IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ O 1.0 I.I 1.25 ,50 ™^ IM 2.2 H: ld£ 12.0 iA 11116 V] (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol V (moaning "END"), whichavar applias. Maps, platas. charts, ate. may ba filmad at diffarar iduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar. laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: L'axamplaira film* fut raproduit grdca A la gin*rositA da: La bibliothftque des Archives nationales du Canada Las imagas suivantes ont «t« raproduites avec le plus grand soin, compta tenu da la condition at da la nattat* da laxampinira film*, at an conformity avac las conriitions du contrat da fllmaga. Laa axamplairas originaux dont la couvarture en papiar ast imprim«a sont fiim«s an commancant par la premier plat at an termlnant soit par la darniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commenpant par la premiere paga qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration at en terminant par la darniire paga qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboies suivants apparaitra sur la darniira image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: la symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols y signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tablaeux, etc., peuvent *tre fiimAs A des taux da reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich*. il est film* * partir da Tangle sup*rieur gauche, de gauche i drolte, et de haut mn bas, en prenant la nombre d'imagas n*cessaire. Les diagrammas suivants illustrant la mithoda. 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 BRAZIL A Nn HER RAILWAYS, &C, &c. REPRiNTKn FROM THE ''FORTNIGHTLY review; WITH A PREFACE AND APPENDIX BY W. DARLEY BENTI.EY, Brazilian Consiil-General for Canada. JHontrf al : PRINTED BY THE GAZETTE PRINTING COMPANY. 18 8a. PREFACE. The paper on " Brazil and Ilor Railways " by Charles Waring, appeared in the Fortnightly Rcvleir, for March, and I hasten to have it reprinted, because it places the position of the Empire in its tnie light in a cIp-- and concise form, and because it is wj-itten by u man vviio not ordy has a thorough practical knowledge of his subject, but wh.^ is an authority on all the points contained in his valuable paper. Unfortunately there are comparatively few books relating to th9 resources of Brazil, and to many it is a " terra incognita/' so that I hail with pleasure this means of increasing the knowledge of an Empire with inexhaustablc resources, and an Empire whose trade and commerce it is the duty of all Canadians to cultivate and develope. Sir Leonard Tilley in his speech introducing the budget of the present year reterrcd to the deputation which Avaitod upon him in reference to some reciprocal arrangement with foreign countries. In 187'J when I was in Biazil a law was passed at the instance of His E.xcellency Honhor Sinimbu, the then Prime Minister, by which the Government was authorized to make a reciprocal treaty with other countries. What was chietly aimed at then, was. an agreement with Canada and therefore I am certain that though the Government of Senhor Sinimbu has given place to another, yet there will bo no difficulty raised on the part of Brazil to make a reciprocal arrangement with Canada, so long as it does not interfere with her existing treaties. Every one knows the enlightened views of His Majesty the Emperor and how any proposal for the advancement of his coun- try meets with his entire and cordial cooperation. I know he is ably supported by his Ministers. All are fully alive to the advantages of opening up new commercial relations and J can guarantee that when the Government of Canada approach that of Brazil they will find the same desire on their part to bind commercially the two countries more closely tegether. From the magnificent .am of 88 ! the import. ^^^ f-^^^^^^^, ' Canada have rinen U, $1,328,316 n three years -h de the dutj collected was $4'.n,556.2G, and irom be.ng the la.t of U 4- pountries with which Canada did buHineBs in 1879 Bia/.U has hI to t^e 7th place in the value of her trade with t . country. In like manner the exports which were f .^--'^ P'f 7^J,"J.^^" the headin.' of " South America" au.l wh.ch •'f.f «;^^^"/f«, the hcaa.n eontine.it .bowed that while the total countries in that laige tonimu" «iqr, 700 over the amount for 1882 is $910,771 an increase ot ai9o,70J ovei tne amount lui 1^^^ ^Qj.p ^j,jjn preceding year or about 30 p. t. tH'i/^" half, viz.: $495,549. tLsc figures speak for themselves ! If the trade -^th B. a, I has tlken such trides in three years with only 6 month «f ': mmunicationwhatwiUitdoin tho future espem^^^^^^^^^ the Government carries out their intentions ot reciprocal ti eat.es^ En^ild to secure the trade of BrazU gave an enormous su sidy to the Roval Mail Steamship Co.. what is the rcsu t ? England today does two-third of the trade of that country. In E.o de Janeiro a one out of the 1,341 native and foreign ships , steam or ':;, which entered that port in 1882, 520 were British. It is thus that England has ever obtained the command of the commerce of foreign countries. A trade which springs from $8 rra mimonand a charter in th.ce years is surel.^^^^^^^ cultivating, and ^.orth spending some money to cultivate, I Zw it is ! and what is more 1 believe every thinking man in Canada will agree with me. Very much more can be done, let us all therefore pu our shlTder to the wheel, and show at the end of the next thr e years that Brazil and Camula are commercially necessary to each other. Montreal, 2nd April, 1883. ^ ' WM. DARLEY BENTLEY, Brazilian Consul General. BRSZIL SND MER RHILWHYS. The notable advance, in recent years, in the value of British securities of the more ^olid kind, has been the subject of much discussion. That advance has not only been lar-o but gradual and the prudent investor has been perplexed to account for it' One operating cause, which may readily prove to have been the chief one, has been left, out of the reckoning. It is now, however, more generally admitted that the enhancement of the values of home and colonial securities has been due in some measure to dis- trust of the securities of foreign countries. There has assuredly been reason for such distrust, The prosperity of the years pre- ceding the panic of 1875 was a spurious prosperity. Our foreign trade had been enormous and prices had been high. Great Britain manufactured, produced, exported, and sold large quantities of merchandise at apparently a large proHt ; she even received pay- ment for her goods in cash. Yet, as a matter of fact, she herself provided the money. The purchases of the foreigner in the English market, which enriched the Exchequer and caused trade to be driven at high pressure, were made with English m^ney— with the proceeds of English loans to foreign governments and subscriptions to foreign enterprises. The enterprises for most part proved profitless; the foreign governments into whose coffers our capital had gone, either through poverty or dishonesty have not paid the interest on their debts. The result was an an amount of disaster sufficient to alarm that least discriminating and most careless speculator in the world, the English investor. Distrust, as has been said, of all foreign securities succeeded the previous excess of confidence. It was only natural that the feel- ing should be carried to the other extreme, and that, in the remembrance of numerous defaults, we should have forgotten the few instances of the punctilious fulfilment of engagements. In short, investors have, in this respect, used no discrimination The absence of this quality has resulted in a short-sighted policy un- 6 equally i'npo''^'^,;-^^^^' nl"t tl o sllv n as well as the in- the honest us we I as tho (lishnnost, tuo soivc .t ai»„e„.c with u.» -»^'".",j,'° ;;::••.,: , ;iut;r .o-oi^n profltablo employmoTit u( hci capital b few years ol" inflation, tho <^v.alev portion won to he ^ow %:Z, and was sent there with ^i^astij^^^e^U^^ ^^J^ United States, solvent as a coun,las^^^^^^^^^ a jrroat portion of the Bnt.sh capital ^1 «" "\" Uepiiblic, moHt And whilst this has been tho case with tho Gicat '^^1 "^ Anuwmi. I' (iuatema a and tlonauias, of the other States-MexK.vand Y ein, ^"^ ' j^.^^, become Costa Rica and Hcuador, Bolivia -;;^ J^^^ JZ^,n.o is synonyms tor -P-^'^:^^;;;; J^^'^ Sor U «:! Lerican that tho o.-d.nary in OS o Inmps t . ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^_^^^^^^^ ^^^^ securities, the ,t,'..od, the lad ^'''''l' ^ ^,^,^e of the States, exceptions to the general rule of default t tt Chili, The Argentine Confederation, and Buu.l, fulfilled their engagements. T la I think be worth while to attempt to dispel these It would, I ^^''"' 7 ;,^^ ^,.,,,^,„ie conditions of the foreign fallacies byanen.iuir> •"/•: ^' ^^^ ''!^' j^^,^ , ,ital for industrial countries habitually applying ^J^^,Z,^,,^aY.oiy>e^ enterprises. Such an in,u, . ; "^u d result in showing how by personal knowledge of t»^« *'^;;^^ . ^'^ '^ ^^.,^^t therefore, I lar our confidence has -;"^«^^"f.,^"l„i^\; Brazil is to now propose to do in reference '^ '"^^'^ ' ,,^ ,,iu,ays, describe its industrial enterprises, ^"'^^ ^ P^^^^*^ supplement their present position -^/^J soS -d conom\ condi- this with a brief survey of political, ^^'f'^^ ;„ ^, ^u tions of the country ^ ^-Z:ZeT^^<^^^ wiih the events, prove a useful guide '"^ '^^''^ .^.^^ ^f Brazil as a .ubioct, and will help ^^;^;^l:P'T.o^,^^S tbi^one £:h:roXt:;:^— > ^^ .tt. finanei. eon- ro judicial, loaiiH and 1 has been 1 there are as the in- afford to Huish the ,0 Ibvoign oad in the the New Even the interest on V railroads, ublic, most Honduras, ,ve bee.ome (oquenco is \ American forgets the ;• the States, faithfull}' dispel these ■ the foreign )!• indnstrial e and helped howing how therefore, I Brazil is to its railways, i supplement nomic condi- ly will, at all ited with the ,f Brazil as a cting this one age the pros- :)onfederation. financial con- fusion in consequence of the war with Peru. The extent, too, of Chilian territory is comparatively Hmall, and her prosperity is relatively dependent too much on the production of copper. Iho resourcoH of the Argentine confederation are undoubtedly ^undleas; but, compared with Brazil, its government is unsettled. Jlrazil, on the other hand, possesses not only unlimited resources, butresourcesoftho most varied nature, and also enjoys the ad- vantages of a settled government in the form of a limited moiiarchy, hiicI. as few countries but our own can boast. The empire of Brazil lies between the mountain ranges of i^eru and Bolivia on the west, and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, along which It has a coast line extending from four degrees above the equator, near the mouth of the Amazon on the north, to thirty-three degrees south, within 30(» miles of the estuary of the River Plate. The length of this coast-line is nearly 4,000 miles. The country has the great width of 2,600 miles about eight degrees south of the Equator. Jt narrows considerably towards its northern irontier, whilst towards the south the width gradually diminishes to a comparative strip of land lying between the river Uruguay and the sea, and bordered by the Republic of Uruguay. This territory of 3,200,000 square miles is as large as that of the United States between the Atlantic and the great lakes. Two mugniflcent mountain chains rise behind the capital, Rio de Janeiro, and extend, the one over 500 (miles towards the north and the other 250 miles southward at a distance of ten to one hundred miles from the coast. These mountains rise abruptly from the low lying sea coast, and, unlike European ranges, descend on the other side only one-third of their heigh; ,,rming an in- tenor plateau elevated 2,000 feet above the K vol of the sea offering extraordinary, if as yet only little deve:oped pastoral resources. This immense plateau, which rolls away southward in gentle undulations and a gradual slope towards the great rivers IS broken by another mountain range, extending from the frontier of the Province of Pernarabuco, near the Equator, across the entire empire, having other minor ranges connected with it This lofty mountain chain divides the country into two immense water- sheds ; the northern one being drained by numerous river into the great basin of the Amazon, which is within Brazilian territory and the other to the south, into the rivers Parana and Uruguay! The soil of Brazil is of surpassing fertility. The climate of the 8 northern provincon, Para, Marunliam, Pernnmbuco and Bahia, JH tropical, but,oxcoi)t in i)lacoH, tlio ultitudo of the country makoa - thorn uniisiiliy healthy, as tropical dintrictH. The southern i)ro- vincos, Rio do Janeiro, San F'aulo, Minm Goraort, Rio Grande do Sul, and Parana, are all oxtreinoly healthy, and otler ovory ad- vantage in this respoct to European imnii/^'ration. Tho capital, Riodo Janeiro, haw one of the most ma^miticont harbourH in tho world, wiiilHt the northern provinccH ;,nvo tropical pnxlucts, and specially wugar and cotton in f,'reat abundance. The Houthern por- tion of tho Empire, is suitable lor tho yrowth of every variety of crops. Jt furnishes cott'eo, the ])rinciple staple of lirazil, in enormous quantities. Sugar, too, has lately been cultivated with marked success. Cotton also, an industry of recent growth- dating, in fact, from the cotton famine— now forms a largo j)or- tion of the exports from the south, as it has aiways done from the north. As a matter of fad, tho yield of it is greater than cun be obtained in tho United States. Every kind of grain can bo suc- cessfully raise!, in such abundance, indeed, that maize yields from two hundred to four hundred fold, and wheat from thirty to seventy fold. The slopes of the great mountains and the southern plains have an ample growth of succulent grass, admirably adapting them for breeding and feeding cattle of every kind. The export of jerked beef and iiidos has always boon tho prin- ciple trade of the port of Rio Grande do Sul, and the market at Rio de Janeiro is now supplied with prime beef from the Sierras of San Paulo and Minas Giraes. Tho mineral wealth of tho country is so groat, that while its capital may be said to bo as yet untouched, its ultimate resources ure practically inexhaustable. In the foregoing enumerations I have not included all tho provinces by name. The Province of Matto Grosso, for example, which lies on the confines of Bolivia, is practically a new country. Then, again, going north, it is not possible to form a notion uf the productiveness in tho future, of the groat basin of tho Amazon. It is only in recent years that any attempt has boon made to develop tho latent resources of the empire. A special interest is added to our inquiry by the fact that the money furnished by English capitalists has been applied largely, if not solely, to such development, in increasing tho means of commuicatiou and transport between the different centres of industry and the seaboard. d As regmtls popiilHtion, tlio number of people, which waa reckoned at the time of the declaration of indepedencn in 1824, at four und a half niillionH, iw now otitiniated to exceed eleven and a half milliouH, a number which only suffices to pooplo sparsely a fringe of the coastline und the njoro favored provinces of the South. Thus, in 1872, Minas (iiraes contained 1,500,000 in- habitants. As to the polity and progress of the Empire, from the time Brazil ceased to bo a I'ortuguese colony, its material, moral, and inntellectual advance has boon continuoutiand conside- rable. The revenue, whiith in 1820 was only .€004,000 is now £12,8[>(>,000; whilst its external trade, whi37 (exclusive of the new loan just issued) is rapidly repaid by the operation of a sinking fund. Other loans will doubtless be issued; but it may be fairly as- sumed that the same prudence which has guided the financial policy of the past will guide that policy in the future. The in- ternal debt though large is in no way a danger to the country for it is exclusively held by the E. diians themselves. It had its origin in the days of the war with Paraguay', — a war which in effect threw Brazilian progress back a decade, and from the effei ts of which the country has only recently thoroughly re- covered. It will be seen that remunerative investments have been found for English capital in Brazil. Considering the magnitude of the empire and the necessity for improved means of commu- nication it is clear the field for further investment is practically unlimited. The question therefore to be answered is : Are there any rocks ahead on which our fortune might split? The answer is, that there are undoubtedly leatures affecting the prosperity of the country which it would be unwise to ignore if our in- quiry is to be effected. The chief considerations are five in number, viz: slavery, immigration, the succession to the throne, the question of frontier line involving war, and the production of cofiee. As to slavery. With the advance of civilization and the appli- cation of machinery to production, this institution is probably doomed. If the prosperity of Brazil rested mainly on the con- tinuance of slavery, 1 should despair of her rising to the magnitude of a great power, or developing a strength commensurate with the extent of her territory. But so far from this being the case, Brazil has for the last thirty years been cutting herself adrift from the "peculiar institution," the importance of which to her p'osperity is dally diminishing both relatively and positively. In 1831, the law freed all Africans thenccf<-n'th brought into tho ban that Id tion of the I deduction ire oil pub- liK'tive the rhe foreign 1 new Unin iking fund. >, fairly us- 10 financial D. The in- 10 country It had its which in from tho roughly re- have been magnitude jf commu- praclically Are there rhe answer })roHperity if our in- iro live in he throne, production i the apj)li- i probably n the con- magnitude irate with g the case, •self adrift lich to her positively, ht into the 17 Empire; in 1850 the slave-trade was otfoctually abolished; in Jl'„; r' '^^'"■"' ''" ^''' "^'"^-'^n^ipation freed ail children bom of slave parents after its promulgation, and establisiied an emancpation fund designed to givegra.iual freedom. The action 1 r laT "^ T^'TI '' ''' "^""■' «^ '"^'^''^-^'^ -'- -•-- n. mT ' Am ""'"''"■''^ ^'^'"'^•■^- ^"^ ^^''"« "^ this lal-ge Zs Vm^ """.''"'r t' '""^ ''■'^"^ o"'y 11,000 in eleven fhropy ^' "" "''"''''"" "'P'"'^''^*^ P"^"^"- me^nt^rwrn'"" ,?""'^"^''''" «" *^'« P^""^ '« "«* one of senti- ment, but whether the economical constitution of the State will be seriously injured by the disappearance of slavery In Ihe opinion Of those best able to judge the abolition of sLery w not be sudden Nor is it thought there is any probability that •ts collapse will endangertliefutureofBra.il by sLial co v .Is on Te br;:;; "■ ''^ ''^"^°^'^^^-''- ^^ ^'^ tropi;!al north, wl «' the b acl man s paradise, and where hi« services are reully indis' pensi ble it is not likely the negro population will either disappel. or deteriorate. We may indeed assume that the iicn-o vvTan a than heretofore he has laboured for a taskmaster. In the southern provinces, by far the most important of the Empire, any lossof negro labour will be compensated by the free labour ;f Euro, ean place of the former. There are two other aspects of this question Reassuring .n the face of the certainty that, by mortal it;!; mu Zi 7^;-P-t;o". f-e labour, whether black or white. must be the labour of the future. Brazil has a consideaable wht: '7r''''r- , ^''^ '"•'" '"■« -"«^ !-''•-■% but are in reaU^y r^^i:Zr '"'f*-l!.«f ^'-country. The number i^ total as th J • ' ":' ^^'"^ P'""^^^'^' underestimates the total as they live away from civilization. These men, when brought into contact with civilization are found to be doc le and industrious, and as the country is opened up may largely recruU between black and white. The existence of a large mulatto popu ation IS an assurance that there will be no abrupt severlc'e of the interests of the two races in this way linked togetll blood As to immigration, the tide has hitherto set towards the iZr 18 Plate, because of the advantages ami facilities of communication which it offers to the European settler. The southern Provinces of Brazil are, however, quite as fertile and as healthy and tempe- rate as the countries farther South ; while the Government is intinitely more stable than that of the neighbouring republics. With the increased means of communication, immigration is already taking this direction. Hio (Jrande do Sul alone contains a German population exceeding seventy thousand. Official statis- tics show that the number of third-class passengers — all of whom ma}' bo fairly assumed to be emigrants — arriving in Rio de Janeiro in the two years, 1880 and 1881, was 40,783. Of these, Portugal sent 17,'-80, Hut it is a significant fact as showing that other nations are now turning their eyes to Brazil, that the total included 1359G Italians, 4239 Germans, and 3920 Spaniards. 1 should add that the Portuguese and Spaniards settled chiefly in the seaports, while the Italians and Germims wont on into the interior. The completion of communication now on hand should, I think, give considerable im|)ulHe to immigration which will also be encou- raged by the passing of the Protestant Emancipation Bill that has established religious freedom. As to the succession, reflection on this subject must be more than usual affected by the striking personality of the present Emperor, who is still in the full vigour of life. Of his capacity and patriotism I need say nothing, for ho is acknowledged to be one of the Hrst monarchs of the century. His strict adherence to the letter of the Constitution has helped to endear him to his people, while it has stamped the polity of the country. The dynasty, in truth, seems as firmly fixed as ours. The succession to the throne is fixed by law approved of by the people, and will doubtless take effect as quietly as it would with us. The Princess Isabella, daughter of the Emperor and heiress to the throne is married to the Conde d'Bu, grandson of Louis-Philippe. Her husband, therefore, inherits the tradition of a great governing family, and has become popular through his successful conclusion of the Paraguaj'an war. A succession thus legally assured, embodying the religion and traditions of the people is a guarantee for the continuance of social order and prosperity. There are no preten- ders to the throne while the exhibition of republican misrule in the other South American States must endear their own form oi government to the Brazilians. ::£, 19 As to the frontier quention, it would be to travel in search of difficulties, to imuirino thai in an immen».e and sparHoly peopled country like Bra/.il, any dispute about frontier would occasion war. JtiHtruo that the Mossione.s qucHtion was a question of frontier. The fact however (hat it has been suhmitt.Ml t.. the ar- bitration of the (iueen of Kn^rJaMd is an ar-u.nent in favour of what iH here advanced. Hra/.il cntertainH no feelin- f t- 00 'a o ■ii.iS t- iO t- •* -" IT) -r 1-? •o 00 TO © *■'?; 1-) 1 - 1 - JO Hfl 1 •JO . o in . 'P . «•! fl )ther untrie il reis CI r- . -. «o_ • 00 o . — « CI 94 o i-^ co^ »o CO n — '^ Val NUMBKI ■ C£> 00 .* 00 ■S.2 ^ • C*1 ...... a> ■>1< CO § •r; fl ^ ! to" CD o Bri Colo mil . 00 00 CI c^ 1.2 •n ^ (M CD . ^ T)l .-■ tt X CO .* 00 .-^ 05 . in 00 •<)> 'i" CM CO tn m • e-J t- * CD o 00 OJ t^ — oo • .-^o~oo co'o'c^ CO CO CO Oi CI .^ o CO OS r-H CO C-1 CJ o a> d^ a> r-H -^ 00 •^ o 00 ^ ' l''} Comils Kloiir, &(. LMlOJdU.'ni I'laiitH, I'liiitH, &(? 824,772.54 Wiiio and S|»iri(s 2 }»:{4 575 '"* i'c.fumory [,['. ]\lii)H''Hl'{)Mi ^j^omm^\ !»6!»,42G.75 l-f^V'"" 8,5:{(Vi45.52 )^'»"<^"« :{,4n,(;i8.47 J^V,'""^ 1,55(J,«87.29 ^'"^■^ 807,17!>.2;{ Paper ... (i78,7;W.92 Coal hncl<,&c l,9(»7,4f)6.72 Metal, Iron Stool, &c 1,423,014.48 Alaoiineiy 1,241,2«0.25 bundnoH 4,160,978.22 Gold and Sdvor 3,163,01«.3G Crockery and Glaan 479,631 . 45 m Number of vessels entering the Port of Bio de Janeiro in the year 1882. . Nationality. British German.... American . Brazilian .. Argentine Belgian Danish. .>... French Spanish i'utch 'Ml an Norwegian Portuguese Russian Sweedish..., Hailing. 280 78 120 21 7 1 14 27 94 3 17 53 55 3 39 Steam. 244 58 13 60 31 1 97 25 i'i Total 812 529 Total Steam nnd Sail; 1,341; Tons 1 192 647. PERXAMBUCO. Principal Exports for the year 1882. Cotton bales 14(5,543 Sugar bags 1,072,640 Hides dry galled 45,280 Do wet 25,989 Do chy 2,348 Assu. Salt litres 1,464,380 Imports. Codfish drums 245,124 -Do I « 3i,2h:J Lard kegs 13,619 Do cases 158 Potatoes boxes 14,410 Do baskets 17,585 Rosin brls. 5,181 Coal ...tons 33,977 Onions boxes 8,885 Cement brls. 21,174 Beer cases 9,369 Do brls. 6,079 Flour brls. 166,966 Beans bags 8,156 Rerosine cases 135,100 Butter brls. 10,956 Do kegs 17,780 Do cases 3,792 Cheese cases 10,151 Wrapping Paper bales 28,788 14(),543 ,(>'72,64G 45,280 25,989 2,348 1,464,380 245,124 31,28:^ 13,619 158 14,410 n,585 5,181 33,977 8,885 21,174 9,369 6,079 166,966 8,156 135,100 10,956 17,780 3,792 10,151 28,788