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CANADA
NATIONAL LIBRARY
BIBLIOTH^QUE NATIONALE
J
iW -.
LOVELL'S SERIES
LO-V^ELL'S
Advanced Geography
FOB TUB
USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES:
WITH
MAPS, ILLUSTRATIONS, STATISTICAL TABL
ES, &c.
Jui^ori^edfy the Honorable the Minister of Education for Ontario.
m
n
I i^l
"Geography and Chronology , „,ay call .he Sun and the Mcon. the right
eye and the left, of all History."_//„^y„^/V Voyages, Preface.
MONTREAL-
PUBLLSHED BY TOHN I OVFT I Avr> r^ ^^
.-H.N I.O\ELL, AND FOR SALE AT THE BOOKSTORES
1880.
^k. vWVW
1
PREFACE.
The Advanced Geography now presented to the Public is intended to replace the General Geocraphy, originally
prepared in 1861, by J. George Hodg.ns. Esq., LL.D., Deputy Minister of Educalion for Ontario, to supply a
special want which had long been felt in the British Provinces of North America. The merito of this pioneer
Canadian Geo^^raphy obtained for it a widely extended and long-continued popularity. As the science of Geog-
raphy is progressive, therefore thorough revision of the work, to keep it abreast of the present state of geographical
knowledge, was deemed necessary. The Advanced Geography is the result.
The work is divided into seven Parts. Part I. is introductory, and treats of Mathematical, Physical, and Political
Geocrraphy • care has been taken to secure in it methodical arrangement and accurate terminology. In the remaining
Parti the Great Land Divisions of the Globe are described. The introduction to each ponsists of a compreliens.ve
description of one of the Continents, and is followed by a less detailed description of the particular states or countries
contained in the separate Land Divisions.
In the preparation of the work, the latest and most reliable authorities have been consulted. Owing to the
proc^ress of -geographical discovery, political changes, the variable nature of the statistics, and other causes, these
-authorities were frequently found to disagree. In all cases of conflicting evidence, the statements in the text
have been made after careful examination ; and although perfect accuracy in regard to geographical details is hardly
possible an earnest endeavor has been made to obtain an approximation to facts.
' Thl statistical information contained in tabular form in various parts of the work, as well as the statistical items
given in connection with the topographical details, will, it is hoped, prove useful for reference.
New and finely executed maps have been prepared to delineate each of the Great Land Divisions of th .lob,,
the Dominion of Canada, the British North American Provinces, and the principal Countries of the world. Numerous
beautiful illustrations and diagrams have also been introduced to elucidate the text.
To enhance the value of the work, a copious list of geographical names, with the pronunciation according to the
best authorities, will be found at the end, pages 145- 147-
The hope is expressed that H.e Public will find the Advanced Geography worthy of its generous reception.
Toronto, ist Jidy, 1S80.
"^f^^^^^iJi^ordin? 10 Act7l'arlia.nent, in the year „ne iLousancl ciKht hundred and eighty, l.y John Lovbll & Son,
in the ollice of the Minister of Agriculture and Statistics of the Doiuinio ■ ol Canada^
T
i
T
%i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Part I.
PARE
5
Defliiitiou— Divisions
Matlieinatical Geograiihy, 5
Pli jHical Geography g
Political Gcosrapliy 13
Slictcli of Genoral Cieogm|)hy i,;
The World divided into Heiiiisplieres, IB
I Part II.
[ North America jg
I Brjtisii >foRTii Amkhica, 25
Dominion OK Canada, 25
Province of Ontario, 2(i
" Quebec 31
" New Brunswick, 38
Nova Scotia, 39
Prince Kdward Island, 42
" [Newfoundland], 43
" Manitoba, 45
" Pritisli Columbia, 4C
District of Kcewatin, 47
Uniti:i) Statks of America,. ... 43
North Atlantic or New England
States,
Middle Atlaiiii- .States,
Soiitli Atlantic or Gulf States,
Central Stjites gg
Pacific Stiites
'I'orritnries
Mexico,
Centrai, American States,
\Ve<i' India Islands, .
Brilish West India Islands, . .
Spiihisli West India Islands,
French West India Islands,.
Paiit n.— Continued.
West India IsLANDs-CoiKinncrf.
PAQE
Danish West India Islands, 04
Diitcli West India IslaiuLs, 04
Hayti, or .San Domingo— ludepeu-
•ieiit, ^
Venezuelan Islands (y
Danish A.MEuicA q^
Greenland,. gj.
''■'^I'""' (i5
Fhenc;i North America, (a
49
53
58
59
(»
(10
(11
(12
CA
Part III.
SotJTH .\mERICA, gg
United States of Collllnl)i!^ ■n
Republic of Venezuela 7]
British, Fioiich, and DiiteJi Guiana, 71
Knipire of Brazil 72
Ucpiiblic of F.cuador, 73
" Peru, 73
" Bolivia, 73
Chill, or Clille 73
Aigontine Republic 73
Republic of Paraguay, 73
Uruguay, 73
Falkland Islands, 73
.South Georgia 73
Part IV.
Ec'Rope, 7^
Hurri.sH Kmimre ^q
F.nuland and Wales 33
Scotland o^
ireUmt], gg
Part lY.— Continued
PAOR
Bbitihh Dependencies in Europe, 88
Gibraltar, jjq
Helgoland, or Heligoland, 88
Malta, Gozo, and Coniiiio, 88
Isle of Man, jjg
Channel Islands,. ., og
Kincidom of PoRTiroAi 90
Spain 90
Repitrmc of Fkance, 92
KlNODOM OF BelOIUM, 94
Holland gg
Denmark, gg
Empire op Germany 97
Kingdom of Prussia, 97
Alsaco Lorraine 97
Kingdom of Saxony 97
Bavaria gg
" Wnrteinberg, ...
The Six Grand Duchies,
The Five Duchies
The Seven Princi|)alities,
The Free Cities
Au.STHO-HirNdAKIAN MONARCHV,
Rephrlio of Switzerland 102
Kincidom of Italy, jgo
Empire or Tirkev, (Eiropkani,.. 106
Tribntarv I'lincipality of Bulgari.a,. 106
Principality of Ronmania, ]0(;
Servia jos
Montenegro, ]08
Kinodom of Greece,
United Ki.nc.doms of Norwai
SWEDE.V
Rl'Si I a in Europe
Asia,.
124
124
124
125
98
!«
98
98
m
100
108
108
110
Pronouncing VorAiiui,ABY
Ai-pii.vuix— Stati.stical Taules ■ • • • ^^^
148
Part V.
PAOE
VA
Turkey In Asia, jjg
Arabia,— Persia 1J9
^ Afghanistan and Beluchistan 119
Hindostjui, or India |20
Further India J22
Empire of China 123
Cliinese Turkestan, j.,4
Foreign Possessions in Cliiiia,. .
Independent Turkestan,
Russia in Asia,
Empire of .lapan, ■
Part VI.^ v
■*™CA .126
Northern Africa 530
North Eastern Africa 533
Ea.stern Africa 533
Southern Africa 534
Cape Colony and N.ital 134
Independent States, 135
Western Afrioi,
Central Northern Africa
Lake Region of Central Africa,..
Central Southern Africa 135
Part VII.
Oceania,
Australasia
Australia,
Tasmania,— New Zefdand
Papua, or New Gr.inea,
Malaysia
Microiiesia,-Polyne.sio 144
Antarctic Regions, 144
'■»
i;«
i;i5
l.'iS
136
138
138
141
142
143
^
LIST OF MAPS.
Weston, Hemisp,c,.e, or New World, 14 | Province of British Colnnibi-
E.a.stern Hemisplit.o, or Old World, U
The World,...
Nortli America,
Dominion of Canada,.
I'rovinco of Ontario,..
" Quebec, . .
New llriinswick
Nova Scotia,
Prince Edward Island,
Newfoundland
Manitoba,
17
19
22
28
32
•■17
41
42
43
United SUates of America,..
Atlantic States,
P.acilic States and Territories
A-tignc, Baibadocs .laniaica, New
Providence
West Injiics and Central America
Bermuda Islands
Trinidail
South .\inerica,
Enrnpo,
•11 British Isles, .
82 , Turkish Empire,.
44 j England and Wales,.
SO .Scotland
52 I Ircl:ind, ... .
.18 Spain and Portugal,
! France,
02 j Netherlands, llclginm, and Luxeni-
03 bonrg
O.*! ' Denmark
(Kt Germ.an Empire
07 , Austro-Iliingarian M.uiarchy 101 : Au.strnlia
75 ■ Italv ,„„ ■'
103 I New Zealand,
81 Central and S(mthern Europe, la-i |
!"' Oceania,
107
109
112
121
87 Russia ill Europe
«!' j Asia, . . . ._.
i'l j Canaan, Palestine, &c
03 j India or llindoslaa J02
China and , lapan, jog
^ Africa
I ...11,..,, ^,j_
I *—*
^ i EK.vpt, Aliy.ssinia, &c ^^
1,17
l;!8
140
LOVELL'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY.
\
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COUNTRIES, PLACES, &c.
PAOR
Afgliniiistan 11!)
Africa l^i
" t'eiitnil Nortlrern Iffi
" " Southern. 135
" Knsteni 133
" Ijike Konioi) of Cciitml ... 135
" North FJisterii 133
" Nortlieru or the Four Uiirbary
States 132
" Southern . . . IM
" Wi'Rtorn . . 135
Alsace I.orr.ihie 97
Antiirrtii' KcgioHB 144
Appendix ... 14S
Arabia . 119
Argentine Republic (La Plata). ■ . 73
Asia Ill
Australasia . i;t8
Aii.stralia . . . . i;W
Aiistro-HiiiiKarian Monarchy 100
llavaria, Kingdom of t)8
llelKinni, Kiiiifdom of !>1
BelucliistJin 119
lieniiudas . . 62
Bolivia, Kepublic of 73
Brazil, Empire of 72
Britisli Columliia, Province of 4fi
British Dependencies in Europe . . 88
Britisli Empire 80
British Islea 83
British North America 25
British West India Islands and Ber-
mudas fi2
Bulgaria, Tributiry Principality of . 10(i
Cape Colony IM
Central Africa, Liike Kegion of IM
Central American States 60
Central Nortlieru Africa .. 135
Central .Soiitliern Africa . 135
Central States 56
PAOR
Ch.inncl Islands 88
Chili, Kepublic of 73
China, Empire of \%\
China, Foreign Possessions in 124
Chinese Turkestan or Kashgarla. . . 124
Comino, Island of 88
DanLsh America 65
Danish West India Islands W
Denmark. Kingdom of 1K>
Dominion of ('aiiada 25
Dutch Wast India Islands 64
E:Lstern A friia 133
Ecuador, Heiiublicof 72
England and Wales Sit
Eurojie 74
Falkland Islands and South Georgia. 73
FivcDuchies 98
France, Republic of 92
Free Cities 98
French North Americii 65
French \Vest India Islands 64
Further India 122
Geographical Distribution of Animals 12
Geographical Distribr.tion of Man 13
Geographical Distribution of Miner-
als 12
Geographical Distribntion of Plants 12
Germany, Empire of if?
Gibraltar 88
Gozo, Island of 88
Greece, Kingdom of . 108
Greenland (i5
Guiana, British, French and Dutch... 71
Gulf States 5,')
Ilavti, or S,an Domingo VA
Heigoland 88
Hindostan or India 120
Holland, Kingdom of 96
Iceland . 65
ludepeudeut States (Africa) 135
PAOK
Indeiwndent TurkesLtn 124
India 120
Ireland 8<i
Isle of Man 88
Italy, Kingdom of 102
.Ia|iaii, Eniiiire of 125
Keewatiii, District of 47
l.a I'lata. Sec Argentine Republic . 73
Malaysia 143
MalUi. Island of 88
Miinitolja, Province of 46
JIathcmatical Geography 5
Mexico, Republic of 60
Micronesia 144
Middle Atlantic States 5;t
XlontciKgm, Princiiiality of 108
NatJil, Colony of i;t4
New Brunswick, Province of. '^
NewfoiiiHlland, Province of 43
New Guinea 142
Now Zealand 141
North America 16
North Atlantic or New England
St;itcs 49
Noitlirm .\frica or theFour Barbary
Stjites 132
North Fjxstcrn Africa i;!;i
N(ii-tli-Fji.st and North-West Tcrri-
toiies 46
Norv
108
Nova Scotia, Province of 39
Oceania lIKi
Ontjirio, Pnivince of 26
Pacific States 58
Pa|ma or New Guinea 142
Paraguay, Republic of 73
Persia 119
Pern, Republic of 73
Physical Geography 9
Political Geography 13
PAOR
Polynesia 144
Portugal, Kingdom of !K)
Prince I'klwani Island, Province of. . . 42
Pronouncing Voonbiihiry 145
Prussia, Kiiudoin of. . 97
liiielicc. Province of 31
Roiiinaiiia, Princi|)ality of 106
Russia in Euro|ic 110
Russia in Asia 124
Sa.\oiiy, Kingdom of 97
Scotland 85
Servia, Priiici|Bility of 106
Seven Principalities 98
Si.\ Grand Ouchics 98
South America 66
South Atlantic and Gulf States 65
South Georgia 73
Sonthcru Africa 134
Spain, Kingdom of 90
Spanish West India Islands 64
Statistical Tables 148
Switzerland, Republic of 102
Sweden 108
Tasmania 141
Territories, U. S 59
Turkey (European) Empire of 106
Turkcv in Asia 118
ITiiited States of America 48
United Stjites of Columbia 71
Norway and Sweden, United King-
doms of 108
Uraguay or Banda Oriental, Republic
of 73
Venezuela, Rep.iblic of 71
Venezuelan Island*' 64
Western A frica 135
West India Islands 61
World (The) divided into Ilemis-
jiheres 16
Wurtemberg, Kiugdcin ol 98
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Africa, Principal Animals of 126
" Characteristic Plants of. . . 132
" A Village in Central-
Southern ll!5
Allan Mail Steamer leaving Qiicliee ffi
at .Sea.. 40
America, Principal Animals of. . . 16
Amsterdam .96
Ancient Round Towers and Cross at
Cloniiiacnoise 88
Antigua, (Jreat Square in . . .60
Approximation to the Relative Orbits
of the Planets round the Sun .. H
Arctic Scene 65
Ascending the Andes 72
Asi.'i, Princijial Animals of . Ill
Atlantic Clablc, Actual Size 45
Atoll, An 9
BaliiKiial Castle, the Queen's High-
land Residence .... 86
Banana . . 6^1
BanvanTree 118
Baob.abTree 129
Biisilici. of St Peter and the Vatican,
Rome lot
Hav of Samaiia 64
Belize 61
Black Rock Castle 88
Blarnev Castle .. 88
Bolaii 'Pass 119
Itosphorus, The 118
Bo.ston Common 49
Bieail Fruit 144
Bringing Ores from the Mines 60
British Naval Review K4
BiuiaPesth 100
Buddhist Priest and Attendants . . 123
BiilTalo of India 118
(Jacao 70
(Jairo, Street leading to a Mosque in l.'tl
Caja Nut used lor niakiii;; Wjiie ... 71
Calciitti, Goveriiment House 120
Camels . . 1111
Cape Coast Castle 135
Cajie Horn (Ki
Cape I{ace . 45
Oa|ic Town and Table Mount 134
Ccdai's of Lebanon . 114
Celestial Sphere 6
Central Southern .\frica, Village in 135
('lianniugot th(! Monsoon 120
Chariottctowii, City of . . ..... 42
Chei'lKMirg ami Its Breakwater 94
China, Great Wall of 123
" Street in 124
" Tea (Culture ill 123
Chinese Mamiariii, In.s Wife, Cliild
and Servant 124
Circumference, Diameter, etc 6
Citadel of Cabiil 119
Coal Mine, In the 39
Codtisliing on the Banks of New-
foundland 43
Comparative Sizes of tlie Planets ... 8
Constantinople . 106
Copper Mining 31
Cotton Plant 57
" Plant. Flower and Pod .... 56
Crushing Gold-bearing Quartz 3!i
Date Palm 132
De.id Sea 117
Degrees, etc 6
Delta of the (Ganges 116
Delta of the Nile l:i<l
Diamond Mines 72
Ducal Palace. Gotlia, (Paternal Home
of the late Prince Albert) 98
D'Urban I'l.")
Dy.iks 143
Earth, Moon, etc., in the Heavens. . . 5
Earth nil an Kcpiatorial Projection... 6
Edge of the Desert • . . 130
Edinburgh 85
Elirenbreitstcin, on the Rhine 97
Eskimos 47
Eskimos, Mo<le of Travelling 65
Europe, Principal Animals of 74
Fredericton, City of 38
Fur Traders 46
Gathering Cork 92
Genoa, the Birthplace of Columbus . 104
Geographical Terms 10
Gevsers, or Boiling Springs, in Ice-
land ... Oi
Gibraltar, Rock and Town of 88
Grand Falls on the St John River ... 38
Grand Metis Falls 34
(irape Vine 92
Great and Small (^ircles 6
Great Lakes of Nortli .\inorica 24
Guava, used for Making Jelly 71
tluelpli. City of 30
Halifax, City of 39
Halt of an Emigrant Party 45
Hamburg 98
llaniiltoii, City of 30
Harvard University 53
Harvesting Sugar Cane 62
Havana, City of 64
Heidelberg 98
Her Majesty Queen Victoria 84
Hobart Town 141
Horizon, The 7
Hunting the Gorilla MO
Iceberg 45
Indian Life in the North-West Terri-
tories 46
Inverary Castle 86
.Ia|inn, Travelling in
King's Palace, Berlin
Kingston, City of
Lakes of North America, Great
Land and Water on the Globe
Lassoing Cattle on the Pampas
Leaning Tower and part of Cathedral,
Li 'iiie. !.'!.'! !!...!
Little Whale River, Mouth of
London, City of. Out
London, England
Liiniliermcn at Work
Mandiaco
Mariner's Coinpa.ss
Mellmnrne, City of
Mcxiio, Scene In
Mohammedan Mcis<pie, Cawnjiore. .
Monkeys and Allig.ator
Mont Blanc
Montreal, City of
Mount Everest
Niagara, Falls of
Niagara River, Railway and Piussen-
ger Suspension Bridge over the
National Capitol, Washingtou
Natives Navigating Lake Titlcaca .
New Giiateinala
New York, City of
Nile, View of the , . . .
Northern ami Southern Hemispheres
on Polar Projections .
North America, Gre.it !^d<es of
Notre Dame of Paris
Oasis, An
(X'eania, Princiiial Animals of
Oil Wells
Oporto, Citv of
Ottaw.i, Citv of
I Pahueof the Iniaum, or Priest Ruler
j of Yemen, Sana
I Patagonians
Picking Ctitton
Picking the Coffee Berry
Pictorial Illustrations of various
Goographical 'ierniB
Pictou, To'vn of
Pine Ajiple .' ■
Pitti-I'alace Museum at Florence —
Planets Rciuiid the Sun -
I'ort St. Louis
Prairie Dog Village
Queeiistown, Cove of Cork
Qiiebcf, City of
Quicksilver Mine
Quit..
Reikiavik, Town of
Reindeer
125
30
24
9
73
104
132
47 I
30 ,
83 i
39 j
92 '
70
5 ,
141
(iO
120
71
102
35
113
26
26
48
70
60
63
133
6
24
92
9
136
31
90
26
119
73
55
143
10
40
62
104
8
129
66
88
35
90
126
Relative Proimrtinns of Land and
Water on the Globe 9
Relative Positions of the Earth, Sun,
and Mfwin 6
Rice Planting .W
Rico, with a Grain Magnified 55
Rio, Harbor of 72
Rome 102
Rotunditv of the I'jirth 6
Smtkville Street, Dublin 86
S.aguenay River 34
Salt Mining near Cracow 100
San Francisco, City of 58
Sar.igossa, Leaning Tower of San
Felipe Church 92
Scotland, Scene in the Highlands of 85
Scraping Crude Turiientinc fy
Sea of Marmora Hif>
SelKistoiwI 110
Shcrbrooke, City of ;«>
Silver Mine. 58
Snow Line or Limit in tlic different
Zones 12
Snow Plough on the Intcrailonial
Railway 39
Siiccimens of the Five Classes of Man-
kind 13
Spring and Neap Tides 11
St. Isiwc's Square and the Senate
House, St. Petersburg 110
St. John, NB, Citv of 38
St .lohn River, Grand Falls on the. . :»
St. tlohn's, Newfoundland 43
Suez Canal 128
Sunrise in the Desert of Gobi 115
Svdnev, Town of 40
Tliree liivers. City of 36
Tides, Spring ano Neap 11
Toronto, City of 27
Trollies 7
Turkestan, View on the Plain of 1 13
Vegetable Ivory Plant 70
Venice 104
Victoria, British Columbia 40
Victoria Riiilway Tubular Bridge 30
Vienna 100
Warsaw 110
Waterloo, Monuments on the 'tattle-
field of !«
Western and Eastern Ileiiiisplicres. . 7
Western l^oneers 47
West Iiidlii Products 01
Winni|iog 45
Windsor Cnstlo 83
York Factory 47
Yosrmitc Vnlley, CaUfomift 69
7j.M-m\ -.vitli the Position !if the
Eartii in each of the Four Seasons.. 7
Zones T
\
r
I
ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY.
PART I.
I. Definition.
EOGRAl'HV is the science which
treats of ih.; form and pliysic.il
features of the earth and its var-
ious inluibitants and countries.
Tlie term Geography is derived
from two Greek words : ^v, eartli,
and grafilic, writing.
2. Divisions.— Geography is
^J^ divided into three branches, viz. :
-^' Mathematical, Physical, and Po-
litical.
3. Mattiematical (or Astronomical) Geograpliy i)oints out the
relation which the earth bears to the other bodies of the univer.se •
describes its form, magnitude, and motions ; and explains the various
lines which, for scientific purposes and convenient reference, are
imagined to be drawn upon its surface.
4. Physical Geograpliy treats of the configuration and natunl
divisions of the earth's surface. Under the heads of Geology and
Mineralogy, it treats of the structure of the earth's crust and of the
materials of which it is composed ; under the head of Meteorology it
explains the peculiarities of climate and atmosphere ; under the li'ea'ds
, of /.oology and Botany, it treats of the particular anin.als and plants
found in dilTerent countries ; ,,„.l. under the head of Ethnographv
of the races and v.irieties of man.
5. Political Geography points out the extent, population, com-
merce, government, religion, langu.age, and civilization of the various
empires and stat.;s into which the habitable parts of the World are
cuvided. Under the head of History, it treats of the early settlement
"f countries, their forms of government, the progress of geographical
<l..scovery, and the social, moral, and political condition of the people.
6. Single Illustrations of each of these three branches may be
tlHis given : fr.) That the earth is a globe, rotating on its axis once a
da)-, ,s a fact of Mathematieal Geography; (2.) Thpt the earth's
smface IS diversified by river, lake, and mountain, is a f.act of
mysual Ge^ratky; and (3.) That the Dominion of Canada forms
part of the British Empire, is a fact of PoHtieal Geography
earth from a convenient point in the heavens, it would present an
appearance something like that in the following picture, with the sun
moon, and stars around it. '
EAKTH, MOON, AND STAK.S, i.n mii HICAVE.VS
dORTH Poi.£
I.— MA THEM A TICAL GEOGRAPHY.
I. T.he Earth's Appearance.-The earth appears to be a large
na surface, diversified by hill and ^■alley, lake and river, mount.!
and St earn; and the sky seems to overarch it like a dome In
leality, however, the earth is round like a ball. Could we see the
2. The Earth Represented.-The earth is represented by artificial
globes, maps, or charts. When a map is drawn on the usual equa-
torial projection, as in this
Geograjihy, the top indi-
cates the north, and the
bottom the .south; to the
right hand is the east, and
to the left the west. The
north point of the heavens
■s a point on the horizon
almost directly under-
neath the pole-star; the
south point is the point
on the horizon diametri-
cally opposite. The east and west are the places respectivelv at
winch the sun appears to rise and to .set, on the 2,st March 'and
2ist September. The North, South,
East, and West are, therefore, called the
cardinal or chief points of the compass.
The points which bisect the spaces
between the cardinal points, viz.: the
North-E.ist (N. E.), South-East (S. E.),
South-West (.S, \\X and ^'orth-^Vest (n!
W), are called the semi-cardinal, or col-
"ateral points. The remaining twenty-
'OUtH POU.
BARTIl ON AN FcJUATORial PROJECTION.
G
MA THEM A TICAL GEOGRAPH V.
IIRTIIBRN AND SOUTHERN HRM1SP11ERBS ON POLAR
PROJECTIONS.
four points of the compass are named according to their nearness to
the cardinal or collateral points.
A person turning to the
sun at noon, faces the
south ; his back is to the
north ; his right hand is
to the west, and his left
to the cast. Maps are
also drawn on a polar
projection, representing
both the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres.
3. Designation. — 'I'he earth is called a Plankt {wanderer) because
it moves round the sun ; a World, from its being the abode of life ;
and a Gi.oiik, or Si'iikrk, from its being roundcd'xw form.
4. Form. — The earth has the appearance of an orange, and is
called an oblate spheroid ; that is, a rounded body which has been
slightly flattened at the top and bottom, or two opposite poles, owing
to the rapidity of its spinning motion.
NoTU.~A priiUtc spheroid is a rounded body somewliat lengthened in the direction of its poles,
■ind rescniblinR in shape a lemon.
5. Tlie following Proofs of the spherical form of the earth may be
given : (i.) .V much greater extent of the earth's surface is visible from
the top of a mountain, than fi u a plain near the level of the sea ;
(2.) From sea, tl. ' tops of mountains, and from land, the topmasts of
ships, are first seen ; (3.) In cutting canals, a dip of about eight inches
in a mile must be allowed in order to maintain a uniform depth
' - of water ; (4.) The shadow which the earth
throws upon the moon during a lunar eclipse
is always circular; (5.) The sun rises earlier
to those in the east than to those in the west ;
(6.) In going north or south, new stars appear
to rise above, or to set below, the horizon ;
(7.) Travellers journeying continuously in one
direction will return to the place from which
RnTt'NOITV op THE EARTH. tUCy Set OUt.
Note.— The firs*, voyage round the world was made by Magellan's expedition, which sailed from
Spain in September, 15 k^, and returned in September, 1522.
REI.ATIVC PO.-ilTIONS op THE EARTH, bUN, AND MOON.
[Tin-; illustration shows one of tliL- relative positions of the earth, sun. and moon, for they are
continually clianf;in,:!. It also shows the orbits of the earth and moon: a profile of the land and
water surface of the earth ; the relative positions of certain places on the globe ; the atmosphere
which surrounds the earth ; and the rays of light which shoot out in all directions from the sun.]
6. Magnitude. — 'I'he earth is nearly 25,000 miles in circumference,
and 8000 in diameter. More exactly, the circumference of the earth
is 24.902 miles ; its equatorial diameter is 7926.59 miles, and its polar
diameter 7899.58 n.iles. ,\s the polar diameter is 27 miles less than
the equatorial, the flattening of the earth is 5J4. The area of the
earth is abnut 197, 310, 000 square miles, and the solid contents about
260,613,000,000 cubic miles.
7. Motions. — The earth has three motions, (i.) It rotates on its
axis in one day, or 24 solar hours. This motior. is called its diurnal
motion. Its direction is from west to e.ist, wliich g'.'es the sun and
stars the appearance of revolving from east to west. The daily rota-
tion of the earth produces day anti night. (2.) It revolves round the
sun ii. an elliptical path, or orbit, in 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and
10 seconds. This motion is called its annual or orbital motion. Its
annual revolution, and the inclination of its axis to the plane of its
orbit, at an angle of 23° 28', cause the change of seasons, known as
Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. (3.) It moves through space
along with the sun and other members of the solar system. This is
called its translator)' motion. This motion is at the rate of about four
miles per second, or 126,000,000 miles a year, in the direction of the
constellation Hercules.
8. Imaginary Lines. — The earth being shaped or rounded like
a sphere, imaginary circles and other lines are drawn upon it for
geographical purposes. Of these lines the following definitions are
given :
(I.) A circle is a plane fiptirc contaiticd liy one line which is called the ciiriim-
fcrciice. (The circiimfcncncc of a circle is divided into 360 equal part.s, called
licp-ees.* \ minute is the 60th part of a
degree; and a second is the 60th part of a
minute. t)
ASTRONO.MICAL TAHI.E.
(io .Seconds ( ) make a Minute (').
(x> Minutes make a degree (").
360 Degrees make a Circle (Q)*
30 Degrees make a Sign of the Zodiatx
3 Signs, or 90 Degrees, make a (Ju.ad-
rant (or one-fourth) of the Zodiac.
12 Signs, or 4 Quadrants or 360 De-
grees, complete the Circle of the
Zodiac.
SENITH ■•JiT,^
CELESTIAL SPHRRR; IMAOINARV LINES DRAWN
ROC.M) A SMALL INNLK (.LoLE.
CIRCUMPERI'Nrn,
DIAMETER, L IC,
r.RRAT AND SMALL
CIRCLES.
(2.) The centre of a circle is a point within the circumference
so situated that all straight lines drawn from it to the circum-
ference are ecjual.
(3.) .\ liiiimctcr is a straight line p.asslng from one point of
the circumference to another through the centre.
(4.) The diameter of the earth, about which it rotates, is
called its axis. One end of this line is called the north /■ole, and
the other end the sonti J-oU. R.uliiis (pi. radii) is a straight line
drawn from the centre to the circuutfercnce.
(5.) An arc is a portion of the circumference.
(().) A xrent circle of a sphere is one wliosc jilane passes
through its centre.
(7.) A small circle is one whose plane docs not pass thnuigh
the centre.
(8.) The Great Circles are : The Equator, Horizon,
Meridians, Ecliptic, and the Colures.
The Equator (Lat, aeqiius, equal) is a great circle,
passing round the earth equidistant from the north and south ]ioKs.
It divides the earth into a Northern and a Southern Ilemispliere (Gr.
hcmi, half, and sphaira, a globe).
* A degree is the nngle at the centre subtended by the ajj part i)f the
circumference, and does not vary with the size of the circle. The term
(ifgref is often used as an abbreviated m'nle of expression Utr arc of a
degree. In this sense, if the clrcuinfercnco be 3^h) miles, then a degree
of that circle will be one inilf long ; if the circle be 3'>o inches in circum-
ference, then a degree will be one /«(■//, etc. The circumference of the
earth is 21,^x10 geographical miles, of 60 to a degree, or 24,002 ICnglish
miles, of 61^,17 to a degree. The equator consists of jfio degrees of (>o
geographical miles e.ich. Parallels of latitude, being smaller circles, have
each degree, i. e., the arc of each degree, proportionately shorter, accord-
ing to the size of the circle. (The division of the circumference of the
circle into 3fK> equal parts took its origin from the length of the year, which was supposed to consist
of 3f)o days, or 12 months of 30 days each.)
t i'he term minute is from the l.alin mmuluni, a small part, 'he term seconds is an abbreviated
expression for «iti/n/ minutes, or minutes of the second order .
nnORRRS, ETC.
<
(
< (
(
(
L^<fl>,<U (l.al, /,;/,W,., l,rcM,l,h) i, ,hc <li,,«nce „r .. p|,ce A^^^ZZT^ ^
north la.i.u.U: (n.arkc.l N I "^2 ,"' ."" "'""'"^ '' '' ''»''' '-^ ^^^ '"
iniss mnUi,ni. ""*" »«''"-iaU'/<.^<-, it ih reckoned «i Mf
The Jforhon (i'.y. /„„h,i„, ,„ bound) i, a great circle which
The ._../,.« i, H,hcr .„//,.„„/ or sa.s,,.. The rational or trne hori.on is an
imaginary plane runniny thronsh the centre of the
cartli and continuing t„ the .egi„n of the stars It
■Iclermnas the r^.ing an.l setting of the heavenly
I -I'e-.. he sensible or apparent horizon is a
Pl.-nc parallel to, and co-extensive with the rational
".n.o„. It touches the earth at the point on which
il'c N>eclator stands. As applied to the earth the
- ns,l,le horizon is a small circle which bounds our
-'■;v where earth and sky seem to n.eet. The //„«,
"f tins hon.on ,s the level surface on which the
Z^^:T''^ •'•"—^>'"/ /""'At of the horizon
•m North, South, I,,ist, an,l West. Its w,, ^^e the
■ru,, „„„.„., S; V:,"' "y"'"- , ■''''^' ^-"-'l' (Arab. ....y .f „.
of the heavens e.vac.lv overlK^■tTlVvu,!7^ ,''"!' "' "'' '""'"'"• "^ "^<= i'"""
horizon, or the point of the heaven, dire.SplS tZlv^" "°'' "^ ""=
north to tl/c l;;.; ;;;:'''''' ^■'-'^•--— --cle extending from the
u.
The Zodiac is a space,
or belt, i8 degrees broad,
or 9 degrees on each side
of the ecliptic.
It is called Zodiac irom the
the Greek word zodiatos, from f .
zodhn, a little animal ; because \ii
the stars, in the twelve jjarts t\
into which the ancients divided '"•. <^
it, were formed into constclla- V^ ''
— ...^....- Vim* "■'*>;>
tions, or groups of stars, and ' '
most of these were called after
some animal. E,ich of these
twelve parts or signs into which thb ,om., *
the ancients divided the Zodiac "' ^"VZ^';S;;r^Z;r """ ■" '«"
measures 30" along the ecliniir Ti,- ,
the sun enters theulare a! Mlow,. """"" °' ""= ''^"^ """ ">« day, on which
<•
"P
tOUALOArl,NltHl
NORTHKRN SIC.NS,
r Aries, the Kani, 2,st March.
8 Taurus, the Hull, ,;jth .April,
n Gemini, the Twins, 20th .May.
Sunimer.
■S C.ancer, theCr,ib, 2,.stjune.
SI l.co, the Lion, rjnd Julv
•n. Virgo, the Virgin, ;2nd August.
SOUTHERN SIGNS.
Aiiliimii.
— Libra, the llalance, 21st Sept.
m Scorpio, the Scorpion, ijrd Oct
/ Sagittarius, the Archer, 22nd Nov.
Winter.
hf Capricornus, the Goat, 21st Dec
OK A<|uarius, the Waterbearer, 20th Jan
X Pisces, the Fishes, 19th Feb
Kvery meridian circle di-
vides the earth into two hemi-
spheres, which, with respect to
each other, m.ay be termed
Kastern and Western. "Hie
meridian cin le 20" west of
Greenwich divides the earth
into ///.■ Kastern and the Wcst-
.-—-^V^- em Hemispheres. \ first mc-
liy astronomers in liifcenf r„ 1 u '•'«'""' Aw is one fi.xed ujjon
Fcrro i„ the Ca ar I, Is ' "",'■ T '? ''""'""'•■'^- ^'''''' ^-'""6 on,
calculated. In T J^:^t ^^ '^ :t^ T'"'^ " ,""- '^'-'^'"-
line is fixed at Greenwich Tl L I ' • ^.eograph.es the first meridian
"- - '-^ -- mo,„en.:':n:!';;; ■: :!:;s :: ;;;: :;;;;;: ;:-- "- have .heir
meSrii^:::;.,:;::;'':;::;.!::;'^':;:/" "-= ^- -^ ^ p-e from me ^rst
first meridian i, is s , \° n. VlTx "."""V'l' ''''"" ' '"^" '^ -'^' "^ "-
"f it, in West Long 1 , ■ l' u ' T'^' • m"''^'' '•■ '■""«) ^ •■•"■' -hen west
longitu.le. '' ' "•" '" '' ^^ • '-'"'fi-'' ' '"^ ""»!. and south poles have no
™^n:, r;::s^; ' '""" ■ "'■^^^" ^' '"^ '^ ^■"' ^-"' ■■ - - -inci. ^., u ;
cn-clcMvhidn.p,.estn,l.s,lC.Mm./ K ro o t o ''.T " " ^"'''
the (i.vcd .stars in H,,. coins,. .( > ^ ""-' ^"" •■'m"»g
round the s„n. ' ' ^■'"■' '^"' '^ "''■' ^'^^ I'^"l> "f the canh
i>.^!e ::h:;;"i ':;:..::'t':;r iii^ns' v '^^ '"- - °^ '^= -- -^^
moon crosses the cclipth- arc call ,1: m.hc ' t"^"""' T''"' ""= "'"' "^ "^
toints, because, when the sun ar K^tl^rf'';; ''"*;"'''"'''" ^^''''''''^''''
'/'W (l,at. ,„y«„) |„ ,,„^,|, ,„ ,1, .' " . '^""^^' "f 'I'^'m. the «,,./'/ d-at. „„.v) is
.s.m crosses the e.p.ator ,'re all t ■/;"""" .''r' ''""''■ '''^'^ '""" "'-n 'he
March, when the sun crosse „ nt^ft":"' ''" '/""" ^^""'« - "- =.M
•",r' ^^r""- ^ .=^;::^rgoi::;:r- — ^»
ca.ic;^K:x;i;;irSa::: ^Lirr ::-: -;;• -^.'^^ -"■-■ -^
. Tl..,»,„,h,„ ,„,.,„,, - „J ," "1 w",""""""" '""» "1™"'-
(9.) The Small Cirrlns or« ii,„ 'r • . „
Parallels of Latitude. """P""' "^" ^"''^^ ^■''■^''-'«- •■""' the
S :;o'^"7"^'":" '° "- ^^"•^'-- -d re,spec-
t'vt-Iy 23 28 north and south from it.
They are so named bemic ,..!,„ .u
parent annual course a ri vecl V ,"'" '" "'^ ^"^
^r;fpr:nrr:--r:i:--
-,,edthejii/c:jr.tr:;;^r:rcir^--^
-r.h'p:,;':x trirt- c^' ^^/r:-', '7- '- -^^ --" -^y-"" -^e
<larkness. When the sun s vertical to . Ir' "'' '^''""' ""^'e"' ^""« - i"
I'e.vond the south pole to he a a ai c cl ''"''","' ""'''"''"" '^'^ ">■» -'-"'
Zotie is in darkness ' "'"'' ""'' "»^ "hole of the North Frigid
^.;/«(Gr ..,;.- a belt) are belts or divisions
oHhe^earthboun^^^^
The tropics and polar circles divide the -lobe into .U
-mes, v,z. .■ the TornW ^„„,, ,he A:,rt, .„ 1^ 7 '""
«/. ^^v,„, and the A.,M and W. /W^,,; z'™ "-
The rr;^,vV/ Z^«.. (Lat. /ornWus. J,ot and (>
^^^-, a belt) is the belt between the Vropic of
(ancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
It is 46° 56' in breadth, or 21° rS' on ^..-i • 1 .
Knglish miles. I.s area is .^bou. ] of thlt of .h: ^ ^ ''"'"' ^'""' '° ''''
The AW// rm/<?/W<; Z;«f is thp belt between fh,^ T ■ . ->
and the Arctic Circle. oet^ecn the Tropic of Cancer
\
of the'gll.^' '" '"'""■ ''•"^' '° ^5^« ^"8"'" ""- I«» area is about „ of .hat
The South Temfernit /out is the Imlt between the Tropic (if Capricorn ami the
Amaritii- Cirtk-. lis hrcadili .mil .irci arc ihc same as those of the Ncirth Ti-inpc-
lale Zone.
The Xort/i Frigid Zom- (f.at. /ngidiK, cold) or Antif Zone (Gr.
ivkli<!, A i)car) is the space cnclosutl hy the Arctic Circle.
The Saiilh FrigiJ Zone, or Aiitixntic Zone ((Ir. anli, opposile, and
arktos, a hear) is the space enclosed l)y the Antarctic Circle.
The radius of cadi I'-rigiil Zone is ij- 2S', cuial to about iC.-j Kuglish miles, and
the area uf each is about 7,900,000 square miles.
Ill extent of surface the Torrid Zone is 10 times, and each Temperate Zone is
6,'i limes larger in area tlun either of the Frigid Zones.
(.-.) The Parallels of Latitude are small circles parallel to the
equator.
They are used to point out the Latitude of places, and to connect together all
places .111 the globe having the same latitude. Kvcry pl.ice is supjioscd to have a
parallel of latitude passing thrungh il, but on maps ami globes parallels are usually
drawn at intervals of 10°. Those parallels of laliliulc lli.it lie near the ccpialor are
called /.TO l.uiludcs; lliose ne.ir llie p iles, hi);h latitudes ; and those that arc inter-
medialc, miJdlc latilmles.
(10.) fsothennal Lines (Gx. isos.<n\\\.\\, tln-rmt\ heat) aro im.iginarv
lines passing; lhroiio;h llio.se points on the earth's siirf.tce at which lii'e
mean annual temperature is tin.
Isonwrul Lines (dr. /j.u, eiiiul, .incl ///.
mean siunnior U'uipcratiirc is the same.
Isi\lumi-iutl Lines (Ux. isos, c<|ual, e/uimo, winter) arc those which connect places whose
mean winter tcniiieraturc is the same.
NoTK.— This system i.f lines w.is Imiuslit into use liy llnmt.il.Il in 1817.
(II.) ehiti/>o,/,s (from two Oreck words, unti, opposite, and foils, fodos, the
fool) are any two places on the surface of the earth, at which Ihc/V/ of those
living at one place are diametrically opposite to the feet of those Ii\ ing at the other
pl.ace. When it is d.ay at one place, it is night at the other; ami when it is summer
at one place, it is winter at the other. .Viilipodcs Island, near New Zeahind, is
nearly diametrically opposite to C.reat liritain— that is to say, they arc as nearly
opposite , s the extreme points of a diameter.
same.
TOf, summer) arc those which connect places whose
9. The Heavenly Bodies, which revolve round the sun, are //,;«,/,?, //,iwfe/,/r,
satellites (these rev,.lve arni.iul llu'//,;H,/.t), .ind eomets. I'lanels, from the Creek word
flaiutes, a wanderer, are so called to disiinguish Iheiii from llred stars. Planetoids
arc also called Minor Planets. .Satellites are bodies which move round some of llie
planets; they are also , .illed moons, (.'.imcts (from the Creek, iomefes, lon!;-haircd)
are so called from the hair-like appearance of the tail which generally accompanies
^y^M^-^^^^
fS'^'^
them. They are not .olid bodie, like the planets, but gaseous, am! have one point
of their orb.t near the sun and the opposite point very far off. The sun and all
these rrvolvmg bodies form our solar system, llevoml this solar system are the
hxcd stars, supposed to be >hc suns and centres of other systems. Th: .Milky Way
IS composed of myriads of small stars.
10. Our Solar System (from .,./, .he sun, being the largest body in it) coasist,
of : he .Sun ; nine l.irge planets revolving round il in nearlv circular 'orbits ; a large
lumiber of minor planets or planetoids (sometimes calle.l asteroids), of which more
than 210 are now known , ;o satellites or moons ; ami a host of comets.
It ni.iy be thus reiircsenlcd :
Tht Sun, by a lull one fi;)t in diameter.
Vulcan, by a foiirlli of a inustarilsecd 15 feet distant
Mircury, by a nnutanl-secd 43 feet distant.
Venui, by a pea ;(• feet disUuit.
Earth, by a lar„cr i«:a 107 feet distant; and a rape-seed for the MoOR, four inches from
tile pea.
Man, by a large rausUrd-seetl or a small r.iilish-sced 10.) fict distant.
Minor PlaflJtl, by sr.ilns of sand from .}); to ^..j feet dislant.
Jupiter, by a small Ulliarcl-hall 5(^.0 feet dislant.
Saturn, by a laruc marble lo.-j feel distant. JUPITCH ||
Uranui, by a cherry J050 feet ilistanl.
Niptunt, hy a plum jjao feet distant. i^iSff
The Sun is about ,S6o,ooo miles in diameter. It turns on its
axis, from west I,, east, at a rate varying from once in about .^5 ^^p.^
days to .,nre in about 2O;,' days. It also moves onward ;o NEPTUNE fcJi
space, in an orbit of its own, at the rate of about 125,000,000 ^^
miles per annum. Its weight is 326,800 limes greater llian that
>if the e.irth, and its si/e 1,257,000 limes larger. Its si/e is 500
times greater than the combined bulk of all the planets that earth©
'Q
URANUS
o
revolve around il.
VCNUS O
MARS «
VULCAN .
COMl'^RATIVB r.'" as
OK TIIR P'.ANBTS.
AN ArPROXT.MATlOM TO THE RSLATIVS ORBITS OF THE PLANETS ROUND TUB SUN.
Vulcan, the planet nearest to the sun, being only about
13,000,000 miles from il, is j.Sj (.') miles in diameter. It was
discovered by I.escarbaull, a Kreiu I-, physician, in 1S59. This l>lanet can hardly
be said to be fully discovered, as it has never been seen, so .as to be recognized,
since hcscarbault saw it crossing the sun's disc in 1859. During the total eclipse of
the sun in 187,8 I'r.if. Watson s.iw what he believed to be two small planets close to
the sun, one of which was seen also by Prof. .Swift. I'o.ssiblv one of these objects
was Vulcan. It seems probable that Ihcre are several small planets revolving round
the sun in orbits inside thai of Mercury.
Mercury is 2y92 miles in diameter. lis distancefrom the sun is 35,750,000 miles.
It is seldom seen except bv the aid of a telescope.
Venus, 06,750,000 miles from the sun, is nearer to the earth, and is more brilliant
th.in the oib.er pl.iiiets (diameier yfiCa miles). When east of the sun, Venus is the
I''vening St.ir ; and when west, the .Morning Star.
The Earth is dislant from the sun about 92..(oo,ooo miles. It is accompanied by
a moon or satellite (l.at. s,i/e//es, an ntlcndant) which revolves round it in 29 days,
12 hours, .).( minutes ; and rotates on its axis in llie .same time. The moon h.as four
motions, vi/,; iis rotation on its axi.s, its revoUilion round the earth, its revolution
round Ihe sun wiih the earlli, and ils movement in space with the sun. The diameier
of the moon is 2l(x> miles. Ils mean distance from the earth about 240,000 miles.
The moon coming between us and the sun, causes an eclipse of the sun ; the earth,
when between the sun and moon, causes an eclipse of the moon. The combined
attraction of the sun and moon is the cause of the ocean tides.
Mars, .12 11 miles in diameter, is 1.(1,000,000 miles from the sun. It h.as a red or
licry .ippcar.inrc. Il has /;,',' iiiuons.
The Minor Planets, Planetoids, or Asteroids (from Or. «rtr, a star, and ei.los,
form), of which more Ihaii 210 are now known, are comparatively small bodies, the
diameier of \-esla and Cere.s, the l,ii-.t;cst of them, being only between 200 and 400
miles. They revolve in orbits between those of Mars and Jnpiler, their mean
distance being about 284 millions of miles from the sun. About eight new ones are
(lis, ov.Tcd on an average every year, and they probably number many thini.sands.
j Jupiter, 480,000,000 miles from Ihe sun, is the largest of the planets. Its
I diameter is 86,000 miles. Il has/./,r moons, discovered bv Galileo in the beginning
of the seventeenlh cenliiry. It is surroumlcd by a cloudy atmosplierc, forming belts.
Saturn, 881,000,000 miles from the sun, has el^-Zit moons. It has also t/irte
rings, two of which are luminous. Diameter 70,500 miles.
Uranus w.as discovered by Ilcrschcl in 17,81, and is 1.771,000,000 miles from the
sun. It has/>,/r moons, which mm e from east to west. Uranus was formerly called
Mcrschel ; also Georginm Sidus, or Georgian .Star, after King George the Third.
Diameter 31,700 miles.
Neptune is 2,775,000,000 miles from the siin. Its diameter is 34,500 miles.
Its place in ilic lieavens was calculated and predicted by Lcverrier and by Adams;
and it was discovered, in 1846, by Gallc. It has one moon.
e one point
sun and all
cni arc ihe
Milky Way
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
II. J'J/YS/CAL GEOGRAPHY.
SECTION I.
«.tAT,v. P,oPo»T,o«, or ..,„ ,,„ „,„, „^ ;^^ ^_^^_^_^
i. m Earth's Surface is divided into Land and Water
2. An Island (Norse, ,i /,;//,/ \„,r c^v .^/ //■
/„, /\ . . ' • ' ■^""- ■^•^•'f- '«/<?//</ from ^a, water niul
(.'.. The only natural distinction between a continent and an island i, ectent
(ft I Islands occur singly, in chains, or in cluster, F, «, ii i
Indies. . or m Clusters. Ex. St. Helena, Aleutian Islands, West
(<■.) Islands .ire of two kinds, Cont.ntnlal mi Pchgic
Continental Islands are those which wer. once ,«r.ions of continents. Ex. nritain
— ™. islands Of c::;=-:: '^:^^^^:.::t-:s;'::i;^:;:-
7. A Coast (Lat. costa, a rib) or Shore (Sax. saaran, ,o cut)
IS ihc margin of land bordering on the water. '
(-) The IU.ch or strand is the space alternately covered and laid bare by .he Udes.
ncs's .„ ^T '^ ""■■ '^■" "' '•"'" """'"■"" ""• '"" '""« - '"» ■"«--«. by its n.ar.
8. A Plain (Lat.//,„/w, levd) is a tract of land nearly level.
(.'.) Plains , ire divided into three cla.sses viz rrinHn,.nt-.l . I ■_
plains I , ) Cm,, ■„/ ,/ v ' '''""'""'•'' !''•""»• "«' I'l.'ins, and maritime
Tl ( -re , ■ S- 1 i ^ \ "" '"■'" '™' ''"'""^ '"" -'"■"'"> ■'l-^^- ""■ »-' '"Vl f ^
iiiL l.reat .Norlhern 1'l.im ot the (.'I World i,i l-;,,., ./ . .
de,::iL;:::::;;"^:'; ^2::!:%^''' -" ""^''- '■•> '"^^- -^ "-«^- '^•' ^--- "<
9. A Plateau (Fr. //„/. fiat), or Table Land, i.s ,.n e.v.cnsive and
elevated plain, h.x. The Plateau of .Me.xi.o is 6000 f.., above the
Hi! I '1 ' ''■' ^^''"'■" "'' ''"'"'"' ''''^''' '' ■■"g«'='l " i^ termed a
I'Liteaus are div^ided into two classes ■ („,, Those which lie at an elevat.on of more than
10. A Prairie (Fr //•„;>/., a n,eu<lo») is a very large plain, destitute
of trees, and covered with tall coarse "rass
Sibc.r,a are called TuiKh , nd the sandy lieath-plains of France, Landes "^
11. A Silva or Selva (Lat. .//.„, a wood) is a forest plain. Ex.
The Selvas of ihe Amazon.
12. A Desert (Lat. desertum) is a barren plain or plateau. Fx
oahara. .
AN ATOLL.
.X. The Maidivea^d cha;!':: ~'th:z:::^:^:::r: ;L"' ™^'"' -"-' - '--•
or .:^::^'S;:::::.:'x;:::ir:;;n;rM^:[ '- '- '--' -^ "■- ^^- <" ^ -''-ent
an.l deep channel of wate E ri !^s t ,' ■•"" are se,»rated .herefrom by a broad
-" "''•-'•->- -Nerca^L'rtr'K:-::;;^^"'' ''"'' "■"" --'^
.^^.ater. Ex. The reefs which surround th J Sandwich ull^l^l^a M^: -rr ^^^'J
3. An Archipelago is a cluster of islands. It sometime., comprises
several groups. Fix. W-jst Indies. comprises
...';l?'ii'c:;,:r;:;::;:,;':"'' '- - '»'- ■" '-" p-i-'im.- i..-
« > * ;;— "■"' "^"- '". '""". •- -". . — i., ,. . „», ™i, „„
{..> A CUifi IS ^ SIC.]. in.iKlmn In.ik.
^^(^.) A Cape is also called a .i;a,l, Headland, Poin, M„„, Xa.e or Xess (. ,.. nose,, Bilt
AN OASIS.
^ j3.^ An Oasis (Egy. Auasis, a resting place) is a fertile spot in a
Hvr!n"t:t:::.t::^;;::i'l:;/^--:;-7''- ^■.".- ^^. ...e emrance of one
I 15. A Mountain (Lat. «.«.) is an elevation of land excecdino
It! if,':: ';""'" "' f '""""'■•■"' '^ ^^^•"•"-l f^m me level of the sea
l.ciS^^r;^^I^°°° '-' '- --^""-^*<' '-'^- H.ev.ions of inconsiderable j
(./.) Moiint.aiiis occur singly, in ranaes or rhnin. i„ ,■ '
, , , "' Ses or cliains, m groups, and 111 svstems.
(^.) A mountain raofre ..r .'la^n mnd » f • - ' !
~,and.rmi„,acon.inuous;i„e:::i:.:— :r-''Kj':;;:b::^,^^^ '
Hx:-^,i^;rt,i2:.^™''^*^ -' ^e^cralshor.,irre.i,ar .i.es. more oHreT:::,.
M
GEOGRAPHY
(.1,'.) A inuiintuin *';,
.<unc series of cluvatnry
: in ccinsists of several ranges more or less parallel, a;nl due to the
orces. Y.\. Antics.
(/;.) The ^reat cenlral range of a niountain system is called the axis. The i/.ferior ranges
which diver'je from the central line are called branches. The sllo.t, abrupt ridges which
diverge from the branches arc called s/'iirs.
16. A Valley (Lat. vailii) is a tract of land lying between mountain
ranges, n.oiintains, or l-.ills.
(.(.) According lo their direction, valleys ire divided into t-vo classes, viz.: hni;iliulinal
valleys, or those which lie between parallel r: ,'e«. and follow the geneial direction of tiie n'ain
chain ; and transverse valley, or those whic'. ross the principal chains at various angles.
(/'.) According to their relative arrangenviit, valleys .ire divided into three cl.isses, vi/. :
frhieifal valleys, or those which separate e:acnsive parallel mountain laji-es ; laieral vail, vs,
or those which separate the later.d branches of a- mountain range; and siikmlinate valleys, or
those which separate nutuutain spurs.
(e.) According to their situation, valleys are divided into two classes, viz. : hi;li valleys .ind
Im' valleys. The former are long, narrow, ilei p clefts, and are called /asses when situated
between the peiks of mountain ranges, and .v>";v" when so deep as to cut the range to tlie
base. The latter are those that become /laiiis, by their Ixiunding heights lowering as thoy
enlarge. A transverse valley or gorge cut by a river through a ian;;c of miantains is sometimes
called a gate or gales. V.}i. The Iron ( late on the Danube ; the dates of the Uocky Mount.iins.
(.it) In .Scodand, a valley is calieil strat/i and glen : in I'jigland. vale, ,lale, ilin-le. ete.
{.e.) .1 Canon is a deep, narrow gorge wilh precipitous sides, cut Ijy a river below the
gener '.1 level of the surrounding country.
17. ". Volcano (Lat. Vnkanux, liie god of firi:) is an opening' i,i tlic
earth's smface giving exit to vapor.s, steam, sniuiic, asiics, :ind lava.
E.\. Mount V('suvius.
(a-) A volcano consists of two parts: the base and the co.ie.
(/■.) The Crater (l\r.i-rater,,.cni,) is the deep depression found on the summit of the
cone, and Is so called from its hollow, bowl-like shape.
(.-.) .1 /••;,w(,to/,- (Ital. /;n:are, to smoke) is an opening in the grnmid from which smoke,
steam, and ,,;ases are emitted. When suliihur is deposited around a fumerole, it is called a
sol/alara, and, in th'; West Indies, a sotifricre.
(,/.) Ihrnites, or IIern,s (.Span, ovens), are hillocks from 5 to 10 feel in height, from whose
sides and sun-mits colunms of smoke aiul other vajiors are emitted.
(.-.) .Mad IWeanoes, or Salses, arc low conical hills that send forth mud and water
accompanied by vapors and gases.
(./:; There are two chisses of volcanoes, viz.: (r.) J-xtinel voleanocs, or those which
were once .lct,ve volcanoes, but have ceased to be so ; (i.) .letive voleanoes, or diose which
discharge from their craters melted matter without intermissiim, or after intervals of longer or
shorter duration. E.-i. CbimUirazo is an extinct volcano; \-esuvius is an intermittently active
volcano ; ^tiomlxili is a pcrmmently :ielive volcano.
(.;'.) V.ilcanoes are :irranged in two systems, (1.) the Central, which comprises a cluster of
volcanoes grouped together in a limited :in a ; (_•.) Ak Linear, which comprises a scries of
vulcannes ]ii.iced in ;'. line.
18. A Bassn of any !)ody of water is all that surface of country
whose dniinage it receives.
A Ilasin is also called :i ilraijrai..- area or hyihograf-hieal re--i,vi.
19. A Water-parting is an elevation of land which separates con-
tiguous basins.
20. A Watershed is tlie slope of land between a water-parting and
a water course.
£ Watci- cover.': vcarh th, cr-foitfti,.<; of the earth's surface, mid its naitiral divisions mr c/,issiflr,/ as folhnvs
I. The Ocean, or the '_ —
Sea. is the c:iiire bodv i : ,*. .^ - '• "vx •"' X/-'\.
'^
RA^-tf.F OF M3UNTArj^_S V,,;^^^.
OCEAN^ _ ""'^'^, "^ " "■ m J uiN TAIJ^J^S ^^^t "-Vv.,^ OCEAN
•^l^r^CITY
A
*»«•' V
of Siilt water which sur-
rounds the globe.
It comprises five great oivi-
sions.cacli of whicli is .;.Jle(.i (IH j
ocean, viz. : the Atlantic, the !
I'iicific, the Indian, the Arctic, '
;nKl the Antarctic. i
2. An Ocear (Or.
okearios) is one of the
largest divisioi-.s of
salt water. K.\. 'I'he
Atlantic.
3. A Sea (Sax. sm;
or .Ciri,';', a basin) is a
body of salt water ne.\t
in size to an ocean.
Ex. 'I'lie Mediterra-
nean Sea.
((7.) .■/« 0/en .Sea is one '
which connnunicates with the i
ocean by a wide opening. E.x.
.\rabiaii .^u'a.
(/'. ) An Inland Sea i- one
which conilnunicafes with the
ocean by a strait. Ex. Medi'.o'-
laneai. .^ea.
(.-.) -■/ LanJ-loeked Sea is
one which is cut off fr. in the
ocean by a jieninsula and a ,
clip . of islands. Kx. I.tjum
Sea.
(//.) An Arelaf-elagtt is part of an ocean, or of a sea. interspersed with many islands.
4. A Gulf ((>!■. /'"//w, a cavity) is a large body of water stretchins.
into the latul from ,111 ocean, a sea, or another gulf. Kx. CJulf of .St
Lawrence.
5. A Bay 'Sax. hxc, a bend) is a g'llf with a wide inmith. l''.x
FuiuU' i!;iv.
'^"klU
^aJCy^'a'i •.^"
HARbOUP
.^i^
ARCHIPELAGO
^f^.li>
__"_ I (■"■ ) A bav is sometimes called
- a Hglit.
(il.) '1 he narrow b;iys on the
v., Coast of Ireland are called
fe^' ^""£^"1' un the coast of Scot-
land, liiehs; and on the co:ist
of Norway, .//'('»•(/.!.
(. .) A Harbor is ;i bay where
ships in.iy be sheltered (irr li;ir-
Ijored) from the wind :uid wa\i's.
.•( Haven (Sax. ha/an, a still
l)l.ice) is a small harbor.
(/) A Jioail, or A'l'ail.^teatl,
is anchorage grouml near ;i har-
bor.
6. An Estuary d.at.
icsttiii, 1(1 boil, or foam)
or a /■)i//t (l.iM.frrt/tm,
the sea) is (<?.) an open
i; channel (ex. rtnlland
Frith) or(/'.) an arm of
the sea connected wiih
the mouth of a river.
Kx. Fritli of Clyde. In
41
the latter case the word
is tlerivcd from llu;
Sc.in(lina\-i;in /torj.
7. A Channel dai.
caiiitlis, \\ waler pipe)
is a passage of waler
I'.'idiiig from one por-
tion of the sea to an-
ll.l.UsrRATIONS OP VARUUJS (;T!oi;K.\l'H.CAL TERMS. ^,,1, .. ' ... /■. ,
Other lex. at. (lef)rgi's
Channel) or from the sea to the ni' alh of a ri\'er. Ivx. ISt'slol ( hannel.
8. A strait d.al. striclns. drawn together) is a narrow passagi; of
water (nnneeiiiig two larger bodies of water. V,\. Strait of llelle Isle.
(.;. I . I Sound (Sax. sund, a swimming) is either .1 sliiiHow strait, or a narrow b.iv.
9. All Ocean Current is a stream of salt water llowing through llie
sea. V.\. |.i|;aii ( iirrent.
(rt , .7 Cove is a sniifll gulf.
(h I , / Creek ( I lii. A'<v. k. .1 little bav ; S.i-
ereeeii, a crack) is a small .1101 of the si'a.
I 10. A Lake (l.at. /(^v/,l•) is ;i body 'if water nearly or (|iiile sii
I roiniiK'd b\- I. Hid. lv\. Lake ( liil:itio.
ates con- <
\\ bay wlu'ic
ri'il ((n- liar-
1 and w.n I's.
;/(///, a still
bur.
.near a liar- \
<
(I.) Lakes may Iw divided into Umr classes vi7 • / , > ti u- .. ,
out/e^. Kx. Lake Albano, near Komc. '''''''" ^""^ ^''"^^ ^^'^'^'^ >>'-^ve neither m/r/ nor
(fi.) Those whicii have an ou/Lf, but nt> inlet nr I.L-n. ( ■ ■
('-.) Those which have M,s, but „„;:;,' ,';'"";""•• /--Lake Itasca.
(./.) Those which have both an ,'«/rf ,7 -, '"'"/''""'. tx. tireat Salt Lake.
Ontario. '"'" •""' "" "'"''•'' "^ '"1^" "f /nm«,„™„. E*xSLake
wh^;'«^s';^::;:^"'' " ^ ^'"'"" ^^'■'^" """^ ">'- ^^ '^"^^ ^ »" - ™"e., or cfflucn., on.
inc^i: ;,r ::::;: ,;:tr„n;:;;e;s"""^ ^" '-'- •"^" ■-- "■•"-• >^-' «ait.wat„ ,a>.e,
(J.J S„n,e salt lakes, when larRe, are callc.I .„„. Ex. Caspian .Sea
i ».tt-,tr;<:;;',,f z;,t",'''"""- - '"":-' '- - -"-" -
I tr^^r-'- -"---'""--■-.-:' »;:n£
so«™;S,;;,,r"' ""■■■'• " "»'"*»»' .i» ««„,„„„,,
Jf- •„?::''■ "' '"""*' " » »»" "»"". *, ™- w. i,s «
though .hiTJ,' ■' '"" '""•' "' '"" >"'" '»"■"« i» « cl„„„c,
; can onl/ca.;' r^tni:;,;: "" "'^" "" ""^ ^"'"^ "'■ '^'="^' -' ^ ^""^ ^"- one that
™.e..Ws..when-:rts^^^^^^^^^^^
the'baik! f;f;'':;;'t: ZJ:. "' """ '™^"" "■ ■'"' ""^ "-"""^ "- -l-c space between
(4.) 7-/.. a,..„,/ „f a :.iver is the .notion of the water in flowin,.
l:x. .Si.ilt Ste. Marie. ' -'""'"' '' '•'1"^ '» "f^n called ,, S.„,/i.
(.S.) 7y;<r /■■,,//j of a river arc those part, „f it wh.r,. ii
y- -Jen break in the descent of the be<l ^/; V > V n '"T' "" ^' '"■™'"'' '
called a 0,.,™v, and of a sn.all s.rean,, ^ ni^.,!' '"" ' '"' '""^ "' ^' '■"^" -- -^
^J.) T,. ,,r,s of a river are those places in it which n.ay be crossed by n.an or beast, on
o"rn!:'nT:" ' '"" V'"^ '™' "' """ "™-^" '' ' "'■- -" "^ '■■"--'-
V".j 1 lie Kasni nt a river is a Un i ill,>,t lie /
oMARff,,
*^'
'(^|1
@
•^,ii«iit(>.
■ " ■■■ '■ Ntr-'
SPRINli AND NSAP TIDES.
SECTION II.
I- The Six Grea. Land Divisions <,f ,i„ ,,„,, ,,,, ^ „ .
'I.. , 1 aciiic, boiiig placid wlicn i ,st iiavi-'ir..,! In- Wu, .11
The greatest .leptl, yet sounded s':^ ' e .^^ ZT f,'" "i"'^ ""' '''""'' ''' "" '■""'•
"•^ water of the ocean are i„ pr , n,^c, , ^ , r^:' "' ■'■'-■''■"■"^'^Hstics „f
j™>-^, ..el, and depth ; an^ its ...ll^^rXlll^rr^Sr^til^X^ ' "^->'
by the twentieth meridian, 0^.^10,^7 T ^ T °' ''"™'" '"'' '''"'''' -"
and .South America, and te ten fifth , ^' " ""•'"" '^"""^ "^ ^'"^'^
north .0 .south, is nbouf l'^ .^ "a d i fSV? "'^ ^^-'"e 'ength. fron,
30 millions of square miles. ^™'" ^°°° '° ^ooo miles ; area,
.^y !hi A;:;:^KiS: ' ":tr .^rr ?^ • v^^'^^ ^^^^ ^ - '^^ --•^
Antcrica, ,,„d by the seventvfifT ' ■ "■" '^"'^^ "^ ^°"'' ^"'l 'iou'l
Anstrali; and 'L o e 2 tcl' 'fia 'j;;^,^^^" 'p ''"'' '"' ""= ^^ ^y A-,
9000 miles from north to south am abo u "'7''""' '"'■ " ^''"="'''' •^''""'
li"".s of .scjuare n.ilcs. '•°°° f''"'" ^^' '° "<=^' ! »rea 70 mil
An:^rLieCirnret;Ztir:h;;ml"rV'^.^^;^^ °" '"^ -'"^ "^"'^
1> Africa and the Atlantic Ocean I ?!»! T ) ' '"•''"' ••""' ™ "''= "'^^t
^"". about ..coo from east't: ^ ^ ^^^S^^^ ^^-Jr -" ^ ^^^
(4) Ihe^/r//.- avv/« lies within the Arctic Circle, -.n 1 „ ' ..
- ". .;>e Antarctic Circle; area of both oce^^ ^^'^I^^L^t, ::^'X ''"'"
(5) Waves are caused bv wind and l,v ,i 1 r ■
exceed., forty feet fron, .1. ...^^^^ 2:;:!^,:~ ^^^ "^«""' ^^ "-'V
(fi.) The Tides arc the alternate rise and fall, or
"»• ^'Hl -W., at regular intervals, of the waters in
-• ocean, perceptible on the shore. .S>-/«,. or
l>'«l. .K les are caused by the joint attraction of the
■•^in, and moon ; an<l «<■„/ or low tides, bv the at-
ract.on of the sun and moon acting perpendicularly
to each other. ■'
( 7.) Ocean Currents are chietly caused by wind
attraction of the sun and moon, such as tides un'
cqu.l evaporation at different j.oints, differences
"f temperature and density, causetl bv coklness and
I sal ncss, &c. These influences act' single or to-
fc'ether. 1 he chief currents are the north'anti south
Mn- a,ny„f,, and the ,y/„/„;-«/ .,„•,-,.,//■.
^^Jv^l''!!'!:!^'':':^^ ^^ '"^ "'"™"-' -^ "- »''<- -^^ heavier waters of
i-gs lind t^:;:; : 't^ :;;::;;r^"; '^«"-- r-^, -^ '»^ -.uator. Thus ice
they melt awav. ' ' ^ ''" ''^"■' '"""'' "'<= ""Pical waters, where
eas!^! j;::,'^m!;rr* r rr """■^""="' -^ '- -"'"■ --- '-
remarkable moventent^jfui :u:r:nr;sl:;;:;::';r^ "^ ""'^^ ^^'^'"■^ ^•'■'^ ■"-'
^'e£;! ''^.'Z^:':;.::rr^j;T 'r^ '- -''' '- "> '-^ --^ ^^
l'-'lvnmndi,,anl merl inr<>< ^H T ]" ^"'''""^ ■'^■='' "''^'^'^^ •■' '--'^"i'
'■•'"■■ida and < ' ba > "h " l , ', '"'"='' "' '"""" '""^Be bet.een
l^""l. «l>erc, on the (irnxl Hank n , , '" = "'"' "'"' "^ Nowfound-
■n.eune,,ual .cn.per , "t^w "^ ""-' ''"'" ^•"-•'" f-» li^'ffi" iiav.
"- prevailing fogs on 1 . c ,, .? Z'T 1 ""'"' "■'"^'' "'^'' ''"<= --^■
is eastward till it n,ee s t le H i^h V ^"'^^ ^^ Newfoundland, its course
""-.e polar. Sin Of spit:i-;:';-::i.;ix-,--^
(liKikes. •iiiiora^, mir.ige, volcanoes, and earth-
"■ .' height of not less'.han o "'r t^*"' "'"V:""" '"^' ""'" ^ —."led
-". ".»s :.eco„,ing lighter, .^ ^^ '.^ , y" ^ ""■^^^'^ '' '-™'- '-'e.i,
'Inccs wind. The veloci.v of this , ' •'"■ '" ''">''''>• i''' Pl''ce, pro-
'^•) "Hs., (3.) high. „:,■:; : ,;; Tr:^:^ s;:::r^2r" ;'^ "^ '■""« '■■' -■'"-
>l"rm, and (7.) a tornado rv,-l,,, . ,""'"'•'•' '"'^''^ne or revolvinc
Winds .are ( ) tl .S co and S ' r"?' "' ""'"" '"'"■-"- ■'"'k- I.o .!^
Afica : , J tii .Lnl^z,™ i^: ;;;;;.;i: :,;:'f -^ ^'-v<^- which blow fr^m
(J.) the .Simoom or .SamicKpoisl „ ''*•''"' "^ ^^^'''•■'" '" "'« Atlantic;
-' Arabia ; ,4., the peri^ I M ^ ^ ^ J !"^""- '" "- deserts of AfricJ
•'•■■'.le-Winds of the .Atlantic P ic , 1 ,."" ™"' ^ ^^'^ '''" •••"-'""'
.1..- !:,;„*: ,'..'" '""""■ '"■■"-" '•"■■""' " »« » "■• '"Wi" .*„. „,
(.)) Lightning is, I i>,iiii.,i,t |i.,.jl, ,,f II,,., .
<"-'^ ^'-'Hcity from one ciou;!::'.::::^; ::::r o;;;^,::;;;---' < --'
ff
12
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
r
(4.) Thunder is a loud sound produced by electricity in passing rapidly through
the atmosphere.
(5.) Rain is vapor condensed into water, and falling in liquid drops.
(6.) A Rainbow is a lieautiful arch, visible during a shower, on a cloud opposite
to the sun ; and is caused by the refraction of the sun's rays, by the drops of rain,
and their reflection by the surface of the cloud.
1^
ll?V^U£yJ
SNOW LINK OR LIMIT IN THB DIFFERENT ZONES.
{7.) Snow is the vapor of water congealed ; it is often crystallized into beautiful
forms while falling. Snowfalls upon Europe, the northern parts of Asia, Africa, and
North America, and on the southern parts of Australia, Africa, and South America.
Within the tropics, it falls only on the high mountains, at an elevation of from
15,000 to 20,000 feet above the sea.
(8.) Hail is rain falling from a higher and warmer stratuni of atmosphere through
a colder one, and frozen into drops in its descent.
{9.) Icebergs are floating masses of ice of great height and size, like hills (Ger.
/v/y, signifying hill), generally detached from the Polar glaciers or rivers.
(lo.) Glaciers are immense mas'->::s of ice formed by solidified snow which be-
comes comi^actcd in the gorges or valleys of snow-capped mountains.
(11.) An Avalanche is a sudden descent of a mass of snow or ice down the side
of a snow-clad mountain.
{12.) Fogs are clouds of dense vapoi resting on the land or on water.
(13.) Dew is the moisture of the air condensed by contact wiili bodies cooler
than the air.
(14.) A Water-spout is a violently twisted column of water, caused by a whirl-
wind, and united with a cloud surchaiged with water.
(15.) A Meteor is any luminous appearance in the air, such as a shooling-5;~r, a
bolide, thunderbolt, etc.; also as an t^'ft/s/iifuits, or will-o'-the-wisp.
(16.) The Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, are beautiful rays of iight
shooting up on a clear night from the northern horizon. They arc supposed to
be electrical or magnetic in their origin. The Aurora Australis, or Southern
Lights, occur in the southern hemisphere.
(17.) A Mirage is the name for a peculiar condition of the atmosphere just above
the horizon, when it assumes the appearance of a sheet of water, often exhibiting the
reflected or inverted images of distant objects.
(I'S.) A Volcano is a mountain giving vent to fire, smoke, ashes, or lava. The
mouth, from wliich the fire, smoke, etc., issue, is called the i-/;i/,r.
(19-) An Earthquake is a shaking, trembling, or concussion of the earth, caused
possibly by volcanic or other internal action, possibly by the shrinking of the earth's
crust through loss of heat, possibly by the attraction of the moon.
4. Climate signifies the general state of the atmo.sphere as regards
temperature, wind, and moisture. These arc chiefly varied l-)y an
une(jtial distribution of the sun's rays unon the earth's siu'face.
The heat is greatest at the C(iuator, wherf* the sun is almost directly overhead.
As we approach the North and South Poles, it gradually becomes cooler, caused by
the sun's rays falling more or less nblicpiely upon the earth as we recede fr ;.. the
equator. Climate is also affected by the height of a place above and its distance
from the sea; tlie direction of mountain ranges; the existence of large forests;
prevalent winds ; and the tpiantity of rain which falls. Climate, from the (Jreek
word /7//H(/, a slope, was originally one of the thirty zones intti which the ancients
divided the globe accortling to the obIic[uity of tlie sun's course.
5. Geological Structure.— it is generally supposed that the interior
of the earth is in a state of intense heat, and was originally a fused
mass, which became solid by cooling, and was finally, by the action of
water and chemical forces, covered by successive layers of sediment.
r///t GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAIS.
6. Minerals. — riie substances of which the earth's crust is formed
aie nearly all conijjoiuid bodies called minerals.
\Vhcn analyzed, these cimiiMiuiHl iKxlics have been reduced to sixty-nine rlcnirntary sul>-
stanccR, which hy chemists have hcen divided into two fjroups, tall.'d llie .metallic and tlie
non-metallic. There aie upwards of five hundred species of these compound bodies, arranged
into 37 families and 7 orders.
7. Metall are sometimes found pure; hut they are generally united with other substances,
forming what are called ores. The metals are fifty-four in number, the best known being gold,
silver, etc. The non-metallic substances are fifteen, viz. : oxygen, nitrogen, etc Of the
sixty-nine elementary substances, hydrogen is the lightest, and platinum the heaviest.
(I.) Gold is the most valuable of the precious metals. It is fouii ' in grains or dust in a
pure state; sometimes in lumps or nuggets. The qnld regions ( ' \ustralia, California, and
IJritish Columbia arc the most productive.
(2.) Platinum, a grayish metal, more rare and almost as valuable as gold, is found in the
Ural Mountains, Brazil, Itornco, and Cafifornia.
(3.) Silver is sometimes found pure; but it is generally mixed with gold, copper, lead,
arsenic, or sulphur. Mexico, California, Nevada, the north shore of Lake Superior in Ontario,
Peru, Bolivia, and Chili are noted for their silver mines. The principal Eurojwan mines are in
Norway, Spain, Transylvania, and Hungary.
(4.) Iron is the most useful of all the metals. It is found in greatest abundance in Great
Britain, Belgium, France, Cicrmany, Norway, Sweden. Russia, the United States, and British
North America.
{;.) Copper, next to iron, is the most useful metal. The richest copper mines in America
are on the shores of Lakes Supc-ior and Huron; in the Island of Cuba; and m Chili. The
most noted of Lurope are m Kngland, Sweden, and Norway. Siberia, Persia, J.-'.paii, Aus-
tralasia, and Malaysia also furnish copper.
(6.) Zinc, which is combined with copper to form brass, is found in abundiince in Prussia,
Belgium, Kngland, and the United States.
(7.) Lead is round in (ireat Britain, Ireland, Ciermany, France, Spain, Norway, the United
States, and Canada.
(S.) Tin is found chicfiy in England, Spain, and Saxony; also in B:mca, one of the islands
of Malaysia. Combined with copper it forms bronze.
(v.) Mercury, — Tlie principal ([uicksilvcr mines are those of California, Peru, Idria, in
Southern Austria, and Almaden, in Spain.
( 10,) Cobalt is chiefly used for imparting a blue color to glass and porcelain. It is obtained
chiefly from Oermany and Norway.
(11.) Arsenic is procured chietly from (icrmany.
(12.) Antimony and Bismuth are brittle substances, found chiefly in Ciermany. Combined
witli lead they form a mctiil used ftir printing types,
8. lnRammat)le Minerals. — The chief inflammable minerals are coal, jet, sulphur, bitumen,
and amber,
(1.) Coal is divided into thrc-i distinct species, viz. : anthracite, bituminous, and lignite. It
is found in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, the Saskatchewan Kivcr Valley, near
the Rocky Mountains, Vancouver Island, the United States, Kngland, and other countries.
(2.) Jet is a substance like coal, found in Yorkshire, England, and some other regions.
It is much used for mourning ornaments, such as necklaces, etc.
(j.) Sulphur, .sometimes called brimstone or burn-stone, from its great combustibility, is
found tliietiy in Sicily.
(.}.) Bitumen is soineiimcs found in a fluid state, when it is called petroleum ; in its solid
state il is c, tiled a^jihattiMn. In the Island of Trinidad (West Indies) there is a lake or pond
of semi-fluid bitumen.
(v) Amber, a resiunus substance often made into ornaments, is obtained chiefly on the
sliorcs of the Baltic in Prussia.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTSJ^
9. The Geographical Distribution of Plants, of which there are
iihoiU 120,000 species, t is dependent chicfiy on climate, and on the
moisture or dryness of the atniosphore.
Vegetation of some kind e.xi.sts in almost every part of the globe; either on the soil, as
trees, shrubs, and herbs ; on the rocks, as lichens, etc. ; in the water, as sea-weed, etc. ; or on
the snow, as the red or ()r;uiue ( ' \\'.-\ plant mistaken by Arctic travellers for red snow.
10. Principal Food Plants.— (ir.uu, fruits, and tuberous roots are the principal food-plants;
and the nuist important plants for clothing are cotton, flax, and hemp.
THE GEOGRAPHICAI DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.%
II. The Geographical Distribution of Animals like plants, is
dependent chieily on climate.
The animals which inhalrt the earth are naturally divided into three groups, — those found
in the torrid (or tropical), the temperate, and the frigid zones. The fiercest animals are found
in the torrid, the most useful in the tempera. e, and the most prolific in the Arctic zones. The
cat-triljc (tiger, panther, etc.) degenerates as it recedes from the tropics, while 'iuch animals as
tlu' Iwar and the whale increase in size.
• The group of plants thai iuh.duts any particular n-j-inu, cmlmiLiug all tlui spccifs. both tLMiestrial
ami a(|uatic, is called \\% flora.
t .\ i^ccici nmpriscT a:: thr ititUvithial^ th;tt arr r-upptr-^rtl (•• wmxv- fn'tn it shvgl^ pfltt i M\'\ .* /;r'N*»l
itirhules several species having certain proiwrties in cmninnn.
X The grnui) nf animals iliat inhabits any particular region, enihracinn all tlu! ^ipiTJi-s, hoili ai|n,Un'
and terresirial, is called its/rtKHii.
.1^
/ -0
14
' of St)
slidii
may
I.
"r con
cdlor,
coni|)|{
or l)lnc
of llic ;
J. -I
slral^h
ami [,i|
.111(1 (hu
1 bodies, arranged
!(!, is fountl in the
ri)mbustibiHty, is
[1 cliiefly on the J
PLANTS*
cipal food-plaiits;
's, both tL'iiostrial
such as worms, leeches etr • (, ^ r- . <:"S5ca , vu. . (i.) Annehdes, or rineed
(3.) Spiders; a;,d u ) l'„: j,' ' v ^nre/"^"; ;""•"?""'' ^"^" ^'^ "^'-' '"'«'-. "'
.-. centre, c,f which there are fit ch.e, rtf f ' " • T """" *'™^'"- ""'"" f™"
and vegetable worlds. The k .„'^ "ies „ ."",''■ "" '"""'' """ ™""-'^ "- -"".al
^3.oco; n.Mo„usca.„,ooo; H^ aSL ^^ ^ ^'^ ^/ir""! ^ ^ ^-^-".
13 Th. iHiij « I . > I , V . Kaaiata, 7000 ; I otal 250,000.
"• The Wild Animal., etc., „,„.sl useful to „.an are the fullowin. •
MAM.M1FKRS (M ILK-IIEARIN,;).
/Vamcs.
Prodittls.
Oil and whalelxjne.
Oil and spermaceti.
Oil
Oil and skin.
Oil and leather.
Ivory and fooil.
The r.reenland Whale
The .Sperm Whale,
J'hc Walrus,
The .Seal,
The Porpoise,
TV h''"'''""^', '^"O-an"
Otter .Seal, Sable Krmine, Vm
T\^ Squirrel. Chirchilla,
•ilK, or Moose, Ante ope, Cb.i- t in,l
mois, Dison, and liuffalo, ' f i.ea"her
BIRDS.
The Ostrich and Eider-Duck
rat, >
ox, V
Fur.
-P,^'"""; ««""•■=». I'roduCs.
The rurtle, iRuana, and Frog, i.-,,,,,,
IheAlhgator, ^^^^^ ^^Ihn
^heCo^™' "7''V""'»"'"^'"«'-»
T„ i;i' ,. . Food and codlivcr oil
Ihe .Salmon, Herring, Shad, Mack- (
crel, I urbot, etc., ' j Food,
The .S.Ik Worm, „.,.
The Cochineal Insect r- , ■ ■
The Lac Insect! ' C-ochmeal.
The Call insect, ^ac.
Ihe Bee, „ , f'»l'-
Spanish FIv, "oney and v'ax.
,.„,,. Medicinal.
MOLLUSKS, ETC.
inhabit,. Southern In.lia a ulAttstral The a "'fr "'''''"' '^^-^'fi-, wl,ich
south of the IJcsert of Sahara portiotofM .^ ', • ""''' "'''■-■'' '"'''^^'^'' ^f"'^^',
States of America, whither. 'iCX, '^eS ;,?'r '"';'"', ''''= ^"""'""
transported. ■ '■"'citie.s of the .Slave Trade, they were
The total population of the World is estim-.te,l ., i .
a.s follow., :- estimated at about 1,440,000,000, distributed
America (Novth and South) ^-^;-'^'l'-e Mile.
Kurope . ; • . . . 15,879,400
Ash, including Malaysia") ; .' .^ : : .^^^^^
Oceania (excludingMalaysia) .' : : "['f^^^
Population.
86,500,000
313,000,000
831,000,000
205,000,000
4.500,000
5'.392.9oo
The S«^|;;o;;;:CnnS;Smigan ?""'"'• I f?" i^^'^-f^-ildcr, Kedli^l-
Snipe, I-artridge, and Quail, '""' { Food. | ^ ';ter,'and Crab''"'' ■''"'''"«■ ^""^ | Food
yjB GEOGRAPHICAL DfSTRLnUTION OF MAN
'^^°'-0/^
///. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY.
\
i .' '^^- -:^:™ ';:;":^j;r,s,': "t" ™" '-°" »'
of soil and climate, wind, hZ i . ' '''"°'' *=^'">' ^•^"•''-'ly
sliuui,.,,, .so a., ,0 , roc uc ,e ,1 ff ' V'"''"" "'"" '"' "'•>-^'«' -"-
con-plexioii, -n„.,i„H.! :; , ;,i; '■"" ^^' ''^'^'^. "-"O. These have a swarthv
- I;'ack, and inhabit S„:,b:: tl ^^l,::^;:'';^;^"- "7->- -.1 hair dark-,:'!' 1
"f the Mediterranean. ' ' '"'"' ''■^'>'' ■■"«' ""^ ""'ih and .so,„h shores
3. 1. niul 5. Mongoloid. - \ raoc with v ii ,
^•"iRh, hail, „,,i,h i„,„|,i„ „,„ ;^ :„:"?^;^":;'-" '-7 «l<i". '>lack eyes, l,h,.k,
-" . 'Panese ,„,,y be taken as tvp s ^^ ,^ "'t' " f' '"""' ^^^'^ -n-e ( liine J
-I -e iiihabitaius of Malaysia,' M, ,^ I'l^; ;;:;^^^"""> A-crican Indians
I. The Political Divisions of the Earth ar^ Fm
Kepubhcs, Dominions, Confederacies 1 '''\^"'P"^^'^' Kingdoms,
"ies, and Dependencies. ' ^ ""'='P^''"«- I^»chies, Colo-
Knili" """'*^^ '^ " '-''- "^ '-" '"Habited by a parti.u-ar people. Ex.
or ^n->'r ■ r :^;^ ™ :™-r "'':^;:r ^ '"^ -- °^ -^ ----
countries a Sul.an, Car, Shah, Mogul or Mikado """■■ " "'""' '" '''"''"^"'
Ki,Ig-lrt.l!;:f "'""'"""■•"'^'^™^'^'^°^ °- - — countries governed by a
unl!^ie:l;!!^'"?,"--f '^ ^ «— ^ '" -ich the Monarch possesses
■ ~ci^^^St::i'*TZZ: '— - --" - .ower of the
whl'ii tSyli^f^Tiz.^;^;::^;:/;: y--- --"^ -■-' ^ ''-i^ent.
by them. Ex. The United States ' ' '"="'"'■'' '^'- ''>• "^'^S^'« elected
elective. ' ^ '"^'•"' Electors, etc., cither hereditary or
i^hS ;:dSt%;:,:,:r'^^ '"™^'"« "■ -<• «--""' -^y ^-ncr. kx.
tor*;:i;:;:;S'^r "''"" """ '■^-'"-- '-'-'-. departments. States, Terri-
(M.) In Canada, a Counfy is a sub-division of -x Vr ■ , ■
oflicers. The Conuty Town is the plad 1 e . 'V '■ '"""« "^ "«" !"">
public business. '"■'• "'"" ""^ ™"»ty officers transact the
('2-) A Township is a sub.<livisi,m of a coun.v •,„ M ■ ,
U J') 1 lie capital of a country s the seat of lie „
capital of ,he Dominion of Canada. (J-vernmenl. Ls. ( i.tawa is the
2. Tile Different Nations of ihc eirth n,o , ,, ,
the savn,., the partly civili.ed, aiKUl,: Svii;;^, """^ •"^•'^'-' '-"
.01^ -.:rr..rr'Z^:S.f S'i^^^^ -;... ^.:;. ,. such produ.
chstinguished for tbeir advancement ii scie^L, m::::ure, l^d thrl^' """"" ""^
3. The Principal Religions of the Wnriri
i^l>, Mohammedan, 13rahmin or H^,^ J,:" '^ ^'■^'^"-'- J-v-
There are uncivilized races who h. o 1' ' '''''' ""^' ■'^"^''•
)- believe in a stiperioTi:^ t^ ^ Z ^^Ir;' ""^'"" '^'^"^^
over them for evil or good ■ „„ f " • " ''"' '"' '»«"<-■"«
'■>'. -ve no belief in uJ.;/;;:i;^r:;:-- -
n.e^—r of adberen.s..be various re,i.„ns is estiinatcda^fl...
i
Chrir.tlaii
Jewish , ,
Mohammedan
liralimin
lliiddhist
375,000,000
S,ooo,ooo
1(10,000,000
200,000,000
500,000,000
I'arsco
Sikh . . ,
I'ncivilized
200,000
>, 200,000
'95(»o,ooo
n
* '■""•" '''"""' '"''• DV„„„„v,,l.l,„d. C nnil.l, r.,l„mM,. D lU k,- M„„„l,i„,. t rwrUl,, 'f 1..K. \V„u,f,„r OM,„lf„l,» Mtr ^ , ..L.,,,
K.^,.K,., tuunnuH. „,„,„M ..,. N,.u,„„o„, , o N.,^,„„„u,.,, p r 1 ;;;,»l;,nr r-Q*;,:;;;:^";;^:; i^i^ u^r"' ''"'■'"■"
I
Lrl.lu.. iiiartoy. IIJ,,„„|.|„j,.
i! 1
16
NORTH ^[MERiCA.
SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
/. THE WORLD DIVIDED INTO HEMISPHERES.
I. Th« World is generally divided into the Western an.l Eastern Hemispheres.
It is ills,, divided into the Northern antl .Sontliem Ilemisiihercs.
I. The Weitern Hemlsplien!, or New World, w»s disc»vcrDd by Columbus only about 400
years as". It contains less land surface and a greater water tine than the Eastern Hemi-
sphere. Its grand divisions arc North and .-^oulh America, and Oceania in part.
The great ni.i.ntain-ranges of the Western Hemisiiherc, and two of its great rivers, the
Mississippi and tl. 'araguay or Kio de la Plata, run in a southerly direction ; wliile the I'arinie
Mountains in Soiu, America, and two other great rivers, the Amazon and the .St I awrence
run in an easterly .lirection, The route by Cape Horn, soutli of the Island of Tierra del'
I'ucgo, was, after its discovery by .Schoutcn, the common highway between Eastern America
and Asia, and between Europe and the Pacific ; but now the shorter route to these places is bv
the Isthmus of Darien or Panama, which connects North and South America. It is expected
that the much more direct route through liritish Nortli Ajnerica to the Northern Pacific and
Asia by the .St. Lawrence, the great Lakes, and the Cana.la Pacific Railroad (now in course
of construction), will yet be (lie great highway to the vast countries of Asia.
3. The Eastern H;mitphere, or Old World, was the cradle of our race, Hie scene of .he
Saviour's advent, .,nd the first al^xle of Cliristianity. It contains all those celebrated coun-
tries of antiquity which are mentioned in the Holy Scriptures and in Ixioks of history.
This Hemispliere is noted for its lofty mountain-ranges and elevated table-lands, which form
PART II.
NOR TH AMERICA.
Named from Amerlsn V
Amerigo Vespucci, n FInronline a.trnnoin,,. who made several voyages to the New World soon afler i,s discovery by Columbus. a,„l who in ,50; first
totliL Nlw \\ rd
piiblislied iiii .iccuui.t iif ;\ vtiy.iKc
nearly three-fourths of the whole surface. Its principal mountain-ranges, and six of its great
rivers (tlie Danube, in Europe, the Ganges, Vang-tse-keang, Iloangho.and Amoor, in Asia,
and the /aml>esi,iii Africa) chielly run in an easterly direction. The shorter mount-ain-ranges
along the eastern coast of Asia, with the rivers Indus, Tigris, and Euphrates, in Asia, the \'olga
ami Dnieiier, in luirope, and the Niger, in Africa, run in a soutlierlv direction ; while the Vral
Mountains, and the rivers Lena, Yenisei, Obi, in Asia, .and the Nile, in Africa, run toward the
nortli. 1 he Congo, m Africa, runs in a westerly direction. The European part of this Hemi-
sphere has long been the seat of Christian civilization and of commerce ; the influence of both of
which is now rapidly spreading to every jiart of the habitable globe. Around the Cape of f iood
Hope was formerly the chief passenger-route from Europe to India and China ; but a much
shorter one by the canal through the Isthmus of Suez, which connects the Continents of Asia
and Africa, is now followed.
♦. The Northern Hemisphere is projected on the plane of the horizon of London, and con-
tains two-thirds of the lan.l-surface of the globe; so that, in this Hemisphere, the world's
metro|)olis is situated in about the centre of the habitable parts of the earth.
5. The Southern Hemisphere is nearly all covered with water ; the only large portions of
land in it being Australia and part of South America. It contains almost the whole of
Polynesi.i. New Zealand is nearly in the centre of this vast exp;iiise. In the greater portion
of this Hemisphere it is mid-winter in June, and mid-summer in January
TllH HKINIU'.M. ANIMALS ON THB CONTINENT OF AMliKlCA
1. Boundaries— North America is bounded on the north, by ilie
Arctic Ocean ; on the ea.st, by the Athmtic Ocean ; on tlie south, by
the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean ; and on tlie west, by tlie
Pacific Ocean.
2. Form.— It consi.st.s of a large triangular-.shaped portion of land,
broadest at the north, and tapering almost to a point at the south.
3. Position.— It extends from about 82° to 7° N. I,at. and fioin
20° to 168° \\. Tiling.
4. Extreme Points, — North, Arii>r'iho>> roint.'m lionlhi.i Peninsula
Feli.v, 71° 55' N. and 92° 25' W. (the islands in the north e.vtend beyond'
83" N.); iiO\M\ M,r>:\tto J'„int^^" 11' N, Lat.) ; east, Cafe St. Charles
(55° 3S' W., 52° 17' N.) ; west, Cape Prince of Wales (lG^° \\\ (,,°
30' N.). ' ■'
5. Extent.— (,?.) The extreme /,v/-//^ from Cape Lisbmn on the
west coast, in the Arctic Ocean, to the Isthmus of Panama, is about
5600 miles. The extreme firearl/li from Cape Caiiso to the niouih of
the Columbia River is about 3120 miles, {/k) The area of North
America, e.vclusive of Creenland, is al)out 8,200,000 .stjuare miles, more
than twice that of I'-.uropo. (e.) 'I'he eaasl line is about 2.(,ooo miles,
or one mile of const for 559 square mill's of surfare.
6. Population.— The estimated populali.
to about 59,500,000.
of North America amounts
\
NORTH AMERICA.
7. POLITICAL AND TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICA.
1. Itritiiili North Amcricft. .
2. lliiiteil HUiUw
3. Mexico
4. lli'itisli IIoikIiii'iih
ft. <fii;ituinal,i
(i. lluiKluriiH
7. Siiii Siilviulor
8. NiHirnKiia
I). Costa Uii:i
10. W- St Indies
11. Diuiisli America
I'J. i reucli America
PoilUon.
Ill the North of the Continent
Soiitli of Hritisli Nortli Aniericii
Soutli-west of the United States
I'jist of Yucatiui and Ouatcmala
Soutli of Yucatan
East of (iiiatemahi
Sonth-nest of Hondnras
Soiitli-east i>f Honduras
South of NicaraKua
^JUst of Central America
North-east of Ilritish Noitli .America.
South of NewfouudUind
Am In Enf.
■q. Iiiilea.
3,B27,r>6(!
3(ill,H4-t
74;t,!«a
7.5G2
40,77(i
47,0!)0
7,.'t:W
58,170
21,4!»
M.mw
6311,800
91
PopuUliuQ
(tboul)
CaplUI.
3,!)14,5O0 OtL-iwn 45° 22'
30,000.000 Wa.>iliington 38. 03
'J.aW.OOO Mexico 10.25
2(i.()0(> Hclize 17. 32
1,200,000 New Oiiatemala '■■ 14. 41
.•WO.OOO iTemiriKalpl | l.t 50
BOO.noo Now San Salvador. . . . ■ \:\. ■:»
300.fU)0 M;inaf;na 1 i'» lo
mvOOO SauJosi ! >i:x.
4,500,000 Havana, &c j ■>,•) i)
7U,r>00 iKeildavlh, &c w' h
0,100 1st. Pierre 4u; 4,1
8. Physical Coast Features.
I. In the Arctic Ocean :
(1.) IslanuS.— C^m'«/„H,/, north-east o£ liritish North America; Parry Islands
(including (Irinnell Land, Kllcsmcrc, North Lincoln, North Devon, liathursl,
Melville, and I'rincc Patrick Lslands), west of Northern C.rccnland ; Banks Ishiml.
Primt Albert Lan.l, A-lnf IVilliam Island, Prhhf 0/ Wales Island, Aorll, .Somerset
Is'aml, and Coekhirn Island, Ijctivcen the Parry Isles and the mainland ; Coekburn
Island .mA Bajfin Land, west of Davis .Straii.
(2.) Peninsulas.— AVv;/, Adelaide, Hoolhia, and Melville.
(3) Capes.— Cu/»m/</,< (83" 07' N., 70" 30' W.), the most northerly point of land
yet discovered on the globe ; l.islmrn, west of Alaska ; ley Cape and Point
Barrmv, north of Alaska; Demarealion Point, between Alaska'and liritish North
: ' America; />'.:M;<rj/, north-west of liritish North America; Mnrehison Point, xom\
\ of lioothia Peninsula.
: j (4.) Gulfs and ^a.)li.—liajin Bay, between Greenland and the Northern Archi-
i ) pelago; Viseo Bay, Melville Bay. and Peabody Bay, west of Clreenland. Boot/tia
; j Gnl/, with Committee Bay, between lioothia and Melville Peninsulas ; Coronation
) Ciilf, with Bathurst Inlet, between Wollaston Land and the mainland ; .Maekenzie
j Bay, at the mouth of the .Mackenzie River; Kotzebue Sound, west of Alaska.
; (5) Straits.— (<J.) Leading north from lia&n lUy.—Smit/i Sound dLwi A'ennedy
] Channel, separating Greenland from Ellesmere and Grinncll Land.
I (/'.) Leading west from lialfin V.\\\ -.—Jones 5tf«W, between North Lincoln and
I North Devon. .South of the Parry Isles x—Laneaster Sound, Barrow Strait, Melville
I Sound, and MeClure, or Banks Strait.
I (. ; Leading south from Barrow Strait :— East of North .Somerset, Prinee Pei;ent
, Inlet; west of North Somerset, lioothia Peninsula, and King William Land, yv.V
J Sound, Pranklin Strait, and / 'ietoria Strait.
j (</.) Leading southeast from Melville Sound :—.lAC//HfavC- Channel and Ross
I Strait.
t
i (<■) Leading west from Fox Chaiuiel -.—Fury and lleela Strai:, joining Fox
{ Chamiel and lioothia Gulf; Bellot Strait, joining Prince Regent Inlet and Franklin
, Strait; IJease Strait, joining Victoria Strait and Coronation Gulf; Dolphin Strait,
1 joining Coronation Gulf and the .\rctic Ocean.
i II. In the Atlantic Ocean :
; (i ) Islands.— /.<■/./««', east of Greenland ; .Southampton, north-west of Labrador ;
\ Po.\; nortn of Labrador; Nr.c/oundland, south-east ol Labrador; Antieosti, south
,' of Labrador ; Prinee Edioard Island, cast of New I!i .niswick ; Cape Breton Island,
, northc;ist of Nova Scotia; I.ang Island, south-east of New York; Bermudas, east
1 of South Carolina; West Indies, between North and South .Vmerica.
) (2.) Peninsulas.- /.ciMii/w, between Hudson Hay and the Atlantic; Gaspe,
) between the River and Ciulf of St. L.awrcnce; AWw Seotia, between Fundy Pay and
I the Atlantic; Delaware -muX part of ^raryland.\K\vniK\\ Delaware and Chesapeake
j Bays; Florida, between the Gull of Mexico and the .-Vtlantic, Yueatan, between the
I Gulf of Mexico and •' Caribbean Sea.
1 (3.) Capes.- C;/.' Fare-.oell, south of Greenland ; Cape Henrietta Maria, south of
] Hudson Bay; Cape ;/'.'/j7c«/;i)//H,', north-cus' of Hudson P.ay ; C',;/.- tV//(,//<7>//, north-
I west, and Cape Charles, south-cast of Labrador ; Cape A'aee, south-cast. C-pe Freels,
I north-east, and Cape Pay. south-west of Newfoundland; Cape Canso, north-east, .and
; Cape Sable, south-west of Nova Scotia ; Cape .■Inn and Cape Cod, at the entrance to
; Massachusetts Bay ; Cape Afay and Cape Ilenlopen, at the entrance to Delaware Bay;
I Cape Charles ;\ni\ Cape Uen-y. M the entrance to Chesapeake Bay; Cape llatteras,
j east of North Carolina; Cape Sable or Taneha, south of Florida; Cape Palmer,
J north-west, and Cape Catoehe, north-east of Yucatan ; Cape Graeias a Dios, east of
\ Honduras.
; (4) Seas, Gulfs, and Bays.- Cra;;/.!Mi/ Sea, south and east of Greenland;
\ Penny Gnif.hawKKn ('unii>cr!and Land and \\,\ Land; Hudson Bay, w'Mx James
\ Bay, went of North-Last Territory; Gulf 0/ .St. Zawrenee, bclwecn Newfoundland
; and New Brunswick; Fundy B.iy, between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia;
I Massrehusetts Bay, east of Massacluisetts ; Delaware Bay, between Delaware and
75°4.7
77. 1
Ul)" a
8«, !)
!I0. :15
8(i. 45
K'.l. 13
S(i. 12
8:1. ai
82. 22
21 05
5U. 14
Vlhtn •ItaiM.
Itivor Ottawa
River Potomac
Lake Tcieuco
Ki\er Uelize
Uivcr Moiitagua
I!i\ er Choliiteen
Ne:ir the Paeilie Ocean . .
Like Managun-
River Cartliago
North-west coavtof Cuba
Soutli-weKt CO. of Iceland
St. Pierre iHlund
Popultllnn
o( Capiul.
21;, 000
10!I,0(H)
2:«).0(;o
ii.i:i4
4.''i.(HKI
12 (KW
Iti.OOO
0.(100
12.(100
2;«).()oo
1.200
aoo
New Jersey; Chesapeake Bay, in Maryland and Virginia ; Appalaehee Bay, north-
west of Florida; Gulf of .Me.xieo, south of the United States; Bay of Campeaehy,
west of Yucatan; Bay of Honduras, hciviccn Honduras and Belize; Mosquito Bay,
east of Costa Rica; Caribbean Sea, between Central America and the West Indies.
(5-) Straits.— /)<;r7> strait, joining Baffin Bay and the Atlantic; Fox Channel,
leading north from Hudson Bay to the east of Southampton Island and Melville
Peninsula; Frobisher and Hudson .Strait, joining Hudson Bay to the Atlantic Dcean ;
.Strait of Belle Isle, between Labrador and Newfoundland; Strait of Florida or
Bahama Channel, between Florida and Cuba; Vueatan Channel, hclwecn Vucatan
and Cuba.
(6.) Isthmus.— C/z/fwr/n, eight miles wide, joining Nova Scotia and New Bruns-
wick.
III. In the Pacific Ocean :
(I.) Mania.— I aneom/er and Queen Charlotte Islands, west of British North
America ; Prinee of IVales Island, Sitka, A'odiae, and the Aleutian Arehipelago, iouth
and west of Alaska; St. Lawrenee, or Clark Island, in Bchring Strait.
(2.) Peninsulas.— iS«wr California, Ijetween the Gulf of California .and the
Pacitic Ocean; W/.ij^A;, between tlie Pacific and Arctic Oceans; A'enai Peninsula,
south of Alaska; Atiaska, separating the P.acific Ocean from Behring Sea.
(3.) Capes.— Ck/,' Prinee of Wales, Romanzoff, and A\toenham, west of Alaska ;
Flattery, Blanco, Mendocino, Coneepcion, west of the United States ; Cape .San I.ucas,
south of Lower California; Corrientes, west of Mexico; Mariato Point, the extreme
southern point of North America.
(4) Gulfs and Bays.— .\;'<-/<;« Sound and Bristol Bay, west of Alaska; Cook
Inlet, between Kcnni or Tchongatchis Pcnin.sula and the mainland of Alaska;
Georgia Gulf, between Vancouver Island and the mainiand of liritish Columbia;
Gulf of California, west of Mexico ; Bay of Panama, south of the Isthmus of
Panama.
(5.) Straits. — Behring strait, between Alaska and Siberia; Di.xon Entrance,
between Prince of Wales Island and Queen Charlotte Island; Queen Charlotte
.S'<v(H,/, betweei' \ ancouvcr l.dand and the mainland of British Columbia ; Strait of
Juan de F'uca, between Vancouver Island and the United States.
(6.) Isthmuses. — Tehuantepec, 130 miles wide, between tlie Pacific Ocean and tlic '
Gulf of Mexico; Panama, 30 miles wide, joining Central America and South ;
America. 1
9. Physical Features of the Interior. \
I. Mountains. — The mean clcvittioii of Ndrtii ,\iiiori(;i i- ;.;:! foet. i
Its two great mountain systems are : The Pacific Syslsm, and '
The Atlantic System. !
I. The Pacific System consists of two main divisions, llir I';ici|"ic ;
Range and tiie Roclsy Mountain Ranges. !
1. The Pacific Range extends along the Pacific Coast from Ahiska to (.'ape San '
Lucas in Lo\ver California. It has three subdivisions. /
(<7.) The Sea Alps cxteml from Alaska to the mouth nf the Frazer River in liritish ;
Columbia. Ili';liest summits. Mount St. Eliiis, ni.joo feet, the highest summit in North <
America, and Mount Fairweather, 14,782 feet. ,'
(/'.) /'/;.■ Cascade Kange extends fniin the mmith iif the Frazei River t-i Cape lllanco. I
IIi'.;hcst sununits, Mount St. Helens, 15,750 feet; Muunt Hood, 12,000 feet; and Mount ^
Jefferson, I 3,500 feet. '
(,-.) The Sierra .Veiada extends from Cape lllanco to Cape San Lucas. Highest sum- <
mils, Mount Shasta Butte, 14,(40 feet, and Mount Dana, 1 ;.ooo feet. South of Mount Dana '
the Siena Nevada is called .Sierra de .Santa Lucia, in wllicli is Mount Whitney, 15,000 feet. (
Tbc Coast A'ange,wcit of the Sierra Nevada, extends between the )urallcls of 41" and J4" '/
N. I.:it. Highest summits, Monte del Diablo, 3674 feet, and Mount Ilamillon, 4433 feet. ;
2. The Rocky Mountdin Ranges extend from the Arctic Ocean to the Isthmus |
of Panama, s(nnelimes in double, and sometimes in tri|)lc chains. There are several j
subdivisions. l
Population
L
o( Caplul.
'.'i;,000
lOll.OIK)
2;io,(XiO
(i.i;i4
•in.CMKI
l:i.(K)o
Jceaii . .
Iti.OOO
!I,(1(I0
H!.(H)0
nf Ciiim
2;«),ooo
Iceland
i.;;oo
;jou
huhef /Aij', north-
^tiy of Ctimfetti-hy^
zc : Mostptito luiy,
t'le West Indies,
itic ; Fox Chatiufl,
ilanil and Melville
e Atlantic Ocean ;
'</// of I'loyiiiti or
between V'ucatan
1 and New liruns-
of Rritish North
4rc/nfflai;o, south
ait.
alifornia and the
A't'nui Pcnitisuiti^
ing Sea.
, west of Alaska ;
C'lj/.' Sail /«,v/.r,
W;;/, the e.vtrcme
of Alaska; Cvk
land of Alaska; ]
ritish ('oluinl)ia; S
the Isthmus of >
Dixon /Entrance, \
Qiiiiii Chiiiiollt i
lumhia ; Strait of \
ic Ocean and the J
;rica and South ',
'::\ i- 7.;!! foet. i
Syslem, and \
!
IS, ihc i';iciric ;
ska to (.!a|)e San '
Kivcr in British \
summit in North J
r t') Cape lilanco. /
foot ; and Mount \
IS. Hi-.;he.st sum- \
U (if M.iuut Dana, \
litney, 15,000 fed. \
;ls of 41" and 14° /
O", 44.13 feet. ;
1 to the Isthmus J :
here are several i ■
I'l I
20
NORTH AMERICA.
.h.r„',7s,'T"''^T." f'""^" """'"n™ 'I'e Arctic Ocean to ,I,c northern b-mndary of
he tn,tc>lMate, Ilishct »„n,m,.,, Mount ll«,ker, .6,750 feet ; Mmmt Murchi,on, ,5,;,,,
Icet J and Mount Ilrown, ifi,ooo feet. '
hUtej to the I'lalte R.vcr. Il.shcst summit, Frmnont's I'cli, 1 ,,576 feet.
(r.) /.«/., r,ak, ,5.000 f.ct, />,^...V /■,.„-(•, M,.,6 foot, and ' St,„ush I'cals, »,ooo feet
continue the eastern rauKC southward from the Wind Kivcr .Mountains to the
(,/.) CorJilLn, of Coalnula .n,.l Po,o,i, which runs southward Iron, the Kio f.rande and
forms the eastern edge of the I'lateau of Mexico.
wi'l'J''''''''^^ '■'■'••''•. ■'/''''^'"..•>nd.l/.,,/n. continue the we..m, ran,e southward from the
Wmd K.ver Mountams, and forn, the western clge .,f the I'latc.u. of .Mexico.
„. '■{:\ ''''•''-'''■'''"'■•■•' ■'■■ ■^'•""•.' skirts the eastern cast of the G.df of California, fron, the
K,o O.Ia, and umtes w.th Sierra Ma.lre an.l the Cordillera of Potosi, north of f.uanaxLto
Pla.^;!, ^'''"'""" "/-<'"">''''■. i" S""tl.crn Mexico, cxten.l fron> east to west across the
Plate.-,u. Il.shest .umnuts, Or.zala, or Citlalleptl (Mount of the St.ar), .7,,-. feet Jl
1'op.Katertl (Mount of Sn.oke), ,7,77.,, the lushest sun,„,it but one of .North .Wrica '
JyiS:::i^iLt'"""'"" '" '™'"' ""'''- "'»'•"' ^ ^'- -^^-^ ■^■- '-••
(/.) Ahu»/„ms of Vcragita, in the Isthmus of Panama. I lei-ht 5000 feet.
II. The Atlantic System, called also tl.c Alleghany „r Appali-
chian Sy.stcm, extends from llie Gulf of yt. Lawrence to Ceor-ia •
length, 2000 miles; breadth, from 150 to 200 miles; average height'
2500 feet. General direction, from north-east to south-west. TliJ
Atlantic System is divided into two sections, a northern and a
southern, by the valleys of the Afohawk and the Iludso.i.
The chief ridges in the northern section arc:
«.,it"; «?,V>'^f f'"""T/' '" ^'^ "•■""I'slHre; highest sununit, .!/.„„/ Washing,,,,,
6|2S feet, (b.) the (^rccn .Uau„t.„ns,m \-ern,ont; and (..) the AJiyondack Mountains in
New k ork. '
The chief ridges in the southern section arc :
(,;.) The niue KUIs', cast, (/..) the SlunanJoal, AV/^r, central, and (,.) the .Wc!;l,a.,y
Tfi T J 1T ",'"""" °' "" •^l'l'--''^^'"-> •'----". I'l-l^ M™"t.-.i", or Mount CuvoL
04,6 feet, m North Carohn.i, at the south end of the Blue Kidgc. '
2. Highland8.-(^.) The Arctic HIghlanda comprise elevated tracts extending
along he Arctic coasts from I fudson IMy ,„ the n.ou.h of the .Mackenzie River.
/. ) The Western or Pacific Highlands extend fron, the Arctic Ocean to the
Isthmus of Panama.
(...) The Northern Plalcau of I he KoUy .Uounlains lies Ixtwecn the NorU.ern Kaives of
the Rocky Mountains Height from 1000 to jooo feet.
c'f'* ^'"S'?'"' "'"'" ''■'"™''' ^'■""" ""•' '*™''y J'^mtains to the .Sierra Nevada, and from
4, to 34 ,N.Uit. Height from 5000 to 7000 feet i .irc.1, 300,000 square miles.
(.-.) The Plateau of Mexico, or Aimhuae, extends from Santa I'd ( -t' 41 N i „, ) to ll„.
Isthmus of ■Iehu,,nte,,ee (,;» N. I.at.). Length ..00 miles; greatest breadth 3& miles-
mean height 7000 feet. •' '
(.A) The Plalea; of Gualem,,!., extends from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the Isthmus
of 1 anama. llc,:;ht at western side, 5000 feet. Us elevation rapidly decreases towards the
south-cast, the mean height of the Isthmus of Panama being S30 feet.
(C.) The Eastern or Atlantic Highlands extend fron, Hudson .strait t„ the Gulf
of^Me.xico. Length, ^500 miles; breadth, from 15010 200 miles, except in Labrador
where it is 400 miles. '
(.;. ) The P.:,te„u of Labrmlor, north of the St. Lawrence. Height 2^40 feet.
(A) The Atfolachmn Plateau, south of the .St. Lawrence. .Mean hei-ht 2,uo fc-t • -ire-i
Jo.ooo sqiuare miles. - oii,.<ria
Sy,lem."'° "''*""'"'' """'' •«'««" "'" »'i"i"ippi and the Ap,«l.achlan MounUii.
(..) The GulfStofe skirts the northern shore of the f.ulf of Mexico.
(^.) The Atlantic Plain extends from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to
the Gulf of Mexico, between the Alleghanies and the Atlantic At
Its southern extremity it joins with the Great Centr.il I'lain Jt is
narrow in tne north, but towards the south spreads out to 300 miles
Its greatest elevation above the sea is 1000 feet. It is .livitled ly the
AH''-, a Imc of clilTs running from M.tssachusetts to Alabama, into
the Athmttc Shf,; a.ul the Seaboard Plain, the latter nowhere nmre
than 100 feet above the sea.
«..) The a™,,/, extend fron, Cape Ilatteras along the south-cast cast to the Mississioo,.
I he prmopal of these are the Diunal S,vamf, south-west of Chesapeake I.av, and OkefinoLe
m south-eastern Cicorgia. ' ■^ '
(^. I The Pine Barrens are in North Carolina.
(<■.) The Pversla,les are low. Hat, wooded swamps in tlie south of I'lorida.
4. Water- Partings.
3. Plains.-(./.) The Great Central Plain extends f„„n the Vrctic
Ocean to the Gulf of Mt'xico, and is divided into a .Vorl/irrn and a
So,t//,eni S/ofc by the //./>/// 0/ Land whicli crosses the continent
north of Lake Superior, in Lat. 48', and unites the Pacillc and At-
lantic Highlands. Length from north to south 3000 miles • area
3,250,000 square nnles. The average height of the Northern Slope is
from SCO to 700 feet, and of the Southern about 500 feet.
There are two principal subdivisions of the Northern Slope :
(«.) The Northern Plain., extend from the mouth of the Mackenzie Kivcr to the llei-hl of
Land between the slopes of the Rocky Mountains and the water-parting extending frnm"l ike
Superior to the Arctic shores.
(/..) The Great Northern Plain extends from the shores of Hudson and James P, ,v i„lan<I
to the water-partings of the rivers that flow into tlicm.
The Southern Slope is intersected by the Mississippi River.
„ '^■>rl'," '^T"'" """' '^"•■'""""'" «"="■' '■"»» "'= "eight of Land to the swami.v flats of
the r.ulf Slop., b.lween the slopes of the Rocky Mr.unt.ii,,, .„d L.ikc Miclligan. liie Cheat
Y"''-'-'' '""" « tl'C I'igher terrace of the pr.airie laiuls next the Rocky Mountain, The
J.Iano I.staeado is the southern part of the Great Western Plain.
(.,.) The Koeky Mountains form the gict water-parting of the continent. The
~i:7;:L;i: " ""^' '"" "' '"^''' --' ""•^'^ ^^'^' " "-' ''- ^^^ ^-^-'^ ^^
(A) The Aa^'hauy Mountains part the waters llowing into the Atlantic fron,
those flowing into the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence.
(r.) The IfeixhtofLanJ, .about ,300 feet high, <Iivides the waters flowing north.
w:.ds . he Arctic Ocean and to I.n.lson Hay from those flowing sou.hwar.ls t ,
-nlf ofMexico .and tl,e St. L.awrencc. I!et,vee„ the Hudson liay rivers and the
tnbutaries o the St. Lawrence the water.part:„g bears the name of 'the LaZZ,
or l-aurcnlule Mountatus, and farther cast the jratMsA Mountams.
(./.) .\ low water-parting, extending fron, Lake Superior ,0 the Arctic Ocean
.l.v.dcs the Northern Slope of the Central Plain into two b.asins-ai. eastern and '
western The ,va,ers of the eastern basin ciraii. into Ihidson and J.-.mes ," "Ll
those of the western basin into the Arctic Ocean. . ■ ■ '
5. The Rivers may be arranged as follows :
(.-/) The Arctic System, (/?) the Atlantic System, (C) the I'aciiic
System, and (/?) the Continental System.
(-/•) The principal Rivers of the Arctic System.
(.'.) The Coiviilg, a large river in Alaska, enters the se.i near Point Harrow.
(/'.) The Mackenzie, discovered by Alexander ISLicken.ic in ,7^0
rises m a lake at the foot of Afount lirown, within 200 yarils of tlie
source of the Colun.bia. After a course of 900 n.ilcs, under the name
of the Athabasca, it enters Lake Athabasca, which receives also the
Peace River. From Lake Athabasca t . Gi-eat Slave Lake it i ; called
Slave Ptver, and from Great Slave Lake to its mouth, Mackettzie River
It flows through a fertile and fmely-wooded plain. On its left bank it
receives the Tttntagain, or An Lianh, at Fort Simpson, an<l on its
right bank. Pear River, which drains Great Bear Lake. Its delta
bcgms about 90 miles from the sea, a.,d extends about 40 miles alon-
the Arctic shore. It is navigable f.r ,.00 miles from its moutir
Length 2470 miles; area of basin 590,000 square miles.
(<■•) The Coppermine, discovered by Ileame in ,77,, rises ii, a rocky coun.rv
between Great Slave and (Ireat liear Lakes, and flons north into George the Fo
Gull. It has many strong rapids.
Great' Shvo^rk "n '"■''^* '"l*" ""'"" ""^ '" "" """'^ "^ '-''^ 'V^Intcr, nc.r
Grett Slave 1 ,ake, flow.s north-east to an inlet south of King William Land on
which the final traces of Fr.^nklin's expedition were found, i„ ,859, by .S
blsh, "'o'niles "''''"''' "'" '""" '''""' '"" "^ "'" '^"'"''^ '^"S'°"- L<»'SII. of
(A.) The Rivers of the Atlantic System nu.y be arranged in four
sectif-.s:
I. The Water-shed of Hudson and James Bay.
/V,W,>,/^/..„... (,,., The Churchill, or English River, rises i,, an angle of two
o 1 r';;.:i:r..;:d '1r' '"" ^"^^^^^-^ "- '^-^>- «-"'-«. it is a continuation
De lake , f""""^.{'' ■••"'• -'^ •^■'«"-»'-' '»■ <he waters of Wollaston and
Ilcer L.akes. Length 050 nides ; area of bnsjn 73,600 square miles. ;
(/'.) The North Saskatchewan (Swift Current) rises, at an clevt- i
fon of ,3,400 feet near Mount Hooker, close to the sources of the i
niachian MdunUiii
northern Ix rtm'.y 1. "...c '"""'. """ "'"'' " '^^"" »' "-e
into Hu<I.on Tat 'o t N sor^T ^ ^''""' ^'^'•^^ ^' ^-P""
(<•■) Th« Red River, mimctimp. <,i|lc,| i|,p r>,j n . ^
UM Uke, State of Minnc.,.,.. .„, tl^Zj^'ZlX ''' '"V '" """•
from the cant the AW,i« frnm I iko W, . , Winnipeg. It receives
CUa. W.ur "' ■ '""""' """•■• ""^'-'^ '"^"*'. ^-' ^/"/-. Great WkaU, and
A^Oi^TV/ AMERICA.
IV. The Watershed of the Caribbean Sea
IhnJa, B.l,u, .\fon,.„rua, Segovia, and San Juan.
II. The Water-ihed of the Atlantic Proper
Superior; .S/ ^/.n I !^^^,; .t's '""" '? ^""""^ =""' ^^^e
6V,.>, between I-ake'uu o ,d'"^l sTT^. '^"1 '"'^' ""^°" ^ •">■'•
Lake St. Clair and I akc J.Vi h .r ' ""-" ^'""''^ •"-■'*«<="
Lake Cn.ario. ll w^ r .Li, "^IT;;,: ^Z'^-" ^"^^^ ^^ -d
between Lake f)ni iri„ in,! m , ^'■"4""'". or Cataraqui,
Montreal ,0 'a ^' L' " ;^°";'-^'';'' -^, "- •^'- /-~ from
north-easterly co„r.se fr. tl' '^ f "'"'""' ^^''"' ""^ '" ''^
Montreal are the G.J^' j , J c"/ ,"'"'■' ''•■''"'^"' '^'"*?^'°" =«"''
I-chine. At (Jueb c i,e S ' I ' '"' "-'"'•''"• ' •'■'^'^•■"''-'^' ="'^
passing the Isla, of ( rLn' ^r^"'" " '"" '"""^ ^^*^''--- ''^f-
on. A,t.ena;t :u;::;::i r r^S':;t::;i t r '-r^
of basi,; '.Lo.ooi^qt^r ^^"' S; ""= '=^^-' "°° '"■-• Area
navigable for the hrl.^st . IlL' ^^ ' '''"'"'' '^°°° '"""• I' '«
III. The Water-shed of the Gulf of Mexico. '
Principal Rivers.— i. Tjic MiQaiqsinni i\- .,
Lake Itasca, a beautiful sh^t!?" ^^ t 8 mnr'^'r^l ^'^'^^ ""
^- Lat., 95° 35' W. r,ong.), .vest . i" sl '" T"" ^'''° ''''
H^^i^lus. .680 feet abovV the I i , e s "'"vth';' ' • "^^f^
;;x;st:x:t;;;;;^^^^^^^
^ppi is navigable for i>oa.s 7,1: ^^.^ J^;: j^l ;% f'^ ^f'-'^
branch, the Missouri, .;oo m.les fro^/;:/ . "cu,; '^r^'
line, or 3900 by tl„. stream. »'^xican Gulf ,n a direct
lis princip.,! triluitarir, m 11,,. wmi „„, . („ , .,., ...
from .1,0 Tr„i, TiUm, ,.,," ,,S' N. i „ ,V ',' /f'"""-' '"'"1 Kivcr), 3,00 miles Ion,,
with i„ alllucn.s ,1„. r,V/„„.,/,„„,/v„«;'a„,,A-l ""■■■'■,'" ""^ '*^'''"' '*'"'• Mountains,
;;)"»), ^vi.h i>H afiUicn, ,hc f;,«,„^,^, ,;'„''";:' •'^'-/-»li- Oano M„„n.
Tlic /V,/ AV7W, „r /•„. /■„„, icJ, ■ *^, ^''"■^'^'"Pl'i at N.tpnle„ni aiul (. )
i"i"i"K .he MiHsissippi l„.|„wNal,C " '"^' "'''•'"' ''"'" ""= ^'•""« """"t.nins,
lis princip,il Irihiitarii- 1 ,m, i|,c ,.,-,1 ir.. . / , •,-,
"""^^""^■""'"'"^ ■'•■■'™ "'■-.*i!;,::rs';^;;^;:?''''^'- '^■'
fh.ii„.th.n t„r„i„. ,„ ,Hc ''7""", ""•• ^'-•■^^a Ma,lre a,„! ,he R^,!,., ^,,„.,„^.
Howing s.„i.h..,st .^.wc::;;;^ ;':;:„ ';::;;::;!:; ;--"^"<- -f 'ohai.,.,::::;::;
I'elow Matamm.,s. It, „r|„ci„,l , ■'".itcs, em,.rs th. Cilf „f M,;,,^,,
">iics : area „f ,„.„ ..cS^J'^rSr^' "" '"= -"' '^ "•<= /--• Length t^'^;
ITtI^L"?""?'!. ""•"■• °^*'"' ''«''"''' Sy*""":
(a.) The Rio Grande Santiago r-se-. ,„. .1, ■-, ,
pacing through Lake Chapala a, ulen : ^ nul "' , "'""' """" """"•«"'•
•he S.as. Length 350 „,i.es . area of ^.^^loZ ^r. miLT'"' ""- '"' ""'"■
(<».) The Rio Colorado rises in tl„. s;<.r„ v j
right bank the 6>..« AVr./ omTh VV T P x!' ''"'"" "" '^'
the left the .^V .w' . v! 7 . " ^"" '^^°""«»ins, and on
I both from th, ^^tf dT'l"/;;'''' '"'T''''' ^"' '^^ ^'^ ^'''"•
The Colorado .s no ed for Us vl - '"'° T """^ °' ^"^"f"^'"'^-
Grand Cafon. is 30 miles irien'h "T''.' '""' "' "'^''^'•' '^^^
feet to nearly a nfile in expels;:' ig^" re::;^ '™'" T"
area of basin 200,000 square miles. ^ '°°° ""'" '
<..) The Sacr,n..«o ri«, ,„ the Sierra Nevada, and flow, .ou.h. and
(^.) The Columbia rises in Mount Hooke aTtT . u
Saskatchewan. After breaking through he Se.krk T"" °' '''
^^:=^:^:::~-^^
falls, and rapids. In passing the C.s.p" ' "'" °^ '■•"''=■"'' ^^^"-
canon 50 mi es in lenrtirih " ^'"'^'' '' ''"^''" '•'^^"gh a
height ,^f 6000 or £ I'sirr"^- "' ^^ m' ^"^ """^ '° ''>'-'
-nes fr.n the co4. Leigtl^o m Tri^;):::"^ ""^^' '°
miles. Its tributaries on the ri..ht K,ni, ' '°°° ^^""^
its affluent the ^wl!' "' "" ^"'■^'"'''''' -"' "- ^^-"/-« with
U) The Yukon, or Kwlckpack rises i,, th. p , .,
under the n.nme of the /W/v 1 1 fl , ^"^''>' ^'o^ntains,
chief tributary, the jZ^^; -n ^'^'''^r' T' "^•^'^" '^*
-rd ,0 Nulato, 350 miles from its tno , ^^^ A TV""-^ ^^"■
after turning ,0 the south-west and wese„t ',"''' "■'^'^' ""'^
RomanzolT by three n.ain branches u)' , T ''''' ^''P''
but is frozen over for the great™ of h '^^ '°' "°° '""^^•
delta measures 40 miles Ten, t . V '^' '"'"''"''' °^ *'«
.square tniles. ^'^"«"> ^°°° '""-; area of basin 200,000
(/^,) The principal Rivers of the Continental System-
which enters it fr,„n the .n„th an^l 'LrXT "" "7";' ''" ^'"■''""' f™"' La"*' 1"="-
D. L.aKe8.— Ihe estimated area of the lakes of Nnr.i a
.50,0.0 „.,„e „i,e,. .,.,„ u,.. ,„., ,. „::;:; r,::: :;;™:.r
Di^wn b^ J.JoboiloDfOLUwi.
RuiwU \ Slrotbin, Kogr't N, Y.
W The Arcto DlVi8ion.-(i.) Z.l^ mil„ston, on f e water-parting between
the Mackenzie ami thnrchill River basins. It communicates with Lake AthaK.sc.
m .he basm o the former rver. and with Hein Deer Lake in the basin of the lauer.
js >ull m islands It is ring-shape.!. .„d has a circumference of about 300 miles.
r'n n r^ '"" ^""f'"^'", '"'" "'<= Athabasca River. (3.) Zai. A/kaia^ca e.x.ends
e em„y into Great Slave Lake. Length .50 miles ; breadth 40 miles; area 3400
M,uare miles. M Gr.at Slav. 7.,ke, so named from a tribe enslaved by its more
^a like neighbors, has a very irregular outline, with bays and promontor^s. Laies
Ayl,„.r^mU.,Uo„, ,0 the north-east of :,, are tributaries. The Mackenzie River
issues from its western extremity. Length 300 miles ; breadth 50 miles ; area .2,000
sciu^re niiles. (5 ) Gr.at B.ar Lak. is connected with the Mackenzie River by Hear
River t, nor.her„ shores are rugged and precipitous. It has five de-p bays.
H,,ght above sea-level 230 feet; length 250 miles ; breadth 250 mi'les; area .4,cxx)
square miles. (6.) Zake PeVy, in the basin of Great Fish River.
(B.) The Atlantic Division.
". Water-ihed of Hudson and Jamn Bay.
(«.) In tlie basin nf Chesterfield Inlet : Lake Dub^nt and Lak, Baker
i2'aVLTV!1^'' "^}-T<'-] ^'■'- t^'."'''"'-, which is cnnccted also with
i^ake Athabasca. 2.) Acn Den- 0,kc, drained into the Churchill bv Creat Kiver li
stretches fr„„, north ,0 s„.uh for mo nnles, and has an extreme breadth 00 „,,
/««-/«« Lake, an expansion of the English River. ' '^- '
(c.) In .He basin of the Saskatchewan.-(, ) Lake mnni^es- (Dirtv Water)
receives the Red River at its southern ex,re,..ty, and the Saskat^h w n V a /
Lake, vvhich ,s ,^o feet .above sea-level, on its western side near tCe northern
extremity. ,s surplus waters are carried off by the Nelson River. J ich
from Its northern e.x.icnu.y, and empties ,iself into Hudson liav. Height above h.
.sea ;,o fee. ; lei^.h .80 miles; breadth from 5 .0 57 miles, area 900^ sue mill'
) lake W p,„„s. and (3.) Lake ManMa lie directly west an^ara lei .0 Lake
W mmpeg. I he loriner is 770 and .he la.ter 75, fee. above the sc. . Ea h hket
more than ,00 miles in length. Lake Winnipegosis is connected w.b Lake
Manitoba by the .Sauguisippi, or Water Hen River, and Lake Manitob s^n
..■c.ec w,.h Lake Winnipeg by Partridge Crop River. .S.'. ./„..„. Z,,., and ,upZ
River The principal tributary rivers of Lake Winnipegosis are Red Deer RWer
and Swan River. (4.) Kan.y LaU, west of Lake Superior, forms pa of h
ot Lae.f,s M,.le Lues. I ength 50 miles ; breadth 39 miles. (5.) Lake of the \Vo,„h
.s a very irrcgularly-shaped body of water, its shores being indeed w ,h c p b^t
I receives the surplus wa.ers of Rainy Lake cm the south side by Ra v'Riv "
which IS ,00 mies long. Winnipeg River issues from its north end, . d 1 .^
ourse of ,60 m, cs -o La^.e Winnipeg receives the waters of /,„«./. zj by t
r.nglish River Height of Lake of the Woods above the sea ,04. feet; length 7
miles ; breadth 75 miles ; area .300 square miles. ^ ^^
(./.) In the basin of the Abbitibee.-/.,,^. AbHULee is 60 miles in length and =o in
hr..,adtl.. I, IS studded with islands. It is drained by the Abbitibec into James liav
(<■.)!.. the basin of Rupert River.-Z,,^. Mistassini extends from nor.h-west
.0 y...h-east .about ,co miles, with a breadth varying from ,5 to 30 miles,
contains several deep bays. Its surplus wa.ers are carried off by RupeU River .0
fi.) Lake Superior is the largest fresh-water lake in the world
It is crescent-shaped. The north shore is generally bold and rocky"
and the south shore low and sandy, though occasionally intersected
wuh limestone ridges. The.e are copper and silver mines of great
richness along its shores nnd islands. It receives about 40 rivers, and
200 smaller streams. It abounds in fish, principally trout, white fish
and sturgeon. Islands arc numerous along both the northern and
southern shores. Isle Royale, the largest, is 50 miles long. The St
Lou,s An'cr, wluch is regarded as the source .f th-: St. I awrence, rises
at an eleva.ion of 550 feet above Lake Superior, which it enters at the
western end, between Duluth and Superior City. The Kaministauum
Rtver takes its rise .n Dog Lake, which has an area of 200 sqt.are miles
r^' ^ / '°'''"°"' """■'^ °f ^° •^'''-'■^' discharges its waters into'
Thunder B.iy. About 30 miles from the mouth of the Kaministaquia
are the v.akabeka Falls, a magnificent cascade, ,30 feet in height.
Ihe Ntptgon River, 30 miles long, is the most im-ortant tributary of
Lake Superior. It drains Lake Nipi^on into Nipigon Bay, between
which and Thunder Bay is Black Bay. The shores of Lake Nipigon
are deeply indented with bays. It receives 1 umerous streams and
contains more than 1000 islands. Height above the sea 850 feet •
length 60 miles; greatest breadth 50 miles; length of coast line about
300 mile-.
Lake Superior discharges its surplus waters by St. Marfs River
which issues from its eastern extremity, and after a course of 63 miles'
enters Lake Huron by three channels. At its efflu.x from Lake
Superior are the rapids of Sault Ste. Marie, which descend 22 feet in
less than a mile. Two canals have been constructed on the United
States side of the river to overcome this impediment to navigation.
Height of L.ake Superior above the sea 630 feet; greatest depth ..00 feet ; lenglh from
east .0 west 4.0 miles ; breadth ,60 miles ; length of coast line ,650 miles ; area 32,000 square
miles ; drainage area 100,000 square miles.
2. Water-ihed o( the Atlantic Proper.
bv t'hilK "''.'"''" 11""" Koksoak.-Z,,/-,. Caniapuscaw, in Labrador, is surroimdc.l
by a hilly and wooded country. I. is dr,.i„ed by .he Koksoak into Ungava I!.v
Length 70 miles; breadth from 15 to 20 miles '
(/'.) In the basin of the St. Lawience.-The five great Laurentian
lakes form the most magnificent and important lake system in the
work!. They contain half of all tlie fresh water of tlie globe It
would take the Mississippi ,00 years to discharge as murh water as
they contain. Their combined area a.nounts to nearly ,00,000 square
miles. ' ■ 1 • ^
(2.) Lake Michigan, Great Water, formerly called Lake Illinois and
Lake Dauplm,, is wholly within the United States. Its shores are low
and regular, and indented with few bays. Its surface is clear of islands,
except a few at the northern extremity. It is connected with Lake
Huron by the Mackinaw Strait, 6 niiles long and 8 miles wide.
Height above the sea 57S feet ; depth yoo feet; length from north to south ,20 miles-
breadth So miles ; area 25,600 square miles. ' '
(3-) Lake Huron is the third in size of the great lakes. It is
divided into two nno()iial portions by a long peninsula and a chain of
islands, the largest of which, Manitoulin, is 80 miles in length. The
p.irt of the lake to the east of the peninsula and Manitoulin Islan.I is
called Georgian B.-.y, and that between the islands and the mainland
the North Channel. ( .,. the west side of the lake is S.iginaw B.iy,'
which is 60 miles in length and 30 in greatest breadth. Georgian B.iy
receives the .surplus waters of Z,;/(r A^y»/>«>,^, so miles in length and
35 "1 width, by the French River ; of Lakes Joseph, ''osseau and
Muskaka, by the Mnskoka River ; and of Lake Simeoe, 30 miles in
length and 18 in width, by the Severn River.
Lake Huron is noted for its extensive fisheries, an.l its numerous islands, of which there are
3000. It IS connected will, Lake f-no by the Kivcr ,s,. Clan, Lake St. Clan, and the Detroit
River, .UKl IS 57S feet al»ne the sea. Mean .leptl, ,000 feet ; length from north to south aSo
iiuics ; hieadth itjo miles ; area 24,000 square miles.
Lake St. Clair is an expansion o' the St, Clair River, i- is a shallow lake bciiiL'
only 20 feet deep. I. contains many islands, and receives several rivers Height
above the sea 570 fee. ; leng.h 30 miles ; greatest brea.lth .4 miles; mean breadth
12 miles area 300 square miles.
(4.) Lake Erie is the shallowest of the great laki's, and is noted
for i(s violent storms, which are often very destrnclive lo shipping. It
is elliptical in shape, and has in general low shores. It abounds with
fine fish. I(s surplus waters are catricd to Lake Ontario by the
Niagara River. This stream is 34 niiles long and from three-tuKirlers
of a mile to .1 mile wide. The celebrated I'alls of Nia„ar;i are twenty
miles from Lake Erie. In Ihe half mile of rapids above the Kails, the
river descends 55 f'-el. Go.it Island divides the cataract into the
CanaCan or Horse-shoc Falls, 600 yards wide and 158 feet hi-^h
and tl,e A.nerican Falls, .00 yards wide and ,64 feet high. Im's
calculated lliat 100,000,000 tons of water fall over the precipices every
m.nute. Below the Falls, the river rushes through a rocky chasm for
eight nules, and .hen flows with a deep but gentle current to Lake
Ontario.
I The WdlandCnal connects Port Clbomc „n I..kc Eric .ml f.n n.-,lh.u»ic on Lake
, Untaru),
' .ni, "^t!:;[ o?'::^,:';! '"^ "^' '"' "-' • "^'"" '°° '--^ • '^"«"> =^° -'- ■■ '-^'•'- «=
, Jon,tl. nl cnast line 65S miles ; area 10,000 Mjuare miles.
(S.) Lake Ontario is the sn,allest, but most important for co,n-
■nerce, of the five great lakes drained by the St. Lawrence. Its coast
>s regular ,n the west ; in the east there are manv islands. It receives
son,e nvers, the chief of which is the Oswego, which enters it on the
souh side. Burlington B.y is at its western extremity, and on the
^::^c:.z ' °' """'"^ ^"" ''^ ''^''"^-'^ -' '^'"-
OS :^:::^f;:^ :;:: "■= -^ -- -• • -■-• -° ^- : ■-.'" -o miics ; .eadt,.
(c.) In the basin of the Ottawa /,>/.,. v...... , .
(//.) In the basin of tlie RirhHIr-n /"„;.. r-r ±r ■
Richelicu.atnbu.arv,,f.,,eS te ;T Uis "'^f T',""" '""^ '"'""' ">•"'"
nc.-ii. i..mrence. It is connected with the Hudson River by a canal.
.V Water-shed of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea
>. »ui ai Jan lilas.— ia/tr Oiaiia^an, in British Columbia,
6. mile, Ior,g, is drained by the Okanagan River, a tributary of the Columbia -.1/^., lai, a
';;e:';r:t:rcr"' '^ "-^^ --^ '" "-^ ^^"°" -=■" '-■ - "^= --r Ki^it;;:
Ilei't 1 I " ' "' r''" '°"'" •■"'"' -'5 ""'" ""'"• "» »™is .Soo square miles
vatf lake ;" r', '"" 'Ti " '^ ^'™^''- '™l'^=»''^'='' -'" -"• ^•""'' '^''^■'•. a" e^.'
s:;^^:^^ ^e";;;:^::' '-^ ^" -'- ■" -^^ --- -''- ^^ ^^ — ^^ «'^' --t
th t.ible.lancl fron, north to south. Its waters are strongly impregnated with salt It is ,-
"..les long and 9 miles wide. Its greatcs.depth is .0 feet. ^Mexico i^ situated on Ustest link'
c>.c!" sn,Tnd Gr^r C""' '^'" "' ""° ""'"' ''"''"-''' ''' ^ ^"^^ '^^^'' '^"-»-.
(2.) The principal lakes of the Atlantic Watershed are :-
(-r.) In the Hudson and James Bay Section : Dubant and li.aker ; Wollaston Deer and
MiS: :"r^r ' c^ ■:■;? ■ir:::; 0.:;^"^"" """ "=^^"'^--' ^■"-^- ^'-™'
(.-.) In the Gulf of M.,x.;co and Caribtean .Section : Itasca, Leon, and Nicaragua
r,ake.'' """"■ ''™"'"' '"'" "' "" ''-""- ^\-=""^l-J -- ^lapala, Okanagan, aiul Moose
( '.) The principal l.ikes of the continental drainage are ;—
(«.) In the Great Dasin, Sevier, Utah, .and Great .Salt Lake.
{i.) In the Plateau of Mexico, Parras and Tezcuco.
7. Animals.-.\orth .Xmcrica has nmnerous fur-bcari„g animals such a, the
hHoI rT""',b'^ T"') "^ "'"""' ''^ '^^^ P"-""^-- and tLe oner; a
, °' ■, ">= f"''. "^'•- ^vl...e, the hrovvn a,Kl the grizzly bear, the Ivn.v, the ,un,a
1.0 buff,alo, or, more correctly, the bison, the reel-dee^ the moose-dee;, the rein-cle '
he musk.o.v, .also the wild-horse, and the curious animal called the , rie-dog ^
tl.e prairies. Among the birds of .Xor.h America may be named t L uri. tl e
parrot, the eagle, the wild-duck, the wild-goose, and the humming'birl ^t c
snakes, alligators, and turtles .arc numerous, ^
civiuzed, an] Jilt::..^:::::.:;.:::^'™ """ '-'-■' ''-'- - ^--^^
.akL 'SSI!?:;-'- '*''" ""? *""":^" '^ "■"-• f- ■- «-^' -'e,. ; its numerous
ertiw" . ' ■; """" '''''"'"■'' "' '•^'■"'^^' "-^Sreat timber areas; its
lertilesou; and its free momarchical iiLstitution-.
2. Boundarie8.-]!r:.ish Xorth America is bounded on th. rth by the Arctic
Ocean; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by the Uh,, ic , '
and the United States; and on the west by the PaclHc Ocean and Ah-lka
3. Area.-Thc „m; of British North Atnerica is estimated at about , c^, cfiT.
square miles, or equal to a .square of i.SSi miles. 3,S27.S66
4. Populatlon.-The population is esiimato! at about 4,000,000.
/. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA,
5. Physical Divisions.-Ihi.ish North America is divided into three crfiat
fi ; P ;„'. '" '" "■"'"• ""' f^' ''■'"' -"l—stcr„ slope on the Li.
No!; sco^ r?'"?' ""^T' r" ^ "''''■^'' ^'""""'^'-^ -"■ -^'-^ s-"^'. f- go'di
DOMINION OF CANADA.
Tl„- name Cana.la, „r Kanata, was a wor.l „..„ ,,, „„, .^,,„,„„;„ „,„i,„^, „„^„ ^^ ,^
sa„; .„ have heei, given by M„ue Spanish explorers, wl H, ,',; U , , " """'T' " ''"""""^' ""-■ ""»"'"" ' ' "-- -"■>S'-- ^'1
.re,,t lakes, ts noble nvers ; its extensive lines of raihvavs and canals •
;^ «o,K. harlx,rs ant. shipping; i. „n ,,,„„, ,„„ ;,, ^^.^^ " ;
•■mbo , ,ts fisheries; ;tiul as mineral and ;,grieultural products.
2. Extent.^The J)<,nnnion comprises the Nvhole of British North
America, except the Province: of Newfoundlaiul.
3. Boundaries.
■ Quebec. Ii is also, but err..ne,.uslv,
" '"^ '"'tintled on the north bv the Vrctie ( )c,..,n ■
;■;; 'i- cast ,,y U. Allaiitic Ocean ; oi, the so^th bv hi ;^
Ocean aiK, the United States; and on the west by the Pacific; ll:!:
4. Dominion of Canada.-The fo.n Provinces of Ontari..-. Ouebec
T^ • . . ' ""- 1^0'1'1-Uest I LMiilories were transferred I,. il„.
or^anucd as a Proviiuv, untler the name of Manitoba. British
roh'>"''i.i was admitte.1 to the Dominion in .S;,, and Prince Edward
^;;; '!' ;^"- . '^^- .^^'--^ ^^^ I^--,in was fonned front
-\o.th-Uest lerntor.es in 1S76 by the Dominion Parliament
or heads of departments, "i he fxecutiv.^ of, ' ^"^•''.'"^■^'"^'ature, ami Executive
who represents' the Queen, and P " Co, c ' o I™;;:".,:":': "',^^-"- «">-'-
'"™ ' .-verumcnt, who are appoLed ^ ^^^^^^ -^^ ol^ departments of the
n-ombcrs of this Council must hal- scats inVari amc, t The " ":""'"""^'' """'• "'^
hranches.- ,. The (Jueen (represented by .1, , ' G II , ' ^7 s"'""" "' "'^"
louse of Common,. The thiee branches nu st ive 1 i , ' i„ ev I'^rf'; ' '■ '"'°
-r, memlx-rs, elected by ratepayers in con tic,, cities an . » „' ' L ' "• ' T^ "'
can originate any bill. U controls the revenue L., cxp:;m:::nhe^;;:ml::; : "' '™'"^'""
i !
i1
DOMINION OF CANADA— ONTARIO.
^ DIVISIONS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, AN^l^^^^i^^^^^i^^^
Area in KtiRtifih
Population
lubuut).
^M
Oiitjirio
yiiebcc ....'.
New Urun.swick
N'ova Scotia ]
I'rince Edward Island .....'.'.'..'.'...
Newfoinidland
Laln'ad(»r !.!!!!.'!''
Manitoba
HrilisliCiiliiinbia '....'.
N„itli.\Vost and N.-Ka.^t Territorie.«
KoenatiM
'."JO.OOO
;.'10,(XX)
27,;iL'2
:.'i,7,'ii
2,173
40,200
112,000
14,140
.115,000
2,200,000
a>5,000
l,li41.000
1,1112.000
280,000
388,0(XI
m,ooo
15!>,(X)0
2,400
4ii.iino
(l,').,'iilO
4,500
Copital.
I.«t, N.
Ti pronto
Quebec
l'"rc<lericti>n.
Ilalira.\
CliarluttctoHi
1 1 .St. .Jolin's . ..
Winnipeg . . .
Victoria ,
Battleford . . .
4yo.«i'
4li.4!)
4ii.:i
44..il)
46.15
47.33
Lons. tV.
Where Situated.
4fi.,';3
48. 2S
.'i2.42
7^)02,1' I Liike Ontario
VI. i:) i liiver St. I.awreme ..
Wi.4.') I l!i\er St. ,lo!in . . .
•a.'X; llalifa.v Harbor.. .
03.7 Near llillsl«iroUf;li lia;
52.43 Peninsula of Avalon, S. !•:.
i?J,9„^ <^'"iif- ot As.siiii;)olne witli
1_. .. -S,)nth-east end of V.-mcou
lOU.O ! C'oiif.oflJattleli.witliN. S;
I'opiilation of
Cupitul (ulMiut;,
7,'), 000
la.OOO
7.000
35,000
10,000
.. of I.sland. . .
30,000
Ki'd niver .
vcr Island. . .
askntcliewan
8,fX>3
0,000
150
) CITY OF OTTAWA.
I PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
, Aron r.o,ooo square n.ilcs or .,,ual to .1 square of 46., miles.
F..1S "" d !or i^:^?'-'''"'""''""' f °"''"'' '^ "°'^''' '"' "^ ereat lake., the Niagara
I all.s, .,„d for ... fisl,er,es minerals, petroleum .springs, fine climate, and fertile soil
2. B0Undarie8.-0ntari0 is bounded o„ the north l,v Kee«atin, the Kiver
Albany, .and James ],.ay; op the e.ast and north-east by the Xorth-Kast Tetriiorv
and the K.vet- Ottawa; on the south-east, south, a„<l .sou.h-wes, bv the Kiver .S,'
La«.cnce, Lakes Lr,e, Ontario, Ht. Clair, Huron, and .Superior, and the L'nited
States ; and on the west by Kccwatin.
3 Physical Features.-The surface is gently uuduhuing. rather than tnountain-
us, and ,s 'I'vcrs.hed by r> vers and lakes. The rulge of high land which enters the
Irov.nee a, the rails of .N.agara e.v.ends .0 Han,il.on, and is continued to Owen
Island' "T U ' ""•;,!""r'"^' '" ^■••'''°' "-^<' -'<' "Hough the Manitoulin
.sands. Lake Huron. 1 he l.auren.lan Hills run westward from the Thousand
Ishands, near Ku,g.sto„, and e.xtend north of Lake .Si.ncoe, fornting the coast of
Georgtan liay and Lake Huron. The water-partings of the Province are not, in
general, sharp r„Iges, but rather level, and often tnarshy surfaces, on „bich ihe
streams tnterlock. A man, water-shed separates the waters of the ()„awa fr,.,n those
of the St. Lawrence, a tmnor one divides the .streams Mowing into Lake .Sitncoe,
Georgian li.ay, and Lake Huron from those .lowing into Lakes lOrie ami Ontario
FALLS OF NIAtiAKA.
•,„d^,^''V''"'""'''' "''"■' •'"" ""= '^"^"'■^^'•'-■■^ of ">- Ol,ar.a; the Kaministu!„i.
and the ^./;,™, emptying into Lake Superior; the .S„lo„. Misshu.sa, .SaLu
Stamsh, ami U !,.,c FM K,va- into the North Channel of Lake Huron ; the Frauh
M,.'.,,,,,,noa,,. S^rn,, and AW/k..,,.,,,.^ into the Ocoiyian H.v; the .V„„.r,v, M,u'.
I /.W and .-/„x .SMs in.o Lake Huron; the n.„„..- into Lake's,. Clair;'the Cr„„J
I mto Lake Lne, through the County of Haldimand ; the 7h',a and .Wv™ into the
-ay of (lumte; and the A.,^.,r., in,o Lake Ontario. The lioundaiy Uivers
between the I'rovmce of Ontario and the United Slates arc the A;,n,y k'.-o„ St
Cl.,,rD,-/roi/.JVi„^.„:,, and .Si. /.„;,•.,•,.„,■,■,• ami between the I'rovincVof OnlaHo
and Quebec, the 0//,n,-.„. The Niagara is 3., miles long, and connects Lakes Krie
and Ontario. 1 he I'alls, which occur .0 miles from its head an<l .., from Its month
.are the most celebr.ited in the world. There arc Iwo suspension bridges over the'
river, vu. : a passenger bridge at Clifton, near the halls, and a railwav and passenger
bridge at h.lgin. ' "
The Oltiwa rises 100 nnlcs .-.b.ive I.:d<e TcmiscamiM.uc, and flows to the foot „f the Island
nf Montreal. ,. d,s,.„uc nf ,50 miles. Il drains an area of ,S„,„oo s,,„.tre miles. The c'licf
irilni .iries on tlic <l„(ari„ Province side are llie /V/,«v,t,«, the Jio,n,alu;-c, the .l/,,rf„t,«.A,,
aiul the /,/,/,■,!«. On Ihc (liicbcc Province side they are the Du .\f„i„c, the JU.ul.- the'
CouAmgc, the il„lh,.:,„, 1),i I.nvrc, th. A',,,,..,-, Ih, AW.l, and L:h,.,„,/;io„. The 'lake
expansions el the rivxr are (\„il,m,t:c, V.-i C/m/s, C/uim/ihr, and Vuv .U.,„„l,w,s There
are numermis lapi.ls and falls In the river. The chief lapids are the Loie,- .s.ndt, at Temls-
camm^iue; On Lievre. etc. ; and the I.„n,. Saul,, at (irciiville. The falls arc the Allumcttes
DCS Lhals, and Chaudlcre. The scenery on Ihe river Is slrikin^ and hcautiful. The 0,luva
alls in,„ the St Lawrence by a three-fold branch. The main stieain, to the north, I, divided
by die Isle J ■■sns ; lis Mmlhcrn branch bv Isle Pcrrot. Ik-lwcn Ihe Mes Perrot and Montreal
are the Napids of Stc. Anne, tu which Moore refers in his " Caiiaihaii lloat Soni;."
5. The Principal Islands in the Province of (Inlario .-no Cr.,,,.! Ch.m.t ;,..! .tUmmilc
Ull:ma Uivcr; . I //,/»/„., -A-« and C.,.il.,„ in Lake Superior; A/a„il.,„li„, C. .(■/.,»■«, and
SI. Juu//,. Lake Huron ; /•„//,/ /',7.V ami A'.irr.,.,,'., L.da- Krie ; ,/„,/„■,•,/ and IC,.//-,' al the
c.l5t end of I. .Ike Onlaiio ; and sonic of the n.„<.<.w./ l,J.,„.h. , Ihc upper part of the Kiver
St. Lawrence.
6. The Principal Lalffis..-Tlin nia^nificcnt lakes ivhirh fnrm the s„uil,crn and western
l)ound,ir., s of Ihc Pi„vi,ue, viz. : .Siifcrior, tlur.m, SI. Cloir, /■,-„; and Onlam.
The Minor Lakes are .Vifhshig, .Si,m:v, and those In 111,. t„,inllcs north of Lake Ontario
and 111 tlie Ottawa and St. Lawrciire rivers. '
Population of
Ciipilul tubout).
7."),0(X)
U5.000
7.000
y,-),ooo
10,000
id...
30,000
or .
111...
wan
8,000
0,000
150
JCaminhtii/:iia
II ; the French,
Stni;^ceii, A/,iil-
lir; the Ciiiiit/
fi'iia into the
iiul.uy River.<
iiv, J'ijrmii, S/.
ce of Ontario
ts Lalics Kiie
■oin It.sniontli,
klgcs over ilie
anil pa.sscnger
ot uf the Island
lies. The chief
\c Miui,maU;i,
the r>l,ul; the
ion. The Like
<i/iiins. There
Miilt, at 'J'cniis-
he Allumettcs,
. 'ilie Ottawa
iirth, is cliviilcd
and Montreal
li'l Alhnnellc, <
l\\kl<urn, and
1 ir,'//;-, atthe
. of the I^iver
1 and western
l.ake Ontario,
i
7. The Principal Bays are Thnnder, liLack r;„,r.M-.„ V »
■lion), and ()uin.e,n„rlh„f Prince Kd^rdConmv) ""'™'^-'"' Burlington (at Ham-
> 'I'he Xortli Channel is 1i'Kv..i, m, x< •. ..
' 8 TheC^a,. o ' " ""■" •^"" ""^ ™"" ^"-^ "' '-''-^ "-■
. a. ""••"Iliate.— Ontario, faun its (.vt,.nt„f
; in. the winters are not so co il as 1 ,se o v'" "'■ 'l" ^' -'"»W"l™-^te. Generally speak-
pered by the winds which hlow two- hTrd ,, , f ■■""'"''' ™'' ""= ^""""- '-«' - 'env
9 Th. Chl»fP H . ■ , "'"""™'"""'>^«'™'>'™.?tl'esre.,t lakes.
I .heehi"'.!;!!:::;:':;':..'"'""^ vari„„skinds„f grai„,.i.W,.i„eral,.e.c. These for™
liritish Empire. ' "''""'"' »'l«»"= "hject was to maintain the unity of the
seh!!;,^:"S^-;::- --:: -^^^ r e,„„, ,„ ,, ,„^,^^ ^^^ „^^,_
'"^.".v excellent private Academies, .Sen.inaries, and .Schools "" ""•' '" "" '"'" '"'V™'"
12. The Local Government consists of a r ientemnt r „
..u.„,hers, and a House of Assembly of ei.htSu ^en'C' ="" ''"^"'■''= '"'"''"' "< -'
TOKONTO.
^■) Five Counties on the Ottawa
^XT'" '""^^""- I ^^"-^' --• ---^ --. cane.
„ , . I 'on Place.
Carlefon, OU„7o„, New Kdinliurnli ! Rpofrp..!/ />/,„,
oioourgn. I «entre*,/,7«/;TO/(Y, Renfrew, Arnprior.
(/) Eight Interior Counties
Middlesex ZW,,„, .Strathn,-, ,.ucan. , Waterloo, /../,>, Gal, Waterloo.
Oxford, //,W„W., Ingcr.soll.Tilso„- Wellington, W//,, Orangeville.
Br JX-«^.., Paris. ! p!!;;;;''' ^t^"- "'"^■"^•=-
Perth 9/,-,// / ^ ,. I P«*e'^'«""0''Bl'- Pch;borou^r,,^ Ash-
Perth, ^/,„/>v/, .St. .M,,ry's, Mitchell. ! In.rnh.™, I.aketicld.
/'w7>/„„„/r,v,„/,..- Haliburton, .i//«,/,«.
',■«,■/,■,/ c -ounlU's ;
-': l;:S:S Sr "" •^'^"»^-^' ^ Northumberland and Durhan,.
"^- I- Presoott and Russell.
■'■• R!!^m uZ:^' ""^ """"'' "' "'"" '^-' '^— ^ ■•■-- i" '>.'«. -d Chief Towns in County
(") Five Counties on Georflian Bay and Lake Huron.
Simcoe, /.•.»■/•/,■, Collirgwood, Orillia
Grey, Om;i Su,i„J, Dnrhum, Mea
ford.
Bruce, ;K;«-,7/«,, Kincardine.
Huron, 0'a,/.-nW,, Clinton, Seaforth.
Lambton, Samiii, Pctrolia.
(/'•) Six Counties on Lalce Erie
Essex, .9„„,/„,,./, Windsor, Amherst- | Norfolk, .W... Port Doyer.
Kent,"S„M,„„, ,:o.|,„e||, "«'J||J«nd,G,.„,„,Cale<lo„ia, n„„n-
ElBln. .S. 7.,.„„, Port Stan-ey. Wellan^ ,^,.„„, Clifton. Thorold.
('•) Twelve Counties
Lincoln, .SV. C,Mi„n,u-s, Ni.igara.
Wentworth, //.,m,7U,,, Dnndas.
Haiton, .I//,V,w, Oakville, Georgetown
Peol, /i'r,im/</m, Streetsville.
Vork, /onrnt.,. Newmarket, Aurora.
Ontario, T/,///,,., 0,1,^,^..,^ Uxhridge,
Durham, /Wt //„/,•, Uowmaiwillc,
Newc.Tstle.
U) Flvti Counties an
Leeds, />•,•, .,v(t,7/^ (ianano.pic. |
Grenvillc, /•,;s,„/f, ^f<.rrickyilk■. I
Dundas, Morrislmrg, Irc.<,nois.
on Lake Ontario.
Northumberland, Coi,>„rr, lirighion,
Colbnrne.
Prince Edward, /•/,/„«.
Hastings, l!c!U--ilU; Trenton, Htir-
li.-.B.
Lennox and Addington, a;,/,,,,,.,.,
liath, Xewlnirg.
Frontenac, Amf^sto,,, Portsmouth.
the Si. Lawrence.
Stormont, Cormvall.
Glengarry, Alexandria.
J)islrils :
Muskoka, lirateliridire I ai
Parrv Sounil l',r.v\:' , A'flOma, .Sault .Ste. Afarie.
■ any oouna, 1 arrv .Sound Tk..-.^. ■. .. .
Nipissing, Matawa,; Thunder Bay, Prmce Arthur's Lai.d-
I ing.
The Citii-s are ■
Ottawa, tl,e capi.al of ,he Do.ninion of Canada.
Toronto, tl.o capital of the I'rovince of Ontario.
Jamilton, St. Catharines. Brantford. London, and Guelph, iVest-
Kingston a.ul Belleville, EasHcant of Toronto.
Ottawa [ib.ooa] is situated on a hinh hmk of ,i,„ ij-
<lierc rails, and is noted for l.eing .1 Ir s, ™"' '''^' ""^ ^''•''"■
•n ..S57 it was ..elected by ,„e ol at i 4 ' ;';" ^■"""-"' ;" "- t>™,inion.
the Confederation of the ^arious^Y vin • , T , ^'"^■^■' """«"' "^ ^'•■""•da. Since
"f .1.C nonunion of clda .t ' '. "' 7'T "" "'" "' ""^ ^-vernment
nepartn,ents, the hi^ltCm■r 7,1;' ';';■' "" •' ■^'■"'""•'"' """•^'-■»' "-' I'"^>'-
the Governor Gener-arLtr a P /i 'T'm "'"''^" ^'^"''^■"^ "^ '"'' '-^-"cney
'..V ...e Rideau Kiver 'a, ^c n i;"^: 1^;;";' •'^'"""- ''""= ^"^ ''^ '''^«'=''
■-vrence and Ottawa Rivers. " ' )", Xa'"""""""'"" """ "" '''
Cn.nd -I'runk Railway and with M ;"'"' ■•"Iwa.v communication with the
tl'c Kiver Ottawa. '"■'" "'"^ '■'"'='^"' ^"■•' "«■' """I' ^I'orc of
Toronto (75,000), formerly called Vork, the seat of .ho r ,...! r
Province „f Op...rio -v f-,„H- 1 1 .' "^ ^"-''' f^o^crnmcnt of the
Ku.1.114 suull.ri.lJi,,,'. II y^
30
ONTARIO.
i I
u <
I
ment, two Universities, three Colleges, the Normal School, l'iil)lic and High Schools,
a large numlior of excclleiu private Academies, Seminaries, and Schools, and a
Provincial Lunatic Asylum. It is an important station on the Orand Trunk Railway,
which connects Detroit, in Miciiigan, with Portland, in Maine, and Sarnia willi
South Quebec, nearly opposite (he City of (Quebec. I''ivc otiicr lines of rail-
way enter the city. In Summer, steamers arrive daily from Montreal, Hamilton,
Niagara, and Rochester. Its trade is extensive, and manufactures are carried on
to a great extent. Toronto and (Quebec were, from 1849 to 1859, alternately the
sea's of (lovernment of Canada.
CITV OF nilELPH.
I Guclph ( 10,000) n the River Spc;vl, which luis a fall IRre of alxiut thirty feet, furnishin;;
I water power to several lar^c llciur mills, woollen anil other factories, ami sewinq niacliine anil
ineloileon c5tlblisl\niont5. There arc several beds of ■'ulomite, yiclilin); excellent building and
lime stiine, in the neighborhood. Cuelph is the nortluTn terminus of the (lalt and Cluelph
branch of the Circat Western Railway, and the smitliern terinirnis of the Wellington, Grey, anil
linice R;iilw.iy, anil is a chief station of Ihe (iianil rnink Railway. The Provincial School of
-VgricuUure is situated near the city.
) ClTV 0¥ HA.MILTON.
j Hamilton (30,000) is situated on Burlington Bay, at the south-west angle of Lake
J Ontario This safe and capacious bay is highly valuable as a harbor for steamers
J and other craft sailing on the Lake. Hamilton is built on a plateau of slightly
j elev.ated ground, winding around the foot of a hilly range, which extends from
j Niagara Falls. It is an imiiortant commercial and manufacturing cily, and con-
tains a College for Females, excellent schools, and a Provincial Limatic Asylum.
Hamilton is the chief station of the Great Western Railway, which extends from
tlie Niagara Suspensiun Ibidge to \Vind.sor, opposite Detroit, and to S.irnia, opposite
Port Huron.
ClTV OF I.UNOON.
London (20.000), on the River Thames, is surrountled on all sides by a rich a'.;rirultural
country, anil is the chief western connnercial depot of the Province. It contains tluee Col-
leges, several .\cailen'.ies and Schools, a Provincial Lunatic Asyluin, a number of manufac-
tories, mills, machine shops, anil foundries. I' our different railways pass through the city.
St. Catharines {12,000), on the Welland Canal, which connects Lake Ontario witli Lake
Erie, and is noted for its mineral springs and its attractiveness as a .ununer report.
Branttord (11,000), on the Crand Kivei, tributary to Lake lirie, i:. noted for its manufacture
of steam engines, mill machinery, agriciiUuiid implements, and stoneware. It is the seat of the
I'rovincial Institution for the Kducation of the HIind, and of a Ladies' College.
B«lltwltle( 11,200). at the mouth of the River Moira, which flows into the U.iv of (luintd.
It is a secure harlwr for vessels. The scenery is interesting, owing to the windings and-
indentations of the opposite slinrc of Prince F.ilwartI PeniuMil.i. It has a good lumber trade,
and several manufacturing establishments. It contains a University and College and the Pro-
vincial Institution for the Kducation of the Deaf and Dumb.
ClTV OF KINOSTON.
Kingston (15,000), formerly called Citaraqui and Frontcnac, on the north bank of Lake
liMt.nin, at the head of the River St. Lawrence. Next to Quebec and Halifax it is the
vtn.ngest iniliLary post in Canada, and is the main entrepot of trade between tlie Provinces of
l.hieljcc and Ontario. Tlu- h.iihor is convenient and well sheltereil, and is the chief naval depot
on Lake Ontario. The River St. Lawrence, as it issues from the Lake, is twelve miles wide,
and is divided into two channels by Wolfe, llraml, and Long Islands. It is the scat of a
I'nivcrsity, and a Roman Catholic College. 11 contains al.-^o a Provincial Penitenliarv and a
Military College.
Ot*en Sounil (.|o.i)), originally called Sydenham, on (icorgian Pay, at the outlet of the River
Svilenluim. has tlie best li.irbor on Lake Huron. It contains manufactories of machinery,
agricultiu.U implements, and leather and woollen goods.
Colilngiwoad (.15 m), on Nottawasaga Hay, li.is a large himlier and grain Hade, and is the
starting-point of steamers for the upper lake ports.
Ooderlch ( |doo), on Lake Huron, has a good liarbor, protected by a pier with a lighthouse at
the mouth of the Maitland River, and is the only shipping port for many miles on the lake. It
is noted fnr its salt wells, wliich are a considerable source of wealth.
Clinton 12JOO), on tlie liuffalo branch of the Orand Trunk R..iKvay, n miles from Ooderich,
li.is .^ruin li.ide and salt wells.
ivrr, possesses extensive water powe
id h.is a large
Walkcrlon (2501), .m the Saii';een 1*
I li:oil)i,T trade.
j Seaforth {2000), 21 miles south-east of (iodericli, is an important market town, li.is .m iron
foundry and woollen mills, and the most extonsivi; salt well:! known uii the continent.
j Sarnia (1500), on the River St. Clair, near Lake Huron, is a safe port at which steamers and
! vessels, Ijound to the u| per lakes, can call.
I Windsor (f'ooo), on the Detroit River, is the western terminus of the Clreat Western Rail-
w.iv. It has tobacco aiul broom factories.
ONTARIO- Q UEBEC.
Port Stanley (750), port Dover (Soo), mA Port Colbome are sliipping purts on Lake Eric.
SIncoe (jooo), „n the Ki/cr Lynn, Ims several manufactories of machinery, potash, leather
\ and woollen floods.
; Welland (3200), on the Welland Canal and Kiver, possesses good water iwwer, and has
. woollen factories and saw mills.
; Elora (1600), at the confluence of the Irvin,- will, the Graml River, 14 miles from (Juelph,
amidst very lieautiful scenery. It manufacture's c.upets and other woollen -.^oods, and agricul-
tural implements, and has a good (ieological musiiim.
Gait (5300), on the r.rand River, manufactures a.xes, paper, lasts, and woollen goods.
Waterloo (4000), on the Cirand River, has a large grain and produce trade.
Dundat (3300), near Hamilton, is noted for the manuf.acture of iron machinery, cd-o tools,
paper, and cotton ami woollen goods.
Stratford (9000), on the R.ver Avon, which .su|,plies the town with good watevpower for the
various manufactories. It has a large trade in grain and produce.
Woodstock ;55oo), on the River Thames, is the centre of a good agricultural section, and has
a considerable trade. The Baptist denomination has a Collegiate Institute here.
Ingenoll (5300), on the River Thames, ,, miles from London, is noted for its cheese
factories. It has a large trade in lumber and grain.
St. ftoma. (,Sooo), on Kettle Creek, is the he.ad office of the Canada .Southern Railway
w.Kch has its c.ir sliops here, employiiv; 50.5 jieoi.lc.
^^^^ CMham (6000), on the River Thames, has a very considentble export trade in grain, pork,
) OIL WliLLS.
; Petrolla (3300) on the .Sydenham Kiver, and a branch of the Great Western Railway, 50
; "Ides south-west of London, is noted for its petroleum wells and refineries.
. Brampton (4000), on the Grand Trunk Railway, is an important grain and flour market.
; Barrle (4S00), beautifully situated on Kempenfeldt Bay. an ann of Lake Simcoe has a
; woollen factory and several flour mills. It carries on a large lumber trade.
I Whitby (3;;o), on the north shore of L.ake Ontario, has one of the test harbors on the lake
> Port Hope (5500) on the north shore of Lake Ont.ario, has a good lurl»,rwi.h important inland
I rmlway commun.cations.as well as to the east and west, an<l a large lumber and grainTrade
\ ^^^^^Peterborough (;s.a), „„ ,he Otonatee River, h.as a large e.^port trade in grain, pork, and
J Llndiay (5500), ,m the River .Scugog, has an extensive trade in lumber and grain.
; Cohourg (4500,, on the north shore of Lake OnUrio, is the market town of a very fertile
; section of -he country, and a safe and commodious harbor from which considerable quantities of
1 larm pi„u , himter, and iron ore are e.-tportcd. It contains a University and College.
; Picton ( 3000 ), on the Hay of Q.iinte, LaKe Ontai io, has several manufactories of machinerv
- and steam (.'nfjincs. -
; Napanee (3200), on the Napanee Kiver, is a port of entry, and h.as several paper and saw mills
; Perth (3000) on the River Tay, which is navigable to the Rideau Canal. In its vicinity are
; large deposits of plumbago and phosphate of lime. *
J BrOCkville ,,S„oo, a pic.uics,|i,e town at the foot of the L.ake of the Thousand Isles, on
the nort si 10 e of the Kiver .-t, Lawrence, is a port of call for all steamers plying between
\ Montreal and the jwrts on Lake Ontario. unween
; Prescott (3000), on the north shore of the Kiver .s.. Lawrence and directly opposite the City
J below I'icscott the rapids of the .St. Lawrence amimence. A lew miles
; M<.rrlsbur9 (-40), on the north shore of the River St. Lawrence, at the foot of the Rivi6re
, (lu 1 Lit Canal, possesses csccllont water power. "'vicrc
::i::n':d":t:,::' ""^ """^"'-'" "-^'-" - - ".in.d byaC
Perahroke ii6oo), on .Mlumette Lake, an expansion of the River Ottawa and also on the
r::™£":s;;:r.::=;.-r • "■"—■"■."::;»
Bracebrldge ( .500) is the business centre of the free-grant l.md district of Muskoka
Bruce Mines, on the north shore of Lake Huron, Is noted for its copper mine.s
HufonT.?' ?"" T,^' '"• ■"• ,"•■■''■'' ''"" '"'""■'''' "'''^'' ^""^ •'^"P^™^ "-" !"<" '-^ke
the State of Michigan. Navigable communication is obtained by a canal about a mile long
Prince Arthur'. Unding (1500), on Thunder Bay.atthe head of Lake Superior, is a flourish. *
mg p!,ace in a rich mining region. <""«3a- ,
Fort William, near the mouth of the Kaministic,uia River, is the eastern terminus of the <
Canadian I'ac.fic Railway. (
^^Or/Arc£ OF QUEBEC.
Area, 2,0,000 .quare miles, or equal lo a square of 458 mile,
its ';,,!!,uiel''''forit'" '''■"'""" f- """'""' '" "°'"' '°' ""= ^■^■""■"g «="•"?-««= <>«
s foinders, for ,ts commercial importance, fisheries, lumbering, shipbuilding
mineral wealth, beautiful scenery, and noble river.s. sn.pDutldmg,
2. Boundaries.-It i.s bounded „n the north by the North-East Territory and
Labrador; on the east by the Gulf of .St. Lawrence; on the snu.h bv h7 BaJ
C cur. New 1 runswick, and the .States of Maine, Xew Hampshire, Verniont, and
New V urk ; and on the .south-west and ^yc5t by the Province of Ontario.
3 Physical Features.-(-) Though not a mountainotts country, the scenery of
i L?^""; " """ '""'r^-^'""^ "'•-•» "'•^' "f ""'-i- Its rivers and moun'.ain
dges re also on a grander scale. Fogs frequently prevail in autumn on its
ay gable waters. Ihe Lower St. Lawrence is enclosed by two mountain r..ng
1^ the Appalachian on the south-east, ninning along the peninsula of Gaspe
there known as the Notre Dame Mountains), and e.vtending to Alabama ; and the
Laurentian, on the north, running from the Ciilf of .St. Lalvrencc to C.pe Tour
ment, near the city of Quebec, and thence e.x.ending into the interior of the con.
nent north-west of Lake Superior.
John, h,h.ard, ^rata..,,,. Graves, Grand, Sl. Fra.uU, ,t/,y„„//,, Mcmp,,remaco,\^A
Tenxscouaa-. also the lake c.pan.sions of the River St. Lawrence, and T lake
sources of the St. Maurice and Saguen.ay Rivers.
(.0 The Principal Rivers are the.V/. /.„„or«,v, the Sa,ua,ay, the .V. ^faurUe,
ZrT •"'"•'••'nes in part, the RiMU-u, the St. Francis, and the Chau-
and'i/.rnri'r""" ^'^' "'""^ "'^ '"''"' "■' ""''"'""^ ''" p""' ''^"*"'' ^■-z"'-
Gu! of St. Lawrence ; S., Vertc, An. Condres, Orleans, and Afontr.,1, in the Rive
St. Lawrence; AUmnetle, Calumet, Perrot, and Jcsus.m the Ottawa.
The Island 0/ Orleans is 20 miles long by 6 wide. It is fertile and well wooded.
The Island ,/ An/uos/i, 400 miles below Quebec, and an important fishing
s ation. ,s .35 miles long by 36 wide. It has several lighthouses and depots to aid
shipwrecked mariners. '
The Ma,.la!en Mands.m the Gulf of St. Lawrence, too miles west-south-west of
Newfoundland, and 5., miles north-west of Cape liretnn There are several good
harbors in the islands. A large trade, in summer, is done in dried fish and oils
f
CONTINUATION OF MAP 1 ►^°/'
n
THE SAtiUBNAV KIVER.
(/) The Oiisf^ J'diinsulit
is 175 miles in length,
from Ca|)e fl.ispe ti) tlic
hr.icl i)f lake Me(ai>e(li.ic,
ami is abonl 90 miles wide.
Its coast line is 400 miles.
The popniation is abont
25,000.
(;■. ; The Uivcr St. [.aw-
rcncc is described on page
CI.
The Siii^iieiiitv, whicli
flows throngh Lake Si.
John, is 400 miles long,
anil falls into the St. Law-
rence at Tadousac. It
has thirty triliiitaries, and
drains a triangnlar area of
r^.oco square miles. It is
very deep, ami its banks
arc very precipitous. It is
navigable for 75 miles, as
far as Clhicoutimi, above
which the rapids are
numerous.
The .SV. Miiitricc rises
in Lake llskclanaio, and
falls into the St. Lawrence
Including its winding.s, it
ml iliaiiis an area of 21,000
at Three Rivers, so called from it.s threefold mouth
is nearly 400 miles in length. It has many tributaries, ^ ^
s(p:are miles. In its course it expands int^i numerous lakes, liesides the great I'"all
of Shawancg,-in (160 feet in height), it has a nmnhcr of minor falls and cascades.
'X\\ii Richelieu issues from Lake Champlain, and flows northward 75 miles to the
Uivcr St. Lawrence. Champlain .tscended the Richelieu in i6oy, and discovered
the lake since named after him.
The .a /><;«<•/> issues from Lake Si. Francis, in the County of Ileauce, flow,
.south-westerly as far as Leimoxville, ami thence northwesterly to the St. Lawreiuc,
which it enters at Lake St. Peter. Length about 220 miles.
The ClumJi^re issues from Lake Megantic. and flows northerly to the St. Law-
rence, which it enters a few miles above Quebec. Length about r'50 miles.
4. The Cliniatl is different from that of Ontario, bcinj much colder in winter, and not so
warn, ni sununer Spring bursts forth in great Ixauty, and vegetation is rapid. The atn.os-
pliere is dear and bracing.
5. The Chief Producti include various kinds of grain, timlx-r, furs, minerals, etc. The iron
leail, an<l copper mines are highly productive. There are extensive fisheries in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence ; and the River Sagucnay is noted for its fine salmon.
6. The Mhahllantl.-The first settlers in the Province of Onebec were chiefly from the
central parts of I'rance; but in the I- astern Townships the inhabitants are mostly of British
origin, includim,- descendants ot Vnited-Kmpire Loyalists and American settlers. The greater
portion of the present population arc of French origin.
I 7. Education is widely iliffused. Tliere are three l^niv, rsiiics, viz. : McC.ill, at Montreal ;
I Laval, at Oiicbcc , an.l I!isb„p-s College, at Lenno.xvii;,. (;,„„mon schools, classical and
I commercial c(.llises, ac.ulcniies, and private schools are minicroiis.
8. The Local Government consists <.f a Lieutenant Ciovernor, with an Executive Council of
. seven members, a Legislative Council of twenty-four members, and a Legislative Assembly of
si.xty-fivc mcmljers
I 9. I'lii^ I'rm ince of ( lucboc is dividctl into .si.\ly Coiimics wliicli, with
tlicir chief places, are .is foHows ;
(".) Nine Counties on the Ottawa.
Vaudreuil, r„ii,ii;i,i!.
Pontlac, lliyson, Port.age ilu l-',irl.
Ottawa, Aylmn; Hull.
Argenteuil, /..n/m/,; Sl. Andrews.
Two Mountains, St,\ S,-/:olas/i,;ii,;
Knstache.
Soulanges, (',./,-„« iMiuling.
Jacques Cartier, Ln./iiiu; Point Claire.
Hochelaga, Longuc Point, Montreal.
Laval, .W. A'.w, St. Vincent de Paul.
Terrebonne, .V/. J,-ro»i,\ I'errcbonnc
L'AsSOmptlon, /.'Assomplion.
Montcalm, .SV,', JuHeinte.
Jollette, Jolii-iu:
Berthier, Bothin-.
Masklnong£, A'iriir,- ,/u r.ouf-.
St. Maurice, Three Rivers.
Fourteen Counties north of the St. Lawrence.
Champlain, /in/ijom, Ste. Anne.
Portneuf, C.;/ .s„iiie.
Quebec, C/Mr!es/<<mri;, nuebec.
Montmorency, Chateau Richer.
Charlevoix, .St. Paul's Bay.
ChlCOUtiml, Chhoulimi.
Saguenay, Tai/ousac.
('.) Twenty-six Counties south of the St. Lawrence.
Huntingdon, /fuiitiiixiloii, Durham.
BeauharnOis, J!,auh,nn.>i.<, \'allcyflelil.
Chateauguay, .sie. .yranim-. chatcau-
gnay.
Lapralrle, f.a/'rairic, Canghnawaga.
Napiervlile, Xa/<icmllc, St. Kcmi.
St. Johns, .SV. yohm.
Chambly, Chamhiy, I.ongiieuil.
VerchSreS, Vcrchires.
Richelieu, .V.w/, St. (lur.s.
Yamaska, St. i-raiic,'is.
St. Hyaninthe, .St. Ifyaiiuthc.
Bagot, v/. //„;,■/,,■.,.
RoUVille, .Stc. .Marie. i
(</.) Eleven Counties south of the St. Lawrence, usually called Eastern
Townships.
Iberville, .ste. .■tt;„mase.
Nicolet, llecaiicimr.
Lotblniere, l.otliinih-e.
Levis, /'.)//// /,,v7>.
Dorchester, .SV,-. IleinMne.
Bellechasse, St. Michel.
Montmagny, .sv. Thomas.
L'JSlet, .St. Jean Tort Joti.
Kamouraska, Kamomaska.
Temiscouata, lie I'crte.
RimOUSki, Rimonshi.
Bonaventure, jW-h' Carlisle.
Gaspg, J'crcc.
Arthabasca, .sv. Christo/'he.
Megantic, /.cds niias^e.
Beauce, .sv. Tran(ois.
Drummond, llnimmomlvUh.
Richmond, I'i.hmon.i.
Wolfe, South Ham.
Shefford, Waterloo.
Sherbrooke, City of .Sherbrooke.
Compton, Cihttshire.
Misslsquoi, Frdighskir!;.
Bromp, h'ih~,::l;.:n,
Stanstead, .Stanstead Plain, Coaticook.
gka.no .mhtis fall
IIH Sr. LAWFvLNCR.
Note. — Counties arc prinlcd in black Iftler^, t'.iunly Towns in I'lalLx, .ind (.'liief Towns in Coiinlv
in Roman loiters.
/
I I
i
I
'J'/if Cilifs arc:
Quebec. iIr. ...pital of tl„. l>rovincc of Oiiebec.
Montreal, ihe com„u.,xi,,l metropolis of the Domi.uon
Hull. St. Hyacinths. Sherbrooke. ,„ui Three Rivers
> 11^. .7Sy. ..l.ir ,.,, iKToic .lefccc !„• .Mu„,„l„,. The Americans
ALLAN MAIL STEAMBR LEAVING OfEBRC.
C.ibra 'r f" \,^' '- '"-""ns. ,s consi.lerc.l i,„,,reg„al,le, ..,„!, s called ,he
cape ^i- :Li:^::;; . '^:::- --;L- -- ::;t:--;: --"7.:^
t: \^. ]:r:::i;:r; '•""- '-- ■'- - -'-''^ ' -■-: a^ ilss
Montreal ( I rio.ooo) was f,iiiM.i,.,i ;,, ./-., j
"'c .si.e ..,■ ,1,. , , , . ,L , , f-"' "",''" ""= "•™'= "f ^'i"--- "-■^•. "ear
M..n. Koval. „r M„„,re, ' / '^ , :£ '^ "^^ "^ ^f"-"'^ ^''an.ecl ,0
fnun . .uel.ec .ilv. [i .s,,,„.ls „„ , • "7"'"' "^•^■'«'-"'""- ^"<' '^ '^o miles
l""g a„,l ,0 wi.le; whi.h i ,t, ,, , "'" " '"= ^••■'"^' "^'"-■- ^''">->' -to miles
''"'"'"-" "< Canacla. To , ^ f ' ' " ""-.^""^ ^""""^^^'■" '^"^ '" "-
li
|i
BHIICTeil AT A COST OF 16,300,000.
This lUid:
nrincinl. r„n, , ' ,' , ''"V™" "'"l^ f;™' f """•'^•'' '" S'- I"'"''*''*. 11 w:„ fornully .,pcn,.,l, bv II. R. II. The Piu.vr,.: <,>- Wm.v.,, in August. iSCo. Tt is .,f iron on tl,c tubular
w ic t wr. n f ■;' r' T 7' ■" - : "'• ""' "'"'^'' *"'" ■'"•° '"■' •" '^■"■^"'■-"- """^ -f '•'"■^1> '^ "< ™ '■'--•i"" -f '■■0 ^ot aw. tl. currcnt,-tbos,. r«t„„ limestone pier.,,
Cr ,r, , M '''r ' "•'"■: '^■"•■'' '" '"'" ""^ •"•'•'•""'= "f ""^ '" '" ""= "■""'■•• ■''"'' "l"-'"- -^t ^^"^1' '•""-"'^'^ 'I'"'' "■-• two very n.assive stone ab„tn,ents. .24 feet Ion,, formin,
approaches t,. the bruise. RonnRT Stephenson and A. M. Knss, Knsineers ; James Hoiiges, nuii.lpr. " 4 .-,, ,
City of Hull (rooo), nn the Ottawa River, two miles from Ottawa, is largely enija^red in tlic
maniil.u lure ol lunilx-r, and lias an extensive matcli, pail, and wnodcnware factory. A suspen-
sion brid-e, spanning the Cbanilicrc Kalis, connects it with Ottawa, and it is connected by
railway with the city of Montreal. It was first settled in 1800.
ab<iut eight miles from the capital, has several larje
Aylmer (2000), on the River Ottaw,
himberinj establishments.
St. Andrews ( 1000), in the county of Arijenteuil, on the Nortb River, near its junction with
the Ottawa River, contains several mills and factories.
L'Auomptlon (5000), on a river bearim; the same name, is 24 miles norih of .Montreal. It
has a Roman Catholic Collecje.
Jollttti (4000), on the River L'Assomption, contains grist, saw, cardin;-, and fulling mill.s,
and docs an extensive trade in grain and country produce. It has a Roman Catholic College.
St. Cuthbert (.-i.too), in the county of Derthier, district of Richelieu. A river bearing the same
name runs through the parish, and affords good water-power for manufactories.
Valltyleld (2000). at the head of the IJeauharnois Canal, possesses extensive water-power
and large paper, woollen, grist, and saw mills.
St. Johns (4000), on the River Richelieu, 27 miles south-east of Montreal, with which it
is connected Ijy four lines of railway, has manufactories of irrm castings, leather, and earthen-
ware, also grist and planing mills, and Ijrickficlds.
St. Denis (27110), on the River Richelieu, about 14 miles from St. Ililaire, contains s.iw, grist,
and carding mills.
Sorel (;5oo), ne.ar the mouth ot the River Richelieu, where it debouches into Lake St.
I'eter, has several manufactories of engines, madiinory, and agricultur.il implements. Ship-
building is largely carried on. The Montreal and Quebec Mad Steamers call here.
City ol St. Hyacinthe (7^00), on the Vamaska River, is connected with Montreal, Quebec,
and Torlland, U. S., by the Gr.ind Trunk R.ailway. It has a Roman Catholic College and a
Cathedral,
Waterloo (2200), in the county of Shefford, Eastern Townships, has several manufactories
and mills. Copper and iron ores are found in the vicinity.
Coatlcook (.;ioo), near the boundary line, on tlie Grand Trunk Railway, has extensive manu-
factories of sashes, doors, blinds, and carriages, and saw and grist mills.
Unnoxvlllt (1200), near Sherbrnoke, is the seat of Hishnp's College, a Church of Kngland
Insi.iiiii.in. with a staff of professors, laving a Royal charter for conferring degrees in Arts and
Medicine.
Rldimond (1400), on the St. Francis River, is a station on the Grand Trunk Railway
ii.iween M.^treal and Portland, V. S. In its vicinity are some copper mines.
NICOitt (2000), alHiul 80 miles norlh-nnrlh-east of Montreal, has a collegi- with a library of
over rn.noo volumes.
CITY OF SHERDROOKB.
City ol Sherbrooke (6000), on the River St. Francis and the River Magog, has an abundance
of water-povjr fur m.mufacturing purposes, anil its mills and factories are extensive. It is tlie
seat of the District Courts, and is connected with Montreal, Quebec, and Portland, U. S., by
three lines of railway.
City ol Three Rivers (10,^00), at the threefold mouth of the River St. Maurice, is con-
nected with Montreal and Quebec city by the Orand Trunk Railwav, and by the Quebec,
Montreal, Ottawa and Occideulal Railw.iy ; and in summer by tlie Montreal and (hicbec
Mail Steamers. It lias a college, an academy, and several schools, and is noted for its iron
works anil lumber trade,
Invernns (2500), in the county of Megantic, contains grist, saw, carding, and fulling mills,
Lotblnlire (2500), on the south shore of the River St. Lawrence, alxiut 47 miles from Quebec,
contains fnumlries, and s.aw and grist mills.
South Quebec (.^ooo) is contiguous to the town of L6vis, opposite the city of Quebec. It is
the tenniniis of the Grand Trunk Railway on the south shore of the River .St. Lawrence.
Uvis (10,000), on the souti shore ot the River St. Lawrence, opposite the city of Quebec,
is one of tlie termini of the (irai d Trunk R.iilway, and the landing place of passengers .arriving
by the Ocean steamships from ICuropc. Its hciglits are strongly fortified, and its forts com-
mand the harbor of Quebec.
Lorolte (4000), on the River St. Charles, eight miles from 1 luelwc. Alxiut sixty f;imilie5
of lliu.iii Indians live here and m inufaclure snnw shoes, miici:asins. and fancv work. It is
the seat of the (Juebec Water Works.
Murray Bay (,1500), or Malbaie, a favorite summer watering place on the River St. I.aw-
rinie. north shore, about ijo miles below Quebec. There is eomnnmication liy steamboat from
(Juebei four il.ivs in tile week, during the summer months.
Ste. Anne de la Pocatlere (.iooo), in the county of Kamoiiraska, a station on the liilerco-
loni.il K.iiKv.iy, about So miles below Quebec. It has a Roman Catholic Colleg".
Kamouraska (1000), on the south side of the St. Lawrence. 00 miles bel.iw Ouebec riiy. ir.
nnitii frequented for its sea balliing.
RImoUSkI (2,Soo), on the south side of the St. Lawrence, has a large shipping and lumber
trade, and is llic summer port for the embarkation and disembarkation of the English mails
and the passengers by the Allan steamships.
f
:;i
v^
I
PR O VIXCE OF NE IV BR UNS WICK.
So called from ihe German seat i.f the Royal House of Hrnnswick in Europe. Area 27,312 squan
miles, or equal 10 a square of 165 miles.
OTY OF FRBUBHICTON, TlfE OPITAI, OF NEW URUNSWICK.
1. Noted For— New Brunswick is noted for its numerous rivers, fuic tinil)ur,
shipbuilding, mines, and tislieries.
2. Position and Boundaries.— This Province (in sh.ipe an irregular square) lies
south of the C.i^pe l^iiin^ula, and is bounded on the north by tlic li.ay of Chaleur
and the I'rovince of Quebec; on the e.ist by the (;ulf of .St. Lawrence and North-
unilierland Strait; on the soutli by Nova Scotia and the Day 01 Fundy ; and on the
west by the State of Maine and the I'rovince of Quebec.
3. Physical Features.— (<;.) The surf.ace of New lirunswitk is agreeably diver-
sified by liill and ilale, mountain and valley, picturc,sc|ne lakes and noble rivers.
Its forests are well wooded, and the soil alo}ig the rivers and in the valleys is rich
and fertile. The fine bays are well adapted for commerce.
(/'.) The Principal Rivers .are the si. John, with its br.anches, the Naslr.ihtck.
Salmon, and IKiJi.i.A'i/ioui ; and the S/^. Croix, A'es/ij^oiit/u; A/iniWh/t/, Kkhilnulo.
and /',IiIcih/uic.
The St. John, 450 miles
long, from its rise in the
highlands which separate
the I'rovince of (Quebec from
that of New Brunswick, and
the State of Maine, to the
Day of p'undy, is known for
. the first 150 miles of its
course by Ihe Indian name
Wollooshlook or Long River.
The firand I''alls, wliich are
So feet high and verypictur-
I'^ipic, are situated half-\v.ay
down the river, near the
ncnth-east corner of the
State of .Maine ; from ihence
the river flows for 60 miles
ORAND KAI.I.S ,)N TMK ST. JOHN KlVIiK. ]„ ^ SOUtllCrly dirCCtloU tO
Woodstock, and there takes an easterly course to the outlet of CrartH Lake, uul
from that point flows almost due south to the Hay of I^'undy The St. John runs
through, in some places, den.sc forests of pine, of which v.ist (piantitles are annually
rafted downwards. It is navigable for vessels of 120 tons burden as far as
Kredericton, from whence small steamers ply to Woodstock.
The SU-. Croix or .S.o.Uc forms the boundary between New I'.ruiiswick and the
State of Mahie, and falls into I'as.,amaquodily liav.
The J\'i:sfi\'oi!,rie is 200 miles long, and expands into the liav of Chaleur. It is
a boundary river between the l'rr)vin. . s of New lirunswlck and (^)uebec. Resti-
gouclie means finger and thund), the branches of the river being spread out like a
hand.
The ,l///v;/«/,/;/ is J25 miles long, .uul nine miles wlile at its mouth. It is navig-
able for ;,o miles Inland.
Thr /'■/;/,..,//,.,■ falls into Cliignecto Hay.
(.-.) The Principal Lakes are Gr.m.t /..<!..• in l,)ueen's County, and Gr.inJ /.ah-
(sourie of the Sie. t.'roi.i: Rivei I belween M:' ue and \i w lirunswlck.
(il.) The Principal Bays are c/i,ii.„r,
Pifssainiiquottilv,
Miromulti. \'t-rti', iltii^Ht\to, Finiilv. .-ind
The Bay of Chaleur is 90 miles long, and from 15 to 30 miles wide. It has
neither shoal, reef, nor other impediment to navigation. The bay is celebrated for
the variety and abundance of its fish.
(<•) The PriliCipa! Capes are Miscou Point, Esamwtac,M\A Tormentine on the
cast ; and Sfciucr and Lefreau on the south.
(/) The Principal Islands are .I/Avot* AmXShippeiran, at the north-east; Grand
Afanan, li; l-'nudy I!.iy; and Campobdh, in P.issamatiuoddy liay.
4. The Climate, tlii)U'.;h subject to the usual extremes of lioat and cold, is loss severe than
tliat of Quebec, and is very healthy. I'ogs com.- from the Hay of f-undv, but rarely extend
any distance inland, .\utumn is generally a beautiful season.
5. The Chief ProduclJ are asricultur.d ; but coal, iron, copper, asphalt, lead, granite, marble,
and other valuable minerals arc abundant in various parts of the Province. The rivers, lakes,
aiul sea-coast abound with fish ; and lobsters and oysters are caught in large numbers.
8. Inhabitants.— Tim Province was cliicHy first settled by the French in 1619, subsequently
by emigrants from Scotland in t7().(, and afterwards by .Vmerican United-Empire Loyalists*
and by emigrants from Europe.
7. Education.— Itesidcs a university, there is a Madr.is Institution, with branch schools,
and several academies and grammar schools ; also numerous elementary scluiols, and a .\ormal
School, su|-iorted by the Legislature.
8. Divisions. — The fifteen counties in New Hrnnswick, ami their chief places,
are as follows :
(" ) Five Counties on the Eastern Coast.
Restigouche, Dalhousie. Kent, Ki.hilmiio.
Gloucester, is.iihursi. Westmoreland, Dorchester.
Northumberland, XeweastU.
(/< ) Three Counties on the Bay of Fundy.
Albert, Hope-.oell. I Charlotte, .S/. Amh-eios.
St. John, St. John. I
(< ) tour Counties In the Interior.
Kings, Hampton. , Sunbury, Oromocto.
Queen's, Gagelinon. I York, l-rederieton.
\it) Three Counties in the West.
Carleton, WooMtoek. i Madawaska, Little Falls.
Victoria, Grand Falls. '
9. Chief Places.— Fredericton (7000), the capital, is beautifully situated S4 miles
up the River St. John, and is well l.ud out. It is the seat of government for the
Province, also the .seat of the University of New lb unswick. The Supreme Court
of the Province is also held here.
OK M:w lUfUNSWICK.
St. John (j5,ooo), the chief commercial city of New Hrnnswick, is situated on a
fine bay at the month of the River St. John. It Is well built, and has an imposing
appearance when apprcmclied from the water. The principal buildings, besides the
chmches, arc the marine hospital, the barrack.s, court iionse, prison, lunatic asylum,
academy of music, almshouse, and jjcnitentiary. A handsome suspension bridge,
C140 feet in length, spans the river. It is a monument of mechanical skill. The
hatb.jr is capacious, and free fr.im Ice in winter. The entrance is protected by
a battcrv lui Partridge Island. The tide in ibe harbor rises from n to 25 feet.
St. John is famed for shipbuilding. Its chief exports are Umdier, lime, .uul grind-
stones.
• Noble ami g.illaut I.oyalUls ttli.i ])letlge,l " llioir live^, llirlr (orUm, n, ami liieir s.ure.l honor,"
loiiiamlaiu, ana Uuiteil lunpire, JCiiglaml ami lier Coloiues in Amiriia, ,buin|! Ilic American Uuvo-
lulion (1770-Sjl.
►
NEW BRUNSWICK— NOVA SCOTIA
Newcastle (jckx.), on the Mir;,michi rivor. Fishh.g, lumbering and shipbuilding are its chief trade.
Monaton ('»».,), at the head of I'etitcwiiac River, possesses manufactories of iron castings steam
engines and machnicry, and the I.Momotive works of the Intercolonial Railway.
RIchibucto and Shedlac, on Northumberla.id Strait. The trade of these town, is in hnnbir and fish.
St. Steplien (,50,,), on the Sle. Croix, and St. Andrews (2000), on Passam,aquo<l,ly nay, trade with
the United .States, in lumber and fish.
Sackville (i<x.,l, a town, at the head of Cumberland Ilasin, is the seat of Mount Allison College.
Woodstock (35oo\ on the River .St. John, is the seat of extensive lumbering operations; and is
noted for its apples and plums.
10. Tiie Covern.nent consists of a Lieutenant (i.ivernor, .in Kxecutivc Council <,f nine
members, .t Legislative Council of sixteen meniljcrs, ami a Legislative .\ssembly of forty
one members. '
11. Comraerce.-The fine rivers and bays, and the extent of .sea coast give the Province
of New Krnnswick great conmierclal facilities. There are about one thousand vessels, lar-e
n:i::sr '" '™'' " ^ -" ""^ -"-^'^ -^ ''-'- ^'■'''" «-'"- ''^■•. ^-^ -^.
So called by the first settlers, who originally came from Scotland and liritlany, lireton being ,h.
Z:r:\u:;:^T'''''''''^'''''''''''''^''-'-''- A-,^..73.s.ua,eniiles,ore,u.al\„a
SNOW PLOUOll ON THE INTERCOLONIM. K.Ml.WAy.
18. Railways connect the principal towns. The Intcrc.ilonial Railway, connecting the
various Provinces, passes through this Province, and joins the OranJ T.-unk" Railway at .South
nueb;c, opposite the city of Ouebcc.
13. Indlans.-Whcn i:urnpcans first visited New Brunswick, three Algonquin tribes ,r
nat,...-.s, ocTupie.l Ac.l.lie, including Nova Scoti.a, New lirunswick, and Maine, viz ■ 'the
Micinacs,or Sourupiois, from (iaspe Day to the River .Ste. Croix; the Ktchemins, or Malicites
(Canoemen), fr,u,> the .Ste. Croix to the Penobscot; and the Abena(|uises, or Kannabises, from
t.ie I enobscot to ihe Kennebec. These nations aflerwar.ls became more ch.sely united and
were kmnvn to the Prcncl, under the natnc of Les Nations Abenaq.iises. The F.tchcmins and
the Abonaipuses have a few small settlements on the .St. John. They are now known as Mali-
cites. 1 h -ir number does not exceed twelve hundred.
iL
ll'MHKHMUN KV WilHK.
CITV tiK HALIFAX.
f. Noteil For.-Nova Scotia is noted for its coal, iron, gold, and .Hhcr minerals •
and .ilso for its fisheries, shipbuilding, lumbfring, niamifacturcs, and its extensive'
line of sea coast.
2. Position anil Extent.— The Province includes the Peninsula of Nova Scotia
and the Island of Cape lireton. It is separated from New lirunswick by the Isthmus
of fhignecto and the Hay of fundy, a,id from Prince Kdward Island by Northumber-
land Strait, and lies to the south-east of them.
3. Pliysical Features.-!,,.) The Peninsula of \i,va Scotia is somewhat trinngu-
l.ir in shape, ami is connected with New IJnmswick by a short isthmus 16 miles in
width. Its surface is undulating and picturescpic, and is dotted over with many
small, beautiful lakes. In the interior are .several ranges of hills, of which the
Cobequid are the most important. On the coast, the capes, bays, and harbois
are numerous. No part of Nova
Scotia is more than thi-ty miles
from the se.i. A licit of nigged
rocks, aver.iglng 400 feet in height
and fr(mi 20 to Co miles in width,
extends along the Atlantic co.ist
from Cape c:,an.so to Cape Sable,
and along the Bay of Fundy coast.
The Island of Cape I'.reton is nearly
.severed in two by an inlet of the
sea called Ilras d'Or Lake and by
St. Peter's B.iy. The island Is rich
in minerals, well wooded, and fer-
tile. T"he surface is undulating,
and the scenery generally beautiful.
^^■^ The Principal Capes of Nova
.'^cotia are SI. (hvrj;,; on the north
coast ; C<ins<t, Sum/irc, Sable, on the
south-east co,ist ; and C/iif;iscclo, on the
west coast. In (.'ape Jlrcton they are Si.
l.invmiic, A'lir,'//, l-:!im,tiit, Enfiniir,
ami Ih':lon.
t<:) Bays.— Nova .Scotia is noted for
its nnmerons Inys. The principal on
the Northern coast are .SV. in\tri;c's : on
the eastern, C7i,;/,i/'iut,i : on the south-
ern, llaUfax, M.ugarcr-:, and M.ihme ;
on the western, .SV. .I/„ri'j, I'lindy,
Miiuu (channel and Insin), Oiigncilo,
and fcrl,: In Cape llrcton the chief
arc A.:/-y, St. Anns, lims ,1'Or (inlet),
Syilticy, Sthr, Gal;iru.i, and .SV. relet' s.
The Hay of I'limly se|i.irales Nova .Sco-
tia f 10m New lirunswick; Cumberland
Peninsula divides it into Chij;nciit> Hay
and Afiiias C/iaiincl. The May of
Flindy is an arm of the sea, extending
3no miles Inland from Use. .\tbnlir t.~.
the head ^f Colmitiid liay, and is from
30 Im 60 miles wide. It is remarkable
for its high rapid tides and fogs ; its
coast is liold and rocky. The rivers .SV.
Joliii, .SV,'. t'lw.i, and Aiinafolis, How
into it.
40
NOVA SCOTIA.
passages, one
('/.) i\n\\%.—N'nrlhum!ier!anJStraU separates Nova Scotia from Prince Edward Island,
and Camo Strait, 15 miles in lengtli, and alxjut a mile in breadtli, separates Nova Scutia
from Cape Dreton.
(c.) Tlie RIviri ill Nova Scotia are short.
(/.) Th« Principal Uku arc the Kossigno! \n Nova Scotia, and the MarpirU in Cajie
Breton. liras d'Or, in Cape Dreton, is a lar^e inlet from the sea, with two
navigable for large ships.
(rO The Priaclpil lllilldt of Nova Scot'a are SMc, Seal, Loni;, and Pidoit. Near Cajie
Breton are BoiilarJarU, Scntary, and Madame. Sable Island, S; miles south-east of Cap.,:
Canso, is 25 miles long and from one to two wide. It is noted for its sandy and dangerous
coast.
4. Clldate.— Nova Scotia being within the influence of the Gulf Stream, and nearly sur-
rounded with water, its climate is less liable to extremes of heat and cold than that of the
neiglilxiring Provinces. The aulunm is an agreeable season of the year.
5. ProducU.— The Province is rich in coal, iron, gold, and gypsum. In Nova Scotia and
in C.ij)e Breton there arc extensive coal-fields. The agricultural productions of Nova Scotia
are abundant. At the liead of the Bay of Fundy, the alluvial deposits thrown up by the
high tides and enclosed by ilykcs make the soil very productive. The fisheries of the Bav of
I'undy and the Clulf of St. Lawrence are valuable ; cod, haddock, mackerel and herring being
the principal.
8. Railways, Canal, etc.— The intercolonial Railway runs from Halifax to New Bruns-
wick, with a branch line from Truro to Pictou. Another line runs from Halifax to Windsor,
and thence to .\nnapolis. The Shubenacadio Canal connects Halifax with Cobequid Bay.
The electric telegraph connects every county with Halifax, and Halifax with the other Provinces
and the United States.
7. Manufactures in domestic articles and shipbuilding are successfully carried on.
8. Commerce is greatly promoted by 1200 miles of sea coast, and about fifty ports of entry.
9. Inhabitants.— The Province was originally settled by English and Irish, near Halifax-
by Scotch in the Ii:astern Counties ; by American United-Empire Loyalists in the Western and
Midland Counties ; by Germans and Swiss in Lunenburg County, and by French in other parts.
to. Education.— There are six Colleges, a Norm;d and a Model School, and numerous
public schools and academics.
I(. Civil Divisions. — I'liere are fourteen counties in N'nva Scotia Peninsula, and
four in Cape Breton, which, with their county towns, arc as follows:
{a.) Six Counties on the Atlantic Coast.
Guysborough, Guyshorough. I Queen's,' //riv/iv/.
Halifax, Halifax. j Shelburne, siuihume.
Lunenburg, Luncnhirg. \ Yarmouth, Varnwutii.
(b) Four Counties on Fundy Bay.
Digby, Dis^y. I King's, Kent-.'ilk.
Annapolis, Annapolis. I Hants, ll'iiii/sor.
(c.) Four Counties on Northumberland Strait.
Cumberland, Amherst. i Pictou, Pidou.
Colchester, Truro. I Antigonish, AuUxonish
('/.) Four Counties in Cape Breton.
Inverness, P«ri HooJ. i Cape Breton, Sydnef.
Victoria. Baddeck. I Richmond, .Irichat.
12. Clilel Places.-
Halifax (;o,ooo), ihe
capital of Nova Scotia,
1 was founded in 1740,
by tiovernor Cornvval-
lis, an'! named after the
Karl of Halifax, the
aclivc promoter of the
'^:'tt]cmcnt. The orig-
iii.d name was Chebuc-
to. The liarb)r is (he
I finest in AmcriLa, and
r.ircly freezes in win-
I trr. Halifax is well
I I iili'tted by the cita-
ti 1, which c 'Wns the
iimmit of the hill, on
' the declivity of which
I the city is pleasantly
t situated. The Prov-
ince building and oilier
j piiltlice'iitices are plain
but sul}stantial strtic-
I tiircs. There arc sev-
er.d good churches alul
two colleges, vi/. : Dal-
MAII. ^Tr \\\V\K AT ;.R.\.
housie and St. Mary's. Halifax is the chief station for the Royal Navv in British North
.\mcrica, and an important packet station. Its dockyard covers fourteen acres. It carries on
an extensive trade with Cireat Britain and the West Indies.
Lunenburg (3000), on the Atlantic coast, south of Halifax, stands on a jieninsula, and pre-
sents a fine ajipearance from the water. It is extensivelv engaged in fishing, and has a large
trade with the West Indies.
Liverpool (2900), and Shelblirne (1000), also on the Atlantic coast, .are engaged in shipbuild-
ing and fishing,
Yarmouth (4200), on the south-west coast, owns a large amount of shipping, and is exten-
sively engaged in shiiibuilding and in the carrying trade. It is noted for its public schools.
Annapolis (foo), at the mouth of the River Annap(,Iis, on a fine inlet of the Bay of x-undy,
IS an ancient scltlement, and was founde.I by the f-rench in 1605 and named Port Royal. It
was four times captured ; but was finally ceded to Great Britain in 1713, when its name was
changed to Annapolis, after (Jueen Anne.
Windsor (.',300), beautifully situated on the Avon estuary, is a seaport, and a place of
commcrci.d importance, in consequence of coal, gypsum, limestone, and other valuable minerals
ill its vicinity. It has the oldest University in British -North .Vmerica,
Truro (2800), ne.ir the head of Cobequid Bay, is a station on the Intercolonial Railway.
It contains a Normal .School, a Model .School, and manufactories of steam engines, machinery,
and iron castings.
Londonderry.— .\ seajiort on the north side of Cobequiil bay, and the seat of the Acadian
Cliarcftai Iron works.
Amherst (2200), on Cumberland Bay, is a seaport, with a large trade, especially in lumber
and sliipbuilding.
Spring Hill Coal Mines, celebrated for its extensive coal beds.
Pictou (35o°)i a seaport on .Norlhumbirl.ind ."^trait, is the centre of the great coal mining
distric t (if the Province. Its harbor is good, and its shipbuilding, commercial facilities and
lr.lde are extensive. It has extensive quarries of building stone.
New Glasgow (3000), near Pictou Harbor, is a seaport, and noted for its shipbuilding, and
large exportation of coal. Extensive coal mines a.e worked in the vicinity.
Antigonish (1200), cast of New Glasgow, is the seat of St. Francis Xavicr College.
Sydney {3000I, formerly the capital of Cape Breton, on the east side of the island, is an
im|iort;int seaport, at the head of an excellent and secure h.iilior, witli a safe entrance. The
famous Sydney Coal Mines arc within three miles of the town
Arlchat (1200I, on Isle Madame, has a harbor capable of sheltering the l.irgesl vessels. It
has ini|iorlanl fishery esl:d)rishmeiit3, and a lead mine.
13. The Constitution is founded upon Treaties, Urdus in Council, Koyal Instructions, .and
Imperial and Colonial .\rts. Nova Scotia, then railed Ai.ulie, was settletl by the French,
under Do Monts, in ido4 ; ceded to England in i;r 3 ; colonized in 1748-.) ; a Constitution was
granted in ir;^, which was modified when Cape Breton was taken by ICngland in 17.I4,
Kes|)onsible (Invernnient was introduced in 1S4.S ; and the pulilic statutes were revised and con-
solidated ill 1S51. The Province was cmifeilcrated as one of the four provinces of Canada in
iSri;. The hical government is vested in a I.ieuten;ii.i 1 lovernor, and an Executive Cmmcil
of nine members. The I.egislativiM'.iuncil consists of eighteen memhers, and the House of
Assembly of thirty-eight merahjrs.
7
mm
■^
■
p
01
^s
s
<»
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7
J'KOriACE OF FRINGE EDWARD ISLAND.
So called from Prince E.Iward, Duke of Kent, Queen Victoria's father. Size, about c{)ual to a
squire of 46 miles*
tllAKi.wI J1-. 1UW;J, mil CAI'ITAt, OK I-BINCII 1U)\VAHU Ibl.ANU.
1. Noted For.— Prince Edward Island is noted fur its shiplniiUling, lisliLrics,
fertility, and salnbrions climate.
2. Position and Extent. — Tliis crcseent-.slia|)ed island, 130 niiks long !)>■ aljimt
31 wide. ',>ccii])ie!- the tuuth portion of the Gulf nf St. Lawrence. It is 30 miles
from Cape Drelon, 15 from Nova Scotia, and 9 from New lirunswick, and is sep-
arated from llu- n\ainland liy Northnmlierland Sirail.
3. Physical Features.— The surface is .slightly UMduhuiug, .A chain of hills
extends nearly west of Uiihmond Hay, but in no place do they reach a high eleva
tion. file land is very level. I'he nulenialions alonj; llie co.a.st are ninnerons, the
chief of them being llillshorough and Riclunond Hays, which penetrate the island
from opposite directions, and chvidc it into three separate peninsulas.
4. Products. — The soil is froe from ruck, easy of tillayo, and very pruiluctive. Ajjricilltiirc
is the tliicf ocuipation of the inli.ibitants.
5. The Climate is remarkably healthy, and niililvr than that nf the adjoining cimtineiit. The
air is ilry and bracini;. Fcjgs arc rare ; winter, tlioiish cold, is asrecablc, and summer, owing to
the insular character of the country, is tempered by the sea breezes.
6. The Inhabitants consist of dcscenilants of ."Scottish, bish, Acadian, French, and Knglish
settlers.
7. education. — There are alxmt ^00 free elementary schools, a Normal and a Mixlel School,
Prince ol Wales College, and various jirivate schools.
8. Government.— The (li>vernnien' \ administered by a Lieutenant fiovcrnor, an Kxecutive
Council of nine members, a Legisl.uivc Council of thirteen nu'mlxirs, and a Legislative Assem-
bly of twenty-nine members. 'J'he Province W'as admitted into the Dominion of (.'aiuula in 1.S7J.
9. The Counties are King's, fjuecn's, and I'rince'.s, divided into si.xty-seveii
townships (numbered from I to 67), aiul three royalties.
10. Chief Places.— Charlotlelown (10,000), the cmmty town of Ouecn's County, and the
c.tjiital of the isl.uiii, is situated three miles luirth of Hillsborough It.iy. Its liarlmr is one of
the best in the gull. The city is well built. There are four public .s(|uares ; on one of which,
(Uu-en S(iuarc. the Ci>lonial or I'arli.unent buiUlin^ st;uHls. 'Ihc- ( iC)vermnuu buildings, the
Churel! s, the Convent, the P.il.ice of the Itonmn Catholic lilshop and the Lunatic A.sylum arc
the duel ediilces.
Georgetown (110), the county town of King's County, jo miles cast of Clunlottetown,
is .» ti.uling town, and has a good harbor.
Summerslde ( ;ooo), die capital c^f Prince Countv, on llcile(|ue Hay. <o miles west of Chat-
httteltnvn. is extensively engaged in shijibuilding, and has a l.irge tr.ule with New lirunswick
and Nova .Scutia.
Princetown, iu Prince County, is a Iburisliing seaport on Uichnu)nil Hay.
II. The Commerce of the isl.md consists in the exchange of its ajjricultural produce, timlicr,
ships, and lish, h.r liritish and Anuaicau I'roducts.
s
i
u
1. Noted For.—Newlounillailil is noted lor its
fislicrios, anil for being the first Ilritish Colony
cstablislieil in America.
2. Boundariei.— It is bounded on the north,
cast, and south by tlie Atlantic Ocean, and on
the west by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the
Str.iit of Belle Isle.
3. Extent.— Newfoundland is the largest is-
land in the North American seas. It is triangu-
lar in shajie, and is about 1200 miles in circum-
ference. The greatest length, from Cape Nor-
man, the northern extremity, to Cape Kay, the
south-west extremity, is 317 miles, and its
greatest bicadth from Cape .Spear, the most
easterly point, to Cape Anguillc, the most west-
erly point, is 317 miles.
4. Physical Feature*.— Ihc coast line is
pierced by many line kiys and harbors. The
surface is diversified by numerous hills, rivers
hkes, mossy marshes, and barren rocky ridges,
especially along the western coast.
(<i.) The Principal Ikes are Gran,/ Pond,
Gtimlfr, Kcl Indian, iWorgc IV., Jamieson,
and Wallace. Fresh water covers nearly one-
third iif the Lsland.
(/•) The Principal Riven are the Ilumber,
Gamhr, Kxfloifs, and Great Cod h'oy.
(< ) The Principal Islands arc Souil, Belle
Isle, New World, I'oi;o, SI. Pierre, Langley,
and Great Miquelon,i\\s. last three belonging to
F.-^nce.
("'.) The Strait of Belle Isle is the northern
outlet of the Culf of .St. Lawrence, Ix-twecn the
coasts of Newfoundlajid and Labrador. It is
So miles long, and 12 wide. The Canadian
niail steamers to England t.ike this route in
summer, it lieing shorter Hum that to the south.
('••) The Principal Bays are Conceftion, Trin-
ity, Honavista, Notre Dame, Wlii/e, and Hare,
on the east coast ; .SV. Jolin, Islands, and St.
George's, on the west coast; and Fortune,
Plaeentia, and .SV, Marfs, on the south coast.
The Atlantic cable connects Trinity Hay with
Valentia, Ireland.
(/) Peninsulas.— There are four pcninsubs
on the cast coast, four on the south coast, and one
on the north coast. The two principal Penin-
sulas are the great Northern Peninsula and the
Peninsula of Avalon. The latter is formed by
■I'rinity and Plaeentia Days, and contains about ;
two-lhirils of the whole population.
(.c) The Principal Capes are, on the north
coast, Cafe Norman, the most northerly point,
ami Cafe Ilauld, on Kirpon island ; on the east
coast, Cafe P reels, Cafe Bonavista (the first
land seen by Cal«t in ,497), Cafe Sfear, the
most easterly point, and Cafe Paee, the south-
east ,.oint of the island in the Peninsula of
Avalon ; on the south coast, Cafe Freeh, the
most southerly point. Cafe St. Mary, Point
May, and Cafe Pay, the south-west point of
the island ; and on the west coast. Cafe An.
X"'!''-, t«A *. George, and Cafe Gregory.
5. The Ba-.ks of Newfoundland, which stretch along the eastern and souther-, coasts of the
■ sland, are .. ensue subu,.rine elevations, Ooo or 700 tndes long, and of various widTs
6. The Climate, though severe, is healthy. Winter is storn.y, and later than in Cnnada
Snow does no, he long on the grou.ul. .Spring is ,a,e, a,ul sunnner short and " rm In
m
I
(
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UuiutI A StruilikMiKuur's N.V.
■ 00
■tFui.ciau.-2;^
i
i
iV^ WFOUNDLAND—MANITOBA.
46
PROVINCE OF MANITOBA.
Area, 14,140 square miles, or equal to a square of about 1 r) miles.
CAPH KACQ.
8. Filheriej.— TI12 cod i,< the stiple fish ; it abounds, together with herrir-;, mullet, mack-
erel, and capelan, on the adjacent banks. Cod, salmon, and seal fisheries arc e.'itensively
carried 'in alon; the coast of Labrador and the nortli shore of the island.
9. Governraenl.— Tilt electoral districts are fifteen in number. They are all on the east
and south sidos af tlie island ; the west side being yet unsutveyed. The Government, since
1S55, includes the coast of Labrador from Anso .Sablon to the entrance of Hudson Strait. It is
administered by a Governor, an E.'cecutive Council of seven members, a Legislative Coimcil of
fifteen members, and a House of .Assembly of thirtyKine members.
10. Chief Placet.— St. John's (jo,ooo), the capital of the island, and the most easterly sea-
port of America, is about 1 700 miles from Ireland. The harbor is very safe. Vessels may rlilc
any gale when inside the heads. The entrance, or the Narrows, is defended by several batteries.
The chief public edifices arc the Government house, the Parliament buildings, the Churches,
and the Lunatic Asylum. A large trade is carried on in fish and seal oil. The manufacture of
biscuits consumes 60,000 barrels of flour annu.ally. Rope, block, shoe, and cabinctware fac-
tories, foundries and oil refineries are extensively worked. .\ submarine telegraph connects the
city «itli the American Continent, and with Europe via Trinity Bay.
Harbor Grace (70001, on the north side of Conception Bay, is an important town, ..nd carries
on a large trade with the surrounding country.
CarbOtiear (5000), a town on the north side of Conception Bay, does a l.irge trade in fish.
Heart's Content { 1000), the western terminus of the .\tlantic Telegraph Cable, is on the south
side of Trinity liay.
11. Inhabitants. — The
origin.al settlers were
chiefly from Ireland, the
islands in the British
Channel, and I' ranee.
12. Education.— There
are about 300 elementary
schools and a Normal
school ; besides graTnmar
schools and academies.
1. Name.— Manitoba means "A Spirit in the Strait." It was formerly called
Selkirk Settlement, Asslniboine or Red River Settlement.
2. Boundaries. — It is bounded on the north and east by Kecwatin; on the
south by the United States ; and on the west by the North-West Territories. It
lies between the parallels of 49° and 50° 30' N. Lat., and between the meridians of
96° and 99" W. Long.
3. Form.- In form it is a parallelogram, 104 miles from north to south, 136
miles from east to west.
4. Physical Features.— The surface is mainly an extensive prairie, covered
with tall grass, and diversified by groups of oak, elm, maple, poplar, and bass-wood
near the streann. The Red River intersects the province from north to south, and
the Assiniboine partly intersects it from east to west. The southern parts of Lakes
Winnipeg and Manitoba are included in the Province.
5. inliabifants.— The population consists of settlers from the older provinces,
linglish and Krench half-breeds, and Indians.
H.\LT OF AN H.MIGRANT PARTY.
6. The Government is administered by a Lieutenant Governor, an K.vecutive
Council of five members, a Legislative Council of seven members, and a Legislative
Assembly of twenty-four members.
7. Chief Places— Winnipeg (8000), the capit.il, is situated at the confluence of
the Assiniboine and Red Rivers. It contains a college in connection with the
Presbyterian Church, a Roman C-itholic college, a Wesleyan educational insti-
tnlc, and severa. schools.
Fnrt Barry, the residence of llic Lieutenant Governor, on the n,.ith bank of the Assiniboijie.
St. Bonitace is the terminus of the Pembina bianch of the Canadian Pacific i'.ailway. It has
a college, an hospital, and an orph.an asylum, and is the Metropolitan see of the Roman
Catholic Bishop of St. Boniface.
St. Johns, on the north limits of the city of Wiimipcg and of the parish of St. Boniface.
It contains a college in coimection with the Church of England, and some good schools.
BRITISH COL UMDIA—NOR TH-EAST^Amn^JORTlL^W^
TliRKI TORIES.
VICTORtA, THE CAPITAL OP BRITISH COLUMBIA.
1. Noted For.-British Columbia is noted for its rici, gold mines, its coal fields
and Its comparatively mild climate. '
2. Boundaries.-This province is bounded on the north bv the 6oth parallel of
latitude ; on the e.-ist by the ,20th meridian W, to 54" N. Lat.'and the main chain
of the Kocky .Mountains ; on the south by the United States boundary ; and on the
west by the Pacific Ocean and .-Vlaska.
3. Extent -It is about 770 miles long, and 450 wide on the mainland. Van-
couver Island the l.-irgest on the Pacific coast, is =78 miles long, an<l from 50 to 60
miles wide Its area is ,6,000 sc|u.-,re miles. It is separated from the mainland of
ritish Coluinb.a by the C.ulf ,.f Georgia and Queen Charlotte's Sound; from
Washington rerntory (in the United States) by the Strait of Juan de Fuca ■ and
from the S.an Juan Archipelago by Il.aro Strait. Queen Charlotte Islands, off the
north-west coast, form a part of British Columbia.
4. Physical Features.- rhe scenery is rugged and picturesque, being diversified
with moniuain, lake, and river. The southern part is well adapted to a-riculture
and includes the rich gold district of Cariboo, and the valley of the Fra'^.er River'
he principal peaks of the Rocky Mountains are Mounts li.own and Hooker-
the former ,6,000 feet, and the latter ,6,750 feet, .above the sea level. The A.ha-
baska Pass is between these two peaks, the summit of which is elevated 7 -500 feet
above the sea. To the south are the Vermillion and Kootenay Passes. The Fraser
the principal river, is 800 miles long, and a mile wide at its mouth. Its chief
tributaries are the Stu.art and Thompson Rivers. Simp.son River, at the north
flows into the Pacific. The Columbia River, which takes its rise near Mounts lirowii
and Hooker, runs parallel to the Fraser River, and is joined bv Flat Dow River at
the United States boundary line. The Columbia is the largest river on the Pacific
coast, and is, with its chief tributary, about ,000 miles long. The surface of V,,,-
couver I..l.u,d i. marked bymou,,,:,!., ranges and extensive plains, and its co.sts aie
indented with numerous giiod harbors.
5. Climate.-On the mainland along the Pacific coast the climate is equable 1 but
1! r ' ,T """■ ' "" r"'-'"'"' '""^ "" "" S™'-1- The prevailing winds are
from he north m summer, and from the south aiul the west in winter I„ \-ancoiiv. r
Is and there is little frost, an.l vegetation begins in February. The summer is ho,,
chil- h 1 , 7 ■ "?""'' ''"*""' '" ""'''""" '" "«'*'= "f "'" »»". "■> f-». obtained
I, a '^-^■"' '»;/-"-. ".<-• '-Hi ..tier, and the sea otter. Fish al>.„nd on the coast.
., est of ,r°'"f 1 "''"''' "'■ """' " "' •^'"'"'■■'""^ "' "■•"• 'J'-- »- ="- vast
' Zm;;[;7;:t:' "'"'''■ '"^ "™«"' ^^^ -'"^- ""^"-'-^ ^' '^^- -< 3- '- -^
C„i!;c.l7r'"''~''l'" '■"TT"' '" •■"''"""^'"«' ^y - Lieutenant (lovcinor, an Executive
Council of three members, and a Legislative Assembly of twenty-five members.
8. Education is free to all.
9. Divisions. -For electoral purposes the Province is divided into twelve districts, six on
loori'nd'n''-; :;! ^^•"'""-'" ^''V. ^-^ VVestminster District, Vale and Lytton.
I- looett and Clinton, Kuotcnay and CnlxK, ; and si.x in Vancouver Island, vi..: Victoria
City, tsquinialt, .Saanich, Cowithan, \.,naimo, and Comox.
eJ.!?"!"" """""''"-"l Vancouvo, Inland were, in ,858, by .-let of the Imperial Parliament,
trcclcu into a IJntish Colony, under one sovernmcnt J and, in 1871, the colony was admitted
as one of the provinces of the Dominion of Canada.
II. Chlel Places. --Victoria : 6,-00), the capital, at the south-east extremity of Vancouver
.Isl.mcl. It has an cxcdlcnt harbor, and is an important coaling s;.ition.
Esquimau, three miles from Victoria, is Her Majesty's naval station on this part of the
Pacific coast. It h.as a graving dock.
Nanalmo, on the eastern shore of Vancouver Islan.l, has valuable mines of bituminous c. al.
New Westminster (2500), the former ca;);tal, is 15 miles from the mouth of the Fraser
Kiver. Farther north are Forts LangUy, Ilofe, and Yale.
NORTH-EASr AND NORTIT-WESr TERRITORIES.
1. These Territories were formerly called the Hudson liay Territory, after
Henry Hudson, who discovered the Hay in ,610, and perished on its shores.' They
were transferred to the iJominion of Canada by the Hudson Bay Company in 1870,
.md have since been styled the Xorth-West i'erritories.
2. Boundaries.— They are bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean ; on the
east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by (,)uel)ec, Ontario, Manitoba, and the
United States; and on the west by lirilish Columbia and Alaska.
3. Divisions.— These vast territories arc divided into three parts by the district
of Keewatiii and the Province of Ont.ario.
4. The eastern division lies to the north of Quebec, and between the Atlantic
Ocean on the east, and Hudson and James liays, and Ontario on the west. The
centre division is bounded on the norili by Hudson Day, on the east by James Dav,
on the s, u.h by Ontario, and on the west by Kcew.atin. The western portion lies
to the we^t of Keewatin and Manitoba. The valley of the Saskatchewan, called
the Fertile Delt, contains an area of 64,000 sipiare miles available for agricultural
purposes. Deyond the Fertile Delt, as far north as the 6oth paralh 1. in the valleys
of the Athabasca and Peace Rivers, are vast regions, having an estimated area of
three hundred million acres, admirably adapleil to the growth of wheat and other
cereals. The Mackenzie River country is a finely wooded and fertile plain. North
and e.ast of Lake Athabasca is a cold, barren region.
il
FUR-TRADERS.
'I
)
I
!
NORTH-EAST AND NORTH-WEST TERRITORmS-KEElVATIN.
KEE WAT IN.
1. The Olitrlct of KNWalln was formed from the North-West Territory, ia 1S76, by Act of
the Dommion I'arUamcnt. / , u, /ii-i 01
2. BouiUarlM.-It is bounded on the norf. by the Arctic Ocean; on the east l.v the
men.han of ,^,° 8' West Long ; on the south b: OnMrio, the United States, ami M uiitula
Its western boundary, after passi.ig through Ulies Manitoba and Winnepcgosis, runs alon- the
meridian of 100" V West Long., to the northerly li.ni j of Canada. °
3. »r«a.— Its area is approximately estimated at 365,000 square miles.
4. Government.-It is under the jurisdiction of the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba.
5. Uke Wlnnijieg, lying exactly in the centre of the American Continent, is almost wholly
withm the district of Kcewatin. Its northern extremity is only 3.S0 miles from the tide waters „f
"'"''"" ""' H'*™llct is the Nelson Kiver, which has ifa'I of .bout twenl) inches to tl, mile
ft8**4SIJ5S«
' WESTERN PIONBRRS.
5. The Exports are chiefly the furs and skins of various animals.
6. Minerals.— Coal and iron .ibound, and gold i.s found in the valley of the
Saskatchew.m.
7. The Inhahitants include the white traders and half-breeds, besides numerous
tnhcs (if Indians and Eskimos.
8. The Government is vested in a Lieutenant Governor, two Stipendiary Macis-
trates, and a Legislative Council.
9. Capital.-Battleford, at the confluence of Hattle River and the North Saskat-
chew an.
.-.r,-**!;
^^am
YORK FACTORY.
6. York Factory, at the mouth of Hayes River, is the chief trading post of the Hudson Bay
Company on Hudson Uay.
Prittu of WaUi Fort is situated at the mouth of the Churchill.
Little Whale River, ,-, trnding post of the Huch„„ B.^y Company, where manufacture,! 5„„,la ,ne
bar.erd w„l, the Indi.uis f„r furs, and with the liskimos for oil, ivory, a„d fu.s. Porpoise. -d .eils
arc c.uialii 11, ihis p,ii t of Hie coast of Hudson Day u . eais
(0. The Intern.ational Financial Society has upwards of fifty forts or fur trading'
posts in various part.-: of the country.
II. Labratlor Peninsula lies between the Atlantic and Hudson Jl-tv. Its csti-
matc<l area is .,20,000 square miles. It is divided into the \o,-th-I.':.ast Territory in
the west, and Labrador proper in the east. The latter is under the provisional
goveinment of Newfoundland. The climate is excessively severe. From Sep-
tembcr to Juno it is a region of almost perpetual snow. Wheat will not ripen : but
barley cut green makes good fodder. The inhabitants on the coast arc clucllv
Lskimos, who subsist by fishing and hunting. In the interior there arc Crec
Indians. I he principal articles of commerce arc whale oil, seal oil, fish, furs and
l)>rds eggs. About iS.ooo seals are annually taken. The exports are chiefly
shipped through Newfoundland. The chief European .settlements on the coast
are Nam, Okhak, Hebron, and Ilopedale.
7. Tlie Indians ol Britlth North America. -Although the Indian tribes which w.-re scattered
over the entire continent were very mimerniis, they have all been found to bclon- to eight or
ten distinct groups or families. Four of these occupy the area of British North America, viz. :
I. The Eskimos, who, in their appearance, but still more in tlic'i- manners, belief and
supersiltioii. customs, resemble the n.-.tiv,-. .-.f I,r,pl,-,n.'! and r,r,.en!an.l ; II. The Chipcwayans
(not the Chippewis or Ojibways, who are Algomjuins) ; 111. The Algonipiins; IV. The
Iluron-Iroquois. Fach of these groups speak a distinct language. The four gvoups are sub-
divided into various tribes, each speaking -. dialect of their original tongue ; vet among all the
tribes a remarkable similarity in customs and institutions prevails. In color, form, temperament,
religious belief, and pursuits, ,-,11 are alike. The men engage in hunting and fishing ; while
the women perform other kinds of l.ilior. These tribes niMuber from 125,000 to 150,000
UNITED STATES.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
Size, about the name a, British North America, or equal to a square o( ,900 mile,.
I. Noted For. — The United -States are
noted for tlieir great area of habitable ter-
ritory, strctiliins f^"!" 'lie Atlantic tcj the
Pacific, and including the great central river
basin uf the Mississippi ; for the cotton, rice,
and tobacco of the South, and for the rail-
w.iys, comnuTcc, and manufactures of the
North.
2. Boundaries. — Omitting /'laska, the
United States :.re bounded nn the north by
Canada; on the east by the Atlantic (Xca. ;
on tiie south by the Gulf of Mexico and the
Republic of Mexico j ard on the west by the
Pacific Ocean.
3. Extent.— The extreme hiigth from east
to west, between the AtLantic and the Pacific,
is about 2S00 miles. The extreme hreadlU
from north to south, between Manitoba and
the mouth of the Rio Grande, is about
1700 miles. The area is estimated at .about
3,611,844 square miles, or e(|ual to a .scpiare run .natiu.n.vi, caiti
of 1900 miles. The length of the- coast Hue is about 12,000 miles.
4. Physical DIvislons.-The teiritory of the United States is divided into three
great n.at„ral regions; (,,.1 The Atlantic or Alleghany slope ; (,'..) The Mississippi
Valley; and (..) I he Pacific or Rocky Mountain slope. The general character of
the country ,s that of an immense plain, traversed bv two chains of Mountains, vi? •
the Alleghany or Appalachian, and the Rocky Mountains, and drained by the
great .M.ssissippi rker and its tributaries.
5. Political Divisions.— The United States consist of thirty-eight States, ten
Territories, anl one Federal District. The Slates mav be classified as follows:
si.x \orth Atlantic Stales, seven Middle Atlantic States, eight South Atlantic and
Gulf States, fourteen Central Slates, and three Pacific States. Thirteen of the
States were originally liritish Colonies. They declared their independence in I77(i,
and after a severe contest, it was acknowledged by Great liritain in 17S3.
6. Inhabitants.— The United States were
.at first sctUed by immigrants frcjin Great
Britain and Ireland, and Holland. The pop-
ulation now consists of the descendants of
people from every country in Europe, besides
Negroes, luilians, and Chinese.
7. General Government. — The several
States are uniteil muler one general govern-
ment, called a Federal Republic. Each State
has a government of its own; but the general
concerns of the nation are entrusted to the
Central government. This Government con-
sists of three branches, viz. ; the Legislative,
the Executive, and the Judicial power. The
Legislative power is vested in a Congress,
which consists of two branches, viz. : the
Senate and the House of Representatives.
The F:xecutive power is vested in a Presi-
dent. The members of his Cabinet .are the
Secretaries of St.ite, the Treasury, War, the
Navy, the Interior, the Postmaster General,
and the Attorney General. The President .and the Vicc-Picsident hold office for
four years. The Vice-President is the presiding officer of the Senate. The Federal
Judicial power is vested in one Supreme Court, and v,irions Circuit and District
Courts.
W.\SHlS(iro.N.
8. State Government.- Each State has its own independent legislature, judi-
ci.iry, and executive government, consisting of a Senate and House of Kepre- '
sentatives, a governor, judges, &.<:., who have the power to m.ake, judge of, and
execute all laws pert.aining .0 the State, e.xcept such as belong to the General
Government. Th- chief officer of a State is styled a Governor. Each State
IS for the most part divided into counties, and the counties mto townships, as in
Can.ada. In many of the States there is .1 land-fund for the support of schools.
Education, by means of schools, colleges, and universities, is widely diffused, espe-
cially in the eastern and northern St.ites.
POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.
THE SIX NORTH ATLANTIC, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES.
Name of State.
Position.
DeriVBtion or Sij^niflcatloQ.
Date
ot Settle-
mpiit. I
'• ''"''.10 • IntheX. K. of tho U. .S.
i. N. Hampshire. South-west of Maim.
3. Voiinont ' \Ve»tofXe\vHiimp.-<liin'
■I. .MassachuBdts; S. of Vorinont& New II.
li. Uho,le Islanil.. S. of Massartmsftts
0. Coinicotlcul.. West ot lilioilo iKlaml. .
From Quonn Ilonrietta's Fr. Pr.
Kroiii (idv. MawMon's birthplace.
Kror.i ii.j lireen .Mountains
India. 1 for "Uluo .MounlalllB."
From Iholeloot lihodes
Ii'<l.Quonektacut,or I.OTig liiver
By whom Sclllod.
i. , ' ri'iipuln-
.Vdmfttcl Area in lion
into tilt.. Eii(r.,.(j. (al'out) 1 Caniul.
I nioii. inilpj. 1H70. j
Where Situated.
102.1
1"24-,11
1020
1031
lOM
TheKnulish
Tho KiiKlish
From Massai'lmsetts..
The Puritans
Kogor Williams
Tho English
~>li.ll ,11.- 4^.,-"^
tniifo from 3 = ^ n -
Wii«hlnBl(.ii e-cS-ife
ill inilcs. cZcCS"
1820
1770
17!)1
17711
1770
1770
:i."i,nm) i lOT.nno
lP,.10n ! 318,0(KI ,
io,2iK) i .TU.ono;;
7,800 11,457.000 J
Augii la..
Conc-(ii-,l . .
Kcnncliec Kivor.
.i Merrimao Uiver..
I, .100
■1,750
•217,000
537,000!
^-'>.>..,,, ..III,. II tiituv; IM vet I
Moiitpelier . j Wiiiooski Kivor...,
Uoslon ! Massarhuai-ilB Bay
I Providoncel 1 Xarra!!an>et Hay
1 Newport....! ' li'"«le Islanil . . , |
Hartford . ..| Conneotieut lilven
.105
474
524
432
3114
403
:i3u
S,0fl0
12,200
:l.(KK)
2S2,I100
1 11,000
12,.'i00
37,000
7. Now Y'l.-k. , .,
)*. i'«Miiisyivaiii;i
!). .Now .UcMy..
10. Delaware
11. Marvland .
12. Vliuinla
13. Weal Virginia
W. of Vor. Mass. &C011.
.Sou lit 4if New York
I^asl ot Peniisvlvaiiiii.. .
Wc'Kt ..f Deiiiwaru Hay..
Woci of Delaware
Soulli-wo«t ot .^laryland
West uf Virginia
After Iho Dukcot York&.\lb'y,
After Win. Poun.ils founder. ..
After .lerw'v I»lo
After Lord Do ia >Varr
After Henrietta Maria
After Queen Elizalieth
After Old Virginia
THE SEVEN MIDDLE ATLANTTC STATES
1009
10:1 1-«2
1C27
1027
10.34
1007
1007
ThoDutch
Swedes and KnellsU. .. .
DuU-li and Swedes
Swedes and FiniiB
Eng. col. of It, C'alholloB
TIio English
Tho English ...
^
1-70'
47,000
177ti
40.IKHI
1770
8,320
1778
2,120
1770
11,121
1770
38,.'),'i0
1803
23,1100
4,377,000
3.,')22.lliP0
0011,(1011,
125,0110
7><l,llllO
I.l2."p.000
442,IH10,
Albail.v
Hnni,Hlnirg,.
Trenton
Dover
-Vnnapoli-;
Ilichinoiid.,
Wheeling..
Hudson River ,..
Siit*(]iio1iaiiiia K..
Delaware liiver,
.Tones liiver
Sevoin Kivor. ...
-lames Ki\er
Ohio iiivir
H' J>'-,f'aronnn... South of Virginia,
lli^
THEFOUR^O UTH ATLANTIC AND THE FOU R GULF STATES.
370
1 20
175
lot
43
1.10
400
70.000
2.'1.IHI(1
22.800
I.IHIO
.".000
."i I, Olio
2li.ellO
I
18.
10.
20.
21.
.S. l.'arolina.,
(ieorgia,,,.
Florida
Alabama, , ,
MisBissijtpi,
Louisiana,,
Texas
ouih
, W
'f N. Carolina..
f S. Carolina..
S
S
SoiiUi of Georgia....
West of Georgia.,.,
Wosl ,,f Alalmma., ,
S. W. ot .MissiHsippi
West of Louisiana,,
After Clwirles II. „f Knglaiid...
.Vfler Charles II. of England...
.Vftor (loorgo II. nf England,...
I 1' rom being iliso. by the Span- I
i I iards on Palm Sunday I
Indian for "Here we rest"....
Indian for "Tho great water".
After I.oula XIV. of Fianee....
I Spanish for " Tent eovering "..
100,5
1070
1732
1,180
1713
1710
100!)
11187
The f^ngli.-ih
EngliBh and Freneh..,
Goil. Oglelhoriie
Tho Spanish
The Freneh
The Freneh
Tho Freneli in 1009...
Tho Spanish
1770
1770
1770
1845
1819
1817
1812
1845
,10,704 l,07l,0(H)i
31,1100 7I10,(HXI
08,1«IO |,ls|,ii0(),
59,208' 188,000
.111,722
47,150
41,265
997,000:
82,s,00ll'
'27,000
274,350 819,000
Unleigli, ,,
Columbia.
.Mlania
TallalmBsee.
Montgomery
•laekson . . .'.
Newllrloans
Austin
NeuHoKiverOiear)
Congaree Kivor...
Chiiltahooelieo K.
Ocklokonee Kiver.
Alal ania liiver...
Pearl liiver
MisMissippi River.
Colorado Kiver... .
1,019
1,091
1,818
111,000
11.300
22.1100
2.000
11,000
4,000
191,000
5,000
22. WisconBin.
23. Miohlgaii...
34. Illinoia
25. Indiana,...
20. Ohio
27. Keulecky.,
28. Teiinossee. .
29. Minnesota..
.30. Iowa
31 Misoouri,.,,
32. Arliaiisas .,
.33, Xebraska, ,,
34. Kansas., ..
3i. Colorado,. , ,
Wostof l.akoMioliigan,
Del, I.aki'sSnp, ,V .Mleh,
aiicl l.ok™ Mirh.*lli,r„.i.
Soulh 01 WlBi'.insln.,,.
P^ast of Ijliiiciis
East of Indiana
S.ot Imli,iuHinid Ohio,
Soiilli „f lv-oiitii,-kv
Westi.f Wis. & 1,,'Sup..
South 111 .MinnoBota
.South of Inuii
Soulliof .Misiiiurl.
We»l of Iowa, ..
South i.f Ni-bnwkii
West of IvaiiBai .,
THE FOURTEEN CENTRAL STATES.*
Indian
Indian fr,r
'Great Lake '
Inclian for " Here ore men ".,
Indian country
Indian for " Iloautiful iii'vor''
Do, "Dark ami bloody ground'
Inillan name cl the river
Ind. for "Sky-colored water",
Indian
Indi.anf..r " iif 11.! Kiver"'
.4'r. Froneh, and Kaneas
Indian for " Hroad Uiver"...
Indian for " Good Potato ". ,.
I Siianlsh for " Ked Uiver "....
1830
1070
IT 19
1730
n.'-s
1775
17115
1849
18,13
1085
1854
1851
IMS
Various Stales
Tlie French
'J"ho I''renrh
The I''ronch
Now Eliglan.l
Daniel Hnoiiefroin \'irg
The Englixii
Vari> ins States
Various Stales
The French
Tho French
\'ariou8 Stales, ,.
VarioiiB Stales
Various Stales
1848
1837
1818
1810
1802
1792
1790
1857
1848
1821
1830
1807
1801
1875
.13,924 1,11,15,000
511, 1,11: 1 ,,'134,000
I!
.15,110 2,540,0(Hlti
.3;l,809 1,081,001 I
39,!Mil 1 2,00.1,0011; I
37,080, 1, ,".21.000
•15.0110 l.2.1.8.,10n!
83,.13l; 439,000'j
I |!
55,045 1,194,000;
O.'),!. ,721,001111
.W,200, 484,,W0''
75,995i 123,000
81,318 301,0001;
104,5110 00,000
MadiKiii
Lansing.
.Springlield..
Indiaiiapolih
Columbus.. .
I'raiikfort
Nashville .,,
Sl.l'aul. ..
Des Moines,
.IcITorson
Little Uo.-k.
Lincoln
Tcipeka
Denver
,' Hot, 3d&4lh Likes
; Grand Kiver
Sangamon Kiver..
WciHr, Willie U.
Scioto Kiver
Kentucky Iii\i'r..
Ciimberldnd Kiver
Mississippi Kiver.
I Itaccoon Br, of I
1 Pea Moines K!v(
.Missouri Kiver —
.ArkaiiBiiB Kiver...
Plaitc K. (near)..
Kansas Uiver
.Souili Platte K...
• The first seven east, and the remaining seven west of the Mississippi.
1,092
819
1,024
725
534
M7
774
1,.347
1,220
1,119
1,098
9,000
7,500
17,300
■18,000
34,000
8,000
20,000
20,000
12,000
4,500
12,400
5,000
6,000
5,000
«,noo
iL',2no
.■I.IKW)
2(i'.',i)on
ip.noo
ii'.rioo
.■17,000
7I1,IKK)
■1,0(1(1
."..0(10
."i 1. 0(10
::ii,l'(10
111,000
((..TOO
22.(100
2.000
11,000
4,000
101,000
.•i.OOO
9,000
7,000
17,300
■IS.OOfl
34,000
C.OOO
20,000
20,000
12,000
4.IM0
12,100
n.ooo
0,000
s,ooa
i
i >
NORTH ATLANTIC OR NEW ENGLAND STATES.
THE THREE PACIFIC STATES.
49
tfuntof lUto.
M. Urugoii ....
.'17. Culiruriilit
a». Nnviulii . . . .
PMIUon.
H. of NViiHltliiutuii Tur. .
Huiilli nf ()ri.i|(iii
KhhI of ('aUfnriiln
Darirttlaa or Siffolfleatloa.
8|«iiiah lor " WllU ttayu ". .
S) uiiii^h
Spitiilih for "Wiat«"
Diti of
insnL
1811
1789
1M8
By whom Battltd.
VariouaStatea.
TboSpanlah...
Varloua Htatea..
Admiitnl
liitolhi
UnloD.
IHSU
IWO
18M
Ana In
JCoff. «i.
0.1,274
1K!I,(MI<I
112,090
Pnpul
tion
1)1,000
MO.OUO
42,000
Capital.
Halein
Sacriuitemo
Carvoii
Whart gllualad.
lUnea fiom
W«ihi]ii|tuii
In niilot.
WIllUniHtts Itlvur
Uy XI. I.uula....
Hacraiiiuiitn Uivur
Uy St. Louii....
Camuii H. ^iiear).
4,470
3,070
m
2,000
10,300
3,000 \
THE FEDERAL DISTRICT AND THE TEN TERRITORIES.
('uluiiililal)la.
DukiiU
Indian 'I'lirr..,
Miiittfiiiii
WyomliiK
fi. Nuw M(ixli!<
0. liliiho
7. Ulilh
K. AiUiiim. , ..
0. Wiwhlnifloii .
10. Alaaka
Hut. Vlruliila^MaryM.
Wcat of \lliilii'iiiiU
Hdlltll uT KflliKlia
Wcat (if liiikolu
.Soiilli i>r .Miiiitniia....
HiMilh nf Colnrud
t Wi>Kt<(f .MoiitlllUilttul I
I Wydiiiiint I
\Vc'»t.pf Ciilllliulu
Siilllll nf IJlllll
H. of Ml'ltlHll I'olllllllillk..
IllUloN.W.iiftlloCoiit.
Aftur (;lLrlaU>phur (-'oliiinlMia. .
liiillaii for "iillliul" irlliea .
Terr, rcaurviid f()rtliy liuDaiia.
Floin Uucky Muulituliis
Jtiiliiiii
AfUT "Moxllll,"
• Star"
Iiullati for
IiHlli\n
SpflUtHll
After (ion. Waahtn^ton
A grpiit cuuiitry, ur coiitiuont.
1790
IKW
\m
IMIW
ISIM
1848
1811
Varioua Statoa
Varlourt Stutei....
Till) Indluna
Varloua .stawa....
YariouB Statea....
Tlie Spanlith
VarnuB States....
The Mormons
Varloua States
Viirlima HUtea
leutea and Indians.
Urganlit'lf
1861
1864
1830
1863
1890
1863
18.^3
1867
M
191,000
P8,(I00
114,000
08,000
121,(XI0
86,000
«4.wm
114,1100
70,000
086,286
1.12.00(1
14.IKN1
7(1,0(K1
21,000
0,000
92,000
l.'S.OOO
e7,0(M)
10,000
2iflun\
TO, 461 1
W.V»I1ISQT'N
Yankton.
Talile<iuf.li..
lluleiia
Cheyenne.. .
Santa F«...
Bnisi) City .
Salt I, k. city.
Tucson
Olyniiila .. . .
Sitka
Potomac Ulver...
Missouri Kiver.
Arkansas K. (near)
MlKBOtirl 11. (neari
I'latte lllver(iiean
Santa Ke It. (near)
I Snake Illv. nIT. I
i of ColuinhlH. I
•Tordaii Itiver
Santa Cruz Itiver.
Head of I-uiiet Sd.
Sitka IslamI
1C9,000
700
ijm
1,400
7,000
1,000
13,000
3,000
1,200
2,n«o
/. THK NORTH A TLANTIC OR NEW ENGLAND STA TES.
1. Noted For.— 'I'liu New England States ure noted fur the stirring inci(Icnt.s in
their early i:i)luiii;il history, their educational establishments, and the variii . and
extent ol their manufactures.
2. Position. — These Slale.s are bounded on the north by the Province of Quebec,
on tile ea>t by New Ilrunswick and llic Atlantic Ocean, on the bouth by the Atlantic
Dcean, and on the west by the .State of New York.
3. Physical Features.— With the exception of Vermont, the North Atlantic
States lie CHI ihc Ailaiillc seaboard, and are indented with numerous bays and
harbors. The Alleghany or Appalachian Mountains, under various names, run in
a soulh-wislcrn and .soutliLrii direction, giving a south and south-eastern slope to
the rivers. In Vennmit they are called the Orecn Mountains, and in New Hamp-
shire the While Mountains. The principal rivers are the Penobscot and the
Kennebec in Maine; tile Merriinac in New Hampshire; and the Connecticut,
sepaialing New Hampshire from Vermont, and running through Massachusetts
and Cunncclicut.
4. Climate and Products.— Ilcing the inost northerly of the Unitea States, the
climate in the North Atlantic States is generally colder, especially in Maine, than
in the other States ; but it is less so in Massachusetts and Connecticut. Agricul-
ture is the chief pursuit in the New lingland St 'cs; but, owing to their maritime
posiliiin, early settlement, and .abundance of water-power, their fisheries, commerce,
and manufactures have acquired great imi)orlance.
5. Travelling Facilities. — in no part of the United States arc these facilities
developed in a liinher dcgiec ihiii in New England. K.adiating from Boston (the
commercial capii.il) railroads diverge in every direction. Portland, in Ma ••. forms
the e.tstern terminus of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canadi, and in wi , is an
outlet to the ocean for Canadian products. The completion of the Inuicolonfai
Railway has made llalifa.v, in Nova Scotia, 'also an outlet in winter lor Canadian
products,
6. Inhabitants.— The original .settlers were British colonists who named their
new home New England. The i)rinciples of civil and religious liberty which they
broughl Willi ihetn from K.iigland have laken deep root, and have been ever sine;
developed in ihcir political institutions.
7. SIltM.— (.-I.) Malm lies west of New Uriinswick, and south-oast of the Province of
tjueltcc. Us surface Is hilly. The highest snniinit is Mount Katahdin (53S5 feet). It is
well watered with niinu'riiiis lakes and rivers. The v.illeys of the St. John, Penobscot,
and Keiineliec iiic (erlilc and productive. Mooschead, Chesuncook, and Schoodic are the
I, truest l.ikfs. I'orc^ls ii( pine, lietnlock, lir, and oak cover the larRcr |iart of the State. It ir.
lalled the I.iinilH'r Slate. I.iimlx:r and ships are the chief articles of commerce. It is noted
fur its excellent harlxirs.
I.'.) Chid Clllii.-Au|Uiti (H«
arsenal.
Katlftrl (4iK«.), .11 tin- Mil .i( the State, las a Llrije trade vvilh New Ilrunswick and Nova Scotia.
I'orllilhil (,li,4.»i), nil V:\Ku Hay, the larKest city anil chief seaport, li.ls an excellent harbor and
exteiiHive rtnniniTce.
Il.iiix'iir (iS,,\iK,), on the I'euobsccit, in a Kreat himbcr depot.
n.illi (H0.K.I, near the iiiuuth of the Kennebec River, h.is extensive shi|ibuilding.
l.fwiilaii ( 1 1, !««.), nil the AiidinncogBiii River, lia.i manufactories of cotton and woollen goods.
(/'.) NlW HSMptlllra lies soiilh-wcst of Maine. It is mountainous, except at the south-
east ; and its venerv, .■Hpecliilly in the White Mountains, in one of tl„- m.-.-t p.-tiire^.-jn;. in the
United St.ili.s. M.iunt WashiiiKton (fi^S feet), the lushest peak of the White Mountains, is
line of the loftie^l of the Alleiihanics. The Connecticut and Piscataijiia are bounctary rivers.
The M.rriniac Hows thnumh the State. It has but one harbor, and only cislitecn miles of
sea cnast. Iron is ahiinilant, and tin has been discovered. Its geological formation has
caused it to be cilleil the Cranite State.
I the capital, is situated on the Kennebec River. It has an
if.) Chief Cltlei.— Concord (11,300), the capiul, on the Merriinac River, is a railroad centre. It
is famous for its manufacture of carriages.
Manchtiltr (13,500), on the Merrimac, is the largest city, and one of the chief seals of the cotton
and woollen manufactures of America.
Nashua (10,500), on the Nashua River, near its junction with the Merrimac, and Dover (9000),
on the Cocheco River, have manufactories of cotton goods and shoes.
Portsmouth (920c), at the mouth of the Piscataqua River, has a large and excellent harbor. It
is rn important naval station and shipping port.
(C.) Vermont lies west of New Hampshire. It is traversed by the celebrated Green
Mountains (the Vert Monls of the French), which extend into Miusachusctts and Connecticut,
and form the water-parting between the numerous rivers flowing cast to the Connecticut River,
and those flowing west into the Hudson River and Lake Champlain. The highest summit of
the Green Mountain^ is Mount Mansfield (4359 feet). Lake Champlain bounds the State on
the west for loj miles, and separates it from the State of New York. The Connecticut River
forms the eas'jrn boundary. Vermont is chiefly an agricultural and grazing State. It pos-
sesses good marble, stone, and slate quarries.
(r.) Chief Cities.— Montpelier (3000), e capital, on the Winooski or Onion River, ast of (he
Green Mountains, lias, from its central position, an extensive trade. It has fine water-power and
numerous mill-sites. It is on the railway route ccnnectinj; the Atlantic at Boston, and the River St.
Lawrence at Montreal.
Burlittgton (14,400), the largest city, is beautifully situated on Lake Champlain. It is the seat of
the University of Vermont. It has a large lumber trade.
Rutland (10,000), on Otter Creek, has fine quarries and large factories of white and variegated
marble. Iron ore is found in the neighborhood.
Brattliboro (5000), on the Connecticut, and Middleftury (4000^, on Otter Creek, are extensive
manufacturing towns.
St, Alb- :'j (75oo>, near Lake Champlain, has manufactories of railway cars and rails.
(D.) MaMlchutettt, the Bay State, was first settled by English Puritans. Its boundaries
touch upon all the New Eng.« ' States except Maine. It is hilly rather than mountainous.
The soil is poor, but agriculture is skilfully and successfully pursued. It has abundance of
water-power, and ranks as the first State in the Union in the value of its manufactures. Its
commerce is second only to that of New York State. It is noted for its shipbuilding, and its
whaling, cod, and mackerel fisheries. The foundation of its commercial prosperity and general
intelligence was laid while it was a British colony, and its pre-eminence in these respects has
been maintained. The principal rivers are the Merrimac and the Connecticut. Massachusetts
Hay, Cape Cod Bay, anil Buzzard's Bay are tiie chief indentations along th« coast. The
'■lam's of Nantucket and Slartha's Vineyard lorin part of the State.
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58
(rf.) Chief Cities.— Boston (282,000), the capu.il, is the chief commercial city of New England, and,
from its literary instilutint.s, has been styleti the Athens of America. It is situated at the head iif
M.issaciiiisctts Bay, and has a fine liarbor. In tlie extent of its commerce, it ranks next to New York
city. The Old State House ami Kaneui! Hall are noted in its political history. Benjamin Franklin
was born here in t7o/i. The city consist? of three parts, Boston Proper or Old Boston, Kast B()st.>n,
and South Boston. Boston Proper is situated on a peninsula, whirh is joined to the mainland by an
isthmus called the *' Neck." The harbor and its approaches are strongly fortified.
Cambriii_s;e (.i<),(«x)), near Boston, is the seat of Harvard University, founded by the Rev. John
Harvard, an Lnglishman, in 16,18, and fostered by the State Legislature. The Astronomical Observa-
tory connected with the University is one of the most celebrated in the world.
Ch^lcstown (26,000), opposite Boston, has a United Slates navy yard. In the neighborhood is
Bunker Hill, the scene of a celebrated battle between the Britisii troops and the Colonists, in 1775.
Sttlem (24,000), nvi Massachusetts Bay, a wealthy seaport, has a valuable museum, with over 5000
curiosities of nature and art.
Lynn (28,300), nine miles north of Boston, on Massachusetts Bay, has extensive manufactories of
boots and slioes.
Loweil ^^x^o^jo), at the confluence of the Concord and Merrimac Rivers, is the chief city in cotton
manufacture, hence called the Manchester of America. It is also celebrated for carpets, and for
linen and woollen goods.
Latvrence (29,000), on the Merrimac, is noted for cotton, woollen, and steam-engine mannfaciures.
*V>7y Bet/Jor J (21,^00), on Buzzard's Bay, is tlie lieadquarters of tlic United States whale fishery.
Fa// Kivcr (26,800), at the mouth of Taunton River, has cotton mills, iron works, and an active
shipping trade.
Worcester (4[,ioo), in the interior of the State, at the head of Blackstone River, is a railway
centre, and .\\\ Important manufacturing city.
SpriugfieU (27,000), on the Connecticut, contains the largest arsenal in the United States, and is
noted for its manufacture of fire-arms, such as guns and pistols.
Plymouth ((xkw) is the oldest town in New England. Here the Pilgrim Fathers landed from the
Mayflower, 25th December, 1620,
(£.) Rhode Island, familiarly called Little Rhoda, is the smallest State iti the Union. It
lies between Connecticut and the south-eastern part of Massachusetts. 'V^i State takes its
name from a small island (shaped like the isle of Rhodes, in the Mediterranean) in Narragan-
set Bay. Its rivers fiiniish water-power for manufacturinjf purposes. It has two capitals.
•
(r.) Chief Cities.— Providence (6rj,ooo), one of the capitals, ;it the head of Narraganset Hay, ranks
in size as the second city in New England. It was founded by Roger Williams in 1636, and is the
seat of Brown University, and is noted for its numerous manuf.ictures and extensive commerce.
Sewport (12,500), the other capital, on the island of Rhode IsL^nd, has a fine harbor, and is a
fashionable watering-place.
Ptnututkt-t^ where the first cotton mill in America was erected, 1 . largely engaged in the manufac-
lurt <if cottons.
{F.) Connecticut, the Freestone State, lies between Rhode Island and New York. Lont;
Isl.^nd Sound is its southern boundary. Its principal rivers are the Connecticut, which divides
it almost equally, the Housatonic, and the Tliames. The surface is divcrsilied by hills and
valleys. Connecticut possesses valuable niinerals, and its manufactures are more varied than
those of any other State. It is noted also lor its a.^^'rictxlture. The industry and sobriety of the
people have acquired for Connecticut the name of the Land of Steady Habits.
(/.) Chief Cities.— Hartford (37,000), the capital, situated on the Connecticut River, is an exten-
sive manufacturing town, it is the scat of Trinity College. Near Hartford there was an oak (blown
down in iSsf-l, calle '. the Charter Oak, in which the original charter of King Charles II. was hidden,
when the Governor sent out by James II. sought to obtain it.
Xew Haven (50,500), the largest city, and the tliird in size in New England, is four miles from
Long Island Sound. It has beL-n c.illed the City of Ehn>, and is one of the most beautiful cities in the
United States. It is the seat of Yale College.
Miiid/etown (6000), on the Connecticut River, is the seat of the \Vesleyan University.
Bridgeport (19,000), on Long Island Sound, and Xorwich (16,600), on the Thames, arc manufac-
tur iig centres
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Tlin CITV OK NHW YORK, FROM HRODKLVN HBIGIITS.
// THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES.
1. Noted For. — New York is chiefly noted for its commercial pre-eminence, and
for its railways and i.iiials; Pennsyhania, for its coal, iron, and pctrolcnm ; AVr,'
Jersty, for its fruit ; Delaware, for its fruit and grain ; MarylatuI, for its wheat and
tobacco ; Virginia, for its tobacco, iron, and salt ; and West I'irgiiiia, for its grain,
iron, and coal.
2. Position,— Thr Middle Atlantic States extend from Lake Champlaiti to Lake
Erie, and fron\ llic Atlantic to the Ohio. The Province of Ontario is at the north,
and the State of North Carolina at the south.
3. Physical Features. — The Appalachian Mountains, uiulir various names, run
through this division from north-east to south-west in parallel ranges, scparatcil liy
fertile valleys. Fn \rw N'ork, they are called the Adirond.ick and CatskiU ranges ;
in Pennsylvania, the Laurel Ridge, the Alleghany, the Tuscarora, and the Illue
Nfountains; and in Virginia, the Alleghany Mountains, the Shenandoah Ridge, and
ilie nine Ridge. The chief rivers are. the Hudson (300 miles), from the Adi.ondack
M(.untains, emptying into Xcw York Hay ; the Delaware (300 miles), from the Cats-
kill Mountains, forming the lionndaiv between New Jersey and Pcnnsvlvania, and
eniptying into Delaware liayi the Susquehanna (.|Oo miles), from Lake Otsego in
New York, flowing through Pcimsylvania and enipiying into ("hcsapcake liay ; the
Potomac, from the .\llegh.any Mouulains, forming the boundary between Marvlaml
.and Virginia, and emptying into Chesapeake H.iy j and the James River, from the
Alleghany Mountains, flowing through \'irgiru'a, and emptying into the south end of
Chesapeake Il.ay. The Alleghany and the Monongahela imite at Pittsbmg in
I'ennsylvania and form ihe t)|iio. The Genesee and the Oswego in New York are
tributaries of Lake Ontario. The Xiag.ara and St. Lawrence rivers, with Lakes
Krie and Ontario, fiuni the northern boundary of these States.
i
s
MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES.
; 4. Climate.-Tlie climate of New York does not differ much from that of On-
; tano. h\ the other States, the climate is warmer.
i 5. Travelling Facilities—These are developed in a high degree, especially
: m .New \ oi k aiul I'cmsylvaiiia. Two railways, and a canal to the Hudson River
, connect Lakes Eric and ( >ntari,) with the cities of Albany and New York ; while
, rivers, canal-, and railways intersect Pennsylvania.
I 6. Inliabitants.— These States were first settled hv the Knglish and the Dutch
, and, pro'ubly, the continued commercial pre-eminence of these States may be thus
j accounted for.
! , ^- State.-l.(.) New York, called the Empire .St.,te, is trianguhir in shape, with its
, longest side bordcruig upon Lakes Eric and Ontario, an.l the Kiver .St. Lawrence The
, Adirondack Mountains separate the rivers falling into Lake t)nlario .ind the St. I awrence from
I those falhng u.to Lake Ch.amphin and the Hudson. Midw.iy in the State, these mount.ains
I which form a curve towards the Catskills, arc intersected by the Mohawk River and its fertile
valley. Mount .Marcy, 54^7 feet, in the Adirondacks, is the loftiest svnnmit in the State The
scenery uf Lake Chaniph.in, Lake George, and the Hudson is justlv celebrated for its pictur-
esque beauty. In population, wealth, and the extent of its public improven,cn,s. New York
ranks first among the States. Long Island and Staten Island form part of the State.
(...) Chief Cities.-Albany (76,00c), the cipital, is situated on the Hudson, ,50 n.il.s above New
",',■■'1 "'="''"'•'""""■" "f "« Erie Caual. It is the sea. of a universitv, .,f a mili,,rv ac\,l nu
and of the Dudley Observatory. Its transit trade is extensive. mmLirj ..cidemj.
New York (,4,,a,.), called the Empire City, Is situated on Manhattan Isl.and, .t, the mouth of
te H,,dso„ R.ver, and .s the cluef oaun.ercial city in t,,e Ut.ited States. 1, was founded b>- ,1, ,c
Na o:sa St':;irir: ,.'" : °"'^r'-,°"= '^^-S '^'-' S".."1,and the other bvt
W. rrows a Staten Island. It ,s abundantly s.ipphed w,lh pure w.ttor, brought a distance of f„„v
udes hy the Croton Aqueduct. nru,.dway. with its .hop, and extensive hotels, is ,h 1 , b e
promen.de; but Wall street, with its banks, custom-house, r..,d exchange, is the great c , f
business. Parks and squares are numerous in the upper par, „f the ity, where the 'rV.e
residences predominate. It is the seat of a ui-.i-rsity. "ere tne pru.ile
Brooklyn (39<-,,ooo), on Lung Island, opfosite New York, contains a United States navv yard In
size It ranks as the third city in the Union. • •
Buffah (■ ,8,0001, on Lake Erie, .it the western terminus of the Erie Can.-,!, is the chief forwarding
place for western commerce to New York. 1 1 ha, a ship yard and iron foundries. '"^"''"8
Rcclu^ler (6.,ooo\ seven miles from the month of the Genesee River, i, an important manufac-
turing city and the sea. of a university. Frou, its large milling interests it is called the Flour c".y
''"7f (^■■°°°>' ™ Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Oswego River, is an active grain port, and
IS noted for Ihe manufacture of Hour.
Ogdemliurs- {m,om\ „„ the St. Lawrence, has an extensive lake trade.
.Jl7 *"'''°°^' '■" ,"" '',"■'' "' "''""''°''" '"'«^''°" "" "■« ""<"'™. i» » commercial ci.y, „,„, ;,
noted for us iron works. It is the seat of a university. tcia. .iij, aim is
rovU^fu, (2o,oo„l, on the left bank of the Hudson, is the seat of Vassar Female College.
ir,st Point, on Ihe Hudson, is the seat of the United States Military Academy.
Ul.\t (.0,000), on the .Mohawk River, is a manufacturing city, and the seat of Hamilton College
wo;k:i;;Xu:rrs,:;es:" """'"" ■" "-= ""'" "" °™=«° ^"-'^' '■- •-= -- —-- -"
^„i,.r„ „;,a,v,l, west of .Syracuse, has a Presbyterian College, and a Stat" Reformatory Prison.
Bmshamfton ,,3,000), in the south of the State, is a manufacturing city with large coal trade I.
IS the seat of the .State Inebriate A^vlum. ■ urge coal trade. It
Elmira (,6,000), west of llinghamplon, is a railroad centre, with a large trade.
S.,r„tos„, north of Albany, is a fashionable watering phace.
v,rv P"""'*;"'"''.."""' ";e Keystone State, is a hrgc, comp.tct State, lyin, south of
V ," ■ ■ '""^ ' " "' "'-' "'"''' '" ""^ "^''■^" ^'^ "'-^ X^A^s-c^r^ Kiver and Chesa-
poake nav. 1 be pnncip.al branches of the .MLghany Mountains divide the State into three
sections, watered by the Delaware, Susquehanna, and Alleghauv Rivers. Coal, iron and petr,.
oiini, the great st.tple pro<l„cts, are found in abundttnce. These, ■..i.b flour, Indian corn, and
b .tier, form the chief articles of commerce. The State is called after William Pcnn, an English
Quaker, who made an honorable treaty with the Indians for the site of bis setllenient. " '
(l:) Chief Citiej.-Har.'isbl'rg (25,000). the capital, is situated on the Susquehanna.
Phllailelphia (674,000). ,00 miles from the sea. at the confluence of the Delaware and the Scliuvl-
and ll.c'f' ','r',h "'•"„'" ""' ^'"''"'"•1'" !" ""= >•■''"= "' i" •"■inufac.ures, ,he second in population,
. Id the f.,irth „, the extent of „s foreign commerce. I, w.a, founded by William Penu in ,6S.
uring ,„e revolnnnn it w.ts the capit.d of the United Colonies. In the Old State Ho.ise, the
, ! ' '!" ri";',"''-'";'-' "■■,'» •■"'"IX"' I'y >'•" ^■"'"'"•'l Congress in ,776. ,„ public buildings are
I .u.d „„v, especal.y „ra,d College. It is the seat of ,, United States navv yard and of the mint.
It ,s the principal coal market in America, lis Fainnoun: P.irU contains sooo acres.
/V«rf„rf(,S„,ooo) sometimes called the Iron City, or the nirmi„8h.am of Auierici, at the co„-
nuence of the Allegh.any ..iid Monongahela liver, ,which here form the t.hio R v, , ,, e
,. the l.nted States, and also the largest market for petroleum and bituminous co.al in the Union
Shipbuilding is extensively carried on. union.
'l"'^''"'»y C,ly (i^,2„.■< the Alleghany River. „ppo,i,, Piltsb,,,,, lusc,„.„Mve iron and „la„
works, and a large coal Irarl,-. '■
.Tc^„,,/„„ ,,5,00,,), on the Lackawanna Kiver, in the anthracite ,nal legi ha, an .aclive trade in
coal aiul iroiu
/!e<,./,nf (l4,o.«,, on the Schuylkill, in a rich farming region, is an i,„|,ortant railway centre
/.n»r<ij,',-r (2n,o.:n), west of Philadelphki.
/;>(■<■ (13,000) is a well Mluated port 01. I„ike Erie.
(t.) Hew Jerte,, called tne ^iarden State, is separated from Pennsylvania by the Delaware
n r .and lies between .h.at State and the Atlantic. Us rivers arc unin.poita't „ ,":
the northern Aleghany ridge (the Schooley). and the Palisades (on the Ihids.,, t is no
t ble ■ IN -I " ''""""' "' "S""'""™' ^^'='"--. ••>"<! « noted for its fruits and veg.!
tables. ts nnneral resources are valuable, an 1 consist chiefly of iron and zinc It Ins somt
fine canals. The railway route from New York to the south is through this Stale.
(c.) Chief Citie8.-Trenlon (.2,So„), the capital, on the Delaware, above Philadelphia i, the head
...:^::ir::is!fj;rz:ar,r;:-;-r^---;-^
commZ. "''" '"•'""'' "" ""^ "''"^°" ""'"'" "■'""^"•= ^^^ ^'°*- '^ -'^^ '- i'» manufactures and
and'plpeT" '■"''°°'' """'"" """ ''""' ''"^ "'""" ''" "'^' "-ufactures of cotton thread, s.lk,
AVn. /,V„„„„/c* (.„,«„) is the seat of Rutger's College, and Pr.ncclon of Princeton College.
Camden (ao,,«,), opposite Philadelphia, has ship yards and iron foundries.
Cii/ie May and Allanlic City are resorts for se.a-bathing.
(/3.) Delaware, which gives its name to the river and the fine frontier bav, occupies laalf
oe penmstila lying between the Chesapeake and Delaware bays. It is the second sinaZ.Stl
n l..e Lnion. An extensive cypress swamp lies along its south-eastern boundary, and extends
n to Maryland. In the northern part of the state, a canal connects Chesapeake and Delawa„
Engiish '" " '"■"'"""'™- ■'■'"= ""•^'^itan'^ "■•» descendants of the Swedes, Finns, and
sin,ll'uo™." ^"'"-'""'" <^°«'^' "'= '^■•P"'-"' "" J""" River, near the middle of the State, is a
chiJf'^!!',rfT,'' *'i'°°°^' "'? ''"^'■" '"' "' "'''^'■'' " ''""'«' °" "'= "randywine River. It is the
h.ef port uf llie .State, and contains a United States arsenal. I. is noted for its numerous fl-iur
pa er and powder mills, .and for its shipbuilding, Here a battle was fought In ,777. be.ween Z
lirilish under Lord Howe, and the Americans under Washington.
Delaware is on Delaware Hay.
(/C.) Marylanil lies south of Pennsylvania, and is intersected by Chesape.ike Bay The
portion of the .State lying .. ,t of the bay is callcl the E,astern Shore The IvCj Kiter
forming ,ts southern and south-western boun.lary. separates it from \-irgin,a. Every pa,t of
Z <,T Z r- "' """' ' ■■ "•■""■• " '"■ ""''''^ "■ "'•= '^■■"'"1 =""' "ester,,' parts by
ranges of the Alleghany Mountains. The eastern part of tb,. .s....c is low and level. >Iaryland
»_as colonued by Lor.l Baltimore in .r,,4, an,l was named i., lionor of Henrietta Maria, (lueen
ot Charles I. I obacco, Indian corn, wheat, iion, and coal are its chief products.
,,-.) Chief Cities.-An.apolls ,50,.,,, ,he cpital, is situated on the Severn, near Chesapeake Bay
1. „a na„,ed ,n honor of , Jneen Anne. I, i , ,|,e seat of St. John's College and of the United St e
N al .tcademy. It has fine public buildine. The Old S,ate House in which Congress was ™c"
held contanis the roon, ,„ v.hich (Jcneral Washington resigned his con.inission in the army.
Baltimore (2,6,,;4), on a branch „f the Pataj.sco River, near the head of Chesa).eake Bay i, the
1,1,-1 cay ,u the I „„„, ,:, foreign commerce, an.l the sixth in population. It has the principal i4acco
lo I-, and oys,er n,a,ke,s n, the United States, and is ku^-ely engage.l in n.a,„,f. cure and sh .
driLL,:,,;:, a;:: ' - "-"" ""'"""«'• ■"°"""""''' -' '--'- " ^^ --timej'c:!;^; :
Cu«lierlan./ (,W,), the secon.l of the State, situated on the Potomac, is noted for its coal trade. i
(^.) Virginia, calktl the r)ld Dominion, was the first English settlement in A,t,erica in I
.60;. I, was s,, nam.,1 in honor of Eli/abcth, \-irgin Oneen of Engl.and. It lies south' of '
Ma,yland. A ritlge of the .VUegbnnies separal.'s the river, flowing i,„„ ,he Atlantic from
hose forming the tlibutancs of the Ohio. The fircat ^•allcy of \-irginin, between the Blue
Ridge and t.,e Alleghany .Mountains, is noted for its fe,-tili.y. The Great Dismal Swamp
on Its so.it 1-oast.ri, boundary, extends into North Carolina. The chief products are tobacco
iron a.ld salt, llie \ irginia sulphur springs are noted for their medicinal qualities, (icneial
Washingtm was born in this St.ate. ^ eniiai
(/) Chief Cllles.-Richmond (s.,000), the capit.al. i, beautifully situated ,m James River, ,,0
m, e. rom the se.,. 1, «.,, the seat of the Confe.lerate (Jovenunen, .luring the Civil W.ar. I i"
note.1 for ,t, Hour mills, tobacco factories, iron works, and exte„s,ve coiiunerce"
.Vor/oli ti.),ioo). ,-ear the mouth .if James River, is the principal seaport.
rorts,n..„t/, Cio,5.x,), opposite Norfolk, is noted for its fine harbor, navy yar.l, and naval hospital.
re/ersl;,rs-(„i,oon), 01, the Appomattox, has tobacco and cotton factories.
tobacco!'""'"" ""''""'' "" ""' ''""""■"' '' " *""""'*■' '''"""■""' '■"' " '"'SO ira.le in flour and
M.'KHt I'rrnon, on tin' l»ul
; here ('»
il Washington was burietL
((A) West Virginia lies west of Virginia. It is a mountainous State. .Several ridges of
the .\ll,-ghanics cross the eastern part, and the western slopes loivards the Ohio an.I the Big
^.uuly Kiver. The prin.ipal ]>rodiictions are corn, wheat, an.l tobacco. Coal an.l iron are
abiin.l.,nl, aiul there are numerous salt springs and oil wells. The Stale was formed out of
\ irginia in i.Sr.j.
j t>.) Chief Cities.-Wheellng (^o,.,.,), the capital, is situated on the Olii,
is noteil for its iron works and its c.imtnerce.
1 the P.m Handle. It
OuirlnloH, on the Crct Kanawh.i. w.is formerly the c,i|iiial.
/'arleriiur/^, on the Ohio, is an active bnsiness ceni,,..
^ /lar^r'. Ferry, 5., n.iles ahoy,- Washinglou, wl,e,e ,1,.. l>o,o„,,,c lueaks through the Blue RiilRe,
IS celeltrated for ,1s fine scenery. It cimtains a United Slates arsenal.
t
t
///. THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF STATES.
1. Noted For. — These States are chiefly noted for their products of cotton,
tobacci), rice, and sugar, and for their negro population.
2. Position.— The South Atlantic and Gulf States extend along the coast, from
Chesapeake Bay to the mouth of the Rio Grande. Nearly all Louisiana and the
whole of Texas lie west of the Mississippi River.
3. Climate.— The summer is long and hot, and the winter mild. Except in
north-western Texas, the climate is very moist. The southern part of Te.xas and
Florida have the rainy and dry se.asons common to hot countries.
4. Stalej.— (./. North Carolina, called the Old .North St.itc, lies south of Virginia. It was
origin.illy n.imed after Charles l.\. of France and afterwards after Charles I. of England.
The coast region is a low sw.unpy plain extending 6o jniles inland. The Pine Barrens lie to
the west of the littoral ))lain and oc-
cupy a breadth cf 50 miles of undulat-
ing 5\irface. The Blue Ridge crosses
the State in the west. The Black
Mountains at the south end of the Blue
Ridge arc tae loftiest in the Appala-
chian .System. Highest summit, Mount
(iuyot, 6476 feet. The .MIeghany
Mountains form the western boundary
of the State, separating it from Tennes-
see. The principal rivers rise in the
Blue Ridge, viz.: the Roanoke (260
miles), which enters .\lbemarle Sound,
the Tar (200 miles) and the Neuse (-,00
miles), which enters Pamlico Sound, and
Cape I-'ear River (300 miles), which
enters the sea at Cape Fear. The
(ireat Dismal Swamp lies in tlie north-
eastern part of this State and the south-
eastern part of Virginia. It is 30 miles
long and lo miles wide. The Ilattcras
Banks, enclosing Pamlico Sound, end
in Cape Ilatteras, which is the most
dangerous point to i-.avigators on the
North .Mlantic coast. The chief pro-
1) ducts of .North Caiolina are turpentine,
tar, pitch, and rosin. It yields tobicco,
cotton, indigo, Indi.m corn, and rice;
also geld, copper, ire n. and coal.
(.1.) Chief Cities.-Raleigh (10,000), the
capital, is near the Neuse kivei.
ii-'llminston (1.1,500) is tile chief jiort.
Xt-.v ISrrne (5S.K1) is ou the Neuse.
Hr.iii/iirl has a jjood li.irbor, and is the
only port 011 the co.ut.
Fayettfz'ille^ on C.rpe Fear River, h.is
.1 I'uiled States armory.
(/(.) South Carolina, called the Palmetto State, is triangular iu shape. The coa.st is low
and sw.mipy, but the interior is elevated towards the centre, and ino.nit.iinous iu tli.; west
The principal rivers are the f.reat Pedec, the Santee, and tlie Savannah (450 miles), the latter
forming the boundary between South Carolina and f.eorgia. It has one Universitv, fourteen
Colleges, and over seven lumdred and fifty public Schools. Kducation is largely suj^orted by
the State, and forms a leading feature of the peoi.le. (Iraiiite, marble, mica-slate, sjapstone,
p.ircelain, clay of a hue tpiality, yellow ochre, limestone, and slate for whetstones are in great
abundance, (lold, iron and lead are found among the treasures. Its chief productions are rice
(for which .( is the leading Stale), cotton, Indian corn, indigo, and lumber. The islands on the
coast jiroduce the celebrated long-libied sea-island cotton, called Long Staple. The short
cotton is called upland.
(«.l Chief Cines.— ,'- ■■
Columbia (ojoo), ihe
I i;>llal, on the left hank
lif llie Cuugarce River,
is llie seal o( Somli
Carolina ColIej;e, .uid
the Sinitlieni Tlieolo-i-
c.il Seminal y.
CharU'stoH ((,),o>,>,
ou the coast, is the lar-
gest city and the thief
scapoil. It Is defeniled
by Forts Sutn[iter and
Moultrie, and is one of
the chief coinuiereial
cities .if the Sranh. It
lias a fine harbor, and
is .1 place .f extensive
trade. 'I'he city is well
laid oul, and the streets
are planted with tree..
SCR.M'INO CiaUU TCKl'CNTl.NlI.
KICK I'l.ANTINi;.
(C.) Georgia, so named in honor of George II. of England, lies south-west of South
Carolina, from which it is separated by the Savannah River. It is the most southerlv of
the thirteen original States. Flat, sandy islaii , which yield the long-staple
cotton, skirt the coast. The surface is low and level on the sea coast, undu-
lating and hilly in the centre, and mountainous on the north-west. The ex-
tensive Okeefinokee swamp, on its southern boundary, extends into Florida.
The principal rivers are the Savannah, the Ogeechee, the Altamaha, with its
branches, and the Saltilla, flowing into tlie Atlantic; and the Chattahoochee,
forming part of the western boundary, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, The
State has one University, thirty-two Colleges, about eighteen hundred public
Schools, and a large number of Institutes for females The chief products of
(ieorgia are rice, cotton, tobacco, corn, and sweet potatoes. Gold, iron, coal
marble, and granite abound in the mountains.
if.) Chief Cities.— Atlanta (22,000), the capital, near the Chattahoochee River,
is au important railroad centre.
Sauannah (28,000), near the mouth of the Savannah River, is the chief com- 1"^' ' "''''" *
mercial city and the principal seaport. It has numerous public squares. "''*'']!| "y*'""'"
AugusUt (15,400), also on the Savannah, is an important manufacturing and commercial city.
itacon (10,800), on the Ocmulgee River, is the centre of an extensive cotton trade.
Columbus (7400), on the Chattaho.ichee, is largely ei-gaged in the manufacture of cotton goods.
MilMseville, the former capital, is on the Oconee River, and is surrounded by a beautiful and
fertile cotton country,
(D.) Florida, called the Land of Flowers, is a great peninsula, south of Georgia. Though
its coast line is extensive, it has but few good harbors. There are no mountains, but a long
range of hills extends through the State. The principal rivers are the St. Mary's, which forms
part of the bciundary between Florida and Georgia, the St, John's, which flows north into
the Atlantic, the Pease River, the Suwanee, the Appalachicola (formed b\- the union of the
Chattahoochee and I'lint at the northern boundary), the Choctawhawchee, and the Conecuh,
flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, In the southern part of the State are the l'-,vergladcs, an
extensive marsh or shallow lake, studded with numerous islands. Along the rivers the soil is
fertile, and, being near the tropics, vegetation is luxuriant. Tiie chief productions are
cotton, sugar cane, rice, tobacco, oranges, lemons, figs, and pine apples. C»dar, pine, and live
oak are found in the State. On the southern coast, navigation among the Kevs, or low coral
islands, is dangerous, and wrecks are frequent. Sponge, which grows on the coral reefs, is a
valuable export. The climate of Florida is hot in summer, rnd mild in winter.
(./.) Chief Clties,-Tallahassee (2000), the capital, in the centre of northern Florida, has many fine
public buildings,
JiuksonvilU (7000), on Ihe St. John River, is the largest city.
SI. Auguiline, two miles from the Atlantic, on au inlet, is the oldest city in the United States
having been founded by the Spaniards in 1605. '
Key ir,s/, on an island of the same name, near Florida Strait, is a place of commercial importance,
and exiinrts salt and sponges. It is a Uuit-'d Slates naval station, and commands the eutrauce to the
Gulf of Mexico. It is the most southerly town in the United States.
Afpalachicoli. at the mouth of the river of the same name, ships large quantities of cotton.
/V«jrtc-o/,(, at the ex-
treme western part of
the Slate, on Pensacol.i
Bay, has the best harbor
on the Gulf. It is a
United States naval sta-
tion.
(E.) Alabama lies
west of Georgia. The
Alleghany Mountains
terminate in this State.
These mountains give
to the northern part of
the State a picturesque
aiipearance. Towards
tlie(,;ulf of Mexico the
surface is a dead level.
The .\l.ibama and the
Tombigliec flow south-
ward lluough the State,
=1tfi- - ,j
I'lCKlNG COTTON.
.and, uniting, fortn the Mobile Ri-er, which enters Mobile Bay. The Tennessee flows through
the tiorthcrn part of the State, The State is rich in mineral treasures, parlicularlv in coal
.ron.hniestone and marble. In the principal cities and towns, are manufactories of cotton'
b.ur turpentme cartiages and leather. It has one rniversity, seventeen Colleges, and about
two thousand public Schools. Cotton and sugar are the staple products.
(e.) Chief Cities.— Montgomery (i
exports cotton.
a llonrishins city, the cipital, ou the Al.abama River,
mmcrciai port. In the cxpolt u(
- the (hi
udedhya rich and populous district. It has a cottcm
Moltiif (i2,oon\ tlirt larsest citv. on Mobile Rivi
cotton it ranks next to New Orleans.
Stlna, on the Alabama Rivei, i, sum
depot.
/W.„&„„, „,, the Black Warrior River, i, ,, cotton depot ami the seat of the State Universitv
It IS noted I(u its literary insUtulloiis and active trade,
ItmtnilU. a IhrlviuK town, In Ihe northern part of the Stale, It has tw„ semiuaiie, for (etiiales
'-v
SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF STATES— CENTRAL STATES.
(F.) Missisilppi lies west of Alabama, and takes its name
from tile Mississippi Kiver, which forms its western boundary.
The chief tributaries of the Mississippi in this State are the
Vazoo and the Big Black. The Leaf and Peail flow to the
Ciulf of Mexico. From the Gull inland for loo miles the
surface is level, and is covered with pine forests interspersed
with extensive marshes ; but toward the north it is hilly.
The soil is fertile. Mississippi ranks as the chief State in
the production of cotton. Sugar, rice, and Indian corn are
jiroduced in great abundance. The olive and the fig flourish
in the southern part of the State.
(/.) Chief Cities.— Jackson (4(joo), the capital, on Pearl River,
is in the central part cf ihe .State.
i'kkibtiyff ti2,4ou>, on tlie .Mississippi, has a large commerce
and is a great cotton mart.
batches (9000% the (^ity of the IMuffs, on the Mississippi, is
the chief port in the Stale for shipping cnlton.
((;.) Loulllana, sometimes called the Creole State, lies
south-west of Mississippi, and is one of the most important
States. The surface is level, but towards the west there are
a few low hilly ranges. The Mississippi forms the eastern
boundary to the northern half of the State ; the southern hall
inchules the delta, the outlet, and both sides of the noble
river for 250 miles inland from its mouth. To protect the
country from being flooded by the overflow of the river, great
embankments or dykes have been constructed both above and below .\cw Orleans. The
breaking of the water through the cmoankmcnts, or levees, as they are termed, is called a
crevasse. The great delta, which forms one-fourth of the area of the Mate, is subject to
inundations in spring. The Red River flows south-east through the State and joins the
Ml ssippi. The Pearl Kiver on the east and the Sabine River on the west are boundary
streams. Sugar, cotton, rice, and tropical fruits are the chief products. Louisiana was settled
in 1699 by Iberville, a native of Montreal. It was purchased from France in 1803.
(.<'.) Chief Cities.— New Orleans (11)1,000), the capital, called the Crescent City, stands on a bend
of the Mississippi, 100 miles from its mouth. It is the greatest cotton port in the world, and lias also
an exlensivr: trade in sugar, molasses, tobacco, .md Hour. Its levee or quay, four miles long, fo'-ms an
embankment to the river, and is a place of great activity. The public buildings are numerous
an<I handsome ; but, owing to the prevalence of yellow fever in summer, the private residences of the
wealthy inhabitants are chiefly out of the city.
n,\i<m Kouge (6500), the former capital, 200 miles inland, on the Mississippi, is a shipiiing port.
Shreveport (41:00), on Red River, is a cotton centre.
COTTON-PL.^NT, FLOV/ER
AND POD.
I'UAlKlE-nOC VlLLAUa.
(//.) Texai, called the Lone Star State, the largest State in the Union, and originally a
separ.ito republic, lies west of I.ouisiaiui. The chief Iwundary rivers are the Red on the
north, the t^abine on the cast, and the Rio (Iraiide, which se]iaratcs it from Mexico, on the
south-west. The principal rivers belonging wholly to Texas arc the lirazos (950 miles), and
the Colorado (fioo miles), both from the Llano KstajaJo. or Staked Plain, an elevated table-
land in the interior. The soil is highly productive. Kxccpt at the north and north-west,
where it is inountaiiious, the climate is tropical, and vegetation luxurious. Cotton, sugar,
orn, tobacco, atul rice are the principal products. The State has valuable deposits of iron,
silver, lead, copper, and coal. Texas is tl".„' foremost State in stock-raising. T'he prairies
alxnind in bisons, wild liorsos, or mustangs, prairie dugs, wild deer, and other game. Camels
have been introduced into Texas.
(/'i.i Chief Cities.— Austin (juju', the caiiilal, on the Colorado, i3 rn- miles inland.
Giuvtilon (ii,'-oo\ on an island of the same name, at the mouth of Galveston Day, Is the chief
seaport.
StiH AutoHto (ia,)ao), soutli-west from Austin, is the largest city in the Interloft
llnmloH (9400), the former capital, on the liuff.ilo, is the thief railway centre.
MittagerJa and Corpus CAtt'itiare commercial ports.
/F. THE CENTRAL STATES.
!. Noted For. — These States, fourteen in number, are noted for their extent,
their prairies, and their agricultural and mineral products.
2. Position. — Seven of thein — Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, (Jliio,
Kentucky, and Tennessee — lie to the east of the Mississiiipi River; and seven
of them — Minnesota (in part), Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Nebraska, Kansas, and
Colorado — lie to the west of the Mississippi.
3. Physical Features. — With the exception of Western Colorado, which is
crossed by the Kucky M.iuiitaiiis, this m has no high mountains. The Cum-
bcrlaiul Mountains, the western range 01 iiie Alleghany System, forming the ea.stern
boundary of Kentucky, and se|)arating it from Virginia, extend into Tennessee. The
.\llcghany Range, under various names, forms the boundary between Tennessee and
North Carolina. The Height of Land in Northern Minnesota is the beginning of
the water-parting between the northern and southern slopes of the Great ('cntral
Plain of the continent. The Ozark and Boston Mountains are low ranges between
the Missouri and .Vrkansas Rivers. Four of the five Great Lakes, viz., Superior,
Micliigan, Huron, and Erie, border the States in the north of this section ; and the
principal rivers belong to the Mississippi System.
4. States East ot the Miuijsippl.— (./) Wlsconiln lies between Lake Michigan and the Mis-
sissippi River, Its surf.ace is an undulating plateau towards the north. In the south there
are extensive prairies and timber lands. In the interior there are many beautiful lakes, the
largest of which is Lake Winnebago. The principal rivers are the Chippewa, Black, and
Wisconsin, tributaries of the Mississippi. The lead, copper, and iron mines of the State are
highly productive. The chief agricultural products are wlient and Indian corn.
ill.) Chief Cities.- Madison C5000), tnc capital, near Rock River, is the seat of the State University.
Milwaukee (71,500), on Lake Michigan, is the largest city. It has an extensive trade in grain,
lumber, and metallic ore.
Oshkoih (i!,6oo), on the west shore of Lake Winnebago, and Fond du Lac (12,700), at the head of
the Lake,
JanesvilU (8800), on Rock River, manufactures agricultural implements.
(D.) Michigan, called the Peninsular State and Lake State, lies north of Ohio and Indiana,
and north-east of Wisconsin. It consists of two peninsulas. The northern peninsula, lying
bet.veen Lake Superior on the north, and Lakes Michigan and Huron on the souf . is rocky,
and abounds with copper. The Pictured (sandstone) Rocl.s on the coast of Lake Superior,
worn by time, present the appearance of old ruins. The southern peninsula, lying between
Lake Michigan on the west, and Lakes Huron, St. Clair, and Erie on the east, slopes toward
the east and the west, and is generally fertile. Michigan is admirably situated for internal
trade. Except Florida, its coast line is longer than that of any other of the States. The
Strait of Mackinaw, or Michilimackinac, forms the outlet of Lake Michigan ; and the St. Mary's
River that of Lake Superior. Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, belongs to Michigan. Mackinaw
Island, at the north end of Lake Michigan, was once noted in Canadian history as a military
post. The State possesses exceedingly rich copper mines, and valuable deposits of iron and
coal, and very productive .salt beds. It is the foremost Slate in the manufacture of lumber.
The chief agricultural products are wheat, corn, .and oats.
(/■.) Chief Citics.-Lansing (7500), the capital, on Grand River.
Delroil (101,200), the City of llie Straits, on the River Detroit, opposite Windsor, is connected
with Canada by the (Jrand Trunk and Great Western Railways. It is one of the five great lake ports
and is extensively engaged in commerce and shipbuilding.
Port Huron ,'ioo), on the River St. Clair, opposite Sarnia in Ontario, has a large lumber trade.
East Saginaw (17,000) and Saginaw City (10,000), on opposite sides of the S.aginaw River,
fifteen milejfrom its mouth, have extensive salt works.
Grand Rapids (26,000), on the Grand River, 50 miles from Lake Michigan, is noted for its lumber.
Kalamazoo (ii,;oo), on the river of the same name, is the seat of the Michigan College for
Females, and has a large trade and extensive manufactures.
Jackson (i3,i)oo), south of Lansing, is a railroad centre and the seat of the State prison,
Adrian (SSoo), in the southern part of the State, is the centre of an active Hade.
Ann Arbor C^oo), on Huron River, is the seat of the State University, and Ypsilanti (5200), on
the same river, of the State Normal School.
(C.) Illinois, sometimes called the Prairie State, lies south of Wisconsin. The surface of
the Stale is generally a vast undulating prairie, sloping to the south. It is bounded on the west
by the Mississippi River, which separates it from Iowa and Missouri ; on the south by the Ohio ;
and on the east in part by the Wakish. At the north-east it borders on Lake Michigan.
Opposite Alton, on its western boundary, the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers
takes place ; and at Cairo, at its sonthern point, the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi. It
is a fertile State, and is famed for its large production of corn and wheat. It has extensive
coal-fields. Lead and iion abound, and salt is manufactured in large quantities.
(, .) Chief CltleS.-Sprlngfield (17,300), the capital, near the middle of the State, is an important
railway centre.
Chicago (400,000), on Lake Michigan, at the moudi of the Chicago river, is the largest city on die
northern lakes. It is one of the most important griiin markets in the world, and is the tliief 1 01k and
lumber luaiket in Amenta. U is a gical lailvs.iy cenliu and shiliping dey-nt. H hi- l..-.-r. rhufly .;u;.t
•ince iS.io. Ill 1871 a fire destroyed 17,450 houses. Tlie city is supplied with water bom Lake Micli.-
gan, through a tunnel which runs two miles under the l.rke.
Quincy (24,000), on the Mississi|ipi, is largtly engaged in river trade and the maiuil.iclure of agri-
cultural implements.
Peoria (j2,Soo), on the Illinois River, is a flourishing city.
Ualena, on the Galena River, near the Mississippi, is noted for its lead mines.
i ■'
.», (
(
CENTRAL STATES.
57
{D.) Indiana lies east of Illinciis, and is separated from Kentucky by the Oliio River. It is
watered by tributiries of tliat riv.r. Tlic Wabash f,)riiis the greater p:irt of its western \mm-
dary Tlie surface is undulating, and diversified by prairies and hills. The soil is generally
good. Coal and iron are the principal minerals, .\gricultural prcKlucts and domestic animals
are the chief staples.
(./.) Chief Cities.— Indianapolis (4^,000), the capital, on the w>:st hr.wch of White River, is the
centre of numerous railroads.
MtJison Ui,,yao\ ^V«« /I/A.«j. (,s,<ool, and EvansvilU (zuiK-tX on the (Jhi.., are m.lnuf.icturini;
cities, witli a I.ir,.;e river trade.
Tcyrc HauU (i6,ooo>, 01, tile Wabash River, is a railroad centre and great pork market. It i« llie
seat of the Slate Normal School.
LafxyMe (13,500), on the Wabash, is the chh-f grab- market in the .Slat., and the seat of Purdue
U.Hversity.
Fort tVayn, (17,700), at the head „f the Mauraee Riv. r, is the business centre of a fine aericul-
tural district.
(£.) Ohio, called the Buckeye State, lies east of Indiana. Lake Krie forms the i-reater
part of ,1s northern boundary, and the Ohio River flows along its south-eastern and southern
border, separating it from West Virginia and Kentucky. It is not mountainous, but in the
c.-ntre a table-Iand, 1000 feet atove sea-level, divides the rivers running north t.. Lake FCrie
from tbos3 flowing into the Ohio. The soil is fertile. It surpasses everv other State in the
production of wool and wine, and is second only to Pennsylvania in tlie production of coal. It
IS noted also for iron, salt, wheat, Indian corn, and [jork.
(..) Chief Citles^^-Columbus (,v,,ooo), the capital, on the .Scioto River, is a manuLicturioe ci,v
and contains many fine buildings. "■.■"ui.n.uiriiif, t ly,
Cincinnati (276,000), on the Ohio, at the snuth-west corner of the .State, is liie third cilv of the
Central States ,„ ,^,„t of population. As the chief commercil ci.y of die Ohio valley it is
he Queen of the Vest. Next to Oiicago, i, i, ,he gre..,e,t k mtrket in America. I. is note,
for lis astronomical observatory, wine manuf.iclure, iron foundries, ami cotton mills.
Porlunouth (10,600), on the Ohio, is noted for its iron works.
fS'TA'"' '1'"'°°°'' °'; ''""= ^''"' ''" *••■" '■•'"' ""'• •■""' '"■'" '"' """<'=••'»« "venues is called the
forest Cily. I, IS one of tlie five great lake jiorls, and h.is .„•■ excellent harbor.
Sa„dus»y (,3,000), on Lake Erie, the great fish market of the Slate, is an important lake port.
lumSrtale.''""'' " "'" """''"""'■ ""■• ""= """"'> "' '1«= "■»""" River, li.is extensive grain ami
its l>!m wmks "'^"'' '" "'" '"""'""■'''■'' "" "" '""'■^'"' R'vei'. ■■>" important railnud centre, is noted for
^,.««;,/& (.0,0001, on the .Muskingum River is note.l for iron ni.iinifacmres and paper mills.
(/•■) Kenlucky lies .south of Indiana and Ohio, front which it is separatc.1 bv the Ohio
River, which forms its northern Ixiun.lary. The Mississippi Hows along its western border,
separating it fnuii lliini is and Missouri. On the east, the
llig Sandy Kivcr separates it from West \'irginia, and on
the south-east the Ciiniberland Mountains separate it fioin
Virginia. It is bi-hly fcrlile, anil surpasses every ollur
State in the production of tobacco, h: nip. Il.i.s, and whisky.
It is noted also for wheat and Inillan corn. From the
celebrated Mammoth Cave, at the smith, nitre is obtained.
The more important minerals founil arc iron, coal, and
salt.
(/.) Chief Cities.— Frankfort (8000), the cipiial, is siinate.!
on the Kentucky Kivev, amidst bold scenery.
Louisville (i.x>,Sool, on the Ohio River, called Falls Ciiy
from llie neighboni'K r.ipids on tile livei, which are avoided
by a ciiKi'. hv.i an,, a ImI; miles lone-, cut thr..ugh the solid
rocli, h.is ,111 immense tn.dc in tobacco, poi ',;, fioar, ,iiid hemp.
Covington (2.|,5.)ci), and Xewport (15,000), situated op|ni-
C^^^^|PC-^-^^^fee/ site Cincinnati, at the moudi of the Licking River, have iron
}-'^^\\ Ji^tf^^T^ works and cotton factories.
>-'■' "^ Lexington (,4,Soo), scnilh-east of Frankfort, has a large
COTTON PI..^^^T. inland trade.
( G. ) Tennessee lies south of Kentucky. It has three physical divisions. East Tennessee
lies between the Alleghany Mountains and the Cumberland Mounlains ; Middle Tennessee
between the Cumberland Mountains and the Tennessee River ; and West Tennessee between
the Tennessee River an.l the Mississippi. The scenery of F.ast Tennessee is pictllrcs<iue. The
chief products of the State are cotton, tolMcco, hemp, iron, coal, and salt.
(«■■) Chief Cities.— Nashville (26,000), the cipilal, ..n the Cumbeil.ind River, is a fine city, and ll,ls
a large Ir.ide. It is the seat of three universities.
Memphis (40,200), on a high bluff d the Mississippi, is an impoitant cotton depot. It is the
souduTii outlet of the State, and, next to New Orleans and Si. Louis, is the largest cily on the Mis-
sissippi.
Knoxvillr, nn Holston River, and Ctmttanoog.i, on the TeiUiessoe, ,irc the chief places in I'',,st
Tennessee.
5. States West o( the Mississippi.— i.f.) Minnesota lies west of Lake Puperiar and Wisconsin,
The Reil River of the north forms part of its western boundary. Pigeon River antl Rainy
River are boundary rive,s ,1 ihe north. The noble Mississippi has its v.iir.-.-^in It„sf,i r.,ikc
on the heisht of land, in this Slate. The surface is chiefly undulating prairie, sloping to the
east. The lakes and rivers are niimrrous. and the w.iter is wngularlv pure. There arc
exlensv,. pine foicsts in parts of the Slate. Wheat is the staple prodncl. Copper, iron, and
coal have b ■ found.
('!.) Chief Cities.— SI. Pat:l (2n,o,»,), ihe cipital
commelci.il celUie of die Slate.
Ill largest cily, on Ihe Mississippi, i> llie clii
ii
Minnctfoli, (,.1,000), at the head of navigation on the Mississippi, is noled for il, great lumber
and flour liade.
SI. 4 nthony (7000), opposite Minneapolis, with which it is connected by a bridge, commands a fine
view of St. Anthony's Kails, at wliicli the river descends eighteen feet. It is the seat of the State
lliiiviTsity.
n Inona (7200), on the Mississippi, at die southern part of the State, has a great lumber and wheat
trade. It is the seat of a Slate Normal School.
Dututk (3000), at the western end of Like Superior, is the terminus of the N.-rthern Pacific Rail-
-oad.
(/?.) Iowa lies south of Minnesotr., between the Missouri on the west and the Jlississippi
on the east. Its surface, chiefly a rolling prairie, is watered by numerous rivers, the principal
of which is the Des Moines. It ranks as tlie second State in the Union for the production of
wheat and Indian corn. It is noted also for woollen goods, lumber and farm implements.
Coal, lead, iron, and gypsum are abundant.
(«.) Chief Cities.— De> Molnee (12,000), the capital, is on the Des Moines River, a tributary of die
Mississippi.
Duiuqui (i,'i,4oo), on the Mississippi, is the principal depot of the lead mining district.
Pavenporl (30,000), on the Mississippi, is a raaniif.icturing cily with a large river trade.
tiuritngton (,5,000), on the Mississippi, is a flourishing city
Krokuk (12,700), on the Mississi|ipi, at the south-eastern angle of the State, is largely engaged in
pork packing.
Council Bluffs (,0,000), on the Missouri, is a great railroad centre.
/ot»< Cily (6000), on the Iowa River, is the seat of the State University.
(C) Missouri lies south of Iowa, and is separated from Illinois by the Mississippi P.ivcr,
into which the waters of the Missouri and its tributaries flow from tile westward through the
centre of the state. Prairies abound north of this river, but south of it the surface is broken
and musintainons. At the south-eastern part of the State, there is a mountain of almost pure
iron. Lead, coal, copper, tin, and salt arc abundant. Indian corn, wheat, hemp, tobacco, cattle,
and horses are the other chief products.
(c) Chief Cities.- Jefferson City (4500), the capital, is situated on the Missouri.
St. Louis (3,1,000), nn the Mississippi, 20 miles below the raoudi of the Missouri, is the commer-
cial capital of the Mississippi Valley. Il is an impoitanl railway centre, a great iron mart, and the
de|iot of the fur Irade of llie Rocky MounLiins.
//„««,Aj/( 10,000), on the Mississippi, is a rising town.
SI. yoseth (19,500), in Ihe north-west, on the Missouri, is a manufacturing cily.
Kansas Cily (32,000), on Ihe .Missouri, is a railroad ce-itre ; it is noleil lor its lieef-packinr estab-
lishments.
(Z>.) Arkansas lies south of Missouri, and west of Mississippi. It is nearly divided in two
by the Arkansas River. Its north-west corner is traversed by tlm Ozark Mountains. The
lioston Mountains lie to the north of the Arkans.is, Inland from the Mississippi the surface
IS highly diversified ; but the soil is not good except near the rivers. Cotton, corn, zinc, iron
lead, and coal arc the chief products. ' '
(,/.) Chlel Cities.-Litlle Rock l ,2,400), Ine capital and largest city, is on the Arkansas River Its
hot springs are celebraled.
Fort Smith, on the Aikansas, at the wcslern boundary, is the second cily.
I'ine Bluff, on the Arkansas, and CamJtn, on Ihe Washila, are ihriviiig towns.
(£■.) Nebraska lies west of Iowa, from which it is separated bv the Missouri River
which forms the nnrth-eastern and eastern boundary. The Platte runs through the State from'
west to east, and cnlcrs the Missouri at Pl.lttsniouth. The surf.ice is an undulating prairie the
only elevations being llic .Sand Hills in the north-west. In the vestern part of the State is an
extensive tract known as the Ikid Lands. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco are the chief
pnxlucts. Coal and iron are the chief minerals, and salt springs arc numerous in the south-
eastern part of the State.
(•■.) Chlel Cities.— Lincoln (50CK,) is the capiiaL
0,nal,a (,6,„„), on Hie .Missouri, is Hie largest cily. I| is a commercial and railroad centre.
Xt'l'raska Cily (iioool, also on llie Missoiiii.
(/•'.) Kansas lies south of Nebraska. It is an extensive undulating plain, drained by the
Kansas and Arkansas Rivers, and their numerous tributaries. The soil is verv fertile CNcept
in the west, where there are some sandy plains. Oypsum, coal, and iron arc abundant, 'wheat
corn, oats, ,ind cattle arc the chief products. '
(/.) Chlel Cities.— Topeka (6000), the capital, is on the Kansas River.
Lawrence (S300), al.so on the Kansas, is a flourishing trade centre.
^.■,.r„m.».M (17 s,x,), the largest city, is situated on Ihe Missouri. It has a great river commerce,
and IS die se.it i,| a Sl.ile N.unial School. luiiimene,
Atchiion (7000), on Ihe Missouri.
Fort Scott is the centre nl a coal district in Ihe eastern pan of Ihe State.
1(7.) Colorado lies west ,.■ Kansas. The Rocky Mountains traverse the State from north
to south, in a double chain. lU-iwccn the ranges are four extensive valievs, called the Parks of
Colonido, and distinguished as North Park, Mithlle Park, South Park, and San Luis Park
The eastern Range ol llie R„c:<y Mountains contains Long's Peak lo Ihe north. Pike's Pe.ik
near tnc centre, ,ind ^i,alUsll r,„k, 1„ the south. Ihe mountain scenrrv ol western Colorado
IS grand. I he cistern part of ihe State is an undulating plain. Timber is abundant in the
Mountain rtigion. The State is rich in gold, silver, and lead mines. Iron, coal, and .salt are
also found in large quantities.
'.«■■) Chief Cllles.-Detlver (500.,), the capital, on the South Pliiie River, is the centre of a rich
iiiMiiiiR district. It is 5000 feet above the level of Ihe sea.
t enlral City and Golden City.
PorUand (S.i.ooo), ihe largest cily, ii nn the Williamcttt
near its jiimtimi with the Ci)lumbi.i, ami is a trnde lentrc.
Aslpria is situated at the mouth of the fdlumbia.
(/(.) Calllornia lies sotith i>t Orcstm on tlic I'acifif coast.
The Sierra Nevaila Mmintaitis to the cast traverse the entire
length of the Slate, with a breadth varyinK fri lit 30 to 60
miles. 1 ''!■ hishest summits of the Kansc arc Motints
Shasta, iMoa, I.vell, Tyndall, and Whitney. The coast
x.\\\•^K^. stretches nl.ng the Pacific coast to the west. In the
north and in the ^oiilh of the .State these ranges unite, ami
enclose the fertile valley of the Sacramento and San Joaiiuin
Kivers. Kast of the Sierra Nevada is a desert region.
The Valley of the Yosemitc is celebrated for its wild
scenery. It is a chasm ten miles long and two miles wide,
with p'crpetidieiUr.r walls of granite towTring to the height
of from 2000 to 40CO feet, over which the Merceil Kivcr
descends in three leaps. The Yosemite I'alls are of extra-
ordinary granilcur, and arc the h.ftiest in the world, being
half a mile high— 5i.\leen times higher than the Falls of
Niagara.
The New A'maden quicksilver mines of California are,
with those of Spain, the most celebrated in the world. 'Ihe
Dig Trie Crovc and the C.eysers \alley are great curiositic s.
Laiaveras llig Tree Cirovc contains a beautifid group of the
AV,/»,v„ f;c«"'.n, called also Wcllingtnnia, and in the
Vnitcd States, Washingtonia. In this gr.ne, the 1-athcr . f
the forest is 120 feet in
THF. PACIFIC STATES.
(A ) Oregon lies smith of Washington Territory, on the Pacific coast. The Snake Uiver
forms Iho greater part of its eastern, and the Columbia Kiver the greater part of ,ts ttorlhern
boundary. The coast is rocky, and is deficient in good barters. Ihe Coast R»"S'=. ' ', '^:';-
ca,le, and the nlue Mountains divide it into tottr parts. Mounts Hood, lef erson, and 1 .t are
the highest of the Cascade Kange in < h> gn„. To the west of the Cascade R->'^'= "> -'
fertile especially in the valley of the Willian.ette, a tr.butary of the CoUnnb.a ; bu to the e. st
the plateatrregion is sterile. Wheat, lun.ber, wool, and canned sabnon are the ch.ef exports.
There arc rich gold mii-.es in the State, and coal and ir,m have been found.
circumference at the base,
2ro feet high up to the
fir't branch, and 450 feet
in ti>tal height.
There arc over 750
public schools in the
State, and 12 Colleges.
Cc^ngress voted 6.:;oo.ooo
acres of land towards their
niaintcnance.
The climate is tem-
perate along the coast,
but hot in the interior.
Cold and ([uicksilver ar'^
the chief minerals, buti
there are also valuable
mines tif silver, copper,
tin, and coal. Cattle, wi'.d
horses, and deer, are
numerous. The chief pro-
ducts arc wheat, barley,
fruit, and wine.
(^.1 Chief Citics.-Sac-
Mmcnto t'''»Soo), the e.tpi-
lal, is on the S.icrameuli.
Ilis accessible for steamers ami sailing vessels at all
I.I Ihe year. SacrameiU.i baa a gr.Kleil system of public
, a mining depot for the great region of the South.
San Francisco (MO.000I, the chief commercial city, stands
„n San rrai.eis... It.iv, uhicli is entere.l I y a strait, four miles
l.nig and a mile widei called the ( iolden Gale. It has a branch
mint, and a United States ii.ivy yard.
(>,i«,ii/(/(io,5oo'l, the former capital, on San rranciseo I!ay,
lies opitositt San Francisco.
/!,-i,ici,< (7000% on Karqucnas Strait, has a naval arsenal.
S,,„lll,m (,o,oc«.1, in the San Joaquin Valley, is the trade
centre for Ihe southern niininB districts.
.V.in 7ase lies near the head of San Kranciscn Hay.
/,« .l»,-r/,M, in the soiuh, and .V„» /I/Va'O, are near ll-e
MeKtean frontier.
(C.) Nevaila lies east of California. U occupies lh.it part
of the r.reat Uasin which lies between the Sierra Nevada
.•tnd the llumlxildt Monnt.iins. The Nevada desert is
covered with sand, alkali, and sage brush. Pert.le soil is
found only In the valleys. The rivers are few and small.
The lakes are salt, and have no outlet. Nevada is very rich
in gold, silver, and lead, Coal, iron, and salt, are abundant.
(,., Chief Cllies.-Carson Clt» (l.-l, the capital, is near
Cirstiii River. ^. , ,
i;rg,mn Oy>(io,<.«.\ on the Carson River, ,s the centre
of a rich silver-nnniuR district. It is fK.., feet above sea evel.
4,.,li,,, in the central part ol the Slate, is on Resse Uiver.
3
V:
t^;s
k
!
f !
I '
i i
E
^/f
SII.VPR MINR.
[ \
'#
(A.) The Olitrict ol Colambia is an area of sixty scpiare miles, on the banks of the Potomac
Kiver, 120 n„l,.s from its niniitl,. It was ceded by Maryland to the United States, as a site
for the seat nl ihe F«lor,.l „r (Itneral fiovenment. It was organized as a Territory in 1871.
(«.) Chief Cllies.-Washlnglon (rco,o„o\ ,|„. capital, is the metropolis ..f the IJmtcrl States. I.
,. s,.ua,cd on the Polomac, and c ains d,= Capitol, i„ which Congress assembles, and other public
bu khngs, mdudinK the Sm.th5on,an Institute Cf„un,led by Ja„,.s Smi.hson, an F.nglishman), th.
W Int. House, or cffical residence ,.f d,o President, the Treasury, and the Naval Observatory. The
cily w,,s laid nnt by C :„eral W,i.shinsi,.n, wh<. w.is the first President
r;,v,-j,./,„„„, i., the neighborh I .,t W.ishinRton, is a great shad and herring market.
W Dakota lies west of Minnesota and south „f Canada. The surface is broken bv
mountains and valleys. Herds of bis.m roan, over its plains. The Missouri Kiver crosses h
from north-west to south-east. Alon=; the rivers the soil is fertile. The Bad Lands occupy an
extensive tract ,n the snnth-west. fietween the north and south branch of the Hi, Cbevenne
Rner nse the lilack Mills, noted for their tnineral wealth. Dakota is the home „f the Sioux
and the Mandan Indians.
(A) Chief Towns.-
Yanklon t?..)), ihe ca|)-
ital, is on the Missnuri.
/Vm/<r»ttt in the
north-east cnrncr nf
Dalo.ln, on the Red
Kiver, is a trading
place
(C) Indian Ter-
ritory lies south of
K.msas. It has been
~it apart by Congress
tnr the Indians who
have been removed
from various States
east of the Mississippi
Kiver. The trilies in-
I hide the Cherokees,
'reeks, Seminoles,
Wachitas, Shawnecs,
Cbick.asaws, and Choc-
taws. The trilics have
tlieirown government.
The soil of the tcrri-
lory is fertile, except
the north-west ])ortion,
which forms part of
the C.rcat American
Desert. The Ked
kiver, which forms
tin- greater part of the
snuthern boundary,
and the Arkansas,
with their tributaries,
are the principal rivers.
(.) Chief Town.—
Tahlequah, the capii.il
of the Cherokees, is the
chief town.
(/5.) Montana lies
west of Il.ikot.i. The
Milter Kool Kan;;e
separates it from
Idalio. It is traversed
by the Rocky Moun-
tains in the west, and
by the Missmiri Kiver
in an easterly direc-
ti'in. Its chief tribu-
taries in Montana are
the Milk Kiver and
the Vellowstone. The
soil is fertile, and tim-
ber abund.int. It pos-
sesses gold mines, and
is rich in silver, iron,
coal, and salt.
,.. . . • ^-- -i'y. is near the Missouri.
/ <rcm,., c ,/,., u, the R„eky MounUins, is an imporlan- mining .„vv„.
(/•) Wyoming lies south of Montana. It is a mmuitainous Territorv, The Wind Kiver
Mounanis cross it trom north-west to south-east. I.-iemonfs Peak, ,h. hi.h'^ i , ,-
fee above sea eve.. In the northern part of the Territory are the Hig Ii;rn Mm, tains''
Ihe Mssour, Vellowstone, Platte, Color.tdo, and Snake Kivers have their sources 1 ,e
:^;:::;t;e!';s p::i,*^,i:;:xir:r;;r;: 7:::;: iir -- r -' ?
V.isliMul! VAl.l.nv, CAI.1I-ONMA.
U< Chiel Towns.-Helena (j„,„l, the capital and l.irgest i
(».) Chlet Town..-Cheyenne City (.450), the capital, near the Platte River, is a railroad centre
S>Urma«, Si6a feet above the sea, is the highest railroad station in the Rocky Mountains.
(F. ) New Mexico lies south of Colorado. The Rocky Mountains traverse its western part,
and form the water parting for the rivers Howing into the fbilf of California and into the (iulf
o Mexico. Kast of the Rocky Mountains, the Territory slopes towards Texas, and forms part
of the Llano Kstajado, The Kio Grande intersects the Territory from north to south. Its
fertile valley is =0 miles wide, and is bounded on the west by the sierra Madre. Gold, silver
copper, iron, and salt, arc abundant.
(/) Chief Towns.-Santa Fe (7000), the capiul, near the Rio Grande, stands on a plateau which
IS elevated ahnnt ,..„ feet above the .sea. ami a short distance s„n,l,-„est .,f the base of a snow-capped
mountain, winch rises 5000 feet above the level of the t„wn. I. has an important overland trade.
Taos, AliugutrgM, and AfMilta, arc small places in the valley of the Ri„ Grande.
(G.) Idalio lies west of Montana and Wyoming. It is separated from the former TerritoT'
by the liitter Root Range. The surface is mountainous. The Snake River forms part of the
western boundary. It has valuable ,n,old and silver mines.
(^.) Chlel T0W,,S.--Bol8« Cll, (,00c), the capital, „n Poisii River, a branch of the .Snake River. I.
beean,. the capital of the territory in the latter part of .SO,. Gold and silver are f„un7i,: the
f-hrence, near the Salmon River, and iV/rrr City, are mining places.
(//.) Utall lies west of Colorado. Its rivers fall into lakes which have no visible outlet the
principal of which are Cireat Salt Lake to the north, and Sevier to the south of ,t l-xce„t
a ong the r.^-rs the soil is not fertile Great Salt Lake is shallow, and abounds iti crystallized
salt The Uahsatch Mourtains divide Utah into two nearly equal parts. The principal pr,>
.hictions .ire cotton, oats, and barley. The grape and the peach thrive we,,. The summers are
warm and the winters are mild. Utah has been the home of the Mormons since 1847.
(/-.) Chlet Towns.-Salt Lake CIt, (,3,c»x„, the capiial, „„ the J„r,la„ R,ver, wh,ch connects Great
Sa LaKe w,d, Utah I.,,ke. I, was U,d out in Jnly, ,s,;, by a company of , „ Mormons. The climate
f he valley ,„ winch the cty stands is very salnhnons, and the s„,l in the neighborhood is extremely
fe t,le. Ihe ,no„nta,ns w„ch enclose the valley „n the east side are covered with penietual suow.
1 l,e,r sumnuts are sa„l to be about .0,000 feet (nearly two miles) above the level of the sea. I. is tlTe
chief ciminiercial tentri;.
O.C*» is on the U,,io„ Pacific Railroad. Proz'o, on the east shore of Utah Lake, and Fim„or..
on a branch of the Sevter, are growi,ig places. i""ior, ,
(A) Arizona lies south of Utah. It is watered by the Gila and Little Colorado Rivers The
including gold, stiver, and copper, are abundant. The soil is not very fertile. ;
popl^at'n't! S:-;;;!^" '^'^* '"^ """" "■'" '"'-' "'^■- '- '^'-'-' "•■ «•- ^-^ «-- <- i
RiXr"'""' """■ ""■' """° "' ""■■ ""'""'" '' ' ■•'"' "•"""« '"'"""• '■" '■- - "" the Colorado {
{
(7)Wa«l,ingtonlies south of liritish Columbi.a, on the Pacific Co.ast. It is crossed bv the i
w of the highest suinm, s of the Cascade Range, are covered with perpetual snow. Eas o <'
he Cascade Range the lerritory is a grazing region; west of it the country is covere<l with
>lense forests o pine and cedar. The Cohinibia Kiver waters the interior and ft's t lie '
greater part of the southern Ixnmdary. Tuget Soiin.l extends inland .So nules. Lu ber s
the chief export. Gold, silver, and coal, arc abuntiant.
0.) Chlel Towns.— 01),mpla(, 200), the capital, is at the head of PmrelSnnnH <:■.. •/
east side ,.f I^nge. Sound, is noted h,r its lumber Ind its fisheries. Sf.aac..,,,, on the
was formally made iver to a military fori .If r^u'dei S^t r^-^Ttcin: t"'"^^
pr.nc,p.al part of the Territory lies west of , ,,'■ West I oneitude \ '\'^ '""«'■'• 'he
■niles inbrcuUh, extends southward to the ll.rde^";:^ fSr'^^hin; i^ o t^t"! ^
Along the west coast there IS a clmin of n„mnt.iins, of which Mount ^t inias -.n , ,
.9,500 feet, is the principal peak. The chief river is the Kwi^u k IvX: '':^2 H:T
tanes, the Porcupine and Tanana. Lakes are numerous : I.iamna,'w id ^h ^ t^ H M
M--. .s he arges . The soil is sterile, and the climate severe ; but sh an,l fli "ntW a in
are plentiful, Salmon ab.unds in the rivers, and there are great banks -, , ., tu \ '
hcmhK.. ..,d,siiver,ir,,n,e.,ai,petroie,in:,rm;::^;'h::'r,?::::^:r":r^^^
popbtion ,s very iimted, consisting of about Sooo whites and ,,,000 Indians, ih son e
Eskimo, on the northern coast. The Indians are rapidly tlecreasingin nunikM-
The Alentiat, Islands consist of several groups lying U.,ween the Peninsula of Alaska an<l
a t,v ty. ko, ,.,c Islan.l sends ,ce to Cahforni.a. The inhabitant, (about oooo) are a mixture
of Mogttl 1 artars, and North Atnerican In.lians. They subsist mostlv bv liim.i .. . „d , 1
vegetatnm liemg scanty and agriculture almost unknown. ' ' " ^'
Alask., is the only tmorganized Territory. P'or government purtnises i, is joined to
Washmgton Territory. joined to
(<■•) Chlel Town.— SItltadooo), formerlv New Arrhnn,.,., , I,, „, . • , ■
«""» '"-" » » -'S-ic ol,serva,o,-y. 'u .J! ^:Z!;1^:Z. """ "'^" ■" ''' ""'"'■ ™
60
MEXICO— CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES.
n
MEXICO.
Mexico is derived from ATrxitli, the Mars, or god of w.ir, of the Aztecs, a tribe which is 3iippc5ed
to have migrated to Mexico Ircm the Mississippi Valley, a.d. ii96' Area, about 74^,ooo
square miles, equal to a square of 862 miles.
1. Noted For. — Mexico is noted for its numerous beautiful and massive ancient
ruins and pyramids, indicative of ancient civilization, its numerous volcanoes, its
rich silver and gold mines, its lofty mountains, and temperate climate.
2. Boundaries. — This republic is iKuuidcd on the north by the United States;
on the cast by the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea ; on the south by Central
America and the racific; and on the west by the I'acific.
SCBNB IN MEXICO.
3. Ptiysical Features. — The Rocky Mountains, under the name of the Sierra
Madrc, traver-^c the cuuntry in various ranges, and give great divcrsitv to the
scenery and climate. 'I'he Kin Clraiuic del Norte is the princii)al river, and also
forms the north-eastern boundary.
4. Bays and Gulfs. —The princlpid i^ulfs are Mexico, Tchnantepcc, and California; and the
chief l)ays are C.nnpeachy, in the (iulf of Mexico, and Magdalcna, Hallenas, and isebastiaii, n
the Californian peninsula.
5. The Peninsulas are Lower Califonna and Yucatan.
6. The Capes are
Catoche. CorriL-ntcs.
i'almo, St. I.uca'^,
St. Lazaro, and .^t.
Eugenio.
7. Chief Citifis.-
Mexico ( 230,000 ),
the capital, is Ixjau-
tlfully situated on a
ime plain surrounrl-
cd by lofty moun-
tains. South of it
are Ixtacihuatl, or
White WtHiian, an
extinct volcano, and
Popocatepetl, or
Mountain of Sni"kc,
an active volcano,
17,884 feet hii^h, and
Orizaba, I7,j73 feet
high. The city is
square, and enclosed
by high walls.
Pi<eMa {6^,000),
in the southern por-
tion of Mexico, the
second city in size,
manufactures glass,
wnoilcn goods, and
sword blades. Hc-
twecn it and \'cra
Cruz are Cofre <\c
Pcrote and Citlal-
teptl or the Star
Mountain.
Qtteretaro (50,000), north-west of Mexico, has woollen manufactures. Here the Emperor
Maximilian, betrayed by Lopez, was shot in 1867.
San Luis Potosi (40,000), north of (Jueretaro, in a rich mining district,
Guanajuato {63,000), west of Qucretaro, has, in its immediate ncighlwrhood, the richest
gold and silver mines in Mexico.
GuaJuIaJara (70,000), on the Santiago, is noted for shawls, earthenware and leather work.
Matamoras (20,000), near the mouth of the Kio (irande, is a thriving port.
Jaiapa (35,000), north-west of Vera Cruz, gives its name to the drug jalap.
Vera Cruz (10,000) and r(i;«/yc:o(i 5,000), on thetiulf of Mexico, are the chief commercial
ports.
Acapulco and Afazatlan (16,000) are ports on the Pacific coast
Tehuanicpcc^ south of the isthmus, is a small river jwrt.
Mer'ula is the chief town of Yucatan, and Sisul its seaport ; but Campeachy is tlie principal
seaport of the peninsula.
8. The Exports are cattle, hides, fruit, Indian corn, indigo, silver, quicksilver, and lead.
9. The Inhabitants are a mixed people, consisting of alxiut 5,000,000 Indians, 1,000,000
descendants of the Spaniards, 2,000,000 Mestizoes (Europeo-Indians) ; besides Zambocs
(Africo-lndians), Mulattoes, etc.
CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES.
Si/u. Li|ii.il til a sqiiaii: nf )?; Miiltjs. Pitpiilatioii, about 1,250,000.
NKW (.UATHMALA.
1. Noted For. — Central America is noted for its important gcogmpliic.ii position
between .Nmlh .iiul Sontli Aineiicii, and between tlie Atlantic and Pacific Oceans;
and for its vaiied tropical products,
2. Political Divisions.— There are five republics in Central America, viz. : Gim-
temaUx, San Sah'adoi\ Ihuduras, XUavii^ua, and Costa RUa ; and one British colony,
viz. ; British IlonJityas.
3. Physical Features. — The Andes conmieme in these States \'olcanocs occur
on the Pacific coast. lietwccn the nioinuain i.ia^es and along the central plateau
or table-land tliere are numerous fertile plains.
4. Products, — Tropical plants grow in great profusion Dye woods, mahogany,
lignumvit.v, pimento, indigo, cochineal, sarsaparilla, vani!l.a, black-balsam, cotton,
sugar, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, and minerals are the chief exports. Indian corn, rice,
and cattle are articles of domestic trade. Kc|>tiles and beautiful birds abound in
the lu.xuriant foresls.
fl,i^flibl | g[[|P|p:
It is
7200 feet alxive the
level of the sea.
Trff'^yilWS^^
<'
}
•■:->il"ii^iii,t^limk'-
CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES-WEST INDIA ISLANDS.
5. Central States of America.
\aiiu'.
I'ltjiitiun.
;-== I'ciii'liliiin
i.'-^ tUlMlllt).
I- (luiiiHinula..
L'. SauSftlvfttlur
.'(. Ilniiilnrah.
4. N'lffivu^Miij
'. CllBlll lill'il
• iN.W. of Ceril, Am. Ill.TTi; l.:;i)(i.lHl(l
. 'S.K. ot (iihiti'Mialii. 7 :::i."j r)i](i,(i(i(]
. j.N.K. of s. s.ihailor I7,0!iii xid.oud
. S.K. of Hoiitlllr;is..|.W,I70i ;!IH),(KM)
. S.K. of Nii'ur.i.'na.k'Uml iMri.non
^. ... . .. _.. ■idmn
V ,, T "" ■' .-i-r,. oi .^K'ur.irna. L'l.4!>.^
I), lint, IIoii,lur.Ti.|\.K. of (liiuu-iimlttl 7,5fl2
C'upiul.
Where lUiiateil. g, = £
N. (i'latuiimla.lMomuKUH liiv, 4ri,i)(l()
San Salvador. {N'rlliL'l'aciili' lil.iio.i
To;!Ui'i|.allPU [Choliilfi-a liiv. Vi,«m
MaoaKiia iT/ke .Mnnaijiin |{l.lKKi
Sail .liwiS RIv.CarlhaKo.: IL'.ikmi
UellzB Uolizo Uivcr.. B,«1K)
Slatet.— (^.) Guatimala extends from the Caribbean Sea to the I'acilic. It is celebrated
for two mlcanois alxiiit i ;,ooo feet liii»h, named respectively Fiie^o (l-irc) anil Agii.i (Water),
and for its ancient ruins and numunicnts. Cochineal was the chief export, but coffee is now
produced in lari;e tjuaiitities.
(n.) Chili Placet.— New Guatemala (50,003), the capital, is un a plateau 41;:; feet above the
sea. The house- are iniill only one story in height, in ci)nsee|uencc of Ine fretiuent earthquakes.
Olll Guatemala, 25 miles to the west, was the former capital. It was founded in \U7 and
nearly destroyed by an earthquake in i;;4. '
Coian, in the centre, is a considerable town.
.SV. Thomas, on the (ailf of Honduras, and Islafa, on the Pacific, are seaimrts.
l^.) San Salvador lies alon,? the I'acilic. It is the smallest of the .States, but, in proportion
to Its size, the most populous. The surface is mountainous, it produces the lialsam of Peru.
It has rich gold mines. Iniligo is the chief export.
; (b.) Chief Place».-Safl Salyador(i6,ooo), the capital, w.-,sde5troyedbyan earthquake in 1S54.
I It has been rebuilt.
Cojiitcfequc, on Lake Ilopango, was for a time the seat of government.
San Mii^itcl is an inland town-
Acajiilta and Libcrhul, on the Pacific, ami La Union, on Fonseca Ray, are seaports.
(C) Honduras lies .aloni; the Caribtean .Se.a. It is celebrated for its forests of mahoganyand
dye woods. ■I'urtlc fishery is carried on along the shore. Lake Yojoa or Taulelw, 2050 feet
above the sea, has an area of 135 sciuare miles. It has three ajflucnis. The liav Islantls (the
chief of which are Kuataii, Tionacca, and Utilla) were added to Honduras by liritain in 1S60. I
(c.) Chief Places.— Tegucigalpa (12,000), the capit.il, is in a rich mining district. |
Cmnayaxua ( iS,ooo), formerly the capital, is near the centre of the State. I
Omoa, one of the hottest places in the world, and Truxilh, are the chief ports of Honduras. I
{!>. ) Nicaragua extends from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific. The Mosquito Territory, '
stretching along the Caribbean coast from the Kio Coc.i or Segovia to the San Juan, w.is cedJd
to .N'icaragua in rSr.o. It contains Lakes Leon or Managua and Nicaragua, the latter drained
by the San Juan. The surface is hilly, and the scenery beautiful.
(.1'.) Chief Places.— Managua (10,000), the capital, is situated on a lake of the same name.
Leon (30,000), the former capital, near the I'acific coast, has a fine cathedral.
Ran Juan, or Greytmvn, on the Caribbean coast, has an excellent harlior.
Rcalcjo is the principal port on the Pacific coast.
(/;.) Costa Rica, or Kich Coast, extends from the Caribbcin Sea to the Pacific. Its
surface is niounl.iinous. T'he forests are extensive, and alxjund in dye woods. It has .'old
and coal. Coffci- is the chief export.
(c.) Chief Places.— San Jose (12,000), the capital, 4500 feet atove the sea, is in the midst
of a coffee district,
Carlai^o, the former cajiital, was nearly nestroycd by an earthquake in iSji,
ranta Amias, on tlio (iulf of Nicoya and CiMira, on the Pacific coast, are the chief
soa])orts.
T//E WEST INDIA ISLANDS.
'. call«l by Cohimbun, who supposed thai ,hcy lay on the route to .he K.ist indies. Size, about
that of England and IreUncI, or equal to a Kjuare of 306 miles.
1. Noted For.—
Their Irtipical pro-
duction.s anil fer-
tility. Tlicy are
chlclly culunial |)c>s-
.sessiims of (ireat
Hrilain, I''r.aiice,
Spain, Denmark,
and llollantl.
2. Position. —
They extend from
the southern part
of the Peninsula of
Flo.-ida to the Gulf
of ^ ^nezuela, on
the n irth of the
WEST INDIA ..Koofcrs. contincnt of .South
America. 1 hose opposite the American coast were first called AnIilU-s, and that
name has been since applied to the whole of them. Thev have been v.iguciv
I denominated the ff^'.rf /«,/,„, from the term /W/„, originallv'given to America by
I t hnstoplier Columbus. These islantls m.ay be said, in general terms, to run in a
I south-east iluection from the coast of Florida, to the iiorlh-east part of South
America, forming a sort of interrupted barrier to the (Julf of Mexico and the
! C aribbcan Sea.
3. Divisions.— They are divided into four groups, viz. : I. the liahamas whch
stiotch 600 miles south-east of f.'lorida. If. The greater Antilles (front anti-hle,
or isles opposite the main land), reaching from the Gulf of >texico to the Virgin
Islands, in. Tl>e I.es.ser Antilles, from I'orto Rico to the mouth of Orinoco
Kivcr; and I\ . The Venezuela Coast Islands, off the northern co.ast of South
America.
The Greater Antilles are Cuba, Ilayti, Jamaica, and Porto Kico, The Lesser
Antilles are <livide<l into the Leeward or North Caribbean Islands, which include
ad the ,.sland.s lying north of the .5th parallel, between Dominica and Porto Kico;
and the U imhvard or South Caribbean Islands, or those south of the .5th parallel
between Martinnpie and Trinidad.
NoTK.-The S,,,a„iar,:s apply .he .orm Leeward .0 .he Venezuelan Coast Islands, and Windwar.l
';'^";'' ."'""'"'« fr. ui Poito Rico >o T,i„i,lad. The Knglish, ,lie French, a, I the Spaniard
ave affixed d.fferen, „,eaui,,„ .0 ,l,e .enu.s ln„.,...ar.i a„d /..,.„.„.,/ /./„„,/,. ' „ is cvWe tin
4. The British West India Islands and the Bermudas.
Xaiiif.
(/•;.) British Honduras lies e.ast of Vuca.an. It extends ,along the Caribbean Sea from
if.) Chief Place,--The capi..,, is Bellie or Walli (6000), a Spanish corruption for WMIi,
.0 name of a noted l-,n.,lish pirate who formerly frequented the principal ri e Tf 1 ,ndm s'
1 he anchorage m front of the harbor is excellent, I, has an lios'pi,aI,'and a hinatle lyhi'm.
lt.VII,VM.\s
.'.t.M.Ml'.V
I.i:kw.m:ii I,-.i,.\mis.
Virgin Ishiud.s*. .,
.\iignilhi
Ilailuidn
St. Kitts
N.nis
-ViitigUii
.Moiit.siM-nit
Doiiiiuiea
Wl.NHW.Mtl) Isi.AMll
St. l.iicia
.St. Viueoiit
(iri'iiailiiH's
(Iri'iiad:.
Dnrbadoes
Tobago
Trinidad
l'ri(Miii.\s
• (S,,11lP„f tlH't.
j -Mnclc of iirtiiiu.Uipii unit
j iliUp.
. SetthMuout. ]i;l".i
.ICiipitiiliitioii, lii.-,,-| , .'
. Settloiiient, Kiim
. Settlcniciit, liiiu; j
. (.'apituhition. lliiiii I
. ^Scttlcniciit, li;i>:i, ](i,-iO.,|
. SettloiiiiMit, Ki'j.s ...
. jSettlomcnt. lil"L> \[
. 'SottleiiH'iit. l.;;'.o 1
. jC'cdod by Franco, i'Tiiii.
. '<'a|iitiihitioii. Lso:!.. , '
.Ceded by Kmiico, 1711:; |
, (.'oiled by Fiance, ]7(|;l. 1
Ceded by |.-iaueo, nc'l.h
Settlement, liia'i '
(.•eded by Finiice, 17r;'
t'ii|>itiihitioii, 17!I7 .. .
Settleincnf. pill
r.>|iiiiuii„i
(uli.JiU).
Cnpjtul.
Pop.
.'i,;«io
4.i!i;i
"lil.Lno Xassau ! 7,(100
rm,m) Spanish Town ; (i.OOO
li.liTiO
.'i.HUO
2,r>lK)
l.'H.7(K)
IL'.lHHI
o.'i.'JIlO
S.7(K)
'-".l,(X10
;i;i,(ino
,'!(i,()(N)
Ifili i 40,81)0
7S I
70 i
L'O i
KW i
H2 I
201 I
2;)7 I
147 I
Kifi
114
1,7.'>4
40
i(i;i,ooi)
17.1HH1
1I0,(1(K1
PUnO
I Koadtowii . ,
:.Vii^'uilhi
liarbuda.. .
Ilasseterre. . ,
I liarlc-ti wu.
St. ,lohn
Plymouth . . .
tUoscnu ... .
t 'astrics
Kingstown, .
.St . George. . .
Hvidgetowii
,Searhoroiii;h.
Port of Spain
Hamilton
2,S00
;irio
130
7,700
LSflO
I.-L.TOO
1.400
I r>,coo
! 2,400
: r,.rm
\ 4.000
'■-'2.000
o.fHX)
24.1)00
2,.'>00
5. The Spanish Island, are Cuba, Isleof Pines, Porto Kico, and two of the Virgin Isles.
6. The French Island, arc <„,a,laloupe, l.Vsir.ad... Marie tialante, Les -Saintes, St. Ilartholo-
mew, the imithcrn part of St, .Martin, and Martinique.
groj/'" "'""'' """'" '"'-' '"'" '^'"' '*• ■'''"™"^' ^""' ^^- J"'-- ^'» '" "- Virgin
8. The Dutch tsland, are St. Lustatius. Sal„, and the soud, part of .s,. Martin in the
Leeward Islan.ls, and Los Koqiics, Uuen Mn: Curasoa, and ,>uba in the \eiiezuelan Coa!!
9. Haytl, between Cuba and Porto Kico. is indc|.cndeiit.
10. The Venezuelan Islands arc Margarita, Tortuga, and drchilla.
il
62
JVESr INDIA ISLANDS.
BRITISH WEST INDIA ISLANDS AND BERMUDAS.
NEW PROVIQCNCE.
SCT-VLCO INiaiS
COULDINS Bay
(^fjf-HO«Aac.
CONCH toe KS.
lt|3('
I. The Bahamas, or
Lucayj lilandi, an- a j^mup of
about 500 islands north-east
of Ciib.1 and south-east of
Florida, between which and
the liahama Islands the (iiilf Stream
flows into the Atlantic. Tliey are chieHy
lonif, narniw, and rocky. The sand
I)anks iirc dangerous to navigation. The
chief islands are, (irand Hahania, (ireat
Alxicii, Kleuthcra, Andrns, New Provi-
dence, (iuanahani 01 San Salvador, Kx-
lima, I.rm;^, Acklin, iMariyiuna, and
(ireat lna;.;ua. J Ik- Caicos and 'J'urk
Islands, at the simthern extremity of
the lialunias, arc annexed to tlie gov.
crnment of Jamaica. San Salvador Is.
land (Watlinij's Island) is supposed to be
the first land of the New Western World
discovered by Columbus. Many of the
settlers in 17SJ were Ameriean Cnitecl-
Empire Loyalists.
COilWtrCB.— The chief exports are salt, sponges. oran;;es, pine apples, and other fruits.
Nauau, the capital, is a well-built city gn New Providence Island. Its harlMir affords safe
anchoragc-
PINU APKLB.
(3). SI. Christopher, nr SI. Kltto, is traversed in the centre by a volcanic mountain ridge,
in tlic middle of whlLli ri>cs Mount Misery, 4100 feet hi,i;h. The scenery i-* beautiful,
the soil fertile, and the clim.itc healthy. There are four rivers, and several salt-i>onds.
Hurricanes occur occasionally: a terrific one visited the island in 1772. Exports: sugar
and rum. •
Baueterre is the capital. AHgnllla is a dependency of St. Kitts.
(4)- Ncvil i^ a single mountain, two miles south nf St. (.'hristophcr. Exports: suj;ar, mm,
and molasses. The gnvernment is administered by the Lieutenant (ioveriior i>f St, Kitts.
(5). Dominica is of volcanic orii-in, and is the highest of the Lesser Antilles. Though
ninuntainous, the valleys are fertile. Ex lorts : su«ar, coffee, rum, and cocoa.
Chief Towni. -Roseau, the capital, and .S7. Joseph.
(f^*). The Virgin Islands are a group of 100 small isles cast of Porto Rico. They occupy
a space of aUtut io3 miles loni; by 20 wide. Fifty of them are Kriti^h ; the others Ijelun j to
I )enmark and Spain. Turtula, Virgin tiorda, and Anegada are the chief uf the iJritish islands.
Exiwrts: sugar, cotton, coffee, cattle, and copper.
Roadtown, in Torto.i, i^ the capital of the British Islands.
4. The Windward Islands arc as follows:
( I 1. Barbados nr Barbadoes, the fusl-settled Mritish West India Colony, is the most easterly
of the group. It is nearly encircled by coral reefs. The surface is hi-hly picturesque. It is
one of the healthiest of the West India Islands. Kains fall in November and December;
Init viulent thundcr-stnrms are not frequent. Uf the 106,470 acres which it contains,
1 50,000 are under cultivation,
\n^r,no with su;^ar-<ane. The
cxi>orts consist of sugar, mo-
lasses, meal, tlour, n.m, and tar.
Bridgetown,
fine citv.
the capital, is a
^''CiCHTSTOWNJJ^Xi-
B ARBA D OS
SCTTI.ED IN ie03.
BRIDCC-VOVi«
CNW^'
( 2 ). St. Lucia is twenty-one
miles north by east of St. \'in-
cent, and twenty miles south of
I'rench island of Martin-
if|uc. It has a rugged and moun-
tainous surf.icc: many of the
heights arc fantastic in appear- -^ ^^ '"i-^ *. ^
ancc. The forests are dense, *»
! ut the valleys arc fertile and well cultivaled. Exports : sugar and coccta.
Chief Towns —Castries, the capital, and Sonjfriln: liriil^ednvn Latitudi
04' N. LiJi'^itude. 5'i^ ^;' W.
2. Jamaica, <>r the Land of Wood and Water, one <>f the (ircatcr
is the most important and the largest of the liritlsh West India Islaiuls
discovered bv ("olinnbus in 1494. It is sitiialed 90 miles snnth of ("td)a, in the
Caribbean Sea. Its length is about one hundred and fifty miles, and its width fifty.
The JJluc Mountains, in many places from 7000 to <Sooo feet high, traverse its entire
length. It has upwards of 100 rivers rising in the mountain:;, am! running with
great rapidity to the sea on both sides. Its tropical vegetation is verv exuberant,
the climate is temperate, at ■! the soil fertile.
The chief exj>'>rts are sugar, rum, c(tffee, lo,;ur)nd. and spices.
iiii. the scat of government, is in the interior of the
extcTisivi; commerce ni.ike> ' \. a place of
Commerce.
Spanish Town, or .sv. lutio de l,i /
Island, abiut 16 miles from Kingstnn.
Kingston ( ',5,000) is die chief ]ilacc of trade, and il
consecjuence.
port y?o_)'«/{i5,ooo) is a fortified naval ^ ation.
3. The Leeward Islands, embracing the six colonies of Antigua, Montserral, St. Christo-
pher, Nevis, Dominica, and the Virgin Islands, were imitcd as one Eederal Colony in kS;i. by
Act of Imperial Parliament.
(i). Untigua.— ihe co r.t
%tt^ fc./e^r ^^ ''"^ J'-land is indentec and
/^^ ^^^^^(v^\- ^j^^.^ Exports : sugar cotton,
■'f~)^ Af' rum, and niolassf
ChiLi Towns. - St. John,
the capital, I almoiithy and
Parham.
Barbuda, a fertile island,
; : /:-uc::r; grain, cotton, and
' >uacco, is a dependency of
Antigmi
surface are mountainou^ ; the
ANTIGUA
SETTLED IN 1632.
*^ file'* T
^^^^ tV^"^ Oir^i'^j f(fi rxx-vx\. The interior i . rich
^^^^^^^-'^'^ '■^0^'^^'* x-^^'dl. '^"'^ fLTtilc. The climate is
(2). Monlserrat
remainder is fertile
an o\al-si^pcd i-^land. Two-thirds of tl;
Exixjrts : sugar, rum, tamarinds, and arrowroot.
Chief Town.— Plymouth.
HARVESTING MtiAR CANE.
(,;). St. Vincent, discovered by Columbus on the festival of .'^t. Vincent, is a hundred miles
west i.f Marbadoes. A ridge of well-wnoded hills runs north and south throut.;li the island.
Soutfricre, a volcanic mountain, is 3000 feet high, with a crater three miles in circuit and
00 feet deep. The valleys are fertile, and the climate is humid. The exuorts are sugar,
.nolasses, arrowroot, rum, cocoa, and cotton.
Some of the Grenadines, of which Betpiia is the largest, are dependencies.
(4 ). Grenada, north-west of Tobago, is a k-auliful oblong island. The interior, traversed by
volcanic mountains (some of them 3000 feet high), is rugged and picturcMpie. In tlie centre
is a circi:''vr Kike, 1700 feet al»ve sca-levtl, and enclosed by lofty mountains. Strcinis are
numerous. Exports: sui;ar, rum, and cocoa.
Sfuue of the (Irenadines, of which Carriacou is the largest, are dependencies.
St. Georgetown is the capital.
J
t
I
L
hI miles
e island.
ciiit and
e suyar,
crscd by j
c crntre \
iins are <
„i
T
J
I
I
(S*. Tobago, twcntv-fipur iiiilcs iic.rlli-iMst iif Iniii.Ii,! i. •, n„. I T^'^T^'^^^"^
inuhisM^, and iiiiii. . i..»|p"ji
sii",ir,
8Cur!M>'<iUflli !•, Ihc t.i|iiial.
\.
TmNIDAD „ j_
nyio' i^m
R CAI.FRA
X
COCOS Br
'Mayero B.
'r Caleola
K'). Trinidad, next to
Jamaii-a, is ilic most im-
piirtaiit iif ||,c iJiitish
West India Islands. It
lii's liciwci-n 'I'liliajjci and
llie nnith-cast coast of
VoiK/iicIa, at the ninuih
"f Iho (;ulf (if Paria, and
iippositf the ndtthcrn
miMitlis (,f tlie (IrinciLo
Uivcr. Thi- island was
(llsciivcrcd by C.liimhns,
in his third vii\ ii;e, who
landed lure in 1.19S, an<l
was named liy him after
llu- Holy Trinity, hecansc,
having hccn in prcat dan-
'- '":"1" ^' -w 1„ Hive .hat nan.e to ,l„. first land he sh.mM\l'il;Vr!'''7ris thmu
' '""" '';:'« •"" "S -'- 1- ,«i.l. three Ion, prom.mt.ries, Fnun
^. lliy ... niaKnifitent. The mounlan.s, some jooo feet hi^h, rnn east and west
Ihe r.vers arc lar«e. In the sonth-west of the Island ,:,ere ate hnhl, 1 , ,
petrolc , m, th( other I„lnmen. ( )„ the west side there ,s an asphaltnm or „ileh 1 >ke
""c and a l.alf tniles in elrenit, and ,So feet above the .sea.' ' li ,a i, tt'
;;;"r ; ::,:" - '-''- -" "-'- ^'-'^-^- ^-^^ -.'-- a^e ..i i:;
Port or Spain, the eapital, is one of the fines, towns in the West Indies. The
''■''' ■' ' "" "'""' •""' "^■^' '■™^'" =>^^' K"-«l ^..ul are plentifnlly stocke.l withfish
THE
BERMUDA
ISLANDS
:ettled in 1611.
1
^„^j5EuliaS TOWN
SCEomES^:^.
'""X^KTC^:,
"OMItVLEr
TUB BANANA.
5. The Bermudas, or
Somers I.sland.s, are a clus-
ter of coralline island.s,
about 500 In ninnlier, and
of very fantastic shapes, in
the North .Atlantic Ocean,
600 miles from .South Car-
olina. They were named
respectively after Juan
Hermudez, a .Spaniard,
who first sighted them in
1527, and from Sir Ccorge
Somers, an Knglishman,
whose shipwreck here in
1609 was the Immediate
occrsion of their being
colonized from Virginia.
They are almost sur-
rounded by coral reefs,
the only ones in the Cen-
tral .Atlantic and the most
northerly ones on the
gh)bc. The chief e.xports
are potatoes, tomatoes,
bananas, onitins, anil ar-
row-root.
Hamilton, the capital,
is on Long Island, the
rriniipal island.
Clniii;,tinrn,on St.Gccirsc's '
Island, is fortified. ;
Ireland IslanrI h.is extcii- '
.sivc dockyart's, .ind Doaz, I
convict prisons. i
li
I i
'< 04
IVJiST INDIA ISLANDS.
S/'.l.\/.S// wh
Ana, li.»7«~|U'io mil.-, "i "lu.'
ST /.\n/.i
til A Hiu.irs III all
— : — I—
ISLANPS.
DUTCH WEST INDIA ISLANDS.
Arr.i. ir>S Kiuaic luilcii, i.r ,il>oiit a fcnuiri: iil i>) mill-'.
I Thm lllindt lie In the n..rlli aivl «onlh p,Ktn ..f ll..> CariblKan Sr.i. Thpy are W
M.,rl,„ (u, ,urt), .s-...*.i, .SV. liusUtlius, L,„ A',.,/..^', i*.«-« /'.V', C«--.i(W, an.l Or«/'...
t St Marllll, m<\ tl<c nciRhborinn W«t» of Saba an.l St. F.u»Uliu«, arc at the nyrll.
„„..,',.. tl-.. I ..-..r.l M..n.U, ra,t o( Porto Uk". Tl.e Dutch own Ih. io-ithcrn j.art of SI.
Martin. It i* «!«■,, ao.l rocky. Tho chief c«iH.rts are Roat», hogs, poultry, sufjar, an.l rnllon.
3 Lot ROQUM, Bum »»Tt, Curaeoa, .>m,I Oruka ..re olf il»- South American coast. Th, v .-rr
lHlh:,.,tlo.r tb, , i.o. 1 I^.■(.■^,...t, ar. mU. limU-r, Inm-juic. .och,„.-.,l, .o.,l
(run. ltV//;,,"/..r,;.//, ihu (..|.il,il o( th,' nvoup, i'. .. place ol conM,l,-r..lile tr.uh-,
IM)r.I'l'.NDF.NT.—IIA YTI. OR SAN DOMIXCO.
||.,v,„ (r...n *,..W/. IorI. UiuI. Ar.... >9.V, „,"■>"• '"il'-. '" '■•l'"' >" ■> ■"l"''"' "' '" ''"'•'^'
I'l'ltuiatlou, Hoo.tno.
CITV or 11AV\NX. IIIIA tArir.M OK TIMI I'ANI'ill WF-T CNOIA ISLANDS,
I. Noted for. -Cuba, ..ill.-.l Ihe " Oucrn of the Anlillcs," i» notc.l lor bcio;.; th.' l.irx>'>l ol j
the WVst Imlia M.vn.K, .o>il for its fertility.
J. Poilllon.-The W.iii.l of CiiIm, the most imiHirt-mt of 'h Wrvl In^li.v -.irour, Is silu.il.'.l
,ilh of Klori.U ill the rnilfcl St.Uos, l>ctw<-en Iho ti,.rlhcrnmosl (..irt ..( Yucatan aii.l
to ll-.i
in hriMcllh.
tlu' westirnioosl jxiint of Uayti. It is aiioul 700 mil,-, hm- .iii,l .,l»'ol :-^
3 Pt-mlcal Featur«l.-A ui,mut.,iii ran^e runs ,,1,.U'.; th.- M.liul , f Culu, ,livi,lin^ it into
North .ool .--..ulh Col .,. •rlu- C.i.io, th- l.o--,-~t ,;>,-r in th,- isl.nul, Hows r • m-les from th,'
Copi',', Mo.inl.uns. The vall.->s ,in,l plains ,.1 l!,,- no.lh.'in pan a.,' r„h an,l 1,-itil,'. thief
|.r,«lucts : sui;,»r, coffee, tolacco, Ir.^pical fruits, iuaho;.ai.y, .o.,l copp,-, . 1 he rivers .oul co.ut.
Iboiind with rtsh, and turtles frequent the shallows.
4 Cities. -Havana ui" >' '.. //,..'..«.. uhe harh,,,), the rapit.rl. Is .uhmmWv sit„,ueH on ih.-
,„„„,.»-,.>. coa,. of f.,lM. ao,l ,, ,1 Pla.e ol K„'a. .cnnKrcial hnporUnc,'. ll, h-uhor ,, one of
,lK l«-M in Amen, a. Th,' .'otran.,- 10 it is lhro„sh a nar.-w 1'a.saKc ha f a lu.le !,.„«. A , r.,n«.y ,
forlil-u-.l castle Buar,ls eillu', ,i,l,' ,-( Ihc entrao,-... The (-..Ih^h..', ll-e f.ov.rnor (..-neral , I alace, |
,l„. l'o,l niTic,-, an,l the Ar„-nal are the p.inci|.al .'.lilue,. A railway connects the a,l|at,„
,.,„,„. The ren,ai„s .,( folun,h„s „h.. .lie.l in .y- .0 Vall.nloli,! (S,,a,n> as,-,l ;o. «,r.' r.-,n,.«-.l
in ■.„., fn,m Seville ^Spa,„^ ,0 San l.,.,nn,«o tllavO>, in ,s,-„ „. lla.ana, ami o, .*.o ,0 a cm.-t.'.v
ne-ir that city.
.lAi.-.ins." (Ji'.'««'\ on the north coisl. is an important s,-apo,-.
S.iHU.tg<. t.lo.--> is the vhief port on the ',o„lh..-aM , .-a-l.
rnHi.l.til, o" ih,- south i-o\sl, has a i;oo,l halhor.
f'tifrf,. Pr.'r V l.ri,>Kio^ is an imiMut.it,t inlalul I
rn \ur:'il,ts ihe norlli coast.
the Isle of Pines, t- the south. h.-.onRs i„ luha.
5, Porto Rico uich p.',l>. a hcauflnl i.lao.l. «,.h a l\ne elim.t.e ..n.l l.'rille so;l
I, was ,li..,.'v,r.-,l I'v tV.innhus .lurloK Ins s, cnnl vov.t;:e n, ihr var ,,.,.,a„.l ,s a
II lies hetvvTcn ihe Isl.rml , f llavo an,l Ihc VivBO, IslaixK,
San Juan ,n,lo.>\ on the north t.nst, is ,!',• capital.
Tho islan.l of CM.- r /-........ce /.<.■..„,/. in tin' VoRin Broiip, heloilRs I" I'-no U„".
It i
T,.-,t,-,l hv a railioi.l «oh its |"-it-
oli-H I.T Its
aKii.,1
.Irpemtenvv of C'lll'.'
-;
FREXCn IVF.sr /x/^/.t /s/axiks.
Aroa, mil sipiar,- iniU"-. -r ,-,pial to a Mpiau- .'( V miles.
I Guailaloupa lies s.mth of Anti^^ua. It is ,livi,l,-.l In- a str.tit into ,„„ isl.-.n.'s. .■.,lli-,l
(;..,„,/. /•,-„.■ an,l Dns.„- T.-ru: Ilasse Terre isvol.-.inic, ami contains ,h.' I'oin.n, t.ioutuam
of Sou^Tri^re, clo.S feet hijh. llrainle Terre is of coral formation, ..n,l ,s hss l,rt 1, .
U.,ne C.,il.u,t.: Us S.,„,f.s. /Vwr.../.-, a.ul ,.,r1 of Ihc islanil ,'1 -SV. .U..."". >" Hu' n..rtl„
are .k'prn.lencies. Chief e-ciwrts : sii'^ar. coffee, cocoa, ami si'.ces.
Baue Terre is the cpilal. /•,•».•.•,•./•..-.. is the chief town in t^amle Ti-rre.
a, MartlnllO. is separate,! from ,o,a.lal,n.pe hv Pominic.. 1. ';;'«^^;- ■"';' ':,;;".;;:^;;:
,,„ ,„,,, In--. The interi.u is w,-ll woo,le,l. an,l. where level, is lert.le. 1 he ,h,.-l .xporls are
sii'^ar an,l colli'C.
r.irl A'iM-.i/ is Ihe milit.try capital.
^^ ri:-r.r is th,' prin,--pal pl-tce ol tra.le, 1. is the hirlhplace of Insephin,-, the hrsl K mpress
of NaiKilctMi !.
3. St. BartHolomew I„s Ivtw,-.,, m. Martin a„.l lUrbn.la. U is hillv. fhe evports at,'
cotton an,l sail. I'lie eapit.il is Gustavla.
IKlXlSH U/:sr iXDiJ I'SFAXPS.
: Ar,-a, 101 s,iuare mi'a's. or lu-arlv a square of , , miles.
i I Santa Cm is the br.es. of the Danish Virgin Islands. ;rhe nortlo-rn pir. . h,lK, but
; the interior is l!.tt. The chi.'f rr">l"ets .ire su-ar and cotton.
i ^, T:..„.u and S,. r..^" are two islamls .0 the north of S.mta Cru.. 1 hev are r- , .v aiM
\ irres-dar, ?t. Thomas,' the capital, is an i,„,v,rtant mad-pacl;ot station.
{ :. Chrisllanstailt is the capil.il , f the ^r.^.p.
1,AV OK J.AMANA.
Position ittC.-Th,- Islan.l of ll.tvti, or San Domin,o, was cdle,l In- Columbus //.--/.-mV/.r,
,-r I itiio -'p'>i". 1' 'i'- '»•'«■"■" '■-"'" Ki"-'""" "'''■■'' " '" '^'i'''"'"' ' ■■ ;'"', y'"-; '';
s.,.,' - , n th,' i-asl, ami Iam..iea ami Cuba on the west. The channel betweet, the l.t.ter Islaml
and I lavti is ,l,.„ominale,l bv seamen Ih,' I Vh„h,H,nl /'„....,w,-,and ,s alxsut ;/, miles wi.le. The
n Hives al th.' time of the .liseoverv of the islan,! were of the Caribbean race, but they were sub-
i,i,;ate,l bv the Spaniards, in t ,.,-„ who R.tve it the name of San Doimn.,0. In .6,.-. the
islan.l was .iivi,l,.,l into two p.irls, K'tween I-'rance and .s.uin ; that which ,s now properlv .,„d
strictiv callcl //,„/,, .iml //,../.."-,./„, the former comprelu'iulins the Fcnch ,liv,s,on an,l the
l,,„crthe Spanish. In .70., .be slav,', in the western, or French, part of the isl.,nd rose and
,„.,.sacre., he whites. In tS,-,, it became an In,lepen,lcnt Kepubbc and slavery «-.ts als. .shed
1„ ,S., ,, a secoml in,lepen.lent Ne,ro Republic was cstaMishe.l, in the eastern, . r Sp.,nis li, pat-
of ih' island, iin.ler th,' name of Dominica ; but in iSf.t the Dominican Kepubhc pl,.c.'.l itself
under the protectiim of Spain.
Physical Features, -I-bc^e are two ,reat chain, of mountaitr, which s.relch from east t,,
vv.-s, an,l (p-in tlu'se numerous spurs branch out. There .ire als„ imm,-nso plains calk.l A-
i /./„,;„.,, which occupy nearly a sixth part of the islan.l. The rivers ,a,.- numerous, an.l tlu're
are l.uny e„ellcnt K.vs and l,arl«-rs. The »oil is very pro,l..c.ive, an.l the flora is v.r es,.. -
! Mve The island is ,hslinquishe,l for its mine, of Rold and silver, copp,'r an.l ir-n, M.diogany
I is a staple export. Snjar, cotton, coffee. tob.acco, and cocoa are its chief exports.
Port au. Prince (^r-^""!, the capital ,.f Uayti, is situated on the Hav of Conaivcs,
i (,.-/.• /Am-.';,-.; (l3,ooo), ,m the mirth coast, is an important town.
1 y.umfl is im the south roast,
! Sat, Oomlngo (.;.oonV on the south coast, was founded bv the Pp.aniar,ls in ,.,05. a"' '"'>v
i K- . msid^-'l tlu' lirst nn,l ,d,les. I'-.tiropean settlement in ,h,' West Indies. 1 he port, thoush
„nb lit f.ir small vessels, is convenient ami safe.
■ S.mlmi.' (13,000), and .V,„;r,r.„t, on the north coast, are imp,.rtant ports. II
am.ina is'one of the tinest natural harliors in Ihc world.
I!a
VEXF./rFJ.AX isi.Axns.
Margarita, Tortuga, Orchllla, Blangullb, an.l ih- islet ,.f Testigos f.'im .he state ,-f Nueva
I';s,urt' tie ,"."• st...t,.s of Vene.iola. Ascuncion is the ,apit.ll. Si,e of islan.ls, ateut a
"'" Mlirii.i'vis'fornurlv ceh-brated f,,r its pcail-ovster tisherv. It li,s northward ..f Cumana.
Tortufja lies sixty miles west of Margarita.
n
; Ia,p,
; si'tii,'
! s,>iii:i
; l.at.)
; 5-
"11'
rf Nu(»va \
s, a!xmt a |
f Cumana. [
^^^-^-'
T
^•W«.«MI»
fi->*T':-^ffm *#i(P#^ 5
-p—
I)AX/S/f A.\rF.RICA-FRE,SCH NORTH AMHRICA.
DANISH AMERICA.
Arri, ^tf],*oo Kquari! mil.-, ..r cqii.il In .1 »<|ii.iri- i.( 7i)<) mile»
Extent. -Danish America crimpriscM i;r,;nl,iii,t {in |i,iii). /,,/,(«,/. and .siuiu-
■ill 1 li 1 i^l.iiul. lyiii;; .iliiny their ciiasls.
(;a-/:/:x/..ix/).
Sc( c.illwl from tile Krt'fii i
.ilicMil r«..,..«.s,,u
!-li"i.-,«lH.nfl. .l.hM,,v,.r,-,l, v.D.gSf,. Au.l, proMilv
i'i|".il 1,. .1 sq.i.ii f .,( 775 niili-s. I'„,,i,laii..ii, ,,.*«,
I. Noted For. -Greenland i. .hiciy „ I f,„. i,. ,iiscove,v in- ila- r.cl:.„,K.rs
cxplou,! |,y l.r..l.,.shL.r, Davis ami lialiin i.i I5;(-, i,, iCM,.
2 Pasltlon and Physical Features.-ri.is ,.,,: .• f,-,,, ,„, „,„„, ,, , „,„,
M. ,,l,an,l ,,,,,-. .cas, l,v .hc Aa.ic Occaa; „„,he .„„ul, .ast ami .o.uh l,v
lu. Atlantic ; ami ,m tlic: wos. I,y Davis Strait. Ilafrin's liay, an.l Kauicclv Channel.
Is., ve«i,,n of niikiiown extent ,u,rtl„vanls. S„„,e ,e,.ir.l it as a cliis.e, of islands
joine.l ,„,,ctlK.r l,v lee. 1 he ii„«i„r has not hecn exg.Io.ed. .\lon« the coast the
""I '".kv. lowards the eastern shore. Monnt IVtennaiii,
snifaee is inoiiiit.iiiu
anil
1 the height r.f ii,.|jo feet.
I'ai'e l--.ireivell is the southern e.vtreitiitv.
;..... ....lyn. i„„....,„s .:,h a, st a,, the ;::^:rz ^r;;;;,.:;;:r : :;■ !
:r;:rc::^is::;:er;^.::;r;:-^^^^^
S., cillcl (r,i,„ ii, icy c„I,ln«.. It i, ,„m,.lim« conudereJ a. bdunBinu to Kum,w. Arf.i, ,,^„
><|U.iri- milea, or equal tu a aquarc ..( !.« mil«. PopuLllion, 7j,,).x,.
1. Noted For— IcelaiMi l» noted for its eight active volcanoes, chief amoim which
H the celehrate.l .Monnt Ilccla (s.Mofeet), which has been a Imrning n.oiimaiii since
the year 1106. Ahoiit thirty volcanoes have hecn iliscovered o,. the island. It i.s
also noted for its wonderful geysers and the niiinher of it.4 hoiling springs.
2. Position.— This island is sitn.ited on the verge of the Arctic ocean. It is
distant from the colonized part of (Mceiiland 166 miles, from the Keroc Isles, 2JO
miles, and from Drontheim In Norw.iy jjo miles. It was discovcre<l about A. I)
.S(« l,y a Norwegian pirate, ramd Nadohr, who was acci<lentallv driven .m the
co.ist while on a voyage to tl.e Keroe Island.. The counlrv was colonized In the
\e.ir .S7.t liy the Norwet-ians, and was transfcrre.l to Denmark in the year IiSi.
3. Physical Features.— Ihe snrf.ice Is mountainous. The highest monntalns,
-ome of them reaihing an
elevation of 6000 feet, are on
ill,- east and west sides of the
i.lanil. The climate Is variable,
.iiul violent storms are fre-
'iuent. The longest period of
icintinnoiis daylight in slim-
mer, and of darkness in winter,
is about 160 hours cacli. The
aiirora-borealls is here seen
in all Its brilliance and gran-
.leiir.
The coast, which is rcmark-
alile for numerous rugged
snow-pe.ikcd nioiintains, is
deeply indented with liords or
inlets.
4. Productl.— No trccs,;;ri,won
tlic islaiel but the birch, wliic'i
bar.ly wilhstanils the rigor i.f t!ie
wint.r ; its growth bcin,' very
.-,..,.,. , . limi'wl.rarclvc.vcuedini! more than
, or 6 feet ,„ l,e,,l„ ; ., f,.v s.,.„,..,I shrubs and .-> nieclieiiial moss are met with ; orclitarv .arden
^e,et.abl , ,row in a hun.lance. Domestic animals are numerous, the eider.liick and fish are i
ab indan. .■ ,„„n, the mincr.d productions arc oolite, cbsidian, nial.ichites, Uvsalts, cry tX :
agates, a kind „. petrilied w I, which supplies the place of coal, and vitriol and iron. \
6. Tlie Natural Curioslllei are the volcanoes, and the celebrated Geysers, or lx,ilin, springs, i
i !
THB tiBVSBRS, o» BlIlM.VO SPKINGS, IN ICBUND.
which aboun.l in tlio w.sterii part of the iskind.'
inei!;J*"e't!'lTrT "V' "'" ■^™"'""'^"'^" "^■- The cMin,, or council of twenlvsix
Dennuirk. '" ' "'' '""'' "' """'""'■ '''" '''"""""" " ^"P"'"'^"' "■• "^ '^■"' "'
Mciim OF TK.\VHLl.m(l AMONi; TUB libKHD.s.
4. Dlyi3ll)l„.--Sreeitlai.ll is divi.kd, by the Coth parallel, into a Vorlh.rp a.>d - ^ee.i-.-
;,•■,);;;,',;'":, ' ;'"■"- "■; f;"\''''' "" "'*• ■^'■""l. *» 'l-^- ^pltal ot X„r,hern, and
.1 !' nt's V '^ • "T" ; '^ """• "^ ""■ •'"""'"" ■-P-">-""- ■'•!.<= oll-cr chief
sc 1 iiunts an 7„„„„.,vl,,„/,, the pr,ncip.d statiim in Greenland, atul /-V.v/.rW-./,,,,,^, i„ „,e
"1. ,/Av, „/,„,', ,|,e eh.el nii.ssion station, «,■/,//„„.</,„„/., ,„ul r/,„„„v^. (;;•. „' \
'...t.), the most northerly alvnle of eivili.d man. These settlements are all on the w.-Vt coast.
5. Jan Meyen, a desol.Ue islan.l, lies e.ist of ilreeiil.m.l.
-r..\V\ o|- KIOKI.WIK.
obsJ;. "or??; T "''''■;' "' 'm''-""'' " ' ""^'" '""•" ™ "'" ^"""'■"■"' "••'^'- " "n'^i"' -.
FUEATH XORTir A.V7-R/CA.
.Siie. eqiul lo .\ s(|uare . f 10 niil.-s.
1. Noted For.-French North America is noted for its extensive exoortat^on
Ot tiliCu .->.l]t (i^Il, '
2. Extent and Position.-It is composed of -he small fishing islands of .]//,,„,./„„
including /.,„v/,.,. peninsula, and .SV. JWrr,, which lie off the south coa.st of Xew-
foundland ; on a part of which coast the French have, by treaty, a right to salt or
Chlel Town.-St. Plem, on .'^t. Pierre Island; the surface is rocky and vegetation scanty.
II
I
.M
1 i
f!
PART III.
SOUTH AMERICA
South America is noted for its compactness, and its \inbrol<en line of sea coast ; its
of its tropical productions; and
1. Boundaries.— Soutii America is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea ;
on the nortlveast and east by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by tlie Antarctic
Ocean ; and on the west by the Pacific Ocean and Central America.
2. Form.— South America consists of a large triangular shaped portion of land,
one side facing north-east, one south-east, and the third, west.
3. Position.— It extends from 12' 2S' N. Lat. to 55° cf S. Lat., and from -tc" -o'
to ■if W. Long. ^^ '
4. Extreme Points.— North, Point Gallims (N. Lat. 12° 28'); South, C<;/<-
FrcnvarJ (S. La'. 53" 53'); Last, Pomt Branca ( \V. Long. 34° 30') ; West, Cape
Parina (W. Long. 81" 25').
7. Political Divisions of Soutli America.
magnificent mountain ranges and noble rivers; its v.iluable timber; the profusion
its silver and diamond mines.
5. Extent.— (<i.) Its extreme length from north to south is about 4600 miles,
and its extreme breadth, about 3200 miles. Its breadth at the etjuator is 2100 miles,
and at Buenos Ayres y^o miles, (h.) The area of South America is about 7,187,500
square miles, i -84 times that of Europe, or equal to a square of 26S3 miles, about
three-fourths of which lies between the tropics and the other fourth in the temperate
zone, (c.) The coast line is estimated at about 12,000 miles, or i mile of coast
for 600 square miles of surface; upon the eastern coast are the three great
rivers, the Orinoco, the Amazon, and the La Plata ; on the northern coast are the
Caribbean Sea and the Leeward Islands, a portion of the West Indian group;
and on the western are the Andes mountains, ranging from Panama to the Straits
of M.igellan.
6. Population. — The estimated [jopulation amounts to about 28,000,000.
1. IJnifod Stiitcs of Columbia,. ,
2. Venezuela
3. Hriti.sh Guian.i,.
4. Dutch Oni:Mi:i
5. French Guiana
6. Brazil
7. Ecuador
8. Peru
9. Bolivia
10. Chili ;,..
11, ArKcntino Kcpublic
\'l. I'araKuay
13. L'rugua.v.
14, Falkland Isles .and S, (Georgia.
Foitioii.
In the North-West of South America,.
East of United Stiites of Columbia
East of Venezuela,
Fjist of British Guinna
East of Dutdi Gni.ina
In the East of South America
Foutli of United States of Columbia ...
South of Ecuador
South of Peru
Smith of Bolivia
Ea.st of Chili
Nortli-East of .\rgontiiie Republic
Ea.st of .Vriieiitine liepublic
East of Ticrra del Fiie.i,'o
Area in
Cngliah aq.
uiileg.
Population
(about)
S20,7riO
4;i<i,ooo
85,400
4(1,100
4(),K00
3,21iO,0(K)
24H,00O
50.1,400
500, '.KM
124,100
1, 178,(100
02,000
72,200
U,50ti
11,000,000
1,WI0,(X)0
240,000
70,0(X)
27,000
11.047,500
1,150,(X)0
;),050,0(K)
2,.S25,000
2.."00,000
2,40O,O(X)
SOO.OOO
450,000
1,300
Cipilal.
Long. W
Bogota
Caracas
GeorgeU)wii.,
Paramaribn. ,.
Cayenne
liio Janeiro,,,.
Ciuito
Lima
( Intro
Santiago
Bneno.-i Ayres
Artun(,'i(jn
M(mte Video.
Stanley
4°4;i' x.
1II^2S' N.
(;°4(i' N,
504I)' N.
4040' N.
220.57' S,
()<-'i;t' S.
12° :\' S,
17055' S.
33022' S.
;Mo;)5/ s
2,50:1(1' S.
;i40.r,4/ s.
51°41' S.
74012'
();° 2'
,5.SO ,S'
.520 1,S'
4:iO07'
"S°2:i'
77° 0'
117024'
70o:W'
.5t)022'
57o;m)'
.511° 15/
5705I'
Where Situated.
Kiver San Francisco. .
Near North Coast, . . .
River Domerara
Kiver i^urinani
Ca\ciiiie Island
Kii,~t (■iiast
River Ksiiicialdas, . . ,
River Riiiiac
Xoitli ipf Lake I'lioix)
River Maviioclici
Rio dela Plata
Ri\er Paraguav
Rio de la Plati".
East Falkland Island.,
Pupiitation
Cii|iital.
50,000
50,(X)0
37,000
25,(X)0
8,(XH)
275,000
80,000
100,IXX)
«.(XX)
1,5(1.000
20II.(KX)
2(1, (KX)
'•1,000
;ioo
8. Physical Coast Features.
I. In the Caribbean Sea.
(i.) Islands.— 0</-,(,v,;, y5«,-« Ayre, Tortiiga, Margarita, mA Trinidad, all north
of Venezuela.
(2.) Peninsulas.- (^m.yVra, north of Columbia ; Paragiiana, north-west of Vene-
zuela ; Paria, north of Venezuela.
(3.) Capes.— /'.)/>!/' Gallinas, nortli-east of Columbia, the northernmost point of
South America ; Cape P.iri.i, at the entrance to the C.nlf of Paria.
cum; morn.
(4) Gulfs and i&yt.—Gtil/ n/ Darien, north of Columbia; Gulf of Paria.
north of \eneziiela; Gulf of Venezuela, between Columbia and Venezuela; to the
south of this gulf is the lagoon of Maraca^yia ; Bay of Guattmaia, to the uortli of
Panama.
II. In the Atlantic Ocean.
(i.) Islands.— .1/r;ra/(i or Joannes, and Cavianna Islands at the mouth of the
Amazon. The Falkland Islands, a group of ,wo large (East Falkland and West
Falkland) and about 200 small islands, about 300 miles east of Soutliern Patagonia ;
South Georgia, a barren region with high snow-clad mountains, about 1000 miles
south-east nf Patagonia. The archipelago of Tierra del Fnego lies off the south
coast of Patagonia, from which it is separated liy the Strait of M.igellan. The most
soutliern island of the group is J/orn Is/and, and the most eastern Statcn Island.
In the large island, named Eastern Tierra del Fnego, there are several volcanoes,—
whence the name Land of Fir-j. The other principal islands of the group are
Clarence, Iloste, and A'ararin.
(2.) Peninsula.— .S'<i» Josef ur Valdes, on the east side of Patagonia.
(3.) Capes.— f.i/i' Orange, at tlie mouth of the Oyapok River in llra/il : Cal>o de
A'orte (North Capt), at the mouth of the Amazon; C.;/<- St. Koque, north-east of
Brazil : Cape liranco, the most eastern point of South America : Cape San Thome
aid Cape Frio, east (jf Brazil : Cape Santa Maria, east of Uruguay: Cape San
Ani,.nio and Cape Corrienles (Ca\k of Currents), east of Buenos Ayres: Cape Tres
/'««/,«, cast of Patagonia : Cape I'in^ins, i\l the eastern entrance to the Strait of
Magellan : ('■;/,• .S',;« Ihego, at the eastern entrance to the Strait of I.e .\Iaire : Cafe
Horn, on Horn Island, the most southern point of the New World,
(4.) Gulfs and ^«i%.— Estuary ,f the Amazon ami Kia Para, iinrtli of Brazil:
All Saints l!a\, in Balr'a : Hay of A'io de Janeiro, east of the pro\ ince of Rio de
Jane^r.i • laie of Patos, in Rio (Jrande de Sul : F.stnary o/' the A'io de la Plata,
between Uruguay and La Plata: liahia /!lanca,\\\ Buenos Avres; Gulfs of San
A. alias and St George, cast of Patagonia.
(5.) Straits.— .SO-.i// 1/ yl/;,!,','//,;//, between Pat.agonia and Tierra del Fucgo :
Strait of I.e Moire, lictwecn Tierra del Fiiego ami Stateu Island.
III. In the Pacific Ocean.
(l.) Islands.— The Galapagos, or Turtle l.dands, thirteen in number, lie 700 miles
west of Ecuador, to which State they belong. They are of volcanic origin, generally
barren, and umnh.djitcd. They are frecpienleii by turldises of inunensc size, wlience
the name Turtle Islands. Albemarle Island :iiid /ndcfil.'g-lile Island :ire the largest,
Two nthers are named James Island and Charles Island, after kings of the Stuart
lim. The Chineha Islinds, west of Peru, are a sm.ill ,eroiip crvered with a rich
deposit of e.vcelleiit guano. Juan Fernan.lcz lies about 400 iiiilos west of Chili,
-„-,<
f
profusion
4600 miles,
2100 miles,
It 7.187.500
liles, about
■ temperate
le of coast
liree great
ast are the
ian group ;
the Straits
PopiilalifMl /
Coi"ilal. [
50.000 j
50,000 \
;)7,ooo J
25,000 !
8,0(X) ;
273,000 !
80,000
100,000 I
K.OOO !
mum 1
•joi 1.000 <
2(1, (KX) i
'•1,000 i
yoo
1th of the
and West
'.itagonia ;
000 miles
the south
The most
c'll hhlttti.
Icanoe.s, —
;roup are
ih-easl of
in 7/it'mt'
Oi/i' .Sijii
Ca^e Tfi's
.Strait iif
ire r r,;A-
if Brazil:
>f Kio tie
U r/,il.u
•fs of San
I Kuego : J
700 miles \
generally j
e, whence ' ,
e largest, ', i
he .Stuart
th a rich
of Chili,
r
1
I
[I
11
n
hi
68
SOUTH AMERICA.
to which it belongs. It is iS miles in length, and is of volcanic formation. It is
celebrated as the solitary residence, for four years, of Alexander Selkirk, whose
adventures suggested to Defoe the well known tale of Robinson Crusoe. Chiloe,
Chouos Archipelago^ Wellington^ Mmire tie Dioi AnhipdagOy and Desolation /.ami in
the Tierra del Fuego Archipelago, west of Tatagonia.
(2) Peninsula.— /\'«/«j//Az */ 7res Motttes, west of Patagonia.
(3) Capes. — Cape San /''fuunriseo, \\c-a\. of Kcuador ; Cape Blanco^ Cape Agnja,
and Cape Parina^ the most western point of South America, all north-west of Peru ;
Cape Pillar, at the western entrance to the Strait of Magellan ; Cape Frowardy the
most southern point of the mainland of South America.
(4.) Gulfs and Bays.— ^<y of Panama, west of Columbia; Gulf of Guayaquil^
west of Ecuador; Gulf of Arica, west of Peru; Gulf of Penas, west of I*atagonia.
(5.) Straits. — strait of Chmoa, between Chili and Chiloe ; Strait of Magellan,
between Patagonia and Tierra del Kuego.
(6.) Isthmus. — The Isthmus of F'auama unites Central with South America, and
is now a passenger route by railway between the Atlantic and Pacilic Oceans. It is
from 30 to 70 miles in breadth, and has a mean elevation of S50 feet, but the railway
crosses it at a height of about 262 feet above the sea.
9. Physical Features of the Interior.
(I.) Mountain Systems.
The mean elevation of South America is 1152 feet. Its three great mountain
systems are: I. The System of the Andes; II. The System of Pariine ; and III. The
System of Urazil.
(--/.) The System of the Andes extends along the Pacific coast, through 65^' of
latitude, from the Isthmus of Panama to Cajjc Horn, a distance of 4500 miles, with
a breadth varying from 30 lo 500 miles, and with a mean height of 1 i,Soo feet. It
covers about one-sixth of the area of South America, and contains 2O active and 30
dormant volcanoes. The Andes are second only to the Himalayas in the vastness
of their proportions, and they possess many remarkable peculiarities. They arc for
the most part narrow relatively to their height, and rise with a ra])id slope from
the low country on either side. The origin of the name appears to be unknown.
The Andes may lie divided into five princijjal sections.
((/. ) The Andes of Quito extend through Columbia and Kcuador from the Caribbean Sea
to the muuntain Knot of Loxa in 5^' S. Lat. In Columbia they consist of three ran;jcs, which
unite in the Knot of the Paramos de las Papas (:;" 20' N Lat.). The western ran^e, the
Cordillera of Choio, which is the least in elevation, runs between tlie valley of the Rio (J.uica
and the Kio Atrato. The middle chain, tlie Cordillera of Quindiu, is the liishcst. It iims
from south to north between the Kio Caiica and tl\e Magdalena. Its highest sunnnit is the
Volcano of Toliin.'., 18,020 feet. The mean elevation of the chain exceeds 12,000 feet. The
eastern ran;;e, the Sierra de la Siima Paz, niiisnortli-cast, scjiaratiny the valley of the Mai;da-
lena from the llanos watered by the tributaries of the Orinoco and the Maranun, At alwmt
10'' N. Lat. it unites with the coast range of Venezuela (Sierra Costanera). I-'runi the
Knot of Los Pastos, south of Las Papas, a double chain extends through Kcuador ttj
the Knot of Loxa. The cross ridges of Assuay and Cliisincha divide the enclosed valley
into the Plateaus of Cuenca, La Tapia, and Ouito. In the eastern chain the principal sum-
mits are Cayambo, on the equator, I0o.^5 feet, Antisan.T, 19,137 feet; and Cotopaxi, or
more properly, Cutu-pacsi, "a brilliant mass," 18,875 feet; and in the western, Pichintlu,
" the lx)iling mountain," 15,036 feet ; and Chimborazo, 21,424 feet. In this section, the height
of the snow-line is 15,800 feet, and there are 18 volcanoes, of which in are active.
(/'.) The Andes of Peru extend in three ranges, from the Knot of Loxa to the Knot of
CuSiO, or from 5** to 15'' S. Lat. The western Cordillera is the loftiest, and forms a con-
tinuous line of summits. lietween it and the central ran'.;c is the valley of the I'pper Maranon.
The eastern range separates the valley uf the Iluallaga from that of tlio Ccayali. The K'not
ofPasio and Huanaco, 11,800 feet, alxjut 10'' S. Lat., unite the central and western ranges,
which again diverge. Nevada de Sasaguanca. north-e.isl of Lima, is i;,<)04 feet high. lU-
tween tht; western and central ranges, south of the Talile Land of Pasco, i-, the valley of tin;
Jauja, a feeder of the Apurimac. In the eastern ridge, Vilcanota, south-east uf Cusco, rises to
the height of 17,525 feet.
(1.) 'Vhc Andes of Both ia c\ic\\*\,m two great ranges, from the great mountain Knot of
Cusio to that of Potosif or from alxiut 15'' to about 21*' S. Lat., and enclose the Table Land
of Holivia. The chief sunnuits in the western chain, t>r Cord/llera of tlie <^>ast, -Are: (.'luKiui-
baniba, 21,000 feet; Arequipa, 20,320 feet; Sahama, 22,350 feet; Gualatieri, 2i,f)rio feet; and
iu the eastern chain, or G'n//V/«/(/ Keal, Sorata or .Ancuhuma (15" 30' S Lat.), .>.t,8i2 feet,
the highest summit of the Andes; Illimani, or While Mountain, 21,140 left; I'hocnlxamlMi,
17,073 feet ; and Cerro de Potosi, 16,152 feet. In this section there are 14 volcanoes, of which
three are active. The height of the snow-line is iS.ooo feet.
(./.) The Andes of Chili extend, in a single range, from 21" to 42*' S. Lat., with a hreaciUi
of alxmt 30 miles. The chief sunnuits are : .\concagua, 22,422 fr-et ; Tupungato, 22,016 feet ;
Maypu, 17,662 feet ; Chilian, 13,100 feet ; Antuco, (>2(2 feet; Villirica ; andOsorno, 7443 fee*.
The height of the snow-line in tlic south is aUuit 8600 feet.
U'.\ The Andes of Patagonia extend in a single chain from 42" .S. Lat. to the Strait ot
Magellan. Height from 3000 to Sooo feet. The chief sunnnits are: Minthinmadun, 70113
feet ; Vanteles, S030 feet ; Melimoyu, 7400 feet ; San Clemcnte ; and Stokes, 6400 feet.
In the Chilian and Patagnnian Andes there are 24 volcanoes, of which 13 are active.
Across the Str.iit of Magellan the hitdi land is continued in Tierra del Fuego. Highest
summit, Mount Darwin, (iSoo feet.
(G.) The Mountain System of Parim^ is enclosed by the Orinoco, the Kio
Negro, the Amazon, and the Atlantic Seven ranges, besides groups of mountains,
cxteiul in a direction generally from cast to west.
The principal chains are : the Sierra Imataea towards the north, Ijctwcen the tJrinoco and
the Cuyuiii; Ihc Sierras Parime and Paearima, ncAt the centre, between the tributaries of
the Orinoco and the Kio Negro ; aiul the Sierra Aearai, in the south, between the triliutiu ies
of the Amazon and the Essequibo, and separating Guiana from lirazll. Highest summits : in
the west, Duida or Vconnamari, SS23 feet, and Maravaca, 10,500 feet; and Mount Koraima,
8500 feet, in the east of the Sierra Parime.
(C.) The Mountain System of Brazil is enclosed by the Amazon, the Madeira,
the Paraguay, the Kio de la Plata, and the Atlantic, and extend from 50 tc) 25" of
south latitude, and tlieir extreme breadth may be about 1000 miles. The ranges
are of moderate heigiit, and t)ccui>y a great breadth of country, forming an irregular
plateau, l)ristled with sharj) edges nnining nearly parallel to the eastern coast. The
ranges run in a direction generally from north-east to south-west ; the principal ones
are : —
(./.) Sierras Tiin/'u and /is/'inha^^o, b;;tween the .\tlantic and the San Francisco. Highest
smnniits ^,i the latter ; Itambe, 5755 feet ; Piedade. 5S30 feet ; Itacolumi, 5750 feet.
(/'. ) The Sierra do Mar, or Coast Kani^e, south of Sierra Espinha^o, forms the south-east
edge ui the Brazilian plateau ; somewhat further ndand is a higher range, the different parts
of which have different naine^, but it is best known as the Sierra de Manticiuiera, In the
iieighljorhood if Kio de Janeiro it l)ears the name u( Sierra Orgaos [ih'^Au Mountains), in
which is the point A/orro dos Candos, 4476 feet high. The Sierra do Mar aiul the Sierra
( )rgaos are called the Brazilian .Andes.
(i .) The Sierra Tahatintja, between the San I'rancisco and the Tocantins. Towards the
north, it forks into the Sierra Ir/naos, which divides the waters of the Sim I'lancisco and the
Paranahyba, and the Sierra Mangal'eiros, which divides those of the Parani.hyba and the
TiHrantins.
t</.) The Cordillera Grande and the Sierra Santa Martha Ix'tween the Tocantins and
the Araguay.
[c.) The Sierrii Jr los Vertvntes, forming the w.Uer-parting between tlie tributiries of the
San Francisco and the Amazt)n on the north, and those of t!ie Parana and the P.iraguay on the
south, is a tr.msverse chain, extending from sixty miles south of Villarica, to near the con-
fluence of the Manuire ami Beni. Its western jiarts are named Sierra Pareieis and Cordil-
lera Geral. Its greatest height is 3500 feet.
(f) The Sierra Amamdahi, between the waters of the Parana and Paraguay.
(2.) The Plateaus.
1. The Chief Plateaus of the Andes.
{a.) The Plateau of Bogota is a plain aUmt rjooo feet above the level of the sea.
(/'.) The Plateau of Quito is 200 miles long and 30 miles wide. Its mean altitude is
10,000 feet. The city of Quito, built on the side of Pichincha, is 9534 feet aljove the levtl of
the sea. Elcvcti volcanoes are visible fnim the city.
(i.) The Plateau of Paseo, m Peru, is the highest inhabited part of the Andes. It is
about 60 miles long from north to south. It is celebrated for its silver mines. It contains
Lake Lauricocha, 14,000 feet above sea-level, one of the sources of the .Amazon.
id.) The Plateau of Bolivia, or 7\ildedand of l)esaguadero/\s 400 miles long, aiul from
30 to 00 miles wide. Its greatest height above the level of the sea is 1 2,900 feet. Its area is
estimatril at 150,000 square miles. It extends from the great knot of Vilcanota to the trans-
verse mountaii\ group of L'pez, bi:tween t!ie Cordillera of the Coast and the Bolivian Cordillera
or Cordillera Real. Lake Titicaca, the largest lake of South .\uierica, occupies the northern
part of the plateau. The lake is 12,488 feet above the sea, and h the highest navigable lake in
the world. The great salt plain called l.a Pampa de Salinas occupies the central pf)rtion of
the plateau. Its area is 3000 square miles. In the southern part of the plateau is a sterile
region, 70 nules long, called the Saltna de Ataeama or Desiertos.
(c.) The Plateau of the Chilian Andes b;;twcen 22" and 28'' S. Lat., is called the Despo*
blado .Indes, a desolate saline region between 12,000 and 1 ^,000 fectalK)ve the sea.
NoiK.— The whole of the high v.^IIcy between tlie Cordilleras of ilie I'eruviau .-\n<l Itolivi.m Andes
ii vailud. in die (^)uii)i.i l.iuKuage, the /'umu, or short respiratinti, ami hy the .S])!ini.in!s, Dfs/>ol>/ado,
or uninhahiti'd riLiimi.
2. The Chief Plateaus on the east side of the Continent.
{a.\ The Plateau of Parime extends between (kio and 700 miles from east to west. Its
height alxpve sea level does not exceed 2000 feet. It is enclosed hv the Orinoco, Kio Negro,
Ama/on, ami the Atlantic Ocean. It is crossed by seven priiu:ipal ranges of mountains.
(h.) The Plateau of Brazil \s a vast tableland n| triangular shape, enclosed by the .\niazon,
Madeira, I'araguay, La Plata, and the Atlantic Ucean, It extends aUmt 2000 miles from
east to west, and its mean elevatum is from 2500 lo 3000 feet alxive the sea. .\t the head
waters ol the Parana it forms ,i /(;»;//.?, or grassy plain.
(3.) The Plains.
(.7.) The Llanos (Spanish, level fields), or Plains of the Orinoeo, extend from
the mouth of the Orinoco to its tributary the (iiiaviare, between the Sierra
Costanera and the eastern chain uf the Colund)ian Andes to the north and west,
and the luouutuin system of Parime to the s-utth and east. Tliey occupy an area
of 160,000 square miles, and at the distance nf .^50 miles from the sea have an
elevation of only i(,2 feet. I>uring the rainy season — from .\pril to October — the
plains arc Hooded, aiul when the water has subsided Ihey become rich pastinc
grounilH ; but as (he dry season advances, they are scorched with heat, and again
become desolate sandv wastes.
(5.) The Selvas (Port, stlva, a wood), or forest-coverad plains of the Amazon
ex.e,Kl from the months of the river across the co.uine,. to the base o the A de '
Ihey vary „. breadth from 350 to Soo n.iles. Their area is estimated at ,,50! c^
the plains ,s only i jo feet. Impenetrable forests cover the country
; . he east, ■n.e average breadth of ,h,s longitudinal valley is .00 miles. It unites
; he p an,s of the An.azon and of the Kio de la Plata. The Pa,„J~. ,/. .,/, J ' ,
; vel ract n, ,,, having numerous lakes, and is supposed to be the partia 11 , r . up
; bed of a great lake. Farther south, between ,8'' antl .0" .S. La,., ar the / „ 2
swamps covered with coarse grass and rushes.
(C.) The Pampas (Quicha, fi.ins) extend from -" .S. I.at. to the Rio Necro
esiimateu at aso.ooo square miles.
The. tract of country immediately west of the upper Parnguav is called the Fl
Gra,. a,aco ora..u (an India,, name for the lair of wild lL{sl Ww e ,1^
Paragu.ayandthe Vermejo the plain is covered with woods aiul pas,, rr bu, t
ween the Vermejo and the .Salado it is a desert. To the south we t'hGn
;^piains covered for -h^.- '^/;r w^ h';!!;::^^;:;^ ^r^^^-;^-
interspersed with swamps and saline tr.icts. munensc size,
In the northern part of the Kuire kios, between the Parana an<l rr„„,..,. •
vast impa,ssable swamp, ,000 square n.iles in e.„ent, callecl ,:", L;;:^7' ''^ '^ I
(D.) The Pat„f,'o„ia» Steppe extends from the Rio Ncgr., to the Strii, of M,„pM
,,.,.,,,,., „,,„™ ,», ,...« .„ ,.,„ .; :x^c::s.:.t:^t
27 &• I-at.) It IS a rainless and l;...ren strip of land. ^
(4.) The Rivers may be arranged as follows :
I. The Caribbean System.
of ^l!::::::::c:;:i^:;:::';^:::i:^^^ " "•■- -'-. -e cdinera
II. The Atlantic System Proper.
(I.) The Orinoco rises l^.' !o' .\ i a, Tu" cr>' \v r„ 1
Of the Pariii.mountain.ain.\oomi^r;a:/oft!..s^:;:r,::;:;r^';.::^
': is^Srr^::^:.^' nrtr:;r;:5:Tt iS'V' ^^■■-
Kron, jlie month of the ,p,.. it Hows eastward to .hrAtl!; :: ':S' . ^ 'b;
bout hfty channels. The branches of ,he ,|,„a b.-giii , jo mile; from h , o
^e river, and flow norlhward from ,l,e main chanirel, which is call d h V 1
Length of basin, ,000 miles ; area of basin, .50,000 s.piare miles,
(a.) The chief tributaries of the Orinoco on the ri"ht bank ir.. il,„ I- , ■ -■
/'«™i.„„,.,„dG»„,„- fronuhePariin^niomUains. ' ' '"'"""'• '"""•"■
(*.) On ,he left kink, ,hc <;„„r,.:>y, Met.,, .in<l ..;/„,•,..
(f.) Near the suuth Isise of the I'eik of lir,i,i, fi,„ /■ • •
.... lon. w the ori.,0.0, an.. i::!:;L ::::t::, i:T:;::;i:,~t r^jr
a..";::::"r : :;::;;;:;r;:tr .:; •"; rr - - ' ^--' ■ ' ----
'"■-o '-^ - "c e,a., ^, i,ia„a::;u".,:i:r:i,::;r:, :::::::'; ""' -'"" ""^ -"-• » »
Tbe.w...,and..^..,i:::;r;-:— ^^^^
-i^^^p::Tj:z::^^^^^^ -^.-a
miles, l.ohull, jii, i„il„. . .,,... , , • •■ """^~- 'lie tide inn-iu s r^
■ •cu(,iii, 450 miles ; area ol basin, so,ooo sipiare miles
.3o':;:u':';::::::> ?^:f:i;;::: ii^iir"' "" "• «'-• '' « - — ■ «•".
■•■■-^":,i;t:r:;i:,,;::::rr:;,::;;;:,,r-^^^ ■• ^ --- '-.......
wo U bo h as re' ir'l 7 "' '"""" ^""'"' '^ ""= «-""-' "^^ "^ '"«
world, both as regar.ls volume of water and area of basin. It is over 4000 miles
"ig. In a direct line its basin measures .too miles, and has an area estimated a
, .00.000 square miles. Its navigable waters are 50,000 miles. Its ge e cour!
llie .yianti , I,, estuary ,s 200 miles lo.g and .So miles wide. The chief estuarv
Joannes or Mar. ,0 forms a secc ....ary estuary called the />/. P„r.,. The force of
he current is felt 300 miles out at .sea. The tide ascends 576 miles a u ful
n oon rushes up the channel in a succession of waves from .0 o .5 feet 1^1 1 i
phenomenon is called the /><>re. ^ ^
(^'■) The Amazon is formed by the union of the (a.) Man,fio„ and the (i.) Ueayali.
(.'.) The Maramm or Afun.nhao issues from Lake Laurichoca, on the plateau of
Peru, north of the Knot of Pasco, in about to" 30' S. Lat. and 76" " Tn, at an
elev.at,on o more than ,,,000 feet. Its chief tributaries are the .J fn.m the
north and the //„„//,,„ from the south. The Pastaza is navie l,y s' earn rs 'o
::^Z7^i:V'r ''"' ""^"■^'^^ " '°°° -"^^ ">-" ^^ rCrrii
soutn-east ot Lake Laurichoca.
■ the'fwVrr '''r\ "!"'"'"' ''^ "" ""'■"" "^ ""^ '■'^"'■'■"'"^ •^■"" ^>"A"»'>«, and is
I e headstream 0, the Amazon. At its coniluence with the .Maranon (4^ 45" S la,
fter a course o ,.,^0 miles, it is 300 feet deep. The Apurimac ris's h tL Pe r !
Wilf •-^''V'^'"'''"'" '"' '"■" '•"'"''"' '^i»'"taries, twenty of which are great rivers
\Vith Its tributaries, it affords 50,000 miles of inland navigation. It fs nav "a u
n,,n the ocean to the P.,,^, ^ ,^,„...,,,.. ,.,,,„„ ..^.^^ ^,„,, ^^::tt^
feet i;ireao,h \ 'm," fT '" " "^"" '"''^'^ '" ''"■"«'"• -" '-'^ ">''" 6°
ictt m nreai.lli. At the foot of the narrows, the river surface is i .r,. f,., f ,1 .l
sea, and the stream varies from a half to a niile in wicUh ' ' ^'""" "'
rJ:r:^rrz tr:\z:::z:^:r:tv::'-' -^ '^ ^ — ■■ '" - --
(<'.) The I'„l,„„„yo, 1000 miles, flows from the Andes of Quito
tributary of the Kio Nesro "" '"'" ""-' '"'™'^ "™'"^"'^ '' ""-■ '^'"'^f
- -- — . the .v.,,, ^iti::; j::r;;:::;; ri ir:r^ "" ^^- --
..0,.... i...i„» 11. ^,.„u.i„ . „.,: ^;:: °t;:i,;x;i',*:" '"^ '"" ""- '"" "^"■"'- ■'■"- --"'
.iu.o.:dilie:a'-:;r;:i:'':;;^^
within a short disl^nce li ^^T: '""' ""'" ""^ '"™^"" •" ^-'--'' " ^ "-'s.>ble ,0
No 1 n.-.\, .Saiu,.rom ll,.. ..\„„,jo„ U only iKly fe.t .ilmvo sw Icvd.
---" s;r;,,;;:i::;;,;£:;, --,:-:: "■ '•»■ "■ »
(./. ) The /•„,„/,■ ■ ,,,, has nuiiy head streams .south of Villal.^i or fiova- 'v-" = t at - i,
z::':r:r7i:\ ""^" " r '"^ '^--^ ^ ""-- ^'-^"^^ >• '» 'i^ ".-
^1 llic^ .ua, l.cn„l, ol b.,s,n, i.fo mile, ; area of basin, .9^,480 s,|u.are miles, \
-e of ,lK. I„r,e„ river i^UiiC, ,n .„: wodll '""" '™'"""'" "■'"■'*"'" *""" ■""' -"- i
I
s^
i
Ui
SOUTH AMERICA.
(7.) The Paranahyba flows north-north-east, and enters the Atlantic by several mouths.
l,en;;tli ot' basin, 650 miles ; area of basin, 115,200 square miles.
(8.) The San FrunciSiO rises at an elevation of 3000 feet alxive sea level in the Sierra
Canastra, and Hows north and cast througli a luni; valley of an aveniije width of 150 miles. It
is the Ixmndary line between the provinces of liahia and Pernanibuco. In its course there are
many rapids. Leni^th of basin, yoo miles; area of basin, 187,200 square miles.
(9.) 'I1u- Parana, formed by the union of the Parannhyha antl the Rio Gramif,
rises in ISra/il. It flows south-west and west, fi-nnini; ilie eastern and southern
bimiidaries of Paraguay. At Corrientes it turns in a southern direction, and after
passing Santa K-, flows south-east to its estuary, the Rio Uc la Plata. Length,
2400 miles; area of basin, 1,200,000 square miles. Navigable waters, 20,000 miles.
NoTii.— The esluary of the La PUla is jSo miles long, and at its cniraiice 130 miles wide.
(.'/.) The chief tributary of the Parana on its left bank is the Uruguay.
((/.} The Uruguay^ so called from the turbulence of its waters, rises in the Siena
do Mar, in Hrazil, about 75 miles from the ,\tlantie. It flows west and south,
forming the boundary between tlie province of Kio Grande do Snl and tlie State of
Urui^uay on tlie east, and the Argentine departments of Corrientcs and I-'.ntre Kios
on the west, and joins the Parana at the head of the La Plata, after a course of about
1000 miles. It is navigable to the Salto (Irande, the last great fall in its course,
about 200 mues from its mouth. Its chief atfluenls are the //'/tv/cand tlie Rio A'ej^ro
from the east.
(//. ) The chief tributaries of the Parana on its ri^ht bank are the Parai-nay and the
Sala.fo.
[a.) Tlie Paraguay rises in seven small lakes in thi' Sierra dos Vertentes, in the lirazillan
province of Matto Grosso, It flows smith Ixtween Ilolivia <ni the west, and IJrazll and I'ara-
guay on the east. It unites with tlie Parana, north of Corrientes. It is naviijable 150 miles
from its source. Total lenjjth, 1200 miles. Its cliicf alKueuts from the east are the San
Lon-ni^o and the Tai/uary. From the west it receives from the Holivian Andes the Piho-
mayo at Ascension, and the Vcrmejo just before it unites with the Parana.
(bA The Saladii rises on the southern edge of the Despoblado region. Hows south-east, and
joins the Parana near Santa Pe.
(IQ.) The Colorado, or Mcmloza, or Col>u Leofuy from the Chilian .\ndfs, flows sontli-cas
throu^^h the Argentine Republic to the Atlantic. Leni,'tli, 600 miles.
(11.) Tlie h'io Negro or Limay Leofu rises in two chief branches in the Aiide'i, .md iUavs
south;'ast to the Atlantic, Leni^th. Soo miles.
(5.) The Lakes.
(I.) Lake Maracayho, in the north-west of Venezuela, is connectL-d with tlie Caril)bcan
Sea by a narrow channel, 12 miles long. .\rea, 5000 square miles.
(2.) Lake Dos Patos, in the south-east <if Hrazi!, is connected with itic Atlantic Ocean hy a
channel, named the AVi^ Grande do SuL .Area, 5000 square miles.
( ^) Lake Merim Is jiartly in Brazil and partly in I'm^^uay,
(4.) Lake Titieaea (cat-rock), on die table land of liolivia, the highest navigable lake in
the world, is 12,488 feet above sea level. Lengtli, i;o miles; breadth, 70 miles; area, 4000
square miles.
(;;.) Lake .lul/agas (Ph'/o (Vioro, l'r,'s,or Pans.i)]^ a salt lake al)out sH'^ miles south-
east of Lake 'Jiticaca, whose surplus waters it reciivts 1 y the l>esa-uadero River.
(().) The salt Lake of
Porongos^ (7.) Lake Gua-
naeaehe. (S.) Lake S/l-
-rro. and (<>. ) Lake Hexe-
dero are tlie chief l.ik- s
between the Parana
the .\ndes.
(10.) The y/'era L.:-
goon is a vast inipass;ihi.'
swamp between the Parana
and Uruguay KivL-rs, more
than 1000 sciuarc miles in
extent, During the rainy
season it Ijccomesau inland
sea, covering thousands ot
square miles.
t (11.) Lake Xaraycs Is
I ftirined hy the overflow of
I the Paraguay, in Ilrazil,
I alj<nit 20^ S. Lat. Tin-
inundations during throe
months cover a surface as
I large as Lake Sujierior to
III. The Pacific System.
In this system the streams are nuuurous but short, owing to the luurowiies.s of the couulry
between the .-Vndes and the Pacific.
II.) In Chili, the principal stream is the Rto Biobio.
(j.) In Lcuatlur, tlic (///<mi<///// is navigable for 70 miles,
IV. The Continental System.
This svstein extentls from Lake 'I'lticaca l" the Kio Colorado.
(I.) The Desaguadero issues from Lake riticad. and Hows soiitli-cast to L.ike Aullagas
or Pon|io Choro, which has no outlet, Lingth, 2\h nulis.
(2.) Rio DuUc or Honda flows south-east thmugli the ArgL'iittnc Republic t.. the s.ilt I. .ike
of Porongos.
(V) I'erniejo Ilows into Lakes liuanacachc aiui Silvero,
(4. ) Pesaguadero connects Lake Sllvero and Lake lU-vedern.
(5. ) Tnnuyati is the main feeder of Lake Ilevederu.
(').) Xuivo Salado Is a branch fnun the Tunuyau. .ml ti.iitiiiues the <hain {-• the tuu>t
southern lake, nameil I'rr- I..iniMu'ti.
the depth of ten or twel
feet. Much of the water is
never carrietl off, but forms
extensive lakes abounding
in fish.
9. Vegetation.— riic
chief iirnduils ■ cimlo
almost all grai. . and
fruits. Among indigen-
ous plants are niai/e
and tobacco ; llic man-
dioca, or cassava tree,
from which we obtain
tapioca; the cacai), or
cocoa tree, from wliich
we (d)tain chocolate ;
the guava, which re-
sembles a small pome-
granate, is used in
making jelly ; the cin-
chtma, or I'eruvtan
bark, tree ; the potato
of the Andes; the
caoutchouc, from the
sap of which iiulia
luljber is made ; llie
mate or Paraguay tea
plant ; the cow tree of
Guiana; the ivory-palm;
and many other kiiuls
of jtalm trees: lose-
wond, maliogany, and
d\e woods. Other im-
portant prndiuls are
.(itton, coffee, rice,
sug.it, indigo, (.inn.i-
inon. vanilht, and
iropii.d spiceri .iiid
fruils.
'IIU'. VhiailAbLli-lVOKV I'LANT
L
N^T!V^^ NAVKiAlINC, l.AX'H tlTICAfA.
10. Minerals.— Soiiih .Vtncii.a i> ccUlif.Ur'l tor ii^ miiici.il pni
II Imic niilil, ^ilvc^, iniii, cii|i|iiM, iil.iii ii, Ic.i'l. imii in y, tin, /iiii:
,ili, iii;irl)lc-', ami prcclmis sloncs.
lllCtil
'lis, wllii II
, Mllplllll,
t
s !
^
I
I
I
inns, wliii ii
,ll, Mll|p|illl, \
Y
CM* NUT, US»D PO„ MAK,.r. W,... ,„,„^, ,„^„ ^^^ ^,^^^^._^ ^^__ _ ^
II. Animals.-!,, ,he forests .-.re foumi the tapir, the largest aninul of South
A:„er,ca, the ,ag.,..r, the puma, ,„a„y kinds of „,o„key.s, the arttutdillo, h oth
ha,ry .ant-eater, an.l many kinds of serpents, inch.ding (he boa-constrict^rAlt;;, ,':
and other rept.les abound in the marshy hands bordering the rivers. The llama and
the alpaea are peculiar to the Andes. Among the birds may be nan.ed the humming.
b,rd the parrot the penguin, the nandu or emu or American ostrich, and the condor
of the Andes, the largest bird that flies.
1. UNITED STATES OF COLUMBIA.
Cohiml,;.,, fn,n. Columbus. Size, eciual to .1 s(,u,ire <,f {66 miles.
■ '; ^°*^'* .'^"'■■-'''""•"''ia i« "»'«1 f"-- its celebrated Isthmus of Panama, which
IS also called Darien, and for its emerald mines.
2. Extent.-The republic of the Columbian Confederation (which comprises
ante St.ates) extends trom Costa Rica (S3" W. Long.) to the C.ulf of Maracavbo, on
the Caribbean .Sea, and to the mouth of the Mira, on the Pacific coast.
3. Physical Features.-The threefold range of the Andes, which stretches from
the north, un.tes into one at the bo.nulary of Ecnad.,r, forming the Knot of Pasco
W ith.n these ranges, the Magdalena River with its tributaries flows for 1000 miles
northw.ard to the Caribbean Sea. Along the eastern range, the tributaries of the
Orinoco River take their rise; and some of the tributaries of the Amazon water the
e.;<tens,ve plain at the south. The soil is fertile, a.ul the grass plains, or llanos,
give pasture to immense herds of wild cattle and horses.
4. Tlie Chief Exports are the usual tropical products, medicinal herbs, hides,
tallow, salt, gold, silver, iron, platinum, and emeralds.
5. The Isthmus of Panama belongs to the United States of Columbia and is
iKiwa passenger route by railway between Aspinwall, on the Caribbean Sea, and
Panama, on the P.acilic Ocean.
6. Cltlet.-Bogota (30,000), the capital, lies on the fertile plateau of the Eastern Andes
8S63 feet above the sea, and is well built. It is subject to earthquakes. .Sear it are famous
eincrakl mines, and the celebrated Falls of Tequeiidama, on the llouota River, 650 feet hi.h
Cartagma ( ,8,000) is the principal seaport. Pofayan ( ,6,000), on the Cauca, is a lare-e hani
At'hntir M f :f '■"■"Vt ''■'""""' '"" """""•■""' 1'""^' ^5 miles apart, the former 'on the
Atlantic, the latter on the Pacilic, side of the Isthmus of Panama.
MIPNKHVS AND Al.l.U.A i uK.
.he''m!"!:nh:i!!:~''i"'^ """"'"r 1 '"'"" ""'^'■''^•' ''-'■ '"■"■'- -"' "' >'"u, at
ciJil.::ih!;;::irzH^,;;:r::',,:.:';r'-;.;'^-"-'' r^"-
^t:r:T:::i:' '-t t- <-->■ «-- '- i-:!^r;ir ;;:
"f .he .■a,„pas are partly Indian, and are called C' ::d,!::i:':r;,.„:.:;:"""""'-""^
•2. REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA
! -. . .a.uela, Li.,,. ^•,.,...... So calle.l l,v Vespucci, «„„ f„„„„ a vii,..,e on Lake Maracaybo* built o,.
piles. Sue, equal ,o a s(|uare ef |-,63 miles.
I. Noted For.-Venezuela is noted for its llanos (grass plains).
. ■nit.bh.""'"'"'''''" ''''"'""' "' "''^"-"" "™^'"'^-' '"'-'«' i" -SJ-, lies east of
a o of '1 e Orii p"'' ZT"' "'""= "" ""^"'' --'-"'S the richlv fertil
nne rncr. halt, coal, and copper are .abundant.
oysfers^*" ^^"^ ^'"""■'' '"' ''"''"='' P^''"'"'''' '^^'"^' '^'''-. ^onis, and pearl
5. Cille..-Caracas (5^,000), the capit.al, is about thirteen miles from La C.uayr.l its port
lies i^ik'nd ■'''"'■"'"'■' '"'°°°' ''' ">" -^''i^-f P"^'^- -M'^s/.n. is on the Orinoco. ;■„,•/„«
3. BRITISH, 4. FRENCH, AND 5. DUTCH GUIANA.
From Guayanoes, a nall-e Iiul,.,,. ir.bo. .Si,,e, equal ,„ a s<p,are „f ,„ „,i,es.
bel :,„!nll^|!''":f'"''"' '-^ ""'^'' '"' ''^ ^^■"'•'">'' ^l--' -"' 'b-voods, and for its
oeii)ni,ingi,, iiirco J-.uropeaii powers.
•■■""t.iins In he 1 acarainia, the luliiest range, an elevation of S,oo lee, .Mount
K.iraniia) is at.ained. The Sierra AcaraV chain is densely wooded. '
4. Climate, Products, Sto.-The.e are two wot and two ilrv seasons Purine
iioh :rie:;r"\'::.M'""^^ ;^ '^"'^'- ■'■"--'- violent -thunde;:s;orm:Z
.n.i:;:;:h:ai::rc:i:f:-rL.,s--^^^^^^
6 French Guiana is the eastern portion, and lies between the riv.rs Marnni and '
. 1. er p "; r ■"'^~ •':'' "■^■" "■^""^■'' ■• '"" "»-• ^'--^'e is not so health
are^iS;.:'^;;!:^: 'r:'' s""" ''^":^",'='"-^- I- physical features |
nanu- ,„ .1,,. 1 ' '"^"'•-'> ' "'•".•i. Surinam is the principal river, and gives a
^,.-«,r.„. lua, the capital, is the residence of the Duud, C.overnor C,..-ne,-aI. 1
• Lake Mar.,cayl.„ i, .,„ i„|,iml exteilsicm ,.( .he 1 iulf ..( Venezuela.
1. Notpil For. <r.Uil i-- noUil loi ii- ki'^i' Kivi'i- Am.i/on, .mil lor lu'iiig llir
most cNUu^iM- s.iU' «'i ^.'iiili AnK-i.i.i. li-; Ivixuri.uit ti>ii-st> ; its wilil .luim.ils, ami
Kii.ls oi Inilli.iiu |'luini;i'; il- .nnM M\A ill.iiiioiul miius, .uul il< lrii|iii.al pioilur-
lions, .uul ]u\miiMis \tL;fI.ition.
2. Bounilnrics. -l.i.i.'ii is ismiuliil .>ii {\\c \hni\\ \'\ ihf I niu-.l .'^i.iiis oi r.ihim
lii.i, \ I ni/iul.i, C.Mi.iiM. .in.l ilu- \il.iiiii.- Oi'i'.m; im ilic cisi |.\ ihr .\ilanlii' ;
.m tlu' Mmil\ l>\ rni;;ii.iv, .uiil .m ilif west liy llii' Argentine Keimhlie. I'aiai;nay,
lni!i\ i.l. I'clu, .l!ul I ,. U.uli'I .
3. Physicill FcnturfS. Tins extensive eoui\tiy i.s ili.liue.l iliielK \'\ llu' nohle
Knei .\i\i.l/on. .\ i.tlii;e ol Mi.'UMt. uns sin.u.lte.-* the einpite ti.Mn \ eiu/uela .ilul
luii.m.i at the luMtli; .uul .ini'ihei, .it the siuitli, wit!) ninnei.nis I'l.tndus. seit.u.ites
the liihnt.iiics oi the Ant.i.'on Ironi tl\«tse iM the I .i I'l.u.i I'lieie -vie \ei\ tew hi^h
tiioiinlains : Init vast plains luvuf between the liveis, .uul ilense tuiests in the
interior.
4. Soil, Climate, and Products. - I'lu- suil is lieh ami lerlile. ami, exeept at the
eiiiiatui, lunih oi the .\iua.'un, the eliinale is niihl ami ajjteeal'le. I'lu- liiviuiant
luiests aie tiUeil with almost e\ei\ kiml of ilan,i;eions aniniaN, upiiUs, ami inseets.
•iml with l>irJs of hriUiaiit I'litmafie. I'lu- eMen-ive I'l.uiis aie the alvnles of wiM
cattle ami hoises. Of tiees, the palm speeies pieil.itnin.iies ; Imi rioweiins; trees ami
shrnl»s ate met witlt in .tU theit i;otgeoiisness .ttul vaiiety. The v hicf expoits ate
eod'ee, sui;ar. eotton, tolviee.i, li.e. imlia inliher, hiiles, tallow, l\onis, ihiij;s, ami
il\o Mn\ othei wooUs, The i!i.im>>nvi mines i>t lUa.'il .lie .uu.'iig the liehest ii
the woilil. Its mineral wealth is also great. Iron of siipeii.M .pialily is aluin.l.uit ;
anil salt also is extensively proihiceil in saline marshes, l>v the .ilternate processes,
aeeoiding to tlu- se.iso-i. of ininulation .uul evaporation.
5. CMies. - Rio lie Jilliolro i lami.u\ Kivet\ tlio eapilal, ami the l.ii.,est eitv i" .'^.nilli .\metiia.
'.s sitii.itisl I'll .1 tiiu- Kiv el th.it ii.uiie. I'or sttiuilivin aiul colnmeri i.il l.uilities. this eit\ Is one
of the finest in the wothL The harlxir, luv, .iii.l nuiiiiilaiii
seeliery aie hi;;hlv pieliiresijiie. The eitv is siipplieil. b" a
luihle a«;iushu-t, with ahiiiulaliee ei water. The eluiuhos,
ihantalile institutions, Jiul other piililic huiUinss are niinier-
ills. Us st.iple ex^Hirt is cottee. /'.;ni, f'.'w/e.',;, ami
.l/.(»,i«.i.i,' are at the iioitli, /'.■•>.-.iw,';<,a(ii6^>oo\ tlu-
ihiul eity aiul seai>ort of 11 e empire, near the mlJiUe of the
^.ust, is the seat ef a I'uuersity. /•'..■■';i.; 1 129,000), on .Ml
Saints llav. ihe sivonil eily hi sice in the empire, is a ureal
eoiismeui.ll eity aiul se.iivrt. Its staple cx|mit is 5ii;;ar.
.V,i>i /'.m.'i, west ef Kio de Janeiro, is a 1 laee of eonsiiler-
aWe mule. i'u>e /'nw or IV.Vii A'i.,i, luirlhwanl of Kin
ii.xiiiioK OF mo. laneiro, is the eentte of a cel.l ininini; ilistriet. fV.imjH-
//ii.i. f.irmeilv 7.'i.,,>, north of Oiiro IVto, is the nipital of the iliamoml ilislriet ,1 Minas.
(.■.•!.!-. or I'::.'.! P.j IS near the c-.e.tie ef the e lipiire.
6. B0Vift«Mt.— llraiil was a IVituiuese eoiony imlilitUs! then an iiulei>en,leiit kin;-
ilom; aiuUn i."* ;.•-:; liecaine an empire. I'he government is an hireililary, roiistitutioii.il
nliTOUvhv. Th,' eniiwrer is invc>!evl with exeentive p '»fv. The lo';islaf.ve jxiwer U vesteil in
1 SeriAle apivintwl hv the sovere: ■' atut a I tiainlx'r -f I Vputies eleetcil bv the pts-ple. Ura.'il
- .!:vv.h^l into twentX'ime priwioi-'s.
3. Physical Features.— The .\mles nms in a donlile range, :o miles apart
ami too miles iiilaml. Some of its loftiest peaks are to be found here, vi«. : the
eeleliiateil t-'himbora.'o, _. rrr^-Si .- ■ js*^"- J ^ '■- -•■,
I'.iN.inibe, .'Vntisaiia, and p^'
the tiiiiualed voleanic
eoiie of I'olopaxi Six
01 eight others higher
ihaii Mont lllanc iiecnr,
.ill within a distance
of -SO miles, tfwiiig to
the deep vallevs in the
nioimlaln ranges, and
the high table lands,
the ellmate and produets
varv a good deal, and
combine tliose of l!ra/il
and e'olnmbia. I >n the
plains of (^>iiilo Ihete is
perpetual spring.
4. CItlu. Quito, tlie
capital, a hamlsoine eity, lies
•illnost iimler the eipialor,
oil the side of the extinct
voK.iiio of richinclia. Oj-'o
feet aKive the sea. Its
churches, collei;e, and ch.ai it-
.ibie institutions are tine
structiiies. Khneii snow
peaks are within sii;b^ of
the city. It lus siilfered
iiiueli from eartluiuakis
('.'!(■//.. I lJO,ooot, tlie seal
of a university, and A'..^
.*,r;«.*ii iU>,oool, with poKl
aiul silver tnines, arc on the
eastern sU>ih' of the Atule
(I'liiiiiiyKiV (a6,3O0) is tli
chief coniinercial citv aiu!
scajHirt of I'cu.ulor.
5. OlvltlOBt. — Fru.u!.-:
was t.'imerlv dividerl iiit>
three Jeiurtments, vU. :
(Juito, tbuyaqeil, and A-
suav. It is now divide-'
into ten Provinces.
t'imm
\
i
"■•■■""■""'■' 1
m
< 1
'ifiM
n
s
II
'^1
■
£H
1 '■
^HU
miles apart <
r, vin. : llio I
r0
SOUTH AMERICA.
8. REPUBLIC OF PERU.
Siie, equal to a square rf 71J niileft.
1. Noted For.— Peru is noted for its silver and other mines, its medicinal bark,
its gii.uio, .iiiil ils great length of Pacific coast.
2. Position. — ll lies scjnth of Kcnador, on the Tacific coast.
3. Physical Features, etc. — One-third of the principal r.ingc ol the Andes is
within the luirdcrs of I'cru. A second parallel range is divided into two by the
I'cayali River and tributaries, which run northwaril to the Amazon. Aliont half of
Pern is a mountainous region ; the other half is sandy, with many fertile table lands
and valleys, Peru is rich in minerals; and these, with Peruvian barli, indigo,
chinchilla fur, and guano, are the chief articles of export.
4. Cltlei.— Lima, on tho coast, is the capital. A railway connects it with Callao (38,000),
its scapnit, seven miles distant. It is a ro,^iiIar and well-built city. Principal buildinss : the
Cathedial, the Convent of San Francisco, the Palace, the I'nivcrsity, and the Senate House.
PaiCO, in tho interior, the liif;ticst city in the world, bcin^^' 1 1,720 feet above the sea, is noted
fur its rich silver mines. Ctti^o (.(6,000), the ancient capital of the empire of the Incas, and
.•Ui-i/ui/'a are in the mountain region. Aritn is the principal seaport of Southern Peru.
9. REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA.
N.iniccI after Simon Hnliv:u, wlui librr.iti'il it fnuii the Spaniards in 1825. Sire, equal to a square of
707 miles,
1. Noted For. — Bolivia is noted for its extensive plains; and for its desert of
Atacnma, on the Pacific coast.
2. Position. — This republic lies south of ?crn, and between Brazil and the
I'acitic Ocean. Its position is almost inland.
3. Physical Features, etc. — T is country possesses almost every variety of
physical aspci t, soil, ;ind cliiiialc. \ii inner range of mountains runs southward,
and parallel to the I'acitic chain. 1 ctwecn these two ranges arc the elevated lakes
Titicaca and Aullagas. Titicaca is on the boundary of rem, and was the seat of
the Incas. The products and exports arc similar to those of Teru.
4. Cities. —Oruro, the c.ipital, is a furlilied town situated north of I-akc Aullagas, C/iu-
i/itisacn or Su, jv stands in a line v.ilU'y of a tabic land in tlie interior, and between two rivers
flowing in opposite directions. It lias a university and a fine cathedral. Near it is Po/osi,
ij,3oo feet alwvc the sea. famous for its silver mines, and Cocfml'aml'it (.(i.ooo) manufactures
glass and cotton goods. Lif Puz (;6,ooo), near Lake Titicaca, has a large transit trade.
10. REPUBLIC OF CllILl, OR CHILE.
Siio. eiiu.il to a sqiMrc of 353 miles.
1. Noted For. — Clliii is noted for its narrow width and extensive coast line, and
for its lofty mountain pealcs,
2. Position. — It lies west of the Argentine Kcpiblic, on the Pacific coast.
3. Physical Features, etc.— Numerous hilly spurs jut out fiom the Andes
toward the coast, forming deep ravines and many fertile v.alleys. In the Chilian
.■\ndcs arc numerous volcanoes. The rivers arc short, but the liiobio is :oo miles
lung. The chief products are silver, copper, wheal, figs, olives, and grapes.
4. Cities.— Santiago, the capital, is in the centre of Chili, at the foot of the Andes. It
contains a univcrsit)', .A railway connects it with ValpL\rai\\ Vale of Paradise (101,000),
the chief seajKirt. t>thr/^i.>ii and Siin Caru^s on the island of Chiloe. arc at the south.
C'f'inffl (13.000). the most northern town, is the centre of a rich mininc; district,
11. ARGEXTfNE REPUBLIC (LA PLATA).
From Latin ri»;^'v«//(w. silver. Size, eqii.i! to a square of 10S5 miles,
I. Noted For.— TIlC Argentine Republic is noted for its vast plains or pampas,
and for its herds of wild cattle and liorses.
2, Position,— The Argentine Republic, including the territory of Eiicnns Ayrcs.
extends from Bolivia on the north to Cape Horn on the south, and from the
Atlantic on the cast to the .\ndes on the west, and forms the great south-eastern
slope of South .\merica. Patagonia (Spanish, /.i/,jj,n'«, large foot) was formcrlv a
separate countrv, but is now a jiart of the .Argentine Republic, as well as the island
of Tierra del Fncgo (I„ind of Fire),
3. Physical Features, etc. — The interior is a vast plain ; in its centre is an }
extensive saline desert, and in the southern part are the Paitipas (or trcclcs.s ;
plains), the habitation of immense lierds of wild cattle and horses whicli are cap- <
tured with the lasso by the shepherd hunters. Ostriches also abonnd on the pampas. J
The chief exports are hides, horns, horse tails, ostrich feathers, and wool. Buenos !
Ayrcs seceded from the Confederation in 1S5J, but rejoined it in 1S60. '
I.ASSOINO CATTLE ON THE PAMPAS.
4. ClllBS.— Buenot Ayrei (from the Spanish for good breeics, on account of the salubrity of
the climate), the capital, is on the Kio dc la Plata. It is a well built city, with an extensive
trade. Pitt-niui, the former capit.d, is on the river of that name, McuiiozLi { 18,000), at the
foot of the .\ndes, has important tr.ade with Chili. S>iUii {12,000), on a branch of the Salado,
is noted for its trade in hide" and mules. Puitia Arenas (1200), or Sandy Point, is situated
on the Strait of Magellan.
VI. REPUBLIC OF PARAGUAY. '
size, equal to a squa-c of 303 miles.
1. Noted For.— Paraguay is noted U r being entirely inland.
2. Position. — This republic lies bewcen the .Argentine Republic and Brazil.
3. Physical Features, etc.— Paraguay forms the high table land between the
Parana and Par.aguay Rivers, and is the only inland State in South America. The
soil is fertile, and the climate temperate.
4. Cities.— Asuncion, the capital, is situated at the confluence of the Pilcomayo and Para-
guay ; and C,>«.r/jw«, on the Paraguay Kivcr. Their chief exports are the leaves of a species
nf holly called yerlm mate, or Paraguay tea, hides, tobacco, and sugar.
5. Population.— Us iiopulaticii was formerly about 1,200,000; but a large proportion of the
inlLibitants were destroyed in the recent war with Drazil, and it now numbers only about
300,000.
13. REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY OR BA.XDA ORIENTAL.
Size, cqii.il lo a square of a6q miles.
1. Noted For.— Uraguay is noted for having been the eastern boundary (or
baiida oriental) of the regions formerly composing Spanish America.
2. Position. — This republic lies cast of the .Argentine Republic.
3. Physical Features, etc.— .\ double range of mountains from Brazil encloses
the valley of the Rio N'cgro. The climate is humid but healthy, and the soil
gcnerallv good. The exports are hides, tallow, wool, and dried beef.
4. Cities.— Monte Video, the capital, on the north side of the I.a Plata estuary, is well
fortified. It is well and regularly built, ^falJouaJe^ and Co/jnia arc seaports.
U. FALKLAND ISLANDS AND SOUTH GEORGIA.
Sire, Ci;ii.il to :\ sf]ii.ire of Si miles.
1. Noted For.— The Falkland Islands arc chiefly noted as a rendezvous for British shippmg
in the Southern Atlantic,
:itcd \o^ milos cast ot Patagonia. There arc two
East and West FalklantI arc separated by a narrow
2. Poiitlon.— These islands .ire ;
large and about 200 smaller islands,
sound.
3. Phyilcal Features and Climate.— The whole group of islands is much indented with bays,
sounds, and harbors. Tho climate is equable and salubrious. There arc no *-cc5 ; but swcct-
sccn:od llowcrs abuuuJ. Th,; ».!iicl pruuLicts arc cauic, huscs, ai.d v-^yciaule^. Vciuly \.uuc of
exports ?75,ooo; revenue $45,000. Tliis grouji was taken possession of by England for the
protection cf the southern whale fishery. Stanley is the capital.
South Georgia Island, to the cist, belongs to Grcit Ilritain, but the climate is too cold for
settlement, therefore it is uninh.ibitod. The Talkland Islands and South Georgia together
constitute the colonv of the Falkland Isbnds,
EUROPE.
PART IV.
EUROPE.
'"• ' •■' '' ::;ri::M;:;;:::;::',!:::::::r:":;::,:' "z;"" :...! '^-'v,,,. .,. .J.,.,, „. .„ .,;,.„..,-„ ,. r... ,„ „ < i^^.
IHI-: .\NIM.M> »'l
Europe. Ili.mph the smallest »f the Rrcit l.iml divisions of the cnrtli in CNtcnt, is
in icMV.I lo Cliri^li.in civi!i/:Uion, extensive commerce, political inllncnce, learnmg,
science, .tits, .1,1,1 m.iniifactiives, the most important division of the glolie.
I Boundaries.-Kiiropc is liouiulca ..„ the north l.v the .\r. tic Ocean; on the
cast l.v the Kara River, the Ural Moimiaiiis, the Ural Kiver, aiul the ( .xspi.in ^e.i;
', the south l.v the Canc.is.is Mountains, the Ill.ick Sea, the Sea of Marmora, .he
and on the west by the .Atlantic
on I
Mediterranean Sea, and the Strait of Gibraltar
Ocean.
2. Form.-Kiirope is triangular in form, wilh i.s grc.ntesi cMenl from east to
wc.-l.
3 Position.-Con.inental Knropc extends from :,(■," 2' to 71" lo' \. I. .at. and
from .)" :,o- W. Long, to (\f K. Long., and insnlar Kiii-opc from ;,4^ 55 '" ^"' l';'
V. I, at., and from V'' "^' ^^'- ' •""."• '" ''S'' I'"- '•""?
Crodi.o in Russia, and of the latter the soulh-east corner of Sweden
The centre of the former i-
vedeil
(A,) THE FIVE
4. Extreme Points.— N'or.h, (".;/<• Xonl/.-yn. 7'" 'o' X- lat. ; South, Ciife
T.ir'i/.,. -.ff 2' N. Lai. ; West, C.:/;- AW-i, (f' ;,o' \V. Long. ; East, the Cnd Moun-
l.iins,(i-^' v. long, in Term.
5. Extent.— (^1 1 'Ihe extreme h-tixth from Orsk in the Ural Nfoimtains to Cape
St. Vincent is y.\aa miles. The cxticmc/'nW/// from North C.ipe I.. C'lic Malajian
is ;.(50 miles,
(,'■.) The ."V,i of Knropc, including the islands, is .about 3,860,000 sipiare miles,
or is equal to a square of 1972 miles,
(,-,) The length of the a\jsl line is about x-.'.x miles, or one mile of ,-oast for
210 miles of surface.
6. Population.— The estimated population amounts to 315.000.000. The most
dcii>clv peopled countries are I'.elgium, Holland, and Rrilain.
? 7. Political Divisions.— The Luropcan States arc divided into three separate
I classes according to their political importance.
GREAT POWERS.
;
Nam.' n( Slalf.
1, Creat Uritain ami Ireland
'J, V'ranee. , , .
.". (ieriuanv
1. .•Vus.r.vlluiiga.-y
,"1. Uus.sia
Form ,.(
fiiivcrumiMit.
Kill^dom.
iiepuhlie,
Luipire. . .
>Iou:uchy
l-aui.ire
rosill'in of Rlntf,
West of I'entral Kiiro|io
Soiilli I'f r.HLtland
i:ast of I'ranci', lli-l-iiini, Holland,
,soiilli-east of tieruauy
North-east (.art of i-airope
Ki'i;;li*li s'J
1 ■-'1,1.117
•JIM.tl'.Hl
24L<>:'4
-MTS.tX).)
Populotion
:i4.-'.w.ixxi I
:i;,iHHi,(iilil i
■l'J,TOi>.(»iil !
:i7,Ti"i,inw I
7(i,:toii,.io() I
cipiui.
London
Talis
Iterlin
Vienna
St. I'etprsliui'g,
4K.,''iO
r)j,i;!
4.S,12
,'i',l.,-iti
lH.ni!, E,
Where Siliinted.
'J. 'JO
1:! •J4
Hi. 2:!
.'in.m
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Seine..
Spree. . ,
Hamilie.
Neva
t'mmlntinii ol
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fnim I.iin-
il,,li ill llila.
'.'l.'i
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7711
i:t)0
(B,) THE SECOND RATE POWERS.
1 Spain (ine, Ilaleavielslos.^! Kingdom
•_•, lt,dv ' Kinml.un
■X llelLMuni Wui-dom,
4 Sweden anil Norway Kingdom
,-•,. Turliey Kmpire, ,
South-west of V'ranee
South-east of Swit7.erlaiid
Nnith of Holland
Noith-west of Russia
South of .\uslria
liKt.iUtl
114.41,-.
Il,:l7:t
2!i;i,s;w
ir!0.ri72
iii,;!4:i.oo(i
27..srtl,0(10
,^,4hll.00()
C.liOll.llOI)
S,.S7d,(HKl
Madrid j
Rome, . . i
lirussels
Stoeliholm
Constaiitinoiilc.
40.24
41 ,'H
.w.,-ii
3,4:!w
12.2"
4.21
■IlLai I LS.4
41 2,S .'■lO
Jlanzaiiares.
Tiber
Seulii' . ■ ■
I.ahe Malar.,
liosphorus , .
:tS.-.,flOO I
2;ui;oon
rtni.ooo 1
H!!I,0(IO ,
IK)(l,O0O
soil
«!10
1!4
«;m
i,-i(;it
(C.) THE THIRD RATE POWERS.
1. roiiugal
2. Switzerland
:!. lloilaiuhiue. I.iixeinlmr
4. lleiiiiiarli
r.. ( i recce ...
(1. Uoiiniania
7. Servia
. Kingdom
' Keiuiblic.
;.) Kiirudom
. ' Kingdom
. .1 Kingdom
. .1 I'rineipalit
West of Spain.
Last of I" ranee
North of llelgiiiin, .
North of (iiuniaiiy.
South of Turliey. .
.iith-east ol .\ustria.
i Prineiirality, Wc*tot Boniniinin
"4.n(lO
l,'i,',ISl
i:!,7:«i
14,7,s',i
l'i.:'.,w
4il,2H2
1S,787
Lisbon
lierne
.Vinsterdam .
("npenhagen.
.\tlicns ... .
llueharest..-
Bclgrade —
i .•«.42
,->:!. U
52,22
,^..40
117,, Mi
1 44.21-.
; 44,48
il,Kw.
8 28
4. 13
12 .'M
2;!.;i8
2(1.,'.
•:o,28
' Tagil?
. .-Nar
I Amstel. ....
, Sound
•liulf of Lgina
ninibovilzH...
n.auiihe
I •Ineirl
2(i5.00(l
JKi.OOO
,T02.IKI0
2,".n.noo
liil I'lHl
n.'^.iioii
28,iKI0
1000
470
IIV1
.■ii;7
1740
muo
llIX)
I
%
\
>.«»* . 4mmmm0ssmi^'^
r I'hirnltiarj
Sovitll. Cil/f I
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;(ins to Cape
.'PC Malap.m
till Ol
Distil life
nl
fnoii Liin-
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lloll ill IlllH.
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TKiS
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770
sm
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I 1000.
i.noo ! -I'o
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ili'OO 1740
S.I 100 1">II0
S.lHiO .
lllKl
\
\^\
ro
EUROPE.
II
n
MJ
.,!i
8. Physical Coast Features.— (I.) islands.— (./) In the Arctic Ooean.—/\<'!.i
/tiiiMii, or \ew I.;incl, two large islaiiiN, .iiul tftiii^ti/:, nortli-tast of Kus»ia ; X/i/:
ifrt,vii, or IVakcd Mmintains ; flriir Island, between Spitzbcrgcn and Norway, and
Jan Meyeii, between .Spit/bergcn and Iceland. 'Ihe Spi!^l)erHe'n Arcliipelago was
di»ti)vered by Willonghby in 155J It consists of an extensive island, upwards of
200 miles from north to south, three islands of considerable si^e, and many of
smaller size. A'l'lx'it'', at the entrance to Tcheskaia (uilf ; M.iproe group, on the
norlh-west co,>st of Finmark ; Lofodcn IsU-s, extending 175 miles from north-e.ast to
south-west along the north-west coast of Norway, /■'/■•mz Josef'h Land, to the
north-east of Nova Zembia, is the most northerly land known in the Eastern
Hemisphere.
(K) In the Atlantic Ocean. — Riroe hla, 35 in number, between Icel.and and
Shetland; lliilish Idi-s, between the Atlantic and the North Sea; A'ornum or
i'/i,inn I /stci, off the north-west coast of France j Azores, a group of nine volcanic
islands, about 800 miles west of I'ortiigal.
(C) In the Baltic. — Duiish hies, between Denmark and Sweden, chief,
Zealand, i-'unen, and I.aaland, with liornholtn, south of .Swetlen ; S:rcdts/i /slt-s,
south-east of Sweden, chief, (iothlai\d and Oland; A'lij^r/i, north-west of I'russia ;
Aliiiid Islvs, an archipelago of 60 inhabited and 200 uuinhaliited islands, at the
entrance of the C.ulf of Itothnia ; I.i-'oman Isles, .it the entrance of the Clulf of
Uiga ; chief, D.ago and Oesel ; Cronshull, at the eastern extreinitv of the Gulf of
Finland.
(Z?.) In the Mediterranean.- />'.//c,/r/i- tsles, east of Spain, Majorca, Minorca,
Ivi^.i, Fornientcia, .lud Cabrera ; Sardinia, Corsiea, And £l/'a, west of Italy ; Si.ilian
Isles, south of Italy ; chief, Sicily and the I.ipari Isles ; Maltese Isles, Malta, Go^o,
and Comino, south of Sicily; Ionian Isles, twenty in number, west of (Jrcece ; chief,
Corfu. Paxo, Santa Maura, Cephalonia, Ithaca, Zante, Cerigo ; Kulnva, formerly
called Negropont, the largest island in the .Kgean Sea, east of Greece ; the
Cwiades, so called from their f/Vc//;/^ aroiuid Delos, fifty-thrf?e in nimtber, east of
the Morea ; a portion of the Sporades, or scattered islands, n(jrtli of Euboca ; Crete, or
Candia (ancient Creta or Idaa), south-east of the Morea.
NoTH. — TIk* .-irea (if the isiaiu!^ cf Kuritpo 1^ .ibinu oiiL-twciilieth nf llie juntinental .irea.
(2.) Peninsulas. — A'ola I'eniiisiila, between the Arctic Ocean and the White
Sea. The Scandinavian Peninsula, Norway and Sweden, between the .Atlantic and
the Ualtic; area one-thirteenth of Europe. The Danish J'eninsula, between the
North Sea and the Ualtic. Brittany, in the west of France, between the I'.nglish
Channel and the Hay of liiscay. The Iberian Viiiinsula, Spain and Portugal,
between the Adantic and the Mediterranean ; area one-nineteenth of Europe. The
Italian Peninsula, dividing in the south into Calabria and Alalia, between the
Tyrrhenian and .\dri.atic Seas ; area about one thirty-fourth of Europe. The
Hellenic Peninsula, Turkey and (Ireece, with Istria, between the Adriatic and
Ionian Seas on the west, and the Black Sea, Sea of .Marmora, and the .ICgean Sea
on the east; area one-nineteenth of Europe. The (>/;hiW (Chersonesus Taurical,
between the Gulf of Odessa and the Sea of Azov.
Note. — Tin; area of ihc peninsiil.ls of Europe is about niiL-fourth of the uli'ile area.
(J.) Capes.— (.•/ I— In the Arctic Ocean.— t'.//.' Kanin, at the entrance of the
White Sea; Cape Xordkyn, north of Norwav, the e.xtrenu' north point of continental
Europe ; North Cape, in Magcroe Island, north of Norway.
(5.) In the Baltic— The Naze, south of .Norway; the Skaw, north of Denmark;
Ilango Head, at the entrance of tlic Gulf of I'inlantl.
(C) In the Atlantic Ocean. — Dunnet //.wi/and Cape Wrath, north of Scotland;
Lizard Point and Land's End, south-west of England , Malm Head \\\ the north and
Cape Clear in the south of Ireland ; .!>'/. David's Head, south of Wales ; Cape La
•Hague antl Paz Point in the north-west of France ; Cape Ortegal anil Cape pinisterre,
north-west of Spain; Cape A'oca, in Portugal, the extreme western point of the con-
tinent ; Cape St. I'incenl. south-west of Portugal ; Point Albernos. in the .Azores, the
most western point of insular Europe.
(D.) In the Mediterranean. — Cape Tarifa, in Spain, the extreme southern point
of the ccntinent; Cape Gala, south-east of Spain; (.'.//.• Cor so, north of Corsica;
Cape Ti.Y/i/i/.;, south of Sardinia; Cape Passaro, south-east of Sicily ; Cape Sparti-
vento, south of Italy; Cape di Leiica, south-cast of Italy; Cape .Matapan and fi;/<'
A/alia, south of Greece; Cape Matala, in Crete, the most south' iii point of insular
Europe.
(/•.'.) In the Black Sea and the Caspian. — (Vr/c Chersonese, south-west of the
Crimea; Cape .-Ipshcroii, in the Caspian, at the eastern ■. \tremity of the Caucasus.
(4.) Seas and Gulfs.— (./) Connected with the Arctic Ocean.— I. The ;/'/;//,•
Sea, north of Russia. It penetrates into Russia 300 miles, with a breadth varying
from 30 to 150 miles ; area .10,000 sipi.arc miles. Branches: {.iidf of Kandalak. on
th= north-west; Gulf of Omxa, on the south ; and Gulf of Archan!;el, on the south-
cast.
II. Gulf of Cheskoi, north-east of Russia : W: ranger Fiord, XkXwihiw Russia and
Norway; and West Fiord, between Norway and Lofoden Isles.
(B.) Connected with the Atlantic Ocean.- 1. North S/a, or German Ocean
(l)ceanus Germanicu>), between the British Isles on the west and the Scandinavian
and Danish 1'cninsul.as on the east. The Dogger Bank, a vast sand bank, 300 miles
from north to south, with a breadth of 60 miles, running through its centre, is a
good fishing 5t.ition. Mean depth 31 fathoms ; length 700 miles; greatest breadth
420 miles; area 344,000 square mil s. Branch: The Zuider ^<r (South Sea), in
the north of Holland, formerly a lake, into which the sea burst in 1282.
U Baltic Sea (Marc Sarmaticum), the .Mediterranean of the North, called by the
Germans Ostsee (East Sea), is nearly enclosed by Sweden, Russia, and Germany.
Its waters arc slightly ..^aU. The tide is .lardly perceptible, rising only one foot at
Copenhagen. lis Ifi-th ratigt., from u 10 100 fathoms ; length goo miles ; brcidth
150 miles; .tt' a I3,,oC^ sjime miles. Branches: Gulf of Bothnia, on the north,
400 mills long, with an av :i.ige breadth of 100 miles, between Sweden and F'inland;
Gulf of Finland, on the north-east, 260 miles long, witli a breadth varying from 25
to 90 miles, south of I'inland ; Gulf of Kiga, between Livotiia and Courland; Gulf
of Dantzie, north of Prussia.
III. Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland.
IV. English Channel (( )ceanus Brltannicus), called by the French La Manche, or
The Sleeve, between England and F'rance. The !' K- rises to th ■ height of 50 fe( t.
The depth of the channel varies froir. '.^ to 03 latiioms: breadth at Dover 21 miles,
and at Land's End loj miles ; area about 31,300 squ:ire miles.
V. Bay of Biscay (Mare Cantabricum), west of France, and north of Spain. Its
depth varies from 20 to 200 fathoms. It is subject to violent tempests. Are.j
about 77,000 square miles.
VI. The Mediterranean Sea (Mare Intcrniun) i^ liotmded on the north by Europe,
on the cast by .\sia, a;td iMi the south liy .\frica. Length 2400 .mles; .area, with its
branche-. nearly 1,000,000 square miles. A line drawn frcmi Cape Bon to Sicily
divides it into two great basins, a western and an eastern.
Itranchcs of the western Ijasin or Lower Mediterranean: Gulf of Lions f,^\TCQ.^ Leonis),
south of I" ranee ; dul/of Genoa (Sinus Liyii:.»:cus), south (jf Ci"l.oa ; Tyrrhenian Sta (Uue
Tyrrhenuni), Ijctween Italy and Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily.
Branches of the eastern basin or Upper Mediterranean : On the south, the Gulf of Sidra
(Syrtis M:ijor), an.l the Calf of Kliabs (Syrtis .Minor 1. l>cKin:.;ins to Africa; on the north-west,
the Ionian Sea (Mare lonicum), b.twecn Italy and (ircece; and the Adriatic Sea (Mare
Adriatictun). between the It.ilian ar.<f Hellenic peninsulas : on the north-east, the Aigean Sea
(Mare .F'.'.;aciun ), between (Ireeco .uul .\sia Minor; Sea of .Marmora ( I^ropoiitisl, Iwlwoen
European ;uh1 .\siatic Turkey ; anil the Illaih Sea i I'ontus Euxinus), with its branches, Uiilf
of Odessa. Citilf of Pcrckop. :md Sea of Azof ( I'ulus Maeotis), south of Russia. tJreatcst depth
of the Black .*^ea 96S fathoms ; len;.;th 6go miles ; breadth 380 miles ; area 172,500 square miles.
NoTB.— The grcate!,t depth in Ihe western basin is 15S4 fathoms. Heitjlit of spring tidt at Naples,
(jiie fool. The greatest depth of the easteru basin is 1131 fathoms. Height of spring tide at Venice,
five feel.
(5.) S\ra\tS.—'\'Uv Skager-rack, 193 miles long and 6S wide, between Denmark
and Norway, and the Cattegat, 137 miles long and 65 wide, lietwcen Denmark and
Sweden. The.se .irms of the sea form an elbowed strait called Codan (Sinus
('od.mus), ;ind h.ive an area of about jo,ooo stpiare miles. The Sound between
Sweden and Zealand, the Great Belt between Zealand and Fnnen, and the Little Belt
between F'unen and Schleswig connect the Cattegat with the Baltic. North
Channel between '1 eland and Scotland, and .SV. George's Channel hi:iviecn Ireland
and Wales, connect the Irish Sea with the .Atlantic. Strait of IJir.rr (Fretuin Galli
ctiml, 21 miles wide, separ.ttes England from France, and connects the North Sea
and F.nglish Chiumel. The Strait of Gibraltar (Fretum Ilerculeum), 12 miles broad
,it the narrowest part, between Spain and .Africa, unites the .Mediteri iie.an and
the .\tlantic. Strait of Bonifacio lictwcen Corsica and Sardinia. Strait ,f Messina
between Italy and Sicily. S'trail of Otranto, between Italy and Turkey, unites the
AdriiUic and loni.in Seas. The Dardanelles (Ilellespontus), from one to five miles
wide, cininects the .F^gean and the .Sc.i of Marmora. Strait of Constantinople
(Thracian Bosphorus), from two-thirds to two and a half m'lej wide, connects the
Sea of Marmora ;ind the Black Sea. Strait of Kertch, Ycnikale, or Caffa (Cim-
I meri.m Bosphorus), connects the Black Sea and the Sea of .Azov.
(6.) Isthmuses. — isthmus of Finland, connecting the Scandinavian Peninsula
with the in.iinlan.i of lOurope. Isthmiu of Corinth, 35 miles long and 4 miles wide,
connecting the Morea with Northern Greece. Isthmus of Perekop, J miles wide,
connecting the ('rimea with the mainland of Russia.
N"TK. — There are rnauy isthmuses in Kurope, 1 u. few of tliem have distinctive names.
9. Physical Features of the Interior.
(I.) Mountains. — The mean elevation of Kurope is 671 feet. It h.as ght great
mountain systems.
(A.) The Scandinavian System extends from Nm.h Cape to the Naze. Length
1240 miles; bre;idth frinii 60 to 200 miles. It comprises three prim i pal divisions.
(11.) The Kiolen Range, ill the north, between .Norway and Sweden. Ilij^hcst summit,
Stitelima, <)200 feet.
r>
\L
( I*. ) The /h:'fr/it'/i/ or l)o/riiii-x, '\n the middlp, form a si-riu* of plateau;! separated by deep
vanc>s. ni|jhi-Ht Riiniliilt, Slifi'liiitUn, '^dyo feet.
( The lliiriliiiifiirjittil nr Lnugjiehl, in the south. )liiilK'%t sujiiinit, SkagilolllnJ, 8760
fcfl.
{II.) The L(| .Ith Syttem extend:) throughout the UritUh Isle*. Length 800
iiiik's. 'I'he |irin(.'i|ial rangcH arc i
((/.) The th-iim/itins in .Scotland. Uiifhest numndt, tirn Nci'is, 4406 feet.
(/'. 1 The t'nttifiriiiH Mountiihis in i-'.ui{]and. Highest summit, ^unt/r//, 3300 feet.
(f.) The Citmfiriitn A/iutHfttiiit in Wales. HiHhcst Hunmiit, Snmv./jn^ 3590 feet.
(</. ) Tile J/itifrHUm AUnufttitif in Ireland. Hiyhest sunnnit, MacgiUycuJtiys Kccki,
340.) ficl.
(C.) The Iberian System occupies the Spiminh Peninsula and that p.irt of
France whiili lies to the south of the Klvet Garonne. It 1 umprises five principal
rangeii 1
(ii.) Thi' I'yri'nut extend from Cape Kinisterre on the Atlantic to C.ipc Crcux on the
Mediterranean, I,i'nr;lli 'no milen ; average breadth ;; miles. They are liivided into the
Alliinlk I'ynntei, or L',iiii,iliriiiii .\ti<iiiiliiim, and the Cimlinental Pyrcnfcs, <ir S/raiihh ami
Funth Pyrcnds, The Cant,\brian Moucit^iiiis extend from Cape I-'inisterre to Kont.indiia on
the Hay of lliscav, luid the Pyrenees proper ilience t(j Cape Crcux. Length of the I'yn nees
between France and .S|iain 370 miles. Ilisliest summit, I'l. JcNelhoii or Mnlailclla, 1 1,168 feet.
Num. — Tile Pyreni-ei (|.ro|ierl Kijucred over ihe «url.v, A France would raise its mean level
aliout 1 IS feet, rile .ivcr.lKe lieiKliI of llie snow liiu 1- Sooo (li'I.
{i». ) SIrriii Ciiiiiliiniiiiii extends in .i south-w ,1 course from near the souirces of the Ebro
tu Cape Kiiea. The Aestern part of the ran(;c is called AiVrrrr /ij/rc/Ai, Highest summit
10,550 feel, It scparali-s the basins of the Uouro and Tauus.
ic.) Sumi Tiilrt/ii extends wcstwanl from the great plateau to Cape Espichel. The
western part of the raiiKe is cMed Surrn (!ri(ut,i/ii//. lliijhcst summit 524S feet. It
separates the basins of the Ta;;us and Ciuadiaiia.
(./. I .SV.ii.r Moifiiii exlends from C.ipe .St. M.iitin on the Mediterranean to Cape St.
Vincent on the .\tlaiilit. Tiie western part of the nin';e is called Sierra Moinhiiiiit.
Ilisjhest summit, M«inil Anufiiii. 5550 feet. It separates the basins of the Guadiana and
Uuadaliiiii'.er,
(«. ) Skm Nmtilit extends from Cape Tarifa to Cape Palos. It is the shortest but
highest rauKc in the |)emnsula. It runs between the (iuadalquiver and the Mediterranean.
Highest nuimnit, Ceno ,!,■ .l/«/*n,»i, 11,67s feet.
NoTH.—The hcidlit o( ilie •tiinw line is . fe«(,
{/)) The SardO-Corslcan System extends from Cape Corso in Corsica to Cape
Tcuhiila in Sarclinii. II;i:li'-,t sniomit in Corsica, Moiilf Kottmdo, 9068 feet; in
.Sardinia, Mmili- (iiii,iri;,iilii, ;ooo feet.
(/ ) The Alpine System extend.s from the Mediterranean to the Creat Central
I'luin. It coniprJHCH five principal divisions.
1. The Alps proper extend In ,1 vast crescent from the Var to the Gulf of
(,)iiariicro, l.tn^th fioo m 'es. They are divided into the Western and the Eastern
Alps,
The Wiili-rn .lift consist of a sin; chain exteidins from Nice to Mont lllanc, cdled
the ,\t,iiitime ,/.'/j from the Mejiterrane.in to Moutc Viso, the Cilti.in Alfi from .Monte
\'iso to Mont lenls, and die Urniiiii A//J from Mont Cenis to Mont ISIanc. lli'.;hest
sunnnit, MdiiiiI I'ehvK.x, 13,440 feet.
The /uftfi'fit .'///T consist of two series, a northern and a s.piitherii. The nort; ;Tn series
includes the llrnirsi' .///r on the right of the upper course ol the Rhone, the WZ/j • St. Ga'',
and the JVurn .-IZ/j, and extends nearly to \'ienna. Highest summit, Fin^ti-ntarhot ;. 14,100
feet. The southern seri-s includes the l\iiit'nu- Alps extending frmn M'.nt Ulanc to Mont
St, liolhard, and the ll,l:,linii, h'liMlinii, Curtii, . ami Julian Alfs which terminate at die
(Inlf of lJu,iiiiiTo, Highest summit, Mont /l/nii. , 1 j.y.Si feet.
Norn. —'I'll,. Alps St otiTi'd over llu' snrf.iee of luirope would r.iise its preseiu level alxiut 2i54
li'ii. The avcranc lu'i. nl iho snow line is Sjix) feel.
2. The French ostein Ci;mpriscs all the mountains west of the Khine and the
Klioiie, and north of the tiaronne. The principal raimcs are :
(iM The Jiirti ,\Kmiiii,i,i.r, between France ami Switzerland. They are composed of a
serii's of p.irallel chains, separa'^d by longitudinal valleys. Highest summit, -\/„i,l .WM-soii,
65SS feet,
(/■.) The r.'<f;,'s Mitiiiitaliu, west of the Khine, extend in a single chain, i; miles long
and i.i miles wi.le, between Lorraine and .\lsace, ami separate the kisin rf [he Khine from that
of the Moselle, Highest summit, Hnlhii dc Cuchvilkr, 46i;4 feet.
(c.) The tWc d'Or Mmiiit,! •", nordi-west of die Jura Mountains, hetweeii the basins of
the Seine and Loir:-, . :;d that of the .Saonc. They are couneded on the north with the Vosgcs,
and on the south wiili die Ccveiines, Tlioir name refers either to the rich products of their
vineyards, or to the golileli color of the soil. Highest summit, Le T.Kselol.
(i/.l The (Weiitits Afnuntiinn. in the south-east of France, extend gencrilly from north-
east to south west, and separate the lasio of the Rhone from tli.u of the Loire. They are
tlieideil i;-. ne.rth,-rn .iiid ^.tilhern Cevetities al .!/e«.' lr:mr. Tct.;: :,-th of the range about
300 miles. Highest siimmil, Afml Atcteii, 5.S20 feet.
(cl The /t«tV)-x«c.U.iKH/(i/«t, west of the Cevennes, form the iMitl.st highlands in the
interior of I'raiice, run from north lo soudi, separating the basin of the Loire from that of the
liaroniie. Thev cimtain ni.iny extinct volcanoes, and abounil in wild and picturesque scenery.
Highest kuniniit, J'uy ,le Sun,}; 6187 feet.
3, The Apennines st,'»rt from the extremity of the Maritime .Alps, run from
west to cast, skirtlny the Gulf of Genoa, then turning to the south-east they traverse
the entire peninsula of Italy, About the latitude of .N'aples, -'ley divide into two
branches, one of which runs to ("ape Lcuca, and the other extends to Cape
Spartivento. The latter icappcars in the island of Sicily and forms its Mountain
System. The Apennines are divided into three parts: Northern .\i>enuines from
the Alps to the .sources of the Konco, Centra! Apennines ihence to ilie sources of
the Sangro, and .Southern Apennines ihenre to Capes I.eiica and Spartivento.
Thu Northern .'\peniiines enclose the south side of the basin of the Po, Length
50 miles ; breadth from 25 to 30 miles. The C entral and Southern Apennines
form the water-parting between the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the Adriatic and Ionian
Seas. Total length of the chain Soo miles; mean height 5000 feet. Ili);hcst
summit in Italy, (/ra/i .Vnjjv, 9544 feet ; in Sicily, A/miiit Etna, 10,874 feet. Height
of snow line on Mount F.tn i, lioo feet.
.(, T"he Hellenic System embraces the mouiu.iins in the Hellenic luninsula,
south of the .Save and the Danube. The principal r.inges are :
((/.) The Dhutri, . ///-f, v'hich ri u tiith-east from the Julian ;\lps, skirting the coast of
the Adriatic and terminating at Mi^iu >cardo. Highest summit, .l/y«ii/ /^///(/nr, 754S feet ;
length 370 miles. They are contimicd southward by (/'.I The iirummas or PhiJiis chain,
which forms the water-parting between the .\driatic and Ionian Seas on the west, and the
Arclii|)eIago on the east, and terminates at ( .p ' Matapan. IIi.;hc5t summit, .\toiinl PiiiJus,
.S95.:) feet ; length alxiut 450 miles.
NwTB.— Mount Oivminis, (,740 feet, the highest point of the peninsula, lies east of the ran:,ie.
{(-. ) The Balkans extend eastward from Mount Scardo to t'.ipe Mininch on the Black Sea,
forming the boundary Iwtween f'^ast Kotimelia and Bulgaria. Highest summit, Mottt .Siariio
or Tihar Jhii^h, 9S40 feet ; length 400 miles.
5. The Hercynio-Carpathiau System embraces all the mountains from the
Khine to the Uneister between the valley of the Danube and the plain of Northern
Germany.
(1/.) The Heriynian Mountains, so called from the name of the immense forest, the
Hyrcinia Siha of Tacitus, which once covered a large | 'ition of the country, embrace a
numlier of minor ranges in Southern Germany and Ilohemi.i and Moravia, 'i he Ixrst known
ranges are the //(/;.'=, the Sihwarz-waU or black Forest, the lioitimcr-walil or Itolicmian
Forest, and the Kii-scn-gei'iri^f or Giant Mountains. 'I'lie highest summit is .Si/incrl-o/'/'e
(snow-cap), 53S9 feet, the culminating point of the Rivst-n-gebirgi',
{b.) The Carpathians starting from the Danube near Preshurg run north-cast under the
name of the Little Carpathians between the M.ircli and Waag to the .^udetic Mountains.
From Mount Wisik.i begins the great chain of the ' arpathians proper, which sweeps round in
a large semi-circle until it reaches the Danube at the Iron Ciatc near Drsova. Its chief
divisions are the W- 'tern Carpathians from Mount Wisoka to Mount Sloiczck ; Central
Carpathians from Mount Sloiczek to Mount Czorna; Eastern Carpathians, length 350
miles, from Mount Czorna to the Iron Gate. The Western and Central Carpathians separate
Hungary from dalicia ; and the Lastern Carpathians, Transylvania from Mohiavia and Walla-
chia. Total length of the Carpathians 800 miles; average breadth 100 miles. Highest
summit, Mount Butsehetje, south of Kronstadt, 952S feet,
(A,) The Sarmatian System, named from Sarmatia, the ancient name for
Poland, contains no real nioimlains. The V'ahlai Hills, I too feet hi,:h, form the
water-parting from which riow the Duna to the lialtic, the Volkon to I .ke Ladoga,
the Unelpcr to the lllack Sea. ind the Volga to the Caspian.
(G.) The Uralian System itween F.urope and Asia. The principal chain, the
I'ral Mtntttta/ns, c\tc\\i\s from the .-Vrctic Ocean to ( trenbcrg on the Ural River,
Length 1200 miles ; avcr.age height 3000 feet ; highest sunimit, Konjakofski, 5397
feet,
(//) The Caucasian System extends between the Black Sea and the Caspian.
Length 750 miles : highest summit, APoiinl Eihirz, 18,526 feet, the highest point In
Europe.
(2.) Plateaus. — (i;. ) The Central Plateau ■'/ Spain occupies the greater part of
the Iberian peninsula. It Is bounded on the north by the Cantabrian Mount. lins ;
on the south by the Sierra Morena; on the cast by a broken ridge which begins
near the sources of the Ebro, and runs .south-east under the name of the Iberian
Mountains; .and on the nest it slopes to the Atlar'c. The Sierra Guadarama, and
the Sierra Tolcthi e.xir I i loss the plateau. Area 100,000 scpiarc miles; height
2250 feet.
(/'. ) The Plateau of Bavaria, on the north side of the .-Mps, extends from Lake
Cieneva to the mouth of the Inn, It is divided into two parts by the western course
of the Rhine .and Lake t'onf.tance. the .south-western forming the plateau of north-
ern Switzerland, and the nenth-ci stern the plateau of southern liavarLa. Mean
height 1660 feet,
(c) The plateau ofAiivergne, in France, has a mean height of 1087 feet. It was
once the theatre of violent volcanic action, and is stud-!' {! with extinct volcanic cones ;
the principal of which are Parion, Cantal, Montd'Or, and Puyde-Dome,
((/.) The Plateau of Bohemia Is an enclosed t.iblc land, nearly surrounded by the
liochmer-wald, on the south-west; the Erz-gebiigc, on the north-west ; the Kiesen-
gebirgc. on the north-east ; and the Marischc-gebirge, on the sonth-ea.st. It is
drained by the Elbe and its tributaries, the Moldau and the Eger. Height 960 feet.
! I
-J
;'
i i
j •
(/.) The Ptaltau of Transytvaiiia, cant of Hungary, is embosomed by llic tircviil
of llie Carpathians. It is overspread by offsets of that r^mgc, and plains arc rare.
(3 ) Plains.— (-4.) The Grtal Plain extends from the mouths of the Rhine on
the west, to the Ur.il Mountains and Casi)ian Sea on the cast, and from the Arctic
(Jccan on the norlh, to tlie lilack Sea on the south. Area 2,500,000 .sipiarc miles.
It is generally divided into the Germanic I'lain in the west, and the Sarmatian I'lain
in the east.
(rt.) The Germanic Phiin is boimded on the west by the Khine ; on the .south by
the Ilarz, the Kr/nebirge, and the Ricsen-gebirj."- ; on the east by the Vistula;
and on the north by the lialtic and the North Sc.i. It is watered by the Rhine,
lOms, Wescr, Elbe, Oder, and Vistula. Mean height 350 feet.
(b.) The Sanihilhiti Plabi is bounded on the Hc>t by the Vistula, the lialtie, the
(iulf of liothnia, and Scandinavia ; on the nortli by tlie Arctic (Jceau and the White
Sea; on the cast by the Ural Mountains, the Kirghis Steppes, and the Caspian ;
and on the south by the Caucasus, the lilack Sea, and the Carpathian.s. Its area is
e(|ual to the half of Kuropc. It is crossed by two long, low plateaus. Tlie northern
called the Uralo-Iialtic Table Land, extends north-east from the Lower Vistula, and
fiums the Valdai Hills, from which it narrows towards the Urals The southern,
called the Uraloi ^irpatli .11 Table I,.and, extends from the Southern Urals to the
Caip.ithians. That part 01 the plain, south of the southern plateau, lying along the
Caspian Sea and the Volga, is called the SIcppt 0/ Astrakhan.
(fl.) Sicondary PlaiU. — (rr. ) The Plain of France e.xtend9 from the south-west uf Trance
to the Germanic Plain. It is watered by the ( iaronne, Loire, Seine, and SchcUIt. Its height
does not exceed 450 feet. The region of the Lamlcs extends from the muuth (if the (iaronne
tu tliat of the Adour, a distance of 200 miles, and runs 70 miles inl.ind. The district is a
wilderness of sand, black pine woods, and large plains of furze and heather,
(*.) The Plain of Hungary extends from the Little Carpathians to the Mountains of
Transylvania, and from the Carpathians on the north, to the terraces of the Ualkans on the
south. It is drained by the middle course of the Danube and its tributary the Tlieiss, .\Iong
the rivers there are extensive swamps and marshes covering fully 10,000 stpiare miles. In
various parts of it tliere are tracts of deep sand called Piiszlas. Length 300 miles ; lieight
400 feet,
(.-.) The /"/it/;! 1/ Wallachia 3.nA Bulgaria on the Lower Ilanube, between the eastern
Carpathians and the Ilalkans,
((/.) The Plain of I.ombarjy, in the north of Italy, is bounded on the nortli and west by
the Alps, on the south by the Apennines, and on the east by the Adriatic. It is drained by
the Po and the .\dige. It is celebrated for its fertility. Length 300 miles ; area 38,160 square
miles.
(t-.) The Plain of Jiulaliisia, in the south of Spain, between the Sierra Morena on the
north, and th= Sierra Nevada on the south. It is drained by the tiiiad.ilquiver.
(/.) 'V\\c Plain of Scamiiiiaiia on the east side of the peninsula. It is broadest at the
south, and tapers towards the head of the Ciulf of liothnia, where it unites with the rock and
lake plain of I*"iniand.
(4.) Water-parting.— The Great Water-parting begins at Cape Tarifa in the
Strait of Gibr.altar, and runs in a tortuous north-eastern direction to the northern
end of the Ur.al Mountains, dividing the continent into two great water-sheds, the
one sloping north-west to the Arctic and Atlantic with their branches, and the other
south-cast to the Mediterranean with its branches, aitd the Caspian.
(5.) Tlie Rivers may be arranged as follows:
I. The Arctic System; II. The Atlantic System; III. The Continental
System.
I. The Arctic System.— Drainage area 570,000 square miles.
(I.) The Pctchora rises in the Ural Mountains, and Bows north-west through Russia into
the Arctic Ocean. Length 850 miles ; area of basin 1 14,400 square ihiles.
(2.) The Mczen flows north-west through Russia into the White Sea. Length 350 miles;
area of basin 30,100 square miles.
(3.) The Duina is formed of two branches, the Suchoita and the Witchegda, flows north-
west through kussia, and ends near the town of .\rcliangel, in the White Sea. It is connected
by canals with the Neva and \'ol5a. Length 700 miles ; area of basin 134,400 square miles.
(4.) The Onega rises south-east of Olonetz, and flows north-west through Russia into the
White Sea. Length 350 miles ; area of basin 21 ,000 square miles.
II. The Atlantic System comprises five basins, viz.: {A.) The lialtic liasin ;
(B) The North Sea liasin; (C.) The Atlantic liasin proper; {D.) The Mediter-
ranean IJ.asin ; (E) The lilack Sea liasin.
(.•I.) The Baltic Basin.— Drainage area 717,000 square miles.
(1.) The T-.rnca from the Kiolen Mountains flows south, forming the boundary between
Sweden and Kussia, and ends at T ornc.i. at the head of the Gulf of liothnia.
(2.) The Kaiix, Liilca, Pilca, and Uinca flow south-east through Sweden and end be^!de
towns of the same names, on the west coast of the Gulf of liothnia. The Dalil forms a long
s-!.ios of lakes, and ends in a large gulf connected with the Gulf of Hotlima.
(3.) The Ncz'a with Lakes Ladoga and Onega, 420 miles; area of basin 99,700 square
miles. The Neva is 46 miles long. It empties into the Gulf of Linland by three mouths
basin is connected with that of the Volga by several canals.
Its
(4.) The Nana and Lake rcipiii, length ayo miles ; area uf basin 19,600 square miles. 11
flows north into the (iulf of Finland.
(; I Tie Duiia isaucs from the \aldai lakes, flows first south, then north-west, and enters
thtGuU "i Riga, below the town of Riga. Length 520 miles; area of basin 34,700 square
miles,
(6.) The NiemtH or Mimet from Minsk, runs north-west, passes Tilsit, and enters the
lialtic by the I .irische Haff, the entrance to which is defended by Memel. Length 470 miles ;
area of liasin 35,700 square miles.
(7.) The Vistula (German Weichsel) rises in the Carpathians of Austrian Silesia,
runs first north-cast, and then north-west through Poland, enters I'russia at Thorn,
flows northward and divides into two large arms, that on the right, call' d A'lX'r//',
ends in the Krischc Half, that on the left retains the name if Vistula, and ends in
the Gulf of Dantzic. Its windings arc said to ecpuil two-thirds of its direct course.
It receives its chief tributaries, the San and the Bug, on the right bank. Length
520 miles ; area of basin 72,300 square inilcs.
(8.) The OJcr rises in the Sudctic Mountains, flows first north-west a.id then north through
Prussia. After passing Gar/, it divides into two large arms; that on the right is called the
A'cglils, that on the left retains the name of U.tcr. These arms unite below Stettin, norlh of
which the river expands into the Stettiner Half, and enters the lialtic by three mouths. Its
chief tributary is the Wartlia, which joins it on the right bank at Kustrin. Length 480 miles ;
area of basin 45,200 square miles.
(H.) Tlii North Sm 111111.
(1.) Lhe G,'//ia, the largest river in Sweden, issues from Lake Wener, and enters the
Cattegat at Gottenburg. Length, including Lake Wener, 400 miles; area of basin 17,000
square miles.
(2.) The Cilommcn, the largest river in the Scandinavian peninsula, rises in the Langfield
.Mountains, and enters the Skaggerrack at Krederickstad. Length 340 miles ; area of basin
id.ooo square miles.
(3.) The Clb< (Albis) rises in the Riesen-gebirge, runs first south, and then north-west
throng:'. Ilohemia, from which it emerges between the Krz-gebirge and the Kiesen-gebirge into
Germany. It then Hows north-west and enters the North Sea at Cuxluiven, 60 miles below
Hamburg. It is nine miles wide at its mouth. It is connected by canals with the Oder and
Wescr. The tide ascends it lor 25 miles. Length 550 miles; area of basin 55,000 square
miles.
The chief tributaries on the left kink are : the MoUlan and the F.ger in Bohemia, and
Miilje and Saalc in Germany ; and 011 the right, the //arel and the liUc.
(4. ) The Wescr rises in the Frankenwald under the name of the Werra, and flows north-
west through Germany into tlie Ncirlli Sea. It receives 011 the right Ijiink the Ncssc and the
Alter : and on the left the Pnlita luid the Dicincl. Length 330 miles ; area of basin 17,700
miles,
(5.) The Rhine (Rhenns), German Rhein, is fornud by the union of the //inter-
Kliein liiosterior Kliine) and the Von/er-K/iein (anterior Khine). The latter rises
on the cast side of Mount St. Gothard in Switzerland, at a height of 9000 feet. In
its upper course, which extends to lia.sel or ll.lslc, it flows first north-east, and then
north to the Lake of Constance or linden Sec, on leaving which it runs westward to
liasel. In its middle course, it flows north through Germany to Schcnck. In its
lower course, it flows west through Holland, where it divides into three branches,
the Waal, the J.ec/i, and the OIJ Pliine, and enters the North Sea. It forms the
largest h'.uropean delta. The Old Rhine ends at Lcydcn. It is navigable by
steamers to liascl. Length 760 miles; area of basin 75,000 miles.
The chief tributaries on the left bank arc: (n.) The ,4,ir (Ararius) from Switzcrkand, which
joins it at WaUlsluit ; {t<.) The Moselle ( Mosella) from !■" ranee, which joins it at Coblcntz ; and
(,.) The A/ciise (Mosa) from France, which flows through llclgium and enters Holland at
Macstricht under the n;uue of Maas, .\i Dordrecht it divides into two branches, the northern
j, lining the Lech branch of the Rhine almve Rotterdam, and the southern flowing to the sea.
The chief tributaries on llie right hank are: the yVi-.A:»- (Nicer) from the Black Forest,
which joins it at M:inulieiiii ; the -1Ai;h (Moenus) from the Fichtel-gcbirge, which joins it at
Mentz ; and the Lffe, from the Egge, which joins it at Wesel.
(6.) The Tluime< rises in the Cotswold Hills, in Ciloucestershire, flows ea5tw:ird, and falls
into the Norlh Sea, almut 50 miles below London Bridge. It is called the /sis from its rise to
the city of Oxford. The tide ascends it for 70 miles. Length about 160 miles; area of basin
5162 s(piarc mites.
(7.) 'IJic number with its tributaries, of which the Trent and the Ouse are the principal,
drains several of the north-eastern counties of England, and empties into the German Ocean.
(C, 1 The WUetlC proper Bailn.— Drainage area with North Sea Basin 770,000 square miles.
(1.) The Sciern rises in Wales, and flows by Shrew.sbury, Worcester, and Gloucester,
into the Bristol Channel. Length 210 miles ; area of basin Sooo sc|uarc miles.
(2.) The Mersey rises in the b<irders of Derbyshire, and flowing almost due west, empties
into the Irish Sea. Liverpool is situated on the north-east bank and Birlenhead on the oppo-
site liank, a few miles fr.im its ninuth.
{3.) The Seine (Sequana) rises in llie Cote d'Or Mountains, flows north-west through
France, and enters the English ChaumI lietween Le Havre and Ilonfleur. Length 410 miles ;
area of liasin 2.S,5oo square miles.
The chi.l tributaries on llie left bank are; the YonHe, the l.oing, and the F.ure ; on the right,
the Aul'e, llu- Marne (Matrona), and the Oist.
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EUROPE.
79
(4.) The Liiirt (M^eris Irises in the Ccvennes Mountains, flows north-west throii-^h Fr.ince
tu Orleans, thence "iiith-west anil west to the Bay of Kiscay, ending 'jetween I'oint Mindrn
and St. Nazaire, 30 miles below Nantes. Length 520 miles ; .irea of Iwsin 44,500 stpiare miles.
riie chief triliut.iries nn the left bank are : the Altitr (K.laver), tlie Chtr^ and the I'itnHe; on the
rijthl, the Mityenne.
(5.1 'I'he llartfniw (fiarumna) rises in the Pyrenees, in the v.dley of .Aran, which beloni^s
to Spain, flows north-east through !■" ranee to Toulouse, thence north-west to the Ilay of lliscay.
Twelve niiles Ik-Iow Itord.jaux it is juined by the Dorttoi^tw, anrl the united rivers take the
n.inie of the Giniiiite. Length jjo miles ; area of basin j!,ooo sijiiare miles.
It-t chief tributaries are 011 the right bank, viz.: The Wr/iif^ (Aurigei., he T'.ir/i (Tarnis\ the
/.,'/ (Oltis), and the Daniogite tlliiranniusi.
(0.1 The Doiiro (Purius) rises on the south side of the Sierra dc L'rbion, flows west throunb
Sp.iin Ijctwecn the Sierr.i (iii.itlirama and the Cantabrian Motmt.iins to Miranda, thence south
for 50 miles Ix'twoen Spain and I*ortu'.;aI, then we-«t throiu;li I'ortu'^al, and enters the .Atlantic at
Oporto. It is navigable only for 75 miles. Length 410 miles ; area of Iwsin 34,200 scpiare miles.
The chief tribiit.iries on the left hank are : the Ertsmtt, the Titrm^s, the Aifiu/itt, and the Coa ;
nn the right, tl e risturgiXi the Ezlix, the '/W, and the Ttimega,
(7.) The Tagtis (Span. T.iso; Port. Tcjo) rises in the Sierra .Molina, flows west through
Spain antl Portugal, between the Sierra tMLidarama and .sierra 'I'oledo, expands into a great
estuary 30 miles aljove Lisljon, liclow which city it becomes narrower, and finally flows into the
.Atlantic between Capes Roca and F.spichcl. Length 500 miles; area of basin i^.ooosrpiare miles.
Its thicl tributaries arc on the right bank, vii. ■ 'i'he Xnranm, the Albtr.he, ihe AIngan, and
the /.ezere,
(S.) The Cimdliiux (.Anas) rises on the north sitle of the Sierra de .Alcarez, and after run-
ning for ten miles disajipears in a marshy country. 'I'welvc miles further on it bursts up in
springs called Ojos il,- GiiiiJiaiitt, Eyes of the Ouadiana, flows westward through Spain to
Iladajos, thence southward Ix-twccn Spain and Portugal as far as Mourao, tiience southward
through P.irtugal until it is joined by the Omiiza, and again forming the Ixiunilary line between
the kingdoms, it enters the Atlantic between Castromarin in Portugal and Ayamonte in Spain.
Length 420 miles ; area of basin 25,000 square miles.
(9.) The G:ia,l,!l./itiirr ( llaetis) rises in the Mountains of Murcia, flows south-west through
the Plain of Andalusia, between the .Sierra Morcna and the Sierra Xevada, and enters the
Atlantic at San I.ucar. A marshland, called the ilaiisma, Ave miles wide, extends .along the
right bank of the river for 37 miles from its mouth. Ojiposite the Marisma is a san ly waste
with an area of 95 square miles. Length 300 miles ; area of basin 19,500 square miles.
Note.— I'lie syllabic (7(tu,li is a corruption of the Arabic li;„/y, a river, or river-valley;
Cuadiaiia, or ir,i,li-A,in. the River Ana ; Guadalquivcr, or IfadatMir, the great river.
[/).) The Nlldltirranan BmIii.— European drainage area 363,000 square miles.
(i.) The £/'ni (Iberus) rises in the Cantlbrlan Mountains (Sierra Keynosa), and flows
south-east through Spain and falls into the Mediterranean liclow Amposta. Length, 3S0
miles ; area of basin 32,<)oo square miles.
The chief tributaries on the left bank arc: the /frn.fow, the Oal/egn, and the Segrf (Sicoris) from
tlic Pyrenees: on the right, the 7,i/o>i and the Giindnlupe.
(2.) The Rhone (Khodanus) rises in Mount .St. Gothard, at an elevation of 5700
feet. It lun^ at first south- west through the .Swiss Canton called 'V'alais, a wild and
picturesque valley S9 miles long, to Martigny, whence it turns north-west, and, after
a course of 100 luiles, enters the Lake of C.cncva or I.cman. It issues from the
lake at Geneva, and entering France, flows south-west to Scvsscl, where it becomes
iiavigab'c. It then runs westward to Lyons, whence it flows south to the .Mediter-
ranean which it enters by four mouths. Its delta begins at .\rlcs. The Rhone is
the 111 )st impeCuoiis river in Europe. It is connected with the Rhine by a canal.
I.eiif.h 420 miles; area of basin 37,900 square miles.
Tie chief Irilnil.iries on llio right Ij.iiik .-ire : Ihe Saoiie (Ararl, from the plateau of Langres, which
joi- » it at Lyons ; on the left, the hire (Isara) and the Duaitce (Duranlia),
(3.) The /'d (Padus) rises in Monte Viso, at a height of O500 feet, (lows in a north-
east curve to Turin, thence cast through the I'lain of Lombardy to the .Adriatic,
which it enters by several mouths. At Ferr.ira, v.hich is two miles from the I'o,
the surface of the river is higher than the roofs of Ihe houses. Adria, a seaport in
the time of Augustus, is now 20 miles inland. The river gains on tlic sea at the rate
of abiHit 230 feet jier annum. Length 3(50 miles ; area of basin 34,600 sipiare miles.
The chief tributaries on the right bank are : the Tannro lT.anaru5) ; on the left, the Dor,% Baltta,
the Snia (Sessites), the Ticino (Ticiiiusi, the AJAi (Addua), the Of/w, and the .l/7«e('o (Mincius).
(4.) The Maritzit rises in Mount Ilacmns, flows south through Kouniclia, and enters the
.T'.gaan Sea, west of the flulf of Saros. Length 260 miles ; area of basin t.S,2oo square miles.
(/'.'.I The Black Sea Basin.— Drain.age area S25,ooo square miles.
(I.) The Danube (Ister), Genu. Donau, rises in the HIack Forest at a height of
2S50 feet, and after a course of 1700 miles, discharges its waters into the Wack Sea.
Area of basin 306,100 square miles. Its course is divided into four parts.
{.?.) The first basin extends from its source to Passau. It flows first north-e.ast
to Ratisbon, thenre sni|th-east t" I'assau. In this part of its course it receives on
the left bank the Altimihl (connected by Ludwig's canal with the Rhine through the
Main), the A'aah, and the Kegcn : and on the right, ihe J//,-r (Ilargus), near Ulm,
where it is 300 feet wide and 6 feet deep and becomes navigable, the Zfir/i (Licus),
the /.vr (Isara), at Dcckendorf, and the /«« (CEnus), at Passau.
Note.— At Pasuu, the Danube is 3oo feet above the sea, 41)1 feet wide, and 16 feel deep.
(1*) The second basin extends from I'assau to the defile lictwecii Gran and
Waitzcn. It has an eastward course and abounds with islands. From I'a.ssau to
Vienna it runs through a hilly country, alter which it enters a plain 74 miles in
width. A northern branch, called A'tu/icis/tr Domui, extends from I'rcsburg to
Koniorn, and forma the Great .Schutt Island, 50 luiles long and 15 miles wide. \
southern branch, called Wdu'l/mrf^'c-r Vonaii, forms the Little .Scliutt Island, and
rejoins the main stream at Raab.
The chief tributaries of the second basin on the left bank are: the MarJt or M.^rava,
which rises in the Schneelicrg and ends at Theben ; the Waas^ixntw the Tatra .Mountains,
wliitli joins the Xciihaslcr branch ; and the Oran, which rises in the Carpathians and ends at
( iran ; on the right, the A'iiir/', from the Styrlan Alps, joins it below Raab.
(('.) The thirti basin extends from the defile between Gran .and Waitzcn to
f irsova. This basin is an immen.se plain, not more than 400 feet above sea level.
(In issuing from the defile, it flows due south 10 Vtikovar, anil thence eastward to
Orsova. llelow Pesth, it divides into two branches, which enclose the island of
(^zepcl. From llelgrade to Orsova, it is the boundary between Hungary and Servia.
The chief tributaries of the third Iwsin on the left Iwnk are : the Thehi (Tibicus),
which rises in Mount (ialatz, flows west to Trikay, thence south to the Ilanulie. which, after a
course of 700 miles, it joins betvccn Pcterwardein and Itelgrade; on the right, the ihnve or
Drait (Draviis), which rises in the Orel Herrn Spitz, Three Lords' I'cak, runs south-east, and
after a course of 300 miles, joins the Danuljc 14 miles cast of Eszek; the Save or San (Sarus),
which rises in Mount Terglon in the Corinthian .Alps, flows south-i-ast, and after a course of
420 miles joins the Hanulje at lielgradc; .and the Mcravd (Margis), formed by the junction of
the Etulcni and W'csl Miir,iva 33 mil's wesi of Nissa, which flows north through the province
of Servia, and juins the Ilanubc below Semendri.a.
(,/.) The fourth Imsin extends from f)r5ova to the lilack Sea It is low and
marshy near the river, but dry and hilly towards the enclosing heights lielow
Orsova, the Danube fortes a passage between the protruding ridges of the (.'arpa-
thians and llalkans by the p.ass called the Iron Gale. From the Iron flatc the river
Hows south-east to beyond Widdin, the'- c.astwanl to Rassova, beyond which it runs
n<irthw'ard to Galatz, whence its course is eastward to the sea. F'rom Orsova to
Galatz, it separates Servia and liulg.aria from Wallachia. From Galatz, its mouths
(the chief of which are the A7//<;, the Snlnu, and the F.Jrillis) belong to Moldavia.
The chief tribut.iries of the fourth basin on the left bank are : the Srn-.'/i, which arises in
the Carpathians, flows southward, .and joins the n.mubc at Clalatz ; and the Priith, which rises
in Mount Czorna, flows southward between Russia and Moldavia, and ends at Reni ; on the
right, the hkcr.
(2.) The Dnehlcr (Tyras) rises in the Carpathians, enters Russia at Chotin, flows south-
cast, and enters the lilack Sea at Akt. ..lan. Length 660 miles ; area of basin 27,300 square miles.
(3.) The Dneipcr (liorysthencs) rises in the plateau of the Valdai, and after a winding
course southward falls into the Black .Sea below Kherson. Length 1050 miles ; area of Iwsin
195,500 square miles.
In chief tributaries on the right bank arc ; the Beresina, the Friprts, and the /?»{•; nnd on the
left, the Desna,
(4.) The Don (Tanais) rises in Lake Ivanov, flows first south-east, and then south-west, anil
enters the Sea of Azov between Azov and Tanganrog.
Its chief tributary is the DoiuU on the right bank, which traverses the Ukraine. Length. 1000
miles; area of basin 176,500 .square miles.
ill. The Continental System.
The Caspian Sea Basin. — Drainage area (189,000 square miles.
(I.) The Volga (Rha), the largest river in Europe, rises in Lake Seliger, in the
A'aldai Hills, at a height of Soo feet above the Ilaltic. flows north-east to the conflu-
ence of the jVoloi^.i, south-cast to the confluence of the Kamn. south-west to the
confluence of the Sarfa, and then south-cast to the Caspian Sea, which it enters at
Astrakhan, by seventy mouths occupying .a sp.acc o{ 12 miles. Navig,ation by
steamers begins at Tver, 90 miles from its source. It is-connccted by canals with
the lialtic. At Tver its breadth is 700 feet, and at Kasan 1000 yards. Length
2300 miles ; area of iiasin 527,500 square miles.
Its chief tributaries on the right bank are: the Oka, which ioiiis it at Nijni Novgorod, and the
Soura ; on the left, the Moloi^a, the Cheksna, and the Kama, its most important tributary, which
rises in the Urals, runs soulli jiar.illel to the ehani, and ends below Kasan.
(2.) The Ural, which separates Europe from Asia, rises on the cast side of the
Ur.al Mountains, flows south to Orsk, west to Ur.alsk, and south to the Ca.spian,
which it enters at Gonrief. Length 900 miles ; area of basin 85,000 square miles.
(6.) Lal(es. — The lakes of Europe may be arranged in seven divisions:
(.-/.i Lakes ol the Arctic Watershed.— /.(tA- Kntinskcv, drained by the Suchona, a tributary
of the Pwina; I.atc- Z.ii/,/((7, ilr.iincd by the Onega; Lakes Wy^o and 5t-c«, drained by the
Wygo ; anil I.akfs K<n\io, Piaro, and Imamlra, all drained into tlie White Sea ; Lake F.nara,
in Lapland, drained into AVaranger Fiord by the Patajoki or Pasvig ; .-irca 1200 square miles.
(B.) Lakes of the Baltic Watershed.— In Russia.— £<7A- UUa. in the centre if Finland,
drained by the L lea into lIic (.nil ot Uothnia ; Laki f'a;ani, in the south of Finland, drained
by the norga into the Gulf of Finland; Lake Sauna, drained into Lake Ladoga by the
AVoxa; area sooo square, miles ; height above the sea 247 feet. Lake BU-lo: communicates
with Lake Onega; length 25 miles; area 414 square miles. f.ake Onei;a receives all the
streams that rise in the Olonctz hills. It is connected with the White Sea by Lakes Sego and
Wigo ; with the Baltic by the Svvr, Lake Ladoga, and the Niiva ; and with the Caspian Sea by
\ '■
r ,ke Bieloe and the Volga -, height above the sea aj? feet ; length . 30 m.les ; breadth from 30
V7, mis- area 3,80 square miles. Lai. LaJosa, the largest fre.h water lake m Europe,
d selar^es is u.ters ,n.o the e. t end of the Gulf of Finland by .he Neva; abj,ut 60 streams
nlw .n?o it; height above the sea « feet; length ,.5 miles; breadth 7o nn cs; ;.re "■,
square miles. Lake Hn.cn, drained by the Volkow mto Lake Ladoga. LaU ^"/'" *^
charges its waters into the Ouli of Fi.dan.l by the Xarva ; height above .he sea 9, feet , length
50 ni'ilcs; breadth ;5 miles; area Mio square miles. 1
' In Swedcn._i„Xr Tor.ua, in the north-west, drained bv "- ";;"^^,; ; / il,./ '
north, drained bv the Lulea ; Lake Siljan, in the centre, draned by the Uahl ; LaU .1/,,./. ,
Tn tl- east, connected by a strait with the Ual.ie. It eMend. iron, Mockholm, ;; m, es n, and,
and is said to contain .300 islands. Height above the sea ., fee. ; area 47= sq.,are mdos Lake
Ulrlmar, connected with Lake Ma.lar by the Arboga Canal; length 40 "■'- ■ l^;-^"' "' ' \
miles Lake 1 VclUr, in the south., discharges its waters in.o the lialt.e by the Motala ; he.ght
above the .ea 290 fee. •. length So n>iles ; average bread.h .0 nnles ; area 7.0 square m.les. ^
Note.- Mmh,. un.-uvclftl. nf ih. si,r(,,ee of Sweden is covered w.lh lakes. ^
(C.) Ukes of the North Sea Watershed.-in Scandinavia.-Z.«-!r Wcna; one of the largest
lakes in Europe, in the south-west of Sweden, discharges its waters by the L.o.ha n,.o ho
Cat.e-.at. It drains Lake F.nnumI, in the cast of Norway, by the U.ver .lar, and js also the
receptacle of about 30 strean.s. It ,s connected with Lake Welter by the (.otl.a Canal.
Height atove 'he sea ..4 feet ; length 90 .niles; greatest breadth 56 miles; area =0.0 -quare ,
miles. Lak. Mhsa,, the largest lake in Norway, in the south-east, dramed by the C.U-nmen ■
into the ."-ikager-rack ; length 63 miles; breadth 12 miles. j
Xorn.— There are about 30,000 lakes in Norway. j
In Hwitzerland.-/.«/v Consfmtcc or Bo,k„ Sec, between .Switzerb-.: .and Germany,
draine,l bv the Rhine; height .above the sea 1=00 feet; de;-'- .,i^ leet ; length 44 m.les ;
bread.h S miles ; area iS, square miles. Lake of /.uriclu on .he Limn.at, a tributary of the
Aar; height above the sea .341 feet; length 25 miles; area 34 square m.les Lake of
Lucerne, drained by the Kcuss, a tribu.ary of .he Aar ; height ao<,ve th. sea 1433 feet ; length
J4 n>iles ; area 40 square n.iles. Lake of Xcuchale!, drained by the 'niele, a tnb.,tary of the
Aar ; height .above the sea 142O feet ; length 2; miles ; area 91 scpiare mdes.
In Scotland. -i-./! Xcss, drained by the Ness i .;o Moray Frith ; height abovr the sea 53
fcot ; depth Soo feet ; length 22 miles.
: (D ) Ihe Atlantic WatersheJ r^-noe-.-In the British Isks.-i,-./- Lomo.u/, the largest lake
: in Scotland, dramed bv .he Lev ::, .. Mbu.ary of the Clyde ; height atave the sea =3 fee' ;
; length 24 miles ; breadth S miles ; area 45 «.uare miles. Lake Wuuiermerc, the argest lake
in England, drained bv the Levea into the Irish Sea ; height above the sea .34 feet ; depth
£40 fp' ; leneth ,0 miles ; area 5 square miles. Lough A'cag/,, in the northeast of Ireland,
the iar-est hake in the British Isles, drained by the liann into the Atlantic Ocean ; height
above the sea 4S feet ; length 17 miles ; breadth .0 miles ; area 154 sciuare m.les.
In Francc.-CroK./ Lieu, the largest lake in France, drained by the Loire into the Bay of
Biscay ; area 20 square miles.
IE I The Medllerranean Watershed.-In Switzerland.-Z.<7/r C,ene-,a or Lena,, La.-e be-
tween Switzerland and Savoy, drained by the Rhone ; height above the sea 1:30 feet ; depth
9S3 feet ; length 45 miles ; breadth 9 miles ; area 221 square nnlcs.
Ii. Italv, on tributaries of the I>o.-/.,7jro .lA'&w.-, drained by the Ticino ; height above
the sea (,S^ feet; length 40 miles; breadth 8 miles; area So square miles. Lago d, Como,
drained by the Adda ;' height above the sea 697 feet ; area 61 square miles. Lago .U Garda,
drained by the Mincio ; height above the sea 22;- feet; length 32 miles; greatest breadth .3
miles; area 160 square miles.
(F.) The Black Sea Watershed.— In Austria.— M-»j/V(/.Vf See, formerly a salt lake, but now
dried up, was situated in tlic west of Hungary, drained by the Raabnitz, a tribu.ary of the
Danube; height above the sea 367 feet; art^' 160 square miles. Balaton or Plallcn See
(Salt), in the west of Hungary, drained by the Sio, an affluent of the Danube ; height above the
sea 436 feet ; ^rea 3S0 square miles.
NoTii. — There are about 20,000 lakes in Austria.
(G.) The Caspian Sea Watershed.— The Cnfhm Sea is Sio miles long; greatest breadth
40/ miles ; average breadth 2 1 o miles ; area 1 7,S,SC6 square miles. It is S3 feet i. inches below <
the level of the Black Sea ; depth in the northern part less than 60 feet, in the south nearly J
3000 feet. Lake Sc!i,;er, near the Valdai Hilis, the source of the \-olga. Lake ElUm, m the ;
steppe east of the Volga, one of the saltest lakes in the world, contains 20 pel cent, of saline ;
matters, and furnishes two-thirds of :ho salt consumed in Russia ; area 130 square miles.
10 Animals.— All the useful animals are found iu Europe, such as the hoise,
ass, mule, ...v, domesticated buffalo, sheep, goat, and reindeer. Ol wild animals
there arc the bear, deer, ur.is or wild ox, chamois, ibc.x, wild boar, wolf, lynx, wild
cat fox jackal, otter, badger, weasel, and hedgehog. There are also the beaver,
s.|.iirrcl, marmot, rat, mouse, mole, hare, and rabbit. Monkeys arc found wild on
the rock of Gibraltar. Four hundred species of birds arc permanent residents.
Singing birds arc numerous, especiallv the nightingale (the best songster in the
workl)^ the thrush, lark, blackbird, linnet, and goldlinch. Of other birds there arc
the e;,,.--, vulture, hawk, falcon, .and owl ; also the swan, goose, duck, bittern, stork,
hcron,°si.ipc, pheasant, peacock, pelican, cormorant, and turkey.
11 Vegetation —In the south of Europe are prodnccd olives, oranges, lemons,
citrons, figs, pomegranates, vines, and rice. In Central Europe, tobacco is largely
grown. The princip;d fruits are apples, pears, peaches, cherries, plums, and walnuts.
The tt.cs .arc the oak, beech, fir, chestnut, and pine. All kinds of grain grow south
of Finland and the middle of Norway and Sweden.
12 Minerals —Gold is found chiefly in the Ural and Carpathian Mountains.
Silver in Austria, Sweden, and the British Isles. Iron in Great Drilaiii, Sweden,
Xorwav, Russia, Germanv, Austr!.!, Belgium, and France. Copter in Sweden and
Norway, Germanv, Austria, and Great Britain. Lead in A.is.ria, Spain, British
Isles, .and France, Tin in England, Germany, Austria, and Spain. Zinc m Great
Britain, Belgium, and Germany. Qiiirksikcr in Spain and Hungary. Flaliuum in
the Ural Mountains. Coal in Great Britain, Bclgi.im, France, and Germany. Sail
in England, Russia, Germanv, Austria, and France. Sulphur In Italy. Aml,er on
the south shores of the Baltic. Petroleum In Wales, Italy, and Turkey. MarHe in
Italy and Greece.
13 Cllmate.-The northern portions of the Cireat Plain are cold; but as three-fourths of
the continent lie within the temperate zone, th. .'-.ma.e of Central Europe ,s invigorating. In
southern and western Europe it is quite warm.
14 Inhabitants -The great majoritv of the innabitants belong to the .Xanthochroic and
' Melanochroic races ; a few peoples, such as the Lapps, Finns, Magyars, Bulganans, and Turks
j belong to the Mongoloid race.
15 Rellgion.-The christian religion, as professed by the Roman Catholic, Protestant, and
! Greek Churches, is established in every part of Europe, except in Turkey, wlure Mohamme-
' danism prevails.
BRITISH EMPIRE.
1 The British Empire embr.ices liie United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, and the following colonies and dependencies; the whole containing an
area of over 9,000,000 square miles, and a population of nearly 300,000,000. To
visit these possessions in succc sion we may start from London, the great capital of
the Tiimpire, and with a glance at
..elgoland, near the mouth of the Elbe, proceed down .he English Channel, pass the Islands of
UJerney, Guernsey, Jersey, and Sark, and cross the Bay of Biscay. Pheiice rounding
Spain, we touch first at
Olbraltar, an impregnable fortress. Entering the Strait of Gibraltar, we pass along the shores
of .he Mediterranean. .0 land at
Malta, celebrate,-, tor St. Paul's visit ; thence we proceed to
CKprus, an island belonging to Turkey, but occupied and administered by Britain, under
Irea.v with that Power. Thcnec we retrace our course to the Atlantic, .Inoiigh the Strait
of (iibraltnr, and, sailing along the western coast of Africa, touch at the
Gambia River Settlements and Sierra Leone, .m the African coast. From this we pr-Keed south-
cas.watd .0
Cape Poast Castle, in Upper Cluinca ; and thence southward to
ftsce'isir.a Isle, a lonely i-ck in th.- Atlantic. Leaving h we mmr .0
' SI. Helena, nnee the first Napoleon's place of exile. Snilhw.ird, we come to .he
; Cape Colony, and d,= odier Colonies in Southern Africa. I-oubling .he Cape nor.hw.ard, wc
' call a.
MaorlliUS and the Seychelles. Nearing the .n.ranee .0 .he Red Sea, we tourh at the Pemn-
I sula nf
Men, and at the islands of Soeotra and re,i,n. Crossing the Arabian Sea, we reach
India ; and, doubling Cape Comorin, touch at the island of
Ceylon. Sai'.'-ng across the Bay of Bengal, we come to
ftracan, Pegu, md Tenasserim. Passing the S'..lemeuts of
Wellesley .md Malacca, 0:1 .he M.ih.y Peninsula, and
Prince of Wales Island, 01 Penang, wc land at the island city of
Singapore. Wc then pass northward through the Chinese Sea to
Hong Kong Island, near Canton ; and dience to
Labiian Isle, . rt the Island of Bornea, a,i>l the Province o( Sara-aak, in the north-west of that
island. We now sail southward to
Queensland and the other Australian Colonies. Skirting its western shores, toward, the south
we conic tn
Tasmania, or Van Clemen's Land. Proceeding eastward, we xi.it
New Zealand I eavin- this, .ve s..il northward to .he /•//- l>land> in Polynesia, and .hen
,^M ".'waitVlo^ig colirse across the groat Pacific Ocean, till, doubling Cape Horn, we
The Falkland Islands aiul South Georgia, Proceeding again northward along the eas.ern and
,„„,h,,n shores of South America, we c.oss the equator, and land in
British Guiana. Thence north-westward through the
British West India Islands. T hen south-west, past Cub,,, we louch at
Belize, .., British Honduras. Here crossing Central America, we proceed up tiie Pacific e,»stto
The Dominion ol Canada, crossing which fiom west to cast wc come to
Newloundland and its dependenev Labrador. From the last we s.e-r M.udiwaid .0 the
Bermuda Isles. Thence crossing the Atlantic, we again reach the British Isles, after a voy.ge
of alwut 35,000 miles
I
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BRITISH ISLES— ENGLAND AND WALES.
83
BKITISH ISLES.
1. The United Kingdom of Great Bri-
tain and Ireland inchulLS Kiigland,
Wales, and Scotland, called Gitat
lirilain, Ireland, the Isle of Man,
and the Channel Islands, united
nndcr one sovereign and legisla-
ture. (J real JJritain is the largest
island in luirope, and the most nil
portant in tlx world. Dover, at
the south-cast, is only 26 miles
from Calais in France.
2. The Form of Government is an
hereditary liniiteil monarchy. 1 lie
power of making laws is vested in
Parliament, whieli consists of thice
branches of the Legislature, as fol-
lows : 1. The ()uijen or King; II.
The House of Lords, consisting of
Dishops and I'eers of the I'nited
Kingdom- and 111. The House of
K 1 1 r /■ / r (, / il V {■ r a trb d/i«/
WINU.SOK CASTLB.
Commons, consisting of 658 mem-
bers, elected by the various coun-
ties, boroughs, and towns in Eng-
land, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.
The Isle of Man and the Channel
Is.ands are not represented in the
House of Commons, but have sepa-
rate legislatures of their own. They
are, however, under the supreme
jurisdiction of the Imperial Parlia-
ment.
3. Her Majesty the Queen, a: uie
head of the Lxeciuive, is the
first person in the realm. Her
Court at London is lield in St.
James' Palace ; but her state resi-
dence is at liuckinghani Palace.
Windsor Castle, on the Thames, is
her chief residence in Kngland.
Osborne, in the Isle of Wight, ami
ISalmoral, in Scotland, are private
residences.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Walci frumll t \ ,lu Snxon /(Vi/f turt'i,n.i» urfrumtl Celt c (?!/ ll l Wtit AreioiFTi,h 1 in 1 Wales l [ 1 to i s i r ( 41
London, iliuwiiii; cost. James' Turk, (JJ Duke uf Vurk'a Culiitiiu. (.1) Natiuiial (iall.Ty uinl \.lM>n Mmiuiiii
i<) N'uw n.itisfsuf PurliaiiU'iit, t'
1. Noted For. — Enyland i> uotcd I'ni' auv t-'lirUlian {ivili/atinn; licr grcU puiiti-
c;il Ircfiloiu ; her rclii^inus tnUr.uitm ; Iicr univcrsilics : her literature ; iter just autl
ci[uilal)le ailiuiui.'itraliiiii of l.ivv ; her respect fur authority ; her iu.sulaletl |)i)sitioii ;
her iiiereaiilile marine ; Iter jua^niliceiU haibors ■, her raihijads ami taiials ; her
i\.ivijral)le rivers ; her iiiiueral wealth, more partieularly in coal, iron, eop|ier, ami
tin ; her miner.tl s[Miiv4s; her a;;iieultnie, .mil her pieemiuenee in eoimneree and
manufactures.
2. Boundaries and Extent.— l-aigUmd and Wales are lioumled on the north liy
Scollam!, on the siuili hy i!ie Knulish Chainiel, on the east l)y the .S'orth Sea, and
on the west liy ,"^1. tlcorge's Channel, the Irish .Sea, and the .\tlantic < ice.m.
From north to south it is aliont .)oo miles in length ; and in some places about 500
miles Ijioa.l. Their j-.int .uea is .iboiit 57,3:0,000 acres.
3. Physical Features.— The surface of Kngland is ehielly undulating, consist-
ing of mountain ai\d plain The general aspect is varied and ilclightful, whilst that
of W'.alcs is bold, roinanlie, and mountainous, The three mountain districts in Knghmd
and Wales are ; 1. The Pennine chain, in tlie north ; .:. Tiie Cambrian Moimt.iins, in
Wales, at the west; J. The Devonian range, in Cornwall and Devon, at the south-
west. These tnountaluH may be subdivided into the Cheviot Mills In Northumbcr-
land ; the Cumberland Hills, and the Snowdon chain in Ninth Wales. In l''.i.gliind
and Wales there are 28 mountains between 2000 and jooo feet in height, and 7
exceeding 3000 feet in liuight.
III. It) ll.ir..-(Miiin-ai..l AilinimUy. (.'.J St. Jaiiu-»' Palac. ■.■;) Wustiiimsti.T Abbi-j
i)'l'"WiT. Ill', Surri-yiJi'of l.oil'loll.
SI. I'aul's CalliL'Jral,
The Coast Line ol England and Wales i< about 2000 mile;. The fi)llowing aro the
j Physical Features of the East Coast.
i .MoCSTAINS.
C/lfVw/ alut /'rlilljlit'
ill part, tiiriung
siintliw.irrl.
llislu'it J'>S4 (ocl.
IKS UK illiAt)^. ilNUETS A.M) llAVS.
Tync.
ihisc.
lIiinttKT.
Trent.
rh.inic-..
Klamboruugh. |
Simrn. i Hunihcr.
The N.ue. \ Tlie Wash.
Nurtli I''tirvlar.(!. \ TImnies,
Sinilli l-'oielalul. i
Holy,
Physical Features of the West Coast.
J'fHlliiii;
Ctm^riiiHt in Witles
Highest 357' 'eel.
Mersev.
Sevuoi
.St. llces.
(ire.il tirmc's,
Ilelvlicul.
St. (laviil's.
I, and'-, l-'.nd.
N..:>vav 1 lilh.
Moteeailihe.
t.'aii'.ij;.ni.
CarMKirihun.
Dnstol Clianhet.
Man.
.Anglesea.
I.undy.
Phy; iCal Features of the South Coast,
/'>i'7it>»nt», in Corn- ' ICxe.
wait and ticroti. ; |ttm<r»
I!lm.Ih.
)'i>rilaiul Hill,
-■itart.
I.|..\r<l.
M>nui's Hay.
I'.yiiimitll.
.':.'!..u[.
Pnn-^numth.
< )
< )
( )
Menai Strait, .1 ih.umel ul \uiih W.des, is .ibont I I miles long, and from joo
yards to _• miles wide. It is eros.seii by a suspcnsiimbrichje, beneath which ships of
the largest class may sail ; and by an iron (lailway) tubular bridge, at an elevation
of yo feet above high H if. 1
I >
84
The Lakes of l^ingland arc Di-rzi-fut IVater (or Kes-
wick Lake), in Ciimbcrhiml ; Uilcsiuati'r, lietwccn Cum-
bcrlancland Westmoreland; and /F/;7(/(V7//^rc, between
Cumberland and North Lancashire.
<. The Climate 'i England and Wales, tliough v.iriab'e, i?
healthy and a^jrecable. Tlic country hzwv^ insular, the climate
is more temperate than that of other parts cf Europe in tlie
sa-T,i U:iiudc.
5. Soil and Products.— The soil of England is fertile, and
15 hirihiy cultivated. Chief products : wheat, barley, cats, hoi)s,
ve,';etab','s, and fruits. Principal mineral prodiictii iis ; coal,
iron, cop; T, iead, and tin. In Wales the mjII i^. less fertile;
but ccal, !;un, and dier minerals arc abundant.
6. Inhabitants. — The English people are, for the most part,
tlic descendants of the Angles (from A/tj^r/n in Denmark),
Saxons, jutes, Danes, and Norman-,, who at different times
invaded and conquered the country. In Wales and Cornwall
the people are mostly descended from the ancient iJritons.
7. Religion.— The Protestant Episcopal Church of England
is tlie established rclijjion. For all other religious persuasions,
however, there is complete toleration.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
HCR MAJESTY CriCHN VICTORIA.
It. The Chief Induttrial Centres, near the coal mines, are as follows
CHirP INDUSTRIAL
CBNTRBS.
Xorthuinb?rbnd
and Utirhain.
Lancashire and
VorUsliire.
Staffordsiiire.
Soutli Wale-..
1 Ccal
\ Dis-
' tricls.
SITUATED
IN Tim
North-East.
Xorth-West.
Middle.
South-West.
I'RIN'CIPAL MANUFAC-
TURING TOWNS.
NATURE OP MANUPAC-
TUKns, ETC.
UKITI'^II NAVAL RHVIUW.
Near London is th'j Sydenli.imCryst.il J'.ilace, and Ci}cc}nvkh^\\\\\^\\ Luntains the Naticn^il
Astr{tnomical Observatory, from the ni;^ridian of which degrees of Ion,'!;itude arc reckoned ; also
a celebrated naval liospltal for disabled seamen. Chelsea^ with a military ! ;spifal, is situated
on the Thames, four and a half miles abovn London.
Newcastle and Darling- !»Tr.chinery, chemicals,
un. and tloili.
Manchester, Leeds, and Cotton and woollen
Shcflicld.
' Dirmini;ham r.nd
{ liurslem.
.Swansea and Merthvr
I Tydvil.
goods, and cutlery.
Hardware and pot-
tery.
Sraeltiu',' copjiu and
casting iron.
12. Seats of Commerce—London, Hull, Newcastle, Sunderland, and Yar-
mouth, on the cast coast;
Liverpool and Bristol, on ih. ■.■■^\\
Dover, Portsmouth, Southampton, Plymouth, and Falmouth, on the south;
Swansea and CardifT, on the Welsh coast.
13. Chief Cities.— {</.) London tj.Goo.ooo), the capital and the metropolis of the
l.ritish Empire, is situated on both banks of the Thames, about 50 miles from its
mouth. The river is crosscdby seven bridges, and by the Thames Tunnel, a passage-
way built under the bed of the river. The city cttiuains many line cdifues, such as
the DanU of Eiv^lmd. Uoval K>:'.:!ian;zt.'. Mansion House (Lord Major's residence),
Houses of rarliamcnt, Westminster Al)bcy, Si. Paul's Cathedral, the Mint, N';aional
Gallery, Ibitish >luscuni, and St. James' and lluckingham Palaces. It lias also
numerous spacious and beautiful paiks. Loudon is the largest and wealthiest, as
well as the greatest, cfmnifrcial city in the wrld. It has an area of about loo
square miles; 900 cluirches, and 560 hospital.-, i^usbouscs, and other Lluuitics. It
is the scat of tuie vif the fnur ICnglisb Universities.
(/'.) On the North-East.-- 'A*n'.vrf/Aw//^H-rv«c, and Sittuhrlan.if on the coast, have
extensive nianufacturrs niid a coal trade. Duf/iam, on the Wear, is the seat tf a University.
Y'U-l', on th^* ttii«;e, is nntrd for havincj b::?en the residence of several Kuuun Emperors, and as
being the seat of an An;^lican Archbishopric. Its cathedral, or minster, is the best specimsn of
Ciotlnc architecture in KnL;l,ind. //;///, on the llumber estuary, is one of llie chief En;;llLli
seaports.
(..) On tho Norlolk Peninsula.— AVjh-/.//, on the Yare, is noted for its manufactures and f».r
its hcautifiil catiicdr.il. \'.ifmoi(f/i, at the mouth of the Yare, is the chi'jf scat i;f the hcrriir;
fishciy.
{tf.) OimlnJ^i', en the Cam, and O.v/^ro', en 11il> Chcrwell .ind the I^is, .r Tliamca, arc-
celebrated for their Universiti' >, Oxford University is the most richly endowed upivcrsity in
the worl<l. It has 24 colleges and h.ills, and the iJudleian Library, and a new Museum.
Cambrid'^e I 'nivei'^ity lins Ji colleijcs and halts, and a Library and Museum.
(.-.) Kent and Siiuex Peninsula. —JA/rc*'/".', /Jnx/i/<ni, and I'unhhii^e Wdis arc cele-
brated watering places.
Siieerncss, Chatham^ and II ' >'/;i.iJi aw naval arsenals and dockyard.^.
Dover is a port of embarkation for the continent iJ Munipe.
Canterbury is iIil' eccl siastical capital.
(./'.) Southern Coast. —Ajv/tw/tJ/fM and Ply-.ttouth are import:mt nav.d rvt.itlnns, and the sites
of the principal Uoyal <iock yards, Plymouth is cclebr.ited fur its artificial breakwater.
Sout/uii't/^toit is the chief southern port for the Ocean stramers, plyin;; to the MeJiterra-
nean, and to tlic Unilrd States cf America.
dmrs, hie of \Vi-;lit, contains a royal palace, named i)'/-i>r}i.-, tlu; favorite ;annmer residenci
of yuecn Victoria.
8. The Manufactures of England arc more extensive and ini-
porUint than those of any other country in the world, 'ili^y
include cotton, woollen, silk, bather, metal, and carthcnwaro,
and are cxport.-d to every part of the glob.-. The Welsh manu-
fiictures are piincijially slate, iron, and tin.
9. The Travelling Facilities arc abundant. The common
roads arc exccllcr.t. and. in addition to the canals, there r.re
railways radiatin;^ lioui the sre..t centres of iradc in every
direction. Tlierc is also steam connnuii'cation betwc:n all tlic
principal ports in the kingdom. Electric tjk";raph lines extend
from London to all parts of the United Kingdom, and to Ihj
luiiojK'an Continent.
10. Civil Divisions.— The present division is into
counties or shires, which owe their origin to King
Alfred. There are forty counties in England, vi;;. : 6
Aorf/wrn, lying north of the Mersey and Humber
Rivers; 5 Easfcr't^ on the coast between the Trent
and Thames ; 19 Midhmiy between the Mersey and
ThaiTKJS Rivers and Wales ; and 10 Southern^ south
of the Lower Avon and Thames. 'I'lerc are twelve
counties in Wales.
(.5".) Severn and Avon Buin.—Bris/o/, on the Lower Avon, is the third chief seaport city in
the- kingdom.
Strat/ordjOn the Ujipcr Avon, is famous
as the birth and biiiial place of Shaksperc.
Bath is noted foi its medicinal mineral
sprinjjs.
Kidderminster is noted for carpets.
Glouciiicr is noted for the manufacture
(A pins.
Coventry is the cliief seat of ribbon manu-
facture.
(/^) Manufacturing Districts
Maccksficld for silks.
Leeds for woollens.
Sheffield UiX cutlery.
Nottingham for hosiery and lace.
Wolverhampton is noted for hardware.
Manchester is noted for its cotton manufaclnres.
Birmineham for Iiardware.
Worcc.'fcr for j;l( \ c?> and porcelain.
Biirslcm for earthenware.
Newcastle for ship building.
(;'.) Liverpool, situated on the east bank of the River Mersey, about 200
miles from Laiubn, which it rivals not only i.i extent A its commerce, but in its
shipping. It carries on an immense trade with all parts of ihc world. About
25,000 .ships enter the port annually. Its magnificcr.t docks are very com-
modious and extensive, and in these regards are, perhaps, unequiUcd in
the world. It contains many fine buildings; especially St. George's Mall,
which includes the town hall, music hall, und law courts. Near it is Brown's Free
Library.
(y. ) Chiel Welsh Z\\\Z\.-~Caermarthcn is *hc capit?" of South Wal. '^acrnarvcn is the
cajiital of North Wales ; Lani;o> , on Mcnai Sti.^it, is a watering j.lace ; . .isca is a seaport,
aiifl tlie L, catcst copper maiket in tlic world ; Mcrthyr Tydvil has the large-it smelting furnace
in tlie world; Cardiff is an Important seaport ; Holyhead^ in the Islana of Anglcsea, is the
chief steam packet station betw(;en England and Ireland,
■\
SCOTLAND.
From the Scoti, .in i.nrit'iit Celtic tribe. Formerly called All n, Caledonia, etc. Size, equ.i! to a b4uare of 175 miles.
Phy:^
Features of the East Coast.
MOUNTAINS.
Xorlhefn Highlands^
3730 feet.
Oramfliitttt, \n part,
4390 feet.
BlVIli.
Sptv. luo miles.
Doi , f<t nulc3,
r)ee, vjo miles,
'i'iiy, I JO miles.
Knrtli, 170 miles.
TweL'd, laij milca.
C.\PE^ OR IIBADS. j FRITHS AN» 1.0CIIS
DuiK;ihsbv.
'larbet Ness.
Kimi.urd's.
Itiich.iii NcB!>.
Kife Ness.
St. Abb* J.
Ditiimcli,
Mnniy.
T.iv.
l'\>rti).
Orkney,
ybeil.iml, at the
North-en.it.
/Northern //ij^Alutidf.
GrtttHj'innit .iiid Low
ther, in part, 437J
(cet.
Physical Features of the West Coast.
CIvrIc,
Hill milet.
Wt-.utu
|>.e.
I'InvvmK
Hint ' t l.cwta.
K-*!-',
SOUlll-
Ainl Pc4iu.
Null,
w.irdK.
Aubi.innirch.m.
Mull n( Caniirc.
MmU v\ Cillnway
Huiritw Head. |
BrOft'.i.
i.inniu".
Kyuu.
Clyile,
l.rllE.
SoKvay.
HcbriJi;:
Sltvo.
Mull.
J ur.1.
I«l..y.
AlTAn.
LocNl, or Uk3«, are numjroiis in the middle and northern puts of tho tuunir;'. Tin
I)riiKiii.il arc Shin, Ncv,, and I.i.mond.
liDlNDURGH.
1. Noted For. — Scotland is noted for its picturesque s-i rcry, its numerous friths,
aiul its cxlunsivc maiiuf:ictures.
2. Boundaries and Extent.— Scotland is bounded on the north and west hy the
Atlantic Ocean; on the sovith by the Irl>,h Sea and England ; and on the cast by
the Xorth Sea. Its extreme length is 287 miles. Its brc.idth vaiies from 24 to 217
miles,
3. Physical Features. — Scotland is a liiclnresque and mountainous countrv,
particularly towards the north-west. The Lowland districts, which lie chief! •
loward the south, aie rich and fertile. The principal moimtain ranges arc the
Northern Highlands and tho Grampian, the Lowthcr, and the Cheviot Hills.
These run chiefly in a southwestern direction ; and the ])l.ui)s or vallcvs between
them are so deeply indented by rivers and friths, that li:w parts of Scotland arc
inaccessible from the sea. Tlic co.ist line measures 2500 miles. As the slope is
chiefly toward the cast, all the principal rivers, except the Clyde, (low in 1h.1t
direction. Staffa, a small island north of lona, is remarkable f<ir it.s b.-.saltic
columns and caverns, the piincipal <if which is Mngal's Cave, one of the greatest
natural curiosities ir, the world. The central part oi Scotland is rich in minerals.
SCENE IN TUB HIGHLANDS OF SCOTLAND.
4. The Climate of the ^.owlands resembles that of England, though it is more moist. In iW:
^lighLmd-i it is nuich colder.
6. Soil anil Products.— bi the Lowl.inds the '.oil is good and well cultiiated. The Highlands
arc better adapted for the rc.irins of Ehcrp and cattle. EarK. . oats, and wheat are tlie stai:le
products, The niincipal minerals arc coal, ircm, lead, stone, and slate. The coast fi-hcrics of
Scotland arc very vahiahle.
8. The Inhabitants are made up of two great divisions, viz. : the Highlanders, who arc cf
the Celtic i.ite; Mid the I.owlamlcrs, who arc of .Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon origin.
7. The Established Reiiyion is the Prcsbyt rian, but all others arc free.
8. Traveil'tg Facilities.— Excellent roads extend throughout the country ; canals and rail
ways are n.iiUL-uiu-.
9. Civil Divisions.— Scotland contains thirty-three counties, viz. ; \o Northern ;
10 Ciiitnil : and Ij Soiit/wrii.
10. Industrial Centres.— These may Iv considered as threefold : including (i.)
tlic coast and liver (isiicric , {:.) the .t ,ricultural and grazing districts in the Low-
lands and Iligiilands, .->nd (3.) the n., !iufacturing. 'lliis last, by far the most
important, centres in the coal districts, which stretch from Fifeshire to Ayrshire.
The manufactures include those in iron, linen, cotton, silk, and wool. Ocean
steamers and other vessels are extensively built.
11. Seats of Cammercc.-Leith, Dundee, Montrose, and Aberdeen, on the east
coast ;
Glasgow, Greenct^k, Ayr, .md Port Patrick, on the west coast;
Kirkcudbright and Annan, on the south coast.
12. On Ihc East Coast.- in.; Edinburgh t.!2lj,ooo), the metropolis of Scotland,
is situated near the Frith of Forth. It is a picturesque city, and is noted for its
Castle, for the ancient Koyal Palace of Holyrood House, and for its Universiiv,
Churches, public institutions, and s hools. Prince's Street, which divides the Old
and Xew 'I'owns, is a handsome thoroughfare, and contains a beautiful monument
to Sir Walter Scott. The New Town is well laid out, and the buildings are of a
stiperior cl.iss.
8()
SCO TL AND— IRELAND.
Ltith (54,000 )i the seaport of Edinburgh, has great trade with tlic lialtit.
Inverness, at the moiitli of the Ness, has irun foundries and brew:rics. Near it is CulhiUn
Moor, wlierc tlie Pretender was defeated in 1 746.
PcUrhcad, near Uuchan Ness, is engaged in the wlialc
large quantities of granite.
and herring tisheries. It exports
BALMOKAI. CASTLE, rUli <J(.'t'
Uini.ANU KMSIDKN'Cli.
AbwJeen (O'^^.^oo), tlie (ourtli
cily in si/.e in Scotland, situated
on llie north bank of the Uee, is a
large and handsome city, and car-
ries on an extensive export trade
:n agricidtural products. It con-
tains a university.
B.ihnoral, 45 miles inland, on
the Upper Dee, is the llighl.tnd
lesidence of Queen \'ictoria.
Montrose, a seaport south of
.Aberdeen.
Dundee (i4,i.ooo), is an im-
portant seaport on the north
baTik t f tlie 'ra\. It is noted for
its extensive cxjjorts of linen and
hempen goods.
rerth, at the head of the Frith of Tay, was once the capital of Scotland. It is a centre ,.f tr.ide.
S:. Amlrais, contains the oldest university in ticotlaud, fovuidcd in 1; [ i.
At the Soutli.— Dumtrles, on tlic cast bank of the Nith, is the great mart for the agricultural
produce of Southern Scotland. The poet liurns is buried here.
KirkcuMrisM , on the Dee, has the best harbor in the south of Scotland. It exports gianite.
At the West.— Glasgow (556,000), 43 miles from Edinburgh, on the Clyde, and the chief seat
of Scottish nuuuifactures and commerce, is the second city in Great Britain for (lopul.ition. It
has a tine cathedral, and a university founded in 1450. The engine making and steamship
buiUhng of the Clyde are famous.
Greenock (70,000) is the chief
Pcajiort of the west of Scotland.
It is noted for its shipbuilding,
sugar refining, and extensive com-
merce.
Pa'sley (49,000) is celebrated
for the manufacture of shawls.
Kilmarnock is noted for
carpets and tartans.
Invcrary, near the lu-ad of I
Tyne, noted for ds ina.nili
castle.
On the Forth.— S/i->-//;.x, whose
castle is so I istorically interesting,
was formerly the residence of the Scottish kin:
in I ;i I, liruc;' defeated Edward \\>
Its
..ch
ent
r.KAIJV CAsTl.l , MCA r 1 1 in: OUKU 01-" AR iVLl..
Near it is the Held of Uannoekhnrn, where,
IRELAND.
a from lar l,m.s (C Jl.>, die V. \s:.r« UU. wl.-ucu Ui uaiuc ErU
Tlic uaiuc is probably derlvei
(. Noted For.— Ireland is notetl for its
beautiful scenery and its feitility. The green-
ness of its verdure has given it the nnne of
the EmcrM Isle.
2. Boundaries and Extent.— Ireland is
bouiuleil uu the north, west, and south by the
,\ll.intic Ocean, and on the cast by the North
Chaitncl, the Irish Sea, and St. George's
Channel. Its greatest length 306 miles, its
greatest breadth iSo miles.
3. Physical Features. — I'iic surface is
chielly undulating. The coast line of about
2J00 miles, is very irregular, and encloses
many beautiful bays. The mountains are
generally near the coast, and arc most numer-
ous in the north and the west. The highest
summit in Ireland is one of the Macgilli-
cnddy's Keeks, County Kerry. In the County
Antrim, is the vjiant's Cau.seway, a basaltic
promontory, composed of many thousand pil-
lars, closely united together wilhlieautiiui reg-
ularitv. Iii'thc central part of the island are immense tracts of country called bogs,
producing little else than heath, bog myrtle, and peat. The landscape of Ireland is
beautiful ; and the scenery of the Lakes of Killarney, of the Western Coast, of tlie
County Wicklow, and of the Southern Coast is highly picturesfitic.
Physical Features of the North Coast.
SACKVILLQ STIiECT, WITH THE VOST OFFICII AND NEI.SON's PII.I.AH, DUDI.IN,
I'RISCtl'Al.
MflUNTAINS.
I'RINCIPAL BIVUHS.
Sperriiiu.
Foyk.
Baim, 40 miles.
1 AI'ES OR HEADS.
Faiilieail.
Maliii.
li. poicland.
l-oylf.
S«illv.
Sliceph.ivcii
Physical Features of the East Coast.
Moiiiiie, 2706 feet.
Wicklow, 3"39 ''-■':'■
I.aKijai., 35T">;ei. n„„,|,,
iov.ic, So nii.s. Wicklow.
Llffey, so miles. ,■>,,„„.
.Slaney, ;o miles. ,;,,,,„„r,,.
ii.;t.i-i.
Diiiulruin.
IHiml.dU.
Ihili'm.
R.uhlin.
■forv.
I.anib.'iy.
Irelaiuf'B V.yc.
Physical Features of the South Coast.
Oallec.
Kiiocklneli'clowii.
Harrow. 1 1 v miles.
'■•\\\r\ loo Illiles.
l:i.ic!;witer, loom
I.CL', 1=, miles.
Canisore.
Kiiis.dc.
I'lc.ir.
Mizeii.
\V..lfltMl,t.
1 1.111-4. irveli.
fork.
Kiiiba'c.
1 Cape Clear.
Phvnical Features of the Wes t Co a^
u
Diitiriior
Miic-iilicmlilv Keeks.
K Try.
Hiuliesl .(I'jo fcct.
Kli.iimot., 32.1 m.
(liilw.iy.
Kinc, Ou niiitjH.
ALilil.
Mayo.
Krrii.
Utjssan.
p.iiiliy,
Kiiim.trc.
V.ik-iili.i.
South Arraii.
Shannon.
Clare.
Clew.
.Achil.
1 i.rlwny.
Nortii Arr.,11.
Siigii.
Uoiici^al.
(Lm. ii.ir.K Hi'.vrnia.) Aica, equal to a square of iSo miles.
The Shannon is the largest river in Ireland. It ,
Hows 164 nnles soudiw.ird through die centre of the j
country to Limerick ; thence 60 miles westward, into (
the .\tlantic (Jcean. <
Clonmaenoise, on its banks, in King's County, J
contains two of tlie many celebratcii Round Towers ;
of Ireland, the origin of which is still unknown, and ;
some of the beautiful ancient Tombstone Crosses. J
The Lakes, or Loughs, .are numerous. The priii- \
cipal are Swiily, l-'oyle, Neagh, I'.elfast, and Strang- ;
ford, at the nord wast ; Rec and I)erg,in the centie ; ;
Coiui, Mask, and Corrih, at die l.cst; and the pic- ;
turesiiue Lakes of Killarney, at the south ucst.
4. The Climate is nioister, hut more equable than
that of England, being less warm in summer, and
milder in winter.
5. Soil and ProiluctS.— The soil gem r.lK- is very
hirtilc. The (lu.iutity of r.,in which falls makes the
grass grow abundantly. Dairy huskuidry and cattle
rearing are extensively followed. ITax is much
cultivated. Chief minerals : coal, copper, iron, and
marble. The chief manufactures are linen and
poplin goods; which, with muslin sewing and lace
making, give employment to great numbers.
6 Population.— The inhabitants are chietly of Celtic origin ; hut people of .\nglo-Saxou
de^cc'nt have settled all over the island. In some parts of Ulster the people are .ies. cnil.iiits of
Scottish coloni-ts introduced by Jam- s I. Irish C.aelic is the native kuigua,,-, now cluclly
confined to the west.
7. Religion.- The rrolestant or Anglican Episcop.d Church was discst.ibli.^lied and disen-
dowed in iSriu. Througliout the island the people aro chielly Roman Catholics, except in
Lister, wlure tin; in.iiorlty are I'rcsbyteriaus.
I 8. Travelling Facilities. -Ihe common roads are very good, .md dure are m vera! iaii..ls 1. r
' internal trade. Kailmi) s also connect Dublin with Itelf.isl, l.oiidoudei ry, Cork, Linieruk,
Calway, Wateiford, and other places.
0, Manufactures and Exports. Linen is the chief ami most valuable nianufacture. tiotlou
■ roods iiv eM.iiMV.'lv luauuf.iaiired around Ilelfast. and Irish poplin, a fabric of s.lk and
I worsted, ill Dublin. These, with dairy and agricultural pio.lmv, cattle, etc., form the chief
i articles of export.
: 10. Civil Divisions.- Ireland is divided iiiln four provinces, cumpiiMiig thiny-
I two counties; ,^
Ulster, containing 9 counties; chief seaports, /UK,sl, and /..'n,l.>,i,/erry.
Leinster. . onlaining \i counties; chief seaiiorls, /)«/'//;/, and ll'e.v/.'r./.
IWunstcr, containing (, counties ; cliief seaports, CWk, QneenshKc, IValer-
J\ir,l, and l.imerkl;,
Connaught, conlainin;; - coimtiis ; chief seaports, ilnh.o.iy, and SUgo.
W Chief Cities.-On the East Coast.-Dublin (^L^ooo). the nunopolis of
Ireland si,„,,.od .m both sides of the I.ifiey, is one of the (meM ulus ,11 Kiiropo,
und is distingnshed for the number and elegance of its ptdili.. b.uhlings. It
contains the L-niversitv of 1 hiblin (Trinity College), founded by (lucc.t I'di/aljcll,
-■w i i iiiBm mt w iji ^^i*'.-
-" —
ricultnral (
s yianite. J
chief scat J
tcaniship <
1 1
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88
IRELAND— BRITISH DEPENDENCIES IN EUROPE.
\
in 1591, the Queen's
University (ihe Col-
leges of wliich are
at Belfast, Cork, and
Galw.iyj.and ,1 Roman
Catholic University.
I'hcenix Park is a
favorite place of re-
sort for the citizens.
Sackville .Street, a
prolongation of Graf-
ton and Westmore-
land Streets, is the
principal thorough-
fare, and is a wide
Bi.AcK ROCK cASTi.K, NiiAR CORK. and liaudsomc street.
AVV/vj-Aww, eight miles cast of the city, is the mail-packet station for Dublin.
Belfast (175,000), is noted for its linen manufactures, and its foreign and domestic
trade. It is the .sc.it of one of the Queen's College.s.
On Ihs North Coa«t.— Londonderry (25,000), a nourishing town on Loush Foylc, is noted
f'T its .shirtniakin^, and its 1.ul;c trade.
-l/wvy/f, its portjis a place of call lor tlie Allan line of Canadi^in mail steamships.
On the South Coait.— Wlterford, on the .Suir, is noted for its fine qu.iy and harlxir.
Cork (78,000), in size and population the
third city in Ireland, is situated on the I.cc,
and is the chief commercial city of the south
of Ireland, and largely exports grain and
provisions. It has manufactures of leather,
iron, gloves, and glass, and is the seat of one
of the Queen's Colleges.
Qucenstmii is a naval depot, and has
one of the finest natural harbors in the
worhl. The priiicipal fortifications are on
.•^pikc Island, a convict establishment. The
entrance to the harlxir is defended by Cam-
den and Carlisle forts. Queenstown is a
place of call for the mail steamers running
between England and America. m.ARNRv castlb, near cork.
At the West.— Limerick (40,000), the fourth city in Ireland, is beautifully situated 1
the .'ih.union, the largest river in Ireland. This city is remarkable for its fine bridges, i
extensive manufacture of lace and gloves, and its commercial eut'.'rprise.
Gaiway is the seat of one of the Queen's Colleges. U is comiectcd with Dublin by rail.
ANCIENT RUUND TOWIiRS AND CKOs^ AT CLONMACNOlStZ .
iwu.s tcovii OK >-ukk;.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES IN EUROPE.
I. GIBRALTAR, AND II. HELIGOLAND.
ROCK AND TOWN OP OIBHALT.IR, IKOM Tim NliUTHAI. OROUND.
1. Cliraltar (Dji-bd Tarik, .Mountain of Tarik, the Moor or Saracen wlm landed here in
711) is a high rock at the south of Andalusia, in Spain, and forms the key to the Mediterranean.
Its fortress, of 1000 guns, is the must celebrated in the world. Cavern- and galleries, for
communication and defence, have hi'cn cut in the solid rock.
2. The Town, situated on the western dcclivily, is a sincle spacious street, pavrcl and lighted.
Gibraltar is a free pen, and the cliief cenhe of llritish commerce with the adjoining cciunlries. Il w.u
< founded by Tarik, a Moor, in 711; ceded to Spain in the fifn!enth century ! and captured by llie
^ Enshsll in 1704, It is only .to miles from Tauiier, th.e commercial capit.-i! of Marf.rro, in N.~.nhrrii
> Africa.
( 3. Helgoland, or Heligoland (Holy Land), is a rocky island, 200 'eet high, 46 miles north-
? west from the nioullis of ihe F.lbf} and Weser, and contains a village and a light house. It was
j taken from Denmark in i,So7, and is now a watering place. It was held in high veneration in
> the Middle Aces.
///. THE ISLANDS OF MALTA, GOZO, AND COMING.
1. Poiitioa, etc.— This group lies in the Mediterranean, lictween the Island of Sicily and the
Continent of Africa. .\rca 143 square miles ; population 160,000.
2. Phytlcal Feature], etc.— Malta is the principal island. It is 17 miles long by 9 wide.
Except at the south side tlie mast is deeply indented. The surface is rocky, and has little
deptli of soil. Cotton is tlic staple product. Tile vine, figs, oranges, ami olives arc abiuidant.
Heing central in the Mediterranean, it is a great commercial depot. Valetta is [lie capital. It
has fine d(icks, and is well I'ortificd. Population about ,p,ooo. (7iC!J, nine miles long by four
antl a half wide, is more fertile. Us (dam's Tower is the chief oljject ■ f interest. Cuminu is
a very small island ; population only 900. Off Comino lies Cominotlo.
3. History.— Malta is said to be the Melita on which St. Paul was thipwrctked. Peopled by llie
Phoenicians and held by them, it p.^ssed successively under the dominion of die Cailh.iginians,
Rinnans, Sar.iccns, and Sicilians: and in 1513 w.is granted liy Cliarles V. to tlie Kniglus of the Order
uf Si. Jolin of Jerusalem. It was lakrn by Napoleon I. in 171JS ; liy England in 1.S00, and finally
ceded t<i her in i,Si4.
IV. THE ISLE OE MAX, AXJi THE CIIAXNEI ISLANDS.
1. The Isle of Man (anc. Mona or Mcittnia), may be said to belong to Scotland rather
than England, it lies between England and Inland. It is ji miles west from the English
coast ; 18 miles south from the coast of Scotland ; and 40 miles east from that of Ireland.
I'rom the tenth to the thirteenth century it was iiidtr the dominion of .Norway. In ij66
it was ceded to Alexander 111., King of Scotland. It has a Itishnp, known by the title of
the ISishop of Sodor and Man, but he has not a seat in the House of Lords, Under Henry
IV. it was conferred on the f.imily of Stanley, altcrwarils Lord Diiby, Uy m, ullage it descended
to the Duke of .\lliol, who, in 176;, ceded it to the Ilritish ( rown for ,£72,000 sterling.
It is not governed by the laws of England, nor affected by any |)arlicular act of Parliament,
unless it is particularly named in It. Caitletown is the capit.al.
i. The Channel Islands lie off the French coast. They are Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and
Sark (or Serq). They formed part of the Dukedom of Norm.indy, and were re'ained by
Engl.and when the durhy was relinquished. In 1 m.S tliev were form.div annexed liv Henry I.
to the British Crown. They .ire governed by their own l.iws ; but an appe.il lies from the courts
to the Privy Council of Paigland.
urlwr.
Uy situated nn
ine bridges, its
Liblin bv rail.
'^^i^ ^
OAf/JVO.
Sicily and the
ng by 9 wide,
and has little
arc abundant.
If? capital. It
s lonj; by four
•t, Comitio is
Peopled by the
C'arlhaginiins,
ts ('f die Order
30, iiiul finally
ELANDS.
:othmd rather
1 thi- I'.nglish
at <if Ireland,
vay. In \. '.(■■(%
y the title of
Under Henry
L' it descended
,ooo sterli[it;.
if Parliament,
Alderney, nnd
* re'ivined l)y
1 liv Henry I.
nni the courts
.■4
4
II!
KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL.
The name P<irtu5»l only cams inta use aboul the l nil Cenlury. In the R.'man period, Ihere was .1
lown called Call; now 0|»rlo, near the ra.iulh nl the Douro i and this baven ha^ ing been mudi
trcquente.l, the isnuraiice of the middle asi!. c. interred on the surrounding reijion the name P^rl^
Calle. In ancient name was LusilanU. Size, equal to a square of i8« miles.
1. Noted For.— PortUflal is noted for its wiia,be.iutiful, and fertile valleys; its
flora, exceeding 4000 species; and formerly for its conini' rcial greatness ; but now
for its wines and fruits.
2. Position.— This kingdom is bounded on the norlh and east by Spain, and on
the south and west l)y the Atlantic Ocean. It exlriids from < .ipe St. Mary in 37" 3'
North Latitude to its most northern point on the river Minho in 4.1° 11' North
Latitude, and from its n.ost eastern point upon the River Douro in 7" 20' West
Longitude to its most western.Cape Roca in rf yJ West Longitude.
3. Pliysical Features.— Its surface is .agreeably diversified, iiul gradually slopes
from the north toward the Atlantic Ocean. Its principal rivers, the Douro, the
Tagus, and the Guacliana rise in Spain. The chief mountain range is the Sierra
Estrella. The chief capes are St, Vincent, famous for the defeat of the Spanish
fleet in 1797 by the IJritish Admiral Jervis, St. Maria, lispicliel, and Roca. The
coast is high and rocliv.
4. Soil and Products.— The soil is rich, .inii the climate mild and salubrious. The products
are similar to those of ."^[Jain. The vino flourishes in the north ; and the olive, the tjranse, ihc
lemon, and the citron in the south. Iron, mercury, copper, lead, salt, building st.me, beautiful
niarblcs, and wool are abuncbnt.
5. The Inhabitant! are the same as those of .'ipain, but their lansuajc is different. Roman
Catholicism is the established religion oi Portugal. .\:.;riculuirc is ncslccted, but the vine is
much cultivated.
6. The Travelling racilltlei are not good. There are no canals ; and the nav-^ation of the
rivers is often interrupted liy droughts. Lisbon is connected by railway with ( )porto, and with
liadajos on the .Spanish frontier. A line of railway also coimects Lisbon with I-;vora and Heja.
7. Civil DivlsiOi.i.— Portugal was formerly divided into six provinces. It is now
divided into seventeen smaller provinces. There are also two insular provinces,
the Azores and Madeira Islands respeciively.
8. Chlel Cities.— In the North.— fira/u, the ecclesiastical raetropolLs of Portiujal, on the
Cavado ; and MirandclU.
On the Douro.— O/JrtJ (Tht /farior) (ioS,ooo) has extensive trade in port wine, from
which it takes its name. It was the birthplace of Magellan the navigator.
Spain was known to the Greeks under the name Iberia, prol.ably denvi d from the Hebrew Kber, or
troni the Syriac or rhmiiclan Ebra or Ibra. It was also called Hispena by the Creeks. It was
callud lliifania by the Koniaus. .Spain is said to be derived from Splia>uah, or the "land of
rabbits," because it abounded in these animals. Site, equal 11 a square of 440 miles.
1. Noted For— Spain (Span. EsfaRa) is noted for its foiincr commercial and
military greatr.eb;-, and extensive efforts at colonization. It is now chiefly noted
for its wine, raw siik, and merino wool.
2. Boundaries.— Spam is bounded on the north by the Hay of Biscay and tlie
rvrenees ; on the cast by the Mediterranean Sea; on the .south by the Mediter-
ranean Sea and the ,\tl.antic ; and on the west by Portugal and the Atlantic.
3. PItysical Features.- The interior is diversified, and consists of high table
hands, separated by > mntain ranges and drained liy several rivers. The principal
ranges are the Pyrenees .at the north, the mountains of Castile, and the Sierras, or
saw-shaped ranges, of Toledo, Morena, and Nev.ada, in the interior. The greater
part of the country i., fertile, and is covered with a luxurious vegetation, especially
in the south, which in some places seems a garden of perju inal bloom. The prin-
. ilial rivers are the Doum and Tagus, flowing through Portugal into the Atlantic;
the (;u.idalquivir and Gu.uliana, flowing southward; and the Ebro, flowing into the
Meditc-ranean. The most noted capes arc Ortegal, Finisterre (land's end) ; Trafal-
gar, famous for Nelson's victory in 1S05; Tarita (from which we deinc our wood
tariff), tlie southernmost point 01 Europe ; Cata, Palos, and St. Martin.
1;
CITV r,.- OPORTO, NR,\R TUB MOL'TH OF THE DOURO RIVBR.
On the Mondego.— CMw</.ra contains the only university in the kingdom. North-east of
Coinibra is Bns.uo, where Wellington defeated the French under M.assena, in iSio.
On the Tagus.-Llsbon (265.000), capit.1l of the kingdom, is well situated on the bank of the
river, and has a fine wide harbor. It was nearly destroyed by the great earthquake of i;;?,
when about 60,000 peojile perished. North-west of Lislr-: arc VimUra and Torres IWnu,
famous in the campaigns of Wellington.
The other Chlel Cities are Evom (anc. Ebora), noted for hardware and leather, and Mirt.'hi.
Siiui i> the birtlipl.icc of the navigator Vasco de Gaina.
9. The Aiores, from ajor. a hawk, lie west of Portugal. Ansni, on Terceira, is the capital
of the group. St. Michael's, the l.irgost, is famous for its oranges.
The Madeiras (wood) lie west of Marocco. The chief produce is wine. Funchal, on the
south side of .Made 1, is the capital.
10. Colonies.-Thc Portuguese were the first to double the Cape of Good Hope, on their
wav to India. They held lirazil till iSsv Their principal colonial possessions arc the Cr/f
V.rdc Isl.u.Js, in the Alhntic ; Dhsao, and the Islands of iV. Tlunnas and Prnuc's, on the
Guinea coast ; Aj:U.i, Anxoh, Amh-lz, Dcv^uch,, A/,,<s.ime,/,s, and Mo:.,mMjuc in Africa •
Gon, Siilsclh-, Daman, and Dili,
part of Timer, in Malaysia.
Ilindostan; iJA/kid, in China; iwi Florcs, Sdor, and
gUlCKSILVEK .MtM-.
4 Soil and Products.-The soil is generally fertile, and the climate dry. In the north,
where the cllma'c is temperate, the apple flourishes, tliu hills are covered with oak and
chestnut, and the valleys ^ ieUl rich harvests of grain ; but the high plateaus of the centre arc
destitute of trees. In the south, where the climate is warm, the fig. lb ■ olive, the vine, the
cactus plant for the cochine.al insect, the orange, and the sugai cane flourish. Fruits are
abundant ; also coal, lead, iron, and quicksilver.
5. Inhabitants, »'c.— The Spaniards are a nii.xtnre of the Iberian, Celtic, Gothic, Roman, and
Arabic races. The population, almost entirely KiiUian Catholic, is about 16,350,000, of which
about 50,00,^ are Gypsies. Agriculture, the cultivation of the grape, and the rearing of merino
tiieej) form the leading ])ursuits.
0. The Travelling Facilities are not numerous ; and mules furnish the chief means of internal
transport. There are now several .ailways. The rivers have few bridges, and have generally
to be forded. The canals are not vrell consliucted.
7. Manutactures, Exports, etC.-'l he principal m.mulactures are silks, leather, saltpetre, and
iron. The chief exports are wires, wool, oils, fruits, .luicksilvei, and >p.amsh fl.es.
8. Provlnces.-Prcvions to iSjj. Spain contained fourteen provinces; bnt il is
now divided into forty-seven, or.including tlie Balearic and the Canary Islands, into
forty-nine provinces.
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SPAIN— FRANCE.
9. Chief Towns.— {<') On the North Coast.— /. Scta.rtian, taken by tlie Hritish from the
French in 1813; Bilbao und Santander, seaports; Ferrol^ a naval arsenal; incl Cvtuntia
noted for its herring fishe'ies and cigars, whence the Spanish Armada, designed for tlic
conquest of Kngland, s.ailed n 15SS, and where Sir John Moore fell in Ijattle in 1S09. South
of Corimna is Santiago, famous for its cntliedral.
(*.) In the Oouro Basin.— K«//<i</u/;(/ (50,000), where Columbus died in 1506, and Burgoi,
are noted for their catliedr.ds, and for having been capitals i.f the kingdom. S<-gmia has an
aqueduct built by the Roman emperor Trajan. Salamaiua has a university. CimlatI
Rodrigo is a fortified town.
(f. ) In the Tagut Basin. — TokJo, a former capital, is famous for its sword manufactures.
MADSIO.
Madrid (385,000), the present capital, is situated near the Manzanarcs, a triljutary of
tlie Tagus. It is nearly '.-iglit miles in circuit, and surrounded by walls. The I'alace of the
Escurial, built in honor of St. Loreiir-n \,\ Philip 11., is 24 miles north-west of the city
aiidcimtains a splendid mausoleum for the Sp.uiish sovereigns; a line collection of paintings
a large library, and a college.
(lA) In the Guadiana Basin.— /yirrf.T/oj, .1 fortified frontier city; Mcdclin, birth place of
Fernando Cortcz, conc|uer(ir of Mexico, a; I Truxillo, of PizLrro, conqueror of I'eni.
(i.) In the Guadalquivir Basin.— r,i,te 160,000), an old seaport in the Istand of Leon;
Xcrcs (32,000), whence are exported (.\eres) sherry wines ; Sci'ilk (129,000), once the (iothic
and aftcrwa.ds the Moorish capital; Cordtn'a, a tamous city under tlie Moors. .N'orth of the
Sierra Nev;.da, (ira/iada 1/4,000), the last stronghold of the Moors, contains tlte fortified palace
of the .\lh.imbra, a noble specimen of Saracenic architecture.
(/. ) On the South and East CoMt.- Ma/aga (l 1 T„ooo),.-limiiia, and .f/AiKi/*, e.tport towns
for fruit ; Cartagena (54,000), fornierly an arsenal ; Miircia (91,000) and I'aUmia (138,000),
with extensive silk trade; Banr/otia (22^,000), a strongly fortified commercial and manufac-
turing town ; and the seaport of Tarragona,
(g.) In the Ebro tlt\n.—Sarag:>ssa
(SijOoo), celebrated for its resistance to
the French in 180S and iSoij.and for its
warrior maiden, the heroine of the siege,
contains a famous leaning; tower like
that of Pis in Italy. Pampchiiia, a
tortress; and Vittoria, tlie scene of one
of Wellington's victories.
10. The Balearic Isles lie east of Sjiain.
They are hiza, Majorca, Minorca,
Forntcntcra, and Cabrera. Palllia, in
Majorca, is the capit.il. Mahon, in
.Minorca, has a fine harlxir. The islands
are healthy, and their soil fertile.
The Canary Isles (anc. InsuUu For-
tiiiiatac) lie west of .\frica. The chief
are Palma, Fcrro, Oomcra, Tcncrijfc,
Canary, Fttcrtcvcntura, and Lan-
zarolc. Palmas, in Canary, is the capi-
tal. Santa Cruz, in Tcneriffe, is the
chief port.
11. Colonies.— < If the former
minicroiis Spanish colonics, chiefly
in South America there only remain
Cii/ia, Forlo A'ico, and Finns, In the
West Indies; Ctuta and five other
Lii.vNiNr. rovviiK oi- SAN iiMiiE i iHKui, s.MiAi.. ■S--A. small settlcmcnls in the north of
Marocco ; F'ernam/c Fo and AniialwH, off the we.st coast of Africa ; and part of the
'■t'f'inc Islands, the Carolina! and Faiaos, and of the Ladrones, in tlie Pacific f )ccaii.
12. Gibraltar. — See Ilrilish Dcpendciu icH in I'.nropc, p.ige ,S8.
13. Andorra. — This small republic, independent since ,\.n. ;((o, lies in three wild valleys in
the Pyrenees. The people, about i.'^.ono |n number, ar'.' chiefly engaged in mining, rcarint;
cattle, and occasionally in smuggling.
Chief Town. — .//(./,/>7-,;, p.i| ulatiun, 2000.
RKJ'UliLIC OF FRANCE.
l-rmu /•>,//,/. fr
•e pcij|ili., r.MU.iliii' Irihi!
, who conquered France in the fifth century.
■ |ii,lre o( ^51 miles.
Size, etjual
1. Noted for.— France
is noted for the militarv
character of it.s people;
Its wines and lirandy;
and its citcnsive i.ianu-
f.icture of silks, clocks,
bronzes, and fancy arti-
cles.
2. Boundaries.—
France is jjonnded on
the north l>y the ICiiKlish
Channel antl Ileltjium;
on I lie east liy Germany,
Switzerland, and If', ;
on the south by the
Mediterranean Sea and
.Spain; and on the wist
by tile H.ay of liiscay.
3. Physical features.
— It is moui.taliiinis in
the Moulh-ca.stcrn and
soutliern portions, and
undulating in the north
and the north-west. The
Pyrenees Mountains se|)-
aratc France from Spain ;
the Alps divide it from
Italy, and the Jura from
Switzerland. From ihe
Jura the Vosgcs range
extends north-cast, and
west of the Khone Klvcr
are the Ccvennes and
Auvergne Mountains. notre damu oh iakis
The surface is divided into four river b.asins: (,.) The Seine l.asin;
Loire; (.; ) The Garonne; and (4.) The Rhone Iw.sin.
-I i
(2.) The
QATIIKKINO CORK.
4. Climate and Product!.— France is a land of com, wine, and
oil. Wheat, fl...(, sugar-lwct, and other hardy plants flourish at
the north; tin; more tender grape vine, in central France; and
the oil olive, mulberry, and varlotis tropical plants at the south.
Ilccs and silk worms arc extensively reared, and cork trees grow
in the south. The chief minerals arc iron, coal, and salt.
5. The Inhabitants aie a in. ...1 r.ice of Celts, Goths, and
Franks, in which the Celtic iirepoudcrates. Near the Khine, the
people are thi, fty of fieim.iiiic stock. Ilrltlany derived its naioe
from fugitives from f.reat llrilain. The inhabit.-ints of the Fast-
em Pyrenees arc still Spanish or Dasque.
:^j
ry. Slie. ttjual
M
in; (2.) The
' i
B. Tnvelling Fjclllllei.— Tlie public roads are generally gcod. Railways connect the
interior witli tlic most important towns on the coast and frontier. There are about eighty-six
canals in various parts of France.
7. Manulacturei. — In the extent and variety of her manufactures, Fi-ance ranlis next to
Cireat Ilritain ; but in the beauty of lier silli fabrics, she holds the first place in the world.
8. Manufacturing Centres. — Lyom, at the south-east, is the great centre of silk manufacture;
Paris, uf jewelry, gloves, and fancy articles ■, and various towns farther jinrth, of linen, cotton,
and lace.
9. Civil Divisions. — France, formerly divided into thirty-four provinces, is now,
with Corsica, subdivided into eighty-nine departments, deriving their names from
rivers, mountains, or otlier natural features of the district. Corsica belongs
geographically to Italy, but politically to France. It is no miles long, and 53 miles
wide. The west coast has numerous bays, while ths east coast is almost unbroken.
A mountain chain, rich in minerals, runs through the centre of the island.
10. Chief Towns.— (<i.) In ttie North-Cast Basin. — K<7/i;«c«K«(\t, famous for its laces, and
.■1ri\is, for its tapestry, are situated on the .Scheldt and its tributaries. Dunkirk is a seaport
at the extreme north of France.
CHr.RBoi'R(;
S IlKKAKWATER.
{/'.> In the English Channel tu\n.— Calais, on the coast, ojjposite Dover ; Lilh- (1(15,000) is
a strongly fortified city; Bo:if,ii;iii- has in>p.„i.int fisheries; Dic/i/ie is a watering place; Si.
Malo is the place frnni wliicli Jacques Cartier, the discoverer of Canada, sailed in 1554;
Cherbour;:; is a strongly fortified naval statiun.
•r the UM%i.—Ablmill- : near it is Crecy, noted fur L.lward Ill.'s victory in 1346.
On the Seine.— //niTC (9->0M), one of the principal commercial ports; Rouen (105,000),
where William the Conqueror died and Richard Cceur de Leon was buried, has an extensive
cotton trade.
Paris (i,989,cx»), the capital of France, in miles from the mouth of the Seine,
is the second city in Europe fcr extent and importance. Its principal manuf.icturcs
are fancy articles and jewelry. It is celebrated for tho number and elegance of
its public buildings, and for its scientific and literary institutions. Near Paris is
Versailles, noted for its fountains and gardens, and for its palace, built by Louis
XIV., but now converted into the houses of legislature.
(<•.) On the Atlantic anil lay ol llicay ZoMl.— Brest, Rocheforl, and Raehelle are naval
stations.
In the Basin of the Loire.— -.V<?«/cj (ijj,ooo), with extensive shipbuilding and foreign trade,
celebrated for an edict in favor of the Protestants, issued by Henri IV. in l5o.S,and revolted
by Louis XIV. in 1(185 i O.lcaus, noted for its cloth manufacluies, and for its ^iegc, in 142S,
by the Kiiglish, which was raised by Joan of Arc j St. Etienue 1 1 26,000) is in the centre of one
of the most valuable coal liclds of I-Vance.
Near the H\mm.~Poiticrs (on the Clain), where, in 115(1, the lilack Prince took King
John of I'rance prisoner. Limogts (on the \'icime) has manufactures of iron and porcelain.
On the ^innm.— Bordeaux {.-15,000) the second seaport of I'rance, is noted for its export
.-.f v.itir ; ,'■.^•..'.i,■, t.- ( i3.i,.:.o.-.) has a large Iraiisit trade.
South ol the Mour is Pau, the birthpl.lce, in 1553, of the celobrated Henri U'. of Franec,
and, in \-U\. of ilernadotte, aflerw.irds King of ."-wcdcn.
(./.) On the Mediterranean Coast.— 7"oa/!;« is the naval station for the French Mediter-
ranean fleet; Marseilles (319,000) is the greatest seaport in France.
Weil of the Moi:th ol the Rhone :az Montpellicr : and Nismes, with many Roman remains.
On or near the fMmt.—Axignon was for seventy years the residence of the Popes ; Lyons
(343iO°°), "le second city in France, has extensive manufactures, and was the birthplace of
Jussicu the botanist, and Jacquard tlie inventor of the loom which bears his name. Niec has
a salubrious climate.
(e.) In the Saone and Rhone Basin.— £>j/'d« is the centre of the Burgundy wine trade.
Besan^on, on tiie Doubs, is noted for its clocks and watches ; GreiwHe, on the Isbre, contains
a statue of the Chevalier Bayard. In Savoie is C'tambery, the capital.
(/.) Ajaccio, the capita! of Corsica, was the birthplace of Napoleon 1.
II. Colonies and Protected Countries:—
In Africa. — Algeria; Senegal Settlements; Ivory Coast and Gaboon River; St.
Marie ; Nossi-B{ group ; Afayotle, and Bourbon.
In Asia. — Chandernagore, Yanaon, Pondicherry, and Karikal, on the east coast of
Hindostan; AfaAe, on the west coast; Cochin China, and the Protectorate of Cam-
bodia, in Further India. ,
In America. — Martinique, Guadeloufe, St. Bartholomerv, and other islands in the
West Indies. .SV. Pierre and Miquelon, fishing stations off Newfoundland. French
Guiana, or Cayenne, in the north-east of South America.
In Oceania, the Marquesas Islands, New Caledonia, and the Loyalty Islands ; and
the Protectorate of Tahiti, Low Archipelago, Cambicr, and other islands.
KINGDOM OF B E L G J U M .
From Belga, an ancient tribe. Size, equal to a square of 107 miles.
(. Noted For. — Belgium is noted for its iron manufactures and for the remark-
able industry of its people.
2. Boundaries.— This small kingdom is bounded on the north Ijy Holland; on
the east by Germany; on the south by France; and on the west by the North Sea.
3. Physioal Features.— Its surface is ntarly level ; being part of the great plain
which extends eastward from North-Western France. The coasts are low, requir-
ing dykes, as in Denmark and Holland, to keep out the sea. The principal rivers
are the Scheldt and the Maas, or Meuse.
4. Soil and Climate. — The soil, thougl; not fertile, has, by industry and skill, been rendered
productive. The climate is cool and moist in the .vest and the south-east, but is drier inland.
5. The Products are grain, hemp, flax, hops, and tobacco. The Flemish horses are famous.
In the basin of the Maas and other rivcrs,coal, iron, and other minerals are abundant.
8. Inhabitants. — The Belgian people are made up of two distinct stocks, viz.: (i.) the
Flemings, natives of the district of Fla-.ders, lying between Holland, Ilclgium, and France
who are of German origin, and (2,) Walloons, or mixed Celts, who are descendants of the
ancient IJelga;.
7. Travelling Facilities.— Belgium has excellent roads, and numerous canals and railroads.
8. Manufactures.— The manufactures are confined chiefly to the coal districts. Laces,
linens, carpets, and machinery are among the most important,
9. Civil Divisions.— Belgiuin is divided into nine provinces.
10. Chief Cities.— (rt.) On the Coast.— (3i/<'«(i' is the principal seaport; Bruges (45,000),
an old commercial town, is now noted for its lace manufactures.
(^.) On thn Scheldt.— ^«/-
werp (Anvcrs) (160,000),
famous for its cathedral,
^''leniish paintings, and its
fortifications ; Ghent (Gand)
1 1 ;i,ooo), built on 26 iskands,
birthplace of Charles \'. and
of John of Gaunt, noted for
its European treaties ; Fon.
/■i:oy, a famous battlefield ;
I'ournay, noted lor its Brus-
sels carpets; jt/<;nj, for coal
and iron.
(f.) In the Interior.— Brus-
sels (Biuxelles) (391,000),
the capital, noted for its
laces, carriages, a. id book
publishing, is near the bat-
tlefields of Waterloo and
Ramillies ; Mechlin, or, in
French, Afalines, a railway
.MDNfMniiTS ON Tiin OATTLiiFici.n 01' WATOBi.oo. ccn.re. !s noted for Its .ace.
((A) On the Maas. - -Vjw/wr and /./Vyc (120,000) are noted for their mel.il manufactures;
and Vcnicrs for lim cljth.
i
! i
HuimM a Struthtri, Eiigr'i N'.Y,
J *
1. Noted For.— Holland
and canals.
2. Boundaries.— This Kingdom ''s bounded cm the north and west, by tliu North
:a ; on the south, l)y lielgiuni ; and on the cast, by Germany.
3. Physical Features.— The surface is nearly flat, and is intersected by numer-
ous canals. It is below the level of high tides ; but it is protected by natural sand-
banks, and bv arlificial dvkcs or embankments, consli iicted chieliy of earth and clay.
The principal rivers arc the ?chcklt, the M.ias, the Rhine, and the W.i.il, which f.irm a delta.
The chief inlet is the Zuidor Zee, or Soutlie:n Sea, which is enclosed by a chain of islands.
4. Soil and Climate.— The soil at the south is fertile. The climate is humid, but the winters
are generally severe. The east is dry and healthy.
5. ThB Product' are chietly asricultural. Hairy hiishandry is hrousht t.i great perfection.
i 6. The InhabltanU are tniefly Dutch, and belong to the Teutonic stock. Jews are numerous,
' 7 Travelling racllitles.— Canals arc in Holland what common roads arc ekcwhere, and they
) form a net-work over the kingdom. Kailways connect tlio chief cities with the capit.il.
5 8. Exports.— l.iiicns, leather, delf, gin, bntter, cheese, and cattle.
I 9. Civil Divisions.— Holland is divided into twelve provinces, including Umburg
i and Luxembourg.
10. Chief CItles.-On or near the Coast.— Hnsterdam (.?o2,ooo\ tlie capital, south of the
Zuidc'r Zee noted for its slupbnilding, commerce, a.ul money exchanges, is built upon piles,
and is intersected bv numerous can.ds, crossed by 250 bridges; li.mrUm, three miles Irom the
Germ u, Ocean, is famous for its botanic.il nurseries, and for the St. Davon organ ; Haorn, the
birthplace of Tasman, the discoverer of Tasmania and New Zealand, and of Pchoiltcn, who
discovered and first doubled Cape ll..rn, and called it after his birthplace j S^nlmn, where
Peter the Great was a shipcarpenter ; and Camfcr.hwn, noted for a liritish naval victory.
From Ddft, near Rotterdam, we derive the word A//, the name of a kind of earthenware.
On the Rhine.- Z,oi/.-«, noted for its noble defence' in 15,-3 against the .'Spaniards, in
honor ..f which its university was fouudetl ; Uhcht, with woollen manufactures and a
mm ersity, and noted for a treaty signed here, in 1713, between England and France.
On the %V»%.-Dohle-Duc, a fortified town ; Dort, noted for its Ecclesiastical Synod,
held in 161S; Rollcrdam (143,000), with large commerce, the birthplace of Erasmus; The
Ha^uc (loS.oool, where the king resKlcs, tlie birthplace of Iluygens the astronomer j and
Macslruht, with cc'ebraled caverns, has an extensive trade.
At the North are Leuwardcn, containing a king's palace ; and Groninirni. a uni-ersity.
To the South.-- Luxemburg, capital of a duchv, with immense fortifications, •! nianlled in
1S67, when the duchy was declared neutrol territory.
II. The Colonial Possessions of Holland arc Jizz-a, Cdchs, ^rohtmv. and parts
of Sumatra, /I,.rnf0, ll'fst Paf'ua or A'ctu Guiana, and other Islands, In Oceania ;
some ports on the coast of Guiiu-a, mi Africa ; Dutch Guiana or Surinman, in South
America; and several islands in the West Indies.
1. Noted For.— Denmark is noted for its peninsular form, and for having been
the seat of the arcicnt warlike Danes.
2. Boundaries.— This kingdom is bounded tn the north by the Skagcr Rack,
a gulf of the North Sea ; on the cast by the Cattcgat, the Sound, and the Baltic ;
iin the south by Germany ; and on the west by the North Sea, which the Danes
call the Western Ocean.
3 Civil Divisions.— Denmark is divided into five provinces, viz. : i. Jutland;
t. Secland and Moen ; 3- F""«" '''"'' Langeland; 4. Laalland and Falster : '.
5. Bornholm.
4. Physical Features,— The surface to the north of Jutland is low and
flat, and covered with sand and small lakes. More than a third part of
Denmark consists of islands, the most important of which arc Funen, Zealand,
an.l Laaland. The princip.al straits are the Sound, the Great Belt, and the
Little Belt. The C.ittegat and Skagcr Rack (the crooked strait of Skager, or
the Skawc) arc a prolonged arm of the sea stretching from the North Sea to
Zealand and Funcn.
The climate
S.
humid.
Soil and ProdgclJ.- Except at the porth, the soil is generally fertile.
Pasturage is good, and is the chief source of wealth. Water birds are
numerous, anil fv.rnUh feathers for export. Game is abundant. The streams and fiords
alxnmd in valuable fish, as cod. herring, and salmon. The fisheries form an essential
branch of national industry. Coal is found on one of the idands, and peat is plentiful, but
there is little timber.
8. Travelli.g Facllltlee.— The fires, or inlets, make almost every part of Dcnmjr":
accessible to the sea.
7. Inhabltantl.— Jutland, or tV.' aorthcrn part of die Peninsula, was the land of the Jutes.
8. Chlel CItles.-Copenhagen, or Merchanfi Haven (250-0°°). 'he capital, on the isl.mdsof
Zealaiul and .Viuagar, is a strongly fortified p<.rt, and so are I
It is noted for its university and public buddings. itA/;>.>'v is at the entrance to
re those of Kendsborg, Gliistadt and
tr is at the entrance to
Rocskilde, in Zealand,
Frcde'icia.
the Sound, and near it is die Kronberg Castle the principal fortress,
was the former capital. OJensc, in Funen, was founded by King Odin.
9 The Colonial Possessions of Dcnn^ark are Mamt ; the Faroe hies (Faar-oen
or slicep islands), between Iceland and Norway; Greenland; Santa Cruz, St
Thomas, and St. John, in the West Indies ; and some of the Nuobar Isles
ARK
having been
kagcr Rack,
I the Baltic ;
\ tlie Danes
I. Jutlanfl;
?"alster : '
is low and
ird part of
en, Zealand,
clt, and the
if Skager, or
lorth Sea to
The climate
ter birds are
ims and fiords
I an essential
5 plentiful, but
: of Denm?r';
i of the Jutes.
I the islands of
;, ("iliistadt and
;he entrance to
Ide, in Zcidand,
ties (Faar-oeii
nta Cruz, St
'slfs
GERMANY— PR USSIA—ALSA CE-L ORRAJNE^^^^^AXONY
EMPIRE OP GERMANY.
Fi ^m the Ccllic gerr, war, and mimi, man ; or from the Persian Ermaii, a country beyond the
Oxus River, whence the Germans are supposed to have come. Size, equal to a square of 456 miles.
KHRENBRKlTCTErN, ON Tlia RHINB, OPPOSITE COBLENTZ.
I. Boundaries.— Germany is bounded on the north, bv the North Sea Denmark
and the li.iltic Sea; on the east, by Russia and Austria; on the south, by Austria
and Switzerland; and on the west, by France, Belgium, and Holland.
2 Divisions.-Sincc 1S7., the German Empire, which was established during
the Franco I'russian war, h;.s consisted of four Kingdoms, six Grand Duchies, five
Duch.es, seven Principalities, three Free Towns, and the Reichsland of Alsace-
horrame.
3. Government.— The government of the Empire is an hereditary monarchv, with
a parliament of two houses. The upper house, called the Bundesrath (Federal
Louncd), cons.sts of fifty-nine members, annually appointed bv the governments of
the various states. The lower house, called the Reichstag joiet of the Realm),
consists of three hundred and ninetyseven men.bers, elected bv universal suffrage
and ballot for three years. Berlin is the capital.
(A.) The four kingdoms are Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, and Wurtemlierg.
KINGDOM OP PRUSSIA.
of a Gothic tribi
.i-tllL-d bftweeii ihe Vistula and the Niemen
v.f ,-„,„;i,,.
Size, equal to
.- I. Noted For.— Prus-
i sia is noted for its por-
-. celain, which rivals that
; of Sevres and Dresden,
g and for its ircjn manufac-
i, tures.
3. Boundaries. —
I'russia is Iwunded on
the north by the North
.'^ea, i )enniark, and the
lialtic Sea ; on the east
by Russia ; on the south
by Austria and several
of the German .States;
and on the west by
Ti,„ L-,v. • - — . __ — _^ France, licljjium, and
Tint kIN., S PALACE, BEKUIN. 11 O 1
Mnlland.
Holtiuoll'ern.""""''"" " '""''''' '"'" '""^'^^ P™"nces, besides the small Principality of
4 Phy.lcal Features.- From the interior, the surface inclines to the north, as shown by the
direction of the nvers. Along the Ualtic, the coast is generally flat. F stern Prussia i
covered with forests, and dotted over with lakes. In the mountainous part of thcsou 1th
scenery is ,„c,ures„ue. Rhenish Prussia lies in the Rhine vallev. The c lief rivers wdC
hroii,h Prussia to the north are the \-i.tuIa, the Odor, the FJbe, and the Rhine, with me o
their tributaries. The Oder is almost entirely in Prussia.
B. Soil and CIlMate.-Along the rivers the soil is fertile , in other parts it is sandv and not
so productive. 1 he wine district is in the rich Rhine valley. The d inate near th l^i
changeable and foRgy, but in Ihe interior of the countrv it is warn, and a-rceable
.rate's '''°t"'!'r, '■''"' "''f, '""'"" "" ■''""' '"""'■ ^'^' '■""^' ""^'""' -'"- '«--■'. »-l
trie liallic. Muk., of cnal, load, iron. /inc. and copper are worked.
Pru!;iaTd"'sT" '"" ^"'"'•-i''"^' '^•^"'■"« '-""f-"«s in tbe'inining districts „f Rhenish
8. TrayelllDil Facllltles.-Kailw.ays connect Derlin, the capital, with the principal cities of
continental Europe. There are few canals, but the rivers afford commercial facilities.
9. The Inhabltairts are chiefly Germans ; but in parts of Eastern Prussia they are of Slavonic
origin. Jews are numerous in the cities and towns. One-half of the inhabitants are engaged
in agncultuial pursmts. Education is generally diffused, and there are ten universities i.. the
kingdom.
10. Chief Clllef.-*t the Horth-Easl.-.lA-w/, with an extensive grain and timber trade.
QltM fn^ti.-Konigsierj; (king's mountain) (i2j,ooo), the former capital, built on piles ;
/■ricitlamt, scene of a French victory over the Russians,
On the Vistula.— AiHi^r (98,000), the chief seat of foreign commerce; 7Vwr«, the birth-
place of the celebrated astronomer Copernicus.
On the aitt.—SlcIlm (81,000), an important grain seaport; Fr,mt/ort-o>i-l/:(-Ocl,r,miU
cloth manufactures; Bn-slau (239,000), with woollen and linen manufactures.
On the Wartha.— /"ow;!, the capital of ancient Poland.
On the Elbe.— A/*/j-<'terf(i2j,oooUs well fortified, and carries on .an extensive trade in
woollens and porcelain.
On the Saal and Tributaries. -iV,T//f, the birthplace of Handel the musical composer, is the
seat of a university ; Ehkbcn, the birthplace of Luther and the place wliere he died ; Uilzen,
where Oustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, fell in battle ; and Krfuri, where Luther was
once a monk.
On the Havel and the Spree.— j5r««,/i-«*«r,r, the seat of the founders of the kingdom ;
Potsdam, with the country palace of the king.
Berlin (1,045,000) is the capital of Prussia, and the chief seat of her literary and other
institutions. It has also extensive manufactures. This handsome city is surrounded by a
wall, and entered by sixteen gates. The principal street is divided into five avenues by four
rows of trees, and on either side are the palaces ami other public buildings, lierlin is noted
for its royal library; and for its university, founded in 1S09.
In the Rhine ^3.\\tli.~Fra„t/orl^,i-t/u:Mai„e (103,000) is the centre of the inland trade,
banking, and mercantile transactions of Central I-:urope. Goethe was born here. Diis-
scUorf, is the mart for cotton and silk manufactures. Colo,;nc (from Colonia Agrippina
a Roman Colony, having been planted there by desire of Agrippina, Nero's mahcr, who was
born there) (135,000) is noted for its perfumed water, and for its fine Cotliic cathedral
Barmen (87,000) is a manufacturing town. Bonn was the birthplace of I!cetboven,thc musical
composer. CoUcntz is at the mouth of tlie Moselle. Tn-'cs, the oklest citv in Germany has
many Roman antiquities. AU la Cha/-clh; noted for its hot springs, w.is the residence of the
Emperor Charlemagne. jXfunsler, where the Peace of Westphalia was concluded in ifMSjand
.\rimicn, the scene of the defeat of the French, by the Anglo-IIanoverians, in i;59.
In the Weser Valley.-At /larmvr (lo;,ooo) the astronomor Sir Wm. Hcrschel was born
Goltmgcn has a univerMi> . Omabruck is noted for its linen of that name. Emden, at the
outlet of the Ems, is the chief seaport.
A IS A CE-L O R R A INE.
Size, equal to a square of 75 miles.
1. Reichsland, or the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine, was wrested from France in
i!>7i. Cajmal, Strasburg (94,000), a fortifieil city, no the III, famed for its calhedr,.l, the spire
of which IS 446 :.,et high. Met: (46,000), on t! .Moselle, is strongly fortified. Here the
Irench army, under liazaine, ca|>itulated to the . .orm.ans in 1S70. Muhlhansm (59,000) is
an important nianuf.icturing town.
2. Boundaries.— It is bounded on the north by the Rhine Palatinate, on the east by the
Rhine, on the south by Switzerland, and on the west by the Vosges Mountains.
3. Physical Fealures.-The district jxissesses many natural attractions, and is one of the .
most fertile in Central Europe ; there are several ranges of hills but not of groat elevation. It \
IS rich in minerals, copper, lead, iron, coal and rock salt Iwing wrought with |)ro,it.
4. Products — Corn, flax, tobacco, graiies, and various other fruits.
A'ING n O M OP SAXON Y.
Snx».,, a short swordsman, the name of a celebrated early Teutonic tribe. Sizo, equal to a square nf
76 miles.
1. Noted For.-Saxony, the centre of the book trade of Germany, is noted for being the
smallest kingdom in Europe.
2. Posltion.-This compact little kingdom lies south of Prussia, and north of Bavaria and
Uohcini.i.
3. Physical Features.-lMoni the Bohemian Erz Geblrge (Ore Mountains) at '.he south, Ihe
surface of Saxony slopes norlliward to the preat plain. It is rich in minerals, and its scenery
IS highly picturesque. The River Elbe .and its tribut.aries flow through it.
4. Products. -Orchards, vineyards, and pasture lands abound. On the latter, the slieci,
which furnish the fine Saxony wool arc reared. This wool and the iiro.Iucts of numerous mines
are the chief exports.
5. Chief Cities.— Dresden (107,000). the capital, situated on the Elbe, is noted for its public
buildings, museum, and gallery of paintings ; also for its china and porcelain /-Vc/ATir is in
the centre ot the mining district, iiv/:/,- (t!- Linden Town) ( 127,000), the German book mart
las a university Onmnitz (78,000) is the principal seat of cotton-weaving in the kin-dom'
Bautzen is famous for its manufactories of cloth and cotton stockings.
98
BAVARIA-WURTEMBERG-THE DUCUIES-'niE P R iTciPALmES^lFRE^
K I NG D O M
OF £ A VAKIA.
Orisiiully called lloiaria, (ron> the ancient Boii, who settled here f«o B.C. .Size, f,,ual to .i Kjuare of
171 miles.
t. Noted For.— Bavaria (Ccrm. llahm) is noted fur its transit trade between Austria, Italy,
ancl N'orthcrn (icrntany.
I. Poiltlon.— I'he chief part .,f llavaria lies between Ilohcniia and Wurtcniber!! ; and the
reniain.ler on the Khine, east of Ua.len. It is Ixmnded north l,v Hesse Cissel, .-^axe Meiningen,
Wciniar, the principality of Kens, anil the Kinsdmn of Saxony.
3. Physical Featurw.- Monntains nearly enclose I!av.,ria at the south-cast, north-cast.and
Morth-west, lorn.inK a" extensive river kisin for li.e Hanube and the Main, a tributary of
the Klmuwhich here take their rise. These mounlains ran^e fr.mi ,000 to upwards of ,0 ood
leet in heii^hl. Khenish llavaria is traversed bv mountains .lividin- it into two parts The
climate is mild and salubrious, the soil is very ferl'
4. The Products are
and rich in mineral wealth.
aits. The grape Hoiirishcs
liops, and fruits are the chief exports,
' "»"• timber, and fruits. The grape Hoiirishcs in the soutl
1 in.ber, srain. beer, and wines, wool, leather, hops, and fruits are the chief exports The lakes
and rivers abound in fish.
5 Chlel Cities -Munich (r.erm. .lAV,,,/,,-,,) (,,9,300,, the capital, on the Is.ar, is famous
lor Its galleries of painting and sculpture, its library, its universitv, and its optical and inalbe-
matical instrum nts. hxcepting Madrid, its position is more elevated than that of any city in
Europe. ^/«.i.'.'/"";(,M5?,ooo), on the Lech : K'aiislnm, on the Danube, the seat of the German
Diet from if,f,2 until i.Sof, ; .S/,,,,-,-, or .S//r,-, on the Khine. Nurcmhrg (91,000), on the
hesnit/, IS the great centre for the manufacture of German clocks and toys.
KING no AT OF IVVRTEMBERG.
Narae,l from a leading Count „f >ha. ,i,le in the , „h century. Size, equal to a square n( .S.S miles,
noted for having been the chief theatre of war during t!-.
!. Noted For.-Wurleroberg i
l'"rench Kevoliition of 17S9-99.
2. Poslllon.-This kingdom, formed by Napoleon I. in 1805. lies between Ilavar
and the C.rand Duchy of Paden.
Proper
s traversed by a branch of the Alps, in which the
highly fertile, grain and fruits are abundant. Mines and
3. Physical Features.— Wurteniljerg
Ncckar, a Khine tributary, takes its rise.
4. Products.— The s(,:i being
mineral springs are numerous.
5. Chlet Cllles.-Stuttgard ( .o;,ooo), the capital, near the Neckar, is noted for its book trade
Its palace, and Us library ; Ulm is at the head of navigation on the Danube.
THE SIX GRAND DUCHIES.
Bav,
THE SEVEN P R I N C I P A 1 1 T I E S
Waldeck lies north and west of Hesse Cassel, and east of I.ippe Detmold.
Llppe Cetmold lies between Ilesse Cassel, Hanover, \Valdeck,and Prussia.
Schwartlburg Rudelstadt lies south of Saxe .Veimar, and north of the Thin
range
ngian Korest
Schwartiburgh Sondershausen is imbedded in Prussia, north of .Saxe Weimar.
Reus Grell and Reus Schlell.-The first lies on the south-west of Saxony ; the second on
tlie Frankenwald spur of the ICrz fjebirgc.
Llppe Schaumburgh lies between the cities of Hanover and Mindcn, on the east bank of the
W'escr.
FR E
c rrir. s.
IIIMnRI.BERn, ON TUB NRCKAR.
1. Baden (from /-,;,/, German for balh), the principal Grand Diichv in Germanv, lies east of !
the Khine, and is highly fertile and |,icturesoue. Its chief industries are riblxjns and cotton
labncs, toys, trinkets, an,l wooden clocks. The chief articles of export are wine and timber,
the chief cities are Constance, u» Lake Constance; I-rciln„x and //,v,/,//.«-.-, each with a
university ; Carlsruhe (4,;,ooo), the capital, with streets tliverging from the palace; .)/«„„/,«,«
( :6,ooo),a commercial city at the junction of the Neckar and the Rhine.
2. Hesse lies north of Iladen. It is a populous agricultural country. Darra-.tadt (^4,000) is
the capital. Worms, an ancient city, is situated on the Kiver Khine. May
TUB DUCAl. PALACIi, C.OTllA, (PATBRNAL HO.MB OF THB LATE PRINCB ALBEUT).
1. Brunswick consists of five i-olated portions of territory lying south of Hanover. It is
noted for forests, Brunswick (66,000), the capital, is a very old ,,lace, and is said to have Ireen
hrst walled by liruiio, Duke of Ostfalen, about the ninth century. Its industry consists chielly
in manufactures of woollen and linen, beet-sugar, tobacco, f'pifr-miM, and lackered wares.
2. Anhalt is situated in the Elbe valley. It ranks among the most fertile of the States of
Germany, and produces large quantities of grain, tobacco, flax, hops, and frmts, esiwcially
grapes ; and 15 noted for its fine breeds of cattle and sheep. Its principal export trade is in
the raw products. Dessau on the Mulde, and lieniburg on the baal, arc the chief towns.
The Saxon Duchies ue those of the Saxes, viz. :
3. Altenburg, 4. Coburg-Gotha, and D. Meiningen. They lie between Prussian .Saxony and
^'"" Coburg Go//,a was the paternal home of the late Prince Albert of Kngland.
largest town.
3. Oldenburg, south of the North Sea, nearly divides Hanover in twt
capital, is situated on a tributary of the Weser.
4. Mecklenburg Schwerin and 5. Mecklenburg Sireliti lie south of th
Prussia and Holstein. The surface is flat, hut the soil is rich and fertile,
the capit.al of the former, and New Strelltl of the latter.
8. Saxe Weimar lies west of Saxony,
ami scientific institutions.
(56/300) is the
Oldenburg, the
Haltic Sea, between
Schwerin (a8,ooa) is
1. Hamburg (348,000), is the nuist iinporl.iut coiumcrcial city of Germany, and is tin capital
of a small rei)ublic of the same i':.inc. 1' is situated in a pleasant district Ijctweeu the Kibe
and Alster, about 75 miles from the German Ocean, and it is surroun'led by a deep canal, 120
feet wide, communicating with the Elbe. It ranks as the greatest emporium of trade on the
Continent, and next to Lonth':. has tiie largest nioney-cxchange transactions in the world. It
lies south of Denmark, and includes a territory of 15; stpiare miles. In a small district belong-
ing to Hamburg, nea- the mouth of the Elbe, is the port of Cux/iaveii.
extensive transit trade. It has a territcrry
Weimar, the capital, is distinguished for its litenirv
2. Lubeck (45,000), north-east of Hamburg, has 1
of ij; square miles. Total population 57,000.
3. Bremen (11 1,000), on the Weser, near the German Ocean, is next to Ham'jurg in commer-
cial importance. It has a territory of 106 square miles. Total population !43,.~,r,o.
4. Hamburg, I.uk'ck, and Bremen are called Hanse Towns, from the commercial league or
Ilansa, formed in the thirteenth century for mutual protection.
albert).
F Hanover. It is
iaid to have been
y consists clilelly
ackcrcd wares.
of the States of
fruits, esi>ecially
xport trade is in
; chief towns.
sian -Saxony and
t of England.
'S.
iininjjian Forest
r.
; the second un <
:ast bank of the
f
:i is th-i capital
wecM the Elbe
leep caiial, 120
f trade on the
the world. It
listrict belong-
has a territory
irs in comnier-
30.
rcial lea,t;ue or
I
100
A US TR 0-HUNGARIA N MONA R CII Y.
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY.
Auttria from the German Otterrtich^ or eastern kingdom of Ctiarlcnuignt** duminiona. Siic, equal tu
a square nf 491 miles.
'«.,..- I
1. Noted For. — Austria is noted for its central position in Europe, and its few
seaports and river outlets. Its mineral wealth is not surpassed in any European
country, and it is further noted for its springs and rock salt, and for its preciou.>
stones, such as the ruby, sapphire, topaz, oi)al, garm t, amethyst, and jasper.
2. Boundaries. — Austria is l)ounded on the north, l>y Oermany and Kussia ; on
the east, by Russia and Roinnania ; on llie jouth, bv Koumania, Servia, Turkey,
the Adriatic Sea, and Italy ; and on the west, by Italy, Switzerland, and (Jcrmany.
3. Physical Features.— The principal river is the Danube and its tributaries,
which arc enclosed by the great mountain ranges of the Alps at the west, the moun-
tains of IJohemia at the north, and the Carpathians stretching from Silesia at tlie
north, to the western and southern boundary of Transylvania ; thus furniing a vast
basin for this noble stream. The Elbe, the Oder, the Vistula, and the Dniester
Rivers rise a* the north of the empire. The chief inlets are the Gulfs of Trieste,
Quarnero, and Cattarn.
4. Soil and Climate. — In the great river h.isins, the soil is highly fertile. The climate is
ciKil anil clear ir the north, and moist and warm in the south, but in Central Austria mure
temperate or variable, according to the clcvatum of the mountains,
6. Chief Products. — Wine, oil, grain, flax, hemp, rice, olives, vines, hops, tobacco, medicinal
plants, and fruits are among the chief products. In mineral richer, Austria surpasses nearly
.all the other countries of Europe. It yields .all the metals except platinum. Coal is found in
most ol the provinces, and there are extensive beds of salt in Gallcia and Salzburg.
6. The Inhabitants are m.adc up uf several races. The principal arc the Slavonic, (icrnian,
Italian, Hungarian or Magyars (an Asiatic race), Jews, and Gypsies.
7. Travelling Facilities. — Good roads nave been constructed over upwards of sixty moun-
tain passes of the empire. Erom Italy a m.icad.imized road of more th.in 1120 miles In lengtli
extends across the empire to the eastern part of Galicia. There are numerous railways which
connect the capit.1l with tlie various cities of the emiilre, but the Danube and its navigable
trlhutaries lorm the great commercial highway of the nation.
8. Manutactures, &C. — The manufactures are leather, silk, wool, and cotton, Hohemian
glass, flax, and paper ; but agricultural pursuits and mining are the chief occupations.
9. DlV'PJ.ins. — Since 1S67, the Austro-IIungarian monarchy has been divided
into eighteen provinces, grou])ed 'nto two divisions, viz.: the Cis-Leithan, compris-
ing fourteen provinces, olTicially called Austria, and the Trans-Leithan, comprising
four provinces, officially ca'k-d Hungary.
10. The German, or Cib-Leilhan Provinces include fr, 2.) Lower and Upper
Austria, (3.) Salzburg, (4) Styria, and ( 5.) Carinthia, in the middle ; (6) Bohemia,
(7.) Moravia, and (S.) Silesia in the north : (9 ) Tyrol and Vorarlberg, in the west ;
(10.) Carniola, In the south ; (11, \2.) Coast Land and Dalmatia, on the Adriatic
Sea; (13, 14-) Galicia and Bukowina, at the north-east of Hungary. Ilobcmia is a
fertile plain, enclosed ])y ninuntains. It is much celebrated for its glass works, a^
well as for various b.anchcs of mining industry. Tyrol is picturesque and moun-
tainous. Carinthia, Carniola, and Dalmatia are also mountainous. Galicia was
taken from Poland in 1772. Cattle and grain are its ch'cf exports.
W, Chief Clties.—fd.) Vienna (Gcr. W^n), {1.020,000), on the Danube in Lower Austria, i^
the capital of Austria and the centre of its trade. It is one of the largest and handsomest
cities inE'irope. Its university 's renowned for its medical school.
{b ) Upper Austria.— Lintl, the capita), is a strongly fortified city on the Danube.
((' ) Salzburg.— Salzburg, on the Salzach, a tributary of the Inn, is the capit.al. In the
neighborhood are great salt works.
((/.) Styria (uerm. 5/»Vrmar^).—8ritl( 86,000), tlie capita), has a university, and is Attiuted
midway between Vienna and 'I'riestc.
(<•.) Carinthia {KUrnthen), cm the Upper Urave. Capital, Klagenlurt.
(/.) Bohemia (/fW/«c«).— Prague (/^r(iv),( 190,000), thecapnal, on the Moldaii, has a lar;jc
trade, and a univcrsuy founded in 1348.
(.^.) Moravia (.tA////r;0.— Brunn {74,000), the capital, is notfd for its manufactures. Near
it i^ AusterlitZ, ramous .'or Napoleon I's victory, in 1S05, ovi-r the Austrians and Russians.
OlmutZ, the ancieni capital of Moravia, is a stronjjly fortified town on the March.
(/i.) SillSla (5<.-^/c-j/c//).— Troppau, the capital, on the Oppa, is noted for its fortress, and
for its linen ana vronilen manufactures,
(/'.) Tyrol and vorarltierg.— Innsbruck, the capital, on the Inn, manufactures silk, woollen,
and cotton i;iioas. it is the scat of a university. Trent, on the Adii-e, memorable for the
great ccclesListical council held here, i545-'5'>3.
(y.) Carniola.— uy-
bach, the capital, in the
valley of the ^avp, has
manufactures uf i>orc^'-
lain, silk, .and linen.
liiriay 25 miles to the
westward, is noted for its
ipiicksilver mint.*.
(/■.) Coast Land. —
Triesto (109,00^;, me
capital, on the Adriatic,
is the chief seaport of
Austria. Poia is the
chief naval station of
.\ustria. It is .in ancient
ti >wn and has fine Roman
renuiins.
(/.) Oalmat>a.— Zara,
the capital, carries on a
coastinj; tr.ade. S/rnia-
troy soiitli-east of Zara,
is mostly buili out of
the ruins of one of the
palaces of the Roman
emjjcror Uiocletian.
(;w.) Galicia. — Lemberg (87,000), the capital, is the scat of a university. Brody\\^% con-
siderable trade in i;ram and cattle. Cracow (Tol. AVrt>{'</«)( 50,000), on the Vistula, the former
capital of Poland, possesses a university, and is noted for its cathedral, in which the I'olish
kin;;s were crowned and burled. Wieliczka and Boi/inia, to the south-east of Cracow, are
noted for their extensive salt mines.
(n.) Bukowina. — CzernowitZ, the capit.!), on the Pruth, has manufactures of clocks and
hardware.
12. The Hungarian or Trans-Leithan Provinces include (1.) Hungary; {::■) Transylvania, south-
east of Hungary ; {3.) Slavonia and Croatia, incUidin!; the Military frontier, .ilong the south of
Hungary, and (1. ) Fiume, a small territory on the Ciulf of OHarncro, Hungary Is a beautifully
diversified table-land enclosed by moimtains, and 's noted for its wine, tobacco, salt mines, horses,
hogs, and black cattle. Transylvania is a nit,iint;uiii)iis rrqinn ; and rock salt is Its chief product.
SALT MINING NEAR CRACOW.
p['l)A-l'i:sTH, CAriTAL OF HUNUARV
13. Chief Cities.— On the Danube.— Presburg (47,000 ), the old capital, and crowning place for
the Kmperor as King of Hungary; Comont, defended in 1849 by the Hungarians against the
Austrians ; Buda-Pcith (270,000), divided by the river, form one city, the political and com-
mercial capital of Hungary ; .\faria Theresienstadt (56,000), named after the great empress,
Maria Theresa; Pcterwardein^ so named from Teter the Hermit.
On the Thei8S.— 7V>tt7>', celebrated for its wines, and 5sr(;-tf(/'/« (70,000). Anotlicr large city
is Dchrcezin south-east of Tokay. Klaxtscuburg, and Ifennantistadt, are chief towns of
Transylvania. Agram is the capital of Slavonia and Croatia.
14. Bosnia and Herzegovina are nominally a portion of the Turkish Empire, but under the
Treaty of Iler!in, 1S78, arc occupied and administered by Austri)-Hungary.
' r
1
' 1
1
}
102
5 WITZiLRLAND—ITAL Y.
REPUBLIC OF SWITZERLAND.
j Kmm Schwyli, near Lake Zurich i Hehvlla, (rnm Hilvtiii, a nation i.t Ciaul. Sue, equal l.i a M|u.irc
nf laA miler-
KINGDOM OF ITALY.
Frnm //ii/<M, a cliiet nf the CEnoIri ; called Htiftria. Wt»tern, liy the Oreek*. Siic equal to a Kiuare
nt.uS mile«.
MO.NT ULANC.
1. Noted For.— Switzerland is noted for being the most mountainous country in
Kuropc ; for its picturesque scenery ; for totally routing, in 131 5, witli a little bainl
of 1400, 20,000 Austrians ; and for being the birthplace of William Tell.
2. Boundaries.— Switzerland is bnunded on the north by Germany ; on the east
by Austria ; oil the south by Italy ; and on the west by France.
3. Its Phy.>ical Features are remarkable. They embrace mountains, valleys,
waterfalls, streams, lakes, and glaciers. The scenery is highly picturesque. From
the centre, Mount St. Gothard, and the i.cpontinc anJ I'ennine Alps, extend south-
west, the lierncse Alps west, and the Rhcetian Alps cast. The glaciers of ice,
formed along the snow line of the mountain-s and the av.alanches of snow, some-
times prove very destructive. The chief rivers, all rising near Mount .St. Gothard,
are the Rhone, the Ticino, the Rhine, the Aar, and the Iim. Tlie largest lakes
are Constance or lioden See, Geneva or Leman, Lucerne, Zurich, and Neufchatel.
4. Solk ani) Climate.— In the valleys the soil is excellent. The climate varies with the
elevation ■ it is cnkl on the mountains, temperate on the plains, and hot in the valleys.
5. Products, Sc — l'"la.x and hemp are extensively urown, but the country is best adapted for
pasturai^e. Fruit, cjrain, and the vine sjriiw in the valleys. The ibex, or rock i^oat, and the
chamois are abundant. Mineral sprinL:s are numerous,
6. Natural Curlositlej.— The Falls of Schaffhausen on the Rhine, and the Cataract of
.^taubbach lUust-fall), near Lautcrbrunnen, are celebrated.
7. InhabltantJ.— The inhabitants are chiefly of Teutonic and Celtic orisin. They arc
inilustrious and p.ltriotic. Accordin:^ to their .nco.ijrapliical position, they speak the French,
the C.enn.in, or the Italian lanijuage. Three-fifths of the population are I'rotestaul, and the
remainder Roman Catholic. Education is generally diffused.
8. The Travelling Facilities are sood. Roads have been made across the mountains. Alxiut
I 500 miles of railway li.ul been constructed up to lS;S; and steambo.ats ply on the principal lakes.
9. Manufactures and Exports. — The manufacture of watches, musical boxes, and jewelry
forms a chief part of Swiss industry. These, with cattle, cheese, butter, silk stuffs, and
ribbons, arc the principal exports.
10. Civil Divisions. — There are twenty-two cantons, three of which are each
divided into tsvo, niakiiif; twentv-five separate republics, united for general purpo.ses.
Their Legislature, consisting 01 deputies from the cantons, is called a Diet.
11. Chlel Cities.— («.) On the Aar.— Berne (37,000), the capital, where the Diet meets, is
the seat of a university. Its arcades and fountains are numerous. Ni-tuhatcl^ Lucerne^
Scmfacfl, Attorf, and Zithc/i, at the foot of a beautiful Lake, noted for its schools.
(.''.) In the Rhine Basin.— Basel (45,000) is noted for its university, riblxm nunufactiire,
and extensive trade with France, Ocrin.my, &c. Frasmus is buried here. .SV. Cali has
manufactures.
t<r.i In the Rhone Basin.— Geneva i tfi.oool on the Rhone, at the foot of the L.ake nf Geneva,
is the most populous city in Switzerland. It is noted for watchmaking;. At Laiisanitc
(27,000), Edward Gibbon, the English historian, wrote his " Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire."
1. Noted For.- Italy is noted for its ancient greatness ; its paintings and statnarv;
and for its being the residence of the I'ope, or head of the Roman Catholic Church
throughout the world.
2. Boundaries, — Italy, a boot-shaped peninsula, is bounded on the north by
Switzerland and .Austria ; on the east by Austria and the Adriatic Sea ; on the south
by the Mediterranean Sea; and on the west by the Mediterranean Sea and France.
3. Physical Features.- The mountains of Italy are the Alps and the Apennines.
The snow-capped Alps form a gigantic curve at the north. The Apennines, a chain
running from north to sou'h, form the water parting of the peninsula, and naturally
divide it into two parts. The third natural division of Italy is the plain lying south
of the Alps. The principal gulfs are Trieste, Taranto, Genoa, and the I'av of Naples.
The chief river is the I'o, with the lakes Maggoire, Lugano, Conio, and Garda ; and
the principal one on tire west slope of the Apennines is the Tiber.
4. Climate.— The clear sky and salubrious climate of Italy are justly celebrated ; the
exceptions are at the north, where it is cold, and changes are sudden. Malaria prevails at the
north-west coast and in the I'ontine marshes near Rome.
5. Soil and Products. — The fertile soil produces wheat, rice, cotton, olives, grapes, &c. In
the south, the sugar-cane, the orange, the fig, and the mullierry are cultivated. Lead, iron,
alabaster, lava, and marble abound. Sponges and corals are found on the coasts of Sicily.
6. Inhabitants. — The Italians are a mixed race, made up of Latins, Greeks, Lombards,
Gauls, and (iotlis, who intruded on the original inhabitants.
7. Travelling Facilities. — In northern Italy and in Tuscany the roads arc good; but not
so in central aiul southern Italy. Mules are used for the puri«)se of transport over the
mountain passes ; but the principal cities in the north are connected by railroads.
8. Manulactures and Exports.— Silk, straw hats, artificial flowers, and musical instruments.
The chief expurts include these, and kid and lamb skins, olive oil, fruits, coral, and perfumery.
9. The Italian Islands are Sidlyy the Lifari Islands, Sardinia, and Elba. They lie to the
south and west of Italy.
(<f.) Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and is separated from Italy by the
.Strait of Messina. On the east side of the inland is Mount Etna, a celebratxl volcano, !o,S74
feet high. The upper part is coveretl with scoria; and snow; the middle, with forests of pine
and oak ; and the lower or lava region, with towns and vineyards.
{b. ) The Liparl Islands north of Sicily, are volcanic. The volcano of Stromlxili, in the
island uf that name, is called the lighthouse of the Mediterranean. Lipari supplies large
quantities of pumice stone.
(i:.) Sardinia is 152 miles huig, by 66 broad. The coasts are bold and rocky, and the
interior mountainous. The plains are noted for their beauty and fertility ; but there arc
several stony, sterile districts.
(1/.) Elba lies off the coast of Tuscany. It is noted for the first Napoleon's enforced
retirement there in 1814. The island is entirely mountainous.
10. The Government is a free constitutional monarchy. I'hc town in the I'rin-
cipality of Monaco, near Nice, is under the protection of Italy; the remainder of the
I'rincipality was pui chased by France in 1861.
J
i
i
J O M T^ A V
ITALY
Scale of Mtka
huiMli \ suuOivrsi^agr'Uf.V
>>\ '
104
ITAL V.
tl. Ci'^ .1 Divisions. — Kor administrative purposes, Italy is divided into 69 prov-
inces, named after the jirincipal towi in each. Tlie larger divisions, which include
these, are called lOtti/'ariimi-nti, and are fifteen in number, namely: r. Piedmont
and Liguria; 2. Sardinia; 3. Lombardy; a- Venetia; 5 Emilia: 6. Tuscany;
7. Marches; s. Unbria; 9 Latium ; 10. Abrr^zo and Molise ; 11. Campagna;
12 Apulia; 13. Battilicata; 14. Calabria; and 15. Sicily.
12. Chief Cities.— (1.) Piedmont and Liguria, and {2.) Sardinia.— Turin (214,000), forn*t.
the capital of the Kingdom of Sardi-ra, has extensive silk manufactures : Genoa ( ifivoool, an
important seaport, was the birthplace of Columbus, and formerly the cajiital of a republic, and
is celebrated for its silhs and velvets; Ah-ssumiyi.. {58,000) has Tiianufacturcs of cloth and
linen. Cagllarl (-^^^jooo), the capital of Sardinia, is a place of considerable trade.
(>) Lombardy and (4.) Venetia.— Milan (262,000) is a place of great tudo; and is noted for
its inai^nilicciit cathedral, bulk of white marble. Venice (125,000) was lont^ die capital of a
celebrated republic. It st.inds on 82 i;-lets, connected by 360 bridges. There are 150 canals,
which are traversed by li^ht gondolas. Tli? ',;rarid canal divides the city in two. The principal
buildinj^s are the pulacc of the Doge (duke) and the church of St. Mark. Veyona {(^(^^o o\
is *^trongly fortified ; and Pixdua (M>,ooo) is the seat of a university.
(5.) Ltltllia.— Bologna (112,000) is distinguished for its ancirnt university, fountlfd in mo :
Ferr-i},! {75,000) is also the s^at nf a \mivr-r=.ity ; /^.irr:n,i (li^j.-oo) is ar. ancient and l-.i^t..;..:
city, now deciyt . It formerly stood on the sea-shore, but is now several miles inland. It
contains the to-^b of Dante. AfotUttit (r/i.ooo) is the scat nt a university ; and so is Parnui
(42,000). Pf^gio (51,000) lies between Modcna and Parma. Ciirratut is ceichratcd for its
marUc. The little iown of San Afarino is the capital of a nominally independent republic.
1 HIi IIAMLILA OK M. i'li 1
*HK I'll i-PALALit MI'SKUM AT FLORF-NCi:.
(6.) Tuscany, (;.) Marches, and {S.) Umbria. —Florence (168,000) was from 1S64 to 1S70 the
capital of Italy. It has a cathedra) and many other fine public buildings, «nd is celebrated fur
its splendid Lollcctions of paintings a. \ sculptures. It was tiie head of a rei^ublic in the middle
.i.;es ; and was the birthplace of Dante, Cimabue, the founder of nindern painting, and Amerigo
Vespucci. Li\i;/iorfi (oS,ooo) is an important seaport ; Lumi (6y,ooo) is the seat of a univcr-
^ity ; Pisa{^o^ooo) is celebrated for its leaning tower.and as the birthplace of (i.aldeo. A/iiOfiu
( 46.000) is a brii,y commeri.ial town j and Penit^ui (j.0,000) is the seat of a university,
(<i ) Latium or
t:.e Roman Ter-
ritory. — Rome
(234,000), the
capital, occupies
Ixjth sides of the
1 ibcr,about six-
teen miles ?bove
its mouth. It
is perhaps the
n)o5t famous city
in tlie world,
as having been
the capital of the
ancient Roman
I'.mpire, and the
residence of the
Pope, or su-
preme head of
the RomaTi Ca-
tholic church
tliniui;hout tlie w(nld. It is noted for the architectural splendtT of its churches, which number
364 the chief of which i^ .St. Peter's, the mo-jt magniticent ecclesiastical structure in thi; world.
It covers nearly live acres, and was erected at a ost of ^75,000,000. Adjacent to it is the
\'at"c."n Palace, the residence of the Pope, which contains more than 4000 ap..''nents, a
telebi.ited library, and a splendid museum of woiks ot ancient and modern art. There are
several other palaces ; also a large 'uimber of colleges and other educational buildings ; Iiesides
numcrouc convents ard hospitals. The castle of St. Angelu is on the west bank of the Tiber.
Siiuth of die city is .he Capitolino Hill, with tlio ancient I'orum, die Arch of Titus, the ancient
I'nliseuni, and manv other ruins f)f the city. Tlic Univcislty of Home is one of the oldest in
I'"i;rf)pe.
(ic) Abruiio and Molise, and (11.) ^
Campagna, Chieti (24,o..o), a very an- /
dent city, is well built and Ih-urlshing, \ ''■
and is die seat of an archbishopric. ^
Naples (45I1000), the largest city in ;
Ua'y, :s beautifully situated on the north r-
sii!-,: of the Hay of Xaples. It is a pKace ^2
uf extensive trade. Ten miles from
the city is Vesnvius, a volcano 3950 ^-
feet high. In the year 79 A.D. it ovcr-
whclmerl the ell' - of Ilcrculaneum and
Pompeii.
(12.) Apulia, <i;.) Basillcata, and
(14.) Calabria.— Bari (54,000) is a se..-
port on llu: Adriatic ; Pottrza (iS,oon)
is the largest town in IJasihcata ; A'i.s'.V'''
(;,7,i 30), the ancient Rlu;;:um, lias
consitlcrablo local trade, and is note-
worthy in connection with the visit of
die Apostle Paul.
(15.) Sicily.— Palermo (2;i2,ooo), the
capital, has a ut.iversit'*, and is the seat
of an active commerce. It was taken
l)y the lot-mans in 1073. A/f^/vrf
(121,000) has a fine harbor, and is i.BANiN(i-TowBR. and i-art ok cArnHnnAi,. pisa.
a place -^f great commercial miportance. (\i/irnia {91.000) lies near the foot of Mount
Ktna, and has been frei|upntly visited by eartliquakes, but is ncveithelcss the seat of thriving
silk manufactures, ^ynuiise (23,000) is built among the i .lins of the ancient city of that name.
I
>;.. ^f ^
■?sia8?S^apKw«.;.^^
I
hi
106
EUROPEAN TURKE Y— BULGARIA— ROUMANIA.
EMPIRE OF TURKEY {EUROPEAN).
Founded frnm Asia Minor by a branch ot the great Turkish family of Central Asia j aUo called
Ollomaii Km/'irt (rem Othman, a noted leader. Site, equal to a square of 361 miles.
1. Noted For— European Turkey i.s noicd in the ancient histoi7 of Greece,
chiefly as Macedonia and Tliracc; for having been the seat of the -=dla.-val
Eastern, Greek, or liyzantinc Empire ; and for being now the only Mohammedan
Power in Europe.
2. Boundaries.— Turkey is bounded on the north bv Austro-IIungary, Servia,
and Roumania; on the east by tlie Ulack Sea; on the south by the Sea of Marmora,*
the ^gean, and Greece ; and on the west, by the Mediterranean and Adriatic
Seas, and Austro-IIungary.
3. Physical Features of European Turltcy.-TI.e luikan Mountains form the
water-shed dividing the rivers running north into the Danube, fioni those running
south into the .Egean. The Dinaric Alps and the IMndns Mountains run north and
south. The other parts of Turkey are cliielly undulating. The Danube is tlie
principal river, 'j-he principal islands of Turkey are the beautiful Crclr, or ChiiJm ;
KhoM, famed for its mercantile law of general average, and for its Colossus ; Sd'o,
noted for its beauty ; Valmos, whither St. John was banished j and Tli^uos. Turkey
possesses a seaboard oi\ five seas, viz. : the lllack Sea, the Sea of Marmora, the
VEge.an, the Ionian Sea, and the Adriatic.
The Sea of Marmora (aiic. Tropontis) lies between Turkcy-in-Kurope, and
Tur!;ey-in-Asia. Its area is 9768 square miles. Its name is derived from the cele-
brated marble island near its western extremity, the ancient I'roconessus. It receives
the waters of the lilack Sea by the Strait of Constantinople (anc. liosphorus), 20
miles long and from ]i to 2 miles wide, and transmits them to the Mediterranean
by the Dardanelles or Hellespont, 40 miles long, anil from i to 4 miles wide.
4. The Soli is generally fertile, hut is not fully cultivated, the rearing of cattle and sheen
being the chief occupation of the petijile.
5. ThB Climate is coUl and changeable at the north ; but, licing sneltercd, it is more agree-
able at the west and the south.
8. ProilllctJ.— ToImcco, Hax, ami hemp arc cultivated at the north ; rico, cotton, and barley,
in the central districts ; opium, rhubarb, grapes, figs, olives, oranges, and other fruits, in the
south. South of the Dalkan range, roses are abundant, from which tiie celebrated attar (or
otto) of roses is distilled. Msh abounil in the rivers, and leeches in the marshes, (ioats,
bctrs, wolves, and jackals arc very numerous. The jjrincipal minerals are iron, lead, copper,
sulphur, salt, and alum.
7. The Inhabilintt are Turks, liidgars, Slavonians, Greeks, Armenians, and Jews.
8. Travelling Fatllltlei.— Cienerally, tlu' roads arc suitable only for Imrses or mules. There
«re no canals, and less than 700 miles of railroad. The Danube is the great highway of com-
merce at the north, the Maritza and the Vardar at the south, and the Dria at the west.
9. The Manulactliret and Export* of the empire .ue chielly grain, carpets, silks, leather
valonia, opium, other drugs, and fruit.
10. Divisions.— The empire of Turkey is n.iturally divided into three parts, viz. :
(I.) Turkey-inEurope ; (2.) Turkcy-inAsia ; and (3.) Turkish Africa. Together
they form the Ottoman Empire. Turljey-in-Europe now consists of Turkey proper,
the provinces of Bosnia and Herze()0Vina (in the occupation of Austrollimgary)!
the tributary autonomous princii)alily of Bulgaria, and the tributary autonomous
pro-lnce of East Roum?lia. Turkey proper itself is divided into four vilayets or
provinces.
11. Chief CItles.-Constantinople {Coo,ooo), the capital of the empire, stands,
like Rome, on seven hills, and on a tongue of land projecting into the Bosphorus,
which forms an inlet known as the Golden Horn. The city, studded with towers
and inln.iret.s, appears exceedingly beautiful as seen from the water; but it really
consists of a 7-.,md,cr of narrow, winding, steep, and dirty street.s. The houses are
chiefly of wood, and are lighted from interior courts. The principal bu! ngs arc
the ScMglio, or Imperial r;dace, and a Mohammedan mosi, , which was lormerly
the great church of St. Soj.hia. The city is named after Constantine the Great,
who made it the capital of the Roman Empire.
At the south-west are Rodoslo and GalUpoU, fortified seaports. AJrianoph
(fil.ooo), on the Maritza, was the former Turkish capital.
In Macedonia is the seaport ol Sulomht (70,000), the ancient Thessulonica.
In Albania, yanina and Sciiliui arc large towns.
THE TKIBUTARY I'KIWCIPAUTY OP BULGARIA.
Area, about 31,65, K,uare rnilen ; population, .,l,„ut i„S6o,oo.,. This i.ri.icipalily was created by the
Treaty of llcrlin, 187S.
12. The Blllgarlani are an Asiatic race, allied to the Turks and Finns ; their language is a
mixture of Turkish and Slavonian. The Prince of liulgaria is ehcted by the people of the
principality and conlirme.l by the I'ortc. The chief articles of c.-cport are grain and wool.
Sophia ( I S,ooo) Is the capi;.d ; Mrnova (12,000), on the Juntra, w.is the ancient capital. The
principality contains the fanujus fortresses, Widdin, Rustcbuck, Silistria, Shuinla, and Varna.
13. The Province ol Cail Roumeila.— Area about 13,663 square miles; population, .about
750,000. This I'rovince was created by the Treaty of Berlin. About one-half of the impu-
lation arc Mohammedans, the rest arc Bulgarians and Greeks, adherents of the Greek Church.
The Governor (Jcncral is appointed by the I'orte, with the assent of the European powers, for
a term of five years, and must be a Christian. The capital is Phllippolls (28,000).
SBA OF MAKMUKA.
THE PRINCIPALITY OF ROUMANIA.
Settle ( !.y Koinnn colonists in the later pericl of (lie Knipirc ; hence the name. Area, equal to a
s>|uare of 232 miles.
1. Boundarlei.- -Roumania is Ixmndcd on the north by Austria and Russia; on the east by
Kussia and tlie Jllatk Sea ; on the Boulh by Bulgaria; and on the west by Servia and Austria.
2. Phyilcal Fealurei.— It is for the most jiarl a lowland plain, liounded on the mirth by the
Carpathians, anil on the south by the Danube. The soil is fertile and productive, 'ihe clinate
is variable and extreme, the summer n-al and winter cold lieing intense.
3. Productl.— The agricultural produce consists of grain, Ijcaiis, and peas. Gr es and other
friiils are abundant ! but thi> wealth of the tountry consists chieHy of its cattle, horses, ami sheep.
4. Inhabltanfl.— The people are mainly descended from the ancient Roman colonists, ami
they spe.ik a l.uiguage, the W.dl.ichian, derived from and resembling the ancient I.alin.
5. Oovernmenl.— Roumania was formerly tributary to and a jiart of the Turkish I'jnpire,
but was made independent by the Treaty of Berlin, 1878. It is governed by an hereditary
rrince, a Senate, and a ChamlHT of Deputies.
8. Ol¥l!!»ns.-8o'j!!!aii!s !:.i, three i-.rii-.rind iiivisii.n^ ; Moldavia, Wallachia, .ind the
Dobrudicha,
7. Chief CItlei.— Buehareit (178,0,10), the capital, on the Dombnitza, does an extensive
Iraile; yuiir (oo.i.nn) i. Hi,, chief town in Moldavia; Vi,il,itz (So.ooo) is an important town
near the inuuth of the Daiinlx;,
\
s
I
V
empire, stands,
the Bosphorus,
ed with towers
; but it really
rhe hou>L's are
I bui' tigs arc
h was lormcrly
ine the Great,
is. AiirianopU
:ssalonica.
A.
F-as created by the
if language is a
lie people of the
grain ;iiul wool,
nt capital. Th«
iinla, and Varna*
topulation, about
la'f of the |)opu-
c Greek Church,
pcan powers, for
oo).
Uca, equal to a
on the cast liy
ill anil Austria.
le north by the
'. 'J'he cli iiate
r. CH and other
FRcs, and sheep.
colonists, and
t Latin,
irkiiih Kmpire,
an hereditary
Chia, jitri the
s an extensive
tnportunl town
?, f
SER VIA— MONTEAEGRO— GREECE— NOR IVA Y AND S WEDEN.
THE PRINCIPALITY OF SER VIA.
The name Servia is ucrived from the Serbs, a branch of the Slavonian race, who conquered the
country about A. d., 638. Area, equal to a square of 137 miles.
1. Boundarlet.— ServIa is bounded on the north by Austro-Hungary ; on the east by
Roumania and Bulgaria ; and on the south and west by Turkey.
2. Phytleal Feature* anil Producll.— The country is mountainous, with extensive forests
and uncultivated heaths. Its princijul exports are wood, cattle, pigs, and gram.
3. Inhabltantl.— The people, known as Serbs, belong to the Slavonian family, and speak a
language allied to the Russian. Thty are almost wholly members of the Greek Chun li.
4. Coverimieill.— Servia was formerly a tributary province of Turkey, but was made inde-
pendent by the Treaty of Berlin. It is governed by an hereditary Prince, a Senate, and an
elected National Assembly called the Skupchtina.
5. Chief City.— Belgrade (28,000), the capital, is the only important sown.
THE PRINCIPALITY OF MONTENEGRO.
Montenegro is the Italian name of the country ; by the Turks ii is called Kara-l.igli ; and by the
inhabitants tliemselvc!, Ternagora : all of which names mean Bl.ick Mountain, a designation
derived from the forests which formerly covered the whole country, and which are still extensive.
Montenegro is a wild and mountainous country, of sn.all size, lying on the cast of the
Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Albania. It was formerly a tributary province of Turkey,
but by the Treaty of Berlin it was made independent and additional territory was given to it.
Its area is now 3642 squ.ire miles, and its ixipulation 300,000. The Montenegrins belong to
the Servi,~n branch of the Slavonian race, and are distinguished for their =avagc bravery. In
religion they adhere to the Greek Church. The chief products are maize, potatoes, and tobacco ;
the only manufactures are coarse woollens. The country is governed by an hereditary Prince
and an elective Senate of sixteen members. Cettlnge or CettinJI (1400) is the capital.
KINGDOM OF GREECE.
From Grxci, an ancient tribe . i E]iirus. Size, equ,'l to a st]uare of 139 miles.
1. Noted For. — Greece is noted for its ancient greatness.
2. Boundaries. — This kingdom is bounded on the north by Turkey; on the
east by the ,1 ;;ean Sea ; and on the south and west by the Mediterranean Sea.
3. Its Physical Features are beautiful, being diversified by hill and valley.
The mountains, though not lofty, are celebrated. The coasts are everywhere
indented with bayr, and studded with islands. The rivers are noted only for their
classical associations. Its mountains, of limestone formation, are almost destitute
; of metals, but furrish the finest marbles for building and scuipture.
4. The Climate is agreeable, the winter short, the sky generally clear, and the atmosphere dry.
5. The Chief Productt are grain, rice, cotton, honey, currants, figs, dates, pomegranates,
citrons, and oranges. Bees are abimdant, as are also sheep and goats.
6. The Inhabitantt are principally Greeks, Albanians, and Slavonians.
7. The Travelling Facilities are not numerous. There are few roads in the interior, and no
navigable rivers in the kingdom.
8. Manulacturei and Exportl. — The manufactures arc chiefly domestic ; the exports are
grain, honey, drugs, and dried fruits.
9. Divisions. — Greece is divided into thirteen nomarchies ; but its natural
divisions are Ilillas, north of the Gulf of Lepanto ; the Morcii, south of it ; the Ionian
Islands, and the Islands of the /l''.gcan.
10. Chief Citlej.— Stheni (69,000), the capital, near the Gulf of /I'lgina, was one of the most
famous of ancient cities, Though nnw chiefly modern, it contains numerous remains of anti-
quity; of which the most celebrated are the Acropolis, or Citadel, and the Parthenon, or
Temple of Minerva, near wliich is the .\reopagus, or Mars Hill, so noted from St. Paul's vihit.
Athens is the birthplace of many illustrious men, amonf^ whom were Socrates, Plato, and
Demosthenes. The other towns, viz. : Lifaiilo, Palras, .Vdvarino, and Nauftia, arc seaports.
11. The principal lllandl off the coast are Negropc'il, Hydra, the Cyclades, and the Ionian
group.
THE UNITED KING DO. MS OF NORWAY AND SWEDEN.
Norway is derived from tiore, north, and rige Jr rikt, a kingdom | .old Sweden from Sverige,
Kingdom of the Sviar, or SuitKiod^ Ilurnt Country. Size, equal to .1 square of 542 miles.
1. Noted For.— Norway and Sweden, the ancient Scandinavia, are noted for
having been the seat of the ancient Northmen or Norsemen, who discovered Ice-
land, Greenland, and North America, and who also contiuered and settled in that
portion of France thereafter called Norm.indy.
2. Extent. — Norway and Sweden extend from the Arctic Ocean to Denmark,
and %■:?■ r.hc-.ut ! \xy% milra in length ; their breadth varying from 2jO to 4'/j miles.
3. Government. — The two kingdoms are united under one king, but each cotmtry has a
separate executive, parliament, constitution, and code of kiws. The conunon affairs are
decided upon in a Council of State coniposi'd of Swedes and Norwegians,
NOR IVA Y.
Size, equal to a square of 350 miles.
4. Boundaries.— Norway is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean ; on the
cast by Russia and Sweden 1 on the south by the Skager Rack ; and on the west by
the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.
5. Physical Features.— The surface is mountainous, and abounds in romantic
scenery. The coast is deeply indented by numerous salt water inlets. Lakes are
numerous. North Cape, in Mageroe Island, is the most northerly point of Europe.
6. Climate.— At the north the climate is severe, but in the southern parts it is milder.
Nearly three months of protracted dayl'ght occur in the extreme north, while in the south the
longest day is eighteen hours.
7. Products.— Rye, barley, oats, and potatoes are the chief agricultural products. The
seas, lakes, and rivers of the entire peninsula abound with fish. The Norwegian horses, a
small but hardy breed, are extensively exported to Sweden and Great Britain. The principal
sources of wealth are its iron and copper mines, forests, and fisheries.
8. Travelling Facilities.— There are no canals in Norway ; and only about 400 miles cf
railway. To facilitate communication, post-horse stations have been established .at distances
of from seven to ten miles.
9. Manufactures and Exports.— The manufactures arc chiefly for domestic and agricultural
purposes. Tlio leading exports arc iron, silver, copper, fish, timber, bark, skins, cod-liver oil,
turpentine, and horses.
10. Inhabitants.— Norway is the most thinly peopled country in Europe, the population
being only about 1,820,000. The inhabitants are industrious, brave, and hospitable.
11. Government.— The executive government is vested in the sovereign ; but all legislative
power belongs to the Storthing (the great court), or representative assembly.
12. Divisions. — Norway is divided into six stiffs, which comprise twenty provinces
or amts.
13. Chief Towns.— Chrlstianla(ii3,ooo), the capital, situated at the south, is the chief seat of
foreign trade. It has a imivcrsity. The fiord, or liay, is dotted with numerous wooded islands,
which present a beautiful appearance. Drammcn exports ice, Frcderickshald, a fortified
seaport, exports timber and grain. Here Charles XH. of Sweden was killed in 171S. Dcr,;cn
(40,000), at the cast, exports large quantities of dried fish. Dronlheim, further north, was
formerly the capital of Norway.
14. The Lofoden Isles, off the north-west coast, form the chief fishing stations. Near them
is the Maelstrom (mill stream), a whirlpool formed by opposite tidal currents, which give it a
whirling motion like a turning millstone. Hammcrfcst, on KvaiiK or Whale Island, is the
most northerly town ni ICurope.
SWEDEN.
Size, equal to a square of 413 miles.
15. Boundaries. — Sweden is bounded on the north by Norv.ay; on the cast bv
Russia, the Gulf of Bothnia, and the lialtic; on the south by the Baltic; and on the
west by the Cattcgat and Norway.
16. Physical Features.— Tlie surface is generally level. About one-twelfth of
the .surface is covered with lakes and rivers, and one-fourth with forests. The
principal rivers arc Tornea and Dal, There are sevcr.al beautiful falls in the
rivers j the most noted of which are on the River Gotha.
17. Soil.- The soil is not very fertile, and only a part of the middle and the south is
imder cultivation. The winter continues for about seven months. The mode of travelling
is in horse or reindeer sledges.
18. The Products arc lilie those of Norway, but grain is more abundant. The interior of
the country possesses mines of iron and copper, both of which articles arc largely exported.
19. Inhabitants and Government.— The inhabitants are thinly scattered, the popidation being
only about 4,500,000, The government is a liniileil monarchy. The I>iet or Parliament, of
two chambers, is composed of representatives elected bv the people,
20. The Travelling Facilities are a\m\ to those of Norway, with the addition of canals. Tire
main roads near Stockholm are generally excellent. Steamboats ply on the principal lakes,
and on such parts of the rivers as are navigable,
21. Manufactures and Exports. — The manufactures arc not extensive, exrept coarse linen
The evports are chiefly timber, grain, and the produce of the mines. Lobsters are exportcti
in large quantities to England.
22. Divisions. — Sweden is divided into three provinces, (Gothland, Svealand or
Sweden Proper, and Norrland) ; and these into twenty-live Lacn or Government;,.
83.— Cities and Towns.— Stockholm (169,000), with its fine palace and public buildings, is
the capital of the kingdom. It is the chief commercial emporium of Sweden, and its situati<m
is extremely imposing. C(7//fn/i«rf (74,000), at the mouth of the Gotha, and the second city in
Sweden, largely exports iron and timber. Carlsiroiia, at the south, built on five small islands,
is the chief station of the Swedish .lavy. Falihin 15 noted for the extensive copper mines in
its vicinity. Uf^sala, near Stockholm, is celebrat'^d for its university.
24. Lapland lies to the north-east of Sweden. It belongs partly to Norway,
partly to Sweden, and partly to Russia ; but, bemg a cold and l)arren country, the
inhabitants are not subject to much control. Their individual herds of reindeer vary
frimi 50 and 100 to toco. The Laplanders live chiefly in tents, and are migratory
in their habit,s, though some engage in agriculture.
r
ij
ill
;tic Ocean ; on the
ind on the west by
lounds in romantic
inlets. Lakes are
y point of Europe.
1 parts it is milder,
lile in the south the
jral products. The
Norwegian horses, a
tain. The principal
about 400 miles cf
ablishcd at distances
;tic and agricultural
i, skins, cod-liver oil,
ope, the population
ospitable.
1 ; but all legislative
.ly.
! twenty provinces
is tlic cl.ief scat of
rous wooded islands,
kksliaU, a fortified
:d in 171S. Bergen
, furtlicr north, was
:ntions. Near them
nts, which qive it a
'^/lale Islauil, is the
y ; on the cast by
iaitic; and on llie
nit i>ne-twelftli of
ill forests. The
itiful falls in the
e and the south is
mode of travelling
:. The interior of
largely exported.
le population being
or Parliament, of
ion of canals. Tlie
;lic principal lakes,
crept coarse linen
isters arc exported
and, Svealand or
r Governmentc.
public buildings, is
a, and its situation
I the second city in
ifivc small islands,
e copper mines in
artly to Norway,
rcn country, the
of reindeer vary
d are migratory
T
i 1
IH
Jil/SSIA JN EC/ HOPE.-
From Retttit Rtr.iiigtrs or f'»reii;ners, a Slavunic tribe. Siae, equal to a itquarc of 1476 miles.
.->^-
ST. Isaac's sgUAKu, and the SUNAin IIUUSB, ST. PKTBKsBlRfi.
1. Noted For.— Russia is noted for its com|wctncss and it.s unliruken continuity
in Europe .ind .Asia, its mineral wcaltli, and tlie continued extension of its bomi
daries in Europe and Asia.
2. Boundaries.— Russia in Europe is bounded on the north in the Arctic Ocean .
on the east by the Ural Afountains (imil, belt or boundary), the Ural River, and llic
Caspian Sea ; on the south by the Caucasus Mou,itain.s, lilacl-- Sen, and Koumania ;
and on the west by Austria, Germany, the Baltic Sea, and Sweden and Norway.
3. riiysical Features.-Russia is chiefly a plain. Its only mountains in Europe
are the Ural and Caucasus Ranges, dividing it from Asia. The steppes or jilains in
the south-east, arc barren, but the centre is generally fertile. From the Valdai Hills
the country is divided into four great basins, which arc drained by the following
rivers : th» Petchora and the Dwina, flowing into the Arctic Ocean ; the numerous
small rivers, flowing into 'he Haltic Sea ; the Dniester, the Dnieper, and the Don,
flowing into the Azov and Hl.ack Seas ; and the Volga, with its numerous tributaries,
and the Ur.al, flowing into the Caspian Sea. The .slope of these rivers is very
gradual. The largest lakes are Ladoga and Onega. The islands in the Arctic
Ocean arc Waigatz, Nova Zembla, and Spitzbergen.
4. Climate.— In the northern p.irt of llu> cnipiro there are scarcely more than two seasons,
summer and winter ; the heat of summer bcin^ socm followed by the frost ami snow (jf winter.
la the more temperate south, the seasons arc shorter and more varied.
5. Chiel ProlluctS. — The extensive forests furnish in abundance timber, [.itch, i>otash, and
turpentine. Fcu-bearing animals are numerals along the .\rctic Ocean. Corn, r\e, and barley
arc anion;,' the principal products. Flax and hemp arc grown in the west, and wheat and fiuils
in the centre and the south. Iron and other minerals are abundant, hut the coal areas are very
limited. The west side of the Ural Moimtains yields copper; and the east side, gold, silver,
and i)latinum.
6. The Inhabltantl arc chiefly of tlv; Sl.avonic race, who were the ancient inhabitants of
Russia, but the Finns inhabit the northern portions, .md the 'i'artars the soiilh-easlcrn parts ;
Jews and .Armenians arc also numerous. .Serfdom, wliich long existed in Russia, was abolished
in 1861. Agriculture and commerce are the chief pursuits.
7. Travelling Facilities.— By means of canals, tlie seas, lakes, and rivers of the empire .arc
united into a complete system of internal navigation. \ radway, 400 nnles long, comiects St.
Fetersburg and Moscow.
8. Manulactures and Exports.— The most miportant m.umfactures arc leather, hempen
fabrics, glass, and nn t.d wares. The exports are l.allow, hides, corn, iron, hemp, furs, and
timber.
9. The Government is an absolute monarchy. The fireek is the established Church, and to
it live-sixths of the population belong. The Czar (derived from C.cs.ir), or ijiijieroj, is the
head of b(jth Chinch and State.
10. Civil Divisions. — Russia ill F.uropc is divided into sixty-three govcrnmcnt.s,
or provinces. These arc grouped under the following nine larger divisions :
I. Great Russia; 2. Little Russia; 3. E.astcrn Russia; 4. South Russia; 5. Western
Russia; 6. Daltic Provinces; 7. Poland; S. Finland; and 9, Cis-C'aucasia.
11. Chief Cities.— (ir.) In the Baltic Basin. --St. Petersburg (fi;o,ooo), the c.ipit,d of Russia, so
named after Peter tlie C.reat. who tminded it in 170-,, is situated on die left bank of the Neva,
and "n the adioiniug islands. It has many fine hnililin-,;-^, an:l it-; mr.mifartnr.-'s and , ..mmerce
arc extensive. Cnmsliuil (17.1 o\ its port is strongly fortified, and is the chief naval station.
A'civVand Riga (10^,000) are also well fortified seaports, and have an extensive grain trade,
•■//'o is between the gulfs of llolhnia and I'inland. HelslngtorS, the capital of iMnland, is the
seat of a university.
l,^.) On the White Sea — Anlinngtl (2fi,ooo) is the oldest scajiort in Russia.
(..) In the Dnieper Basin. -A';,t (127,000), an early capital, is noted for its ancient
Christian church. El-alerimnl.tv has woollen nKinufactures. Kherson (4C>,ooo) is a fortified
town, with great trade. Ne.-ir it is the tomb of llowar.l, the pliilandiropist. NIcolalev
(.Sj,ooo) since Scbastopol was destroyed, has licen tlie principal Dl.iek Sea naval st.ition.
KIchenev (ioj,..oo) is an important military station. AVw/-,t<w( 101,000) holds extensive
fairs, and is the seat of a university.
(</.) On the Black Sea.— Odessa ( 185,-
coo) is the southern emporium of com- .^%P^^.-;r-:-''r==-ir --^-^^-
merce. Scliasliifo/,m Snaslofol,viiLiA ---•-.. ■ - -^
strongly fortified naval station. It was
taken in 1S55 by the French and Kng-
hsli, after a prolonged resistance. Tag-
tniioi;^ on the Sea of Azov, exports grain.
(<•.) IntberonBasln.-Tula (58,000)
is an inland town on the Kiver Don.
(/.) In the Central Plateau.— Moscow
(foijiooo), the former capital, a semi-
oriental city, is noteil for having been set
on fiie, iu 1.S12, by the Russians, to
prevent its becoming the winter head-
quarters of the French army. It has
Ijcen rebuilt, and has extensive trade, and
manufactures cottons, woollens, and
jewelry. The Kremlin (royal fortress),
a collection of palaces and churches,
form a famous group of buildings. seuastopoi, prom the north side ok star fort.
tf.) On the Volga.— Xasan or Kazan (.SO.oool, a university town, is a central jilace of trade
for Siberia and Ta,-t3ry. Nijiii No-^^oroJ is fam.ais for its annual fair, which lasts from July
to September, and is attemlcd by a i|uarter of a million of peoiile Saratov (85,000) is noted
for its trade. Ailrachmi has extensive fisheries, and manufaciories of leather. Its principal
trade is with towns in Asia.
12. Caucasus, or Circassia, lies on the northern and southern slopes of the
Caucasian Mouutains, and is partly in Europe and partly in Asia. It was conquered
by Russia .after a long struggle The portion in Europe which lies on the northern
side of the mountain-range is called lis-Caucasia ; that in Asia, Tran.s-Caucasia.
The .irc.1 of Cis-Cauc.asia is .about 85,810 square miles; and the popidalinn abcmt
1,837,000. Stavropol, the capital of Cis-Caucasia, is situated near the sources of
the Tuslila.
13. Poland (/cAA;, a plain) lies between Russia proper and Prussi.a. It was once
an iiidcpciulciu kingdom; but, near the close of the last cciUiiry and the beginning
of the present, it was conquered, and divided piecemeal, by three separate acts, called
the lirst, second, and third jiarlilioiis, between Russia, Pru.ssia, and Austria.
14. Physical Features.- Poland is a very level country. The principal river is
the Vistula. The climate is cold ; but the soil is very fertile, and well arlapted |o
the growth of grain, of which large quantities arc exported.
15. Chief Cities. —Warsaw (309,000), on the Vistul.i, was the capit.d of the former I'olidi
kingdom, but it is now a Russian garrison city. Vibia or Witiut |i , ,) lias a large Jewish
liopulation, and does an extensive trade. It was formerly the capital of Lithuania.
i!
for its ancient
oo) is a fortifii'd
npist. Nkolaiev
i-A naval station,
holds extensive
il
il jilacc of trade J
lasts from July ^
55,000) is noted J
r. Its principal
PART V.
ASIA.
A^i.i, -^nid lo btf so called from the fabled nyniplt Asia, dau';Iitir i.f (.Veanua and Tetliy*.
1U1M_1I'AJ, ANIMAi -, UK AsrA.
l.y the Ural Mountains, Ural River, the Caspian, lilack, Mediterranean anil Rod
Seas.
2. FOPm.-Asia consists of an immense triangular-shaped portion of land the
longest side extending from ICast Cape to llie Isthmus „f ,Sue^, the shortest from
the Isthmus of .Sue^ to Cape Cambodia, ami the intermediate from Cane Cambodia
to East Cipc.
3. P08ition.-It extends from aboul 7S" to i" N. Lat., and fr.mi 26° K. Long, to
170" W. Long. '=
7. POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF ASIA.
/>'.(/'<; (26" 4' W. Long).
5. Extent.— (,(.) The extreme length of Asia from Behring Strait to Strait of
liab-el-Mandel) is about 6700 miles. The extreme breadth from Cape Hevero to
Cape Romania is about 5400 miles. (/,.) Us area is about if.,500,000 square miles
or 4-2 times th.it of Europe, or is equal to a square of 71 mile.s. (<■.) The coast-line'
is aoout 30,000 miles, or i mile of coast for 552 square miles of surface.
6. The estimated population amounts to 787,000,000, or an aver.age of 48 persons
to each square mile of surface.
Nuiiif.
I'oKiliiin.
1. Asiatic Tuvkcv. . .
2. Arabiii
;i. Vcrsl.'i
4. .M lianista"
B. lliliirliistjin
<). Iliiiilo.stjni
7. Kiirtlier India
H. t.'liiiipsi' Kinpiic'. . .
!l. Iiii|p|i('n(l('iit 'I'liil;!
10. .\slatlc Uussiii.. . .
11. Japan
Ill Uie pxtrenie West
.^'outli of .Aslatii- Turkey ..'...'.
N'oi-tli-cast of .\i-aliiii. .". ^i.!!!."."'
Kast of I'l'i'siji
South of Afu'liaiiistaii. .....'..'. ',.'.
Soutli-cast of Af-lianisiaii .■iniriteii'idVistan
Kast of llindo.^tan
North-east of lliiMloslan iiiiil Kurth'eV ii'ul'ia
westof (.'hiniw Kmpiic
Cliielly In the Niulli of the t'oiithiViit. '.' ..
!'.a.st of the Continent
Area in Eii|,'llrtli
I'oinilHtion
tuhout)
7'J!I,7()0
l.'JL'O.DOO
2,')0,000
HO.OIW
i,,iL!0.(yio
Kr.'.ODl)
4,r)ii7,n()()
0,'J1VJ.(KIO
lUO.lXX)
17.50O,(KM)
5,000,000
4,4no.o(X)
4,ooo,o(y)
2.000.000
L'42,.100.000
27,;iOO.0(H)
4:K,(X)0,OftO
2,000,0(X)
12,000,000
a4,aio,ooo
Cnpilal.
Sin.vrim
Miiseat, &c.
Teheiiin. . . ,
Cabiil
Kcliit ...
Oalcutta.. ..
Haii'.:ui>n.. .
IVkin .
link ham...
Tobolsk, &c.
Tokio
N. IJll. E. l.iiii;
;wc'2,T
2;i .10
;w no
:« 27
28 .W
22 it.')
1(1 .')2
:!<l ,'>4
3(1 41)
.W 12
X) 40
Whiire Sllumed.
8. Physical Coast Featurcs.-i. In the Arctic Ocean.
(I.) Islands.-/,/,,/-,;,^, or .\',™ sih-n., /./.„„A a group off the north coast of
Siberia. New Siberia is 75 miles long and 30 miles bro.ad. Eossil ivory is a vain-
able production of the islands.
(2.) Peninsula.— 7; //;//■,/;/ /V/m/.w/,,, in the extreme i-orth-east of Siberia.
(3.) Capes.-C,,/,. .SVrvr,., axAortUEast £.',;/,•, the extreme northern point of
Asi.i, north of Siberia ; Cafe Svialoi, north of Siberi.i ; C.,p, Voslochni, or Ea^ Cape
the extreme eastern point of Asia, east of Siberi.a.
(4) Sea and Gulf.-A7r™ Sca, and G„l/o/Oh\n Od.k, north-west of Siberia.
(5-) Straits.-/,',//,vV,,r Sl,;ut between Siberia and Alaska, joining lichring Sea
and the Arctic Ocean. Discovered by lichring in 172S.
II. In the Pacific Ocean.
(I.) Islands.-Thc A«/w /,/,/;„/.,■, a chain of Iwcntv-five volcanic islands, con-
taining eight or ten active volcanoes, cxten.l 720 miles from Kamtschatka to Japan
1 lie three southernmost islands belong to Japan, the rest lo Russia. They possess
fur4)earing animals.
i 27
ij/ f
' .l-S
.'W
.11
1.)
li!l
■s
(ill
40
S,S
2.1
IHi
20
IKi
2S
lit
.W
(W
I't
i;«p
.M
PuimtHtioi) i>f
Capitul.
-Kgean Sea
RiO.OOO
(■ulf of (iman
50,000
Ivehveh Uivcr (no.vr)
8.5,000
Cabul Kiver
t)0,0()0
tiiindava Ulver (near). .
12,000
IlfHigly River
77l),000
Iravvndv River
10K,(K)()
I'eiho Kiver
1,000,000
Koliiik Uivcr
100,000
Irtish Rivor
IS.OIK)
Niphon I.iliind
1.0;i(),771
Saghalum, Tanihii, or A'ra/to, east of Siberi.i. The northern half belongs to
Russia, and the southern to Japan. It is upwards of 600 mik s long. Coal has been
found in the northern iiortion. The inhabiiants subsist mostly by lishing. Thev
are a barbarotis race.
The .7'/"" fs/iiiiih, east of Mantchooria.
The 1.00-C/wo /slc,n,/s, a group in the North Pacific Ocean, between Japan and
I'ormosa, consisting of the C.rcat I.oo-Choo and thirtv-five smaller islands. Thev
form a southern depe.idency of Japan. Most olE them are very ferti!. . The chief
products are provisions and live-stock.
Formosa (neaulifnl, so named by the Portuguese), or TahiHW. east of Central
China. It is tr.iversed from north to south by a lofty chain of volcanic nnnintains,
called Muh Kan Shan, some of whose summits arc upwards of 12,000 feet high It
has four active volcanoes. On the ca.lrrn .|dc, the inlial^itanis arc Mal.iy.s, and on
the western, Chinese. It is very fertile, producing rice, camphor, salt, sulphur
tobacco, fruits, dye-woods, and coal. The domestic animals arc cattle, bufTalocs
horses, ascs, goats, sheep, and hogs Chief town, Taiwan, „n the west coast Popu-
lation of island, 3,020,000; length, 245 mlks ,■ average breadth, 70 miles; greatest
breadth. 100 miles; area, about 15,000 square miles.
f!
|<s
'f
1
3
es.,
u>
J^
z
o
.•2 <i
S
;
ii
i !
//;//m;/, SDiitli of ("liina, at the mouth of the Gulf of Tonquin, produces gold,
, and the liiiest sci-ntcd woods. Same of the inuuntaiiis in the interior rise above the
> snow line. Chief town, A'huj^^-i/nv, on the north coast. Population of the island,
/ 2,500,000. .\rea, 14,000 square miles.
j (j ) Peninsulas.— A'i;/«i'f<//<i/'/'(r, the north-eastern peninsula of Asia, between the
; Sea of Kamtschatka and the Sea of Okhotsk.
\ Conn, between tlic Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea.
Lienf/iirju l\niitmlii, east t)f the (julf of Toncjuin.
, Further Iiulia or the BuU-rii Feniiisula, between the Chinese Sea and the Bay
\ of liengal. '
1
J Sliihy Pciiiii.uila, a southern i)rolon),'ation of iMirther India.
; (3.) Capes.— CV-''-"/'"'^'". soiilli of Kamtschatka; C,;/^ />,//;>«,•,-, east of Sagha-
\ lien; Cnpc Aiiiwa, south of Saghalien ; t'l;/'' />''™,^'''"'<'«, north-cast of Vcsso ; dtpc
I King, eist of Niphon; Soulh-.i-cU Cape, south of Corca; Caps CambodUi, south of
' Siam; Cape RoniaiUa, the extreme southern point of Asia, south of .Malava.
j (.(.) Seas and Gulfs.— >.) ISe/irin,; Sca, enclosed by Siberia, the Aleutian Isles,
and Alaska. Its principal members .ire, the Gnlf 0/ Anadir, north-cist of Siberia',
and the .Sen 0/ A'aini:i/iall:a,Kasi of Kamtschatka.
(/'.| Sea of Okhotsk, between Kamtschatka and Saghalicn. It is enclosed on the
cast by the Kurile Islands.
(.-.) Sea 0/ Japan, between Ma.Uchonria and Japan. Its principal members are
the GiilfofTartary, between the mainland and Saghalicn, and Broughlon Bay, cast
of Corca.
(,/.) Whang-Ifai or Yelhno Sea, between China and the Corea. Its principal
branches arc the G iilf of Veehili and Gulf of Leaolong in the north-west
(,■.) Tung-Hai, or Eastern Sca, between China and the Loo-Choo Isles.
(/) Chinese Sea, between China and I'urther India on the west, and the Philippine
Islands and Jiornco on the east. Its principal branches are the Gnlf of Tonquin,
between Tonquin and Hainan, and the Gnlf of Siam, south of Si.im.
(5.) Straits.— A'Hc;7t' Strait, joining the Sca of Okhotsk and the Sca of Kamts-
clnilka; /.„ IWouse Strait, between S.ighalicn and Vcsso, joining the Sca of
Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan ; Sangar Strait, between Vcsso and Xiphon ; Strait
of Corea, l>etwcen Corca and Japan, joining the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sca ;
Formosa Strait, l)etween China and Formosa.
III. In the Indian Ocean.
(1.) Islands.— .l/<vy;„ Archipelago, in tlic Hay of Bengal, west of Tenasserim.
Andaman and Nicolnr /t/,iWj, in the east of the Bay of Bengal, iSo miles south-
west of Pegu. They belong to Britain.
Ceylon, south of Ilindostan. Highest point, I'edrotall.igalla, S3S0 feet ; length.
270 miles i breadth, 1.(0 miles ; area, 24,702 square miles ; population aljout 2,760,000.
The iMccadirc:, Mahlrca, and Chagos are three long extended archipelagoes of
atolLs, south-west of Hindostan. The I.accadives, seventeen in number, arc 150
miles west of the Malal)ar coast. They belong to Britain. The Maldive Archi-
pelago is 470 miles long, with an average l)readth of 50 miles. The archipelago is
ruled by a Sultan, who pays tribute to the Covcmor of Ceylon.
(2.) Peninsulas.— The three great peninsulas of Southern Asia arc Arabia,
between the Red Sea and the Persian Gull; Ilindostan, between the Arabian Se.a
and the Bay of Bengal ; and Further India, between the Bay of Bengal and the
Chinese Sea. Sinai Peninsula is between the Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Akaba ;
Kati-var Femnsula is between the Gulf of Camb.ay and the Gulf of Cutch ; the
Malay Peninsula ia a .southern extension of Further India.
(3.) Capes.— iVir.f-n/-//,/,/, the cast point of Arabia ; Diu Head, in the Gulf of
Cambay; Cape Comoriu, south of Ilindostan; Dondra Head, south of Ceylon;
Cape A'cgrais, south-west of Pegu.
(■|.) Seas, Gulfs, and Bay8.-(.,.) The Arahan Sea (M.ire Erythra;um), between
Arabia and Ilindostan. Its principal members are, the Ped Sca, between Arabia
and Africa, with its branches, the Gnlf of Sue: and GulfofAkaha ; the Gulf of Aden,
between Arabia and Africa; Gulf of Oman, between Arabia and Beluchistan ;
Persian Gulf between Arabia and Persia; Gulf of Cutch and Gulf of Cambay, north-
west of Ilindostan; and Gulfof.Vanaar, between Ilindostan and Ceylon.
(/'.) The Fay of Bengal, between the eastern shores of Hindostan and the west-
ern shores <,f h-mthcr India. Its principal member is the Gulf of Atartaban, between
Pegu and Tenasserim.
(5.) ^iViWi.— Strait of Bab-elMandeb (Gate of Tears), ioininc •' 'O-d Sea and
Gulf of Aden ; Stra,t of Ormuz, joining the Gulf of Oman anu" sian Gulf'
Palk .S-/r«/V, between Hindostan and Ceylon; .J/r,,// ,/ .l/.,/„.,„, between Malava
and Sumatra, joining the Bay of Bengal and the Chinese Sca.
(C>.) Isthmuses,— /..Mw/M
connects Siam and Malava.
of Sua connects Asia and Africa; Isthmus of Kraw
IV. In the Mediterranean.
(I.) Islands.— ry/^«j in the Levant. It was conquered by the Turks in 1571.
Capital, Nicosia. Length, .-40 miles ; breadth, 1 3 miles. Rhodes, Susam (Samos),
Scio (Chios), Fsara, Afitylene (Lesbos), and Tenedos, the key of the Dardanelles, in
the .Kgean Sea.
(2.) Peninsula.— ^fHii/'<>//'<< ox Asm Minor, between the Black Sea and the Levant.
(3 ) Cape. — Baba, in Asia Minor, the extreme weslcn point of Asi.i.
(4) Seas.— The Ufant, west of Syria; .F.gean Sea or Archipelago, between
Asia .\Ii;ior and Greece ; Sea of Marmora, between Asiatic and European Turkey;
Black Sea, between Asiatic Turkey and Russia.
(5) Straits.— Z)i7n/ii/;c//«, joining the .Kgcan Sea and the Sea of Marmora;
Bosphorus, joining the Sea of -Marmora and the Black Sea.
MOUNT EVErii:,ST.
9. Physical Features of the lnterior.-(i.) Mountains.-The mean elevation
of Asia IS 1 132 feet. From the Plateau of Pamir, between Independent Turkestan
and Chinese Turkestan, four great parallel Mountain Systems extend from
west to east.
(^.) The System of the Altai Mountains extends eastward between 50° and
52K" -\. Lat. from the confluence of the Uba .and Irtish to the meridian of L.ake
Baikal. East of the S6th meridian it forms three ranges, the Sayansk, Tam^nu, and
A'A$ngtn Mountains. Highest summit, Mount Katunsk or Bielucha, 12,790 feet.
(a.) Tlic System jf the Daurian Mountains, separated from that of the Altai by Lakes
Kosgol and Baikal, extends north-east through Transbaikal, and is prolonged to the Sea of
Okliotskby the (/>.) Yabhnoi Mountains.
The Altai, Daurian, and Yablonoi Mountains 5c;)arate the b.a5ins of the Yencsei and Lena
from that of the Amoor.
(.-.) The Stanovoi Mountains extend from the Yablonoi, throii,-!, Kastcm Siberia
between the Arctic Ocean and the Sca of Okhotsk, to East Cape. A branch of the Stanovoi'
called the Aldan Mountains, extends northward, and another extends southward throii-h the
Peninsula of Kamtschatka. Kliutschewsker, 1^,763 feel, in Kamtschatka, is the highest volcano
in Asia.
(B.) The System of the Thian-Shan Mountains extends eastward from the north
end of the Pamir, between 40" and 43° N. Lat., until it merges into the elevated
tract of Gobi. It separates the basins of the Obi and the Yarkand. It is 1400
miles in length and in some places 100 miles in breadth. The highest point in the
system is the gigantic block of Mountains called Bogdo-Oola, between the volcanic
mountains, Pe-l,an and Hoshan, which .are 1500 miles from the sea. \o summit of
til
the Thian-Slian lias yet been measured. After an interruption of more tlian t)'i
degrees of longiliide, it is prolonged by tiic /iis/„„i or S„Wr AUuutaiiis to the
Pacific, nortli of the (Julf of Techili.
East iif the Pamir, the Thian-SIun throws off a spur to (he north o' I,.,l;e IssikKiiI, called thi
oilman Afiiiiii'iriiis.md another t.ilhu nortli of th- .' irl\in-,\,(aliciltlic K.ii.ii.u, Moiiiii,„jik
fietwccn Ih:; Cispian and the lll.ick Sea, the Cainasin may he coniidcrcd as a western' pro-
lonsalion of the Thian-Sh.in. Length, 750 miles; hreaJth from 6; to 150 miles. Ilishest
summit, Mount Elbur/, on the Kuropean side of the range, 18,571 feet.
(f.) The Mountain System of the Kuen-Lun, liomulini; Tibet on the north,
e.xtcnds ca^twanl from ilic soulh end of the II..I01 in the parallel of jO'' N. I at to
the Lake of Knko \„r. The jV,m-s/i.,>, and KiU.m-shan chains, Iving scnicwhat
farther north ami extending to the Chinese Wall, and the /•.•//>,.r ,)/„„„/,„•,„ ,^.|„„
somewhat farther south between the Vang-tso-kianR and I loangllo, may lie regarded
as eastern prolongations of the Kuen-I.un. Height of the Kuen-I.un Mountains,
about ;r,ooo feet Height of the snow line on the south side, 15,800 feet • on the
north siile. 15,000 feet. The F.lchi Pass is 17,379 feet above the
height of the pas.ses of the Kuen-I.un, 16,850 feet.
Th» lollowing are the principal Meridian dialni :
(-M The Ural Miuntalni, between A.sia and Kurope, extend from the .\relie Ocean to the
L r.ij Kivcr Length, 1200 miles ; average height, 3000 feet.
(*.l the Ubanon Range extends southward from the Taurus Range to Mount lleimon
.105J feet and .luna- .0 Mount Iloreb,«59J (eel, and Mount Sinai, 7^97 feet, between the
(lUlfs of Suez .Old .Ak.ilt.i.
U- ) The Zagroi Mountaim, 1 3,000 feet, beiwe
led lo iiK- v.utli 0.1st l,vth
(1/ ) The Suhman Mountaim extend
'een the basins of the Tigris and the Caspian,
continued lo m,- vmth o.ist l,v the l.urhlan Mounlains.
the
sea. Average
The Kara-Korum Mountains, in Tibet, diverge from the western end of the
Kuen-I.un, 1,1 a dncciiun from north-west to south-east parallel to the IIimalav.as
Highest summit. IXapsang Peak, =,S,3oo feet. Height of the snow line on the south
side, r9,.too feet ; on the north side. 18,600 feet. The Kara-Korum Pass
feet above the sea.
i8,J4S
nic peak of
W.St of the Dolor, the Kuen-Lun is prolonged by the (n. ) Hindoo A"..-,-/,, north of Afghanistan
(A ) The /'.rr,,/,„,,/,„„ /,.,„,^,,, also north of Afghanistan, and north-east of Persia, separatin-
I urkestan from the Plateau of Iran. Highest summit, Koh-i-Daba (Tchalap Peak), ■fi.oeo feet!
(.••.) The Elburz Ransc, south of the Caspian. Highest summit, the volcani
Drmavcnd, 18,464 feet.
(,1-.) Tlu .Uaiinlnins of Armnua between the basins of the Casiiian and DIack «;ea»
Highest summit, Mount Ararat, 16,9(14 feet.
(«. ) The Taurus Range, north of the Levant.
NoTH.-Tl.c Kiieu-Lun a,,,! the Anierie.i,, ..'oules.ire the longest mount,iii, r.inge, in the world.
(Z) ) The Mountain System of the Himalaya (Sans. him,,, snow; „/,„.„, abode
Abode of .Snow), the ancient /,«,;,« (snow,) bounding Tibet on the south, 'e.xtend.s
south-eastward in an irregular curve from the south of the Pamir lo the great bend
of the Urahmaputra. Its length is 1500 miles, and its breadth v.tries from 150 to 350
miles. It is the mo.st elevated and stupendous system on the globe. lis mean height
is estimated at from 16,000 to iS,ooo feet. One hundred and twenty of iis peaks
exceed 20,000 feet. The highest summit is Mount Everest or Gaurisankcr, 29 oo--
feet, between Dhawal.agiri (White Mountain), 2S,o8o feet, and Kinchin-jiiigai :8ii46
feet. Height of the snowline on the south side, 16,200 feci; on the north side
14.000 feet. The average height of the passes of the Himalavas is 17,700 feet.
(<7.) The Nan-lini; Range, in China, between the Yang-tsc-kiang and the Choo-kiaiig,
appears to be the eastern continuation of the Himalava.
, , „ , ^., outhward between the Punjaub and Afgh.anistan,
from the fanuius KliyberP.iss (.u" N Lat.jto the great soiilli bend of the Indus (3,/ N. Lat.)
.Average heigli... 600, lect. Highest summit, Tikhl-i-.'^uliman (.Seat of .Solomon), 1 ,,301 f'et
fartlior south, separated from the .Suhman Mountains by llie IJol.m Pass, arc the Hala ax
l.uhki Mountains, which extend to Kurrachee, at the mouth of the Indus.
(<•.) The WlJtern Ghaufi extend southward at a distance of .,boiit 40 miles from the
west coast of Iliiulost.in from the Taptcc to Cape Comorin. Length, about 1000 miles;
average height, 4000 feet. Highest summit, Dodabctta, SSoo feet. The aver.age height of
the Eastern Cdiauts, which extend along the east coast of Hindostiin, is only aUait 1300'fcel.
Note.— The word CtlianC means pass, tcrrac, nr sleji.
(/.) The Mountains Ol Aracan run southward bctwven the Irawady and the D.iy of Heng.al,
and terminate m Cape \egrais. Highest point, nine Moinl, S900 feet.
(.ir. )The Yung-ling Mountain!, 12,000 feet, bounding Tibet on the east, run .southward
between the Hi,aii--l|., ^md th;- Vang-tsc-kiang. They are prolonged, in the form of a narrow
chain, through Further bulla, between the S.ihien on the west and the .Mekong .ind Meinam on
the east, and stretch through the Malay Peninsula to Cape Romania The highest known
summit in Tibet is Nen-Da. near ISatang. 22,000 feet. The highest summit in Mahya is
Tidibang-sa,656i feet.
('/.) The Khin-ghan Monntaini, an offset of the V.abIonoi, separating Mongolia from Mant-
chooria, run soutliw.ird fr.m the nordi bend of the Amoor to the Inshan Mountains.
(2) Plateaus.— The central portion of Asia, extending from the Mediterranean
on the west to the plains of Mantchooria on ihe cast, is occupied bv .an immense
plateau. lis length is about 5500 miles, and its breadth varies from 700 to 2000
miles. Its area is eslimatcd at about one-half of the surface of the continent. It
is divided into two .systems which meet at the Pamir Plateau.
//.
The Western System consists of the foil
owing portions ;
(t.) The Plateau of Iran includes Persia Afghanistan, and lieliichistan. It is
bounded on the north by the sm ill plains of (ieorgia, the Caspian Sea, the desert
of Khiva, and the low plains of the .Xinu-Darya : on the cast bv the Indus Kivcr-
on the south by llie slopes of Jichichistan and the Persian Gulf; an-.l on the west bv
the plains of the Tigris and Ihe Plateau of .\rinenia. The central portion of the
plaleau consists of extensive salt wastes and immense deserts of sand. The Great
.Salt Desert in the north of Persia and .Afghanistan covers 30.000 scjuare miles. This
plateau has an elevation of 3500 feet, and its area is nearly one million of square miles.
((*.) The Plateau of Armenia is bounded on the north by the IJlack .Sea and the
valley of the Kur ; on the cast by the Plaleau of Iran ; on Ihe south by the Plains
of Mesopotamia; and on the west by ilic Plateau of Asia Minor. It is a cold,
treeless region, with an elevation of 70C0 feet.
(c.) The Plateau of Asia Minor or Anatolia is bounded on the north by the
Ulack Sea ; on the cast by the Plateau of .■\rmcnia : on the south by the Levar.t ;
..lid on the west by the .-Kgean Sea It has a mean elevation of from 3000 to 4000
feet.
(/)'.) The Eastern System consists of the following portions :
(.1.) The Plateau of Pamir is the loftiest in the world, and is called by the natives
liam-iduneah. Ihe Roof of the World. It has an elevation of 15,600 feet. Its
length from north to south is about iSo miles, and il has an average brcadih of
fia^. about 90 miles.
(A.) The Great Central Plateau is buttressed on the north bv the Altai, Daurian,
and Vabloiioi Mountains; on the cast by the Khin-ghan. In-shan, and Vun-liii"
ranges ; on the south by the Himalayas ; and on the west by the Plateau of Paniii
II includes the following divisions :
(i.) The Plateau of Tibet is enclosed on the north by the Kucn-Uin range ; on tl;e
cast by the Vuii '.og ; on the south by the Himalayas ; and on the west it narrows
into tbe Karakorum .Mountains Its surface is broken by numerous mounlain
chains, and has an elevation of from 15,000 to i6,ocx) feet.
(2 ) The Plateau of Kashgariaand Mongolia is bounded on the south by the Kucn-
lun ; on the west by the Parair ; on the north by the Thian-shan ; and on the east by
ihc Kiiin ghan Mountains In Kasligana il lia.s an elevation of from .jooo to 5000
feet. From about the meridian of 87° V. Long, to the Khin-ghan Mountains, in 120''
\'.. I.ong, it is traversed by the Great Steppe of Gobi, or Naked Desert. It is more
than 2000 miles in length from south-west lo north-east, and has a breadth varying
from 300 to 700 miles, and an elevation of 3500 feet It is cros.scd from west to
■'*
m llie Arctic Ocean to the
Range tu M.iimt Iliimon,
"!■ ~-\<)7 feet, between tlie
le Tigris and tlic Caspian,
'unjaub ami Afghanistan,
ui tlic Inihis {2y'' N. Lat.)
; of Suldintn), 11,301 foct.
an I'ass, arc the //a/u or
uhis.
.ibont 40 miles from the
Migth, abont 1000 miles ;
The average height of
, is only about 1500 feet.
ly and the Day of liengal,
:ct.
the east, nm southward
I, in the form of a nairow
: Mekong and Mcinam on
ia Tlic highest known
;st summit in Malaya is
ng Mongolia from Mant-
an Mountains.
om the Mediterranean ]
upicd by ,111 immense ]
rics from 700 to 2000 J
i)f ilic continent It J
d lieliichistan. It is
ispian Sc.i, the desert
by the Indus River;
f ; an-.l on the west bv
ential portion of the
of sand. The Great
X) sfjuare miles. This
illion of square miles.
le Black .'^ca and the
: south by the Plains
ilinor. It is a cold,
on the north by the
iouth by the Levni-.t ;
of from 3000 to .(000
called by the natives
of 15,000 feet. lis
average bicadih of
y the Altai, Daurian,
shan, and Vun-linj;
iC Plateau of Pamii
T.-luii r.mge ; on tl.e
the west it narrows
numerous mountain
c south by the Kucn-
; and on the cast bv
f from .(COO iti 5000
I Mountains, in i;o"
Desert. It is moie
5 a breadth varying
rosscd from west to
east by i. depressed valley called the Sha-mo, or Hand Sea. The western portion i«
the most arid, and is called Ilanhai, or Dry Sea. The Steppe is not altogether
barren, many portions producing a scanty vegetation. The open vallevs between
the hills conncctini; the Thian-shan and Altai Mountains form the chief communica.
tious between Mongolia and Western AMa.
SUNRlSi; IN llIU OI-:>LRT
(t.) (I ) Iheinteriorof the peninsula of Arabia is a plateau called AV«> or ///./,.
W, as distinguished from the low belt which surrounds the cons-. On the lumh
the plateau sinks imo the .Syrian Desert. It has an elevation of from 5000 to 6000
feet. -'
(-'.) The P/.,U„u of Deem,,, orthc South, in Ilindostan, is triangular in shape. It
IS bounded on the north by the Vindhya Mountains, and on the east and west bv the
Gh.auts. I he surface is a combination of plains and isolated conical hills. I't has
an elevation of =000 feet. The climate is fine and the soil fertile.
(3.) Plain8.-(„.) The Siberian Plain extends from the eastern slopes of the Ural
Mountains on the west to Ikhnng Str.iit on the east, and from the Altai, Vablonoi
and Stanovoi Mountains on the south to the Arctic Ocean on the north li
occupies an area of 4,500,000 scpiare miles. In the north, a belt of barren moss-
covered land, called the T,„„t,;,. CNtends along the Arctic coast with a mean
bread h of about . 50 miles In summer the surface is swampv, and in winter is hard
bound with ice and snow The subsoil is frozen to the <lcpth of several hundred
fee . South of the Tundra region the surface is coveretl with forests of birch
and pine. South of the wood-land in western Siberia is the region of the Steppes.
The Slefpt 0/ Barabmska extends between the Irtish and the Obi ■ the SupPc
./•/.*,„, between the southern Urals and the Irtish, and the KirMs St'L
between the Ural river and Lake Balkash.
(i.) The Plain of Turkestan extends from the Kirghis Steppe on the north to the
1 latean of Iran on the soutii, and from the Caspian Sea on the west to the Pamir on
the east. It slopes on all sides towards the Caspian and the Sea of Aral It is a
vasr desert tegion divided by the AmuDarya and Sir-Darva, along whose course's
there -re fertile strip.. Hctwecn these rivers is the desert of Ki^ilkoom, or Red
Sand, ^orth of the Sir-Darva is the desert of Karakoom, or Black Sand
(<:.) The Plain of Mesopotamia extends from the plateau of Armenia to the head
o the I ersian (,ulf. o„ ,he west and east it is enclosed by the Arabian an.l Iranian
plateaus. t is traversed by the twin-rivers Euphrates and Tigriti. In ancient times
It possessed great fertility, but is now almost a desert.
(</.) The Plain of Hindosian extends from the southern slopes of the Himalayas
on the north, to the Arabian Sea, the plateaus of Southern India, and the B.iy of
Bengal on the south ; and from the Indus on the west, to the Brahmaputra on the
east^ Its area is estimated at 500,000 square miles It is watered by the Indus and
the Ganges. The widest part of the ,,lain is between the Suliman Mountains and the
Aravull, range. The most desert part of the plain, called the 7/wr, occupyinK
150,000 s.juare miles hes In^twecn the Indus and the Aravulli Mountains. It is from
300 to 400 miles wide, and extend.- southward to the A'/,« ,/C«/./<, which has an
area of 7000 square miles, antl is ;• uely. with the dry and rainy seasons, a desert
.ind a morass. T^x^ Vcais. or ti jnverging plains between the rivers of the
Punjaub, are very fertile.
The portion of the plain watered by the Ganges is one of the best cultivated and
_ most fertile parts of Ilindostan. It is celebrated for it. wheat, opium, and in.ligo.
I The narrow l«;lt separating the forests of the Himalayas from the valley of the
(.anges is c:'.llcd the r<ii,ti, or Swamp.
. (;■•) The Plains of Further India skirt the coast of that peninsula from the Gulf
, ..f 1 onqum to the Gulf of Siam, and include the rich vallevs watered by its rivers.
j I hey produce huge crops of rice.
(/) The Plain of China lies to the cast of the i loth meridian, and extends from the
Great Wall. „„rtl. of I'ekiii, along the shores of the Gulf of Pechili and the Yellow
Sea, to Han-chow B.iy. It varies m breadth from 150 to 400 miles, and has an area
, ot 210,000 scpiare miles. It has been formed by the alluvial deposits brought down
by the Hoang.Ho and the Vang-tse-kiang, and is one of the most fertile, best culti-
, vated, .and most pojiulous lr.icts on the globe. The (Jreat Canal p.isses from south
o north through the eastern j.art of the plain, connecting Nankin (South Court) with
1 ekiii (.North Court) and h.is a total length of about 700 miles.
(.,'.) The Plain OfKortchin.in Mantchoori.i, is a wide desert plain e.xtending east-
»;ard from the base of the Khin-ghan Mountains. It resembles the Great Desert of
Gobi, but IS less b.irren.
(/'.l The Tehama (or Lowland) is a sandy, maritime plain, from 30 to Co miles
wMc winch surrounds the peninsula of Arabia from the Isthmus of Stiez to the
nir^ M 1,1 "'"" ^'f ■ " '' ''""'"'''' ''-^' •''"■' f™" 5°o '" 'ooo feet high, running
parallel to the coast ; but, m Oman, Jcbel-Akhdar rises to 6010 feet.
(/.) A sandy maritime plain extends along the whole coa.tof the Plateau of Iran
d, -err 7'u r"' "" '''■'"' '' """' ^"^'"'■""' "'"' "'•■'' ="""> °f Beluchistan, the
desert of Mah,-ait.
(1.) Water-partings.-Thcsc are specified in connection with the rivers.
(5) Tlie Rivers may be arranged as follows.—
t. The Arctic System; II The Pacific System; III. The Indian System;
IV. The Atlantic System ; W The Continental System.
I. The Arctic Systom.
The Arctic Basin, or Northern Watershed, is bounded on the west by the Urals
and on the south by the Altai, Daurian, Vablonoi, and Stanovoi Mountains. Its
extreme points are Cape Waigatz and East Cajie.
The three principal rivers of the Arctic System arc the Ob, or Obi, the Yenesei,
Vinw nv TIIR PLAIN OP TURKESTAN.
and the Lena.
(.'.) The Obi is formed by two streams, the Biya aiul the Kot,n,, from the Altai
.Mountam.s. The former drains Lake Teletskoi, which is sometimes regarded as
the source of the Obi, and receives the hitter at Bijsk. It Hows generallv from south-
east to north-west, aiul ends in the Gulf of Obi. Length, .500 miles ; .a'rea of basin
.,350,000 s<|uare miles. It receives on the right bank the Tom (after passing Tomsk)
the thulhn and the AW. It receives on the left bank the Irtish, which is larger
than the ( .bi and ,s in fact the trunk stream. It rises in Mongolia, traverses Lake
/aisan flows north-west, and joins the Obi in G.° N. Lat. U receives on its left
bank the Ishim, and at Tobolsk the Tobol.
(I') The Yenesei is formed by two streams which rise on the Altai plateau. The
western branch, or the Vencsci proper, is called in its upper course the Via Kan
which flows west, and bursting through the Sayansk chain, flows north and enlcrs
the Siberian plain below Krasnojaisk. The eastern branch i.ssues from Lake Kosgol
.IS the ScU-ngo, receives the Oiklwu. and enters Lake Baikal on the s,.uth-e.ist sit'e
after a course of 700 miles. As the /.,-.,.;■ Ansa,;, it issues f,.„m the southern end'
ot the lake, Hows north, receives the Oka on its left bank, after which it is called the
lHni;,„ka. Its course is then north and west to its confluence with the Yenesei
above \ encseisk. The united stream then flows ncarlv north to the ocean, which
It enters by an estuary 300 miles long, with an average breadth of 20 miles. Length
3200 miles; area of basin, 1,110,000 square miles. I, receives on the right Innk
the Mi,Uic and Lcmji-r Tiini:iiska.
'; i ?
Ill I'
V^Vtfi^^V^P^^*^^P^tfMff^^^fVM^^^#4^^^M^
AS/A.
(c) The Lena rises about 20 miles west of I^kc B»ikal, aiul flows north-east as
far as Yakutsk, IkIow which it receives on the right hai.k llic .4/i/<ih from the \'.it>-
lonoi Mountains. It then flows north, and cnti i - ihc Arctic n,caii l)ya large (Iclt.i.
Length, 2700 miles; area of liasin, 800,000 square miles. It receives on the rij^hi
bank the I'l/im at Vitinsk, the OMimi at Olckminsk, and its chief tributary the
A!,l,:n. It receives on the left bank the I'lloni.
MiMr Riven. — Between tho Vcncsei and the Lena are the Pinsinii, A'/ia/anx", Anal>or,i,
and Olins.k. Easli'f the Lcn.i ;ire the r.iii.i|the lii,lit(iri\i (length, doo miles; area of basni.
86,400 square mile»), and the Kolina (length, 50a miles; area of basin, 107,200 5(|iiaro
miles).
II. The Paciflo System.
The Pacific liasin, or K.istcrn Watershed, is formed by the Stanovoi, Yablonoi,
and Daurian Mountains ; by the mountains forming the eastern boundary of the
(ireat Central Plateau ; and by the prolongation nf the Vunling Mountains through
Further India to the extremity of Malaya. Its extreme points are liast Cape and
Ca|)e Uomania.
The linir principal rivers iif the Pacific .system are the AfflOOr, the Hoang-ho,
the Yang-tse-kiang, and the Me-kong.
(«.) The Amoor, or Great River, called also the Saghalien, or liUck Water, rises
in the central [jlateau under the name of A'cnitcii, passes throv.^;h Lake Kulun, and
as l\\i: Ari,'iiii forms the bound. iry iKtween .Silieria and Mongolia. It receives the
S/iilhi, called in its upper coursL' the Oiioii, at Fort liaklanova, from the junction of
which to the sea it is ciUled the .Anvxir. lielow the confluence of the .\rgun and
Shilka, the Amour forcjs its way through the Khin-'^han cliain, and flows .south-cast
between Siberia and Mautclioi)ria. to the confluence of the Siw/itpiri ; thence it flows
north-east, and ends opposite the north end of the island nf Saghalien. Length,
J650 miles; are.i of basin, 7S6,ooo sipiare miles. It receives on the right bank the
Si>oii!;(iri, Kiver of Milk, which drains Mantchooria, and the ^V«;-/, which, with Lake
Khanka, forms the boundary between Kussia and China.
{b.) The Hoang-ho, or Yellow River, rises in a series of lakes near the eastern end
of the Kuen-lun Mountains, runs in a winding north-eastward course to the Inshan
Mountains, turns eastward and then southward to the Peling Mountains, and thence
eastward to the (liilf of Pechili. It has a furious current, and its inundations are so
destructive that it is called China's Sorrow. It receives on tlic right bank, the
lyd/w from the Peling Mountains. Length, 2300 miles; area of basin, 714,300
square miles.
(i-.) The Yang-tse-kiang (Son of the Ocean), the largest river of Asia, rises in
the plateau of Tibet, and flows e.ast under the name of Miinii-i'ssii. It then flows
south-eastward, as the A'in-s/hi-kiniig, or River of the Golden Sand, to the jirovince
of Yunnan. From Tongchuen, its general cour.se is north-east to the Yellow Sea,
which it enters .about 200 miles below Nankin, by an estuary 30 miles wide. In the
middle part of its course is called the Tit-kiatv.;, or Great River, and only from Lake
Povang to the sea is it called by the Chinese Yaiigtsc-kiaiii;- At Ilan-kow, 500 miles
from the sea, it is 3 miles wide. The tide .ascends the river to Lake I'oyang, 400
miles from its mouth. The jiopulalion on its banks is estimated at 100,000,000.
Length, 33.50 miles; area of basin, 950,000 square miles. It receives on its left
bank the Yaltiii:;, near its inost southern point; the Min, .and at Ilan-kow, the
IliiiikUitii;. It receives on the right b.ank the waters of Lake Tung-ling, 200 miles
in circumference, fed by the Yuen and I/ciii; Irom the Xangling Mountains, and the
waters of Lake Poyang, 90 miles long, fed by the A'(i)it;-/;iiriii;.
{J.) The Mekong, or Cambodia, rises north of latitude 32" X., in Tibet, where t
is called the I.iin-tsan-kLiiii;, flows southw.ird intersecting the Chinese province of
Yunnan, .and in its lower course sep.arating Anam from Siam. It enters the Chinese
Sea by scvcr.al mouths which form an extensive delta. Length, about 2000 miles;
area of basin, 300,000 square miles.
tllinor Rivers.— The /(««(//> flows throujjh Siberia into the Gulf of .\nadir. The Pci-lio,
White Kiver, rises in Mongolia, receives the F.tilio, and falls into the Ciulf of I'ccliili. The
CliM-k-iaiig, Pearl Uiver, or Ciuiloii Xhcr, rises in tlio Yunnan Mountains, flows cast, and
enters the Chinese Sea by an estuary called the Docca Tigris. Length, 5S0 miles ; area of
basin, 99,200 square miles. The Afrinuni, Mother of Waters, rises in tlie mountain ridge that
separates the Saluen from the Mekong, flows south through Siam, and enters tlie Gulf of Siam
below Bankok. Length, Soo miles.
III. The Indian System.
The Indian liasin, or Southern Watershed, is bounded on the east by the prolon-
gation of the Yun-ling Mountains through Further India, between the Mekong and
Saluen, to the extremitv of Malacca; on the north by the Himalaya Mountains,
Ilindoo-Koosh, I'aropamisan Range, Elburz .Mountains, and Mountains of .\rmenia ;
and on the wc=t l-.y the Mnuntair.i nf Syria and Arabia. Its extreme points are
Cape Romania and liab-el-Mandeb.
The six principal rivers of the Indian System are ;
I he Irawady, the Brahmaputra or Tsanpu, the Ganges, the Indus, the Tigris,
and the Euphrates.
**V ATOLTUS OF 1^
1>RI.T,\ Oi' TUR (.ANOKS.
(u.) The irawady (Great River), is supposed to rise In the Patkoi Mountains,
the eastern boundary of the lirahmaputra basin, flow* south through Ilurmah, and
entcm the Gulf of Martaban by fourteen mouths, which occupy 200 miles of the
coast. Its delta extends from Cajie Ncgrais to the head of the Gulf, and covers an
area of 10,000 square miles The only mouth which is always navigable is that on
which Rangoon is situated Steamers ascend to Dhamo, (ioo miles from the sea
Length, 1200 miles ; area of basin, 33t,ooo square miles.
(* ) The Brahmaputra (Offspring of lirahma), or Tsanpu, rises in Tiliel, near the
source of the Indus, in So'^' F. Long , .at an elevation of 14,000 feet. It flows east
under the name of the Tsanpu on the north side of the llimalay.as for .about 1000
miles. It tlicn turns south anu breaks through the mountians. Leaving the moun-
tains at the Sacred Pool, /Ira/imn-kiiii,/, it runs south-west through Assam t<i Goal-
para, and then south to the eastern branch of the Ganges. It is said to discharge
150,000 cubic feet of water in a second. It floods L'pper .\ssam during the rainy
season from April to September, its waters rising 30 or 40 feet. In Assam, it
receives not fewer than sixty tributaries. Length, 1680 miles ; area of basin, 330,000
square miles.
(<.) The Ganges issues from a snow
bed, in a stream 40 yards witle, on the
southern slope of the Himalayas, at an
elevation of 13,800 feet Its course is
flrst south-west for 200 miles to Ilurd-
war, where it enters the i>lain. It then
flows in a general south-cast course to
near the head of the delta, when it turns
south to the Hay of Bengal The delta
begins about 200 miles from the sea, and
the mouths of the river occupy about 200
miles of the coast. The most eastern
branch is called the Ganges, and the west-
ern the Iloogly Fourteen of the channels
are navigable. The deltoidal region, a pestiferous tract, infested with tigers and
crocodiles, and thickly covered with trees and jungle, is called the Sunderbunds
or Woods. The river is 1024 feet abpve the sea at Hurdwar, 400 at Allahab.ad,
and .So at the head of the delta. It has been calculated that the Ganges carries
annually to sea 6,368,077,440 cubic feet of sediment, to remove which would
require 2000 ships, each freighted with 1400 tons of miul to start every day of
the year. Length, 1500 miles; area of basin, 432,000 square miles.
It receives on the right b.ink the yiintiur, Soo miles long, at .Vllahabad, and tlie Sone above
Patna. It receives on the left hank the Cnh^.n/ci', the Goxi'it, which is nearly a mile wide at the
I confluence and joins tlie main stream at Cliupra, and the (UtfuUicky which joins it near Patna.
! (d.) The Indus rises in Tibet, on the north side of the Iliimalayas, not far from
' the sources of the Sutlej and lirahmaputra, at an elevation of 16.000 feet. Under
the name of Sinhkhahil', or Lion's Mouth, it runs first north-west in the valley
between the Karakorum and Himalaya ranges until it approaches the llindoo-
Koosh. It then turns .south-west and breaks through the Himalayas at Acho, .about
750 miles from its source, where it is 4500 feet above the sea. It enters the Plain
of Hindostan at Attock, and holds its south-west course parallel to the Suliman
and Ilala Mountains, and enters the .\rabian Sea by seven channels. Its delta
i begins .at Tatta, 60 miles from the sea, and extends along the coast for 160 miles.
Length, iSoo miles ; area of basin, 312,000 square miles.
It receives on the right hank the Oi/'it/ irom the Ilinduo-Koosh, at Attock. In its lower
course the Cabul forms the Khybcr Pass.
It receives on the left bank the Puiijiiud, \i\v.A\ brings to it the waters of the Pimjab
(Pcnte[wtainnlesi or country of ttie Five Rivers. These rivers named, from west to '.ibt rn-
the JlicUim (llyda=pes\ the Chcitnb {.-Vcesincs), the Ravi ( Ilydraotcs), the Bcm (IbiM.'-i-- .
and the Siiilcj (Ilcsudrus).
The Cluiiab receives the Jfuliim on its right, and the Kavi on its left bank. The Sathy,
the largest river in the Punjab, rises in the sacred lakes, .M.inasorowar and Kakas Tal, at an
elevation of 15.200 feet. In its lower course, it is called the Gbara, and unites with the Chcnab
to form the Fnujmut^ which enters the Indus, at Mittun.
V ) The Tigris (or the Arrow) rises in .\rmcnia, on the south side of the Masius,
a i;s;ac..'d 'ranch of the Taurus chain. It flows south-east and joins the Faiphrates
,.• '<• 1 ' It '■cr'.'i-.es on the left bank ihc Zdb /f/u (Great Z.ib), the /Cub As/al
Lliile .•.'.j, ■. the Z>iyj/eA. Length, it 50 miles.
{,.) The Euphrates is formed by the union of two streams, the A'lirnsii or western
brai.ch, and the Miiniilsii or eastern branch. The latter, the larger of the two, rises
on the southern slope of the Ala-Tagh, or lieautiful Mountain, which lies between
.Mount Ararat and Lake Yan; and the former rises about 20 miles north-east of
Lricroum. i;-/th flow south-west and unite near .\rabgir The united stream t.akcs
the name of Euphrates, and flows south, approaching within 100 miles of the Mediter-
ranean. It then turns and flows south-east to the Pcrshin Gulf. It receives on the
right bank the Tokmah-su (Melas), below Malatiyah (Melitene), and on the left bank
the K'habur (Chaboras).
coi \fountains,
h Ilurm.'ili, and
X5 miles of the
, and covers ail
;al)le is that on
I frcini the sea.
Tiliel, near the
It flows cast
fur almnt looo
ving the moun-
Assam t<i (".oal-
id to discharge
luring the rainy
In Assam, it
i basin, 330,000
NIJUS.
with tigers and
c Sundcrbunds
> at AUaliabad,
(ianges carries
e which would
t every day of
d the Sorw above
I mile wide at the
ns it near I'atna.
as, not far from
10 feet. Under
it in the valley
:s the IlindoD-
iat Acho, about
enters the Plain
to the Suliman
ncls. Its delta
It for 160 miles.
ick. In its lowor
irs of the Punjab
W(5t to '.abt r^if'
Bi-iif (Hyplia^is),
tnk. The Sathy,
Kakas 'I'al, at an
s with the C/iciinl*
c of the Masius,
is tlie Kupliratcs
the /.nil Asfal
iftuii or western
of the two, rises
ch lies between
;s north-cast of
cd stream takes
i of the Mediter-
receives on the
on the left bank
The united Euphrates and Tigris is called the SAattlArai, or River of the Aral)s,
which flows 150 miles from Kotna and ends in the Persian Gulf, by several branches
which embrace a delta extending 37 miles along the coast. The .ShatclArab
■ receives on the left bank the Kerklui and the Kitrooii. Length, 1780 mile.s j area of
; basin, 196,000 square miles.
Minor RIvirt.— The Sa/iun, from the Chinese province of Vunnaii, flows south throiiiih
Hilrin.ih, and enters the Oulf of M,>rtal>an, between Martaban and Moulmcin. The SUlanf
falls into tl\o heail (»f tlio C,x\\f of Mart»1:>an.
Ill IIindo»tan,the MnlinnuMy (530 miles, 60,000 s(|CLire miles), the GiKLnery (900 miles,
105,000 Sfjuaro miles), the Kiilniih or Kruhna (Soo mile : 10,000 square miles), the Pmnair,
and the CViwwr/ (4So miles, 36,000 square miles), all li.i.v Into the Hay of Bengal; and the
Titflee (450 miles, 25,000 square miles) and NirhiulUa (Soo miles, Oo,ooo square miles). How
west in the Gulf of Camhay.
IV. The Atlantic System.
The rivers of the Atlantic .System are, comparatively, of inconsiderable magnitude. They
all flow into the Mediterranean and lilack Seas.
The Asi (Oroii(.;s) lises on the western slope of the Anti-Lebanon, rims north-west parallel
to that chain, and lalls into the Mediterranean below Antioch. The Jyliaon { Hyramus) and the
Sihc;H rs.irus) rise m the plateau of Asia Minor, run through parses in the Taurus to the liay
01 l-iiander..ou. The Miiulere (.Meander), remarkable for its windings, and the Kodiis-clmi
(H'-rmus) fpw west throuijh Asia Minor to the .Kjean. The Sakaria (Sansarius) in Asia
Minor, Nov.- first west and then north, .and ends in the lilack .Sea. The Kizil Irmak or Red
Kiver (H.dys), the largest river in Asia Minor, rises in the centre of that plateau, flows south-
west, then bends round, and runs northeast to the Ulack Sea 1 length. 520 miles.
V. The Continental System.
(a.) The A'/« (Cyrus) rises near the Black .Sea, flows first north-e.ast, and then south-east
through r.eorgia,.ind enters the Caspian Sea. lis chief tributary is thc.-//-,jj (Araxes). Len'^t'i.
520 miles ; area of basin, 64,640 sipiare miles.
(b.) The Amn Dtiryamjihuii (Oxus) rises in Lake Sir i-kol, 15,600 feet above the sea, on
the Pamir Plateau, flows north-west throu-^h Turkestan, and enters the Sea of Aral on the
south-west ; length, 1 100 miles ; area of basin, inj,6oo sqi'are miles,
U.) The Sir-Darya (Jaxartcs) rises in tlie Thian-Shan, south of Lake Issik-Kul, flows
north-west through Russian Turkestan, and enters the Sea of Aral on the north-east ; length,
1000 miles ; area of basin, 237,920 square miles.
(1/.) The Yarkand or Tarm rises in Lake Karakol on the Pamir Plateau, and runs
through Kashgaria, in a remarkable depression only 1200 fee^ above the sea, and enters
Lob Nor ; length, 1000 miles ; area of basin, 177, ,20 square miles.
(c.) The HdmimJ, the largest river of the Plateau of Iran, rises near Cabul, at an eleva-
tion of 11,500 feet. Bows south-west, anil then west through Afghanistan and enters Lake
Seistan or Ilamoon ; Ic.gth, 650 miles ; area of basin, 76,380 5t|uare miles.
(/.) The Ihri Rml rises in the northern pail -f Afghanistan, Hows w.stwardby Herat,
and, after a course of about 430 miles, is lost in the ilesert.
(.?■•) The Jordiin (the Descender), rises in Mount Hermon, flows south through Bahr-el-
Iluleh (L.ike Meroin), and li.lhr-Tubariyeh (Sea of C.alilce), and falls into llalir I.ut (Dead
Sea) ; length, 200 miles. Us distance from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea is 70 miles but
its length increased to 200 by its windings. It is said to be the most crooked river in the world.
(0.) Lakes.— The lakes may be arranged in five divisions.
,{A.) Lakes in the Arctic Basin.
(«.) Lake Zaisan, in Dzungaria, drained by the Irtish. Height aliove the sea, 1720 feet •
length, 86 miles; breadth, 30 miles; area, 2500 square miles.
(*.) Lakt Kos-gol, in Mongolia, drained by the Selenga river, a feeder of Lake Baikal. It
alxjunds in fish. Height alwve the sea, 4000 feet ; length, 150 miles ; breadth, 30 miles.
(■■.) Lake Baikal, the Holy .Sea of the Russians, in the south of Siberia, is the
largest fresh-water lake in .Asia. It Is crescent-shaped. It receives the Sclcnga,
after a course of 700 miles, on the southeast side, and the Upper Angara, after a
course of 450 miles, at the north-east end. Its only effluent is the Lower Angara,
the chief tributary of the Vt nesei. It is frozen over from November to April
Seals, salmon, and sturgeon .ibound in its waters. Height above the sea, inSo feet ;
greatest depth, 460 feet ; length, 370 miles ; breadth from 30 to 40 miles j urea,
13,287 square miles.
(B.) Lakes in the Pacific Basin.
(a.) Lake Ilin-ka or Kliau-kai, on the border between Mantchooria and Russia, drained by
the Usuri, a tributary of the -Amoor ; hngtli, 60 miles ; extreme breadth, 30 miles.
(/'.) Ktiko-iior or B!ii,- Lake, in Mongolia, in the basin of the lloang-ho. It has no outlet,
and its waters are salt and bitter ; length, 65 miles ; breadth, 20 miles.
(<-.) Lake Tini);-lii}g, in China, fed by the rivers Yuen and I'cng from the Nan-ling Moun-
tains, is drained by the Vang-tsc-kiang ; area, 2000 square miles.
((/.) Lake Po-yans;, in China, ted by the Kan-kiang, 400 miles long, is drained by tl-.c Vang-
tse-kiai.g ; length, 99 miles ; c.;treme breadth, 20 miles; area, Soo square miles.
{e.) Talc Sab, or Great Lake, in Cambodia, an expansion of the Tasawai river, a tributary
of the Mekong. In the wet season, it is a hundred miles long, 40 miles wide, and 45 feet deep.
Its waters abound in fish.
(C) Ulm ll Hit Mian Ba«l«.-(ri.) Lake Pallee, a rinij-sluped lake, 40 miles in diameter,
in Tibet, proljably co.mccted with thj llralimaputra. Height alxive the sea, 13,500 feet.
{b.) SaiiMar Like, in Hindostan, at the north extremity of the Aravulli Mountains. Its
waters arc salt. Length, ix miles ; breadth, 6 miles.
(<•. I Ltike ManasarMar. at the foot nf the sacred Mount Kailas, m Tibet, is the source of
the Sutlej. It pours Its waters into Lake Kakas-ka!. It is nearly circular in shape, and about
15 miles in diameter. Height above the sea, 15,2^0 feet.
((/.) Wi:lliir Lake, in the valley of Kashmere, is an exiwnsi.jii of iho Jhclum. it is noted
for its water nuts. Height aliove the sea, 5300 feet ; length, 21 miles ; breadth, 9 miles.
(A I Lala In tke AtUmic Bailll.— Tu^^l, or Great Salt Late, In Asia Minor, m ihe basin
of the Kuil liiiiak. It is the saltcst lake known, its waters containing 32 per cent, of saline
matters, It receives the Ilcassii. but has ii.i outlet.. Height above the sea, 3500 feet ; length,
45 miles; extreme l.ri'.ulth. i; miles: urea, 175 square mi'es.
(A ) Lakes In the Continental Basin.
(".) The Caspian Sea, north of Persia, and west of Turkestan, i.s the largest lake
i.i the world. Its waters arc salt, but less so than those of the "ccan. Tt receives
the Ural, Volga, Terek, and Kur, It has sturgeon ,-\iid salmon fisheries, and seals
are caught on its islands. Its surface is 83 feet 6 ins, below the level of the lil.ick
Sea. It is shallow in the north, and its greatest depth in the south is 3000 feet ;
length, Sio miles; aver.ige breadth, :>io miles; area, 169,606 sipiarc miles.
(1''.) The Aral Sea, a salt lake cast of the Caspian, from which it is separated by
the Ust-Urt Plateau. It receives the Amu-Oarya, and the Sir-Darya, but has no outlet.
Its surface is |.'0 feet .above the level of the Caspian, and 37 above that of l]ic lilack
Sea. The e;istern portion is shallow ; the greatest depth on the western side is 230
feet; length, 2S0 miles ; extreme breadth, 170 miles; area, 27,000 square miles.
(<:.) Lake Sirikiil ox Vidoria, ihe source of the Amu-Darya, on the Plateau of I'.illlir, is
the highest known lake, being 15,600 feet above the sea.
((/. ) Lake Issikkiil or Warm Lake, in the east of Russian Turkestan, lis waters arc r,alt
but nut bitter, and are never frozen. The strtams which flow into it arc frozen over for three
months of tlw year. Heii(ht above the .sea, 5000 feet, length, 113 miles; breadth, 30 miles;
area, 2468 square miles.
(e.) Lake Balkash or Tengh,m Russi.in Turkestan, receives the Hi in the soil'.h, and
has no outlet. Its wat' j are bitter salt. In shape, it is very irregular. Height above
the sea, 700 feet; greatest depth, 70 feet; length, 300 miles ; breadth, from 10 to 70 miles;
area, 1 1,500 square miles.
(/.I Lob Nor, in Eastern Turkestan, receives the Yarkand. Length, 60 miles ; area, 1300
square miles.
(g.) Lake Nanufio, or Teiigri A'nr, in Tibet, is 50 miles long, and 20 milej wide; area,
rooo sqiure miles. It is 15,190 feet above the sea,
(/;.) Lake '/.iirrah, Hainoon, or Seistan, on tic borders of Persia and .Afghanistan, receives
the Hclmiind. Purrah, ami Kash Rood. Its -vaters are salt or brackish, shallow, and in many
places covered with reeds, ll-ight above the se.a, 1545 feet; length, 70 miles; breadth, 20
miles ; area, 1600 sipiare miles.
(;'.) Lake Bak/itegaii, in Persia, receives at its western extremity the Bundemir, alter
a course of 150 miles. Its waters are very salt, and it has no outlet. Length, 65 miles;
breadth, 10 miles.
(j.) Lake Urumiah, or Shahcc, in Persia, west of the Caspian Sea. receives several riveis.
but has no outlet. Its waters are very salt. Height alxive the sea, 4000 feet ; average depth,
12 feet ; length, 87 miles ; breadth, 25 miles ; area, 1735 sqiiiire miles.
(/•.) Lake r<i«,'in Armenia, is a salt lake, and has no outlet. It abounds in fish. Height
above the sea, 5460 feet ; length, So miles ; extreme breadth, 50 miles ; area, 1414 stpiare miles.
I/.) Lake Gotcha, or Sevang, in Georgia, yields fine fish. Height above the sea, 6170
feet ; depth, 1500 feet ; length, 45 miles ; breadth, 20 miles.
(
nE.\n SKA.
(m.) The Dead Sea, or Bahr Lut, in Svrin, receives the Tordan at its northern
extremity, but has no outlet. Its waters arc intensely salt, bitter, and nauseous
They contain 24 per cent, of saline ingredients. Its depth towards the north end is
130S feet, and towards the south, 104 feet. It is the lowest known lake, being 1312
feet below the level of th.' sea ; length, 46 miles; extreme breadth, iouules , average
breadth, 7 miles ; arc;i, 405 stjuare miles.
■!
u
1 ''
10. Animals. --Tlie
most irii)orlaiit aiii.nals
of Asia .ire the clepli.int,
rhinoceros, t.ipir, wilil
boar, horse, ass, lion,
tiger, leopard, ounce,
panther, h_vena,rein Jeer,
bear, camel, zebu or
Indian o.x, buffalo, yak
gazelle, ibex, deer, goat,
sheep, monkey, sable,
ermine, and fox. Rep
liles of various kinds, as
iho crocodile, python,
anaconda, cobra da en
pello are abundant
Among birds m.ay bi.
. ,, ■ , , named the e.igic, viil-
.>..<. .a! on, parrot, s«an. goo.e, duck, fiamingo, pelican, bird of paradise, lyre-lmd,
pheasant, bustard, peacock, and ostrich.
fl. Vegetation.- The chief products are rice, tea, coffee, cinchona-bark, mvrrh,
co.oa,u.t>., dales, sngo, ginger, cinnamon, oranges, pepper, sugarcane, co'iton
'■" !S«, "piuni, sandal-wood, teak, bamboo, gamboge, laurel, banyan, and elastic
gum trees.
TMH liUIKALO OV 1NUI.\
12. Minerals arc very abundant. CoM [% found in Asia Minor, India, Biirmah,
China, Siberia, and Japan ; C.-.V and Suia- are found in the Ural and Altai .Moun-
tains, also 111 China, Tibet, Furiher India, and Japan; Iron is found in the Aluii
and I ral Mountains ; J.c.l in the Altai Mount.iins and China ; 7»; in China Further
Indi.i, and Japan ;tV/Avin the Ural. Moniuains and Japan J. l/,7v«o'iii China •'■ibet
Ceyl,,.,, and Japan i n./nmm in tlie Urals ; Duwu.„./s and other precious stones iii
Hindost.m, Burinah, Ceylon, and the Ural and Altai Mountains.
13. Climate.-Threc-fmirths of A^ia lio within the north tcmpc.ate zone, abnit oiic-ci .lull
Ml the luiTKl zui,,., and the remainder in the nonli frigid zone. In the nurth the cold is intense
lor n.no nn;ntl„ of the year. The high pl.ueaus of the centr.il ret;iin are cold .ind >liv. I„ the
smith, the chiiute is Iropicil. Eastern anl .Smiilieiii Asia, which receive the win !s" fr.mi the
Ocea:i, are vv.rll w.itercd. The pcrimlicil winds arc c.illod nioiis.jons, and their chaiiee i, acconi-
p.lliied by violent storms.
I*. Inhabltants.-Asia is occupied cliicny by three of the five ijicat r.ices of m,iiil<;„d i|,c
Munsohan (mchu! ■, ; th.- .M.ilays), the .Mclanocluoie, .uid the .Xanthochroic. The M il ,ys
occupy the .M,il,iy p..iii„siila. The .M.,„sols occupy jiart of .\si,i Minor, and the whole of \si.,
north of the I'.iropaniis.iii, IIIndoo-Kn-jsh, and Ilim.il.iy.r M.mnt.iins .md east of the liral..-,n-
puira. 1 ho .Mclanoclirw occupy .'^nath-west.rn Asia, including Ar.ibia, Syri.i, Persia Af-h in-
istan, Beh,chist.,n, and .Northern Indiii, as f.ir as the Ganges; the X.inihochroi ccci py Trans-
caiicasia, .\rnienia, and Kafiristan, The Dnuidian races of .So.ilhein India belun^. lu tl„
Australioid f.imdy. •I1u, most denselv peopled countries are llindostan and China ''
THU ROSl'HOIUS.
1. Noted For. -Turkey in Asia is noted for having been the scene of ncailv.'il
the events recorded in the Moly .'Scriptures.
2. Position and Extent.-Asiatic Turkey reaches from Constantinople to
the rersuan (Uiii, and includes Asia Minor or Anatolia ; Armenia; Kurdistan or
Assyria; Syria, including Palestine; Al-Jezireh or Mesopotamia; Irak Arahi
o. Babylonia; Arabistan, including Hedjaz and part of Yemen; and the district
ot l-.i H,asa, on the western side of the Persian C.u\i.
3. Asia Minor forms the peninsula lying between the Black and ^rediterranean
seas. Its suilaec is mountainous. Taurus, at the south, is the princiiKil chain.
1 he island of (>/.,•/„ lies off the southern coast. The chief products are fruits,
grain, coffee, tobacco, valonia, and goals-hair.
4. Chief Cities of Asia Minor.-Smyrna (150,000), the capital of Asi.uic Turkey, ranks next
to Constantinople, ;lie capital ol the empire, and is the chief scat <l ci mmcrce ; Sintariii
opposite Constantinople ; Angora is famous for its silky-haired wool ; .SV>/,/,-,<;ii ihe lilack .Sea
is noted for its conunerce; TrMzoiul U an important port on the lilack Sea, near a fertile'
district ; Tars,.s is the birthplace of the Apostle Paul , /C.miyc/i is a place of trade, and
o;:.ij has woollen nianulactures.
O. Armenia lies between Asia Minor and the Russian province of t'leoigia The
famous mountain of Ararat is on its eastern boundary : near its base the caM branch
of the River Knphra.cs takes its rise. To the south is Lake Van. Kurdistan lies
south of Armenia, ami east of the Tigris.
e. ma cities ol Armenia and Kurdistan. -F.,za-o:,m (60,000), ,m a lofty plain, is a centre
of commerce ; Ih.vkkir, on the Timis, h.is c.pper works and cotton and silk inamilactuies ;
/ ■!«, on Lake Van, a fortified city, with .m active trade.
7. Syria lies south-east of Asia Minor, and includes the sacred hind of Palestine
1 lie surtace is mountainous ■ the chief range is Lebanon, which runs soutluvard :„to
j I aiestme, The soil is generally fertile, firain and fruits are the chief products.
I 8. Chief Cities ol Syria and Palestine.— //,//. (;o,co.), noted for its silk; Damascus
li5°,ooo), the cipital, an ancient and famous city,- with its seaport. /?rw. ;,/,■ Jcn,.u,!.„i
I (2.S,ooo), the holy city ; ..(. ,v, famous in history, and for its destruction bv the British fleet in
. Ks^o.
9. Al-Jezireh is ihe northern jiortion of the plain between liie Euphrates and
I igns ; Irak-Arabi, the somhci n portion, extends to the IVrsi.m 1 iulf.
10. Chlei CIties.-.I/eW, on the Tigris, opposite the ruins i f Nineveh ; AVij,.,/,/,/, on both
sides of the I igris, iiuiuif.iclures silk, cotton, and leather goods, and lias an extensive carav.in
trade ; /?,,,,•,,, on the .^hatel-Arab, is the centre of trade with India,
11. Arabistan, or Turkish Arabia, extends along the cast coast of the Red Sea to
the liiilf iif Aden.
12. Chief Citles.-Mecca, 6^ miles fmni the Red .«ca, the capital of /fc./J„i (the land of
pil^ranagel. was the birthplace of .Mohammed; .l/,-,/,«,,, the seat of Moh.unmed's Knipire,
vvhither he lied Horn Mecca in A. 1,. f,j2. It contains hi- tomb. San-.... the capita! ol Vtineii :
Mocha, noted lor its colfec, is its seaport.
[See Maf of the I.aml 0/ CaiiMii, /Wc-sliiu; iSr'c, on /■a^e 121.)
I ol nearly .•.!!
aiuinople to
Kurdistan or
Irak Arab!
.1 ihc district
fccliterrancan
nciiial chain.
ts are fruiis,
;cy, ranks next
ce ; Scti^ari is
the lilack Sea,
near a fertile
cf trade, and
corgia. Tlie
■ ca-t Ijraiuli
irdistan lies
m, 15 a centre
iianulacliircs ;
if r.ilcstino.
Kliward !,,lo
producls. ,
!k; Damascut -
Iritiih fleet in
)liralcs and !
i/tii/, on both '
islve caravan '
(
I !
Red Sea Id
(the land of ; )
L'd's Knipire, ' '
i! ;>t Vcr.iiii ; ' .'
I
ARAIUA-PERSIA-AFGHAXISTAN AND BELUCHISTAN.
119
ARABIA.
From A r lAi, .i Ifv ■' u- .,!•, or Ehr, a w.inderer. Sue, equal to a square of 1 105 milet.
1. Noted For.— Arabia is noted for us sandy deserts, and for having been the
scene of Mohammed's career
2. Position.— It lies chiefly between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
3. Physical Features, etc.— The interior is a mountainous desert pl.ain, with
here and there an oasis. liclwccu the coast-line and the mountain-ranges are numer-
ous fertile valleys. The celebrated Mount Sinai is at the head of the Red Sea.
There are no rivers of any importance. El Hasa, Vcmen, and Ilcdja., arc tributary
to Turkey ; hut the other parts are either governed by Imaums, or by the Sheiks
(or chiefs I of the liedouin tribes. Tlie IJihrem Islands' in the Gulf of Persia are
noted for their pearl fisheries.
4. The Chief Products are coffee, gums, spices, and fruits. The horses and camels of ;\rabia
have lon^ been famous.
5. Divisions.— Arabia includes Nejd, Oman, Hadraumaut, El Hasa, Yemen,
and Hedjaz; the last three tributary to Turkey,
_ . 6. The Chief Cities
are Mecca and Mi-
dtna, in Ihiijaz;
Sana and Mocha in
Yanrjt .4<len, a
strongly fortified
lintish naval st.v
tion, with Perim
Island, a depend-
ency; and Muscat,
capital of Oman, at
the southeast, a for-
tified pkice. It is
one of the hottest
places in the world.
The tliernionicier in
the ^hade, rarely de-
scends below 90° ;
and Ryad, the capita!
of the Wahabecs in
Nejd.
i..\t li or 1 lii: iMAu.M,
OR l"ilEST RULBR, OF VCMBN, SANA.
PERSIA.
l-rom Faars, Paars, or Parti, an ancient name sigmfyiiig clear, bright. Called Parat in Scripture ■
Pfsis. by tlie Moeks : and /««, by the inhabitants. Siie, equal (0 a square of 800 miles.
1. Noted For.— Persia or Iran is noted for its ancient greatr.css ; atid for its
cutlery, silk manufactures, and pearls
2. Position.— Persia is an extensive table land lying between the Caspian Sea
and llic Persian (Julf.
3. Physical Features.- The interior consists of salt deserts and marshy tracts.
Between tlic KUnnv. Mountains and the Caspian Sea, and along the tributaries of
the I'l^ris, the sui' is productive
4. E«port8.--Thc clii.f exports are silk, carpels, attar (or olto) of roses, turquoises, and pearls.
B. The Chief Cities are Teheran (Ss,c.oo\ ihe capital, and /./«*„„ (Oo.ooo), the former capital ■
Taiy„z or 7-,„„ „(, .0,000) n Ihe .Imf crnire of ii.ule : .l/i-,,/,,.,/ (70,000! i. noted f„r its velvet manu^
taclurcs, .and tor a siilenJid iiLiuM-leum, «liich coniauis tile rcin,riii3 ol Imam Ucza and Harouu-al
R.ischid; fiKJ*w ami f/iiin^rowi ,11c seapoits on the Persian Gulf. ' '
AFGHANISTAN AND BELUCHISTAN.
.•Stan in Persian means land ; .1, Afghanistan, Land o( the Afghans. Si«, equal to a square of
625 miles.
■ -'.'../ •'■■'■''^'V'iiJiiiM^^'f'.i!-- f, /v,:.";,vft;
tiicir muui.iain
THE CITADEL OF C I'L I .
1. Noted For.— Afghanistan and Beluchistan arc noted tor
passes, and for their warlike inhabitants.
2. Position.— These two countries lie to the east of Persia, and are bounded on
the north by the great range of Iliiulii-Kush ; on the cast by the Sulimani and other
mountains, which limit the plains on the west bank of the Indus; on the south there
is no definite boundary; on the west from the intersection of tlie Lake of Seistan.
^ 3. Physical Features.— From Afghanistan to India the outlet is through the
Khybcr P.ass. The principal rivers of Afghanistan are the Kabul, (the ancient
Kophes,) and the Helmand, wliich falls into the salt-lake Seistan by various mouths ;
its length is about 615 miles, lieluchistan has no rivers of anv note. The surface
IS in general mountainous. The valleys are fertile, and the climate is variable; over
the northern part of the country the winter is very severe, in Kabul the snow lies
for two or three months, and the thermometer falls considerably below zero
(Fahrenheit). The summer heat through the Khoras.in part of the country is
very great a-.d the nights are -ly oppressive, but at Kabul the heat is tempered by
bree/es from the Ilindu-Kush, and the nights arc tolerably cool. The Ilala Moun-
tains, which form the E.istcrn boundary, rise to the height of 11,000 feet and
separate Peluchistan from British India. The liolan P.ass, between the Suliman
and Hala ..lountains, is a long defile, extending from Dadur to Qiieltah, its smitli
and north entrances, a distance of 55 miles, and rising from Soo feet to 5,800 feet
above the sea.
4. Exportl.-The chief exports from or throiiqh Afshanistan are wool, horses, silk,
fruit, madder, and assafatida. AfR.^nhistan is rich in miner.ils, but they .-e not piolit-
ably used. In cultivated districts the chief trees are Ihe nudberrv, asli, willow, poplar
and occasionally the plane. All European fruits are produced m great abundance and variety. '
5. The Chief Cities of Af-
ghanistan are Cabul ;6o,ooo),
the capital (it is supposed to
excel all other cities in the
vaiiety and excellence of its
frillis), Kandahar, Cliatlli,
and Herat ; and of Ueluchis-
t.in, capit.al Kelat.
6. Kafiristan is a wild and
mountainous but fertile coun-
try, lying between north-east
.Afghanistan and Kashinere.
•Area, alioiit ;-,3o sqvare
miles. It has been very
rarely visited, and very little
is known about it. Its peo-
pic, who are railed the .Siah-
Posh Kafirs, belong to the
X.inthochroic family, having
light hair, f.rir complexions,
and b'ue eyes. 'I'hey are
liostilc to their M.il„ini.
medan neighbors, by whom
their country has been fre-
quently invaded, but never
conquered. GjWM.Ar;.!/;! about
2500) is the most import.tnt
town.
; I
)!
! I
IM
! :!
/
\'
V2()
HINDOSTAN, OR INDIA.
HIND O S TA A', O R IND I A.
Trom llic- PerMaii hinjo.t, bl,\i . llio natives \xmf, darker than the Persians, ami st.in, a tmiiitry ; (,r
fr..m tliL riv-r Imliis and sl,,„. Size, including Ceylon, but excluding llrilisli llurmah, equal tn a
square f\ 12J5 miles.
1. Noted For.— Hindostan is noted for lieing the most valiiulile depciulcncy of
• '.real r.ritaiii, iiiul fur its rii h commercial prodiiits.
2. Position and Extent— II cxtttids from tlic llala Mountains in the west to
the- I'atiioi .^[ottntains in the cast; and from llic Himalaya .Mountains at the norlli,
to the Indian Ocean at the south.
3. Tlie Physical Features of this vast peninsula arc on a stupendous scale
Tlie llimal.aya Mountains arc the highest range in the world; while the Kiver
Canges, with its numerous tril)ut.irics, is on a scale no less gr.ancl and noble,
llesidcs the Hiinalaya Mountains at the north, the E.astern and Wr.stcrn Ghauts
following the coast lines, enclose the southern part of the peninsula of Hindostan ■
while a central range, the Vindhya, scpamtes the waters of the Ganges and of other
livers llowing into the liayof liengal from those of the nuincrous rivers llowing into
the Indian Ocer.n. The rivers and the mountain ranges naturally divide India
into four great area.s, its follows: —
(i ) The valley of the Ganges, sloping eastward along the l>ase of the Himalayas.
(z.) The valley of the /«,/;«, sloping southward from the Iliiidu-Kusli Moun-
tains, and forming the western hoimdarv of India.
(3) The central mountain-district, sloping south-westward from the centre, and
drained by twenty rivers, of wiil.-h the AWlmdila and the Taplc- a.e the chief.
[\.) The Deccan, watered by eighteen rivers, southward of the \eibudda and I '"' '''''"'''''' ''''^ '" ""' ^-omliwest of Nepal. Us chief rivers are the Goom'tec and the
eastward of the Malabar Ghauts, the principal being the Goila-riy and the Kisliia/i.
4. Climate.— On the llimal.iya .slopes the climate is temperate and a:.;rc-ablc, but toward
the south it becomes bot and oppressive. There are but two seasons, the wet and the dry,
varied by the periodical inoiiS'>on^.
elebrated for wheat and saltpetre.
r TUn MON-SOON.
5. Political Divisions. —India is divided into British Possessions, Native
States. French Possessions, nid Portuguese Possessions.
((I.) The lJriti.-,h Possessions in India are divid-.:d into liin.' administrations or
Provinces, vi?. : Bengal, .Vorth-West Provinces (including Uude ), Punjab, Central
Provinces, Ilombay, Madras, Oetached Provinces under the Governor fk-neral,
Assam, and liritish liurmah. .\ssam and Dritish IJurmah are in Further India.
'I'he Island of Ceylon is inuler a separate government.
(/■) The Native .States are divided into two classes: Ii-de]iendent and Depen-
ileiii or Feudatory. There arc two independent States and about Soo dependent
St.iies, of which only about 200 arc of any importance.
(i-.) The French Possessions arc C//<r«(/,-fH(7j,w, on the lloojly. alif)vi. ( alcutla : y,iii,i,>ii.
.It the month of the Godaveiy ; I'ondi.hcrry (tlin capital of the French sctilenu-nts on the
Cn-nniandcl coast), south of Madras : Karikal, at thi nioutli of the Cauvcry ; and M,ihl\ on
Ih: Malabar Co.-ist.
i7. ) The Portuguese Possessions arc f/'.w en the west coast, capital PanJIm ; /Aim,i«, a
'■apoit, north of Doinbay; ami /)/«, a sni.nll island (j|f the south coast of tin- INuinsiila of '
Ciuzcrat. '
6. Bengal occnpic^. the rich valleys ot the luwer Ganges ami Ilrahmapulra
Rivers and ,1 seaboard district extending to the south shore ot Lal« (;hi;ka. The
(hief jiroducts and e.vports arc rice, opium, sugar. It ,1, spices, indigo, toliacio, silk,
( oiion, llax, and hemp.
Gogra. It is
9. Chlel Clllei,— Allah abaii« (1^4,000), the capit.il, at the confluence of the Jumna and
(.an-cs, I, a sarrcd (I'v of tin: Hindoos; r,(;r«/o;r ( iJt.ooo), the scene of the massacre of
Fin..]ieans in iS;; ; Benare« (i;5,ooo), the Hindoo cajiital and the principal of the
sacred cities; --(c'''
(149,0001, the for-
mer Mo ;iil capital,
containing the Taj
Mahal, tlic fincbt
n.ausoleiun in the
world. Luckniiw
(-8:, 000), the for-
;=J' nier caiiital of
-_S; Oudc, on the
J Ooomtce, famous
for its defence bv
■■'ir John Intjiis,
and its relief by .Sir
Henry Ilavclock,
in the .Sepoy rc-
.sn,M,i,M,Mi;i..\;, M..sc..ri, caWM'oio:^ hellion.
lU, Punjab, or Five Uivers, so n,.,„e,l from the live rivers which form the
1 unjnud, the great Inlmtary of the Indus. It lies north of Sind, Raiputana
and the Norlh-Wcsl Provinces. Salt is the chief mineral. Kashmcre shawls are
rstensivcly manulactiired. ' '
11. Chl.1 Cltiei~Uhore(..S,oro), on the Navec, i, tl, ■ cap;,al ; Delhi (■6,,oool, on the
Jumna, once the Mobainn.e.lan capita' of India ; Amrihar (i.,j,ooo), between the Sutki and
the Kavee, is the s.ieml citv of the Sdd.s ; l\sh„u;:y (58,000), ,.„ Cah.,1 kiver, is a forti'lied
to«n, eighteen miles from the Khvbcr Pass; .l/,„V,m (5 ,,0001, on the Cbcnab Kiver is a
I niiimcici.il cily. ' " '
12. The Central Provinces occupy the district watered bv the Mahanuddv bv
ilK .nl,uia,ies,,|,h,.(,odave,yon the left hand, and by the upper course of 'the
N.rbudd.i. 1 he , hief products are cotton, wheat, opium, and silk. Coal and iron
are the principal minerals,
13. Chlel CItlei. -Jullbulpup l^j.ooo,, the capital, has a Iar.:;e Ir.ulo in cotton;
(S.|,, ,oi, 1 ityoi Scrp.uis, b,is ext:-nsive m,muf,ictures and a lar-e bankint; business
has co,d and iron in the U'l^hborhood,
•Vire///*'
Clianda
14. Bombay includes the province of Hbul, King in the southern vallcv of the
Indus ; .ind, f.itther soulli, pans of C„r.a:,t and Kh,„„lM,. The chief products a.e
(oiti.ii, sail, (.pium, riic, cocoaimls, pepper, leal;, indigo, wool, and silk,
15. Chlel CItlev Bombay (0,,.|,ooo), (PortU',;uesc for pood harbor), the capital, is on an
i-lairl ..I the sea co.ist, fr.iui wbi.h railways radiate to the n..rth ami the .S(Milh. Its' harlior'is
the linest in Imli.i, and it, trade extensive, l\,.m„ In. 1,000), cast of the (diauls; Smat
(10;,'. , nn the Tai.leo ; ami , ///wcAi/.*/ (ii;,ooo), north of the r.ulf of Canibay.
16. Madras occupies the soulhcm p.an of India, and includes the provinces of
Northern Cirean, the Cinuili,; ami M.ihih.u: The climate is verv h.,t, and the soil
gener.illv is not so pn.du, live as in other parts of Ind!.!, The chief products are
sugar, siiU, miioii, teak, iron, and sail.
00V«IIN,MP.NT llOt'SP, CALCUTTA.
7. Chief Clllet. -Calcutta (rrfi.ooo), the capit,al of nntish India, and, next to Canton, the
idlest (Miporimn ,n the F,,st, „ silu.ated on the Iloo^ly Kiver, one of the outlets of the
l.an^es, 1 he pubhc huildin;.s are handsome, and the literarv and scientific institutions
nmiKTous, The cily is defended by Fort Willian,, the largest fortress in India, Mo.rshcJ-
a;nl, on the Iloo-^ly, th,: f„r,n:r c, Hal of I!em>.al • Scramf-rc, the he.id-qu.arters of the
llaptist Missions; n.mhv,,,, has coal and iron mines. Pun, near Lake Chilka, contains the
temple of Jir,;i;er-iaut. I'.iln., (x-.n.aoo), on the Gan.^-es, has an extensive trade.
8. The North-West Provinces extend along the basins of the Ganges and
Jumna, from the conniience of the Gogra with the former to the Ilimal.avas, OiuU,
• Nnri'—Thn Idininalinn ,t/M,/, /■nhtm, fm m fo,:r,M rnciu place or city ilni
P)a..- .1 il,ef;,„l; SaiK,i|,orc, City „( the lion. OuHf, meam. a marked place , ,-/„„■
Kill' or nudily, livct : nil, blue 1 malia, great.
s Allahabad,
/, mountain ;
— ,.J
to Canton, the (
: outlets of the ^
ific institutions (
ia. .)foors/it'ii- (
quarters of the [
;a, contains the ',
Ganges and J
lavas. Oiii/f, ',
mtcc and the ;
lie Junnia and /
he massacre of )
incipal of the ',
cd cities ; .'/^(.'/'(r ',
1,000), tlio foi--
Mii;ul capital, <
ainin^ the Taj (
lal, tlic finest
soieuni in the
d. Lucknow
.000), the for-
capilal of
e, on the
intcc, fanuius
ts defence by
John Intjlis,
its relief by .Sir
ly I lavelock ,
he Se])oy re-
in.
h fiirni the
Kajpntana.
c sh.uvls arc
1,000), on the
10 .Sutlej and
is a fortified
b Kivcr, is a
lianuddy, by
ursc of the
oal and iron
on ; .%■,;.■/,»■
Cbs I C/iiniJii
■alley nf the ;
Moducts aro
lal, is on an i
Its harlHjr is <;
lauts; Srirat ''
rovinces of >
and the soil J
roducts are .'
; )
111 AllaliabacI,
ri, mnumain ;
1
Hi
I
If
HINDOSTAN OR INDIA
22. Dependent or Feudatory States.— The jm.st
important cif these .irc tlio followin- :
Hyderabad or Nizam'i Dominions, in Ccntr.il
India I includins the cities of Hyderabad, the capi.
tal, AruK:i,ib,ul, and GokimJa (noted (or its
diamond mines).
Baroda or Gulcotwar'i Territory between .'^ind
and llombay IVopor. Capital, Baroda, a great
i.tiKvay ecntrc,
Xashmere (noted for its rich shawN), iKlwccn
the Punjab an.I Kashgaria, and includim; Little
Tibet, and Ladokh. Ca,,ital, Kasjimere or Seri-
nagur.
Rajputana, composed of eighteen .States, east
of Sir.d, chielly desert, the most important being
Jcypnr, Oiulipur, and Marwar or Jodhpiir. ■
Gwallor or Sclndla's Dominions, soutli of Agra,
Gwallor, it,, capital, is one of the seven sacred
cities of the Hindoos, and the first meridian of
their geographers.
Indore or Holkar's Territory, along tlie Vindhya
Moimtans. Capital, Indore.
Bhopal, south-west of C.walior. Capital,
17. Chltl Cities.- -Madras I. vi^.ooc), lh-ca|.iial. on tin- Coromand,! ,oaM, has no h.arbor, and '
\ the surf biing very great, the lani'ing is ilfectedfioin the road^llad in light boats. Kort St.
\ George defends the citv. .\ railway conniTts Arcft with Madras, T.itijjir rivals Ilcnares in
? its llind,u> leinplis ; /V/. ,:■/«,/,.,>( ,-,-,000) is famed for jewelry, hardware, ,md cheroots.
S 18. The Detached States.— Aimere, M the north end of the Aravalli Mountains.
) Ajmere is iiic capital, Bcrar, -n.iii.wcst of the Central I'roviiiee.s. Eiichpore, tlie
;; c.piial, is a coltcui depot, Mysc- in the siuiili of the Dcecan. The chief |irocliicts
> are gr.iin, coffee, imillierry, ami .ii";, Mysore (sS.ooo), the capital, is built chiefly of
; teal;; Bangalore (14.3,000), is llie l.it-est city. Coorg lies south-west of Mysore,
; The elilef product is coffee, (.l.ipit.il, Murkara.
\ 19. Assam formed part of r,eiic;al until iS;.), when it wa.s made .t separate
; I'roviiii c. Tea is the iiriiuipal e.vport. Capital, GowHati.
On the M.vlahar Co.ast are CochIn, capital,
Tricbur; and Travancore, capital, Trivandrum.
SIkkIm lies between Nepaol and lihotm ;
Tipperah ami Manipors betHccu llengal and
ItMi'in.ih.
23. British Islands of India.— Ceylon
lies otf the south-east ci>a.st of .Madras, It
is conipiicl, and has few coast indentations.
The interior is mountainous; but there arc
many beautiful and fertile valleys. It is
called .SV//^'/;,;/,; by the natives. Iluddhism
I the i)revailing religion. It is a Crown
colony. .Area, 2.),7o:!S(iiiarc miles ; popula-
tion, about 2,755.557. The chief products
arc rice, coffee, cocoanuts, and ciiuiamon.
Its pearl fishery, off the north-west coast, is
valnalile and very cvtensive.
24. 3lilel Cities.— Colt/mbo ( loc.ono ), the capi-
tal, Pt>:i:/ ,1,- i:,il/,\ a furtilied |tKket station,
7'rini iiiiitili\ ami ( \nuty.
25. The Laccadlves lie off the .Malabar coast,
and the Maldives (Thousand Isles), a scries of
ciicid.ir groups of coral islands, lie south of the
I.accadivcs. They are nominal dejtendencics of
Ceylon, Chief exports: cocoanuts and cowrie
shells.
26. The Chagos Archipelago c.-mtains a number
of low coral-reefs and islands, which lie soiitii < I
tlie Maldives and of the Kqiiator, They mc
dependencies of Mauritius. I'roducts : cocoa-mits
and fniit.
27. Other British Islands.— Andaman and the
NIcobar Islands, lie >'ff the Malaysian I'eninsiil,!
■J'lie .\ii(l,nn,nis .ne .i penal colon\-.
20. British Burmah.— Scc 1 uitber Imli.i.
i 21. Native States.— Nepal and Bhotan are native imlcpendcnt States, both lying
I al.ing the southern slope ..f the llini.il.o.i Moinil,iins, The surface of both is
, mnuntaiuous, but the valleys .are leitile. Khatmandu is the capital of Nepal, and
, Tasisudon, of Ilhntan.
.^ip»««H»»«^J_
y States.— The nK.st
nlnlons, in C cnlr.il
Hyderabad, the capi-
/i/ii (iiiili'd ((,r its
ntory between Siiul
.il, Baroda, a great
:li sliawls), iKlHccn
mil incliulini; I.itlle
, Kashmere or Serl-
islilcen .States, east
'■St important being
or Jtxllipur. ■
ions, south of Agia.
i the seven sacred
le first meridian of
along llic Vindhya
iwallor. Capital,
re Cochin, capital,
al, Trivandrum.
>.ud and Ithot-ui ;
rt'ccn IJcnj^al and
India.— Ceylon
; of .Madras. It
ast Imlcntation.s.
s; but tlicrc arc
; valleys. It is
ivcs. liuddhi.sm
It is a Crcjwn I
c miles ; popula- J
; chief products !
, .tud cinnamon. <
lli-wcst coast, is j
100,000), the capi- }
d packet station, }
lie .Malabar coast,
isles), a series of
;, lie south of the
I dependencies of
uiuts and cowrie
rontains a number
\hich lie south nf
uator, 'I'hey arc
iducts ; cocoa-tuils
Andaman and the
aysian IV'uinsnl.i
FURTHER WDIA— CHINA.
123
FURTHER INDIA.
Size, equal to a square of 943 miles.
Nime.
I
Britl.sh Iturmah SHiTOt
Straits Settlements ! i'445
Hnrmah..... j UfjioiM)
Slam (including Laos and Malaya) — ' XiTmkh)
■Auani oai.oiK)
CamlKidia •M/.tn
Ircneli Cochin China ai,717
, 88i(.718
PopuUtion.
C>ptl>l or
Chief Clly.
3,010,(i<i4
;«W,097
3,.i5<X),000
(i,()()0,0()0
12,(MXMX)0
IKXMKJO
-'7,:ti4.f.2i
Pop. of
Ciipital.
Raiigoon. . 1()8,(100
SiuKapore. ."iti.lKX)
iMaiidahiv. i !I(),(KH)
llanKkoK. , o.W.mX)
Hue I lOti.iHK)
i'nompont; L'O.OdO
EMPIRE OF CHINA.
From -ninn, or TMna, the ancient name of a jouth-wcsl part o( China. Siie, ctiual to a square cf
21.17 miles.
Saigon .
1KO,000
1. Names.-Further India is sometimes railed India Ijeyond the Ganges, the
Indo-Chmese .St.itcs, or the .Srjuth-Kaslcrn I'ciiinsula.
2. P08ition.-It extends from India and the liav of licngal on the west -o the
Chmesc Sea on the east; and fr.mi Thibet and China on the north to Sineapore on
the south. '
3. Physical Features.-i'he surface is traversed l,v mr.untain ranges, running
from norlh to smiih, between whicli large rivers rim southwanl.
4. Divisions.-British Possessions, Burmah, Siam. Anam, Laos Country
Cambodia, French Cochin China, and Malaya.
5. The British Possessions are llritish liurmah and the Straits Seltlemcius.
6. British Burmah is n province of liritish India, and includes the strip of
country between the liay of llengal and the Aracan Voma range, which ends -t
Cape Neyrais ; the lower courses of the Irawadv, Siitang, and Salucn ; and the
coast southward firm, the (;nlf of Martalian to the loth parallel of \ I at It is
divided into Aracan, Pegu, ami Tenasserim. Area, ,SS,556 sipiaie miles.
7. ChielTowns.— Hangoon(ioS.ooo), in Peju, on the eastern mouth of the Irawady, is the
capital of liritish liurni.d,. Altyah is the captial of Ar.ican. P,„m, on the Irasvady, is a large
town. A/oiilmim, at the nioiitli of tlie Salucn, is an important seaport.
8. The Straits Settlements includ. Penang or Prince of Wales Island, Wellesley
Province, on the mainland, separated from I'enang by a strait from 2 to 10 miles
wide ; Malacca, on the west side of the Malay Peninsula; and Singapore, an island j
south of the Malay I'eninsula. The Straits Settlements are a Crown colony.
9. Chlel TowM.-Oeorgetown, the capital, in 1'en.anR; .lA,/.,f.„, in Malacca, contains a
British garrison ; S.nx.ifore <5f.,ooo), in Singapore, is a place of great trade.
10. The Empire of Burmah, formerly the most extensive and powerful State in
Further India, occupies the northern basin of the Irawadv River. The surface is
varied, but the soil is generally fertile. Rice is the chief c'ro|.. The other jiroducts
are cotton of short staple, indigo, yams, sweet potatoes, tobacco, capsicums in great
quantities, gourds, oil plants, banan.is, and other fruits. Horses, o.-«cn, buffaloes
elephants and goats are used for draught. Area, 192,000 scjuare miles ; population'
about 3,500.000.
11. Cliiet Towns.-Mandalay, the capital, is situated on the right bank of the Irawady Mon-
cAoh, the former capil.d, is near a large lake. Av„. is or, the Irawad) Kiver, 400 miles from its
mouth ; Blinmo, farther north, is the seat of trade with China.
12. The kingdom of Siam, incbuling Northern Malacca, lies south-east of liur-
mah, and occupies die plain watered by the Mciiiam. The surface !s mountainous,
with numerous fertile plains an.l valleys. The soil is highly productive, and minerals
are .abiMKlaut. Area, about 250,000 or 300,000 square miles, populati.m probably
about 6,000,000.
13. Clliel Town.-Banltolt (355.000), the capit.al, is a jil.ice of large trade. Many of the
nouses arc built upon raits in the river.
14. The Empire Of Anam lies on the eastern c u, and includes T,m,/ui„ and
Co,/,m Chnu,. It is fertile and well watered The |,„pulation is variously estimated
at from 6,000,000 to .5,000,000. Hue (about lo.oool is the capital, but Kesho or
Hanoi (150,000), the capital of ronijuin, is the largest city.
15. The Laos or Shan States lie between Ilurmah and Siam. They are moun-
tainous, and are rich in minerals and valuable timber. Some of their tribes are
subject to Chin,a, some to Siam, and some to Uurmali, but nianv of them are iiide- !
pendent. The chief town is C/hiin^tihii. ' i
16. Cambodia lies between Siam and Cochin China, extending inland from llie
sea coast to the Cambodia or Mekong. It contains the ■/],/,■ S\,p or Cical Lake.
The soil is fertile. Th« chief proilucts are rice, coffee, cotion, silk, sugar, and gam- '
boge. It has been a Krench protectorate since 1S63. Pnompeng is the capital. I
17. French or Lower Cochin China consists of three provinces, which extend up '
the Cambodia for 130 miles from its ninuil,. The colony was estalilislied in 1S62.
Rice is thaichief product. Saigon (iSo.ooo) on the Saigon River, is the capital.
18. Malaya or Independent Malacca occupies all the Malay reninsula, except
Ibilish M.dacca. ■i'hc Malav I'eninsula is a long narrow couiilrv extending to the
south, 'riie inliabitanls are chictly engaged in navigation. Some of the Irilies are
dependent on Siam, but many of them aic under their own rajah.-i. The principal
Stales are I'erak anil Johore in the soutli. J\nik is the chief town.
GRKAT WAI.I, OF CHl.SA.
1. Noted For.— China is noted for its v.ast popul.ition, its Great Wall, its tea
plant, 1.11(1 its porcelain.
2. Extent.— The Chinese empire embraces (i.) China Proper: (j.) Mongolia
mciuding Dzungaria; (3) Mantchooria; (4.) Corea ; (5) Tibet, and Chinese
Turkestan or Kashgaria.
3. Physical Features.-The rivers and the mountain ranges of this extensive
empire naturally divide it into five great areas, viz. : (i.) C/iwa 1'rof.cr, situated in
the valley of the Hoang-ho and Vang-tse-kiang Rivers, and enclosed by the Viing-
Img, Pe-ling and Nan-ling Mountains ; (2.) The mountainous region of iVanUhooria
and Corea, south of the Amoor, and lying between the Khinghau Mountains and the
Sea of Japan ; (3.) Mongolia, lying between the Altai Mountains and China I'roper
and including part of the (;rcat Steppe of Cobi; and (4.) 7)/W, King befycen the
Himalayas and the Kuen-I.un Mountains; and (5.) A«>ii'„r/„, between tne Kuen-
I.un and the Tian-Shan mountains.
4. China Proper (eighteen provinces) is isoUated from the rest of the empire
by the Great Wall it the north and the mountains at the west. The i ..untry is
densely popuhited. I!y means of its rivers and canals, it has abundant faciliics for
internal communication.
5. Product. — Tea
and rice are the chief
natural products. Silk.
)iorcclain, nankeen,
t.ms, carved ivor\,
l.icqiiered ware, and
■^ongs, are the chict
industrial products.
6. Chlel Cities. -
Peliin* (1,100,000), the
i.ipital, is situated neir
tin; Peiho Kiver. It
consists of two walled
towns, — the Chinese
and the Tartar. The
former is the seat of
comni'irce; the lat.er,
of the imperial govern.
Hunt. TL-itaiti, on
the I'eilio, is noted
for its liritish and tb* rui.Tcmi m china
Chinese treaty of .S;;,. Na„L-i„, on the Vang-.so-kiang, is noted for its porcelain tower, and
for Its silk, cotton (nankeen), and ,uper manufactures. Ca,„o„. on the liocea Tigris (estmrv
of tl-,.- f .,„t.„, R.ver), was the llr.u Chinese p,„l „pe„ed to foreigners, an,l is the seat of ih'e
I-.uropean factories. nv,„«,/,i„, a safe anchorage on the Canton Kiver, twelve miles from
Canton. 5/„„,,,./„„ and Xmgfo lie soulliK^ast of Nankin, and both have extensive trade
Iwenty-four ports, known as treaty ports, are open to foreign trade ; of these, fourteen are
• /V mean, north ; n..n, south ; fu^g, east ; «,, west ; .„d ko and *,„,v moan river • ,*„-
niuunliin I <,w, lake. "I'-i , snan,
if'
124
CHINA— CHINESE TURKESTAN— INLEPENDENT TURKESTAN— RUSSIA IN ASIA.
primary, or consular ports, aiij ten arc secondary. Tl.e fourteen first-class r.rc C,i„/.,„.
Aw,',]', Poo-iho-.i'-fM, X'inrfo, SImnshar, S,vatm; Tiiiilshi, Oie/M, JlaiiKou; Khi-Ki^iii;,
Nai^iwa/ij,', Wcmlimi, U'ouAoo, ami hh,i>i£.
7. Tibet lies to the north
of India, and between the
Himalaya and Kucn-Lun
Mountains. It occupies a
hijjh |>latcan intersected by
r.ivincs and valleys, lakes,
and rivers. The climate is
cold. Cattle grazing is the
thief pursuit. The domestic
animals are the Tibet goat,
from whose fine hair the
celebialed Kashmerc shawls
are made, the yak, the musk-
deer, the sheep, &c. Tibet
is divided into ICastern and
Western Tibet.
Lassa or Lhasa, the capital,
in the eastern province, is the
rrsidcnco of the Dalai-I.auia of
the Ilucltlhist worship, ami
Shigatze, the capital of the \.'est-
crn province, of the Hogdo-Lama.
CIIINBSS MAND.tRIH, IIIS WIKB, CHILU, AND SDliVANT.
8. Mongolia extends westward from the Kiiighan Mountains to Tibet, K.ashgaria,
and Russian .\sia. In the interior it is chielly desert. M„>itih,wi.i, m the west
coast, is mountainous and well w.atered. Corea is a large peninsula jutting out
lietween Japan an.l China proper. It is ..lljutary to China and Japan. The
province of Kuldja was rcslcucd to China in i,S79.
9. Chief Cltlei.— Urga or Kurin, on the Tula, the capital of Mongolia, is the residence of
the I.ama of the Mongols. K,ir,ikcirum, (.u the Janiir, war' the ca|iilal of ficnghis Khan. ///
or Kiihija, the capital of Kuldj.i, has great trade with Russia. Kirinoola, the capital of
Mantchooria, is situated on the .Soongari. Sngluilici,, un tlic .\nioor, is a place of large traile
in furs. Klngkllao, on the Ilan-Kiang, is the capital of Corea. Pusankai is a Corean
port open only to Japan.
desert. The river
ives many tributaries
STKEBT IN CU1NA<
CIIJNESE TUKKESTAN OR KAL>IIGARIA.
1. Position.— Kashgaria lies to the east of Independent Turkestan, from which
.t is separated by I'amir IMateau. The Kuen-Lun Mountains separate it from
I ibet, and the Thian-Shan from Dzungari.i. It was, until a recent date, an inde-
pendent slate, governed by a soverign with the title of Emir.
2. Physical Features.— The eastern part of Kashgaria is
Varkand urTarint flows through it from west to east, and recciv
on both banks before it reaches Lake Lob Nor.
3. Products.- Cotton, silk, wheat, and rice, are the chief products.
4. Cllief Cities.— Kaihgar, the capital, has niamifactures of carpels and cotton goods.
Yarltand ( 190,000), the connnercial capital, has lio colleges and 160 mosques. Aksu is famous
for its cotton and saddlery.
I'OUKIGN POSSESSIONS IN CHINA.
1. Hong Kong.— The British island of Hong Ivong is 75 miles sonth-east of Canton.
Its length is 10 miles, and its breadth 7>i. It was ceded to Great Urilain in 1843,
as part indemnity for the expenses of the war in i;i.ii-43. It is chiefly composed
of lofty barren rocks. Since it became a liritish colony, its commercial value is
very great.
Viclotia, the chief town, is on the north side of the island. .\ iiart of Cowloon, on the
main laml north of M.icao, w.as ceded to the lirilMi as jiart indemnity for the war of 1S60.
2. Macao.— The I'ortuguese seaport of Macao occupies a peninsula seventy miles south
of Canton. It is a healthy ami picturescpie town, ami is well fortif[cd. The Emperor ceded
it, in 15.S6, to the I'ortuguese, in return for their assistance against pirates. Camoens, the
I'orluguesc poet, here composed his poem of the Lusiad.
JNDEPENDExyi ' TURKESTAN.
Size, equal to a square of sou inllcs.
1. Position.— Turkestan lies east of the Caspian Sea, and north of I'ersia. It
IS chielly an immense sandy plain sloping westward to the Aral Sea, into which its
chief rivers empty themselves. This sea is saltish, and is gradually decreasing
in size. The climate is variable, and extremes of heat and of cold are experienced.
The river districts arc fertile. Silk, cotton, wheat, barley, and rice, are the chief
products.
2. Civil Divisions.— Independent Turlcestan consists of a number of states
called Khanates, of which Bokhara and Khiva are the chief. The Khanates of
Ilokhara and Khiva, though nominally independent, are really subject and tiibftary
to Russia.
3. Chrer Cities. — Bokhara is a place of extensive trade. Khiva is the great slave market
ol Turkestan. ;l/<vr is situated in aii oasis in the midst of a barren region.
R USSIA IN ASIA.
Size, excluding Kuld{a, equal lo a square of 2481; milet.
1. Noted For— Russic In Asia is noted for its vast extent and varied climate,
Its mineral wealth, and its Siberian penal mines.
2. Position and Extent.— This territory occupies the whole northern part of the
continent, and extends from the I'ral Mountains to the X.ulh Pacific Ocean. Russia
in Asia is divided into four jiarts, viz.: (i.) Western Siberia; (2.) Eastern Siberia,
13.) Russian Central Asia ; and (4) Trans-Caucasia.
3. Siberia lies in the great northern slope of Asia. The Altai Mountains,
at the south, form the water-parting which separates the rivers Obi, Yenisei,
aiul Lena, flowing northward, from those flowing southward. Area, 4,824,561
scpKire miles; poimhition, about 3,4.10,000. It is divided into two parts, viz.:
Eastern and Western Siberia. Its surfiice is tme vast plain or a succession of
sltppcs, sloping to the Arctic Ocean. The clim.ale is severe, and the soil gen-
irally barien, but its value consists in the abundance of its metals and furs. It
has long been a place of banishment for Russian offenders, who are condemned to
work ill till' mines.
4. Chief Cities.- Tobollk, at the junction of the Tobol and Irtish, is the capital of
Western, ami Irkutsk, on the Angara, of ICastern Siberia. In Western Siberia, Tomd; on the
Toiii. and Uaiiiaiil, at the confluence of the liarnaul and Obi, are mining centres. Oiiisl:, on
the Irtish, is a military centre, ami S,-mi/o/atiiiii; cm the same river, is a centre ol trade with
n.!ungaria. In l':astern Sibeii.i, VakiilU; on the Lena, trades in furs and ivory. .W-itJiind;
oil a triljut.iry of the Aiuoor, 1, in the neighborhood of silver ami lead mines. Pcliv/aulovdi
(I'ort of I'cler and Paul), uu the coast of Kamtscliatka, has an excellent harbor.
5. Ruislan Central Asia (including Russian Turkestan) is divided into ten* provinces.
Area, i,.iS!,.(S(, siiuio,. miles ; |H>pu!ation, about 4,400,000.
8. Chlel Cities.— Tashkendl7S,ooo),tliecapit;d of Central Asia,andthckey of the Sir-Uarya \
v.illi'v, m.imifactures silk, colli. 11, and gunpowder. Satitartatu/^ a town of great antiquity, \
vuiil.iins the tomb of Tamerl.ine. A'jlaii was formerly the capital of Kokan, the country of ]
llaber, who founded the Mogul i;nipire in India. Marghllan is the capital of Russian Tuikcstan. ]
I
OHINA
AND
JAPAN
Scale of MDes
KiiimU a blruLiuri^nt'iA'.y
lies ioiilli of Ihc I ,111-
casian iMoMiitains, he-
tween llic lihuk and
Caspian Seas The siir
face is diversified, and
I lie soil generally fer-
lile. In the lower val-
leys rice, loliacco, cof-
. and indigo are
I'rodiiccd. Area (in-
cluding the Govern-
ment of Kars, ac<|nircd
from Turkey in 1S7S),
9.1.7''' S(|uarc miles ;
l)n|iiilatiun, alioijt- .),.
ifio.ooo Transcau-
casia is divided into
ten governments or
provinces. The govern-
ment is chicHy military,
flreat religious toler-
ation exists, -nd the
Russians have estab-
lished schools in the
principal towns. The
direct taxes, payable to
ilu" Russian govern-
ment, amount lo P5.000
,, ,,,,,. =1_:^HI silver rubles annually.
,0,1": .''^'!' ''''"•■-^'"'» ' '"]■"""'' ""- '•■^Pi'»l. i' ™> ">e K»r. It stands in a narrow vallcv,
coniniises Armenian cliuichcs and l.,r.,e carav.inser.iis ; ,t ,s inhabitcl clnellv l.v u,
EMPIRE OF JAPAN
Fr„n, ,l,c a„„«c ,v,.r,i J.fu.^uo, siRnlfylnK ki"S.l..n, „f ,1,. ,„i„„ ,„„, „ E,,s.crn Kingdom Size,
eqii.il tn a squ.xrt; nf .joii iiiitcs.
1. Noted For.-Japan is noted for Its insular character, its former seclusion from
"ll.cr nations, its j.ipanned ware and liron/es, and its present rapid progress.
2. Extent.-This empire consists of an extended group of islands lying north
and south along ihe east coast of Asia.
3. Physical FeaturOS.-Thc entire group of islands is moimlainous and vol-
canic, but in the vailcvs and plains .he soil is fertile The coasts are rockv and
dangerous, which, with the fre.picnt storms and whirlpools, lend to exclude Japan
from the niantimo comnurce of the world
4. The Principal Islands are
A'l/'/'iii or A'if'hon (sun source) the
Japanese name for the whole king-
dom, Siivi'ii, and A'iii.i/ii/i, )',■(,>,
together with three southern A'lin/,-
hUviii! The IawCIioo hhiihls,\\K
M,i)ico-Sima group, and the n,<nn,
hiaiijs, are dependencies. Japan
also claims a portion of Saghalien.
5. Principal Straits.— I.a I'liduso,
San.^ar, Cira, .iiul Kino channel.
6. Products. - -IIr. chief inlner.il ..•.^':V V"'^-'
products arc copper, ir.m, tin, silver. 1 NAviii.i..N.r*N7.i' >n
and i,'„ld The other natural products am cntinn, tea, tnhacco, and silk. INiicelain, japanned
ware, ,ind silk fabrics are important articles „f native iii.iii^li v. In the interior, the ro.ads .arc
good and tr.ule is extensive.
7. Chiei Cities. -Tokio (1,0 !f.,7;n. formerlv c.illed Yedo, on a line bav m the south-east of
Niphon, is the eastern capital, and llie usual lesi.lence nf ilie Mik.id,, or Fniprror SalUs
(j.i.,,oooi. lornieriy called Kioto or .Miako, is the western capit.ll, and the coninicrcial, ecdesi.as.
tic.nl, and literary centre, and a residence of the Mik.ido Ou:h,i Ci.Si.ooo), at the mouth of
the Kan,|..jawa Kiver, is the port of Saikm, :nid contains the hnpeiial mint. The second city
of the Knipire in point of size is Koumamotou ( ^oo.odoI N.,^.iuik}. famous for its por-
celain,an,lA-.;e."»«,M 200,000), on the island ol Kiiishiu . .l/,,.',„«,„ and /l,av,/,i,i,. m the
island of Veso, arc important commercial ports. ScheudI is the capital of the I.oo-Choo Islands
j I
! '
PART VI.
AFRICA.
The £%« of the anmnl nrwV,. FFebrfvv A „W,„, rlsced under a burning ikfi Latin i^/triVw, sunny Africa ,s ^upt>med lo tw. d.^„.J f Ar- , t . 1
1. Boundaries.— Africa is bnnndetl on the north by the Mcditerrnnenn Sea ;
on the east by tlie Isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian O.can'; on
the south by the Indian and Atlantic Oceans ; and on the west by the Atlantic
Ocean.
2. Form.— Africa consists of an irregular pear-shaped mass of land, with a large
indentation on the west, .ind a projection on the cast side
3. Position.— It extends from 37° 20' N. Lat. to 31" 50' S Lat., and from
17° 34' \V. Long, to SI" ;o' E. Long.
PRINCIPAL ANIM.ALS OP AFRICA.
4. Extreme Points.— North, Cape Blanco, or Kas at A'nni ; South, Ca/f Agulhas ;
West, Ca/'e Verde ; East, Cafe Guard,ifui.
5. Extent.— fn.) The extreme lais^th of Africa from north to south is about 5000
miles. Tlie extreme breadth from east to west is about 4700 miles. (/' ) Its area is
estimated at 11,630,400 square miles, or three times that of Europe, or is equal to a
square of 3410 miles. (,-.) The coastline is about 16,000 miles, or one mile of coast
for 722 square miles of surface.
6. The estimated i)npulation is 205,000,000.
Name of State or Territory.
7. POLITICAL AND TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS OF AFRICA.
. ^I. NORTHERN AFRICA.
li.MtlUKY St,\TK.s.
1. iMarocfo
2. .\l'4cria
X 'riinis
4. Tripoli ami Fezzan..
PoHilion.
In the N. \\. of the Continent.
Kast of Mariicco
Kast of .Mu'oria
Sout h-east o f Trip oli
Area In Ki
xq llllleit.
2r)0,n(io
afis.otK)
4.-),71(i
.^•!;l,40o
roimhitio
(ulmiit)
.•i.ooo.oon ;
•i,il'W„100
i,.'i(X).n()0
i.oin,ono
Capital or Chief Place.
Fez
Algiers.
Tunis. . .
TrIiKill.
Ui
.11° fi'>J.
;i<i.,'in N.
•Si. N.
Long,
Kgvpt Proper
Nubia
Km'dofan. Darfiir,
Ilarar, &c
.\liv.ssiiiia
Slina
Adal
Ill the \ E. of the Continent.
, (South of E';\])t.
jSoiith-west of Ni. )ia
. .South-east of Xiiliia )
. SoMtli-cast of Ahvssiuia '■
. Illet. Abyssinia mill the Kcil ,Sea. . (
J^I. NORTH EASTERN AFRICA.
40 fi-TW.
.'i. !•;.
, 10. 7 E.
I i;).i!i E.
Where Situated
On the Seliu River
MeditPrranean Coast. .
Jleiliterranoan Const. .
Mi'ditorrauean Coast. .
I'opulation
of Caintal.
SK.noo
.w.noo
r.'.'i.noo
' M,000
:i'.U.:!(li 1 .i.iioo.oiK)
:i:u.iiiHi I 1,(1(10.000
500.000? 11,000,000
100,000 .1,000,000
Cairo
Kli;irtoum.
El Olieid.. .
(^nndar. . . .
Anrobar. . .
Aiissa
.■iO. (i N.
1.1.40 N
Ki.lO N.
12 .W N.
!l,.''i:t N.
11.20 N.
!•. fialla (^luntry. . .
10. Siiniali ('ountry.
11. Z.in;;uebar
12. .Miuaniblipie. . . .
U .Sofala
. illot, Abvssinia and the Equator.
.In the KasliTJi IViiiiisiila
. Siiiilli of Siiiiiali ('(Hiiitrv
. iSoutli of Znn'.,'iieliar '.
^oulh nf .Mozambiquo
14. Cnpp Colony
1.1. \atal ."
111. Zulu band
17. OiaiiL'" liivcr Ke|iulilie
IK. Cnunlrv of llnttentots.,
111! the South of the Continent
In the South-east of the Coutinent
N.uth of X.ital
X.iilh-west of N'iit:il
South of Lower (Jiiinea
in. EASTERN AFRICA.
(ioo.oon?: s.ooo.ooo?
;ioo,0(io ? 10,000,000 ?
4OO,0(50?j 2,000.000?
IV. SOUTHERN AFRICA^
m 2(i E.
.■!2.;!0 E.
;!0. 10 E.
.17.. 12 E.
40. E.
41. ;« E.
Nile River
Coiif. libieand White Nile
In an Oasis
Near Lake Dcnibea
(In trihiitaiyof Uiellawasli,
Oil the llawasli River
.I.W.OOO
.1(1.000
;io,ooo
fi.OflO
1,1,000
0,000
(i.iuauali, &c
:!02S'N.
42° 57'E.
On the Weblie River
?
linrliera.
10. ,1 \.
4.1. K.
(iiilfofAdeii
?
/an/iliar
li 27 S.
:«).:« E.
Zanzibar Island
80.000
Mozamliiijue
1.1. 2 S.
40.48 E.
Mozambique Channel
0.000
Sofal.a
20 10 S.
M.4fi E.
Mozambique Channel
a,ooo
10. Lower Cuinea.
20. Upper (luinea.
21. SeneKaiiil.ia. ..
|SoutIi-east of Upper Ciiilnca... .
. '.Soiith-Past of Spne^'ambia
. .Soiitli-wcst ot the Sahara
('.'i|ie Tinvii
I'ii'teruiaritzlinrg..
No Towns
MlocmfoMtein
liariueu, &o
.1.1..1(i S.
;io. s.
.11.30 S.
22. 8 S.
Table Hay
BO miles from the Const.. . .
WESTERN AFRICA."
Near the Orange River 1,200
O n the Swa liop River ?
45.240
(>,800
(100.0110 I n.ono ooo ?
100.0110? lo.nooiiiKi "
."oiMiilo? liKinn.iKHi?
St. Paul de Luanda, &c. 8.48 N.
'•-..MiiMssie. &'• 7. N.
Ilntliiirst, &!• ! i:i.28 N.
22. Sahara
2.'i. .Soudan, or Nlgrltla..
. Sniitli of the liarliarv States
ISoutli of the .Sahara'.
VI. CENTRAL NORTHERN AFRICA.
. l2,.10ll.(10il ?! :i.0iK1.0(10 ? I A-ades &e
I1,000,(KK1 ? KO,000,(KI0 ? I Timbllctoo.'. ..'.'..' .'".'.
On the West Coast | 12,000
On the Dali River I 18 000
1. of S t. Mary, M.of Gnmbiii.l 7,000
17. 2 N.
17.15 N.
8. 2 E.
;i.20 E.
In an Oasis I 7,000
8 mile.s fi-om t'.io Niger I 40,000
1
Fugo
he north by the
>f Agitlhas ;
nbont 5000
Its area is
i equal to a
ile of coast
I'lipuladnn
i>f Capital.
«s,noo
M.noo
2n,ix)0
aw.ooo
no.noo
;io,uoo
fi.OOO
Ifl.OOO
fi,(IOO
?
1
80.000
il.OOO
3,000
40,240
0,800
1,200
?
12,000
IS mio
7,tKl()
7,000
40,000
\\'
,
AFRICA
Heals of MUCH
t I \
»» • iSi m ms m ioo
:iii Lou^'iiiuii- j.:ii.,t
ICU6ti.II i; SIJ ullitiajUufi .\. . .
il
VIII. CENTKAL SOUTHERN AFRICA
lilt. /lunlio:^!* Itoi^ion ....
*J7. tUM'Illl lii;i Coltlltrv . .
28 luilaliari Dcf^cil. .. .
WeHt of M<>Ktunl)i(|iiu & Snfnia. }
Wr.st uf 'ir;iii.Hvajil ./
Wfsl vi liULliuiuui Cuuiitr.v. . . )
! Mtivatito, &c
U0(),00()7| .VXW.OOO? Kniinmm
1 Nt) Towns
..J 18.10 S. ] 2a52 E.
. . . I 27.20 S. 24. H E.
(Ill the ('hl>^M^ River I
liJtO iiiiloH N. K, of C. Town.
IX. ISLANDS.
2!». Miulii^'iweur Eii.'^t i»f Mo/.aiiil.i(iuo.
.| 244,000 I 2,noo,000 | Tuimiiarivo | 18.30 S. | 40.30 E. I Near the centre I KO.noo
8. Physical Coast Features.— I In the Mediterranean Sea.
il) Islands. — A. /''//^<//^f<i, .t finull island bclwcctt Tunis .itul Malta. Jtrbah and Karktntih in
the C.iili of (.'.tb<-s, cast nf Tunis.
(2 ) Capes.— ('.i/c.V/iir/.'/, at the western entrance of th* Strait ol Gibraltar, and Vaf>e Ceuta,
t:\l>yla), u|>])<r,itc ( iibtalt.ir, bntl) nortli (if Marticco ; Ras-al-KfUR, ur Cape BUnco, the iiuiihtrnnimt
limnt i>[ .Afiii-a, .uid i'.ifig Hon, Ijiith mirth of Tunis.
(,t ) Sea antl iji\x\H.~ Mediterranean Sea. between vMiiia and Knrupc. Oulf of dxhei (Syrtis
Minor), east of Tunis. Qui/ 0/ Sitira (.Syrtis Major), between Tripoli and Barca.
(4 > Strait.— Strait ot Gibraltar, (f-Vclum Ilerculeum or Straits of Hercules), between Man>cto
and S|iaiii, unitiii>; the Atl.inlic and the Mediterranean. It is bounded on the west by Cape
Spartcl (in M.irocco) and Cape Trafalgar (in Spain) ; on the east by Cape Ceuta (Abyla)
and Kuropa Point (L'alpc), tlie Pillars of Hercules. A strimt; .> ' ' onstant central current
funs through the strait from the Atlantic to lUu Mediterranean, witli .. velocity of between two
and three miles an hour. If an anchor be c.ist in tlie strait, a lower current is found to prevail,
telling out into the Ocean. The narrowest part of the strait is fifteen miles. Greatest depth
i/x) fathoms.
(5.) isthmus.— /jM/«wj 0/ Suez, 72 miles wide, unites Africa willi Asia, and is tr.iversed by a ship
canal, begun in 1.S5.7, and completed in i^(x) by M de I.esseps, a celebr.ited French euRineer. The
canal connects Port .S.^id on the Mediterrane.in and the <iulf of .Suez in the Red Sea. It is '/> miles
lonK, 2(X) to .^00 feet wide at tlie to[-, and 72 .it the bntioni, and 2^' feet deep. Vessels are etiabled to
steam or to be towed iluoui-h the can.il in sixteen hours from sea to sea. Extensive harbors and
docks have been crnstructed at both ends of the caoal.
II. In the Indian Ocean.
(i.) IslanilS.— .V(^itf/^(i, io<t miles east nf Cape Guardafui, is 70 miles long from east to \vest. A
range of granite mountains on the north side h.is an cli-vurnn of about ,1000 feet. It lias a mixed
population (jf Ar.ibs and Negroes estim.ited at 5'>oo. It has lon^ been famous for its aloes, gnms,
and dates. After an occupation (.f four y^ars by Great Uritain it was abandoned, but, in iS;r>, the
British tlag was re-plauted by the Indian Govemn-ent.
Zanzibar, Pemba, and Afon/ia, off the coast of Zanguebar. These islands are nmninally
tributary to the Sultan of Muscat. Z.inzihar is 25 miles from the niaitdaiul, and is of coral
formation. Its length is .ibout 50 miles. The population is estimated at ly^.-Kxi. Its chief
productions are cloves, sugar, -ice, vncoanuts, manioc, and tobacco, It is the great market of
the world for ivory and gum copal. The capital, Zanzibar or Shanganny, has a population of
8o,cxx). Pemha is nearly as long as Zanzibar, but is narrower. It prtwluces excellent 'imbcr.
Monfia is low and fertile.
The ."("(/VrtM^^j, a cluster nf eleven low islets, sunoi.nded with coral banks, lie 800 mi'es east of
Zanzibar. Tlicy abound in land turtles
The Sewhciiei, a group of tliirty isles of granite formation, north-east pf the Amirantcs. Popu-
lation, 'ftoii. They produce piiic-.ipples, cocnanuts, rice, rnaize, cotton, Ci>lf'_-e, tub.uco, and tlie suRar
cane. The most remarkable vcsetablc production is the cnci^di-mrr, the fruit nf ,i peculiar species
of palm tiee. It is an immense nut, weighing from 20 to 25 pounds, and received its name from being
at on(' time supposed t" grow at the bottom of the sea. Mahe, the largest isle, is 16 miles long. The
chief luvvii, Piiii Viiluiia. h.is a popui.itiuii of r«j(«j, aiul a small gaiiison. The Seychelles woic
discovered by the Kreiich in 1741, and were ceded \.>i liritain in 1^14.
The Comoro IsLintisy a group of four volcanic islands (Contoro, Jo/ianna, Mohilla, Mayotte^, lie
at the northern entrance of the Mozambi pie channel, and nliont 200 mi'rs from the cna^t i^f Africa.
Comoro, the larpe*-t island, is .V) miles in len'-;th, and 12 in breadth. The Islands are inourlainnii-;,
lie.ilthy, and fertile, i.severnl peaks in Johanna rise to 6000 feet). The chief exports are cocoanut oil,
tor'oise-sliell, sugar and coffee. The population is estimated at 80,000, and consists of Arabs ai.d
Mohammedan negroes. Mayotte was ceded to Kiance in 184(5; tl;^' other islands are independent,
and are governed by native Sultans.
Madagascar, the fouilh Kirgest island in the world, lies off the east coast of South Africa, from
which it is separated by the channel of Mu/anibupie. Length, <jSo miles ; breadth, ^fxi miles ; area,
244.1XKJ scpiare miles; populaticm, alumi 2,5fx),(Min. It is traversed from north to south by a lofty
range of mount.iins, which chvides it into m\ eastern and western watershed, ami gives rise to numerous
rapid rivers subjert to periodical overflow. The highest summit, Ankaratra, is near the centre of the
island. In the interior, the elevated plains enjoy a temperate iihniate and a variety of seasons, but
the shores are low, swampy, and unhealthy. The mountains yield gold, silver, copper, iron, and lead.
Coal is found in small (luantities. 'riie firests contain valuable timber trees and ornamental woods.
Among its important productions arc iiuligti, manioc, rice, sugar, pepper, cotton, silk, tobacco, honey,
wai, gums, anil medicinal plants. Tlu: Mal.igesc or M.ilagasy belong to v.irious tribe?, of which the
Hovas, who belong to the Malay r.ice, are politically dominant. TIic govcnment is a monarchy.
The capital, Tananarifo i City of a Thousand Towns), (.So,ihk)), is situated on a lofty plateau, near
the centre of the isl.^nd. TIk" chief port is Tainatave, on the east coast. The French hold the hlands
a/Ste. MariV, off tlic e.ist coast, and Xossi-fify off the north-west coast.
The Afituarrne fsles consist of Bourbon, Mauritius, and Rodri^^uez, east c)f Mailagascar. They
were discovered m i';o5, by t!ie Portuguese navigator, Mascarenhas. Bourbon or Ruunion, 400 miles
east of Madag.iscar, is of volcanic origin, and is travcrseil from n<irlli to south by a chain of mountains.
Highest summit, Pitoii de Neiges, .m extinct volcano, 10,100 feet. Piton de la Fournaisc, an active
volcano, is 72 iS feel above tlic sea. Bourbon is of an oval sha[te, jS miles long, and 28 miles broad ;
area, 7'iS stpiare miles ; population, 1^4,000. It exports sugar, coffee, cloves, dyewoods, and saltpetre.
It is exposed to terrific hurricanes which <anse great destruction. It has been a French colony since
i()49. Cai)ital, St. DeniS, on the north coast.
JAiwr/ViMj lies 115 miles north-cast of Bourbem, and about 500 miles fnmi Madagascar. It is a
pe.ir-shaped island. Length, 36 miles; breadth, 20 miles; area, 739 siiuare miles; population,
34f),ooo. A rref of coral nearly surrounds it. The interior is mountainous, thickly wooded, and well
watered. One o( the highest points is the picturesque mountam, i'leter iJottc, 2S74 feet above the
sea. The climate is healthy and the soil fertile. The staple production and chief export is sugar.
It also exports rum, coffee, cotiin, indigo, and ebony. Its capital. Port Louls {o5,r,o«), on the
norlh-we«t coasi, is well fortifuMl ami has a goml harbor. The island received its name from the
Dutih, the first settlers, in 154**, in honor of their Prince Maurice. They abandoncil it in 1710. The
French helil it from 1713 to iRio under the name lie de France. It was captured by the British
1'^
/ ; ^^^^KW^W^^alB'P^^C-EEi
r""
AFRICA.
12a
under Sir Ralph Abrrcrombie In iS 10, .mil the old name was restored. It Is the scene o( St. Pierre's
tale nf Paul and Virsinia. ^!allritius Is the scat nf a coliinial government (.f Great Ilritain which
includes, as its dependencies, the following islands : Rndriguet, the Amiranlei, the Seychelles, the
Chasos Archipelasn, St. Paul, anil .Amsterdam. Rodrig:iuz, 300 n> '■ - east o( Mauritius. Length,
iiinilesi breadth, ] to 6 miles. It has a few settlers uf French descent. It abounds in turtles.
'
(3.) Capej.— r.!/*,; Ciuariti/ni or ytriliffiin, the casternmiHt point of Africa 1 Caft DrlgnJo,
north-east of .Mruainbiquc ; Ci/V Carritnlcj, south-east of .Sofala, named from the many sirt.ims
which there enter the sea : Oi/r fiJal, cast of Zulu Land ; Cift Am/vr, the northern, and Ci/ie
S/. Mary, the southern point nf Madagascar.
(4 ) Sea, Gulfs, and Bays.-Red Soa or Arabian GuH, heiwecn Africa and Arabia i.cnsih,
1400 mill's ; brcullh, 200 mlos. L'ciral reef ^ line the shores, between which is the main cluimcl, 40
miles wide and 600 feet deep. Il b.is been calculated that its annual evaporation is equivalent to irn
cubic miies of water. Gtilf i\f Siifz.-M the northern exlrcmily of the Red Sea, between Efiypt .and
Arabia. Length, aoo miles ; bre.ullb, 20 miles. Gul/ .;/ W(iV«, between Africa and the south coast of
Arabia. Length from east to west, 4S0 miles; breadth from north to south, from 160 to 200 miles.
Xii/alit Bay, cast of Sofala. Dtlagca Bay, east of South Africa. Algoa Bay, south-east of Cape
Colony.
(5.) Strait and Channel. -.V/r.i// 0/ Bal^el-MmJel; Gate of Tears, unitinj; the Gulf of Aden and
the Red Sea. It is 17 miles wide in the narr<nvest part, and is divided into two channels by the rocky
island of Pernn, which belongs to Ilritain. ^hzambiqite Channet, between Moza.nbiquo and Matla-
gascar. Length from north to south, r^So miles ; breadth, at the centre, 250 miles, and .it each outlet
600 miles.
Ill In the Atlantic Ocean.
(I.) Islanils,— The Azores or Western Islands, a group of nine volcanic islands, 800 miles west of
Porlug.al, to which country they belong. St. Michael, the largest, is 50 miles long, and from 5 to 12
miles wide. Total area of the isl.inds, 001 square miles. Population, 264.352. The surf.ace of the
slands is very rugged. 1 he peak of Pico, the loftiest summit, is 7613 feet high. The principal
products are oranges, lemons, wine, coffee, sugar, and tob.icco. Aiigra, in Terceira, is the seat
of government. Ptint.T Delgada, in St. Michael, is the commercial capital.
The Ma'Jelra Islands, about 400 miles west of Mamcco. They belong to Portugal. The group
consists of MuL-iya. I'orlo Sanio, and the three Drserlas. Madeira, the largest island, is a great
nnss of basaltic rocli, rising in tlis Pico Riiivo to the bei-^lit of oo^d feet above the sea. Length, 35
miles ; breadth, 15 miles ; area, about 300 square miles. The valleys arc well cultivated and contain
vineyards and gardens. The climate is peculiarly genial, and is much resorted to by consiimiuive
liatients. It is celebrated for its wine, which, with sugar and coffee are the chief exports. Funchal
the capital, li.as a population of 2o.fio'>. The group is 315 square miles, and the population 132.221.
Madeira (Wood) was so named by the Porlcgucse from its being well timbered. The island is said to
have been discovered by Markham, an Englishman, in 1344.
The Canary Islands, a group of twelve islands of volcanic origin, Aa miles south-west of Marocco.
The seven principal islands are t.ainaroU; Fu-rlnenlura, Canary, Tcnerifft, Gomera, Pahiia,
.and K'rr-o. The area of the Canary Islands if 2S0S sqiiaie miies. Populatiou, 2So,3SS. They have
belonged to Spam since i4;S. The islands arc very fertile, and have a warm, healthy climate. The
chief productions are barilla, cochineal, wine, oil, grain, sugar cane, and fruits.
Trnerifff, the largest island, has an area of about 1000 square miles. On it stands the Peco de
Teyde, the celebrated Peak of Teiieriffe, 12, 190 feet high. It contains the capital of the group, Santa
Cruz. Population, about 15,000.
Canary is nearly round, about 40 miles in diameter, and contains the commercial capital, Palmas.
Ferro, the most westerly (iS^ g' W. Long.), is the island from whose meridian the geographers
of ancient times reckoned longitude.
The Caf't' I griie !sla>tti\, a cluster of fourteen islands of volcanic origin, 320 miles west of Cape
..e. Area, 14S7 square miles ; population, 91,000. The islands are mountainous, the soil nioder-
.uely fertile, and the climate hot and unhealthy. The exports are cotton, maize, rice, and fruits.
Ten of the islands are inhabited. Sanliagt, the largest island, contains the chief town. Potto Praya.
Oil San I'inanit is the capital, Mindello. The Volcano of Fogo rises to the height of 9151) feet.
The islands belong to Portugal.
The Bissagos or Bijiiga hlaiuh, a groui» of about twenty small islands, wen of Senegambia.
They are of volcanic origin. Tlie natives are savage negroes. The chief products are rice and Iriiiis,
They belong to Portii-al.
The l.m Islands are a group of three volcanic islands (Factory Island, Tamara, and Kuma) 75
miles north-west of Sierra Leone. They belong to Ilritain. ;
.y/ii-r-iV^-o /j/,i«7, 40 miles south-east of Sierra L .iic. Length, 40 miles ; breadth, ro miles. It '
produces rice and fruit. The climate is unhealdiy. . It belongs to Uritain. 1
Fcrnar.d^ Pi,. ,"ri»,:'\i !,l„„.l, S/. T!„.mns, at.fl Artnrih^n, in the Bight of Biafra. Ftrrnando ,
Po IS named after rernando G.imez, a Portuguese navigator, who discovered it in 1471. It is moun- i
lainons, fertile, densely wooded, and has an exceedingly iinheaUhy climate. Clarence Peak, a I
magnificent cone, rises to the height of 10. 190 feel. Clarence, an English settlement, on die north
coast, was founded in 1S27. The island belongs to Spain. Area, 800 square mil: s ; population. 1
about 30,000. Prince's Island and St. Thomas belong to Portuga'. They are fertile and flourisbhig.
I heir population is about 2 1.000. St. Tliomas is intersected by the equator. In its centre, the peak
of Santa Anna rises to the height of 7020 feet. Annabon belongs to Spain. Population, 3000.
AsttiitioH Itlaxd, cfn miles loulli-soutb-wetl of Cape Palmas. Tt belong! 10 Britain, It
WIS iliscnvered by the Portuguese on Ascension Day, in 1501. It is used KS. a victualling and
coaling station for Ahips. Its cxjiorts are turtle and birds' eggs. It is of volcanic origin, and has
a peak rising to the height of 1.^70 feel. Population, about 2o» ; area, 34 square miles. Capital,
Qaortatown.
81. Helena, 850 miles south-east of Ascension Island, 1200 miles from the nearest point of Africa
and 1800 miles from South America. It was discovered by the Portuguese on St. Helena's day in
1501. It WIS orciipled by die Iliiirb, who ceded it M the Kngl'sh in 1673. It is of volca.iic <.rigiii,
.and rises so prccipilously from the sea that the interior is .accessible from only four |ioiiits. The
highest point, Diana's Peak, lises to the height nf 27.W feet. The climate is mild and heilthy.
water is abundant, and the soil fertile. It is famous as the pUcc of .Napoleon's captivity from 1S15 till
his death in 1821. Length, 10 miles; breadth, 6 miles j area, 47 siiuarc miles; population, 6241.
Capital, James Town.
Tristan d'A.nnlia, the largest of three volcanic islets in the South Atlantic. Its surface is
mountaiiiQus ; one peak rises to the height of 8236 feet above the sea. The clher islands are
.\ightingalt and Inaictitiilr. They belong to Ilritain. Area, 45 square miles ; population 109.
BAOUAb -iWEB.
(1.) Capes.— Crt/.* Ohir, the u-miinntioii of t]io Atlas lange, and Cafe Nun, west of Marocco.
Cape nojador (Hound Cape), and Cape /i/anco (Whht Cape), so named from its white sandy
peaks, west ot ihe S.diara.
Cape Verde (r.recn C.\pf\ so named frcni the verdure of its baobab trees, the westernmost point
of Africa, and Ca/e /\oxo{Rei\ Cape), west nf Sencg.nnhia.
Cti/e /\t/i/ms, so named from its palm trees, at the commencement of the Gulf of Guinea, Cape
Three Points, and Cafe For tnnsa (Beautiful Cape), all south of Ujipcr Guinea.
Cape I.opx'2, at the south point of the Bigtit of liiafra, and Cape Xegro (Black Cape), both west
of I.mvcr Guinea.
Cape of Good Hope, south-west of Cape Colony. Discovered in the year i4?ft by Rartholomew
Diaz, who called it Cal'O /'ormett/oso (Hwrmy Cape), for which John III. of Portuj;al substituted
the name Cal'<f de Bon Esp^ranza (Cape of Good Hope) : doubled by Vasco de Gama, in t497.
Cape Ag;ji/hast or tUc Needles, the southerniost point of Africa.
(4.1 Gulfs and Bays.— /7«//"c/ Guinea, south of Upper Guinc.i, including Ibe Bight of Benin
between the Gold Goast and the mouths of the NJRer, and the Bight of Bia/ra from the mouths of
tiie Niger to Cape Lnpez.
.S^. Helena Bay, Tahle Bay, and Fahe Bay^ south-west of Cape Colony.
9 Physical Features of the Interior.
ft.) Mountains.— The mean elevation of Africa is 1600 feet. A mountain girdle extends, with
few breaks, round the edge of the continent, the intprior of which Is occupied by table lands.
((».! The Atlas System extends from Cape Ghir on the Atlantic to Gaiie Bon on the Mediter-
r.uu-an, and occupies an .irea of 500,000 stpiare miles. It consists of three parallel ranges. The
Little Atlas, the co-ast range of .Algeria, extei d-; from the River Sheliff tn the River Bougiah. It is
about 200 miles lun-, nnd is alwut 30 miles fnuM the coast. The Middle Alias extends from the
.Strait uf Gibraltar to the Gulf uf Tunis, and is fmni 15 to 45 miles inland. The 6'r<rt^,,^('/(Tj extends
from Cape Gliir to Cape Bon. It i.. the mttiest range, and contains the highest summit of the
System, Mount Miltsin, in MarcKco, 11,400 feet.
(^.) The North'Eastern Range extends from the Isthmus of Suez to Cape Guardafui. The
heights wliich skiit the coast of the Rod Sea as f.ir as Nubia attain an elevation oi 6000 feet. Tliey
unito with the Langeb IJilhs which run southward, and near .Massowah :oin the Mountains 0/
Aiyssiuia. The highest summits in Abyssinia are Ras Detchen, i5,o>i6 feet| and Abba Jarrat,
15.020 feet.
180
AFRICA.
I
(e,) rtie Soulh'Ciittrn Rang* extends (rnm Cape Guardafui tn the Cape of G<mkI Hope. It
containii, heiwtirn i ' .iml i S. I,.it., .yfount Krnia, ii*,ix*<) fret, aiul Ktlimi%ndjaro, Snowy Moun-
tain, %y\iif>s feet, (he liiKlienr ^iimniit in Africa. \\um Muunt Kfnt.i .1 ritlgc of )ii"l) Unci extendi
riortliwjid throu;;!! the G.illa Cuiintry to tlie MiPUDl.init o' Aby<i!titu.i. The S ieu% Mounttiins
encioK Like Ny.uiA on th; r.ist. llMwcen l..iUe Ny.iss.( ,itul L.)kf Shirwi, Afonnt /.amba nsc!! to
tlm h'-i^jht of 700a feel, .nul southwinl from L.»kc Shirw.t i» Mount Milanjt with ,111 elevation c (
8o>Ki feci. The QuathimlHi ur /'rii^y»/vr(- {iJr.igoi^a Muniit.iin), r.int;i-, luiii snuthw.irrt (loin the
Lunpopo Uivcr llutui^ili N.it.il, and then westward tlirouRli t.i|>c I'olony undtT (he n.in»:s of the
Snetiw lier^eH, Xifux-e/J, .iiiil Ki'xgrvrld MouiittiiHS. MiBhcst Minnnit, Cot»/ttts Berg or Spiti
AV/i r',i5i) feet, in llic S>it:iiw l>t;iK<-'n, the (.uiiiiiiiainix )iitiiit \A StJUlhern Afiita. ^oulh of [lie
Nieiiveldt are the ^itHtrtebfrgtn, or Itl.iik Mmnitain'*. ||ei)tlit, from fKnio to 7o<»o feit. The /.itn^c-
fifrg^fM, from JO to fo milct from the co.ist, extend ciMu.trd for iuo miles from Table Mount.iin
iiS^i feet), which is the hishest summit.
HUNTING TUB GORILLA. ""' '
((/.) The South-Western Range extends fiom Cape Colony to the HiKht of Riafra. It contains
Omatako Bert;, in the D.xmara Country, f73i>foet high. NiTlh of the Ogowe River, the chain iscallct!
the Sierra dtl Crystal. Height, from 500 to aooo feel. Farther north are the Cameroon Moun-
tains, near the Bight of Ili.ifra. Highest summit, Mount Albert, 13,000 feet.
Highcbt summit. Mount RfuntU.,
(^■) The Kong Mountains between Soudan and C>uii
3200 feet.
(/.I Along ihe northern edge of the Southern Plateau arc Mount Allantica.^ near the smirrcs
of the Chadda, i/ioo (eet, and ^fount Mindi/y south of Lake Tchad, (-ooo f:et.
{g^ The Blue Mountains west of Albert Nyanza. Height above the sea, 0500 feet, A ridge of
high mnnTit.iins extends between the Albert Nyanza and Tanganyika. Highebt summit, Mount
Mfumbiro, to.ooo f .et. The Rua Mountains are west of I.uapula and Lake Mocro. The Mountains
0/ Loktn^ii extend easi and west, to the ^ouih of Lake HangweuJo. The Maio^po Mountains,
between tlie Zanibeii and the Limpopo rivers, attain an elevation of 7200 feet.
(2.) Plateaus.— A line drrwn from the Might of Biafra to the Culf of Aden divides Africa into a
northern and a southern Plateau.
(.4.) The Northern Plateau is oval-s!iaped. Its greatest length i*- fmm wf-^t to ea«t. Heigbi.
abont 2000 feet. It comitriscs several suhdixi^iiiTif.
nil: Ll.-uH UK THt UesERT.
(a.'t The Sahara nr Great Desert extends from the Atlantic on the west to Esypt on the east,
and from the Barbaiy Slates on the north to Soudun on the south, Its leni;th from east to west is
about asoo miles ; its breadth from north to south varies from 1000 tn 1200 miles. Its mean height i^
1300 (eel. In uinw parti tite surface i» low and lUi, ami in othcn in characteriicd by tabit land* and
hilU. The eaalcrn p.ut of ihc S.ihara it called ilu- /ifiyan Deirrt m the iioiihern )>drt \\ wliich a
rcmark.ible drprc^t^ion, fton) kmj |o iju fiel below the level 1 f the M< thu-rranear, t xtrnds -outh of
Itarc.i, fiom the (i-ilf of si. Ira towards Egypt. Ihe P/atta'i 0/ .\,r or ,-(**.«, noith-weM ui Lakt
Tihad, ha« an clevaii' n of fruni 40UO to 5000 feet.
<■( the Noiitt«rn t'laiciu. It
"untrn* it ii f cm atmu to juoc
(4.> The Plataiu Ol Barbary formi Uie north-weMem pnrtin
atrctchc'* through M.u..eL.'. Alytria, and Tunis. In the tv>o lattr
f-et high. The /V.*/,'.i« ,\f Ihtr^a Ilea cast of the (inlf of .Sidra.
(■.) The PlaUau of Nigrilia, m the ». uth 1 f the Northern I'taie.in, is .d)out oiu-f. urih of tlic m«.»
of the Saliara, and h.i^ .ui < lev.ilioii of from kkxi |.. v»»j feci. Uut the ba»in 1 f Lake Tchad is only
M30 feet above sea level.
(,/.> The Plataau Cl AjySSlnia i» wcdge-slupcd. A p'ain about thirty nulei wide separ.Uei it
fiiim the Red S*;a on \\\.'. nortli-i.ist. It rise-. priii|.iioUHly fioni ihiti phun |o the lu ii;lii *i «<h«i i r <;<>oo
fjel, and s'opes gradu:iry towards ihe Nile. Its Iini>Hun the anutll are undcfnied, but it i> known lo
extend lliriiugli the i\M' .\ (niir.li v as far as the etpiatnr.
ill) The Southern Plalea'J l^ of triangul.ir slui>c, with its qrcatcst k-ii-th fr<.ni north to
suuIIk Height, from .pjo t 1 , "lOo feet. It c )in|)risps scvcr.il divisiuns,
{a.) A plateau north and west if Lake Ny.isha, and between it and Lake Tanganyik.i, has an eleva-
tion of from .vkx) to (--M-i f.it.
\b.) The Kalahari Desert ^ Men<l,s from lake Ng.uni lo the Orange River. It is destitute of
rivers, and has few sprm^;-.. Length, 'kxj miles ; breadth, 500 niile-> ; heiijiit above the sea, i'voo feet.
(c.) The Great Karro) hei bjtvvi;cn the NicuveUI and the parallel range <.f the Zw..rtcbergen.
I Hiring the dry season il i . A desert. It extends from east to west lor 41x1 miles, and lias an average
bieadth ul 50 miles. Its elevation above the sea is 3000 feet.
ui-) The Plateau of Kannaland lies between the /wanebergen and th'> Langebcrgen. Il contains
some well-wateieil and fertile traits. Height, (<wt Il-lI.
Not E.— The steep passes which lonnect these K.irroo-, are t.ilied elunf'..
ti ) The Rlvari maybe arrange! as follows: -./.) The Mediterranean System; ^B.) Tho Ind'an
System ; (C) The All latic Proper 3/3!em ; and (/). . The Continental System.
(A.) The Mediterranean SyMern.
...t^'^
jii'"'*
,^'
,v*
«"
CAIRO
Suez w
DRI TA clF THR Ml.n.
Principal Slver— The Nile, nne of the ijrcatost rivers in tin- world, ri5c^ in 5'' i ;' >. L,\t.,
and under the name of the Slihiicryii Khrr flows liiirthward for ;oo miles, and enters Spcke
• '■iilf in tlic Victoria \van?a. As the Smm'net AVtvt, it issues from tlie A'ictoria Nyanza (3^08
feet alx)vc the sea) hy the Kipon l-'alis, wliirli are ^oo feet wide and 12 fe^t deep, flows north,
forming the Karunia Falls, then, turning west and plunging over the Murchison Falls in a
sheer descent of 120 feet, i* enters the Albert Nyan/a (2720 feet above the seat, near its
northern extremity. Leaving the .\lbcrt Nyanza, the Nile flows northward for Sod miles to the
confluence of the Bahr el Chazal. Mere it is called the Bit/:r cl AbiiuU or White Kivcr. It
turns eastward to the confluence of the Sobat, and then resumes its n< rtherly course to the
confluence of the Bolir cl Aznlc^or Hlue Kiver. It then flows north-eastcilv. and. after making
a great bend to the south-west, again resumes its northerly course to the Meiliterranean. Length,
4000 miles ; area of basin, 52o,cco square miles. Its principal tributary in the left Ijank i.s the
Bahr ft Gliazcl, or Jiir. Us principal tributaries on the right liiuk are tlie Asiui, tlie (/';;. ///V,
Ihe Pn/ir cl Azrcl-. and the All urn. The Bitlir el Aziri'. nr Iiliic Nile, is fornieil by two
streams, the Afitri, from Lake Dcnibea, and the Dcdhesa. It joins the Nile at Kliaitoi.m. 1
is this river which, in the rainy season, causey the annual overflow of the Nile. The .Ul-nm,
nr nlack River, with its tributary, the Setlcic, or Tncazz^, from Central Abyssinia, joins
:\\? Nile at Berber. Hevmid thi-. in it* course of i:.-.o miles to the sra, tli.' Nil.:- r.crives no
tributary. Near Cairn, about 00 miles from the sea. the Nile ihvides into two main arms, the
western or the Rnsetta. and the eastern or the Damietta, so calif d after the towns at their
mouths. The rich country enclosed by these arms is called the Delta of the Nile, and extends
along the coast for S5 miles It occupies an area of abnut 11000 square miles. The Nile begins
to rise in .^pril and to subside in November. The average height of the flood is 2^ feet.
■^■^^^^i^v^^va^*
AFRICA.
131
n
Minor Rlxra.— (»') The MmIumIi Itrnn norlh-tail Ihrough Maruccn, and endi at the Qull n(
Nfsliiatt Lt^iigtti, J50 mites.
(* ) The Slitiiff flowj throiiijh I-iUe Tilteri, and, after a north and north-went course
thruiijh Alijeria, enters the Meditcrr.inean at Mottaganum. Length, ^in miles; area of basin,
15,70a !i(|iiare miles.
(..) The McJjiriln rise* in the (ireat Atlas, flows nurtli-east throui?h I'lmis, and ends in
the C'liilf of Tunis. Length, aoo miles.
\li.\ Tk* Irilian SjdMi.
PriMlyil m»ir.— Ilia ZlMbnl issues from Lake Uilolo (47^0 feet above the sea), and under
the \\.m\.- iif Ihc Lnl;i tliiws snutliward, rcceivini; the Lenmt'yc and the Clwlif. Forty nulps
iMst of Its cuntlucnco with the Chiilic, it forms the Victoria Falls, which arc 1000 yards wide
and 100 feet high. It then flows northeast to its conHucncc with the Knfiie, and then e.l5t to
Us junction with the l.Miiguit. From this jMint, it flows south-east to its confluence with the
.S/iirc, and (inally rnlrrs the ocean by several mouths which form a delta occupying an area of
jo,ooo sqii.ue miles. Length, i^jo miles; area of basin, 570,000 scjuarc miles.
Ila principal tributary on the right bank is the CAtf^, from the south-west.
Ill principal triliularies on the left bank are the I.tnml'yt. from the north-east ; the Ka/ui ; the
J.0<tHj^vtt, from the north ; and the Shirf, which tirains Lake Nyas.sa, also from the north.
Minor Rivorl. — (<i.) The It'ttb* or Ihnnti .lacs in tile south of Abyssinia, flows southward through
the Somali (xuiilry, and emU in n lake near the coast.
(b.) The 7«/., llie l.ir|je.,t river of ilic cast co.ist north of tlie ec|uator, rises in the Oalla Country,
and enters ihu sea at Julia, on the equator.
(r.) The Rufiji or I.iiftji, reported 10 issue from a lake in ihe country of the Unyainuesi under (he
name ol the Kimha, flows eastward and enters the sea by numerous mouths opposite the island of
.Moiiha.
(,/.) llie Kavuma rises to the east of Lake Ny.issj, flows eastward, and enters the sea near Cape
l>i;lgado.
(e.) The Limfofa rises in the Drakenberg Mountains, curves round Transvaal, and flows into
t>elagoa ttay.
(C.) Tha Atlantic Proper Syitim.
(ir.) The Orange or Garlep, the largest river of South Africa, is formed by two streams, the
Nil ( lllack) r;,/w/ and the A> i Yellow) Carief or Vaal, which rise on the west slope of the
Drakcnberq Mountains and encircle Ihc Oranjc Uivcr Kcpi:blic. It flows in a general westerly
course, with many windings, between C.ipc Colony and the Country of the Hottentots, and
enters Ihe Atlantic in 28" 30' .S. Lat. Midw.iy between the sea and the confluence of the two
head streams there is a great fall, 150 feet in height. The mouth of the river is closed by .t
sandlar. Length, i;oo miles.
Uegarding the Nii Claricp as the m.iin stream, the principal tributaries on the right bank
are the A> fJiic /f/, from the Drakenberg Mountains ; the Mnlofo and iVi«o*,from the Kalahari
region ; and the Grmt Fisli River, from Great NanuKjiia Land.
The pnnci|)al tributaries on the left bank are the Onsar, and the Zai or Hdrtcbeest, with
itsafllueiit, Olifunl's I'Ui.
(*.) The Congo or Zaire rises, under the name of the C/jnm&sf, about 33° E. Long., .ind
flows to Lake Itangwcolo or licniba (jfiSS feet alxive the sea), which it enteri on the east side.
Issuing from the west side of the lake, it flows north to L.ike Mocro under the name of Ihe
Lilapuliu Leaving Lake Mocro as llic Liiitva or Lunlalnx, it bursts through the Mountains
of Una, .ind continues its northerly course to Lake Lanji, Ulenga, or Kaniolondo, whence it
flows north by west to Nyangwc (40 i6'.S. Lat., 26" tj' E. Long.), which is nearly equidistant
from the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. Here, it is 1400 yards wide, and has an altitude
of 1400 feet above the sea. The volume of water which passes Nyangwc is iij.ooo cubic
Icet per second in Ihe dry season. From Nyangwe, it continues its northerly course to two
degices north of the equator. Its direction is then south-west to the Atl.anlic, which it enters
m aljout 6° S. Lat. In his exploration of the river from Nyangwe, Stanley encountered fifty-
seven cataracts, falls, and rapids. lictween the Kwanza and the great Vcllala Rapids, which
are no miles from the coast, a long series o( thirty (alls and rapids extend over iSomil-s; but
between 26" and 17^ V. Long., the river has an uninterrupted course of 700 miles, .ind receives
many large tributaries. It enters tlic .«a by an estuary to miles wide. The dcplli of the
Congo .at its mouth is 1000 feet. Its volume of water is second only to that of (he .-Xmazon,
and has b^cn roughly estimated at 2,000,000 cubic feet per second. Between .syangwc
and the Ocean, the Congo has a course of iSoo miles. Its total length is upwards of 3500 miles,
and the area of its basin is aljout S6o,ooo square miles.
Stanley proiwscs to name the river the Livingstone, in honor of the noble Missionary
explorer, who died on the shores of Lake licmba.
Tributaries.— It receives on the left b.ank. between L.lkcs Moero and Lanji, the Kamorondo ax
l.u.it.thi piopcr, which flowsthrougli Lake Loheniba and Lake Kassali or Kikonja (1750 leet above
Ihe sea) , the Lomnm\\\\\c\\ drams Lake Ikl, Chcbuso. or Lincoln ; the Kassabf, which enters Lake
Sankorra, an expansion of the main stream ; and Ihc Kmiiiga.
It receives on Ihe riglit from the iiorlhward the Lilwa, the LiuM, the Loiva, which is jooo yards
wide at the confluence, and the A riimimi, conjectured to be the Welle (>).
(c.) The Ogowe is formed by two streams, the A/aiigi and the Alandu, about iSo miles
from Cape Lopez, Its delta begins 30 miles inland, and the two most important channels
discharge their waters to the north and south of Cape Lopez. The sources of the river are
unknown, but one feeder is ronjccturrd to flew from a great lake leporlcd lo lie to ihc north-
west of the Albert Nyanza.
(rf.) The Niger, Jollba, or Quorra, rises in the northern slope of the Kong Mountains, at an
elevation of i6do feet .above the sea. Flowing north-east, it expands below Jenneh into the
Lake of Dcbo. Before rcicblng the limit of its north-east course, .t divides into two branches
which enclose the island of Jimballa, 220 miles in length. In approaching Timbuctoo, it aga
separates into two branches forming another ri»er-island, in which is situated Kabara, the port
of Timbiicl.H) (170 40' N. Lat.) It then flows east to the flrst meridian, then south-east to
the confluence of the Chadda or Bcniie, then louth to the Hight of Benin. Its twenty-two
mouths form a delta larger than that of the Nile. It is a region of swamps, jungles, and
forests. The largest channel is the Nun. Length, jooo miles.
Its principal tributaries, which it receives on tb* left bank, are the .SV>*»r» and the Ckeuldii or
BeHiie.
Note.— The name Siger is an imitation of the native name .Wefhirrttt : Jalil^, the name of
Ihe river above I'imbiKiuo, Mieans (ireat River ()n<>rr,i, the name of the river below Timbuctoo,
represents the native name .\'kinmrn.
('• ) The Bankia rises in the Tengiii Mountaina, flows westward, and empties into the Atlantic
about 13" N. Lat. by an estuary in some places 27 miles wide, but Ixitween Bird Island and
Cape St. Mary only 10 miles vdde. It is a valuable commercial highway. Length, looo miles.
(/.) The Senegal rises in Bambarra, flows north-west and enters the Atlantic about 16° N.
Lat., in the north of Senegambia. Its mouth is obstructed by a : andbar. It is navigable for
750 miles to the cataracts of I"cloo. Length, 1000 miles.
Minor Rivers.— {'t.) The /Jr,i,i, from the southern slope of the Atlas, is supposed lo enter the
Atlantic by the course of the .Vm« or El Akttt. south of C.ipe Nun. Length, 5«x> miles.
(/'.> The Rio Cr.iHift from Foolajallon flows west and enters Ihe Atlantic by an estuary 10 miles
wide, opiKistte the Bissagos Islands, Length, 400 miles.
(c.) The RokelU or Sierni I.eont River flows west and enters the Atlantic, by an estuary, at
Sierra Leone. Lengtfi, 350 miles.
(rf.) The Cmhzii or Kwanta, flows west Ihrough Angola, and enters Ihe Atlantic lo the south of
Loanda.
(c.) The Cniu»« rises in the Mossamba Mountains, and flows in a curving south-west course
tlirough Ilenguela to Ihe Allaiilic, whicli it enters between Cape Negro and Ca|ie Frio.
(/.) The Oli/niil or Ettfhitnl river, in Cape Colony, diains the western part of the Great Karroo
into the Atlantic.
(.n.) The Continental Syilem.
((«.) Basin of Lake Tchad.-i The IVon from ihe highlands if .Sokoto flows east, and enters the
lake mi the west side. 1. The .V/i,ir/, Hie largest influent, from the watershed between Soudan and
the Ilalir el Oliaiel, flows norlli-west and enters the lake, on llic south-east, by several mouths forming
a della. It i- 700 yards wide and i; feet deep, 100 miles from Us delta. In its course it separates
into nuny branches, and receives numerous tributaries.
it.) Basin ol LakeTanganilka.-i. The Rurl^, flows south from Kivo I.,ike, and enters Lake
Tanganyika at the nortliern end. 3. Tlie Liiknfa is on ,lic west side, hut whether it flows into or
out of Hie lake is not yet determined. 3. The I.^/„h,, and 4. The /.„>, enter il 011 the western side.
S. The .Mnlair.tr,, si, the largest known influent, from the highlands between Lake Tanganyika
and Victoria Nyanzi, cntels il on the eastern side near Ujiji.
(c.) Basin ol Lake Ngaml.- i. llic ra„iu or Emhtra flows south-east, and i, the Zmgi, west
to Lake Ngami. Both influents become effluents afler heavy rains. 3. The Oimmnfa or CMfi/ra
is supposed to rise in the east of Benguela. It is described as a great river in 18° S. Lat. Its course
is unknown.
(4.) Lakes. — The lakes m.iy be .irr.inged in four divisions.
(.4.) The Mediterranean Division.- In the basin of the Nile.
(".) Victoria Nyania, discovered by Spekc in 1S59, on a tableland under the equator, is
one of the largest frcsh-walcr lakes in the world, and forms the main reservoir of the White
Nile. Its shores arc deeply indented with bay.s, and have numerous long pcninsul.is. The
western shore is flat, but the southern and eastern arc Ixiiindcd by mounlains. The chief
influent is the Shimceyu. which enters Spekc Gulf after a course of 300 miles. Height aljovc
the sea, 3740 feet, or, accordin- to Speke, 3308 feet ; hngth, 230 miles; breadth, iSo miles ;
area, 30,000 scpiare miles
(*.) Albert Nyanza, discovered by Baker in 1S64, west of the Victoria Nyanza, is a
mountain lake. It receives the Somerset river from \'ictoria Nyanza, at M.lgtingo, about 30
miles from its northern extremity. The forest-clad Blue Mountains, 7000 feet high, form its
western shore The eastern side is bounded by a mountain range, from which rise many lofty
peaks, the liighest, Mount Mfumbiro, 10,000 feet Between Albert and Victoria Ny.inza is
Mount Gamlnraga, 13,000 feet high. Height of Albert Nyanza above the sea, 2720 feet. Its
area 15 much less than that of Victoria Nyanza
(c.) Lake Barmga, the reservoir ol the Asiia. a iributary of the Nile on the right bank above
Gondokoro.
(./.) L^tkc Deiiiiea or Tzana.'m Abyssini,a. is the reservoir of ihc Abai, branch of the Bahr el
Ajrek, or Blue Nile. Height above the sea, 6120 feet ; length, 53 miles ; breadth, 30 miles.
{B ) The Indian Ocean Division.— In the basin ol the Zambezi.
{a.) Lake Dilolo (11= ir' S. I.at.\ on the water parting between tributaries of the Congo and the
Zambejl. It is the source of the Leeba, the head stream of Ihc Zambezi. Height above die sea,
4740 feet.
(h.) Lake Nyassa (Lake of Stars), discovered by Livingstone in 1S59, the most southerly of
the great African lakes, is situated ,-n the eastern edge of the great Southern Plateau, 350
miles west of the Mozambique coast. Its waters arc fresh and of great depth. It is drained
by the Shiri to the Zambezi. Height above the sea, 1522 feet; length, 300 miles; average
breadth, 50 miles.
(C) The Atlantic Qivislcn.— :. in the basin of 4hc Congo.
(rr.) Lake Bnngnvcoh or Bemba^ north of the Mountains of Lokinga, and west of Lake
Nyassa, is an extensive marshy lake. It is oval shaped and has low spongy jhores. Its chief
influent is the Chambczc, the held stream of the Congo. Livingstone, who discovered he
lake, died on its southern shore, 1st May, 1S73. Height of Bangweolo above the sea, 36SS
feet ; length, 1 50 miles ; breadth, 40 miles.
ii
li
.1/wrA S(iulh-wes» of Lake Tangaiiyik.i, i? the rccfpucl,; „f the I.u.ipul.i, ih- emiicnl
Lake rtcmh.i. Ilcijihl .thove the se:t, 3000 fLet ; length, 50 miles.
U.) /.,!*,• /.niiji, t'/eiit;l, or Komvlondo, wist of Lake T.ing.inyik.i, receives the /.xt-Tm
J.uaitlti Umn I..ike Mriern. The river issues from its western cxlteiiiily .iiid (
Nyangwc. It has mi:iieriiiis islamls.
Inws north hy west to
11. Vegetation,
.^iitl ]i
th,
hi
(./.) Lake l.ohemlm, an.l it.) Lake Kmsa/i or Ki Koiij,, (1,-5,, feet .ihove the sea), are drained to
th^ l.naiaba l)y the Koniorondo or I.uaiaha proper.
(/.) /,«<■(■ Iki, Chelnif,',:, or Lincoln, is thainetl to ilie Loin.\ini,a trihiitary of the I.ualalja.
(a'.) Lnkf Sniikoyra i^ an expansion of the Congo.
2. In the basin of the Niger.— i«,iv /),■/», or lilaik I,.iki-, i
Jenneh. Il i-xlunil, for .iljoul 10 miles ficmi north to sninh.
an expansi
of the N'ij^cr below
'"^'"'•"•""''•frica,thechicfRr,-.insarewhc,it,clhoi,rra,andlxirley. Oranees
ml c,,.,,,, arc a >,„Kl.a,U. and the cotton plat,, is cltiva.cl. The tLve pain, is fonnd along
l>. 1.0, d., o, he .s,al,.ara, antl in ,.s oases. „„ ,■,.■ west coast, witlnn the tropics, the
u,e haobab,s fonnd I„ Mi.ldle Afnra, .he f .„„s are n,ai^e, rice, van,., ,an nas^
,.andioc, and ground nuts. . . 3, ■ oaoas,
(/5.) The Continental System.— i. In the Northern Plateau.
( ■) Lake TchaJ, in .-^midan, is a lar-c, sh.tllow, freshwater lake It has no outlet. Its
f.rii,cipal fecilei s arc the Veon and the .Kha,i. The latter has Iwcn con-.parcd to the Nile i„ its
vohi,l,e of wate,-. niirin? the rainy season Lake Tcl,arl inpndatcs the siirroiiliilm- coi,ntry.
I'wo-lhirds of its area are said to be occupied by islands. It is S50 feet above the level of
11,3 sea. Its (leinh dnrin;,' the dry season is from S to 15 feet ; Icnsth, 250 niiles ; breadtli, 1 50
(i.) Lake nitre, 100 miles east of Lake Tchad, has no
ontlet. It receives the Hatha.
(f.l L,tk,' Asm!, m the south-east of Abyssinia, is rcmarkaole for its great de,.,cssion, ,f,o feet
below the level of ihe Red .Se.,. '
2. In the Soutern Plateau.
(<'•) Lake Tanganyika, discovered by Dnrton in 1850, lies to the sonth-west of the Victoria
Nyanza. It is one ..f the most Iwaiitifnl inl.and se.as in the world. Its waters arc sweet, and
alxjnnd with fisl, in jreat variety. The .south eastern part is called /.,,/■<• Ocm/n. The liame
Tanq.inyika nieans the mixing place. Cameron found ninety-six rivers, besides torrents and
sprin-s, liuwins into the portion of it which he surveyed, so that the name is well disserved. It
l,.,s ,10 known outlet, th.ai'^h it seen,s prob.ible tliat tlie I.ukusa, on the north-west of the lake,
was fortncrly an effluent, and may become one a^ain, as the waters <if the lake are tl,oi,j;ht to
be rising. An ahnost continuous frinse of hills and i,iountains surround Ihe lake. Its depth
is l'l(<s feet ; hei',;l,t alMvc the sea, 27,0 feet : Icnslh, J50 miles ; breadth, from ;o to 60 miles •
area, 13,000 scptarc miles. " '
{/',) Lake Skifwi, south of Lake Nyassa
the sea, 2000 feet.
(<-.> Lake Xirtmr, qoi miles south-west of Lake Ny.issa. is shallow
above the sea, 2JS5 feel ; length, 50 utiles ; bre.idth from .S 10 iS ,n,les.
asnooutlet. Its waters are In.ackish Height abo
and has no onlkl. Height
to. Animals.— I.ions, leo-
pards, panthers, hyenas,
tackals, and foxes, are i,un,er-
ous. The 1,11, popotamus, the
Siraffe, the zeljra, the qua^sa.
the Rorilla, and the chin,-
panzee are peculiar to .\f;ica.
There are also the eleph.int,
the rhinoceius, the can,el, the
eland, the sprinj-bok, the
gnu, the Cape buffalo, the
warl-ho',', the tjuin.a pi;;,
tiiecocodile. and the python,
a large serpent allied to
the Iwa-constrictor of South
.America. Monkeys, Kalxions,
,,pes. and Ien,iirs, ab4,ui,d in
il,e fo,ests. The aye-aye is
lound only ii. Madasascai'.
An,in,;.; birds are the ostrich,
vulture, owl, falcon, parrot,
cuckoo, and the atiinea fowl.
There are also ^um-acacia,
elx,ny, and cotton-trees, the
blUtei-tree, and the coifce
plant.
12. Kllnerals. -/>.'« and
«//ir are found in .Vl^eria,
Abyssiitia, Souilan, west of
Lake Xy.issa, and in Cape
Colony. ai/,i is found in
Abyssn,ia, ii, Katanga, in the
rivers of the cential region,
and on the coasts of (itiinea
anti Mt,2antl)iqtie, SiAer is
found in M.trocco, Abyssinia,
and I'rna. Sa// is ijjtained
in many p.irts of the co-tin-
ent. Oni/ ,s found on the
Zambezi, in Moza,nbique-
anil in Madagascar. Dia-
moiii/s are found in firiqua-
land West.
13, Climate,— As n, ore than
three-fourths of Afric, he 111 the
torrid zone, the tliruate is hot
and dry. There are hut two
seasons, the dry and the rainy :
the latter occiu ring when the sun
,3 ne.irest the e.oth. The east
IS liable to Ihe M.inso.ius of the
Indian Oce.u,, Violent llurri
canes occur in the soiith-e.ist.
At the north, jiavching winds
blow fro,n the .Sahara.
THK OATR PAI.M.
t4. Inhabitants. -The peo]>lc in the north belong to the Melanochroic family,
S.d,ara Desert and Nubia, the native races belong to the Ncgrnid family. I
are the Kaffirs, llmtentot-. and llilshineli, all branches of the Negroid f.onijv
Chief Cities
3. Tunis,
Algiers (s.l.iwol, the capil.il, Cmslantine (jo.i
"1,
1 (■>,-,
tn (4l,ooni.
nominal dependency of Turkey, governeil by a Hev, lies cast of Algeria and
directly siaill, of the island of Sardinia. It isa long narrow strip, with a coast line running
east and south on the Mediterranean. It is a fertile country, and ]>iodiiccs fruits, drugs, dyes,
olives, and dates. Wheat, olive oil, barley, and Ksparto grass are the chief ex|H,rts,
t^ief Cities.— Tttnis {135, ooo\ 01 ,lie uoriliem coast, near ancient Carthage, is the caiiital. and
has an extensive trade with the iiiteii.u. Kair-.nin (s,r,,„nn\ about .sovenlv iinles south of Tnno,'wilh
a m.agnilicent mosque, is the holy city of Afric a.
4. Tripoli derives its name from the flreek /'//.V/r, lliree ei/n-.t. having been settled Ijy
Tyre. Sidon, and Aradus. it is a Turkish pachalic, and lies east of Tunis. Bantl, the ancient
I'eniapolis, a dependency to the cist, and Ihe fejian Oasis, a tribiilary to the south, arc
included in Ihe pichalic. The country bas a coast I nr ,,f a ih.iiisand miles, and its sml.ice is
divusHied by desert, iiiountain, anti fertile valley. 1 he duel products are dates, olives, salt,
sheep, and cattle ; and the chief articles of export are bullocks, wheat, barley, ivory, ostrich
fe.ithers, oil, I'.sparlo grass, pepper, madder, and wool,
ChicI Cities. -Tripoli (35,000), the capital, is to the west on the co.-.st. It has a large caravan
trade with Central Africa, eenf/iazi (ii,noo), a seaport, is the chief town 11, llarca.
Afmirzmik, in Fezinn, is the great stopping place for caravans going south and east.
South of the
n the southerly portion
/. AORTHEKA' AFRICA, OR TUI-: FOUR RARIiARV STATF.S.
1. MarOCCO.-Thc ancient .Mauritania, called by the Aiabs Mof;liiili nl Aan, the extreme
west, lies directly south of Spain, from which it is separated by the .-sli.ut of C.ibraltar The
Atlas Mountains run parallel to the ciMst, with spurs branching out towa'ds the sea , between
which arc fertile valleys watered by minierous streams. The government of Marocco is a
despotism. The sovereign is called a sultan. The empire consists of two kii,sdol„5, .Marocco
and Fez, and fimr provinces, Sus, Diaba, T.alilet, .and Segelmessa. The exporls are olive oil
morocco leather, hides, carpets, wool, indigo, salt, wax, and leeches.
Chief Cities, -■riure are three capitals : Pel (S,S,ooo), the principal, and the chief residence
of the Suli.ii, Marocco (ro,ooo). the old metropolis; and Mequinez (56,000), the summer
lesidence of the Sultan, Fez st.ands near the Sebu, 100 nnles inland, and is noted for its
leather, it is a holy city, containing .^oo niosipies ; and is the scat of a university. Marocco,
or Marakash, the lleautiful, stands near the Tensift, on the north side of a fertile plain which
slopes fi.im the Atlas range towards the sea. It is also noted for ,ts leather AUgmioin
on the .\llanlir. T,i„f;ur is t!ie chief seaport. Tcliian and Ciida belong to Spain,'
2. Algeria, a 1-r. nUi colony since lS;,n, lies northeast of Marocco, on the Mediterranean.
It is divided into three provinces, Oran in the west, Algiers in the middle, and Constantine in
the c.ist. It is intersected by the Atlas Mountains, with branches enclosing valleys sloping
toward the sea. Minerals are aliunda,it, especially iron, lead.and topper. The most important
export :s Ksparto grass, used for making paper ; the other principal exports are coral, sjiongcs,
\^,l^ s\,ns, and ostrich feathers.
i barley. Oranges
Im is found along
I the tropics, the
, yams, bananas,
NORTH-EASTERN AFRICA— EASTERN AFRICA.
133 I
//. NOIiTH-KASTF.RN- AFRICA.
VinW OF THK NILH.
1. Egypt.— This famous land occupiw tlic nortli-castorn corner of Africa, tliroiiRli which
flows the colcbratccl Kivcr Nile. It is noted for its antiquity, its famous River Nile, its pottery
manufactures, its celebrated pyranrids.and as having been the place of honthv^e of lli'e Israelites
Tlie Nile, enclosed by a double ran^e of mountainous hills, enters the Mediterranean by two
principal streams, which for.n a delta. The pyranvds and other remains of ancient art which
arc found in K-ypt, with the munen.us groves of palm trees, give a peculiarity to the scenery
The annual inundation of the Nilegives great fertility to the .soil. The govcrn.nent of F-ypt
IS an absolute hereditary monarchy. The Khed.ve, or sovereign, owes a nominal subjection to
the Sultan of Turkey, but he is virtually independent. Egypt now extends from the Meditcr-
ranean to the Ecpiator, and end)races E^ypt proper, Nubia, Kordofan, D.irfnr, and the valley
"f the Nile as far .as the I..ake Victoria Nyanza.
The chief products arc cotton, rice, wheat, millet, melons, dates, gourds, su-ar-rane and
hemp. The lotus and papyrus are still found in the Nile. Crocodiles abound in tlic river!
Chief Cities.— Ca;ro(i5o,<)ooi, 115
• miles frnm the sea, the largest cily in
Afrie.i, is the capit.il. A/cxaiitlria
U'2,uon\ nn the west corner of ihe
Delia, was founded by Alexander
thetireal, ii.e. .132. Ii is (he chief
comnvrcial eily, ami principal .sea-
port ,.f ICgypt. K,is,'t/,t, on Ihe «esl-
ern arm of the Nile, tarries vn
in.Tiuifactures. D<ttiuVltn, on the
eastern arm of Ihe Nile, is tlie
sei nuil inincip.il purl. 1 limily, a cot-
Inn niaiuifaeluring term, is named
from it. .V;,,-.-, at Ihe h.-.i,l of xW-
Red Sea, is Ihe southern terniiiuis of
the Sue/. Canal. It has a large transit
trade.
2. Nubia lies south of Egypt
proper. It extends along the Ked
.''ca to.Annesley Hay (15" .\. I.at.1
I'p the Nile it extends to the
conlluencc of the .'<.ibat, including
the formerly jiowerfnl Kingdom
of Sennaar between the Illue and
the White Nile. Along these
rivers the soil is fertile, but the
interior is rocky and desert. 'Ihe
climate is intensely hot and dry.
The products are dhourra, coffee,
indigo, senna, dates, and eljony
trees. Tropical animals are mnn-
erous. Nubia has been .subject to
Egypt since its conepicst by Ibra-
him Pasha, in iS:>i.
^S
srra.a 1 11 \rnM, ro a Mos.^trj? tv CAlKo.
Chief Cities. - Kharloom t35i"no>, the capital, near the juneiiou of ihr While ami llhie Nilcs, is a
llinirisliing commercial cily. .<S,;iii,i,tr, m\ the Illue Nile, manut.icliires leather and arms. S/iemh,
on the Nile, is a caravan st.Mion. .W.-i. />,„,,{,:/„, the chief place in Middle Nubia, has considerable
iradi-, and is a militaiy de|iul. S„.Ui„, ..n the Kvd Sea. is ,1 p.nl of .lejiarlure f.n- pilgrims lor .Mecca,
.l/.MK'.-e,!*, another Red Sea pnn. has been taken from Abyssinia.
3. Kordolan, on thcsoutb-vvst of Nubia, is bounded on the east by the White Nile. Itw.is
formerlv a dependency of Nubia, but has been subject to Egypt since 1S30. It is mounl.linons
in Ihe soiitli, and flat in the centr.al and northern p.irts.
El-Obelll, the capital, is nn impomnit caravan station.
4. Egyptian Souilan consists of Darfur and Wadai. Darlur, which lies to the west of Kordofan,
w^s annexed to Egypt in 1,874. The inliabitants, who numl.er alwut ',,500,000, are a mixture
ot Arabs and Negroes; tliey speak an Ar.lLic dialect and .are Mohammedan in religion. A
considerable carav.in trade is carried on, principally with Egypt. Kobbe, the capit.-l, stands on
a tributary of the Ilahr-el-Jur. Tm,M/y is an important town.
Watlal, which is a continuation of the western slopes of Darfur, acknowledged the suzerainty
of I'.gypt in i,S;5, but is governed by its own Sultan. Wara, the capital, is in the north-east.
5. Abyssinia is one of the most ancient monarchies in the world, and until modern times
was govTUed by an absolute monarch. It is now a kingdom, the principal provinces of whicli
.ire 1 igre and Amhara. The name Aliyssinia is derived from the Arabic word llabesh, which
signihes mixture or confusion. It lies between 9" 30' and if 40' N. I.nt., .and 35'- and 40"
30' E Long., having north and north-west, Nubia; east, Adal ; south-east a.ad south', Shoa
.and the country of the (iallas ; and west, the regions of the Upper Nile. The foreign trade of
.\ byssima is carried on entirely through Massowah. Its principal imports are lead, tin, coiiper,
silk, gunpowder, glassware, Persian carpets, and colored cloths. The chief exports are -old
ivory, musk, coffee, butter, honey, and wax. The trade and manufactures of Abyssinia" are
insigmhcant, the people being chiefly engaged in agricultural and pastoral pursuits The
prevailing religion of Abyssinia is a corrupt form of Christianity; but there are also many
Mohammedans .and Jews scattered through the country.
.di,",', •='"".--«°"'!"','l"^ '•'Pil.1'. h llie residence of ilie patriarch „1 ,l,o Abyssinian church ;
Allowa. llie capital ot TigrJ, is llie largest town in Abyssinia.
6. Shoa lies south-east of Abyssinia, occupying tlie crown of the watei-partin" tetween the
head waters of the Ilawash and tributaries of tlie lilue Nile. It was formerly a province of
Abyssinia, but gained its independence in 1S6S. flnkobar, the capital of Shoa, is situated S200
feet above the sea.
7. Allal lies between the Abyssinian highland and the sea ; its shores extending from
Annesley Ihay on the Ked Sea, to the Hay of Tejura, the west point of die Culf of Aden It
IS a sterile region. The salt lake Assal lies 25 miles south-west of the fiulf ol Tejura It is
eight miles in length, by four miles in breadth, and is 570 feet below the level of the sea In
many places its shores are covered witli a crust of salt six inches thick. The inhabitants
.are .a nomad race, called Hanakil Adal is claimed by Egypt. Aussa, the capital, is on
the .awash Kivei. lln the coa.,. of Ada,, France claims Z.«/.V,, „„ Annesley Bay, 0„<f„.
and Ooo/j. •/ Jt >
///. EASTERN AFRICA.
Eastern Africa e.xtenrls from the Gu'f of .Aden at the north, to Delagoa Bay at the south
It IS bounded on the north, by Abyssinia, Adal, an,l the (iiilfof Aden; on the east, by the
Indian ( ce.an ; on the soutli, by Zulu Land ; and on the west, by Transvaal, the Zambezi Region,
and the Lake Region. Its coast line measures upwards of 3500 miles ; Ihe breadth varies from
roo nil es m the north to .00 miles m the south; approximate area, ,.300,000 square miles
I he following are tne ]irincipal divisions :
t. Galla Country is a vast region stretching from Abyssinia southward to the equator, and
inchiding Kaffa ah.ve the River ( ;.„ljeb. It is an elevateil region from 4000 to Sooo feet ab,ive
tlie sea. 1 he mountains are clothed with wood and the plains with grass. The country is
well watered, and the climate is mild. The chief products .,re wheat, barley, and maize The
people arc fierce savages, eating raw flesh.
3. Harar lies south of Atlal. it is an inland kingdom, watered bv the head streams of the
Webbe or llaincs River. The country is remark.ably fertile. The natives are industrious
Egypt claims sovereignty over Harar. The principal exports are slaves and coffee.
Chief Placea.--Harar, the capital, is near the Wehbe River. The ports are y.,y,a, and lierl-,r„h,
on the C.uit of .Aden ; the latter is noted font, great fair, which lasts from October to April, and i,
visiled by torn, la.o,., to .o,„k, pt.,-s„„s fn.m ihe adj.acent cnmtrie, of Africa and Western Asia, and
to vvlmh coffee, grains, ghee, ostrllch feathers, gums, hides, gold dust, catHe, ivorv, and sl.ives, are
»"!, oTas'i """""' "' ■'^'"'"''' ' ""' '■"""' ''"'"" '"'"-S""''"' ™''"". ">-■-. «■■■;•. from Arabia and other
3. Somali Country, in the eastern peninsula, extends from the Egyptian station at llerberah
round Cape (iiianlafui to the River Julib. This region is noted for odorifermis gums The
coast country from Cape (inardafui to 3" S. l.at., seldom visited, is called Ajan, south of which
IS Mukdeesha. MagMloxx is the principal town between Cape (Inardafui and the lubb-
Kiiitnr is the chief inland town. '
4. Zanguebar extends from the momli of the Jubb to Cape 1 )elgado. The coast is low and
unlualthy. In the west there are in.iuntain ranges wliidi culminate in Kenia and Kilimandjaro.
Irade is extensively carried cm with (Ireat llrilain and other countries. The climate is hot and
unhealthy. The chief exports are ivory, gum, cloves, and copal. Zanguebar is governed by a
Sultan.
Chlel Places.-Zanzibar or Shanganny (s.v)oo\ on the popuh.us island of Zaiuibar, is the
eapil.d of the Sultan's dominions. Melmd,,, .\hml;,s,t. Il„s'„itm,; and (',„7tf„, are other in'niorl.ini
jilaces.
5. Moiamblque, including Quilimane, extends from Cape Delg.ado to the Zamliezi • ami
6. Solala, imhiMing Inliainbane. from that river to Dclagna liay. These countries ijelon," 10
Portug.al, and extend inlantl from 100 to 200 miles. On the Zambezi, the authority" of
Portugal extends to T,-le at the confluence of the I.oangwa, a distance of 400 miles. The
surface is low on the coast and mountainous in the interior. The iirincipal products are wheat,
maize, rice, sugar, and coffee. The chief exports arc ivory, gold dust, and slaves.
Chief Places. -Moiamblque, the capital, on a coral island near the coast. Quilinmtie, on the
coast, is very uiilieahhy. ,S>m and rui, on the Zambeii. SoMa and rH/lnrnhnne on the coast.
SOUTflERN AFRICA.
v\
IV SOUTHERN AFRICA.
Southern Africa is bounded on the north by
Ovanipi), Makololo, Mashapattanic, Matabt-li, Ma-
kalaka, and Sofala; on the east and south by the
Indian Ocean ; and nn the west by the Atlantic
It includes the British Colonies, Capo Colony and
Natal ; also the Orange River Free State, Zulu
I-and, licchuana Land (including Ilamangwato), the
Kalahari Desert, Naniaqua Land, and Daniara
Land. Cape Colony consists of Cape Colony I'rup-
cr, iJritish KafTraria, liasuto Land, the Transkci
Territory, (iriqua Land West, and the Transvaal.
The areas and populations of these distiicts are
given m the following table.
CAPE COLONY AND NATAL.
Nauks.
Date of
Ini'or-
P(ir«-
ni)ii.
"sa^
PopuUtion.
1. 0.11)0 Oolonv TroptM'.
2. lintiuli KiilTriuiii
3 Diisuto LamI
4. 'rmiisUci 'rcnitorv
5 (it'ii|ii;i Land Wefit.
(i. 'I'nuisvaal
1H71
IH7.T
l»7(i
1877
liK>,487
3,4(i;!
l'.>,45l!
U'.MW
6,34,783
8ti,;;oi
128,17(i
'.'.'■i4„')no
4.'i.U77
;iiD,(,()o
Totil Caiie Colony
7._Katal
351,4m
18,7.';0
I,4(i3,!l37
;!55,B00
1. Cape Colony Proper is bounded on the north
by the Oiansc Kivcr , on tlie west by the Atlantic
and on the south-east by the Indian Ocean.
The coast, about ijoo miles in Icni^th, is not
bold, but cciusists of a scries of headlands, the prin-
cipal of which is the Cape itself. The interior is
varied by a series of plains and mount.vn ranges
risiiis one above tlie other. On the oilur side of
these ranges, llie country asain inclines toward the
Orange River. The Olifants is the only other river
of importance; both fall into the Atlantic. The
climate is variable ; hot south-east winds sometimes
prevail. There is but little rain. Wheat is exten-
sively cultivated. Of the native plants, the heaths
anil the silver-tree are the most nuinerous. A
prickly vegetation (aloes, etc.), called the liiish, pre-
vails in the eastern part. The Cape buffalo is a
native of this [i.irt of .-Vfrica. The chief exports are
wool, copper, horses, sheep, ivory, wine, and ostrich
feathers. The peaceful Hottentots and the intel-
li;;ont Kafbis arc the two great native races. These
are tlivulid into ten or twelve different tribes , the
remainin;.; population is chiefly Dutch and liritish.
The colony is usually divided into cistern and
western provinces.
Chlel Cities.— Capetown (45,000), the capital, be.
twocii 'lahle li.ly and Table Mount, is a place of great
trade. Gfnh(tm*s 'r,J7v/i, is the chief town nf the east-
ern province. I'i'yl F.lh,ih.ii (i.l,o<)<>) is ihe principal
port next .ifler ('.ipelnwn.
2. Brillsli Kaflrarla hcs between Cape Colony
Proper and the Kiver Kci. The -ountrs' is healthy,
well timbeied, and fertile. Willlamitown is the
capital.
3 Baiuto Land lies ai the headwaters cif the Orange Kiver, south-west of Natal. It wab
])rocl.iinie<l Miitish tr-riitory in iHOS, and annexed to Capo Colony tn 1.S71.
4. The Tranikel Territory (sometimes called Griqua I.and Kast), lies Iietween liritish
K.iffr.itia .iii't Natal. Though fonn.illy annexed by tJreat IJrit.iiu in iS;5, it was not taken
posscssinii it (ill i.S;,s. The principal towns arc MorUy, Palmcr^ton^ and Buttcnvorth.
8. Criqua Land Weil lies to the north of the Orange Kiver. It is ■•> good grazing country.
Lead, irnn, and mal have been found. Its wc.illh lonsisis in its valuable diamond fields. It
was prncl. limed a liritish Colony in iiS;6, Griqua Town is the capital.
0. Transvaal (llcyond the \'anl) lies b.-tween the Vaal and the Limpopo. It is scpar.ited
I. (1111 .'sdf.ila .ind /ulii Land by the I.tiboinbo Mountains. It has a fine climate, is well watered,
and Iriiin its fertility has been called the gr.-'nary of Smilh .\frica It h.is rich gold diggings.
Ivory i-i the chief export. It was proclaimed liritish territory in 187;. Pretoria is the capital.
/V/.«t tiofstrom^ on a tributary of the Vaal, is the largest town.
7. hiatal lies to Ihe iioilh : Uie Ti.uiskei Tiiiiloiy The surHice is uiidulatnig and well
watered. The tlim.ite is healthy, and the soil lertilc. The chief products arc cotton, indigo,
sugar, coffee, and tobacco. Superior coal has been found in the interior, building stone isfnund
all nvci lis siirl.ue; and iron ore is abundant Natal was made a separate Colony in 1S56.
Plelerniarlllburg 17,000) the capital, Is connected with Cape Town by railway D' Urban
i
w
immm
!!l^iff^i„^^5^~^^^'''"^^^ ^v^^7-//^ye.v^/Avc.i-c'^.vrye^z soutnurn .ii^i^^:
135
d'urban,
I^DEPEA'DEXT STATES.
River ^ui""??^^ ^7 ^, f , ""/'°^"-"^' "' ^ape Colony Proper, ;,nd extends fro„, the
ooo f 1 .;' "•^''■f'-"''=^' »'<"•"'■•>!-. The surface is u„ undulating plain,
5000 feet above t!,e sea. Bloemlonteln, the capital, has a good wool market
2 Zulu Land extends from Natal .0 the Portuguese possessions. The country is flat and
marshy along he coast, but w,ld and nrountainous in the interior. The inhabitants are a trib
of kanirs. f here arc no regularly built towns.
3 Bechuana Land lies north of Capo Colony, and between Namaqua Land and Damara
I.a d on the west, and the I ransvaal on the cast. The lower portion of the river Chobe lies
or, the northern bound.,ry. The peo,,le have attained a n.oderate degree of civilization ; tbev
mhab.t large towns and cultivate the soil. Kuru„,„„ or Lalak,, is the chief town. BamangwatO
the pnnc.pal country of the Bechuanas, extends from the rive. Chobe, on the north to the
Iropicof Capr,corn,on the south, and fron> th.. Kalahari Desert, on the west, to Matabcle
Makabka, and. hoi ransvaal, on the east. Shoshong (,o,coo) is thecapital. The great Kalahari
Desert, west of IL'thuana Land, has an area of ,)ooo square miles.
4. Namaqua Land lies on the west coast of Africa, between Ca|,e Colonv and IJamara
Land. .Area, al;out 100,000 square miles; population, about 17,000.
6. Oamara Land extends northward from .Namaqua Land to Ovampo. The area is nearlv
the same as that of Namaqua Land ; population, about ...,000. It abounds in copper of which
the natives make rings. These two countries, though at present independent, are comin^
under British influence, aiul will [irobably forn, part of Cape Colony at no distant date The
Damaras and Namaquas are Hottentot tribes.
V. WESTERN AFRICA.
Western Africa extends from the Senegal to Oamara Land. The surface alon^ the coast
IS fiat and low. In the interior there are mountain ranges. The climate is inLselv hot
and humid, and unhealthy for white people. Western Africa co.nprises Senegambia Unner
Guinea, and Lower Guinea. ' '^^
1. Senegambia extends from the .Senegal to Sherboro Island, and from the sea inland about
300 miles. It is well watere.l, and the soil is fertile. The rainy season alternates with the
llarmattan, a hot, dry wind from the desert. The climate is unhealthy. It is named after its
two principal rivers, the Senegal and the fiambia, and is divided into Native, British French I
and Portuguese Senegambia. ' '
(.1.) Native Senegambia is peopled by tribes belonging to the negro race, \-\r.: the Foolahs
in the north, the laloofs in the centre, and the Mandigoes in the south.
(.''.) Br.tish Senegambia comprises Sierr,, Ume and the Gambia Rhtr Scltlemenls.
Sierra Leone (Lion Mountain) is a peninsula at the mouth of the Rokelle or .Sierra I eone
River. The interior is rocky, but the soil is fertile. The climate is so unbealthv that Sierra
Lconc has been called the white man's grave. Chief exports ; timber, bides, cotton p dm oil'
grouiul nuts, and gums. In ^■;f.^ Sierra Leone was made a free colonv for liberated -'aves'
The settlement includes the lues de Los and Sl„yl,m hlanJ. Free Town is the capital'
The Gambia RiV3r Settlements lie north-west of Sierra Leone and include four settlements
Bath;, si, Cnnh, lla,,.,, .and .1/, Carlln's A/„m.',and several forts or stations on theCambia'
I he exports are ground nuts, hides, .and was. Bathurst, the capital, on .St, Marv's Island cuii'
mands the trade of the (Jainhia. '
(. .) French Slinugambia include, selllcmeuts at .SV, /.„„,.,, „„ Senegal Island, at the inoulh of ,l,e
Senegal ; ami at c;.»,v Isl.iiui, near Cape Verd.
(./.) Porliiguese Senegambia consist, of «m„„, „„ ,„ island of die lliss.,g„. Oroup, cunmaiidiu.
tho trade ,>f the Rio Crande ; and 7,-h,. a place of less importance. mraaiuliuR
». Upper Guinea extends from Senegambia to the Camciuon Mountains The coast is
distinguish,,! by special names, viz. : Cah, Coast, so died from the grains of a sort
of pepper grown there, from Cape Mesurado to Cape 1 'almas; hory Const from Cane
P,ilm,as to the .Assince River; CoU C.„,.M,etwcen the ..\ssinee and the Rio Volta ■
.Sav^ Coast, between the W.lta and the Benin ; and Ca/a/.ar C..,.,t, from the Benin to
thf^ t_ rtUieroon Mountains.
The following are the primipal states and settlements in Upper rininea :
(..) Liberia. occupyiuR ihc <oa,u Coa.t and we,, of it „„he River Sheb.tr, i,a s.iceesstul republic
,''"„''•"'■■"' '""' "' -^'•■""'" "^-^•^'"""■■'l '""" >l"'e traders. The soil i, Rood, a ul the
climate healtliv. IMonrovia, the cpilal, exports rice, i.uhgo, and yams.
(a.) Ivor, Coast is a French protectorate. The French have a settlement at ,;„„„/ /!„„„,„ „„
tin. coast, .,1,0 at AssMr, on Gold Coast, and a, various place, on the Gaboon Coast.
(3.) Gold Coast is a
r.rilish protectorate and
extends 50 miles inland.
In 1872 the Dutch trans-
ferred all their possessions
ou the Guinea Coast to
Ihit.iiii. The thief Biiiish
settltiuLijti or forts are
I'i.uor,-, E/m.'ra, Cape
< mil/ Cas//c, the former
caj.jial, Ana»ial}oe, and
Accra, the present capi-
tal. The exports arc gold
dust, palm oil, ivory, and
niaize, Population, about
CAPE COAST CASTLB. 520,000.
riullfe'K™.: ' ''™"'"' 'T' '"",^''""'' "" '->«'=''" "- British protectorate on the Gold Coast
.-nu the Koug Moanains. Coomassie. the capital, ,4, miles inland, was taken by the British in ,874
Salaga, 01, the Volta, the largest town, is f.nned for its horses. '^'
(4.) Snve Coast is the seat of three native kingdom,. Dahomey lies east of the Volta Abomev
the eap„.,l, trades in slaves, ivory, and palm oil. t/V.^../- ,s theseaport. Yoruba ca D ho" '
Abbeokuta is ,e capital. Benin extends along the coast on both sides of the Beum Ki e Benin ,'
the c.ipital, and l,o„„y the chief pl,ace of trade. Territory south of Dahomey, and the Lland of L "
were taken possession of by Crea. Etri.ain in .S62 for the purpose of suppres'iiig the s'l velrade
B„„^,!'"'y' '' "■"7° ''"'S'''""' "'•""•i'>"s tor human sacrifices, lies east of the delta of the \ieer
Bongo ,s the ca,,ita!, and D,.k^ Town the chief seat of trade.
3. Lower Guinea extends from the Catneroon Mountains to Cape Frio, and inland about
.nil, b' ' Tn '"'"""■ '"'""■■^' '" '^""'S^'' " "'^""'" Blalra. Loango, Congo,
Angola, Benguela, .n.l Ovampo. Ivory, cotton, and gold dust are the chief exports.
Chief Places.-/.o<i".^-e, on a good bay, has considerable trade. San Salvador {20 a^) near
1.= ^ongo. St Paul de LoandO (,2,„.ol, on the coast of .Migola. the capital of tl, C 'g '
4- Ovampo extends from Benguela to Damara Land, and frotn the .Atlantic to the End.-ara
River. The inhabit.ant5 are Hottentots.
FI. CEXTRAL NORTHERN AER/CA.
1. Sahara, or the Great Desert, is a vast region extending from the .Atlantic to the Nile Valley
and from the Barbary States to .Soudan. It has often b. , pictured as a monotonous and
immense expanse of sand, but nothing could be more err. .us, as the gieatest variety exists
m the physical condguration of its surface, as well as in ' ..ological features. Fertile tracts
in the desert, called oases, yield dates and grain, and aflortt jasture for sheep and -oats The
principal oases in Eastern Sahara are Gadames, Feilan (c,i,>ital, Mouriouk), and Air or Asben
(capital, Agades); and m Western Sahara. Tual, Tondeni, and Arawan.
Thecommerceof the Sahara consists chielly of gold, ostrich leathers, slaves, ivory, iron and i
salt, exchanged for manufactured goods, and transported across the desert by great caravans. I
8. Soudan or Nigritia extends from Senegambia to Kordofan, and from the Sahara to !
r.miiea and the unexplored regions of Central Africa. It includes the upper and middle course \
of t he Niger and Lake Tchad. There are two seasons, the dry and the rainy. It ,s fertii,- I
healthy, and thickly populated. The chief , „id„cts are gold dust, cotton, grain of various
kinds, p,ilm 0,1, tvory, and gums. It is divi.l, ,i into not less th.an sixteen stales.
Chief Places.-Tlmbuctoo (.o,oool, called the Queen of the Desert, on the borders of the S.ahara, <
. nd e,gb, milo, fr„m die Niger, ,s the centre „f an extensive caravan trade. Katara, on an island \
Jenneh.nf Lower Bambarra. are place, of great tr.ide. Soloto (f 5,00,,), on the Zirmie, a tributary
of the Sokoto „ the most populous city in Central Africa. Kouka (50,000) „ the capita of
Bornou, and W„f „,„<,„, on Lake Tchad, is its most commercial city. ' ')
VH. THE LAKE REGION OF CENTRAL AFRICA. \
The Lak<= Region of Central Africa extends from Kordofan and Nubia to the bastn of the \
Zanrbezi, and from Galla Country and Zanguebar to the unexplored regions of Central Africa <
The portion of the Lake Region lying north of the equator has been called the Territory of thti '
White Nile, and ,5 claimed by Egypt. Go,uioko,o or hmaUla, on the right bank of the Nile
IS the centre of Egyptian influence. Between the .\lbert and Victoria Nyanza are the states of
Unyora and Uganda. Ulinia lies south-west, and Unyamuesi, the country of the inc .n south
of \ ictoria Nyanza. '
VIII. CENTRAL SOUTHERN AFRICA
Extends from about
the tenth rlegree of
South latitude, on the
north, to the Tropic
of Capricorn, on the
south ; and from Lower
Guinea, on the west,
to Mozambique, on tlu
east. TIte principal
snlxdivisimis are. Loitda
and Lobal on the Up-
per Zand), zi ; Mokololo
I on the middle Zani
best (capital, LInyanti);
and Banyal and Mat-
baele, between the Zam-
b-zi and the Limpopo,
)
11!
I
!
I! ■
PART VII.
OCEANIA.
AN'iMAl s np nrrANiA.
^<c^^-
General Physical Features.— \o ponion of the surface of the globe has more I
luimcroiis inequalities ; and in none, except America, are the chains of mountains
so striking and have so marked a direction from north to south ; though about the
middle, they are diverted from west to east. Throughout the whole range of the
Polynesian and .\nstralasian islands there is scarcely a league of sea in which coral
formations are not in progress. Of these islands some rise in a conical form to a
great elevation, while others have for their base a reef of coral rocks, gencrallv
arranged in a circidar form. Some are almost level with the sea, others are elevated
hundreds of feet. I
I. Oceania comprises tlio Continent of .\ustialia, and the islands and arclii- !
pelagoes, lying ciii"dy ! i the I'acilk (Jccan, between the south-eastern shores of
.Asia and the western shores of .America. It is separated from .Asia by the straits
of Malacca and the Chinese Sea.
; DIVISIONS, AND PRINCIPAL ISLANDS AND ISLAND-GROUPS OF OCEANIA.
I. AUSTRALASIA.
Xame nf I^lnnd or Group.
Posit Inn
1.
.Australia (Continent)
lasmania
:i
Now Zealand
4.
Papua or New (luinea
ii.
.Arroo Isles
(1.
'liniorhiut
t.
-Vilniindlv Isles
H
Xe\v Itritiiiu
I.I
New Ireland
10.
Salomon Isles
II.
(^Mocn Charlottp Isles
VI.
l.oui^ade Arehipelago
vx
Xew lleliridps ... ...
u.
I.ovaltv Islands
1.5
Xow Caledonia. . . ..
Between Indi.iu Oeean and S. Paeili.
South of .\iLstralia
South Ka>t .if .Vu.straliii
North of .\us(ralia
South of New Ciuinea
Soiuh We-i (if Arroo Isles
North oi New (iiiinea
Kast of Ni'w (iiiinea . ,
North r.asi of New liritain
.Srinlh Kast of New Irelan.l
.Smth Kast ..f Salomon l.-les
K .s. K. of New (luinea
Siiuth of (Jueeu Charlnite Is
."^oiitli of New Ilehrldes .
South of the New Il-Lridn
s|P8. .
Arpa in Fnir.
»i|. iinli'H.
'J.'.t4."].'j:in
vc,::,\-x
;uH).oiin
I.IMO
i.,-inn
KOO
ll.L'IK)
4.::iio
I'i.iWn
400
000
n,7'J0
fi,7.s,->
Prtpuliihnii
(lllll)Ut)
rnpiint
or CliU'f rince.
Ii.0,")l*.u70 |\IeIlH>nrne... .
107.000 ilhiliart Town..
4.")".:!:'0 ^vVelliuu'ion... .
l,(V)0,Oifl lioreh
(iO.OOO |),>li\)o
1.50,000 I
i:i.:::il
."pS.MKl Nonuir:
I.nl.
I.onp.
.■17040'S. 1440.-1!) E
4'-"^ri:!'S. M7°;!1'K
41.0 S. 174. -MV..
Whore Situntcd.
On the Uiver Yarr.i Varra.,
(In the I,'i\er Uerweiit. . - .
On P.irt Nirholsoii
On the N. \V. Co.ist
On the Island Warud
■■ Poniihition
<if t'npitat,
2f)1.000
20.000
18,(),5:i
2. Position.— It e.vtends from >'ie parallel of 27° ^t> N. Lat. to that of .;4'' ^o
S. I.at, ; and from the meridian of ,15^' 25' E. Long, to that of 109" 17' \V. Loi^g.
3. Extremities.— North, the Aw/« rshvtds ; south, A/,u;/,„u-u' /s,;„m ; east,
/■:,ts/,'i- IslanJ : west. Achccii I{,,ut in .Sumatra.
4. Extent.— The hiis;fh from west to east is nearly 11,000 miles, and the breadth
from north to south about 5700 miles. The land an-a is estimated at 4,200,000
square miles.
5. Population.— The estimated population amounts to about 37,500,0c.
6. Divisions.— Oceania is generally distributed into four divisions, vi/. :
{A.) Auilnl.isi,, in the sonthwesl, (/?.) Ma!„ys,a in the north-west, (C) Mioouesia
in the north-east, and (/J.) Polynvsia in the south-east. The chief members of each
division are given in the following table:
On an i>thinus of New Cal.,
II MALAYSIA.
1. Snnila Islands
■J llonieo
;f. ( 'el(!hcs
4. .\lolui-eas, or Spieo Islnnds.
.-». Pliilip)iine Isles. .
0. Siilu (iroup
7 Sanguir (iroup
;in the S. mill W, of \lal.i\«i,i
! North of .lava .',. .'. ,[\',\
'Kast of lii.rneo '
lletwemi Cliiiesand I'.ipua
In the N 1;. Ill .Mahnsia
Kilwien Itoineo ami the Pliilipiiim.
, Noilli.ifCelel.es .,, ..
L'(i.-i,:i.s.s
'J;{,IHIO,<HH)
ll;itavia. i^-e. .
L'SO,000
1,7.'lO,0(Ml
liriiiii. &e
7;i,ooo
'j.nooiioo
Macassar
42.420
llW.UOll
Aiuliovna. . ..
(i.-,.S(i4
(i,lli4,('OII
Manilhi
4.-1O
•_'0O.(l(l(l
Siiln
ion
I'J.OdO
(i. 8 S,
4.53 N.
r>. (1 s.
;t.;i.-i s.
14. .•Ui N.
lOfi. m K.IOn \. const of .Invn
114. ,■).-! 1: (In N. W. roast of liorneo..
110. •J;l K. (Ill S. W. pen. of Celelies.
I'JH. K. (In the Island .\ml)ovna .. .
121. OK. On S. W. coast of I.ui-on...
— On IheN. \V. coast of Siilu.
100.000
40,000
•^O.OCO
i;i.(()o
loo.odo
(i,()(;o
1. nouin isles .
2. I.adioneor Marianne Isle
.■(. Pelew Isles
4. Caroline Isks
.1. MarsludI .Vrrhipelago. . .
(i. (lilliert Isles '. . ..
7. Sanilwleh Isles
HI. MICRONF.SIA.
■|i«i mllc>S Iv .if.hipau
s. S K. of the Honln Isles
Kast of Mindanao in the Philiiiiiini s
l-..ist of the Pelew Islis. . .
Kast of the Caroline l>li-s
South of the Marshall .\reh ....
In the X. K. of Oceania
1011
417
.•iiil
iWl
7.")
233
7,(l;)0
s.oon
10.000
bs.soo
lo.noo
(iO.(XK)
n(i.«i7
.AgnRiin. ,
Ilomiliilu.
— jOn tli(! Island (iunlmii.
21. 20 N'. 157. en W. On the S. \V. ^ille of Oahu I. 20,000 \
intamm
mm
■rihi
■ ti) that of 54" 50 }
' 17' W. Long. J
'f'u' Isiijnd ; casi,
5, and the breadth
atcd at 4,200,000
7,500,001
visions, viz. ;
■ t, (C) A/h loiitiia
members of each
Popiiliition \
"1 C'npitnl. )
"a....! Ml. 000 >
' 20.000 ;
18,i!,');f \
,
' 100.000
leo... 40,000
'■»...' '.iil.oco
I ' i;i.(oo
11 ' loo.odt)
nln...i 0,000
K
hii I.
liO.OOO
(A.) AUSTRALASIA.
accou,!l''o*f''!i!'"H' r ^.'"•♦•'V",'^*"'- ''"^ """1 Melanesia, or Black Asia, on
Oceanil. " ' aborigines, forms the south-w.st division of
.8o°"F''L"g.""~" "'"''' '™"' "" "'"'"" '" ^''' ^°' ^' '-'•■• "'"^ ^'°'" "3" '"
3. Boundarles.-It is bounded on the north-west by Malaysia; on the north-
east and east by the Pacific; and on the south and wes.'by the 'indian Ocean
5. Populatlon.-The estimated population amounts to about 4,000,000.
6. Divisions.— The principal members are given in Table 7, p. ijO.
(1.) AUSTRALIA.
Atistralia, the smallest continent in the world, is noted for its compactness its
herd", ofcrtlle" '*" *''"'"''' "" '''"' ™'""' ''"'"'' "'"' '" ""'''' "' "''"f '=""■
g,i> Aim ami!
1. Boutldaries.-Australia is bounded on the north by the Ar.tfura Sea and
Torres Stra.t ; on the east by the Coral Sea and the Pacific Ocean ; on the south
by aass Strait and the Indian Ocean ; and on the west by the Indian Ocean.
2. Form.-Australia consists of a large hex.igona|.shaped portion of land, the
sides of which respectively face north, north-east, east, south, west, and north-west.
3. P08iti0n.-It extends from to" 41' to 39° 8/ S. I.at,, .-.nd from im" to i«»
3S' L. Long. •' "
4. Extreme PointS.-North, Cape York ; south, Ca(< WiUon ; east, CateBvron ■
west, Slrrp Point. ^ " 1
5. Extent.— The extreme Ungth from west to east is about 2400 miles and the
extreme hrtadlh fr<,m north to south about i9,So miles. The arm is estimated at
2,945.227 square miirs, or ra,)re than three-fourths the size of Europe, cris equal to
a s<iuare of .7.6 mil... The coa:t li»e is about 8000 miles, or one mile of coast
for 363 miles of surfar^.
6. Population.— The estimated population amounts to 2,033,000, iiicluding the
natives, who are estimated to number about 55,000.
7. Divisions.— Australia is a British possession. Its divisions are shown m the
following Table:
f
I'opulatiiin
ol Cifiitiil.
f
THE POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF AUSTRALIA.
Name of Colony ,
1. (jllot'llslaild
2. New South W'nlcs.
3. Victoriji
4. Soiitli Aimtralin. .
5. West Aiistmliii
Native Voiiiiliition
Area In Eag.
sq. mileH,
In tlic N'. K. iif the Continent
Soiitli iif Qiiccnshind
Siintii of Snw Sontli Wales
West of Cohinios Niis. 1, 2, and 3...
West of S. Australia,
(i(i«,2r>!i
30S,5(M
8«,4.'>1
!I01,13;1
075,824
Poputatior.
(about>.
8. Physical Coast Features.-ii.) l8lands.-5«//;«^./ and AMria, off the north
west coast of North Australia; GrooU EyUnJl or Great Island, and WclL-shy, m
the Gulf of Carpentaria ; O^yatSMy and StraJMr. off the coaa of Queensland ;
f/„.J,rs. hunuaux, an<l Ki,,^, i,> Bass Strait, south of Victoria. Kangaroo Island,
at the entrance of the Gulf of St. Vincent; Dirk Harlo,,, off the west coast of
West Australia.
NoTB. Tl,e Great BarrUr AV/ extends .,l„„g >he nortl«asl cast from.," ,5' to 24- 30' S.
Lat., ., d„.a„« „f about ,.00 miles, with a bre.,d.h varying (™,„ a few hundred ya,d/:o a tnile. I,
lonn. a natural breakwater. Tl,e ehannel between i, and the nrain land . from te.fto s.x.y „„le, wide!
(2.) Peninsulas.- .•/,„/,«, /„„,/, between the Arafnra Sea and the Gulf of Car-
pentaria; C./.„y /V„/«x„/„, i„ the north of ArtduMn Land; York Peninsula,
between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Channel formed by the Great Barrier
Reef ; York Pemnsula, between the Gulf of St. Vincent and Spencer Gulf; Eyria
Pemnsula, between Spencer Gulf and the Great Australian Bight.
(3.) Capes.-On the North Coast.-C',,/. Van Dinncn, in Melville Island ; 1 .^nt
Dah^nAtapeArnhcm ,n North Australia ; Cafe K«A north of Queensland, the
most northern extremity of the continent.
On the North-East Coast.-r„A. Molvitle, Cafe Flattery, Cape T^nsend, and
Sandy Cape, m Queensland.
an.i°r '."'//"'* ,';''"*-;^"^' ^-•-''. "'e extreme eastern point of the continent;
ami tape ILnoe, the south-east extremity of the continent, in New South Wales.
On the South Coa8t.-C«/, Wilson, the extreme south point of the continent
C./A 0/z<«^, south of Vutoria; Cape Speneer ^,.A C,,/. C,,/^./..//,., .at the entrance
We''t"an:! '" """" ^""""^' '"'' ^^'■''^"'^ ^'"•'" ■'•^-™— . i»
fir ?" *?." T'-!"' ^''^^^■-^"f ^"'""'"' or Lioness, so nan,ed from the vessel which
first ighted It, at the south-west extremity of the continent ; Cape JValnralisle ; JlZ
Po.n,, .be most western point of the continent ; Cafe Cuv.er ; and Nortk West Cape.
AuSal!!." '''""*''-^''** C0ast.-a,A Le.i,ue and Cape Londonderry, In West
(4-) Gulfs and Bays.-On the North Coast.- ;•„« /;/.„„„ c„// between Mel-
ville Island, Coburg Peninsula, and the mainhand. Arnhem Bay, in North
Australia.
Gulf Of Carpentaria, discovered in iC>o6. nenetrates 400 miles inland, between
Arnhem Land .and York Peninsula.
On the North-East GomI— Princess Charlotte, Halifax, and Heney Bays in
Queensland ' ' '
On the East Coast.— J/«>vA<k Bay, in Queensland; Shoal, Botany, and Jat-is
Bays, in New South Wales.
On the South Coast.-/'..r/ Philip and Portland Bays, in Victoria ; F.namnter
Bay, St. Vincent, and Spencer Gulfs, in South Australia. The Great Australian
Bight extends from Cape Catastrophe, in South Australia, to Cape Arid, in West
Australia, 600 miles apart.
On the West Coast.- (;<vg^<i;t//^ Bay and Shark Bay.
On the North-West Zw%\..— King Sound, Collier Bay, Exmouth, Admiralty, and
C',iw*r/,4. OK^f, the latter is 20 miles wide at the mouth, and extends inland 7 5
miles.
(S) Straits.— r/,i>vH<v .SVni//, between the mainland and Hatluirst and .Melville
Islands ; JJundas Strait, between Melville Island and Coburg Peninsula ; Torres
Strait, 90 miles wide, between .\ustralia and New tininca, discovered by Torres
in 1O06; Bass Strait, 120 miles wide, between Australia and Tacsmania, discovered
by B.ass in 1797.
9. Physical Features of the lnterlor.-(i.) Mountains.— The mean elevation of
Australia is 500 feet. It is nearly encircled liv a girdle of coast ranges of moderate
height, which enclose the vast interior sandstone plain of the continent.
[a.) On the eastern side of the continent is the Dividing Range, or Eastern
Cordillera. It begins at Cape Wilson in the south and extends northwards to Cape
^■■".k. Its ilislanre from the r,ia=t varies f,,.,„ ju t„ ,50 miics. Special names ate
,'lied to different parts of the r,inge. Thes(uiihern portion, which is the highest,
is called the Australian Alps. Highest summit, Mount Kosciusko, 7176 feel .Vount
Hotkim and Mount Latrohe rival it in altitude. North of the Australian Alps in the
neighhorhood of Sydney, the range is .alle.l the Blue Mountains. Highest summits
Afount York, 3440 feet, and Mount Canobotas, west of Uathurst, 4610 feet. North of
•_'0:i,(W4
()(i2,l'12
«<i7,li;i4
2;»,«(«
27,H7(i
55,000
Capital.
Itrishane
Sydney
Jlelliotinie...
.Vdolaidc
Perth
s.
Lot.
27^
21 i'
:«.
52
37.
411
.•M.
.•>7
31.
57
K. Lvnir.
153" 15'
151 14
144 ,57
i:W 38
115 53
Where Xlluated.
Kivcr HrlslKine
Port .lucksoii.
Kiver Yarrii-Yarni..
Kiver Torrens
Swan \W\vv
PoiiuUtlon
of C'HpUal
32,012
IKI.IHKI
2,'>(l,ti7H
N,'>,()(HI
7,000
the Blue Mountains the chain is called the Liverpool Range, in 31" 40/ S. I.at., it
bran, hes westward and extends far into the interior. Highest summit. Mount
f.mdcsay, on the bouiulary between Queensland and N'cw South Wales, 5700 feet.
Mount IVwxen, a remarkable burning mountain, is situated on the eastern slope
of the Liverpool Range. Proceeding northward through Queensland, the range
rapidly decreases in altitude, being less than 1000 feet as it approaches Cape Vork.
(i) The crest of the northern margin of the interior plain, distant 200 miles from
the sea, does not exceed 1000 feet in height, though higher ranges are believed to
exist in Arnhem Land.
(c.) On the North-West Coast, between 16° and 2i<' S, Lat., there is a break in
the rim of high land A well-defined range skirts the west coast from Shark Bay
to Point d'Entrecastreaux. It is called in different parts Victoria Range, Herschel
Range, and Darling Range. Highest summit, TuWanop, 5000 feet.
(</) The South Coast, from King George's Sound to Spencer Gulf, is formed by
granite and sandstone cliffs, through which, for 1200 miles, not asingle river reaches
the sea.
In South Australia, the Gawler Range runs east and west between LakeGairdner
and the sea, forming the northern boundary of Eyria Peninsula. Flinders Range
4000 feet, runs north from the hc;id of Spencer Gulf to the parallel of 30" S Lat'
on the east side of Lake Torrcns, and then turning westward is contiiu.-d to the
north west by the Stuart Range, discovered in 1858. Mount Lofty Range, 2412
feet runs north from Kangaroo Island, along the east side of Si>emer (Julf to the
parallel of 30" S. Lat.
,,..'" ^''^'"'■'■■'' "le Grampians, extend northw.ard from Cape Ndson to Mount
llilliam, 4700 feet. The Pyrenees Range, runs north between ti'e Avoca and
Hopkins rivers
(e) In the west of New South Wales are Grey Range, Stanley Range,
and Conbaralba Range. In the west of Queensland are Standish Range and
McKinlay Range. All these are meridian ranges.
(•!.) Plateaus.— Arnhem Land in the north is a plateau from 3000 to 4000 feet
high. A flat table land of granite and sandstone extends northward from the Great
Australian Bight.
(3 ) Piains.-The whole of the interior appears t,) be an immense plain, inter-
spersed with grassy meadows, lightly timbered land, salt marshes, swamps, and
sandy or stony deserts,
(4 ) Rivers.— The Uivers may be arranged as follows:
I- The Pacific System ; 11. The Indian Ocean System; HI The Continental
System.
I. The Pacinc Syitem
(•■'.) Oueensland.— The Burkcdm flows south and enters the sea in 70° S Lat- it receives
the Bcylando with its affluent the Sutlor. The F.tzroy, formed by the M.ukcmie ami Dan'son
enters the sea at Keppcl Day ; at its mouth is Uockhainpton. 'Ihe Brisbane enters the sea at
Moreton Bay; .ind it is navsable for 75 miles; at its mouth is lirisbane, the capital of the
Colony.
KB) New South Wales. -The Clarence, navig.iblc lor 60 miles, ends at Shoal Bay the
Hunter, 200 nnles •-.-,„, eiuls at Newcastle llarlx,r ; the Haukcsh.ry ends at Broken Bay;
the islwalhavcn flows through tremendous gullies from 1 200 to 1 500 feet deep.
II. The Indian Ocean System. —(.f.) South Coatt Section.
0'.) Victoria, the YairaYana (Flowing-Flowing), and the Glcnelg.
(l> ) South Australia.— The Murray, the largest river of Australia, rises near
Mount Kosciusko, flows west and noiih-wcst between Victoria and New South
Wales to the meridian of 141" E. Long, continues west through South Australia to
'39° 45'. "here it turns sharply south, and, forming the shallow Lakes Victoria and
Albert, enters Encounter Bay. It is navigable to Albury. Length, 2000 miles ; area
of basin, 500,000 square miles.
It receives on the left bank, the Mitla-.Milta near Albury, the Ovens, \.h& Gouli„rn,Khe
Canifasfe, which joins it at Kchuca, and the Loddon. It receives on the right bank the
.Unrrnm/mlgee, or Beautiful, which rises east of Mount Kosciusko, and flows north and west
pa-;t \Vagir,.\v.,jg,, ; ,( „ „;,.,.i;ablc to (;und.ig.-,i, ai.d r..eive» on (lie right, the lac/ialn
which rises west of the Blue Mountains near noulburn. The Fdivard, which receives many
affluents, joins the Murray near Favora. The D.-irlmg rises to Ihe south of the Darling
Downs, flows west and south, and joins Ihe Murray at Wentworlh. It receives on the right
bank, the Cmdan„ne. the Warrcf^o. ind the I'a-orji Creek: on the left bank, the Cntvdir or
Men Rr.er. the .Xfac^uanr, 2S0 miles long, which l.ises itself in the Macquarie marshes from
which issue streams flowing to the Dnrltng and the D,<i;an.
if
; '' 1
i
(B.) Wett and North-West Coast Section.— The Smm AVrrc, on which stands Perth, thi'
capital of West Australia, the Miirc/iisan, the Cu.oynr, and tlio De Crty Rhcr.
(C) North Coast Section.- (.r.) North Australia. The Vi,ioria tl.j»s north-west throu-h
North Austr.ilia, and enters the eastern part of Cambridge Gulf by an estuary called Oueen's
Channel, 2fi miles wide. It is navigable for large vessels for 60 miles from its nu)utli. 'I'he
A'.>/cr, navigable for 100 miles, enters the Gulf of Carpentaria on the west side. The A/hrt,
the Flimlen, the Cilh-rl, and the MflJicll. all (low into the ( iulf of Carpentaria.
III. The Continental System.-(./.) Victoria. -The .'/;m-<i from the Pyrenees runs parallel
to tlie L'ii,/,iii, and ends in sw.unps and salt lakes, the largest of which is Lake Tyrrell.
The Wimm,ra rises in tlie I'yrenecs and Grampians, and endi in Lake Henderson and
other lakes aii.i swamps.
(/?.) Queensland and South Australia.— The CMfrr, the chief feeder of Lake Eyre, is
connected witli the Tliiniison and IhucM from Queensland.
(C. ) Wast Australia.— .SV»,jr/'j deck flows northward, but whether it joins the Victoria has
not been ascertained.
(5.) Lakes.— (.4.) H\X.\m\^.—l.ake Tyrel T^nA l.nle HhiJmmsh mo i.M.
(/I.) South Australia.— iirXr Awr, the largest in Au5tr.alia, is shallow and sw.impv and is
north r.( •,'.;- Stii.irl Kange, Its shores are eliorusted with '.all. its chief feeder is the /?,;;, ..-.i.
Height ,al»)ve the sea, 70 feet; area, 4100 srjuarc miles. L,iir Taririu, 12 miles fnun the
head of ."Spencer Gulf, into wliich it sends u stream in wet seasons, lies west of the I'linders
I^ange. Length, 120 nulcs. It is at a less height alxjve the sea than Lake Lyre. I.aie
Fmmr, between Mount Lofty Range to the west, and Stanley Range and Grey Kange to
the cast. l.akf Oiiht/iigr, north of the Gavvler Kange.
(<" ) West Auftralij.— /..ito /:</rj.v, /Im/ef, AUorr, and Austin.
10. Animals.— Marsupial or pouched animals form four-
fifths of the iiiamm.als. Well known specimens arc the great
kangaroo, with a pouch for her young ; the kangaroo rat, which
carries her young on herb.icl:j the wombat; the pttaurus or
flying opossum; and the bandicoot The platypus is a very
remarkable animal. In shape and fur It resembles an otter, but
it has a duck's bill iiul webbed feet. In Northern Australia the
pteropus or flying f jx is found in great numbers, and the dingo
or wild dog is found in the same district. None of the great
races of the Asiatic quadrupeds have extended to .Xustralia,
Among the birds arc the apteryx or wingless bird, the black
swan, and the lyre bird, the tail feathers of which resemble a
harp. The other birds are the emu or cassowary, the argus
^. pheasant, and the parrot. Among the reptiles, the flying dragon
is the most remarkable.
It. VeBetation.— The native trees are chiefly evergreens, and
arc very peculiar, such as the lofty leathery-leafed gum and
the ca.ssowary trees. In West Australia, there are forests of
kati,a gum tree, which rivals in height the great trees of Cali-
fornia, and of the jarrah, one of the most durable woods, both
of which are serviceable in ship-building. T'hcrc is no Australian
cereal ; but wheat, maize, and other cereals have been intro-
duced into the different settlements, and aie cidtivated with
success, and also numerous other tropical and I'.uropean plants.
12. Minerals. — In addition to the gold fields, Australia is
rich in iron, copper, tin, lead, zinc, coal, and other minerals.
13. Climate.— The whole northern part of Aiistr.alia, to the extent
of one-third of the continent, is in the torrid zone, and is subject to
high temperature and periodical rains. The remaining two-thirds are
;n the temperate zone, where the climate, although often variable, is
salubrious. From the interior come hot winds. Long droughts and
long rains periodically prevail. The cold is never of long duration ; the
epochs of the seasons arc exactly opposed to those of Europe.
14. Natives. — The .'Xborigines of Australia consist of various tribes
called Austral-Negroes. They belong to the Austraiioid family. They
are of a diminutive size, rarely exceeding five feet in height, and have
spare and puny frames, with a skin of a dark coppery or sooty color, flat
noses, protruding lips, projecting brow ridges, antl black and curly but
not crisp or woolly hair. They are a degraded race, and in number do
not exceed 60,000.
15. Colonies.— (.4.) Queenslanil, established in 1859, occu-
pies the north-eastern jiart of Australia. The soil and climate
are iicculiarly adai)tcd for the growth of cotton. The standard
crops arc maize, cotton, and sugar. About 200,000 square
miles are occupied by pastoral stations It is famous for its
sheep .and cattle. Its chief exports are wool, tallow, gold-dust,
cotton, preserved meat, and timber. Its minerals arc gold,
copper, lead, tin, mercury, coal, diamonds, sapphires, and opals.
(a.) Chlel Places.-Brlsbane (,!:!,ooo). the capital, on llrisbane river,
25 miles from its mouth at Moreton Hay, in an agricultural region ;
Ifsniih (5091), on the river Hremer, at the head of Moreton Hay, a
commercial depot for wool and cotton ; Koiklmmflou (5497), on the I'itz
roy, 45 miles from its mouth, the chief town in North (Queensland;
Somerset^ near Ca[)e York, the most northern town in Australia, was
established as a I'aval reiide/voiis and coal depot for Her Majesty's ships.
(B.) New Soutll Wales, est.ablished in I78,S, is the oldest Colony in Australia.
It lies iietween (Jueenslan<l and Victoria. The coast line extends from Point Danger
to Cape Howe, and is rugged and mountainous, giving a south-eastern si(i])e to .lie
country. The principal mountain ranges .are the lilue and Warragong. The
Darling is the principal river. The district cast of the mountains, from the liulli
Pass to the .Shoalhaven, is called Illawarra ; the south-ea.st corner Manaro ; and the
interior, west of the Mountains, Riverina. Wool is the staple production. Gold,
silver, iron, copper, tin, and coal are the chief minerals
Norfolk Island, 900 miles oast of Australia, Is a colonial dependency of New South Wales.
It is a beautifid island of about 10,000 acres. Until iS^fi it was a pen.d colony, when the
inhabitants of Pitc.airn Island were brought to it. The Norfolk Island pine is indigenous.
(.'■) Chlel Places.— Sydney (i.S 1,000), the capital, is well situated on Port Jackson, one of
the finest harbors in the world, and presents a striking appearance from the watti. It is the
oldest city in .-\ustralia, having been founded in 17.S8. It contains many fine ImilcUngs,
among which are the churches, the government house, the n-int, the observatory, and
the university. Newcastle (19,000), the second city of the colony, at the mouth of the
Hunter Kiver, 7; miles from Sydney, is a loal-shipping port, Mailland, on the Hunter,
a coal district, from its fertility, is called the granary of the colony, r,iramalta (.Sooo), at the
head of I'ort Jackson, 14 miles north of Sydney, is famous for its orangeries and orchards.
Goulliurn (12,000), 1^5 miles south of Sydney, is the centre of a great wheat-producing district,
/fra/i/re.ii),/ (12,000), south of Guulburn. is the centre of a mining district. Bathurst (yioo),
is a gold-mining centre. Albiiry is at the head of navigation on the Murray.
1
f, and Austin.
lals form four-
ns .-re the great
garoo rat, which
the potaiMus or
lypus is a very
lies an otter, but
rn Australia the
:, and the dingo
ine of the great
d to Australia,
bird, the hlaik
licit resemble a
ivary, the argus
tie flying dragon
evergreens, and
cafcd gum and
are forests of
;it trees of (.'ali-
lie woods, both
s no Australian
Lve been intro-
Liiltivated with
iropean plants.
s, Australia is
er minerals.
Ha, to the extent
md is subjut to
s; tno-thircls are
iften variable, is
iR (Iroiifjhts and
lig duration ; the
•lurope.
of various tribes
d family. They
licij;ht, and have
r sooty color, flat
;lv and curly but
nd in niunber do
in 1859, occu-
3il and climate
The standard
:oo,cioo square
famcus for its
low, gold-dust,
rals arc gold,
res, and opals.
I Urisbane river,
icultural rcijinn ;
Morcton IJay, a
497). on Ihf I'itz
til (Juecnsland ;
n Australia, was
y in .Australia.
1 Point Datigei
rn sl(i])c to .lie
ragung. The
from the liulli
naro ; and the
uctioii. Gold,
Y South Wales,
oli.ny, when the
ndigenons.
Jackson, one of
'atti. It is the
fine buddings,
hservatorv, and
moiitli of the
on tile Hunter,
a (.Sooo), at the
j and orchards,
iducing district.
itithurst (5000),
A USTRALIA— TASMANIA— XE W ZEALAND.
141
*"^i
(f ) Victoria occupies the south-exstcrn portion of Australia Its coast line. 600
miles iu length, e.\tcndi from Cape Howe to 141" K I.on,^' Although the smallest
colony it IS oue of the m ,if im,)ortant aiul mjst fertile parts of Australia. Its
g.dd dijigings, which were discovered in 1S51, are very rich and productive, and
the cliuLite wauld Iu very igrceable were it not for the hot winds from the ulterior
Much attention is paid .0 ducation
(i.) Chlel Places. -Mel'.otirna (251,000), the capital, a flourisi.inj city on the Yarra-Varra,
wliicli llnv* into tlia important harbor of Port Philip. It coitains a university, a public
library, an observatory, banks, churches, r.n.l other fine buddinja S^iiJnJst, 3 n'ules from
Melbourne, on llobion's Bay, 19 its p.irt. imiamstown. for.nsrly thj p irt of Mjlbourne,
is opposite to .Saiidridije. C'.v/n,,- (i;,2ao), on the west s.ile of Port Philip, 45 miles
southwest of Melbjiirn:, tlu- chief port for the wool of the colony. In the neighborhood
■ ■ „-.i'~^ _ -'""'.T' -■ -".1?.C-__^_ there arc excellent vine-
, yards. Portlami (lo,-
000), on Portland Hay,
nearly midway between
Melbourneand Adelaide,
the emporium of a lar.^e
asricultural and pastoral
district. Ballaral (35,-
000), the second town
of thj colony, 7S miles
north-west of llelbourne,
the centre of a fertile
aRricultiual district, and
of the richest aurifero.is
district in the world.
.S",7i/i///Hr//(35,o:o). for-
merly Bendi.^o, and Cas-
tUiiinine, also gold-min-
iiis; centres, north-west
of Melbourne.
CITV OF MECnoURNB, CAPITAL OP VICTORIA.
(A) South Australia extends through the centre of Austr.alia, from north to
south. North of 26" .S. [,it. it extends from 129° to ijS" W. Long.; south of zd' .S.
Lat. it extends from 129" to 141° W. Long. Towards the south co.ast, andalon" tlie
banks of the Murray, the land is highly fertile, but northward from Lake Torrens, it
becomes sterile It h.is an extensive Like district. Its chief inlets are Spencer
(.ult.amlc;ulfofSt. Vincent. At the mouth of the latter is Kangaroo Island, so
named from the large number of k.mgaroos found on it. Along the western shores
of the Gulf of Cupentaria, the country for too miles inland is covered with coarse
gr.iss. Ir. Ariihcm Laud there are rich metalliferous deposits. Near the centre of
the continent is .U.mnt Stuut. A telegraph line has been established between
Adelaide and Port Darwin, where the Australian Cable w.as landed in 187 1. The
great sta|)lcs of South Australia ate wool, wheat, wine, corn, and copper, Lead,
till, and iron are abundant. The largest copper mines, the liurra-Burra, 5 miles
north-cast of the Gulf of St. Vincent, are very rich.
(<!'.) Chlel Placee.— Allelallle (Sij.ooo), the capit.al, situated on an extensive plain, seven
miles from the Gulf of .St. Vincent, and on the coast side is sheltered by the Mount Loftv
Kan-e. The Terrens (lows tliroiish it. It has a park of 1940 acres, botanic u.udcns, and manv
fine public buildin-s. Port .4,Mm,h; on an inlet of the Gulf of .St. Vincent. Glnieli;, on the
Gulf of St. \'iuceiit, a handsome watorin? place. GauUr, north of Adelaide, a wheat growing
district. Ynfiiiulti, 4; miles north of Adelaide, famous for its copper mines.
[fi.) Western Australia occupies the whole of the western part of the continent
between the Indian Ocean and 129" E.Long. It w.as originally called the Swan
River Settlem;'nt, from its black swans. Though largest in extent, it has been the
slowest in growth. It was first settled in 1S29. The surface is diversified by exten-
sive forests of kari, jarrah, and sandal wood, tracts of fertile land, and tr.acts of sand
or scrub and spinifex. In the warm district, the vine, the olive, and the fig are
cultivated. Wheat and wool arc the chief staples. The chief minerals are coal,
lead, iron, and copper. There are valuable pearl fisheries on the coast. The
climate is temperate and healthy.
[f.\ Chiet Places.— Perth (7000), the capital, u miles from the month of the Sw.in River.
Its port is FuicmaitL: Alhany. on Kin^ George Soiiml, Is .111 important p.acket sfition.
(2.) TASMANIA.
N.imcd Van Diemsn'j L.in<l .liter tl,c tloven.or of BaHvia, by Tasnun, who discovered it in 1641,
but now utually called r.nnunia, after in discoverer.
1. Form.— Tasmania, a colony of Great Britain, is an island of triangular shape,
the apex pointing soutli.
2. Position.— It lies 120 miles south of Victoria, in Australia, from which it is
separated by H.iss Strait, and extends from 41° 20' to 43" 40' S. Lat., and from 144"
40' to 14S'' 20' K. Long.
3. Extreme Points.— North-west, Capt Grim ; nortli-;ast, Ca*t Portland ; south,
Sauth-eait Cape.
4. Extent.— /wiV/; from north to south, r.So miles; hreadlh. 160 miles; arta,
including the islands which surround it, 26,215 square miles, or nearly equal to that
of New Brunswick.
5. Population.— The population of the colony amounts to 107,000, all immi-
grants. The native population is extinct, the last survivor, a woman named Tru-
ganini, having died in 1S76. It w.as settled in i.So-!, and formed into a distinct
colony in 1825.
6. Pliysical Features.— The northeast .and west shores arc bold and rocky. At
the north and the south there are good harbors. The interior is miniutainous and
rugged. No less than sixty peaks are 2000 feet high. .Mount Humboldt, 552ofeet,
is the highest mountain. Jtount Wellington, near Hobart Town, has an altitude -if
4166 feet. There are several beautiful lakes in the interior. The chief rivers arc
the Dir-.ueiit, the Hum, and the Tamar. Off the north-east angle of the island are
the Furneatix JsUs. of which Flinders is the chief.
7. Climate.— The climate is colder and more humid than that of Australia, but is healthy,
and well s' .ted to Europeans. The temperature is equable, and resembles that of the south
of England. Thunder storms are seldom experienced. September, October, and November
form the spring. December is the time of hay harvest, and at the end of January the wheat
harvest commences.
8. Productions.— The natural products are nearly the same as those of Australia. The
chief timber trees are the myrtle, Huon pine, and blue gum. Tin, copper, coal, iron, and gold
are the chief minerals. The priiicip.d exports are wool, wheat, flour, auriferous quartz, and
timber.
9. Chlel Towns.— Hobart Town (20,000), the capital, picturesquely situated on '.he Derwent,
about 20 miles above its mouth in Storm l!ay. It contains a college, and many handsome
public buildings. Launceston (11,000), the chief town in the north, on the Tamar. Other
towns, Giargetovin, at the mouth of the Tamar, and Brighton, near Hobart Town.
{i) NE IV ZEALAND.
Named after Ze.i!.ind Island, Demn.irk, by Tasm.iii, the discoverer, in 164a. \
{
1. Position.— New Zealand, a colony of Great liritain, is situated in the South '
P.acific, about 1250 miles s uith-east of Australia. It lies between 34'-' 26' and 47" ;
20' S. Lat., and 166' 30' anl t;S" 40' E. Long.
2. The New Ze.iland group consists of two large islands, a third of considerable <
size, the Chatham and Auckland Isles, and a multitude of islets. <
The three principal islands are North Island, South Island, and Stewart's Island. S
South Island is .scparate.d from North Island by CMi's SOiiit, 12 miles wide, and ;
from Stewart Isle by Rne^nix St'-ait, 18 miles .vide ',
3. Extreme Points.— in North Island. North, Ci..v M.iria Van Dumen ,- east, !
East Cafe ; and south. Cape ]\tlliser. *
In South Island.— North, Cape I-\u\-.oen; east, C;/c "Jackson; and west. H>.7 '
Ca['e. i
irt Stewart Isle, the southern most point is South Capt. \
4. Form.— North and Middle Island have a very irregular shape, somewhat
resembling a boot liinicd upside down, with the toe at Cape Maria Van Diemer, '
and the heel at East lape. Stewart Island is of triangukar shape. ■
5. Extent. — The hir'lh of North Island is about 500 miles, and its medium
readth about 90 miles. Its extent is about 44,000 or 45,000 square miles. Sccth
Island is .also about 500 miles long and averages abiuit 1:0 miles in 1 readth, and
cimlains about 39,000 square miles. Stewart's Island contains about 700 square
miles.
6. Population. — The population amounted in 187S to 457,330.
7. Divisions. —North Island is divided into four, and South Island into five
provinces. Stewart Island is uninhabited except by a few natives and whalers.
K
i*
142
NEIV ZEALAAD— PAPUA, OR NEW GUINEA.
Wellington (iS.gsj) is the capital o£ the whole colony. The
provinces and chief town in each are given in the following table;
NORTH ISLAND.
•aniea of the
Nwnt of Province
1 Aui'kliinil
2. Tiin.irilii
a. Weniu-toi:
4. Ilawke'n Uiiy. .
Foailion.
Caiiital,
Wh«r« Situalvd.
.' North piircof l«hinil...
; S. \V. |iart of Island....
.; S. of .\Mliland |
. j Jliiidli.'iiMiiof !•;. ciKwij
Ani'klanil
Now I'lyiiioiith.
Wellin^'t<u». ...
NjipiiM- '■
Miiumki tiulf..
UVst ('<iiist.,. .
Toil Nii'holnoi
lliiwku'n Bay.
1. Nelfion
2. Marlborongli
3. Ciiiitorhiiry
4. Wcstlana
8. OtAgu,
SOUTH ISLAND.
N. eiiilof T. (wextimr*! Nelson
Kastof Ncl.fon Hlenheim
I C'entrjil part of Island ,„ ...
/ '.<.a.stsid.-) ""■'■■'«' ■■»"■»■
West of CanlcrlMiry . .' Ilokitik.t
South end of Island ..i Diiui'iliii
.1 TuKiiian Hay
.■ Clondv llav
' Avon U. ( I'ejja- )
SMS Hav).. .. I
. Ilokitika'Ulver..
. i I'ort ()t,i''o
l*OpulA-
lion ut
('R|I1UI.
4.Ii;h)
I lS,!I.Vi
7,00(1
1,0()(1
•J(i,(ii;i
\ 8. Physical Features.-
14, Dependent l8le».-(,;.) C/i.,lham /s,es, 350 miles cast of New Zealand
discovered m 1791 by Lieutenant Itrougluon. Ihe two largest are named Chatham
and Pitt. They are fcr.de, and are clothed with verdure. They have a population
of about 170, and are visited by whaling ships for shelter and provisions.
(A) A„M.mJ /s/,s, 180 n,ilc3 south of .New Zealand, discovered by Captain
Itnstow in t.So6. Auckland, the largest island, is 30 miles long and ,5 miles bro.-,d.
Ihe isl.uuU.ire finely wooded. They are uninhabited, but serve as a station for
ships engaged in the whale fishery.
(.-. ) .V.„y,i„r,e fsU, south-west, and Campbell Isle, southeast, of the A uckland Isles
(./.) //«///><',A-T /t/,., di.scovercd by Captain Pendleton in iSoo, is so called from
being nearly the oi>p»site to Great liritain. It is situated suuth-e.ast of New Zealand
11149" 3-' ^- I-:d. and irS" .\i V. Long.
(.•.) Bounty IsUs, cast, and KcnnaJec Isles, north-east, of New Zealand
f" ) Bays, In North Island.— On the northe.tst coist
Gulf 0/ Jl,ur.U-i :im\ lUy of rie„/v : on the s,nuh-e;i,t L,.u[,//.,wi-e's/i„y on
the south coast, r.aiiser Bay and Port Nuholson ; on the west coast, AUn„k,r
Jfarbor and Kaiparj Harbor.
In South Island.— On Cook's Strait, Tasnuv
htii or Bliihl Boy, and Afossoere or
7ho.u-Mie Boy.
, . -'" '•'""' Island.-Tlircc r.ini;cs cross Ihe ishnul, (i.) A ran™ extends
Irom L.ipc M.iria Van l)icn:en to Auckland, ami thence
SiSo feet hi"li.
Golden Boy ; on the south-west coast,
(b.) Mounlains.-
ilung the coast tu Mount Eumoiit
(-'■)
einity arc the active
1 he Coromandet Koni^e exlenils from Cape C\,!ville to .I/,,,,,,/ I-:,l^e<oiHbe M ,o feet)
and Ih .~„ce southwards as tlu. A",,,,,,,,,,,,,,/,,, A'„„.v. Near its ..uuthcrn ext'rei
volcano ■ronxoriro, (6500 Icct), and Kuofehu (,,i.,5 feet).
(,1) A ranse extends from Kast Cape to Cape .Sinclair. West of the province of Il.nvke
liay the ranje is called Kuohhic, ,ind south of the Manuwatu River, 7-,m,™„ Highest
summit in the north, Mount ll,hvran-i, 5500 feet. "
(4-) ^X\^^^.■Ur„ns• A'.'«ivnins south through the south-eastern part of Wellin^ton, and ends
at Lape Palliser.
In South lsland.~A mountain range cxtentis from Cape Farewell to West Cape. In the
north of Nelson the ran^'c is called /'./jw,;);. •■■ • ■ --
central -Nelson it is called
Otag
Lake \Vanak.a.
Highest summit, .l/,i««/ /'ci-/, 6000 feet. In
■V''""-- .Highest summit, Mount Fronktin, 10,000 feet. In
Canterbury it is called the Soutlu,.: Alfs. Highest summit, Mount Cook, 1 ,,.00 feet, the
culmmat.nj point of New Zealand, West of the main range m Nels.m is the co.ast ran.-e
called the Patoroa Mountains, and east of it, in Ma, lljorough, the Kadoara Mountains, of
winch Mount O.lin is 9700 ieet liigl . In -lie Lookrr-on Kan^e, in Marlborough, is Mount
Kattaura, .S700 feet. In .Stewart Isk, Mount .I'lcm, 3200 feet.
(<■) Rivers.-ln North Island.-Thc Waikato issues from I.akeTaupo, Hows first
north-west, and then abruptly west to the Pacific. Length, J50 miles. The Won-
Xamu rises in a m.mntainous region south-west of. Lake Taupo, flows first south and
then south-east, and enters Cook's Strait.
In South Island.-The Clutha rises in Canterbury, flows south-cast through
. and enters Mo'yiieux liay. Length, 150 miles. It drains Lake Ilawea and
. "^ '^''''^■f "iliutary on the ri;;ht bank, the Kawaran, drains Lake
W akatipu. The Woitaki forms part of the boundary between Canterbury and
Otago It (lows southeast to the Pacific. Its tributaries drain Lakes Tekapo
Pukaki. and Ohau.
(./) Lakes.-ln North Island.-/.,,/-. Taufo is i,;, feet above the sea level.
Area, 200 scpiarc miles. In South Island.-Z-rA- Wakatip,, Lake Teanau, and /,„/•.■
Manifort, in Otago.
9. Cllmate.-The climate is humid, mild, and equable. The summer is as cool as in
I'.nglaiul, and the winter as mild as in the south of France.
to. Protluctions.-All the native trees are evergreens. The Kauri |>iue, tree ferns, palms,
and .lav are among the native productions. European grains, fruits, flowers, and vegetables
arc cultivated with the greatest success. The northern part of New Zeal.md is a.lmirably
adapted for the growth of every kind of gram. T!ie mineral productions are varied and
abundant, the chief being gold, coal, silver, and iron. In addition to tli.se, copper, lea<l tin
and platinum, are found. Gold and wool are the principal e.vports,
11. Animals.-There are several remarkable specimens of the animal kingdom, the chief
among thcin being the aptery.x or wingless bird, the crooked-hilled plover, the owl-parrot, and
the hattcna, a very peculiar animal, intermediate m structure between lizards and crocodiles.
1 hero are no land serpents, and the only mammals are two si>ccics of bats.
12. Aborigines.— The Maorics, or natives, of whom there are alx.ut 55,000, belon" to the
Malay family. They are a line rar,, tall, muscular, intelligent, and brave, hut are savage and
Icrocious in the extreme when provoked and insulted. They have black ciirli
i'eiieral, a bro\vn comiilc.xion. .Many of them tattoo their skin
manner.
hair, .and, in
singular and fanciful
13. History. -Tlics- isl.mds were discovered oy Tasiuau !u in.,., ami tlic coast was
circum ,avn;ated by Captain Cook i„ ,r7o. They were first settled 111 uSi-,, and were erected
\ constitution was granted to them in 1S52.
iiuo a colony \\\ 1S40.
(4.) PAPUA, OR NEW GUINEA.
Papua, or New Guinea, called by the natives Tanna Papua, or Land of the
Crisp-haired, lies to the north of Australia, from which it is separated by the
Arafura Sea and Torres Strait. It is the second largest island in the world. Length,
1450 miles ; breadth, 300 miles ; area, about 300,000 sipiare miles. It is indented
with many deep bays, the Largest of which are Ceelvink Hay on the north-west, and
Papua C.ulf, on the south-east coast The Stanley Kange runs through the south-
east peninsula to Soiith-East Cape. Highest summit. Mount (Jwen Stanley, a
double peak, 13,^00 feet. In the western part of the island, are the Smnvy Mounts.
Sago-palm and camphor trees are abundant. Nutmegs and other spices are found
in the woods. Vam.s, cocoanut.s, rice, maize, and the sugar cane arc plentiful. Gold
has been found. The natives are mostly Papuan Wegroes. Their skin is black, and
their hair woolly and tufted. The western half of the island is nnder the control of
the Dutch. The Australians are desirous that IJritain should have control of the
eastern half. Papua was discovered by Torres in 1606.
(5.) Arroo Isles, a group consisting w, oily of coral, in the Arafura Sea, abo .e So miies
south-west of Papu.1. They extend from north to soutli about ijo miles. Cobror, -o miles in
length by 20 m breadth, is the largest. Debbo, in the island Warud, is the great-;^. mart in the
north of Australasia. The chief products are pearl, mother of pearl, tortoise shell, birds of
liaradise, and trepang or seaslug. The Arroo Isles belong to the Dutch.
(0.) TImorlaul, in the Arafura Sea, south-west of tl-.c Arroo Isles, is mountainous and wooded.
Length, 90 miles ; greatest breadth, 40 miles.
(7.) Admiralty IsltS, a cluster of islands 150 miles north-east of Papua, discovered by
Sehoiiten in 1C16. They are enclosed by barrier reefs. The largest is nearly -io miles in
length. The inhabitants are of the Malay race.
(S.) New Britain, an archipelago, east of New Guinea, discovered by Dampier in 1700,
consists mainly of two large, inountainous, wooded, and populous isiands. The chief pro-
ducts arc cocoanuts, sago, yams, and ginger. The natives belong to the Papuan race.
(0.) New Ireland, an island north-east of New liritain, from which it is sep.arated by St.
' ieorgc Channel. Discovered by Carteret in 1767 The hills rise to the height of 1500 or
2000 feet, and are covered with luxuriant forests. The nativcsare black, woolly-haired savages
of the Papuan race. New Ireland is 200 miles long, and has an average breadth of 20 miles.
(10.) Salomon or S'-tomon Islei, an archipel.igo 600 miles in length, extending south-east
from Nno Irclond. '1 he group was discovered by the Spaniard Mendana in 1567, and so
named by him on account of its supposed great wealth. The islands are of volcanic origin, and.
cxcei>t the two westermnos-., are sparingly fringed with coral. They are mountainous and
ckithcd with forests. The chief isl.inds in the direct line with New Ireland are Boujiainrille,
Choisrut, Isalnl, and .Uatayta. In a parallel range are GuaJalcanar and San Cliristoval.
The inhabitanls arc .M.ilays and Papuan Negroes.
(11.) Queen Charlotte Isles, a volcanic group between the Salomon Isles and the New
Hebrides. Tlie chief islands are Santa Cruz, A'itendi, and I'anikoro. La Perouse was ship-
wrecked on Vanikoro in i7S.S,and his fate was unknown until 1.S72.
^2.) Loulslade Archipelago, a gnmii of over eighty isbnds, extending south-east from New
(uiinea. It is a region of extensive reefs. The nativcsare Pajiuan negroes.
(1.1.) New Hebrides, a volcanic group of twenty large ana m.iny small i.slands south of
Queen Charlotte Isles. They were discovered by Quiros in 1595, but received their name from
Caplain Cook in 1774. The largest island of the group is F.sfiritu Santa. The other
principal islands are MatlicoHo, F.rromango, where the zealous missionary Williams was
murdered in 1.SJ9, and Tanna, which contains one of the largest volcanoes in the Pacific. The
chief piciducts are sandal wood, figs, oranges, cotton, and sugar cane. Th-.- natives belong to
the Papu.an race, and are fierce and warlike. They number about 150,000. The area of the
group is estimated at 5720 square miles.
(>4-) New Caledonia is a volcanic island, 600 miles north-east of Australia, on the margin
of the Coral Sea. It was discovered by Captain Cook i 11 1 774. The French took possession of
1: and the adjacent AiV ,// J'ines 111 iS; 5. A r.iiige of moiuitaiiis, rising 111 tlie centre to Sooo \
feet, runs through the whole length 01 ' w Caledonia. The island is fertile and contains coal. \
The trepang fishery is a source of wealth. The natives arc Papuan negroes. Capital, Noumea. ,
I.englii, 200 miles ; breadth, 34 miles ; area,Ti7.S5 square miles. A coral reef extends along the ;
western coast, and lor 50 mMcs to the south and 1 ;o miles to the north, a distance in all of .|oo '
miles. The Loyaltf Isles, which run parallel to New Caledonia on the east, arc a dependency. \
i
New Zealand,
•imcd Cliatliani
le u population
ons.
:<1 by Captain
15 miles broad,
s a station for
Auckland Isles ',
so called from J
f New Zealand '•
and
Land of the
)arate(l by the
■orld. Length,
It is indented
(irth-west, and
ugh the south-
en Stanley, a
\mnvy Mounts.
ices are found
entiftd. Gold
1 is black, and
the control of
:ontrol of the
bo..t 80 miles,
ror^ 70 miles in
'■',='. mart in the
shell, birds of
us and wooded. \ \
\ \
discovered by ' i
ly ^ miles in < \
iipier in i;oo,
riie chief pro-
race.
p.irated by St.
;ht of 1500 or
haired sav.ii^es
th of 20 miles.
ing south-east
1567, and so
lie origin, and,
imtainous and
Bottfiiiin-ilU,
n Christoval.
and the New
>use was ship-
ast from New
nils south of
t\x name from
The other
rt'illiams was
Pacific. The
k'os belong to
-■ area of the
east,
730,000
{B.) MALAYSIA.
1. Name.— Malaysia is so called from the Malays, who form the grc.it bulk of
the native iiopuiatiuii. It is also called the Kast Indian or Asi.itic Archipelago.
2. Boundaries. — It Is bounded on the north-west by the Strait of Malacca .and
the China Sea ; on the east by the I'acilic Ocean ; on the south by the Arafura Sea
and Indian Ocean ; and on the west by the Indian (liiau.
3. Form.— -Malaysia has a somewhat triaiigidar form, with the Dashee IsUuida at
the apex anil the .Sunda Islands at the base.
4. Position.— Malaysia forms the north-west portion of Oceania. It extends
from 11" N. I.at. to 11" S. Lat. ; and from 95' 25' to 131" 40' K. Long.
5. Extremities.- -N'orth, the Bashic hlaiuls ; south, SamialwooJ Island
Ceritm Island ; west, Aihcen IIf,id, in Siuiiatra.
6. Extent. — The /.■«.'//' from west to east is about 2500 miles, and the Omd/i
from north to south .ibout 2100 miles. The land ami is estimated at
square miles.
7. Population. — The estimated population amounts to about 33,500,000.
8. The i)rincipal memlwrs are given in Table 7.
9. Seas. — The Su/u or Mindoro Sta, between the Philippine Islands and Horneo
Cch'lvs .Sc;i, between the I'hilippines and Celebes. y,i7;i .Stv/, between Borneo and
Java. Fhns Si-a, between Celebes and Kloris. /I'.inda .SV,;, between Bouro and
Cerani (m the north, and Titnor and liabba Island on the south.
10. Straits.— .l/</(;.v,( S/mif, between Sumatra and Malaya, leading from the
Indian Ocean to the China Sea. S'linda Strait, lielween Sumatra and Java, leadin"
from the Indian (Jceaii to the Java Sea. Macassar Strait, between Borneo and
Celebes, joining the Java Sea and Celebes Sea. Moliuca rassa^e, between the north
peiiinsvila of Celebes and Oilolo Island. Carimata or Ilil/itoii Passa:;^, Ijctween
Borneo and Billiton, joining the (.'hina an<l Java Sea. h'ala/uh- Strait, joining the
China Se.iand the Mindoro Sea.
11. (l.) The Sunda Islands are divided into two groups, the (ireater Sunda,
which comprise SumUra and Jav.i ; and the Lesser Sunda, which comprise Bali,
l.ombok, Sumbawa, Sandalwood, I'loris, Solor, Wetter, Timor, and others.
(./.) Sumatra lies .south-west of the Malacca Peninsula. It is intersected by
the eipiator. The llarisan Mountains, which e.xtend through the whole length of
the island, have lofty volcanic cones rising from six to ten thousand feet. Highest
summit. Mount Korinchi, 11,820 feet. The chief products of ;; .natra are pepper,
ginger, rice, sago, gold dust, sulphur, gotta perch.a, and camphor. The tiger,
elephant, rhinoceros, and ourang outang arc found in Sumatra. The chief native
states arc Acheen in the north ; Slak in the east ; and the BattaS Country in the in-
terior. At/mn (36,000), the capital of the state of the same name, has a good port,
Sumatra was discovered by the Dutch in 1600, and they have had settlements there
sijice 1649. They now hold the western coast as far north .as 2" X. Lat., and the
eastern as far as l" 30' S. Lat. Their principal settlements are : on the west coast,
Padans; (20,000) and /uiuooh-n (13,000); on the east coast, Palnnbang (25,000),
situated on the River Moesi, anil, on the south coast, Lampong. Length of t,... alra
1021; miles; mean bre.adth, lOo miles; area, 172,250 scpiare miles. Population,
2,(joo,ooo.
.Adjoining .Sumatra is the islanil of lianca, celebr,ited for its inexhaiistihle tin mines-
Jlillitcn, f.iniotis for iron and tiniber ; and liiittang, which contains the free poitof Rliio.
South of .Sumatra are the Cmos or Keeling Ibl.uuls, a low group of coral islands, \ short
distance from the shore, the sea is 1 200 fathoms deep,
(b.) Java lies south-east
^ -'llr)^' ^.^^ of Sumatra. It wasdiscov-
ks.l.>'-»-.--^--h.,.^ered bv the 1
"•,Mr> '5". but
y.m.
]'lCi;i.-<G THK COFFEB IlliliKy.
ortugnese ju
is now the chief
seat of Dutch power in the
east. It is traversed in
the 'direction of its greatest
length by a mountain chain,
a prolongation of the moun-
tains of Sumatra, and con-
tains more volcanoes than
any other country of equal
area. Several of its ihirtv-
si.x volc;inic peaks rise to
the height of 10,000 or il.tco feet, and eleven are in ,T state of activitv. I!ii;hc
sunmiit, Moiiiil Scimni, 12,235 f'-''^'- ^'^■■i'' Batour, is the Ciicja-Ufas, or Vall.v
of Death, half a mile in circuit, where neither animal nor veget.ible life can exist,
owing to the effects of the air, which is poisoned by sulphuretted hydrogen issuing
from the ground. The jpas tree flourishes in the woods, also the teak tree, which
is found nowhere else in Malaysia. On account of its great fertilitv, Java is called
the granary of the Kasiern Archipelago. The principal exports are rice, cofTec,
sago, sugar, tea, nutmegs, tobacc i. ginger, cinnamon, cotton, and indigo. Java is
divided by the Dutch ii.tu West, Middle, and Last Java. Batavia (500,000), on the
north-west co.ist, is the capital of West Java and of the Dutch Last India posses-
sion. It is an important counnerci.il city, and has one of the linest harbors in the
world. It is a free port. Samarang, on the north coast, the c.ipital of Middle
Java, is a fortilied seaport, with a flourishing tr.idc. Sourabaya, also on the north
coa-t, the capital of Last Java, is a strongly fortified cily, »iih a naval arsenal, ship-
buildmg yards, and a cannon foundry. Suraiaria and Djokjokart.: are capitals of
native states. Length of Java, 630 miles ; breadth, from 40 to 130 miles ; area, in-
cluding Madura, 51,974 square miles. Besides Madura, the island of Hah is de|>end-
ent on Java. Its chief town is Port Badong I'opulation of J aa, in 1817, l8,79y,79.S
(.-.) Of the remaining Simda Islands, Lombok, Sumbawa, SanJaluwd or Siimba, Florid
and the western three-fourths of Timor also belong to the Dutch. They form the Timor
Residency. The seat of (lovernmrr.t is Coepang, on the south-west coast of Timor. In
Siunbawa is the volcaimof Tomboro, 9040 feet high, whose eruptions in 1S15 lasted for three
months, and are the most terrible on recor.l ; the sound of the explosions w.is heard at tlic
distance of 100 miles. Only twenty-six persons survived in the island out of a population of
tv.-elve thousand. Bima, on the north coast of Sumbiwa, lias a good harlxjr. The Portuguese
oivn the eastern fourth of Timor, Solor, and the small island of Kambin^, off the north coast
of Timor. The Portii-uese capital of Timor is Osllj, on the north coast. Length of Timor,
juo miles ; breadth, 40 miles.
(2) Borneo is situated
north of Java, from which
it is .separated by the Java
Sea. It is the great cen-
tral island of .Malaysia, and
the tnird largest island
on the globe, Greenland
and Papua being the lar-
gest. It is intersected by
the equator. The climate
is healthy, and favorable to
Euro|)eans. On the west-
ern side a great mountain
chain runs from northeast
to south-west, and from a
centr.d knot branches di-
verge to the east and south-
east. The highest summit
is K'ina Palu, 13,698 feet,
in the extreme north ; east
of which is a large lake
of the same name. Bor-
neo is one of the best
watered countiies in the w .rid, pos.sessing numerous navigable rivers. Vegetati. n
is 1 , including the gutta perclia tree, ebony, cocoanut, sago, rice, ginger, cinna-
mon, uitmeg, and cotton, .\mong its ... -vrous aninwls may be named the
elephant, ourang outang, deer, bear, tiger, and a carnivorous mammal resembling
both the otter and the platypus, ^f inerals are abundant, among which are coal, gold,
diamonds, tin, platinum, antimony, copper, and iron. The aborigines are called
1 lyaks, a race belonging to the Malay family. The other inhabitants are Chinese
and Kuropeans. Two-thirds of the island, comprising the centre and south, belong
tolhe Dutch. Pontianak (20,000) is the .seat of government for the west division,
and Banjarmas$in (30,000) for the south and east divisions. The native state, Briini
or Borneo, is on the .orth-west coast. Its capital, Bruni (.|0,ooo), was taken by the
British iu 1S46. The province of Sarawak, on the north-west coast, was ceded to
Britain in 1S43. The capital, Sarawak (15,000), or Kuchin, is a station for the
suppression of pir.acy. Length of Borneo, Soo miles; breadth, 700 miles; area,
280,000 square miles. Population, about 1,750,000.
Labuan, a sm.ill island with a fine harbor, about six miles off die north-west coast of Borneo,
belongs to liritain. It has excellent co.al. Its capital, Victoria, is a free port, from which arc
exported edible bird's nests, camphor, pearls, gutta pcrcha, frcpang, and sago. The A'atiina
hies, and the .-tKambas, between Borneo, id the Malay Peninsula, belong to the Borneo group.
(3.) Celebes lies east of Borneo. It was di.scovcrtd by the Portuguese in 1 512. <
It has a very singular form, consisting of four large pcninsuhis, projecting from a '
centr.al mass. Its scenery is very picturesque. The mountains are covered with 1
rich and valuable trees, among which is the famous badeau or Macassar oil tree. \
The .ino.a, a tierce kind of antelope, about the si/e of a sheep, is pecidiar to Celebes. ]
The chief jiroducts are rice, sago, tobacco, yams, and sugar. Oold, copper, iron, J
ami tin abound. The aborigines in the interior are called Hnrafr.ras. An intelli- '■
gent race, called Bugis, occupy the co.asts. The Dutch expelled the Portuguese \
from the island in 1660. Their chief settlements are MacasSar, in the south-west \
peninsula, and .\fenaJo and Kema in the north peninsula. '
(4.) The Moluccas or Spice tslanils comprise the islands lying Ixtween Celebes and New ,^
Cuiiiea. The archipelago is almost wholly under Dutch rule. The l.ugest are Gilolo, Ceram, 1
and Uouro. Gilolo resembles Celebes in form, consisting or four peninsulas. U is moiiii- \
!^e,.
THR PVAlfS.
m
If!
]M
'f
I !'
1
JU/.A VSr.l—mCRONESIA—POL YNESIA—ANTARCTIC REGIONS.
I
1 .iiH„i, .ui.l <i I,, -Iv wun.1,.,1. <■■,.„„ IS ni„umain,iu, rinil foriUc, an,l has immcnso forests of
m;,, lulni. /(„„,„ i, noti-d for its rice and Inat. .Imicy,,,,, a small islan.l south of Ccram,
> Hid tliL- best cloves. It contains knboyna ( l.t.ooo), tlie Dutch capital of the Moluceas. 'fhc
/l.w la U,-,, south ol Cerain, >iel,l the b_-,i niilnu-s and mac.-, Tcml.; a small island west
«i (■d.ilo, fanimis for the Rreat variety of it, spices, has a hisih volcang; peak. It is a military
post for the defencs of the Dutch possessions. The Moluccas arc of volcanic orijin, and
cmtam s -vera! active Volcanoes.
(5.) Tin Phillppltlt lllanils lie north-cast of I!»rneo. They are separated from iMirther
India by the Chiiu .- ■,.. ,.n<l from liorm-, an 1 Celebes by the Celebes .Sea. TheV Here
discovered m 1531, by .Ma^jellan, who in that year was killed in a skirmish with the natives of
/-■bu. They were subsetp.ently n,,m.d after Philip II. ,.f .Spam. The archipcla-o consists of
about iioo islanils, of which Luion, in the north, and Mindanao, in the south, are the larsjest
S.w,,,r and .\lm.lo,o rank next in si^e. The whole ijroup is of volcanic formation, an.l
c.mt,iins numerous active volcinoes, solfat.iras, and hot springs. Destructive hurricanes and
cirthqiiakesarefrecpient. The climate is moist, but not unhealthy. Vegetation is luxuriant,
.ind nnnerals are .ibun.lant. The whole group i, largely under the control of Spain. Manilla
160,000), on the iionth-west coast of Luzon, is the capital of the Spanish possessions
in the East Indies. It L, . fortified city, and has an extensive trade, exportini; su-ar,
"fT'^l",' '"''"*''' "'"' """• '^''^ i^Paniards possess Ibe A«/,.v hhmh to the north
(•I the Philippines.
(6. I The Sulll Group, between Mindanao and llorneo. consist, of above si.xte islands, the
chial 01 wlmh 1, Csayan. in the centre. The Siihis belon- to Sp.mi.
(r.) The Sangulr Group, in the Celebes Sea. between Cel,b..3 and .Mindanao, consists of
lorty-six ,m.,ll ,,1.1,. 5,/»^,,» , the l.ir','est, li Jo miles in length, ami 10 in breadth. Its
stirlace is inountaiiious, and in its d-ntre is a volcano.
(C.) MICRONESIA.
1. Name.— Micronesia, so called from the numerous groiiijs oj sni.ili ishii.h
which coinpi.sc it, dcinpies the north-east division of t)ccanii,
2. Position.— It extends from the C(|iiator to 28" \. I.at. and from the Philippine
Isl.inds on the west, to and includin- the .Sandwich Islands on the cast.
3. Area.— Its land area is estimated at 10,000 s(|uarc miles.
4. Population.— The estimated po|)ulation amotmts to ;oo,ooo.
5. Divisions.— The principal members arc given in table ;, page 136.
8. Broupi.— (rt.) The Bonin Isles, a volcanic group of eighty-nine small islands, about 500
Ihey were Called by the early Spanish navigators the Arzobispo
miles south-e.ist of J.ipan,
or ;\rclibishop Ul.uids. Wliahii
stations have been cstabl
(/'.) The Lailrone or Marianne Isles, a volcanic group of seventeen isles, five of which are
inhabited, lying .400 miles east of the Philippine Isles. They belong to Spain. They are a
pictiirestiue and fertile group, yielding cotton, sugar, rice, and indigo. The largest i-land,
G:n,j.,„, is 90 miles in circuit, and contains the c.ipital, Aganna. 'niey were discovered bv
Mag<';i,in in 1521, and named I.adrnnes, c- :<nbb.-rs, from the thievish propensities of the
n.iti- ... They were called the .Marianne Isles in honor of .Mary Xnw, the wife of Philip 1\-
of Sjjain.
U.) The Pelew Isles, about twenty in number, snir<iiinded by dangerous .eefs of coral, lie !
po miles cast of the Philippines. They are hilly ami well wooded", and are under a native I
government. |
(./.) The Caroline Archipelago, extends over 1000 miles from the Pelew group on the west
to the Marshall grouji on the east. It consists of sixty groups „| .,t„lls. with .dwut 5,^ islands. 1
all of which, except the Vap group, are ol cralline lormatiun. T'le .uchipelago was discovered
by Lazeano in i6!j(i and named after his sovereign, Charles 1 1, of Spain, and 15 nominally under ,
Spanish rule. The inhabitants arc Mahys, and are skilful sailors.
(c.) The Marshall Isles lie t.. thceast of theCaroline. They comprise several clusters of low I
coral isles. The <iiy lard is not over one-hundiedth part of tha whole surlace of the islands.
(/.) The Gllhert or liingsmill Isles are a gn.u]) of fifteen low islands of coral formation,
south of the Mar-hall Isles. Ab. ut one-half of the group affords a good entrance and safe :
anchorage, 'f hrough the ojienings in the reefs a rapid current usu.dly flows outward, esjiecially '
during the ebbing tide. They connin about 60,000 inhabitants.
(g.) Tlie Sandwicll Islands are sJlnated in the nonii-cast of Oceania, about 3000
miles west ni" .Mexico. They arc volcanic, and form a curved line extending 400
miles from Hawaii or Owhvhec, the principal island. The group comprises Mtcen
islands, eight of which arc inhabited. The four chief members of the group are I
Hawaii, Kanai, Mani, and Oal<u. In Hawaii arc Moiiita A\\i, 13.951 feet, the
highest siiniiiiit in ( iccaiiia. and Ahmim Lo.i, an active volcano, 13,760 feet high. On
the eastern flank of Mouna Loa, at an elevation of 37,S3 feet, is the remarkable
Kilauea crater, which has a circuit of seven and a half miles, and a depth of loco
feet. The climate of the .Sandwich Islands is mild and agrecah c. The cxpcnts
are whaicbone, whaie oil, cotfee, and Migav. Honolulu (M,.S52), on the island of
()ahu, is the capital of the group. T'he inhabitants are advanced in civilization,
and are governed by a native cpieen. The Sandwich Islands were discovered
by Cook, in 17SS, and were named in honor of Karl Sandwich, First Lord of the '
Admiraltv-.
ished, by ICuropeans, at Peel and
(.yj.j POL YNESIA.
1. Name. — Polynesia means many islaH,ls.
2. Position. — It occupies the soullLeast part of Oceanht, ami includes all the
islands and archipelagoes south of the e.pi.itor. King between Australasia and 1 10'
\V. Long.
3. Area. — its l.nul area is estimated at 13,000 sipiare miles.
4. Population. — Tlicestimateil populatiim amounts to about J40,ooa
5. Divisions. — The principal members arc given in Table 7, page I ).S.
6. Groups.- (r) The Fiji or VitI Islands .ire the most westerly of the I'cdyncsi.in
islands. They are mostly of volcanic origin. The grou|i consists of 1:^ members.
The soil is fertile and the scenery very beautiful. T'he largest island, Viti Levu, h.is
an area of about 4500 s.piare miles. T'he i:apital of the group is J.erida, in the
island of Ovalan. T'he islands were discovered by T'asiiian in 164J. I'hey became
.1 liritlsh possession in 1874.
(h.) The Samoa or Navlga-
ton' Island* are situated .ihout
450 miles north-east of the I'iji
Isles. Thoy form an extended
chain from west to east. '1 hey
arc mountainous and fertile.
The brcatl fruit tree grows lux-
uriantly. The natives arc skill
fill sailors. In Tiliula the
I'nitcd States have a naval
station,
(c.) The Tonga, or Friendly
Isles, a triple group, lie m.uiIi
of the Navigators Inlands.
They arc of coral formation,
and arj highly fertile. 'I'hc
cocoanut is an important ar-
ticle of export. Tollgatal'Oo^
the largest Ldand, is 100 miles
in circumference. The group
is intlependent. The islands
were discovered by T'asnian in
1643. They were called the
I'ricndly Isles by Cook, who
received kind treatment from
tile natives.
(1/.) Herveyor Cook's Islands lio east of the Friendly Islands. They were discovered by
Cook in 1 77J. Th. l.ugest i^ Raratonga, where the missionary Williams labored for many years.
(c.) The Society Isles lie north-east of the Hervev Isles. The beautiful and fertile Tahiti, or
Otaheite, is the iitmcipal island, and is called the gem of the Pacific. They were discovered by
IJnir s 11 1606, but were named by Cook in honor of the Royal Society, by whom he was sent
ont to bscrve a transit of \'enus. They belong to Prance.
;. 1 Kl'lT TREK.
(/) The Austral Isles lie south of tho Society Isles,
.and Ixaudfid.
Hence their name. They arc fertile
C? ) PauamotOU, or Low Archipelago, cast of the Society gnnip, consists of an immense
niinibcc of coral islanils. In the south of the archipelago the (himiur Groiif is of volcanic
origin. The archipelago is a I'rencli possession. South-east of the Gambicr Group is Pitcairn
Islaml where the mutineers of the Bounty took refuge in 1789.
(h.\ The Marquesas consist of tliirteen islands lying 000 miles north-east of the Society Isles.
i hey Ijelcmg to Franc?. They are mountainous, picturesque, ami fertile. 'I'hey were named
after the Marquis ile .Mendo.: i. \'iceroy of Peru, who sent out their discoverer, Meiidana, in 1 51^;.
('.) Easter Isle is volcanic and is 2000 miles west of Chili, and 1300 miles from the nearest
inhabited land. It is 12 miles long and 4 bro,id, and is noted for the remains of some ancient
colossal statues and other remarkabla antiquities, of the erection of which the present inhabitants
liave no tradition. Similar remains have bc«n found on many other el the Pacific islands.
ANTARCTIC REGIONS.
These Regions, which lie directly opposite to the Arctic or Northern Kegions, include a
vast area of nearly 4,000,000 square miles. On the map of the Western Ilomisphero it will bj
seen that they project beyond the .-Vntarctic Circle ; the Sjiith Slutland hlands being only
450 miles from Ticrra del Fucgo, and I'icloria Laml only 540 miles from the Kmerald Isles,
and thence to New Zealand 6;o. Emlcrhys Lan,l (ki: map of the Eastern Ilcniisphere) is
but 1500 miles from .\frica, and Satriiia and AildU £(!««' alxjut the same distance from Tas-
mania. \'ictoria Land was discovered in i,S4o by Sir James C. koss. It is very cold ami
mountainous. Mount Erebus is a lofty volcanic peak, 12,400 feet aliove the sea. To the west
is tlie south Ma','nctic Pole, also tliscovered by Sir Janirs K.-.s-, in l.Sfi. There ar.^ likewi-..,'
various islantls, chiefly volcanic ; but they arc not habitable.
.\NT.\KCriC ()CE.\N.— .\5 compared with the corresponding Arctic Ocean, little is
known about this portion of the earth's surface, except that the cold and the dangers to
navigation in the Southern Ocean greatly exceed those of the Northern, and that luinian
beings and animals do not ordinarily subsist within its limits.
^<MfM^^M^««^
m
r
; discdvcrcd by
tor iHiiiiy years. /
PRONOUNCING VOCAHULARY.
SOUND SYMBOLS FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE WORDS.
as in fait
u in Ut
i u ill mets
* *« in tuet
i A!) in pine
1 AH in fiin
& .19 in notA
6 41 in not
uo js ill boot
■ "■■ ■■• »■••• M tl--* III IIIK
« in f,»r is represeniea by all ; s in U\\, by au ; e in ihcre, by &,
3 as in acnt
a as in cut
, AalbiirR, 9i*bSrff.
; A.iT, ,\r.
: Ahati), ah-l\th'k<*.
, Aiiijiiibiw, ,l^.(^i-/M'^.
; AlM-rystwilli, nfMrr-Ut'wilH.
\ Abe. „h'l>&.
, Ab iin.'y, ,tf>~d~my.
. Aljriititfs, aA-fintAf$'t/a.
I Abys-*jnia, n/i-U'ht'i'a.
Acapalco, nA-* \h'fool'ko,
\ Acirai, aA-e,iJk-raA'i,
I Acliil, ait'i/.
' Ack'lln.
Aci.ncaRu.i, nhkoffkiih^ntvith.
Aiid.i, nhie^h.
( Adelaidf, /t,r-?m,t
^ Aden, ,>',/tf/,, nr ah'Jgn.
) AdiRf, tth'tfhj.i.
) A(l-I-rfln'(tack.
^ Adoiit, ith-t/oor',
) Ad-rwilc.
j Acge.in, hji'an.
j A(Kli.inist,(M, <ifi/-'^iifin-h'lan*,
j Ajjuilai, ah-ghf'lahr'.
\ AkuJ.i, alt-goo' -v,th.
{ Asulli.is. ah'gootyahs.
> Air, iih'ir'.
) Aire, (ir.
c Aisne, .)«.
) Aix-la-CIupelle,
^ A actio, (ih-yaht\hd,
J, Albatis, ani d,tHi,
) Albany, ,ini'-!>ii-ny.
f Arbe-in.ulc.
', Albiu)iierqut', i^hl'b0o-k}r'kll,
J AlLMnt.ir.1, nhl-cahn'Uih-rah.
, Aidaii, ahliiahn',
I Aldeniey, anl'der-H^,
) Aleiifon, fl-/fl«(*rW*«(f).
; Aleutian, (t-/A'MKiiv.
^ Alexandria, Ai-i^z-^'drl-a.
J Algeria, nhi-Ji'rUi.
Abc.uile, rthte-kahn'm.
Alleybany, iV-U'gri'n\.
Almaden, ttfti-nuth-iien'.
Alnwick, an'nU.
Aisace. ahi-sass'.
Altai, nhl-ti'.
Att.iiii,ih;i. atiH,}-mi\-h.tiv'.
Alliniili!, ahll'mhkl.
AinliiTsI, am'erti,
\ Ani'l-6ii^.
( Aniiraille, am-t-ri^nt'.
' Anito Daria, .(/i'mi^if dah'r\-a.
( Anioor. ah-ntoor' .
< Am-rll'sir.
( Ain'ster-dXin.
\ Anadyi, An-n-iUr' .
( An.ibuac, An-A-wd'i'.
(. Aiiani, a'Hiihin'.
J Aii-da-niSii'.
I Aiidona. akn'iit>r' rah.
< Aiiyicsey, Ang'el-se,
\ AiiKol.i, ,\iig-^yi,t.
( Angostura, '<i//«-p-.>jV:wV.U.
AiiKuilla, anjr'gHii^/,i.
Aniialt, nhn'lmkU.
Anticoiti, an-n A-js'/l.
Antieiain, An-tl-'t t:n.
An-ti-jto-iii»iIi'.
AntiKiM, nh»-ti-'-:^ivih.
Antilles, ahn-t?!', ur ,tnt?h.
Anlii^li, i\ti't?-»k.
Aiiti an.i, i\hn-ta.\h'n.\h,
Ap'eii-iiini.'s.
Ap-pa-l.lcli'ec.
Ap-uj-lAcli-I-cr/, 1.
Apsltcron, iih/)-t/ii\-r!i,i' .
Apurim.ic, ah-/>o& r-&-mihc\
Ar-.Vbl-a.
Aranitay, nk'r.ik-gwi',
Ar'.il.
Aichaiv.;L'l, ark-ayn'teK
Aicliipjla-n, ,lr'k'-/ii/'ii-,rj,
Ardcnnus a/ifuifu'or ahr'd^n.
Aretpiip.i, ithrii-ke'^.th,
Argentine, aftr'/fn-tin.
Anca, ah-rl<\\ilt.
Ariege, ah'rc-lzh' .
Armagh, ahr mik\
Arnhein, ahru'ftfm.
Artois, /ir-iwil'.
A-shftn'ieg, or ahsh'An-m'.
Aihwaiupi, ask-iViik-nV ft*
Assam, ahs-sahm'.
As-sin'I-boine.
Asuncion, ah-soon's?-dn.
Atacainn, ah-tah-cnh'-niah.
Atchafalaya, JlcM-H/'A-lt'ti.
Atrato, ah'trah'io.
Augustine, ait-gm-t?n'.
AnIIagas, oiv/-y,tA'g,thi-
Au Sable, o-saA6/'.
AiivorKiic, d-vilrn',
Atixerre, y-Jdr'.
Aiix I,i^vr«H, o-U-it/v'y.
Ava, iih'vttft.
ah-fin-yanKg)',
Avi^i
A-/r„
Ai'of.
B
Il.M.'el-Pi.'ihMCb.
r'ailijot, hiiii-n-hdce' ,
HadeiT, bijlt'den ur Miffn.
IUkMSiI, or biihg-dahii'.
nahaina. bak-ki\'mih.
Il.iliia, b,th'i',iH.
Ilaliia Honda, bahi'ah dn'dnh.
Ilalirein, futh-riln'.
Ilaikat, bt'kah/.
Haireuth, bi'rootk,
II V '"-Sr'ic.
If.i fHtk'/i.
Ilahi.-, AM'ffa.
Ilalkaii, hahl-kakH'.
\ \\a\Vas\\, bakl.kakik' .
Ital-inu'ral.
Ilaliic, biiui'tic.
Haltiinore, biuitt\-m5rt.
llanjer>na!i.sin,
btihn-yer-mahi-Jn' .
HanKor, bang'ger.
Har-ba'docs.
Harbuda, bi%r-6oo'da,
'»lar-ce-l6'na.
lUriiau), b<trn-dl*.
Itarmla, bitr-o'dah,
llasel, bahz'fUn bakl.
Masfpif, biihik.
Ha-ta'vl-a.
Itatli'urst.
Ilaiiscan, kUt'tis-atkn'.
IJalon RnuRe. biit'tm rcozk.
Hayonne, bah-yon'.
jlaynula \'^n\xs:\w,bi'oo lA/oortk.
neaucairc, bo-care'.
iJcaufort, (Kng.) Iny/'urt,
IJecancnor, bd'Ci^n'ioor.
Ilecluianas, btt-ckoo-ah'naz.
IJelir'inp.
Ileirut, ba'root.
nel-fasl'.
lielle I s\e^ bf /•}/'.
l(eloochI«itan, bfi-oo-cKis-takn'.
Hetiyal, ben-gnul''
Itenj-uela. btn-gU'luk.
Ueni, bA-tte\
Itcnicia, be-nl'sket*.
llenin, bfu-?n\
Herar, ba-rakr',
Ueresina, bir-e-zi' nak.
Hers 'en.
Iler'lin.
Ilcnnuda'i, ber-tHu'daz,
Meriie, birn.
lierwitk, bir'ik.
Itesaiitan. bil-sun{g)-S0n{g)'
Hialra,(4?-<j/"V4.
liielukha, h-H-loo'kah,
Hilba.i, bU-bak'd.
it(-:i-ton'.
iiint;'en.
liiri'Miiybam, bir'm.'ng (im.
liiaiic<r, biant^'kd.
Itlaiupiilla, blahn-kel'yafu
lUenlicini, bUn im,
Hloenif.inlein, biooin-/on-tin',
niois, blwtk.
Hua Vi-,t:i, i'O'iik ves'tak.
H(}"ota, bo-i^o-Utk',
Hobiiitr WaUI, boo'mer wakit.
Hokhara, hb-k,ih'rak.
Iio!o;;ii.i, iHt-lon'yah,
liulor, l^o-idr'.
Itoin-bay'.
Hitnif.uin, bon-i-fiik'i hi.
Ituniii, i>o-iifn'.
Hnnleaux, bjrr-da'.
Mttsiia Serai, bos'imh xvr-i
Hiiu!uf;n(-', boo-ldfi{g)'.
Itnurbon, boor'l>on.
Ilonrses, boorzh.
Jliiuss.i, boo'sah.
Itrains, brak'zoie.
Hretn'eii.
Ilreslau, bres'/d.
Hretai-nc. br,-fak»(g}'.
Hrtliin, brit'un.
Itru!;e>, broo'jiz, ur broozk-,
\\m\.\,boo\l,i.
liuenaventiira,
b^Vi I'tink' ve ii -too '• rak
lUien Ayre, Mtvpt I'ril,
lUitnos Ayie>i, bo'nus tl'riz :
Span. Pion. b^vH'ttos t'res.
puen.a Vista, bttHt'nuk vees'tah*
ituK, boog.
Hiicliar.'sl, bddk'Atirfit,
jlulcaria, f'ooi'g.ik'rl-ah,
liusliire, boo-skir,
c
Cabe-!, kakb'tt.
Cibtil, kiih boot.
Cab'i.t't Ile.id.
Cabrera, kak-brn'rah.
Cadiz, kak'diz,
Caen, kaknU),
Capliari, kiiki-yah're.
Caiciis, ki'kos.
<.'ain., ka'ro. ( Egypt) itiVtf.
Calais, kai*u.
Calaveras, M/-J-i',)V,lr.
taldera, kaki-dii'rak.
Callan, kkiti-lak'dt or kakl-ytVc
C.lni'bridge.
CanipDi I'arecis,
k.xkm'po<e fiak-rH'ses
CS-na'ry.
(:.1n-da-liar'.
C.1n-i-ip'iis-cnw.
Canterbury, ktin'/tr-bfr-t
CJn'ton, or C',l«-/,Vi'.
cap Ilaytien, kiVn-fM.
Capua, kiip'oo-il, or kak'poo-afu
Caracas, kak-rah'kaks.
Caribbean, kdr-r}b-b9'an,
Carlisle, kakr-lU.
Carlscrona, knr/s-kroo'»itk.
Carlsruhe, kukr/s'-roo.
Carom, knh-rd-tii' .
Carth.igc. kakr'tktj.
('Ssh-mere'.
Caspc, kitks'fia.
Casiquiare, knk-shkd-ak'ra.
Castile, kt\i-l?l'.
Ca^ttebar, ktls-si/-b,tkr'.
Catoche, kiik-/d'Jia.
C.iti'klU.
Cat'l5-gSt.
Cauca, katu'kak.
Caxamarca. kak-hak-mnkr'kuhJ
Cayambo, ki-akm'bii.
Cayenne, kl-fn'.
Cayuga, ktl'yu'gtt,
Celebes, sf/^-bU.
Cephalonia, sf/-ah-td' n2-i\k.
Ceram, sc-rnhm'.
Cerigr), rkfr'hgS.
CetiKne, is^/-i»g-gf.
t'euta, jw-AI.
Cevennes, stl-Tfn\
Ceylon, si'ioH or tl-l5n'.
Clia;^res, ckah'grfs.
Chaleui', skak-%or'.
(. Iialons, skak-/ou{g)'.
Chainplain, sk.lni-plan' .
Chailiain, ihilt'aift.
( -liandicre, shb-di-air'.
i;iupala, Jmk-pah'lak.
Ciiatauijua, ihnh-ttih'iina.
Chclitfo, she-tef.
Chelsea. ehWi}.
Chelteiiiiam, r//^//'«(r>;/.
Cheiimiu, kim'n'tti.
tliemung, ike-mSng',
Cherbourg, sh^r-boorg',
Chesapeake, ckfs'ti'/ik.
Cheyenne, sh^tt',
(.'hi.ivan, ke-nk-^'nh're.
t.'IiicaRn, sk?-ki}u'gd.
Chihuahua, ek?-7u,ik'nHth,
*."hili, cki/'i or chi-7e.
Cliiloa, (ke-io-a'.
CIiiinl)(nazo, ihiin-bo-rtih'zo.
Clii'na.
C'liip'pL'-wii.
Clhilula. xko-loo'lnk.
Christiania, krls-te-ak' n?-ak,
Cliiulleisb,,7iil,/'/?.
Clni(iud)amba,(A('j-*(V'(i//;HV'.;//.
Chuquisiita, ikOi>k^snk'kah.
Cibao, s.-btik'o,
Cinca, ihi'ii'kiih.
Cuidad Re.il. si-.w-dahd nVahV,
Civiti Veccbia,
ike'x'v-tah vlk'kc~ah.
C lonniet, kfbn-m?i'.
C'oaii^o, kb-ti'f^'i^o-
Cuaii/,i, i^iihji'\:ti,
Col)iia, ko-'j^'hah.
Coblenu, ki'bifttts.
C(>t:!>abaniba. kii-,'h,ik-b.ihnt''tiit.
Cofre de I'ovott', kH/r d^/^d'rdt.
Cohahuila, kd-ah-w?'/ah.
Cdinilira, kb-em'brtth,
CciutepeqUL', kd-hoo-!a',\i'ka.
Coluna, kb-iemah,
CoUijine, ko-lon',
Coin.iyaKUa, k5-miuth'g:v,ik,
Coniurin, kbnt'o-rhi.
UoTE,~'J'kf pronunciation
Conception, k»M-afi-sh3n*.
t onecuh, k^tte'kek,
ConoauRht, kbu-nam*,
Connecticut, kon-ft'hka/.
Connemar.i. iSn-r/himtkr'nh
Cupi.ijKi, k^ph.tfi-pd'.
CiKpiiinbu. ko-kim'bo.
Curat, kdr'.ih/, or kihrahi' .
Cnreiityn, kd-rftt-t'tn'.
Corfu, kor'/fi,
Corrienli-^, kiir.?-fii'/fz.
Coriina, kd-roou'v/ik,
Coruniia, k!i-rairN,i,
Cosegiiiiia, kfi-.ul-^h.-'nah.
Cost.i Rita, klii'titk'r>'k(%k.
Cote d'Or, kbt-dbr'.
Cotopuxi, kd-tH'/itk.t'?.
Ciiventry, Khr'^n-lrf.
t-'ovingtim, ktV.'' itiii-toH.
Cracow, krak'ki.
Creninitz, krtm'nits,
Creuse, krooz.
Crenx, krooz.
Crimea, krjiti-?',i.
CrnJx, kroi, (Kr.) kncih,^
Cronstadt, krbus/aki.
Crozet, krd-za.
Ciienca, kwen'kak.
Cumaiia, koo-nuih-nah'.
('uncne, koo-tuVti?,
Cura^na, koi>-r,hio'4l.
Cunlilia, koo-rhtfbttk.
Cuzco, kofli'ko,
Cyprus, si'/nU.
I)
Dacca, dak'kah.
Daeo, dak'gd.
Daliomej-, dith-hb'mH.
Dalbousie, dal-hoo'zc.
Dal mat ia. dubnirt'skc-il.
D.ilton, dttui'ion.
Damaras, dah-in.ih'raz.
Daniletta, dtln/'p-f'-fa. *
Danbiirv, diin'bi^r-f,
Da'nisb.
Dantibe, dan'ubf,
Dardanelles, d<tr-dah-neh'.
Dai fur, dithr-J'oor' ,
D.iiiun, dak-rc-fn' .
I t.irnistatt, diihrm'itahtt.
Dartmouth, darl'muth.
I>avenpor(, daz-'en-Aort.
Daupbinc, df-fl-tiik ,
Deccan, dH'mi.
Delagoa, di-.'-it-xo'.t.
Delgado, dfbetih'do.
Delhi, df/'f. '
I Jimavend, t/?m;tk-i!'»d'.
Dcnibia, dcittbe-ak.
TH'tiis, da-n?,
Dennis, dfn'is.
Des M(t\ues,dit-moifi'.
Dessau, dh sow.
Detmold, det'moll.
iK-lroit'.
Dbawalapiri, d,i-tv!^i-,}-gher'r?.
Di.imaiilnia, dc-ah-mahn-tl-' nah.
I»iaibekir, dX-ahr-bekr,'
Dieppe, </.-*•/'.
Dijon. de-zhon{gy,
Dinaiic, dl-Ui\r^ik,
DniLiier. ne'per.
Dniisler, nes'tcr,
|jominj;o, dTsiting'i^H,
1 )Mmuiu a, ddiifc-H^'kah.
Donegal. di».-:-g,nd'.
D» .dojiiK-. ii'r-,/,)//( (_')'.
Doriiat, dor'Aihi.
Diib Palos, dike Aih'/o<e
Dovie Field, dovrc/i-eld'.
Uouro, doo'rci.
Dravc, drahv-
Dresden. dy>z'd<'n.
Dinnbeda, drok'k,'d,\.
I>rontlieiiii. drdtit'em.
PuI)U(tU(', di':-ii'>dk'.
I>Ueio, doi'-ri'rd.
Ttiiiila, (hui'dah.
Dumbovitza, diini-t'd~i'u'sa.
Dulcc, dool'sa.
Dumfries, d&m-frcce'.
r)uiii, dfi'tiiih.
num.' msby, dftnk',iuz-'y.
I)uniialk, duu'dank'.
Dunedin, Juft-fd'/tt.
Durango, dii-rnkn^'go.
If'Urba:i, dny-bakn.
Dwioa, divi'nak.
K
l/bin, S|i. a'bio.
I'.i uador, fk-waft-dor*.
lMlj;et:nmbe, i;'k(im.
lulmbutg, id-in-bHr'ro.
Kginont, fg'mott,
Kgrip.w, a-grypice.
^■^iy^'^. Hipf-
Kkaierinburi:,
ii-k,ih'(er-^H'boorg'
.•:i Ahsa, //,t//'ivM.
Klburi, ?l-boori'.
Kl Dor.ido, ^/^('^r<M'i/<».
Kl <ir.in Cbaio,
el grahn ckak'kS,
Kl oiK-id, f/o-bri'id.
Kl Hilul f/ r?.y.iA,i'.
KIcutbera, ef-H'tke'rah.
Kiijjland, iug'^lamt.
Kiiikalc, //.-.*■ itfiAVd.
Kiilff kiot, fn'fra re'bce.
Kphf^ns, f/'f'sus.
Kpirus, }~pi'rus.
Krfurt, tr foort.
Krie, Vre.
Kriangeii. ?r-h}ug'.-n,
Krierum, fr:-^-roo>u'.
Krz Cebirjic. ?r/z ^w^V\v*.
Kscurial, i^.<-ki>,'-r?~,ik/'.
F'',snieralda, ?s-iiii\.r<tki'd(l.
Kspinhac<', fs-piti-yak'to.
Kspiiito Santo,
il-sptVri'-tb saku'tS.
Ksfcqinbo, fs-s^'Ar-'bH.
Kstacado, ?s-lak-kiik'dd.
Kstreniadura.
7s'/ra-mak-doo'rak.
Etienne, rt-AV//'.
Kuhnea, u-be'a.
Kujihrates. fi-/ra'tez.
Kurnpp, u'rup.
lOverest. fr'fr-ist.
Kydcr, C'der.
I'iyre, ,ir.
V.\\^\xV.,/aurkirk.
Kalkland,/(«i7am/.
Fal mouth. /((/wwM.
Faroe, /<iV^, ax/ak'ro.
Fayal,/i-rt/,/'.
Fayiioni, /;-<?<»»/'.
Keriiandn V'>,/fr.,iah>t'dop5.
Ferrara. /ir-mh'rak.
Fiir rol'.
V ctzww^ fez-zakn' .
Fiesoic,/f.(<fW(1.
Fingal, fing gaut.
Fimsterre, /in-is't5 r '.
Finrd,/?-^rrf'.
Fittif, fU'tra.
\\w\wi-, /t--iw'iiiii.
V\imi\A,jhr\-dah.
i-nnseca. /c^z-j./'X-rt/;.
Korineiitara,yi'»'-;w^«-/,i'r<M.
Formosa, /fr-;//(>'j*i.
Foveaiix,y(>-r'<»'.
Vxi-W\.:T^yfr\'bcrg.
V f^-\\\\\\^, fr'i' boorg.
1' iin, fre'o.
Frisdie Haff.//-<'jAV kahf.
V x\s\An. fr'iz'i'-txu.
Fuca.yu'tv///.
Fuego,/7r./V"'
FlH'};ns, /■<)../ V^f^.
Fiimhai,/,'<M/Vm^/'.
I'liiun, /«'//<■«.
Fiin;i.aux,ytwr-«i>'.
G
fJairdner, gard'ner,
Calapa'ji.-', g.ih-i'uh'pAh-i^os, or
g,ik'hih-/'rt'g&s,
C,.\]m7^ g,,k'/,iktz.
na'i.i.s.i..a,/./jAV-<t.
Caliiii:is, g,ik/-?'»,iks.
C,allip.>!i,,(.',i///-//>',^/r,
('..»lvi,slon, gti/'j'fs-foft.
( lalway, t^.tui'ivil.
(laoKis, ,oI"'/i-'-
Ciaromie, gah-ron'.
(kiiesfe, /?ft-t-s?'.
Cieneva, ii'fie'i'ti.
I Icnevievr, . ?ii-c-v?v'.
( ieiifia, i^n'o-a
<}cial, zhn-rahl'.
t 'ri'yst;is, ghi's^ rz.
< 'di.ulanifs, gitk-diik'ttiTs,
Chants, i;au(s.
Client, ^AM^
Cibuiiiei-, ^'/.jW.
('libra! t.ir,/jM^r.r«/'Air.
(iilnmn, ie-hdon'.
Cila, hi-'. 'ah.
Ciiroiule, ie'roud',
Glasgow, ghis'go.
Glommen,' ^Um'en.
Cilnuccster, glbi'ter.
Cobi, i'ii'i^.
o/the proper namii m tHe above iable^/or obvious reasons, has only been approximately given,
r.ndaycry, x-it-d.tk'vfr'l.
(fonalves, gtfnive',
i''f*x\iUx, giWd.ikr.
( Jondokiirn, ^dndo-kb'rS.
CtKlebnrg. yi'-t,J'bOrrg'.
( lotlmgun, /^i»/V/«i-/«.
Cozio, ^ol so. m
V,x.\UAs, gr,tk'i?.ahs.
CxMi^ grahtz.
^'txuvnmtU, green' ij.
(Ireil/, grltz,
Grenada, gre-nli'da.
<-\x<e:\\7^<\\\\K'j*,gren-,tk-d}m'.
GtoninRen, groPt'ing-en.
(ttiadalajara,
gvtth-dah-lah-hah'ra.
Gu.id.alope, gUHik-dnk-lh'pa.
(juadal(|uiver, ^wah-dal-ke'vcr.
Guadalupe, gwak-dak-ldO'/d^ t-r
gah-da-loop' .
Guadiana, gtvak-de-ak'nak, oi
gav-dha'na.
(>naiiaxiiato,
g^vak-tiak-kwak'lj.
{ ''U^\rtxc,g:t>ak-pu'ris.
(luatdafui, i:ahr'dak-/nv'.
(luatemala, fvak-ff-mah'lak.
Guaviare, gnah-v?-ak'ra.
Gnayatpnl, eivhak-kll*.
Guernsey, i'7(r»'«'«?.
iimM\nt ghhak'nak.
Guinea, gkhi'f.
( luy.mdfitte, gkltin-dst'.
Gnysborougli, Y^/j-Awr'rt
Gwalior, gtvah Tt-or.
H
Iladramaut, kakd-rah-motvt.
Hague, hagh.
Hainan, bt-nAn', \
Hainault. kn-nd.
Halio<ladi. kiik-kd^dtiU'd?.
Halle, kaki'le. \
Hamburg, hlim'-boorg* '
Ham'mer-fest. '
Hampshire, hitmp'skir, \
Har-ri-can'aw, i
Har/. hakrts.
lla-^l ings.
Hatteras, ktlt'er-as.
H.vv.-in'a.
Havu; hill, /r,Ir.Vr./7.
Havre. /mhj''r.
Hawaii. /m//<,.ri//',-, or^M-7^;'?.
Havli, hn'tc.
Hefjridcs, A?b'r};/Ps.
Hfdj.17., htj-ahz'.
Heilelberp, h't'del-hir^.
Helena (St. >, kc-il'ua.
Hel'fto-l.ind, nr Hei'[-Eo-!and.
Hel'sin.p-fnrs'.
HC'l'mund'.
Ht?n-lo'[ien.
Herat. hcr-,iht'.
W^xaW.X. ha-ro.
Hereford, hfr'f~f„rd.
\\iix\lm\Jtart'/ord.
Herinanst.idt. n?rr-uinhti-st,iht' ,
Hcrrnbut. h^ru'hdot.
Herzegovina,
k!rt-sek-go-v/n,ih.
Hesse, kess.
Hides , e'air.
Hli-du-st.1n'.
Hinan, hi-mthn'.
Hoangbo,
h^Ang'ho', or "ivhaiig'/io'.
Ho hen-!o-be.
HoKtein, hol'stht.
Hutyolce. hbVyok.
Honda, du-d,ih.
Honduras. luVr-dob'ms.
\Um(}\\ih\,kb-nb-ldb-loo.
Hoibam, hbth'am.
Hon^atonic. koo-sa-ton'ik.
UnwiU. Iwth.
Hiiall iKa, 'vahi-ynk'g.th.
Hue, koo'rt.
Huesca '.vci'kah.
Hyderabad. h':-der-,i'l;ihd'.
Hydrabad, hhdra-lmhd' -
Hyeres, kl-a.r'.
I
Id.ilin, Vdii-kb.
IgMaiw, T-.:ntih'ia.
in,?'/.-'.
IlHmani, Tl-ye-tnah'tte.
Illinois, V-'i-tioiie', ox noi'.
Inagua, r-mih'gxiixk.
Indigirka, hi-<ie'^klrr'kah.
Inhambaiie, cti hakm-bak'tui
Innsprnck, tns'pnjok.
Interlachfii, in'ter-lakk'-en.
Icwa, i'o-wa.
i I
ii f ^
146
Iquiquc, f'kg'kit.
Iran, e-ruhn'.
Irraw.iddy, 'tr-rah'Wod'de,
Irkutsk, \r-kootih'.
Isar or Iser, i'ztr,
Iserji, e-zlir' .
Isia de Pinos, ii'la da fie'noce.
Islay, I'la,
isle Royale, fel-rwah-yal,
Ispahan, ts-M-ha/tn'.
Isthmus, is mm.
lUcoIunii, ?-fii/i-ci)~/da-tne'.
Iiainbe, ?-tahm'ba.
Il.isca, i-fas'kah.
Ivica, C-ve'saA.
liiaccihuatl; «-/ ' k-se-hwiihil'
. Jacmel, zhahk'mii'.
' Jaen, hah-en'.
; J.ilapa, knh'lah' p,\h.
, J.ilon, hah-ldn.
Jamaica, /(i-/ml'>(vi/i.
Janiiia, yaht'uf-iuih,
J.in Mayen,^'uA« m't'en,
J.ipiira, hah'/H>d'riih.
}M^y, yiis'se.
javAija/t'7'aA.
J.ivary, hah-Viih're.
Jedburgli, jed'bur-ro,
Jt-'na, ya'^uth*
Jorsey, /rr'ze,
}\\\OQi\^ Jl'hddn' .
Ji-Io'io.
Joannes, zha-ahn'nis-
Jorullo, ho'rootyo.
Jua:i de Kiica, >«'(?« dffu'ka,
Sp. koo-iiliH da/oo'kiih.
J Juaii Fernandez,
\ Ju'iin ft'r-H'tn' di^z
) Sp. hoo-ahn'/er n<i/tu'ditfi.
^ }\ih,j0ob.
f Jiiba, zhbo'bah.
) J near, hoo kar,
j JuRVr-iiaut.
, Juiipfraw, yflOHff'frow.
) Juniata, ju-tu-at'a.
J jOt'iand.
I K.
I Kaffa, kiihffak.
, Katir, kah*/r.
I Ka-^esinia, A'nfi-ffn-sT-tna'.
J Kairwan, ktr-wahn' .
\ Kalahari, ka/f/ah-hnh'r?.
I Kalamazoo, ktll-n-ma-xHd' ,
' Kamclialka, kAm-chiit'ka.
Kanawlia, kan-nah'wixh.
Kar 'ahar, hthn-dn-hahr' .
Kano, kah'no. I
Kansas, k.-t/tu'stiSf or kr.n'zas.
Kara, kah'rah.
Kiirakorum, ktih-v,ih-ko' rum. '
Karlskrona. knhrrls-krob'uah. !
Karlslath. kahri'stiihtt.
Karroo, kahr'dS.
Kasan, kih-zuhti'.
Kasliijar, kdsh-i^ijhr'.
Katah(hn, ka-taft'din.
Kcarsarge. ki-r'sarj.
Kelat, ke-laht'.
Keiiai, ke-uah'e,
KLMiia, kyiie-ith.
Keren, ka-ren'.
KevRUL'leti, ker^'e-Un.
Kerniadec, k?r-nta-dlk\
Khanat, kahn'at.
Khiiif-an, khi-j^tihn*.
Kliiva, ke'vali.
Kiachta, ke-ahk'U\h,
Kiel. kcL
Kiev, kf'f:''.
Kihmanjaro, kU-e-uutJui-jah-ro' .
Killarney, ktl-nhr'm.
Kingkitao, kin^'ki-tah'o-
Kiiinaird, kiH'\rd'.
KirRhiz, k\r-ghlz'.
Kirkcudbright, kir-koo'dr^,
KisaiM'i, ki-satig'ffa.
Kiusiti, ke-oo-sf-oo\
Kizil Irniak, kWil er'nuU,
Kliuschev, kle-ot>-xhev' .
Koeni^sberR, ken'iffz-l>cr,^\
Ko{Iiac, ko'de-a/tk,'^
Kokan, ko-kahti'-
Kolyma, ko-U-mah' or ko-te'mah.
Ko'niorn.
Koni^grat?., kfn'is^-t^rahfs,
Konij;sl)erg. ken-it^i-berfr,
Kor-d<>-{an, kor-do-ftthf? ,
Kuenhin, kw^tflodn', j
Knr, kSdr. \
Kurdistan, k^dr-di's-tahn' .
Kurile, kdd'rd, \
Ktiro Sivo, kihj'ro s?'v<-i,
Kurraclice, kHr-ah-che' . '
Kyaclita, ke-akk't,ih.
LOVELL'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY.
La Guayra, hihgwVrah.
I La HoHue, hdg,
I Lahore, lah-hor',
I La Mancha, /ii/. tnahn'ch*ik,
Laos, lah'oc, .
La Paz, iii/t'/>iihz'.
La Puebia, lah Mvfb' lah»
I-^a Perou.se, ia/i /la-rooz'.
La Rochelie. ro-sheV,
Lancaster, Idn^'kas'ter.
Landes, i,iti{ff)dz.
Langres, /a/tn(ff)'r.
Laramie, iAr'H-itte.
Lassa, fahs'stih.
Lausanne, lo-zithn'.
Laybach, IVbahk,
Lcamincton, U'm'ing-ioH*
Lech, Ifk.
Leeuwin, tc'ivitu
Leicester, les'ter.
Leipsic, lipe'sik.
Leman, la'ituihuig)* .
?^eominster, Id-uihi'Ster.
Le P»y, ie />n>?
Lichlenfels, tik' ten-Ms.
Lillc, /,-'/.
Licchtun-itein, lek-ten-siin.
Lima, h'vuih,
Lini(»j;t;"<. /r-mozh'.
Linctiln, liiik'uH.
Lipari, liti'a-rf.
Lisbon, liz-biiu'.
]<lanu Lstac.idn,
Vy.ih'no fst-tah-kith do
Llanos, Vytth'nocc.
Ltiirc, liv.ihr.
Lnire-et-Cher, iwiihr-ii-shnr.
Loja, Id' hah,
London, Ittu'dun.
Loo Clioo, loo ihbb.
Lopatka, lo-pM'ka.
I,Oi Angelos, /d,,- ,iu'''?hfz.
i.os Roipies, lo,'.' ro'kcz.
l.imisi \i\c, /lio-r-zP-.ihd'.
Liiuvaiii, /.'o-r.in't
Lowell, /o'c/-
Lowestofi, l5-stpft.
Lublin, Idd'blin,
Luci'me, /o~)-s,'rn',
Lufiji, ho-fe'je,
Lugano, loo-^hah' no.
IvUnebur^, loo-tia-boorg,
Lnpata, l:w-/>ah'tiih.
Luxeinburi,', liiks'em'burg^
I-,uzon, lo^zbn'.
Lynn, i'tii.
Lyons, ii'unz.
Laaland, hh'/and, or /di'atid,
Labrado-, Mb-ra-dUr'.
Libiiati. hth-ba.i^zhs;'.
L.iccadive, /dk-a-dn''.
La I'hutc, /afi shfU.
Ladrone, fa-drdn',
LldoK.t, /a'dd'ca.':
L.if.)y<'ttt% /iiA-,i-iV'.
L» Kinifdif, 1,1 /dor i ft.
L;i«n, f.ih'i:^.
Lmn-, lah'^o.f.
M.
Maan, mih ahs.
Macao, /iiah-kith'o, or tnnh-kMt/.
Macassar, iua-k,U-ar.
Mackinac, tnitk"i-na~.v.
Madawaska, viild-<t-w6s'ka.
Madeira, >n,i-dr'r,i.
Madrid, m<U-rlf.
Maelstnnn, mal'strmn,
Maestricht, mahs'trikt.
Magadoxo, mA^-x doki'o; Port.
nmh-giih'db'sho.
Magalhaens, }nah-_^<ihl-ynh' ens.
MaydeburK. mii^' de-boor g.
Magellan, tnah-jeVan ; Span.
}niih-fii-/-yakn.
M.iRcroe, mah'ghe-ro.
^^lJ•Kiore, nti}d';i)'r,l,
Ma^L^ilhcuddy'b Keeks,
mag'ly-cud:
Mahnn, mah-houe' .
Mainiatchin. ittt-mnh-chin'.
Ma-jor'ca, mah'JorUah,
Mak-.-lo'lo.
Maladetta, mah-lah-dH'tah.
Malay, iu,i:'a'.
Malaysia, ina-fa' ihi-a.
Malheur, uml-oor'.
Mallicollo, mal-le-coth,
Ma)o, iuah'ld.
Malta, inanl'tah.
Maniorc, mah-mo-ra*
Manaar, tuah-uar',
Managua, mah-mxh'gwah.
Manasarowar,
uiah-uah-sah' ro-ithr.
Manchuria, tnitn-i'hflo'rv-it.
Manitoba, iiiiHi-?-td'ba.
Manilimliii, >nii}i-?-tdd'tin.
Mannheim, vuxhn'hhn.
^^aracaybn, mah-rah'kx'bo.
Maranhani, luilr-it-.-'lm'.
Maraidiao, >n.th-r,thn'y:thn'.
Marajo, mah-rah-zhd'.
Marauon, mah-rnhwyHn'.
Maiparita, mar-gah-re' tah.
Mariatfi, mah-re-ah'to.
Marie (j^\;in\.c,tnah-r? gah-lahnt' .
Marietta, mii-ri-it'n.
Mariguana, vtah-r?-givah'mth.
Maritzai tnnh-rM' snn.
Mar.Kco, ma-rok'o.
Marquesas, fnahr-ka'saks,
Marquette, mahr-kli',
Marseilles, inahr-stt/s.
Martaban, tii,tftr-ta-/>dn* .
Martiniijur, }M.i^y-f',.H?i''
M.-.scarene, mafn-ka-riti*.
M assowah, max'sa-tvah.
Matai)L'le, mah-tah-bil'lil.
M.M-a-jian'.
Aiatter irn, mah'ter-horn%
M. nil li-l 'hunk, m,tnk-chtingk\
Matilinain, ininiZ-miu'.
Mauritius, tnawrish'hUs.
Maye.ine, mn-yin',
Mayiwcho, mi-pa'cho-
Mazatlan, mah-zaht'lahn' •
Mecca, ,nik'a,
Meckiin, vtik'ltn.
M ' rt. inH-di'nah.
iVt ' en, mi'uhig-gH.
M ig, -uti-kong' .
Ml !<■ le, mH'burn.
^^eI.. ,, ma-ling',
Meinel, mfm'gl\ or ma'meL
Menai, men'i.
Metiani, ma-nahm.
Mendocino, m^n-do-si' iw .
MeiiKme, mevto'Mii-
Mercede, mer-siid', or me r' eld,
Mergui, mtr-ghe'.
Merid.), mfr'fdah,
Merthyr Tydfil, mer'thir iid'vii.
Meshickemau, me-shik'e-mo.
Mesilla, maset'ynh.
Messina, mls-si-'nah.
Metz, vi?ts^ or mme.
Meusc, milz.
Me.'.ene, mez-3Hf'.
Mfunibiri., mffim-be'ro*
Miako, me ah'ko.
Michipicoteu, muh-'i-p'i-kd'ien.
Milan, mU'an.
Mille Lacs, mt-l lahk,
Mindanao. w}n-dah-nah'o,
Minpan, mhig'gan.
Minho, msn'yo.
Minnesota, min-^-^td ta.
Miramichi, m'tr-ii-me-sht'.
I Miriin, me-recn{g)' .
, Missolonghi, mis-so-long-ghe.
I Mitvlene, «//-//-/,;';/(•.
] Mnbile, wtf-(^,-/'.
I Mocha, vio'kah.
j Moklau, mdl'dow.
' Moiiipax, mom-poh*.
MoMiana, mon-iah'na,
Mont lilanc, tnoi/(g) b/onlgV,
Monte Chrisli, inoit'tl kris'te-
Monte Diablo, mon'/a de-ah'b/d.
Montenegro, mon-Ul-n&'gro.
Montfi'y, mon-ia-ra',
Mon- .deo, m^n-t?-vid'e-o, or
mou'tii-z'e'da'O.
Alontgoinery, motit-giim-er-i.
Mont-nio-ren'cy, Kr.
tuiin(^)-mo-raknig)-se' ,
Mont-ser-rat', Kr.,
tnbn(^)-sfr'rah'.
Moray, viur'H,
Morena, tnit-ra'nah.
Moscow, tnds'kd.
Mo>;elle, mb-zfl\
Mo'sul.
Mnulinein, maid-m?>i'.
Mozambique, mo-znm~bck'.
Mulahacen, moo-lah-ah~then'.
Maiden, tnool'deu.
Murcbison, vinr\'hi-soti,
Mur-rum-bid'gee.
Muscat, miis-k<i('.
Muscatine, mUs-ka-len',
Mysore, mi-sor',
N.
Nablus, nahbloos'.
Nagasaki, nah-gah-sah'ke.
Namaqua, uah-mah'qna.
Naniur, nah-mur',
Nancy, mln'-s'i.
Nanking, tiHn-khig'.
Nanling, nnhn-liug'.
Nantes, uiliiis.
Nantucket, nAn-ittk't-t.
Napo, $iah'po.
Narbonne, uahr-bun'.
Narragansett, nUr-n-i^iiu'iel.
Natal, nah'tah/'.
Natcliez, niich'ez.
Natcliitocbes, uthh-'HAh'es,
Navarino, tiah-7'ti/i-r?'fio,
Navarre, nah-tuthr',
Neagh, «,?.
Neckar, n?k'ar.
Negrais, neg-rke'.
Negro, nii'gro.
Neilgherry, nel-gh^r're.
Nemours, ua-moor'.
Neosbo, ne-o'sho.
Nepig.in, na'pe-s^on.
Neuchatel, niish-ah-m' .
Nouse, nus.
Neusiedler^ noi-sed'h'r.
New Strelitz, noi stralits-
Nevada, fia-7>ah'dah.
Newcastle, ftii'kasW.
Newfoundland, fiu'/ilnd-fihid.
Ngamr, n^gah'me,
Niagara, ni-ag'ii-rah,
Nicaragua, mk-ah'rah'gwah,
Nice, »?s,
Nic'-o-bar.
Niemcn, ne'tneti.
Nieuweveld, nyuw'velt,
Niger, ni'jer,
Nijni Novgorod,
utzh'ne n5%}-go-rM' .
Niphon, ni-/dn\
'^'ipi•'^!Ilg, mp-t-sing*.
Nismes, «?;«.
Norwich, nor'ij'
Notre Dame, nU^r dahm.
Ncursi', nodri,
Novaia Zenilia,
fio-v't'ah zlm'le-ah.
Nueces, n-if/i'-sfs.
Nubia, noobe-ah.
Nyanza, nhakn'zah,
Nyas^a, nhahs'sah,
o.
Oahu, wah'hdfl.
f)bidos. b-bf'doce.
Obi, o'be.
Oceania, o-she-ani-a.
Ocnmlgee, ok-mul'ghe,
Odense, o'dcn-se.
Oesel, e'sel.
Oketinokee, d-ke-fin-d'ki.
Okhotsk, 3-Xv/j>t.
Olmntz, oVmuts.
Omaha, b'ma-havj.
0:n.in, b'mahn\
Oinoa, b-mb'ah.
Onega, o~ne'ga,
Oiiion, iln'yun.
( >ntonagon, Hn-la-nai/g'on,
Orchilla, or-c/ieel'mh,
Orihuela. o-re-wiV/ak.
Orizaba, b-r?-snli'b.ih.
Oikneys, ork'iii-z.
Ortegal, br-ta-gahl'.
Oruba, o-roo'bak,
Osage, o-s^j ; Fr. o-zahzh',
(Jshkosh, i^sh'kbsh.
O^^wego, os-uv'go,
Otranto, o-trnitn'to.
Ottawa, oi'til-<vah,
Ouro Preto, o-ro pra'lo'
Ouse, ooz.
Oviedo, o-7'r-ii'do.
Owasco, o-wds'ko,
O-wy'liee.
Oyapok, a-yah-fiok'.
Ozark, o-zahrkK
Pacarima, pah-kah-rVma.
Padang, pahd-ahng',
Padua, pi\d'vdo-aS
Paisley, pazTi.
Palcnbang, fiill-i'm-btin^'.
Palestine, /<«/'«-//«. "
Palk, pauL
P.llm.as, pahl'inahs,
Palos, pah'lbs.
Pampas, pahm'pahs.
Panama, pUn-a-mah '; Sp.
pah-nah-niah
Papieti,./iz//-/(>-/iVc.
Papua, pitp'o-a, ox pah'pdd^h.
Para, pah-rah*.
Paraguay, Piih-rah-g'.i'a' , or
pah-rah'^7vV .
Parahyl)a, pah-rah-^'bah.
Paramaribo, /,/r-<z-wM>-'/-^(?.
Parana, pah'rah-nah* .
Paranagna, pth-rah-nah-gwah* .
Paranahyb.i. pah-rah-nnh-i'bah.
Parecis, pah-ra-t?s'.
Parime, pxh-rf'mH-
Pariiia, pah-r?-nah*,
Passau, pa/is'so^v.
Pasto, pitAs'ta.
Pan, po,
Patos, pah'toce.
Pavia, pijh've-ih.
Pecliilt, pa-che-li',
Pecoi. pa'kbs.
Pei|ius, pii'e~pbds,
Peking, pr-kitig',
I'elew, pf-ln'.
Pelinjj, Al-//«r'.
Pembina, pern be-nah.
I'enas, ffn'yahs.
Pe-nob scot.
Penzance, pcn-zanss' ,
Pere Marquette, p^r niar-ket*.
Pernambuco,/Vr-«<i/i///-Aw'/(',f.
Perouse. pa-rooz*„
V^x\^^^\\^^^„ pfr-p^n-yahn{g)' ,
Persia, per'shl-^i.
Perugia, pe-rbb'f'ah.
I'escara, pes'kah'ntk-
Pesth,/Vj/.
Petchora, p'tlch'o-rah.
Petropaulovbki,
/xi-tri >-P(f!i-/oo'ik^ .
Philippine, 7?/'/'-//;/.
Pichincha,/,'-,/i/«'<7f,fA.
Pico de 'leyde, pe'ko de tX'df.
Pietermaiit/burg,
pl-tcr-mar' its-burg.
Pilcomayo, pd-ko-mi'o.
Pisa. p;Kd.
Piscataqua. /<is-kat'i1-k2vay.
IMsuerg.i./,Vv;<v/-V,t//.
Pilea, ///V-('.
Placentia. pla-sln'sbe-a.
Platte, /Aj/.
Plymouth, plim^Hth.
Poitiers, /.j/'-AVj'; Vx.
Puuifi-lctV .
Pulavd, fio'latid.
Pompeii, piim-ptl'y?.
Poncliclierry,/(J«-(/r--j//?rV.
I'opayan,
po-pi-ahn, or pb-pah-vahn' .
Popocatapetl, po'Po-kah-ta-p^tV .
I'nrt an Prmce./^r/ tJ/rm^j.
Porto Rico, re ka.
I'orlo Seguif), SiVeoo'ro.
Portf>mouih, Piirt?mtUh.
Portugal, ^br/'do-gal,
I'osen, po zeii,
Potomac, po'U^mnk.
Voiusi, po-to-s?', or po-/o'jf.
Poughkeepsie, pd-AJ/'sl,
Prague, prag.
I'regel, /r.jV'-A
Presqiie Lslc,/^f j^ ?/'.
I 'rovcuce, pro'7'anig)s'.
Prulh, prbb/A.
Puebia, p^vib'lah.
Puerco, piygr^ko.
Puerto Principe, /ic^rVi)
pren'se-pa.
Puno, poo' no.
Punta, pbbn'iah.
Pur us, pod' reds.
Putuniayo, pbb-too-mt^o.
Pyrenees, pir'en-ez.
Q-
Quathlamba, knvthHahm'bah.
Quatre Pras, kahCr brah.
Oiit-'bev, ktue-bek'.
Qwentin, kwen'tin,
Queretaro, ka-ra-tah'-ro,
0"'lM-'ron, ki-ba-rdn{ g)' .
Quili mane, -<■?-/?■ »M/r«a^.
(Juiloa, ke'lo^th.
(Jiiito, ke'tb,
(Juor'ra.
R.
Rabatt, rah-bahl'.
Racirte, rd-s?n'.
Radack, rah'dahk.
Rainier, rH'nfr.
Raleigli, rau'le.
Ralick, rah'iik.
Rangoon, rUng-gbbn* .
Ras-el-Had, rahz-il-kahd'.
Reading, rid'ing.
Realejo, re-ahla'ko.
Recherche, rf-shersh^.
RLcife, nl-se'-fa.
Repgio, rfd'f'o.
Reikiavik, rl'ki-a-vlk.
Reno, rn'no.
Restigoiiche, res-te-goo'sha.
Renss, ruce.
Reval, rfv'aU or rfv'ahl.
ReviUagigedo.
ra-viryah-he'hS.* do.
Rheims, rems*
Rhodes, rddz.
Riad, re-ahd*.
Richibucto, rish-e-huk'tg,
Richelieu, rt'she-tdd.
Rldeau, ri-dd',
Rieseii Geberge, rf'zeri
ga-b?r'-gei.
Rmimi'^ki, r^mbds k?.
Riohaniba, r^-o-bahm'bah.
Rio de la Plata,
re'o da lah plah'iah.
Ripa, re'^nh.
Rio (ivande (Texas), ri'o Grand.
Rio Grande {,'A.t\.) re'o grahn'da,
Rio Grande del Xirte,
re'o grahn'da dfl uor'ta.
Rio Janeiro, ri'o jii»-?'ro, or
r?'o jtx-ua'ro*
Rio Negro, rVo nH'gro-
Rio PccoB, r?'o p^i'kos.
Rio San Juan.r? V sahn hoo-ahu' .
Rio Santiago,
re'o sahn-te'ah'go.
Riviere du Loup,
r^ve-air du loo*.
Rochefort, rbih-/or',
RiK-helle, ro-shlll.
Uodrigues, rbd-r?g, or
ro-dreg'cz,
Roque, rSk.
Roraima, rb-r't'-niah.
Rosario, ro-sah're-o,
Roscnau, rit-zeti-oji'.
Rotterdam, nV-er-difm'.
Rouen, rbit'en ; Kr. rwotig,
Runmania, roo-mah'ne-dh, j
Riivuma, ro-z-oo'ma. \
Roxo, ro'ho.
Rugen, ru'ghen.
Rustchuk, rdflsHhaok'.
Rutland, riit'lnnd.
Riilledge, riit-lej .
Ryswick, rh'w/k
Samoa, sah-mb'ah.
Sana, sah-nah'.
San l!artutomco,
sahn bah-lol'-b-md'O,
San IJlas, blahs.
Sail liorja, bor'hah.
S.1n Glemente, cla'mahn{g)f.
San Diego, sahn de-A'-go.
S.ln Domingo, do-ming'go.
San Kernando,
sahn /er-nahn' do.
Sangay, sahn-ghi',
San J.MqiMii, sahn ho-ah-ki-n' .
San Jose, sahn ho-sA'.
San Juan, siin /Hb'-an ; Sp.
sahn hoo-ahn' , or son htvahn ,
San M.ireno, sahn mah-re'no.
San Matias, sahn mah-te'ahs.
.San Miguel, sahn me-ghcl'.
San Pedro, sahn pa'dro,
San Salvador,
sahn Sithl'vaftrdor'.
Santa Cruz, sUn'la It bos ; Sp.
sahu'iah krodth.
Santa Fe, sa'tn'tah/a.
Santareni, sahn-tah-yen( g)' ,
Santiago, sahn-tc'ali'go,
SatHie, sbn.
Saratov, sah-rah-tb^i'. '
Sarawak, sak-rah'ivahk, or \
sah-rah-wahk'. i
Saskatchewan, sds-kdch'e-jtMtun'. '
Sault St. Mary, '
i* 1 sb sahn inah-re, {
luually called ^bd sent mU'rt. i
Sa\imur, sb-mur', '
Save, sahz', or sa?'. ,
Sav'oy, or 'r^rhr'-n-n/i'. (
Sayan-^k, si-ahnsk . <
Scafell, skah'/ci
Schaffhausen, sh.^h -hozv'zen. <
Schelde, or scheUil, skill. <
Schemnitz, shfm'nitz. \
Schencctad ■, skf-n}k'ta-dl. (
Scioto, sho to. (
Schleswip, shll's'wi^, J
Schoharie, sko-hHr^i. \
Sclioodic, skod'dik. (
Schuylkill, skdil'kV. j
Schwerin, shw&-ren', J
Scilly, sU'h I
Scio, si'o. '
Scutari, skSd'tah-ri, \
Segre, sii'gra. i
Segura, sa-goo'rah, '
Seme, slin. \
Senaar, orsennaar, sin-nahr'. (
Senegal, sfn-^ganf, <
Sereth. sii-rei'. !
Serra Kspenb.acn, (
sfrr'ah fs-pin-yah'sb. <
Sesheke, sa-sha'ka. i
Seychelles, sa-shfl'. \
Shaino, shah-md', (
Shanghai, shang-hl*, - '
Shary, shah're. \
Shasta, shas'ta. (
Slienandoah, shhi-an-db'ah. '
Shiraz, she-rahz'. \
Shumla, shvom'lah. (
Sierra Acarai, se-fr'ah '
ah-kah-rl', J
Sierra Kstrella, es-trel'vah. t
Sierra Leone, si-fr'a li-o'ne ; <
Sp. sf-?r'ah la-b'nU. I
Sierra Madre, mahd'ra. (
Sierra Morena, mo-rii'nah, (
Sierra Nevada, na-vahdah. \
Silumn, si'hbdn'. \
Sinai, si'n'i, or si'na-i. (
Sinde, s'lnd. J
Singaiiore, slng-gah-pbr'. \
.Si<t\it, se-bdt'. (
Sinope, shi'd-p9.
Dutch.
r'ts-wik.
s.
Saalc, lah'le.
S.diine, sah-ben'.
Sabrina, sah-bre' nah.
Saco, sah'ko. '
S.ici.imento, sdk-ra-mSn'to.
S.idowa, .(ah'dt>-ah.
Saghalien, sah-gah-le'en.
Saginaw, Si1i;-i-n<itt'.
Saguenay, nihg-r-na.
Saliara, sA-hil'rah, or
sah'hah-rah.
Saigon, shgdn'.
Saima, zi'ntah.
Saladr), sah'ltih'do.
Salimoes. sah-lf-w?z.
S.ilinas, sahd?'nahs<
S.ilim-, ia-l7n' .
Salisbury, snuls'ber-i.
lorn on, sbl^ii'mon.
rlonica, sah-h-ne'kah.
Salla, sahl'tnh.
Satuen, sahl'ti>?n'.
Salzburg, sauld'burg, Ger.
sattlls'bSdrg.
Samaria, sah-tnah-nah'.
Sioux, idd; I-r. s?-bi^.
Sir Daria, ser dah'rP-ah.
Sirin.'gnr, sfr-ing-ah-goor' ,
Skagei Kwi^V, skdg'er nlk,
Sneetiw, snhdbv'.
Socotra, io-kb'trah, or
s!\k'o trah.
Sofala, s^/ah'lah, f^r sd'/ah-lah .
Stibnioes, so-te'mdz.
Somali, so^maw't^.
Somerset, sum'er-s^l.
Sumnie, sbm.
.Sondershausun,
son-ders'hmv'-zeH.
Soonparia, sddng-gah're-ah,
Sophia, so-/e'ah.
Sorata, so-rah'tah.
Sorel, so-rel'.
Snndan, sbd-dahn'.
Spandau, spahn'do'ltt.
Spartivento, spahr-te-i'ifM'to,
Spezzia, spft'se-ah,
Spiizbergen, spUs-bergh'en,
Spree, sprd.
Stanovoi, s/ah-mht'oi'.
Sta. M.iri.i, sahu'iah tnah-re'ah.
St. Augu&line,
sent mf-gus-teen'.
St. Grr)ix, senf-kroy'.
St. Genevieve, Jen-e~viev' .
Stcilacooni. sti-lah-kotnn*.
StepiJe, step.
Strelitz, s/rflPts.
StromDoli, stroni'bo-lf,
Suchona, soo-kd'nah,
Sucre, soo'kra.
Sutletic, su-dft'ik.
Suez, sbb'ez ; Arab. sbd-fz\ ot
sbb'ahz'.
I Suir, shQr,
sah'ttiS'tih.
ih-tiah'.
rtolomco,
siihn bah-ioU-dtua-o.
s, blahs.
■jn, bor'hah.
inente, cla'miihnig)t.
go, sahu de-A'-go.
iniiiRo, do'ming'go.
nandn,
sahu /er-tiahu' lio.
sahu'ghi'.
tjiiiii, sahn ho-ah-kcti' .
L', sahn ho'ih',
n, sti/t jHO'-ati ; Sp. i
'0O-ahtt\ or san huHxhii . '
■etu»» sahpt mah-re'no. I
ias, sahn mah-ti'ahs. i
uel, sahn nie-ghel',
ro, sahn f^'dro,
Mtlor,
ji///;/ siihhvaltrdor* .
ruz, idn'ia krdds ; Sp.
stihii'tah krooth,
', sahn'tahja.
II, sahn-tah-7en{^y,
, sahn-te'ali'go.
hi.
sah-rnh-l57'\
, sah-rah'-ivaUk. or
J(j//-r<j/j!-7U<jA/''.
cwaii, sdS'kHih'c-iwxun' .
Miry,
i" 1 j3 J(i/i« fimh-r?, ,
^' called (^ ««^ mA'rh
so-niiir*. '
iv, or j*?«'. I
T ^nhT-tvtih*, (
s'ltzhnsk'. '
kah'/ei \
jscn, sh.-'h -hmv'zen. <
or sclieUii, J-i■^/^ <
z, shfm'nitz. \
\A:. ske-tiH-'ta-dl. {
■o'to. (
:, sh/^s'iin^, J
?, sko-hHr^i. J
sk-do'dlfc. (
I, skMl'kU,
. shwa-rin'* J
tdd'/ah'ff,
era.
i-goo rah,
I.
rsennaar, sUn-nahr*.
fu't'gaut ,
•ret'.
«iihacn,
sir r' ah !s-fin-yah's3.
ui-sha'ka.
■', sa-shfi'.
uih'ind',
shaug-hi' ,
xh're-
as'ta.
ih, shht-an-db'ah.
\-riihz'.
hcom'lah,
irai, sc-fr'ah
ah-kah-rl'.
rella, es-irei'yah,
ine, si-fr'a /?-c'nf ;
Sp. s?-?r'ah la-d'nU.
drc, ntahd'ra.
ren.l, mo-rH'iiah,
/ada, tia-7'iih'dah.
■hddn'.
i, or st'fia-h
I
shi(^-gah-pQr*.
i'3-/?.
: Kr. j?-^'.
jr-r dah'ri-tth.
sir-hig-ah 'goor',
ihddv'.
•ko'trah, or
ah'/ah, nr sd'/ah-iah.
o-ie'ntdz.
iHaw'/^.
■HtK'er-slt.
w.
I sen,
soU'ders-httiv'-zen.
xdfltit,"gith'rt"ah.
<Ai/,.
-ah'tah.
/'.
y-d<thfi'.
^thn'di'7i'.
, s/iahr-t^'fifH'to.
*t'ic-ah.
I, sfilts-lH'rgh'tn%
'a/i-ftthi-iii', '
sahti'tah mah^re^ah. i
!)(.', I
j^«/ mv-gus-ittn' . \
fui'kroy'. ,
•ve, jeti-e-viev' . <
s/l-lah'kootn'. '
%tri*ni'b(i-tf,
ffl-kd'uah.
:ra.
dH'ik.
; Arab. jAWz', nt
Suleimm, soo-ia-mnhn'.
Suma Paz, soo'mah pahz.
Sumatra, soo-mahUrah.
Siinibawa, soom-batv'wah.
Sunda, siin'da*
Smigari, soon-gah'ri.
Surat, Jd^r,i/Vor soo-raht'.
Surinam, sdo-r't-mlm'.
Susquehaiinn, sas~k^ve-h(in' a
Siiwanee, su-imw'nf.
Su'ansea, swon'se.
Syracuse, i/r'd-Xv/j^.
Szegedin, seg-ed-in' ,
TabaRO, tah-bah'gd.
'I'.ibatiiiR,!, tah-bah-tin^'gah,
Tabriz, iah-briz*.
'I'acazze, tah-khai'sa.
Taclousac, tah'doo'sac.
Talilelt, tah-/e-lelt.
Tahleqiiah, tah'ie-kzvah,
Tahiti, tah-he'tr.
Taiwan, ti-wahn'.
Talavera, tahUah-va' rah,
Tallahassee, t,\l-a-hSs'e.
Tan>atave, inh-mah-iah'vd
Tampici), tahm-p'e'ko.
Taiiiinarivo,
^ tak'nah-nah-re-i'do'
Fanaro, lah-nah'ro.
'I'rtiiHariylka, tahn-gahn-yi' kah
Tan^-ier, tahn-jer ,
Tansift. iahn'si/t.
Tao, iah'p, almost ioiv.
[laos, tnh'os^ almost tons.
'i'apajos, tah-pah'z/ios, or
tAh-pah' has,
Tarbcs, iarb,
Tanfa, tah-re'/ah.
Tiiritn, tah'rem.
Tasmania, /az-nul'm-a.
Tdmil, chad.
'i't^\\CTmf'ov,i-h?r'>ie-g07'.
Tcliernowilz, chSr'no-vilz.
TeJiama, ta-hah'mah.
Teheran, tH-h'rahn'.
Tehuantepcc, ta-waku-ta-pik''.
Tejo, ta'zho. *
Tcmis'c.imin;;.
Teiieriffe, ien-er-lf .
TeiiRn Nnr, t^n-gre nor.
Tensift, iin-s'i/i' or tin-seft'.
Tequendama, in-kewdah' mah.
Terceir*, /fr-sd'c-mh.
Terre Haute, tir't^ hat ; Fr.
lir hdt, or t?r'e hdt.
Tete, ia'ta.
Teulada, id-oo-lah'dah.
Tenchebray, ten' she-bra,
Ten-as'se-rim.
Tewkesb4ny, takes' bcr-r'i.
Tczciico, ies-koo'ko.
Thames, t^ntz.
Thebes, thebz.
Theiss, tu.
Tliian Shan, tcahn' shahn.
Thibet, tU'i't, or n-bft'.
Thiel, tc/.
Theirs, tp-iir'.
Thibodeatix, tib-o-db'.
Thionville, t?~on~vei',
Thiime, ib'ma.
Thorn, torn.
Thur, inr,
Ticino, te-chg'no.
Ticonderoga, ti-kon-der-o* ga,
TientsinK, R-htt-sing' ,
Tierra del Fuei-o,
te-^r'a del/wa'go,
Tioga, ti-o'gah.
Tivoli, iw'o-li:
Tiflis, n/-lts.
Timbuctoo, tim-biik'too.
Timor, te-more'.
Titicaca, te-ti-^ah' kah,
To-ba'yo.
To-bolsk'.
Tokio, td'ki-d.
Tocanlin.e, to-kahifi^nr..
Tokay, io-kah' ; Hung, to'koi'.
Tolema, to-li'mah.
Xouawaiidai ton^d-iuiin'da/i.
Tonquin, ton-i^n*,
\ Tornca, tor'ne-o.
I Tortugas, tcr-too'gahs.
I Toulon, too-idHigY.
I Toulouse, tdd'/bds'.
, Touraiiie, too-rUn*.
j Tournay, toor-nn'.
\ Tours, fodr.
\ Tra-fal'gar.
Transvaal, irAm-vahl'.
Tras Oft Monies,
trah'soce m&n'tiz.
I ravancore, irii^t-ahn-kbr'.
Trebizond, irih't-zSnd.
Tris Monies, tras mon'tes.
Tris Puntas, tras poon'tas.
Treves, tri-vz,
Trincomalee, )'r/«^-X-<»-;«<i//-/f*
1 royes, trwuh.
Trieste, fre-tsf, or ire-ls-ia.
Trinidad, trhi-'i-dAd.
Troppau, trop'po-.v.
Truxillo, troo-:iZ-l'yQ.
Tsad(la,^'jrt//',/,i/(.
Tuat, ioo~aht'.
Tucson, took-sdn.
Tucuman, too-koo-mahn' .
Tula, too'liih.
Tulare, iot>-/ah'ra.
Tundra, toon'drah.
'^\w^^\\x-A%w?iytoiiH'gQp-rah'gwah.
Tiiiiguska, ibon-gobs' kah.
Turkestan, iur-kes'tahn*,
Turnhout, turnhoo',
Tver, tvar.
Tyrol, ttr^rbl*,
Tyrone, tl-rott',
u.
Ucayali, oa-ki-ah'/r-.
Udong, oo-dSng'.
Uist, lu'tst.
Ujiji, ob-je'je.
Ulm, iklmi Germ. Ulm.
Uiipava, ung-gah'vah.
UniamesI, oo-ne-ah-nuVsc,
Unyoro, bdn-yo'ro.
Uperiiavik, oa'per-uah-vik.
Upsala, oop'sah-lah,
Ural,>«-rfi/; 0\\xa\^ o5-rahi* .
Urga, dor'gnh,
Ui'uguav, yoo-roo-gwii'.
Uruniial>. dd-rob~nu-'a,
Urubamlj.i, oo-roo-bahm'bah.
u..:.',. ■
Utah,jv u. .
Vtica, yod .''-ka.
Vtrei:ht,ybif''ri'kf.
V.
Vaal, 7'ah/,
Vaipatcn, vi-gahh.
V.ilais. vah-ld'.
Valu.ii, vahi'di.
V'aldivia, vahl-dc'v'hah.
Valence, vah'iahH{g)s,
Valencia, va-fcn'shUa ; Sn.
vah-iin'thl'-ah.
Valparaiso, vahl-pah-ri'so.
Vancouver, v^n-koo'ver.
Van Dieman, vdn d?'man.
Vannes, vahn.
Vanua Levu, vah-fioo'ah lu'voo.
Vand, vd.
Vendee, vonig)-da',
Vendome, vnhn{g)-do)ii' .
Venezuela, vSn-ez-iv'e'iah ; Sp.
vin-ith'Wa' lah.
Venice, ven'iss.
Ventuari, ven-ioo-aJt're.
Vera Cruz, vU'rah h'bds.
Vermejo, vir-ma'ho,
Verona, Vil^ro'nah.
Vichy, v?-shi'.
Versailles, ver-stVz',
Vienna, ve-in'nah.
Vienne, ve-en*.
Vico, le'go^ Sp. ; vVgOy Ind.
Villa Rica, -.'(I'yah re'kah.
Vincennes, vhi-s!nz' ; Kr.
v<in{g)-siln',
Vindhya, vind'yah.
Vistula, vh'tft-lah.
Viti Lt:vUy 7'e't? /d'vaif,
Vitim, Te-tem'.
Vladimir, vlah-de-nier' ,
Vosges, vdzh,
w.
Waag, 7vahg,
Wabash, wato'bash.
Wagram, wah'i;ram,
Wahsalch, %mh-sach'.
Walachia, tvah-ia'ki-ah.
Walden, %vaul'den.
Warwick, wor'ik.
War'siiw.
Washita, wosh'e-taw.
Weimer, ivVmar.
Wener, wil'iier^ Wenner,
Tvin'er.
Wesel, •wa'ul.
Weser, ive'zur ; Germ, wa'zer.
Wetter, 7vft'er,
Wheeling, hwi'Ung.
Wichita, wuh'c-taii,
Wiesbaden, iv^s'bah-dpu.
Wicliczka, ivi-liUt' kak,
Wight, 7vti.
Willamette, vni-iah'm^t,
Wilkesbarre, n'liks'bar-t.
Winnipeg, 7vhi't-p?g.
Winniniseogee, Ju'in-ne-p'i-sbk'l
Wi-no iia.
Winooski, ive'noos'kr,
Witchegda, ',iQ-ch?g'dah.
Wocilwich, wddi'ij,
Worcester, ivSds'ter,
Worms, wnrmz.
Wot'chish.
Wrek'ni.
Wrex'ham.
Wyandot, whan-d6t*,
Wyoming, vn-o'niing,
or wt'o^mimr.
Wye,^,
X.
Xarayea, shah-ri'Ss,
Xenia, zen'ya.
Xeres, Sp. ha-res ; Port.
^. sha-ris, or shir-is'
Xmgu, shen-gbo.
Xucar, hoo'kar.
Xulla, zool'lah,
Y.
Vablonoi, yah-bto-noi' .
\AV\\\.hV, ^ah'kdbtsk' .
yangtseK.iang^>'rf«P-/«/-^-4//^'.
\A\\\ti\^s, yahn-ta'Jis.
\Ao^yah o.
Yapura, yah-poo'rah,
Varkand, yahr-kahnd' .
Ynrninmli. yahr'niHth,
Vavari, ynh-vah're,
Vem'en.
Yenisei, yen-e-sa'^,
Yeneseisk, yen-e-sa'esk.
, Yokohama, vo-Xv.//rt//'w,;>i.
' YoiHie, j'£)« .
I Vosemile, yo-siin't-ti.
Ypres, e'p'r.
Vpsilanli, tp-se~lAn'te.
Yssel, I'sel,
Ythan, ith'an.
Yucatan, yn-kah-tahn' ,
Yunnan, yun-nahn'.
Yuthia, yiit'e-ah,
7..
Zacatecas, zah-kah-ta'kas,
Zagros, zah'gros.
iiaisan, zi-zuhn',
Z.imbt'si, zahtti-ba'z?.
y. II gnL-b.n , zan-ghi-bar's
Z.tme, ziihn'li.
Aw zibar, zahn-z't-bahr',
Z-Jiiiiai. zir-maht'.
Zuider Zee, zi'der si,
Zulu, zoo'/oo.
Zurich, zoo'rik-
Zut[)hen, sut'phett.
Zwulle, zworish.
APPENDIX.
STATISTICAL TABLES.
Poliir Diameter
Kqiiatorinl Diameter..
TABLE I.
Dimensions of the Earth.
..7,S!».r)8mile3. I Kqiiatoiial Clroumforonce... 24 WOO "
,.7,!)-.:o.r)0 " I .Supur ltcial Area 197,:il0,b(xrsij. miles.
TABLE II.
Xiimber nf Gniirnphionl milesina Driiree
o/Loni/iliokuiKlfi-rai'lt I'urullclof'lMl-
iliirle, nil Ike Siimo.vtioii Vial the' Polar
Cominxsnioii of ihc Earth is di-
TABLE IV.
Ximber of Eiif/Ush miles in a Der/ree of
Lonijitmli; on each I'araUr! of i.'alitini
from the Eiinator to tlif Sorlh Polo
TABLE VI.
Heights of Princii>a! ^^otlntains.
NORTH AMEIIICA.
t. Xoiihern Cmst Mountains.
Feet.
Mount .St. Eilas (Dall) lil.'JW
(.Miile!i|iiiia) U.itrA
" (linir. llydrog. Cliart8i.U,!i70
" (La Teruuiju) t2,mil
2. .Sierra Xernila ami Cascatle Range.
Mniiiit Wliitiicy
Mount Itainier.
Mount Shasl
TABLE III.
.irrm nf tl). "■•r.iin' ii'ilh thrlf mljarvni
Sias, ill Eni/lish sijiiare .Miles!
H<|. IIMlol.
I'acllli' (loean
Attautiu *'
Indian "
Arill.^ "
Antaretiu "
a.l.lKIO.IHKI
L'ri,0(H),(in(i
6,.'iim,iiiiii
TABLE V.
ircas of the. tlr.ul Land Divisions, iritU
their Puimlation.
Norlh AnuMli'a..
South Aiueri™..
Kuroi)e
Ada
Afrl™.
Mount Tvudall
.Mount Daiiti
.Mount llooil
.'t. JtiH-f:;/ .\tiinntaiiis,
Uucoinpiih^ri: I'e.ik
Mount llarvanl
tiray's I'eak
Mount l.iiK'oIn
liOtig'H IVak
Tike's Teak
•I. ^tounlain reaks in Ik.
.\fr.virii.
. . 1.1,000
.14,441
. . 14,440
. .I4,:!«li
..i:i,ooo
, 12,IHI0
...11,,'ilO
...14,:»t
...14,:ui
...14,207
. ..I.'I.IKNI
...14,21ti
S<j. mllr<.
K,2IHI,llO0
~,\K7,rm)
.•1,«I1I1,0IK)
l(l„'iOll,ll()U
IMtUMiH)
7,000,000 I (i. Ueoilllla 4,'200,'oOO
B>tliihiliiiii.
.10,.''jlH1.00ll
2t<,IKKl,INKl
^ll.t.tHIO.IlOO
;ST,(IOO,0(m
2U.1,niltl,(NHI
37,000,000
siiiilliirn pari of
ropniatajii'tl (V., highest peak but one
in North .Xnu'rlca) I7,7";i
l/ta<'('i]iuall li", Ytn
(.iri/.al)u tV) ■ 17,374
5. PiaLs on the riateaii cif Central Ameriea.
Voliaiui l^f A gua 1.1,000
<-'"i<ni.'» 11,4X0
. f;';'"'-!''!!" Ii'll'lil;. Bivrii brlow. ,it till- prlnci|nl
;».!{.. i.r llio Aii|ml,i,-ln;Mi .Mi>iinlain .tvtlnii, aro nc-
(nnliiiK ti> tlH' l)uri.jii,'tric mcnsiircincntM .if IVofi'ssor
0. U'liilf Atouiil.iins.
Av(Uime of (.igiit highest peaks. .
Mount W iislnuL'tcui
Mount A.lanii, ;""
Mount .lellciBon '.'.
7. (irttii .\tr.iiJitn;»^,
.MaiiBlli.l.l Mount (the ('hln) 4,^,10
Kllllngtiui I'eak. ' .,. 4;^,;;|
N. .Iilirondae Monnlains.
Average of I, .11 lilgln-nt peaku ? 4,1171
Mount Mai-ey, or'l'eluiwus b 17!)
0. falsHll Mountains.
■*'""'»8« V3,000
, .r,.nni
. (i,42S
n,vin
0,714
TABLE Vl.-Coiitinued.
10. Atleifhanii Mmmtains.
Aveijageof nine Hiilgo in Pa )m
' in Md. and Va., near Harper's '
rerry | fj^D
" of highest peaks in central Va. 4!lll;0
of theentireridgein N. C 3,200
in rja 1 Clin
11 .,, , J,8UU
Alleghanies proper, nctir lat.
;t7i.,'j o ^\r■,f^
" iiearlat. .'Hi , for inoiniles..''!! .i'llilO
at their terminus ill Ala 1 21MI
Peaks 01 (J, -.Mdhe highest) 3 i|.,3
« hite 'J'op (southern border of Va.) .... o'.oio
11. lltael: .Mouulaius.
.\vei;am>,nf eight highest pe.nks c,CIO
Ul.aek Home, or Miteliell's High Peak
orClingman'B Peak ' 707
lialsam Cone [] g,j^[
12. Smol.-ii. or fnaka .Vountains (highest
range of the Appalaehlan .System).
-Vverage, ahiuit o (53^0
.■smoky Dome, orclingman's .Mount... flilido
.Mountilnyot (jn.),.
Mount [.eeoiite (eentral peak) '.'.'..'. i3,m
.Mount Buckley 69'J
13. .Mountains in the Islands <\f America.
Sierra Maeslra truba. West Imlles)... . ii,.wo
illue Mountains (.lamnica. West ludiesl 11 7:10
L,"'"" , " (Havti, •• ) 7'.,oi)
tl .'j" ''.'.' ''''"B"lili' (I'orlo llico, W.l. ;i,ri7H
Heela (\ .)(l,.,.|aml)
Oracfa .loUull "
MIITH AMKRICA.
I. .-tniles.
Sorala or .Vnrohunin
lllimani
.Aeoneagua '.
'ruimiigala
I'lilinborazo
Caynmbe '''[
.Viitisaiia , .".'.'."" '
Cotopaxi _'* *"
Tungiiai-.-tgua. . .......'.".*.'.'..'.""
Piebini'ha '.*."..".*.'.*!
'■ 'ani'Mraiil'""'""" >^->"--'". »'"1^"'".
.i.tion
. 0,4011
. .2I,R12
21,140
.22,122
,.'.'2,01(1
.21,4'24
l!l,.VI.'i
,. 10,137
.■Is.W.'i
.111,421
.10,0:M
Avemge, from 4,000 to
.Maravaia i\eneziiela) ....
3. .yfouutains 0/ Ilra.il.
llambe (Serra Kspiiihaen).
. 0,000
.10,000
: -. i
148
TABLE Vl -Continued.
EUKOPE.
Feet.
Klbtu-zOiigliGSb of CatKJOSus >Its is, 571
lllaniMAllw) 1S.7K1
liiwiM A l|is) irj,'j:;3
Kiiist.Tiiar.hnrn ( Alpa) 1 1.IIKI
^Inladuttu (Pyriinuuiil 1 1,108
iMiimit Ktiin, Sirily (vciU-iuio) 10,874
Moll lit UlympuH, (In'ocfJ ;',74'.t
Mdunt Vesiuviun, Itaiy (volcano) y,li50
ASIA.
Evdri'st, Ilirnnlavn Mountains (liiyhost
in till' worlil),: 2:1,002
Kinoliinjiujra, Uinnllava Mountains... .2K,1T.S
Dliawala^'iri. " ' " ...2«.(w0
iliinioo Kcuisli Mountains OityluiStt.. . 20.L';!2
Ararat, .\i'UH>nia I0,'.lt»4
Fusi Vania, Japan 14,177
AintlCA.
Kilinian.ljaro. Central Africa 20,0(1.-,
'rcni-rillV. Canary Is'.auiis I2.1:i0
,V ll.K Mountains (liiKlicst) . ., 11 ,400
Has Dflclii'u (.\l)yssiuial l.>,!isil
Kcnia, i cnlrai Africa 1»,000
OCKANIA.
.Mauna I.na, SainUvich IslnntiB 14,000
ilpliir, Sumatra l:i,K12
(Jwcn sianb'v, I'apua 1:1,20.1
ScnnT. . .I.i\ a 12,ooo
Kumont, Now Zcalaml K,»40
Australian .Vlps (llij^hest) 7,.100
: i
TABLE VII.
Uri'jhti o/some oj'thr Vrboiiml Phttmns.
NOItTII AMI'l;l(.A.
Feet,
tircat Western rlatcau, <'cutral ami
si>nthoru portions, avcrai;i', 4.oiiino ."i.OOO
IMatcau of .VnalioaiMU-.Mc.xico, average, 7.tl00
(luateniala, avera;,'e 5,000
SOUTH A.MKUICA.
Plateau of the .\nde^, between ranges
of tlie .\inles, from Caribbean Sea,
to lal. -J.-.S., avenigo 10,0I»
Talile-Ianil of liogota, average, 8,000 to K^.ooo
Quito, " 10,000
Pas.'o, o 14,000
'• Ciizeo, " ll.WO
'* Holivia or Desaguadero 12,000
Tal>le-iaiul of Brazil, .'n , rage . . . . 2,.')00 to ;1000
KUlil >PE.
Spanish Plateau, average 2,2.'iO
Plateau of llavaria, average l,Ot>0
ASIA.
Plateau of Asia Alinor or Anatolia.
.average 3,2K0
PlateaiC of Araliia, central portions,
average K,000
Plateau of Iran or Persia, from 2,.'i00 to :),.")IM1
" Tibet, from l.'i.OOO to 10,000
feet, average 11,000
AFUICA.
Desert of Saliara, fri>m a little below
tlie level of tlie sea to 4,000
Table-lamlot .\bv8siliia, average«,000 to 0,000
TABLE VIII.
Area nj tin: Ikixiiis uml lA'tttjIh of the
Pi tin; oo/ Itirvrs iit'iwh (li'ttiul lUfhhin.
Name.
Aku, Bubin.
LellKtll.
NOKI'II AMEUICA.
fiH. niilcK.
Kiig. iniles.
Mis8i.><slpni (entire) ...
.Mackenzie
St. liawrcuce
Saskatchewan
Ynk.ni
Colninliia
Colorado
i,:r)0,oiHi
.-|!)0.()(K1
000,000
;ti;o,ooo
200,000
21IS.0IK1
200,000
4,300
2.4711
2,200
I,: too
2,0(10
1 ,020
1,000
StIUTII AMI'.UICA.
Amazon .....
Plata
Driin.eo
San l-'rani'lsco
2,100.000
1,212,0110
2.")I1,0I10
m7,200
4.000
2,.'100
1,0110
tHIO
EUKOPE.
527,.'iOO
.noo,ioo
lo.-i,noo
170, .-.on
l:il,4oo
7.5,000
2,:ioo
Danube
Dnieper
Don
Duiiia
Uiiiue
1 ,K(IO
1,11.-|0
1 ,000
7(10
700
ASIA.
Voncsci
Yung-tse-IUaiig
Ohl
1,110,000
O.i0,000
1 ,2.10,000
KOtt.OOO
7K(1,000
:ir,ii,ooo
.■1I2,0IHI
10(1,000
4112,000
3Jl.fflK!
3,200
.■i.:i20
2,500
I.eiia
.\iiioor
Ilraliiuapootra
2,700
2,ir,o
l,('.S.'l
1 ,soo
1,7K0
\.:m
1.2UU
EupliratcR
ilaUL'cs ...
lr.i\vatlily
AFIUCA.
Nile
NlKcr
t'ongo '
Zambezi
1120,000
Hon.ooo
MUI.OOO
.Vo.ooo
4,000
2,(io;i
.■1,500
1,430
AlsriiAI.IA.
Murray
,100,00(1
2,000
LOVELL'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY.
TABLE IX.
Area of the PriiiripHl Lukes of the Wuild,
unit llnir Altilmle and IJtplh.
Niuiic
Area.
Altitude.
Depth.
01,1) WOULD.
s.j. Milci
Feet.
Feet.
Caspian Sea, Abia —
10(1,000
-m
3,000
Victoria Nvaiiza, .\f.
.30.(K)0
.1,740
Aral, Asia
27,tH10
:ai
220
AlliertNyanza, Af...
20,000
2,720
llalknl, Asia
I3,2»7
1,280
1(10
Tchjni, Africa
15,000
850
1,005
Tanganyika, .Vfrica
13,000
2,710
NyasHa, Africa
8,000
1,.522
Ladoga. Itussia
7,1.-0
40
llalkasii, .■\8ia
(1.400
700
70
Ilangwcolo. .\frica..
5,0(KI
3,088
Onega, Eur(.i>e
3,380
2:17
Evre, .Australia
4,1(H)
70
(iairdner, .'Australia.
2,400
:»kl
Wener, Eliro|H'
Uruiuiali, Asia ■
2,020
114
1,7:1.5
4,(«)0
12
Wetter, Euroiie
Dead S(!a, Asia
710
200
4IHI
4115
l,:il2
l,:i(10
(leneva, Enrop,.
221
1,2:10
08.1
Constauee, Eurojic...
183
1,200
IIOI
NEW WOlil.D.
Superior, N. Anii'iiea
32,000
(130
1 ,200
^liehigan, N. Anier,
25,1100
678
000
Unroll. N. .America. .
24,000
578
1 ,000
Eric, N. Amcrii-a —
10,000
503
KHI
(ileal Hear, .V.-Amer.
14,000
230
AViiiiiipeg, .V. Aiiu.r.
0,000
710
Ontario, \. Americ'a.
7,:)(M)
232
000
^lann-avbo, S. .Aiucr.
5,000
Nicaragua, Con. Ani.
3,500
128
Titicaira, S. Ameii.'a.
4,000
12,847
700
(IrcalSall I.ake.N.A.
1,K00
4,210
.Atlialidska.N. .Aincr.
:i,4(Ki
(100
>.'i[i!goii, N. .America
1,11.50
8.50
(100
CI ap;.!;.-, N. .America
i,.;5o
2,824
Tl.lari-', N. ,\nierica..
700
COO
CInnnplain.N. .Anicr.
5(7
SKI
280
St. .loliii. \..\nicrica
500
300
L.of liie W.io.ls.N.A.
.500
1177
;\Ioo8eliead, N. .\iiicr.
:iflo
1,0;
Talioe, N. America. .
2,50
0,300
1,700
TABLE X.
Area and Pojndatinnol'llf Seren Lar^/est
Islaiid.i.
Nttinc.
Sq. Milci.
I'opulatitiii.
Oiveiilaiul
Goo.ono
o.son
lionuMt
:u)n.o(io
l.TrHi.iMH)
Ni'w (iuiiica -.
JSO,tK«(
1,0011,(101)
MailiinaBfiir
1:14, into
:t,r>oo,iiiio
Sumatra
171.250
l!,(illll,OOI)
Niplinii or Jloutlo
iia.iiiM)
ciruat Itiiiaiii
HT,!K);t
ni.'j.'io.ono
_
—^—
TABLE XI.
Altitude of the Hii/hint Inhabited J'laies
ami Cities.
I'.'el.
Ilanlc, Thibet 1.5,117
Pasco, Pern 14,008
Potosi, Holivia l:i,:i.50
I.a Paz. Holivia 12,22(1
( :nz..o. Pern 1 1 ,.51'0
(^iiit... Eciunlor Il,.520
Hi.goia, c.luml.la 8,0(1,5
Sie'riiiaii, Wveiiing Terrilorv 8,000
St. Heriiard, Alps 7,0(15
M..xlco, Mc.vic. 7,47:1
.Anrorii. Nevada Terrilorv 7.44(1
Virginia city. N..vaila. . .'. o.:l"o
'i'rnck.-e, Calitornia 5.s:ll
Salt l.a:-.c!Ciiy, Utah Territory 4,2oo
TABLE Xtl.
nrilish hh;% in Iktail
I>ivl>loii>.
Kngland
Wal..s
S.."llaiid, with Shet-
laiiti, Orkney, ami
llcbriiies Islam'ls
Ireland
Man
Chaiun'l Islamls., . , ..
An'il 111
Mimli.Ii iPcpiilntici)
■.[ l.iilc.,.
"li;!™ j 23,702,507
30,10:
:i2,.5:i
3,405,4,57
B.:i37,20l
3.5,OI2
2, I2H
TABLE XIII.
Ilritish A'm/.iVc, (')( JIdail,
DlvliiolK.
.\tT3 in
KllBll.ll
Ml. ll.ill'H
ECUOPEAN.
Itrlllsh Isb's I I2l,(in«
lleilgoiHlid 0.21
(Jibraltar ' 2.
Malta, tkzo,*c 113
I'niiuliittun.
34,200,0011
1,01:1
25,21(1
100,000
TABLE Xlll.-C'ontiiiucd
liriiith Empire, in Velail— Continued.
Area In
Divliioni.
liiuea.
PopuUtoiD.
ASIATIC.
India
03«;iO0
101,407,070
Ceylon
24,702
2,7.56,.557
Straits Seiil.inoiiU
1,445
308,007
Hong-Kong
32
124,108
l.abilan
45
4,808
Andaman IslandM
2,.551
13,300
Nieoliar Islands
725
5,000
Laci'iidlve iHlumlH
744
4.3
7.0
C,tO0
Aden
2lV,73(')
Ktrcllng IstantlH, Hie
VI
1)00
AKKICAN.
21
14,100
408
10,1120
(iold Coast
580,201
Cape Colony
Hritishcallraria
331,434
1,4(M,000
3,403
8(1,201
Natal
18,750
355,600
Oilier Territory in Soutli
Africa
28,485
13.5,477
.Maurillus and l)(.parl-
inciits
1,0811
330,400
SI. Helena Island
48
7,000
.Vscmision l"iand
3.5
603
'J'ristundat. '.iiha
45
85
0CEA.S1A,
Australia
2,045,232
2,0,52,f.70
Tasiuania
20,215
107.000
.Now Zi. aland
105.342
457,:i;i(i
Fill Islands
8,0:14
122,000
(Illier Islands
240
187
AMEUICAN.
Domliilou of Canada —
3,5l3,:i23
3,718,745
.NcwIoiilMllaud
40,200
1,5|1,IKJ0
Hi-rmuda Islands
40
1:1,100
HoniliiraH
13,301
24,710
Wesl IndlcH
12.774
l,ooo,:i(ii
(iuiaiia
85,425
213,200
Falkland Islands
4,701
803
TABLE XIV.
Freinli lliiniininnii, in Detail.
DIvMi
eCuopean.
France, with CoiHlca..
AEItlCAN.
Area In
Kiill.«q.
Illllei.
.'01,001
Algeria '2.58,000
.Senegal 0,0.53
(iold Coast,, Sic I 772
ICeunion Island INIO
Kl. .Marie
.Mayullu, &e
ASIATIC.
East India EstabllsliniciitH
Cochin cliliia
Pdl.VNESIAN.
Now Caledonia
Loyally Islamis
Mar(p(|.sas Islamis
AMEUICAN.
St. Pierre and Mi<|Uelon Is.
West India PoSMi.sslons
(iiiianti
;i51
201
107
21,717
0,781
820
470
81
1,0110
33,0711
30,102,921
2,022,.50O
216,!: II
180,133
182,070
11,.5)«
12,000
2(^,071
1,005,800
50,200
0,000
4,7.50
310,4.57
24 127
TABLE XV.
(fi'i'inan I'iintiirr. in Detail,
8Mti'>.
KINdDO.MM.
Prussia
Itavariii
WurlemlM.rg.
Saxony
(IU.\NI> DI'C'HIES.
Ila.ii.u
Hess..
M'.i'klcnbuig S( liwi-rlii
Sa\e-Wi.iinar
.Me.klciibuig Stlclitz
ohlenbiirg
DL'CltlEM.
llrunsHl.'U
Saxc..,\lclliiligi.e
Saxe-.\l(i.iilnirg
Sax(.-Coburu ami (ioihu.. .
.Vlihalt
PIIINCIPALITIES.
Sclniiuzhurg |{nilo|..tiidt. .
Scliwarzburg Somlerliail'
\\al.l.v'li'''.'.'.'.'.'.V.V.'..'^'"!!
Ui'lISS, (llder l.llle
Heliss, N oiMlg.o Line . —
Hcli'iuml.mi.' I.lppe
Ll|.pe.|l.'llii..td
FiiEE ( rni.;,s.
Luheek
Hri.im.n
Ilatnhiirg..
PIIOVINCE.
.Msn Lorraine..
Kiiir. Ml 'I'optiliitinn
lIlllpB. |_
1:11,41)0 24,003,487
20,202: 4,811:1,4,50
7,.5:il 1.818,5:10
3,788 2,.50(l,24t
3,821 i 1,401,502
:,o(ir
5,138'
l,:'87|
I,l3l'
2,470|
1,123
!i.-i:i
310,
700.
8.52,804
557,807
2"ll,l83
IK1,!I82
314,450
311,701
|S7 .11.57
112,122
174,3:10
20:1,4:17
304 70,523
imi,
4:i8;
12:1
:i2o
ITI
438
1011
07
138
B,oo:i
(17,101
50,224
45,004
80,0:i2
a2,0B!l
111,135
117,000
143,000
348,000
1,510,7:18
TABLE XVI.
Buuian Empire, in Detail.
Dlviiioni.
Are! in
Population
»((- inilea.
EUUOPEAN.
UuHsia —
1,893,.521
C5,704,.569
Poland
40,1.59
(i,(r20,421
Finland
144,2'28
1,832,138
ASIATIC.
Caucasus
172,843
4,803,3;!2
Siberia
4,820,480
3,420,(810
Central Asia
1,251,384
:i,800,028
TABLE XVII.
Spanish J)oininioii.'i, in Detail.
Divbiolu.
Area in
Population
EUUOPEAN.
S|.aln,wUh Balearic l8laiidil92,9C7
10,651,647
AFUICAN.
Canary Islamis
IsiandsinOulf of (luiuea .
3,800
480
28.1,869
6,600
ASIATIC.
Philippine Islands
Caroline Islands, &e ,
M.<rlannc Islands
112,130
632
417
7,2,50,000
18,80(1
6,010
AMEUICAN.
Cuba
Porto Kieo
Culebra, &c
46,833
3,600
06
1,4 14, .508
021,600
3,431
TABLE XVIII,
Porttii/uese Jhmiiiioiis, in Ihtitil.
Uivinions.
lAn-B in
.Knii.Kii.
Iiiilet..
EUROPEAN.
Portugal
AFUICAN.
Azores
Madeira Islands
Capo Verde Islands
Senegainbia Possessions
Si. 'i'homas, Prineiiie, &c
in (itilf tif Ciuinea
Angola, Henguela. &c. . . . . .
Mozambique, Sofala, &e
ASIATIC.
fioa, Saleele, &e
Ditmao, Din, &c
Timor, &e
Macao
Populat'n
34,301 3,900,670
007
315
LOll-
33,807
4,53
3I2,,532
3S2,002
1,4.5s
'1":
258,933
118,370
70,003
8,600
23.081
2,000,000
300,000
474,231
53,283
2.50,000
71,730
TABLE XIX.
Dxdeh Dominions, in Detail.
Area hi
EiiK.Mi.
inlteii.
Holland, or N'cthorhmds. . . 12,080
East hnlia Possessiuns 510,005
Wesl India Possessions — 33
(iuiana, or Surinam 38,H7;i
Population
3,710,002
24,:iOI,4II
:17,01IU
00,000
TABLE XX.
Turkish Empire, in Detail.
Turkey..
Tnrk(.>' . .
Samos. . .
Egypt , . .
Tripoli..
Tunis. ...
..European
..Asiatic
..lleylle
..Vice royalty...
.Uegeney
Area in
Knillibli
M|. niiU'h.
J lio„-oi
{ 7:10,0110
; 21:1
i wio,:io:i
I 344,42:1
I 4,5,710
Population
TABLE XXI,
A'»)'(/i J/»ii/V((, ill Detail,
Hrlllsli North. America.
riilicd Slates .
.Mc.xii
Ceiiiiiil .America
Ilanisb .\meiii'a
I'lcnch .\merica
West Indies
I Area in '
1:111;. M|: r..iinlil(ii)ll
'"''"■ I
. .1.327.W0 3.014,500
. :i,(io:i,f44 :•! ,0(io,o(Hi
74:1,04-
IKI.4II
4 IT. Mill
r.'o
!'4,er..
r.o,< 00
,(101.1100
7V..''00
TABLE XXtt.
Dominion iift'iiiutita, in Detail.
n|(. »q.
Jlllle..
(tntarin, 220.001.
(^neliec 2l(i.lKili
N(.w llrunswiok 27,:i22
NovaScoila 21,731
]*rliiee Edward Island.... 2,173
Manitoba ILI40
llriUsh Columbia ., 316,000
N.W.aiicI N, l';.Territorlcsi
Area in |
IDiiir. »q. I Population
and K'eewatiii.
i ,t] 1 1 .'« ")
1,102,000
2s(l,(liio
388,000
04,0IMI
40,000
03,600
2,077,000 30,600
rpr
I.
1/1 Detail.
Area in
»<1- imlea.
Population
.SOr^iiSI C,'!,"04,.^59
4!l,lr)9 (i,(r20,42l
144,2211 I,8;i2,138
172,W3
4,«20,4S!I
l,2Sl,3t<4
II.
!, in Iktiiil.
Area ill!
Kiifr.Hr|.!l*o|mIation
IIIUCK. 1
iill92,907! 10,631,647
2,806 283,869
4891 0,590
112,130, 7,200,000
M2 18,8«l
417 15,010
J 45,S:U! 1,4 1 4, .108
. I ;!,5'.lli 021,500
. I Ii5| 3,431
II.
i*."t, in Ih'tuil.
lAn'o in
Enii.Mi. Poputat'n
inllcb.
34,501 3,090,670
097
Sl.'i
1,04S
35,607
258,933
118,379
70,003
8,500
455
312,632
3>2,092
2:1.081
2,00(1,000
300,000
l,45K
6,5a
r:
474,231
53,283
2,'il 1,000
71,730
(.
in Detail.
Aren hi
,11(1.811
[iiUfs.
U\GfiO
B8,87;i
l*opulation
;!7,oiiii
Od.OUO
in Jhkttl.
Ana in
Kntilihli
tlll.riCt
7;»viii(i
SOI I,; net
45,710
rnpulution
K.r.niijdtHi
l7,r.fiii.)HH)
ll,-j7:',(Hiii
l,r>(i(i,uiKi
ri,(iot),0(>o
I.
n Vduil,
Arvn in '
Ktij;. K). ru|iululiini
;i.r.L'7.r(;o .'MUi.non
.*i,oo;i,m ."t .niHt.iHHi
74.:,!'!' ! .IT.I'.MIII
4 IT. mil Tf.riHl
r.'it ■. ..'iHi
!'4,i'i.'- !. ■ ,l(Hl
1.
[, in Iktitil.
An'ii ill I
I'lli.'. MJ. l'll|MlllltiiJtl
null".
2MMHM)
L' 1. 7:1 1
L'.llif
11.110
:tir>.iM)(i
i.tlll.mrif
UHO.OIill
:iKK,on()
t(4.0(H)
40,tl(iO
m,rm
4,Rft.^,.^32 . ^
;i,4l1t,(K)0 > *
;i,800,028
i.',077,OOU 30,500
Just Published: LOVELL'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY. Price $1.50.
The Ontario Press on LovelVs Intermediate Geography.
Mr. .lohu Lovell, of Moiitr(!al, lias
dono much fi-r tlie oaiiso of Kducatiim
in Caiiiuiii for tho i«ist (piartin- of a
! century. Ho was the lir.'it jmldislicr
in tlio\'onnti'v t(t iysuo srlionl bookd
; of a national oliaracter ; and liis^ioo^i-
raithios espccialtv have boiMi roceivcil
: witii sreat favor bv the ('anadian |nil>
lie, Ilis Intermediate Geojrriiphv it*
designed to 8tii>erscdc his Ejisy I.t's-
sons in Geography, and it shows thnt
, ho fully designs to keep pace witli the
' educational progress of tlie country.
The maps and printing of tliis geog-
raphy surpass everything of the UUid
, hitherto got up for use in our Cana-
dian seiioolfl, and this l)ook sliould
, eventually meet with a large sale.—
i The Monkov, livm-krillc.
It is vastly superior to any geog-
'■ raphy now in use in Canada. Tlie
; Minister of Education has authorized
'■ its use in public schools, and it will no
; donbt bo nuiver.sally adopted.— VVic
\ Tel'i/rajih, J'rcscott.
• Tlic largo amoinit of introductory
I matter will make it suitable for the
' comparatively young pupils for whom
'. it is intended. Tlie maps are ii..r'l''Is
• of distinctness. Tiie typographicd cx-
! ecntion of thework is good; the paper
' well finished, while the binding is of
'. ji suiterior order. — Jliiron •'<t;/)iitl,
; Goihrirh.
I We have Lovcll's Intormediate Cioo-
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• The jmblisher has s|iaii'd no p;uns to
; make the matter, tlie niMps, the print-
> ing, and the binding superior to any-
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• facilities Mr. Lovell has pl.-ued at our
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• Wo warndv reeommend the book to
I teachers ami families. It is doubtful
< whether so complete a geographical
; work, for accuracy, \terspicuity ami
i simplicity as well as for size and cheap-
\ ness, exists. It amply de.>;erves jiub-
' lie encouragemeut as a great acipiisl-
! tion to educational literature, jiinl we
' bespeak for it a wide circulation. —
; The .S(ar, Paris.
' This book is a valuable epitome of
\ geographical knowledge prepared with
I CJiro aud i)resente)l in a very attrac-
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\ It is, undoubtedly, superior to any
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; introductory matter, suitable for the
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: tlie work is intemled. The delinitions
> are simple aixl of sulHcieiit tniuiber to
\ cover generally tlie leading fi'atiires
of the study of' geography. The maps
are de.^ervin,:, .if great praise for their
ilistiiictiiess and modern ness. The
typographical exei'iitiou of thework
lA e\tr Miiely neat aud tasteful . the
paper Is hi'a\ y uwA well tiuished,
wliile the biiidhig is a marked ini-
proveiufiit <iu previtms works. In
fact, it is one of the most creilltahle
; works yet issite<l in Canada.— y>fO>i-
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It is designed to till a want long felt
In oui schools, S'Hiiething lietwern the
very »'asy geographies c.f the primary
classes and the more advanced te.vt.s.
It is splendidly bound in a way calcu-
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the letter-press is carefully (ireiiared.
—X'ir/olk Jif/ormi i\ Sunroi:
It will prove invaluable to the sdiol-
ar. Tiio matter, mai)s, printing aud
bimling are superior to any simihir
work wo liave seen. — True Jiuiiner,
iJunthts.
The book is introductory to Lovell's
Advanced tieography, and is author-
ized by tli(! Mini.'iter of Kdncation. It
is profi'sely illn.-itrated, and contains a
full serie.s of adiniiahle maps. The
book is printed and bound in a style
that does credit to tiio publisher. \Vo
can ronlide:itly I'l'eoinmend this geog-
raphy as a model of its kind to all
teachers and scholars. — Setttiuel lit'
rii'ir, W'Hxlstork'.
This new work has been i)rcpared
with great care, and is a gre.at improve-
ment on thoKusy Lessons, Themai)S
are i^ood, very neatly colored, dis-
tinct, and fidl enough for y<iung pu-
pils. It is authorized by tiio Minister
of Education, and deserves public pat-
ronage. —7Vic Krummer, lUtrrii;
It is not too much to say that It is su-
perior to the very best w(i liave Iiither-
to seen published in the Dominion of
Canada, — Wvvkhj (iazrttf, Ihtrne.
The contents of the book appear to
meet admirably the cibject for which
It is intended. Tin- printing and biml-
ing are excellent. — yorthci'n Advance,
llurric.
The handsomest geography, yet is-
sued in (.'aiiada, is Lovell's Interme-
diate* Geography. — Thv Packet, OrilUa.
Lovell's Intennediato Geography
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beginners. As it is an autliorized
textbook it will doulitless soon be in
general use.— 77/*' Times, OrilUa.
It is one of the neatest and most
serviceable works that has been i.s^•ued
from the Canadian press. As a school
text book wo have no doubt. but th:it
it will ccnniucnd itself to all expe-
rienced teacln-rs. The maps ars ex-
celhuit. everything being clear, dis-
tinct, and accurate. The exercises
are in the form of (|uestion aud answer,
which have br'iMi fonnd so successful,
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also contains a lar^e number of fine
illustration,-;. Taken altngetlier, con-
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School teachers will liiid it a great
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shonid see ilijit their chihlren are snp-
)ilied with it. Tlie binding a|ipears
to bo much siiiierior to that of any
Geography which has heretofore ap-
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Mount F^'nsf.
As a text hook for elementary clasR-
es its plan is well conceived, and tlie
information it contains is given in a
form— that <if (piestion and answcr--
that IS most easily grasped, ami in a
way that is most likely to be reinein-
beied- In it, geograjihy in its three
great <li\isions. mathematical, physi-
cal, and [loiitical, is tersely expounded.
Its maps of the dilTerent countries of
the world are well executed, and the
imnienius pictorial illiistnitioiis of the
dilVerent subjects with which it deals
are at once pleasing Mid instructive.
No diinlit It will be e;igerly welcomed
and liiuhly prized by holh teachers
and schtdarii as an elllcient aid iu the
hearing and preparation (if Icwons.—
Knsr.r licrortl, U'ni'luf)}'.
We have no hesitathm In saying it
is the finest in maps and letter-pivss
that has yet been issued in Canada, as
a school iiook The work is very tine
and the arraiineiuent of the matter
exci'IIent. Till' beauty and correct-
ness of the maps alone is siifHcient to
commend it li:id it not other good
points. It will soon tbul its way into
our schools. — 77/c J'/antl, Chatham.
The Illustrations tend to make the
study explicit and attractive to the
rising generation. We feel free tosny,
wittiout hesiUUion, its maps are by far
the best in every respect of any in our
school books. rndtjiibtedly it is a
vast im].rovement on any work of the
kind at present iu use. and we liave
pleasure in directing the attention of
our educational authorities, teacliers,
and parents, to it. — 7/n.' Tribidie, Wcl-
land.
Everything i.s being done to smooth
tlie road to parna.ssian heights. Even
tlic artist's skill is exerted to make
learning attractive. Eoremost in tliis
work stands Mr. .lolin Lovell, of Mon-
treal. Under his fo.-itering care, geog-
ra|)hy has become tn) attractive, that
learning it is no more a task. We as-
sert that Mr. Lovell has done more
than any other man to make geog-
raphy attractive to the young mind.
The 'study of it will give any one a
very accurate knowledge of the world
we 'inhabit, wanting which creates a
great vacuniu in tlie mind.— 7'/(c Joar-
nal, Uxbri'J>/i'.
It is admirably adapted for school
use. It cont'iins an abundance of
clear ;uid aciuirate maps, running de-
scrijitious of the products and juinci-
pal features of the vnriouH countries,
ami is just what is wauteil to interest
pupils. — 77i(' Jiracon, Sfrat/ord.
The qnestious and answers are clear
and iiointed. The i,'aps are very ]ilain,
not being over-crowded with names.
A thorough study of tliis work will
give one a good i;i neral knowledge of
the geograjihy of t!io winid. It is su-
perior to anything yet used in our
schools. — The A'li', Strathrotj.
This is an excellent work for junior
pupils. It is authorized by the Slinis-
ter of VAwvixtWin.— Western Din^patch,
.strathrni/.
The book is gotten up in superb style
and well worthy of examination. " It
is superior to any one Iiitherto pub-
lished in Canada.-^ 7'/W' J-^xpreng, 0>ik-
rillv.
It is a great improvement on all ex-
isting books of a siinilar nature. The
delinitionsare much more explicit, the
matter much more varied, the manner
of instrnctioii easier, ;ind tiio general
get nj) of the book superior. — 77(c
7V»(',v, liolhinU.
Wliile we believe that too great care
cannot be cxerci.sed by tlML-^e having
the control of our educational inter-
ests, in the changing of " Text Itnoks,"
we think th;it every book iutiodnced
int<i our scluHils should be on its mer-
its. Fniiii the hurried ulaiice we have
been able to take of this liook we be-
lieve it v. ill recommend il.'^elf to trus-
tees !iud others who lia\e tin; training
of the >onng under their care, it is.
we believe, superior to any one hither-
to published in Canada.— iVYrn/r/f^M
Jdnrlisi'r, Prtrulid.
It is (me of the handsomest scluxd
boitks we have seen. It w ill, no doubt,
siipei-.-iede all others.— >'oN//i ,S7mroc
X' irs, Hnul/i-rd.
The li'tcrmediiite Geography ha.s
been prei ared with yreat care, and is
replete with descriptive ami other In-
formation. It oiiglil to be introduced
into every school in the Dominion. —
The rhnuiii-lv, Ihirham.
Its superior matter, distinctiveness
of maps, excellency and neatiu>s of
binding, dearand eiegantt.^ po^riipliy,
tine (pi.ility of paiier. lendeis it the
most perfect geography now published
in Canada. Inspeitors, teachers and
triisteis (d' public and liigh schools
will confer a favor on pupils by ex-
amining the work, as a thoroniih in-
spection will be sure of their Intro-
<Iiictiou into .scliools. — 7yH' Ecvnomi.^t,
Markham.
It will, no dr)uht. commend itself for
use in onr piihli- chools. — The.Kra,
Nvivmarkvt.
It i« eminently suited for beginners,
and teachers cainiot have a more val-
uable aid in their school-rooms. The
arrangement of the work is simple,
and possesses the great merit of being
easily intelligible to young pupils,
while its general definitions and out-
line of the great divisions of the globe
are as complete as could l>e desired.—
The Journal, >7. Tfiomatt.
Tlie work is beautifully executed,
and is authorized by the Honorable the
Minister of Education. — 7"Ae Evprem,
Colbornv.
This new work is a very decided im-
provement on the school geographies
now- in use, and the maps are nnques-
tionably the best W'O have yet seen is-
sued by a Canadtati publisher. In
every respect we consider the work a
most valuable one, and liope to see it
Hup'erscdo tlie poor affaii-s witli which
our sdiools are now supplied. — The
Gazette, Dunnville.
It is superior to any one hitherto
published in Canada.— J7ic Chronicle,
Intjcrsoll.
We have received a copy of this
work, which for excellence has never
been surpassed iu this country —
whether for accuracy, the extent of
information given, the clearness of
the maps, or excellence of wiirknian-
.<liip generally. Teachers and trus-
tees should examine it and compare H
w itli others of its class. If they do it
is quite certain to he extensively in-
troduced into the schools. — The 0h~
serrt r, Tilsmdntrij,
Lovell's Intermediate <ieograpby is
an excellent work. Among the many
eleinentJiry school books which have
of late years done so much t4) Canada,
we have no hesitation in placing
Lovell's series in the foremost rank ;
and after a careful perusal of this
Gec)graphy. wliich has thirty -one col-
<Hned maps, and ftuty-ono excellent
illustiatifuis, car. heartily recommend
it to te.'U'hors and familie.«. It is well
bound, the paper is good, the typo is
clear, and the maps well tiuished. —
The Advtrtfzv}\ (JntDj/erdlf.
This work must commend itself.
The style is simple and yet sutticientlj
full to' give a good, general knowl-
edge id the geography of the world.
The nnqis are clear and well deline-
ated, the illustrations are numerous
and in.<tructive. The mechanical
work is good, and rellectrt great credit
upon the publisher. — York Herald,
Jiichmund IIUL
The maps are pspecially good, each
divishtn of a coiintiy being clearly de-
fined, aud the pliysical features nicely
portrayed, while the definitions are
couched iu terms as simple as p«issi-
ble. We recoinmeiid it to the atten-
tion )if parents and teachers. — Free
J*ri\<s, port Kiijin.
Tliis useful work is desiii^ied ns an
introductory to Lovell's Advanced
(u'ograiihy,'and is the most complete
editittn .\et publislied. It is elalxirate-
iy illustrated with colored maps, and
presents a fine typographical appear-
ance. To the friends of education we
cordially commend the book. — 77(c
E-ypTisti, Endiro.
We consider it a great impr»>vement
on the sduiol geograjihies now in use.
The niaiKi of our own country are
very complete, that of the North-
West Territories and .Manitoba b<'ing
\ery useful at the present time. The
maj's Ihroughout. and the matter,
printing iind binding of thisgeogniphy
are superior to anyone hitherti^ pub-
lished in Canada.— (.'(inm/van Chani-
j/inn, Mdton,
John Lovell & Son, Printers. Bookbinders, and Blank Book Manufacturers, Montraeal.
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Just Published: LOVELLS ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY. Price $1.50.
The Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia Prem on LocelVs Interm^EdTG^^g^^.
] It iM neatly got np, with excellent
; maps mid eiiRravinstH, and in every
. way attractive. — The Atyus, St
j Mfin/'s.
[ We are pleaHed tii sec sncli an ex-
cellent work placcil on the authorized
list o( our school hooks. The arraiiRC-
meiit is ijfMMl, and tends to iilace be-
fore the jinjiil, in an orderly, syste-
matic ni.unier. all that is necessary for
the Internicdiato conr.ao. The ma|i.s
are neat, clear, and complete. Alto-
KCtlier the linok is well suited for pid)-
lic school w»e.—UahUnmiia Ailmnite,
C'ftifHf/a.
Tlie known ahilitv of the editor, the
fine finish of the maps and illnstra-
tion.s, tlic superior printinjf .and Iiind-
ins of the fnternicdiate Oeosraphy,
conihined with the reasonable in'ic'e,
shr)nld cause it to he introduced as a
text hook in all our schools. — TAe AU-
roc«(c, I'aidey. '
It contains a tall series of admimhlo
maps, and is printed and boimd in a
most substantial manner. It is with
pleasure that we leconnnend Una b<iok
as a model of its kind to all teachers
and scholars. —Fret I'rcM, Actvn.
It is a careful compendium of geo-
frraphical information, particularly
adapted for younf; .students. It is ed-
ited by a gentleman in Ontario, wlio is
recoj^nizcd as an authority on educa-
tional matters, and the W(uk is au-
thorized by the Minister of Kdiu'atioii
for this Province. The les.M)ns are so
arrau'red as to be easily UTiderstood,
and the study thus sinipliHed is, by
the aid of colored niapit and excellent
Illustrations, rendered still more easy
of comprehension by the youthful
mmd. We hope to find it 'brought
into general use in the various schools
throuKhout the Dominion. — JVie C'oio'-
?'«', ilori'isbiirt/.
Plus excellent text book has jnst
been introdnced into our I'libli,'
Scliodls Like all Mr. Lovell's pub-
lications it is an excellent work, and
thoiigl, opposed to a too frequent
change of text Ixwks, is one to winch
we nnagine no objection can reason-
ably be raised. Of all Intermediate
(.eographies it is undoubtedly the best
yet published. The information is
correct, and compiled evidently witli
great care. The maps are (piite ar-
tistic, and no pains or expense have
been spared to render the work .1 text
book not to be superseded soon by
any other.- 77(C.Smh, Omm/eviUe.
',',.'« siiperior to anv one hitherto
published in Canada. It ought to be
introduced into every school in the
Uominion.— 7'/ie Guzelle, PurkhUL
It is with pleasure that we recom-
mend tills book.-77ie EiUvi-priKC,
Efiaiwille.
^ It will, no doubt, come into general
i use as (111 introduction to Lovell's Ad-
vaneec (ieogriiphy. It is a credit to
tlie oublishing bouse by which it is is-
sued.— J/ic UiizM,:, Almonte.
This work is beautifully printed on
pood paper, and well bound, present- '■
mg an elegant appearance, at the low ;
price of ()5 cents.- 77is//e,-oW, Cirl- <
ton I'lace. <
It is jiNt hat beginners reqnire
and weai. <ed to i.,.tice that the
work lm.s be, I, .luthorized by the Mhi-
ster of Ldiication for Ontario Tlie i
binding is just what our schiwls need I
to make the book durable, and the
maps, diustralions and typograiihv
are most creditable t,i thojuiblisher.
— /rte Atics, J. Oiii/nul.
'.'..'•^ ■"!'!'*!:'"'■ *" "nytliing hitherto
piibliRhed 111 Canada.-r/ie Advertiser,
L Ortgnal. '
> Regarding all its merits as one we
, may say that it is a credit to Canada'
^ rhe paper, the type, the printin.r
' could not easily be surpassed an\-^
, where Tlie maps are among the most
S beautiful that we have ever seen
; The illu.stratious are ennallv admirn-
•, ble. ■['he pictorial illustriitions of
) geoftraphical terms will teach more in
< hall an hour than might be learned
) from 1' V definitions in a month
.' Those icriptive of the animals of
the gn-.it continents will serve as a
line liMsis for lessons in natural liis-
tory, as will also the pictuics of vce-
, fciiile productions. The pictiiros'if
> noted scenes hi conntries and cities
! will help to illiistcto the reading mat-
> ter The plan of the iwok is m.wt
, praiseworthy , the (picstions are dis-
' tiiict ,'iiid adapted to the capacity of
children, and the answers give the re-
plies just reciiiired. The book con-
tains a largo amount of valuable iii-
foniiation, not only on the subject
proper, but 011 those allied to it. such
as political economy, hi.storv. statis-
tics, &c., and, though it is' only in-
tended for the younger classes in
, schools, there are many persons who
have (inished their education who
might considerably ai'.,! to their knowl-
edge by the study of its pages. — r/ic
tjinctte, Montreal.
Wo can safely recommend it to
schools, colleges and educational es-
tablishments generally, as one of the
best, it not the very best wo have ever
seen. It is a thorough Caiiailiaii
wiM-k, and as such, it for no other rca-
scui, should be patnuiizeil all over the
Doniiiiion. The aiuoimt ot infornia-
tion and instructicii t.. be found in its
pages is simjily invaluable. There is
no quarter ol^ tl;e world which, in it, is
not ransacked for information, and
the clianges in Kiiro|ie and elsewhere,
brought about by late wars ami treat-
ies, are fully set fcu'tli. It is coinoiisly
mapped and illustrated. — Ereniwi
Post, itontreol.
THE QUEBEC PRESS ON LOVELL'S INTERMEDIATE G^GRAPHY
I he proper study ot geography is
necessary , to learn it aright recniires
a good teacher. This good elemeii-
t.ary teacher will be found in Mr.
Ixivcll's new geography, which li.as
been prepared and edited by a scholar
who possesses that various and accur-
ate knowledge by wliic'h ahme such a
good book could be produced. I-'roni
a very caretnl perusal ot this geog-
raphy we ari^ not only warranted in
endorsing the autliorizati t the
Honorable the .'\Iiiiister ot Kducation,
and also the just encomiuins pas.sed
ii|ion it by one ot cuir UKUiiing con-
temporaries, but, we are justiiicd in
recouimeiiding its use in our pulilic
.•iiid luivate schools. The pictorial il-
Instnitions will have a greater ten-
dency to firmly tastuii upon the mind
of the. student the contiguiation of the
earth than any formal disouisition.—
Ihulii Siitr, itonlrml.
Tiie typographical excellence of the
'"'i'''i"''ih (leogivipbv is apparent
at a gl.inrc., und its ilhistnitioiis and
maps, abuii.lantiy numerous and .ail
clearly drawn, form a marked fc:iture
of the work. Our attention is spe-
cially arre.-ted by n wood-,ut illii,*-
trating geograpliic:il lerins, in which
all the land and water divisions of the
globe are groiipcil together in .a sin-lo
picture arrnuged in a nianuer I'lileu-
l.ated to serve as a powerful ai.l to
nieinory, as well asto give |.x.-,etne.!s
to the ordinary vi'i-hal deliiiiti(Uis of
the geographical lerius iiseil. A cur-
sory exaniiii.ition of the work betore
us le.ails us to a very fayorubl,. iui.
pression as to its gc-neral merits. We
heartily reccunmeiid it. — ,/o«r,«(; of
Onnnirrir, M.mlmil.
It is one ot the most perfect infer,
mediate .«cliocdgeogr;ipliies which bus
yet appeared, and this is especially
true with respisa t.i the fulness und
accuracy of the intcn-uiMlion reliifiii-
to the li.uninion of ('.-in:!. hi, cui which
it is essential all (':iiiMdian boys and
girls .should be well grounded. We
hope, therefore, this book will become
of general use in our schools, and
thus afford Mr. I.ovell some reward
for his labors of muny years, and the
untiring zeal wliic-h we'know he has
devoted to the perfecting of work's of
this class. — Cmadian IHmtruted
-vcics, Montreal,
Cost un ouvrage do iiKTlte et d'lino
gnuide iitilitc pour les jeuucs etu-
diants. Cette publicathui fait lion-
iieiir a .son (Hliteur, qui est loin d'etre
a son premier succes dans cette
branche.— A'o»i-C(r» Momle, Montreal.
We are most happy in being en-
.■ililci. alter a careful perusiil of
Lovell's Intenucdi.ite (ieography, to
say that we warmly rcccniimeud the
hook to teachers and families. It is
doiibttiil whether so complete a gi'o-
gmphical work, ten' accuracy, perspic-
uity and simplicilv. as well as for size
and che.'ipuess, exists. It amply de-
serves public cncounigement as a great
acquisition to eiliicaliimal literature,
and we bes|ieak for it a wide circula-
tion _/*/,'/// A'cciii,!,/ J/,'cc»r(/,f^i(cf;cc.
, I'll ouvrage precleux pour les ecoles
intitule Lovell's Intcu-mediato Geog-
raphy, livre est reinpli de grayii-
res et de cartes repnwntuet li's divi-
sioiis et suhdivisioiis des ciii(| parties
! du nioiide. les provinces maritiiiies et
les principales villes de la puissance
du ( 'aiiada. Les graviires font voir les
espcces de plantes et d'animaux parti-
culiers a chaqne pays. Kieii n'est [iliis
pro|ire a developpi'r rintelli .•'iice des
en/ants, a leiii gruvcr les clioses dans
la iiKMnoire, et a les preparer .\ ahor-
der lesdilHcultcs cpi'ils aiiront ;\ reu-
contrer pcuir completer leur education.
t—,liiorn<ll (k Qliehei; Qiiehei:
Several now and improved scliocd
books li.ave been subinitled for public
appiov.al during the past few months,
and none is more diserviiig ibuii
Lovell's IntennediateCeogruphy. We
have shown it to several iiers.u'is who
are engaged in teaching, and all agree
tliat It is a work which ouglit to be in
every school.- r/ic Ohserrer, Coicitns-
nlle.
It is, without donl.t, the best work
ot the kind which has yei been pub-
llshed, and should, without delay, bo
introduGcd into general use through-
out our public schools.— 77ie Gazette,
'I'lils is .iiiotber production of that
indomitabli. Canadian publisher, Mr
.loliii Lovell, to lake the place of his
Lasy Lessons. The (Ieography before
us, a.s an eleni-ntary school book,
takes the lead of any former effort as
an auxiliary to the lisiiig generation,
wliile its cheapness puts it within
reach 01 ,all. We bespeak fov the In-
termediate fieogniphy a large circula-
tion, and teachers should lose no time
III .supplying theniselves.— 7'/ic Observ-
er, Voatieook.
It i.s especially adapted to be used in
the schools in the Ooininion of Can-
ada, especial jiains having been taken
by giving sep.arate illustrated maps of
the rrovinccs, as well as by the geog-
raphy lessons, to instil into the mind
ot the pupil a iliorough practical
knowledge in this important diiec-
tiiui. It is not, liowever, by any
means, exclusively devoted t'o this
subject, as the abundance of excel-
lent maps anil instructive lessons with
H hich it abounds piy testify. It is
willuuil doubt, t'i|. be'st work ot the
kind which has yet been published
and should, without delay, be intro-
duced into general u.se tliroiighinit our
public .schools. - Stansttud Journal,
lk"ik hlund.
It is designed for the n,«eof scholars
who are advaiieing to a higher griule.
I he maps and illustraticuis are excel-
lent : and the work is of a superior
degree and speaks highly in favor of
the piibhslier, Jlr. .Tolin Lovell. whose
name is even sufflcient guarantee to
anv work issued from his establish-
iit.— AVic /^omiiKoii, UrinstoKn.
THE NOVA SCOTIA PRESS ON LOVELL^S INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY.
It consists ot seven ji.arts, the first
contahiing the iutroiluctorv lessons
and those on the dclinitions. and the
other six parts are devoted to the six
great laiid-divisions of the globe.
Kach ot the latter contains ;i gemuai
lesson on tb utinent which the part
treats, foK.iwed by special les.sons on
the various countries of the coiitinent.
'Ilie same ciuirse h;is been f .Mowed in
I'art I. in tlie matter of discussing
Ilritish .S'orfli America, the riiited
St.'ites and West India Islands. The
general arrangement being similar to
that of the Advanced Geograpliy, and
the detiniticms in the introilui'tory part
being in form the same, renders the
study ot the Advanced (Iciogruphv as
the getters up ot the w.>rk themselves
claim, more easy and agreeable to ibo
pupil. The one is intemli'd to give a
\ivid and geuerai ciew of the subject
suited to a bi>.;inner ; the other i.s
more minute and thorough, as well us
better adapted lo the advain'cd ijiipil'.
— Arndiim Iteroriier, llaUfiu:
We have n copy of this excellent
work. .\s an introdiii'torv gi riipliv
to advnwced study, designed for tli'e
use of schools. It Is a valuable nddl-
lioii to school-book literature. Its
maunerof arrange, it is .■idiiiir.-d)le
the maps and cuts by which it is IIImh'-
trateil are llrst-class. and its treatment
of the subject is in the main .mi lui'iil
Jis to be eiisily gnispeil by (lie most
sliipid schoolboy. Thi'liook is printed
in clear type, mi excellent paper, and
possesses that great virtue in a school-
book, (bat of bi>ing strongly and iieiit-
ly bound. It is authorized by the
llon.irabie (he Jlliiister of Kdnea-
lion tiM' Ontario.— J/ii)'»/„,/ ilironirli.
Ilolil\if.
It is an excellent work, and a neat
voliiine of one liiindred and four
pages. Its binding is jii...t smOi as is
reiiuired tor a school book. bcii|.. very
substantial, and it is priiileil iirelea'r
type cm (hie paper. This w.uk is iii-
(eiided as an introduction lo Lovell's
Advanced lieograpbv, n.iw in prcs-
beim; a nioi.laml comprchi nsiveview
of (hi^ siihject suitecl to beginners
I art I. coiilains introduclorv lessons
and (hose on delinitioiis. Parts II
III.. IV.. V. ami VI.. treat ot the dif-
ferenl eiMilmeuts and their divisions
.\ \ cry pleasing feature of the work Is
Orders for Printing, Bookbinding, and Blank Account Books
respectfully solicited.
2. (
'
i =1
^ at
Just Published: LOVELL'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY. Price $1.50.
^ tho forty-one illiistnuioiis, wliicli are
/ iittriutive iis well an iii^tnu'tivf. Tlio
( thirty-oiio colorc^I maps aiipear to be
> of a sunerior order. — Eixiiiiiii Mitil,
', IMi/iU.
It appears to lie nilmiralily adaptcil
; to tlic purposes for wliieli' it i.i de-
' si;,'iicd. It is neatly iiriiited and li.'uid-
soinely illustrated, ami in the matter
of binding, is far ahead of the (;reater
]>art of the text licHiks nsed in Nova
Seotiii.— ll'f«((7Vi Chninivlc, Keiitrilli:
It is a most valuable elementary
geography. The definitions are sim'-
ple and eoncise, tho maps plentiful
and eorreetly drawn, the illnstr.ations
copious, and tlic letter-press elear and
<li.stinct. It is iu every way suited to
the purjiose for whieh' it is designed.
— T/ir liihiine, \\irmo\iih.
AVe eonsider it au e.\eellent work.
The himling is attractive in ajipear-
aiu:e and very durable. The tvpe is
clear, and the maps are well iiuished.
Tiie te.\t is arrayed in the form of
question and answer, adapted in an
admirable depree to fix the informa-
tion (I'fliiitrlij iu the child's mind.
Tho f.aots Hiveu are not in the wav of
dry details, but are of sm-ii a uatlire,
iiinl so presented, its t.i furu; a vivid
liicture of the couufries treated of.
That iiartof the bcioli relatins: to the
D'Hiiiuion is siusularly well adajited
to the re-iuirenients of those for Hhoni
tho book is intended. We eonsider
the book lis far superior to tho pecu-
liar book of siiidlar firade now in use
in tlio Maritime Provinces. N'o siili-
jcct, perliaps, calls for more earnest
attention on the part of educators iu
re^-ard to its mode of pre.seutation to
very younn pu[iils than that of geog-
raphy. We believe that the use of
I-ovell's i;eo;jniphy in elemtntary
scliools wimld be attended with beiiu-
ficial results —Tin: Gazette, Amherst.
This book is preliminary to tho
more advani'od work by the same
pulilisher. Tlie maps throughout tlio
volume arc clear, and are careful to-
poKraphieal (Ielim«itions of the vari-
ous countries represented. Tiio letter-
press IS superior, anil tlio whole is an
attractive and iisela! school book.—
Colchi:stcr ,Siin, Trim.
It is remarkable for the clearness of
it-: ileliiiitioiis anil explanations, wliicli
arc made still plainer by copious ilhi.s-
tnitious. r.esides these there are
thirty-one excellent colored maps,
wlii ■\\ neitherconfiisetlieyoiins: learn-
er by the profusion nor disappoint
him by the lack of ju'Inted names.
The maps emliody tho latest chanees
and discoveries iind are well worth
tho ju-ice of tho volume. Tho t'mt rn-
annhlr of this W(prk is a credit to tho
publisher. — T/ic Vindieatur, Triini.
IFr. .John Lovell, the veteran pub-
lisher, of Montreal, has just issued a
new ediicationHl work. The Inte>
mediate (ieojfraphy appears to be well
adapted for conveying a thoroii<;li
knowledge of the ueneral f-ooyraphv
of tho world t.. the minds of vounj,'
scliolar.s. Mechanically, the biiok is
stroiifjiy anil hand.sonielv f;ot up. As
its name imiilies, it is designed to bo
introductory to an " Advaiued (ieo;;-
raphy." Tlie latter work will shortly
bo issued by the same publisher. Tlio
yiiun;/ book is made specially attrac-
tive with many and beautiful pictures,
includiinja ijood one of Her Jlajcstv
tiiieeii Victoria. Those who are ac-
quainted with I.ovell's former t!eo>;-
raphies will need no recommendatiou
of these latest editions. — J-Jiis(em
Chronicle, \eio Uhtsi/ow.
In respect to the matter, maps,
priiitins, iind biudini;, it is superior to
any one hitherto ptihlished in Canada.
It oiiRht to be introd'iceil into every
school in the Oomin'on. We have no
hesitation iu recominendiiif! it to our
reader.s.- 77(0 CVi.s*'^ Anthjimish.
The contents are well compiled,
makiiii; the book admirably adapted
for use in tho junior sclioo'ls of Can-
ada. Tlie descriptions of the various
countries are alilv written, and are
concise and comprehensive. The book
is liandsomelv and sti'oiij;lv hound,
and is printed in the very best style
of the art. This ficograpliy is in-
tended as au introduction to a larKcr
work, whioli will bo irablislicd shortly.
If the latter prove asfjieat aniuhani'e
on .school books of its kind, as tho
Intermediate does, it will demand the
attention of our cdiicatiiuiists, very
forcibly. Ashle from the intrinsic
merits of tlio book, Mr. I-ovell de-
servos tho ] atronat'O of the Canadian
public— fo/oiiHi/ »S(((/o/((ci/, J'icluti.
This work is authorized bv the Hon.
the Minister of Kducation", (Intario,
and therehire leiinires little to be said
by us in its favor. It is anans;ed un-
der two general divisions. I'ait I.
consists principally of defmitioiis,
«hicli are \ery full and made so plain
that the yonn);est pupils in j;ei.j;iaiihy
can scarcely lail to ciiiiiprehend them.
I'art II. is de\.ited to j;eneral and I'ar-
ticiilar Keo.uraphy of thedillorcnt con-
tinents anil Kuiiitries trciittd under
six different heads, in all of which
there is as fieneial a completeness as
could he expected iu a work oecnpy-
iiiH the ]iosition it elaiies to fill. The
maps are iiiiuieioes. lii;;lily colored
and very lucid. We also notice a va-
riety of suhjeets introduced not fien-
endly found in norks of this kind.
The book is admirably arranged, and
we think it so attractive as to make
tlio study of scographv both pleasing
and iiistriK five to the young. We be-
speak for it an iiitrodilctioii into those
schools in whicli new hooks of this
ileseri|.tioii are required.— IVic Times,
Ltrer^iool.
THE NEW BRUNSWICK PRESS ON LOVELL'S INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY
.TIlllV will itMlllitlltuu (fnit. It f-....*.. ..e 1 I., l:.v _ . . . . ** *
This geography will, doiilitle.ss, gain
an extensive circulation in the scliools,
and has already Veen authorized bv
the Minister of Kduentioii, (int.ario",
for use in the schools iiithat Province.
—Dailij Tilefiruiih, til. .hilm.
Mr. r.ovell is, we believe, the first
publisher in Canada who undertook
tho pulilication of a geographv, and
surely did good service, for he brought
prominently before the youth of
eighteen years a,go tlic re.siiiirces, ca-
pabilities, googr.aphical features of the
country, with the excellent elfect of
teaching tliein .at least how important
Canada might become. His Interuie-
diate Ceograiibv is intended as au in-
troduction to the larger work, but it
is complete enough for the ordinary
piirpo.so of tlie (U'diiiary conmiou
school. It has a .great iiniiy excellent
d maps, of good size, and dis-
tinctly lettered. It is also fully illus-
trated, and, besides its geogriiphical
lessons, it contains a variety of inter-
esting information on natural history
kindred to geographv tliat will deepl'v
interest the student. It is sold at the
low price of sixtv-live ceuts. — 77ic
Bailtj GIoIh; w. ,A,/m.
I col
It treats of 111) iliiTereut countries,
giving a summary of all that has been
learned of them down to tlie present
time. It has Ihirty-one colored maps
and forty-one ilhistratious and maps.
Illustrations, letterpress and binding
are all in the excellent style for which
Mr. I.ovell's piiblieatinn.s'are noted.—
Miirniii'j Freeluiill, St. John.
It H ill take its ]ilace as a valuable
addition to Lovell's .School Series. It
consi.sts of seven parts. The tirst is
intiodlictorv, the reniaiuiiig six are
devoted to the six great land divisions
of the (Jlobe. This book, we feel es-
siired. will be found invaluable in tlio
sehools. — \,ie J!riiii.iiriel: Jle/yjrter,
r retlcrirton.
It is a first-rate work.— Doilii Times,
Miincton.
The work has secured the approval
of the Minister of Kducation for On-
tario, and appears adiuirablv adapted
for new beginners, calculated at once
to render their studies pleasant and
thorough. It is iiitrodiictorv to a
more Aiivanced (leogiiiphv soon to bo
published by the same author.— C'ar/c-
Ion Setitiiul, Wooilfloek.
We have received from the publish
er, a copy of •' I.ovell's Intermediate
deography," which is intended to he
introductory to the Advanced (Jcog-
ra|ihy bv tlii> .same piiblislier. This
hook,— tho typographv and general
get up of which is excellent— con.sists
of seven parts. The first part con-
tains the introductory les.sons and
those on the definitions, tlie remain-
der being devoted to the .six great
land divisions of the (llobe. Kacli
part contains a general lesson on the
Continent of which tho part treats, as
also special les.sons on the various
coiiutries of the Continent This ]ilaii
IS al.so followed in Part Second, whieh
is devoted to liritish North America,
the riiited States, and the West India
Islands. Tl«' information is preiiared
ill a Very attractive manner, .so ar-
ranged as to give a. rapid and general
viev.- of the subject, suited to voiing
pupils. The typogra|iliv and general
get up is oveelleiit.— I'liion Advoeute,
Aeirntstle,
.\fter a careful perusal of Lovell's
Intermediate (leographv, we warinlv
recommend it to teachers and fatn-
ilies. It is doubtful whether so com-
plete a geographical work, for accur-
acy, perspicuity ami siniplieity, exists.
— ■/'/«' Slamlaril, *'r. Amlreics.
We have taken time to look care-
fully over tho hook. A],ait from the
excellent mechanical piu'tion of the
worl; and the superior qualitv of the
paper upon whieh it is printed, this
new geography is a first-class school
hook, and one which is well adapted
to give tlie pupil a good general
knowledgi' of this Dominion in pi,r-
ticidar and the world in general. It
brings the rudiments of a descijition
of the earlli. manners and customs of
the people witliin the capaeitv of the
youngest p'.pil, at the same time jiro-
vidingample iiifinination for tlie more
ad winced. — 7'/ie Gleaner, t'hutham.
It has .special lessons on the varions
ccmntries of the continents, and is in
every way compiled to render the
study easy and agreeable to the pupil,
and at the same timogivinga rnpidand
general view of the subject, suited to a
beginner. The hook has been approved
liy tho Minister of Kducation for ( )u-
tario.— .S(. t'co(> Courier, a. Sleiihen.
THE PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND PRESS ON LOVELL'S'~INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY
S is one of t le best »e inn rren,.- their ,,r,„li,,.ll,,„., .,,,.1 n..,;. l.: .» ._._ ».»*-. .i^ i «-» i J_, U J_ w V.I ri rt X" n I
This is line of the best school geog-
raphies that we have seen. The maps
are the really valuable part of a geog-
> rapliy. The text is usefid in so far .as
. it sends the pupil to the uia|i. (ieog-
raiihy tasks, as tasks, are the driest
ami least prollt.able of school studies,
but ohtaiiiiiig a kienvledge of thoposi-
'i"» of ( tries ilirectly from tho
map, and at the same tiiiie acqiiiriiig
information resiiecling the eliinato.
their prodic'tiniis and tlii'ir liistorv. is
one of tlio plea.saiitest. as well as'ono
of the most profitable of sclmnl exer-
cises. The ipiestiniis in the geoeraphv
are cliielly valuable as tliev require ii
constant reference to the 'map. The
impil who masters Lovell's Internie-
diate Geography will be f 11 rnislied with
fuller and more correct iu format ion on
that subject than is iKissossed bv most
educated men. It is decidedly tlie best
-chool geography that we vet have
.seen. — 7'/ic I'utriol, CiMrhttetown.
It appears to us to he an excellent
work of the kind, and is intended to
he iiitroiliutory to Lovell's Advanced
(ieograpliy, ot which work it is de-
signed to form a brief outline. The
arrangement of the book ajipears to
be admirable, and the meclianical ex-
ecution first class. It is imieh more
strongly bound than aiiv other work
ot the kind that wo have KHm.—Island
Ari/ii.i, Charlottelown.
The Intermediate (ieograpliy is well
adapted to beginners, and gives a gen-
eral idea of geographv in a verv sim-
ple form. It is just tlie kind of a
geographv that should be u.sed iu all
the public scliools. — The Journal,
Sumnier.tiilc.
inspectors of this eoloiiv.— T"/,,. rimes,
at. John's.
THE NEWFOUNDLAND PRESS ON LOVELL'S INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY
t IS a uglily useful work, adiiiir- , verv u"o,l. and itsli tterpress and ■■eii- w^ji^«.r-n i .
ably suited ton begiiuuu- in the study i oral coiistrucliou are alike creditable
ofgeograpliy, aiidwc slioiiM be glad ! to its aiitlim' and publisher. -Aort/i
to see it iiilrndueed into our scl Is. I .sVrie, .sv. ./,7i,;'..
We cordially wish Mr. I.ovell that I It is a work singnlarlv attiwtive in
iiicnsureof siicce-s with the liiteniie- : all its aiipear.-inces and' get-un It is
iliatc and Advanced (lengraphics designed for the use ..f pupils, and is
iiitrodiictnry to the stiidv of a more
.■idvanced geography by the same puli-
lisher. Its plan and arraiigemeut aii-
iiear to us to be admirable, and it eiii-
bnu'esa great \arietv of iiihaiiiation
ot most interesting kinds wliieh ciiii-
nnt be fnuud in ordinarv geographies.
It is altogether a work of inodern
character, discarding old-time modes
anil limits in application to geograph-
ical knowledge, and is adaiited to the
which his energy and perseviu-au'ce so
vyell deserve. — Jluiial Gazette, >(.
John's.
It h.is many most excellent fe.iiures
about it ; its map of .N'ewfoumlland Is
The mechanical part of the work
T --, I - leaves little to be desired. The naner
progres.s,ve deniaiids ..f tde present is very good, type elear, illiistra-
<U\.-lhe .^eirjoiimllowhr, .M. lions apiuopriate, maps fine, and
.John's.
The Intermediate Geographv is a
credit to Mr. Lovell, It is got'np in
first-elass stvle, witli maps and illus-
trations; and we would recoirtmeiid
it to tlio favorable iiotko of the school
bmdiug very strong and substantial.
It is well calculated to make the
pupil aciniainteil with the position
of the different eoiiiitries. cities.
';',''", "' ^*'"' k'"'""— '/'Ac ,'<i,imkird.
lliirbor Qrarc
John Lovell & Son, Printers, Bookbinders, and Blank Book Manufacturers, Montreal.