IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Y M/.. <<., S^J?^ ,^^ V^' . «^ .' ^f ^h Q, :a i/x ^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^ 1^ ^ 1^ III 2.0 1.4 1= 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^^ %. ■^ <> 6^ <^. ^^\.. -f^ %^ '^ <:. :v s:

«r une modification dans la methode normale de f ilmage sont inoiquis ci-dessous. □ Cotour Hon. a. H. Paqukt, M. D., 8t. Cutl.bert. KoHERT Chaik, M. 1)., Montreal. ROMUALI) FiSET, M. 1)., llin.ouski. Elzkar Pelletiek, M. D., Hecrotary, Montroal. HEALTH IIMSF=>ECXOR : J. A. Beaiidrv, M. I), Montreal. Q» MANUAL OF iniJIENE I'OK Tin; rsK ok S(H(M)L AND FA.)IILIi:s BASEK ON TlIK INSTIjr( TIONS OF 1 !IK liOAKI) OF IIFALTH OK TIIK f^roviinjce: or que:be:o WITH ILLL.STIIATIONS BY SEVEH-Iisr LjOLCtljOLiF^EiLLE, Ji>I. D. ProfesHor of Hyxii"n(% Laval Univcr.sily ; Pl.ysi.ia.i (o the Cliildren's DispcHHary. Xotrc-Daiiio Hospital ; Atilliorof a work oatitlod " La sante pour tons" rUAXSf.ATKI) }i\ 3xr. T. :BP2.E:asrKrjPs.3sr, ixl. iz). Late Professor Jacciues - C^articr Xornuil School and Koforiuatory School; Left iircr on Histology and Pathology, Laval Univer- sity ; Surgeon Xotre-Dainc Hospital ; .Surgeon, Dispensary Histers of Mercy. &c, MONTUKAL DeSAULNIERS & LeiJLAXC, EDITOIIS AXU PUINTER8 1801 1^A 431 LX13 H^ ^"'Sqf hvT'*'"*' '°^^''°' thn parliament of Canada, in the year Seult^re''''''''"' "^ '^""'"''^'^ ' "^ ^"'^ ""^'^^ '^^ '^« Minister of ■i^ PRKKAd^. J. the year [inister of ■I The i,ro(l«,mn,aiit fcelinn: <.f cvvrv individual, is that ot s(>lt-preservati()i.. To maintain liealth when good, to iinpn.ve it wlien i.npaircd, to slum the causes ot disease and to Imi^then h'le, luive always been the supreme desires of mard«e, tl,an by an attentive stu, y ;„ "oth and tl.e str.ct observance thereafter of the^ kw^ w, , of «: f^e';t'^t\:;;it:;;:;iitT^^^^^^ tood,.n a word, we mast l,e al>le to regulate the 'II uinler- er, to the ! all (liffi- t('(l : the leiicss of to |)re- l»i-f- living „rtho hadyand lunmv a wise and ca e u trann,,^. lor tl.. int..II...t,.tl faculties In the tmnslath,., of this inanual, tlu> nnthor's text has hei-n carefully foilowe.l • this JrZ i ;e..nce to the on,i„.;^. vvith : V^^^^^^^^^ '••HtH.atKun, theuork have a." besides nitro^ren and oxy^ron, this hody of air contains a ccrt7iin <|uaijtity of watery \aj.oi- uliosc wcio-lit vari>' « ac- cording to seasons, climates anecomes unwhole- some. Car])onic acid in excess is found most frequently m rooms where the air is not renewed often enough. 1. Give the composition of the air? Does the air con- tarn only oxygen and nitrogen ? 2. When does the air become unwholesome? What proportion of carbonic acid is iiijuriou.s ? Where is carbonic acid found in excess in the air ? 10 An excess „f curl.on .lioxide, vitiatinrr tlie air is r^n^, Y ^he f^>llo.-in^ .nethcxl : Tol lOi ol^n^: WLte -H '"V '' *"^""' ^ ^""'^•^ of clear lin.e- wl \v -I ''' " ^^^^-^cess of ca,-1,on dioxide, the Torn ..f riT"^ ?.''^'^^'^ '^' '^ ^^^^'^'^ precipitate is Iln.^TT^'^'^'"!^' .^'"'^ ''"•'^'>' •"^^^>' ^»f cl*>'^e<^ i-ooiDs fLThoVT ^,^^^^*^:^;»,'>''^'^"ic suLstanees exhaled nom the ),ody by tl)e Umipo f, of the l.roncln'a] tubes b, and of the lunos i>. Tlie windpipe is the continuation of tlie larynx, which is the first section of the air-tube. It ends in two l»ranches called bron- - •»• X. chi, the latter being them- PLung.-RLuiiK cells and solves subdivided into an branchingof the bron- inlinite number of cells r chial tubes. which constitute the lungs.' How can an excess of carbon dioxide be den.onstratedi.v Vv^hat causes foul odor iu^closed i-oonis ? P'K- 1. r 11 bhe air, is 10| ounce Sear liine- )xi(le, the fecipitato m excess ed rooms exhaled :tion l»y k l.loo'd nies into ir in tlie igod into id in the pparatus le wind- re mchial lie lunos ! IS the ! larynx, 'ction of ends in d bron- 2: theni- into an cells r, e lungs. stratedj? o of the I T t Breatlung- IS etl'eetuated hy two movements : the first, called inhaltn!/, <>i' inspiration, hy which the an- enters the lungs ; the second, calle.l e.vhaUnq or expn-ation, ],y which the air is force.l out of the lungs. Man breathes, on an average, eighteen times per mniute. ^ At each inspiration, the lungs absorb about a pint ot air. 4. iMPoirrANCE of Bhi.:athix(;.— The importance 01 this function can be shewn as follows : Brejithing, as already said, changes the dark hood into red blood ; this transformation is brought al.out ill the following manner ; during the InhaHna process, oxygen, which is the ^'ivifying portion of the air, penetrates into the blood where it meets carbon and hydrogen, two bodies with which it comlmies to form cai-i)onic acid and water which .-..re ehmmatnl from the lungs by the process of ^ Carbonic acid is essentially an injurious gas and IS to be found in quantities 120 times greater in the air exhaled than in that inhaled 5. How TO PumvY THE .UR.— One must, as far with 120 times the volume of air to be inhaled ; How many movemonts are there in breathing ?-What 18 the amount of air inhaled at each iuHpiration ? catbonic'^Hr/'X'"^*''"'''' ^' ^'^if thing ?-Is the amount of hOiS!^ '"''' "' *'''- ''''' *^xl»"l^^^l as in that vlLSd'y Shh?g?' "^ '^ ^•^"•""•^^^ ^^' P'"'fy that — 12 — for inst.mce, if a person i„),ale 16 ov 17 cubic feet coXin'f o"tir '";;"■' ','" ^"'"'""^ occupier,. : order Th.MI "«=t''"^'^ 'i-^'ntity of pure air. i„ o del that tlie person l,c not poisoned by tlie exl al- ubTc ferof'"r" '";'«" '" ""'^'- -»•*. 2000 breath n"- In ''71 ''""'' '""•'*' '^'^ ™l'P"^-d *'<»■ from Tflu .' r-""'T, ""-^'™'" •""""•■^ -^M'^nate S mv sunnrv T''"^ "'? ''-'^P"''^t"'y act, the ne- rubTc'LTFoM. p:.n."- •"'"'"''• '■"• '"-' 300" The carbonic acid in the atmosphere is nartlv t^rtun Jv"* r'^ '""' '""""' ""-''.'luring the'da^ time, supply the oxygen we need. ^ On the contmry, (luring- tlie night-time flowei-s g ve off carbonic acid ; Iience, the danger of keeping them in a bed-room durino- the niglit ^ ^ 1 tZ ff "^« ^^•^•^^•^^^^'" fi-oin the 'preceding lesson • Li .1 ""S? ^'^ "P^" '"^- ^^ke tlie stomach uDon' Wood '''1^%^^''^' -J effect its union wJilTtle Dlooc —20 lo preserve healtli, the Iuul'-s nnmt 1... supplied with pure air. Hence the necetsit of t e thorough ventilation of houses. "^^^^''^^t;^ ^t the the advantage derived frcurthe studf iJf'KtWng^^ '' t " -^ nbic feet ied 111 list re air, in le exhal- es, 2000 >Hed for emanate tlie ne- ut 3000 i partly jhe day- flowei's keeping ' lesson: li upon itli the nust ])e y of the t 13 SUMMARY. The constituent elements of pure air must be in fixed proportions. The air becomes unwholesome when the quantity of carbonic acid is in excess. Breathing is effected by the lungs, and changes the dark blood from the veins into red l)lood for the arteries. To purify the polluted air in the house, a fixed quantity of pure air from outside must be allowed in. During the day-time, plants and trees absorb car- bonic acid and supply the necessary oxygen for the support of life. The study of the air and of respiration shows the extreme importance of ventilation. ot keep What is " >• SECCJNl) LESSON HYGIKNIC RUr.lJS OP RESPIRATION ,0. VENTiLATiox.-Pure uirislife, unwlioleHome air, poison and deatli. cr^wiau Example: After Xapole.m's o-reat victory over the Austrian army, at Au.sterlitz, 800 Austrian prisoners were locked 'jp in a cellar; out oflhat nuniLer, 200 died from asphyxia in a very shoH Ventilation is quite easy during tlie mild season • people then live more n, the open air, and the doors' and windows are almost constantly left open. But pmctLfl'' ' '"'''''"' ''"''^^' ventilation is seldom' 7. Ventilatoks. - Ventilation is effecte.l by mean of the \X'iitilator. -^ The opening made in a double-window, an vitiated air out through a lower apcM'tui-c coutu^ctcil with a special chimney. from above, the air is less felt, and its wiaght favors a more rapid expulsion of the inside air which has become unwholesome. In order to obtain a complete expulsion of the Is a chimney sufficient to effectuate the withdrawal of the unwholesome air of a room ? n — 16 — part of Tw '^ •?,' ""'-S-"" !'"'■•'"«'<' ''t th« '"«•««* prDeshLwJ- ' """h'n.the apartment and said orTomrtl^ I , ?°"""'"'«=''«on with a heated flue, or some special chimney. Fig. 3. A system of ventilation bv a chimnpv tk^ p ^, ■ enters by the anerturp n^nV. ^f^^f^Jlfy- The fresh air reservoir CDrpaKim hmnJh II **'^" ^^""^^^ '» ^iie room and finalfy'SelpS byT&imneT ' '"*'" "" ^. Why are some diseases more frequent during winter T each room the lowest t and said heated flue, fresh air ed in the mters the son may fvellings, winter, 'j of the g winter T i — 17 — The frequent renewal of the air in houses is of absolu.. necessity on aerount of thr .vonrrallv Hmted size of the ro,>n.s. I,.,pu,, ,ir is totn.nl ^ h^ml^^l' IP^*'''^"^":^ "V^J'*^ "I'P'^^- l-arts <.f rooms thanm th. lower parts. Low ceih-no-s^uv ess(>ntially at variance witli th(> laws (.f healtk ^ callt'/^'"''?'*"'r^'-"-~''^''^" J-d-roon,, above all, calls for particular attenti,,.,, h. cans,, in it is spent a fu 1 Inrd of th. twenty-four liours of the da^ mast be spacious an.l contain a sni),.Iy of ,u> sufeent^tor con..,rt durin, sK^^^^^^ It has been calculate.l that, for one ])erson the MWesse, forwMi.t ot ..peninos. If the room can be ventilate.l during' the ni^-ht,itmay be „f a smaller :^:' :;::?*' f''!-''?^^^'^ ^''^ 1- pra^ised with ;;■!:: Om' mitsf not fonjH ihaf air hmiflwd twice U perh^>. one of the principal eaa.e. of J,. n,^^^^^^ whwh carry off m many victim, from nn'r nndsf such air also fjcnerates typhus fcrrc In the Zne mcmner that water develops typhoid freer Ihe nnportance of pure air is show,', in the ctTntrv '^T""}^^ ^'- f^y i eity invalids in the country. Sometimes only a few davs aro sufficient to reintuse a vigor apparently extinct ; it is because cieitV^^ dimensions of the rooms in ou,- J.onsos snffl- 8. -What should })e the dze of a hed-room ? ini^^hp ^SlJ"'"H^r diseases n,ay be developed hy breath- ing the same air several times ■'-Where is n., ^t r!)i invigorating air to be found ? ^ ^"^ """^ — 18 — in the oouiitiy. along tli,. shores of our lakes an.1 rivei-siiiore partienhirly, people I.reathe an excel- lent an- loaded with jaire oxyo-on and free from all noxious carhon conip(Minds. In such air there is tound a suhstance, even supcrioi- to oxv^rcn, called 0507?/' Avhich destroys all th.> oro-anic nVitt(«rs con- tamed ni the atinosphcn- thus ])r(,'servins can he over" come and all the efforts of architects and sanitarians siumld tend towards this ohject. ». Watkr-C[.()sets. Sinks. BATus.--The water- clo.s("t..should he supplied with a sp.«cial vent-))ipe to tacihtate the exit of foul aii-. The outflow pipe should also he supplied with a ventiJatincr shaft so as to prevent the air of the street sewers from enterni^ the house as so often happens when this precaution is neglected. Those pipes must reach to a point abovi.' the roof ot the house, through a special chimney. The ven- tdation of the sinks and baths should be secured in the same maimer. It being known that warm air IS lighter and more raretied than cold, an horizoii- ed above 1^ drawn 5. Those h air by isists in ?d? i to resus- er? f i Fig. nh^ts\2^ : "''•^^''''^'"^^^ ''^J'o"!'^ ^'e repeated We sho M . '■' '' V"""^^' ^''''' '-^ ^'^'^-t^^"' time. We should never suspend artihcial respiration before to beat, and, therefore, that life is extinct. (In all thoseniovenients,itis essential that the air b~v.;i^^^^^^^^^ '^" obstacles should b. removed from the air-passaoes ; a xrarr (cork or knotted handkerchief), put between the t^eetl^ the pushed to the front by pressure from the mMc^ tlus fWrdT ''' ""^^'P^P^' ^"^^1 b^-8--.- t^- tongue f «lc .lultot tins. In,,.. ...outl. t,. n.,mtl.. W. sl.o.M V it.Mr::'^''^;'r'^ -.sure... ruconl ', a , vv ..^'•^"■^^••t'^t"'",^ ^^»ter several hours of ^^llue c<,l, bemmihs mid often kills- we sl.ouhl eons.,uently never foi^et the treatnlen^^ pen. led unniiiition from cold. In sueh mses, the ^r.vatest pncnutions are re.iuired >"'ty 'Mit. sueh an accident may occur if tho ;--n.th ,s l,rou,l.t hack too precpitatl T ^enund.ed pc^-son should he first I-ubbid pc^^tei t^y sh I I r,' ^'^ '''''^^ ^^'^' ^^^'^^t gradua ly, and he n ' ,T ■ />"*^"'"""'y' Hiiiniation, and the body •ts lost Its r.o,d,ty. Then, there should be no tW a heat si^ n f /■""'^•^' •' , '"^ ^^'^' •^^"''^' t""-'' too grea" the «re ""'' ^'"' ^'^ ^•^•'"^^i"i"g aloof from The wai-n.th should return naturally and nut troni the use of too hot applicatioiis. ^ I». AsPilVXIA FROM DHOWNING.—As SOOn -m m wat-T' ^"■",7 ,''n '■^■«" -"-''--"""nil o St u ' , '.'''*-' '".'-l>f »%'es fron. frotl.. or other tit ™.4r"'.'. "'*-^ ^'••™'^' ""t >^« provoked, as it is li-,li;i "f ""■ •■■■.'•■"■ition .lat need succor ; so, tlie lub.l ot N„„e„,ly rolling the Ijody of a drowned " ■^7, 4 -iliouM never, IJ^Ii ;i tlllir, ()!• 1. W'c silollM il Ikhh-s of iliitac'innitry ; wc should, lent of .sii.s- ure re(]uire(l astily, .leatli JCCU1-, if tlie tutely. T\ni persistently illy, Juid he e till he has id the body I be HO fear 1 ol* ruhbino; e, too great le windows aloof from ly and not i soon as a II from the liis face to li, or other i ingress of ed, as it is ;or ; so, the a drowned ^f, ^ o"r;;';;.'i!;:''''^''?"'?iT''''''"'''^'"'''-'"ii'"-|"''-i«''^^ ''•'"'' K"-'<"s. «li"nl,l I ,„|,l,,v,,| " ' -^ llln 'vm, I "'1'''" ^'";' ""'■'■'t''^" '""tl....! is that oC "lott-' ■■' " .'"■■^■^- ''^«"»vnicmtly ,.,n|,l„v,.,l i„ V. "n'at "1 '"■'"'"' '"'■""" '-^ 'li-^nvn int., tl,„ c uU ,u„l |,I,,,,.,,,| „,, „„ ,„•, ,„„.|^ |„.^ .sl,o,',|,|,.,s", a h , ' •' ""'■'' ""■*"l>l""t".l an,l tl,.. I,a,.k „r H,. . f "i' ""• ,'"• ■"•:"•..«"■ I»'tt".n "f tl„. l,oat. the t.-oo t „, a,.-,>assa;.,.s IV,„„ „at,.,., |V„tl, * a (\. J«ta ,sl, n.s,,i,,.ti,,,,. \V , tl„. h..a,l ,;i t ;: i .t x^t^o,s,.;:[:,:^:,-ri;r;:t.;i:l^S' ' r, tan V '''■'■''• '*; "" ""■ '■"""■•"•y- "-« •■'■"'"« '•eu nal>, ""I"-'. "■"■^K'^i"i' ti,„e f,„- tl,.. air to the ,?!;;" T"'"'"'""^ "■'"■■' l"v,.thi„.,. into r,;L, I * ! ' " P;'t"'"'« nosti-ils shoui,! I„, tiT-htlv p .1, ,;; '-''T'ii''"' p--"-tHa' "f the ai.. i„t7;z thin^'tif'Tr 'i','"-': "'"■'■S^'ti'' frieti„„s with any- t,,.'^^ ;.:/;;. :;^,'::''"'^^'"wi.si| eircuiati,,,,. sho,,Ki j. so.) iKue huuii sufniM.i'gtM, however n poi-fnJn anci giadually rem fused. "^ I I -24- The faithFul applications .,f tliOKo details, wliicli may be tho moans of savin.,. lifV, sliouid always be n.ade. iheir knoNvI.Ml^irc slmnld l.e in.lt'lihle, because ("xpenence shows ns how the ,.xciten,..'nt wliicli a ways prevails at acci.lents, oh|it,.mtes the most elementaiy i.hvis of prudence an.l care. 14. AcniDEXTs TO THE KESi'FHATORV Al'PAHATUS _-As IS k.Knvn, the op.M.inu- of the larynx placed* IH front ol the o'sopha^rus, (which carries thi food in the stomach) (fio-. O), cl(,s.>s when anythinrr is swallowed; hut, care nuist he taken not to" breathe --as vvhen Imiglun.ir or speakino-— .Inrinir the act of reatlie lie act of as al)()ut Liid cause h all the IV ill the FiK. 0. Only one half of the upper jaw is shown hei-e. 1. Two incisors. 5. xhc tonsil. i. A canine (j. -phe tntiK'S'-. i 'rhP""!'"^'' molars. 7. The uin-lpipo. TiL *"? '/^'.■?^' ni()lars. 8. The cKsophaKUs. 1», I he epiglottis which closes the larynx whni we swallow — 26 — In such eniei-o-encies, wliidi often occur in children tlu' nostrils sl.oul.I l.o i.i„c,.(l so ,is to close them completely : this has the efli-ct of in-oducinrr violent expiratory efforts hy whicl, the foreimi hody may he forcihly expelled. *-> J J' 'i;he w;i st may he too tio-l.t and cause incon- venience hy interrerino- with the downward move- ment of the hreathino-; when a case of asphyxia occurs Irom any cans.-, we should hastm to undo tlie clothmo- and loosen the waisthands. ■ 5. Diseases of the HEsi'iitAToiiv system — Ihe most common of those dis ases is a cold ■ colds are sometimes not serious, hut they may often he the starting pomt of a rajMdly developing ailment ; theretore, they should never he neglected. The hahit of hivathiug through the mouth readilv ex})osesto diseases of the thi-oat and chest. It is preierahle to accustom children, while youn..- to l)reathe through the nose, the air hrii.g warnu^rand •Hoister; this pivcaution is especially calle.l for when the air is cold and dry. If we hreathe through the mouth, hcin-.' careful to keep the tongue ])ressed against the palate, the air, not penetrnting so dii-ectly into the throat, will he wai-med {:s m nasal I'espiration.. \u^7J'hU'1 ^" !'^';I'"\t^ •" 'I easoof aspliyxia from a foreign o(l.v l„,lo;,.a ,„ the larynx? Is a h.-It. or a U^ht waitt- baml, pro.hutiveol' evil u. i-nses of asphyxia ? apparatus .-^ -How should on(> f)r(>athe ? W A. children, 3Ke them g violent (xly may le incon- 'raiid lied for cirernl late, the oat, will I foreign lit waist- reatliing 7 M^ — 27 SYNOPSIS. The change of air in apartments is ol.taine^l hy means ut* ventiiatoi-s. Fresh air is introdiiei'd, and th.it vitiated hy hreathing, comhustion, etc., is cxpi^lled. The most usual ventilation is that ohtaincd hy an opening in a window, or through a chinniey-lhic. Jnnii(Mpiat(' ventilation, esp.-cially in winter, fav'or. the development of several (h'seases. The hed-room shouM he ol" suflicient si/e to ensure the purity ol" the air. Air vitiated hy respiration and hi-eathed again is very deleterious to health. The water-closets, sinks, and haths r month, and is also nioister JUKI l)ettcr tor breathing purposes. ■t V- firly years, is i>ettor lUSSfirrc of SO iiioister THfRD IJvSSOX rNFECTlOl'S DISK ASKS MCk prison l,y ;i p,,,.soM in ooo.l h(>altl. small .s,.e tha hv. an.l nn.ltiply when plao.-.l in ta orahlo oon.ht.ons: sud: as, for instance, l.eat ami . an.pn.ss. Mu-rol-.s n.uvo easily tVo,, ..n. place to another. (Leuvrenlnrk) InK^tiousdiseases are ,),-opa^ate,l in n.anv wavs : thnm ?H^''' !^ n.ay l,.caus..l l.y .lireet'eor.taet, thiouoh the nie.lnnn of the ai,-, wat,>r, nu'lk foo.l ^an..ens,an,hdIartich.stlKa are used liynuu.^^ Iheareadiul (>p„h.nnc of sn.all-])„x, in I.S,S5-,S() was origniated in Montreal hy an infeete.l person comni^. from the United Stati ^ An i^^norant servant nuvv hitrodnce an infections Lsease nito one s htnnly ; it ,s, therefore, a duty for h^l^keepers to watch o v. r their employees' Is^ The principal infections diseases are typhoid fever U e-s chiet inaintestations lu.in,,- cronp an.l ex- siKlative (|ninsy. ^ 30 — Providence lias not chosen tliat ull constitutions be equally subject t() the action of the irenns ol' in- rcctious diseases. Every individual has not what is known as the same niorbid receptivity; it is throuirl, the i^rnor- Jince of this nnportant point that so many persons do not l)('li(!ve in eontanjon. There aiv cireunistances that specially prepare the body tor contaoion ; thus, when one is Fastinrr absorption is more active, and it is then V(u-y dan- ^an-ous to enter the room of a sick person; con- valescents should avoid slecj.ino- i„ «„(.], rooms, because, as their streno-th Ls diminish.Ml, the dan^rer IS serious for them : a convalescent should, For the same reason, ii\o\(\ every centre of contagion. Tlie n, iso. iiitum and dosinfcction. s JJrf'V' '' *'-;"''^'' ,1"^"'*^ '''^''''^' ''-^ ^^■'" "^^'"ti<>» stpaiately, as .t apphes to one disease alone : it is vacn,nai>ou., fhrunl;, ,nrrn,n,'e ,u,alnsf s,nall.jmx. I«. Ofkiciai 1NFOM.MATI..X. - Soeietv Lnplor^s piotection : in divnie hnv as by human rLdit socie- ty must rank I.eFore the iau.ily. "^ As soon as an infectious .Jisease has ina.le its ap- eamnee. .t ,s a duty for the hea^^oi^i:^t^Jr!X^^-:^ «^'^^" the 19. How slioiild isolation Ih> pnictisP.] ? h.te? ^'"'''"''' "^^'•^^•^^^"•y:-'--Should tiie isolation be abso- h ill I other lation, iso- II mention ilono : it i,s mnall-pnx. / inij)k)r^s ,i^ht, soeio- uit' its rtp- i'.-unily, UN ce tlie fact ^al autho- t. 1 pi'iK'eed condition .* probable ilation of •liild, and, iven and :ited vvith- 'li, aware ^ard it as e disease '), should from the >iLse. iig in tlio shall the I be abso- - 33 — The patient should },e isolated in a room whiob rl'ov.T '^^r"" '•"■ '-'"«"■'■ and .hi^, be removed m quick as possible to tl.e hospital. Ihe patient should he isolated, not only from the eff ts"he u::r?'", '''"""^' ^"'' ■^'^ f'---^" enects he used to liave around him- his room .*ould contain only indispensable article, of ?ur mture: no carpet, no table, no chairs ; only the bed without any ornaments. '' sh^W !«"; "'""-■' T¥'' '" " 'lisin'octing solution should be hung outside, over the door of the room 30. Dlsinfection. — Disinfectants are thow Sn"n::tr i"''' *'"r«'' ^ ?■'>-»' -»''-'- action, neutralize or destroy the oroanic Drineinle^ which constitute the germs ^f infection d^ as f shoufrnott'''-' ri:^'^VkiIl the germs of dieses. Should not be mistaken for antiseptics.which prevent dtfoy^/oTis:"'-"^^- ^'^^- ^^^^^^"--' -^-^^ Disinfectants kill the germs of diseases, which, Should the natiP^t S ?o i 1^^^'^ ^'"^""^^^ ^^ <^" ^^ f«"nd i*- of the famuroniv? Whif''? ^T. ^^^ ^^l^*^^' "members of the paS's ro^onT?^ ^ '^'''"'^ ^"^ P"^ «^^^ ^^e door an^«-aTtTi^thi%ame"i.^' ^^^^^infectants ? -Do disinfect- rizersP-Whatirthpn'^K""^';^^ and deodo- * r >v nat IS the action of disinfectants ? — 34 ~ as it luis alrendy been said, are known to be mi- ClY)l)eH. (It islii^lWy important for public security tliat tlHsc Hovnts called f/eoi/orizers be in no way con- touiHl.-d with trunlisinfectanU- many substances mi.lai)i)ai-atus said to have disinf(^ctant properties are in ivality, simply deodorizers, which, by maskin.r certain odors, crive a false security, and are often the means o^ doin wuy con- sul stances properties, •y niaskino; iim often enting the ailed con- imcl lif/ht, the supjdy ' the mfcc- ^he atinos- troy th^hc kail '}n (;See supplement at the .-n.! of th^e fourth lesson.) The bed-pan should constantlv contHin a certain .juantitv of the ■solution No. 8. which should be nicreased after the patient's eva- cuatimis (See suppl.n.ent at the end of the fourth lesson.) In the eruptive diseases, such as small-pox measles, scarlet fev.-r, the patients body should be rubbed every , ay with cainphorate.l oil ■ this oil wdl prevent the rapi.i evaporation of the exhalations without impeding the neces.sary perspiration. ^ The atmosphere of the room pZ?* hf^'^""^'^^I^"^■^«^''''''•»^^^'- count of the impossibility of intro- volume of air at once ; it will l,e ever, to renew the air, as much ^ iniperceptable ventilation, which c. n nusing the lower part of the win^^'tu'.\ m.thod of disinfecting -^IcII;^;^^^^ roonf'"-"^'';. ^^'': ""''' ''^ -iisinfeetion of the other neveHh' 1 'I '";"''" '"^ '"'^ '^'* "'•^-"^- '^ «l'<>uld. neve.theless, be ,|one. as the infectious genus may peis ns HI atten.Iance upon the patient. sh«M 1 1 rV''^ "'"J'^'T/^"'' accessories of the bouse should 1 kewjse be d.snifected : cellars. yar< Is, sta- ce ns^i'^'-n'T^^' cess-pools, sewers, should be cleansed with the solution No 1 or No 2 (See sun- pleinent at the end of the fourth lesson) ^ ^ Ilie patient after recovery, should not meet Uh;; t;."""''""/^^^.''^' fannly before receiWng a hot bath given to h.m with the utmost carel his bo""l it- nonnal condition ; or the ,1 '","'""}"■ -^y t'-™ fVo,„ ,|c..s,|„a„,ation oi the dry parts winch appear on it at the end of co-lt^ToT' '""' """" '"^ "''"•'^'^'•"- ™''-|- °f with the other'memi,e.l\:i'S,:tni!;i'<' '""'-»' ■»">«'« — 38 — In case of death, the corpse should immediately be wrapped in a sheet wet with the solution No. 1 or No. 5 (See supplement at the end of the fourth lesson), and placed in a metallic coffin or one lined with metal : the metallic coffin is strictly required when the corpse has to he transported to a distance. In no case, sliould any one he allowed to attend the funeral, which should take place within twenty- four hours. RECAJriTULATlON. 1 Infectious diseases are always spread l»y means of their germs. This spreading- does not always occur in tlie same way. There are some circumstances which specially favor contay means of cur in the li specially arable con- by-laws is ■ infectious meets with e obtained, id after the ; these in- as possible, nfectant is uadfi ? — Is it 1)11 who has FOURTH LESSON, (■HIEF INPKCTIOUK DISEASKS. as. Tvpiioii) FEVKit.-All infectious ,li.sea«es in this country are .lerivcl fro.n foreim, climate there ,.s no ™eh .lisease that can be attribute o,'; d mate alone. However,thereareper.si.tantca,esr the maintenance an,l spreading of those ailme iti among our i>o,,ulation ; they wiirnaturalh^lisappear ■f then- causes ,Io; we must. ho«ev,.r nrnke an exception tor typhoid fever: this .liseis may be th:l;^rT!ir"""-^' ' -'•■* ».--";"^-: ^:st, th;™^t^-l^— -rf^ .Hstance from the sewers. ortVo,:' "e'ce ers ^fT eh £:t^n:^ ,:^te;t::^';,,!rtu:'3 old people. However, the milk to wWch Xterl Are there any intVc-ti.)ii.sdi.senqos snof!.,!!,- ; i the diniate of this c-ountrvv H,^«?^ i '^ inherent to propagating of the ge • " i t vJl Zl f "/""V ^7^^^^" ^^e fever Frequent at every age J ^^J^'^^'^^ ^^'^er r'^Is typhoid v\ — 40 — The astonishing cases of malignant typhoid fever which are found in tlie country all origniate trom the poisoning of the wator by the products ot some animal or vegetable decomposition gonig on near bv which, filtering through a porous ground, conta- minate tlu' water and rendei- it uniit for consump- tion. Fig. 9. The water of the well is contuininated by the de- composing matters percolating from the closets to the well thro\igh the loose gravel. The conquests of liygiene are now such that it will be henceforth easy, if not to completely rid society To what cause must the serious cases of typhoid fever in the coimtry l>o attributed ?-Can this disease be completely eradicated ^ phoid fever ^nnate from icts of some ng on near :)un(l, conta- )!• consump- d by the de- closets to the ih that it will y rid society es of typhoid m this disease — 41 — of the epidemics of typhoid fever, at least, to reduce them to a minimum (Brouardel). In 50 cases out of 100, water is the distributer of this dreadful disease ; tlie evil is ap[)aiviit, tho cause is visible, and the remedy, if not always easy to practise, is known; it lies in the purification of the water by all possible means. 2-4. BiPHTHEiu\.~Ifdii>Idhcri(twerc treated in the mme rir/omns nyuiner <(.i snyiU-jmx, its stay amon;/ our popidation numld btsfhiU a short time. hvery one seems indifl'erent t) th(i presence of this disease, which is so seriously inci-easing the number ot deaths, here, instea.i of opposincr to it all the powers of resistance and protection at our disposal. Diphtheria presents itself under many different torms which can hardly ],e made distinct: croup, exudative angina, for instance, are some of its ma- n^estations ; it is therefore necessary, in cases of affecticas of the throat in a child, to call the physician in at once, in order that he may imme- diately prescribe the necessary treatment. Croup is considered by hygienists as bein^ of the same nature as diphtheria. Therefore, in all cases ot croup, as well as in diphtheria, or variola, isolation and disinfection should be practised. (See by-laws.) 25- Measi.es, 8cAUF.ETFEVEH.-^8om(!times both are very malignant. The recovery from these diseases is specially to be feared as it is then that A'^flZ^y^ ^^^ ^***"^ precautions to be taken against ?Sardld? """ ""^"^ «.nall-poxy-How is' croup^^I be — 42 — severe complications f^enerally arise : affections of the lungs, in the former disease ; those of the kidneys, in the latter. Consequently, the treatment should not cease at the same tinu' as the malady, but the attendance of the physician ought to be continued long after the disappearance of the disease. SMALL-POX. 2«- 8m all-Pox, on Variola. — This is the most dreadful of all the inf( ravages ; ctious diseases in its nature but hygiene is omnipotent then devote to it a special and in its against it ; we will chapter. History of .small-po.r. — In the last century, small- pox caused annually half a million of deaths in Europe ; an epidemic raged every three years. Half of the mortality in children under ten years was due to small-pox ; two-thirds of the blind per- sons in Europe lost their sight from it. In some counti'ies, this disease destroyed, at one time, one- sixtli of the population ; the terror that it was spreading everywdiere had largely increased the number of suicides. It spared no one, and the woman who bore none of its marks was regarded as a beauty. 2T« Inoculation. — Infectious diseases are dis- tinguished from other diseases, lo by the rapidity of their development among the population in which they make their appearance ; 2o by not attacking the same person twice ; in fact, except in case 26.— What is the history of small-pox during the last century ? 37. — In what are the infectious diseases distinct from other diseases ? 43 — affections of tiose of the le treatment blie malady, ought to be nee of the i is the most n its nature omnipotent it a special itury, small- ►f deaths in three years. 3r ten years le blind per- t. In some e time, one- that it was I creased the [1 the woman I as a beauty. ises are dis- the rapidity ion in which ot attacking ;ept in case uring the last distinct from of peculiar susceptibility, no person is twice stricken down by the same infectious disease. This last fact, recognized by every nation, gave rise, in the last century, to the idea of inoculation Inoculation is nothing else but vaccination by the poison of small-pox itself. "^ This custom had become the more general as every one was afraid of contracting the disease, knd that derived from inoculation was less serious. Ihe pmctice of inoculation reduced the rate of mortality Irom 1 in 5, to 1 in ,50. ,. ^^* y'^*^'CiNATK)x._\'accination, as every true tact, IS the result of experience and observation A disease, appearing on the hands and arms, and resembling small-pox, though not spreading so quickly, had been noticed as prevalent among the people of the country ; this disease was derived from cows, sheep, or horses. It had been also remarked that the persons suffering from this distemper prevailing at the same periods as epidemics of Xess^''''' ^'''''' '''''''*^ ^^ttacked by the latter Both of those obser^'ations were communicated by the people to professional men ; they lead to experiments which, performed by learned men hnally corroborated the remarks made by the igno- rant and poor people. ^ ^ It was about the end of the last century that mankind was benefited by these important discov- eries. In 1795, the illustrious Jennel-, the father of Upon what was the system of inoci.iation based ? Was innciilation in great repute ? ;^??'~~^°^^ ^}^ vaccination succeed inoculation ?— AVhnf w the name of the man who made that great disco^ry — 44 vaccination, made liis first experiments ; he publish- ed his report in 179(S. His results were corroborated by Dr. Woodville, who, in two years, vaccinated 8,000 persons, exposing the most of them to contagion, either by contact, or by in- oculation itself, without causing any deaths. The new fact brought out l)y Jenner,and confirmed by Woodville, was soon recognized by all learned men, who have left us undeniable statistics which are still gfiining in truth and strength. Vaccination is an operation 'which consists in inoculating a j9enso?i wltli a disease known as vaccine, found in some animals, specially in cows; vaccine is the best preventive remedy against small-p)ox. 29. England. — This invaluable discovery which had become the subject of the most acrimonious discussions, has, finally, by the experience of nearly a century, been made a scientific dogma. Instead of the dreadful spectacle ottered by small- pox in the last century, a mere sketch of which has been given in this book, we now see thu disas- trous scourge gradually vanishing in the presence of Jenner's marvellous discovery. Another proof of what has been said here is added by the follow- ing figures. Official statements published in England show that, previous to 1540, the deaths caused annually in that country by small-pox numbered 12,000 ; that, from 1841 to 1853, when vaccination was administered gratuitously, the number of deaths per year was reduced to 5,250 ; that, from 1854 to How can vaccination be definerl ? 29. What have been the effects of vaccination in England ? he publish- sults were two years, le most of or by in- xths. id confirmed all learned I sties which consists in known ccs s2)eciaUy tive remedy 3very which acrimonious ce of nearly It ed by small- h of which je the disa^- he presence other proof ' the follow- ^land show ed annually red 12,000; nation was ? of deaths rom 1854 to iccination in — 45 — 1868, after the compulsatory vaccination bill had been passed in 1853, the annual rate of mortality was reduced to 3,351. "^ It can be seen by recapitulating the English statistics that the rate of mortal it y caused by small- pox has been reduced from 184 to 11 /(,,■ every 1 000 ''''''■ (Ballard, Gayton, Guy.) 30. France.— The renowned French writer Jules Simon, in speaking of vaccination and its effects in Europe, said that it had reduced the rate ot mortality from 54 per cent to 12 per cent. 31.— Germany.— In 1884, the German Govern- ment appointed a commission which was com- posed of vaccinators and anti-vaccinators, to incmire into the results of the compulsatory vaccination and revaccination law of 1874. The following are the conclusions of the import : In Prussia, the rate of mortality caused by small- pox had been 24.60 cases for 100,000 persons from 1847 to 1874, while it was only 2.18 for 100 000 persons from 1875 to 1831 ; in Austria, where no vaccination law had been in force, the mortality per year had reached 37.95 in the first period, and 44.77 in the second. In the Prussian army, not a single case of mortality has been cauml by small-pox since the vaccination law has been passed, while in Austria the rate of mortality has been varying from 10 to 25 for every 100,000 inhabitants, and in France trom 8 to 28. . ' 30. What is the opinion of the French aufhoritips rcgarumg vaccmatiou Y - 1- ji i lih?, 3X, What is the opinion of the German authorities ? ••TTlifri!iii'[ii'iiw« I i — 4fi — Siuall-pox has almost completely disappeared from all th(i leading cities in Germany since 1874. Such are the eloquent conclusions of the German report. J5I2« Canada. — The above statistics ought to be sufficient to prove the un(juestionable efficiency of vaccination, as well as the valuable services already rendei-ed by this almost infailiible preventive. The remarks gi\en have been made in a vast field, as the statistics include millions. There has been enough said on the present sub- ject ; however, we will add figures that will give a local interest to this important question, which ought not to leave any more doubt Ijehind it. in the town of Saint-Henry, near Montreal, the statistics for the scourge of 1885-86 were as follows : Number of cases of small-pox flp to Dec. 31st. 1885.. . . 233 Number of deaths 117 Number of pei'sons not vaccinated 115 During the epidemy, there were only two cases of sm;dl-pox among persons who had been vaccin- ated. •' The scourge," said Rev. M. Decarie, who gives this convincing statistics, " was suspended by vaccination, instead of having been propagated by it as the foolish enemies of vaccination claim." »». Revaccination. — The cases of contagion among persons who had been vaccinated lead learned men to the conclusion that, in these cases, the vaccination had not been done properly, or that the vaccine had lost its power. 32. [s there any statistics on the matter in Canada ? 33. In what (urcurastances is revaccination necessary ? — 47 — Children weakened by a rapid fjrowtli or a serious illness, are in danger of hoiiu;- atta,cko name of food is mven to anv ret^H "';"'^ ^^^"'" '"^^^ ^'- storrmch lu ps t^> tnc ^va^llth which is necessary to life roo«l substances may bo ^ classes: nitronenous foods aiu roods. Nitrogenous foods contain oxyrren hv composi- t^rof rr t'^-:^tutd1ratirproportionin our nt-the food substances - ™ppUed us^y ^^e^ rtaCndnS:r Ui^p- we shall study them separately in the above order. What are the principal non-mtr«geno^xs Bub^^^^^^^^^^ Are there many syn^nyj?^. ^l^^f.f ^f Ss ? -What is a t^^v ;^ :.. the hvienic division ot looas r * n^pa r KrS-ul gdrt;p.y"uMh oertai„.ood. f- How "hall we iwAy thwe looOs [id gelatine, s, oils, star- litrogenous, rdrat, prin- ', are term- itain all the ne of these rishment, we the elements bance, do not our strength, i-nitrogenous e animal and necessary for ', water and development or chloride of )o our alimen- ) the composi- »portion in our ied us by the le animal, the we shall study IS substances?— non-azotised ?— Ig ? —What is a , /• - _ J o r*r«*»s certainf oods t— — 53 — To properly explain that all foods have not an Zff-M .•^'7-'^^f"^' '''" ''^^^^^l «^y that the most digestible food IS that which supplies the system with the greatest quantity of restorative elements, and gives the least possible work to the digestive organs. ^ THE PRINCIPAL FOODS OF TI KINGDOM. ANIMAL 35. Meats.— The greatest quantity of quater- nary compounds, or nitrogenous substances, is sup- plied by the animal kingdom ; consequently, those (Sef Nr'Sr'"" "'''^^''^ ^""^ ^^'^ nourishment of man Numerous experiments have shown tliat animal nourishment is necessary to men who are obliged to perform an exhausting labor, and that without such nourishment they can not perform the same amount of work. This may be explained by the following reasons • As we have already said, meat contains a large quantity of azotized substances ; Therefore, nitrogenous substances of the veo-eta- ble kingdom, when taken in the same quantity as the nitrogenous substances of the animal kingdom, Sr ""''*'' *'''''''' ^^^'^ "^<^^*og^" ^han the Meat contains fat and important salts As meat can be cooked in different ways, it is What is a digestible food ? T« o^ui^i'^"^ ^^^-^f ^^'^ animui kingdom supply us with ?— Is animal nourishment necessary ?~How do you exDiain the advantages of animal nourishment ? ^ ^ A !ili a M _ 54 — ' easily digested, and of easier assimilation than ve- getables T that is to say, it is transformed nito our tissues more readily than the latter. In this country, we particularly feel the want ot eating meat ; this mode of nourishment ^^ves more activity to our organs, and thereby helps to promote tlie animal heat which is reciun-ed to withstand the rigor of our climate. »0- Digestion of meats.— The meat of young animals is harder to digest ; especia ly that ot the suckin" ^"n .n^-ke\ w'^t ™:''rw i-^/'-'. ■"-' -'-'» in the condeS "ptpL-a tons T.'"'' "°' ''°1"'' '" "'««« SUMMARY. to ife ; the first -i. J\..,n i •. '"'' '*' "ecessary latte,., '„o„!„t4:k*o„:i^,:'"-""-™- f-j«; thi be!f:tea"mLe f °«"'* "»"«" ""de ?-How is American 89.-Are extracts of meat aa nutritive as meat itself ? i of strict- :oId ^vater, then strain liioh closes iiall pieces )ut it into lours. At intents of ich is ex- iher alone, nth luke- cts in the the testi- ibstitutes he nutri- l in these :)th, they etite, and not rely ► replace — 57 — comn]?f?''''"^'r^''^'^"" ^^"•'^^^ complete and in- Senan^e. ''"""''" '"' ""^' nourishment and natm^^'^'n'' ""P^'i'll ^'^ ^''" ^'"'^^ kin^^doms of natme : the animal, the vegetal)le, and thS mineral mel 'Vl''* . ood-stufts of the animal kingdom are meat, tish, milk, and e^gs. Ment supplies us with azotized substances and is necessary to the nourishment of man ^^^ Certain circumstances render meats more digest- Meats are red, white, or dark, ihere are different ways cf cooking meats, liroth does not supply a restorative beverage is of the ; others Bcessary ds; the merican itself ? SIXTH LESSON. 40. Healthy conditions of Meat. — Quantity (md quality o/fdt. The Fat must l»e in sufficient quantity,l)ut ]iot in excess; otlierwise, the proportion of alliunien in tlie meat will be too low. Fat must be lirm, not too yelhnv, nor of the consistency of jelly, nor stained witli blood in any part. Qudlity of the mcdt. — I'he muscles must be firm and elastic ; a light moist color betrays a youno- animal ; a dai'k color, an old one. If, after a few hours, a slii^ht I'ed juice ooxes from a piece of meat on a plate, it is a j^uod sign. Meat of o-ood quality has a marbled appeai'ance, such being pro- duced by the interposition of thin fatty layers betw(HMi and chi-oughout tlie nm.scles. — (Lettre))y) If the color of the lean ])art of the meat is light, it indicates that the meat is becoming putrified, and the fact nnist be ascertained by running a knife through the flesh : in meat of good (juality, the resistance is uniform; in decomposing meat,\some parts are softer than the others : the smell from the knife will also help to ascertain the quality of the meat. The presence of cysticerci or trichinje leave no doubt as to the diseased condition. The marrow of a sound animal is Hrm and of a red, rosy color ; if the animal was sick or in state of decomposition, it is soft, brown, and 3overed witli black spots. 40. What are the characters of good fat ?- What are the (juaiities of sound meat ?— -What signs characterise unwholesome meat ?— How is the marrow of soxmd, and of unsound meat recognised? — 69 — The lungs and the liver must be examined to ascertain the presence of abcesses. ^ Saumges, htack-pudding, //«»?.— Trichina, which IS a dangerous parasitic worm, may be ingested bv eating imnced meats, because fraudulent tradesmen are lable to prepare such food from unsound meat WJien sausages, which should be cooked in water betray a strong smell of ammonia, they should be discarded, ^r'arkes.) Smoke-cured ham should be necessarily prepared trom sound meat as the process of smokinrr does notdes^troy the parasitic germs which may exist in tainted meat. It is an absolute and imiiortant hygienic precaution to have such meats cooked. 41. FisH.—The nutritive value of Hsh is about the same as that of meat. Small fishes are more easily digested ; what makes fishes indigestible is the great (juantity of water and oil they contain. Acids, which have the property of dissolving tatty matters, should be used as con liments ; lemon juice is preferable. Persons who cannot easily digest liquid food, cannot properly digest fish. The fiesh of fishes soon becomes tainted : con- sequently, they should be eaten very soon after they have been taken. ''^ insSpd '^ W^tf' V'^^'^-P"^!^'"^' '-^nd ham, be carefully fw «.„~i ^''^•^''''''f ^^^^ t^^^y areof g(„Kl. "re very ^«vy. Bouchanlatf'''"''' '"" '■«''''»'-ative.-(MicheT ■*-*• All J K Tl . ?f the water which iL V*'"''"'™*'- f -mpm-e.thelatte'Lnwr "*'«' '° the „ilk typhoid fever and oS ,• " '""™» "f eonveSn^ ^<:'y important to care „"''''■ ^' '^ tlieSf WJtli wJioii, we de ;? '''"'-" "y watch the mill, m ."-eful of the "rihiLf of"".-'"'^'-"''" t « he™ 42. Is inili^ ^"^^ °^ fish we havp 9 by means of theSfk ?° """^-y'" ""m the cow to „.,„ e'd? sh cod, bass, y nutritious, l or colored. i-ro nourisli- "Jtl abstain '1), are very e.— (Michel . thut is to ^^ clonients tant factor water and ^1 are fat. ►• at 1,000. ^>ut two renioriuir ctometer, the miJk >nveying Iierefore 'lilkman >at he is d ^n^ ...s an im- nnot be i Of.9— ?rated ? — 61 — Bovine phtisis, that is consumption in the cow IS a very common disease amonnr.st those animals,' the chief cause of it is the insufficient ventihition of stables. It is reasonable to suppose that this disease may be conveyed to man by means of the nn"l) It is beyond doubt that the milk of cows freely grazing m rich pastures is nuicli superior to that of animals always kept in stables. In cities, where the inspection of milk can never be perfect, it is always prudent to boil the food. I he dairy should be a sepai-ate apartment used only for dairy purposes. It should not be in the immediate vicinity of stables, pi^-.sties, privies, or manure-heaps. All utensils used in the milk-house and in milking should be scrupulously clean. 4». EfUis.— After milk, the most complete food, although not equal to it. is eggs. But the white and the yelk ot the i^^^ do not contain a sufficient quan- tity ot salt and water to make them as useful as mi.k tor nourishment. The digestion of eggs depends greatly on the way ot cooking them : the less they are cooked, the more digestible they are. SUMMAKY. To be wholesome, meat should possess certain essential qualities, Is the milk of pasture cows preferable ?— In cities what precautions are necessaiy with respect to milk ?- wnat are the sanitary rules concerning milk-houses? — 62 — Minced meats are often unwholesome. Fii^h providcK a nourishment similar to that of meat. Thoy are not all of ecjually easy digestion. Some persons do not easily digest Hsh. The flesh of fishes is either white, red, or fatty. Milk is a complete food. xMilk is especially adulterated hy tlie addition of water or by the removal of the cream. Certain diseases may be conveyed by means of milk. ?ilEg^'«. when slightly cooked, are nutritive and easily digested. to that of ion. or fatty, iddition of 7 means of ritivc and ft SEVENTH LESSON. THE PRINCIPAL FOODS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM Like the animal kinfrdoni.the voL'etable k sui)plies us with azotized anil Linml „ oni +„^,: 1 , "— V...... emu /luu-azotized ah^nen- tary Hubstance.s ; but if the.se elements are .sufficio,»t for annna Is. they are not sufficient for nuin ; ve^feta- blescontam too small a quantity of certain nfces- sary principles to be considere.l complete f„o,ls It lornnl H ^'"^^ ^ '.'"^"^^''^>^ ''^ vegetable matter I0.I ?-T X proportion of nitro^ren which man n^ffl ^^ ^; p^*^^' ^^^^-'table diet, although in itself nsuftcient for our nourishment, must lamely con- tribute thereto. ^ -^ The vegetable king.lom furnishes for alimenta- tion : cereals, vegetables, and fruits. furtth^''''lf~'^^'^'. .^'^■'^'■"•^ "^' ^'^^-''tain cereals wb r I ^^ ^^'^ P'-""^^'^'^" f"o" "'"!'^' "'"' ""^ in our alitnentati V " .f' hs l";'""'''"" ^■","'"^" >iC(ls tliev contain tLnil't^. .•,••> ""^^'""^ "f t 'e i>y their voiu" Hi, ^ 1, ;: ' r""";-' "'' •"'"'" • bowels, therelivmevontT? •.'''' •■"-''""' "'* the hunger. ^ ^ *•'" «"'''*tipat,o„, and '">tities, they arc '^its, ,ph.,„s, pLetr«.:i:ftu'ir -l^'^ Atwhat ,.e,,„st.„aU w..,a,„,. particularly „»„ „at..„„a.. ^o. y\ hat IS a vetretahl*i i' A\ru- i vegetables ?~Whieh ^frn th " "^^^^'.''^^ '"'^'^ ^h'' starchy chSnf" "■"■' «^'"" food.? -How .hould (ruit b. — 66 — sons ; lean people require starchy fruits, (bananas, chestnuts); those subject to diarrhea should use astringent fruits (quinces, medlars), and those of a sanguine temperament, acid ones (gooseberries, cherries, oranges, and lemons.) 47, Alchofjc liquors. — All fermented liquors contain alcohol. From numerous experiments made with alcohol, the following conclusions may be drawn : Pure alcohol taken in larger doses than one ounce and a half in twenty-four hours, is injurious to health. One ounce of alcohol represents two ounces of brandy, as brandy contains fifty per cent of alcohol. One ounce of alcohol represents live ounces of sherry, as sherry contains twenty per cent of alcohol. One ounce of alcohol represents ten ounces of wine, as ordinary wine contains ten per cent of alcohol. One ounce of alcohol represents twenty ounces of beer, as beer contains five per cent of alcohol. Alcohol is not necessary either to health or life ; persons who do not make use of it rcacli a more advanced age ; this fact is proved, beyond doubt, by the mortality tables of English life-insurance companies. 47,_Do all liquors contain alcohol ? ~ What dose of alcohol is injnrions to health ?— What is the alcoholic strength of the chiel iiquors ? , (bananas, hould use tliose of a losebcrries, ,e(l liquors ith alcohol, L one ounce ijurious to > ounces of r cent of i ounces of !!' cent of ounces of )er cent of y ounces of •ohol, Ith or life ; acli a more oixl »se l"'* it leaves the o'L^T'"''. '*?''' ^«»>"'ant, have pa.s,s«l off ' " weakened, when its etfects the .-oningl^owt' areXaS"" ''''^'^"'""' -hioh it doe^tt ;'„.;::''" '"'"''°' "»- I>-Perties gi more or less alcohol as m„t ,r"-™«?"' " <^"ntains ing table :- ' '■'^ '^'^ ^'^'"^ ^y the follow- Cha.npag„e wines contain fro.n""'^™""'' "Tr ' iiordeaux " « " 5 to 13 burgundy " u „ 6 to 13 7 to 14 '5- t-^e driiH-n fioui the above facts ^ ^"nckisions 48. Do all wines contain alcohol ? — 68 — Sauterne wines contain from , Marsala Madeira Port " " " Sherry Percentage of alcohol. 11 to 18 15 to 25 16 to 22 16 to 23 10 to 25 When a wine contains more alcohol than th(i analysis of its kind permits, it is evident that pure alcohol has been added to it. According to their color, there are two sorts of wines, viz : red wines and white wines. Red wines are made from blue grapes, the skin not having been removed ; the coloring matter of the pulp, dissolving in the juice gives the wine its color. When the juice is immediately drawn off, white wine is the result; this may also be obtained from the juice of white grapes. Red wines contain less nitrogenous principles than white wines. (Michel Levy.) Drinkable wine should be at least a year old before that time, it is heavy, causing heart-burn and .colic. Wine is generally taken diluted with water ; this mixture should be mnde at meal-time, as wine mixed long beforehand, deteriorates, and becomes an insipid drink. (Berthelot.) What do you conclude when a wine contains more alcohol than analysis allows ?--Judging them by their color, how mauy sorts of wines are tliere ?— Which is the most nourishing wine?— How old should wine be to be drinkable ? — Should wine be mixed with water ? — 69 — co.)S,T'roX''i:f "!/,'"■■ '"'""'•'>' "' ^'i-hoi they dispe„s«l ^ritl' entirely! '"'^ '""-'"•'^tely, if not = J '^^''''^"-^ "'"<='" - -g'" per cent of .ieohol consiiCt;:-;',,;.'^."',:;,';^: '^ '^'""' ""= '"'"""'y tlO. Coffee TF\~r\.fi'^ w common -lonu^s iciever.",^ /",'', '" "'''" "'" ">«' ones, when taken in rn^f ''t ' "" """* '""•"')««* heart, and Zn^^^Tt^. '''""''' l-alliitntion of the onnts hunjjs on nervous trouhles p.e^nVor^;;':::;;:^'- -•« nourishing. „. they anti-waste !oo Is thd, let e'^ • ''": f'7 "« """ed ly azotized. "" " P'-'n^Plo being strong- They are the favorite bever,iw« nf „. i soldiers, whom tliev .„■„.„ j.^ •"'"''*'"<»' and of strength ; t" ey en-U I «; "fT " ™1"''' '"^^ idsinte&etual hCwHh greltt^ete' "' '"^'°™ What, „a.v,,e deduced f,™. the an.,,,.. „,„,„e., pe;c;«,t«ro"lfcohol '-\\-S',','ni''Vr'' -^^^''-at is its safely taken ?- " "•" ''"""'"y of beer may be ".m^i^InnXveragSf "■'" "f '«' »"'' ™ffee,»-Are they stu'^drtr"""" '■"■■ "«"«-„rk,„an. ,he soldier and the 70 There are two kinds of tea: the Mack and the green. Green tea c<> itains more volatile oil, and is more often a lulterated than ])lack Xea ; it is, therefore, considei'cd less wholesome. SUMMARY. The vegt'talile foods dt) not suffice for the nourish- ment of man. The vegetable kingdom supplies us with cereals, vegetables, and fruits. The grains from which Hour and bread are made are derived from the cereals. All bread is not wholesome. Public inspection of bread should be enforced. Oat-meal supplies us with gruel and porridge. Vegetables are herbacious or starchy. They are necessary to our nourishment. Fruit does not ecpially suit everyl)ody. Fermented li« animal and •" ^t ' ? '". '" ""I""-'™* «« with valuable suuSt 't •'^',"-"'''"'"'. «"l>plie.s us J- ^ttiiii w itliont (lunger of death. all found ns?ffiS,nt„«anrf°"--''''.^''"" '"'« "«'4 exeept chloride oTsodi.m,''' '" "•" *<«' ^^■<' ^ke^ plays an active and h m n; "1 '°"™'P'' ■«'"' "'"eh ^<-ralo.,,peHod',:?'4-'S:S;^h,^^. intimate part of ourtodv tf ;''""""' ' ''' '« «"<■•"' »« d'-ied up L,u. onlV'rIi,";::,:,:'-'- -™P>«tely >• "uVSiSaJi;;,";?'" '<'"'<='"■" ."•■»• "ni.„„„rta„tpa,t Od. Is wafer a food ? — 72 Water as a liquid food is also the means of favor- ing the ingestion and ab.sorptioi^ of the salts neces- sary to our nutrition, and which frequently .ure not found in suilicient quantities in solid foods,. It is very important to know the sonivo that furnishes the water we drink. Drink i(L', water should be clear ; free from disagreejbble odo] • of an a^n-eeable taste; aerated, holding in solution qwall f)niounts of various salts, especially carbonate oi jimo and conmion salt. Water contains nuicli \i.:.m-o ui; the latter salt than of all the others combined. Rain may be considered as the source of all the waters distributeil on the surface of the earth, or in its deptlis. 8ea-w?).ter is not drinkable. We will now consider the principal kinds of water. 54. Wellwatku. — Well-water is much used in the country, where it is generally pure and bene- ficial. In towns and xdllages, well-water cannot possess equally good (]ualities ; the neighborhood of sewers, cesspools, grave-yards, and the impregnation of the soil with decom})osing matters, are all causes which should make us look upon such water with distrust. How is water a food 'i — Is it important to make a care- ful choice of drinking water ? — What are the qualities of drinkable water ?— Whence are derived the different kinds of water ? 54. is well-water good?- TIas this water the s.'nne qualities in towns and in vilr.Vi^s ? ins of favor- j salts neces- squently ire solid foodjK. soiiive that free from ste ; aerated; ,'arious salts, iinnioii salt. salt than of )urce of all )f the earth, kable. •al kinds of inch used in re and bene- nnot possess jd of sewers, lation of the ;auses which "ith distrust. make a care- le qualities of the different er the s;nne ty — 73 — s.:Jl:'!f ^..^fj'^';:;,';"^^ >-« hec. ™„k near infection nL a.Wn;:i" if r^.S"" l"';'^"^'^ be owing to the Dernir.inn '"''''^toi«. and it may in «...ch *^lu..e,.,:urn"^ X ;:'« t'''"'"' "^^"^ count ior tlie death d,..,i;,/ r ^^^'^^ ^^'^' can ac- ^«.n. fever., whfch ft ll, »' M, T" "" """'- p.aecs,[;„-«sumaIjlveniovin„..: I "Pon country selection of a properSvl' ."''■'""' ''''"''''^' ^he 1« made on}ylZ\^^''^ZM^"'S '^. "•<>" should page 40). ''-■y caietul reflection. ( Fig 9, potable, it bein .deriv! ■;??,>' h"''?""'"''^''- ''« ^''I'lon, collected fron, house ,1 ''!."'^ *""" ."'« ''"in-water ganic dust and u^^^'Tl '^'"•'Vv.ng with it or- being. moreover Stat u.^nL I <"™"' ,'™'' "« '<=>'<'; be available only 1" Io2 /•'"''' °' *"''■■ ''' «<«• alimentation. ^ ''"mest.c u.se» others than ♦>tt» •Spjiin'g-w\tfr Tl most wholesome of miters th!- T S'^ne^ally the constant, cool, and etejhh !' 'f ■"P'^'-=""'-« being composition and contain nS' JflT °^ '""■""'' are the most liy<.ienic vv ,P», ^ " '■'•''*"-'''*^' "'ey the Convention' of H>"ien 1 n '•"''.'' ■^'' *<'* "' 1«74, they were leclS 1 "''' ,'" ««"''any, in being always protected SL * ""'■^ l'"''« "'^ters, common wi^h Sv^^tr;::.;^.'"'"''"""' ^ „What precautions are necessary in the sinking of a li: lle'sn^Z \^*^" drinkable ? Are sprmg-waters wholesome ? — 74 — Spring- waters are often mineralized, and, accord- ing to the salt they contain, present advantages which are every day utilized in niedecine : in such cases, they are called mineral waters. 5T- VVatei{ of laf^es. — Lakes suppliedby water- courses the purity of which is beyond doubt, furnish water superior t(j that of rivers, on account of its uniform temperature, and the rocky nature of the bed of the lakes. SiH* Stream and kiveh-wateks. — In this coun- try, which is so remarkable for its immense water basins, the salubrity of tliese waters is undoubted ; consequently, they present all the qualities of drink- able water. The purity of our waters are altered only by very powerful and special circumstances, such as are met with in the neighborhood of towns and villages where sewers empty into the streams and rivers. River- waters are very much inferior to spring or lake-waters, owing to their frequent impurities, and the changes of temperature they undergo in sunnner. 5». Temperature of potable water. — The water supplied to the people should always be fresh : hence, the necessity of drawing it from Are spring-waters sometimes mineralized ? 67. Are lake-waters superior to river-waters ? 58, C;u) river-water be polluted ?~Is it better than spring or lake-waters? 59. How is the freshness of water preserved ? — 75 — provide m^nr/ P ^ ^'^ '^''^^ imperative to "'^ys obtained V moJJ^;^- .:l:;:,;;;lvrsr snow watm" '-• '""' """''"'"' ^^ ««^ "»« of inil'ioJ,^'' Jr'l;^'''''' "■^'' "f •■''«-™'«r i« very season, „ay t^.st!;!,.; aUw'Cte'cl To h'' t' whet 1" u""i '"' '^■''^■■=*'^ °f -e-wuter' „\i > What should Hp the ♦^pniT>«rr,f„, * J . , . • "*^ ^emperatiu- ..f drinking water ? 00.-IS snow-water wholesome ? ei.-Is ice-water injurious to the health ? — 7r - . Avoid placinrr too ^ront a quantity of ice in the pitcher or tank, hocaus tho ice-water thuH obtained IS tar li-oni beinnf wholesome, its heaviness very otten disturbin^r diovstion. Vessels in which the -'ater IS surrounded with the ice are far bett . U.an those in which It IS placed directly in the water. Althoncrh ic- is pun r than the water from which It IS tonned It:;, nevertheless, necessary to carefully select the place.^j where the provision of it is made. Ice taken on running- water is oenorally whole- some ; but, m the neift-hborhood of certain factories, as well as in pools or ponds, it is generally polluted. ea. Water Anai.vsfs.— It is dirticult, by scien- titic processes, to determine the insalubiity of water; it i^- therefore necessary to take all precau- tions tor the sinkincT of wells, the choice of a spring or ot a considerable supply of watei- from lakes, rivers, and springs. Nevertheless, the following practical v Ivice may be or some use : All waters of doubtful purity should })e boiled. When water is heavy and indigestible because it is devoid of air, it should be shaken so as to make It absorb the necessary oxygen. , What preen ntion is necessary with reu I t. e-water m vessels ?-\\here sh.mld ice be taken ? .Ko^iil" .tn^ to verify the insalubrity of water ?-What or too sahy ? "" '^''^^'' '^ *^"" ^^^""y^ ^^^^'^^ «^" ^^^^* I « of ice in the hus <)l»tainerl ivint'ss very icl) t,l)o '"ater I oliati those tor. from which ' to carefully •f it is made. rally whole- lin factories, lly polluted. It, by scien- saluhrity of all precau- 5 of a sprin^:^ from lakes, advice may be boiled. i because it as tn make — 77 — Hairt^ddi::;';!.^^ ^^ ^^e sodium thmr0 9''"f'''"^^ ''-'^'' '^'''''^'^ "«t ««"t^in more matte', "'" '""'"' ""'" « g™"« of solid The pollution of waf aniount of organic mati f is not always due to the the (lualitv nf A *^ contams, but more to SUMMAKY. ouranZtll^'"""""' P''^^-'^ ™ '"'"P-'-' P-t '" iter ?— What oid of salts, unfit t,. drink V "'AV, " """k .•'— Wlion does wat^.. hp^^jn- water contain y To Ivhat'is'ihpf n°'i^" '^^^^'''^ ^'^^ daily due ? ^ '^ ^"^ pollution of water espe- — 78 — It supplies us with the salts and water which we couM not dispense w.th fV.. several days without W,tter, to ho putahlo. that is to say ^oorl to dunk, should possess certain ((uaiities te.^i:^u!^"'^ ^'"^^^^ ^^^^'^ ''^ -- -^-^-^^ ^^Drinkablo water should be at 10 degrees centi- Snow and ice-waters are heavy and indigestible. The places where the provision of ice is made should be carefully selected. Ice-water is very injurious. whtn wif ''''*'"" fV'"'"""'"^ ''>■ «<^'«"'i«<^ moans when wa or is insa ul.noHs, it is necessary to take all possible precautions when 'ligffing wells chostn^ i^groes centi- NIXTH LKSSOX. HV'GIENE OF DKiEsTION. i.. the sunZkZ 't„rst':ti,';r ^""'^- '"•^'<'»'«" There are thrco kinds oFtci.H, ^r;., • i , • . which are the first in the fr M.r Vl "''^^^^ '»c^««rs, above and four helmv f <'^ ^he mouth, four follow innnX-b^^ne'c^lr:"]' '?''' "^"^^^ What does hygeiHi, digesHon comprise ? ar?'ttorTfc^'E'^pTarS'Si«e^«°^ »' 'eeth f Hie aineient names given to teeth. : II -80- shape tear them apart; the molars. havin»'-»e to i« W;1:t'\t"ed.'™^"'''^' •" ^'-" - -^ "">"' It must bo remembered that bad teefh nnrl « Si Ih'e'tf: '"T "r^P'''''"'-' ; -hen Ihe'tth aecciy, the stomach gets out of order. turlof teet'h v'"^"'-^^ ^"" ^^'^^^ f^-^^" "le varied struc- thttTlJ^^h^VA^^^^^ t-"^ ?-When is the tPPth '''— What ^ ! ,• '^^ .^'^ necessary for the mv,^ of and tfie stomach ? '^^■^^''"'" ^« '^i^^^'-e between the Teetii a-ving a rough liern up. 11 the varied all necessary , le purpose of h are indis- reserve them Every inorn- 1, if possible, '1'. If certain ti preference, ices contain B soaps are e teeth, very tartar, form ) to destroy ut'.i, and, to recourse to I as a tootli eth and a the teeth varied struc- ?-When is ' the care of 1 the teeth — 81 -_ 6«5. Does sugar uwrnr^t^ n.. - are specially Z^^^Z'IJZ:'''"' '''''''' J wjicii hugdi tnat IS not nure is n«o/] w -i. ip tt:tht::";r: it™- f " '^'^ '-^°' toe ne,ro el.,l/enXoH. ,"»Sfc JI^^ .■endj:;Tu:Si'^ntuf.nr'T ^^'^^ "-'* and the other ingre,lic?nt' in ' ''f "''"'« ""'"'"• it adhere more tJ'thet^elhHT''T' '"^'^ ""'''^ induce decay in the e or ;.H '''''' '^'"'"'•^ ^"'^"^ ing ma.,ticatio.tt orde" t hein t '■' T'""'i^ '^'"• into a pasty mi^s. '' *™"«t»"n the food e5.-Does sugar destroy the teeth P 66.-Has fruit an injurious effect on the teeth? 07.-What .s .nsalivation ?_What is saliva ? •'ill — 82 — wliicl. is aL t.,,. I ' " ''"'P" '" '^"ft^" the food thas, &ula, '^vt^iel, i; L ""'\ '•':-P"'''^"' P"^' ^ vegetable (See \,, V';! "'"■" 've part of a whicl. tran In -^ it hi" ''''"^ "P"" ''>' "'^ ^'''i™' nouriiiunent "•" ""P"'*"'t element of then the si^if: tTn'f t^r ^""^'^'^"^ ^^•'^'"P™^''* ^ the work of ,1i,S"n rt ' f"!^'' ""^l ''e'P« young ehiidren Shi,, u /, *'/'' """ ''^'son that nourilhnitt^ft'tharp'erLi:"'^"'^'' *" "««<=-■ the"^.Sh7;;:;^,lt!i '-^ t.. nan. ,iven to into the stomach. P''"'"' *^™'" "'e mouth eaWtref't^t'rnn """"«" ,«"= *°"-"ng the hack of tl e mouih is T^';-'' "■'''°''' P'^'e-J -S -nd air; the ar^.tu' Xc^ir'"'"" '" ^""'^ exteniino- from tlw. J, ,,' . ", " """'o* «"»' %. (i, pa|e 25" ' ^'"■'' *" ""-' «'"""'eh (See What is the use of saHva ? What does the saliva act upon ? At what period of life does saliva begin to Jbe secreted ? 68. What is deglutition? -Whit r-.w ^ pa.s .hiough fronfthe nunith t^thf ^tSaacl?? ^^'' ^"^"^ — 83 — «». Hygiexic PRErAT-TTf.x.^. 1-1 and perfect rfigesti »t t . .f '"'T '° ""''"'•« <"^y the .Mm„,kneo of "iv i ' '.t"™r'' ",'"' "'t''«ti»es ; habits wliich te,„l o sp -i t'''.'""''^'"^^'^'' "'"1 ™y the ,,se of tobacco ,n,»/rr I ^ • •""■'•' '""•""»«' and they should be retf.n "" "'.l""'ms effect, "ue its use. "'•'«™able enough t<, disconti- kint':f\,tt:i,,:r' !",'■■'''''"*''■ ''■•-'• -' ^h natural state" should le sni"'"? ''"'''"^ '" their action of the s V ' '^"Y"^'''^ "'''h care to the fonned fnt'.an i „ Kbl'"'"', f'' "'^^ '« '™' " tra„sf.,rn^.tion irp "fold ;^ ;''' '■ '^''°"''' ""■« manner in the mouth I !■ " f"" '"complete a , Suiokers who expeete " '[""f'^ ™ ""--^d. hop« to replace sSele .*'"■"» ''""'• '""' "'''<> ««nously injft,e their disss'"" '""' "'''*«'•• |acdd:trot:lX!ti;;;r'■™'-^-in prevent the «vallo».ed too hast^^ ^.tf ?'■ °^ ^""^ ^'"'"h i.s the o-sophagus. ,^ fe, ' '^"'' °t P^notrating into ;■' to say, the larynx whic l ; '"!-P":*™««. that Jtlio o»!sophagus and , H ""'"''■•'' '» ^ont of (andso,neti,ntsdett . h- * ' ""':'*? «"«'cation, I be caused by sSin,, , 'f.'"'"'^^"' -nay also [the epiglott'CXct i?;' ''"^''•;"« "''"'" ^'^"•"g; ."f the Lgue an t ch eWs'l "'''"' "' "" ''"- I'arynx during the act of s , i ' "P«"'ng of the t>Pen. the u,o"-sel falls tito T ""^' ""-'" '''-"""»« ^he accident happens See f ."''T""'^'' ""J '" flQ , . * ^S- ^ »nf' par. 14.) tllij — 84 — TO. Digestion in the STOMACH.—The stomach is a membraneous bapf which comes after the oeso- phagus, and which is placed at its highest part of the belly. It is l»cnt round on itself ; it has two openings : an entrance, called the cardiac opening and an exit, called the pyloric opening. The stomach continues the work begun in the mouth, this work consists in the softening of the food, its dissolution, and, finally, its transformation into a soft mass called chyme. The duration of rligestion in the stomach is from four to five hours. J.i Fig. 10. The Stomach. Meat especially,is digested in the stomach; starchy 70. What is the stomai h ?— What part does the stomach play ? - What is thn d!i!-.t!nn nf digestion -—What are the I food-substances digested especially in the stomach ? ■:'''^^^VlNif'¥'D' 85 — toraach is from :>inach; starchy foods, in the mouth. gastric juice. ™- '" "'" stomach, it is the The fhst „,:^,;* '"f "fP<'^'-'! throughout h'fl Even ,h,rin„ he L.?| / '«"'"■?" »'l"»l'' '* T'iet. dige.stion. St L , ' ', "'"'"'.'^ '"^ "•"'I"''''"'" f"'' work or violen L, "^{ '"""" '"='"''«=''« ^ l»,lily ronrler in,ii„ .""i hIe'TnT 'T' '"■'"''"' 'lig<;«tion, and ->u,.,have^:l':i«,:,;'''™|;;:)-^,-hich.ot,.crwise, Jifa 'iThe'Ser^t" ''''"''"'. '"' ""'^''^ '^"ir.E of an agreeable taste f! T? /• ^ "■''"'"^-^ome water the mouth, as velKt 'fl "'"f :?« "'<> -secretions of l>e consider^ perLtIv 1 r,;,''^ "'" ''°""^*' ■'f'™^ not drunk witHver • , '7i 'r/'''"'' """ '* be •' "light i..ter™pt- ;„';;;;' t"f^«^. ^-.t during exaggeratad precaution , I'u , •' *"'*".'' '« an inere.se in.d,'^.atrnt"t,: '^tttht;:'f fS *" TS- DlGESTIOV TV Tirr extremity of & Wertwd ""'"'' '" "^^ ^"-' "^^ They are divided into s,uali and !ar.. intestines. aW^: .Srln'Sr "■• '•'•^^■»tio»» are .„.e*„.ry i„,„,edi- !?■ '""'■«''"" P»'.a"<.' by proportions: animal life is £ iv 1? " "1 "?''* or ateorption. of tl,ese tW^odir""''"'""'' ">t'-ogen. and carhon ''"''*■ "•''yge". — inthep--^^^l-t;.:;!5;t::!:?^ are ^beS a.VSE'hl^^S^i.tSI^'S^^f ■- — 90 — In the first place, it is noccssary to know how to V)rcatho an- all outsi, e „„ise ,,,,,1 ,IistnH,H„t "'"'" ''™" capacity tl,a . , V! ^^ , '''"™-" ""■'■" '■'■"'tl'ins to liftcen h:, ' •, " '«i-' .liiiiuiisioiis arc aet'ive ^jr^/uj; f .r:"':!: "tf """.^ ■"■"'-' should 1.1 ui;TMx.;r'r'' "^^^'^''^'^ '^'^' ^^^^i %hfc the lowe n of 1 f f " ''''l'''-'^-^^' ^- I--?nt ventiiution el^tin }u .fin ^^ ^'^'''^^^"^'^ ^>^ *'»^« free luu, exuia Jieatin^r is necessary a- i» «™l',.!:i ', .^!r. X""th '";"-"• V. vitiated in rooms ivl„.i t ,.. ^ ""^ *'"^'<' oi-chiinney ; lating shaft is «.:.;'»,''" '^'"V''«. ".«P^'cial veni' be «n°ootl,t .":;„';"?""'■ "f "hich should resistanee. (.See ti" •> et ^1'° "" '""^ ""^«t »'ith no I" this case, tl,? ten,pe,.atu,.e of the appart.nent, t.iatadf-VVhat should be •the"°e;;,pSurS'°°'" ** "™- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // <> i^> ^^ «?. w ,^>^>^ ^ ■i< i/x V. i 1.0 I.I 12,2 Rial IS IIIIIM |6J „„, t I4£ 111112.0 11:25 i u 1.8 1.6 r i iuiugi cipi IIL Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV % Q.\ >> o tA ^ I as — 92 — which 8lioul(l not axcoed Goo F., is the only means of causing tlie air to rise in tlie vent-shaft. HOm At what age should children be sent TO SCHOOL. — The brain of a child under seven years of age has not yet attained the development required to endure intellectual labor ; before this period, the proportion of water it contains is too great, and the organ too soft ; it is therefore neces- sary to wait till the time of life mentioned has been reached before sending children to even elementary schools. This rule does not apply to infant, or kinder- garten schools where the education is more physical than intellectual, appealing as it does, more to the bodily senses, — the v )uch, the eye-sight, and hearing — than to the intellect ; so, no brain-fatigue is produced ; on the contrary, those schools gradual- ly prepare the child's intelligence for the greater strain of elementary schools. In infant schools, muscular activity is especially cultivated ; the Vciried postures allowed tlu' body spare and strengthen the incompletely formed frame ; imagination and memory are l)ut slightly taxed. Forming, as they do, the stepping-stones to higher education, those institutions should be encouraged and established by the authorities in every locality when their need is felt. HI. Plan of Construction. — The following conditions may be used as a guide in the building of schools : 80. At what age should a child be sent to school ?— Does this rule apply to infant schools?— Of what advantage are those schools ? Si. V/hat are the requisite conditions for the building of a school ? i only means ihaft. REN BE SENT under seven development ; before this ►ntains is too irefore neces- lentioned has ren to even nt, or kinder- more physical s, more to the ye-sight, and I brain -fatigue hools gradual- r the greater y is especially ved tin* body [etelv formed i but slightly teppiug-stones ms should be authorities in rhe following n the building it to school ?— )ls? — Of what — 93 — o Jn "^rf ''f''' -^^ ^T*' °*" ^^^ «^i^«0l should b^ tne neighboring buildings '^ fo 'clSes""" """' ""'"^ '''""■- should be nsed the apurt.net t, and the distance from tne furthest fnd a ha'f'^thT'f" k/?""'" "°' "^ m-e thanTe ce'd Wee^leet"' "" '=''^"-™°'" '''-''' "»' - vittf^'r!' T'' fl"™''' <="*«■■ no*'- tl'e windows- latmg Shaft should be at the loWpfrt of the waH air clS'in' "'' " ''^* ^'^""^^^ '^^"^^ ^^^ S if L^^^T "'"''"^^ ^.' ^^^atcr-closets on eacli story It the water supply is sufficient. ^ 8 The school-house should not occupy more than half of the ground furnished '^ ^"^ Those essential requirements should be well l^nown ; even so, the erection of a school shclih never be begun, without the autori Ss iS previously obtained the advice In of ^1 ^ experienced in teaching, aslheir Jnow edr^nd counsels are always usiful and to thrintel-est of thepUDlls: /^9n of ^'^n^rAf "f -1 • • ''"i'«* t-^t 01 arian's.'So of the Boar'fo^Hea'itr"'"" """ '""''■ — gi- lt is ame that every one should awaken to a good knowledge of school hygiene, embodying as it does, the health and strength of civilized people ; this knowledge would improve the miserable con- dition ^i many of our country, and even city schools, where healthy and sickly children are indiscriminately huddled together under the most defective hygienic circumstances.) H2. FuRNTTURE. — The bench and desk should be in accordance with the growth of the scholar: pupils of different builds should not be placed on the same bench, otherwise, some will suffer from the restraint imposed upon their attitudes. !i Fig. 11. If the desk is too high it causes a deformation of the shoulders. Is it important to know all these sanitary conditions ? 82. Should the bench and desk be proportionate to the height of the scholar ? — 95 — newt™ f^ftt at':r' ■7'"f V"-''^"" - *•-« when the bo y i,t IT%'- ?*"'?' "'"■"""■e only always renm n n a Jh' ""' 'r"™"' " "'« <='»« concavity ome'^',,"'"S .l'°'^'".':<". "'« Posterior otherVrts of t^ e ™,-nc ™"°'" '""J' W^" '" Fig. 12. rnclinationof the reading-desk. Fig. 13. Inclination of the writing-desk. action of thlr?nlth"^;' '""'■?'='' ''"'•™'-d. the interfered with T i T''°™ "^ ^spirafcion are .shallowfil "cells oU'r'"""S '""^'""'' ^"''l^' '""1 apex, are not ctmie el T? ff^'""/ *'>"«« "f the h-ood do not S^l^tC^X :tn\t ) i — 96 — diseases of the lungs, of the heart, and of the whole nervous system. Therefore, the position of the scholar should be as nearly as possible a vertical one, and the sitting posture should be alternately changed to a standing Fig. 14 e^ig. 15 The scholar at the piano. ^ A separate desk and bench are the hygienic fur- niture for each scholar. The desk should be high enough to allow the scholar to rest his fore-arms and elbows on it with- out fatiguing his shoulders. If the desk is too high What should be the posture of the scholar ?-What is height S"Ll"S"' ^"' ^ ''''''''' '~^^^' "^^ ^^ t^^« -nd of the whole lolar should be and the sitting ed to a standing ^'^ g. 15 hygienic fur- to allow the ws on it with- ;.sk is too high )lar?— What is lat shall be the — 97 — it causes the shoulders to become deformed ; if it is too low It produces round-shoulders and other acci- dents already mentioned. The desk should be sloping ; anybody can note how soon the sight is fatigued when the eyes are hxed for some time on an horizontal surface The desk should be made so that it can be more inclined for writmg than tor readmg ; in tiie first instance, the top should have an inclination of 20^ and in the second, of from 40° to 45 . The bench should be deep enough to rest the seat and the greater part of the thigh Tif it is too high a Tnul '^' ^?V'^" ^'^ ^•^^"^^•^^^l- E^ch bench should be pmvided with a back sufficiently high to rest half of the body. ^ ^ The strictest clfaHliness is required in schools but luxury should be avoided in order not to make ' too great a contrast with the homes of the larger number of the scholars ; otherwise, they will be the means of disgusting them with their family, and the cause of great misfortune, fnl^ ^f •^^'^ities of the frame caused by unna- tural posturas are not confined to class-rooms alone • the pupil at the piano, the seamstress on her chair and the young girl who laces too tightly, present very frequently the same distortion.? ^nLtura produce but one result: permanent deformity; the different parts of the frame, like the green W Hon '^ ^T^'^u *'^' ''^'^^ ^""''^y follow^'the direc- tion given to them : such a direction, good or bad, nf^.h2t^4^vf .^^fk be inchned ?-What should be the .W . formitipc of f V7. / liixury aiiowtible in schools ?-Are df - lurmities of the frame met with only in schools j; *^^ 4 M 98 — Hi 1 1 m^td'''^'^ ^''' "''"'^ *™^ ^^" ^^^'""^^y ^^^^ ^^ it. Pvl ^' -/r'T.":-^^^ "'"^^^ '^h^"^^ be able to use Its eyes without fatigue, and the apartments should oe lighted in such a way as to protect its sight. Clarified oils give a light which is less injurious to the eye-sight than that of gas, which emits caloric rays that are too intense. Jnl^T '^'""^u^ be taken, when gas is used, to avo d all possible pollution of the air by the pro- ducts of combustion or by the gas itself Ventila- tion should be diligently attended to during he use of such light and of all others that foul the air. brilMn"*"" -i^^v '''^I ^? ^°J""«"« by its dazzling brightness ; It should, therefore, be mitigated by globes of suitable thickness and tint. It has the sunH^hrf.""-' being yellow, and of resembling tfnKi. -^'''"Z r P^'^^"^<^« of combustion to vitiate the air, and of giving off but little heat." and^n ^"""^^ '\ all those lights should be steady r^- T^^y ^"^y *be eye-sight of the pupil. With sotrTghtf''^'"'^ ^^""^' '^ shorte^than by iJ^^ ^i^f'V^ ^i"^ ^'"'^ ^"^bould be softened by cur- Uins or blinds of a greyish color which changes r/f .1 \?'* ^^^^?' ^bistint should also be used for the walls, as white causes a very fatiguing , S3. How should school - rooms Hp lio-Kf^^/i s a darmed oils better than gas ?-What of eSrL Lilt f" What should be the color of the blinds S waifs ? arcely ever be l'^^'^^^^ oUigki. -The ceiling should be a neutral Fig. 17. The seamstress seated. Study-room desks should be placed so ihni fK light may come from the left sidi ^^^ anitif ff'^ u'^1'* '?.^"^^^^'* ^« be wisely controled I — 100 — the left side of the chiSH-room, the black-board might tlieii be placed on one of the other walls. Fig. 18. The seamstress seated. 84. Intellectual labor and muscular acti- vity IN SCHOOL-LIFE. — Teachers and parents glorify in having children learned beyond their years : no- body seems to remember that even plants and flowers in which the growth has been too hasty, do not come to full maturity. The development of the mind should not be detrimental to that of the body ; both, by regular study and training, should be form- ed naturally and without fatigue or deleterious effect. 84. How should the child's system be developed ? le black-board -iol- Fig. 19. Fiar. 20. Young girls wlio laee too tightlv nresor.f fK. same deformities that are caused i^ ^ oT i i^ •^^?rP^rtionate benches and dS " "^'"^'^ '^ ine child who enters schnnl nf fK« n ^Vhat time should be given to intellectual work ? - io2 ~ Dla^Ml^r^ "[ "?'""''"' "''^"'•<^'*^" ''' ^^' ^""g into p^ay all tho voluntary muscIeH ; this result may be runrn;: ^^' r """' '-'^^''^ ^•^^"•^■^^''^ ' -^^''^ -- ^-Iking! running, au.l jumpiu^r ; that part of .gymnastics violent ef}.,rts,,uust l.o wisely controMea, and is out of,p ace m young girls' schools. entirpK r*" I'^ '"f '''" '^"'^ recreation shouhl be and all that re(,uircs nitelloctual labor, such a^ SirMAlAliV Hygienically, the most essential functions are respiration and alimentation. and eat!"'^''''*'''"^ ^"^ ''"''''' '''*''' *""'' '"^'^'^^ ^^' ^'''^^^^'^ The other hygienic precepts are only secondary Ihe utmost care should be used in choosing a sife lor a school-house. ^ Abundance of light and isolation from all noises are two mast important considerations which shouM determme the site of the school-house. in iu ^'^'^^'V"^ i'e(,uirements should be imposed m the plan of construction of a school • ^ ibilr^jrrfb'ht'""^' ''' ''-'''' ''''''''' ^^^^--- thr^erst'onS""""'^ '^'^"'^ "^' ^^^^P>^ "-- ^»-n quarter of the area of the apartment. — 103 — foJrtnlf^. "' ""' '''-«-'-'" «••""'■' ""t exceed The ten.pemta.-e sl.oulcl ..ot ,.xcee,l «.5o F. yeS'it :ge"'™''' ""' •-«•""'> ■■ nhiM ^^-\\-- » - ^i ai««ase?— Whoarp pynnoorifJ. r ■ '^V, ^^="y affected system ?_ Is the nervoSs sii^^,^""'''^" °^ ^^« "^^vous women? "ervous system more sensitive in Sill — 106 — useful to nro mH V ' "°''o™te exercise is most lity. P-^o-'-Ptly i-^cuperate ti.e lowered vita- nervous acelrnts ^ft" ctV'rsri-'tf '^ "^'" signs of impaired healtl, h1 „f ^- ^ f"*""^ ""•« consulted without delay ^ ^^"''""' ''^°"''-' l^" wfakne^ toss o^l"'^."'^ ^''"."^'''g ^y^P^Tn"; turbeds7eepand,3'f' "T'""^ digestion, dis- of a pHysicLt ;e;^&rite;>JJe aOvice sfrof '^ '"-- w,.;?^.r„!re':i:^reaU" not be allowed to r^m„f„ • i ''"^ '='^''d should on, but sCuld be3 V" class with wet clothes hoursabsere from tTe\.^ "^ ^""'O"' delay : a few ed so as never to in* erierw^r; *°!i''' ^ K™°*- tion of sueh importance '*""'"'>' P*^"*"" har to youth ? "^^'^ome .-'-Is there a cfisease pecu- it oL;f ran-^^f •*^^- ^^^'^ rheumatism appear ? W • -L uiwn causud m childhood ? ^4*P«?ar r— How is * 4 d maternal ere. Iff children se is most ered vita- he end of 'axed that there are should be id "grow- ►^mptoms ; 3tion, dis- he advice b, fi a child posed to in early cli cases, d should clothes ' : a few 6 grant- precau- ?-How se pecu- Ho\v IS — 107 — th^^hPhf ''^' fl' '''' ™^ EYEs.-It is well known under fL'^^fl ^°'''' T'' ^'^""^^^"^^y to the brain does fo fh '"f"'"'? i '^"'^>'' "^ ^^'^ «'^'"^ ^^y as it does to tJie stomach diinng the iirst hours- of diges- tion The eyes, winch play such an active part in intellectual labor, receive a greater afflux of blood • they become congested, tliat is, they retain a greater quantity of bkxxl than in f.heir normal state, and the tension ot the eye is thus increase.I. A repeti- tion of these states causes trouble in the sight, espe- cially shortsightedness. ^ ^ Nearsightedness is an eye trouble which prevents twelve' incS: "''"^^" "' '' ^''''''' '^^^^'^"^^ *^- Insufficient and badly distributed light, in most TJZl\'^'' '""'' ''^'^''' ^"^^••"i^^^ ^"hich affect twenty-five per cent of school-children. The persistent efforts which the scholar is obliged to make in order to read, and the habit he contracts ot bringing his book too near the eyes, are the main causes of this marked weakness of the sight which grows from generation to generation in such a degree that scientists are seriously alarmed at the grave consequences which may follow in future generations. '^ lucure For this reason alone, it is plain that the distri- bution of work re(iuires to be modified in our schools, and this fact should be considered in the hygienic programmes of the schools of the future ? mo^iflrd'p-^^" ^^ ^-Should t!;fd/str?blXro7»e' H ff* — 108 — sources contribute to th„ J "T"" ^''O"' '^'^^nt <« hygienic rules for S/aKti'?"' *'" ^^™ the brain^ to whicif itj; l^^^S-*- of sion ItXkttitfzr '"'■^' ^ -y -»P-- avoided; tlii samp ., i ^f-"" B^rt^rs shou d be of the bidy, :spTci:„pt tr tv:„i wi^ ^^^ PPeron whicb he it Zt':'ZrZ'i^£; ZZ brX\tLrn,:'-'i:^e avoided before tualstainTreS'd.r'^'''""''" f™'» '"'«"-- particularly during Kfl^^.^'-^'e-ence, more wi?hSre^*:^„C^-,to"M wear glasses distance of twelve Tnches '"'""^ '** " °'''''™1 if ins^iient it'sh:fe T "^ *'Ti "'^ '<'" -« «lass-room from the .89. WhatothPT.nrp'-a--^- tHe increase ofnea'r^SglTted^^^^^^^^ ^^ *^J^«» to prevent 109 — 'S.--Apart 1 different of short- vill serve ro, never jestion of )ses. compres- hould be er parts st. jpright ; ', or the 1 twelve before utellec- e, more glasses latural t side ; right, )m the revent 8, The eye-sight is relieved by often looking upward. ^ 9. A few moments should b ^ employed every day in looking to a distance. »0. Contagious diseases.— Diptheria, scarlet fever, measles, and small-pox, which are diseases peculiar to childhood, would be less frequent if tlie superintendence of schools wei-e more strict. It is the duty of the teacher to inform the au- thorities, without delay, of any case of contagious disease in his school, or elsewhere among his scholars. Any child belonging to a family where a conta- gious disease exists should be excluded from the school. contagious disease should not return to school without a certificate of Any child affected with a lould a physician. The certificate should particularly specify that disinfection has been performed. Disinfection in any contagious disease should be made only by order of the doctor, when the muni- cipal authorities do not attend to it ; no cL 'Id should bo readmitted to the school without a certificate from the attending physician. In infant schools, especially, no children suffering 90. What are the contagious diseases peculiar to child- hood I*— Is it the teacher's duty to inform the authorities oi any case of contagious disease among his pupils?— What should then be done ?-Are certain eye-diseases contagious ? '' f'.' — IIO — arptrd!'':^'th°;,e^■:->- op^^lmi. sHouM be Sucri children should ^m.fr''',, ""' «'""«gioua till the disease has Sn^erfecV iS """""■'"" PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND CALISTHENICS. prSarLtfoSttio" •""'"'"'«--' <=- muscles of the body under ..fW'''^'^ »" ''i^'^'^ «ning becomes Z^phy^r^^rr '"" ^ ^""^ Their action s Lore „e°e^™'?^d -thietic ones, whole circulation, devefoD the' ^"^ '«='=«J«™te the open the nores of the sWn „„^ ^"^^^nd muscles, number of those .noi^w^ I-''" °""' '"^e a great their whole activity on^f?"" """'' concentrate Apart from this^ti^'L: ZS°"^ f ■"•««='««• of being always take„^%h5 ^ '^'? "''« the one the closed, and oyer-heated Lr^/Tir'^ "<" m bats, and gymnasts ^ °* athletes, acro- cuS'rXsfcLcSf' r'^ *-'"- the only preventive of fK ^^^^oj-^eachmg ; they are muies L§ ^s:^:f;^£-^s^z^^ should be )ntajgious. tlmission ENrcs. simple etc. !s, com- o divers fi: such • to the ' ones, ate the luscles, I great intrate uscles. he one not in , acro- Id 00- yare lefor- with calis- >odiiy leces- — 111 — moderation, they produce a beneficial effect on all the great functions of the body : more ho on respir- ation circulation, and nutrition, the foremost vital functions. 92. Effects of exercise on the respiration — Kespiration is increased ; there is an augmenta- tion in the quantity of oxygen inhaled and in the carbonic acid exhaled. 93. Effects of exercise on the circulation — Ihe movements of the heart are quickened ; the continuous stimulation produced by the frequently renewed muscular contractions, increases the circu- lation throughout the vascular system. (Paulier). 94. Effects of exercise on nutrition.— Res- piration and circulation being more active, the nu- tritive functions are directly benefited by this in- creased activity ; appetite becomes sharper, diges- tion more easy, repair more perfect, secretions more natural, and, as a final result, the intellectual func- tions are more energetic. Intellectual and moral energy is often at the mercy of physical strength ; the healthy man has a will, the sick man has none. The depraved man who has exhausted his natu- 92. What are the effects of exercise on the respiration? tion*?"^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ °* exercise on the circula- To^*; y^** ^^® 1^^ ^^^^^-^ o* exercise on nutrition ?~ thri^yf J"^4?';?**. "^^^^l ^"e^gy affected by the state of me body ?— What is nec?ssary to insure harmonv Hp tween the intellectual and physical forces ? ^ - 112— • i*hI or acquired strength by drinkina wHi k The convalescent will falter, yout'h' '^'' """ "^" «^^^ ^'^ --n the firmness of forttr;'i!iro^^^^ should not anrfsh h^^ Matter different nl.,.!"^?' .* ^® '" ^"" activity: the dittei^ont physical exercises will promote thfs hlr^ »5. Effect of exercise on the skin tj skm resembles the lungs in its arhnn l/l fu^ -^ produces a sort of refpi ratio? /^^^^ ^ike them, it absorbs the oxygen ofTe a r«-fV'^ *^ '?^^' ^* acid and wateiy vapor "'' '' '^'^^'^^^ the'^a'cUvUyfe «** sweat, and, as health, it sCldb'frtl^^^^^^^^^ «^^" «f while, exposure to cold sSd b.fn Vn *''^ "^"^"- the sudden checkino of pS^^^^^^ ^^^^^^d, diseases. '^ perspuation causmg several tion. ^ means ot exercise and fric- langor and, sometimes, feverishness ^ ^"""^ thfefllr^oVl.'^^£tlP\Y,i^Jp''.e sH„ P_What are for persons wJin d-^ „„<- ""* .sK»n ^— What is necessarv the ^kin does not act ? ^ '^'''^ ?-What happens when -ua-^ ig, will be y than phy- firmness of 90. DIFFERENT KINDS OF EXERCISE. — Walking is the simplest and best of exercises, for it brings into action all the muscles of the body, and stimu- lates more or less, the most important functions — such as, respiration, and circulation, — according to the greater or less rapidity of the walk. id physical t the latter 'ivity: the ' this har- KiN.— The ::e them, it to saj^ it s carbonic tt, and, as nt sign of he mean- avoided, g several y to pro- md fric- leat pro- causing Vhsit are sns whan Running. — Running is an excellent means of increasing the elasticity of the muscular fibers and the .suppleness of the joints. To rtm properly, it is necessary to hold the head erect and the shoulders thrown back ; the legs must not be lifted too high, and the sole of the foot should fully bear on the ground, for running on tip toe cannot be long kept up. Jumping. — Jumping has also its rules. When falling, the legs should bend, to avoid shaking the internal organs ; for the same purpose, only the toes should first touch the ground, so that the fall may be broken and the shock mitigated. In this way, sprains and fractures so often caused by jumping, may be prevented. »T. Baths. — Bathing is an excellent hygienic exercise, and the sure way of making the skin act regularly ; all exercises affect the muscles specially, bnt the bath acts both on the muscles and on the skin. 96= What is walkino' ?— What precautinr.s shrs'.ild be taken in running and jumping ? 97. How does the bath act ? — 114 — matter frouTtho s . ' ? ' ;' '™ '""■< "P"" ">« would say t ha Vl r'"'-"* ~'' f;y'""'«tic», we " gymna^m t e on '""' '" '"'"'<' ""P'"''''"' than to particular vevefi l"T^ "' ""^ '""^^ l'«"g Itistobe lone hT?i /''"", P'"'*'^ "f the body form part o tC i. ot " r/ T- T'''"™'"^ *'" tion of childhood ^ ' *'"" P''^*''^''' «duca- imm?JiatiraV?a?„:afT-7''''V«- take a bath hours. """'- •"" ^'•'"t at least three is ^^x^Jkzt'j^^r ""■■^ ^-""« towI^d,s'?oo.f" *" '""" '•"- '-f"'-<= '--W-t or shoXtn^^nT^atrr ■■"1 /."^ ^''>'- - the nervousVtem ' ''™"' "'" 'l^^* "P"" sary to'm^v? aboTt'Tw' "" "" "'"^^- " '■' "^O"- bath beneficial ' " ■"'"'"'""'•■ *« '"''"der the Everybody cannot equally prolong a b-th ■ „ lair aecordr„rto indtidX'"" '=°""'^ ^°'""^'- ^ After a bath, one sliould vVoron^l.r ,m,i. ^u u i with rouffh towels- if .,' ^^^^^^'^'^ .^"^^ <^he body exereisesEouldL^tJnJ't'bei^^reV^Sul:^^ Is bathing a good prActi^e » 98. What advice is to be given to bathers ? ne of youth k upon the mastics, we ortant than atter being the body, liming will iical educa- ke a bath least three his feeling ^akfast or ^ody, one lock upon is neces- snder the — 115 — the bluish color of the lips indicates that the reac- tion, or the heat, is slow in coming. If bathing does not act as a stimulant, it is better to give it up. 99. SEA-RATHiNG.~The same precautions should be observed here as in ordinary bathing. This bathing is suitable to persons who suffer trom weakness, but not t(. those who are affected with any organic disease. Children and old people are those who derive the worst effects from sea-bathing. Prolonged sea-bathing is often dangerous. The bath, sea-bathing specially, should not be prolonged beyond half an hour. In all kinds of bathing, it is important to till the ears with wadding, because the shock of the water against the drum of the ear is often the cause of accidents. I ith; per- 1 as they ooner or khe body w,. brisk mulant : RECAPITULATION. Certain diseases are due to the influence of school - lite; others are peculiar to childlu)o^' ^^* contract rheumaj S^nin-fHtirriie frvu., I -L^efectiv'e lin-lif I P"'luco.s ,sl,„,.t-^^:i;f "'"""« '"""y "tl.er causoJ No cl,i|,| „,, ,. " ""^^""^«' ■" schools. I P'>y«.c.an's certitieaL " ""' '° ^"''""l without al E-xe ■<5-^> *„ ,, °"^' - Cf :'f :/r^':^]J;;=^ -oration of sweat .hieh U IS — 117 — Walkin^r is the simplest and most hygienic of all Ixercises. Running and ,juiii|)incr should he subjected to cer- ^in hygien?!- rules. Bathing regulates the action of the skin. Bttthvng is one of the healthy exercises of youth. The bat'ier should rememher the precepts of Ihygiene and he governed by them. ny otJier caus«sl ''^*^''^'^*^^'''"^' '^ ^^^"i"^' s"'<^«^l'l*^ to persons suffering ' ^' • from depressed vitality than to those affected with _ serious aliments. [•less frequent in] >sod in schools. >"J a contagious! ^ciiool without a em are frequent ii oro salient in thj nections. »•, HI-.; often expose. 1 > contract rheumaj i« often accom- icially, near-sight- unastics. e consideration! ^ntive of school, on the civ,>);Lt- , iligestive fiuv nd invi^ v,ito., & y reduces the eat which is B TWELFTH LESSON. PKOPEB (;AKE of the BODY. ^he care to be bestowru Z^^Zi^^ '^-"-* ''ge- simpt; o'f''bHr''thr:s,r '^1™-'^"'^ - «- the face, neck, and ll k ^ ''■'•"','"« °f ""e body; cleaned .several ?i„Jral;,''''"^^- '•'''"'™ '" ^« urSt" lei try dt 't-'.-Vi ? ^P™'^^". ^^ but, they^;!^;^ iTz: t^^j'T'-^y '■•? K nnwell. The free action nf« t ■ 'i'" P'^'''*"" ^eel it renders the person el '! "'"" '^"™'^ health ; in fevers, one of tl e \w P' '? """'''^t diseases the ski„,'and ti e >1 lease .^'tt'"' '"^''*- ■■" f''" '" cutaneous action is impairej, """'' "'"""^ '^ ■•'tImoSte'tnSre%^'^'''V:''"* *"« -*» "1- 25° to 30° Centig. ' ""'" ^^ *° ^5' F"br., the'';h;i;iStice:""^" "°* "« '^•^^ -tbout bod?°be^LtJd1'' '"""■" '"'"■''"^ to?-How ahouldthe — 119 JODY. I'kshop, a child its earliest age, •—-This is the g of the body ; require to be th a sponge, is Id be followed a coarse linen bitually light, he person feel avors health ; ract diseases ; leat, is felt in ore serious if th the water to 75^^ Fabr., ken without ►V should the The daily bathing of the body does not always Irequire the use of soap, as one might suppose ; the [oily exsudatioii should not be removed, as it pro- tects the skin, renders it less irritable, less sensitive to the action of the atmosphere; the folds and wrinkles where there is too much secretion should alone be regularly cleansed with soap, lOl. Garments for the cold season, — During the cold weather, we should prevent too great a loss of the heat of the body by wearing suitable cloth- ing ; by storing up our natural warmth we protect ourselves against the cold. 102. Underclothing.— The different materials used in the manufacture of our garments have not all the same properties : some are good conductors of heat : otherf^ bad. To prevent the loss of animal heat, recourse should be had to materials that are bad conductors ; such as wool. The use of woolen garments during the cold weather is indispensable ; but one should choose soft and yielding wool which will not irritate the skin as would a coarse fabric, Flannel possesses the above qualities, and should be used in the making of underwear, especially of the undershirt. Persons whose skin is very delicate and easily irritated may wear linen or cotton next to the skin. Is soap often required ? 101. How should we protect ourselves from the cold ? 102. What materials should be used for under-gar- nients ?— Which is the most hygienic woolen material ?— Are there not some people who cannot wear flannel ? — 120 — latter secretes nornvilK, itl i ' ^""' *'"^'> *•>« for, a.s already "Stedfhet l"^ "-"Perience relief; mentary respLtTon p Srmed bvTtf' T^ '"JeP'^" persons, therefore, who Sf ,1 ^ if "'""• ^'^''k should wear flannel as a £ ■ -"^^ '""S diseases, cWldren, one of whom w e^r,^*'^""' r'^^"' ^wo linen, perspiring^r^selv afte*'"""'/'"' "'<' """er not be equally Exposed to H 1, ^T,'' "'"''■'=■*'<'• ^"' illness ; L ?ne Clig he aZ^" ■" '=""'^"=' danger as the n.aterial aC-l,s " "' '''"' and prevents sudden ehdlt^'•;^^3Se™f't' blood suppr/^fe is ieft nff'^. ' ""^ 'contracted bec^ L • '5' «'*ne.s.s' Jett off too soon. ' "«<'ause winter-clotjiing -o,r. xiT r^^'^ 'i^t' i"-'" m*y be replaced bv th<. i; if' '"" heavy Colds and comnl r ^ ''' "''""°<«- Those reniarlrc Wlied to autut."" '^P""^ '•^fe"-«ne -nay also be X *^*^» Cloth iw ii^r, ,. ^s heavy clothin soon ? ^^ ^^« who leave off their yvinfil^''^ ''^^ ^hose 107- May clothin. , ^'"^^^-garments too P;con,n,u4afe^me the n.ean. of t..nsn..ion Tht sliouh sides 1 nails. active as a pre neglected : whitt 'ygienic dui-ino- thi heat half as rapid] i-equisite in our '^ .winter to sum- is in other coun^ gf from heat t(l therefore, at thij than during- the! ^^^eatiier, sickness 3 wmter-clothingf ^is tit to modify -clothing should f^en, the heavy iter merinoes. he chest in all ^caused by the hes at the end ' may also be r unclean un- fing ?-Should vhat are those -garments too — 123 — erwear ; the skin naturally suffers from such bla- iiable neglect. Apart from the immediate effect of llirtiness, the unclean clothing and garments that Ire but rarely changed may become the vehicles [paraglbP'""'''''" ""^ eonnnunicable diseases. ll>.s1d!rH'T',/'' *J^" '''''^^ «f uncleanliness ; fs 2l^ i\f *^,^'^'^^ ^^' ^^'^ «kin, so essential Ito sound health, is lessened by filthiness. During the prevalence of epidemics, it is urgent to he particular with regard to clothing if one happen 'change ot garments becomes necessary, and even Kr 22,) '^ "^'P'"" '''''''''' "^^ ^- ^'^'^y-^- tdV' ^^-''^ ^'EET.-The feet, to which little atten- t on s given are certainly the parts of the body that lequire the most attentive care. They should be washed with cold water every evening during ay be added to the water, but soap and hot-water vfi r,]^ T''""'^ ''"^' ^^^" ^'^^^^ should be at least ^vell rubbed every evening with a dry flannel. The toe-nails should be pared regulaiiy: thev s Z ? ^" f"' .^^"?'^ "^^'"«'«^ ^« "«^ t« allow the Whatjare should be taken during un epidemic ? ^^. .xow should the feet be cared for ? How should the toe-nails be pared ? — l24 — d'M knife the f" l"'""'!^ <"■ «<=™P«>d off, witK a in hot-waieV C^, ^a J / '"" P^^"«"^ly bathed woa;^,^ St'sttsT r '""" ?^«" "- r«^»" of I leather fie s „?«) n'!' ""'J'^ from very hard and not the L 'o^litdt fi '\>rf *° ?' ">« f^'' Xrl '"■ '"^ f-' g'- tLtst?Stin^tr^ tlie equil brium Tn li r" *''<* niaintenance of girls whose ne^v'n,^ ='""'•' P*'™""" "nd in yonng may hrinTon sermons ?;*u " '^"f ^itablejngh I.eelf theieels Ce thetoe v^of "/.P''''"^ '°° far behind, producing corns and 'hV/ ^:''''^^ "'« '«ather ward, they shorten t^K ".^"o^'ties ; too far for- natural t fr, 1^ as^r^ °* *' '"?,* "'^''=''. ■« it'^ ning, andelegfnce toTi fh ' " '" ™"''"S ""'' run- Tl,^ P . "-g-'nce to all the movements of tlie liod v l-f t^trt^'fh:'^-^ bekeptwann; n.;:^ feet, WithlC^itlerr^rT °-' •="''' ""J •'•""? causes cold feef doern f ' w""^ ""ronlation which to the feet vvm ,.;'*"■ 'fl"^ ' ""^ '''^'''y ""re given needed for Sth, "" '"''"'•''' ''«"t so much wi?i?mL'wturo?7bll'""''Y°'"-»-»<>-''-t o. objects, need excessive care ; y.Stlf J^;;!;th'e'ret"&,T,Jen the skin of the foot is What are the^S?q„7„^°r *?'!.''':?*•>» ^^^ ^ made ?- Should the feet he Spt war„ ? '""*'y-'a''hi°ned heels ?- attent'fonT "'" "'"'" °' "'« hands ret,uire particular •ned, forming a ped off, with a viously bathed | which are so d. ti the result of i •om very hard to fit the foot, • Lasts made 'tin^ shoes. I to thpi heels : aintenauce of and in young ble.high heels :)o far behind, t the leather, too far for- vvhieh, in its ng and run- of the body. 11 ; number- d and damp ation which 7 care given 3at so much f in contact isive care ; the foot is be made ?— led heels?— particular — 125 — they may easily transmit disease-germs; this manner of propagation is often overlooked. During the cold weather, the hands are subject to chilbliiins, which may be avoided by never washing them in cold water, especially before going out into the cold. The hand being a most delicate organ of touch, the habit of wearing gloves is the best means of preserving this precious quality ; persons who require, by employment or occupation, great deli- cacy of touch should always wear gloves. The nails are often left dirty ; they should not be neglected ; they should be pared regularly, but left long enough to protect the ends of the fingers ; no dirt should be allowed to accumulate underneath them, 110. The mouth.— (See hygiene ot the teeth, parag. 64.) We shall only add a word here to what has been said : the gums, as well as the teeth, are worthy of our attention ; they often become soft and bleed easily; the necessary firmness may be acquired by washing them every day with water containing a few drops of tincture of myrrh. 111. The Hair. — The scalp is more naturally exposed to uncleanliness than any other par* .f the body : it deserves, for that reason, special attention. The surest way of keeping it in good condition, is to use the hair-brush every morning ; vigorous * Is the use of gloves to be advised ? How should the finger-nails be cut ? 110. What care should be bestowed on the gums 'i 111. How should the hair be kept clean ? — 126-- , *'^o growth of tlie hai, ' ™<' strengthen J Pomades should be n<„.,I i , h'ur ,s dry and brittle "'^ ''^' '''»■'<« "'hose obto!rh!Sd,°l'It'r'' •;"■"« "'"■•« difficult to should be vve/w'a t eve' V™" ^'■. "^^P' ^''ort ; it taken to dry it tl.oroullvTl ""?["""& '='"•« being The habit of Laving eWdm^T ''" "'"''' S°^^ ""t o-- el.pped, is not ahva 1 "' .'''i''' •="' ^^y short, facant as it annemv u7 "' °'^ «^'''; so insi^ni- «f blood to^Kesensit 7 ?'"■•' '"•""^'•'^'"•al'lerw ''«veIop aecidents h't:h''r" "*' "'« «''ild, and should be sought. "^ "*'"■ '"eJical advice should' n^t^'b? e^u? 'T' * •^""'' S'-°""' of hair it its full length '' "'h«w,se, it will never attoil! f J." hTllinht" n^:t7s:i'dr, ""^ 'r »^ sealp haldneas see,ns to be «4;tly1rL:;;4.""™"-. "^ **•*• The EARS- Ti P-s of the ear .ettll^r trTEl^.tr-' i-onia the ears be cleaned ? an washing; itj s tJie action off and strengthen >y those whose re difficult to kept short ; it ig, care being ihild goes out. at very short, ) ; so insififni- iiderabJe flow le child, and *dical advice th of hair, it lever attain 11- and scalp ittentive, as 'ace, should le ear-pick, ; the inner selves. wear long — 127 — The practice of piercing the ears of young girls ^'Ir. X. n^"' approvable; this slight operation is often followed by intense inflammation due to the irritability of the delicate skin, and to the inat- tentive precautions taken in performing it. Ear-rings often help to deform the ears, a pru- dent choice of those ornaments should be made ; they should be of pure metal. (Blows on the ears, or on the head with the hand or any insti'ument should never be permitted for any reason whatsoever; it is cruel to strike a person so, and it is oftf^n producive of irreparable mjuiy. The same may be said of pulling the ears.^ 113. (The nose.— It should receive its share of attention: cleanliness is urgent; but picking it with the fingers, pushing hard substances up the nostrils, and worrying the sensitive lining-mem- brane in young babies, are practices that are to be discouraged, as tending to produce disease. The continuous use of strong perfumes, long ex- posure to irritating gases, and tobacco smoke driven through the nostrils, often tend to destroy or weaken the sense of smell. One should be very careful of any treatment employed ; it more pru- dent to consult a competent specialist as soon as any trouble becomes manifest in those orf/ans es- pecially in children.) ' Is it a good practice to pierce the ears of young chil- eIrs\elolera?edr^' injurious ?-Should blows on the r.}}^' ^^^^ precautions are advised in the care of the — 128 _ SYNOPSIS. Jho My should ,,e washed every day J-P .a not u„ i„di,pe„.able toilet Jole. vent;^t;'SXf^;:!;!,;-[f»ined.ypre. -^ct:d:t;:'t/irer''^ '■■"'" -^ "■'''--' "^ U«der.clothi„g .should be of soft, ela^ye wool Flannel .sometin.es irritates the skin. healthy a'itf„roftl"e''skr'' '""''''"■ ** '' "^"''''^ cidtt:""""' "''""'■' -'" -vo fron, ,na„^ ^. The head-covering should not be too warn, Comforters and scarfs should be hVht "-e^StCrtKet;^thi*-'- -^ "'*«•'» %ht belts are detrimental to chUdren ''"SirtKt, *'•"•'« ««'■'« important quSwy '■•" ''^S''^'"'^' «'"i does not absorb heat so cMj^gToTsol,'" 'P"'* ""' '« 'eaveoffwann 129 lay. i-rticle. lined by pre- luiterial that 'Stjc wool, ' it assures many ac- vtirm. md tJiicker 1. tained by important fb heat so off warm iiodified : Clothing may become the means of transmission of infectious diseases. During an epidemic, it is urgent to- eliange the clothes and to disinfect them when we have come into contact with an infected person. Enough care is not bestowed on the feet. They should be kept scrupulously clean. Filthiness of the feet and tight shoes induce several infirmities. Warm feet are essential to health. The hands touch a great number of uncletm objects, and may transmit communicable diseases. They should be washed often. The nails should be attended to, being left long enough to protect the finger-ends. The gums sometimes require attention. The head should be keep clean ; the brush is the best means of so doing. Pomatum is required only by persons whose hair is dry. Children's hair should not be too short. The ears should be cleaned with care. ' Piercing the ears in young children is a bad practice. Blows on the head should never be given. The nose should receive careful attention. THIUTEENTH LESSON incessant. "'"« ^^ tlie heart; thi« flow is The vessels wJiich r?;.^ -i . tissues are nnliJ! ^^'^^^i^^ute tJie l,Ir,n^ • US* Wounds wi «"t, the wound is'seriot" "° "''^'y "' " vein is Tlie bJood fVojn « ^ «o'or and spurts "u^i^^.X^^ '» of a bright red di/ije^''^''^«-e c„„..,t »„,„,, .„ the prevention,,, " uf ;?"'" "''■'a'.;™ 5i .»-' '"- - VV,.t serious ^ife^J^ssels wust be cut f« , out . H-v e„ „.e -o.„i.eXt^rtVharS ~ 131 — When a vein is wounded, the blood is dark and [flows out in a continuous jet. In bleeding from an artery, pressure should be made with the hand, a handkerchief, a cord, &c., above the wound ; that is, between it and the body. Fig. 21. The venous blood returns to the right side of the heart, whence it immediately passes into the hmgs to be puri- fied by coming in contact with the air ; it then enters the lett side of the heart ; the arterial blood leaves the left heart to be distributed throughout the body. a wound y has been When the bleeding is caused by a cut vein, the pressure should be made below the wound ; that is, on the side farthest from the body. How can we recognize that a vein has been cut ? — How should pressure be applied for a wounded artery ? — How should it be made for a wounded vein ? — 132 — Jr the Wound is n *» arresting, tlie bleeding "'eomn,!' "■" ^'^ •"«''°» °f lead or otlier metal ^. '^ <'°.'"P'«SMon by a piece of -d kept in pu,:ty": CLr""' '" "--""" of bWdT Selw^ritti^;■"^!r °" «- '«- wounded, it is bette/- , W "if »? *'"5' ''"^ ^^<"' tinunig compression, '^ elevated wJiile con- «tateti7 tKter^ ?p™ "'^ *- those of applying t,,,:!!" '"' f" ^ucli practices as ^brty substanc"^. IJ, fesh Itf T'"l ,"1; ^'"^ "">- condemns ; no forei<,„ l™,, T^'^. •"■' ««verely placed in a woun.I ,J^tl ''.** "''""''' be left or delay healing. '"" "'"-'^ «"l and infect it and «ho^uld b^ppTedZfe' *° tr^' b.„,orrhage and a« nearfhe wou . '^ '^Z^f bleeding-ves,.ft fingers pressing tl.e e,lUTof H?^ l ™'>' «"«» 'be Constriction of a limfZ,-,!'"^^'''' sufficient near the ^^-vH.-J TQ^^TCV^ «'e foreann &e., requires great caution t '""".'^*'™'>i«f«. cords, badly applied! it does no? .'l '°"' '"'•"ngulation ■ and. if long continued ma '"Zl ""^ ""^ "^'''J^' (Persons snff • !' ^ '^ "'" '"ortification^ thi ertToflrCr' '"■^'S"-''^ ""^ or £„» -cidents &c„) thoui r r: st:-'T''i/^'»"»' •■-•'"^ -e Should be taken ZZ^^ H^rL^^ accident ?^ "^ suftering from the effects of ."""^^ ^^ "^"eccs ot a serious — 133 — doing, it is preferable to gently place the injured person in the most comfortable position possible, surround him with quiet, dismiss curious by-stand- ers, and patiently await the arrival of the surgeon. Great harm is often done by meddlesome, head- strong persons handling a fractured limb, or super- intending the moving about of a person suffering from severe internal injuries. Stimulants, as a rule, should be administered only by the surgeon's orders.) 116. Syncope, or fainting.— Fainting is a tem- porary loss of consciousness. Considerable loss of blood, and certain other circumstances, are sometimes accompanied by faint- ing ; the person becomes giddy, and loses conscious- ness. Two things should be done during a fainting fit : first, the patient should be immediately placed in an horizontal position ; that is, the body should be laid down flat, with the head slightly lower, so as allow the blood to flow^ to the brain more easily ; secondly, the body should be rubbed to reestablish the suspended circulation; the patient should be made to inhale strong perfumes, or odors, (vinegar, burnt feathers, weak hartshorn, &c.,) which are brain and heart-strinnlants ; the face and hands should be bathed with cold w^ater, and all clothing loosened. 116. What is a syncope?— When does faintinjr often occur ?— What is the treatment of a fainting fit ? II — 134 — and apoplexy, sJu'u d ^ot b "^ ^^T ^« ^P^^^Psy taiatmg. "'^^ ^^e confounded with torted and livid. .nTttu^^^liSy''"' f-e is d,". The patient sliould bn Ia.vi i evel with the body or h.Vhe. T' ' '<"'«'^<^ O" a lower; there should he F?^ "'"," "■ but never breathing; neckerchiefe Z ""Pediment to the should be loosened. ' ""'™' waistbands, &". IrJ^^'^r^ZtfZl.^^^^^^^^^ or hleeding. the flow of blood is not T„ occurrence. When son strong and hea thy itt nT' •'' ^"'^ ">e per- Persistent, it may o-ener.ill A V "•!'"''°"s J >f it is pressure with tlfe 1"'".' ^^ th'^'^-V^' ^y exerting from which the bloS comes /h- ' °^ *'"' "osf should be made over the snot t'l ""! "ompression considerable, the fe^a-^;' t'^s^'"^ ~,ents of the ^^^^i^:^^^^^:^:::^ whitVthVil^^fJ-''^^^ ami syncopes the ,am.> , — 135 — • l^ to epilepsy bounded with tionless ; dur- B face is dis- ie head on a t, but never ent to the ibands, &c., Weeding- ce. When d the per- 's ; if it is y exerting the nose mpression seating of If this Weeding sent for. ? posture >wnward Jie nape me ?-Jn - patient }o most 'n Dose- of the neck, water dashed in the face, a blister over the liver, holding both arms above the head &c. are simple things that may be tried while awaiting the arrival of the physician.) 11». Poisoning. — Cases of poisoning are frequent. When any poison has been swallowed, the stomach should be promptly emptied. Vomiting may be induced by simple means within the reach of every one. Very salty water causes vomiting ; the ingestion of a large quantity of warm water, and tickling the throat with the finger, also promptly produce puking ; if warm water cannot be immediately had, it may, in the meantime, be replaced by plenty of cold water. When milk can be procured, a large amount may be given with the water. The vomiting should be kept up incessantly, or till such times as the water is rejected in the same pure state as it was when swallowed. The whites of two eggs, beaten up with some water, may be given instead of milk. Another antidote, especially for poisoning by acids, may be made with a little earth or ashes mixed with water ; this turpid liquid may be given freely. Soap-water is also useful. 119.— Is poisoning frequent ?— What is to be done in a case of poisoning ?— How may vomiting be produced ?— Should the Vnmitino' hp tf ni^ lorirr V Oan th** "'hi*^'^ '^^ an egg replace milk in poisoning ?— Is there another anti- dote for poisoning by acids ? • —136 — wh"h*;e'':rnr:?rrrr ™^ SK-'^-PerBons be careful not ?o toX„v -'• °" *'"' "'^""''^ any abrasion oxp^'r^TaTaCptr '^*""'=^' - anJtrp:ir„,nast^s "'^™ i° ■'""^'^ smear tl.eir hands witi, nP . ^ ","" '™* *''>°"'<1 strong salt water. ' '' ''''^^ """" ""en in poitS|th°;„7h'r"lS*"'''='''' ''^ "- -™lt of bo^'e'S rt&SI °" *'^°-.P-t3 of the whiC. »oo„ present a dark 2tT.™'"' " .P™P'« affection develops rapidfv «!ff r ^ '"""""■ ^he powerless ; n.edLl Sf^t'i:^^^'^:^ Anthrax is acquired from infected animals. thaUr; etSed b;: \Z l^^^^^l^^y '^'^'-^ germs from the air bTl™!f ""'*"'" °^ disease- as cases of poisoning'^ """^ "'ay be regarded pe;t7Sintor dSLtr°tr^'i- -"- '"e those conditions^ one shm^] ' '''"'''^fo'-e. when in (Parag. Ift) ' ^'"'"''^ ""ver visit the sick. precautions" sKd'" b'e" tafen"* h" "'""Kerous ? _ What Puisonous material., .»_Whati,„^tr'''°»^ who hanX be •■ecog„ized?-How is itTeVuiS ?"■'"' '-«"''»' ■»"" '* pis^oning?"^re"nl^lX?r.v'' ™«f''''<' "^ <•-<» "f ''"""re ino.sc (laiigoroiis ? "'' — 137 — 122. Burns and Scalds.— The first precaution to be taken is to protect the burnt surface from the action ot the air; this may be accomplished by covering the injured parts with greasy substances, wet cloths, &c. to J , 123. Chilblains.— Chilbains are red patches or swellings generally produced by exposure to cold, and mostly met with in children and weak people The fingers, toes, and heels, are the parts most usually affected. As regards prevention, the parts may be strength- ened by rubbing them with aromatic substances, wme camphorated high-wines, salt water, &c. ; they should not be ws aed with warm water, or provided with a covering that retains dampness. 124. Foreign bodies in certain cavities • THE NOSE and EARS.— Whenever a foreign body becomes lodged in one of those cavities, no persis- tent attempts should be made to extract it : this is a delicate operation which requires the knowledge and skilled hand of the physician. Many accidents occur from the awkward efforts ot extraction made by inexperienced and incom- petent persons. sclid?? ^^^''"^ '^ ^^^ ^""^^ "^"^'"^ **" ^^ S^^en to a burn or a fe^cLY-^S^r !l''^tei"!l-:^hat are the parts usuaU j blains ? ' "' Pt^eventivt; Liuacment or chi f hi^^jAo?^^^**^^^"^'^ ^^ ^<^"^ where a foreign body enters case?? '''' e«'r?-What maybe injurious in such — 138 — RECAPITULATION. of SSe ' fr.t """^ 'f']y '°"^^^* ^" ^^' prevention or disease , it strives to lessen its severity Accidents become diseases. The blood-vessels are called arteries and veins haf bleTwoiTnrr ""^""^ "'^° ^" ^^^^^ ^ -- from ? vefn"^Tr"l^^ r'*!'^ ^^ "^^ ^^"^"^r *« that eTohnhT\ ^' ^^^^h^ation of compression in each of the above circnmstances should not be same Gravity influences the loss of blood. Fainting is a loss of consciousness. importanf ""^'^"^^ '' ^^ ^'^'^ - ^^-ope is synco^^'"'^" '^""^^^ ^^ discriminated from Haemorrhage is a loss of blood. Nose-bleed is not always dangerous. emnH!^"^^.i!' *'''^"'"<^ ' ^^^ ^^^'"ach should be emptied by the most prompt and simple means ^^Poisoning may sometimes occur through the Anthrax, often met with in man i« a a- especially acquired from inf ected^nh;ials. ' ^''''^' Certain diseases may be considered ^^ the result of poisoning by the lungs. ^^^"^* evention veins, or vein — 139 — The sick should not be visited when one's powers of absorption are most active. A burn must be protected from the air. Chilblains are usually caused by cold, and require preventive treatment. Foreign bodies in the nase and ears should be extracted by the physician only. r to that ssion in 3e same. cope IS from Jld be 18. 1 the isease result FOURTEENTH LESSON. HYGIENE OP THE DWELLING. ob£ S^'o'ttntto • '"«" "'«''«-• in society .judicial, to ?heU^eifcri7^ '""i''"' °^ ^ f^ each person keen vvW h '' ™'3"""«« "'^o that dition as to nLT,?! '' -P"'"'''''''^ '» ™ch a con- one. (Donat.)'^ '"" '"•"">' '^'- ''«n,age to any hyP^LT'cerltVt^Jnlto*''"^ '"« '"- ^^ tiplies the causes anH fhT ? """'"'y- "« he mul- whoIepopuIaS^l'deeXs^fff f^^^^' » '^ pable neglect of a sinSe ;^ r^-f^f Si""' "'e cul- unwittinily done by »'••''"'' ' 7''« «"' thus responsibility is great. '^° '" 'ncalculable, and his Pre^edinf ies" onl ste^''" ^1 '-«'" - - the eiation of wMch contrihnf '?' ™''''' "'« We- Wng and to m5ner«iT„ * f ^ *" ""^^ one's well- will lach «^ IhTl^n^ulli be*^-'°L'?\'°^ '«- the dwelling, when a1? toe law! of h ^"^'^ ^°^ applied, must necessarily preserve iLfe'""" ""•« disease and insure the rLKr f "'• P^'^^'^nt ailment. P"* "^^ °f any existing • — 141 n society 3r be pre- also that ch a con- * to any laws of he mul- 38 ; so a the cul- vil thus and his in the appre- s well- lesson le, how ne are •revent listing r ?~To ne ex- ans ? The working man of to-day fully understands, the greatest bounty he can bestow upon his family and upon himself is a dwelling-house of which he is alone master and proprietor ; the efforts actually tend to replace the furnished lodgings and dismal garrets, prison-like, devoid of sunlight, where life rapidly withers and wastes, witli the small homely cottage and its healthy interior. The advice that follows applies especially, then, to the workingman and his humble home ; never- theless, being practical, it may be useful to all. The smallest property-owner, or the most modest of workmen, may faithfully follow those precepts, and place himself on an equal footing with the rich, as regards comfort and health. 125- Building sites. — The great extent of our country, producing such extreme diversity of soil and climate, does not permit of any absolute rule for jhe choice of a building site : on the Pacific coast, for instance, a higher ground may be chosen than can be obtained on the shores of the Atlantic. What must be procured is protection from high winds and from variations of temperature : in warm regions, high mountains protect from the heat ; in cold districts, the lowlands are more free from cold and strong winds. In the Province of Quebec, protection must be afforded from the south-west and north-east winds ; What is one of the tendencies of this centurv ? — To whom are the following counsels particularly useful ? 125. What should be the site chosen for the construc- tion of a house ? — In the Province of Quebec, what care is required ? ! I — 142^ pS:rthof 'iZ ^'-"'<'> therefore, be rarely weather. "'"' ''""'^ ^'o'^Qce in severe protection from Teir dLf ' '" "'" "«%l>borhood. be secured bniant^^! „'*"■'?' emanations should trees, with la^^-l bn nfhS th.T f% °' ^'«°™™ cept and absorb the S^^sf ^KS "^f^ be'K:X"Sent7XToif 7- ~ s?; ot:^'^. -^^4f r ts4z/x vei;t:isrretetrultrot:,rp,^'^^^^ perfect drainage such .of ^ ""^^ ' '^'"'out suitable site fof 'dwdling-hlr "'" '^""™ » bea'fhy. tt? al'TewTl!:: ^'-"^ "f a wood is P-imit,. howeveris^no^rbero'mm'en^/'"^^ thf^S^ge^plac'edr What ^I'T' t? ^-^here should against swamps ? "^'"" Protection can be afforded soH?!;,u^?;iS;i'i'^J'e the nature of the soil ?_Are all 127. Is the neighborhood ofa woodora river healthy.? , be rarely outh side to south-west 5 in severe 3 not situa- occupy the ind. ihes should jhborhood, 3ns should f vigorous :et. inter- e effluvia. ire cannot ree from mce, the imal and witiiout ecome a wood is oo close led. e should afforded -Are all lealthjr? — 143 — The atmosphere in close proximity to rivers is too damp, and the ground, therefore, unsuitaVile for dwellings ; inland soils should be chosen. The trees should not be too thick around a house ; air and light chould be allowed to enter abun- dantl y. , Very often, a negligent and imprudent neighbor will poison your ground by the continual percolation of the contents of his drains ; you must, therefore, have a thorough knowledge of the surface level and of the natural underground slopes of your land. Narrow streets, > with difficulty, are houses. '^here air and light penetrate' objectionable tor dwelling- The width of a street should be twice the height of the houses ; so, the depth of a building lot should be twice the height of the dwelling erected on it. 1.2H. Cellars. — Every house should be provided with a cellar, or it should be high enough from the ground to allow free circulation of the air beneath it ; this ventilation should be assured by ventilators and air-holes constructed so as to be accessible and easily opened. Cellar-walls should be both air and water-proof. One of the best means of correcting the dampness so often found in cellars, is to dig a trench about a How should the trees be disposed around a house ? — Is it necessary to know the slopes of lands? — Are narrow streets healthy ? — What should be the width of a street, — of a building lot ? 128, Is a cellar necessary ?- cellar be constructed ? -How should the walls of a — 144 — di-yneas „f the wX ' """ -"^^rus the '"-."ti;:Stcon?^'*'tH''-*""P''- in cel- leaving a-'vortic-U ™r .spl^: '" '' '^"^ '""" "' «» causes the oil to ascend n 1h ""," "«''«<=«''» "mt permeation may be nrevi. f. M 'f "'P-wick. This the upper walls, ""^tween the cellar walls and should be inhabited onfvvv 1 ?■ P'"'''' °^ " ''""^i do otherwise. The ZlmlZ ',' ", !'"' P^^^^i^-'e <» kept for the heatint ""^^""ent sliould ifenerally be the family ;ro;i oTs.TshouldT" fV'r^' "* apartments aecordinff to Tl? ^'^':''"ded up into jnhabitants of the Tfu':. '?,! 'r'""'™™''^ "f 'he he carefully seen to ,ti' ''"'Perature should provisionsIe:;eeLV*v^geffies"'r' '". """f "•' be freely veniUni^A ;^geca Dies— are kept should aWection^S' ttm' Sf •"^'^- '='^'"' *° -"'^ Those provision-cella^ t"i • 7'"/^''Sanic "atter. houses, but also in ou,?^itT.?l""^ *°""'' " """"'''y that is often overlooked ?; ^ '.r''"" °f infection apartment being™ 'as TH*'^ "S? '*''j™°i'>g .tt.ng-room-ev%„ b1dCm''^reti^™l«rr ^fl replace iures the is in cel- 'utside of ■oni it, so walls by iion that v. This ' a layer alls and erfectly a house sible to ally be ■age of ip into of the should ch the should avoid latter, untry iction >ining room, 3 in- Lipper 3s be — 146 — habited the whole .lay long, and is in fn.. communi- cation with the germ-producing cellar ; the consequences, when rigorous hygienic precautions are not enforced, are easily surmised.) It is better to sleep in the open air than to inhabit a house with a damp cellar which is nothing else than a center of infection. 120. Buii DiN(; Materials. Walls and Floors -It the walls are of brick, they should be built Ike those of the cellar ; that is, they should be double, with a vertical air-space of two or three inches between them. Here and there, bricks placed cross-ways should be inserted to unite the walls and give them greater solidity. The inside of the walls should b. lathed, as in ordinary wooden houses; th; , covering is indis- pensable for the prevention of dampness. It is proved that each brick can liold one pound of water • therefore, if the plaster be applied directly to thJ bricks, and the brick work be solid, the wall will be constantly damp. Stone walls, althuugh they absorb less moisture require the same prudent measures. The floors should be of hard wood oiled and polished ; carpets may thus be dispensed with, as they are often dirty, and hide unclean floors. \J^' ^"^ should the walls of a house be built ?-Is il '?ATV^^'"^^'''' ^^"•'^' a«d on stone walls P-What should the floors be mad(" of ? — 146 — RECAPITULATION. iuugmgs, by separate private houses building site * '^''' " """f"^™ rule for f~» t err Lfir-5i>>-^- twI^ntLtidlh oTilr^r"^'^ P^PO'-'ions he- lots, and thThei/t otrh^t^P*''^ "' '^""'^'''^- prS!'" "*"' ^'•""■'^ ""^ •-«> "--tight and water- The dampness of the ppllnr r^n a- to the uppe^ atones o? a Sng *""^ '*^^'"^'' n tc »or either — U7 — Generally speaking, basements should not be in- habited. Brick and stone walls absorb a great deal of moisture. Special ways of constructing walls are employed to obviate this dampness. )e preju- replace es. 1 and of •ule for ^needed ence of m Bd'can- reon. )ds and ilth. ns be- ilding- tvater- Jcends FIFTEENTH LESSON. HYGIENE OF DWELLINGS. {Continued,) in the divisio. of T hi, ™ 'P'^" **' «°''sidtration to nine hours alt T" ' '"'"' 'J<"'P^ f™"" «ight rest is tadlidte Tthet'" ""'r«/f»' t\TSsiri^ r ■'' ""^''-r' o-outn;t bed'room''"f'!7"' •T*'''"?' P^P"'' ventilation in a create an uninterrupted ^^Zr<^:^J^:^t^,^ _ 130. Whero shpi'M fhe K-i dwelling ^- What amount „faTr"T'^^^^ »° * room and is this amoi nt Vo„w-i ^ requisite for it bed- the room be venttSted ? ^''^ Procured ?-How should DIFFERENT ITCHEN.— he greater sideration rom eight is needful hygienic ide of the ^ tlie east 1 to avoid uth-west, strongest tion, in a e requir- *arag. 5). ion must ^e chim- ally if a flue, to )f warm bed in a or ;t bed- iv should — 149 — is mri'Jn?^!^^*^'?!? '^ ""^il"^"^*^ ^^ ^" bed-rooms, but funoHor ^^ '" those of children, whose respiratory Idul t r W "'' ^'*^^".' '^^^^^^^' ^^^° more than bv r^^lf ^r'"'' P"""' ^^^igorating air ; that vitiated tue healthy physical growth of youth. alwa7s\t'tpr/*''^-'^^^^^' precautions cannot dSd^fn i '"''"'u^'"^""'^'^^^ °^^ni« often con- demned to endure the suffering that accompanies it tent on "'P''^'^" bed-room" deserves special at- lesfserionl ^.f >^"* ^i" often be shorter and ^P^rttenl'tJ'"'^-""^ i« certain!'- the the parlor. ""* *^^ dining-room or M;:.t?:thi2rit"^ 'T"f/^ ^^ --^^'^ of liffht from f ^f -A ^"^"^ '^^"^^ '•^'^^i^e plenty ^i Jignt trom two windows on each side. 131. When to enter a newly-built housf Dampness and paint are two things to beTared^ Sr r ^^' '^^' ^^^^^ -^ theU^l'alntThey on disease ?-ShouIJtZk.>nL«°' ^•''^''*^ ^^^ influence care ? ^nouia tbe kitchen receive much hygienic b.mt^hoSf '" *^ ^" ^«^^«d from inhabiting a newly Free — 150 — 't» being ;„hii/°;^ '"'or, are required p^Wous to ''■«"'^vva„sao„oteo„J„rt;etet'i!' ie«^ .-na ve.e,,and the end of that time tZ , ?°'r^ou»- hours. If at ■"creased one dracTm andTf f, t "f '™« •"« not «f ™o.st„re. the apartnlVis'T,!Lae'''^°^P"- ^He second process, more precise, is. foliows:-. sH"«"-"p:^::^o^r" fen to, then, that it doe, 'nf .'^?'"''; " "'ust bl ^21 per cent when thn h ' "P"^"'" ""ore than 20 *»'■> this, plaster is ext,~,.fT'''? ''"■^^ed. ToWif rents poinds of tVe ^a ^nd f""'"' S-S""'"'* "'^M'e: t >3 weighed, lieatTd am? w ""I ''."''"•'"'t depths • S. r'f''-' '■« not'CreZf'"'''^i"''f "'«' ^ufcr* '^ '' •- -"t'^e^CVnf n- Z i%'^:;!r;^Lnrr''''''-'«Pt-ti,,thepaint^ ^'SB»atrSifaX^^^ avoided ._H„„ ..„ ,, ■^ -.»leep in freshly paiird'^^J^^fy '°° "amp"?' nnev, and pro- 5d previous to Ployed to de- ainp ; that is, moisture : a vessel, and lours. If, at Jime has not ' absorption e. '< follows ; — . '^Jy contain "re; while v^alls it ab- i<; »mst be I'e than 20 To ascer- }t at diffe, it depths ; fi ; if the fch or one r may be le paint- V can it 3 damp ? -- 151 — 182- Lighting.— Our methods of artificial illu- mination are one of the principal causes of the vitiation of the air in our dwellings ; a common lamp consumes a.s much oxygen as a man ; a gas jet, still more. *^ Gas should never be burned in bed-rooms ; sperm candles or vegetable oils, emitting less carbonic acid, should be used. Gas produces much boat, and requires the use of a governor, or regulator. •^^jP^/^^" should undertake tiresome night-work with defective light, it is so detrimental both to eye- sight and general health. 1S3. Flowers.— It is a bad practice to keep flowers in a bed-room. In the dark, they con- tinually send forth carbonic acid, a noxious gas U^arag. 2) ; in the light, the green parts emit oxygen. Ihose important facts should be remembered. 1»4. Animals.— Animals, birds, &c., like man, exhale carbonic acid during respiration : therefore, they should not remain in sleeping apartments, and the room in which they are kept should have effec- tive means of ventilation. nf «?,^'vP^" the substances used for the artificial lighting liih?L^*'"f ^i-'^'il^^^ ^M^ air ?-How should bed-rooms bl lighted ?— Is lighting by coal gas hygienic ? in JS?* -^^^^ ^^y danger attend the keeping of flowers m sleeping apartments ? ^ ® ^ wo™ 184. Should animals be allowed in bed-rooms ? — 162-- tjon offer considerafc'le drffie^fu?"'' Fr^""^ ^entila- theless, obtainable. '"*™"'««; they are, never- ehimney-fires, or open "IT „ ""''l "^ ^""^<^-' %St:4^i^^^^^^^^^^^ -no^iea. and ™o.e escape. «° '^'"<='' poisonous gases might in oX1rt,!^nht"flr^„r r"^ '^"^^^ •>« kept drawn towards the chimney ''' '"'''^'^ ""'' "'^^ys The gases that arise from th «oai ar^, carbonic Mid Lwi?""^.?"'"' "^ "^e Phurous oxides. ' '^'^*»'"c oxide, and sul- Hon. o w.,T^ ?- Which is thp hoo^. ?^?1 -'"^ '^-Are wood areto be t;ken°w.>K°^^" ^^ ~ma"cie ??,^^£f ^^^^tin^ ?~ - In cold t ventila- te, never- >g are by furnaces ; ficient to X traction ied only nd most ng more m Wood ' cracks miffht >e kept ilways of the I sul- ed?— wood itlODS e the -- 153 _ Carbonic oxide is poisonous even in small quan- tities causmg a headache similar to that arising from a tight bandage ; in large quantities, it produces unconsciousness and often death. It is a poison destitute of odor, and kills insi- diously during the night; whole families have died trom this terrible poison. Before retiring for the night, therefore, one should always see to the dam- pers with particular care. The great difficulty in our climate, attendant on heating IS ventilation. People believe it imprac- ticable because it is not fully tried. To what has been already said on ventilation (Para^. 6 7 8 9> we will add the following ; 6 . , , ;. Ventilation should be carried on as effectually during the winter, as during the summer ; every room m the house should be thoroughly aired every day. When the outside temperature is low the atmosphere of the dwelling must be heated by increased warming; thus, cdd and chilliness are avoided. The extra expense entailed for the tho- rough renovation of the air for a season, is amply compensated for by the benefit one's health derives ti-om the hygienic atmosphere thus furnished. The greater number of eruptive fevers and epide- mic diseases are more disastrous during the winter because the vitiated air of the dwellings is not purihed often enough, and, so, is a suitable pabulum What is the effect of carbonic oxide .' -Has oxide of carbon a smell ?-Whatdifficultv is «ttpndanf ^« ^f „r lug I'-How should ventilation be accompiished ?~What pccurs when ventilation is defective ? ' ;_ 154 — for the development of disease germs. The ventila- tors m the double-windows should be of sufficient size and the inside window-sashes may be disposed in the manner described in paragraph 21. In every room, there should be an outlet for the easy escape ot toul air ; this outlet should be at the lower part ot the wall on the same side as the inlet, and should communicate with the chimney flue, or with a special ventilating shaft place-^ near enough to the chimney to be suffisiently heated to produce a continuous extraction current of foul air. Besides those usual easy methods of ventilation, several others are recommended. Figures 21 and 22 show the efficiency of the one we have described. Fig.:22. f is re^newld^onLPj^fl? "PP««ite the inlet, so that the air 18 rene\^ed only m the space above the line of breathing H. Jf T^^ ^"^ remembered in the building of a house; that the question of ventilation is vitS. and that, even thougii the house is destined to protect" us The ventila- of sufficient ' be disposed 21. In every ! easy escape e lower part ., and should or with a lough to the produce a ir. Besides ion, several md 22 show 3ed. that the air )f breathing of a house; and that protect us — 155 — against the inclemency of the weather, it nnist not deprive us of the pure fresh air that is so requisite to health. Fig. 23. The air enters the room by the opening A, spreads out and descends below the breathing-line 07 and escapes by the outlet B, communicating with the chimney C. 130. The temperature. — Ventilation should not lower the temperature of a dwelling too much. The temperature should be uniform ; the greatest care should be taken to avoid its rising above 20° Centigrade, or 68' Fahrenheit, or descending below 15° C, or 59° Fahr. ^ In our cold climate, the temperature in our dwellings should not rise above 1 8° C. ; one should avoid and fear the disastrous effects of sudden changes from icy cold to excessive heat. 136. What should be the temperature of a house in our climate ? Should the temperature be higher in certain cases ? — 156 — m Jrl!'l T""" ''^^'''' ^"^^^ '''''^^ '« ^one require weak inv«rf ' ^'''T ^''y '^^'^^^^^^^ ^« ^«ld.the It is certain that the bronthing of fresh, cool air Der«t, rl n? Tf ^"^^^T^"^^' ' tf'^refore, the tem- nr f^ll ^ bed-room sliould not be above IS'' C, Irf rertorativt^P' "^'^ *''^ '^^^^^ ^^ --«^' ^ •The following is a scale of temperatures to be meTtioTed " ''" ^^^""°* places'and conditions Halls and court rooms 65" Fahr Schools.. "04° to 70°. l^amily parlors &c 70"* to 71" Diseases (in general) qqo Special diseases (eruptive fevers). 55"' RECAPITULATION. The bed-room, in which man passes one third of hvJin- ^^''"P"'"^^*' his strength, deserves special nygienic care. ^ nhiu "" ^^"^^l^f^on of bed-rooms, especially those of children, should be perfect. ^ *^ A healthy sleeping apartment avoids many — 157 — The apartment next in importance to the bed- room, hygienically, is the kitchen, and it requires proper care. ^ ^ The effects of dampness and paint are to feared in a newJy erected house. Certains processes may be employed to know if a recently finished house is inhabitable. It is very imprudent to sleep in a closed room, if the pamtmg is not perfectly dry. The substances userl for lighting our dwellings are one of the important causes of the pollution of the air. As the combustion of gas deprives the air of a large amount of oxygen, i-as light should not be used in bed-rooms. Flowers and animals vitiate the air by their breathing. Satisfactory systems of heating and ventilation are difficult to obtain in our climates, out, witJial, they may be rendered effective. Wood-stoves are suitable for an apartment that IS occupied only for short periods at a time, and that can be rapidly heated. Coal-stoves are the best heating apparatus, but certain care is required in their use. Ventilation is necessary especially in winter; if the Jieat is increased, it can be easily obtained. For efiective ventilation, a special vent-shaft is neerled m each room. The temperature of a dwelling should be uniform and moderate. — 158 — Too hi^h a temperature exposcH to the accidents tha may result trr»m the cLnge from an over heafed apartment to a cold atmosphere. As cool air is more healthy, the temperature of sleeping apartments should be lower than that of the other rooms. i- t ■ SIXTEENTH LESSON. HYGIENE OF DWELLINGS. (Continued) ViUhZl ^^^^,^^.^NEss IN Am AHoirr the house.- Filthiness and disease may be sa- i to I . synonymes. Dirtiness always breeds disea . Cleanliness invariably diminishes the mortality. Typhoid fever,cholera,and other serious disorders are he result of filthiness ; should clean Csbe for ever'"^ "^^' ^^''^ ^^"^^ ^^^^P?^^^ Scripture that counsels man to help himself represents clean iness as a virtue, so esse^ntiaMs t to the preservation of health and life. Pure air is insufficient, if the whole interior of utensi '"^r^T^' T"\^"^^^^"^^^ ^°d household utensils —be not kept perfectly clean. Sweeping is requisite every m..rninff- when th« face's r " ''"''"' ''^'"^ '™P'y -^i"- dMsdirUnest'Kdrn '"'^'"''''' synonymous ?_What lifwH w? ? J- "'~"°*s<^'<'anness affect the mortj r-. — 160 — During an epidemic, the cleaning may 1x5 clone with a weak solution of carbolic acid whlfT ^^ ^'^"^f ^^ered that the corners of rooms, 7^elZnl "T""^^ ^^ ^^'^ ^'" '' insufficient, deserve special cleanliness. cJn.l ^T^'n V'^ ^^^^' ^^^* ^^^ "«*^ covered with s^b^ofti'nikr^^ ^"' ^^^^"^ ^^^-^p^^« thJ'T.T'l^'^''' ?."*^ ^'^^^^^"« institutions, where find fr V off ^^"^^^^f, i« practised, it is rare to lifp nfl \ • '^'^^'^T ^^^^ ^^^«^ resulting from a lite of seclusion and penance, although, in these . establishments, there are a great number of persons congregated together. Thl fact should i^mpress t, m every family, rigorous cleanliness were prac- tised according to the laws of hygiene. foifn^t; Causes OF FiLTHiNEss.-The causes are found more especially in the disposal of the refuse aSr"' ''''" kitchen, of V waste wat^ers Domestic refuse should be burnt daily ; it should be stored up only in case it can be removed .very aay by the scavengers. "^ Wa-ste waters should be thrown into the sinks; fecal excreta should be received by the sewers. • Ouiie w,th the waste-waters andTecal excwto ? "" : may lie done Tiers of rooms, icient, deserve covered with 1 ; the carpets lutions, where ', it is rare to ulting from a igh, in these >er of persons 3uld impress ^ be obtained, * 3s M^ere prac- e causes are of the refuse ^^aste waters y ; it should [loved '^very o the sinks ; sewers. ning be done thorough ?— es the clean- ig agexits?— lat snoukl be ~ 161 — No sink or water-closet should be cut into nr,^r viuecl with a siphon trap hav nrr a cleaiiinff anpr water^ltf^^^ precaution, the sink and ^fterflu htd .? \' \?^ scrupulously clean and orcen Hushed abundantly w th water and < m^ odorless desinfectant solution. Imperfect and unhealthy soil-pipes or vesseh con annng waste-water or a'ny excre^rsC Id ^evl- be allowed in or near a bed-room. hould I . oT^ 1 . ''""^''.^^ ventilation pipe which should be carried to a point above the roof prefer- £oTpbeitt;rr^ "^^^ r^^^ ^^-^ *»- --^-"; the roof.^^ ^<^«^lf also may be continued up through The soil-pipes of the house, as far as practicable onrpoirT"^^^^ '''' -^^-^^ se^Cttat w^tlfthe'st P.r'^'' ^\l '^""^^^^ «^ connections Linage' '"'"' '^' '^''^ ^'^'^^^^ ^« '^^ F^ces decompose in twenty-four hours, and then waYerSortsr^lfoTdotT^^^ - -"^s and other care do sinks Ldw^/niPH" ^""^P act ?- What dirty water or other ?efuSbri;)r^^\'tii^ ?-Should should w«st«-..;«!r ifi"!.^J'f./«" jn bed-rooms ?~Hnw hous'. drains ■^be'cJnnSct^'rSifh^i^""^^''^. should The faeces decompose raprdly? ^^'■*'^* '^^^^ ?~I^o 6 I - 162 — emit, most dangerous f^ases. After the daily wash- ing out of the water-closet, by abundantly flushino- It with water, the excreta are carried off into th? street sewers and the family is protected from their deleterious effects. As the systems of sink and water-closet drainage are very numerous and increasing, it is useless to describe them ; some new arrangement will per- haps shortly be more perfect than the best alreadv m use. W Jiatever the system, its parts should be easily accessible to inspect and to clean ; the custom ot covering in and hiding those apparatus should be discouraged. The ventilation of the drain leading to tlie main sewer should be done in the same way as that of soil- pipes. 13», Dry earth closets.-Li the country, and elswhere if there are no sewers, the dry earth closet IS the best means that can be adopted for the dis- posal of faeces. When the soil is dry and well drained this system is in many ways superior to water-closets. It consists in employing boxes or drawers lined with galvanized iron and placed under the privy seat. After each stool at least a pound of dry earth 18 thrown into the box. The best kinds of earth are wood or coal ashes, chalk, or dry common earth • sand, gravel, and even chalk, ai-e unsuitable. ' wS^V^'JU'l^'^i^^*^"^. water-closets be constructed ?- How should the drain-pipe be ventilated ? ' 139. Which is thp hi»af axrc!f/»»>^ ^f :..-• __i are no sewera ?-What is tfie dry eart^^closet"?"'"' '"'"'' — 163 — he daily wash- lantly flushing ed off into the !ted from their jloset drainage t is useless to ent will per- e best already arts should be ti ; the custom )aratus should g to tlie main IS that of soil- country, and ■y earth closet d for the dis- ry and well 's superior to Irawers lined ler the privj'^ of dr}-- earth nds of earth mmon earth ; i table. onstrueted ?~- 3 waera mere let? Fig. 24. Dry earth closets. American system. It is highly important that these substances be dry, or fermentation will result, and the presence of the excreta will become rapidly injurious to health. When all the required precautions have V)een taken, the removal of the contents of the boxes becomes necessary once a month for a family of «J,* '.ymportant that the earth used should be dry ?_ Should the contents of the boxes be removed often ? f — 164 — SIX as manu ^i;hdr contents are odorless una may be use^^^ t J't;r^i^;:;^l,:\:^^^^ «hould receive l closets. The desHfectant^. .^''?" ^^ ^^*er- niended in the Imr^lfn^, mentioned and rccom- i used abnndan ?y ^P ''"'"^ ^^'^'^P^^^' 4.) should be Fig. 25. Dry earth closets. Rochdale system. Duriiiff' an *.r.J^o.~.:_ _ , , closets r - -'— . vv«at care should be given to these nd may be used| — 165 — iven to water- io prevent r»^^ill"'^ J .'""''^ ^ '^ arranged as 'edand rccom- fneSrin/rr "" °^ "■" "'<"'<' «'"' i'"" "•« ■•4.) sliould be I *■ tinn '^"'.""''T''"^"'' P''"'«s allowing- easy air-pollu- are the cause of countless diseases and of Ls of lemotled '^f"'""'^- /hey should be frequently [the Board of Health). "'*^'*^^"'' ^'«^^- (%-Law.s of peafed'thar" ^''?>1' '^ ^^""^^ ^^ *- "^'ten water L,f. 1) ^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^''^ contaminates tlie pvatei touls the air, pollutes everything • no rotting hffi "ftt'^'T^' ^^^^^^^"*'"^ stignrttools snouid be lett no refuse or waste-water from the ouse should te thrown into ■>,; a clean, tdy yard dlseases^l.,?""'', ."^f,!"'' .""^ '"™«i°" of "any and brinl e. r^^ otherwise penetrate to the house and bring care and mourning to its occupants em. ?iven to these I When a lartre numlipi- of ner^nny :i^- n • • the boxep sutflcient '■' " ^^''^^^"^ '^''"^ those privies, are — 166 — thaMw^iK ' ^'"**.^^ ^'"^'^^^^^ ^« «o important that it will bear repetition. ex^^n!^'^''"' ^'^' i^'" f "^""^^ " '^"^'^ ^^ attentively point as far as possible, the interior of the we ^^ be ce..entedsfrom the surface or nei^h^orin.- boiJ uuiy find their way into the wall. "^ W br!f" f ''"1^^ ^'' ^Tl^'^f^^' ^^^^ ^« «i*"^<^«^ away W W ';^P^'^^^ kmd,&c.: it should alwa^;; fbuJ .?. 'ff^^-f^^^ over, to avoid the entrance of loul ail and foreign matter. A well from which water is drawn for cows should never be situated under the floor oi a stab7e neither should it be at a shorter distance th If or y k V . of . "p '^ i' /^^ ^^^'^^^^^'^ «^' i"be well (By- laws ot the Board of Health). ^ ^ oh^V,'J"^ BATH-ROOM.-In every house there of ^hl'mtin: r'r' ?"^*^^''"^"^ ' h^thXeZii Thf custoiTnf^ 1 """t '' '^"^ ^''""^ moderate, liie custom of taking the morning wash in com- Ce";"amlX'^n'^r^^"*'"^'^"^'^ '^'^^^ «f ^ "-' uness, ami the ablution is not perfect ■ in n hath J«>n,, here is no .such hinCrance^toaLpUe tot H««Uhis act of cleanlines,s cannot be'repeatd cK^^iJ^V^^ should wells be due^ .winf r otiiei annuals with water ? 'itions cows 141. Is a batl- ^ , )m necessary ; 167 -^ it s* is so important I be attentively at the lijghfdt ior of the well ptJ' 30 tiiiit nc or nei^hhorinii i situated away sh >ukl always he entrance of a-wn for cows 3or of a stable, nee than forty • of manure or ube well (By- house, there bath, the cost ng- moderate, wash, in corn- tails of clean- it ; in a bath- complete toi- b be repeated ipp I 'itions cows Even in houses where there is no water supply, iS in localities without reservoirs, or system of dis- tribution, a bath-room may easily be made, and it should never be left out in the building of a house. The waste-pipe from the bath, as well as the one from the sink, should not connect with the soil-pipe from the water-closet ; each should be distinct, and provided with separate ventilation. SYNOPSIS Filthiness and disease may be said to be syno- nymous, since many diseases originate from unclean- liness. Cleaning is required every mcjrning, and more urgently during an epidenue. Religious institutions afford us striking examples of the good resulting from cleanliness. Causes of filthiness are found in the disposal of house-hold refuse waste- waters and fecal excreta. Dry refuse should be burnt. Waste-waters should be thrown into the sinks and drains. The sinks and water-closets should all be furnish- ed with siphon traps. In localities when there is no aqueduct or reservoir, sho\;ld bath-rooms exist ?— Should the fcwaste-pipe from the bath connect with that of the water-closet ? ~ 168 ^ best. ' "^ ^"3 earth privy, is the It should be cleaned out once a month *hits„ttrirztrei^^^^^^ ^.The privy pit, ,,o„„ .^ ^^„_^,_^^^ ^^^^ . ^^^^_ thft rf'^K..r"o?Ve''L„t" '' ^' ^^^"-'' - S^U^S' ^--~ - H,„1d'S^^^ A bath.roo,„ should he found i„ eve>,- dwellin. Even in districts where tliPr^ ; water distribution, the-batl-tm .^^ouM e'gt"" ''' J be provided f 5 I !mins should s street sewer. SEVENTEENTH LESSON. water-closets P<^I^AL HYGIENE, OR HYGIENE OF THE SOUL. there are no 'ri^'y, is the li. )set requires b. md imper- idoned, or •equisit. as ^I spot; it reasonable filth from dwell insr. k should iystem of xist. 142. Influence of the soul upon the body, — jThe influence of the soul on the body, on the pre- Iservation of health, and on the prevention and relief lof disease is too strong to be neglected : in this last [chapter of a few pages, we shall consider this for- I gotten subject. Undoubtedly, this influence is mutual : if the Isoul can command the body, the latter, on the other Ihand, exercises over the soul an authority that [cannot easily be repudiated, but which in no way lesscjns the soul's power, for this always continues I to exist. The person who, from childhood, learns to rely ' on the soul's assistance, and who demands from its energy all the help it can give, may hope to live long and happily. History abounds with examples that shew how easily a human being physically feeble, but supported by an energetic will, can resist disease. 143. Formation of the soul.— Man formed of a little earth, lay inert like a statue before the artist, when the majesty of God bent over him 142. Has the soul much influence on the body ?— Is the influence mutual ?— Ca?- *he assistance of the soul act upon health ? 143. How was the soal created ? - 170 — -unf ..trpa^^-^f^r ^•--.^•'" '^ "" -ul. The preten, ; neither i.s it /!„:„ V '"^ ""'■'*'''• Persons Oram instead of goveminn. it , ' ^ly- and the ihesoui employs ourb?a n i '*"'""'*'*'ve to it. * le intolligenci we no"«es ft «i"""unieate to us F«- -fi.-The brain. pi "finlh:f:s;;t\:::; ,r ""•"'■'-The br,™ i. back part i,, occ„;lT wTe''r'::,1^ ^^ull Ah': brum an organ presiding '■. 'it"""'"' '"■ «"'« with ,ts prolongation inf. ,ri ""?'""'•.'""' ■Inch "«rves. " "I gives wsue to the use of'thl brain?" "'" "-'f''" <" the soul .._ What is the "6. Whe,-e is the brain situated? ;.^^ . ^^ ^iff*; and man ^ ttlJ soul. The c^Ham persons °{ *';o brain, as ■ *^of'y. and the nissive to it '^'unicute to us Jug-h the hrain ^liat is the — 171 — I4«. The nerves. -The nerves f)f the marrow spring from it by two roots ; one, the anterior, transmits motion ; the other posterior, sensihilicy. Thus, there are two nerve currents : one, poste- rior, by wliicli the brain receives impressi(»ns ; the oth^r, anterior, by which the power of motion is given to the organs of locomotion. The »)osterior nerves are called sensory nerves, and the anterior ones, me eou,p„.sitio„ -antSS"""''"'-«'-tly t„ exaggeration thil int:;;: '::ii^z^:fi "r '^"""■'^^^«- of and resist it, "o'nat.on, i„ to learn to combat Imagination acts diroctk- „„ i i., , Pei-sons vvitl, imaginarv 's d 1 ' "li ''°"- "'^V see every day > " ^ '" ''*« "'" «ie pl.ysician epidemic aLSraIlt"H!*'°';'- ,""" "■•=«'''" of an hand. Tlie pl'v" S, " "' 'r»'"™«'l 'ong l,efore and the sister'^o/ S L .;:'^;;^{,'»a». tk% nn^sl of mmd, a protection ffe, e ,1k .ff"-";- '^o-i^illity 'hey ..e continually e.xCdlo'cJntX^- '*'"'°«Sh 'nay it be for goo^?^""'^°" ^« «« P^^^^t loreviirS befall s us is h'en. deaths, composition xa^jo-o-eration lowledge of to combat '>o\\' many ^ pliy.sician "i's of an ^ug before tbe nurse, anquillity althoug-li f for evil, ^dieving ^i, on the '«' thought we some- ilousy in- iuce acci- J health ? 3 evil in- ct action V'l. What — 175 — 149. The will.— It is by this faculty, whose power we cannot measure, that the misguidings of imagination are over-ruled. Every day we see mediocres, or per.sons of in- ferior talents, in schools, attain high positions, and develop real merit : the will has been the instru- ment of their success. The will may be defined, as, above all others, the practical quality of man. All efforts, from youth, should l)e directed to- wards strengthening this faculty, which exists in every one, and which a prudent training may develop surprisingly. It is as ea«3^ to learn " to ivill," as to remain always hesitant and impotent ; indecision is truly a disease of the soul that paralizes all the bodily forces. The most miseral)le state that a man can be in, is that of having no will. i«S 3. Reason. — If the will helps the imagination, reason .should be the true guide of the will. Reason is the light of man ; without it he is in darkness. Reason may be strengthened by the study of what is good and true. 149. Has the will any influence on the imagination ?— How can the will be defined ?— Is it important to culti- vate this faculty ?— Is it easy to learn "to will " ?— What is the most pitiable state of man ? 150. What should be the guide of the will ?— How should reason be strengthened ? -- 176 _ 151. Good AMD evil.- We have in our beW sources of good and evil. °^' Now the soul tells us that good arises from the of ein""'" '' """ P"""''''' '''"■'*'^ °^ 'he appearance I A . ■"""■ ^^l- ones ne ffhbor and onp'« shovT'^r V'T .""■'" ?^-"- ""^ "^^ «f ">^n ; they show ail his duties and obligations and a 1 h;« nghts tor the fulHInient of a duty Jrri"s w ith t the obtainnient of a right, an.l the right Te e U the happmes, vvliicli is the reward of him tho m nln':/""™" ""' ""''""' '°*°- three dufe 152. TKUTH.-Man thirsts for truth; he who i-s received divine truth on his mother's lap should . •?»;. The passions— The passions are strong, inclmations towards good or towards evil ^ fo,a?-Where does Koodnefrorig'rnal^ p"^""'''' " '^" 152. Should truth be so.ight ? 163. What is understood by the passions ? . »:rv , — 177 — m our being, | Passions are not under the control of the body, and are not such that reason cannot repudiate them. 'ises from the lance of what in incessant igue, carries as labored is e appearance home, of our or, and one's f man ; they and all his ^ies with it ?ht, here, is »f hfni who hreo duties ih ; he who s lap should it has not are strong il. e should we '''here is evil 3? Reason will always succed in giving a right [direction to the passions ; by reason, is here un- derstood-, that reason which God enlightens and without whom it is naught. 154. Drunkenness. — It is the plague of society, I the ruin of families, and the destruction of the most robust health. The analysis we have given of even the most inoffensive liquors in appearence proves that health cannot exist with the use of licjuor. (Par. 48.) Drunkenness does not destroy man physically only, but also morally. It completely transforms a temper : goodness is changed to wickedness ; energy, to indifference, in- decision, and intellectual decrepitud(> ; tenderness and sympathy become harshness and brutality ; the most noble sentiments, corrupt and degraded. 155. Debauchery. — It is the companion of drunkenness. Debauchery often precedes the other passions. Debauchery has its source in carnal pleasures ; like drunkenness it is the ruin of man. Those pas- Are the passions under the control of the body ?— How can the passions be controled ? 154. What is drunkenness ?— What does the ancelysis of liquor prove ?— Has drunkenness an injiu-ious etfect morally ?--What is its effect on temper;? 165. What is debaucherq :— Dues precede uther pns- sions ?— Where has debauchery its iource ?— What are its effects ? !li i |l ' — 178 — f^!r^^fuf '^''"^ ^^" '"^^^ ^^^^^°^ than all thel scourges that ravage mankind. ' wM^^' ^^p^R — Anger is a strong passion during which man loses all command over himself. ^ ' the^mfr^,'' f7-^^\^ ^'^^ ^^^^«^r ^nd leaves man at ine mercy of his adversary. DowerlTsf ^l"^" ' • ^ ""^^ ^.^^ ^'^ disarmed, that is powerless there is a passing increase of force quickly followed by profound depression. ' fluiTf 1 '^"''' ,«tr^i^g»l^tion, for under its in- Senly ^^ "" '^*^' "'^^ supervene 157. Sadness.— Sadness it a state that depresses the soul and deprives it of all energy. ^ nJJi! ^''^'f''^^ ^° Tl?"^'' ^« t° ^^ ^«"^d in amuse- ments and m intellectual and physical labor which purify and invigorate the body, as the sum^ beams enliven a dwelling and render H wholesore. . tt must be remembered that sadness, like suffer- ing, must be met with on the path of man through We. for a dark cloud may be found on the cleailt sho^uW brilf^""^ ^'^ inseparable, but the former siiould be but as a seasoning to the latter. Wh^'d^s^'tn^anSfv''^"''^".^^^"^ ^"^^ counsellors- effects of Ingm. ? ^ ^ P^'"'"'' ^'^"''^^ :^-What are the .J57:ro^M is sadness ?_ Whnt is the «,ntid"fo .^ sl^uidloyidSSb^SSlSdr" --^-How I il ms than all the ^ passion during himself. id leaves man at lisarmed, that is srease of force, ission. under its in- come distended, may supervene 3 that depresses 3und in amuse- physical labor iy, as the sum- • it wholesome. 3ss, like suffer- man through )n the clearest t the former itter. I counsellor ?— What are the le antidote trs man ?— How — 179 — Pain and suffering, accepted courageously, modify the temper, as they cause reflection, and elevation of the soul toward its Creator. As we here understand it, sadness should never be a cause of suffering to man ; by it, he should strengthen his soul, as he might his body by a refreshing repose. Ordinary sadness should be resisted because it dulls all the important vital functions, and leads to discouragement and disgust, which are nothing else than a slow ]»ut sure suicide. 5.18. Hope.— The patient devoid of hope will never be cured, the man without hope cannot live Life is a twilight : a mixture of darkness and light ; the man who cannot discern the beaming rays of the dawn, is a miserable being. The man who hopes is strong ; he is ready for every effort. If the soul is to exert a happy influence on the body is most be ever hopeful. SYNOPSIS The soul possesses a powerful influence on the body. The soul and the irttellectual faculties are but one. What is the effect of sad; -."is u-ccepted with resigna- tion ?— Is ordinary sadness to be resisted ? 168. Is hope necessary to the heart of man ?— What is life ?— »8 the hopeful man strong ?— What must bo done for the soul to exert a salutary influence on the body ? I { i i >^' _ 180 — The principal intellectual faculties are the imt gination, the will, and reason. Imagination, exaggerating all our sentiments, ij the principal cause of our suffering and evil. By giving, through the action of the will, a wis^ direction to our imagination its influence may h\ made most useful to man. Reason should be the guide of the will ; reasoJ should be strengthened by the study of what il good and true. Enlightened reason will keep the passions ii the right way. Drunkenness is the plague of society, and thj ruin of the most robust health. Anger and sadness mislead man and disarm hii in adversity. Hope is the supreme consolation of man. I les are the imt ir sentiments, i| and evil. the will, a wisj ifluence may h\ the will ; reasoj iudy of what il the passions i society, and th and disarm hii of man. TABLE OF COKTENTS. FIRST LESSON. The air. Preface 1. Composition of the air.— 2. Unwholesomeness of the air.— 3. Respiration.— 4. Importance of respiration.— 5. How to purify the air.— Sy- nopsis SECOND LESSON. Hygienic rules of breathing. 6. Ventilation,— 7. Ventilators. - 8. Bed-rooms. —9. Water-closets, sinks, baths. — 10. As- phyxia.— 11. Asphyxia by gas» coal gas, &c.— 12, Asphyxia from cold.— 13.— Asphyxia from drowning.— 14. Accidents in the respiratory apparatus.— 15. Diseases of the breathing ap- paratus.— Synopsis THIRD LESSON. Communicable diseases. 16. Definition and transmission.— 17. Preventive means against contagious diseases.— 18. Offi- cial information.— 19. Isolation. — 20. Disin- lection. — zl, ijisuiiurvuui -^uiiug •-- -.. = —22. Disinfection after the disease.— Synop- sis Pages. V 9-13 14-28 29-38 '.I — 182 — FOURTH LESSON. Principal contagrious diseases. ^^S. Vacc.nat,on.-29. England.-:^). France 39-.')0 FIFTH LESSON. Alimentary hygiene. -Principal food substances from the animal king-dom. 34. Food substances.-;^. Meat.-.m Digestion of -38 English beef-tea: American beef-tTa .39. Meat extracts.- Recapit^dation~ 51.57 SIXTH LESSON. (Continuation.) 40. Conditions of healthy meat.-4L Fish.-42. Mdk.~4.3. Eggs.- Synopsis ,^^^ SEVENTH LESSON. Principal foods ft-om the vegetable king-dom. 44. Cereals.-45. Vegetables. -46. Fr„h«-_.i7 p„ verHges.-48. Wines. -49. Beer --vT AVff " tea—Synopsis, ' ^' ^"^*'^' a3-70 — 183 - sles, ion, ice. ina- siu- 39-.% Od of at. 51-57 2. 58-62 m-7Q EIGHTH LPJSSON. Principal foods from the mineral kingdom. 51. Action of the raineial kingdom on alimenta- tion.— 52. Table salt. — 53. Water.- 54. Well water.— 55. Cistern \vater.~-56. Spring water. 57. Lake water.— 58. River water.— 59. Tem- perature of potable water.— 60. Snow and ice waters.- 61. Ice water.— 62. — Analysis of water.— Spnopsis 71-78 NINTH LESSON. Hygiene of the digestion. 63. Digestion in the mouth .— Mastication,— 64. Hygienic precautions.— 65. Does sugar des- troy the teeth ?--6(). Is fruit injurious to the teeth ?— 67- Insalivation. — 68. Deglutition,— 69.— Hygienic precautions.— 70. Digestion in the stomach.— 71. Hygituiic precautions.— 72. It is right or wrong to drink while eat- ing ?— 73. Digestion in the intestines ?— 74. What are the foods that can be most easily digested ?— 75, Diet.— Mixed alimentation.— 76. Meals. — Synopsis 79-88 TENTH LESSON. Hygiene of the person. 77. Importance of respiration and alimentation. — 78.School hygiene.— Site.— 79. Size of school- houses.— 80. At what age should a child be sent to school ?— 81. Plan of construction.— 83. Furniture. — 8.3. Lighting, - 84. Intellec- tual work and muscular exercise in schools. Synopsis ^89-104 -- 184 — ELEVRNTH LESSON. School hygiene (Continued). 85. School diseases.— 86. Diseases of the nervous system.- 87. Rheumatism. — 88. Diseases of the eye. -89. Hygienic programme of schools. —90, Contagious diseases.— 91. Physical ex- ercise and calisthenics.— Definition.— 92. Ef- fect of exercise on respiration.— 93. Effects of exercise on the circulation.— W. Effects of exercise on nutrition.— 95. Effects of exercise on the akin. —96. Differents kinds of exercise - 97. Bathing. -98. Advice to bathers.— 99. Sea-bathing.- Synopsis 105-117 TWELFTH LESSON. Care of the body. 100. Wpsb(n>;,- lOL Garments for the cold season. -102. t i e.— ,re. nds. 118. ling the 124. ars, — 185 — FOURTEENTH LESSON. Hygiene of the dwellingr. 125. Site.- 12«. Nature of the si. il.— 127. Vicinity. -129. The cellar.— 129. Building materials.- Walls and floors.- Synopsis li Al 105-117 118-129 FIFTEENTH LESSON. Hygiene of the dwelling. (Contintied.) i:^). Division of a house and size of apartments. The bed-room. The kitchen.— 131. Time of entering a newly-flnished house.— 132. Light- ing. - 133. Flowers. - 13t. Animals. - 135. Heating and ventilation.— 136. Temperature. -Synopsis l^^j-g SIXTEENTH LESSON, ( Contiiiuation. ) i:i7. Cleanliness in and about the house.— 138. Causes of fllthiness.— 139. Dry earth closets.' —140. Wells.— 141. Bath-rooms -Synopsis. 159-168 SEVENTEENTH LESSON. 142. 130-139 Moral hygiene, or hygiene of the soul. Influence of the soul on the body.— 143. For- mation of the soul.— 144. Soul and brain.- 145. Situation of the brain.— 146. Nerves.— 147. Intellectual faculties 143. Imagination. —149. Thewili.— 150, Reason.— 151. Good and evil.-152. Truth. -153. The passions. -154. Drunkenness.— 155, Debauchery.— 156. An- ger.— 157. Sadness.— 158. Hope.— Synopsis. 169-180