. 40.24 41 ,'H .w.,-ii 3,4:!w 12.2" 4.21 ■IlLai I LS.4 41 2,S .'■lO Jlanzaiiares. Tiber Seulii' . ■ ■ I.ahe Malar., liosphorus , . :tS.-.,flOO I 2;ui;oon rtni.ooo 1 H!!I,0(IO , IK)(l,O0O soil «!10 1!4 «;m i,-i(;it (C.) THE THIRD RATE POWERS. 1. roiiugal 2. Switzerland :!. lloilaiuhiue. I.iixeinlmr 4. lleiiiiiarli r.. ( i recce ... (1. Uoiiniania 7. Servia . Kingdom ' Keiuiblic. ;.) Kiirudom . ' Kingdom . .1 Kingdom . .1 I'rineipalit West of Spain. Last of I" ranee North of llelgiiiin, . North of (iiuniaiiy. South of Turliey. . .iith-east ol .\ustria. i Prineiirality, Wc*tot Boniniinin "4.n(lO l,'i,',ISl i:!,7:«i 14,7,s',i l'i.:'.,w 4il,2H2 1S,787 Lisbon lierne .Vinsterdam . ("npenhagen. .\tlicns ... . llueharest..- Bclgrade — i .•«.42 ,->:!. U 52,22 ,^..40 117,, Mi 1 44.21-. ; 44,48 il,Kw. 8 28 4. 13 12 .'M 2;!.;i8 2(1.,'. •:o,28 ' Tagil? . .-Nar I Amstel. .... , Sound •liulf of Lgina ninibovilzH... n.auiihe I •Ineirl 2(i5.00(l JKi.OOO ,T02.IKI0 2,".n.noo liil I'lHl n.'^.iioii 28,iKI0 1000 470 IIV1 .■ii;7 1740 muo llIX) I % \ >.«»* . 4mmmm0ssmi^'^ r I'hirnltiarj Sovitll. Cil/f I C'r,,/ Moiiii- \ ;(ins to Cape .'PC Malap.m till Ol Distil life nl fnoii Liin- 1) lloll ill IlllH. IKH) (KHI. Sin (Hill TKiS (Hill. 770 sm i:oo (HH) soo ,(1011 «I0 .000 I'.H .000 s:i4 ,(100 inco j.OOi I 1000. i.noo ! -I'o .'.(xio too ili'OO 1740 S.I 100 1">II0 S.lHiO . lllKl \ \^\ ro EUROPE. II n MJ .,!i 8. Physical Coast Features.— (I.) islands.— (./) In the Arctic Ooean.—/\<'!.i /tiiiMii, or \ew I.;incl, two large islaiiiN, .iiul tftiii^ti/:, nortli-tast of Kus»ia ; X/i/: ifrt,vii, or IVakcd Mmintains ; flriir Island, between Spitzbcrgcn and Norway, and Jan Meyeii, between .Spit/bergcn and Iceland. 'Ihe Spi!^l)erHe'n Arcliipelago was di»ti)vered by Willonghby in 155J It consists of an extensive island, upwards of 200 miles from north to south, three islands of considerable si^e, and many of smaller size. A'l'lx'it'', at the entrance to Tcheskaia (uilf ; M.iproe group, on the norlh-west co,>st of Finmark ; Lofodcn IsU-s, extending 175 miles from north-e.ast to south-west along the north-west coast of Norway, /■'/■•mz Josef'h Land, to the north-east of Nova Zembia, is the most northerly land known in the Eastern Hemisphere. (K) In the Atlantic Ocean. — Riroe hla, 35 in number, between Icel.and and Shetland; lliilish Idi-s, between the Atlantic and the North Sea; A'ornum or i'/i,inn I /stci, off the north-west coast of France j Azores, a group of nine volcanic islands, about 800 miles west of I'ortiigal. (C) In the Baltic. — Duiish hies, between Denmark and Sweden, chief, Zealand, i-'unen, and I.aaland, with liornholtn, south of .Swetlen ; S:rcdts/i /slt-s, south-east of Sweden, chief, (iothlai\d and Oland; A'lij^r/i, north-west of I'russia ; Aliiiid Islvs, an archipelago of 60 inhabited and 200 uuinhaliited islands, at the entrance of the C.ulf of Itothnia ; I.i-'oman Isles, .it the entrance of the Clulf of Uiga ; chief, D.ago and Oesel ; Cronshull, at the eastern extreinitv of the Gulf of Finland. (Z?.) In the Mediterranean.- />'.//c,/r/i- tsles, east of Spain, Majorca, Minorca, Ivi^.i, Fornientcia, .lud Cabrera ; Sardinia, Corsiea, And £l/'a, west of Italy ; Si.ilian Isles, south of Italy ; chief, Sicily and the I.ipari Isles ; Maltese Isles, Malta, Go^o, and Comino, south of Sicily; Ionian Isles, twenty in number, west of (Jrcece ; chief, Corfu. Paxo, Santa Maura, Cephalonia, Ithaca, Zante, Cerigo ; Kulnva, formerly called Negropont, the largest island in the .Kgean Sea, east of Greece ; the Cwiades, so called from their f/Vc//;/^ aroiuid Delos, fifty-thrf?e in nimtber, east of the Morea ; a portion of the Sporades, or scattered islands, n(jrtli of Euboca ; Crete, or Candia (ancient Creta or Idaa), south-east of the Morea. NoTH. — TIk* .-irea (if the isiaiu!^ cf Kuritpo 1^ .ibinu oiiL-twciilieth nf llie juntinental .irea. (2.) Peninsulas. — A'ola I'eniiisiila, between the Arctic Ocean and the White Sea. The Scandinavian Peninsula, Norway and Sweden, between the .Atlantic and the Ualtic; area one-thirteenth of Europe. The Danish J'eninsula, between the North Sea and the Ualtic. Brittany, in the west of France, between the I'.nglish Channel and the Hay of liiscay. The Iberian Viiiinsula, Spain and Portugal, between the Adantic and the Mediterranean ; area one-nineteenth of Europe. The Italian Peninsula, dividing in the south into Calabria and Alalia, between the Tyrrhenian and .\dri.atic Seas ; area about one thirty-fourth of Europe. The Hellenic Peninsula, Turkey and (Ireece, with Istria, between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas on the west, and the Black Sea, Sea of .Marmora, and the .ICgean Sea on the east; area one-nineteenth of Europe. The (>/;hiW (Chersonesus Taurical, between the Gulf of Odessa and the Sea of Azov. Note. — Tin; area of ihc peninsiil.ls of Europe is about niiL-fourth of the uli'ile area. (J.) Capes.— (.•/ I— In the Arctic Ocean.— t'.//.' Kanin, at the entrance of the White Sea; Cape Xordkyn, north of Norwav, the e.xtrenu' north point of continental Europe ; North Cape, in Magcroe Island, north of Norway. (5.) In the Baltic— The Naze, south of .Norway; the Skaw, north of Denmark; Ilango Head, at the entrance of tlic Gulf of I'inlantl. (C) In the Atlantic Ocean. — Dunnet //.wi/and Cape Wrath, north of Scotland; Lizard Point and Land's End, south-west of England , Malm Head \\\ the north and Cape Clear in the south of Ireland ; .!>'/. David's Head, south of Wales ; Cape La •Hague antl Paz Point in the north-west of France ; Cape Ortegal anil Cape pinisterre, north-west of Spain; Cape A'oca, in Portugal, the extreme western point of the con- tinent ; Cape St. I'incenl. south-west of Portugal ; Point Albernos. in the .Azores, the most western point of insular Europe. (D.) In the Mediterranean. — Cape Tarifa, in Spain, the extreme southern point of the ccntinent; Cape Gala, south-east of Spain; (.'.//.• Cor so, north of Corsica; Cape Ti.Y/i/i/.;, south of Sardinia; Cape Passaro, south-east of Sicily ; Cape Sparti- vento, south of Italy; Cape di Leiica, south-cast of Italy; Cape .Matapan and fi;/<' A/alia, south of Greece; Cape Matala, in Crete, the most south' iii point of insular Europe. (/•.'.) In the Black Sea and the Caspian. — (Vr/c Chersonese, south-west of the Crimea; Cape .-Ipshcroii, in the Caspian, at the eastern ■. \tremity of the Caucasus. (4.) Seas and Gulfs.— (./) Connected with the Arctic Ocean.— I. The ;/'/;//,• Sea, north of Russia. It penetrates into Russia 300 miles, with a breadth varying from 30 to 150 miles ; area .10,000 sipi.arc miles. Branches: {.iidf of Kandalak. on th= north-west; Gulf of Omxa, on the south ; and Gulf of Archan!;el, on the south- cast. II. Gulf of Cheskoi, north-east of Russia : W: ranger Fiord, XkXwihiw Russia and Norway; and West Fiord, between Norway and Lofoden Isles. (B.) Connected with the Atlantic Ocean.- 1. North S/a, or German Ocean (l)ceanus Germanicu>), between the British Isles on the west and the Scandinavian and Danish 1'cninsul.as on the east. The Dogger Bank, a vast sand bank, 300 miles from north to south, with a breadth of 60 miles, running through its centre, is a good fishing 5t.ition. Mean depth 31 fathoms ; length 700 miles; greatest breadth 420 miles; area 344,000 square mil s. Branch: The Zuider ^cKin:.;ins to Africa; on the north-west, the Ionian Sea (Mare lonicum), b.twecn Italy and (ircece; and the Adriatic Sea (Mare Adriatictun). between the It.ilian ar. \L ( I*. ) The /h:'fr/it'/i/ or l)o/riiii-x, '\n the middlp, form a si-riu* of plateau;! separated by deep vanc>s. ni|jhi-Ht Riiniliilt, Slifi'liiitUn, '^dyo feet. ( The lliiriliiiifiirjittil nr Lnugjiehl, in the south. )liiilK'%t sujiiinit, SkagilolllnJ, 8760 fcfl. {II.) The L(| .Ith Syttem extend:) throughout the UritUh Isle*. Length 800 iiiik's. 'I'he |irin(.'i|ial rangcH arc i ((/.) The th-iim/itins in .Scotland. Uiifhest numndt, tirn Nci'is, 4406 feet. (/'. 1 The t'nttifiriiiH Mountiihis in i-'.ui{]and. Highest summit, ^unt/r//, 3300 feet. (f.) The Citmfiriitn A/iutHfttiiit in Wales. HiHhcst Hunmiit, Snmv./jn^ 3590 feet. (enuines from the Alps to the .sources of the Konco, Centra! Apennines ihence to ilie sources of the Sangro, and .Southern Apennines ihenre to Capes I.eiica and Spartivento. Thu Northern .'\peniiines enclose the south side of the basin of the Po, Length 50 miles ; breadth from 25 to 30 miles. The C entral and Southern Apennines form the water-parting between the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. Total length of the chain Soo miles; mean height 5000 feet. Ili);hcst summit in Italy, (/ra/i .Vnjjv, 9544 feet ; in Sicily, A/miiit Etna, 10,874 feet. Height of snow line on Mount F.tn i, lioo feet. .(, T"he Hellenic System embraces the mouiu.iins in the Hellenic luninsula, south of the .Save and the Danube. The principal r.inges are : ((/.) The Dhutri, . ///-f, v'hich ri u tiith-east from the Julian ;\lps, skirting the coast of the Adriatic and terminating at Mi^iu >cardo. Highest summit, .l/y«ii/ /^///(/nr, 754S feet ; length 370 miles. They are contimicd southward by (/'.I The iirummas or PhiJiis chain, which forms the water-parting between the .\driatic and Ionian Seas on the west, and the Arclii|)eIago on the east, and terminates at ( .p ' Matapan. IIi.;hc5t summit, .\toiinl PiiiJus, .S95.:) feet ; length alxiut 450 miles. NwTB.— Mount Oivminis, (,740 feet, the highest point of the peninsula, lies east of the ran:,ie. {(-. ) The Balkans extend eastward from Mount Scardo to t'.ipe Mininch on the Black Sea, forming the boundary Iwtween f'^ast Kotimelia and Bulgaria. Highest summit, Mottt .Siariio or Tihar Jhii^h, 9S40 feet ; length 400 miles. 5. The Hercynio-Carpathiau System embraces all the mountains from the Khine to the Uneister between the valley of the Danube and the plain of Northern Germany. (1/.) The Heriynian Mountains, so called from the name of the immense forest, the Hyrcinia Siha of Tacitus, which once covered a large | 'ition of the country, embrace a numlier of minor ranges in Southern Germany and Ilohemi.i and Moravia, 'i he Ixrst known ranges are the //(/;.'=, the Sihwarz-waU or black Forest, the lioitimcr-walil or Itolicmian Forest, and the Kii-scn-gei'iri^f or Giant Mountains. 'I'lie highest summit is .Si/incrl-o/'/'e (snow-cap), 53S9 feet, the culminating point of the Rivst-n-gebirgi', {b.) The Carpathians starting from the Danube near Preshurg run north-cast under the name of the Little Carpathians between the M.ircli and Waag to the .^udetic Mountains. From Mount Wisik.i begins the great chain of the ' arpathians proper, which sweeps round in a large semi-circle until it reaches the Danube at the Iron Ciatc near Drsova. Its chief divisions are the W- 'tern Carpathians from Mount Wisoka to Mount Sloiczck ; Central Carpathians from Mount Sloiczek to Mount Czorna; Eastern Carpathians, length 350 miles, from Mount Czorna to the Iron Gate. The Western and Central Carpathians separate Hungary from dalicia ; and the Lastern Carpathians, Transylvania from Mohiavia and Walla- chia. Total length of the Carpathians 800 miles; average breadth 100 miles. Highest summit, Mount Butsehetje, south of Kronstadt, 952S feet, (A,) The Sarmatian System, named from Sarmatia, the ancient name for Poland, contains no real nioimlains. The V'ahlai Hills, I too feet hi,:h, form the water-parting from which riow the Duna to the lialtic, the Volkon to I .ke Ladoga, the Unelpcr to the lllack Sea. ind the Volga to the Caspian. (G.) The Uralian System itween F.urope and Asia. The principal chain, the I'ral Mtntttta/ns, c\tc\\i\s from the .-Vrctic Ocean to ( trenbcrg on the Ural River, Length 1200 miles ; avcr.age height 3000 feet ; highest sunimit, Konjakofski, 5397 feet, (//) The Caucasian System extends between the Black Sea and the Caspian. Length 750 miles : highest summit, APoiinl Eihirz, 18,526 feet, the highest point In Europe. (2.) Plateaus. — (i;. ) The Central Plateau ■'/ Spain occupies the greater part of the Iberian peninsula. It Is bounded on the north by the Cantabrian Mount. lins ; on the south by the Sierra Morena; on the cast by a broken ridge which begins near the sources of the Ebro, and runs .south-east under the name of the Iberian Mountains; .and on the nest it slopes to the Atlar'c. The Sierra Guadarama, and the Sierra Tolcthi e.xir I i loss the plateau. Area 100,000 scpiarc miles; height 2250 feet. (/'. ) The Plateau of Bavaria, on the north side of the .-Mps, extends from Lake Cieneva to the mouth of the Inn, It is divided into two parts by the western course of the Rhine .and Lake t'onf.tance. the .south-western forming the plateau of north- ern Switzerland, and the nenth-ci stern the plateau of southern liavarLa. Mean height 1660 feet, (c) The plateau ofAiivergne, in France, has a mean height of 1087 feet. It was once the theatre of violent volcanic action, and is stud-!' {! with extinct volcanic cones ; the principal of which are Parion, Cantal, Montd'Or, and Puyde-Dome, ((/.) The Plateau of Bohemia Is an enclosed t.iblc land, nearly surrounded by the liochmer-wald, on the south-west; the Erz-gebiigc, on the north-west ; the Kiesen- gebirgc. on the north-east ; and the Marischc-gebirge, on the sonth-ea.st. It is drained by the Elbe and its tributaries, the Moldau and the Eger. Height 960 feet. ! I -J ;' i i j • (/.) The Ptaltau of Transytvaiiia, cant of Hungary, is embosomed by llic tircviil of llie Carpathians. It is overspread by offsets of that r^mgc, and plains arc rare. (3 ) Plains.— (-4.) The Grtal Plain extends from the mouths of the Rhine on the west, to the Ur.il Mountains and Casi)ian Sea on the cast, and from the Arctic (Jccan on the norlh, to tlie lilack Sea on the south. Area 2,500,000 .sipiarc miles. It is generally divided into the Germanic I'lain in the west, and the Sarmatian I'lain in the east. (rt.) The Germanic Phiin is boimded on the west by the Khine ; on the .south by the Ilarz, the Kr/nebirge, and the Ricsen-gebirj."- ; on the east by the Vistula; and on the north by the lialtic and the North Sc.i. It is watered by the Rhine, lOms, Wescr, Elbe, Oder, and Vistula. Mean height 350 feet. (b.) The Sanihilhiti Plabi is bounded on the Hc>t by the Vistula, the lialtie, the (iulf of liothnia, and Scandinavia ; on the nortli by tlie Arctic (Jceau and the White Sea; on the cast by the Ural Mountains, the Kirghis Steppes, and the Caspian ; and on the south by the Caucasus, the lilack Sea, and the Carpathian.s. Its area is e(|ual to the half of Kuropc. It is crossed by two long, low plateaus. Tlie northern called the Uralo-Iialtic Table Land, extends north-east from the Lower Vistula, and fiums the Valdai Hills, from which it narrows towards the Urals The southern, called the Uraloi ^irpatli .11 Table I,.and, extends from the Southern Urals to the Caip.ithians. That part 01 the plain, south of the southern plateau, lying along the Caspian Sea and the Volga, is called the SIcppt 0/ Astrakhan. (fl.) Sicondary PlaiU. — (rr. ) The Plain of France e.xtend9 from the south-west uf Trance to the Germanic Plain. It is watered by the ( iaronne, Loire, Seine, and SchcUIt. Its height does not exceed 450 feet. The region of the Lamlcs extends from the muuth (if the (iaronne tu tliat of the Adour, a distance of 200 miles, and runs 70 miles inl.ind. The district is a wilderness of sand, black pine woods, and large plains of furze and heather, (*.) The Plain of Hungary extends from the Little Carpathians to the Mountains of Transylvania, and from the Carpathians on the north, to the terraces of the Ualkans on the south. It is drained by the middle course of the Danube and its tributary the Tlieiss, .\Iong the rivers there are extensive swamps and marshes covering fully 10,000 stpiare miles. In various parts of it tliere are tracts of deep sand called Piiszlas. Length 300 miles ; lieight 400 feet, (.-.) The /"/it/;! 1/ Wallachia 3.nA Bulgaria on the Lower Ilanube, between the eastern Carpathians and the Ilalkans, ((/.) The Plain of I.ombarjy, in the north of Italy, is bounded on the nortli and west by the Alps, on the south by the Apennines, and on the east by the Adriatic. It is drained by the Po and the .\dige. It is celebrated for its fertility. Length 300 miles ; area 38,160 square miles. (t-.) The Plain of Jiulaliisia, in the south of Spain, between the Sierra Morena on the north, and th= Sierra Nevada on the south. It is drained by the tiiiad.ilquiver. (/.) 'V\\c Plain of Scamiiiiaiia on the east side of the peninsula. It is broadest at the south, and tapers towards the head of the Ciulf of liothnia, where it unites with the rock and lake plain of I*"iniand. (4.) Water-parting.— The Great Water-parting begins at Cape Tarifa in the Strait of Gibr.altar, and runs in a tortuous north-eastern direction to the northern end of the Ur.al Mountains, dividing the continent into two great water-sheds, the one sloping north-west to the Arctic and Atlantic with their branches, and the other south-cast to the Mediterranean with its branches, aitd the Caspian. (5.) Tlie Rivers may be arranged as follows: I. The Arctic System; II. The Atlantic System; III. The Continental System. I. The Arctic System.— Drainage area 570,000 square miles. (I.) The Pctchora rises in the Ural Mountains, and Bows north-west through Russia into the Arctic Ocean. Length 850 miles ; area of basin 1 14,400 square ihiles. (2.) The Mczen flows north-west through Russia into the White Sea. Length 350 miles; area of basin 30,100 square miles. (3.) The Duina is formed of two branches, the Suchoita and the Witchegda, flows north- west through kussia, and ends near the town of .\rcliangel, in the White Sea. It is connected by canals with the Neva and \'ol5a. Length 700 miles ; area of basin 134,400 square miles. (4.) The Onega rises south-east of Olonetz, and flows north-west through Russia into the White Sea. Length 350 miles ; area of basin 21 ,000 square miles. II. The Atlantic System comprises five basins, viz.: {A.) The lialtic liasin ; (B) The North Sea liasin; (C.) The Atlantic liasin proper; {D.) The Mediter- ranean IJ.asin ; (E) The lilack Sea liasin. (.•I.) The Baltic Basin.— Drainage area 717,000 square miles. (1.) The T-.rnca from the Kiolen Mountains flows south, forming the boundary between Sweden and Kussia, and ends at T ornc.i. at the head of the Gulf of liothnia. (2.) The Kaiix, Liilca, Pilca, and Uinca flow south-east through Sweden and end be^!de towns of the same names, on the west coast of the Gulf of liothnia. The Dalil forms a long s-!.ios of lakes, and ends in a large gulf connected with the Gulf of Hotlima. (3.) The Ncz'a with Lakes Ladoga and Onega, 420 miles; area of basin 99,700 square miles. The Neva is 46 miles long. It empties into the Gulf of Linland by three mouths basin is connected with that of the Volga by several canals. Its (4.) The Nana and Lake rcipiii, length ayo miles ; area uf basin 19,600 square miles. 11 flows north into the (iulf of Finland. (; I Tie Duiia isaucs from the \aldai lakes, flows first south, then north-west, and enters thtGuU "i Riga, below the town of Riga. Length 520 miles; area of basin 34,700 square miles, (6.) The NiemtH or Mimet from Minsk, runs north-west, passes Tilsit, and enters the lialtic by the I .irische Haff, the entrance to which is defended by Memel. Length 470 miles ; area of liasin 35,700 square miles. (7.) The Vistula (German Weichsel) rises in the Carpathians of Austrian Silesia, runs first north-cast, and then north-west through Poland, enters I'russia at Thorn, flows northward and divides into two large arms, that on the right, call' d A'lX'r//', ends in the Krischc Half, that on the left retains the name if Vistula, and ends in the Gulf of Dantzic. Its windings arc said to ecpuil two-thirds of its direct course. It receives its chief tributaries, the San and the Bug, on the right bank. Length 520 miles ; area of basin 72,300 square inilcs. (8.) The OJcr rises in the Sudctic Mountains, flows first north-west a.id then north through Prussia. After passing Gar/, it divides into two large arms; that on the right is called the A'cglils, that on the left retains the name of U.tcr. These arms unite below Stettin, norlh of which the river expands into the Stettiner Half, and enters the lialtic by three mouths. Its chief tributary is the Wartlia, which joins it on the right bank at Kustrin. Length 480 miles ; area of basin 45,200 square miles. (H.) Tlii North Sm 111111. (1.) Lhe G,'//ia, the largest river in Sweden, issues from Lake Wener, and enters the Cattegat at Gottenburg. Length, including Lake Wener, 400 miles; area of basin 17,000 square miles. (2.) The Cilommcn, the largest river in the Scandinavian peninsula, rises in the Langfield .Mountains, and enters the Skaggerrack at Krederickstad. Length 340 miles ; area of basin id.ooo square miles. (3.) The Clb< (Albis) rises in the Riesen-gebirge, runs first south, and then north-west throng:'. Ilohemia, from which it emerges between the Krz-gebirge and the Kiesen-gebirge into Germany. It then Hows north-west and enters the North Sea at Cuxluiven, 60 miles below Hamburg. It is nine miles wide at its mouth. It is connected by canals with the Oder and Wescr. The tide ascends it lor 25 miles. Length 550 miles; area of basin 55,000 square miles. The chief tributaries on the left kink are : the MoUlan and the F.ger in Bohemia, and Miilje and Saalc in Germany ; and 011 the right, the //arel and the liUc. (4. ) The Wescr rises in the Frankenwald under the name of the Werra, and flows north- west through Germany into tlie Ncirlli Sea. It receives 011 the right Ijiink the Ncssc and the Alter : and on the left the Pnlita luid the Dicincl. Length 330 miles ; area of basin 17,700 miles, (5.) The Rhine (Rhenns), German Rhein, is fornud by the union of the //inter- Kliein liiosterior Kliine) and the Von/er-K/iein (anterior Khine). The latter rises on the cast side of Mount St. Gothard in Switzerland, at a height of 9000 feet. In its upper course, which extends to lia.sel or ll.lslc, it flows first north-east, and then north to the Lake of Constance or linden Sec, on leaving which it runs westward to liasel. In its middle course, it flows north through Germany to Schcnck. In its lower course, it flows west through Holland, where it divides into three branches, the Waal, the J.ec/i, and the OIJ Pliine, and enters the North Sea. It forms the largest h'.uropean delta. The Old Rhine ends at Lcydcn. It is navigable by steamers to liascl. Length 760 miles; area of basin 75,000 miles. The chief tributaries on the left bank arc: (n.) The ,4,ir (Ararius) from Switzcrkand, which joins it at WaUlsluit ; {t<.) The Moselle ( Mosella) from !■" ranee, which joins it at Coblcntz ; and (,.) The A/ciise (Mosa) from France, which flows through llclgium and enters Holland at Macstricht under the n;uue of Maas, .\i Dordrecht it divides into two branches, the northern j, lining the Lech branch of the Rhine almve Rotterdam, and the southern flowing to the sea. The chief tributaries on llie right hank are: the yVi-.A:»- (Nicer) from the Black Forest, which joins it at M:inulieiiii ; the -1Ai;h (Moenus) from the Fichtel-gcbirge, which joins it at Mentz ; and the Lffe, from the Egge, which joins it at Wesel. (6.) The Tluime< rises in the Cotswold Hills, in Ciloucestershire, flows ea5tw:ird, and falls into the Norlh Sea, almut 50 miles below London Bridge. It is called the /sis from its rise to the city of Oxford. The tide ascends it for 70 miles. Length about 160 miles; area of basin 5162 s(piarc mites. (7.) 'IJic number with its tributaries, of which the Trent and the Ouse are the principal, drains several of the north-eastern counties of England, and empties into the German Ocean. (C, 1 The WUetlC proper Bailn.— Drainage area with North Sea Basin 770,000 square miles. (1.) The Sciern rises in Wales, and flows by Shrew.sbury, Worcester, and Gloucester, into the Bristol Channel. Length 210 miles ; area of basin Sooo sc|uarc miles. (2.) The Mersey rises in the b lie oppo* J through J ; miles ; 5 the right, < \ ! -r?pr EUROPE. 79 (4.) The Liiirt (M^eris Irises in the Ccvennes Mountains, flows north-west throii-^h Fr.ince tu Orleans, thence "iiith-west anil west to the Bay of Kiscay, ending 'jetween I'oint Mindrn and St. Nazaire, 30 miles below Nantes. Length 520 miles ; .irea of Iwsin 44,500 stpiare miles. riie chief triliut.iries nn the left bank are : the Altitr (K.laver), tlie Chtr^ and the I'itnHe; on the rijthl, the Mityenne. (5.1 'I'he llartfniw (fiarumna) rises in the Pyrenees, in the v.dley of .Aran, which beloni^s to Spain, flows north-east through !■" ranee to Toulouse, thence north-west to the Ilay of lliscay. Twelve niiles Ik-Iow Itord.jaux it is juined by the Dorttoi^tw, anrl the united rivers take the n.inie of the Giniiiite. Length jjo miles ; area of basin j!,ooo sijiiare miles. It-t chief tributaries are 011 the right bank, viz.: The Wr/iif^ (Aurigei., he T'.ir/i (Tarnis\ the /.,'/ (Oltis), and the Daniogite tlliiranniusi. (0.1 The Doiiro (Purius) rises on the south side of the Sierra dc L'rbion, flows west throunb Sp.iin Ijctwecn the Sierr.i (iii.itlirama and the Cantabrian Motmt.iins to Miranda, thence south for 50 miles Ix'twoen Spain and I*ortu'.;aI, then we-«t throiu;li I'ortu'^al, and enters the .Atlantic at Oporto. It is navigable only for 75 miles. Length 410 miles ; area of Iwsin 34,200 scpiare miles. The chief tribiit.iries on the left hank are : the Ertsmtt, the Titrm^s, the Aifiu/itt, and the Coa ; nn the right, tl e risturgiXi the Ezlix, the '/W, and the Ttimega, (7.) The Tagtis (Span. T.iso; Port. Tcjo) rises in the Sierra .Molina, flows west through Spain antl Portugal, between the Sierra tMLidarama and .sierra 'I'oledo, expands into a great estuary 30 miles aljove Lisljon, liclow which city it becomes narrower, and finally flows into the .Atlantic between Capes Roca and F.spichcl. Length 500 miles; area of basin i^.ooosrpiare miles. Its thicl tributaries arc on the right bank, vii. ■ 'i'he Xnranm, the Albtr.he, ihe AIngan, and the /.ezere, (S.) The Cimdliiux (.Anas) rises on the north sitle of the Sierra de .Alcarez, and after run- ning for ten miles disajipears in a marshy country. 'I'welvc miles further on it bursts up in springs called Ojos il,- GiiiiJiaiitt, Eyes of the Ouadiana, flows westward through Spain to Iladajos, thence southward Ix-twccn Spain and Portugal as far as Mourao, tiience southward through P.irtugal until it is joined by the Omiiza, and again forming the Ixiunilary line between the kingdoms, it enters the Atlantic between Castromarin in Portugal and Ayamonte in Spain. Length 420 miles ; area of basin 25,000 square miles. (9.) The G:ia,l,!l./itiirr ( llaetis) rises in the Mountains of Murcia, flows south-west through the Plain of Andalusia, between the .Sierra Morcna and the Sierra Xevada, and enters the Atlantic at San I.ucar. A marshland, called the ilaiisma, Ave miles wide, extends .along the right bank of the river for 37 miles from its mouth. Ojiposite the Marisma is a san ly waste with an area of 95 square miles. Length 300 miles ; area of basin 19,500 square miles. Note.— I'lie syllabic (7(tu,li is a corruption of the Arabic li;„/y, a river, or river-valley; Cuadiaiia, or ir,i,li-A,in. the River Ana ; Guadalquivcr, or IfadatMir, the great river. [/).) The Nlldltirranan BmIii.— European drainage area 363,000 square miles. (i.) The £/'ni (Iberus) rises in the Cantlbrlan Mountains (Sierra Keynosa), and flows south-east through Spain and falls into the Mediterranean liclow Amposta. Length, 3S0 miles ; area of basin 32,<)oo square miles. The chief tributaries on the left bank arc: the /frn.fow, the Oal/egn, and the Segrf (Sicoris) from tlic Pyrenees: on the right, the 7,i/o>i and the Giindnlupe. (2.) The Rhone (Khodanus) rises in Mount .St. Gothard, at an elevation of 5700 feet. It lun^ at first south- west through the .Swiss Canton called 'V'alais, a wild and picturesque valley S9 miles long, to Martigny, whence it turns north-west, and, after a course of 100 luiles, enters the Lake of C.cncva or I.cman. It issues from the lake at Geneva, and entering France, flows south-west to Scvsscl, where it becomes iiavigab'c. It then runs westward to Lyons, whence it flows south to the .Mediter- ranean which it enters by four mouths. Its delta begins at .\rlcs. The Rhone is the 111 )st impeCuoiis river in Europe. It is connected with the Rhine by a canal. I.eiif.h 420 miles; area of basin 37,900 square miles. Tie chief Irilnil.iries on llio right Ij.iiik .-ire : Ihe Saoiie (Ararl, from the plateau of Langres, which joi- » it at Lyons ; on the left, the hire (Isara) and the Duaitce (Duranlia), (3.) The /'d (Padus) rises in Monte Viso, at a height of O500 feet, (lows in a north- east curve to Turin, thence cast through the I'lain of Lombardy to the .Adriatic, which it enters by several mouths. At Ferr.ira, v.hich is two miles from the I'o, the surface of the river is higher than the roofs of Ihe houses. Adria, a seaport in the time of Augustus, is now 20 miles inland. The river gains on tlic sea at the rate of abiHit 230 feet jier annum. Length 3(50 miles ; area of basin 34,600 sipiare miles. The chief tributaries on the right bank are : the Tannro lT.anaru5) ; on the left, the Dor,% Baltta, the Snia (Sessites), the Ticino (Ticiiiusi, the AJAi (Addua), the Of/w, and the .l/7«e('o (Mincius). (4.) The Maritzit rises in Mount Ilacmns, flows south through Kouniclia, and enters the .T'.gaan Sea, west of the flulf of Saros. Length 260 miles ; area of basin t.S,2oo square miles. (/'.'.I The Black Sea Basin.— Drain.age area S25,ooo square miles. (I.) The Danube (Ister), Genu. Donau, rises in the HIack Forest at a height of 2S50 feet, and after a course of 1700 miles, discharges its waters into the Wack Sea. Area of basin 306,100 square miles. Its course is divided into four parts. {.?.) The first basin extends from its source to Passau. It flows first north-e.ast to Ratisbon, thenre sni|th-east t" I'assau. In this part of its course it receives on the left bank the Altimihl (connected by Ludwig's canal with the Rhine through the Main), the A'aah, and the Kegcn : and on the right, ihe J//,-r (Ilargus), near Ulm, where it is 300 feet wide and 6 feet deep and becomes navigable, the Zfir/i (Licus), the /.vr (Isara), at Dcckendorf, and the /«« (CEnus), at Passau. Note.— At Pasuu, the Danube is 3oo feet above the sea, 41)1 feet wide, and 16 feel deep. (1*) The second basin extends from I'assau to the defile lictwecii Gran and Waitzcn. It has an eastward course and abounds with islands. From I'a.ssau to Vienna it runs through a hilly country, alter which it enters a plain 74 miles in width. A northern branch, called A'tu/icis/tr Domui, extends from I'rcsburg to Koniorn, and forma the Great .Schutt Island, 50 luiles long and 15 miles wide. \ southern branch, called Wdu'l/mrf^'c-r Vonaii, forms the Little .Scliutt Island, and rejoins the main stream at Raab. The chief tributaries of the second basin on the left bank are: the MarJt or M.^rava, which rises in the Schneelicrg and ends at Theben ; the Waas^ixntw the Tatra .Mountains, wliitli joins the Xciihaslcr branch ; and the Oran, which rises in the Carpathians and ends at ( iran ; on the right, the A'iiir/', from the Styrlan Alps, joins it below Raab. (('.) The thirti basin extends from the defile between Gran .and Waitzcn to f irsova. This basin is an immen.se plain, not more than 400 feet above sea level. (In issuing from the defile, it flows due south 10 Vtikovar, anil thence eastward to Orsova. llelow Pesth, it divides into two branches, which enclose the island of (^zepcl. From llelgrade to Orsova, it is the boundary between Hungary and Servia. The chief tributaries of the third Iwsin on the left Iwnk are : the Thehi (Tibicus), which rises in Mount (ialatz, flows west to Trikay, thence south to the Ilanulie. which, after a course of 700 miles, it joins betvccn Pcterwardein and Itelgrade; on the right, the ihnve or Drait (Draviis), which rises in the Orel Herrn Spitz, Three Lords' I'cak, runs south-east, and after a course of 300 miles, joins the Danuljc 14 miles cast of Eszek; the Save or San (Sarus), which rises in Mount Terglon in the Corinthian .Alps, flows south-i-ast, and after a course of 420 miles joins the Hanulje at lielgradc; .and the Mcravd (Margis), formed by the junction of the Etulcni and W'csl Miir,iva 33 mil's wesi of Nissa, which flows north through the province of Servia, and juins the Ilanubc below Semendri.a. (,/.) The fourth Imsin extends from f)r5ova to the lilack Sea It is low and marshy near the river, but dry and hilly towards the enclosing heights lielow Orsova, the Danube fortes a passage between the protruding ridges of the (.'arpa- thians and llalkans by the p.ass called the Iron Gale. From the Iron flatc the river Hows south-east to beyond Widdin, the'- c.astwanl to Rassova, beyond which it runs niles ; average bread.h .0 nnles ; area 7.0 square m.les. ^ Note.- Mmh,. un.-uvclftl. nf ih. si,r(,,ee of Sweden is covered w.lh lakes. ^ (C.) Ukes of the North Sea Watershed.-in Scandinavia.-Z.«-!r Wcna; one of the largest lakes in Europe, in the south-west of Sweden, discharges its waters by the L.o.ha n,.o ho Cat.e-.at. It drains Lake F.nnumI, in the cast of Norway, by the U.ver .lar, and js also the receptacle of about 30 strean.s. It ,s connected with Lake Welter by the (.otl.a Canal. Height atove 'he sea ..4 feet ; length 90 .niles; greatest breadth 56 miles; area =0.0 -quare , miles. Lak. Mhsa,, the largest lake in Norway, in the south-east, dramed by the C.U-nmen ■ into the ."-ikager-rack ; length 63 miles; breadth 12 miles. j Xorn.— There are about 30,000 lakes in Norway. j In Hwitzerland.-/.«/v Consfmtcc or Bo,k„ Sec, between .Switzerb-.: .and Germany, draine,l bv the Rhine; height .above the sea 1=00 feet; de;-'- .,i^ leet ; length 44 m.les ; bread.h S miles ; area iS, square miles. Lake of /.uriclu on .he Limn.at, a tributary of the Aar; height above the sea .341 feet; length 25 miles; area 34 square m.les Lake of Lucerne, drained by the Kcuss, a tribu.ary of .he Aar ; height ao<,ve th. sea 1433 feet ; length J4 n>iles ; area 40 square n.iles. Lake of Xcuchale!, drained by the 'niele, a tnb.,tary of the Aar ; height .above the sea 142O feet ; length 2; miles ; area 91 scpiare mdes. In Scotland. -i-./! Xcss, drained by the Ness i .;o Moray Frith ; height abovr the sea 53 fcot ; depth Soo feet ; length 22 miles. : (D ) Ihe Atlantic WatersheJ r^-noe-.-In the British Isks.-i,-./- Lomo.u/, the largest lake : in Scotland, dramed bv .he Lev ::, .. Mbu.ary of the Clyde ; height atave the sea =3 fee' ; ; length 24 miles ; breadth S miles ; area 45 «.uare miles. Lake Wuuiermerc, the argest lake in England, drained bv the Levea into the Irish Sea ; height above the sea .34 feet ; depth £40 fp' ; leneth ,0 miles ; area 5 square miles. Lough A'cag/,, in the northeast of Ireland, the iar-est hake in the British Isles, drained by the liann into the Atlantic Ocean ; height above the sea 4S feet ; length 17 miles ; breadth .0 miles ; area 154 sciuare m.les. In Francc.-CroK./ Lieu, the largest lake in France, drained by the Loire into the Bay of Biscay ; area 20 square miles. IE I The Medllerranean Watershed.-In Switzerland.-Z.<7/r C,ene-,a or Lena,, La.-e be- tween Switzerland and Savoy, drained by the Rhone ; height above the sea 1:30 feet ; depth 9S3 feet ; length 45 miles ; breadth 9 miles ; area 221 square nnlcs. Ii. Italv, on tributaries of the I>o.-/.,7jro .lA'&w.-, drained by the Ticino ; height above the sea (,S^ feet; length 40 miles; breadth 8 miles; area So square miles. Lago d, Como, drained by the Adda ;' height above the sea 697 feet ; area 61 square miles. Lago .U Garda, drained by the Mincio ; height above the sea 22;- feet; length 32 miles; greatest breadth .3 miles; area 160 square miles. (F.) The Black Sea Watershed.— In Austria.— M-»j/V(/.Vf See, formerly a salt lake, but now dried up, was situated in tlic west of Hungary, drained by the Raabnitz, a tribu.ary of the Danube; height above the sea 367 feet; art^' 160 square miles. Balaton or Plallcn See (Salt), in the west of Hungary, drained by the Sio, an affluent of the Danube ; height above the sea 436 feet ; ^rea 3S0 square miles. NoTii. — There are about 20,000 lakes in Austria. (G.) The Caspian Sea Watershed.— The Cnfhm Sea is Sio miles long; greatest breadth 40/ miles ; average breadth 2 1 o miles ; area 1 7,S,SC6 square miles. It is S3 feet i. inches below < the level of the Black Sea ; depth in the northern part less than 60 feet, in the south nearly J 3000 feet. Lake Sc!i,;er, near the Valdai Hilis, the source of the \-olga. Lake ElUm, m the ; steppe east of the Volga, one of the saltest lakes in the world, contains 20 pel cent, of saline ; matters, and furnishes two-thirds of :ho salt consumed in Russia ; area 130 square miles. 10 Animals.— All the useful animals are found iu Europe, such as the hoise, ass, mule, ...v, domesticated buffalo, sheep, goat, and reindeer. Ol wild animals there arc the bear, deer, ur.is or wild ox, chamois, ibc.x, wild boar, wolf, lynx, wild cat fox jackal, otter, badger, weasel, and hedgehog. There are also the beaver, s.|.iirrcl, marmot, rat, mouse, mole, hare, and rabbit. Monkeys arc found wild on the rock of Gibraltar. Four hundred species of birds arc permanent residents. Singing birds arc numerous, especiallv the nightingale (the best songster in the workl)^ the thrush, lark, blackbird, linnet, and goldlinch. Of other birds there arc the e;,,.--, vulture, hawk, falcon, .and owl ; also the swan, goose, duck, bittern, stork, hcron,°si.ipc, pheasant, peacock, pelican, cormorant, and turkey. 11 Vegetation —In the south of Europe are prodnccd olives, oranges, lemons, citrons, figs, pomegranates, vines, and rice. In Central Europe, tobacco is largely grown. The princip;d fruits are apples, pears, peaches, cherries, plums, and walnuts. The tt.cs .arc the oak, beech, fir, chestnut, and pine. All kinds of grain grow south of Finland and the middle of Norway and Sweden. 12 Minerals —Gold is found chiefly in the Ural and Carpathian Mountains. Silver in Austria, Sweden, and the British Isles. Iron in Great Drilaiii, Sweden, Xorwav, Russia, Germanv, Austr!.!, Belgium, and France. Copter in Sweden and Norway, Germanv, Austria, and Great Britain. Lead in A.is.ria, Spain, British Isles, .and France, Tin in England, Germany, Austria, and Spain. Zinc m Great Britain, Belgium, and Germany. Qiiirksikcr in Spain and Hungary. Flaliuum in the Ural Mountains. Coal in Great Britain, Bclgi.im, France, and Germany. Sail in England, Russia, Germanv, Austria, and France. Sulphur In Italy. Aml,er on the south shores of the Baltic. Petroleum In Wales, Italy, and Turkey. MarHe in Italy and Greece. 13 Cllmate.-The northern portions of the Cireat Plain are cold; but as three-fourths of the continent lie within the temperate zone, th. .'-.ma.e of Central Europe ,s invigorating. In southern and western Europe it is quite warm. 14 Inhabitants -The great majoritv of the innabitants belong to the .Xanthochroic and ' Melanochroic races ; a few peoples, such as the Lapps, Finns, Magyars, Bulganans, and Turks j belong to the Mongoloid race. 15 Rellgion.-The christian religion, as professed by the Roman Catholic, Protestant, and ! Greek Churches, is established in every part of Europe, except in Turkey, wlure Mohamme- ' danism prevails. BRITISH EMPIRE. 1 The British Empire embr.ices liie United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the following colonies and dependencies; the whole containing an area of over 9,000,000 square miles, and a population of nearly 300,000,000. To visit these possessions in succc sion we may start from London, the great capital of the Tiimpire, and with a glance at ..elgoland, near the mouth of the Elbe, proceed down .he English Channel, pass the Islands of UJerney, Guernsey, Jersey, and Sark, and cross the Bay of Biscay. Pheiice rounding Spain, we touch first at Olbraltar, an impregnable fortress. Entering the Strait of Gibraltar, we pass along the shores of .he Mediterranean. .0 land at Malta, celebrate,-, tor St. Paul's visit ; thence we proceed to CKprus, an island belonging to Turkey, but occupied and administered by Britain, under Irea.v with that Power. Thcnec we retrace our course to the Atlantic, .Inoiigh the Strait of (iibraltnr, and, sailing along the western coast of Africa, touch at the Gambia River Settlements and Sierra Leone, .m the African coast. From this we pr-Keed south- cas.watd .0 Cape Poast Castle, in Upper Cluinca ; and thence southward to ftsce'isir.a Isle, a lonely i-ck in th.- Atlantic. Leaving h we mmr .0 ' SI. Helena, nnee the first Napoleon's place of exile. Snilhw.ird, we come to .he ; Cape Colony, and d,= odier Colonies in Southern Africa. I-oubling .he Cape nor.hw.ard, wc ' call a. MaorlliUS and the Seychelles. Nearing the .n.ranee .0 .he Red Sea, we tourh at the Pemn- I sula nf Men, and at the islands of Soeotra and re,i,n. Crossing the Arabian Sea, we reach India ; and, doubling Cape Comorin, touch at the island of Ceylon. Sai'.'-ng across the Bay of Bengal, we come to ftracan, Pegu, md Tenasserim. Passing the S'..lemeuts of Wellesley .md Malacca, 0:1 .he M.ih.y Peninsula, and Prince of Wales Island, 01 Penang, wc land at the island city of Singapore. Wc then pass northward through the Chinese Sea to Hong Kong Island, near Canton ; and dience to Labiian Isle, . rt the Island of Bornea, a,i>l the Province o( Sara-aak, in the north-west of that island. We now sail southward to Queensland and the other Australian Colonies. Skirting its western shores, toward, the south we conic tn Tasmania, or Van Clemen's Land. Proceeding eastward, we xi.it New Zealand I eavin- this, .ve s..il northward to .he /•//- l>land> in Polynesia, and .hen ,^M ".'waitVlo^ig colirse across the groat Pacific Ocean, till, doubling Cape Horn, we The Falkland Islands aiul South Georgia, Proceeding again northward along the eas.ern and ,„„,h,,n shores of South America, we c.oss the equator, and land in British Guiana. Thence north-westward through the British West India Islands. T hen south-west, past Cub,,, we louch at Belize, .., British Honduras. Here crossing Central America, we proceed up tiie Pacific e,»stto The Dominion ol Canada, crossing which fiom west to cast wc come to Newloundland and its dependenev Labrador. From the last we s.e-r M.udiwaid .0 the Bermuda Isles. Thence crossing the Atlantic, we again reach the British Isles, after a voy.ge of alwut 35,000 miles I "l ! 1 the fter a voyjRC ( ii """ ;| I //>'■((? 2V»(i! trftcfi y'Hm at 1*" irijA/in.f/fN/j if f -* t it it t BRITISH ISLES— ENGLAND AND WALES. 83 BKITISH ISLES. 1. The United Kingdom of Great Bri- tain and Ireland inchulLS Kiigland, Wales, and Scotland, called Gitat lirilain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands, united nndcr one sovereign and legisla- ture. (J real JJritain is the largest island in luirope, and the most nil portant in tlx world. Dover, at the south-cast, is only 26 miles from Calais in France. 2. The Form of Government is an hereditary liniiteil monarchy. 1 lie power of making laws is vested in Parliament, whieli consists of thice branches of the Legislature, as fol- lows : 1. The ()uijen or King; II. The House of Lords, consisting of Dishops and I'eers of the I'nited Kingdom- and 111. The House of K 1 1 r /■ / r (, / il V {■ r a trb d/i«/ WINU.SOK CASTLB. Commons, consisting of 658 mem- bers, elected by the various coun- ties, boroughs, and towns in Eng- land, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. The Isle of Man and the Channel Is.ands are not represented in the House of Commons, but have sepa- rate legislatures of their own. They are, however, under the supreme jurisdiction of the Imperial Parlia- ment. 3. Her Majesty the Queen, a: uie head of the Lxeciuive, is the first person in the realm. Her Court at London is lield in St. James' Palace ; but her state resi- dence is at liuckinghani Palace. Windsor Castle, on the Thames, is her chief residence in Kngland. Osborne, in the Isle of Wight, ami ISalmoral, in Scotland, are private residences. ENGLAND AND WALES. Walci frumll t \ ,lu Snxon /(Vi/f turt'i,n.i» urfrumtl Celt c (?!/ ll l Wtit AreioiFTi,h 1 in 1 Wales l [ 1 to i s i r ( 41 London, iliuwiiii; cost. James' Turk, (JJ Duke uf Vurk'a Culiitiiu. (.1) Natiuiial (iall.Ty uinl \.lM>n Mmiuiiii i<) N'uw n.itisfsuf PurliaiiU'iit, t' 1. Noted For. — Enyland i> uotcd I'ni' auv t-'lirUlian {ivili/atinn; licr grcU puiiti- c;il Ircfiloiu ; her rclii^inus tnUr.uitm ; Iicr univcrsilics : her literature ; iter just autl ci[uilal)le ailiuiui.'itraliiiii of l.ivv ; her respect fur authority ; her iu.sulaletl |)i)sitioii ; her iiiereaiilile marine ; Iter jua^niliceiU haibors ■, her raihijads ami taiials ; her i\.ivijral)le rivers ; her iiiiueral wealth, more partieularly in coal, iron, eop|ier, ami tin ; her miner.tl s[Miiv4s; her a;;iieultnie, .mil her pieemiuenee in eoimneree and manufactures. 2. Boundaries and Extent.— l-aigUmd and Wales are lioumled on the north liy Scollam!, on the siuili hy i!ie Knulish Chainiel, on the east l)y the .S'orth Sea, and on the west liy ,"^1. tlcorge's Channel, the Irish .Sea, and the .\tlantic < ice.m. From north to south it is aliont .)oo miles in length ; and in some places about 500 miles Ijioa.l. Their j-.int .uea is .iboiit 57,3:0,000 acres. 3. Physical Features.— The surface of Kngland is ehielly undulating, consist- ing of mountain ai\d plain The general aspect is varied and ilclightful, whilst that of W'.alcs is bold, roinanlie, and mountainous, The three mountain districts in Knghmd and Wales are ; 1. The Pennine chain, in tlie north ; .:. Tiie Cambrian Moimt.iins, in Wales, at the west; J. The Devonian range, in Cornwall and Devon, at the south- west. These tnountaluH may be subdivided into the Cheviot Mills In Northumbcr- land ; the Cumberland Hills, and the Snowdon chain in Ninth Wales. In l''.i.gliind and Wales there are 28 mountains between 2000 and jooo feet in height, and 7 exceeding 3000 feet in liuight. III. It) ll.ir..-(Miiin-ai..l AilinimUy. (.'.J St. Jaiiu-»' Palac. ■.■;) Wustiiimsti.T Abbi-j i)'l'"WiT. Ill', Surri-yiJi'of l.oil'loll. SI. I'aul's CalliL'Jral, The Coast Line ol England and Wales i< about 2000 mile;. The fi)llowing aro the j Physical Features of the East Coast. i .MoCSTAINS. C/lfVw/ alut /'rlilljlit' ill part, tiiriung siintliw.irrl. llislu'it J'>S4 (ocl. IKS UK illiAt)^. ilNUETS A.M) llAVS. Tync. ihisc. lIiinttKT. Trent. rh.inic-.. Klamboruugh. | Simrn. i Hunihcr. The N.ue. \ Tlie Wash. Nurtli I''tirvlar.(!. \ TImnies, Sinilli l-'oielalul. i Holy, Physical Features of the West Coast. J'fHlliiii; Ctm^riiiHt in Witles Highest 357' 'eel. Mersev. Sevuoi .St. llces. (ire.il tirmc's, Ilelvlicul. St. (laviil's. I, and'-, l-'.nd. N..:>vav 1 lilh. Moteeailihe. t.'aii'.ij;.ni. CarMKirihun. Dnstol Clianhet. Man. .Anglesea. I.undy. Phy; iCal Features of the South Coast, /'>i'7it>»nt», in Corn- ' ICxe. wait and ticroti. ; |ttmrilaiul Hill, -■itart. I.|..\rnui's Hay. I'.yiiimitll. .':.'!..u[. Pnn-^numth. < ) < ) ( ) Menai Strait, .1 ih.umel ul \uiih W.des, is .ibont I I miles long, and from joo yards to _• miles wide. It is eros.seii by a suspcnsiimbrichje, beneath which ships of the largest class may sail ; and by an iron (lailway) tubular bridge, at an elevation of yo feet above high H if. 1 I > 84 The Lakes of l^ingland arc Di-rzi-fut IVater (or Kes- wick Lake), in Ciimbcrhiml ; Uilcsiuati'r, lietwccn Cum- bcrlancland Westmoreland; and /F/;7(/(V7//^rc, between Cumberland and North Lancashire. <. The Climate 'i England and Wales, tliough v.iriab'e, i? healthy and a^jrecable. Tlic country hzwv^ insular, the climate is more temperate than that of other parts cf Europe in tlie sa-T,i U:iiudc. 5. Soil and Products.— The soil of England is fertile, and 15 hirihiy cultivated. Chief products : wheat, barley, cats, hoi)s, ve,';etab','s, and fruits. Principal mineral prodiictii iis ; coal, iron, cop; T, iead, and tin. In Wales the mjII i^. less fertile; but ccal, !;un, and dier minerals arc abundant. 6. Inhabitants. — The English people are, for the most part, tlic descendants of the Angles (from A/tj^r/n in Denmark), Saxons, jutes, Danes, and Norman-,, who at different times invaded and conquered the country. In Wales and Cornwall the people are mostly descended from the ancient iJritons. 7. Religion.— The Protestant Episcopal Church of England is tlie established rclijjion. For all other religious persuasions, however, there is complete toleration. ENGLAND AND WALES. HCR MAJESTY CriCHN VICTORIA. It. The Chief Induttrial Centres, near the coal mines, are as follows CHirP INDUSTRIAL CBNTRBS. Xorthuinb?rbnd and Utirhain. Lancashire and VorUsliire. Staffordsiiire. Soutli Wale-.. 1 Ccal \ Dis- ' tricls. SITUATED IN Tim North-East. Xorth-West. Middle. South-West. I'RIN'CIPAL MANUFAC- TURING TOWNS. NATURE OP MANUPAC- TUKns, ETC. UKITI'^II NAVAL RHVIUW. Near London is th'j Sydenli.imCryst.il J'.ilace, and Ci}cc}nvkh^\\\\\^\\ Luntains the Naticn^il Astr{tnomical Observatory, from the ni;^ridian of which degrees of Ion,'!;itude arc reckoned ; also a celebrated naval liospltal for disabled seamen. Chelsea^ with a military ! ;spifal, is situated on the Thames, four and a half miles abovn London. Newcastle and Darling- !»Tr.chinery, chemicals, un. and tloili. Manchester, Leeds, and Cotton and woollen Shcflicld. ' Dirmini;ham r.nd { liurslem. .Swansea and Merthvr I Tydvil. goods, and cutlery. Hardware and pot- tery. Sraeltiu',' copjiu and casting iron. 12. Seats of Commerce—London, Hull, Newcastle, Sunderland, and Yar- mouth, on the cast coast; Liverpool and Bristol, on ih. ■.■■^\\ Dover, Portsmouth, Southampton, Plymouth, and Falmouth, on the south; Swansea and CardifT, on the Welsh coast. 13. Chief Cities.— {:'.:!ian;zt.'. Mansion House (Lord Major's residence), Houses of rarliamcnt, Westminster Al)bcy, Si. Paul's Cathedral, the Mint, N';aional Gallery, Ibitish >luscuni, and St. James' and lluckingham Palaces. It lias also numerous spacious and beautiful paiks. Loudon is the largest and wealthiest, as well as the greatest, cfmnifrcial city in the wrld. It has an area of about loo square miles; 900 cluirches, and 560 hospital.-, i^usbouscs, and other Lluuitics. It is the scat of tuie vif the fnur ICnglisb Universities. (/'.) On the North-East.-- 'A*n'.vrf/Aw//^H-rv«c, and Sittuhrlan.if on the coast, have extensive nianufacturrs niid a coal trade. Duf/iam, on the Wear, is the seat tf a University. Y'U-l', on th^* ttii«;e, is nntrd for havincj b::?en the residence of several Kuuun Emperors, and as being the seat of an An;^lican Archbishopric. Its cathedral, or minster, is the best specimsn of Ciotlnc architecture in KnL;l,ind. //;///, on the llumber estuary, is one of llie chief En;;llLli seaports. (..) On tho Norlolk Peninsula.— AVjh-/.//, on the Yare, is noted for its manufactures and f».r its hcautifiil catiicdr.il. \'.ifmoi(f/i, at the mouth of the Yare, is the chi'jf scat i;f the hcrriir; fishciy. {tf.) OimlnJ^i', en the Cam, and O.v/^ro', en 11il> Chcrwell .ind the I^is, .r Tliamca, arc- celebrated for their Universiti' >, Oxford University is the most richly endowed upivcrsity in the worl'/;i.iJi aw naval arsenals and dockyard.^. Dover is a port of embarkation for the continent iJ Munipe. Canterbury is iIil' eccl siastical capital. (./'.) Southern Coast. —Ajv/tw/tJ/fM and Ply-.ttouth are import:mt nav.d rvt.itlnns, and the sites of the principal Uoyal r}i.-, tlu; favorite ;annmer residenci of yuecn Victoria. 8. The Manufactures of England arc more extensive and ini- porUint than those of any other country in the world, 'ili^y include cotton, woollen, silk, bather, metal, and carthcnwaro, and are cxport.-d to every part of the glob.-. The Welsh manu- fiictures are piincijially slate, iron, and tin. 9. The Travelling Facilities arc abundant. The common roads arc exccllcr.t. and. in addition to the canals, there r.re railways radiatin;^ lioui the sre..t centres of iradc in every direction. Tlierc is also steam connnuii'cation betwc:n all tlic principal ports in the kingdom. Electric tjk";raph lines extend from London to all parts of the United Kingdom, and to Ihj luiiojK'an Continent. 10. Civil Divisions.— The present division is into counties or shires, which owe their origin to King Alfred. There are forty counties in England, vi;;. : 6 Aorf/wrn, lying north of the Mersey and Humber Rivers; 5 Easfcr't^ on the coast between the Trent and Thames ; 19 Midhmiy between the Mersey and ThaiTKJS Rivers and Wales ; and 10 Southern^ south of the Lower Avon and Thames. 'I'lerc are twelve counties in Wales. (.5".) Severn and Avon Buin.—Bris/o/, on the Lower Avon, is the third chief seaport city in the- kingdom. Strat/ordjOn the Ujipcr Avon, is famous as the birth and biiiial place of Shaksperc. Bath is noted foi its medicinal mineral sprinjjs. Kidderminster is noted for carpets. Glouciiicr is noted for the manufacture (A pins. Coventry is the cliief seat of ribbon manu- facture. (/^) Manufacturing Districts Maccksficld for silks. Leeds for woollens. Sheffield UiX cutlery. Nottingham for hosiery and lace. Wolverhampton is noted for hardware. Manchester is noted for its cotton manufaclnres. Birmineham for Iiardware. Worcc.'fcr for j;l( \ c?> and porcelain. Biirslcm for earthenware. Newcastle for ship building. (;'.) Liverpool, situated on the east bank of the River Mersey, about 200 miles from Laiubn, which it rivals not only i.i extent A its commerce, but in its shipping. It carries on an immense trade with all parts of ihc world. About 25,000 .ships enter the port annually. Its magnificcr.t docks are very com- modious and extensive, and in these regards are, perhaps, unequiUcd in the world. It contains many fine buildings; especially St. George's Mall, which includes the town hall, music hall, und law courts. Near it is Brown's Free Library. (y. ) Chiel Welsh Z\\\Z\.-~Caermarthcn is *hc capit?" of South Wal. '^acrnarvcn is the cajiital of North Wales ; Lani;o> , on Mcnai Sti.^it, is a watering j.lace ; . .isca is a seaport, aiifl tlie L, catcst copper maiket in tlic world ; Mcrthyr Tydvil has the large-it smelting furnace in tlie world; Cardiff is an Important seaport ; Holyhead^ in the Islana of Anglcsea, is the chief steam packet station betw(;en England and Ireland, ■\ SCOTLAND. From the Scoti, .in i.nrit'iit Celtic tribe. Formerly called All n, Caledonia, etc. Size, equ.i! to a b4uare of 175 miles. Phy:^ Features of the East Coast. MOUNTAINS. Xorlhefn Highlands^ 3730 feet. Oramfliitttt, \n part, 4390 feet. BlVIli. Sptv. luo miles. Doi , f. Kife Ness. St. Abb* J. Ditiimcli, Mnniy. T.iv. l'\>rti). Orkney, ybeil.iml, at the North-en.it. /Northern //ij^Alutidf. GrtttHj'innit .iiid Low ther, in part, 437J (cet. Physical Features of the West Coast. CIvrIc, Hill milet. Wt-.utu |>.e. I'InvvmK Hint ' t l.cwta. K-*!-', SOUlll- Ainl Pc4iu. Null, w.irdK. Aubi.innirch.m. Mull n( Caniirc. MmU v\ Cillnway Huiritw Head. | BrOft'.i. i.inniu". Kyuu. Clyile, l.rllE. SoKvay. HcbriJi;: Sltvo. Mull. J ur.1. I«l..y. AlTAn. LocNl, or Uk3«, are numjroiis in the middle and northern puts of tho tuunir;'. Tin I)riiKiii.il arc Shin, Ncv,, and I.i.mond. liDlNDURGH. 1. Noted For. — Scotland is noted for its picturesque s-i rcry, its numerous friths, aiul its cxlunsivc maiiuf:ictures. 2. Boundaries and Extent.— Scotland is bounded on the north and west hy the Atlantic Ocean; on the sovith by the Irl>,h Sea and England ; and on the cast by the Xorth Sea. Its extreme length is 287 miles. Its brc.idth vaiies from 24 to 217 miles, 3. Physical Features. — Scotland is a liiclnresque and mountainous countrv, particularly towards the north-west. The Lowland districts, which lie chief! • loward the south, aie rich and fertile. The principal moimtain ranges arc the Northern Highlands and tho Grampian, the Lowthcr, and the Cheviot Hills. These run chiefly in a southwestern direction ; and the ])l.ui)s or vallcvs between them are so deeply indented by rivers and friths, that li:w parts of Scotland arc inaccessible from the sea. Tlic co.ist line measures 2500 miles. As the slope is chiefly toward the cast, all the principal rivers, except the Clyde, (low in 1h.1t direction. Staffa, a small island north of lona, is remarkable fnd (3.) the n., !iufacturing. 'lliis last, by far the most important, centres in the coal districts, which stretch from Fifeshire to Ayrshire. The manufactures include those in iron, linen, cotton, silk, and wool. Ocean steamers and other vessels are extensively built. 11. Seats of Cammercc.-Leith, Dundee, Montrose, and Aberdeen, on the east coast ; Glasgow, Greenct^k, Ayr, .md Port Patrick, on the west coast; Kirkcudbright and Annan, on the south coast. 12. On Ihc East Coast.- in.; Edinburgh t.!2lj,ooo), the metropolis of Scotland, is situated near the Frith of Forth. It is a picturesque city, and is noted for its Castle, for the ancient Koyal Palace of Holyrood House, and for its Universiiv, Churches, public institutions, and s hools. Prince's Street, which divides the Old and Xew 'I'owns, is a handsome thoroughfare, and contains a beautiful monument to Sir Walter Scott. The New Town is well laid out, and the buildings are of a stiperior cl.iss. 8() SCO TL AND— IRELAND. Ltith (54,000 )i the seaport of Edinburgh, has great trade with tlic lialtit. Inverness, at the moiitli of the Ness, has irun foundries and brew:rics. Near it is CulhiUn Moor, wlierc tlie Pretender was defeated in 1 746. PcUrhcad, near Uuchan Ness, is engaged in the wlialc large quantities of granite. and herring tisheries. It exports BALMOKAI. CASTLE, rUli -//;.x, whose castle is so I istorically interesting, was formerly the residence of the Scottish kin: in I ;i I, liruc;' defeated Edward \\> Its ..ch ent r.KAIJV CAsTl.l , MCA r 1 1 in: OUKU 01-" AR iVLl.. Near it is the Held of Uannoekhnrn, where, IRELAND. a from lar l,m.s (C Jl.>, die V. \s:.r« UU. wl.-ucu Ui uaiuc ErU Tlic uaiuc is probably derlvei (. Noted For.— Ireland is notetl for its beautiful scenery and its feitility. The green- ness of its verdure has given it the nnne of the EmcrM Isle. 2. Boundaries and Extent.— Ireland is bouiuleil uu the north, west, and south by the ,\ll.intic Ocean, and on the cast by the North Chaitncl, the Irish Sea, and St. George's Channel. Its greatest length 306 miles, its greatest breadth iSo miles. 3. Physical Features. — I'iic surface is chielly undulating. The coast line of about 2J00 miles, is very irregular, and encloses many beautiful bays. The mountains are generally near the coast, and arc most numer- ous in the north and the west. The highest summit in Ireland is one of the Macgilli- cnddy's Keeks, County Kerry. In the County Antrim, is the vjiant's Cau.seway, a basaltic promontory, composed of many thousand pil- lars, closely united together wilhlieautiiui reg- ularitv. Iii'thc central part of the island are immense tracts of country called bogs, producing little else than heath, bog myrtle, and peat. The landscape of Ireland is beautiful ; and the scenery of the Lakes of Killarney, of the Western Coast, of tlie County Wicklow, and of the Southern Coast is highly picturesfitic. Physical Features of the North Coast. SACKVILLQ STIiECT, WITH THE VOST OFFICII AND NEI.SON's PII.I.AH, DUDI.IN, I'RISCtl'Al. MflUNTAINS. I'RINCIPAL BIVUHS. Sperriiiu. Foyk. Baim, 40 miles. 1 AI'ES OR HEADS. Faiilieail. Maliii. li. poicland. l-oylf. S«illv. Sliceph.ivcii Physical Features of the East Coast. Moiiiiie, 2706 feet. Wicklow, 3"39 ''-■':'■ I.aKijai., 35T">;ei. n„„,|,, iov.ic, So nii.s. Wicklow. Llffey, so miles. ,■>,,„„. .Slaney, ;o miles. ,;,,,,„„r,,. ii.;t.i-i. Diiiulruin. IHiml.dU. Ihili'm. R.uhlin. ■forv. I.anib.'iy. Irelaiuf'B V.yc. Physical Features of the South Coast. Oallec. Kiiocklneli'clowii. Harrow. 1 1 v miles. '■•\\\r\ loo Illiles. l:i.ic!;witer, loom I.CL', 1=, miles. Canisore. Kiiis.dc. I'lc.ir. Mizeii. \V..lfltMl,t. 1 1.111-4. irveli. fork. Kiiiba'c. 1 Cape Clear. Phvnical Features of the Wes t Co a^ u Diitiriior Miic-iilicmlilv Keeks. K Try. Hiuliesl .(I'jo fcct. Kli.iimot., 32.1 m. (liilw.iy. Kinc, Ou niiitjH. ALilil. Mayo. Krrii. Utjssan. p.iiiliy, Kiiim.trc. V.ik-iili.i. South Arraii. Shannon. Clare. Clew. .Achil. 1 i.rlwny. Nortii Arr.,11. Siigii. Uoiici^al. (Lm. ii.ir.K Hi'.vrnia.) Aica, equal to a square of iSo miles. The Shannon is the largest river in Ireland. It , Hows 164 nnles soudiw.ird through die centre of the j country to Limerick ; thence 60 miles westward, into ( the .\tlantic (Jcean. < Clonmaenoise, on its banks, in King's County, J contains two of tlie many celebratcii Round Towers ; of Ireland, the origin of which is still unknown, and ; some of the beautiful ancient Tombstone Crosses. J The Lakes, or Loughs, .are numerous. The priii- \ cipal are Swiily, l-'oyle, Neagh, I'.elfast, and Strang- ; ford, at the nord wast ; Rec and I)erg,in the centie ; ; Coiui, Mask, and Corrih, at die l.cst; and the pic- ; turesiiue Lakes of Killarney, at the south ucst. 4. The Climate is nioister, hut more equable than that of England, being less warm in summer, and milder in winter. 5. Soil and ProiluctS.— The soil gem r.lK- is very hirtilc. The (lu.iutity of r.,in which falls makes the grass grow abundantly. Dairy huskuidry and cattle rearing are extensively followed. ITax is much cultivated. Chief minerals : coal, copper, iron, and marble. The chief manufactures are linen and poplin goods; which, with muslin sewing and lace making, give employment to great numbers. 6 Population.— The inhabitants are chietly of Celtic origin ; hut people of .\nglo-Saxou de^cc'nt have settled all over the island. In some parts of Ulster the people are .ies. cnil.iiits of Scottish coloni-ts introduced by Jam- s I. Irish C.aelic is the native kuigua,,-, now cluclly confined to the west. 7. Religion.- The rrolestant or Anglican Episcop.d Church was discst.ibli.^lied and disen- dowed in iSriu. Througliout the island the people aro chielly Roman Catholics, except in Lister, wlure tin; in.iiorlty are I'rcsbyteriaus. I 8. Travelling Facilities. -Ihe common roads are very good, .md dure are m vera! iaii..ls 1. r ' internal trade. Kailmi) s also connect Dublin with Itelf.isl, l.oiidoudei ry, Cork, Linieruk, Calway, Wateiford, and other places. 0, Manufactures and Exports. Linen is the chief ami most valuable nianufacture. tiotlou ■ roods iiv eM.iiMV.'lv luauuf.iaiired around Ilelfast. and Irish poplin, a fabric of s.lk and I worsted, ill Dublin. These, with dairy and agricultural pio.lmv, cattle, etc., form the chief i articles of export. : 10. Civil Divisions.- Ireland is divided iiiln four provinces, cumpiiMiig thiny- I two counties; ,^ Ulster, containing 9 counties; chief seaports, /UK,sl, and /..'n,l.>,i,/erry. Leinster. . onlaining \i counties; chief seaiiorls, /)«/'//;/, and ll'e.v/.'r./. IWunstcr, containing (, counties ; cliief seaports, CWk, QneenshKc, IValer- J\ir,l, and l.imerkl;, Connaught, conlainin;; - coimtiis ; chief seaports, ilnh.o.iy, and SUgo. W Chief Cities.-On the East Coast.-Dublin (^L^ooo). the nunopolis of Ireland si,„,,.od .m both sides of the I.ifiey, is one of the (meM ulus ,11 Kiiropo, und is distingnshed for the number and elegance of its ptdili.. b.uhlings. It contains the L-niversitv of 1 hiblin (Trinity College), founded by (lucc.t I'di/aljcll, -■w i i iiiBm mt w iji ^^i*'.- -" — ricultnral ( s yianite. J chief scat J tcaniship < 1 1 ^ w \ $' \ 88 IRELAND— BRITISH DEPENDENCIES IN EUROPE. \ in 1591, the Queen's University (ihe Col- leges of wliich are at Belfast, Cork, and Galw.iyj.and ,1 Roman Catholic University. I'hcenix Park is a favorite place of re- sort for the citizens. Sackville .Street, a prolongation of Graf- ton and Westmore- land Streets, is the principal thorough- fare, and is a wide Bi.AcK ROCK cASTi.K, NiiAR CORK. and liaudsomc street. AVV/vj-Aww, eight miles cast of the city, is the mail-packet station for Dublin. Belfast (175,000), is noted for its linen manufactures, and its foreign and domestic trade. It is the .sc.it of one of the Queen's College.s. On Ihs North Coa«t.— Londonderry (25,000), a nourishing town on Loush Foylc, is noted f'T its .shirtniakin^, and its 1.ul;c trade. -l/wvy/f, its portjis a place of call lor tlie Allan line of Canadi^in mail steamships. On the South Coait.— Wlterford, on the .Suir, is noted for its fine qu.iy and harlxir. Cork (78,000), in size and population the third city in Ireland, is situated on the I.cc, and is the chief commercial city of the south of Ireland, and largely exports grain and provisions. It has manufactures of leather, iron, gloves, and glass, and is the seat of one of the Queen's Colleges. Qucenstmii is a naval depot, and has one of the finest natural harbors in the worhl. The priiicipal fortifications are on .•^pikc Island, a convict establishment. The entrance to the harlxir is defended by Cam- den and Carlisle forts. Queenstown is a place of call for the mail steamers running between England and America. m.ARNRv castlb, near cork. At the West.— Limerick (40,000), the fourth city in Ireland, is beautifully situated 1 the .'ih.union, the largest river in Ireland. This city is remarkable for its fine bridges, i extensive manufacture of lace and gloves, and its commercial eut'.'rprise. Gaiway is the seat of one of the Queen's Colleges. U is comiectcd with Dublin by rail. ANCIENT RUUND TOWIiRS AND CKOs^ AT CLONMACNOlStZ . iwu.s tcovii OK >-ukk;. BRITISH DEPENDENCIES IN EUROPE. I. GIBRALTAR, AND II. HELIGOLAND. ROCK AND TOWN OP OIBHALT.IR, IKOM Tim NliUTHAI. OROUND. 1. Cliraltar (Dji-bd Tarik, .Mountain of Tarik, the Moor or Saracen wlm landed here in 711) is a high rock at the south of Andalusia, in Spain, and forms the key to the Mediterranean. Its fortress, of 1000 guns, is the must celebrated in the world. Cavern- and galleries, for communication and defence, have hi'cn cut in the solid rock. 2. The Town, situated on the western dcclivily, is a sincle spacious street, pavrcl and lighted. Gibraltar is a free pen, and the cliief cenhe of llritish commerce with the adjoining cciunlries. Il w.u < founded by Tarik, a Moor, in 711; ceded to Spain in the fifn!enth century ! and captured by llie ^ Enshsll in 1704, It is only .to miles from Tauiier, th.e commercial capit.-i! of Marf.rro, in N.~.nhrrii > Africa. ( 3. Helgoland, or Heligoland (Holy Land), is a rocky island, 200 'eet high, 46 miles north- ? west from the nioullis of ihe F.lbf} and Weser, and contains a village and a light house. It was j taken from Denmark in i,So7, and is now a watering place. It was held in high veneration in > the Middle Aces. ///. THE ISLANDS OF MALTA, GOZO, AND COMING. 1. Poiitioa, etc.— This group lies in the Mediterranean, lictween the Island of Sicily and the Continent of Africa. .\rca 143 square miles ; population 160,000. 2. Phytlcal Feature], etc.— Malta is the principal island. It is 17 miles long by 9 wide. Except at the south side tlie mast is deeply indented. The surface is rocky, and has little deptli of soil. Cotton is tlic staple product. Tile vine, figs, oranges, ami olives arc abiuidant. Heing central in the Mediterranean, it is a great commercial depot. Valetta is [lie capital. It has fine d(icks, and is well I'ortificd. Population about ,p,ooo. (7iC!J, nine miles long by four antl a half wide, is more fertile. Us (dam's Tower is the chief oljject ■ f interest. Cuminu is a very small island ; population only 900. Off Comino lies Cominotlo. 3. History.— Malta is said to be the Melita on which St. Paul was thipwrctked. Peopled by llie Phoenicians and held by them, it p.^ssed successively under the dominion of die Cailh.iginians, Rinnans, Sar.iccns, and Sicilians: and in 1513 w.is granted liy Cliarles V. to tlie Kniglus of the Order uf Si. Jolin of Jerusalem. It was lakrn by Napoleon I. in 171JS ; liy England in 1.S00, and finally ceded tuah, or the "land of rabbits," because it abounded in these animals. Site, equal 11 a square of 440 miles. 1. Noted For— Spain (Span. EsfaRa) is noted for its foiincr commercial and military greatr.eb;-, and extensive efforts at colonization. It is now chiefly noted for its wine, raw siik, and merino wool. 2. Boundaries.— Spam is bounded on the north by the Hay of Biscay and tlie rvrenees ; on the cast by the Mediterranean Sea; on the .south by the Mediter- ranean Sea and the ,\tl.antic ; and on the west by Portugal and the Atlantic. 3. PItysical Features.- The interior is diversified, and consists of high table hands, separated by > mntain ranges and drained liy several rivers. The principal ranges are the Pyrenees .at the north, the mountains of Castile, and the Sierras, or saw-shaped ranges, of Toledo, Morena, and Nev.ada, in the interior. The greater part of the country i., fertile, and is covered with a luxurious vegetation, especially in the south, which in some places seems a garden of perju inal bloom. The prin- . ilial rivers are the Doum and Tagus, flowing through Portugal into the Atlantic; the (;u.idalquivir and Gu.uliana, flowing southward; and the Ebro, flowing into the Meditc-ranean. The most noted capes arc Ortegal, Finisterre (land's end) ; Trafal- gar, famous for Nelson's victory in 1S05; Tarita (from which we deinc our wood tariff), tlie southernmost point 01 Europe ; Cata, Palos, and St. Martin. 1; CITV r,.- OPORTO, NR,\R TUB MOL'TH OF THE DOURO RIVBR. On the Mondego.— CMw the birtlipl.icc of the navigator Vasco de Gaina. 9. The Aiores, from ajor. a hawk, lie west of Portugal. Ansni, on Terceira, is the capital of the group. St. Michael's, the l.irgost, is famous for its oranges. The Madeiras (wood) lie west of Marocco. The chief produce is wine. Funchal, on the south side of .Made 1, is the capital. 10. Colonies.-Thc Portuguese were the first to double the Cape of Good Hope, on their wav to India. They held lirazil till iSsv Their principal colonial possessions arc the Cr/f V.rdc Isl.u.Js, in the Alhntic ; Dhsao, and the Islands of iV. Tlunnas and Prnuc's, on the Guinea coast ; Aj:U.i, Anxoh, Amh-lz, Dcv^uch,, A/,,p.amsh fl.es. 8. Provlnces.-Prcvions to iSjj. Spain contained fourteen provinces; bnt il is now divided into forty-seven, or.including tlie Balearic and the Canary Islands, into forty-nine provinces. F' ana bill il is ^J w i^^; vV^. *>.^> ^..\^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 l.i 1.25 1^ I4£ 1.8 il IIIIII.6 V] <^ /2 -3 / f iJuujgiapiJlL Sciences Corporation iV #'t.,s ii^ ^'^ I. <^ o'^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 871-4503 "^0'"\ ^"^^ r^^ W^.r #A fA I i I 92 SPAIN— FRANCE. 9. Chief Towns.— {<') On the North Coast.— /. Scta.rtian, taken by tlie Hritish from the French in 1813; Bilbao und Santander, seaports; Ferrol^ a naval arsenal; incl Cvtuntia noted for its herring fishe'ies and cigars, whence the Spanish Armada, designed for tlic conquest of Kngland, s.ailed n 15SS, and where Sir John Moore fell in Ijattle in 1S09. South of Corimna is Santiago, famous for its cntliedral. (*.) In the Oouro Basin.— K«//ssa (SijOoo), celebrated for its resistance to the French in 180S and iSoij.and for its warrior maiden, the heroine of the siege, contains a famous leaning; tower like that of Pis in Italy. Pampchiiia, a tortress; and Vittoria, tlie scene of one of Wellington's victories. 10. The Balearic Isles lie east of Sjiain. They are hiza, Majorca, Minorca, Forntcntcra, and Cabrera. Palllia, in Majorca, is the capit.il. Mahon, in .Minorca, has a fine harlxir. The islands are healthy, and their soil fertile. The Canary Isles (anc. InsuUu For- tiiiiatac) lie west of .\frica. The chief are Palma, Fcrro, Oomcra, Tcncrijfc, Canary, Fttcrtcvcntura, and Lan- zarolc. Palmas, in Canary, is the capi- tal. Santa Cruz, in Tcneriffe, is the chief port. 11. Colonies.— < If the former minicroiis Spanish colonics, chiefly in South America there only remain Cii/ia, Forlo A'ico, and Finns, In the West Indies; Ctuta and five other Lii.vNiNr. rovviiK oi- SAN iiMiiE i iHKui, s.MiAi.. ■S--A. small settlcmcnls in the north of Marocco ; F'ernam/c Fo and AniialwH, off the we.st coast of Africa ; and part of the '■t'f'inc Islands, the Carolina! and Faiaos, and of the Ladrones, in tlie Pacific f )ccaii. 12. Gibraltar. — See Ilrilish Dcpendciu icH in I'.nropc, p.ige ,S8. 13. Andorra. — This small republic, independent since ,\.n. ;((o, lies in three wild valleys in the Pyrenees. The people, about i.'^.ono |n number, ar'.' chiefly engaged in mining, rcarint; cattle, and occasionally in smuggling. Chief Town. — .//(./,/>7-,;, p.i| ulatiun, 2000. RKJ'UliLIC OF FRANCE. l-rmu /•>,//,/. fr •e pcij|ili., r.MU.iliii' Irihi! , who conquered France in the fifth century. ■ |ii,lre o( ^51 miles. Size, etjual 1. Noted for.— France is noted for the militarv character of it.s people; Its wines and lirandy; and its citcnsive i.ianu- f.icture of silks, clocks, bronzes, and fancy arti- cles. 2. Boundaries.— France is jjonnded on the north l>y the ICiiKlish Channel antl Ileltjium; on I lie east liy Germany, Switzerland, and If', ; on the south by the Mediterranean Sea and .Spain; and on the wist by tile H.ay of liiscay. 3. Physical features. — It is moui.taliiinis in the Moulh-ca.stcrn and soutliern portions, and undulating in the north and the north-west. The Pyrenees Mountains se|)- aratc France from Spain ; the Alps divide it from Italy, and the Jura from Switzerland. From ihe Jura the Vosgcs range extends north-cast, and west of the Khone Klvcr are the Ccvennes and Auvergne Mountains. notre damu oh iakis The surface is divided into four river b.asins: (,.) The Seine l.asin; Loire; (.; ) The Garonne; and (4.) The Rhone Iw.sin. -I i (2.) The QATIIKKINO CORK. 4. Climate and Product!.— France is a land of com, wine, and oil. Wheat, fl...(, sugar-lwct, and other hardy plants flourish at the north; tin; more tender grape vine, in central France; and the oil olive, mulberry, and varlotis tropical plants at the south. Ilccs and silk worms arc extensively reared, and cork trees grow in the south. The chief minerals arc iron, coal, and salt. 5. The Inhabitants aie a in. ...1 r.ice of Celts, Goths, and Franks, in which the Celtic iirepoudcrates. Near the Khine, the people are thi, fty of fieim.iiiic stock. Ilrltlany derived its naioe from fugitives from f.reat llrilain. The inhabit.-ints of the Fast- em Pyrenees arc still Spanish or Dasque. :^j ry. Slie. ttjual M in; (2.) The ' i B. Tnvelling Fjclllllei.— Tlie public roads are generally gcod. Railways connect the interior witli tlic most important towns on the coast and frontier. There are about eighty-six canals in various parts of France. 7. Manulacturei. — In the extent and variety of her manufactures, Fi-ance ranlis next to Cireat Ilritain ; but in the beauty of lier silli fabrics, she holds the first place in the world. 8. Manufacturing Centres. — Lyom, at the south-east, is the great centre of silk manufacture; Paris, uf jewelry, gloves, and fancy articles ■, and various towns farther jinrth, of linen, cotton, and lace. 9. Civil Divisions. — France, formerly divided into thirty-four provinces, is now, with Corsica, subdivided into eighty-nine departments, deriving their names from rivers, mountains, or otlier natural features of the district. Corsica belongs geographically to Italy, but politically to France. It is no miles long, and 53 miles wide. The west coast has numerous bays, while ths east coast is almost unbroken. A mountain chain, rich in minerals, runs through the centre of the island. 10. Chief Towns.— ( In the English Channel tu\n.— Calais, on the coast, ojjposite Dover ; Lilh- (1(15,000) is a strongly fortified city; Bo:if,ii;iii- has in>p.„i.int fisheries; Dic/i/ie is a watering place; Si. Malo is the place frnni wliicli Jacques Cartier, the discoverer of Canada, sailed in 1554; Cherbour;:; is a strongly fortified naval statiun. •r the UM%i.—Ablmill- : near it is Crecy, noted fur L.lward Ill.'s victory in 1346. On the Seine.— //niTC (9->0M), one of the principal commercial ports; Rouen (105,000), where William the Conqueror died and Richard Cceur de Leon was buried, has an extensive cotton trade. Paris (i,989,cx»), the capital of France, in miles from the mouth of the Seine, is the second city in Europe fcr extent and importance. Its principal manuf.icturcs are fancy articles and jewelry. It is celebrated for tho number and elegance of its public buildings, and for its scientific and literary institutions. Near Paris is Versailles, noted for its fountains and gardens, and for its palace, built by Louis XIV., but now converted into the houses of legislature. (<•.) On the Atlantic anil lay ol llicay ZoMl.— Brest, Rocheforl, and Raehelle are naval stations. In the Basin of the Loire.— -.Vj/'d« is the centre of the Burgundy wine trade. Besan^on, on tiie Doubs, is noted for its clocks and watches ; GreiwHe, on the Isbre, contains a statue of the Chevalier Bayard. In Savoie is C'tambery, the capital. (/.) Ajaccio, the capita! of Corsica, was the birthplace of Napoleon 1. II. Colonies and Protected Countries:— In Africa. — Algeria; Senegal Settlements; Ivory Coast and Gaboon River; St. Marie ; Nossi-B{ group ; Afayotle, and Bourbon. In Asia. — Chandernagore, Yanaon, Pondicherry, and Karikal, on the east coast of Hindostan; AfaAe, on the west coast; Cochin China, and the Protectorate of Cam- bodia, in Further India. , In America. — Martinique, Guadeloufe, St. Bartholomerv, and other islands in the West Indies. .SV. Pierre and Miquelon, fishing stations off Newfoundland. French Guiana, or Cayenne, in the north-east of South America. In Oceania, the Marquesas Islands, New Caledonia, and the Loyalty Islands ; and the Protectorate of Tahiti, Low Archipelago, Cambicr, and other islands. KINGDOM OF B E L G J U M . From Belga, an ancient tribe. Size, equal to a square of 107 miles. (. Noted For. — Belgium is noted for its iron manufactures and for the remark- able industry of its people. 2. Boundaries.— This small kingdom is bounded on the north Ijy Holland; on the east by Germany; on the south by France; and on the west by the North Sea. 3. Physioal Features.— Its surface is ntarly level ; being part of the great plain which extends eastward from North-Western France. The coasts are low, requir- ing dykes, as in Denmark and Holland, to keep out the sea. The principal rivers are the Scheldt and the Maas, or Meuse. 4. Soil and Climate. — The soil, thougl; not fertile, has, by industry and skill, been rendered productive. The climate is cool and moist in the .vest and the south-east, but is drier inland. 5. The Products are grain, hemp, flax, hops, and tobacco. The Flemish horses are famous. In the basin of the Maas and other rivcrs,coal, iron, and other minerals are abundant. 8. Inhabitants. — The Belgian people are made up of two distinct stocks, viz.: (i.) the Flemings, natives of the district of Fla-.ders, lying between Holland, Ilclgium, and France who are of German origin, and (2,) Walloons, or mixed Celts, who are descendants of the ancient IJelga;. 7. Travelling Facilities.— Belgium has excellent roads, and numerous canals and railroads. 8. Manufactures.— The manufactures are confined chiefly to the coal districts. Laces, linens, carpets, and machinery are among the most important, 9. Civil Divisions.— Belgiuin is divided into nine provinces. 10. Chief Cities.— (rt.) On the Coast.— (3i/<'«(i' is the principal seaport; Bruges (45,000), an old commercial town, is now noted for its lace manufactures. (^.) On thn Scheldt.— ^«/- werp (Anvcrs) (160,000), famous for its cathedral, ^''leniish paintings, and its fortifications ; Ghent (Gand) 1 1 ;i,ooo), built on 26 iskands, birthplace of Charles \'. and of John of Gaunt, noted for its European treaties ; Fon. /■i:oy, a famous battlefield ; I'ournay, noted lor its Brus- sels carpets; jt/<;nj, for coal and iron. (f.) In the Interior.— Brus- sels (Biuxelles) (391,000), the capital, noted for its laces, carriages, a. id book publishing, is near the bat- tlefields of Waterloo and Ramillies ; Mechlin, or, in French, Afalines, a railway .MDNfMniiTS ON Tiin OATTLiiFici.n 01' WATOBi.oo. ccn.re. !s noted for Its .ace. ((A) On the Maas. - -Vjw/wr and /./Vyc (120,000) are noted for their mel.il manufactures; and Vcnicrs for lim cljth. i ! i HuimM a Struthtri, Eiigr'i N'.Y, J * 1. Noted For.— Holland and canals. 2. Boundaries.— This Kingdom ''s bounded cm the north and west, by tliu North :a ; on the south, l)y lielgiuni ; and on the cast, by Germany. 3. Physical Features.— The surface is nearly flat, and is intersected by numer- ous canals. It is below the level of high tides ; but it is protected by natural sand- banks, and bv arlificial dvkcs or embankments, consli iicted chieliy of earth and clay. The principal rivers arc the ?chcklt, the M.ias, the Rhine, and the W.i.il, which f.irm a delta. The chief inlet is the Zuidor Zee, or Soutlie:n Sea, which is enclosed by a chain of islands. 4. Soil and Climate.— The soil at the south is fertile. The climate is humid, but the winters are generally severe. The east is dry and healthy. 5. ThB Product' are chietly asricultural. Hairy hiishandry is hrousht t.i great perfection. i 6. The InhabltanU are tniefly Dutch, and belong to the Teutonic stock. Jews are numerous, ' 7 Travelling racllitles.— Canals arc in Holland what common roads arc ekcwhere, and they ) form a net-work over the kingdom. Kailways connect tlio chief cities with the capit.il. 5 8. Exports.— l.iiicns, leather, delf, gin, bntter, cheese, and cattle. I 9. Civil Divisions.— Holland is divided into twelve provinces, including Umburg i and Luxembourg. 10. Chief CItles.-On or near the Coast.— Hnsterdam (.?o2,ooo\ tlie capital, south of the Zuidc'r Zee noted for its slupbnilding, commerce, a.ul money exchanges, is built upon piles, and is intersected bv numerous can.ds, crossed by 250 bridges; li.mrUm, three miles Irom the Germ u, Ocean, is famous for its botanic.il nurseries, and for the St. Davon organ ; Haorn, the birthplace of Tasman, the discoverer of Tasmania and New Zealand, and of Pchoiltcn, who discovered and first doubled Cape ll..rn, and called it after his birthplace j S^nlmn, where Peter the Great was a shipcarpenter ; and Camfcr.hwn, noted for a liritish naval victory. From Ddft, near Rotterdam, we derive the word A//, the name of a kind of earthenware. On the Rhine.- Z,oi/.-«, noted for its noble defence' in 15,-3 against the .'Spaniards, in honor ..f which its university was fouudetl ; Uhcht, with woollen manufactures and a mm ersity, and noted for a treaty signed here, in 1713, between England and France. On the %V»%.-Dohle-Duc, a fortified town ; Dort, noted for its Ecclesiastical Synod, held in 161S; Rollcrdam (143,000), with large commerce, the birthplace of Erasmus; The Ha^uc (loS.oool, where the king resKlcs, tlie birthplace of Iluygens the astronomer j and Macslruht, with cc'ebraled caverns, has an extensive trade. At the North are Leuwardcn, containing a king's palace ; and Groninirni. a uni-ersity. To the South.-- Luxemburg, capital of a duchv, with immense fortifications, •! nianlled in 1S67, when the duchy was declared neutrol territory. II. The Colonial Possessions of Holland arc Jizz-a, Cdchs, ^rohtmv. and parts of Sumatra, /I,.rnf0, ll'fst Paf'ua or A'ctu Guiana, and other Islands, In Oceania ; some ports on the coast of Guiiu-a, mi Africa ; Dutch Guiana or Surinman, in South America; and several islands in the West Indies. 1. Noted For.— Denmark is noted for its peninsular form, and for having been the seat of the arcicnt warlike Danes. 2. Boundaries.— This kingdom is bounded tn the north by the Skagcr Rack, a gulf of the North Sea ; on the cast by the Cattcgat, the Sound, and the Baltic ; iin the south by Germany ; and on the west by the North Sea, which the Danes call the Western Ocean. 3 Civil Divisions.— Denmark is divided into five provinces, viz. : i. Jutland; t. Secland and Moen ; 3- F""«" '''"'' Langeland; 4. Laalland and Falster : '. 5. Bornholm. 4. Physical Features,— The surface to the north of Jutland is low and flat, and covered with sand and small lakes. More than a third part of Denmark consists of islands, the most important of which arc Funen, Zealand, an.l Laaland. The princip.al straits are the Sound, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt. The C.ittegat and Skagcr Rack (the crooked strait of Skager, or the Skawc) arc a prolonged arm of the sea stretching from the North Sea to Zealand and Funcn. The climate S. humid. Soil and ProdgclJ.- Except at the porth, the soil is generally fertile. Pasturage is good, and is the chief source of wealth. Water birds are numerous, anil fv.rnUh feathers for export. Game is abundant. The streams and fiords alxnmd in valuable fish, as cod. herring, and salmon. The fisheries form an essential branch of national industry. Coal is found on one of the idands, and peat is plentiful, but there is little timber. 8. Travelli.g Facllltlee.— The fires, or inlets, make almost every part of Dcnmjr": accessible to the sea. 7. Inhabltantl.— Jutland, or tV.' aorthcrn part of die Peninsula, was the land of the Jutes. 8. Chlel CItles.-Copenhagen, or Merchanfi Haven (250-0°°). 'he capital, on the isl.mdsof Zealaiul and .Viuagar, is a strongly fortified p<.rt, and so are I It is noted for its university and public buddings. itA/;>.>'v is at the entrance to re those of Kendsborg, Gliistadt and tr is at the entrance to Rocskilde, in Zealand, Frcde'icia. the Sound, and near it is die Kronberg Castle the principal fortress, was the former capital. OJensc, in Funen, was founded by King Odin. 9 The Colonial Possessions of Dcnn^ark are Mamt ; the Faroe hies (Faar-oen or slicep islands), between Iceland and Norway; Greenland; Santa Cruz, St Thomas, and St. John, in the West Indies ; and some of the Nuobar Isles ARK having been kagcr Rack, I the Baltic ; \ tlie Danes I. Jutlanfl; ?"alster : ' is low and ird part of en, Zealand, clt, and the if Skager, or lorth Sea to The climate ter birds are ims and fiords I an essential 5 plentiful, but : of Denm?r'; i of the Jutes. I the islands of ;, ("iliistadt and ;he entrance to Ide, in Zcidand, ties (Faar-oeii nta Cruz, St 'slfs GERMANY— PR USSIA—ALSA CE-L ORRAJNE^^^^^AXONY EMPIRE OP GERMANY. Fi ^m the Ccllic gerr, war, and mimi, man ; or from the Persian Ermaii, a country beyond the Oxus River, whence the Germans are supposed to have come. Size, equal to a square of 456 miles. KHRENBRKlTCTErN, ON Tlia RHINB, OPPOSITE COBLENTZ. I. Boundaries.— Germany is bounded on the north, bv the North Sea Denmark and the li.iltic Sea; on the east, by Russia and Austria; on the south, by Austria and Switzerland; and on the west, by France, Belgium, and Holland. 2 Divisions.-Sincc 1S7., the German Empire, which was established during the Franco I'russian war, h;.s consisted of four Kingdoms, six Grand Duchies, five Duch.es, seven Principalities, three Free Towns, and the Reichsland of Alsace- horrame. 3. Government.— The government of the Empire is an hereditary monarchv, with a parliament of two houses. The upper house, called the Bundesrath (Federal Louncd), cons.sts of fifty-nine members, annually appointed bv the governments of the various states. The lower house, called the Reichstag joiet of the Realm), consists of three hundred and ninetyseven men.bers, elected bv universal suffrage and ballot for three years. Berlin is the capital. (A.) The four kingdoms are Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, and Wurtemlierg. KINGDOM OP PRUSSIA. of a Gothic tribi .i-tllL-d bftweeii ihe Vistula and the Niemen v.f ,-„,„;i,,. Size, equal to .- I. Noted For.— Prus- i sia is noted for its por- -. celain, which rivals that ; of Sevres and Dresden, g and for its ircjn manufac- i, tures. 3. Boundaries. — I'russia is Iwunded on the north by the North .'^ea, i )enniark, and the lialtic Sea ; on the east by Russia ; on the south by Austria and several of the German .States; and on the west by Ti,„ L-,v. • - — . __ — _^ France, licljjium, and Tint kIN., S PALACE, BEKUIN. 11 O 1 Mnlland. Holtiuoll'ern.""""''"" " '""''''' '"'" '""^'^^ P™"nces, besides the small Principality of 4 Phy.lcal Features.- From the interior, the surface inclines to the north, as shown by the direction of the nvers. Along the Ualtic, the coast is generally flat. F stern Prussia i covered with forests, and dotted over with lakes. In the mountainous part of thcsou 1th scenery is ,„c,ures„ue. Rhenish Prussia lies in the Rhine vallev. The c lief rivers wdC hroii,h Prussia to the north are the \-i.tuIa, the Odor, the FJbe, and the Rhine, with me o their tributaries. The Oder is almost entirely in Prussia. B. Soil and CIlMate.-Along the rivers the soil is fertile , in other parts it is sandv and not so productive. 1 he wine district is in the rich Rhine valley. The d inate near th l^i changeable and foRgy, but in Ihe interior of the countrv it is warn, and a-rceable .rate's '''°t"'!'r, '■''"' "''f, '""'"" "" ■''""' '"""'■ ^'^' '■""^' ""^'""' -'"- '«--■'. »-l trie liallic. Muk., of cnal, load, iron. /inc. and copper are worked. Pru!;iaTd"'sT" '"" ^"'"'•-i''"^' '^•^"'■"« '-""f-"«s in tbe'inining districts „f Rhenish 8. TrayelllDil Facllltles.-Kailw.ays connect Derlin, the capital, with the principal cities of continental Europe. There are few canals, but the rivers afford commercial facilities. 9. The Inhabltairts are chiefly Germans ; but in parts of Eastern Prussia they are of Slavonic origin. Jews are numerous in the cities and towns. One-half of the inhabitants are engaged in agncultuial pursmts. Education is generally diffused, and there are ten universities i.. the kingdom. 10. Chief Clllef.-*t the Horth-Easl.-.lA-w/, with an extensive grain and timber trade. QltM fn^ti.-Konigsierj; (king's mountain) (i2j,ooo), the former capital, built on piles ; /■ricitlamt, scene of a French victory over the Russians, On the Vistula.— AiHi^r (98,000), the chief seat of foreign commerce; 7Vwr«, the birth- place of the celebrated astronomer Copernicus. On the aitt.—SlcIlm (81,000), an important grain seaport; Fr,mt/ort-o>i-l/:(-Ocl,r,miU cloth manufactures; Bn-slau (239,000), with woollen and linen manufactures. On the Wartha.— /"ow;!, the capital of ancient Poland. On the Elbe.— A/*/j-<'terf(i2j,oooUs well fortified, and carries on .an extensive trade in woollens and porcelain. On the Saal and Tributaries. -iV,T//f, the birthplace of Handel the musical composer, is the seat of a university ; Ehkbcn, the birthplace of Luther and the place wliere he died ; Uilzen, where Oustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, fell in battle ; and Krfuri, where Luther was once a monk. On the Havel and the Spree.— j5r««,/i-«*«r,r, the seat of the founders of the kingdom ; Potsdam, with the country palace of the king. Berlin (1,045,000) is the capital of Prussia, and the chief seat of her literary and other institutions. It has also extensive manufactures. This handsome city is surrounded by a wall, and entered by sixteen gates. The principal street is divided into five avenues by four rows of trees, and on either side are the palaces ami other public buildings, lierlin is noted for its royal library; and for its university, founded in 1S09. In the Rhine ^3.\\tli.~Fra„t/orl^,i-t/u:Mai„e (103,000) is the centre of the inland trade, banking, and mercantile transactions of Central I-:urope. Goethe was born here. Diis- scUorf, is the mart for cotton and silk manufactures. Colo,;nc (from Colonia Agrippina a Roman Colony, having been planted there by desire of Agrippina, Nero's mahcr, who was born there) (135,000) is noted for its perfumed water, and for its fine Cotliic cathedral Barmen (87,000) is a manufacturing town. Bonn was the birthplace of I!cetboven,thc musical composer. CoUcntz is at the mouth of tlie Moselle. Tn-'cs, the oklest citv in Germany has many Roman antiquities. AU la Cha/-clh; noted for its hot springs, w.is the residence of the Emperor Charlemagne. jXfunsler, where the Peace of Westphalia was concluded in ifMSjand .\rimicn, the scene of the defeat of the French, by the Anglo-IIanoverians, in i;59. In the Weser Valley.-At /larmvr (lo;,ooo) the astronomor Sir Wm. Hcrschel was born Goltmgcn has a univerMi> . Omabruck is noted for its linen of that name. Emden, at the outlet of the Ems, is the chief seaport. A IS A CE-L O R R A INE. Size, equal to a square of 75 miles. 1. Reichsland, or the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine, was wrested from France in i!>7i. Cajmal, Strasburg (94,000), a fortifieil city, no the III, famed for its calhedr,.l, the spire of which IS 446 :.,et high. Met: (46,000), on t! .Moselle, is strongly fortified. Here the Irench army, under liazaine, ca|>itulated to the . .orm.ans in 1S70. Muhlhansm (59,000) is an important nianuf.icturing town. 2. Boundaries.— It is bounded on the north by the Rhine Palatinate, on the east by the Rhine, on the south by Switzerland, and on the west by the Vosges Mountains. 3. Physical Fealures.-The district jxissesses many natural attractions, and is one of the . most fertile in Central Europe ; there are several ranges of hills but not of groat elevation. It \ IS rich in minerals, copper, lead, iron, coal and rock salt Iwing wrought with |)ro,it. 4. Products — Corn, flax, tobacco, graiies, and various other fruits. A'ING n O M OP SAXON Y. Snx».,, a short swordsman, the name of a celebrated early Teutonic tribe. Sizo, equal to a square nf 76 miles. 1. Noted For.-Saxony, the centre of the book trade of Germany, is noted for being the smallest kingdom in Europe. 2. Posltion.-This compact little kingdom lies south of Prussia, and north of Bavaria and Uohcini.i. 3. Physical Features.-lMoni the Bohemian Erz Geblrge (Ore Mountains) at '.he south, Ihe surface of Saxony slopes norlliward to the preat plain. It is rich in minerals, and its scenery IS highly picturesque. The River Elbe .and its tribut.aries flow through it. 4. Products. -Orchards, vineyards, and pasture lands abound. On the latter, the slieci, which furnish the fine Saxony wool arc reared. This wool and the iiro.Iucts of numerous mines are the chief exports. 5. Chief Cities.— Dresden (107,000). the capital, situated on the Elbe, is noted for its public buildings, museum, and gallery of paintings ; also for its china and porcelain /-Vc/ATir is in the centre ot the mining district, iiv/:/,- (t!- Linden Town) ( 127,000), the German book mart las a university Onmnitz (78,000) is the principal seat of cotton-weaving in the kin-dom' Bautzen is famous for its manufactories of cloth and cotton stockings. 98 BAVARIA-WURTEMBERG-THE DUCUIES-'niE P R iTciPALmES^lFRE^ K I NG D O M OF £ A VAKIA. Orisiiully called lloiaria, (ron> the ancient Boii, who settled here f«o B.C. .Size, f,,ual to .i Kjuare of 171 miles. t. Noted For.— Bavaria (Ccrm. llahm) is noted fur its transit trade between Austria, Italy, ancl N'orthcrn (icrntany. I. Poiltlon.— I'he chief part .,f llavaria lies between Ilohcniia and Wurtcniber!! ; and the reniain.ler on the Khine, east of Ua.len. It is Ixmnded north l,v Hesse Cissel, .-^axe Meiningen, Wciniar, the principality of Kens, anil the Kinsdmn of Saxony. 3. Physical Featurw.- Monntains nearly enclose I!av.,ria at the south-cast, north-cast.and Morth-west, lorn.inK a" extensive river kisin for li.e Hanube and the Main, a tributary of the Klmuwhich here take their rise. These mounlains ran^e fr.mi ,000 to upwards of ,0 ood leet in heii^hl. Khenish llavaria is traversed bv mountains .lividin- it into two parts The climate is mild and salubrious, the soil is very ferl' 4. The Products are and rich in mineral wealth. aits. The grape Hoiirishcs liops, and fruits are the chief exports, ' "»"• timber, and fruits. The grape Hoiirishcs in the soutl 1 in.ber, srain. beer, and wines, wool, leather, hops, and fruits are the chief exports The lakes and rivers abound in fish. 5 Chlel Cities -Munich (r.erm. .lAV,,,/,,-,,) (,,9,300,, the capital, on the Is.ar, is famous lor Its galleries of painting and sculpture, its library, its universitv, and its optical and inalbe- matical instrum nts. hxcepting Madrid, its position is more elevated than that of any city in Europe. ^/«.i.'.'/"";(,M5?,ooo), on the Lech : K'aiislnm, on the Danube, the seat of the German Diet from if,f,2 until i.Sof, ; .S/,,,,-,-, or .S//r,-, on the Khine. Nurcmhrg (91,000), on the hesnit/, IS the great centre for the manufacture of German clocks and toys. KING no AT OF IVVRTEMBERG. Narae,l from a leading Count „f >ha. ,i,le in the , „h century. Size, equal to a square n( .S.S miles, noted for having been the chief theatre of war during t!-. !. Noted For.-Wurleroberg i l'"rench Kevoliition of 17S9-99. 2. Poslllon.-This kingdom, formed by Napoleon I. in 1805. lies between Ilavar and the C.rand Duchy of Paden. Proper s traversed by a branch of the Alps, in which the highly fertile, grain and fruits are abundant. Mines and 3. Physical Features.— Wurteniljerg Ncckar, a Khine tributary, takes its rise. 4. Products.— The s(,:i being mineral springs are numerous. 5. Chlet Cllles.-Stuttgard ( .o;,ooo), the capital, near the Neckar, is noted for its book trade Its palace, and Us library ; Ulm is at the head of navigation on the Danube. THE SIX GRAND DUCHIES. Bav, THE SEVEN P R I N C I P A 1 1 T I E S Waldeck lies north and west of Hesse Cassel, and east of I.ippe Detmold. Llppe Cetmold lies between Ilesse Cassel, Hanover, \Valdeck,and Prussia. Schwartlburg Rudelstadt lies south of Saxe .Veimar, and north of the Thin range ngian Korest Schwartiburgh Sondershausen is imbedded in Prussia, north of .Saxe Weimar. Reus Grell and Reus Schlell.-The first lies on the south-west of Saxony ; the second on tlie Frankenwald spur of the ICrz fjebirgc. Llppe Schaumburgh lies between the cities of Hanover and Mindcn, on the east bank of the W'escr. FR E c rrir. s. IIIMnRI.BERn, ON TUB NRCKAR. 1. Baden (from /-,;,/, German for balh), the principal Grand Diichv in Germanv, lies east of ! the Khine, and is highly fertile and |,icturesoue. Its chief industries are riblxjns and cotton labncs, toys, trinkets, an,l wooden clocks. The chief articles of export are wine and timber, the chief cities are Constance, u» Lake Constance; I-rciln„x and //,v,/,//.«-.-, each with a university ; Carlsruhe (4,;,ooo), the capital, with streets tliverging from the palace; .)/«„„/,«,« ( :6,ooo),a commercial city at the junction of the Neckar and the Rhine. 2. Hesse lies north of Iladen. It is a populous agricultural country. Darra-.tadt (^4,000) is the capital. Worms, an ancient city, is situated on the Kiver Khine. May TUB DUCAl. PALACIi, C.OTllA, (PATBRNAL HO.MB OF THB LATE PRINCB ALBEUT). 1. Brunswick consists of five i-olated portions of territory lying south of Hanover. It is noted for forests, Brunswick (66,000), the capital, is a very old ,,lace, and is said to have Ireen hrst walled by liruiio, Duke of Ostfalen, about the ninth century. Its industry consists chielly in manufactures of woollen and linen, beet-sugar, tobacco, f'pifr-miM, and lackered wares. 2. Anhalt is situated in the Elbe valley. It ranks among the most fertile of the States of Germany, and produces large quantities of grain, tobacco, flax, hops, and frmts, esiwcially grapes ; and 15 noted for its fine breeds of cattle and sheep. Its principal export trade is in the raw products. Dessau on the Mulde, and lieniburg on the baal, arc the chief towns. The Saxon Duchies ue those of the Saxes, viz. : 3. Altenburg, 4. Coburg-Gotha, and D. Meiningen. They lie between Prussian .Saxony and ^'"" Coburg Go//,a was the paternal home of the late Prince Albert of Kngland. largest town. 3. Oldenburg, south of the North Sea, nearly divides Hanover in twt capital, is situated on a tributary of the Weser. 4. Mecklenburg Schwerin and 5. Mecklenburg Sireliti lie south of th Prussia and Holstein. The surface is flat, hut the soil is rich and fertile, the capit.al of the former, and New Strelltl of the latter. 8. Saxe Weimar lies west of Saxony, ami scientific institutions. (56/300) is the Oldenburg, the Haltic Sea, between Schwerin (a8,ooa) is 1. Hamburg (348,000), is the nuist iinporl.iut coiumcrcial city of Germany, and is tin capital of a small rei)ublic of the same i':.inc. 1' is situated in a pleasant district Ijctweeu the Kibe and Alster, about 75 miles from the German Ocean, and it is surroun'led by a deep canal, 120 feet wide, communicating with the Elbe. It ranks as the greatest emporium of trade on the Continent, and next to Lonth':. has tiie largest nioney-cxchange transactions in the world. It lies south of Denmark, and includes a territory of 15; stpiare miles. In a small district belong- ing to Hamburg, nea- the mouth of the Elbe, is the port of Cux/iaveii. extensive transit trade. It has a territcrry Weimar, the capital, is distinguished for its litenirv 2. Lubeck (45,000), north-east of Hamburg, has 1 of ij; square miles. Total population 57,000. 3. Bremen (11 1,000), on the Weser, near the German Ocean, is next to Ham'jurg in commer- cial importance. It has a territory of 106 square miles. Total population !43,.~,r,o. 4. Hamburg, I.uk'ck, and Bremen are called Hanse Towns, from the commercial league or Ilansa, formed in the thirteenth century for mutual protection. albert). F Hanover. It is iaid to have been y consists clilelly ackcrcd wares. of the States of fruits, esi>ecially xport trade is in ; chief towns. sian -Saxony and t of England. 'S. iininjjian Forest r. ; the second un < :ast bank of the f :i is th-i capital wecM the Elbe leep caiial, 120 f trade on the the world. It listrict belong- has a territory irs in comnier- 30. rcial lea,t;ue or I 100 A US TR 0-HUNGARIA N MONA R CII Y. AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY. Auttria from the German Otterrtich^ or eastern kingdom of Ctiarlcnuignt** duminiona. Siic, equal tu a square nf 491 miles. '«.,..- I 1. Noted For. — Austria is noted for its central position in Europe, and its few seaports and river outlets. Its mineral wealth is not surpassed in any European country, and it is further noted for its springs and rock salt, and for its preciou.> stones, such as the ruby, sapphire, topaz, oi)al, garm t, amethyst, and jasper. 2. Boundaries. — Austria is l)ounded on the north, l>y Oermany and Kussia ; on the east, by Russia and Roinnania ; on llie jouth, bv Koumania, Servia, Turkey, the Adriatic Sea, and Italy ; and on the west, by Italy, Switzerland, and (Jcrmany. 3. Physical Features.— The principal river is the Danube and its tributaries, which arc enclosed by the great mountain ranges of the Alps at the west, the moun- tains of IJohemia at the north, and the Carpathians stretching from Silesia at tlie north, to the western and southern boundary of Transylvania ; thus furniing a vast basin for this noble stream. The Elbe, the Oder, the Vistula, and the Dniester Rivers rise a* the north of the empire. The chief inlets are the Gulfs of Trieste, Quarnero, and Cattarn. 4. Soil and Climate. — In the great river h.isins, the soil is highly fertile. The climate is ciKil anil clear ir the north, and moist and warm in the south, but in Central Austria mure temperate or variable, according to the clcvatum of the mountains, 6. Chief Products. — Wine, oil, grain, flax, hemp, rice, olives, vines, hops, tobacco, medicinal plants, and fruits are among the chief products. In mineral richer, Austria surpasses nearly .all the other countries of Europe. It yields .all the metals except platinum. Coal is found in most ol the provinces, and there are extensive beds of salt in Gallcia and Salzburg. 6. The Inhabitants are m.adc up uf several races. The principal arc the Slavonic, (icrnian, Italian, Hungarian or Magyars (an Asiatic race), Jews, and Gypsies. 7. Travelling Facilities. — Good roads nave been constructed over upwards of sixty moun- tain passes of the empire. Erom Italy a m.icad.imized road of more th.in 1120 miles In lengtli extends across the empire to the eastern part of Galicia. There are numerous railways which connect the capit.1l with tlie various cities of the emiilre, but the Danube and its navigable trlhutaries lorm the great commercial highway of the nation. 8. Manutactures, &C. — The manufactures are leather, silk, wool, and cotton, Hohemian glass, flax, and paper ; but agricultural pursuits and mining are the chief occupations. 9. DlV'PJ.ins. — Since 1S67, the Austro-IIungarian monarchy has been divided into eighteen provinces, grou])ed 'nto two divisions, viz.: the Cis-Leithan, compris- ing fourteen provinces, olTicially called Austria, and the Trans-Leithan, comprising four provinces, officially ca'k-d Hungary. 10. The German, or Cib-Leilhan Provinces include fr, 2.) Lower and Upper Austria, (3.) Salzburg, (4) Styria, and ( 5.) Carinthia, in the middle ; (6) Bohemia, (7.) Moravia, and (S.) Silesia in the north : (9 ) Tyrol and Vorarlberg, in the west ; (10.) Carniola, In the south ; (11, \2.) Coast Land and Dalmatia, on the Adriatic Sea; (13, 14-) Galicia and Bukowina, at the north-east of Hungary. Ilobcmia is a fertile plain, enclosed ])y ninuntains. It is much celebrated for its glass works, a^ well as for various b.anchcs of mining industry. Tyrol is picturesque and moun- tainous. Carinthia, Carniola, and Dalmatia are also mountainous. Galicia was taken from Poland in 1772. Cattle and grain are its ch'cf exports. W, Chief Clties.—fd.) Vienna (Gcr. W^n), {1.020,000), on the Danube in Lower Austria, i^ the capital of Austria and the centre of its trade. It is one of the largest and handsomest cities inE'irope. Its university 's renowned for its medical school. {b ) Upper Austria.— Lintl, the capita), is a strongly fortified city on the Danube. ((' ) Salzburg.— Salzburg, on the Salzach, a tributary of the Inn, is the capit.al. In the neighborhood are great salt works. ((/.) Styria (uerm. 5/»Vrmar^).—8ritl( 86,000), tlie capita), has a university, and is Attiuted midway between Vienna and 'I'riestc. (<•.) Carinthia {KUrnthen), cm the Upper Urave. Capital, Klagenlurt. (/.) Bohemia (/fW/«c«).— Prague (/^r(iv),( 190,000), thecapnal, on the Moldaii, has a lar;jc trade, and a univcrsuy founded in 1348. (.^.) Moravia (.tA////r;0.— Brunn {74,000), the capital, is notfd for its manufactures. Near it i^ AusterlitZ, ramous .'or Napoleon I's victory, in 1S05, ovi-r the Austrians and Russians. OlmutZ, the ancieni capital of Moravia, is a stronjjly fortified town on the March. (/i.) SillSla (5<.-^/c-j/c//).— Troppau, the capital, on the Oppa, is noted for its fortress, and for its linen ana vronilen manufactures, (/'.) Tyrol and vorarltierg.— Innsbruck, the capital, on the Inn, manufactures silk, woollen, and cotton i;iioas. it is the scat of a university. Trent, on the Adii-e, memorable for the great ccclesListical council held here, i545-'5'>3. (y.) Carniola.— uy- bach, the capital, in the valley of the ^avp, has manufactures uf i>orc^'- lain, silk, .and linen. liiriay 25 miles to the westward, is noted for its ipiicksilver mint.*. (/■.) Coast Land. — Triesto (109,00^;, me capital, on the Adriatic, is the chief seaport of Austria. Poia is the chief naval station of .\ustria. It is .in ancient ti >wn and has fine Roman renuiins. (/.) Oalmat>a.— Zara, the capital, carries on a coastinj; tr.ade. S/rnia- troy soiitli-east of Zara, is mostly buili out of the ruins of one of the palaces of the Roman emjjcror Uiocletian. (;w.) Galicia. — Lemberg (87,000), the capital, is the scat of a university. Brody\\^% con- siderable trade in i;ram and cattle. Cracow (Tol. AVrt>{'tt7>', celebrated for its wines, and 5sr(;-tf(/'/« (70,000). Anotlicr large city is Dchrcezin south-east of Tokay. Klaxtscuburg, and Ifennantistadt, are chief towns of Transylvania. Agram is the capital of Slavonia and Croatia. 14. Bosnia and Herzegovina are nominally a portion of the Turkish Empire, but under the Treaty of Iler!in, 1S78, arc occupied and administered by Austri)-Hungary. ' r 1 ' 1 1 } 102 5 WITZiLRLAND—ITAL Y. REPUBLIC OF SWITZERLAND. j Kmm Schwyli, near Lake Zurich i Hehvlla, (rnm Hilvtiii, a nation i.t Ciaul. Sue, equal l.i a M|u.irc nf laA miler- KINGDOM OF ITALY. Frnm //ii/ical Features are remarkable. They embrace mountains, valleys, waterfalls, streams, lakes, and glaciers. The scenery is highly picturesque. From the centre, Mount St. Gothard, and the i.cpontinc anJ I'ennine Alps, extend south- west, the lierncse Alps west, and the Rhcetian Alps cast. The glaciers of ice, formed along the snow line of the mountain-s and the av.alanches of snow, some- times prove very destructive. The chief rivers, all rising near Mount .St. Gothard, are the Rhone, the Ticino, the Rhine, the Aar, and the Iim. Tlie largest lakes are Constance or lioden See, Geneva or Leman, Lucerne, Zurich, and Neufchatel. 4. Solk ani) Climate.— In the valleys the soil is excellent. The climate varies with the elevation ■ it is cnkl on the mountains, temperate on the plains, and hot in the valleys. 5. Products, Sc — l'"la.x and hemp are extensively urown, but the country is best adapted for pasturai^e. Fruit, cjrain, and the vine sjriiw in the valleys. The ibex, or rock i^oat, and the chamois are abundant. Mineral sprinL:s are numerous, 6. Natural Curlositlej.— The Falls of Schaffhausen on the Rhine, and the Cataract of .^taubbach lUust-fall), near Lautcrbrunnen, are celebrated. 7. InhabltantJ.— The inhabitants are chiefly of Teutonic and Celtic orisin. They arc inilustrious and p.ltriotic. Accordin:^ to their .nco.ijrapliical position, they speak the French, the C.enn.in, or the Italian lanijuage. Three-fifths of the population are I'rotestaul, and the remainder Roman Catholic. Education is generally diffused. 8. The Travelling Facilities are sood. Roads have been made across the mountains. Alxiut I 500 miles of railway li.ul been constructed up to lS;S; and steambo.ats ply on the principal lakes. 9. Manufactures and Exports. — The manufacture of watches, musical boxes, and jewelry forms a chief part of Swiss industry. These, with cattle, cheese, butter, silk stuffs, and ribbons, arc the principal exports. 10. Civil Divisions. — There are twenty-two cantons, three of which are each divided into tsvo, niakiiif; twentv-five separate republics, united for general purpo.ses. Their Legislature, consisting 01 deputies from the cantons, is called a Diet. 11. Chlel Cities.— («.) On the Aar.— Berne (37,000), the capital, where the Diet meets, is the seat of a university. Its arcades and fountains are numerous. Ni-tuhatcl^ Lucerne^ Scmfacfl, Attorf, and Zithc/i, at the foot of a beautiful Lake, noted for its schools. (.''.) In the Rhine Basin.— Basel (45,000) is noted for its university, riblxm nunufactiire, and extensive trade with France, Ocrin.my, &c. Frasmus is buried here. .SV. Cali has manufactures. t>\ ' 104 ITAL V. tl. Ci'^ .1 Divisions. — Kor administrative purposes, Italy is divided into 69 prov- inces, named after the jirincipal towi in each. Tlie larger divisions, which include these, are called lOtti/'ariimi-nti, and are fifteen in number, namely: r. Piedmont and Liguria; 2. Sardinia; 3. Lombardy; a- Venetia; 5 Emilia: 6. Tuscany; 7. Marches; s. Unbria; 9 Latium ; 10. Abrr^zo and Molise ; 11. Campagna; 12 Apulia; 13. Battilicata; 14. Calabria; and 15. Sicily. 12. Chief Cities.— (1.) Piedmont and Liguria, and {2.) Sardinia.— Turin (214,000), forn*t. the capital of the Kingdom of Sardi-ra, has extensive silk manufactures : Genoa ( ifivoool, an important seaport, was the birthplace of Columbus, and formerly the cajiital of a republic, and is celebrated for its silhs and velvets; Ah-ssumiyi.. {58,000) has Tiianufacturcs of cloth and linen. Cagllarl (-^^^jooo), the capital of Sardinia, is a place of considerable trade. (>) Lombardy and (4.) Venetia.— Milan (262,000) is a place of great tudo; and is noted for its inai^nilicciit cathedral, bulk of white marble. Venice (125,000) was lont^ die capital of a celebrated republic. It st.inds on 82 i;-lets, connected by 360 bridges. There are 150 canals, which are traversed by li^ht gondolas. Tli? ',;rarid canal divides the city in two. The principal buildinj^s are the pulacc of the Doge (duke) and the church of St. Mark. Veyona {(^(^^o o\ is *^trongly fortified ; and Pixdua (M>,ooo) is the seat of a university. (5.) Ltltllia.— Bologna (112,000) is distinguished for its ancirnt university, fountlfd in mo : Ferr-i},! {75,000) is also the s^at nf a \mivr-r=.ity ; /^.irr:n,i (li^j.-oo) is ar. ancient and l-.i^t..;..: city, now deciyt . It formerly stood on the sea-shore, but is now several miles inland. It contains the to-^b of Dante. AfotUttit (r/i.ooo) is the scat nt a university ; and so is Parnui (42,000). Pf^gio (51,000) lies between Modcna and Parma. Ciirratut is ceichratcd for its marUc. The little iown of San Afarino is the capital of a nominally independent republic. 1 HIi IIAMLILA OK M. i'li 1 *HK I'll i-PALALit MI'SKUM AT FLORF-NCi:. (6.) Tuscany, (;.) Marches, and {S.) Umbria. —Florence (168,000) was from 1S64 to 1S70 the capital of Italy. It has a cathedra) and many other fine public buildings, «nd is celebrated fur its splendid Lollcctions of paintings a. \ sculptures. It was tiie head of a rei^ublic in the middle .i.;es ; and was the birthplace of Dante, Cimabue, the founder of nindern painting, and Amerigo Vespucci. Li\i;/iorfi (oS,ooo) is an important seaport ; Lumi (6y,ooo) is the seat of a univcr- ^ity ; Pisa{^o^ooo) is celebrated for its leaning tower.and as the birthplace of (i.aldeo. A/iiOfiu ( 46.000) is a brii,y commeri.ial town j and Penit^ui (j.0,000) is the seat of a university, (;.. ^f ^ ■?sia8?S^apKw«.;.^^ I hi 106 EUROPEAN TURKE Y— BULGARIA— ROUMANIA. EMPIRE OF TURKEY {EUROPEAN). Founded frnm Asia Minor by a branch ot the great Turkish family of Central Asia j aUo called Ollomaii Km/'irt (rem Othman, a noted leader. Site, equal to a square of 361 miles. 1. Noted For— European Turkey i.s noicd in the ancient histoi7 of Greece, chiefly as Macedonia and Tliracc; for having been the seat of the -=dla.-val Eastern, Greek, or liyzantinc Empire ; and for being now the only Mohammedan Power in Europe. 2. Boundaries.— Turkey is bounded on the north bv Austro-IIungary, Servia, and Roumania; on the east by tlie Ulack Sea; on the south by the Sea of Marmora,* the ^gean, and Greece ; and on the west, by the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, and Austro-IIungary. 3. Physical Features of European Turltcy.-TI.e luikan Mountains form the water-shed dividing the rivers running north into the Danube, fioni those running south into the .Egean. The Dinaric Alps and the IMndns Mountains run north and south. The other parts of Turkey are cliielly undulating. The Danube is tlie principal river, 'j-he principal islands of Turkey are the beautiful Crclr, or ChiiJm ; KhoM, famed for its mercantile law of general average, and for its Colossus ; Sd'o, noted for its beauty ; Valmos, whither St. John was banished j and Tli^uos. Turkey possesses a seaboard oi\ five seas, viz. : the lllack Sea, the Sea of Marmora, the VEge.an, the Ionian Sea, and the Adriatic. The Sea of Marmora (aiic. Tropontis) lies between Turkcy-in-Kurope, and Tur!;ey-in-Asia. Its area is 9768 square miles. Its name is derived from the cele- brated marble island near its western extremity, the ancient I'roconessus. It receives the waters of the lilack Sea by the Strait of Constantinople (anc. liosphorus), 20 miles long and from ]i to 2 miles wide, and transmits them to the Mediterranean by the Dardanelles or Hellespont, 40 miles long, anil from i to 4 miles wide. 4. The Soli is generally fertile, hut is not fully cultivated, the rearing of cattle and sheen being the chief occupation of the petijile. 5. ThB Climate is coUl and changeable at the north ; but, licing sneltercd, it is more agree- able at the west and the south. 8. ProilllctJ.— ToImcco, Hax, ami hemp arc cultivated at the north ; rico, cotton, and barley, in the central districts ; opium, rhubarb, grapes, figs, olives, oranges, and other fruits, in the south. South of the Dalkan range, roses are abundant, from which tiie celebrated attar (or otto) of roses is distilled. Msh abounil in the rivers, and leeches in the marshes, (ioats, bctrs, wolves, and jackals arc very numerous. The jjrincipal minerals are iron, lead, copper, sulphur, salt, and alum. 7. The Inhabilintt are Turks, liidgars, Slavonians, Greeks, Armenians, and Jews. 8. Travelling Fatllltlei.— Cienerally, tlu' roads arc suitable only for Imrses or mules. There «re no canals, and less than 700 miles of railroad. The Danube is the great highway of com- merce at the north, the Maritza and the Vardar at the south, and the Dria at the west. 9. The Manulactliret and Export* of the empire .ue chielly grain, carpets, silks, leather valonia, opium, other drugs, and fruit. 10. Divisions.— The empire of Turkey is n.iturally divided into three parts, viz. : (I.) Turkey-inEurope ; (2.) Turkcy-inAsia ; and (3.) Turkish Africa. Together they form the Ottoman Empire. Turljey-in-Europe now consists of Turkey proper, the provinces of Bosnia and Herze()0Vina (in the occupation of Austrollimgary)! the tributary autonomous princii)alily of Bulgaria, and the tributary autonomous pro-lnce of East Roum?lia. Turkey proper itself is divided into four vilayets or provinces. 11. Chief CItles.-Constantinople {Coo,ooo), the capital of the empire, stands, like Rome, on seven hills, and on a tongue of land projecting into the Bosphorus, which forms an inlet known as the Golden Horn. The city, studded with towers and inln.iret.s, appears exceedingly beautiful as seen from the water; but it really consists of a 7-.,md,cr of narrow, winding, steep, and dirty street.s. The houses are chiefly of wood, and are lighted from interior courts. The principal bu! ngs arc the ScMglio, or Imperial r;dace, and a Mohammedan mosi, , which was lormerly the great church of St. Soj.hia. The city is named after Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of the Roman Empire. At the south-west are Rodoslo and GalUpoU, fortified seaports. AJrianoph (fil.ooo), on the Maritza, was the former Turkish capital. In Macedonia is the seaport ol Sulomht (70,000), the ancient Thessulonica. In Albania, yanina and Sciiliui arc large towns. THE TKIBUTARY I'KIWCIPAUTY OP BULGARIA. Area, about 31,65, K,uare rnilen ; population, .,l,„ut i„S6o,oo.,. This i.ri.icipalily was created by the Treaty of llcrlin, 187S. 12. The Blllgarlani are an Asiatic race, allied to the Turks and Finns ; their language is a mixture of Turkish and Slavonian. The Prince of liulgaria is ehcted by the people of the principality and conlirme.l by the I'ortc. The chief articles of c.-cport are grain and wool. Sophia ( I S,ooo) Is the capi;.d ; Mrnova (12,000), on the Juntra, w.is the ancient capital. The principality contains the fanujus fortresses, Widdin, Rustcbuck, Silistria, Shuinla, and Varna. 13. The Province ol Cail Roumeila.— Area about 13,663 square miles; population, .about 750,000. This I'rovince was created by the Treaty of Berlin. About one-half of the impu- lation arc Mohammedans, the rest arc Bulgarians and Greeks, adherents of the Greek Church. The Governor (Jcncral is appointed by the I'orte, with the assent of the European powers, for a term of five years, and must be a Christian. The capital is Phllippolls (28,000). SBA OF MAKMUKA. THE PRINCIPALITY OF ROUMANIA. Settle ( !.y Koinnn colonists in the later pericl of (lie Knipirc ; hence the name. Area, equal to a s>|uare of 232 miles. 1. Boundarlei.- -Roumania is Ixmndcd on the north by Austria and Russia; on the east by Kussia and tlie Jllatk Sea ; on the Boulh by Bulgaria; and on the west by Servia and Austria. 2. Phyilcal Fealurei.— It is for the most jiarl a lowland plain, liounded on the mirth by the Carpathians, anil on the south by the Danube. The soil is fertile and productive, 'ihe clinate is variable and extreme, the summer n-al and winter cold lieing intense. 3. Productl.— The agricultural produce consists of grain, Ijcaiis, and peas. Gr es and other friiils are abundant ! but thi> wealth of the tountry consists chieHy of its cattle, horses, ami sheep. 4. Inhabltanfl.— The people are mainly descended from the ancient Roman colonists, ami they spe.ik a l.uiguage, the W.dl.ichian, derived from and resembling the ancient I.alin. 5. Oovernmenl.— Roumania was formerly tributary to and a jiart of the Turkish I'jnpire, but was made independent by the Treaty of Berlin, 1878. It is governed by an hereditary rrince, a Senate, and a ChamlHT of Deputies. 8. Ol¥l!!»ns.-8o'j!!!aii!s !:.i, three i-.rii-.rind iiivisii.n^ ; Moldavia, Wallachia, .ind the Dobrudicha, 7. Chief CItlei.— Buehareit (178,0,10), the capital, on the Dombnitza, does an extensive Iraile; yuiir (oo.i.nn) i. Hi,, chief town in Moldavia; Vi,il,itz (So.ooo) is an important town near the inuuth of the Daiinlx;, \ s I V empire, stands, the Bosphorus, ed with towers ; but it really rhe hou>L's are I bui' tigs arc h was lormcrly ine the Great, is. AiirianopU :ssalonica. A. F-as created by the if language is a lie people of the grain ;iiul wool, nt capital. Th« iinla, and Varna* topulation, about la'f of the |)opu- c Greek Church, pcan powers, for oo). Uca, equal to a on the cast liy ill anil Austria. le north by the '. 'J'he cli iiate r. CH and other FRcs, and sheep. colonists, and t Latin, irkiiih Kmpire, an hereditary Chia, jitri the s an extensive tnportunl town ?, f SER VIA— MONTEAEGRO— GREECE— NOR IVA Y AND S WEDEN. THE PRINCIPALITY OF SER VIA. The name Servia is ucrived from the Serbs, a branch of the Slavonian race, who conquered the country about A. d., 638. Area, equal to a square of 137 miles. 1. Boundarlet.— ServIa is bounded on the north by Austro-Hungary ; on the east by Roumania and Bulgaria ; and on the south and west by Turkey. 2. Phytleal Feature* anil Producll.— The country is mountainous, with extensive forests and uncultivated heaths. Its princijul exports are wood, cattle, pigs, and gram. 3. Inhabltantl.— The people, known as Serbs, belong to the Slavonian family, and speak a language allied to the Russian. Thty are almost wholly members of the Greek Chun li. 4. Coverimieill.— Servia was formerly a tributary province of Turkey, but was made inde- pendent by the Treaty of Berlin. It is governed by an hereditary Prince, a Senate, and an elected National Assembly called the Skupchtina. 5. Chief City.— Belgrade (28,000), the capital, is the only important sown. THE PRINCIPALITY OF MONTENEGRO. Montenegro is the Italian name of the country ; by the Turks ii is called Kara-l.igli ; and by the inhabitants tliemselvc!, Ternagora : all of which names mean Bl.ick Mountain, a designation derived from the forests which formerly covered the whole country, and which are still extensive. Montenegro is a wild and mountainous country, of sn.all size, lying on the cast of the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Albania. It was formerly a tributary province of Turkey, but by the Treaty of Berlin it was made independent and additional territory was given to it. Its area is now 3642 squ.ire miles, and its ixipulation 300,000. The Montenegrins belong to the Servi,~n branch of the Slavonian race, and are distinguished for their =avagc bravery. In religion they adhere to the Greek Church. The chief products are maize, potatoes, and tobacco ; the only manufactures are coarse woollens. The country is governed by an hereditary Prince and an elective Senate of sixteen members. Cettlnge or CettinJI (1400) is the capital. KINGDOM OF GREECE. From Grxci, an ancient tribe . i E]iirus. Size, equ,'l to a st]uare of 139 miles. 1. Noted For. — Greece is noted for its ancient greatness. 2. Boundaries. — This kingdom is bounded on the north by Turkey; on the east by the ,1 ;;ean Sea ; and on the south and west by the Mediterranean Sea. 3. Its Physical Features are beautiful, being diversified by hill and valley. The mountains, though not lofty, are celebrated. The coasts are everywhere indented with bayr, and studded with islands. The rivers are noted only for their classical associations. Its mountains, of limestone formation, are almost destitute ; of metals, but furrish the finest marbles for building and scuipture. 4. The Climate is agreeable, the winter short, the sky generally clear, and the atmosphere dry. 5. The Chief Productt are grain, rice, cotton, honey, currants, figs, dates, pomegranates, citrons, and oranges. Bees are abimdant, as are also sheep and goats. 6. The Inhabitantt are principally Greeks, Albanians, and Slavonians. 7. The Travelling Facilities are not numerous. There are few roads in the interior, and no navigable rivers in the kingdom. 8. Manulacturei and Exportl. — The manufactures arc chiefly domestic ; the exports are grain, honey, drugs, and dried fruits. 9. Divisions. — Greece is divided into thirteen nomarchies ; but its natural divisions are Ilillas, north of the Gulf of Lepanto ; the Morcii, south of it ; the Ionian Islands, and the Islands of the /l''.gcan. 10. Chief Citlej.— Stheni (69,000), the capital, near the Gulf of /I'lgina, was one of the most famous of ancient cities, Though nnw chiefly modern, it contains numerous remains of anti- quity; of which the most celebrated are the Acropolis, or Citadel, and the Parthenon, or Temple of Minerva, near wliich is the .\reopagus, or Mars Hill, so noted from St. Paul's vihit. Athens is the birthplace of many illustrious men, amonf^ whom were Socrates, Plato, and Demosthenes. The other towns, viz. : Lifaiilo, Palras, .Vdvarino, and Nauftia, arc seaports. 11. The principal lllandl off the coast are Negropc'il, Hydra, the Cyclades, and the Ionian group. THE UNITED KING DO. MS OF NORWAY AND SWEDEN. Norway is derived from tiore, north, and rige Jr rikt, a kingdom | .old Sweden from Sverige, Kingdom of the Sviar, or SuitKiod^ Ilurnt Country. Size, equal to .1 square of 542 miles. 1. Noted For.— Norway and Sweden, the ancient Scandinavia, are noted for having been the seat of the ancient Northmen or Norsemen, who discovered Ice- land, Greenland, and North America, and who also contiuered and settled in that portion of France thereafter called Norm.indy. 2. Extent. — Norway and Sweden extend from the Arctic Ocean to Denmark, and %■:?■ r.hc-.ut ! \xy% milra in length ; their breadth varying from 2jO to 4'/j miles. 3. Government. — The two kingdoms are united under one king, but each cotmtry has a separate executive, parliament, constitution, and code of kiws. The conunon affairs are decided upon in a Council of State coniposi'd of Swedes and Norwegians, NOR IVA Y. Size, equal to a square of 350 miles. 4. Boundaries.— Norway is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean ; on the cast by Russia and Sweden 1 on the south by the Skager Rack ; and on the west by the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. 5. Physical Features.— The surface is mountainous, and abounds in romantic scenery. The coast is deeply indented by numerous salt water inlets. Lakes are numerous. North Cape, in Mageroe Island, is the most northerly point of Europe. 6. Climate.— At the north the climate is severe, but in the southern parts it is milder. Nearly three months of protracted dayl'ght occur in the extreme north, while in the south the longest day is eighteen hours. 7. Products.— Rye, barley, oats, and potatoes are the chief agricultural products. The seas, lakes, and rivers of the entire peninsula abound with fish. The Norwegian horses, a small but hardy breed, are extensively exported to Sweden and Great Britain. The principal sources of wealth are its iron and copper mines, forests, and fisheries. 8. Travelling Facilities.— There are no canals in Norway ; and only about 400 miles cf railway. To facilitate communication, post-horse stations have been established .at distances of from seven to ten miles. 9. Manufactures and Exports.— The manufactures arc chiefly for domestic and agricultural purposes. Tlio leading exports arc iron, silver, copper, fish, timber, bark, skins, cod-liver oil, turpentine, and horses. 10. Inhabitants.— Norway is the most thinly peopled country in Europe, the population being only about 1,820,000. The inhabitants are industrious, brave, and hospitable. 11. Government.— The executive government is vested in the sovereign ; but all legislative power belongs to the Storthing (the great court), or representative assembly. 12. Divisions. — Norway is divided into six stiffs, which comprise twenty provinces or amts. 13. Chief Towns.— Chrlstianla(ii3,ooo), the capital, situated at the south, is the chief seat of foreign trade. It has a imivcrsity. The fiord, or liay, is dotted with numerous wooded islands, which present a beautiful appearance. Drammcn exports ice, Frcderickshald, a fortified seaport, exports timber and grain. Here Charles XH. of Sweden was killed in 171S. Dcr,;cn (40,000), at the cast, exports large quantities of dried fish. Dronlheim, further north, was formerly the capital of Norway. 14. The Lofoden Isles, off the north-west coast, form the chief fishing stations. Near them is the Maelstrom (mill stream), a whirlpool formed by opposite tidal currents, which give it a whirling motion like a turning millstone. Hammcrfcst, on KvaiiK or Whale Island, is the most northerly town ni ICurope. SWEDEN. Size, equal to a square of 413 miles. 15. Boundaries. — Sweden is bounded on the north by Norv.ay; on the cast bv Russia, the Gulf of Bothnia, and the lialtic; on the south by the Baltic; and on the west by the Cattcgat and Norway. 16. Physical Features.— Tlie surface is generally level. About one-twelfth of the .surface is covered with lakes and rivers, and one-fourth with forests. The principal rivers arc Tornea and Dal, There are sevcr.al beautiful falls in the rivers j the most noted of which are on the River Gotha. 17. Soil.- The soil is not very fertile, and only a part of the middle and the south is imder cultivation. The winter continues for about seven months. The mode of travelling is in horse or reindeer sledges. 18. The Products arc lilie those of Norway, but grain is more abundant. The interior of the country possesses mines of iron and copper, both of which articles arc largely exported. 19. Inhabitants and Government.— The inhabitants are thinly scattered, the popidation being only about 4,500,000, The government is a liniileil monarchy. The I>iet or Parliament, of two chambers, is composed of representatives elected bv the people, 20. The Travelling Facilities are a\m\ to those of Norway, with the addition of canals. Tire main roads near Stockholm are generally excellent. Steamboats ply on the principal lakes, and on such parts of the rivers as are navigable, 21. Manufactures and Exports. — The manufactures arc not extensive, exrept coarse linen The evports are chiefly timber, grain, and the produce of the mines. Lobsters are exportcti in large quantities to England. 22. Divisions. — Sweden is divided into three provinces, (Gothland, Svealand or Sweden Proper, and Norrland) ; and these into twenty-live Lacn or Government;,. 83.— Cities and Towns.— Stockholm (169,000), with its fine palace and public buildings, is the capital of the kingdom. It is the chief commercial emporium of Sweden, and its situatine-twelftli of ill forests. The itiful falls in the e and the south is mode of travelling :. The interior of largely exported. le population being or Parliament, of ion of canals. Tlie ;lic principal lakes, crept coarse linen isters arc exported and, Svealand or r Governmentc. public buildings, is a, and its situation I the second city in ifivc small islands, e copper mines in artly to Norway, rcn country, the of reindeer vary d are migratory T i 1 IH Jil/SSIA JN EC/ HOPE.- From Retttit Rtr.iiigtrs or f'»reii;ners, a Slavunic tribe. Siae, equal to a itquarc of 1476 miles. .->^- ST. Isaac's sgUAKu, and the SUNAin IIUUSB, ST. PKTBKsBlRfi. 1. Noted For.— Russia is noted for its com|wctncss and it.s unliruken continuity in Europe .ind .Asia, its mineral wcaltli, and tlie continued extension of its bomi daries in Europe and Asia. 2. Boundaries.— Russia in Europe is bounded on the north in the Arctic Ocean . on the east by the Ural Afountains (imil, belt or boundary), the Ural River, and llic Caspian Sea ; on the south by the Caucasus Mou,itain.s, lilacl-- Sen, and Koumania ; and on the west by Austria, Germany, the Baltic Sea, and Sweden and Norway. 3. riiysical Features.-Russia is chiefly a plain. Its only mountains in Europe are the Ural and Caucasus Ranges, dividing it from Asia. The steppes or jilains in the south-east, arc barren, but the centre is generally fertile. From the Valdai Hills the country is divided into four great basins, which arc drained by the following rivers : th» Petchora and the Dwina, flowing into the Arctic Ocean ; the numerous small rivers, flowing into 'he Haltic Sea ; the Dniester, the Dnieper, and the Don, flowing into the Azov and Hl.ack Seas ; and the Volga, with its numerous tributaries, and the Ur.al, flowing into the Caspian Sea. The .slope of these rivers is very gradual. The largest lakes are Ladoga and Onega. The islands in the Arctic Ocean arc Waigatz, Nova Zembla, and Spitzbergen. 4. Climate.— In the northern p.irt of llu> cnipiro there are scarcely more than two seasons, summer and winter ; the heat of summer bcin^ socm followed by the frost ami snow (jf winter. la the more temperate south, the seasons arc shorter and more varied. 5. Chiel ProlluctS. — The extensive forests furnish in abundance timber, [.itch, i>otash, and turpentine. Fcu-bearing animals are numerals along the .\rctic Ocean. Corn, r\e, and barley arc anion;,' the principal products. Flax and hemp arc grown in the west, and wheat and fiuils in the centre and the south. Iron and other minerals are abundant, hut the coal areas are very limited. The west side of the Ural Moimtains yields copper; and the east side, gold, silver, and i)latinum. 6. The Inhabltantl arc chiefly of tlv; Sl.avonic race, who were the ancient inhabitants of Russia, but the Finns inhabit the northern portions, .md the 'i'artars the soiilh-easlcrn parts ; Jews and .Armenians arc also numerous. .Serfdom, wliich long existed in Russia, was abolished in 1861. Agriculture and commerce are the chief pursuits. 7. Travelling Facilities.— By means of canals, tlie seas, lakes, and rivers of the empire .arc united into a complete system of internal navigation. \ radway, 400 nnles long, comiects St. Fetersburg and Moscow. 8. Manulactures and Exports.— The most miportant m.umfactures arc leather, hempen fabrics, glass, and nn t.d wares. The exports are l.allow, hides, corn, iron, hemp, furs, and timber. 9. The Government is an absolute monarchy. The fireek is the established Church, and to it live-sixths of the population belong. The Czar (derived from C.cs.ir), or ijiijieroj, is the head of b(jth Chinch and State. 10. Civil Divisions. — Russia ill F.uropc is divided into sixty-three govcrnmcnt.s, or provinces. These arc grouped under the following nine larger divisions : I. Great Russia; 2. Little Russia; 3. E.astcrn Russia; 4. South Russia; 5. Western Russia; 6. Daltic Provinces; 7. Poland; S. Finland; and 9, Cis-C'aucasia. 11. Chief Cities.— (ir.) In the Baltic Basin. --St. Petersburg (fi;o,ooo), the c.ipit,d of Russia, so named after Peter tlie C.reat. who tminded it in 170-,, is situated on die left bank of the Neva, and "n the adioiniug islands. It has many fine hnililin-,;-^, an:l it-; mr.mifartnr.-'s and , ..mmerce arc extensive. Cnmsliuil (17.1 o\ its port is strongly fortified, and is the chief naval station. A'civVand Riga (10^,000) are also well fortified seaports, and have an extensive grain trade, •■//'o is between the gulfs of llolhnia and I'inland. HelslngtorS, the capital of iMnland, is the seat of a university. l,^.) On the White Sea — Anlinngtl (2fi,ooo) is the oldest scajiort in Russia. (..) In the Dnieper Basin. -A';,t (127,000), an early capital, is noted for its ancient Christian church. El-alerimnl.tv has woollen nKinufactures. Kherson (4C>,ooo) is a fortified town, with great trade. Ne.-ir it is the tomb of llowar.l, the pliilandiropist. NIcolalev (.Sj,ooo) since Scbastopol was destroyed, has licen tlie principal Dl.iek Sea naval st.ition. KIchenev (ioj,..oo) is an important military station. AVw/-,t'.(/'<; (26" 4' W. Long). 5. Extent.— (,(.) The extreme length of Asia from Behring Strait to Strait of liab-el-Mandel) is about 6700 miles. The extreme breadth from Cape Hevero to Cape Romania is about 5400 miles. (/,.) Us area is about if.,500,000 square miles or 4-2 times th.it of Europe, or is equal to a square of 71 mile.s. (<■.) The coast-line' is aoout 30,000 miles, or i mile of coast for 552 square miles of surface. 6. The estimated population amounts to 787,000,000, or an aver.age of 48 persons to each square mile of surface. Nuiiif. I'oKiliiin. 1. Asiatic Tuvkcv. . . 2. Arabiii ;i. Vcrsl.'i 4. .M lianista" B. lliliirliistjin <). Iliiiilo.stjni 7. Kiirtlier India H. t.'liiiipsi' Kinpiic'. . . !l. Iiii|p|i('n(l('iit 'I'liil;! 10. .\slatlc Uussiii.. . . 11. Japan Ill Uie pxtrenie West .^'outli of .Aslatii- Turkey ..'...'. N'oi-tli-cast of .\i-aliiii. .". ^i.!!!."."' Kast of I'l'i'siji South of Afu'liaiiistaii. .....'..'. ',.'. Soutli-cast of Af-lianisiaii .■iniriteii'idVistan Kast of llindo.^tan North-east of lliiMloslan iiiiil Kurth'eV ii'ul'ia westof (.'hiniw Kmpiic Cliielly In the Niulli of the t'oiithiViit. '.' .. !'.a.st of the Continent Area in Eii|,'llrtli I'oinilHtion tuhout) 7'J!I,7()0 l.'JL'O.DOO 2,')0,000 HO.OIW i,,iL!0.(yio Kr.'.ODl) 4,r)ii7,n()() 0,'J1VJ.(KIO lUO.lXX) 17.50O,(KM) 5,000,000 4,4no.o(X) 4,ooo,o(y) 2.000.000 L'42,.100.000 27,;iOO.0(H) 4:K,(X)0,OftO 2,000,0(X) 12,000,000 a4,aio,ooo Cnpilal. Sin.vrim Miiseat, &c. Teheiiin. . . , Cabiil Kcliit ... Oalcutta.. .. Haii'.:ui>n.. . IVkin . link ham... Tobolsk, &c. Tokio N. IJll. E. l.iiii; ;wc'2,T 2;i .10 ;w no :« 27 28 .W 22 it.') 1(1 .')2 :!4 3(1 41) .W 12 X) 40 Whiire Sllumed. 8. Physical Coast Featurcs.-i. In the Arctic Ocean. (I.) Islands.-/,/,,/-,;,^, or .\',™ sih-n., /./.„„A a group off the north coast of Siberia. New Siberia is 75 miles long and 30 miles bro.ad. Eossil ivory is a vain- able production of the islands. (2.) Peninsula.— 7; //;//■,/;/ /V/m/.w/,,, in the extreme i-orth-east of Siberia. (3.) Capes.-C,,/,. .SVrvr,., axAortUEast £.',;/,•, the extreme northern point of Asi.i, north of Siberia ; Cafe Svialoi, north of Siberi.i ; C.,p, Voslochni, or Ea^ Cape the extreme eastern point of Asia, east of Siberi.a. (4) Sea and Gulf.-A7r™ Sca, and G„l/o/Oh\n Od.k, north-west of Siberia. (5-) Straits.-/,',//,vV,,r Sl,;ut between Siberia and Alaska, joining lichring Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Discovered by lichring in 172S. II. In the Pacific Ocean. (I.) Islands.-Thc A«/w /,/,/;„/.,■, a chain of Iwcntv-five volcanic islands, con- taining eight or ten active volcanoes, cxten.l 720 miles from Kamtschatka to Japan 1 lie three southernmost islands belong to Japan, the rest lo Russia. They possess fur4)earing animals. i 27 ij/ f ' .l-S .'W .11 1.) li!l ■s (ill 40 S,S 2.1 IHi 20 IKi 2S lit .W (W I't i;«p .M PuimtHtioi) i>f Capitul. -Kgean Sea RiO.OOO (■ulf of (iman 50,000 Ivehveh Uivcr (no.vr) 8.5,000 Cabul Kiver t)0,0()0 tiiindava Ulver (near). . 12,000 IlfHigly River 77l),000 Iravvndv River 10K,(K)() I'eiho Kiver 1,000,000 Koliiik Uivcr 100,000 Irtish Rivor IS.OIK) Niphon I.iliind 1.0;i(),771 Saghalum, Tanihii, or A'ra/to, east of Siberi.i. The northern half belongs to Russia, and the southern to Japan. It is upwards of 600 mik s long. Coal has been found in the northern iiortion. The inhabiiants subsist mostly by lishing. Thev are a barbarotis race. The .7'/"" fs/iiiiih, east of Mantchooria. The 1.00-C/wo /slc,n,/s, a group in the North Pacific Ocean, between Japan and I'ormosa, consisting of the C.rcat I.oo-Choo and thirtv-five smaller islands. Thev form a southern depe.idency of Japan. Most olE them are very ferti!. . The chief products are provisions and live-stock. Formosa (neaulifnl, so named by the Portuguese), or TahiHW. east of Central China. It is tr.iversed from north to south by a lofty chain of volcanic nnnintains, called Muh Kan Shan, some of whose summits arc upwards of 12,000 feet high It has four active volcanoes. On the ca.lrrn .|dc, the inlial^itanis arc Mal.iy.s, and on the western, Chinese. It is very fertile, producing rice, camphor, salt, sulphur tobacco, fruits, dye-woods, and coal. The domestic animals arc cattle, bufTalocs horses, ascs, goats, sheep, and hogs Chief town, Taiwan, „n the west coast Popu- lation of island, 3,020,000; length, 245 mlks ,■ average breadth, 70 miles; greatest breadth. 100 miles; area, about 15,000 square miles. f! | J^ z o .•2 snow line. Chief town, A'huj^^-i/nv, on the north coast. Population of the island, / 2,500,000. .\rea, 14,000 square miles. j (j ) Peninsulas.— A'i;/«i'f,//;>«,•,-, east of Sagha- \ lien; Cnpc Aiiiwa, south of Saghalien ; t'l;/'' />''™,^'''"'<'«, north-cast of Vcsso ; dtpc I King, eist of Niphon; Soulh-.i-cU Cape, south of Corca; Caps CambodUi, south of ' Siam; Cape RoniaiUa, the extreme southern point of Asia, south of .Malava. j (.(.) Seas and Gulfs.— >.) ISe/irin,; Sca, enclosed by Siberia, the Aleutian Isles, and Alaska. Its principal members .ire, the Gnlf 0/ Anadir, north-cist of Siberia', and the .Sen 0/ A'aini:i/iall:a,Kasi of Kamtschatka. (/'.| Sea of Okhotsk, between Kamtschatka and Saghalicn. It is enclosed on the cast by the Kurile Islands. (.-.) Sea 0/ Japan, between Ma.Uchonria and Japan. Its principal members are the GiilfofTartary, between the mainland and Saghalicn, and Broughlon Bay, cast of Corca. (,/.) Whang-Ifai or Yelhno Sea, between China and the Corea. Its principal branches arc the G iilf of Veehili and Gulf of Leaolong in the north-west (,■.) Tung-Hai, or Eastern Sca, between China and the Loo-Choo Isles. (/) Chinese Sea, between China and I'urther India on the west, and the Philippine Islands and Jiornco on the east. Its principal branches are the Gnlf of Tonquin, between Tonquin and Hainan, and the Gnlf of Siam, south of Si.im. (5.) Straits.— A'Hc;7t' Strait, joining the Sca of Okhotsk and the Sca of Kamts- clnilka; /.„ IWouse Strait, between S.ighalicn and Vcsso, joining the Sca of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan ; Sangar Strait, between Vcsso and Xiphon ; Strait of Corea, l>etwcen Corca and Japan, joining the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sca ; Formosa Strait, l)etween China and Formosa. III. In the Indian Ocean. (1.) Islands.— .l/.) Isthmuses,— /..Mw/M connects Siam and Malava. of Sua connects Asia and Africa; Isthmus of Kraw IV. In the Mediterranean. (I.) Islands.— ry/^«j in the Levant. It was conquered by the Turks in 1571. Capital, Nicosia. Length, .-40 miles ; breadth, 1 3 miles. Rhodes, Susam (Samos), Scio (Chios), Fsara, Afitylene (Lesbos), and Tenedos, the key of the Dardanelles, in the .Kgean Sea. (2.) Peninsula.— ^fHii/'<>//'<< ox Asm Minor, between the Black Sea and the Levant. (3 ) Cape. — Baba, in Asia Minor, the extreme weslcn point of Asi.i. (4) Seas.— The Ufant, west of Syria; .F.gean Sea or Archipelago, between Asia .\Ii;ior and Greece ; Sea of Marmora, between Asiatic and European Turkey; Black Sea, between Asiatic Turkey and Russia. (5) Straits.— Z)i7n/ii/;c//«, joining the .Kgcan Sea and the Sea of Marmora; Bosphorus, joining the Sea of -Marmora and the Black Sea. MOUNT EVErii:,ST. 9. Physical Features of the lnterior.-(i.) Mountains.-The mean elevation of Asia IS 1 132 feet. From the Plateau of Pamir, between Independent Turkestan and Chinese Turkestan, four great parallel Mountain Systems extend from west to east. (^.) The System of the Altai Mountains extends eastward between 50° and 52K" -\. Lat. from the confluence of the Uba .and Irtish to the meridian of L.ake Baikal. East of the S6th meridian it forms three ranges, the Sayansk, Tam^nu, and A'A$ngtn Mountains. Highest summit, Mount Katunsk or Bielucha, 12,790 feet. (a.) Tlic System jf the Daurian Mountains, separated from that of the Altai by Lakes Kosgol and Baikal, extends north-east through Transbaikal, and is prolonged to the Sea of Okliotskby the (/>.) Yabhnoi Mountains. The Altai, Daurian, and Yablonoi Mountains 5c;)arate the b.a5ins of the Yencsei and Lena from that of the Amoor. (.-.) The Stanovoi Mountains extend from the Yablonoi, throii,-!, Kastcm Siberia between the Arctic Ocean and the Sca of Okhotsk, to East Cape. A branch of the Stanovoi' called the Aldan Mountains, extends northward, and another extends southward throii-h the Peninsula of Kamtschatka. Kliutschewsker, 1^,763 feel, in Kamtschatka, is the highest volcano in Asia. (B.) The System of the Thian-Shan Mountains extends eastward from the north end of the Pamir, between 40" and 43° N. Lat., until it merges into the elevated tract of Gobi. It separates the basins of the Obi and the Yarkand. It is 1400 miles in length and in some places 100 miles in breadth. The highest point in the system is the gigantic block of Mountains called Bogdo-Oola, between the volcanic mountains, Pe-l,an and Hoshan, which .are 1500 miles from the sea. \o summit of til the Thian-Slian lias yet been measured. After an interruption of more tlian t)'i degrees of longiliide, it is prolonged by tiic /iis/„„i or S„Wr AUuutaiiis to the Pacific, nortli of the (Julf of Techili. East iif the Pamir, the Thian-SIun throws off a spur to (he north o' I,.,l;e IssikKiiI, called thi oilman Afiiiiii'iriiis.md another t.ilhu nortli of th- .' irl\in-,\,(aliciltlic K.ii.ii.u, Moiiiii,„jik fietwccn Ih:; Cispian and the lll.ick Sea, the Cainasin may he coniidcrcd as a western' pro- lonsalion of the Thian-Sh.in. Length, 750 miles; hreaJth from 6; to 150 miles. Ilishest summit, Mount Elbur/, on the Kuropean side of the range, 18,571 feet. (f.) The Mountain System of the Kuen-Lun, liomulini; Tibet on the north, e.xtcnds ca^twanl from ilic soulh end of the II..I01 in the parallel of jO'' N. I at to the Lake of Knko \„r. The jV,m-s/i.,>, and KiU.m-shan chains, Iving scnicwhat farther north ami extending to the Chinese Wall, and the /•.•//>,.r ,)/„„„/,„•,„ ,^.|„„ somewhat farther south between the Vang-tso-kianR and I loangllo, may lie regarded as eastern prolongations of the Kuen-I.un. Height of the Kuen-I.un Mountains, about ;r,ooo feet Height of the snow line on the south side, 15,800 feet • on the north siile. 15,000 feet. The F.lchi Pass is 17,379 feet above the height of the pas.ses of the Kuen-I.un, 16,850 feet. Th» lollowing are the principal Meridian dialni : (-M The Ural Miuntalni, between A.sia and Kurope, extend from the .\relie Ocean to the L r.ij Kivcr Length, 1200 miles ; average height, 3000 feet. (*.l the Ubanon Range extends southward from the Taurus Range to Mount lleimon .105J feet and .luna- .0 Mount Iloreb,«59J (eel, and Mount Sinai, 7^97 feet, between the (lUlfs of Suez .Old .Ak.ilt.i. U- ) The Zagroi Mountaim, 1 3,000 feet, beiwe led lo iiK- v.utli 0.1st l,vth (1/ ) The Suhman Mountaim extend 'een the basins of the Tigris and the Caspian, continued lo m,- vmth o.ist l,v the l.urhlan Mounlains. the sea. Average The Kara-Korum Mountains, in Tibet, diverge from the western end of the Kuen-I.un, 1,1 a dncciiun from north-west to south-east parallel to the IIimalav.as Highest summit. IXapsang Peak, =,S,3oo feet. Height of the snow line on the south side, r9,.too feet ; on the north side. 18,600 feet. The Kara-Korum Pass feet above the sea. i8,J4S nic peak of W.St of the Dolor, the Kuen-Lun is prolonged by the (n. ) Hindoo A"..-,-/,, north of Afghanistan (A ) The /'.rr,,/,„,,/,„„ /,.,„,^,,, also north of Afghanistan, and north-east of Persia, separatin- I urkestan from the Plateau of Iran. Highest summit, Koh-i-Daba (Tchalap Peak), ■fi.oeo feet! (.••.) The Elburz Ransc, south of the Caspian. Highest summit, the volcani Drmavcnd, 18,464 feet. (,1-.) Tlu .Uaiinlnins of Armnua between the basins of the Casiiian and DIack «;ea» Highest summit, Mount Ararat, 16,9(14 feet. («. ) The Taurus Range, north of the Levant. NoTH.-Tl.c Kiieu-Lun a,,,! the Anierie.i,, ..'oules.ire the longest mount,iii, r.inge, in the world. (Z) ) The Mountain System of the Himalaya (Sans. him,,, snow; „/,„.„, abode Abode of .Snow), the ancient /,«,;,« (snow,) bounding Tibet on the south, 'e.xtend.s south-eastward in an irregular curve from the south of the Pamir lo the great bend of the Urahmaputra. Its length is 1500 miles, and its breadth v.tries from 150 to 350 miles. It is the mo.st elevated and stupendous system on the globe. lis mean height is estimated at from 16,000 to iS,ooo feet. One hundred and twenty of iis peaks exceed 20,000 feet. The highest summit is Mount Everest or Gaurisankcr, 29 oo-- feet, between Dhawal.agiri (White Mountain), 2S,o8o feet, and Kinchin-jiiigai :8ii46 feet. Height of the snowline on the south side, 16,200 feci; on the north side 14.000 feet. The average height of the passes of the Himalavas is 17,700 feet. (<7.) The Nan-lini; Range, in China, between the Yang-tsc-kiang and the Choo-kiaiig, appears to be the eastern continuation of the Himalava. , , „ , ^., outhward between the Punjaub and Afgh.anistan, from the fanuius KliyberP.iss (.u" N Lat.jto the great soiilli bend of the Indus (3,/ N. Lat.) .Average heigli... 600, lect. Highest summit, Tikhl-i-.'^uliman (.Seat of .Solomon), 1 ,,301 f'et fartlior south, separated from the .Suhman Mountains by llie IJol.m Pass, arc the Hala ax l.uhki Mountains, which extend to Kurrachee, at the mouth of the Indus. (<•.) The WlJtern Ghaufi extend southward at a distance of .,boiit 40 miles from the west coast of Iliiulost.in from the Taptcc to Cape Comorin. Length, about 1000 miles; average height, 4000 feet. Highest summit, Dodabctta, SSoo feet. The aver.age height of the Eastern Cdiauts, which extend along the east coast of Hindostiin, is only aUait 1300'fcel. Note.— The word CtlianC means pass, tcrrac, nr sleji. (/.) The Mountains Ol Aracan run southward bctwven the Irawady and the D.iy of Heng.al, and terminate m Cape \egrais. Highest point, nine Moinl, S900 feet. (.ir. )The Yung-ling Mountain!, 12,000 feet, bounding Tibet on the east, run .southward between the Hi,aii--l|., ^md th;- Vang-tsc-kiang. They are prolonged, in the form of a narrow chain, through Further bulla, between the S.ihien on the west and the .Mekong .ind Meinam on the east, and stretch through the Malay Peninsula to Cape Romania The highest known summit in Tibet is Nen-Da. near ISatang. 22,000 feet. The highest summit in Mahya is Tidibang-sa,656i feet. ('/.) The Khin-ghan Monntaini, an offset of the V.abIonoi, separating Mongolia from Mant- chooria, run soutliw.ird fr.m the nordi bend of the Amoor to the Inshan Mountains. (2) Plateaus.— The central portion of Asia, extending from the Mediterranean on the west to the plains of Mantchooria on ihe cast, is occupied bv .an immense plateau. lis length is about 5500 miles, and its breadth varies from 700 to 2000 miles. Its area is eslimatcd at about one-half of the surface of the continent. It is divided into two .systems which meet at the Pamir Plateau. //. The Western System consists of the foil owing portions ; (t.) The Plateau of Iran includes Persia Afghanistan, and lieliichistan. It is bounded on the north by the sm ill plains of (ieorgia, the Caspian Sea, the desert of Khiva, and the low plains of the .Xinu-Darya : on the cast bv the Indus Kivcr- on the south by llie slopes of Jichichistan and the Persian Gulf; an-.l on the west bv the plains of the Tigris and Ihe Plateau of .\rinenia. The central portion of the plaleau consists of extensive salt wastes and immense deserts of sand. The Great .Salt Desert in the north of Persia and .Afghanistan covers 30.000 scjuare miles. This plateau has an elevation of 3500 feet, and its area is nearly one million of square miles. ((*.) The Plateau of Armenia is bounded on the north by the IJlack .Sea and the valley of the Kur ; on the cast by the Plaleau of Iran ; on Ihe south by the Plains of Mesopotamia; and on the west by ilic Plateau of Asia Minor. It is a cold, treeless region, with an elevation of 70C0 feet. (c.) The Plateau of Asia Minor or Anatolia is bounded on the north by the Ulack Sea ; on the cast by the Plateau of .■\rmcnia : on the south by the Levar.t ; ..lid on the west by the .-Kgean Sea It has a mean elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet. (/)'.) The Eastern System consists of the following portions : (.1.) The Plateau of Pamir is the loftiest in the world, and is called by the natives liam-iduneah. Ihe Roof of the World. It has an elevation of 15,600 feet. Its length from north to south is about iSo miles, and il has an average brcadih of fia^. about 90 miles. (A.) The Great Central Plateau is buttressed on the north bv the Altai, Daurian, and Vabloiioi Mountains; on the cast by the Khin-ghan. In-shan, and Vun-liii" ranges ; on the south by the Himalayas ; and on the west by the Plateau of Paniii II includes the following divisions : (i.) The Plateau of Tibet is enclosed on the north by the Kucn-Uin range ; on tl;e cast by the Vuii '.og ; on the south by the Himalayas ; and on the west it narrows into tbe Karakorum .Mountains Its surface is broken by numerous mounlain chains, and has an elevation of from 15,000 to i6,ocx) feet. (2 ) The Plateau of Kashgariaand Mongolia is bounded on the south by the Kucn- lun ; on the west by the Parair ; on the north by the Thian-shan ; and on the east by ihc Kiiin ghan Mountains In Kasligana il lia.s an elevation of from .jooo to 5000 feet. From about the meridian of 87° V. Long, to the Khin-ghan Mountains, in 120'' \'.. I.ong, it is traversed by the Great Steppe of Gobi, or Naked Desert. It is more than 2000 miles in length from south-west lo north-east, and has a breadth varying from 300 to 700 miles, and an elevation of 3500 feet It is cros.scd from west to ■'* m llie Arctic Ocean to the Range tu M.iimt Iliimon, "!■ ~-\<)7 feet, between tlie le Tigris and tlic Caspian, 'unjaub ami Afghanistan, ui tlic Inihis {2y'' N. Lat.) ; of Suldintn), 11,301 foct. an I'ass, arc the //a/u or uhis. .ibont 40 miles from the Migth, abont 1000 miles ; The average height of , is only about 1500 feet. ly and the Day of liengal, :ct. the east, nm southward I, in the form of a nairow : Mekong and Mcinam on ia Tlic highest known ;st summit in Malaya is ng Mongolia from Mant- an Mountains. om the Mediterranean ] upicd by ,111 immense ] rics from 700 to 2000 J i)f ilic continent It J d lieliichistan. It is ispian Sc.i, the desert by the Indus River; f ; an-.l on the west bv ential portion of the of sand. The Great X) sfjuare miles. This illion of square miles. le Black .'^ca and the : south by the Plains ilinor. It is a cold, on the north by the iouth by the Levni-.t ; of from 3000 to .(000 called by the natives of 15,000 feet. lis average bicadih of y the Altai, Daurian, shan, and Vun-linj; iC Plateau of Pamii T.-luii r.mge ; on tl.e the west it narrows numerous mountain c south by the Kucn- ; and on the cast bv f from .(COO iti 5000 I Mountains, in i;o" Desert. It is moie 5 a breadth varying rosscd from west to east by i. depressed valley called the Sha-mo, or Hand Sea. The western portion i« the most arid, and is called Ilanhai, or Dry Sea. The Steppe is not altogether barren, many portions producing a scanty vegetation. The open vallevs between the hills conncctini; the Thian-shan and Altai Mountains form the chief communica. tious between Mongolia and Western AMa. SUNRlSi; IN llIU OI-:>LRT (t.) (I ) Iheinteriorof the peninsula of Arabia is a plateau called AV«> or ///./,. W, as distinguished from the low belt which surrounds the cons-. On the lumh the plateau sinks imo the .Syrian Desert. It has an elevation of from 5000 to 6000 feet. -' (-'.) The P/.,U„u of Deem,,, orthc South, in Ilindostan, is triangular in shape. It IS bounded on the north by the Vindhya Mountains, and on the east and west bv the Gh.auts. I he surface is a combination of plains and isolated conical hills. I't has an elevation of =000 feet. The climate is fine and the soil fertile. (3.) Plain8.-(„.) The Siberian Plain extends from the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains on the west to Ikhnng Str.iit on the east, and from the Altai, Vablonoi and Stanovoi Mountains on the south to the Arctic Ocean on the north li occupies an area of 4,500,000 scpiare miles. In the north, a belt of barren moss- covered land, called the T,„„t,;,. CNtends along the Arctic coast with a mean bread h of about . 50 miles In summer the surface is swampv, and in winter is hard bound with ice and snow The subsoil is frozen to the °f Beluchistan, the desert of Mah,-ait. (1.) Water-partings.-Thcsc are specified in connection with the rivers. (5) Tlie Rivers may be arranged as follows.— t. The Arctic System; II The Pacific System; III. The Indian System; IV. The Atlantic System ; W The Continental System. I. The Arctic Systom. The Arctic Basin, or Northern Watershed, is bounded on the west by the Urals and on the south by the Altai, Daurian, Vablonoi, and Stanovoi Mountains. Its extreme points are Cape Waigatz and East Cajie. The three principal rivers of the Arctic System arc the Ob, or Obi, the Yenesei, Vinw nv TIIR PLAIN OP TURKESTAN. and the Lena. (.'.) The Obi is formed by two streams, the Biya aiul the Kot,n,, from the Altai .Mountam.s. The former drains Lake Teletskoi, which is sometimes regarded as the source of the Obi, and receives the hitter at Bijsk. It Hows generallv from south- east to north-west, aiul ends in the Gulf of Obi. Length, .500 miles ; .a'rea of basin .,350,000 s<|uare miles. It receives on the right bank the Tom (after passing Tomsk) the thulhn and the AW. It receives on the left bank the Irtish, which is larger than the ( .bi and ,s in fact the trunk stream. It rises in Mongolia, traverses Lake /aisan flows north-west, and joins the Obi in G.° N. Lat. U receives on its left bank the Ishim, and at Tobolsk the Tobol. (I') The Yenesei is formed by two streams which rise on the Altai plateau. The western branch, or the Vencsci proper, is called in its upper course the Via Kan which flows west, and bursting through the Sayansk chain, flows north and enlcrs the Siberian plain below Krasnojaisk. The eastern branch i.ssues from Lake Kosgol .IS the ScU-ngo, receives the Oiklwu. and enters Lake Baikal on the s,.uth-e.ist sit'e after a course of 700 miles. As the /.,-.,.;■ Ansa,;, it issues f,.„m the southern end' ot the lake, Hows north, receives the Oka on its left bank, after which it is called the lHni;,„ka. Its course is then north and west to its confluence with the Yenesei above \ encseisk. The united stream then flows ncarlv north to the ocean, which It enters by an estuary 300 miles long, with an average breadth of 20 miles. Length 3200 miles; area of basin, 1,110,000 square miles. I, receives on the right Innk the Mi,Uic and Lcmji-r Tiini:iiska. '; i ? Ill I' V^Vtfi^^V^P^^*^^P^tfMff^^^fVM^^^#4^^^M^ AS/A. (c) The Lena rises about 20 miles west of I^kc B»ikal, aiul flows north-east as far as Yakutsk, IkIow which it receives on the right hai.k llic .4/i/- lonoi Mountains. It then flows north, and cnti i - ihc Arctic n,caii l)ya large (Iclt.i. Length, 2700 miles; area of liasin, 800,000 square miles. It receives on the rij^hi bank the I'l/im at Vitinsk, the OMimi at Olckminsk, and its chief tributary the A!,l,:n. It receives on the left bank the I'lloni. MiMr Riven. — Between tho Vcncsei and the Lena are the Pinsinii, A'/ia/anx", Anal>or,i, and Olins.k. Easli'f the Lcn.i ;ire the r.iii.i|the lii,lit(iri\i (length, doo miles; area of basni. 86,400 square mile»), and the Kolina (length, 50a miles; area of basin, 107,200 5(|iiaro miles). II. The Paciflo System. The Pacific liasin, or K.istcrn Watershed, is formed by the Stanovoi, Yablonoi, and Daurian Mountains ; by the mountains forming the eastern boundary of the (ireat Central Plateau ; and by the prolongation nf the Vunling Mountains through Further India to the extremity of Malaya. Its extreme points are liast Cape and Ca|)e Uomania. The linir principal rivers iif the Pacific .system are the AfflOOr, the Hoang-ho, the Yang-tse-kiang, and the Me-kong. («.) The Amoor, or Great River, called also the Saghalien, or liUck Water, rises in the central [jlateau under the name of A'cnitcii, passes throv.^;h Lake Kulun, and as l\\i: Ari,'iiii forms the bound. iry iKtween .Silieria and Mongolia. It receives the S/iilhi, called in its upper coursL' the Oiioii, at Fort liaklanova, from the junction of which to the sea it is ciUled the .Anvxir. lielow the confluence of the .\rgun and Shilka, the Amour forcjs its way through the Khin-'^han cliain, and flows .south-cast between Siberia and Mautclioi)ria. to the confluence of the Siw/itpiri ; thence it flows north-east, and ends opposite the north end of the island nf Saghalien. Length, J650 miles; are.i of basin, 7S6,ooo sipiare miles. It receives on the right bank the Si>oii!;(iri, Kiver of Milk, which drains Mantchooria, and the ^V«;-/, which, with Lake Khanka, forms the boundary between Kussia and China. {b.) The Hoang-ho, or Yellow River, rises in a series of lakes near the eastern end of the Kuen-lun Mountains, runs in a winding north-eastward course to the Inshan Mountains, turns eastward and then southward to the Peling Mountains, and thence eastward to the (liilf of Pechili. It has a furious current, and its inundations are so destructive that it is called China's Sorrow. It receives on tlic right bank, the lyd/w from the Peling Mountains. Length, 2300 miles; area of basin, 714,300 square miles. (i-.) The Yang-tse-kiang (Son of the Ocean), the largest river of Asia, rises in the plateau of Tibet, and flows e.ast under the name of Miinii-i'ssii. It then flows south-eastward, as the A'in-s/hi-kiniig, or River of the Golden Sand, to the jirovince of Yunnan. From Tongchuen, its general cour.se is north-east to the Yellow Sea, which it enters .about 200 miles below Nankin, by an estuary 30 miles wide. In the middle part of its course is called the Tit-kiatv.;, or Great River, and only from Lake Povang to the sea is it called by the Chinese Yaiigtsc-kiaiii;- At Ilan-kow, 500 miles from the sea, it is 3 miles wide. The tide .ascends the river to Lake I'oyang, 400 miles from its mouth. The jiopulalion on its banks is estimated at 100,000,000. Length, 33.50 miles; area of basin, 950,000 square miles. It receives on its left bank the Yaltiii:;, near its inost southern point; the Min, .and at Ilan-kow, the IliiiikUitii;. It receives on the right b.ank the waters of Lake Tung-ling, 200 miles in circumference, fed by the Yuen and I/ciii; Irom the Xangling Mountains, and the waters of Lake Poyang, 90 miles long, fed by the A'(i)it;-/;iiriii;. {J.) The Mekong, or Cambodia, rises north of latitude 32" X., in Tibet, where t is called the I.iin-tsan-kLiiii;, flows southw.ird intersecting the Chinese province of Yunnan, .and in its lower course sep.arating Anam from Siam. It enters the Chinese Sea by scvcr.al mouths which form an extensive delta. Length, about 2000 miles; area of basin, 300,000 square miles. tllinor Rivers.— The /(««(//> flows throujjh Siberia into the Gulf of .\nadir. The Pci-lio, White Kiver, rises in Mongolia, receives the F.tilio, and falls into the Ciulf of I'ccliili. The CliM-k-iaiig, Pearl Uiver, or Ciuiloii Xhcr, rises in tlio Yunnan Mountains, flows cast, and enters the Chinese Sea by an estuary called the Docca Tigris. Length, 5S0 miles ; area of basin, 99,200 square miles. The Afrinuni, Mother of Waters, rises in tlie mountain ridge that separates the Saluen from the Mekong, flows south through Siam, and enters tlie Gulf of Siam below Bankok. Length, Soo miles. III. The Indian System. The Indian liasin, or Southern Watershed, is bounded on the east by the prolon- gation of the Yun-ling Mountains through Further India, between the Mekong and Saluen, to the extremitv of Malacca; on the north by the Himalaya Mountains, Ilindoo-Koosh, I'aropamisan Range, Elburz .Mountains, and Mountains of .\rmenia ; and on the wc=t l-.y the Mnuntair.i nf Syria and Arabia. Its extreme points are Cape Romania and liab-el-Mandeb. The six principal rivers of the Indian System are ; I he Irawady, the Brahmaputra or Tsanpu, the Ganges, the Indus, the Tigris, and the Euphrates. **V ATOLTUS OF 1^ 1>RI.T,\ Oi' TUR (.ANOKS. (u.) The irawady (Great River), is supposed to rise In the Patkoi Mountains, the eastern boundary of the lirahmaputra basin, flow* south through Ilurmah, and entcm the Gulf of Martaban by fourteen mouths, which occupy 200 miles of the coast. Its delta extends from Cajie Ncgrais to the head of the Gulf, and covers an area of 10,000 square miles The only mouth which is always navigable is that on which Rangoon is situated Steamers ascend to Dhamo, (ioo miles from the sea Length, 1200 miles ; area of basin, 33t,ooo square miles. (* ) The Brahmaputra (Offspring of lirahma), or Tsanpu, rises in Tiliel, near the source of the Indus, in So'^' F. Long , .at an elevation of 14,000 feet. It flows east under the name of the Tsanpu on the north side of the llimalay.as for .about 1000 miles. It tlicn turns south anu breaks through the mountians. Leaving the moun- tains at the Sacred Pool, /Ira/imn-kiiii,/, it runs south-west through Assam tlain. It then flows in a general south-cast course to near the head of the delta, when it turns south to the Hay of Bengal The delta begins about 200 miles from the sea, and the mouths of the river occupy about 200 miles of the coast. The most eastern branch is called the Ganges, and the west- ern the Iloogly Fourteen of the channels are navigable. The deltoidal region, a pestiferous tract, infested with tigers and crocodiles, and thickly covered with trees and jungle, is called the Sunderbunds or Woods. The river is 1024 feet abpve the sea at Hurdwar, 400 at Allahab.ad, and .So at the head of the delta. It has been calculated that the Ganges carries annually to sea 6,368,077,440 cubic feet of sediment, to remove which would require 2000 ships, each freighted with 1400 tons of miul to start every day of the year. Length, 1500 miles; area of basin, 432,000 square miles. It receives on the right b.ink the yiintiur, Soo miles long, at .Vllahabad, and tlie Sone above Patna. It receives on the left hank the Cnh^.n/ci', the Goxi'it, which is nearly a mile wide at the I confluence and joins tlie main stream at Cliupra, and the (UtfuUicky which joins it near Patna. ! (d.) The Indus rises in Tibet, on the north side of the Iliimalayas, not far from ' the sources of the Sutlej and lirahmaputra, at an elevation of 16.000 feet. Under the name of Sinhkhahil', or Lion's Mouth, it runs first north-west in the valley between the Karakorum and Himalaya ranges until it approaches the llindoo- Koosh. It then turns .south-west and breaks through the Himalayas at Acho, .about 750 miles from its source, where it is 4500 feet above the sea. It enters the Plain of Hindostan at Attock, and holds its south-west course parallel to the Suliman and Ilala Mountains, and enters the .\rabian Sea by seven channels. Its delta i begins .at Tatta, 60 miles from the sea, and extends along the coast for 160 miles. Length, iSoo miles ; area of basin, 312,000 square miles. It receives on the right hank the Oi/'it/ irom the Ilinduo-Koosh, at Attock. In its lower course the Cabul forms the Khybcr Pass. It receives on the left bank the Puiijiiud, \i\v.A\ brings to it the waters of the Pimjab (Pcnte[wtainnlesi or country of ttie Five Rivers. These rivers named, from west to '.ibt rn- the JlicUim (llyda=pes\ the Chcitnb {.-Vcesincs), the Ravi ( Ilydraotcs), the Bcm (IbiM.'-i-- . and the Siiilcj (Ilcsudrus). The Cluiiab receives the Jfuliim on its right, and the Kavi on its left bank. The Sathy, the largest river in the Punjab, rises in the sacred lakes, .M.inasorowar and Kakas Tal, at an elevation of 15.200 feet. In its lower course, it is called the Gbara, and unites with the Chcnab to form the Fnujmut^ which enters the Indus, at Mittun. V ) The Tigris (or the Arrow) rises in .\rmcnia, on the south side of the Masius, a i;s;ac..'d 'ranch of the Taurus chain. It flows south-east and joins the Faiphrates ,.• '<• 1 ' It '■cr'.'i-.es on the left bank ihc Zdb /f/u (Great Z.ib), the /Cub As/al Lliile .•.'.j, ■. the Z>iyj/eA. Length, it 50 miles. {,.) The Euphrates is formed by the union of two streams, the A'lirnsii or western brai.ch, and the Miiniilsii or eastern branch. The latter, the larger of the two, rises on the southern slope of the Ala-Tagh, or lieautiful Mountain, which lies between .Mount Ararat and Lake Yan; and the former rises about 20 miles north-east of Lricroum. i;-/th flow south-west and unite near .\rabgir The united stream t.akcs the name of Euphrates, and flows south, approaching within 100 miles of the Mediter- ranean. It then turns and flows south-east to the Pcrshin Gulf. It receives on the right bank the Tokmah-su (Melas), below Malatiyah (Melitene), and on the left bank the K'habur (Chaboras). coi \fountains, h Ilurm.'ili, and X5 miles of the , and covers ail ;al)le is that on I frcini the sea. Tiliel, near the It flows cast fur almnt looo ving the moun- Assam t at AUaliabad, (ianges carries e which would t every day of d the Sorw above I mile wide at the ns it near I'atna. as, not far from 10 feet. Under it in the valley :s the IlindoD- iat Acho, about enters the Plain to the Suliman ncls. Its delta It for 160 miles. ick. In its lowor irs of the Punjab W(5t to '.abt r^if' Bi-iif (Hyplia^is), tnk. The Sathy, Kakas 'I'al, at an s with the C/iciinl* c of the Masius, is tlie Kupliratcs the /.nil Asfal iftuii or western of the two, rises ch lies between ;s north-cast of cd stream takes i of the Mediter- receives on the on the left bank The united Euphrates and Tigris is called the SAattlArai, or River of the Aral)s, which flows 150 miles from Kotna and ends in the Persian Gulf, by several branches which embrace a delta extending 37 miles along the coast. The .ShatclArab ■ receives on the left bank the Kerklui and the Kitrooii. Length, 1780 mile.s j area of ; basin, 196,000 square miles. Minor RIvirt.— The Sa/iun, from the Chinese province of Vunnaii, flows south throiiiih Hilrin.ih, and enters the Oulf of M,>rtal>an, between Martaban and Moulmcin. The SUlanf falls into tl\o heail (»f tlio C,x\\f of Mart»1:>an. Ill IIindo»tan,the MnlinnuMy (530 miles, 60,000 s(|CLire miles), the GiKLnery (900 miles, 105,000 Sfjuaro miles), the Kiilniih or Kruhna (Soo mile : 10,000 square miles), the Pmnair, and the CViwwr/ (4So miles, 36,000 square miles), all li.i.v Into the Hay of Bengal; and the Titflee (450 miles, 25,000 square miles) and NirhiulUa (Soo miles, Oo,ooo square miles). How west in the Gulf of Camhay. IV. The Atlantic System. The rivers of the Atlantic .System are, comparatively, of inconsiderable magnitude. They all flow into the Mediterranean and lilack Seas. The Asi (Oroii(.;s) lises on the western slope of the Anti-Lebanon, rims north-west parallel to that chain, and lalls into the Mediterranean below Antioch. The Jyliaon { Hyramus) and the Sihc;H rs.irus) rise m the plateau of Asia Minor, run through parses in the Taurus to the liay 01 l-iiander..ou. The Miiulere (.Meander), remarkable for its windings, and the Kodiis-clmi (H'-rmus) fpw west throuijh Asia Minor to the .Kjean. The Sakaria (Sansarius) in Asia Minor, Nov.- first west and then north, .and ends in the lilack .Sea. The Kizil Irmak or Red Kiver (H.dys), the largest river in Asia Minor, rises in the centre of that plateau, flows south- west, then bends round, and runs northeast to the Ulack Sea 1 length. 520 miles. V. The Continental System. (a.) The A'/« (Cyrus) rises near the Black .Sea, flows first north-e.ast, and then south-east through r.eorgia,.ind enters the Caspian Sea. lis chief tributary is thc.-//-,jj (Araxes). Len'^t'i. 520 miles ; area of basin, 64,640 sipiare miles. (b.) The Amn Dtiryamjihuii (Oxus) rises in Lake Sir i-kol, 15,600 feet above the sea, on the Pamir Plateau, flows north-west throu-^h Turkestan, and enters the Sea of Aral on the south-west ; length, 1 100 miles ; area of basin, inj,6oo sqi'are miles, U.) The Sir-Darya (Jaxartcs) rises in tlie Thian-Shan, south of Lake Issik-Kul, flows north-west through Russian Turkestan, and enters the Sea of Aral on the north-east ; length, 1000 miles ; area of basin, 237,920 square miles. (1/.) The Yarkand or Tarm rises in Lake Karakol on the Pamir Plateau, and runs through Kashgaria, in a remarkable depression only 1200 fee^ above the sea, and enters Lob Nor ; length, 1000 miles ; area of basin, 177, ,20 square miles. (c.) The HdmimJ, the largest river of the Plateau of Iran, rises near Cabul, at an eleva- tion of 11,500 feet. Bows south-west, anil then west through Afghanistan and enters Lake Seistan or Ilamoon ; Ic.gth, 650 miles ; area of basin, 76,380 5t|uare miles. (/.) The Ihri Rml rises in the northern pail -f Afghanistan, Hows w.stwardby Herat, and, after a course of about 430 miles, is lost in the ilesert. (.?■•) The Jordiin (the Descender), rises in Mount Hermon, flows south through Bahr-el- Iluleh (L.ike Meroin), and li.lhr-Tubariyeh (Sea of C.alilce), and falls into llalir I.ut (Dead Sea) ; length, 200 miles. Us distance from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea is 70 miles but its length increased to 200 by its windings. It is said to be the most crooked river in the world. (0.) Lakes.— The lakes may be arranged in five divisions. ,{A.) Lakes in the Arctic Basin. («.) Lake Zaisan, in Dzungaria, drained by the Irtish. Height aliove the sea, 1720 feet • length, 86 miles; breadth, 30 miles; area, 2500 square miles. (*.) Lakt Kos-gol, in Mongolia, drained by the Selenga river, a feeder of Lake Baikal. It alxjunds in fish. Height alwve the sea, 4000 feet ; length, 150 miles ; breadth, 30 miles. (■■.) Lake Baikal, the Holy .Sea of the Russians, in the south of Siberia, is the largest fresh-water lake in .Asia. It Is crescent-shaped. It receives the Sclcnga, after a course of 700 miles, on the southeast side, and the Upper Angara, after a course of 450 miles, at the north-east end. Its only effluent is the Lower Angara, the chief tributary of the Vt nesei. It is frozen over from November to April Seals, salmon, and sturgeon .ibound in its waters. Height above the sea, inSo feet ; greatest depth, 460 feet ; length, 370 miles ; breadth from 30 to 40 miles j urea, 13,287 square miles. (B.) Lakes in the Pacific Basin. (a.) Lake Ilin-ka or Kliau-kai, on the border between Mantchooria and Russia, drained by the Usuri, a tributary of the -Amoor ; hngtli, 60 miles ; extreme breadth, 30 miles. (/'.) Ktiko-iior or B!ii,- Lake, in Mongolia, in the basin of the lloang-ho. It has no outlet, and its waters are salt and bitter ; length, 65 miles ; breadth, 20 miles. (<-.) Lake Tini);-lii}g, in China, fed by the rivers Yuen and I'cng from the Nan-ling Moun- tains, is drained by the Vang-tsc-kiang ; area, 2000 square miles. ((/.) Lake Po-yans;, in China, ted by the Kan-kiang, 400 miles long, is drained by tl-.c Vang- tse-kiai.g ; length, 99 miles ; c.;treme breadth, 20 miles; area, Soo square miles. {e.) Talc Sab, or Great Lake, in Cambodia, an expansion of the Tasawai river, a tributary of the Mekong. In the wet season, it is a hundred miles long, 40 miles wide, and 45 feet deep. Its waters abound in fish. (C) Ulm ll Hit Mian Ba«l«.-(ri.) Lake Pallee, a rinij-sluped lake, 40 miles in diameter, in Tibet, proljably co.mccted with thj llralimaputra. Height alxive the sea, 13,500 feet. {b.) SaiiMar Like, in Hindostan, at the north extremity of the Aravulli Mountains. Its waters arc salt. Length, ix miles ; breadth, 6 miles. (<•. I Ltike ManasarMar. at the foot nf the sacred Mount Kailas, m Tibet, is the source of the Sutlej. It pours Its waters into Lake Kakas-ka!. It is nearly circular in shape, and about 15 miles in diameter. Height above the sea, 15,2^0 feet. ((/.) Wi:lliir Lake, in the valley of Kashmere, is an exiwnsi.jii of iho Jhclum. it is noted for its water nuts. Height aliove the sea, 5300 feet ; length, 21 miles ; breadth, 9 miles. (A I Lala In tke AtUmic Bailll.— Tu^^l, or Great Salt Late, In Asia Minor, m ihe basin of the Kuil liiiiak. It is the saltcst lake known, its waters containing 32 per cent, of saline matters, It receives the Ilcassii. but has ii.i outlet.. Height above the sea, 3500 feet ; length, 45 miles; extreme l.ri'.ulth. i; miles: urea, 175 square mi'es. (A ) Lakes In the Continental Basin. (".) The Caspian Sea, north of Persia, and west of Turkestan, i.s the largest lake i.i the world. Its waters arc salt, but less so than those of the "ccan. Tt receives the Ural, Volga, Terek, and Kur, It has sturgeon ,-\iid salmon fisheries, and seals are caught on its islands. Its surface is 83 feet 6 ins, below the level of the lil.ick Sea. It is shallow in the north, and its greatest depth in the south is 3000 feet ; length, Sio miles; aver.ige breadth, :>io miles; area, 169,606 sipiarc miles. (1''.) The Aral Sea, a salt lake cast of the Caspian, from which it is separated by the Ust-Urt Plateau. It receives the Amu-Oarya, and the Sir-Darya, but has no outlet. Its surface is |.'0 feet .above the level of the Caspian, and 37 above that of l]ic lilack Sea. The e;istern portion is shallow ; the greatest depth on the western side is 230 feet; length, 2S0 miles ; extreme breadth, 170 miles; area, 27,000 square miles. (<:.) Lake Sirikiil ox Vidoria, ihe source of the Amu-Darya, on the Plateau of I'.illlir, is the highest known lake, being 15,600 feet above the sea. ((/. ) Lake Issikkiil or Warm Lake, in the east of Russian Turkestan, lis waters arc r,alt but nut bitter, and are never frozen. The strtams which flow into it arc frozen over for three months of tlw year. Heii(ht above the .sea, 5000 feet, length, 113 miles; breadth, 30 miles; area, 2468 square miles. (e.) Lake Balkash or Tengh,m Russi.in Turkestan, receives the Hi in the soil'.h, and has no outlet. Its wat' j are bitter salt. In shape, it is very irregular. Height above the sea, 700 feet; greatest depth, 70 feet; length, 300 miles ; breadth, from 10 to 70 miles; area, 1 1,500 square miles. (/.I Lob Nor, in Eastern Turkestan, receives the Yarkand. Length, 60 miles ; area, 1300 square miles. (g.) Lake Nanufio, or Teiigri A'nr, in Tibet, is 50 miles long, and 20 milej wide; area, rooo sqiure miles. It is 15,190 feet above the sea, (/;.) Lake '/.iirrah, Hainoon, or Seistan, on tic borders of Persia and .Afghanistan, receives the Hclmiind. Purrah, ami Kash Rood. Its -vaters are salt or brackish, shallow, and in many places covered with reeds, ll-ight above the se.a, 1545 feet; length, 70 miles; breadth, 20 miles ; area, 1600 sipiare miles. (;'.) Lake Bak/itegaii, in Persia, receives at its western extremity the Bundemir, alter a course of 150 miles. Its waters are very salt, and it has no outlet. Length, 65 miles; breadth, 10 miles. (j.) Lake Urumiah, or Shahcc, in Persia, west of the Caspian Sea. receives several riveis. but has no outlet. Its waters are very salt. Height alxive the sea, 4000 feet ; average depth, 12 feet ; length, 87 miles ; breadth, 25 miles ; area, 1735 sqiiiire miles. (/•.) Lake r..<. .a! on, parrot, s«an. goo.e, duck, fiamingo, pelican, bird of paradise, lyre-lmd, pheasant, bustard, peacock, and ostrich. fl. Vegetation.- The chief products are rice, tea, coffee, cinchona-bark, mvrrh, co.oa,u.t>., dales, sngo, ginger, cinnamon, oranges, pepper, sugarcane, co'iton '■" !S«, "piuni, sandal-wood, teak, bamboo, gamboge, laurel, banyan, and elastic gum trees. TMH liUIKALO OV 1NUI.\ 12. Minerals arc very abundant. CoM [% found in Asia Minor, India, Biirmah, China, Siberia, and Japan ; C.-.V and Suia- are found in the Ural and Altai .Moun- tains, also 111 China, Tibet, Furiher India, and Japan; Iron is found in the Aluii and I ral Mountains ; J.c.l in the Altai Mount.iins and China ; 7»; in China Further Indi.i, and Japan ;tV/Avin the Ural. Moniuains and Japan J. l/,7v«o'iii China •'■ibet Ceyl,,.,, and Japan i n./nmm in tlie Urals ; Duwu.„./s and other precious stones iii Hindost.m, Burinah, Ceylon, and the Ural and Altai Mountains. 13. Climate.-Threc-fmirths of A^ia lio within the north tcmpc.ate zone, abnit oiic-ci .lull Ml the luiTKl zui,,., and the remainder in the nonli frigid zone. In the nurth the cold is intense lor n.no nn;ntl„ of the year. The high pl.ueaus of the centr.il ret;iin are cold .ind >liv. I„ the smith, the chiiute is Iropicil. Eastern anl .Smiilieiii Asia, which receive the win !s" fr.mi the Ocea:i, are vv.rll w.itercd. The pcrimlicil winds arc c.illod nioiis.jons, and their chaiiee i, acconi- p.lliied by violent storms. I*. Inhabltants.-Asia is occupied cliicny by three of the five ijicat r.ices of m,iiil<;„d i|,c Munsohan (mchu! ■, ; th.- .M.ilays), the .Mclanocluoie, .uid the .Xanthochroic. The M il ,ys occupy the .M,il,iy p..iii„siila. The .M.,„sols occupy jiart of .\si,i Minor, and the whole of \si., north of the I'.iropaniis.iii, IIIndoo-Kn-jsh, and Ilim.il.iy.r M.mnt.iins .md east of the liral..-,n- puira. 1 ho .Mclanoclirw occupy .'^nath-west.rn Asia, including Ar.ibia, Syri.i, Persia Af-h in- istan, Beh,chist.,n, and .Northern Indiii, as f.ir as the Ganges; the X.inihochroi ccci py Trans- caiicasia, .\rnienia, and Kafiristan, The Dnuidian races of .So.ilhein India belun^. lu tl„ Australioid f.imdy. •I1u, most denselv peopled countries are llindostan and China '' THU ROSl'HOIUS. 1. Noted For. -Turkey in Asia is noted for having been the scene of ncailv.'il the events recorded in the Moly .'Scriptures. 2. Position and Extent.-Asiatic Turkey reaches from Constantinople to the rersuan (Uiii, and includes Asia Minor or Anatolia ; Armenia; Kurdistan or Assyria; Syria, including Palestine; Al-Jezireh or Mesopotamia; Irak Arahi o. Babylonia; Arabistan, including Hedjaz and part of Yemen; and the district ot l-.i H,asa, on the western side of the Persian C.u\i. 3. Asia Minor forms the peninsula lying between the Black and ^rediterranean seas. Its suilaec is mountainous. Taurus, at the south, is the princiiKil chain. 1 he island of (>/.,•/„ lies off the southern coast. The chief products are fruits, grain, coffee, tobacco, valonia, and goals-hair. 4. Chief Cities of Asia Minor.-Smyrna (150,000), the capital of Asi.uic Turkey, ranks next to Constantinople, ;lie capital ol the empire, and is the chief scat /,/,-,<;ii ihe lilack .Sea is noted for its conunerce; TrMzoiul U an important port on the lilack Sea, near a fertile' district ; Tars,.s is the birthplace of the Apostle Paul , /C.miyc/i is a place of trade, and o;:.ij has woollen nianulactures. O. Armenia lies between Asia Minor and the Russian province of t'leoigia The famous mountain of Ararat is on its eastern boundary : near its base the caM branch of the River Knphra.cs takes its rise. To the south is Lake Van. Kurdistan lies south of Armenia, ami east of the Tigris. e. ma cities ol Armenia and Kurdistan. -F.,za-o:,m (60,000), ,m a lofty plain, is a centre of commerce ; Ih.vkkir, on the Timis, h.is c.pper works and cotton and silk inamilactuies ; / ■!«, on Lake Van, a fortified city, with .m active trade. 7. Syria lies south-east of Asia Minor, and includes the sacred hind of Palestine 1 lie surtace is mountainous ■ the chief range is Lebanon, which runs soutluvard :„to j I aiestme, The soil is generally fertile, firain and fruits are the chief products. I 8. Chief Cities ol Syria and Palestine.— //,//. (;o,co.), noted for its silk; Damascus li5°,ooo), the cipital, an ancient and famous city,- with its seaport. /?rw. ;,/,■ Jcn,.u,!.„i I (2.S,ooo), the holy city ; ..(. ,v, famous in history, and for its destruction bv the British fleet in . Ks^o. 9. Al-Jezireh is ihe northern jiortion of the plain between liie Euphrates and I igns ; Irak-Arabi, the somhci n portion, extends to the IVrsi.m 1 iulf. 10. Chlei CIties.-.I/eW, on the Tigris, opposite the ruins i f Nineveh ; AVij,.,/,/,/, on both sides of the I igris, iiuiuif.iclures silk, cotton, and leather goods, and lias an extensive carav.in trade ; /?,,,,•,,, on the .^hatel-Arab, is the centre of trade with India, 11. Arabistan, or Turkish Arabia, extends along the cast coast of the Red Sea to the liiilf iif Aden. 12. Chief Citles.-Mecca, 6^ miles fmni the Red .«ca, the capital of /fc./J„i (the land of pil^ranagel. was the birthplace of .Mohammed; .l/,-,/,«,,, the seat of Moh.unmed's Knipire, vvhither he lied Horn Mecca in A. 1,. f,j2. It contains hi- tomb. San-.... the capita! ol Vtineii : Mocha, noted lor its colfec, is its seaport. [See Maf of the I.aml 0/ CaiiMii, /Wc-sliiu; iSr'c, on /■a^e 121.) I ol nearly .•.!! aiuinople to Kurdistan or Irak Arab! .1 ihc district fccliterrancan nciiial chain. ts are fruiis, ;cy, ranks next ce ; Scti^ari is the lilack Sea, near a fertile cf trade, and corgia. Tlie ■ ca-t Ijraiuli irdistan lies m, 15 a centre iianulacliircs ; if r.ilcstino. Kliward !,,lo producls. , !k; Damascut - Iritiih fleet in )liralcs and ! i/tii/, on both ' islve caravan ' ( I ! Red Sea Id (the land of ; ) L'd's Knipire, ' ' i! ;>t Vcr.iiii ; ' .' I ARAIUA-PERSIA-AFGHAXISTAN AND BELUCHISTAN. 119 ARABIA. From A r lAi, .i Ifv ■' u- .,!•, or Ehr, a w.inderer. Sue, equal to a square of 1 105 milet. 1. Noted For.— Arabia is noted for us sandy deserts, and for having been the scene of Mohammed's career 2. Position.— It lies chiefly between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. 3. Physical Features, etc.— The interior is a mountainous desert pl.ain, with here and there an oasis. liclwccu the coast-line and the mountain-ranges are numer- ous fertile valleys. The celebrated Mount Sinai is at the head of the Red Sea. There are no rivers of any importance. El Hasa, Vcmen, and Ilcdja., arc tributary to Turkey ; hut the other parts are either governed by Imaums, or by the Sheiks (or chiefs I of the liedouin tribes. Tlie IJihrem Islands' in the Gulf of Persia are noted for their pearl fisheries. 4. The Chief Products are coffee, gums, spices, and fruits. The horses and camels of ;\rabia have lon^ been famous. 5. Divisions.— Arabia includes Nejd, Oman, Hadraumaut, El Hasa, Yemen, and Hedjaz; the last three tributary to Turkey, _ . 6. The Chief Cities are Mecca and Mi- dtna, in Ihiijaz; Sana and Mocha in Yanrjt .4ase of the Himalayas. (z.) The valley of the /«,/;«, sloping southward from the Iliiidu-Kusli Moun- tains, and forming the western hoimdarv of India. (3) The central mountain-district, sloping south-westward from the centre, and drained by twenty rivers, of wiil.-h the AWlmdila and the Taplc- a.e the chief. [\.) The Deccan, watered by eighteen rivers, southward of the \eibudda and I '"' '''''"'''''' ''''^ '" ""' ^-omliwest of Nepal. Us chief rivers are the Goom'tec and the eastward of the Malabar Ghauts, the principal being the Goila-riy and the Kisliia/i. 4. Climate.— On the llimal.iya .slopes the climate is temperate and a:.;rc-ablc, but toward the south it becomes bot and oppressive. There are but two seasons, the wet and the dry, varied by the periodical inoiiS'>on^. elebrated for wheat and saltpetre. r TUn MON-SOON. 5. Political Divisions. —India is divided into British Possessions, Native States. French Possessions, nid Portuguese Possessions. ((I.) The lJriti.-,h Possessions in India are divid-.:d into liin.' administrations or Provinces, vi?. : Bengal, .Vorth-West Provinces (including Uude ), Punjab, Central Provinces, Ilombay, Madras, Oetached Provinces under the Governor fk-neral, Assam, and liritish liurmah. .\ssam and Dritish IJurmah are in Further India. 'I'he Island of Ceylon is inuler a separate government. (/■) The Native .States are divided into two classes: Ii-de]iendent and Depen- ileiii or Feudatory. There arc two independent States and about Soo dependent St.iies, of which only about 200 arc of any importance. (i-.) The French Possessions arc C//ii. .It the month of the Godaveiy ; I'ondi.hcrry (tlin capital of the French sctilenu-nts on the Cn-nniandcl coast), south of Madras : Karikal, at thi nioutli of the Cauvcry ; and M,ihl\ on Ih: Malabar Co.-ist. i7. ) The Portuguese Possessions arc f/'.w en the west coast, capital PanJIm ; /Aim,i«, a '■apoit, north of Doinbay; ami /)/«, a sni.nll island (j|f the south coast of tin- INuinsiila of ' Ciuzcrat. ' 6. Bengal occnpic^. the rich valleys ot the luwer Ganges ami Ilrahmapulra Rivers and ,1 seaboard district extending to the south shore ot Lal« (;hi;ka. The (hief jiroducts and e.vports arc rice, opium, sugar. It ,1, spices, indigo, toliacio, silk, ( oiion, llax, and hemp. Gogra. It is 9. Chlel Clllei,— Allah abaii« (1^4,000), the capit.il, at the confluence of the Jumna and (.an-cs, I, a sarrcd (I'v of tin: Hindoos; r,(;r«/o;r ( iJt.ooo), the scene of the massacre of Fin..]ieans in iS;; ; Benare« (i;5,ooo), the Hindoo cajiital and the principal of the sacred cities; --(c''' (149,0001, the for- mer Mo ;iil capital, containing the Taj Mahal, tlic fincbt n.ausoleiun in the world. Luckniiw (-8:, 000), the for- ;=J' nier caiiital of -_S; Oudc, on the J Ooomtce, famous for its defence bv ■■'ir John Intjiis, and its relief by .Sir Henry Ilavclock, in the .Sepoy rc- .sn,M,i,M,Mi;i..\;, M..sc..ri, caWM'oio:^ hellion. lU, Punjab, or Five Uivers, so n,.,„e,l from the live rivers which form the 1 unjnud, the great Inlmtary of the Indus. It lies north of Sind, Raiputana and the Norlh-Wcsl Provinces. Salt is the chief mineral. Kashmcre shawls are rstensivcly manulactiired. ' ' 11. Chl.1 Cltiei~Uhore(..S,oro), on the Navec, i, tl, ■ cap;,al ; Delhi (■6,,oool, on the Jumna, once the Mobainn.e.lan capita' of India ; Amrihar (i.,j,ooo), between the Sutki and the Kavee, is the s.ieml citv of the Sdd.s ; l\sh„u;:y (58,000), ,.„ Cah.,1 kiver, is a forti'lied to«n, eighteen miles from the Khvbcr Pass; .l/,„V,m (5 ,,0001, on the Cbcnab Kiver is a I niiimcici.il cily. ' " ' 12. The Central Provinces occupy the district watered bv the Mahanuddv bv ilK .nl,uia,ies,,|,h,.(,odave,yon the left hand, and by the upper course of 'the N.rbudd.i. 1 he , hief products are cotton, wheat, opium, and silk. Coal and iron are the principal minerals, 13. Chlel CItlei. -Jullbulpup l^j.ooo,, the capital, has a Iar.:;e Ir.ulo in cotton; (S.|,, ,oi, 1 ityoi Scrp.uis, b,is ext:-nsive m,muf,ictures and a lar-e bankint; business has co,d and iron in the U'l^hborhood, •Vire///*' Clianda 14. Bombay includes the province of Hbul, King in the southern vallcv of the Indus ; .ind, f.itther soulli, pans of C„r.a:,t and Kh,„„lM,. The chief products a.e (oiti.ii, sail, (.pium, riic, cocoaimls, pepper, leal;, indigo, wool, and silk, 15. Chlel CItlev Bombay (0,,.|,ooo), (PortU',;uesc for pood harbor), the capital, is on an i-lairl ..I the sea co.ist, fr.iui wbi.h railways radiate to the n..rth ami the .S(Milh. Its' harlior'is the linest in Imli.i, and it, trade extensive, l\,.m„ In. 1,000), cast of the (diauls; Smat (10;,'. , nn the Tai.leo ; ami , ///wcAi/.*/ (ii;,ooo), north of the r.ulf of Canibay. 16. Madras occupies the soulhcm p.an of India, and includes the provinces of Northern Cirean, the Cinuili,; ami M.ihih.u: The climate is verv h.,t, and the soil gener.illv is not so pn.du, live as in other parts of Ind!.!, The chief products are sugar, siiU, miioii, teak, iron, and sail. 00V«IIN,MP.NT llOt'SP, CALCUTTA. 7. Chief Clllet. -Calcutta (rrfi.ooo), the capit,al of nntish India, and, next to Canton, the idlest (Miporimn ,n the F,,st, „ silu.ated on the Iloo^ly Kiver, one of the outlets of the l.an^es, 1 he pubhc huildin;.s are handsome, and the literarv and scientific institutions nmiKTous, The cily is defended by Fort Willian,, the largest fortress in India, Mo.rshcJ- a;nl, on the Iloo-^ly, th,: f„r,n:r c, Hal of I!em>.al • Scramf-rc, the he.id-qu.arters of the llaptist Missions; n.mhv,,,, has coal and iron mines. Pun, near Lake Chilka, contains the temple of Jir,;i;er-iaut. I'.iln., (x-.n.aoo), on the Gan.^-es, has an extensive trade. 8. The North-West Provinces extend along the basins of the Ganges and Jumna, from the conniience of the Gogra with the former to the Ilimal.avas, OiuU, • Nnri'—Thn Idininalinn ,t/M,/, /■nhtm, fm m fo,:r,M rnciu place or city ilni P)a..- .1 il,ef;,„l; SaiK,i|,orc, City „( the lion. OuHf, meam. a marked place , ,-/„„■ Kill' or nudily, livct : nil, blue 1 malia, great. s Allahabad, /, mountain ; — ,.J to Canton, the ( : outlets of the ^ ific institutions ( ia. .)foors/it'ii- ( quarters of the [ ;a, contains the ', Ganges and J lavas. Oiii/f, ', mtcc and the ; lie Junnia and / he massacre of ) incipal of the ', cd cities ; .'/^(.'/'(r ', 1,000), tlio foi-- Mii;ul capital, < ainin^ the Taj ( lal, tlic finest soieuni in the d. Lucknow .000), the for- capilal of e, on the intcc, fanuius ts defence by John Intjlis, its relief by .Sir ly I lavelock , he Se])oy re- in. h fiirni the Kajpntana. c sh.uvls arc 1,000), on the 10 .Sutlej and is a fortified b Kivcr, is a lianuddy, by ursc of the oal and iron on ; .%■,;.■/,»■ Cbs I C/iiniJii ■alley nf the ; Moducts aro lal, is on an i Its harlHjr is <; lauts; Srirat '' rovinces of > and the soil J roducts are .' ; ) 111 AllaliabacI, ri, mnumain ; 1 Hi I If HINDOSTAN OR INDIA 22. Dependent or Feudatory States.— The jm.st important cif these .irc tlio followin- : Hyderabad or Nizam'i Dominions, in Ccntr.il India I includins the cities of Hyderabad, the capi. tal, AruK:i,ib,ul, and GokimJa (noted (or its diamond mines). Baroda or Gulcotwar'i Territory between .'^ind and llombay IVopor. Capital, Baroda, a great i.tiKvay ecntrc, Xashmere (noted for its rich shawN), iKlwccn the Punjab an.I Kashgaria, and includim; Little Tibet, and Ladokh. Ca,,ital, Kasjimere or Seri- nagur. Rajputana, composed of eighteen .States, east of Sir.d, chielly desert, the most important being Jcypnr, Oiulipur, and Marwar or Jodhpiir. ■ Gwallor or Sclndla's Dominions, soutli of Agra, Gwallor, it,, capital, is one of the seven sacred cities of the Hindoos, and the first meridian of their geographers. Indore or Holkar's Territory, along tlie Vindhya Moimtans. Capital, Indore. Bhopal, south-west of C.walior. Capital, 17. Chltl Cities.- -Madras I. vi^.ooc), lh-ca|.iial. on tin- Coromand,! ,oaM, has no h.arbor, and ' \ the surf biing very great, the lani'ing is ilfectedfioin the road^llad in light boats. Kort St. \ George defends the citv. .\ railway conniTts Arcft with Madras, T.itijjir rivals Ilcnares in ? its llind,u> leinplis ; /V/. ,:■/«,/,.,>( ,-,-,000) is famed for jewelry, hardware, ,md cheroots. S 18. The Detached States.— Aimere, M the north end of the Aravalli Mountains. ) Ajmere is iiic capital, Bcrar, -n.iii.wcst of the Central I'roviiiee.s. Eiichpore, tlie ;; c.piial, is a coltcui depot, Mysc- in the siuiili of the Dcecan. The chief |irocliicts > are gr.iin, coffee, imillierry, ami .ii";, Mysore (sS.ooo), the capital, is built chiefly of ; teal;; Bangalore (14.3,000), is llie l.it-est city. Coorg lies south-west of Mysore, ; The elilef product is coffee, (.l.ipit.il, Murkara. \ 19. Assam formed part of r,eiic;al until iS;.), when it wa.s made .t separate ; I'roviiii c. Tea is the iiriiuipal e.vport. Capital, GowHati. On the M.vlahar Co.ast are CochIn, capital, Tricbur; and Travancore, capital, Trivandrum. SIkkIm lies between Nepaol and lihotm ; Tipperah ami Manipors betHccu llengal and ItMi'in.ih. 23. British Islands of India.— Ceylon lies otf the south-east ci>a.st of .Madras, It is conipiicl, and has few coast indentations. The interior is mountainous; but there arc many beautiful and fertile valleys. It is called .SV//^'/;,;/,; by the natives. Iluddhism I the i)revailing religion. It is a Crown colony. .Area, 2.),7o:!S(iiiarc miles ; popula- tion, about 2,755.557. The chief products arc rice, coffee, cocoanuts, and ciiuiamon. Its pearl fishery, off the north-west coast, is valnalile and very cvtensive. 24. 3lilel Cities.— Colt/mbo ( loc.ono ), the capi- tal, Pt>:i:/ ,1,- i:,il/,\ a furtilied |tKket station, 7'rini iiiiitili\ ami ( \nuty. 25. The Laccadlves lie off the .Malabar coast, and the Maldives (Thousand Isles), a scries of ciicid.ir groups of coral islands, lie south of the I.accadivcs. They are nominal dejtendencics of Ceylon, Chief exports: cocoanuts and cowrie shells. 26. The Chagos Archipelago c.-mtains a number of low coral-reefs and islands, which lie soiitii < I tlie Maldives and of the Kqiiator, They mc dependencies of Mauritius. I'roducts : cocoa-mits and fniit. 27. Other British Islands.— Andaman and the NIcobar Islands, lie >'ff the Malaysian I'eninsiil,! ■J'lie .\ii(l,nn,nis .ne .i penal colon\-. 20. British Burmah.— Scc 1 uitber Imli.i. i 21. Native States.— Nepal and Bhotan are native imlcpendcnt States, both lying I al.ing the southern slope ..f the llini.il.o.i Moinil,iins, The surface of both is , mnuntaiuous, but the valleys .are leitile. Khatmandu is the capital of Nepal, and , Tasisudon, of Ilhntan. .^ip»««H»»«^J_ y States.— The nK.st nlnlons, in C cnlr.il Hyderabad, the capi- /i/ii (iiiili'd ((,r its ntory between Siiul .il, Baroda, a great :li sliawls), iKlHccn mil incliulini; I.itlle , Kashmere or Serl- islilcen .States, east '■St important being or Jtxllipur. ■ ions, south of Agia. i the seven sacred le first meridian of along llic Vindhya iwallor. Capital, re Cochin, capital, al, Trivandrum. >.ud and Ithot-ui ; rt'ccn IJcnj^al and India.— Ceylon ; of .Madras. It ast Imlcntation.s. s; but tlicrc arc ; valleys. It is ivcs. liuddhi.sm It is a Crcjwn I c miles ; popula- J ; chief products ! , .tud cinnamon. < lli-wcst coast, is j 100,000), the capi- } d packet station, } lie .Malabar coast, isles), a series of ;, lie south of the I dependencies of uiuts and cowrie rontains a number \hich lie south nf uator, 'I'hey arc iducts ; cocoa-tuils Andaman and the aysian IV'uinsnl.i FURTHER WDIA— CHINA. 123 FURTHER INDIA. Size, equal to a square of 943 miles. Nime. I Britl.sh Iturmah SHiTOt Straits Settlements ! i'445 Hnrmah..... j UfjioiM) Slam (including Laos and Malaya) — ' XiTmkh) ■Auani oai.oiK) CamlKidia •M/.tn Ircneli Cochin China ai,717 , 88i(.718 PopuUtion. C>ptl>l or Chief Clly. 3,010,(iii'„r/„, between tne Kuen- I.un and the Tian-Shan mountains. 4. China Proper (eighteen provinces) is isoUated from the rest of the empire by the Great Wall it the north and the mountains at the west. The i ..untry is densely popuhited. I!y means of its rivers and canals, it has abundant faciliics for internal communication. 5. Product. — Tea and rice are the chief natural products. Silk. )iorcclain, nankeen, t.ms, carved ivor\, l.icqiiered ware, and ■^ongs, are the chict industrial products. 6. Chlel Cities. - Peliin* (1,100,000), the i.ipital, is situated neir tin; Peiho Kiver. It consists of two walled towns, — the Chinese and the Tartar. The former is the seat of comni'irce; the lat.er, of the imperial govern. Hunt. TL-itaiti, on the I'eilio, is noted for its liritish and tb* rui.Tcmi m china Chinese treaty of .S;;,. Na„L-i„, on the Vang-.so-kiang, is noted for its porcelain tower, and for Its silk, cotton (nankeen), and ,uper manufactures. Ca,„o„. on the liocea Tigris (estmrv of tl-,.- f .,„t.„, R.ver), was the llr.u Chinese p,„l „pe„ed to foreigners, an,l is the seat of ih'e I-.uropean factories. nv,„«,/,i„, a safe anchorage on the Canton Kiver, twelve miles from Canton. 5/„„,,,./„„ and Xmgfo lie soulliK^ast of Nankin, and both have extensive trade Iwenty-four ports, known as treaty ports, are open to foreign trade ; of these, fourteen are • /V mean, north ; n..n, south ; fu^g, east ; «,, west ; .„d ko and *,„,v moan river • ,*„- niuunliin I <,w, lake. "I'-i , snan, if' 124 CHINA— CHINESE TURKESTAN— INLEPENDENT TURKESTAN— RUSSIA IN ASIA. primary, or consular ports, aiij ten arc secondary. Tl.e fourteen first-class r.rc C,i„/.,„. Aw,',]', Poo-iho-.i'-fM, X'inrfo, SImnshar, S,vatm; Tiiiilshi, Oie/M, JlaiiKou; Khi-Ki^iii;, Nai^iwa/ij,', Wcmlimi, U'ouAoo, ami hh,i>i£. 7. Tibet lies to the north of India, and between the Himalaya and Kucn-Lun Mountains. It occupies a hijjh |>latcan intersected by r.ivincs and valleys, lakes, and rivers. The climate is cold. Cattle grazing is the thief pursuit. The domestic animals are the Tibet goat, from whose fine hair the celebialed Kashmerc shawls are made, the yak, the musk- deer, the sheep, &c. Tibet is divided into ICastern and Western Tibet. Lassa or Lhasa, the capital, in the eastern province, is the rrsidcnco of the Dalai-I.auia of the Ilucltlhist worship, ami Shigatze, the capital of the \.'est- crn province, of the Hogdo-Lama. CIIINBSS MAND.tRIH, IIIS WIKB, CHILU, AND SDliVANT. 8. Mongolia extends westward from the Kiiighan Mountains to Tibet, K.ashgaria, and Russian .\sia. In the interior it is chielly desert. M„>itih,wi.i, m the west coast, is mountainous and well w.atered. Corea is a large peninsula jutting out lietween Japan an.l China proper. It is ..lljutary to China and Japan. The province of Kuldja was rcslcucd to China in i,S79. 9. Chief Cltlei.— Urga or Kurin, on the Tula, the capital of Mongolia, is the residence of the I.ama of the Mongols. K,ir,ikcirum, (.u the Janiir, war' the ca|iilal of ficnghis Khan. /// or Kiihija, the capital of Kuldj.i, has great trade with Russia. Kirinoola, the capital of Mantchooria, is situated on the .Soongari. Sngluilici,, un tlic .\nioor, is a place of large traile in furs. Klngkllao, on the Ilan-Kiang, is the capital of Corea. Pusankai is a Corean port open only to Japan. desert. The river ives many tributaries STKEBT IN CU1NA< CIIJNESE TUKKESTAN OR KAL>IIGARIA. 1. Position.— Kashgaria lies to the east of Independent Turkestan, from which .t is separated by I'amir IMateau. The Kuen-Lun Mountains separate it from I ibet, and the Thian-Shan from Dzungari.i. It was, until a recent date, an inde- pendent slate, governed by a soverign with the title of Emir. 2. Physical Features.— The eastern part of Kashgaria is Varkand urTarint flows through it from west to east, and recciv on both banks before it reaches Lake Lob Nor. 3. Products.- Cotton, silk, wheat, and rice, are the chief products. 4. Cllief Cities.— Kaihgar, the capital, has niamifactures of carpels and cotton goods. Yarltand ( 190,000), the connnercial capital, has lio colleges and 160 mosques. Aksu is famous for its cotton and saddlery. I'OUKIGN POSSESSIONS IN CHINA. 1. Hong Kong.— The British island of Hong Ivong is 75 miles sonth-east of Canton. Its length is 10 miles, and its breadth 7>i. It was ceded to Great Urilain in 1843, as part indemnity for the expenses of the war in i;i.ii-43. It is chiefly composed of lofty barren rocks. Since it became a liritish colony, its commercial value is very great. Viclotia, the chief town, is on the north side of the island. .\ iiart of Cowloon, on the main laml north of M.icao, w.as ceded to the lirilMi as jiart indemnity for the war of 1S60. 2. Macao.— The I'ortuguese seaport of Macao occupies a peninsula seventy miles south of Canton. It is a healthy ami picturescpie town, ami is well fortif[cd. The Emperor ceded it, in 15.S6, to the I'ortuguese, in return for their assistance against pirates. Camoens, the I'orluguesc poet, here composed his poem of the Lusiad. JNDEPENDExyi ' TURKESTAN. Size, equal to a square of sou inllcs. 1. Position.— Turkestan lies east of the Caspian Sea, and north of I'ersia. It IS chielly an immense sandy plain sloping westward to the Aral Sea, into which its chief rivers empty themselves. This sea is saltish, and is gradually decreasing in size. The climate is variable, and extremes of heat and of cold are experienced. The river districts arc fertile. Silk, cotton, wheat, barley, and rice, are the chief products. 2. Civil Divisions.— Independent Turlcestan consists of a number of states called Khanates, of which Bokhara and Khiva are the chief. The Khanates of Ilokhara and Khiva, though nominally independent, are really subject and tiibftary to Russia. 3. Chrer Cities. — Bokhara is a place of extensive trade. Khiva is the great slave market ol Turkestan. ;l/pu!ation, about 4,400,000. 8. Chlel Cities.— Tashkendl7S,ooo),tliecapit;d of Central Asia,andthckey of the Sir-Uarya \ v.illi'v, m.imifactures silk, colli. 11, and gunpowder. Satitartatu/^ a town of great antiquity, \ vuiil.iins the tomb of Tamerl.ine. A'jlaii was formerly the capital of Kokan, the country of ] llaber, who founded the Mogul i;nipire in India. Marghllan is the capital of Russian Tuikcstan. ] I OHINA AND JAPAN Scale of MDes KiiimU a blruLiuri^nt'iA'.y lies ioiilli of Ihc I ,111- casian iMoMiitains, he- tween llic lihuk and Caspian Seas The siir face is diversified, and I lie soil generally fer- lile. In the lower val- leys rice, loliacco, cof- . and indigo are I'rodiiccd. Area (in- cluding the Govern- ment of Kars, ac<|nircd from Turkey in 1S7S), 9.1.7''' S(|uarc miles ; l)n|iiilatiun, alioijt- .),. ifio.ooo Transcau- casia is divided into ten governments or provinces. The govern- ment is chicHy military, flreat religious toler- ation exists, -nd the Russians have estab- lished schools in the principal towns. The direct taxes, payable to ilu" Russian govern- ment, amount lo P5.000 ,, ,,,,,. =1_:^HI silver rubles annually. ,0,1": .''^'!' ''''"•■-^'"'» ' '"]■"""'' ""- '•■^Pi'»l. i' ™> ">e K»r. It stands in a narrow vallcv, coniniises Armenian cliuichcs and l.,r.,e carav.inser.iis ; ,t ,s inhabitcl clnellv l.v u, EMPIRE OF JAPAN Fr„n, ,l,c a„„«c ,v,.r,i J.fu.^uo, siRnlfylnK ki"S.l..n, „f ,1,. ,„i„„ ,„„, „ E,,s.crn Kingdom Size, eqii.il tn a squ.xrt; nf .joii iiiitcs. 1. Noted For.-Japan is noted for Its insular character, its former seclusion from "ll.cr nations, its j.ipanned ware and liron/es, and its present rapid progress. 2. Extent.-This empire consists of an extended group of islands lying north and south along ihe east coast of Asia. 3. Physical FeaturOS.-Thc entire group of islands is moimlainous and vol- canic, but in the vailcvs and plains .he soil is fertile The coasts are rockv and dangerous, which, with the fre.picnt storms and whirlpools, lend to exclude Japan from the niantimo comnurce of the world 4. The Principal Islands are A'l/'/'iii or A'if'hon (sun source) the Japanese name for the whole king- dom, Siivi'ii, and A'iii.i/ii/i, )',■(,>, together with three southern A'lin/,- hUviii! The IawCIioo hhiihls,\\K M,i)ico-Sima group, and the n,n and i,'„ld The other natural products am cntinn, tea, tnhacco, and silk. INiicelain, japanned ware, ,ind silk fabrics are important articles „f native iii.iii^li v. In the interior, the ro.ads .arc good and tr.ule is extensive. 7. Chiei Cities. -Tokio (1,0 !f.,7;n. formerlv c.illed Yedo, on a line bav m the south-east of Niphon, is the eastern capital, and llie usual lesi.lence nf ilie Mik.id,, or Fniprror SalUs (j.i.,,oooi. lornieriy called Kioto or .Miako, is the western capit.ll, and the coninicrcial, ecdesi.as. tic.nl, and literary centre, and a residence of the Mik.ido Ou:h,i Ci.Si.ooo), at the mouth of the Kan,|..jawa Kiver, is the port of Saikm, :nid contains the hnpeiial mint. The second city of the Knipire in point of size is Koumamotou ( ^oo.odoI N.,^.iuik}. famous for its por- celain,an,lA-.;e."»«,M 200,000), on the island ol Kiiishiu . .l/,,.',„«,„ and /l,av,/,i,i,. m the island of Veso, arc important commercial ports. ScheudI is the capital of the I.oo-Choo Islands j I ! ' PART VI. AFRICA. The £%« of the anmnl nrwV,. FFebrfvv A „W,„, rlsced under a burning ikfi Latin i^/triVw, sunny Africa ,s ^upt>med lo tw. d.^„.J f Ar- , t . 1 1. Boundaries.— Africa is bnnndetl on the north by the Mcditerrnnenn Sea ; on the east by tlie Isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian O.can'; on the south by the Indian and Atlantic Oceans ; and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. 2. Form.— Africa consists of an irregular pear-shaped mass of land, with a large indentation on the west, .ind a projection on the cast side 3. Position.— It extends from 37° 20' N. Lat. to 31" 50' S Lat., and from 17° 34' \V. Long, to SI" ;o' E. Long. PRINCIPAL ANIM.ALS OP AFRICA. 4. Extreme Points.— North, Cape Blanco, or Kas at A'nni ; South, Ca/f Agulhas ; West, Ca/'e Verde ; East, Cafe Guard,ifui. 5. Extent.— fn.) The extreme lais^th of Africa from north to south is about 5000 miles. Tlie extreme breadth from east to west is about 4700 miles. (/' ) Its area is estimated at 11,630,400 square miles, or three times that of Europe, or is equal to a square of 3410 miles. (,-.) The coastline is about 16,000 miles, or one mile of coast for 722 square miles of surface. 6. The estimated i)npulation is 205,000,000. Name of State or Territory. 7. POLITICAL AND TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS OF AFRICA. . ^I. NORTHERN AFRICA. li.MtlUKY St,\TK.s. 1. iMarocfo 2. .\l'4cria X 'riinis 4. Tripoli ami Fezzan.. PoHilion. In the N. \\. of the Continent. Kast of Mariicco Kast of .Mu'oria Sout h-east o f Trip oli Area In Ki xq llllleit. 2r)0,n(io afis.otK) 4.-),71(i .^•!;l,40o roimhitio (ulmiit) .•i.ooo.oon ; •i,il'W„100 i,.'i(X).n()0 i.oin,ono Capital or Chief Place. Fez Algiers. Tunis. . . TrIiKill. Ui .11° fi'>J. ;i,800 (100.0110 I n.ono ooo ? 100.0110? lo.nooiiiKi " ."oiMiilo? liKinn.iKHi? St. Paul de Luanda, &c. 8.48 N. '•-..MiiMssie. &'• 7. N. Ilntliiirst, &!• ! i:i.28 N. 22. Sahara 2.'i. .Soudan, or Nlgrltla.. . Sniitli of the liarliarv States ISoutli of the .Sahara'. VI. CENTRAL NORTHERN AFRICA. . l2,.10ll.(10il ?! :i.0iK1.0(10 ? I A-ades &e I1,000,(KK1 ? KO,000,(KI0 ? I Timbllctoo.'. ..'.'..' .'".'. On the West Coast | 12,000 On the Dali River I 18 000 1. of S t. Mary, M.of Gnmbiii.l 7,000 17. 2 N. 17.15 N. 8. 2 E. ;i.20 E. In an Oasis I 7,000 8 mile.s fi-om t'.io Niger I 40,000 1 Fugo he north by the >f Agitlhas ; nbont 5000 Its area is i equal to a ile of coast I'lipuladnn i>f Capital. «s,noo M.noo 2n,ix)0 aw.ooo no.noo ;io,uoo fi.OOO Ifl.OOO fi,(IOO ? 1 80.000 il.OOO 3,000 40,240 0,800 1,200 ? 12,000 IS mio 7,tKl() 7,000 40,000 \\' , AFRICA Heals of MUCH t I \ »» • iSi m ms m ioo :iii Lou^'iiiuii- j.:ii.,t ICU6ti.II i; SIJ ullitiajUufi .\. . . il VIII. CENTKAL SOUTHERN AFRICA lilt. /lunlio:^!* Itoi^ion .... *J7. tUM'Illl lii;i Coltlltrv . . 28 luilaliari Dcf^cil. .. . WeHt of M<>Ktunl)i(|iiu & Snfnia. } Wr.st uf 'ir;iii.Hvajil ./ Wfsl vi liULliuiuui Cuuiitr.v. . . ) ! Mtivatito, &c U0(),00()7| .VXW.OOO? Kniinmm 1 Nt) Towns ..J 18.10 S. ] 2a52 E. . . . I 27.20 S. 24. H E. (Ill the ('hl>^M^ River I liJtO iiiiloH N. K, of C. Town. IX. ISLANDS. 2!». Miulii^'iweur Eii.'^t i»f Mo/.aiiil.i(iuo. .| 244,000 I 2,noo,000 | Tuimiiarivo | 18.30 S. | 40.30 E. I Near the centre I KO.noo 8. Physical Coast Features.— I In the Mediterranean Sea. il) Islands. — A. /''//^e Ceuta, t:\l>yla), u|>])[ .Afiii-a, .uid i'.ifig Hon, Ijiith mirth of Tunis. (,t ) Sea antl iji\x\H.~ Mediterranean Sea. between vMiiia and Knrupc. Oulf of dxhei (Syrtis Minor), east of Tunis. Qui/ 0/ Sitira (.Syrtis Major), between Tripoli and Barca. (4 > Strait.— Strait ot Gibraltar, (f-Vclum Ilerculeum or Straits of Hercules), between Man>cto and S|iaiii, unitiii>; the Atl.inlic and the Mediterranean. It is bounded on the west by Cape Spartcl (in M.irocco) and Cape Trafalgar (in Spain) ; on the east by Cape Ceuta (Abyla) and Kuropa Point (L'alpc), tlie Pillars of Hercules. A strimt; .> ' ' onstant central current funs through the strait from the Atlantic to lUu Mediterranean, witli .. velocity of between two and three miles an hour. If an anchor be c.ist in tlie strait, a lower current is found to prevail, telling out into the Ocean. The narrowest part of the strait is fifteen miles. Greatest depth i/x) fathoms. (5.) isthmus.— /jM/«wj 0/ Suez, 72 miles wide, unites Africa willi Asia, and is tr.iversed by a ship canal, begun in 1.S5.7, and completed in i^(x) by M de I.esseps, a celebr.ited French euRineer. The canal connects Port .S.^id on the Mediterrane.in and the miles lonK, 2(X) to .^00 feet wide at tlie to[-, and 72 .it the bntioni, and 2^' feet deep. Vessels are etiabled to steam or to be towed iluoui-h the can.il in sixteen hours from sea to sea. Extensive harbors and docks have been crnstructed at both ends of the caoal. II. In the Indian Ocean. (i.) IslanilS.— .V(^itf/^(i, iooo. It has lon^ been famous for its aloes, gnms, and dates. After an occupation (.f four y^ars by Great Uritain it was abandoned, but, in iS;r>, the British tlag was re-plauted by the Indian Govemn-ent. Zanzibar, Pemba, and Afon/ia, off the coast of Zanguebar. These islands are nmninally tributary to the Sultan of Muscat. Z.inzihar is 25 miles from the niaitdaiul, and is of coral formation. Its length is .ibout 50 miles. The population is estimated at ly^.-Kxi. Its chief productions are cloves, sugar, -ice, vncoanuts, manioc, and tobacco, It is the great market of the world for ivory and gum copal. The capital, Zanzibar or Shanganny, has a population of 8o,cxx). Pemha is nearly as long as Zanzibar, but is narrower. It prtwluces excellent 'imbcr. Monfia is low and fertile. The ."("(/VrtM^^j, a cluster nf eleven low islets, sunoi.nded with coral banks, lie 800 mi'es east of Zanzibar. Tlicy abound in land turtles The Sewhciiei, a group of tliirty isles of granite formation, north-east pf the Amirantcs. Popu- lation, 'ftoii. They produce piiic-.ipples, cocnanuts, rice, rnaize, cotton, Ci>lf'_-e, tub.uco, and tlie suRar cane. The most remarkable vcsetablc production is the cnci^di-mrr, the fruit nf ,i peculiar species of palm tiee. It is an immense nut, weighing from 20 to 25 pounds, and received its name from being at on(' time supposed t" grow at the bottom of the sea. Mahe, the largest isle, is 16 miles long. The chief luvvii, Piiii Viiluiia. h.is a popui.itiuii of r«j(«j, aiul a small gaiiison. The Seychelles woic discovered by the Kreiich in 1741, and were ceded \.>i liritain in 1^14. The Comoro IsLintisy a group of four volcanic islands (Contoro, Jo/ianna, Mohilla, Mayotte^, lie at the northern entrance of the Mozambi pie channel, and nliont 200 mi'rs from the cna^t i^f Africa. Comoro, the larpe*-t island, is .V) miles in len'-;th, and 12 in breadth. The Islands are inourlainnii-;, lie.ilthy, and fertile, i.severnl peaks in Johanna rise to 6000 feet). The chief exports are cocoanut oil, tor'oise-sliell, sugar and coffee. The population is estimated at 80,000, and consists of Arabs ai.d Mohammedan negroes. Mayotte was ceded to Kiance in 184(5; tl;^' other islands are independent, and are governed by native Sultans. Madagascar, the fouilh Kirgest island in the world, lies off the east coast of South Africa, from which it is separated by the channel of Mu/anibupie. Length, '■ - east o( Mauritius. Length, iiinilesi breadth, ] to 6 miles. It has a few settlers uf French descent. It abounds in turtles. ' (3.) Capej.— r.!/*,; Ciuariti/ni or ytriliffiin, the casternmiHt point of Africa 1 Caft DrlgnJo, north-east of .Mruainbiquc ; Ci/V Carritnlcj, south-east of .Sofala, named from the many sirt.ims which there enter the sea : Oi/r fiJal, cast of Zulu Land ; Cift Am/vr, the northern, and Ci/ie S/. Mary, the southern point nf Madagascar. (4 ) Sea, Gulfs, and Bays.-Red Soa or Arabian GuH, heiwecn Africa and Arabia i.cnsih, 1400 mill's ; brcullh, 200 mlos. L'ciral reef ^ line the shores, between which is the main cluimcl, 40 miles wide and 600 feet deep. Il b.is been calculated that its annual evaporation is equivalent to irn cubic miies of water. Gtilf i\f Siifz.-M the northern exlrcmily of the Red Sea, between Efiypt .and Arabia. Length, aoo miles ; bre.ullb, 20 miles. Gul/ .;/ W(iV«, between Africa and the south coast of Arabia. Length from east to west, 4S0 miles; breadth from north to south, from 160 to 200 miles. Xii/alit Bay, cast of Sofala. Dtlagca Bay, east of South Africa. Algoa Bay, south-east of Cape Colony. (5.) Strait and Channel. -.V/r.i// 0/ Bal^el-MmJel; Gate of Tears, unitinj; the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. It is 17 miles wide in the narr. The group is 315 square miles, and the population 132.221. Madeira (Wood) was so named by the Porlcgucse from its being well timbered. The island is said to have been discovered by Markham, an Englishman, in 1344. The Canary Islands, a group of twelve islands of volcanic origin, Aa miles south-west of Marocco. The seven principal islands are t.ainaroU; Fu-rlnenlura, Canary, Tcnerifft, Gomera, Pahiia, .and K'rr-o. The area of the Canary Islands if 2S0S sqiiaie miies. Populatiou, 2So,3SS. They have belonged to Spam since i4;S. The islands arc very fertile, and have a warm, healthy climate. The chief productions are barilla, cochineal, wine, oil, grain, sugar cane, and fruits. Trnerifff, the largest island, has an area of about 1000 square miles. On it stands the Peco de Teyde, the celebrated Peak of Teiieriffe, 12, 190 feet high. It contains the capital of the group, Santa Cruz. Population, about 15,000. Canary is nearly round, about 40 miles in diameter, and contains the commercial capital, Palmas. Ferro, the most westerly (iS^ g' W. Long.), is the island from whose meridian the geographers of ancient times reckoned longitude. The Caf't' I griie !sla>tti\, a cluster of fourteen islands of volcanic origin, 320 miles west of Cape ..e. Area, 14S7 square miles ; population, 91,000. The islands are mountainous, the soil nioder- .uely fertile, and the climate hot and unhealthy. The exports are cotton, maize, rice, and fruits. Ten of the islands are inhabited. Sanliagt, the largest island, contains the chief town. Potto Praya. Oil San I'inanit is the capital, Mindello. The Volcano of Fogo rises to the height of 9151) feet. The islands belong to Portugal. The Bissagos or Bijiiga hlaiuh, a groui» of about twenty small islands, wen of Senegambia. They are of volcanic origin. Tlie natives are savage negroes. The chief products are rice and Iriiiis, They belong to Portii-al. The l.m Islands are a group of three volcanic islands (Factory Island, Tamara, and Kuma) 75 miles north-west of Sierra Leone. They belong to Ilritain. ; .y/ii-r-iV^-o /j/,i«7, 40 miles south-east of Sierra L .iic. Length, 40 miles ; breadth, ro miles. It ' produces rice and fruit. The climate is unhealdiy. . It belongs to Uritain. 1 Fcrnar.d^ Pi,. ,"ri»,:'\i !,l„„.l, S/. T!„.mns, at.fl Artnrih^n, in the Bight of Biafra. Ftrrnando , Po IS named after rernando G.imez, a Portuguese navigator, who discovered it in 1471. It is moun- i lainons, fertile, densely wooded, and has an exceedingly iinheaUhy climate. Clarence Peak, a I magnificent cone, rises to the height of 10. 190 feel. Clarence, an English settlement, on die north coast, was founded in 1S27. The island belongs to Spain. Area, 800 square mil: s ; population. 1 about 30,000. Prince's Island and St. Thomas belong to Portuga'. They are fertile and flourisbhig. I heir population is about 2 1.000. St. Tliomas is intersected by the equator. In its centre, the peak of Santa Anna rises to the height of 7020 feet. Annabon belongs to Spain. Population, 3000. AsttiitioH Itlaxd, cfn miles loulli-soutb-wetl of Cape Palmas. Tt belong! 10 Britain, It WIS iliscnvered by the Portuguese on Ascension Day, in 1501. It is used KS. a victualling and coaling station for Ahips. Its cxjiorts are turtle and birds' eggs. It is of volcanic origin, and has a peak rising to the height of 1.^70 feel. Population, about 2o» ; area, 34 square miles. Capital, Qaortatown. 81. Helena, 850 miles south-east of Ascension Island, 1200 miles from the nearest point of Africa and 1800 miles from South America. It was discovered by the Portuguese on St. Helena's day in 1501. It WIS orciipled by die Iliiirb, who ceded it M the Kngl'sh in 1673. It is of volca.iic <.rigiii, .and rises so prccipilously from the sea that the interior is .accessible from only four |ioiiits. The highest point, Diana's Peak, lises to the height nf 27.W feet. The climate is mild and heilthy. water is abundant, and the soil fertile. It is famous as the pUcc of .Napoleon's captivity from 1S15 till his death in 1821. Length, 10 miles; breadth, 6 miles j area, 47 siiuarc miles; population, 6241. Capital, James Town. Tristan d'A.nnlia, the largest of three volcanic islets in the South Atlantic. Its surface is mountaiiiQus ; one peak rises to the height of 8236 feet above the sea. The clher islands are .\ightingalt and Inaictitiilr. They belong to Ilritain. Area, 45 square miles ; population 109. BAOUAb -iWEB. (1.) Capes.— Crt/.* Ohir, the u-miinntioii of t]io Atlas lange, and Cafe Nun, west of Marocco. Cape nojador (Hound Cape), and Cape /i/anco (Whht Cape), so named from its white sandy peaks, west ot ihe S.diara. Cape Verde (r.recn C.\pf\ so named frcni the verdure of its baobab trees, the westernmost point of Africa, and Ca/e /\oxo{Rei\ Cape), west nf Sencg.nnhia. Cti/e /\t/i/ms, so named from its palm trees, at the commencement of the Gulf of Guinea, Cape Three Points, and Cafe For tnnsa (Beautiful Cape), all south of Ujipcr Guinea. Cape I.opx'2, at the south point of the Bigtit of liiafra, and Cape Xegro (Black Cape), both west of I.mvcr Guinea. Cape of Good Hope, south-west of Cape Colony. Discovered in the year i4?ft by Rartholomew Diaz, who called it Cal'O /'ormett/oso (Hwrmy Cape), for which John III. of Portuj;al substituted the name Cal'i6 feet| and Abba Jarrat, 15.020 feet. 180 AFRICA. I (e,) rtie Soulh'Ciittrn Rang* extends (rnm Cape Guardafui tn the Cape of Gs feet, (he liiKlienr ^iimniit in Africa. \\um Muunt Kfnt.i .1 ritlgc of )ii"l) Unci extendi riortliwjid throu;;!! the G.illa Cuiintry to tlie MiPUDl.init o' AbyKi feci. The QuathimlHi ur /'rii^y»/vr(- {iJr.igoi^a Muniit.iin), r.int;i-, luiii snuthw.irrt (loin the Lunpopo Uivcr llutui^ili N.it.il, and then westward tlirouRli t.i|>c I'olony undtT (he n.in»:s of the Snetiw lier^eH, Xifux-e/J, .iiiil Ki'xgrvrld MouiittiiHS. MiBhcst Minnnit, Cot»/ttts Berg or Spiti AV/i r',i5i) feet, in llic S>it:iiw l>t;iK<-'n, the (.uiiiiiiiainix )iitiiit \A StJUlhern Afiita. ^oulh of [lie Nieiiveldt are the ^itHtrtebfrgtn, or Itl.iik Mmnitain'*. ||ei)tlit, from fKnio to 7o<»o feit. The /.itn^c- fifrg^fM, from JO to fo milct from the co.ist, extend ciMu.trd for iuo miles from Table Mount.iin iiS^i feet), which is the hishest summit. HUNTING TUB GORILLA. ""' ' ((/.) The South-Western Range extends fiom Cape Colony to the HiKht of Riafra. It contains Omatako Bert;, in the D.xmara Country, f73i>foet high. NiTlh of the Ogowe River, the chain iscallct! the Sierra dtl Crystal. Height, from 500 to aooo feel. Farther north are the Cameroon Moun- tains, near the Bight of Ili.ifra. Highest summit, Mount Albert, 13,000 feet. Highcbt summit. Mount RfuntU., (^■) The Kong Mountains between Soudan and C>uii 3200 feet. (/.I Along ihe northern edge of the Southern Plateau arc Mount Allantica.^ near the smirrcs of the Chadda, i/ioo (eet, and ^fount Mindi/y south of Lake Tchad, (-ooo f:et. {g^ The Blue Mountains west of Albert Nyanza. Height above the sea, 0500 feet, A ridge of high mnnTit.iins extends between the Albert Nyanza and Tanganyika. Highebt summit, Mount Mfumbiro, to.ooo f .et. The Rua Mountains are west of I.uapula and Lake Mocro. The Mountains 0/ Loktn^ii extend easi and west, to the ^ouih of Lake HangweuJo. The Maio^po Mountains, between tlie Zanibeii and the Limpopo rivers, attain an elevation of 7200 feet. (2.) Plateaus.— A line drrwn from the Might of Biafra to the Culf of Aden divides Africa into a northern and a southern Plateau. (.4.) The Northern Plateau is oval-s!iaped. Its greatest length i*- fmm wf-^t to ea«t. Heigbi. abont 2000 feet. It comitriscs several suhdixi^iiiTif. nil: Ll.-uH UK THt UesERT. (a.'t The Sahara nr Great Desert extends from the Atlantic on the west to Esypt on the east, and from the Barbaiy Slates on the north to Soudun on the south, Its leni;th from east to west is about asoo miles ; its breadth from north to south varies from 1000 tn 1200 miles. Its mean height i^ 1300 (eel. In uinw parti tite surface i» low and lUi, ami in othcn in characteriicd by tabit land* and hilU. The eaalcrn p.ut of ihc S.ihara it called ilu- /ifiyan Deirrt m the iioiihern )>drt \\ wliich a rcmark.ible drprc^t^ion, fton) kmj |o iju fiel below the level 1 f the M< thu-rranear, t xtrnds -outh of Itarc.i, fiom the (i-ilf of si. Ira towards Egypt. Ihe P/atta'i 0/ .\,r or ,-(**.«, noith-weM ui Lakt Tihad, ha« an clevaii' n of fruni 40UO to 5000 feet. <■( the Noiitt«rn t'laiciu. It "untrn* it ii f cm atmu to juoc (4.> The Plataiu Ol Barbary formi Uie north-weMem pnrtin atrctchc'* through M.u..eL.'. Alytria, and Tunis. In the tv>o lattr f-et high. The /V.*/,'.i« ,\f Ihtr^a Ilea cast of the (inlf of .Sidra. (■.) The PlaUau of Nigrilia, m the ». uth 1 f the Northern I'taie.in, is .d)out oiu-f. urih of tlic m«.» of the Saliara, and h.i^ .ui < lev.ilioii of from kkxi |.. v»»j feci. Uut the ba»in 1 f Lake Tchad is only M30 feet above sea level. (,/.> The Plataau Cl AjySSlnia i» wcdge-slupcd. A p'ain about thirty nulei wide separ.Uei it fiiim the Red S*;a on \\\.'. nortli-i.ist. It rise-. priii|.iioUHly fioni ihiti phun |o the lu ii;lii *i «oo fjel, and s'opes gradu:iry towards ihe Nile. Its Iini>Hun the anutll are undcfnied, but it i> known lo extend lliriiugli the i\M' .\ (niir.li v as far as the etpiatnr. ill) The Southern Plalea'J l^ of triangul.ir slui>c, with its qrcatcst k-ii-th fr<.ni north to suuIIk Height, from .pjo t 1 , "lOo feet. It c )in|)risps scvcr.il divisiuns, {a.) A plateau north and west if Lake Ny.isha, and between it and Lake Tanganyik.i, has an eleva- tion of from .vkx) to (--M-i f.it. \b.) The Kalahari Desert ^ Men ; heiijiit above the sea, i'voo feet. (c.) The Great Karro) hei bjtvvi;cn the NicuveUI and the parallel range <.f the Zw..rtcbergen. I Hiring the dry season il i . A desert. It extends from east to west lor 41x1 miles, and lias an average bieadth ul 50 miles. Its elevation above the sea is 3000 feet. ui-) The Plateau of Kannaland lies between the /wanebergen and th'> Langebcrgen. Il contains some well-wateieil and fertile traits. Height, (. L,\t., and under the name of the Slihiicryii Khrr flows liiirthward for ;oo miles, and enters Spcke • '■iilf in tlic Victoria \van?a. As the Smm'net AVtvt, it issues from tlie A'ictoria Nyanza (3^08 feet alx)vc the sea) hy the Kipon l-'alis, wliirli are ^oo feet wide and 12 fe^t deep, flows north, forming the Karunia Falls, then, turning west and plunging over the Murchison Falls in a sheer descent of 120 feet, i* enters the Albert Nyan/a (2720 feet above the seat, near its northern extremity. Leaving the .\lbcrt Nyanza, the Nile flows northward for Sod miles to the confluence of the Bahr el Chazal. Mere it is called the Bit/:r cl AbiiuU or White Kivcr. It turns eastward to the confluence of the Sobat, and then resumes its n< rtherly course to the confluence of the Bolir cl Aznlc^or Hlue Kiver. It then flows north-eastcilv. and. after making a great bend to the south-west, again resumes its northerly course to the Meiliterranean. Length, 4000 miles ; area of basin, 52o,cco square miles. Its principal tributary in the left Ijank i.s the Bahr ft Gliazcl, or Jiir. Us principal tributaries on the right liiuk are tlie Asiui, tlie (/';;. ///V, Ihe Pn/ir cl Azrcl-. and the All urn. The Bitlir el Aziri'. nr Iiliic Nile, is fornieil by two streams, the Afitri, from Lake Dcnibea, and the Dcdhesa. It joins the Nile at Kliaitoi.m. 1 is this river which, in the rainy season, causey the annual overflow of the Nile. The .Ul-nm, nr nlack River, with its tributary, the Setlcic, or Tncazz^, from Central Abyssinia, joins :\\? Nile at Berber. Hevmid thi-. in it* course of i:.-.o miles to the sra, tli.' Nil.:- r.crives no tributary. Near Cairn, about 00 miles from the sea. the Nile ihvides into two main arms, the western or the Rnsetta. and the eastern or the Damietta, so calif d after the towns at their mouths. The rich country enclosed by these arms is called the Delta of the Nile, and extends along the coast for S5 miles It occupies an area of abnut 11000 square miles. The Nile begins to rise in .^pril and to subside in November. The average height of the flood is 2^ feet. ■^■^^^^i^v^^va^* AFRICA. 131 n Minor Rlxra.— (»') The MmIumIi Itrnn norlh-tail Ihrough Maruccn, and endi at the Qull n( Nfsliiatt Lt^iigtti, J50 mites. (* ) The Slitiiff flowj throiiijh I-iUe Tilteri, and, after a north and north-went course thruiijh Alijeria, enters the Meditcrr.inean at Mottaganum. Length, ^in miles; area of basin, 15,70a !i(|iiare miles. (..) The McJjiriln rise* in the (ireat Atlas, flows nurtli-east throui?h I'lmis, and ends in the C'liilf of Tunis. Length, aoo miles. \li.\ Tk* Irilian SjdMi. PriMlyil m»ir.— Ilia ZlMbnl issues from Lake Uilolo (47^0 feet above the sea), and under the \\.m\.- iif Ihc Lnl;i tliiws snutliward, rcceivini; the Lenmt'yc and the Clwlif. Forty nulps iMst of Its cuntlucnco with the Chiilic, it forms the Victoria Falls, which arc 1000 yards wide and 100 feet high. It then flows northeast to its conHucncc with the Knfiie, and then e.l5t to Us junction with the l.Miiguit. From this jMint, it flows south-east to its confluence with the .S/iirc, and (inally rnlrrs the ocean by several mouths which form a delta occupying an area of jo,ooo sqii.ue miles. Length, i^jo miles; area of basin, 570,000 scjuarc miles. Ila principal tributary on the right bank is the CAtf^, from the south-west. Ill principal triliularies on the left bank are the I.tnml'yt. from the north-east ; the Ka/ui ; the J.0i;lgado. (e.) The Limfofa rises in the Drakenberg Mountains, curves round Transvaal, and flows into t>elagoa ttay. (C.) Tha Atlantic Proper Syitim. (ir.) The Orange or Garlep, the largest river of South Africa, is formed by two streams, the Nil ( lllack) r;,/w/ and the A> i Yellow) Carief or Vaal, which rise on the west slope of the Drakcnberq Mountains and encircle Ihc Oranjc Uivcr Kcpi:blic. It flows in a general westerly course, with many windings, between C.ipc Colony and the Country of the Hottentots, and enters Ihe Atlantic in 28" 30' .S. Lat. Midw.iy between the sea and the confluence of the two head streams there is a great fall, 150 feet in height. The mouth of the river is closed by .t sandlar. Length, i;oo miles. Uegarding the Nii Claricp as the m.iin stream, the principal tributaries on the right bank are the A> fJiic /f/, from the Drakenberg Mountains ; the Mnlofo and iVi«o*,from the Kalahari region ; and the Grmt Fisli River, from Great NanuKjiia Land. The pnnci|)al tributaries on the left bank are the Onsar, and the Zai or Hdrtcbeest, with itsafllueiit, Olifunl's I'Ui. (*.) The Congo or Zaire rises, under the name of the C/jnm&sf, about 33° E. Long., .ind flows to Lake Itangwcolo or licniba (jfiSS feet alxive the sea), which it enteri on the east side. Issuing from the west side of the lake, it flows north to L.ike Mocro under the name of Ihe Lilapuliu Leaving Lake Mocro as llic Liiitva or Lunlalnx, it bursts through the Mountains of Una, .ind continues its northerly course to Lake Lanji, Ulenga, or Kaniolondo, whence it flows north by west to Nyangwc (40 i6'.S. Lat., 26" tj' E. Long.), which is nearly equidistant from the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. Here, it is 1400 yards wide, and has an altitude of 1400 feet above the sea. The volume of water which passes Nyangwc is iij.ooo cubic Icet per second in Ihe dry season. From Nyangwe, it continues its northerly course to two degices north of the equator. Its direction is then south-west to the Atl.anlic, which it enters m aljout 6° S. Lat. In his exploration of the river from Nyangwe, Stanley encountered fifty- seven cataracts, falls, and rapids. lictween the Kwanza and the great Vcllala Rapids, which are no miles from the coast, a long series o( thirty (alls and rapids extend over iSomil-s; but between 26" and 17^ V. Long., the river has an uninterrupted course of 700 miles, .ind receives many large tributaries. It enters tlic .«a by an estuary to miles wide. The dcplli of the Congo .at its mouth is 1000 feet. Its volume of water is second only to that of (he .-Xmazon, and has b^cn roughly estimated at 2,000,000 cubic feet per second. Between .syangwc and the Ocean, the Congo has a course of iSoo miles. Its total length is upwards of 3500 miles, and the area of its basin is aljout S6o,ooo square miles. Stanley proiwscs to name the river the Livingstone, in honor of the noble Missionary explorer, who died on the shores of Lake licmba. Tributaries.— It receives on the left b.ank. between L.lkcs Moero and Lanji, the Kamorondo ax l.u.it.thi piopcr, which flowsthrougli Lake Loheniba and Lake Kassali or Kikonja (1750 leet above Ihe sea) , the Lomnm\\\\\c\\ drams Lake Ikl, Chcbuso. or Lincoln ; the Kassabf, which enters Lake Sankorra, an expansion of the main stream ; and Ihc Kmiiiga. It receives on Ihe riglit from the iiorlhward the Lilwa, the LiuM, the Loiva, which is jooo yards wide at the confluence, and the A riimimi, conjectured to be the Welle (>). (c.) The Ogowe is formed by two streams, the A/aiigi and the Alandu, about iSo miles from Cape Lopez, Its delta begins 30 miles inland, and the two most important channels discharge their waters to the north and south of Cape Lopez. The sources of the river are unknown, but one feeder is ronjccturrd to flew from a great lake leporlcd lo lie to ihc north- west of the Albert Nyanza. (rf.) The Niger, Jollba, or Quorra, rises in the northern slope of the Kong Mountains, at an elevation of i6do feet .above the sea. Flowing north-east, it expands below Jenneh into the Lake of Dcbo. Before rcicblng the limit of its north-east course, .t divides into two branches which enclose the island of Jimballa, 220 miles in length. In approaching Timbuctoo, it aga separates into two branches forming another ri»er-island, in which is situated Kabara, the port of Timbiicl.H) (170 40' N. Lat.) It then flows east to the flrst meridian, then south-east to the confluence of the Chadda or Bcniie, then louth to the Hight of Benin. Its twenty-two mouths form a delta larger than that of the Nile. It is a region of swamps, jungles, and forests. The largest channel is the Nun. Length, jooo miles. Its principal tributaries, which it receives on tb* left bank, are the .SV>*»r» and the Ckeuldii or BeHiie. Note.— The name Siger is an imitation of the native name .Wefhirrttt : Jalil^, the name of Ihe river above I'imbiKiuo, Mieans (ireat River ()n<>rr,i, the name of the river below Timbuctoo, represents the native name .\'kinmrn. ('• ) The Bankia rises in the Tengiii Mountaina, flows westward, and empties into the Atlantic about 13" N. Lat. by an estuary in some places 27 miles wide, but Ixitween Bird Island and Cape St. Mary only 10 miles vdde. It is a valuable commercial highway. Length, looo miles. (/.) The Senegal rises in Bambarra, flows north-west and enters the Atlantic about 16° N. Lat., in the north of Senegambia. Its mouth is obstructed by a : andbar. It is navigable for 750 miles to the cataracts of I"cloo. Length, 1000 miles. Minor Rivers.— {'t.) The /Jr,i,i, from the southern slope of the Atlas, is supposed lo enter the Atlantic by the course of the .Vm« or El Akttt. south of C.ipe Nun. Length, 5«x> miles. (/'.> The Rio Cr.iHift from Foolajallon flows west and enters Ihe Atlantic by an estuary 10 miles wide, opiKistte the Bissagos Islands, Length, 400 miles. (c.) The RokelU or Sierni I.eont River flows west and enters the Atlantic, by an estuary, at Sierra Leone. Lengtfi, 350 miles. (rf.) The Cmhzii or Kwanta, flows west Ihrough Angola, and enters Ihe Atlantic lo the south of Loanda. (c.) The Cniu»« rises in the Mossamba Mountains, and flows in a curving south-west course tlirough Ilenguela to Ihe Allaiilic, whicli it enters between Cape Negro and Ca|ie Frio. (/.) The Oli/niil or Ettfhitnl river, in Cape Colony, diains the western part of the Great Karroo into the Atlantic. (.n.) The Continental Syilem. ((«.) Basin of Lake Tchad.-i The IVon from ihe highlands if .Sokoto flows east, and enters the lake mi the west side. 1. The .V/i,ir/, Hie largest influent, from the watershed between Soudan and the Ilalir el Oliaiel, flows norlli-west and enters the lake, on llic south-east, by several mouths forming a della. It i- 700 yards wide and i; feet deep, 100 miles from Us delta. In its course it separates into nuny branches, and receives numerous tributaries. it.) Basin ol LakeTanganilka.-i. The Rurl^, flows south from Kivo I.,ike, and enters Lake Tanganyika at the nortliern end. 3. Tlie Liiknfa is on ,lic west side, hut whether it flows into or out of Hie lake is not yet determined. 3. The I.^/„h,, and 4. The /.„>, enter il 011 the western side. S. The .Mnlair.tr,, si, the largest known influent, from the highlands between Lake Tanganyika and Victoria Nyanzi, cntels il on the eastern side near Ujiji. (c.) Basin ol Lake Ngaml.- i. llic ra„iu or Emhtra flows south-east, and i, the Zmgi, west to Lake Ngami. Both influents become effluents afler heavy rains. 3. The Oimmnfa or CMfi/ra is supposed to rise in the east of Benguela. It is described as a great river in 18° S. Lat. Its course is unknown. (4.) Lakes. — The lakes m.iy be .irr.inged in four divisions. (.4.) The Mediterranean Division.- In the basin of the Nile. (".) Victoria Nyania, discovered by Spekc in 1S59, on a tableland under the equator, is one of the largest frcsh-walcr lakes in the world, and forms the main reservoir of the White Nile. Its shores arc deeply indented with bay.s, and have numerous long pcninsul.is. The western shore is flat, but the southern and eastern arc Ixiiindcd by mounlains. The chief influent is the Shimceyu. which enters Spekc Gulf after a course of 300 miles. Height aljovc the sea, 3740 feet, or, accordin- to Speke, 3308 feet ; hngth, 230 miles; breadth, iSo miles ; area, 30,000 scpiare miles (*.) Albert Nyanza, discovered by Baker in 1S64, west of the Victoria Nyanza, is a mountain lake. It receives the Somerset river from \'ictoria Nyanza, at M.lgtingo, about 30 miles from its northern extremity. The forest-clad Blue Mountains, 7000 feet high, form its western shore The eastern side is bounded by a mountain range, from which rise many lofty peaks, the liighest, Mount Mfumbiro, 10,000 feet Between Albert and Victoria Ny.inza is Mount Gamlnraga, 13,000 feet high. Height of Albert Nyanza above the sea, 2720 feet. Its area 15 much less than that of Victoria Nyanza (c.) Lake Barmga, the reservoir ol the Asiia. a iributary of the Nile on the right bank above Gondokoro. (./.) L^tkc Deiiiiea or Tzana.'m Abyssini,a. is the reservoir of ihc Abai, branch of the Bahr el Ajrek, or Blue Nile. Height above the sea, 6120 feet ; length, 53 miles ; breadth, 30 miles. {B ) The Indian Ocean Division.— In the basin ol the Zambezi. {a.) Lake Dilolo (11= ir' S. I.at.\ on the water parting between tributaries of the Congo and the Zambejl. It is the source of the Leeba, the head stream of Ihc Zambezi. Height above die sea, 4740 feet. (h.) Lake Nyassa (Lake of Stars), discovered by Livingstone in 1S59, the most southerly of the great African lakes, is situated ,-n the eastern edge of the great Southern Plateau, 350 miles west of the Mozambique coast. Its waters arc fresh and of great depth. It is drained by the Shiri to the Zambezi. Height above the sea, 1522 feet; length, 300 miles; average breadth, 50 miles. (C) The Atlantic Qivislcn.— :. in the basin of 4hc Congo. (rr.) Lake Bnngnvcoh or Bemba^ north of the Mountains of Lokinga, and west of Lake Nyassa, is an extensive marshy lake. It is oval shaped and has low spongy jhores. Its chief influent is the Chambczc, the held stream of the Congo. Livingstone, who discovered he lake, died on its southern shore, 1st May, 1S73. Height of Bangweolo above the sea, 36SS feet ; length, 1 50 miles ; breadth, 40 miles. ii li .1/wrA S(iulh-wes» of Lake Tangaiiyik.i, i? the rccfpucl,; „f the I.u.ipul.i, ih- emiicnl Lake rtcmh.i. Ilcijihl .thove the se:t, 3000 fLet ; length, 50 miles. U.) /.,!*,• /.niiji, t'/eiit;l, or Komvlondo, wist of Lake T.ing.inyik.i, receives the /.xt-Tm J.uaitlti Umn I..ike Mriern. The river issues from its western cxlteiiiily .iiid ( Nyangwc. It has mi:iieriiiis islamls. Inws north hy west to 11. Vegetation, .^iitl ]i th, hi (./.) Lake l.ohemlm, an.l it.) Lake Kmsa/i or Ki Koiij,, (1,-5,, feet .ihove the sea), are drained to th^ l.naiaba l)y the Koniorondo or I.uaiaha proper. (/.) /,«<■(■ Iki, Chelnif,',:, or Lincoln, is thainetl to ilie Loin.\ini,a trihiitary of the I.ualalja. (a'.) Lnkf Sniikoyra i^ an expansion of the Congo. 2. In the basin of the Niger.— i«,iv /),■/», or lilaik I,.iki-, i Jenneh. Il i-xlunil, for .iljoul 10 miles ficmi north to sninh. an expansi of the N'ij^cr below '"^'"'•"•""''•frica,thechicfRr,-.insarewhc,it,clhoi,rra,andlxirley. Oranees ml c,,.,,,, arc a >,„Kl.a,U. and the cotton plat,, is cltiva.cl. The tLve pain, is fonnd along l>. 1.0, d., o, he .s,al,.ara, antl in ,.s oases. „„ ,■,.■ west coast, witlnn the tropics, the u,e haobab,s fonnd I„ Mi.ldle Afnra, .he f .„„s are n,ai^e, rice, van,., ,an nas^ ,.andioc, and ground nuts. . . 3, ■ oaoas, (/5.) The Continental System.— i. In the Northern Plateau. ( ■) Lake TchaJ, in .-^midan, is a lar-c, sh.tllow, freshwater lake It has no outlet. Its f.rii,cipal fecilei s arc the Veon and the .Kha,i. The latter has Iwcn con-.parcd to the Nile i„ its vohi,l,e of wate,-. niirin? the rainy season Lake Tcl,arl inpndatcs the siirroiiliilm- coi,ntry. I'wo-lhirds of its area are said to be occupied by islands. It is S50 feet above the level of 11,3 sea. Its (leinh dnrin;,' the dry season is from S to 15 feet ; Icnsth, 250 niiles ; breadtli, 1 50 (i.) Lake nitre, 100 miles east of Lake Tchad, has no ontlet. It receives the Hatha. (f.l L,tk,' Asm!, m the south-east of Abyssinia, is rcmarkaole for its great de,.,cssion, ,f,o feet below the level of ihe Red .Se.,. ' 2. In the Soutern Plateau. (<'•) Lake Tanganyika, discovered by Dnrton in 1850, lies to the sonth-west of the Victoria Nyanza. It is one ..f the most Iwaiitifnl inl.and se.as in the world. Its waters arc sweet, and alxjnnd with fisl, in jreat variety. The .south eastern part is called /.,,/■<• Ocm/n. The liame Tanq.inyika nieans the mixing place. Cameron found ninety-six rivers, besides torrents and sprin-s, liuwins into the portion of it which he surveyed, so that the name is well disserved. It l,.,s ,10 known outlet, th.ai'^h it seen,s prob.ible tliat tlie I.ukusa, on the north-west of the lake, was fortncrly an effluent, and may become one a^ain, as the waters Lake Xirtmr, qoi miles south-west of Lake Ny.issa. is shallow above the sea, 2JS5 feel ; length, 50 utiles ; bre.idth from .S 10 iS ,n,les. asnooutlet. Its waters are In.ackish Height abo and has no onlkl. Height to. Animals.— I.ions, leo- pards, panthers, hyenas, tackals, and foxes, are i,un,er- ous. The 1,11, popotamus, the Siraffe, the zeljra, the qua^sa. the Rorilla, and the chin,- panzee are peculiar to .\f;ica. There are also the eleph.int, the rhinoceius, the can,el, the eland, the sprinj-bok, the gnu, the Cape buffalo, the warl-ho',', the tjuin.a pi;;, tiiecocodile. and the python, a large serpent allied to the Iwa-constrictor of South .America. Monkeys, Kalxions, ,,pes. and Ien,iirs, ab4,ui,d in il,e fo,ests. The aye-aye is lound only ii. Madasascai'. An,in,;.; birds are the ostrich, vulture, owl, falcon, parrot, cuckoo, and the atiinea fowl. There are also ^um-acacia, elx,ny, and cotton-trees, the blUtei-tree, and the coifce plant. 12. Kllnerals. -/>.'« and «//ir are found in .Vl^eria, Abyssiitia, Souilan, west of Lake Xy.issa, and in Cape Colony. ai/,i is found in Abyssn,ia, ii, Katanga, in the rivers of the cential region, and on the coasts of (itiinea anti Mt,2antl)iqtie, SiAer is found in M.trocco, Abyssinia, and I'rna. Sa// is ijjtained in many p.irts of the co-tin- ent. Oni/ ,s found on the Zambezi, in Moza,nbique- anil in Madagascar. Dia- moiii/s are found in firiqua- land West. 13, Climate,— As n, ore than three-fourths of Afric, he 111 the torrid zone, the tliruate is hot and dry. There are hut two seasons, the dry and the rainy : the latter occiu ring when the sun ,3 ne.irest the e.oth. The east IS liable to Ihe M.inso.ius of the Indian Oce.u,, Violent llurri canes occur in the soiith-e.ist. At the north, jiavching winds blow fro,n the .Sahara. THK OATR PAI.M. t4. Inhabitants. -The peo]>lc in the north belong to the Melanochroic family, S.d,ara Desert and Nubia, the native races belong to the Ncgrnid family. I are the Kaffirs, llmtentot-. and llilshineli, all branches of the Negroid f.onijv Chief Cities 3. Tunis, Algiers (s.l.iwol, the capil.il, Cmslantine (jo.i "1, 1 (■>,-, tn (4l,ooni. nominal dependency of Turkey, governeil by a Hev, lies cast of Algeria and directly siaill, of the island of Sardinia. It isa long narrow strip, with a coast line running east and south on the Mediterranean. It is a fertile country, and ]>iodiiccs fruits, drugs, dyes, olives, and dates. Wheat, olive oil, barley, and Ksparto grass are the chief ex|H,rts, t^ief Cities.— Tttnis {135, ooo\ 01 ,lie uoriliem coast, near ancient Carthage, is the caiiital. and has an extensive trade with the iiiteii.u. Kair-.nin (s,r,,„nn\ about .sovenlv iinles south of Tnno,'wilh a m.agnilicent mosque, is the holy city of Afric a. 4. Tripoli derives its name from the flreek /'//.V/r, lliree ei/n-.t. having been settled Ijy Tyre. Sidon, and Aradus. it is a Turkish pachalic, and lies east of Tunis. Bantl, the ancient I'eniapolis, a dependency to the cist, and Ihe fejian Oasis, a tribiilary to the south, arc included in Ihe pichalic. The country bas a coast I nr ,,f a ih.iiisand miles, and its sml.ice is divusHied by desert, iiiountain, anti fertile valley. 1 he duel products are dates, olives, salt, sheep, and cattle ; and the chief articles of export are bullocks, wheat, barley, ivory, ostrich fe.ithers, oil, I'.sparlo grass, pepper, madder, and wool, ChicI Cities. -Tripoli (35,000), the capital, is to the west on the co.-.st. It has a large caravan trade with Central Africa, eenf/iazi (ii,noo), a seaport, is the chief town 11, llarca. Afmirzmik, in Fezinn, is the great stopping place for caravans going south and east. South of the n the southerly portion /. AORTHEKA' AFRICA, OR TUI-: FOUR RARIiARV STATF.S. 1. MarOCCO.-Thc ancient .Mauritania, called by the Aiabs Mof;liiili nl Aan, the extreme west, lies directly south of Spain, from which it is separated by the .-sli.ut of C.ibraltar The Atlas Mountains run parallel to the ciMst, with spurs branching out towa'ds the sea , between which arc fertile valleys watered by minierous streams. The government of Marocco is a despotism. The sovereign is called a sultan. The empire consists of two kii,sdol„5, .Marocco and Fez, and fimr provinces, Sus, Diaba, T.alilet, .and Segelmessa. The exporls are olive oil morocco leather, hides, carpets, wool, indigo, salt, wax, and leeches. Chief Cities, -■riure are three capitals : Pel (S,S,ooo), the principal, and the chief residence of the Suli.ii, Marocco (ro,ooo). the old metropolis; and Mequinez (56,000), the summer lesidence of the Sultan, Fez st.ands near the Sebu, 100 nnles inland, and is noted for its leather, it is a holy city, containing .^oo niosipies ; and is the scat of a university. Marocco, or Marakash, the lleautiful, stands near the Tensift, on the north side of a fertile plain which slopes fi.im the Atlas range towards the sea. It is also noted for ,ts leather AUgmioin on the .\llanlir. T,i„f;ur is t!ie chief seaport. Tcliian and Ciida belong to Spain,' 2. Algeria, a 1-r. nUi colony since lS;,n, lies northeast of Marocco, on the Mediterranean. It is divided into three provinces, Oran in the west, Algiers in the middle, and Constantine in the c.ist. It is intersected by the Atlas Mountains, with branches enclosing valleys sloping toward the sea. Minerals are aliunda,it, especially iron, lead.and topper. The most important export :s Ksparto grass, used for making paper ; the other principal exports are coral, sjiongcs, \^,l^ s\,ns, and ostrich feathers. i barley. Oranges Im is found along I the tropics, the , yams, bananas, NORTH-EASTERN AFRICA— EASTERN AFRICA. 133 I //. NOIiTH-KASTF.RN- AFRICA. VinW OF THK NILH. 1. Egypt.— This famous land occupiw tlic nortli-castorn corner of Africa, tliroiiRli which flows the colcbratccl Kivcr Nile. It is noted for its antiquity, its famous River Nile, its pottery manufactures, its celebrated pyranrids.and as having been the place of honthv^e of lli'e Israelites Tlie Nile, enclosed by a double ran^e of mountainous hills, enters the Mediterranean by two principal streams, which for.n a delta. The pyranvds and other remains of ancient art which arc found in K-ypt, with the munen.us groves of palm trees, give a peculiarity to the scenery The annual inundation of the Nilegives great fertility to the .soil. The govcrn.nent of F-ypt IS an absolute hereditary monarchy. The Khed.ve, or sovereign, owes a nominal subjection to the Sultan of Turkey, but he is virtually independent. Egypt now extends from the Meditcr- ranean to the Ecpiator, and end)races E^ypt proper, Nubia, Kordofan, D.irfnr, and the valley "f the Nile as far .as the I..ake Victoria Nyanza. The chief products arc cotton, rice, wheat, millet, melons, dates, gourds, su-ar-rane and hemp. The lotus and papyrus are still found in the Nile. Crocodiles abound in tlic river! Chief Cities.— Ca;ro(i5o,<)ooi, 115 • miles frnm the sea, the largest cily in Afrie.i, is the capit.il. A/cxaiitlria U'2,uon\ nn the west corner of ihe Delia, was founded by Alexander thetireal, ii.e. .132. Ii is (he chief comnvrcial eily, ami principal .sea- port ,.f ICgypt. K,is,'t/,t, on Ihe «esl- ern arm of the Nile, tarries vn in.Tiuifactures. Di. ^S srra.a 1 11 \rnM, ro a Mos.^trj? tv CAlKo. Chief Cities. - Kharloom t35i"no>, the capital, near the juneiiou of ihr While ami llhie Nilcs, is a llinirisliing commercial cily. .,„,,{,:/„, the chief place in Middle Nubia, has considerable iradi-, and is a militaiy de|iul. S„.Ui„, ..n the Kvd Sea. is ,1 p.nl of .lejiarlure f.n- pilgrims lor .Mecca, .l/.MK'.-e,!*, another Red Sea pnn. has been taken from Abyssinia. 3. Kordolan, on thcsoutb-vvst of Nubia, is bounded on the east by the White Nile. Itw.is formerlv a dependency of Nubia, but has been subject to Egypt since 1S30. It is mounl.linons in Ihe soiitli, and flat in the centr.al and northern p.irts. El-Obelll, the capital, is nn impomnit caravan station. 4. Egyptian Souilan consists of Darfur and Wadai. Darlur, which lies to the west of Kordofan, w^s annexed to Egypt in 1,874. The inliabitants, who numl.er alwut ',,500,000, are a mixture ot Arabs and Negroes; tliey speak an Ar.lLic dialect and .are Mohammedan in religion. A considerable carav.in trade is carried on, principally with Egypt. Kobbe, the capit.-l, stands on a tributary of the Ilahr-el-Jur. Tm,M/y is an important town. Watlal, which is a continuation of the western slopes of Darfur, acknowledged the suzerainty of I'.gypt in i,S;5, but is governed by its own Sultan. Wara, the capital, is in the north-east. 5. Abyssinia is one of the most ancient monarchies in the world, and until modern times was govTUed by an absolute monarch. It is now a kingdom, the principal provinces of whicli .ire 1 igre and Amhara. The name Aliyssinia is derived from the Arabic word llabesh, which signihes mixture or confusion. It lies between 9" 30' and if 40' N. I.nt., .and 35'- and 40" 30' E Long., having north and north-west, Nubia; east, Adal ; south-east a.ad south', Shoa .and the country of the (iallas ; and west, the regions of the Upper Nile. The foreign trade of .\ byssima is carried on entirely through Massowah. Its principal imports are lead, tin, coiiper, silk, gunpowder, glassware, Persian carpets, and colored cloths. The chief exports are -old ivory, musk, coffee, butter, honey, and wax. The trade and manufactures of Abyssinia" are insigmhcant, the people being chiefly engaged in agricultural and pastoral pursuits The prevailing religion of Abyssinia is a corrupt form of Christianity; but there are also many Mohammedans .and Jews scattered through the country. .di,",', •='"".--«°"'!"','l"^ '•'Pil.1'. h llie residence of ilie patriarch „1 ,l,o Abyssinian church ; Allowa. llie capital ot TigrJ, is llie largest town in Abyssinia. 6. Shoa lies south-east of Abyssinia, occupying tlie crown of the watei-partin" tetween the head waters of the Ilawash and tributaries of tlie lilue Nile. It was formerly a province of Abyssinia, but gained its independence in 1S6S. flnkobar, the capital of Shoa, is situated S200 feet above the sea. 7. Allal lies between the Abyssinian highland and the sea ; its shores extending from Annesley Ihay on the Ked Sea, to the Hay of Tejura, the west point of die Culf of Aden It IS a sterile region. The salt lake Assal lies 25 miles south-west of the fiulf ol Tejura It is eight miles in length, by four miles in breadth, and is 570 feet below the level of the sea In many places its shores are covered witli a crust of salt six inches thick. The inhabitants .are .a nomad race, called Hanakil Adal is claimed by Egypt. Aussa, the capital, is on the .awash Kivei. lln the coa.,. of Ada,, France claims Z.«/.V,, „„ Annesley Bay, 0„ ///. EASTERN AFRICA. Eastern Africa e.xtenrls from the Gu'f of .Aden at the north, to Delagoa Bay at the south It IS bounded on the north, by Abyssinia, Adal, an,l the (iiilfof Aden; on the east, by the Indian ( ce.an ; on the soutli, by Zulu Land ; and on the west, by Transvaal, the Zambezi Region, and the Lake Region. Its coast line measures upwards of 3500 miles ; Ihe breadth varies from roo nil es m the north to .00 miles m the south; approximate area, ,.300,000 square miles I he following are tne ]irincipal divisions : t. Galla Country is a vast region stretching from Abyssinia southward to the equator, and inchiding Kaffa ah.ve the River ( ;.„ljeb. It is an elevateil region from 4000 to Sooo feet ab,ive tlie sea. 1 he mountains are clothed with wood and the plains with grass. The country is well watered, and the climate is mild. The chief products .,re wheat, barley, and maize The people arc fierce savages, eating raw flesh. 3. Harar lies south of Atlal. it is an inland kingdom, watered bv the head streams of the Webbe or llaincs River. The country is remark.ably fertile. The natives are industrious Egypt claims sovereignty over Harar. The principal exports are slaves and coffee. Chief Placea.--Harar, the capital, is near the Wehbe River. The ports are y.,y,a, and lierl-,r„h, on the C.uit of .Aden ; the latter is noted font, great fair, which lasts from October to April, and i, visiled by torn, la.o,., to .o,„k, pt.,-s„„s fn.m ihe adj.acent cnmtrie, of Africa and Western Asia, and to vvlmh coffee, grains, ghee, ostrllch feathers, gums, hides, gold dust, catHe, ivorv, and sl.ives, are »"!, oTas'i """""' "' ■'^'"'"''' ' ""' '■"""' ''"'"" '"'"-S""''"' ™''"". ">-■-. «■■■;•. from Arabia and other 3. Somali Country, in the eastern peninsula, extends from the Egyptian station at llerberah round Cape (iiianlafui to the River Julib. This region is noted for odorifermis gums The coast country from Cape (inardafui to 3" S. l.at., seldom visited, is called Ajan, south of which IS Mukdeesha. MagMloxx is the principal town between Cape (Inardafui and the lubb- Kiiitnr is the chief inland town. ' 4. Zanguebar extends from the momli of the Jubb to Cape 1 )elgado. The coast is low and unlualthy. In the west there are in.iuntain ranges wliidi culminate in Kenia and Kilimandjaro. Irade is extensively carried cm with (Ireat llrilain and other countries. The climate is hot and unhealthy. The chief exports are ivory, gum, cloves, and copal. Zanguebar is governed by a Sultan. Chlel Places.-Zanzibar or Shanganny (s.v)oo\ on the popuh.us island of Zaiuibar, is the eapil.d of the Sultan's dominions. Melmd,,, .\hml;,s,t. Il„s'„itm,; and (',„7tf„, are other in'niorl.ini jilaces. 5. Moiamblque, including Quilimane, extends from Cape Delg.ado to the Zamliezi • ami 6. Solala, imhiMing Inliainbane. from that river to Dclagna liay. These countries ijelon," 10 Portug.al, and extend inlantl from 100 to 200 miles. On the Zambezi, the authority" of Portugal extends to T,-le at the confluence of the I.oangwa, a distance of 400 miles. The surface is low on the coast and mountainous in the interior. The iirincipal products are wheat, maize, rice, sugar, and coffee. The chief exports arc ivory, gold dust, and slaves. Chief Places. -Moiamblque, the capital, on a coral island near the coast. Quilinmtie, on the coast, is very uiilieahhy. ,S>m and rui, on the Zambeii. SoMa and rH/lnrnhnne on the coast. SOUTflERN AFRICA. v\ IV SOUTHERN AFRICA. Southern Africa is bounded on the north by Ovanipi), Makololo, Mashapattanic, Matabt-li, Ma- kalaka, and Sofala; on the east and south by the Indian Ocean ; and nn the west by the Atlantic It includes the British Colonies, Capo Colony and Natal ; also the Orange River Free State, Zulu I-and, licchuana Land (including Ilamangwato), the Kalahari Desert, Naniaqua Land, and Daniara Land. Cape Colony consists of Cape Colony I'rup- cr, iJritish KafTraria, liasuto Land, the Transkci Territory, (iriqua Land West, and the Transvaal. The areas and populations of these distiicts are given m the following table. CAPE COLONY AND NATAL. Nauks. Date of Ini'or- P(ir«- ni)ii. "sa^ PopuUtion. 1. 0.11)0 Oolonv TroptM'. 2. lintiuli KiilTriuiii 3 Diisuto LamI 4. 'rmiisUci 'rcnitorv 5 (it'ii|ii;i Land Wefit. (i. 'I'nuisvaal 1H71 IH7.T l»7(i 1877 liK>,487 3,4(i;! l'.>,45l! U'.MW 6,34,783 8ti,;;oi 128,17(i '.'.'■i4„')no 4.'i.U77 ;iiD,(,()o Totil Caiie Colony 7._Katal 351,4m 18,7.';0 I,4(i3,!l37 ;!55,B00 1. Cape Colony Proper is bounded on the north by the Oiansc Kivcr , on tlie west by the Atlantic and on the south-east by the Indian Ocean. The coast, about ijoo miles in Icni^th, is not bold, but cciusists of a scries of headlands, the prin- cipal of which is the Cape itself. The interior is varied by a series of plains and mount.vn ranges risiiis one above tlie other. On the oilur side of these ranges, llie country asain inclines toward the Orange River. The Olifants is the only other river of importance; both fall into the Atlantic. The climate is variable ; hot south-east winds sometimes prevail. There is but little rain. Wheat is exten- sively cultivated. Of the native plants, the heaths anil the silver-tree are the most nuinerous. A prickly vegetation (aloes, etc.), called the liiish, pre- vails in the eastern part. The Cape buffalo is a native of this [i.irt of .-Vfrica. The chief exports are wool, copper, horses, sheep, ivory, wine, and ostrich feathers. The peaceful Hottentots and the intel- li;;ont Kafbis arc the two great native races. These are tlivulid into ten or twelve different tribes , the remainin;.; population is chiefly Dutch and liritish. The colony is usually divided into cistern and western provinces. Chlel Cities.— Capetown (45,000), the capital, be. twocii 'lahle li.ly and Table Mount, is a place of great trade. Gfnh(tm*s 'r,J7v/i, is the chief town nf the east- ern province. I'i'yl F.lh,ih.ii (i.l,o<)<>) is ihe principal port next .ifler ('.ipelnwn. 2. Brillsli Kaflrarla hcs between Cape Colony Proper and the Kiver Kci. The -ountrs' is healthy, well timbeied, and fertile. Willlamitown is the capital. 3 Baiuto Land lies ai the headwaters cif the Orange Kiver, south-west of Natal. It wab ])rocl.iinie good grazing country. Lead, irnn, and mal have been found. Its wc.illh lonsisis in its valuable diamond fields. It was prncl. limed a liritish Colony in iiS;6, Griqua Town is the capital. 0. Transvaal (llcyond the \'anl) lies b.-tween the Vaal and the Limpopo. It is scpar.ited I. (1111 .'sdf.ila .ind /ulii Land by the I.tiboinbo Mountains. It has a fine climate, is well watered, and Iriiin its fertility has been called the gr.-'nary of Smilh .\frica It h.is rich gold diggings. Ivory i-i the chief export. It was proclaimed liritish territory in 187;. Pretoria is the capital. /V/.«t tiofstrom^ on a tributary of the Vaal, is the largest town. 7. hiatal lies to Ihe iioilh : Uie Ti.uiskei Tiiiiloiy The surHice is uiidulatnig and well watered. The tlim.ite is healthy, and the soil lertilc. The chief products arc cotton, indigo, sugar, coffee, and tobacco. Superior coal has been found in the interior, building stone isfnund all nvci lis siirl.ue; and iron ore is abundant Natal was made a separate Colony in 1S56. Plelerniarlllburg 17,000) the capital, Is connected with Cape Town by railway D' Urban i w immm !!l^iff^i„^^5^~^^^'''"^^^ ^v^^7-//^ye.v^/Avc.i-c'^.vrye^z soutnurn .ii^i^^: 135 d'urban, I^DEPEA'DEXT STATES. River ^ui""??^^ ^7 ^, f , ""/'°^"-"^' "' ^ape Colony Proper, ;,nd extends fro„, the ooo f 1 .;' "•^''■f'-"''=^' »'<"•"'■•>!-. The surface is u„ undulating plain, 5000 feet above t!,e sea. Bloemlonteln, the capital, has a good wool market 2 Zulu Land extends from Natal .0 the Portuguese possessions. The country is flat and marshy along he coast, but w,ld and nrountainous in the interior. The inhabitants are a trib of kanirs. f here arc no regularly built towns. 3 Bechuana Land lies north of Capo Colony, and between Namaqua Land and Damara I.a d on the west, and the I ransvaal on the cast. The lower portion of the river Chobe lies or, the northern bound.,ry. The peo,,le have attained a n.oderate degree of civilization ; tbev mhab.t large towns and cultivate the soil. Kuru„,„„ or Lalak,, is the chief town. BamangwatO the pnnc.pal country of the Bechuanas, extends from the rive. Chobe, on the north to the Iropicof Capr,corn,on the south, and fron> th.. Kalahari Desert, on the west, to Matabcle Makabka, and. hoi ransvaal, on the east. Shoshong (,o,coo) is thecapital. The great Kalahari Desert, west of IL'thuana Land, has an area of ,)ooo square miles. 4. Namaqua Land lies on the west coast of Africa, between Ca|,e Colonv and IJamara Land. .Area, al;out 100,000 square miles; population, about 17,000. 6. Oamara Land extends northward from .Namaqua Land to Ovampo. The area is nearlv the same as that of Namaqua Land ; population, about ...,000. It abounds in copper of which the natives make rings. These two countries, though at present independent, are comin^ under British influence, aiul will [irobably forn, part of Cape Colony at no distant date The Damaras and Namaquas are Hottentot tribes. V. WESTERN AFRICA. Western Africa extends from the Senegal to Oamara Land. The surface alon^ the coast IS fiat and low. In the interior there are mountain ranges. The climate is inLselv hot and humid, and unhealthy for white people. Western Africa co.nprises Senegambia Unner Guinea, and Lower Guinea. ' '^^ 1. Senegambia extends from the .Senegal to Sherboro Island, and from the sea inland about 300 miles. It is well watere.l, and the soil is fertile. The rainy season alternates with the llarmattan, a hot, dry wind from the desert. The climate is unhealthy. It is named after its two principal rivers, the Senegal and the fiambia, and is divided into Native, British French I and Portuguese Senegambia. ' ' (.1.) Native Senegambia is peopled by tribes belonging to the negro race, \-\r.: the Foolahs in the north, the laloofs in the centre, and the Mandigoes in the south. (.''.) Br.tish Senegambia comprises Sierr,, Ume and the Gambia Rhtr Scltlemenls. Sierra Leone (Lion Mountain) is a peninsula at the mouth of the Rokelle or .Sierra I eone River. The interior is rocky, but the soil is fertile. The climate is so unbealthv that Sierra Lconc has been called the white man's grave. Chief exports ; timber, bides, cotton p dm oil' grouiul nuts, and gums. In ^■;f.^ Sierra Leone was made a free colonv for liberated -'aves' The settlement includes the lues de Los and Sl„yl,m hlanJ. Free Town is the capital' The Gambia RiV3r Settlements lie north-west of Sierra Leone and include four settlements Bath;, si, Cnnh, lla,,.,, .and .1/, Carlln's A/„m.',and several forts or stations on theCambia' I he exports are ground nuts, hides, .and was. Bathurst, the capital, on .St, Marv's Island cuii' mands the trade of the (Jainhia. ' (. .) French Slinugambia include, selllcmeuts at .SV, /.„„,.,, „„ Senegal Island, at the inoulh of ,l,e Senegal ; ami at c;.»,v Isl.iiui, near Cape Verd. (./.) Porliiguese Senegambia consist, of «m„„, „„ ,„ island of die lliss.,g„. Oroup, cunmaiidiu. tho trade ,>f the Rio Crande ; and 7,-h,. a place of less importance. mraaiuliuR ». Upper Guinea extends from Senegambia to the Camciuon Mountains The coast is distinguish,,! by special names, viz. : Cah, Coast, so died from the grains of a sort of pepper grown there, from Cape Mesurado to Cape 1 'almas; hory Const from Cane P,ilm,as to the .Assince River; CoU C.„,.M,etwcen the ..\ssinee and the Rio Volta ■ .Sav^ Coast, between the W.lta and the Benin ; and Ca/a/.ar C..,.,t, from the Benin to thf^ t_ rtUieroon Mountains. The following are the primipal states and settlements in Upper rininea : (..) Liberia. occupyiuR ihc l"'e traders. The soil i, Rood, a ul the climate healtliv. IMonrovia, the cpilal, exports rice, i.uhgo, and yams. (a.) Ivor, Coast is a French protectorate. The French have a settlement at ,;„„„/ /!„„„,„ „„ tin. coast, .,1,0 at AssMr, on Gold Coast, and a, various place, on the Gaboon Coast. (3.) Gold Coast is a r.rilish protectorate and extends 50 miles inland. In 1872 the Dutch trans- ferred all their possessions ou the Guinea Coast to Ihit.iiii. The thief Biiiish settltiuLijti or forts are I'i.uor,-, E/m.'ra, Cape < mil/ Cas//c, the former caj.jial, Ana»ial}oe, and Accra, the present capi- tal. The exports arc gold dust, palm oil, ivory, and niaize, Population, about CAPE COAST CASTLB. 520,000. riullfe'K™.: ' ''™"'"' 'T' '"",^''""'' "" '->«'=''" "- British protectorate on the Gold Coast .-nu the Koug Moanains. Coomassie. the capital, ,4, miles inland, was taken by the British in ,874 Salaga, 01, the Volta, the largest town, is f.nned for its horses. '^' (4.) Snve Coast is the seat of three native kingdom,. Dahomey lies east of the Volta Abomev the eap„.,l, trades in slaves, ivory, and palm oil. t/V.^../- ,s theseaport. Yoruba ca D ho" ' Abbeokuta is ,e capital. Benin extends along the coast on both sides of the Beum Ki e Benin ,' the c.ipital, and l,o„„y the chief pl,ace of trade. Territory south of Dahomey, and the Lland of L " were taken possession of by Crea. Etri.ain in .S62 for the purpose of suppres'iiig the s'l velrade B„„^,!'"'y' '' "■"7° ''"'S'''""' "'•""•i'>"s tor human sacrifices, lies east of the delta of the \ieer Bongo ,s the ca,,ita!, and D,.k^ Town the chief seat of trade. 3. Lower Guinea extends from the Catneroon Mountains to Cape Frio, and inland about .nil, b' ' Tn '"'"""■ '"'""■■^' '" '^""'S^'' " "'^""'" Blalra. Loango, Congo, Angola, Benguela, .n.l Ovampo. Ivory, cotton, and gold dust are the chief exports. Chief Places.-/.oital, Mouriouk), and Air or Asben (capital, Agades); and m Western Sahara. Tual, Tondeni, and Arawan. Thecommerceof the Sahara consists chielly of gold, ostrich leathers, slaves, ivory, iron and i salt, exchanged for manufactured goods, and transported across the desert by great caravans. I 8. Soudan or Nigritia extends from Senegambia to Kordofan, and from the Sahara to ! r.miiea and the unexplored regions of Central Africa. It includes the upper and middle course \ of t he Niger and Lake Tchad. There are two seasons, the dry and the rainy. It ,s fertii,- I healthy, and thickly populated. The chief , „id„cts are gold dust, cotton, grain of various kinds, p,ilm 0,1, tvory, and gums. It is divi.l, ,i into not less th.an sixteen stales. Chief Places.-Tlmbuctoo (.o,oool, called the Queen of the Desert, on the borders of the S.ahara, < . nd e,gb, milo, fr„m die Niger, ,s the centre „f an extensive caravan trade. Katara, on an island \ Jenneh.nf Lower Bambarra. are place, of great tr.ide. Soloto (f 5,00,,), on the Zirmie, a tributary of the Sokoto „ the most populous city in Central Africa. Kouka (50,000) „ the capita of Bornou, and W„f „,„<,„, on Lake Tchad, is its most commercial city. ' ') VH. THE LAKE REGION OF CENTRAL AFRICA. \ The Lak<= Region of Central Africa extends from Kordofan and Nubia to the bastn of the \ Zanrbezi, and from Galla Country and Zanguebar to the unexplored regions of Central Africa < The portion of the Lake Region lying north of the equator has been called the Territory of thti ' White Nile, and ,5 claimed by Egypt. Go,uioko,o or hmaUla, on the right bank of the Nile IS the centre of Egyptian influence. Between the .\lbert and Victoria Nyanza are the states of Unyora and Uganda. Ulinia lies south-west, and Unyamuesi, the country of the inc .n south of \ ictoria Nyanza. ' VIII. CENTRAL SOUTHERN AFRICA Extends from about the tenth rlegree of South latitude, on the north, to the Tropic of Capricorn, on the south ; and from Lower Guinea, on the west, to Mozambique, on tlu east. TIte principal snlxdivisimis are. Loitda and Lobal on the Up- per Zand), zi ; Mokololo I on the middle Zani best (capital, LInyanti); and Banyal and Mat- baele, between the Zam- b-zi and the Limpopo, ) 11! I ! I! ■ PART VII. OCEANIA. AN'iMAl s np nrrANiA. ^t .if .Vu.straliii North of .\us(ralia South of New Ciuinea Soiuh We-i (if Arroo Isles North oi New (iiiinea Kast of Ni'w (iiiinea . , North r.asi of New liritain .Srinlh Kast of New Irelan.l .Smth Kast ..f Salomon l.-les K .s. K. of New (luinea Siiuth of (Jueeu Charlnite Is ."^oiitli of New Ilehrldes . South of the New Il-Lridn s|P8. . Arpa in Fnir. »i|. iinli'H. 'J.'.t4."].'j:in vc,::,\-x ;uH).oiin I.IMO i.,-inn KOO ll.L'IK) 4.::iio I'i.iWn 400 000 n,7'J0 fi,7.s,-> Prtpuliihnii (lllll)Ut) rnpiint or CliU'f rince. Ii.0,")l*.u70 |\IeIlH>nrne... . 107.000 ilhiliart Town.. 4.")".:!:'0 ^vVelliuu'ion... . l,(V)0,Oifl lioreh (iO.OOO |),>li\)o 1.50,000 I i:i.:::il ."pS.MKl Nonuir: I.nl. I.onp. .■17040'S. 1440.-1!) E 4'-"^ri:!'S. M7°;!1'K 41.0 S. 174. -MV.. Whore Situntcd. On the Uiver Yarr.i Varra., (In the I,'i\er Uerweiit. . - . On P.irt Nirholsoii On the N. \V. Co.ist On the Island Warud ■■ Poniihition 'ie parallel of 27° ^t> N. Lat. to that of .;4'' ^o S. I.at, ; and from the meridian of ,15^' 25' E. Long, to that of 109" 17' \V. Loi^g. 3. Extremities.— North, the Aw/« rshvtds ; south, A/,u;/,„u-u' /s,;„m ; east, /■:,ts/,'i- IslanJ : west. Achccii I{,,ut in .Sumatra. 4. Extent.— The hiis;fh from west to east is nearly 11,000 miles, and the breadth from north to south about 5700 miles. The land an-a is estimated at 4,200,000 square miles. 5. Population.— The estimated population amounts to about 37,500,0c. 6. Divisions.— Oceania is generally distributed into four divisions, vi/. : {A.) Auilnl.isi,, in the sonthwesl, (/?.) Ma!„ys,a in the north-west, (C) Mioouesia in the north-east, and (/J.) Polynvsia in the south-east. The chief members of each division are given in the following table: On an i>thinus of New Cal., II MALAYSIA. 1. Snnila Islands ■J llonieo ;f. ( 'el(!hcs 4. .\lolui-eas, or Spieo Islnnds. .-». Pliilip)iine Isles. . 0. Siilu (iroup 7 Sanguir (iroup ;in the S. mill W, of \lal.i\«i,i ! North of .lava .',. .'. ,[\',\ 'Kast of lii.rneo ' lletwemi Cliiiesand I'.ipua In the N 1;. Ill .Mahnsia Kilwien Itoineo ami the Pliilipiiim. , Noilli.ifCelel.es .,, .. L'(i.-i,:i.s.s 'J;{,IHIO,. (1 s. ;t.;i.-i s. 14. .•Ui N. lOfi. m K.IOn \. const of .Invn 114. ,■).-! 1: (In N. W. roast of liorneo.. 110. •J;l K. (Ill S. W. pen. of Celelies. I'JH. K. (In the Island .\ml)ovna .. . 121. OK. On S. W. coast of I.ui-on... — On IheN. \V. coast of Siilu. 100.000 40,000 •^O.OCO i;i.(()o loo.odo (i,()(;o 1. nouin isles . 2. I.adioneor Marianne Isle .■(. Pelew Isles 4. Caroline Isks .1. MarsludI .Vrrhipelago. . . (i. (lilliert Isles '. . .. 7. Sanilwleh Isles HI. MICRONF.SIA. ■|i«i mllc>S Iv .if.hipau s. S K. of the Honln Isles Kast of Mindanao in the Philiiiiiini s l-..ist of the Pelew Islis. . . Kast of the Caroline l>li-s South of the Marshall .\reh .... In the X. K. of Oceania 1011 417 .•iiil iWl 7.") 233 7,(l;)0 s.oon 10.000 bs.soo lo.noo (iO.(XK) n(i.«i7 .AgnRiin. , Ilomiliilu. — jOn tli(! Island (iunlmii. 21. 20 N'. 157. en W. On the S. \V. ^ille of Oahu I. 20,000 \ intamm mm ■rihi ■ ti) that of 54" 50 } ' 17' W. Long. J 'f'u' Isiijnd ; casi, 5, and the breadth atcd at 4,200,000 7,500,001 visions, viz. ; ■ t, (C) A/h loiitiia members of each Popiiliition \ "1 C'npitnl. ) "a....! Ml. 000 > ' 20.000 ; 18,i!,');f \ , ' 100.000 leo... 40,000 '■»...' '.iil.oco I ' i;i.(oo 11 ' loo.odt) nln...i 0,000 K hii I. liO.OOO (A.) AUSTRALASIA. accou,!l''o*f''!i!'"H' r ^.'"•♦•'V",'^*"'- ''"^ """1 Melanesia, or Black Asia, on Oceanil. " ' aborigines, forms the south-w.st division of .8o°"F''L"g.""~" "'"''' '™"' "" "'"'"" '" ^''' ^°' ^' '-'•■• "'"^ ^'°'" "3" '" 3. Boundarles.-It is bounded on the north-west by Malaysia; on the north- east and east by the Pacific; and on the south and wes.'by the 'indian Ocean 5. Populatlon.-The estimated population amounts to about 4,000,000. 6. Divisions.— The principal members are given in Table 7, p. ijO. (1.) AUSTRALIA. Atistralia, the smallest continent in the world, is noted for its compactness its herd", ofcrtlle" '*" *''"'"''' "" '''"' ™'""' ''"'"'' "'"' '" ""'''' "' "''"f '=""■ g,i> Aim ami! 1. Boutldaries.-Australia is bounded on the north by the Ar.tfura Sea and Torres Stra.t ; on the east by the Coral Sea and the Pacific Ocean ; on the south by aass Strait and the Indian Ocean ; and on the west by the Indian Ocean. 2. Form.-Australia consists of a large hex.igona|.shaped portion of land, the sides of which respectively face north, north-east, east, south, west, and north-west. 3. P08iti0n.-It extends from to" 41' to 39° 8/ S. I.at,, .-.nd from im" to i«» 3S' L. Long. •' " 4. Extreme PointS.-North, Cape York ; south, Ca(< WiUon ; east, CateBvron ■ west, Slrrp Point. ^ " 1 5. Extent.— The extreme Ungth from west to east is about 2400 miles and the extreme hrtadlh fr<,m north to south about i9,So miles. The arm is estimated at 2,945.227 square miirs, or ra,)re than three-fourths the size of Europe, cris equal to a s!i 30S,5(M 8«,4.'>1 !I01,13;1 075,824 Poputatior. (about>. 8. Physical Coast Features.-ii.) l8lands.-5«//;«^./ and AMria, off the north west coast of North Australia; GrooU EyUnJl or Great Island, and WclL-shy, m the Gulf of Carpentaria ; O^yatSMy and StraJMr. off the coaa of Queensland ; f/„.J,rs. hunuaux, an Bass Strait, south of Victoria. Kangaroo Island, at the entrance of the Gulf of St. Vincent; Dirk Harlo,,, off the west coast of West Australia. NoTB. Tl,e Great BarrUr AV/ extends .,l„„g >he nortl«asl cast from.," ,5' to 24- 30' S. Lat., ., d„.a„« „f about ,.00 miles, with a bre.,d.h varying (™,„ a few hundred ya,d/:o a tnile. I, lonn. a natural breakwater. Tl,e ehannel between i, and the nrain land . from te.fto s.x.y „„le, wide! (2.) Peninsulas.- .•/,„/,«, /„„,/, between the Arafnra Sea and the Gulf of Car- pentaria; C./.„y /V„/«x„/„, i„ the north of ArtduMn Land; York Peninsula, between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Channel formed by the Great Barrier Reef ; York Pemnsula, between the Gulf of St. Vincent and Spencer Gulf; Eyria Pemnsula, between Spencer Gulf and the Great Australian Bight. (3.) Capes.-On the North Coast.-C',,/. Van Dinncn, in Melville Island ; 1 .^nt Dah^nAtapeArnhcm ,n North Australia ; Cafe K«A north of Queensland, the most northern extremity of the continent. On the North-East Coast.-r„A. Molvitle, Cafe Flattery, Cape T^nsend, and Sandy Cape, m Queensland. an.i°r '."'//"'* ,';''"*-;^"^' ^-•-''. "'e extreme eastern point of the continent; ami tape ILnoe, the south-east extremity of the continent, in New South Wales. On the South Coa8t.-C«/, Wilson, the extreme south point of the continent C./A 0/z<«^, south of Vutoria; Cape Speneer ^,.A C,,/. C,,/^./..//,., .at the entrance We''t"an:! '" """" ^""""^' '"'' ^^'■''^"'^ ^'"•'" ■'•^-™— . i» fir ?" *?." T'-!"' ^''^^^■-^"f ^"'""'"' or Lioness, so nan,ed from the vessel which first ighted It, at the south-west extremity of the continent ; Cape JValnralisle ; JlZ Po.n,, .be most western point of the continent ; Cafe Cuv.er ; and Nortk West Cape. AuSal!!." '''""*''-^''** C0ast.-a,A Le.i,ue and Cape Londonderry, In West (4-) Gulfs and Bays.-On the North Coast.- ;•„« /;/.„„„ c„// between Mel- ville Island, Coburg Peninsula, and the mainhand. Arnhem Bay, in North Australia. Gulf Of Carpentaria, discovered in iC>o6. nenetrates 400 miles inland, between Arnhem Land .and York Peninsula. On the North-East GomI— Princess Charlotte, Halifax, and Heney Bays in Queensland ' ' ' On the East Coast.— J/«>vAvH7 31. 57 K. Lvnir. 153" 15' 151 14 144 ,57 i:W 38 115 53 Where Xlluated. Kivcr HrlslKine Port .lucksoii. Kiver Yarrii-Yarni.. Kiver Torrens Swan \W\vv PoiiuUtlon of C'HpUal 32,012 IKI.IHKI 2,'>(l,ti7H N,'>,()(HI 7,000 the Blue Mountains the chain is called the Liverpool Range, in 31" 40/ S. I.at., it bran, hes westward and extends far into the interior. Highest summit. Mount f.mdcsay, on the bouiulary between Queensland and N'cw South Wales, 5700 feet. Mount IVwxen, a remarkable burning mountain, is situated on the eastern slope of the Liverpool Range. Proceeding northward through Queensland, the range rapidly decreases in altitude, being less than 1000 feet as it approaches Cape Vork. (i) The crest of the northern margin of the interior plain, distant 200 miles from the sea, does not exceed 1000 feet in height, though higher ranges are believed to exist in Arnhem Land. (c.) On the North-West Coast, between 16° and 2i<' S, Lat., there is a break in the rim of high land A well-defined range skirts the west coast from Shark Bay to Point d'Entrecastreaux. It is called in different parts Victoria Range, Herschel Range, and Darling Range. Highest summit, TuWanop, 5000 feet. (emer (Julf to the parallel of 30" S. Lat. ,,..'" ^''^'"'■'■■'' "le Grampians, extend northw.ard from Cape Ndson to Mount llilliam, 4700 feet. The Pyrenees Range, runs north between ti'e Avoca and Hopkins rivers (e) In the west of New South Wales are Grey Range, Stanley Range, and Conbaralba Range. In the west of Queensland are Standish Range and McKinlay Range. All these are meridian ranges. (•!.) Plateaus.— Arnhem Land in the north is a plateau from 3000 to 4000 feet high. A flat table land of granite and sandstone extends northward from the Great Australian Bight. (3 ) Piains.-The whole of the interior appears t,) be an immense plain, inter- spersed with grassy meadows, lightly timbered land, salt marshes, swamps, and sandy or stony deserts, (4 ) Rivers.— The Uivers may be arranged as follows: I- The Pacific System ; 11. The Indian Ocean System; HI The Continental System. I. The Pacinc Syitem (•■'.) Oueensland.— The Burkcdm flows south and enters the sea in 70° S Lat- it receives the Bcylando with its affluent the Sutlor. The F.tzroy, formed by the M.ukcmie ami Dan'son enters the sea at Keppcl Day ; at its mouth is Uockhainpton. 'Ihe Brisbane enters the sea at Moreton Bay; .ind it is navsable for 75 miles; at its mouth is lirisbane, the capital of the Colony. KB) New South Wales. -The Clarence, navig.iblc lor 60 miles, ends at Shoal Bay the Hunter, 200 nnles •-.-,„, eiuls at Newcastle llarlx,r ; the Haukcsh.ry ends at Broken Bay; the islwalhavcn flows through tremendous gullies from 1 200 to 1 500 feet deep. II. The Indian Ocean System. —(.f.) South Coatt Section. 0'.) Victoria, the YairaYana (Flowing-Flowing), and the Glcnelg. (l> ) South Australia.— The Murray, the largest river of Australia, rises near Mount Kosciusko, flows west and noiih-wcst between Victoria and New South Wales to the meridian of 141" E. Long, continues west through South Australia to '39° 45'. "here it turns sharply south, and, forming the shallow Lakes Victoria and Albert, enters Encounter Bay. It is navigable to Albury. Length, 2000 miles ; area of basin, 500,000 square miles. It receives on the left bank, the Mitla-.Milta near Albury, the Ovens, \.h& Gouli„rn,Khe Canifasfe, which joins it at Kchuca, and the Loddon. It receives on the right bank the .Unrrnm/mlgee, or Beautiful, which rises east of Mount Kosciusko, and flows north and west pa-;t \Vagir,.\v.,jg,, ; ,( „ „;,.,.i;ablc to (;und.ig.-,i, ai.d r..eive» on (lie right, the lac/ialn which rises west of the Blue Mountains near noulburn. The Fdivard, which receives many affluents, joins the Murray near Favora. The D.-irlmg rises to Ihe south of the Darling Downs, flows west and south, and joins Ihe Murray at Wentworlh. It receives on the right bank, the Cmdan„ne. the Warrcf^o. ind the I'a-orji Creek: on the left bank, the Cntvdir or Men Rr.er. the .Xfac^uanr, 2S0 miles long, which l.ises itself in the Macquarie marshes from which issue streams flowing to the Dnrltng and the D,/cr, navigable for 100 miles, enters the Gulf of Carpentaria on the west side. The A/hrt, the Flimlen, the Cilh-rl, and the MflJicll. all (low into the ( iulf of Carpentaria. III. The Continental System.-(./.) Victoria. -The .'/;m-.7 ' Ca['e. i irt Stewart Isle, the southern most point is South Capt. \ 4. Form.— North and Middle Island have a very irregular shape, somewhat resembling a boot liinicd upside down, with the toe at Cape Maria Van Diemer, ' and the heel at East lape. Stewart Island is of triangukar shape. ■ 5. Extent. — The hir'lh of North Island is about 500 miles, and its medium readth about 90 miles. Its extent is about 44,000 or 45,000 square miles. Sccth Island is .also about 500 miles long and averages abiuit 1:0 miles in 1 readth, and cimlains about 39,000 square miles. Stewart's Island contains about 700 square miles. 6. Population. — The population amounted in 187S to 457,330. 7. Divisions. —North Island is divided into four, and South Island into five provinces. Stewart Island is uninhabited except by a few natives and whalers. K i* 142 NEIV ZEALAAD— PAPUA, OR NEW GUINEA. Wellington (iS.gsj) is the capital o£ the whole colony. The provinces and chief town in each are given in the following table; NORTH ISLAND. •aniea of the Nwnt of Province 1 Aui'kliinil 2. Tiin.irilii a. Weniu-toi: 4. Ilawke'n Uiiy. . Foailion. Caiiital, Wh«r« Situalvd. .' North piircof l«hinil... ; S. \V. |iart of Island.... .; S. of .\Mliland | . j Jliiidli.'iiMiiof !•;. ciKwij Ani'klanil Now I'lyiiioiith. Wellin^'t<',A-T /t/,., di.scovercd by Captain Pendleton in iSoo, is so called from being nearly the oi>p»site to Great liritain. It is situated suuth-e.ast of New Zealand 11149" 3-' ^- I-:d. and irS" .\i V. Long. (.•.) Bounty IsUs, cast, and KcnnaJec Isles, north-east, of New Zealand f" ) Bays, In North Island.— On the northe.tst coist Gulf 0/ Jl,ur.U-i :im\ lUy of rie„/v : on the s,nuh-e;i,t L,.u[,//.,wi-e's/i„y on the south coast, r.aiiser Bay and Port Nuholson ; on the west coast, AUn„k,r Jfarbor and Kaiparj Harbor. In South Island.— On Cook's Strait, Tasnuv htii or Bliihl Boy, and Afossoere or 7ho.u-Mie Boy. , . -'" '•'""' Island.-Tlircc r.ini;cs cross Ihe ishnul, (i.) A ran™ extends Irom L.ipc M.iria Van l)icn:en to Auckland, ami thence SiSo feet hi"li. Golden Boy ; on the south-west coast, (b.) Mounlains.- ilung the coast tu Mount Eumoiit (-'■) einity arc the active 1 he Coromandet Koni^e exlenils from Cape C\,!ville to .I/,,,,,,/ I-:,l^eiue, tree ferns, palms, and .lav are among the native productions. European grains, fruits, flowers, and vegetables arc cultivated with the greatest success. The northern part of New Zeal.md is a.lmirably adapted for the growth of every kind of gram. T!ie mineral productions are varied and abundant, the chief being gold, coal, silver, and iron. In addition to tli.se, copper, leaccics of bats. 12. Aborigines.— The Maorics, or natives, of whom there are alx.ut 55,000, belon" to the Malay family. They are a line rar,, tall, muscular, intelligent, and brave, hut are savage and Icrocious in the extreme when provoked and insulted. They have black ciirli i'eiieral, a bro\vn comiilc.xion. .Many of them tattoo their skin manner. hair, .and, in singular and fanciful 13. History. -Tlics- isl.mds were discovered oy Tasiuau !u in.,., ami tlic coast was circum ,avn;ated by Captain Cook i„ ,r7o. They were first settled 111 uSi-,, and were erected \ constitution was granted to them in 1S52. iiuo a colony \\\ 1S40. (4.) PAPUA, OR NEW GUINEA. Papua, or New Guinea, called by the natives Tanna Papua, or Land of the Crisp-haired, lies to the north of Australia, from which it is separated by the Arafura Sea and Torres Strait. It is the second largest island in the world. Length, 1450 miles ; breadth, 300 miles ; area, about 300,000 sipiare miles. It is indented with many deep bays, the Largest of which are Ceelvink Hay on the north-west, and Papua C.ulf, on the south-east coast The Stanley Kange runs through the south- east peninsula to Soiith-East Cape. Highest summit. Mount (Jwen Stanley, a double peak, 13,^00 feet. In the western part of the island, are the Smnvy Mounts. Sago-palm and camphor trees are abundant. Nutmegs and other spices are found in the woods. Vam.s, cocoanut.s, rice, maize, and the sugar cane arc plentiful. Gold has been found. The natives are mostly Papuan Wegroes. Their skin is black, and their hair woolly and tufted. The western half of the island is nnder the control of the Dutch. The Australians are desirous that IJritain should have control of the eastern half. Papua was discovered by Torres in 1606. (5.) Arroo Isles, a group consisting w, oily of coral, in the Arafura Sea, abo .e So miies south-west of Papu.1. They extend from north to soutli about ijo miles. Cobror, -o miles in length by 20 m breadth, is the largest. Debbo, in the island Warud, is the great-;^. mart in the north of Australasia. The chief products are pearl, mother of pearl, tortoise shell, birds of liaradise, and trepang or seaslug. The Arroo Isles belong to the Dutch. (0.) TImorlaul, in the Arafura Sea, south-west of tl-.c Arroo Isles, is mountainous and wooded. Length, 90 miles ; greatest breadth, 40 miles. (7.) Admiralty IsltS, a cluster of islands 150 miles north-east of Papua, discovered by Sehoiiten in 1C16. They are enclosed by barrier reefs. The largest is nearly -io miles in length. The inhabitants are of the Malay race. (S.) New Britain, an archipelago, east of New Guinea, discovered by Dampier in 1700, consists mainly of two large, inountainous, wooded, and populous isiands. The chief pro- ducts arc cocoanuts, sago, yams, and ginger. The natives belong to the Papuan race. (0.) New Ireland, an island north-east of New liritain, from which it is sep.arated by St. ' ieorgc Channel. Discovered by Carteret in 1767 The hills rise to the height of 1500 or 2000 feet, and are covered with luxuriant forests. The nativcsare black, woolly-haired savages of the Papuan race. New Ireland is 200 miles long, and has an average breadth of 20 miles. (10.) Salomon or S'-tomon Islei, an archipel.igo 600 miles in length, extending south-east from Nno Irclond. '1 he group was discovered by the Spaniard Mendana in 1567, and so named by him on account of its supposed great wealth. The islands are of volcanic origin, and. cxcei>t the two westermnos-., are sparingly fringed with coral. They are mountainous and ckithcd with forests. The chief isl.inds in the direct line with New Ireland are Boujiainrille, Choisrut, Isalnl, and .Uatayta. In a parallel range are GuaJalcanar and San Cliristoval. The inhabitanls arc .M.ilays and Papuan Negroes. (11.) Queen Charlotte Isles, a volcanic group between the Salomon Isles and the New Hebrides. Tlie chief islands are Santa Cruz, A'itendi, and I'anikoro. La Perouse was ship- wrecked on Vanikoro in i7S.S,and his fate was unknown until 1.S72. ^2.) Loulslade Archipelago, a gnmii of over eighty isbnds, extending south-east from New (uiinea. It is a region of extensive reefs. The nativcsare Pajiuan negroes. (1.1.) New Hebrides, a volcanic group of twenty large ana m.iny small i.slands south of Queen Charlotte Isles. They were discovered by Quiros in 1595, but received their name from Caplain Cook in 1774. The largest island of the group is F.sfiritu Santa. The other principal islands are MatlicoHo, F.rromango, where the zealous missionary Williams was murdered in 1.SJ9, and Tanna, which contains one of the largest volcanoes in the Pacific. The chief piciducts are sandal wood, figs, oranges, cotton, and sugar cane. Th-.- natives belong to the Papu.an race, and are fierce and warlike. They number about 150,000. The area of the group is estimated at 5720 square miles. (>4-) New Caledonia is a volcanic island, 600 miles north-east of Australia, on the margin of the Coral Sea. It was discovered by Captain Cook i 11 1 774. The French took possession of 1: and the adjacent AiV ,// J'ines 111 iS; 5. A r.iiige of moiuitaiiis, rising 111 tlie centre to Sooo \ feet, runs through the whole length 01 ' w Caledonia. The island is fertile and contains coal. \ The trepang fishery is a source of wealth. The natives arc Papuan negroes. Capital, Noumea. , I.englii, 200 miles ; breadth, 34 miles ; area,Ti7.S5 square miles. A coral reef extends along the ; western coast, and lor 50 mMcs to the south and 1 ;o miles to the north, a distance in all of .|oo ' miles. The Loyaltf Isles, which run parallel to New Caledonia on the east, arc a dependency. \ i New Zealand, •imcd Cliatliani le u population ons. :<1 by Captain 15 miles broad, s a station for Auckland Isles ', so called from J f New Zealand '• and Land of the )arate(l by the ■orld. Length, It is indented (irth-west, and ugh the south- en Stanley, a \mnvy Mounts. ices are found entiftd. Gold 1 is black, and the control of :ontrol of the bo..t 80 miles, ror^ 70 miles in '■',='. mart in the shell, birds of us and wooded. \ \ \ \ discovered by ' i ly ^ miles in < \ iipier in i;oo, riie chief pro- race. p.irated by St. ;ht of 1500 or haired sav.ii^es th of 20 miles. ing south-east 1567, and so lie origin, and, imtainous and Bottfiiiin-ilU, n Christoval. and the New >use was ship- ast from New nils south of t\x name from The other rt'illiams was Pacific. The k'os belong to -■ area of the east, 730,000 {B.) MALAYSIA. 1. Name.— Malaysia is so called from the Malays, who form the grc.it bulk of the native iiopuiatiuii. It is also called the Kast Indian or Asi.itic Archipelago. 2. Boundaries. — It Is bounded on the north-west by the Strait of Malacca .and the China Sea ; on the east by the I'acilic Ocean ; on the south by the Arafura Sea and Indian Ocean ; and on the west by the Indian (liiau. 3. Form.— -Malaysia has a somewhat triaiigidar form, with the Dashee IsUuida at the apex anil the .Sunda Islands at the base. 4. Position.— Malaysia forms the north-west portion of Oceania. It extends from 11" N. I.at. to 11" S. Lat. ; and from 95' 25' to 131" 40' K. Long. 5. Extremities.- -N'orth, the Bashic hlaiuls ; south, SamialwooJ Island Ceritm Island ; west, Aihcen IIf,id, in Siuiiatra. 6. Extent. — The /.■«.'//' from west to east is about 2500 miles, and the Omd/i from north to south .ibout 2100 miles. The land ami is estimated at square miles. 7. Population. — The estimated population amounts to about 33,500,000. 8. The i)rincipal memlwrs are given in Table 7. 9. Seas. — The Su/u or Mindoro Sta, between the Philippine Islands and Horneo Cch'lvs .Sc;i, between the I'hilippines and Celebes. y,i7;i .Stv/, between Borneo and Java. Fhns Si-a, between Celebes and Kloris. /I'.inda .SV,;, between Bouro and Cerani (m the north, and Titnor and liabba Island on the south. 10. Straits.— .l/'-»-.--^--h.,.^ered bv the 1 "•,Mr> '5". but y.m. ]'lCi;i.-end- ent on Java. Its chief town is Port Badong I'opulation of J aa, in 1817, l8,79y,79.S (.-.) Of the remaining Simda Islands, Lombok, Sumbawa, SanJaluwd or Siimba, Florid and the western three-fourths of Timor also belong to the Dutch. They form the Timor Residency. The seat of (lovernmrr.t is Coepang, on the south-west coast of Timor. In Siunbawa is the volcaimof Tomboro, 9040 feet high, whose eruptions in 1S15 lasted for three months, and are the most terrible on recor.l ; the sound of the explosions w.is heard at tlic distance of 100 miles. Only twenty-six persons survived in the island out of a population of tv.-elve thousand. Bima, on the north coast of Sumbiwa, lias a good harlxjr. The Portuguese oivn the eastern fourth of Timor, Solor, and the small island of Kambin^, off the north coast of Timor. The Portii-uese capital of Timor is Osllj, on the north coast. Length of Timor, juo miles ; breadth, 40 miles. (2) Borneo is situated north of Java, from which it is .separated by the Java Sea. It is the great cen- tral island of .Malaysia, and the tnird largest island on the globe, Greenland and Papua being the lar- gest. It is intersected by the equator. The climate is healthy, and favorable to Euro|)eans. On the west- ern side a great mountain chain runs from northeast to south-west, and from a centr.d knot branches di- verge to the east and south- east. The highest summit is K'ina Palu, 13,698 feet, in the extreme north ; east of which is a large lake of the same name. Bor- neo is one of the best watered countiies in the w .rid, pos.sessing numerous navigable rivers. Vegetati. n is 1 , including the gutta perclia tree, ebony, cocoanut, sago, rice, ginger, cinna- mon, uitmeg, and cotton, .\mong its ... -vrous aninwls may be named the elephant, ourang outang, deer, bear, tiger, and a carnivorous mammal resembling both the otter and the platypus, ^f inerals are abundant, among which are coal, gold, diamonds, tin, platinum, antimony, copper, and iron. The aborigines are called 1 lyaks, a race belonging to the Malay family. The other inhabitants are Chinese and Kuropeans. Two-thirds of the island, comprising the centre and south, belong tolhe Dutch. Pontianak (20,000) is the .seat of government for the west division, and Banjarmas$in (30,000) for the south and east divisions. The native state, Briini or Borneo, is on the .orth-west coast. Its capital, Bruni (.|0,ooo), was taken by the British iu 1S46. The province of Sarawak, on the north-west coast, was ceded to Britain in 1S43. The capital, Sarawak (15,000), or Kuchin, is a station for the suppression of pir.acy. Length of Borneo, Soo miles; breadth, 700 miles; area, 280,000 square miles. Population, about 1,750,000. Labuan, a sm.ill island with a fine harbor, about six miles off die north-west coast of Borneo, belongs to liritain. It has excellent co.al. Its capital, Victoria, is a free port, from which arc exported edible bird's nests, camphor, pearls, gutta pcrcha, frcpang, and sago. The A'atiina hies, and the .-tKambas, between Borneo, id the Malay Peninsula, belong to the Borneo group. (3.) Celebes lies east of Borneo. It was di.scovcrtd by the Portuguese in 1 512. < It has a very singular form, consisting of four large pcninsuhis, projecting from a ' centr.al mass. Its scenery is very picturesque. The mountains are covered with 1 rich and valuable trees, among which is the famous badeau or Macassar oil tree. \ The .ino.a, a tierce kind of antelope, about the si/e of a sheep, is pecidiar to Celebes. ] The chief jiroducts are rice, sago, tobacco, yams, and sugar. Oold, copper, iron, J ami tin abound. The aborigines in the interior are called Hnrafr.ras. An intelli- '■ gent race, called Bugis, occupy the co.asts. The Dutch expelled the Portuguese \ from the island in 1660. Their chief settlements are MacasSar, in the south-west \ peninsula, and .\fenaJo and Kema in the north peninsula. ' (4.) The Moluccas or Spice tslanils comprise the islands lying Ixtween Celebes and New ,^ Cuiiiea. The archipelago is almost wholly under Dutch rule. The l.ugest are Gilolo, Ceram, 1 and Uouro. Gilolo resembles Celebes in form, consisting or four peninsulas. U is moiiii- \ !^e,. THR PVAlfS. m If! ]M 'f I !' 1 JU/.A VSr.l—mCRONESIA—POL YNESIA—ANTARCTIC REGIONS. I 1 .iiH„i, .ui.l Hid tliL- best cloves. It contains knboyna ( l.t.ooo), tlie Dutch capital of the Moluceas. 'fhc /l.w la U,-,, south ol Cerain, >iel,l the b_-,i niilnu-s and mac.-, Tcml.; a small island west «i (■d.ilo, fanimis for the Rreat variety of it, spices, has a hisih volcang; peak. It is a military post for the defencs of the Dutch possessions. The Moluccas arc of volcanic orijin, and cmtam s -vera! active Volcanoes. (5.) Tin Phillppltlt lllanils lie north-cast of I!»rneo. They are separated from iMirther India by the Chiiu .- ■,.. ,.n&. , Ab iin.'y, ,tf>~d~my. . Aljriititfs, aA-fintAf$'t/a. I Abys-*jnia, n/i-U'ht'i'a. Acapalco, nA-* \h'fool'ko, \ Acirai, aA-e,iJk-raA'i, I Acliil, ait'i/. ' Ack'lln. Aci.ncaRu.i, nhkoffkiih^ntvith. Aiid.i, nhie^h. ( Adelaidf, /t,r-?m,t ^ Aden, ,>',/tf/,, nr ah'Jgn. ) AdiRf, tth'tfhj.i. ) A(l-I-rfln'(tack. ^ Adoiit, ith-t/oor', ) Ad-rwilc. j Acge.in, hji'an. j A(Kli.inist,(M, Air, iih'ir'. ) Aire, (ir. c Aisne, .)«. ) Aix-la-CIupelle, ^ A actio, (ih-yaht\hd, J, Albatis, ani d,tHi, ) Albany, ,ini'-!>ii-ny. f Arbe-in.ulc. ', Albiu)iierqut', i^hl'b0o-k}r'kll, J AlLMnt.ir.1, nhl-cahn'Uih-rah. , Aidaii, ahliiahn', I Aldeniey, anl'der-H^, ) Aleiifon, fl-/fl«(*rW*«(f). ; Aleutian, (t-/A'MKiiv. ^ Alexandria, Ai-i^z-^'drl-a. J Algeria, nhi-Ji'rUi. Abc.uile, rthte-kahn'm. Alleybany, iV-U'gri'n\. Almaden, ttfti-nuth-iien'. Alnwick, an'nU. Aisace. ahi-sass'. Altai, nhl-ti'. Att.iiii,ih;i. atiH,}-mi\-h.tiv'. Alliniili!, ahll'mhkl. AinliiTsI, am'erti, \ Ani'l-6ii^. ( Aniiraille, am-t-ri^nt'. ' Anito Daria, .(/i'mi^if dah'r\-a. ( Anioor. ah-ntoor' . < Am-rll'sir. ( Ain'ster-dXin. \ Anadyi, An-n-iUr' . ( An.ibuac, An-A-wd'i'. (. Aiiani, a'Hiihin'. J Aii-da-niSii'. I Aiidona. akn'iit>r' rah. < Aiiyicsey, Ang'el-se, \ AiiKol.i, ,\iig-^yi,t. ( Angostura, 'jV:wV.U. AiiKuilla, anjr'gHii^/,i. Aniialt, nhn'lmkU. Anticoiti, an-n A-js'/l. Antieiain, An-tl-'t t:n. An-ti-jto-iii»iIi'. AntiKiM, nh»-ti-'-:^ivih. Antilles, ahn-t?!', ur ,tnt?h. Anlii^li, i\ti't?-»k. Aiiti an.i, i\hn-ta.\h'n.\h, Ap'eii-iiini.'s. Ap-pa-l.lcli'ec. Ap-uj-lAcli-I-cr/, 1. Apsltcron, iih/)-t/ii\-r!i,i' . Apurim.ic, ah-/>o& r-&-mihc\ Ar-.Vbl-a. Aranitay, nk'r.ik-gwi', Ar'.il. Aichaiv.;L'l, ark-ayn'teK Aicliipjla-n, ,lr'k'-/ii/'ii-,rj, Ardcnnus a/ifuifu'or ahr'd^n. Aretpiip.i, ithrii-ke'^.th, Argentine, aftr'/fn-tin. Anca, ah-rl<\\ilt. Ariege, ah'rc-lzh' . Armagh, ahr mik\ Arnhein, ahru'ftfm. Artois, /ir-iwil'. A-shftn'ieg, or ahsh'An-m'. Aihwaiupi, ask-iViik-nV ft* Assam, ahs-sahm'. As-sin'I-boine. Asuncion, ah-soon's?-dn. Atacainn, ah-tah-cnh'-niah. Atchafalaya, JlcM-H/'A-lt'ti. Atrato, ah'trah'io. Augustine, ait-gm-t?n'. AnIIagas, oiv/-y,tA'g,thi- Au Sable, o-saA6/'. AiivorKiic, d-vilrn', Atixerre, y-Jdr'. Aiix I,i^vr«H, o-U-it/v'y. Ava, iih'vttft. ah-fin-yanKg)', Avi^i A-/r„ Ai'of. B Il.M.'el-Pi.'ihMCb. r'ailijot, hiiii-n-hdce' , HadeiT, bijlt'den ur Miffn. IUkMSiI, or biihg-dahii'. nahaina. bak-ki\'mih. Il.iliia, b,th'i',iH. Ilaliia Honda, bahi'ah dn'dnh. Ilalirein, futh-riln'. Ilaikat, bt'kah/. Haireuth, bi'rootk, II V '"-Sr'ic. If.i fHtk'/i. Ilahi.-, AM'ffa. Ilalkaii, hahl-kakH'. \ \\a\Vas\\, bakl.kakik' . Ital-inu'ral. Ilaliic, biiui'tic. Haltiinore, biuitt\-m5rt. llanjer>na!i.sin, btihn-yer-mahi-Jn' . HanKor, bang'ger. Har-ba'docs. Harbuda, bi%r-6oo'da, '»lar-ce-l6'na. lUriiau), bo-iifn'. Hnnleaux, bjrr-da'. Mttsiia Serai, bos'imh xvr-i Hiiu!uf;n(-', boo-ldfi{g)'. Itnurbon, boor'l>on. Ilonrses, boorzh. Jliiuss.i, boo'sah. Itrains, brak'zoie. Hretn'eii. Ilreslau, bres'/d. Hretai-nc. br,-fak»(g}'. Hrtliin, brit'un. Itru!;e>, broo'jiz, ur broozk-, \\m\.\,boo\l,i. liuenaventiira, b^Vi I'tink' ve ii -too '• rak lUien Ayre, Mtvpt I'ril, lUitnos Ayie>i, bo'nus tl'riz : Span. Pion. b^vH'ttos t'res. puen.a Vista, bttHt'nuk vees'tah* ituK, boog. Hiicliar.'sl, bddk'Atirfit, jlulcaria, f'ooi'g.ik'rl-ah, liusliire, boo-skir, c Cabe-!, kakb'tt. Cibtil, kiih boot. Cab'i.t't Ile.id. Cabrera, kak-brn'rah. Cadiz, kak'diz, Caen, kaknU), Capliari, kiiki-yah're. Caiciis, ki'kos. <.'ain., ka'ro. ( Egypt) itiVtf. Calais, kai*u. Calaveras, M/-J-i',)V,lr. taldera, kaki-dii'rak. Callan, kkiti-lak'dt or kakl-ytVc C.lni'bridge. CanipDi I'arecis, k.xkm'po;/. Cheiimiu, kim'n'tti. tliemung, ike-mSng', Cherbourg, sh^r-boorg', Chesapeake, ckfs'ti'/ik. Cheyenne, sh^tt', (.'hi.ivan, ke-nk-^'nh're. t.'IiicaRn, sk?-ki}u'gd. Chihuahua, ek?-7u,ik'nHth, *."hili, cki/'i or chi-7e. Cliiloa, (ke-io-a'. CIiiinl)(nazo, ihiin-bo-rtih'zo. Clii'na. C'liip'pL'-wii. Clhilula. xko-loo'lnk. Christiania, krls-te-ak' n?-ak, Cliiulleisb,,7iil,/'/?. Clni(iud)amba,(A('j-*(V'(i//;HV'.;//. Chuquisiita, ikOi>k^snk'kah. Cibao, s.-btik'o, Cinca, ihi'ii'kiih. Cuidad Re.il. si-.w-dahd nVahV, Civiti Veccbia, ike'x'v-tah vlk'kc~ah. C lonniet, kfbn-m?i'. C'oaii^o, kb-ti'f^'i^o- Cuaii/,i, i^iihji'\:ti, Col)iia, ko-'j^'hah. Coblenu, ki'bifttts. C(>t:!>abaniba. kii-,'h,ik-b.ihnt''tiit. Cofre de I'ovott', kH/r d^/^d'rdt. Cohahuila, kd-ah-w?'/ah. Cdinilira, kb-em'brtth, CciutepeqUL', kd-hoo-!a',\i'ka. Coluna, kb-iemah, CoUijine, ko-lon', Coin.iyaKUa, k5-miuth'g:v,ik, Coniurin, kbnt'o-rhi. UoTE,~'J'kf pronunciation Conception, k»M-afi-sh3n*. t onecuh, k^tte'kek, ConoauRht, kbu-nam*, Connecticut, kon-ft'hka/. Connemar.i. iSn-r/himtkr'nh Cupi.ijKi, k^ph.tfi-pd'. CiKpiiinbu. ko-kim'bo. Curat, kdr'.ih/, or kihrahi' . Cnreiityn, kd-rftt-t'tn'. Corfu, kor'/fi, Corrienli-^, kiir.?-fii'/fz. Coriina, kd-roou'v/ik, Coruniia, k!i-rairN,i, Cosegiiiiia, kfi-.ul-^h.-'nah. Cost.i Rita, klii'titk'r>'k(%k. Cote d'Or, kbt-dbr'. Cotopuxi, kd-tH'/itk.t'?. Ciiventry, Khr'^n-lrf. t-'ovingtim, ktV.'' itiii-toH. Cracow, krak'ki. Creninitz, krtm'nits, Creuse, krooz. Crenx, krooz. Crimea, krjiti-?',i. CrnJx, kroi, (Kr.) kncih,^ Cronstadt, krbus/aki. Crozet, krd-za. Ciienca, kwen'kak. Cumaiia, koo-nuih-nah'. ('uncne, koo-tuVti?, Cura^na, koi>-r,hio'4l. Cunlilia, koo-rhtfbttk. Cuzco, kofli'ko, Cyprus, si'/nU. I) Dacca, dak'kah. Daeo, dak'gd. Daliomej-, dith-hb'mH. Dalbousie, dal-hoo'zc. Dal mat ia. dubnirt'skc-il. D.ilton, dttui'ion. Damaras, dah-in.ih'raz. Daniletta, dtln/'p-f'-fa. * Danbiirv, diin'bi^r-f, Da'nisb. Dantibe, dan'ubf, Dardanelles, davenpor(, daz-'en-Aort. Daupbinc, df-fl-tiik , Deccan, dH'mi. Delagoa, di-.'-it-xo'.t. Delgado, dfbetih'do. Delhi, df/'f. ' I Jimavend, t/?m;tk-i!'»d'. Dcnibia, dcittbe-ak. TH'tiis, da-n?, Dennis, dfn'is. Des M(t\ues,dit-moifi'. Dessau, dh sow. Detmold, det'moll. iK-lroit'. Dbawalapiri, d,i-tv!^i-,}-gher'r?. Di.imaiilnia, dc-ah-mahn-tl-' nah. I»iaibekir, dX-ahr-bekr,' Dieppe, z'd<'n. Dinnbeda, drok'k,'d,\. I>rontlieiiii. drdtit'em. PuI)U(tU(', di':-ii'>dk'. I>Ueio, doi'-ri'rd. Ttiiiila, (hui'dah. Dumbovitza, diini-t'd~i'u'sa. Dulcc, dool'sa. Dumfries, d&m-frcce'. r)uiii, dfi'tiiih. num.' msby, dftnk',iuz-'y. I)uniialk, duu'dank'. Dunedin, Juft-fd'/tt. Durango, dii-rnkn^'go. If'Urba:i, dny-bakn. Dwioa, divi'nak. K l/bin, S|i. a'bio. I'.i uador, fk-waft-dor*. lMlj;et:nmbe, i;'k(im. lulmbutg, id-in-bHr'ro. Kginont, fg'mott, Kgrip.w, a-grypice. ^■^iy^'^. Hipf- Kkaierinburi:, ii-k,ih'(er-^H'boorg' .•:i Ahsa, //,t//'ivM. Klburi, ?l-boori'. Kl Dor.ido, ^/^('^ru'. Krz Cebirjic. ?r/z ^w^V\v*. Kscurial, i^.<-ki>,'-r?~,ik/'. F'',snieralda, ?s-iiii\.r,/fr.,iah>t'dop5. Ferrara. /ir-mh'rak. Fiir rol'. V ctzww^ fez-zakn' . Fiesoic,/f.('j*i. Foveaiix,y(>-r'<»'. Vxi-W\.:T^yfr\'bcrg. V f^-\\\\\\^, fr'i' boorg. 1' iin, fre'o. Frisdie Haff.//-<'jAV kahf. V x\s\An. fr'iz'i'-txu. Fuca.yu'tv///. Fuego,/7r./V"' FlH'};ns, /■<)../ V^f^. Fiimhai,/,''. G fJairdner, gard'ner, Calapa'ji.-', g.ih-i'uh'pAh-i^os, or g,ik'hih-/'rt'g&s, C,.\]m7^ g,,k'/,iktz. na'i.i.s.i..a,/./jAV-!i,,(.',i///-//>',^/r, ('..»lvi,slon, gti/'j'fs-foft. ( lalway, t^.tui'ivil. (laoKis, ,oI"'/i-'- Ciaromie, gah-ron'. (kiiesfe, /?ft-t-s?'. Cieneva, ii'fie'i'ti. I Icnevievr, . ?ii-c-v?v'. ( ieiifia, i^n'o-a <}cial, zhn-rahl'. t 'ri'yst;is, ghi's^ rz. < 'di.ulanifs, gitk-diik'ttiTs, Chants, i;au(s. Client, ^AM^ Cibuiiiei-, ^'/.jW. ('libra! t.ir,/jM^r.r«/'Air. (iilnmn, ie-hdon'. Cila, hi-'. 'ah. Ciiroiule, ie'roud', Glasgow, ghis'go. Glommen,' ^Um'en. Cilnuccster, glbi'ter. Cobi, i'ii'i^. o/the proper namii m tHe above iable^/or obvious reasons, has only been approximately given, r.ndaycry, x-it-d.tk'vfr'l. (fonalves, gtfnive', i''f*x\iUx, giWd.ikr. ( Jondokiirn, ^dndo-kb'rS. CtKlebnrg. yi'-t,J'bOrrg'. ( lotlmgun, /^i»/V/«i-/«. Cozio, ^ol so. m V,x.\UAs, gr,tk'i?.ahs. CxMi^ grahtz. ^'txuvnmtU, green' ij. (Ireil/, grltz, Grenada, gre-nli'da. <-\xnaiiaxiiato, g^vak-tiak-kwak'lj. { ''U^\rtxc,g:t>ak-pu'ris. (luatdafui, i:ahr'dak-/nv'. (luatemala, fvak-ff-mah'lak. Guaviare, gnah-v?-ak'ra. Gnayatpnl, eivhak-kll*. Guernsey, i'7(r»'«'«?. iimM\nt ghhak'nak. Guinea, gkhi'f. ( luy.mdfitte, gkltin-dst'. Gnysborougli, Y^/j-Awr'rt Gwalior, gtvah Tt-or. H Iladramaut, kakd-rah-motvt. Hague, hagh. Hainan, bt-nAn', \ Hainault. kn-nd. Halio, kc-il'ua. Hel'fto-l.ind, nr Hei'[-Eo-!and. Hel'sin.p-fnrs'. HC'l'mund'. Ht?n-lo'[ien. Herat. hcr-,iht'. W^xaW.X. ha-ro. Hereford, hfr'f~f„rd. \\iix\lm\Jtart'/ord. Herinanst.idt. n?rr-uinhti-st,iht' , Hcrrnbut. h^ru'hdot. Herzegovina, k!rt-sek-go-v/n,ih. Hesse, kess. Hides , e'air. Hli-du-st.1n'. Hinan, hi-mthn'. Hoangbo, h^Ang'ho', or "ivhaiig'/io'. Ho hen-!o-be. HoKtein, hol'stht. Hutyolce. hbVyok. Honda, du-d,ih. Honduras. luVr-dob'ms. \Um(}\\ih\,kb-nb-ldb-loo. Hoibam, hbth'am. Hon^atonic. koo-sa-ton'ik. UnwiU. Iwth. Hiiall iKa, 'vahi-ynk'g.th. Hue, koo'rt. Huesca '.vci'kah. Hyderabad. h':-der-,i'l;ihd'. Hydrabad, hhdra-lmhd' - Hyeres, kl-a.r'. I Id.ilin, Vdii-kb. IgMaiw, T-.:ntih'ia. in,?'/.-'. IlHmani, Tl-ye-tnah'tte. Illinois, V-'i-tioiie', ox noi'. Inagua, r-mih'gxiixk. Indigirka, hi-(vi/i. Janiiia, yaht'uf-iuih, J.in Mayen,^'uA« m't'en, J.ipiira, hah'/H>d'riih. }M^y, yiis'se. javAija/t'7'aA. J.ivary, hah-Viih're. Jedburgli, jed'bur-ro, Jt-'na, ya'^uth* Jorsey, /rr'ze, }\\\OQi\^ Jl'hddn' . Ji-Io'io. Joannes, zha-ahn'nis- Jorullo, ho'rootyo. Jua:i de Kiica, >«'(?« dffu'ka, Sp. koo-iiliH da/oo'kiih. J Juaii Fernandez, \ Ju'iin ft'r-H'tn' di^z ) Sp. hoo-ahn'/er n-xhev' . Koeni^sberR, ken'iffz-l>cr,^\ Ko{Iiac, ko'de-a/tk,'^ Kokan, ko-kahti'- Kolyma, ko-U-mah' or ko-te'mah. Ko'niorn. Koni^grat?., kfn'is^-t^rahfs, Konij;sl)erg. ken-it^i-berfr, Kor-d<>-{an, kor-do-ftthf? , Kuenhin, kw^tflodn', j Knr, kSdr. \ Kurdistan, k^dr-di's-tahn' . Kurile, kdd'rd, \ Ktiro Sivo, kihj'ro s?'v<-i, Kurraclice, kHr-ah-che' . ' Kyaclita, ke-akk't,ih. LOVELL'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY. La Guayra, hihgwVrah. I La HoHue, hdg, I Lahore, lah-hor', I La Mancha, /ii/. tnahn'ch*ik, Laos, lah'oc, . La Paz, iii/t'/>iihz'. La Puebia, lah Mvfb' lah» I-^a Perou.se, ia/i /la-rooz'. La Rochelie. ro-sheV, Lancaster, Idn^'kas'ter. Landes, i,iti{ff)dz. Langres, /a/tn(ff)'r. Laramie, iAr'H-itte. Lassa, fahs'stih. Lausanne, lo-zithn'. Laybach, IVbahk, Lcamincton, U'm'ing-ioH* Lech, Ifk. Leeuwin, tc'ivitu Leicester, les'ter. Leipsic, lipe'sik. Leman, la'ituihuig)* . ?^eominster, Id-uihi'Ster. Le P»y, ie />n>? Lichlenfels, tik' ten-Ms. Lillc, /,-'/. Licchtun-itein, lek-ten-siin. Lima, h'vuih, Lini(»j;t;"<. /r-mozh'. Linctiln, liiik'uH. Lipari, liti'a-rf. Lisbon, liz-biiu'. ]ah'tiih. Luxeinburi,', liiks'em'burg^ I-,uzon, lo^zbn'. Lynn, i'tii. Lyons, ii'unz. Laaland, hh'/and, or /di'atid, Labrado-, Mb-ra-dUr'. Libiiati. hth-ba.i^zhs;'. L.iccadive, /dk-a-dn''. La I'hutc, /afi shfU. Ladrone, fa-drdn', LldoK.t, /a'dd'ca.': L.if.)y<'ttt% /iiA-,i-iV'. L» Kinifdif, 1,1 /dor i ft. L;i«n, f.ih'i:^. Lmn-, lah'^o.f. M. Maan, mih ahs. Macao, /iiah-kith'o, or tnnh-kMt/. Macassar, iua-k,U-ar. Mackinac, tnitk"i-na~.v. Madawaska, viild-n,i-dr'r,i. Madrid, mnii}i-?-tdd'tin. Mannheim, vuxhn'hhn. ^^aracaybn, mah-rah'kx'bo. Maranhani, luilr-it-.-'lm'. Maraidiao, >n.th-r,thn'y:thn'. Marajo, mah-rah-zhd'. Marauon, mah-rnhwyHn'. Maiparita, mar-gah-re' tah. Mariatfi, mah-re-ah'to. Marie (j^\;in\.c,tnah-r? gah-lahnt' . Marietta, mii-ri-it'n. Mariguana, vtah-r?-givah'mth. Maritzai tnnh-rM' snn. Mar.Kco, ma-rok'o. Marquesas, fnahr-ka'saks, Marquette, mahr-kli', Marseilles, inahr-stt/s. Martaban, tii,tftr-ta-/>dn* . Martiniijur, }M.i^y-f',.H?i'' M.-.scarene, mafn-ka-riti*. M assowah, max'sa-tvah. Matai)L'le, mah-tah-bil'lil. M.M-a-jian'. Aiatter irn, mah'ter-horn% M. nil li-l 'hunk, m,tnk-chtingk\ Matilinain, ininiZ-miu'. Mauritius, tnawrish'hUs. Maye.ine, mn-yin', Mayiwcho, mi-pa'cho- Mazatlan, mah-zaht'lahn' • Mecca, ,nik'a, Meckiin, vtik'ltn. M ' rt. inH-di'nah. iVt ' en, mi'uhig-gH. M ig, -uti-kong' . Ml !<■ le, mH'burn. ^^eI.. ,, ma-ling', Meinel, mfm'gl\ or ma'meL Menai, men'i. Metiani, ma-nahm. Mendocino, m^n-do-si' iw . MeiiKme, mevto'Mii- Mercede, mer-siid', or me r' eld, Mergui, mtr-ghe'. Merid.), mfr'fdah, Merthyr Tydfil, mer'thir iid'vii. Meshickemau, me-shik'e-mo. Mesilla, maset'ynh. Messina, mls-si-'nah. Metz, vi?ts^ or mme. Meusc, milz. Me.'.ene, mez-3Hf'. Mfunibiri., mffim-be'ro* Miako, me ah'ko. Michipicoteu, muh-'i-p'i-kd'ien. Milan, mU'an. Mille Lacs, mt-l lahk, Mindanao. w}n-dah-nah'o, Minpan, mhig'gan. Minho, msn'yo. Minnesota, min-^-^td ta. Miramichi, m'tr-ii-me-sht'. I Miriin, me-recn{g)' . , Missolonghi, mis-so-long-ghe. I Mitvlene, «//-//-/,;';/(•. ] Mnbile, wtf-(^,-/'. I Mocha, vio'kah. j Moklau, mdl'dow. ' Moiiipax, mom-poh*. MoMiana, mon-iah'na, Mont lilanc, tnoi/(g) b/onlgV, Monte Chrisli, inoit'tl kris'te- Monte Diablo, mon'/a de-ah'b/d. Montenegro, mon-Ul-n&'gro. Montfi'y, mon-ia-ra', Mon- .deo, m^n-t?-vid'e-o, or mou'tii-z'e'da'O. Alontgoinery, motit-giim-er-i. Mont-nio-ren'cy, Kr. tuiin(^)-mo-raknig)-se' , Mont-ser-rat', Kr., tnbn(^)-sfr'rah'. Moray, viur'H, Morena, tnit-ra'nah. Moscow, tnds'kd. Mo>;elle, mb-zfl\ Mo'sul. Mnulinein, maid-m?>i'. Mozambique, mo-znm~bck'. Mulahacen, moo-lah-ah~then'. Maiden, tnool'deu. Murcbison, vinr\'hi-soti, Mur-rum-bid'gee. Muscat, miis-kah'dah. Newcastle, ftii'kasW. Newfoundland, fiu'/ilnd-fihid. Ngamr, n^gah'me, Niagara, ni-ag'ii-rah, Nicaragua, mk-ah'rah'gwah, Nice, »?s, Nic'-o-bar. Niemcn, ne'tneti. Nieuweveld, nyuw'velt, Niger, ni'jer, Nijni Novgorod, utzh'ne n5%}-go-rM' . Niphon, ni-/dn\ '^'ipi•'^!Ilg, mp-t-sing*. Nismes, «?;«. Norwich, nor'ij' Notre Dame, nU^r dahm. Ncursi', nodri, Novaia Zenilia, fio-v't'ah zlm'le-ah. Nueces, n-if/i'-sfs. Nubia, noobe-ah. Nyanza, nhakn'zah, Nyas^a, nhahs'sah, o. Oahu, wah'hdfl. f)bidos. b-bf'doce. Obi, o'be. Oceania, o-she-ani-a. Ocnmlgee, ok-mul'ghe, Odense, o'dcn-se. Oesel, e'sel. Oketinokee, d-ke-fin-d'ki. Okhotsk, 3-Xv/j>t. Olmntz, oVmuts. Omaha, b'ma-havj. 0:n.in, b'mahn\ Oinoa, b-mb'ah. Onega, o~ne'ga, Oiiion, iln'yun. ( >ntonagon, Hn-la-nai/g'on, Orchilla, or-c/ieel'mh, Orihuela. o-re-wiV/ak. Orizaba, b-r?-snli'b.ih. Oikneys, ork'iii-z. Ortegal, br-ta-gahl'. Oruba, o-roo'bak, Osage, o-s^j ; Fr. o-zahzh', (Jshkosh, i^sh'kbsh. O^^wego, os-uv'go, Otranto, o-trnitn'to. Ottawa, oi'til--/iVc. Papua, pitp'o-a, ox pah'pdd^h. Para, pah-rah*. Paraguay, Piih-rah-g'.i'a' , or pah-rah'^7vV . Parahyl)a, pah-rah-^'bah. Paramaribo, /,/r--'/-^(?. Parana, pah'rah-nah* . Paranagna, pth-rah-nah-gwah* . Paranahyb.i. pah-rah-nnh-i'bah. Parecis, pah-ra-t?s'. Parime, pxh-rf'mH- Pariiia, pah-r?-nah*, Passau, pa/is'so^v. Pasto, pitAs'ta. Pan, po, Patos, pah'toce. Pavia, pijh've-ih. Pecliilt, pa-che-li', Pecoi. pa'kbs. Pei|ius, pii'e~pbds, Peking, pr-kitig', I'elew, pf-ln'. Pelinjj, Al-//«r'. Pembina, pern be-nah. I'enas, ffn'yahs. Pe-nob scot. Penzance, pcn-zanss' , Pere Marquette, p^r niar-ket*. Pernambuco,/Vr-«-P(f!i-/oo'ik^ . Philippine, 7?/'/'-//;/. Pichincha,/,'-,/i/«'<7f,fA. Pico de 'leyde, pe'ko de tX'df. Pietermaiit/burg, pl-tcr-mar' its-burg. Pilcomayo, pd-ko-mi'o. Pisa. p;Kd. Piscataqua. /mouih, Piirt?mtUh. Portugal, ^br/'do-gal, I'osen, po zeii, Potomac, po'U^mnk. Voiusi, po-to-s?', or po-/o'jf. Poughkeepsie, pd-AJ/'sl, Prague, prag. I'regel, /r.jV'-A Presqiie Lslc,/^f j^ ?/'. I 'rovcuce, pro'7'anig)s'. Prulh, prbb/A. Puebia, p^vib'lah. Puerco, piygr^ko. Puerto Principe, /ic^rVi) pren'se-pa. Puno, poo' no. Punta, pbbn'iah. Pur us, pod' reds. Putuniayo, pbb-too-mt^o. Pyrenees, pir'en-ez. Q- Quathlamba, knvthHahm'bah. Quatre Pras, kahCr brah. Oiit-'bev, ktue-bek'. Qwentin, kwen'tin, Queretaro, ka-ra-tah'-ro, 0"'lM-'ron, ki-ba-rdn{ g)' . Quili mane, -<■?-/?■ »M/r«a^. (Juiloa, ke'lo^th. (Jiiito, ke'tb, (Juor'ra. R. Rabatt, rah-bahl'. Racirte, rd-s?n'. Radack, rah'dahk. Rainier, rH'nfr. Raleigli, rau'le. Ralick, rah'iik. Rangoon, rUng-gbbn* . Ras-el-Had, rahz-il-kahd'. Reading, rid'ing. Realejo, re-ahla'ko. Recherche, rf-shersh^. RLcife, nl-se'-fa. Repgio, rfd'f'o. Reikiavik, rl'ki-a-vlk. Reno, rn'no. Restigoiiche, res-te-goo'sha. Renss, ruce. Reval, rfv'aU or rfv'ahl. ReviUagigedo. ra-viryah-he'hS.* do. Rheims, rems* Rhodes, rddz. Riad, re-ahd*. Richibucto, rish-e-huk'tg, Richelieu, rt'she-tdd. Rldeau, ri-dd', Rieseii Geberge, rf'zeri ga-b?r'-gei. Rmimi'^ki, r^mbds k?. Riohaniba, r^-o-bahm'bah. Rio de la Plata, re'o da lah plah'iah. Ripa, re'^nh. Rio (ivande (Texas), ri'o Grand. Rio Grande {,'A.t\.) re'o grahn'da, Rio Grande del Xirte, re'o grahn'da dfl uor'ta. Rio Janeiro, ri'o jii»-?'ro, or r?'o jtx-ua'ro* Rio Negro, rVo nH'gro- Rio PccoB, r?'o p^i'kos. Rio San Juan.r? V sahn hoo-ahu' . Rio Santiago, re'o sahn-te'ah'go. Riviere du Loup, r^ve-air du loo*. Rochefort, rbih-/or', RiK-helle, ro-shlll. Uodrigues, rbd-r?g, or ro-dreg'cz, Roque, rSk. Roraima, rb-r't'-niah. Rosario, ro-sah're-o, Roscnau, rit-zeti-oji'. Rotterdam, nV-er-difm'. Rouen, rbit'en ; Kr. rwotig, Runmania, roo-mah'ne-dh, j Riivuma, ro-z-oo'ma. \ Roxo, ro'ho. Rugen, ru'ghen. Rustchuk, rdflsHhaok'. Rutland, riit'lnnd. Riilledge, riit-lej . Ryswick, rh'w/k Samoa, sah-mb'ah. Sana, sah-nah'. San l!artutomco, sahn bah-lol'-b-md'O, San IJlas, blahs. Sail liorja, bor'hah. S.1n Glemente, cla'mahn{g)f. San Diego, sahn de-A'-go. S.ln Domingo, do-ming'go. San Kernando, sahn /er-nahn' do. Sangay, sahn-ghi', San J.MqiMii, sahn ho-ah-ki-n' . San Jose, sahn ho-sA'. San Juan, siin /Hb'-an ; Sp. sahn hoo-ahn' , or son htvahn , San M.ireno, sahn mah-re'no. San Matias, sahn mah-te'ahs. .San Miguel, sahn me-ghcl'. San Pedro, sahn pa'dro, San Salvador, sahn Sithl'vaftrdor'. Santa Cruz, sUn'la It bos ; Sp. sahu'iah krodth. Santa Fe, sa'tn'tah/a. Santareni, sahn-tah-yen( g)' , Santiago, sahn-tc'ali'go, SatHie, sbn. Saratov, sah-rah-tb^i'. ' Sarawak, sak-rah'ivahk, or \ sah-rah-wahk'. i Saskatchewan, sds-kdch'e-jtMtun'. ' Sault St. Mary, ' i* 1 sb sahn inah-re, { luually called ^bd sent mU'rt. i Sa\imur, sb-mur', ' Save, sahz', or sa?'. , Sav'oy, or 'r^rhr'-n-n/i'. ( Sayan-^k, si-ahnsk . < Scafell, skah'/ci Schaffhausen, sh.^h -hozv'zen. < Schelde, or scheUil, skill. < Schemnitz, shfm'nitz. \ Schencctad ■, skf-n}k'ta-dl. ( Scioto, sho to. ( Schleswip, shll's'wi^, J Schoharie, sko-hHr^i. \ Sclioodic, skod'dik. ( Schuylkill, skdil'kV. j Schwerin, shw&-ren', J Scilly, sU'h I Scio, si'o. ' Scutari, skSd'tah-ri, \ Segre, sii'gra. i Segura, sa-goo'rah, ' Seme, slin. \ Senaar, orsennaar, sin-nahr'. ( Senegal, sfn-^ganf, < Sereth. sii-rei'. ! Serra Kspenb.acn, ( sfrr'ah fs-pin-yah'sb. < Sesheke, sa-sha'ka. i Seychelles, sa-shfl'. \ Shaino, shah-md', ( Shanghai, shang-hl*, - ' Shary, shah're. \ Shasta, shas'ta. ( Slienandoah, shhi-an-db'ah. ' Shiraz, she-rahz'. \ Shumla, shvom'lah. ( Sierra Acarai, se-fr'ah ' ah-kah-rl', J Sierra Kstrella, es-trel'vah. t Sierra Leone, si-fr'a li-o'ne ; < Sp. sf-?r'ah la-b'nU. I Sierra Madre, mahd'ra. ( Sierra Morena, mo-rii'nah, ( Sierra Nevada, na-vahdah. \ Silumn, si'hbdn'. \ Sinai, si'n'i, or si'na-i. ( Sinde, s'lnd. J Singaiiore, slng-gah-pbr'. \ .Si-ah. Saghalien, sah-gah-le'en. Saginaw, Si1i;-i-n?n'. Salzburg, sauld'burg, Ger. sattlls'bSdrg. Samaria, sah-tnah-nah'. Sioux, idd; I-r. s?-bi^. Sir Daria, ser dah'rP-ah. Sirin.'gnr, sfr-ing-ah-goor' , Skagei Kwi^V, skdg'er nlk, Sneetiw, snhdbv'. Socotra, io-kb'trah, or s!\k'o trah. Sofala, s^/ah'lah, f^r sd'/ah-lah . Stibnioes, so-te'mdz. Somali, so^maw't^. Somerset, sum'er-s^l. Sumnie, sbm. .Sondershausun, son-ders'hmv'-zeH. Soonparia, sddng-gah're-ah, Sophia, so-/e'ah. Sorata, so-rah'tah. Sorel, so-rel'. Snndan, sbd-dahn'. Spandau, spahn'do'ltt. Spartivento, spahr-te-i'ifM'to, Spezzia, spft'se-ah, Spiizbergen, spUs-bergh'en, Spree, sprd. Stanovoi, s/ah-mht'oi'. Sta. M.iri.i, sahu'iah tnah-re'ah. St. Augu&line, sent mf-gus-teen'. St. Grr)ix, senf-kroy'. St. Genevieve, Jen-e~viev' . Stcilacooni. sti-lah-kotnn*. StepiJe, step. Strelitz, s/rflPts. StromDoli, stroni'bo-lf, Suchona, soo-kd'nah, Sucre, soo'kra. Sutletic, su-dft'ik. Suez, sbb'ez ; Arab. sbd-fz\ ot sbb'ahz'. I Suir, shQr, sah'ttiS'tih. ih-tiah'. rtolomco, siihn bah-ioU-dtua-o. s, blahs. ■jn, bor'hah. inente, cla'miihnig)t. go, sahu de-A'-go. iniiiRo, do'ming'go. nandn, sahu /er-tiahu' lio. sahu'ghi'. tjiiiii, sahn ho-ah-kcti' . L', sahn ho'ih', n, sti/t jHO'-ati ; Sp. i '0O-ahtt\ or san huHxhii . ' ■etu»» sahpt mah-re'no. I ias, sahn mah-ti'ahs. i uel, sahn nie-ghel', ro, sahn f^'dro, Mtlor, ji///;/ siihhvaltrdor* . ruz, idn'ia krdds ; Sp. stihii'tah krooth, ', sahn'tahja. II, sahn-tah-7en{^y, , sahn-te'ali'go. hi. sah-rnh-l57'\ , sah-rah'-ivaUk. or J(j//-ratave, inh-mah-iah'vd Tampici), tahm-p'e'ko. Taiiiinarivo, ^ tak'nah-nah-re-i'do' Fanaro, lah-nah'ro. 'I'rtiiHariylka, tahn-gahn-yi' kah Tan^-ier, tahn-jer , Tansift. iahn'si/t. Tao, iah'p, almost ioiv. [laos, tnh'os^ almost tons. 'i'apajos, tah-pah'z/ios, or tAh-pah' has, Tarbcs, iarb, Tanfa, tah-re'/ah. Tiiritn, tah'rem. Tasmania, /az-nul'm-a. Tdmil, chad. 'i't^\\CTmf'ov,i-h?r'>ie-g07'. Tcliernowilz, chSr'no-vilz. TeJiama, ta-hah'mah. Teheran, tH-h'rahn'. Tehuantepcc, ta-waku-ta-pik''. Tejo, ta'zho. * Tcmis'c.imin;;. Teiieriffe, ien-er-lf . TeiiRn Nnr, t^n-gre nor. Tensift, iin-s'i/i' or tin-seft'. Tequendama, in-kewdah' mah. Terceir*, /fr-sd'c-mh. Terre Haute, tir't^ hat ; Fr. lir hdt, or t?r'e hdt. Tete, ia'ta. Teulada, id-oo-lah'dah. Tenchebray, ten' she-bra, Ten-as'se-rim. Tewkesb4ny, takes' bcr-r'i. Tczciico, ies-koo'ko. Thames, t^ntz. Thebes, thebz. Theiss, tu. Tliian Shan, tcahn' shahn. Thibet, tU'i't, or n-bft'. Thiel, tc/. Theirs, tp-iir'. Thibodeatix, tib-o-db'. Thionville, t?~on~vei', Thiime, ib'ma. Thorn, torn. Thur, inr, Ticino, te-chg'no. Ticonderoga, ti-kon-der-o* ga, TientsinK, R-htt-sing' , Tierra del Fuei-o, te-^r'a del/wa'go, Tioga, ti-o'gah. Tivoli, iw'o-li: Tiflis, n/-lts. Timbuctoo, tim-biik'too. Timor, te-more'. Titicaca, te-ti-^ah' kah, To-ba'yo. To-bolsk'. Tokio, td'ki-d. Tocanlin.e, to-kahifi^nr.. Tokay, io-kah' ; Hung, to'koi'. Tolema, to-li'mah. Xouawaiidai ton^d-iuiin'da/i. Tonquin, ton-i^n*, \ Tornca, tor'ne-o. I Tortugas, tcr-too'gahs. I Toulon, too-idHigY. I Toulouse, tdd'/bds'. , Touraiiie, too-rUn*. j Tournay, toor-nn'. \ Tours, fodr. \ Tra-fal'gar. Transvaal, irAm-vahl'. Tras Oft Monies, trah'soce m&n'tiz. I ravancore, irii^t-ahn-kbr'. Trebizond, irih't-zSnd. Tris Monies, tras mon'tes. Tris Puntas, tras poon'tas. Treves, tri-vz, Trincomalee, )'r/«^-X-<»-;«-/ah'ra. Tundra, toon'drah. '^\w^^\\x-A%w?iytoiiH'gQp-rah'gwah. Tiiiiguska, ibon-gobs' kah. Turkestan, iur-kes'tahn*, Turnhout, turnhoo', Tver, tvar. Tyrol, ttr^rbl*, Tyrone, tl-rott', u. Ucayali, oa-ki-ah'/r-. Udong, oo-dSng'. Uist, lu'tst. Ujiji, ob-je'je. Ulm, iklmi Germ. Ulm. Uiipava, ung-gah'vah. UniamesI, oo-ne-ah-nuVsc, Unyoro, bdn-yo'ro. Uperiiavik, oa'per-uah-vik. Upsala, oop'sah-lah, Ural,>«-rfi/; 0\\xa\^ o5-rahi* . Urga, dor'gnh, Ui'uguav, yoo-roo-gwii'. Uruniial>. dd-rob~nu-'a, Urubamlj.i, oo-roo-bahm'bah. u..:.',. ■ Utah,jv u. . Vtica, yod .''-ka. Vtrei:ht,ybif''ri'kf. V. Vaal, 7'ah/, Vaipatcn, vi-gahh. V.ilais. vah-ld'. Valu.ii, vahi'di. V'aldivia, vahl-dc'v'hah. Valence, vah'iahH{g)s, Valencia, va-fcn'shUa ; Sn. vah-iin'thl'-ah. Valparaiso, vahl-pah-ri'so. Vancouver, v^n-koo'ver. Van Dieman, vdn d?'man. Vannes, vahn. Vanua Levu, vah-fioo'ah lu'voo. Vand, vd. Vendee, vonig)-da', Vendome, vnhn{g)-do)ii' . Venezuela, vSn-ez-iv'e'iah ; Sp. vin-ith'Wa' lah. Venice, ven'iss. Ventuari, ven-ioo-aJt're. Vera Cruz, vU'rah h'bds. Vermejo, vir-ma'ho, Verona, Vil^ro'nah. Vichy, v?-shi'. Versailles, ver-stVz', Vienna, ve-in'nah. Vienne, ve-en*. Vico, le'go^ Sp. ; vVgOy Ind. Villa Rica, -.'(I'yah re'kah. Vincennes, vhi-s!nz' ; Kr. v'rf«P-/«/-^-4//^'. \A\\\ti\^s, yahn-ta'Jis. \Ao^yah o. Yapura, yah-poo'rah, Varkand, yahr-kahnd' . Ynrninmli. yahr'niHth, Vavari, ynh-vah're, Vem'en. Yenisei, yen-e-sa'^, Yeneseisk, yen-e-sa'esk. , Yokohama, vo-Xv.//rt//'w,;>i. ' YoiHie, j'£)« . I Vosemile, yo-siin't-ti. Ypres, e'p'r. Vpsilanli, tp-se~lAn'te. Yssel, I'sel, Ythan, ith'an. Yucatan, yn-kah-tahn' , Yunnan, yun-nahn'. Yuthia, yiit'e-ah, 7.. Zacatecas, zah-kah-ta'kas, Zagros, zah'gros. iiaisan, zi-zuhn', Z.imbt'si, zahtti-ba'z?. y. II gnL-b.n , zan-ghi-bar's Z.tme, ziihn'li. Aw zibar, zahn-z't-bahr', Z-Jiiiiai. zir-maht'. Zuider Zee, zi'der si, Zulu, zoo'/oo. Zurich, zoo'rik- Zut[)hen, sut'phett. Zwulle, zworish. APPENDIX. STATISTICAL TABLES. Poliir Diameter Kqiiatorinl Diameter.. TABLE I. Dimensions of the Earth. ..7,S!».r)8mile3. I Kqiiatoiial Clroumforonce... 24 WOO " ,.7,!)-.:o.r)0 " I .Supur ltcial Area 197,:il0,b(xrsij. miles. TABLE II. Xiimber nf Gniirnphionl milesina Driiree o/Loni/iliokuiKlfi-rai'lt I'urullclof'lMl- iliirle, nil Ike Siimo.vtioii Vial the' Polar Cominxsnioii of ihc Earth is di- TABLE IV. Ximber of Eiif/Ush miles in a Der/ree of Lonijitmli; on each I'araUr! of i.'alitini from the Eiinator to tlif Sorlh Polo TABLE VI. Heights of Princii>a! ^^otlntains. NORTH AMEIIICA. t. Xoiihern Cmst Mountains. Feet. Mount .St. Eilas (Dall) lil.'JW (.Miile!i|iiiia) U.itrA " (linir. llydrog. Cliart8i.U,!i70 " (La Teruuiju) t2,mil 2. .Sierra Xernila ami Cascatle Range. Mniiiit Wliitiicy Mount Itainier. Mount Shasl TABLE III. .irrm nf tl). "■•r.iin' ii'ilh thrlf mljarvni Sias, ill Eni/lish sijiiare .Miles! H<|. IIMlol. I'acllli' (loean Attautiu *' Indian " Arill.^ " Antaretiu " a.l.lKIO.IHKI L'ri,0(H),(in(i 6,.'iim,iiiiii TABLE V. ircas of the. tlr.ul Land Divisions, iritU their Puimlation. Norlh AnuMli'a.. South Aiueri™.. Kuroi)e Ada Afrl™. Mount Tvudall .Mount Daiiti .Mount llooil .'t. JtiH-f:;/ .\tiinntaiiis, Uucoinpiih^ri: I'e.ik Mount llarvanl tiray's I'eak Mount l.iiK'oIn liOtig'H IVak Tike's Teak •I. ^tounlain reaks in Ik. .\fr.virii. . . 1.1,000 .14,441 . . 14,440 . .I4,:!«li ..i:i,ooo , 12,IHI0 ...11,,'ilO ...14,:»t ...14,:ui ...14,207 . ..I.'I.IKNI ...14,21ti Stliihiliiiii. .10,.''jlH1.00ll 2t<,IKKl,INKl ^ll.t.tHIO.IlOO ;ST,(IOO,0(m 2U.1,niltl,(NHI 37,000,000 siiiilliirn pari of ropniatajii'tl (V., highest peak but one in North .Xnu'rlca) I7,7";i l/ta<'('i]iuall li", Ytn (.iri/.al)u tV) ■ 17,374 5. PiaLs on the riateaii cif Central Ameriea. Voliaiui l^f A gua 1.1,000 <-'"iiinlain .tvtlnii, aro nc- (nnliiiK ti> tlH' l)uri.jii,'tric mcnsiircincntM .if IVofi'ssor 0. U'liilf Atouiil.iins. Av(Uime of (.igiit highest peaks. . Mount W iislnuL'tcui Mount A.lanii, ;"" Mount .lellciBon '.'. 7. (irttii .\tr.iiJitn;»^, .MaiiBlli.l.l Mount (the ('hln) 4,^,10 Kllllngtiui I'eak. ' .,. 4;^,;;| N. .Iilirondae Monnlains. Average of I, .11 lilgln-nt peaku ? 4,1171 Mount Mai-ey, or'l'eluiwus b 17!) 0. falsHll Mountains. ■*'""'»8« V3,000 , .r,.nni . (i,42S n,vin 0,714 TABLE Vl.-Coiitinued. 10. Atleifhanii Mmmtains. Aveijageof nine Hiilgo in Pa )m ' in Md. and Va., near Harper's ' rerry | fj^D " of highest peaks in central Va. 4!lll;0 of theentireridgein N. C 3,200 in rja 1 Clin 11 .,, , J,8UU Alleghanies proper, nctir lat. ;t7i.,'j o ^\r■,f^ " iiearlat. .'Hi , for inoiniles..''!! .i'llilO at their terminus ill Ala 1 21MI Peaks 01 (J, -.Mdhe highest) 3 i|.,3 « hite 'J'op (southern border of Va.) .... o'.oio 11. lltael: .Mouulaius. .\vei;am>,nf eight highest pe.nks c,CIO Ul.aek Home, or Miteliell's High Peak orClingman'B Peak ' 707 lialsam Cone [] g,j^[ 12. Smol.-ii. or fnaka .Vountains (highest range of the Appalaehlan .System). -Vverage, ahiuit o (53^0 .■smoky Dome, orclingman's .Mount... flilido .Mountilnyot (jn.),. Mount [.eeoiite (eentral peak) '.'.'..'. i3,m .Mount Buckley 69'J 13. .Mountains in the Islands <\f America. Sierra Maeslra truba. West Imlles)... . ii,.wo illue Mountains (.lamnica. West ludiesl 11 7:10 L,"'"" , " (Havti, •• ) 7'.,oi) tl .'j" ''.'.' ''''"B"lili' (I'orlo llico, W.l. ;i,ri7H Heela (\ .)(l,.,.|aml) Oracfa .loUull " MIITH AMKRICA. I. .-tniles. Sorala or .Vnrohunin lllimani .Aeoneagua '. 'ruimiigala I'lilinborazo Caynmbe '''[ .Viitisaiia , .".'.'."" ' Cotopaxi _'* *" Tungiiai-.-tgua. . .......'.".*.'.'..'."" Piebini'ha '.*."..".*.'.*! '■ 'ani'Mraiil'""'""" >^->"--'". »'"1^"'". .i.tion . 0,4011 . .2I,R12 21,140 .22,122 ,.'.'2,01(1 .21,4'24 l!l,.VI.'i ,. 10,137 .■Is.W.'i .111,421 .10,0:M Avemge, from 4,000 to .Maravaia i\eneziiela) .... 3. .yfouutains 0/ Ilra.il. llambe (Serra Kspiiihaen). . 0,000 .10,000 : -. i 148 TABLE Vl -Continued. EUKOPE. Feet. Klbtu-zOiigliGSb of CatKJOSus >Its is, 571 lllaniMAllw) 1S.7K1 liiwiM A l|is) irj,'j:;3 Kiiist.Tiiar.hnrn ( Alpa) 1 1.IIKI ^Inladuttu (Pyriinuuiil 1 1,108 iMiimit Ktiin, Sirily (vciU-iuio) 10,874 Moll lit UlympuH, (In'ocfJ ;',74'.t Mdunt Vesiuviun, Itaiy (volcano) y,li50 ASIA. Evdri'st, Ilirnnlavn Mountains (liiyhost in till' worlil),: 2:1,002 Kinoliinjiujra, Uinnllava Mountains... .2K,1T.S Dliawala^'iri. " ' " ...2«.(w0 iliinioo Kcuisli Mountains OityluiStt.. . 20.L';!2 Ararat, .\i'UH>nia I0,'.lt»4 Fusi Vania, Japan 14,177 AintlCA. Kilinian.ljaro. Central Africa 20,0(1.-, 'rcni-rillV. Canary Is'.auiis I2.1:i0 ,V ll.K Mountains (liiKlicst) . ., 11 ,400 Has Dflclii'u (.\l)yssiuial l.>,!isil Kcnia, i cnlrai Africa 1»,000 OCKANIA. .Mauna I.na, SainUvich IslnntiB 14,000 ilpliir, Sumatra l:i,K12 (Jwcn sianb'v, I'apua 1:1,20.1 ScnnT. . .I.i\ a 12,ooo Kumont, Now Zcalaml K,»40 Australian .Vlps (llij^hest) 7,.100 : i TABLE VII. Uri'jhti o/some oj'thr Vrboiiml Phttmns. NOItTII AMI'l;l(.A. Feet, tircat Western rlatcau, <'cutral ami si>nthoru portions, avcrai;i', 4.oiiino ."i.OOO IMatcau of .VnalioaiMU-.Mc.xico, average, 7.tl00 (luateniala, avera;,'e 5,000 SOUTH A.MKUICA. Plateau of the .\nde^, between ranges of tlie .\inles, from Caribbean Sea, to lal. -J.-.S., avenigo 10,0I» Talile-Ianil of liogota, average, 8,000 to K^.ooo Quito, " 10,000 Pas.'o, o 14,000 '• Ciizeo, " ll.WO '* Holivia or Desaguadero 12,000 Tal>le-iaiul of Brazil, .'n , rage . . . . 2,.')00 to ;1000 KUlil >PE. Spanish Plateau, average 2,2.'iO Plateau of llavaria, average l,Ot>0 ASIA. Plateau of Asia Alinor or Anatolia. .average 3,2K0 PlateaiC of Araliia, central portions, average K,000 Plateau of Iran or Persia, from 2,.'i00 to :),.")IM1 " Tibet, from l.'i.OOO to 10,000 feet, average 11,000 AFUICA. Desert of Saliara, fri>m a little below tlie level of tlie sea to 4,000 Table-lamlot .\bv8siliia, average«,000 to 0,000 TABLE VIII. Area nj tin: Ikixiiis uml lA'tttjIh of the Pi tin; oo/ Itirvrs iit'iwh (li'ttiul lUfhhin. Name. Aku, Bubin. LellKtll. NOKI'II AMEUICA. fiH. niilcK. Kiig. iniles. Mis8i.>e 3,380 2:17 Evre, .Australia 4,1(H) 70 (iairdner, .'Australia. 2,400 :»kl Wener, Eliro|H' Uruiuiali, Asia ■ 2,020 114 1,7:1.5 4,(«)0 12 Wetter, Euroiie Dead S(!a, Asia 710 200 4IHI 4115 l,:il2 l,:i(10 (leneva, Enrop,. 221 1,2:10 08.1 Constauee, Eurojic... 183 1,200 IIOI NEW WOlil.D. Superior, N. Anii'iiea 32,000 (130 1 ,200 ^liehigan, N. Anier, 25,1100 678 000 Unroll. N. .America. . 24,000 578 1 ,000 Eric, N. Amcrii-a — 10,000 503 KHI (ileal Hear, .V.-Amer. 14,000 230 AViiiiiipeg, .V. Aiiu.r. 0,000 710 Ontario, \. Americ'a. 7,:)(M) 232 000 ^lann-avbo, S. .Aiucr. 5,000 Nicaragua, Con. Ani. 3,500 128 Titicaira, S. Ameii.'a. 4,000 12,847 700 (IrcalSall I.ake.N.A. 1,K00 4,210 .Atlialidska.N. .Aincr. :i,4(Ki (100 >.'i[i!goii, N. .America 1,11.50 8.50 (100 CI ap;.!;.-, N. .America i,.;5o 2,824 Tl.lari-', N. ,\nierica.. 700 COO CInnnplain.N. .Anicr. 5(7 SKI 280 St. .loliii. \..\nicrica 500 300 L.of liie W.io.ls.N.A. .500 1177 ;\Ioo8eliead, N. .\iiicr. :iflo 1,0; Talioe, N. America. . 2,50 0,300 1,700 TABLE X. Area and Pojndatinnol'llf Seren Lar^/est Islaiid.i. Nttinc. Sq. Milci. I'opulatitiii. Oiveiilaiul Goo.ono o.son lionuMt :u)n.o(io l.TrHi.iMH) Ni'w (iuiiica -. JSO,tK«( 1,0011,(101) MailiinaBfiir 1:14, into :t,r>oo,iiiio Sumatra 171.250 l!,(illll,OOI) Niplinii or Jloutlo iia.iiiM) ciruat Itiiiaiii HT,!K);t ni.'j.'io.ono _ —^— TABLE XI. Altitude of the Hii/hint Inhabited J'laies ami Cities. I'.'el. Ilanlc, Thibet 1.5,117 Pasco, Pern 14,008 Potosi, Holivia l:i,:i.50 I.a Paz. Holivia 12,22(1 ( :nz..o. Pern 1 1 ,.51'0 (^iiit... Eciunlor Il,.520 Hi.goia, c.luml.la 8,0(1,5 Sie'riiiaii, Wveiiing Terrilorv 8,000 St. Heriiard, Alps 7,0(15 M..xlco, Mc.vic. 7,47:1 .Anrorii. Nevada Terrilorv 7.44(1 Virginia city. N..vaila. . .'. o.:l"o 'i'rnck.-e, Calitornia 5.s:ll Salt l.a:-.c!Ciiy, Utah Territory 4,2oo TABLE Xtl. nrilish hh;% in Iktail I>ivl>loii>. Kngland Wal..s S.."llaiid, with Shet- laiiti, Orkney, ami llcbriiies Islam'ls Ireland Man Chaiun'l Islamls., . , .. An'il 111 Mimli.Ii iPcpiilntici) ■.[ l.iilc.,. "li;!™ j 23,702,507 30,10: :i2,.5:i 3,405,4,57 B.:i37,20l 3.5,OI2 2, I2H TABLE XIII. Ilritish A'm/.iVc, (')( JIdail, DlvliiolK. .\tT3 in KllBll.ll Ml. ll.ill'H ECUOPEAN. Itrlllsh Isb's I I2l,(in« lleilgoiHlid 0.21 (Jibraltar ' 2. Malta, tkzo,*c 113 I'niiuliittun. 34,200,0011 1,01:1 25,21(1 100,000 TABLE Xlll.-C'ontiiiucd liriiith Empire, in Velail— Continued. Area In Divliioni. liiuea. PopuUtoiD. ASIATIC. India 03«;iO0 101,407,070 Ceylon 24,702 2,7.56,.557 Straits Seiil.inoiiU 1,445 308,007 Hong-Kong 32 124,108 l.abilan 45 4,808 Andaman IslandM 2,.551 13,300 Nieoliar Islands 725 5,000 Laci'iidlve iHlumlH 744 4.3 7.0 C,tO0 Aden 2lV,73(') Ktrcllng IstantlH, Hie VI 1)00 AKKICAN. 21 14,100 408 10,1120 (iold Coast 580,201 Cape Colony Hritishcallraria 331,434 1,4(M,000 3,403 8(1,201 Natal 18,750 355,600 Oilier Territory in Soutli Africa 28,485 13.5,477 .Maurillus and l)(.parl- inciits 1,0811 330,400 SI. Helena Island 48 7,000 .Vscmision l"iand 3.5 603 'J'ristundat. '.iiha 45 85 0CEA.S1A, Australia 2,045,232 2,0,52,f.70 Tasiuania 20,215 107.000 .Now Zi. aland 105.342 457,:i;i(i Fill Islands 8,0:14 122,000 (Illier Islands 240 187 AMEUICAN. Domliilou of Canada — 3,5l3,:i23 3,718,745 .NcwIoiilMllaud 40,200 1,5|1,IKJ0 Hi-rmuda Islands 40 1:1,100 HoniliiraH 13,301 24,710 Wesl IndlcH 12.774 l,ooo,:i(ii (iuiaiia 85,425 213,200 Falkland Islands 4,701 803 TABLE XIV. Freinli lliiniininnii, in Detail. DIvMi eCuopean. France, with CoiHlca.. AEItlCAN. Area In Kiill.«q. Illllei. .'01,001 Algeria '2.58,000 .Senegal 0,0.53 (iold Coast,, Sic I 772 ICeunion Island INIO Kl. .Marie .Mayullu, &e ASIATIC. East India EstabllsliniciitH Cochin cliliia Pdl.VNESIAN. Now Caledonia Loyally Islamis Mar(p(|.sas Islamis AMEUICAN. St. Pierre and Mi<|Uelon Is. West India PoSMi.sslons (iiiianti ;i51 201 107 21,717 0,781 820 470 81 1,0110 33,0711 30,102,921 2,022,.50O 216,!: II 180,133 182,070 11,.5)« 12,000 2(^,071 1,005,800 50,200 0,000 4,7.50 310,4.57 24 127 TABLE XV. (fi'i'inan I'iintiirr. in Detail, 8Mti'>. KINdDO.MM. Prussia Itavariii WurlemlM.rg. Saxony (IU.\NI> DI'C'HIES. Ila.ii.u Hess.. M'.i'klcnbuig S( liwi-rlii Sa\e-Wi.iinar .Me.klciibuig Stlclitz ohlenbiirg DL'CltlEM. llrunsHl.'U Saxc..,\lclliiligi.e Saxe-.\l(i.iilnirg Sax(.-Coburu ami (ioihu.. . .Vlihalt PIIINCIPALITIES. Sclniiuzhurg |{nilo|..tiidt. . Scliwarzburg Somlerliail' \\al.l.v'li'''.'.'.'.'.'.V.V.'..'^'"!! Ui'lISS, (llder l.llle Heliss, N oiMlg.o Line . — Hcli'iuml.mi.' I.lppe Ll|.pe.|l.'llii..td FiiEE ( rni.;,s. Luheek Hri.im.n Ilatnhiirg.. PIIOVINCE. .Msn Lorraine.. Kiiir. Ml 'I'optiliitinn lIlllpB. |_ 1:11,41)0 24,003,487 20,202: 4,811:1,4,50 7,.5:il 1.818,5:10 3,788 2,.50(l,24t 3,821 i 1,401,502 :,o(ir 5,138' l,:'87| I,l3l' 2,470| 1,123 !i.-i:i 310, 700. 8.52,804 557,807 2"ll,l83 IK1,!I82 314,450 311,701 |S7 .11.57 112,122 174,3:10 20:1,4:17 304 70,523 imi, 4:i8; 12:1 :i2o ITI 438 1011 07 138 B,oo:i (17,101 50,224 45,004 80,0:i2 a2,0B!l 111,135 117,000 143,000 348,000 1,510,7:18 TABLE XVI. Buuian Empire, in Detail. Dlviiioni. Are! in Population »((- inilea. EUUOPEAN. UuHsia — 1,893,.521 C5,704,.569 Poland 40,1.59 (i,(r20,421 Finland 144,2'28 1,832,138 ASIATIC. Caucasus 172,843 4,803,3;!2 Siberia 4,820,480 3,420,(810 Central Asia 1,251,384 :i,800,028 TABLE XVII. Spanish J)oininioii.'i, in Detail. Divbiolu. Area in Population EUUOPEAN. S|.aln,wUh Balearic l8laiidil92,9C7 10,651,647 AFUICAN. Canary Islamis IsiandsinOulf of (luiuea . 3,800 480 28.1,869 6,600 ASIATIC. Philippine Islands Caroline Islands, &e , M.' . . Samos. . . Egypt , . . Tripoli.. Tunis. ... ..European ..Asiatic ..lleylle ..Vice royalty... .Uegeney Area in Knillibli M|. niiU'h. J lio„-oi { 7:10,0110 ; 21:1 i wio,:io:i I 344,42:1 I 4,5,710 Population TABLE XXI, A'»)'(/i J/»ii/V((, ill Detail, Hrlllsli North. America. riilicd Slates . .Mc.xii Ceiiiiiil .America Ilanisb .\meiii'a I'lcnch .\merica West Indies I Area in ' 1:111;. M|: r..iinlil(ii)ll '"''"■ I . .1.327.W0 3.014,500 . :i,(io:i,f44 :•! ,0(io,o(Hi 74:1,04- IKI.4II 4 IT. Mill r.'o !'4,er.. r.o,< 00 ,(101.1100 7V..''00 TABLE XXtt. Dominion iift'iiiutita, in Detail. n|(. »q. Jlllle.. (tntarin, 220.001. (^neliec 2l(i.lKili N(.w llrunswiok 27,:i22 NovaScoila 21,731 ]*rliiee Edward Island.... 2,173 Manitoba ILI40 llriUsh Columbia ., 316,000 N.W.aiicI N, l';.Territorlcsi Area in | IDiiir. »q. I Population and K'eewatiii. i ,t] 1 1 .'« ") 1,102,000 2s(l,(liio 388,000 04,0IMI 40,000 03,600 2,077,000 30,600 rpr I. 1/1 Detail. Area in »<1- imlea. Population .SOr^iiSI C,'!,"04,.^59 4!l,lr)9 (i,(r20,42l 144,2211 I,8;i2,138 172,W3 4,«20,4S!I l,2Sl,3t<4 II. !, in Iktiiil. Area ill! Kiifr.Hr|.!l*o|mIation IIIUCK. 1 iill92,907! 10,631,647 2,806 283,869 4891 0,590 112,130, 7,200,000 M2 18,8«l 417 15,010 J 45,S:U! 1,4 1 4, .108 . I ;!,5'.lli 021,500 . I Ii5| 3,431 II. i*."t, in Ih'tuil. lAn'o in Enii.Mi. Poputat'n inllcb. 34,501 3,090,670 097 Sl.'i 1,04S 35,607 258,933 118,379 70,003 8,500 455 312,632 3>2,092 2:1.081 2,00(1,000 300,000 l,45K 6,5a r: 474,231 53,283 2,'il 1,000 71,730 (. in Detail. Aren hi ,11(1.811 [iiUfs. U\GfiO B8,87;i l*opulation ;!7,oiiii Od.OUO in Jhkttl. Ana in Kntilihli tlll.riCt 7;»viii(i SOI I,; net 45,710 rnpulution K.r.niijdtHi l7,r.fiii.)HH) ll,-j7:',(Hiii l,r>(i(i,uiKi ri,(iot),0(>o I. n Vduil, Arvn in ' Ktij;. K). ru|iululiini ;i.r.L'7.r(;o .'MUi.non .*i,oo;i,m ."t .niHt.iHHi 74.:,!'!' ! .IT.I'.MIII 4 IT. mil Tf.riHl r.'it ■. ..'iHi !'4,i'i.'- !. ■ ,l(Hl 1. [, in Iktitil. An'ii ill I I'lli.'. MJ. l'll|MlllltiiJtl null". 2MMHM) L' 1. 7:1 1 L'.llif 11.110 :tir>.iM)(i i.tlll.mrif UHO.OIill :iKK,on() t(4.0(H) 40,tl(iO m,rm 4,Rft.^,.^32 . ^ ;i,4l1t,(K)0 > * ;i,800,028 i.',077,OOU 30,500 Just Published: LOVELL'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY. Price $1.50. The Ontario Press on LovelVs Intermediate Geography. Mr. .lohu Lovell, of Moiitr(!al, lias dono much fi-r tlie oaiiso of Kducatiim in Caiiiuiii for tho i«ist (piartin- of a ! century. Ho was the lir.'it jmldislicr in tlio\'onnti'v t(t iysuo srlionl bookd ; of a national oliaracter ; and liis^ioo^i- raithios espccialtv have boiMi roceivcil : witii sreat favor bv the ('anadian |nil> lie, Ilis Intermediate Geojrriiphv it* designed to 8tii>erscdc his Ejisy I.t's- sons in Geography, and it shows thnt , ho fully designs to keep pace witli the ' educational progress of tlie country. The maps and printing of tliis geog- raphy surpass everything of the UUid , hitherto got up for use in our Cana- dian seiioolfl, and this l)ook sliould , eventually meet with a large sale.— i The Monkov, livm-krillc. It is vastly superior to any geog- '■ raphy now in use in Canada. Tlie ; Minister of Education has authorized '■ its use in public schools, and it will no ; donbt bo nuiver.sally adopted.— VVic \ Tel'i/rajih, J'rcscott. • Tlic largo amoinit of introductory I matter will make it suitable for the ' comparatively young pupils for whom '. it is intended. Tlie maps are ii..r'l''Is • of distinctness. Tiie typographicd cx- ! ecntion of thework is good; the paper ' well finished, while the binding is of '. ji suiterior order. — Jliiron •' ing, and the binding superior to any- I thing iiitherto pultlished in Canada, • and he has suceeoded. As a study of ; geography should be both interesting • and profitable, so also there can be no J reason \vliy it should not be, with the • facilities Mr. Lovell has pl.-ued at our ; disposal.— YVk; ^Yrt;i'/((r(/, Part Pvrnt. • Wo warndv reeommend the book to I teachers ami families. It is doubtful < whether so complete a geographical ; work, for accuracy, \terspicuity ami i simplicity as well as for size and cheap- \ ness, exists. It amply de.>;erves jiub- ' lie encouragemeut as a great acipiisl- ! tion to educational literature, jiinl we ' bespeak for it a wide circulation. — ; The .S(ar, Paris. ' This book is a valuable epitome of \ geographical knowledge prepared with I CJiro aud i)resente)l in a very attrac- J tivo manner. The maps and illustra- I tions constitute a powerful aid in ac- ; quiring correct ideas of the wubjeet > matter. — Dailif yrn's, livrbu. \ It is, undoubtedly, superior to any ; work of the class yet published in ' Canaihi. Among the most prominent , of its features, is the largi; aiuounl of ; introductory matter, suitable for the 1 comparatively yoimg juipils f-ir whom : tlie work is intemled. The delinitions > are simple aixl of sulHcieiit tniuiber to \ cover generally tlie leading fi'atiires of the study of' geography. The maps are de.^ervin,:, .if great praise for their ilistiiictiiess and modern ness. The typographical exei'iitiou of thework lA e\tr Miiely neat aud tasteful . the paper Is hi'a\ y uwA well tiuished, wliile the biiidhig is a marked ini- proveiufiit fO>i- ; /(Vcs 7i'V'"""jcr, iinU. It is designed to till a want long felt In oui schools, S'Hiiething lietwern the very »'asy geographies c.f the primary classes and the more advanced te.vt.s. It is splendidly bound in a way calcu- lated to stand'tlu' wear and tearoflhe school-room, it is capitally printeil iu large type, on gnod papiu* Tlie maps and plates are above the aveniL;e, and the letter-press is carefully (ireiiared. —X'ir/olk Jif/ormi i\ Sunroi: It will prove invaluable to the sdiol- ar. Tiio matter, mai)s, printing aud bimling are superior to any simihir work wo liave seen. — True Jiuiiner, iJunthts. The book is introductory to Lovell's Advanced tieography, and is author- ized by tli(! Mini.'iter of Kdncation. It is profi'sely illn.-itrated, and contains a full serie.s of adiniiahle maps. The book is printed and bound in a style that does credit to tiio publisher. \Vo can ronlide:itly I'l'eoinmend this geog- raphy as a model of its kind to all teachers and scholars. — Setttiuel lit' rii'ir, W'Hxlstork'. This new work has been i)rcpared with great care, and is a gre.at improve- ment on thoKusy Lessons, Themai)S are i^ood, very neatly colored, dis- tinct, and fidl enough for ytiatiitns. it is a model of what an Intermi'diate (ieog- rapliy should be, and we have no dtmbt but that it will at once come into gener.'d fav/i'. It is admirably adapted for school use. It cont'iins an abundance of clear ;uid aciuirate maps, running de- scrijitious of the products and juinci- pal features of the vnriouH countries, ami is just what is wauteil to interest pupils. — 77i(' Jiracon, Sfrat/ord. The qnestious and answers are clear and iiointed. The i,'aps are very ]ilain, not being over-crowded with names. A thorough study of tliis work will give one a good i;i neral knowledge of the geograjihy of t!io winid. It is su- perior to anything yet used in our schools. — The A'li', Strathrotj. This is an excellent work for junior pupils. It is authorized by the Slinis- ter of VAwvixtWin.— Western Din^patch, .strathrni/. The book is gotten up in superb style and well worthy of examination. " It is superior to any one Iiitherto pub- lished in Canada.-^ 7'/W' J-^xpreng, 0>ik- rillv. It is a great improvement on all ex- isting books of a siinilar nature. The delinitionsare much more explicit, the matter much more varied, the manner of instrnctioii easier, ;ind tiio general get nj) of the book superior. — 77(c 7V»(',v, liolhinU. Wliile we believe that too great care cannot be cxerci.sed by tlML-^e having the control of our educational inter- ests, in the changing of " Text Itnoks," we think th;it every book iutiodnced intonng under their care, it is. we believe, superior to any one hither- to published in Canada.— iVYrn/r/f^M Jdnrlisi'r, Prtrulid. It is (me of the handsomest scluxd boitks we have seen. It w ill, no doubt, siipei-.-iede all others.— >'oN//i ,S7mroc X' irs, Hnul/i-rd. The li'tcrmediiite Geography ha.s been prei ared with yreat care, and is replete with descriptive ami other In- formation. It oiiglil to be introduced into every school in the Dominion. — The rhnuiii-lv, Ihirham. Its superior matter, distinctiveness of maps, excellency and neatiu>s of binding, dearand eiegantt.^ po^riipliy, tine (pi.ility of paiier. lendeis it the most perfect geography now published in Canada. Inspeitors, teachers and triisteis (d' public and liigh schools will confer a favor on pupils by ex- amining the work, as a thoroniih in- spection will be sure of their Intro- e desired.— The Journal, >7. Tfiomatt. Tlie work is beautifully executed, and is authorized by the Honorable the Minister of Education. — 7"Ae Evprem, Colbornv. This new work is a very decided im- provement on the school geographies now- in use, and the maps are nnques- tionably the best W'O have yet seen is- sued by a Canadtati publisher. In every respect we consider the work a most valuable one, and liope to see it Hup'erscdo tlie poor affaii-s witli which our sdiools are now supplied. — The Gazette, Dunnville. It is superior to any one hitherto published in Canada.— J7ic Chronicle, Intjcrsoll. We have received a copy of this work, which for excellence has never been surpassed iu this country — whether for accuracy, the extent of information given, the clearness of the maps, or excellence of wiirknian- .vement on the sduiol geograjihies now in use. The niaiKi of our own country are very complete, that of the North- West Territories and .Manitoba b<'ing \ery useful at the present time. The maj's Ihroughout. and the matter, printing iind binding of thisgeogniphy are superior to anyone hitherti^ pub- lished in Canada.— (.'(inm/van Chani- j/inn, Mdton, John Lovell & Son, Printers. Bookbinders, and Blank Book Manufacturers, Montraeal. o < > < IU D o pi O o o p B w a. o a o \i u o o 5 o m o a < a a 0. I •s g Pi I M H O I &. o I' : 4 I I Jl w Just Published: LOVELLS ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY. Price $1.50. The Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia Prem on LocelVs Interm^EdTG^^g^^. ] It iM neatly got np, with excellent ; maps mid eiiRravinstH, and in every . way attractive. — The Atyus, St j Mfin/'s. [ We are pleaHed tii sec sncli an ex- cellent work placcil on the authorized list o( our school hooks. The arraiiRC- meiit is ijfMMl, and tends to iilace be- fore the jinjiil, in an orderly, syste- matic ni.unier. all that is necessary for the Internicdiato conr.ao. The ma|i.s are neat, clear, and complete. Alto- KCtlier the linok is well suited for pid)- lic school w»e.—UahUnmiia Ailmnite, C'ftifHf/a. Tlie known ahilitv of the editor, the fine finish of the maps and illnstra- tion.s, tlic superior printinjf .and Iiind- ins of the fnternicdiate Oeosraphy, conihined with the reasonable in'ic'e, shr)nld cause it to he introduced as a text hook in all our schools. — TAe AU- roc«(c, I'aidey. ' It contains a tall series of admimhlo maps, and is printed and boimd in a most substantial manner. It is with pleasure that we leconnnend Una b Regarding all its merits as one we , may say that it is a credit to Canada' ^ rhe paper, the type, the printin.r ' could not easily be surpassed an\-^ , where Tlie maps are among the most S beautiful that we have ever seen ; The illu.stratious are ennallv admirn- •, ble. ■['he pictorial illustriitions of ) geoftraphical terms will teach more in < hall an hour than might be learned ) from 1' V definitions in a month .' Those icriptive of the animals of the gn-.it continents will serve as a line liMsis for lessons in natural liis- tory, as will also the pictuics of vce- , fciiile productions. The pictiiros'if > noted scenes hi conntries and cities ! will help to illiistcto the reading mat- > ter The plan of the iwok is m.wt , praiseworthy , the (picstions are dis- ' tiiict ,'iiid adapted to the capacity of children, and the answers give the re- plies just reciiiired. The book con- tains a largo amount of valuable iii- foniiation, not only on the subject proper, but 011 those allied to it. such as political economy, hi.storv. statis- tics, &c., and, though it is' only in- tended for the younger classes in , schools, there are many persons who have (inished their education who might considerably ai'.,! to their knowl- edge by the study of its pages. — r/ic tjinctte, Montreal. Wo can safely recommend it to schools, colleges and educational es- tablishments generally, as one of the best, it not the very best wo have ever seen. It is a thorough Caiiailiaii wiM-k, and as such, it for no other rca- scui, should be patnuiizeil all over the Doniiiiion. The aiuoimt ot infornia- tion and instructicii t.. be found in its pages is simjily invaluable. There is no quarter ol^ tl;e world which, in it, is not ransacked for information, and the clianges in Kiiro|ie and elsewhere, brought about by late wars ami treat- ies, are fully set fcu'tli. It is coinoiisly mapped and illustrated. — Ereniwi Post, itontreol. THE QUEBEC PRESS ON LOVELL'S INTERMEDIATE G^GRAPHY I he proper study ot geography is necessary , to learn it aright recniires a good teacher. This good elemeii- t.ary teacher will be found in Mr. Ixivcll's new geography, which li.as been prepared and edited by a scholar who possesses that various and accur- ate knowledge by wliic'h ahme such a good book could be produced. I-'roni a very caretnl perusal ot this geog- raphy we ari^ not only warranted in endorsing the autliorizati t the Honorable the .'\Iiiiister ot Kducation, and also the just encomiuins pas.sed ii|ion it by one ot cuir UKUiiing con- temporaries, but, we are justiiicd in recouimeiiding its use in our pulilic .•iiid luivate schools. The pictorial il- Instnitions will have a greater ten- dency to firmly tastuii upon the mind of the. student the contiguiation of the earth than any formal disouisition.— Ihulii Siitr, itonlrml. Tiie typographical excellence of the '"'i'''i"''ih (leogivipbv is apparent at a gl.inrc., und its ilhistnitioiis and maps, abuii.lantiy numerous and .ail clearly drawn, form a marked fc:iture of the work. Our attention is spe- cially arre.-ted by n wood-,ut illii,*- trating geograpliic:il lerins, in which all the land and water divisions of the globe are groiipcil together in .a sin-lo picture arrnuged in a nianuer I'lileu- l.ated to serve as a powerful ai.l to nieinory, as well asto give |.x.-,etne.!s to the ordinary vi'i-hal deliiiiti(Uis of the geographical lerius iiseil. A cur- sory exaniiii.ition of the work betore us le.ails us to a very fayorubl,. iui. pression as to its gc-neral merits. We heartily reccunmeiid it. — ,/o«r,«(; of Onnnirrir, M.mlmil. It is one ot the most perfect infer, mediate .«cliocdgeogr;ipliies which bus yet appeared, and this is especially true with respisa t.i the fulness und accuracy of the intcn-uiMlion reliifiii- to the li.uninion of ('.-in:!. hi, cui which it is essential all (':iiiMdian boys and girls .should be well grounded. We hope, therefore, this book will become of general use in our schools, and thus afford Mr. I.ovell some reward for his labors of muny years, and the untiring zeal wliic-h we'know he has devoted to the perfecting of work's of this class. — Cmadian IHmtruted -vcics, Montreal, Cost un ouvrage do iiKTlte et d'lino gnuide iitilitc pour les jeuucs etu- diants. Cette publicathui fait lion- iieiir a .son (Hliteur, qui est loin d'etre a son premier succes dans cette branche.— A'o»i-C(r» Momle, Montreal. We are most happy in being en- .■ililci. alter a careful perusiil of Lovell's Intenucdi.ite (ieography, to say that we warmly rcccniimeud the hook to teachers and families. It is doiibttiil whether so complete a gi'o- gmphical work, ten' accuracy, perspic- uity and simplicilv. as well as for size and che.'ipuess, exists. It amply de- serves public cncounigement as a great acquisition to eiliicaliimal literature, and we bes|ieak for it a wide circula- tion _/*/,'/// A'cciii,!,/ J/,'cc»r(/,f^i(cf;cc. , I'll ouvrage precleux pour les ecoles intitule Lovell's Intcu-mediato Geog- raphy, livre est reinpli de grayii- res et de cartes repnwntuet li's divi- sioiis et suhdivisioiis des ciii(| parties ! du nioiide. les provinces maritiiiies et les principales villes de la puissance du ( 'aiiada. Les graviires font voir les espcces de plantes et d'animaux parti- culiers a chaqne pays. Kieii n'est [iliis pro|ire a developpi'r rintelli .•'iice des en/ants, a leiii gruvcr les clioses dans la iiKMnoire, et a les preparer .\ ahor- der lesdilHcultcs cpi'ils aiiront ;\ reu- contrer pcuir completer leur education. t—,liiornrk themselves claim, more easy and agreeable to ibo pupil. The one is intemli'd to give a \ivid and geuerai ciew of the subject suited to a bi>.;inner ; the other i.s more minute and thorough, as well us better adapted lo the advain'cd ijiipil'. — Arndiim Iteroriier, llaUfiu: We have n copy of this excellent work. .\s an introdiii'torv gi riipliv to advnwced study, designed for tli'e use of schools. It Is a valuable nddl- lioii to school-book literature. Its maunerof arrange, it is .■idiiiir.-d)le the maps and cuts by which it is IIImh'- trateil are llrst-class. and its treatment of the subject is in the main .mi lui'iil Jis to be eiisily gnispeil by (lie most sliipid schoolboy. Thi'liook is printed in clear type, mi excellent paper, and possesses that great virtue in a school- book, (bat of bi>ing strongly and iieiit- ly bound. It is authorized by the llon.irabie (he Jlliiister of Kdnea- lion tiM' Ontario.— J/ii)'»/„,/ ilironirli. Ilolil\if. It is an excellent work, and a neat voliiine of one liiindred and four pages. Its binding is jii...t smOi as is reiiuired tor a school book. bcii|.. very substantial, and it is priiileil iirelea'r type cm (hie paper. This w.uk is iii- (eiided as an introduction lo Lovell's Advanced lieograpbv, n.iw in prcs- beim; a nioi.laml comprchi nsiveview of (hi^ siihject suitecl to beginners I art I. coiilains introduclorv lessons and (hose on delinitioiis. Parts II III.. IV.. V. ami VI.. treat ot the dif- ferenl eiMilmeuts and their divisions .\ \ cry pleasing feature of the work Is Orders for Printing, Bookbinding, and Blank Account Books respectfully solicited. 2. ( ' i =1 ^ at Just Published: LOVELL'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY. Price $1.50. ^ tho forty-one illiistnuioiis, wliicli are / iittriutive iis well an iii^tnu'tivf. Tlio ( thirty-oiio colorc^I maps aiipear to be > of a sunerior order. — Eixiiiiiii Mitil, ', IMi/iU. It appears to lie nilmiralily adaptcil ; to tlic purposes for wliieli' it i.i de- ' si;,'iicd. It is neatly iiriiited and li.'uid- soinely illustrated, ami in the matter of binding, is far ahead of the (;reater ]>art of the text licHiks nsed in Nova Seotiii.— ll'f«((7Vi Chninivlc, Keiitrilli: It is a most valuable elementary geography. The definitions are sim'- ple and eoncise, tho maps plentiful and eorreetly drawn, the illnstr.ations copious, and tlic letter-press elear and mediate (ieojfraphy appears to be well adapted for conveying a thoroii<;li knowledge of the ueneral f-ooyraphv of tho world t.. the minds of vounj,' scliolar.s. Mechanically, the biiok is stroiifjiy anil hand.sonielv f;ot up. As its name imiilies, it is designed to bo introductory to an " Advaiued (ieo;;- raphy." Tlie latter work will shortly bo issued by the same publisher. Tlio yiiun;/ book is made specially attrac- tive with many and beautiful pictures, includiinja ijood one of Her Jlajcstv tiiieeii Victoria. Those who are ac- quainted with I.ovell's former t!eo>;- raphies will need no recommendatiou of these latest editions. — J-Jiis(em Chronicle, \eio Uhtsi/ow. In respect to the matter, maps, priiitins, iind biudini;, it is superior to any one hitherto ptihlished in Canada. It oiiRht to be introd'iceil into every school in the Oomin'on. We have no hesitation iu recominendiiif! it to our reader.s.- 77(0 CVi.s*'^ Anthjimish. The contents are well compiled, makiiii; the book admirably adapted for use in tho junior sclioo'ls of Can- ada. Tlie descriptions of the various countries are alilv written, and are concise and comprehensive. The book is liandsomelv and sti'oiij;lv hound, and is printed in the very best style of the art. This ficograpliy is in- tended as au introduction to a larKcr work, whioli will bo irablislicd shortly. If the latter prove asfjieat aniuhani'e on .school books of its kind, as tho Intermediate does, it will demand the attention of our cdiicatiiuiists, very forcibly. Ashle from the intrinsic merits of tlio book, Mr. I-ovell de- servos tho ] atronat'O of the Canadian public— fo/oiiHi/ »S(((/o/((ci/, J'icluti. This work is authorized bv the Hon. the Minister of Kducation", (Intario, and therehire leiinires little to be said by us in its favor. It is anans;ed un- der two general divisions. I'ait I. consists principally of defmitioiis, «hicli are \ery full and made so plain that the yonn);est pupils in j;ei.j;iaiihy can scarcely lail to ciiiiiprehend them. I'art II. is de\.ited to j;eneral and I'ar- ticiilar Keo.uraphy of thedillorcnt con- tinents anil Kuiiitries trciittd under six different heads, in all of which there is as fieneial a completeness as could he expected iu a work oecnpy- iiiH the ]iosition it elaiies to fill. The maps are iiiiuieioes. lii;;lily colored and very lucid. We also notice a va- riety of suhjeets introduced not fien- endly found in norks of this kind. The book is admirably arranged, and we think it so attractive as to make tlio study of scographv both pleasing and iiistriK five to the young. We be- speak for it an iiitrodilctioii into those schools in whicli new hooks of this ileseri|.tioii are required.— IVic Times, Ltrer^iool. THE NEW BRUNSWICK PRESS ON LOVELL'S INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY .TIlllV will itMlllitlltuu (fnit. It f-....*.. ..e 1 I., l:.v _ . . . . ** * This geography will, doiilitle.ss, gain an extensive circulation in the scliools, and has already Veen authorized bv the Minister of Kduentioii, (int.ario", for use in the schools iiithat Province. —Dailij Tilefiruiih, til. .hilm. Mr. r.ovell is, we believe, the first publisher in Canada who undertook tho pulilication of a geographv, and surely did good service, for he brought prominently before the youth of eighteen years a,go tlic re.siiiirces, ca- pabilities, googr.aphical features of the country, with the excellent elfect of teaching tliein .at least how important Canada might become. His Interuie- diate Ceograiibv is intended as au in- troduction to the larger work, but it is complete enough for the ordinary piirpo.so of tlie (U'diiiary conmiou school. It has a .great iiniiy excellent d maps, of good size, and dis- tinctly lettered. It is also fully illus- trated, and, besides its geogriiphical lessons, it contains a variety of inter- esting information on natural history kindred to geographv tliat will deepl'v interest the student. It is sold at the low price of sixtv-live ceuts. — 77ic Bailtj GIoIh; w. ,A,/m. I col It treats of 111) iliiTereut countries, giving a summary of all that has been learned of them down to tlie present time. It has Ihirty-one colored maps and forty-one ilhistratious and maps. Illustrations, letterpress and binding are all in the excellent style for which Mr. I.ovell's piiblieatinn.s'are noted.— Miirniii'j Freeluiill, St. John. It H ill take its ]ilace as a valuable addition to Lovell's .School Series. It consi.sts of seven parts. The tirst is intiodlictorv, the reniaiuiiig six are devoted to the six great land divisions of the (Jlobe. This book, we feel es- siired. will be found invaluable in tlio sehools. — \,ie J!riiii.iiriel: Jle/yjrter, r retlcrirton. It is a first-rate work.— Doilii Times, Miincton. The work has secured the approval of the Minister of Kducation for On- tario, and appears adiuirablv adapted for new beginners, calculated at once to render their studies pleasant and thorough. It is iiitrodiictorv to a more Aiivanced (leogiiiphv soon to bo published by the same author.— C'ar/c- Ion Setitiiul, Wooilfloek. We have received from the publish er, a copy of •' I.ovell's Intermediate deography," which is intended to he introductory to the Advanced (Jcog- ra|ihy bv tlii> .same piiblislier. This hook,— tho typographv and general get up of which is excellent— con.sists of seven parts. The first part con- tains the introductory les.sons and those on the definitions, tlie remain- der being devoted to the .six great land divisions of the (llobe. Kacli part contains a general lesson on the Continent of which tho part treats, as also special les.sons on the various coiiutries of the Continent This ]ilaii IS al.so followed in Part Second, whieh is devoted to liritish North America, the riiited States, and the West India Islands. Tl«' information is preiiared ill a Very attractive manner, .so ar- ranged as to give a. rapid and general viev.- of the subject, suited to voiing pupils. The typogra|iliv and general get up is oveelleiit.— I'liion Advoeute, Aeirntstle, .\fter a careful perusal of Lovell's Intermediate (leographv, we warinlv recommend it to teachers and fatn- ilies. It is doubtful whether so com- plete a geographical work, for accur- acy, perspicuity ami siniplieity, exists. — ■/'/«' Slamlaril, *'r. Amlreics. We have taken time to look care- fully over tho hook. A],ait from the excellent mechanical piu'tion of the worl; and the superior qualitv of the paper upon whieh it is printed, this new geography is a first-class school hook, and one which is well adapted to give tlie pupil a good general knowledgi' of this Dominion in pi,r- ticidar and the world in general. It brings the rudiments of a descijition of the earlli. manners and customs of the people witliin the capaeitv of the youngest p'.pil, at the same time jiro- vidingample iiifinination for tlie more ad winced. — 7'/ie Gleaner, t'hutham. It has .special lessons on the varions ccmntries of the continents, and is in every way compiled to render the study easy and agreeable to the pupil, and at the same timogivinga rnpidand general view of the subject, suited to a beginner. The hook has been approved liy tho Minister of Kducation for ( )u- tario.— .S(. t'co(> Courier, a. Sleiihen. THE PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND PRESS ON LOVELL'S'~INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY S is one of t le best »e inn rren,.- their ,,r,„li,,.ll,,„., .,,,.1 n..,;. l.: .» ._._ ».»*-. .i^ i «-» i J_, U J_ w V.I ri rt X" n I This is line of the best school geog- raphies that we have seen. The maps are the really valuable part of a geog- > rapliy. The text is usefid in so far .as . it sends the pupil to the uia|i. (ieog- raiihy tasks, as tasks, are the driest ami least prollt.able of school studies, but ohtaiiiiiig a kienvledge of thoposi- 'i"» of ( tries ilirectly from tho map, and at the same tiiiie acqiiiriiig information resiiecling the eliinato. their prodic'tiniis and tlii'ir liistorv. is one of tlio plea.saiitest. as well as'ono of the most profitable of sclmnl exer- cises. The ipiestiniis in the geoeraphv are cliielly valuable as tliev require ii constant reference to the 'map. The impil who masters Lovell's Internie- diate Geography will be f 11 rnislied with fuller and more correct iu format ion on that subject than is iKissossed bv most educated men. It is decidedly tlie best -chool geography that we vet have .seen. — 7'/ic I'utriol, CiMrhttetown. It appears to us to he an excellent work of the kind, and is intended to he iiitroiliutory to Lovell's Advanced (ieograpliy, ot which work it is de- signed to form a brief outline. The arrangement of the book ajipears to be admirable, and the meclianical ex- ecution first class. It is imieh more strongly bound than aiiv other work ot the kind that wo have KHm.—Island Ari/ii.i, Charlottelown. The Intermediate (ieograpliy is well adapted to beginners, and gives a gen- eral idea of geographv in a verv sim- ple form. It is just tlie kind of a geographv that should be u.sed iu all the public scliools. — The Journal, Sumnier.tiilc. inspectors of this eoloiiv.— T"/,,. rimes, at. John's. THE NEWFOUNDLAND PRESS ON LOVELL'S INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY t IS a uglily useful work, adiiiir- , verv u"o,l. and itsli tterpress and ■■eii- w^ji^«.r-n i . ably suited ton begiiuuu- in the study i oral coiistrucliou are alike creditable ofgeograpliy, aiidwc slioiiM be glad ! to its aiitlim' and publisher. -Aort/i to see it iiilrndueed into our scl Is. I .sVrie, .sv. ./,7i,;'.. We cordially wish Mr. I.ovell that I It is a work singnlarlv attiwtive in iiicnsureof siicce-s with the liiteniie- : all its aiipear.-inces and' get-un It is iliatc and Advanced (lengraphics designed for the use ..f pupils, and is iiitrodiictnry to the stiidv of a more .■idvanced geography by the same puli- lisher. Its plan and arraiigemeut aii- iiear to us to be admirable, and it eiii- bnu'esa great \arietv of iiihaiiiation ot most interesting kinds wliieh ciiii- nnt be fnuud in ordinarv geographies. It is altogether a work of inodern character, discarding old-time modes anil limits in application to geograph- ical knowledge, and is adaiited to the which his energy and perseviu-au'ce so vyell deserve. — Jluiial Gazette, >(. John's. It h.is many most excellent fe.iiures about it ; its map of .N'ewfoumlland Is The mechanical part of the work T --, I - leaves little to be desired. The naner progres.s,ve deniaiids ..f tde present is very good, type elear, illiistra-