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Lea diagrammea auivanta illuatrent la m*thode. ly errata ad to nt ne pelure, ipon d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 TH] AOTI #* ^4 JS.WPS' THE VIVITED STATEIS ■# AND THE OTHER DITISIOrVS OF THE AMERICAN CONTINENT By Timothy Flint, AOTHOR OF " RECOLLECTIONS Of tHE LAST TEN YEARS IN TttB MISSISSIPPI VALLEY." , mf SALVE MAGNA PARENS.' ■Hr IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. II. Cincftinati: E. H. FLINT AND L R. LINCOLN 1832. -«^'. . ■^ • . ADVERTISEMENT TO VOLUME SECOND. It will be sulTicicntly obvious, that the preceding physical geography of the Valley of the Alississippi, modified to meet the recent changes occasioned by its rapidly increasing population, originally made the chief part of an entire work, intended simply for readers, who wished to acquaint themselves with that vast country, constituting the greater por- tion of the surface of the United States; and at no distant period to con- tain the greater part of our entire population. It was objected to the original work,*that it was too sectional. In attempting to obviate that objection, a brief view is here presented of the United States, of each one of the Atlantic States, and of the whole continent of America from the latest and most approved authorilics. Our object has been to find a way, if we could, between the unsatisfactory dryness of a mere abridgement, and the prolixity of uninteresting detail; in a word to present all the important and interesting information, touching our country and conti- nent, that could be compressed into the limits of our pages. Entered according to Act of Congress in llie year eighteen Imndrcd and thirty one b^ TiMOTuv Flint in tlic Clerk's ollicc of the District Court of Ohio. . CINCIAXATI. Press of L. R. Lincoln. *r >f« .' , ^h d <*- BRIEF GENERAL VIEW rr '■ t • I OP THE -,> UNITED STATES. The United States are bounded N. l)y British America ; E. by the Atlantic Ocean; S. by the Mexican Republic; W. by the Pacific Ocean. The length of the line of the sea coast, from Passamaquoddy to the Sabine, is about 2800 miles. The northern line from Nova Scotia to tlie Pacific is more than 3000. The present number of states is 24 ; Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, New York, Now Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee, Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, and Lou- isiana. There are three organized territories, that send delegates to Congress; that is, Michigan, Arkansas, and Florida. These will shortly become states, increasing the number to 27. Beside these, there is the North Western Territory, between Michigan, and the Mississippi ; at present in- cluded in the limits of Michigan ; but very remote from it, considerably settled, and soon to become an organized territory; the preliminary steps for that purpose having already been taken by congress. West of the Mississippi, and Northwest of the state of Missouri is the Missouri Territory, as yet unorganized, having few civilized inhabitants, except hunters and trappers; extending from the Mississippi and Missouri, ', ■■ * - »► 4 • DRISV OGNERAI. VIEW west and northwest, t«) tlie Rocky Mountiiina, Houlli of White River, and weat of the Territory of Arkansas, spreads another immense territory of prairies, bounded south by the Mexican Republic, west by the Rocky Mountains, north by the Territory of Missouri, aiul east liy the Territory of Arkansas. The Territory of Oregon, as yet unorganized, but contain- ing a considerablo number of actual American settlers, includes the country belonging to the United States, between the torritoriul limits of the Mexican Republic, in California, on the south, the Pacific Ocean on the west, the country claitncd by Great Britain on the Northwest Coast on the north, and the Rocky Mountains on the cast. Beside these, there is the District of Columbia, containing the scat of the general govern* ment, and under the jurisdiction and legislation of that government. This vast country spreads from 49° to 24° 20' N. L; and from 10° E,, L. to 48° 25' W. L. from Washington; comprising an area of more than 2,000,000 square miles. No government exercises territorial jurisdiction over so much extent of compact surface, except that of Russia. The United Stales are divided either by physical landmarks, or by dis- tinct climates and productions, into northern, middle and southern, and eastern and western states. The northern states include New England, or all the states east of Hudson River. The middle states include all the states between Hudson River on the east, and Potomac on the south and west; including, west of the Alleghany Mountains, Ohio, Kentucky, In- diana, IlHnois, and Missouri. The southern states include the country south and west of these limits. Mountains, The United States are physically divided by two great, and two lesser chains, of mountains. The two great chains are the AUe- ghanies and the Rocky Mountains. The lesser chains are the Green and the Ozark Mountains. The Green Mountains stretch from Canada through Vermont, and Connecticut to Long Island Sound. The Allegha nies commence in two continuous and parallel ridges in New York ; be- come three parallel ridges in Pennsylvania; and preserving this conform- ation, stretch through Virginia and the southern states to the Gulf of Mexico. The Ozark Mountains commence near the Warm Springs, in the Territory of Arkansas, and stretch northwardly along the sources of White River and St. Francis; and pass through the state of Missouri in the mine country. The Rocky Mountains preserve a general distance of about 1,200 miles in a right line west of the Alleghanies. They rise in the Mexican Republic, and stretch northwardly on the western boundary of the Mississippi Valley; and running parallel with the Mississippi on the east, and the Pacific Ocean on the west they terminate in the arctic re- gions of British America. Groups of isolated and detached mountains spring up near these grand ranges, which to common observation, seem or Tiu: r.MTri) stati;!!. independent; biil wliicli nre easily traopj, ly ilic eye of tlio geologial, as connected I)ranche3 of tlicso ruiiL'oe. 'J'ho Rooky iMountnins are by far the longest, loftiest and broadest l.'e'.t tif llieac cIkiiiis, showing nnnicrotis peaks of a much higlier elevalioii, thnii lias geiicrnlly hern assigned to them, many of them Icing nhovo the region of pcrpeliial eongel;ition. From one point in this range, and at no great diilaucc from each other, are the head sotirces of the smithwostern braiiflips of the Missouri, Co- lumbia, the great lake and river Biirnovont lira, the Yellow Stone, Platte, Arkansas, Red River of the Mipsissii'.pi, Rio del Norte, and Colorado, or Red River of California, recently explored from its licail f no tloiibt, t!i il nvory sjKiicH (A' \ml ady, nnd |>hysical iniinnity, upon uliicli climattt upcratrs, may lind in tU^ wido and strong divcrsilios ofcliinato, rurnislu'd hy soino portTon of om vaat couniry, nil llio alNjviatioii, wliirli can Iki rcasonalily lin|K'(l fVoni this lourco. Tlir best, as well as tlio most fiivoralilr jiulges of Anu^ricnn cli mate, are those, who have lun;,rcst rxpiMinicnU'd the uidi-sl r;iii<,r(> ,,1' foreign climates. Om* ennnlry and cliniiilc, iM-coniiyiinlioii, (•hiinutoi and product ions, eorn^spoiul more nearly (o tiint ofChinM, llian any oilioi; and are probably, as favorable to pop'.iiation, coinforlabic? occiip;\iinn fn the open air, nnd lon<.^evity, aa Ihoseof eounlrics-nnuli more vauntoil in these rc8])ects. Soil. The Atlantic country has every variety ol'sdil, from tlu! pnorcbf to the best. The sandy belt, from the river estiiari(>s lo tlic hetul of liiK; waters, is principally a thin and mea RTiiTGB. (,n/ir»^ in iIip Unitoil Stnlos. Since its coiinnctioii with New York by till- Clinniplain t-iiiial, Vermont lias toinn in fur a shuru in tho lumber biisiiu'sH. M:isHacbus('ttH i'liriUHlics tlii< i^'onerul products of New England, to^'Ctlicr uitli a at amount of called uiid pickled tish, the product of licr extensive finlieries. She has, also, u natural iiptitude fur various forts of manufae.tun^s, lieini; llie v'l'eatcflt manlll'a^tnrin^ fltutc in the union. The middle states add to the iiriKhii-tionsof New Kngland wheat and (lour. FiMm the sonlljeni Atlantic States the chief exports arc to- bacco and cotton: and iVoni tlie Sonlhern Stales of the Mississippi Valley siif;ar and cotton. Sine (; tin; liomc; trade of the Uinteil States has l)C- c'oinc one of tlu; most important elements of our prosperity, our foreign trade has not advanced in a ra^io so <,M'cat, as in past jjeriuds. The cx- jwrtin;,' states nude in llie following order; New York, Louisiana, Massa- rhuHctts, l*emisyIvania,Si>iilh Carolina; and tlie wiioh; amount generally ran;;ea from (U> to "<(> niilliuns of dollars. In 18"J9 it was 7iJ,558,071 ilullars. C/ntf Town.t will he noted under the head of their states. They rank ?M the followiii",' order; New York, I'liiladelphia, llaltimore, Boston, New Orleans, Charleston, ('incinnati. Canals are hisectiufi the comitry in every direction. So strong has iIk; impulse of the public mind rcM-enlly lu'como, in the direction of rnnk- inij canals and rail roads, that timid IcLrislators have shrunk from these cnler|)rises; as learfnl, lliat the spirit was running beyond the limits of sound calculation. Hut tho comnumity is daily becoming enlightened upon the subject, by the sure and unerring teaching of experience. If sonic great calamity do not arrest the onward progress of our country, fifty years will not (!la|)se, before wagons drawn by nnimal power will gener- ally have given place to canal lioats, or rail-roa«l cars impelled by steam; and the whole cnunlry will be cluupieved by canals and rail-roads, as it now is by the bad and deepconnnoii roads of the country. Details in re- gard to tho names, nundierand extent of tho canals, will be presented hereafter in a tabidar view. There are not far from 1500 miles of canal now in actual use, and .^)(I0 miles more are laid out, as in actual progress towards comi)let ion. Of these the longest and most important, in com- plete operation, is tho New York and Mrie canal, 360 miles in length. The canal t'onnecting Pliiladelphia with Pittsburgh, in u continuous chain of a niunberofdil ' tsnt canals, will comprise when completed, an extent of between li and lUO miles, being by far the longest iu the United States, fhe Ohio and Mrie Canal is a slupciulous work 300 miles in extent, uniting the waters of Lake line with the Ohio. The Chesapeake Old Ohio canal, uow in progress, is intended to unite the waters of the •I'oloiuac at VVasliinglun citv with ihe Oliiu river, and Pemisvvania canal 'II I ■ ll'il JT ^-*^:- iiKlKi- 4;i:.M:it\i. vip.w III l'ill«lMir^.|i 0| iliiriy cnijiila in opi r.iiii.n, ur |irof,'rrHM, llifHo «ro the iixmi iin|K)iliiiil. |{;iil Uomh iIhhi/'Ii Icsm r.\|M'i!iiiciiicil, iirr lirroiiiini; ronmion olijfcii (ifrcHifrrnphiliMii. Om- Inr a hIh'iI i|i.m|;iim-(> mi (liiincy in Mii«»!h|iuh«»iib onnvryH j^'iaiiilc Iroiii llm qii.-irry l«> lidi- wiilnn. i hu> i'vum llw nuniinii (»(' Maiicli Cliiiiik co.il lull, rniiiirrliii^r ii with n lii'aiK'li of |Im< I'ciiiiAylvnnia ciiiial, irt ill .siic('i-h.|M'i:itiniL. A rail load \u cniiHtriicliii^ at (.'linrl«>n. toll, Suiilli ('.iitdmi. < >nr Is nimplriril <-oiiiii'rtiii^' Alltaiiy willi Srlic- iH'ctaily ill \r\v Voi'L A rail load citiiiu'cls New OrlcaiiH, willi luki! l*oii<-|inrtiaiii. (hie of ojutiiitic I'raliircs im hi pro^rrHM, niui Iwd nuiMiil fi'Mldi' .scTtioiiM of il lilli^ll^d, (d and Hici|. ity to jiistiry all die rraHoiialik* I'.xpi'tiutioiis, lliat Jiavc Inn;!! rniHcd liy aci'oiiids dl' dieir siircrsH in Mii^daiid. < >tli«M'M arc ciiiiiiiiriiciii^ in \Mw\n loo iiiiiiictiiiis Id iiiciilitin. A pr(i|('cl .-"till iiiMn; llrrciilcan, than any yet cniiiiiKiicnl, ^as cxt'iti'd iiiiu'li altctilioii i|t New Yurii,. Il pnipomtn lo make a rail way IVitiii llial rily over llic Allc;.diany inonnlaiiiH, llir(iii)>|| llir (dales iifi Miiii, Indiana and IDiiiiiiN, In llir Misninsippi, 1{au\ roailn, llH)ii,rks, which were viewed, but a few years since, etpially ho, Ixicn carried into execution, with reMidlsonlstiippinir the most sanguine calcu- lations. Il lias hcen discovered, as a new (h-inonstrutioii in fM)liticnl economy, that snch works, if wisely «'xecnled, enrich inatendorimpovcr ishin^r a country. Nothinir hnt physical iii)|M)8sil)ililies, are hcyond the sober holies ol'a yreat and <,'rowini,' people, whose national wealth is nccu- miilntin^', and whose physical resources, are constantly developing by new discoveries ol" the materials necessary to briiii( those resources into piny. The number of miles of canal and rail road, which will l>e in use, when the public works of tliis sort, now under contract, shall bo completed, will exceed 4200 miles. Population ntlvnnces with a steady stop with these improvements; or ratlior they arc the scale by which its advance may be measured. Fresh, cheap and abundant lands tot^other with the protection and encourage- ment of free institutions are the natural elements of a rapid increase of population. Instead of any other allenipt at illustrating our increase, wc present the following view of it, as presented by the census of diflferont years. In 1700, il was 3,020,M-J7. In 1800, r),;W)5,025. In 1810, op TUB i;!vrriM> hr\rr.nt ♦ "J/JNlVni. Ill IN-,>0,U,aMN,|M|. Fii iKiO, I'ANr.«,lN7. OniiiHpopu Inlioiijlif j/n'Mlcsl iiriioiitit mh a yivrti H|»rirn jh litiind in Now Kn^lund, |,nrli<'iiliirly in MiH5iiiliiiHrllH iiml ( '<»inu'«ti|)iiliilinii, exlriidiii^ woHtwnrdly from the Drlnw'iro to llii* Hiisi|ii('liititiiili, 70 iiiil(>rKon, on an avnriif/n, in llicsanK' •■nIciiI. Sc/inoh. 'I'lif nolli' ;in*l truly M|inl>liciin syslctn ftf Iri'o ■rliools ciistH ill New Kii^;l'iii nuinlinr of artiial piipiis in till- I jiili-d Slutts al one inillion. AiioIIkt iiiillioii aro aH yrl iinlanulif. Thirr arc ^A) incDrporalcd rollrufcs in iho IJnit«!d SlalOM; lind in New Mn;rlan<' and Now York 'i'iS> in(-or[((>rat«'d ncudu- inics. Snppnsiiii!; lliis division of (lie union lo conlain lialf of tlioso in llm Uiiilrd Slates, tju-rn will hv a loial (d" IftN. Tlic , standard of tho rtMpiisilo rliaractcr and tpialilicalions of inslrnctcrH Ins Ix'cii ciovntcd hy llir mral and laiidaldr rvcrtioiiH of assfH-ialions of h'aclu'rs. 'J'ho flcliool hooks arn of a lii;/hrr and inort; instructive stamp. In no dopart- mont «>f tlio iinprovrnicntH of tho aij;(! has inort! hccn done, than in tho rniiso of /general education; and in none does inon; yet rcmiain to bo iloiie. Our institutions can never hehasc'd on th(M'i^dit foundatimi, until the whole coinnninity receive » suhstantial and virtuous education. llcliifion is left to the voluntary rhoice of the people, no necl being favored by the laws li(;yond another, it beiiii* an essential principle in the national and state! tfovernnients, that U^j^islation may of ri^dit interfere in the concerns of pu!)lic worship only so far, as to protect every individual in the uninolcste r I hlbh M^,.'Al m mSA ' - ' r.>. mi ■ -' it, 19 BRIEF GENERAL VIEW Public Lands. The greatest portion of tlie unoccupied lant's of tlie United States constitute the national domain, and is the proj)erty of the United States. The property of these lands has been acquired by the United States by cession of the individual Stales, by acknowledged ter- ritorial jurisdiction, by purchase or cession from foreign states, and by the extinction of the Indian title to them. The ofucers of the Land Office are a Register, and Receiver of public monies. The lands are surveyed before they are oflered for «ale, aijd are divided into townships six miles square, which are subdivided into 36 sections, each a mile square, and containing (HO acres. These arc again subdi- vided iito half, quarter, and half-quarter sections, the smallest tracts sold by the government. The credit system is abolished, and the terms of sale are cash previous to the entry, or government deed. The lands are first exposed to sale at auction, by proclamation of the President. The highest bidder at this sale failing to pay, the tract is otVered again, and the failing bidder is declared incapable of purchasing at the sales. The minimum price of land is one dollar and twenty-five cents an acre. Lands forfeited for non-payment must be offered first at public sale. Choice tracts and favorite positions command good prices at the public sales. But the greater portion of the lands remain unsold, after the public sales, and are entered at private sale. Those lands for which $1 25 are not offered, remain unsold, and the property of the United States. Salt springs and lead mines are reserved from this sale ; but may be leased by the President. One section of 640 acres is reserved in every township for literary purposes. In cases of different applications, at private sale, for the same tract, the highest bidder is to have the preference. By this admirable system all the townships and subdivisions are in regular mathe- matical forms, precluding the fruitful source of litigation, arising from the uncertainty of butts and bounds, in forms with curve, meandering, or zigzag* lines. Those forms so universal in the farms of the old set- tlements, are not only difficult matters of adjustment between contiguous owners, and exceedingly inconvenient for fencing, but are unsightly and offensive to the eye. It is inconceivable that the beautiful square forms of the present land system should not have been suggested to the first settlers of the United States. The land sales unite three essential objects, the right of selection by the highest bidder at the public sales, extreme cheapness at the private sales, and a title of a clearness and unquestionable surely commensurate with the stability of the government. The convenience and excellence of this system constitute an essential element in the rapid population of the new states. 'W} ">s- OF THE UNITED STATES. la Public Deht. In 1«30 the unfiindod debt amounted to $40,729,000; nnd the whole national debt to ,$4H,r){U?,l(K»; an*lat tlie ratio of redemp- tion, in seven preceding years, will all be paid in 1S34. Appropriations. The whole amount of approprialions, in the year 1830, for the current expenses of the year, was ,|iltiii*lH nC Ahiliiiiii;i, iuli:iliil)Mnr lMi<\i(Mi :iii(l Prill. WIu'IIkm' tlioHi« iiiiiirH will li«t ii iiiiliniiiil rrnitiirn* and ii(lviiiit:i^>t , is nil r\|MM'iint|i|toi'. 'I'lio }inm\ ]>i'(i|iorlii)ii of llio Aliirririin luvipln (no tliriiKirN, ('tiiii|iiii'in)r with (lio lodil «>!' llioNr rii^rii^roil in nil nllirr |)ni'HiiitM, n» t\\v to ono, 'i'li<^ iniiiitin- of inrrrlinnlN iil pirsnnl tiliiin lo llio whole |K)|tnl,'ili()ii, Miclii^iiii 'rnriloiy inriiinhi'H tlir Iiii'^ohI |iro|ioi'liitii, iVoiii thr niiinlior'ir |MM'Mon!4 oii^>a}{**il III tlii^ Inr li'iidr, lli<« ti'inlcon llio IiiKoh, aiul iim tni|>|)iii^ wooiltiinoii. Mas.snf!iiiH«Nl n*lativ«« propoilion. Thr nnnilin' of iiiaiintiK'tniri'M iiin0() |>(, hriii^ a ;jfr«tat(>r nninlicr ol' poiioilicalH than t'irciilatrH in any ollirr roiinliy. Of tho rhaiiu'lrr of thrsc poriodit-alK it iH nnntuTSMaiy la N|Mtakf In a |>oii(>('tly \'\vv coiinliy, it is a inislortniio iiiHrparalilo IVi nil (VotuI oin, tliiit i^<;nonini'o and ( h'ft'pt ioii,aiul Iho passions will sp<alan('(> iiuist always inrlino to tlu< aid ol' thr dilliisioii «»!' nsrliil iiiroriuii- (ion and truth. From this iiinn(iiis(< nninhrr of papers and p(>riodi<-jilH, it I'ollows, that every htuly is, or assnines lol»e a politician and le<,Mslatov. Tlio dispatch oi' the mails over more than t(U),0(H) miles of post roads is nipitl; and the lnvst proof of the security «»!' mail conveyance is, that llio c»niv«yaiu'e ef inonoy is .siil'e. The ollicial catal(»j;iH' ol" lh<' post olliccs is a consideralile volnnu*, showin<<[ sitnu> thiaisiiiids of post ollices. The IMMtpio of the I idled Stali's oiiijhl to lie a nation of orators. l''roni lli(» session of con.\!;ie»s to that ol" «'ach slate lei^'islature, every coiistiliieiit nssemldy, every one of the almost inmiiiKMalth^ meetiiins «d' the pj-oplo riirniRho5 n call for public sprakin;,'. fdoro voice and hrentli arc expended Jt» m. iWr m or TiiK ii.Nrn:i» i4t,\tiiM. U III lliiM wiiy liy llio |HMi|ili) of ilic lliiioii, ill |iro|Htrlioii lu llit^ir iiiiuiIicik, lliiiiiiii liny ollior roiinli'y. 'rt'dioiiMiit'NM, prolixilVi hihI iiii iiiiNpiiriiiK itii|H>i'lliiily (if WokIm iii'o rvilri )^<tl liy iIiin oidor of lliiii^N. Iliit wliilnl ^ivi'M liiiili lu iMiilliliMlrx tif wiixly, iiiuiin iiiiil iiii|Mi(lfiil ilriiin- ^u^iH'H, it t'oniiNiil llic'Hiillii) tiliHi !ill iiiicniiiiiioil |)lo|io|'linii of I)k: coiil- iiiiiiiiiy l<> lliinil iiidI ^iiM-rliil piiltlii- M|M>iiKii^;. 'I'lio tiMidi-iiiy til' llin ii^ii ill ^tuiniil, :iiir lliit pnor. A iimro Htiilun|( illiiHtriitioii of llir l«'iixain|)lrM. I'iv«^i'y iiill Hiilo opniiH to viow tlicHo iiohlo rt'cc.tiuriR, ntid jrliiddriiH (Ik^ cyo willi Ilio HpircH of cliiirclicH. Ninv Yorii, in itrt wholo cxlt'iit, <t 16 Ultmr UENBRAI. view OF THE TNtTEI) HTATEH. W and intelli^nnt popiihtion. Villii^oa ntid rhiiroh Hpirrs l>rronio nira objects. If(i>lat0(l mansinns nrisr nt ^rvM (liHfnnrrH from rarli otiirr, hup foiiiHlcd by Iho sinpiilnr rnntniBl of iipjjro bnvrl,«i. Tluw ninnsiojin, it \g tnio, nni pmicrully tluj nboch's oftlw! most senfitivp honor, iiitrllij^roricf, nnd hospilnlity. Hut tho rontrnsi of tlu; bovclH nnd tlu; inansion cnii never co:»Ho to be a iviinfiil spcclnrlr to lh(> ("Vo. Tho Colonization sorinly is ciiIliiiL; iho public nltrntioii to tbo ^rncbinl nnd illtinmto rcniovMl of this rvil, ;irIrate minds and a Kind spirit; and in fact, that tliey had be<H an^ not the Irno renuMJies for an onler of things, wiiissfully trcnlod by liumnnennd lem|)orato minded men, who sjo thin«js as ihey arc. Tlic prand remedy, as it seems tons, is to be exp(M-,tcd in the incrensinir lijirlii and humanity of the nije. At »ouw distant period, the entire extinction of slavery will arrive, as a certain result of the tendency of the age towards purer reason nnd more eniiCh fi'ililo and dulij^hiriil. Nuhh; lurosla of llic (erel)inthiiift$<, ever- greens, spruces, firs, iiiid pines aprcail over tlic state, wherever tin; lum- berer's or the niltivalor's axe lias not been i)lic(l. The l)irch and lopch forests arc exceedingly deep and heavy, and tho lonj^ line of coast, the numerous bays, and navij.^able waters |L{ivo these forests a value, which they have in no other portions of the forest country of the United States. Harbors. This state has a greater extent of sea coast, and more good harbors, than any other in the union; und in point of amount of tonnage of shipping owned, ranks the fourth among the maritime states. The counties arc ns follows. York, York; Cumberland, Portland; Lincoln, Wiacassct; Hancock, Castinc; Washington, Mackias; Oxford, Paris; KenneJKic Augusta; Somerset, Norridgcwock ; Waldo, Belfast; Penob- scot, Jiangor. Population in IN20, 298, 335. In 1830, 3!)5),1(J8. liaj/s — Arc Casco, Penobscot, Frenchman's and Passama(pu)ddy. Rivers. St. Croix, Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, Saco, Pis- cataqua, und muny smaller streams. Lakes. Umbagog and Moose head are the largest. In the northern parts of the state, which arc almost unexplored forest, there are a great many lakes, which are as yet but partially known. Deep clear ponds, from two to five or si.x miles in circumference, abound in the inte- rior, and alTord the finest fresh water fish. Immense supplies of sea fish arc furnished by the numerous bays and inlets on the sea shore. The salmon and shad of tho larger streams arc, also, in their season a great resource to the inliabitants. Manufojcturcs. The avails exceed 3,000,000 dollars and arc increasing. Towns. Portland, the capital, is a neat and handsomely built town on a peninsula projecting into Casco Bay and is 115 miles N. E. from Boston. Its noble safe and capacious harbor is seldom frozen. Ite public buildings arc ten houses for public worship, a state house, court house, alms house, market house, town house, two banks, an insurance office and an academy. There arc a number of fine boarding schools, and private and common schools, a town library, and one for apprentices. A stone light house, 70 feet high, marks tlie entrance of the harbor. It is defended by two forts, and beautified by u conspicuous observatory on the pinnacle of Mount Joy. Its relative ixjsition to the surrounding country is fine. A canal was projected, sonic years since, which by an excavation of five or six miles, would give this town a command of water communications of 40 or 50 miles with the interior. The principal ex- ports are lumber, fish, beef and butter. It is the eighth town in the United States in the amount of its shipping, owning nearly 40,000 tons. It is a wealthy, handsome and growing place. In 1820 it contained 8,520 inhabitants, and in 1830, 12,601. Bath on the west bank -.■.«*>"- * m m ■'^stt-' ATLANTIC STATES. 19 of the Kcnnol)OC, 10 miles from llio sc;i, owns nmsidcnhlo shipping, und is a place of importuiico. IJriiiiswicK, WiHcissct, Ilullowc;)!, AuRUsta, York, Casco, Machias, Biiiipror and \V;it(!rvillc are conHideraliic towns. Brunswick JH on I ho Andro«co;,';^Mn; WiHcasHol, on tlio Sliccpscol ; and both Hallowcll nnd Augusta on the Kennebec. These towns are favora- bly aitualed for foreign trade. 'J'he state abounds in sea jjorts. A number of fine islands along the coast give the inhabitants the advantage of an interior and protected navigation. Population. At the close of the hito war, the advance of this state was at a pause. Many of the inhabitants, in discouragement, cither emi- grated, or were propaiing to emigrate. But, possessing the essential elements of population, fertile, fresh and cheap lands, and beside, having peculiar advantages for maritime trade, und easy and numerous commu- nications with the interior by large and fine rivers and bays, possessing an excellent soil for hay and pasturage, a salubrious climate, and an ad- venturous and hardy population, it soon resumed its advancing progress. The natural aptitude of the American people for communications with the sea impelled settlers to this region. The gain, since the last tvnsus, is out of proportion greater than any other New England state, i ing 101,138, The pursuits of a great portion of the people are maritnne, and their liome on the blue water. The vessels of its mariners are in overy sea. The sailora are noted for the reckless daring, with which they commit themselves to small sloops of 30 or 40 tons, to encounter the most remote and stormy seas. They have a habit of aflirming, tliat they have learned their little crafts the science of finding their own way amidst the billows. These arc the mariners, who in lumber vessels, manned with two hands, and sometimes with a single one, dash away to the West Indies, before they are profoundly acquainted with the occult science of trigonometry, and logarithmic tables, and of whom it is humorously said, that they throw shingles overboard at intervals, as they pass out, by which to find their way back again. Education. Bowdoin college in Brunswick is a flourishing institution, rich in funds, with resi)ectable endowments and buildings, and a libmry of 5000 volumes. Theological seminaries are established at Bangor, and Wutcrville; and lycccms at Hallowell and Gardiner. There are twenty two incorporated academies; and town schools and common schools are diffused, with the New England spirit, over all the towns, villages and settlements of the stale. Religion. In this new state, as happens throughout our country in similar circumstances, the several denominations have emulated each other in efforts to impress an ascendant influence upon the young community. '■•'■a, .4itl«'-3 *'i'| l'^:* ' (I if *l '' I U tME| IKl fm, # ATLANTIC STATES. There ore nearly 4W established rcligioiw nociuticfl, amou)! whirh the congrogalionalists nrc at present most numerous. Government. Maine was united with MassHcJiusetls, luidor llie name o4 the District of Maine, until 1N'J(), when the union was amicably ilis- solved, and Maine was received into the union. General Aspect. A panorama of this extensive stale would show three fourths of its surface covered with a dark and de«'p forest of bircli, beech, and evergreens. A wi .ill? Sc'^hj'«'#ii m *^i ^Ti.wrir nTATi:H. MiijMr. AnIiU( )<•(, Miiri^iillawiiy, nnil NiiHliiin. 'I'lio Hiniilirr null NirrnnM nrtM).\i!iii;;ly iiiiinoroiiM mid li«iiuliriil. Toirnn. I'orlHiiiuiitli, oil llii' himiIIi Itiiiik ol'llut INNrnliii|iiti, llirn* iiiili« froiii ilN jiiiH'liiMi with iIichim. liiiHiiiu>itrilir Niili'Nt niilit i<:iHily btt rnidrml iiM|M'r^iiiil)lr. A li^'lit lioiiNtt mi |i;rral<'i' jKirt of IJiii town, liaviiif^ lii>i>n rrltiiilt iVoni a firii noinr yrari linn*, in very liaiKJHoinriy linill. Il i-onlaiiiHN lionsrH fur piiMir worHliip, nniong wliicJi llir l''i|iiRrn|ial cliuirli in iliHtiii;(niHlii<(l fm ilH ni/.r mu\ liivinly. Tlio otlirr pnlilir Imiidin^N ari< a court Iiouhc, jail, alms Iioiimi', acadnny, ntliiMiu'iiin, two inarkri lioiidri, ln\vn hall, rnntoin lioiiHr, an insuiMiiru oilier, and tiv«f Itankn. A very lianilHoino Itrid^o aciosH llin l'iM('iitii(|im I'onnrrls il with Killury in Main«<< On Navy iMland, in llio rivi-r, is lim ITnilod Slair?! Ship Yard, wilh all thornpiiHili! appiirli'iiaiucH for hiiildinf^ Rlii|>H of war. 'rwi>7'l ^iiii nhipi* huvo already hi>«>n htiill hero. TIh; town possrsscA ovur V!.\(MK) lonM ol' shipping. Many valiiahli; pri/CH were lii'oufiht inio this harhor dining Ihn lato wur. Il has iilino inarkut, iiiiiri> particniaiiy lor iish, and i( dillcrs tVoni any oIIkm- New Mn^land town in the eirennintanre, Ihal many femah-s hrin^f arlieles to inarkol, de.5('eiidiii/i( tliR l*iseala(|ua in skill'!*. In iNtiO ihu popnlnlion was 7,:)'i7. In 1n:((i, Kxoler is n handsome village, 1& inilen Hoiilh-west of PortsmoMtli. Small sua vessels aieend toil, it l;(nlnwii, iiiiii VViil|Hi|r nn- liir^'«< aii.l unit vil- lii^fM un tlir ('•mndcliriit ; t\n nri' Kmu; iiimI AiiilirrMi in ilir interior. DoviT if) (I liir^'o iii:iiiiiriirliiriiij|( villii^r on llio wcbI liiiiik of iIki l'iHr:iltu|ii«> Till! rivrr < 'nrlirro Mown llimiiuli it, linviti^r^n it fiillM .■initnlini^iiiliniritlilrt wiitiT |)rivilr|,'«'H. li intlic sriit orr«li'fi>4ivr cuWttU riclorirM, iiiiil ofHoiiir iron workH. It Iiiih ^tovvii to rn|M(l roiif, lutnlK^r, linun, livsido mnn- ufartureH, aro tho chief nrticloH of export. Much uf the ngricnitural jirodtictH ^o hy lliu Middloflox (Janid to UoHton. Natural VwUmtivH. The White MountaiiiH nllord s(!enery incxprcflni- bly f^'rand,lioin}r of Alpine elevation, and deriving their name Prom luting gonorully white with «now. Tho lovers of nattire come to those wild retreats from great di.Hlniu^cH, to contemplate the varied nsperts of the,'■. ATLANTK' STATES. evenings, when the wind howls, nnd the snow storm pours along, we should sec Ihcsc families around Ih'c Idazing hearth, the mother and daughters occupied in the quiet domestic occupations, and the favorite reader of the family, in a tone between recitation and harangue, reading aloud from the hardly earned book or gazette. VERMONT. Bounded north by Lower Canada, east by New Hampshire, south by Massachusetts, west by New York. Between 42° 42' and 45° N. latitude and 3° 39' and 5° 31' E. longitude. It contains 10,200 square miles. It resembles a fiin, with its handle towards tlie south. Civil Divisionfi. Bennington, Bennington; Windham, Bratllchoro'; Rutland, Rutland; Windsor, Windf!07'; Addison, Middlcbury; Chitten- den, Burlington; Franklin, St. Albans; Orange, Newbury; Caledonia, Danville; Essex, Guildhall; Orleans, Derby; Washington, Monteplicr; Grand Isle, Alhurgh. Populat ion, in 1 820, 235,764. In 1830, 280,079. Physical Aspect. Charmingly picturesque, no country showing greater variety of hill, dale, declivity, green, wooded mountain peaks, roaring torrents, subsiding into cool, mountain, trout streams, than the Green Mountains, which run in a broad mountain belt through the whole state from north to south. The highest peaks of this chain are Killington Peak, Camel's Rump, and Mansfield Mountain. Ascutney is a detached mountain, showing to great advantage from Windsor. These peaks have an elevation of from 3 to 4,000 feet. This chain, stretching north and south in a line interminable to the eye, makes a majestic appearance seen in the distance, as we approach the mountains either from the east or the west side. The western declivities are the most precipitous, and arc clothed with a dark forest of evergreens. From the perennial verdure of the terebinthine forests, the range and the state have obtained tiimr name. Forests-^AxG heavily timbered with pine, hemlock, larch, birch, beach, maple, ash, elm, and white walnut, here known by the name of butternut. Productions. Maize, barley, rye, oats, potatoes, pulse, grass and fruits prosper here ; and wheat on the west side of the mountains, the soil being fine, with small extents excepted, even on the mountain sides and summits. Dark, rich and loamy, and admirably calculated to sustain drought, it aifords the finest pasturage of any state in the Union. Tlie world cannot oiler finer beef than is fed on the rich, white clover pastures of Vermont, and tiic butter and cheese are universally known for their excellence- pitous, and are ATLANTIC STATES. 25 Climate. The winter is sliorter than in New Hampshire, though it is more exposed to sudden alternations and extremes of heat and cold. The snow on the north sides of the mountains falls deep and lies long. The winter commences with December, and ends with March. Character of the Population. The Green mountaineers, the Scotch of the United States, are remarkable for their strength and robustness of body, and acuteness of mind. They are a determined, adventurous, wan- dering people. Hi tie afflicted with the malady of bashfulness, and are found in all the other states as immigrants. The uneducated are dis- tinguished by a peculiar dialect, and mode of pronouncing particular words. Their first remove is ordinarily to the north parts of New York, whence they pass, after a short stay, to the states south and west. Rivers. The Connecticut forms the eastern boundary of the state. It has been recently ascended to the shores of this state by steam boats. Onion River passes through Montpelier, the capital, into Lake Champlain, at Burlington. Otter Creek is a considerable branch of Onion River. Lamoile and Missique are considerable streams north of Onion River. Many smaller rivers rise in the Green Mountains, and assuming in their course a charmingly romantic character, discharge east into the Connec- ticut, or west into Lake Champlain. The whole state abounds in streams of a size to drive mills and raanufiictories. Lakes. Lake Champlain, between the west shore of this state and New York, is a beautiful sheet of water 128 miles long, and from 1 to 20 wide. It discharges, at its northern extremity, by the river Sorel into the St. Lawrence. It contains upwards of 60 islands, of which Motto, and North and South Hero are of considerable size. Beside the rivers which flow into it from the Green Mountains, it receives the Chazy, Saranac, Sable, Bouquet, and Wood rivers from New York, on the western shore. Burlington, Plattsburg, St. Albans, and Whitehall are the most considerable towns on its shores. The Champlain Canal connects it with Hudson River, and the New York and Erie Canal. It is navigated by a number of steam boats and lake vessels, lying extremely convenient to facilitate the commerce of the state both with New York and Montreal. Memphremagog is a considerable lake 25 miles long, and 3 broad, lying partly in Vermont and partly in Canada, receiving a number of streams from this state, and communicating by the St. Francis with the St. Lawrence. Towns. This state is entirely interior. Yet the system of internal improvements, the Champlain Canal, and the lake vessels and steam boats have in some sense brought it in contiguity with the sea. Montpelier, on Onion River, in a position nearly central to the state, is the political metropolis. It is 120 miles S. E. from Montreal, 160 N. W, from Boston, Vol. H. 4 \ *5 W Its ill m 111' ;i '*r All .,■ --r-- ji \ :4 20 A'l*l,ANTir «IT/\TK*i. m i; mid lf»0 N. K. Cntm All»niiy. h«'oii(ninH.I»ff«i(lp llic Hfnir liniiNf, n niiui Itor of pnlilic iMiiMiiij^H. mihI h'imihtIhIiN' uiimiiltnlmin;.; rHlMliliHliniciitM TUr |H)|Milti(iiiii if) M I MM) I M,OI)IK Mniniiijilftii, lirniiliriilly Kiiliiiilrd in llir< miuiIIi wppf mi;rh' of tln« nlnlr, in n nrnt villiifM', (■(inlniniii;' mImhiI (Ik- MMinc nmiilM'r «»(' inlitiliilntilM wilh llir |)rr('rilin,i«)ytt«N 1111 . WimlMMr in ii l,ii,ir«< iiiul liiiiiilHoiiicly lutilt villniin on ( 'oiiiK'i'linil liivrr, rniilniiiiiiu n iiiiiiiImm' of ri's|H:iiiliriil rlimclirs orn.'iiiirni lli(> pliicc. A nnniluM «d' ImK*' vcHsrh !in» owiinl line, and Hiciiin IiomIh ;ii<' rictpicntly iiniviitn nixl drpniiin^. This is onr of (lie wcidlliirsl nnd most lloiirisliin^ (owns in (ho H\i\\v. 1*opnl;ilioii no! I'm' IVoiii M,0()0. .« St. All>iuiH, in IIm' iHntli-wcsl iinsjlr of (ln> slnlc, is iils(» :i conRidcrfiliit' villii^r on l.iiKp Chiinipiiiin, coiiliiiniiif^r ,-il)ont 'J.OOO inliidtiliiiilH. 'riicrc am nuiny ollu'f \\vt\i viiliijrrs, disprrsi'd ovrr ihiMslulc; ;ind ;nr!i( nuiiilu>rH of liandsonu» piivHlo d\vrllin, and New llanipHliiic Tlio Con^ro^alionalisls are (Ih» prcvalrni deiioniinalioiis. I,itrratin't\ 'I'lirro arc (wo eollrnrs, oii(< a( IMiddlchiiry, (ho odier !i( HmiinK(on. There iwo also 'JO iiieorpoiated aeademies. I''i'ee sehools nnd social lihravies are dispersed ovi r (he sla(e. TIk; |)eople possess llie trai(s of indeii nuiun(aineeis. Midei lee and iiupiisi(i\eiiess. A cliiid arrived a1 (I (ha( ,uni<>n(H, who conid no( vesul and write, wtinid he vej; aided, as w<' look upon (he iiiisloi- tuno of an insane jteisonor an idioi. F..ri>orts — \\v heel', hn((er, <'he(>seatid pork ol' (helirsi «piali(y, |)o( and p«>avl ashes, luinher and inarhle. I'ail el" (he hiinher j;(h>s l»y eanal (o Albany, and p;u( down (he lake (o AJoiHn^al. IMiieii of (he dado dial '\ri.ANTir Hr,\ri!;H, «7 uN0(1lo^t) tit nnttloniUKl lliirliiir>| in now ilnivvii liy (lie ( 'linrnplaiii Ciinnl III l\r\v York. 'riiJH niiiiil Ii.im lirni u\' iiinilnil;ilili< iidvniitfi^o to tlio hImIc. Ainitiiy (lir imdinil riiiii)MiliiiH itl" (lii:^ Nliilr nin tiiiiny of llnw! ravos, wliii'li >ii'r niriiiiioii in nil iiiiiiiiitniiinim ir;;iiiii.M oi' liiiio nloiir ioniiutioti. 'I'lii' hImIimiImhiiuIm ill iMMiiitiriil niiiciiiJi'H nl' slri'iiiiH iiisliiii^ ilnvvii llin iJorlivilirM nf IIk) iiioiiiitiiiiiM. A it.'iiini'iitn i of Vrriiiiiiil v;i>iilil hIiow, in HiliiiMicr, llin iiiohI |*irlurrft<|iir sIiiIc hi |1ii> I iiiii)ii, |ircsriiliii^ ciMiiitli'S!) iiiiillliliiili, }l\vM, mill v.'illrv |iios|ii'rtM of iiiilrsrriliiilili! Iiriiiity. Miiif- InitliM nl' till' iK'tivi' ^;iiil ii)liiii, iiiit lii.'iii;; liii'^r, mnl iniii ii of ilM Miniiirr oi riipinl ity iiiunnl;iinM, llin .•iiiililii liinils li.ivr lonj; Himr lii'i'ii iljii'lly t;ilirn up. Ilriirn (lin nilijr- jiriHin;^ (Ii>Hri sImIi'H of llii; wthI. m^ m ■■! ! a I*': jrw llnnip,Hliin> MASSACJIHiSli'l'TS, h IhmiikIimI N. '-y VimiiioiiI riiiil iNrw llmnpMliirr, I'l. Iiy llin Adanlir, IUkkIi) IhIiiiiiI iitnl (Jontirr.lirnl, W. I»y Ninv York; Itolwoin 11" 'SA' and H" r»2' N. I,, mill :?" XV mill '7" 10' I'l. I,. iVoni WnHJiin^rlon. If, is IIH) liiilrH lon,y indnslry and acarcl'nl agriculture. ' r^yiw . .}i«* ml I' i ';^ 111 «' *• m ATLANTIC PTATEf. But in the interior of llic state, the soil, for (he most part, is stron^j, and adapted cither to S""^^'"/^' or tillage. The airricnitiire is ^'onerally inoro scientific than in any otiior stale. The avcr;i(![e pnxhice i.s .'}() husliel.s of n)ai7.c, 30 of barley, 15 of rye, and 'Jt!0 of jtotatnes to an arre. ()x(;ii arc chiefly used for llie plouf^h aiul drauoliL 'J'lio Ijrecds of domcHlic animals have been much improved by a<,Mieuitural societies. Tliis stali; is the most densely peopled, and the inusl opulent, in proportion to its niiin- bers, and its inhabitants most amply supplied with the means of a eominori and finished education of any state in the Union, ('oimnon .schools are established by law over the whole state. Kvery town containing ].^)() families is compelled by law to support a grammar school, and it is deemed a moral oflence in a parent not to send his children to school. In no other known conununity is the education of the whole people considered yo entirely a matter within the purview of the law, as in this. (Jreat atten- tion is paid to the character and capability of the instructors, aniontr whom a high und noble spirit of emulation exists, deseendinjr in double measures to the pupils. The number of academies, hi <»;h schools, semi- naries, and lyceums established by incorporation, is too great to be pur ticnlarized. In no other existing community is education more univer- sally diffused. Harvard university is the oldest and most amply endowed literary in- stitution in the United States. It is situated in ('ambridge, three miles from tho centre of IJoston, on an extensive and beautiful plain. TJic enclosure of the square is with great taste surrounded with young trees. Among the spacious buildings enclosed in the square, one is singular fur its extent and noble simplicity of structure being built of massive gran- ite. The buildings, library and philosophical apparatus are of tlie jnost respectable class, the library containing about 30,000 volumes. A bo- tanical garden is attached to the establishment. Twenty professors are connected with the institution, A law, medical and theological school are appended to its academical advantages. Taken together, this univer- sity must be classed at the head of the literary institutions of the ncAv world. The average of the students, in all the departments, is between three and four hundred. It is a remarkable trait in the chai-acter of this institution, that it was founded in ;20 years from the first settlement of New England. William's College, and Amherst College in the interior ol" the state are both important institutions, called for by the rapid im])rove- ment of tho western parts of the state. Tho Andover Theological semi- nary is richly endowed, and, in point of buildings and professorships, takes rank of all others in the coimtry, Phillips'' academy is the most distinguished among the academies. n ATLANTIC STATES. 30 iastronrr, and onorally luoro .'{() busliclH of 1 Jirrc. Ox(!n lis of (loincslic Tliis sl:ili> is oil to its iiiiin- sof u coininori on Hcliools arc oiitaiiiiiiir 151) ul it is «lc('iiicd . In no oilier considorcd yo (ilCilt ultcii- ictors, anioiKr (linp; in doulilo schools, sonii- pciit to l)e par 1 more univcr- vod literary in- re, three miles il plain. The h youn^ trees, ! is sintfnlar fur massive gran- ire of tlie most lumes. A bo- j professors are ^logical school ler, this nnivor- ns of the new nts, is between laracter of this )t settlement of I the interior of rapid imjirove- eological semi- professorships, imy is the most "Religion. The prevalent ilenomination is that of conjofro^ationalists, divided into trinitarians and unitarians. Methodists, baptists and episco- palians are also nnmerous. Tlicro are about 700 fixed cfon, a ssels may ride at anchor, while the entrance is so narrow, as scarcely to admit two ships abreast. It is strongly defended by Fort Independence and Warren; and is dotted with a great number of islands; affording in summer beautiful verdure, pasturage and retreats for parties of pleasure. In regard to the extent of its shipping and the amount of its tonnage, it is the second city in the United States, It contains 155 streets, and 80 wharves and quays. The nnmber of Vl , y l(vriCii II] .t. > •1 so ATLANTIC STATES. public buildin^g amounts to 40; and tho cliurches, many of tlieni noble edifices of stone, to a])out tlio same number. No aspect of tlio city is more striking, than tho numerous and tall spires of the churches. Among the conspicuous buildin;,'s is the slate house, built on the most elevated ground in tlie city, with a front of 173 feet, and a depth of 61. The building is surmounted wilh a circular dome and lantern IGO feet from the foundation. Our country oilers no city scenery to equal that from this elevation. Foreigners have compared it to the view of the Bay of Naples; and the most splendid city scenery in I'airope. Tiic new mar- ket 536 feet in length, is the most noble building of the kind in the United States. The Massachusetts General Hospital is a beautiful build- ins. Both of these are ol'Clielmsford "ranite; as is tho Tremont House, containing 180 apartments, and Icing the most sumptuous hotel in the United States. Most of the new cliurches, and noble streets, and more opulent mansions of this city are of tlie same material. The long, higli, and massive ranges of buildings of this enduring and beautiful stone give the handsomer parts of the city a most imposing appearance. Tremont Theatre, the new Court House, and Trinity cluirch are among the noble granite erections. A number of the private mansions are sumptuous; and the internal finishing and furnishing in a style of great richness and splendor. We have not space to enlarge even upon that feature of the city, which constitutes its richest and proudest ornament, its literary and charitable institutions. Its schools, in which 7,500 children are instructed, perhaps, deserve to take rank of all others. Tho Boston Atheufeum is a noble monument of tho literary munificence of this place. Its select library contains about 25,000 volumes. Beside this, there are other libraries, the largest of which is the Boston library, containing about 10,000 volumes. The lyceum of this city was among the first establishments of the kind in the country. The periodicals amount to about 40 ; among which some have an established and well earned reputation. The numerous, long, and magnificent bridges, connecting the city with the mainland, one of which is between tliree and four thousand feet in length, are appendages that give tiiis town an appearance unlike any other in the union. Noth- ing can be more beautiful in a dark night, than tliese numerous, long, straight parallel lines of illumination furnished by the lamps over the water. More capital is concentered in this opulent city, thai in any other American town of its size. Its money transactions are v^uriied on by 18 banks. Chantrey's noble statue of Washington is placed in an apartment prepared for this purpose, in the state house. The common, fronted on one side by a double row of nobic trees, called the mall, contains 44 ■a- ATLANTIC STATES. 31 acres, and presents on ono side splendid water vi(;ws; and on the other siimptuons and magnificent dwellings, among which Collonade Row makes a conspicuous figure. Beautiful villages surround this city in all directions; and are seen in the distance from the summit of the stale house, like a continued city. More than 20 spires, beside those of llie city, can be counted. Though the size of the city proper does not compare witli New York or Philadel- phia, the environs of no other American town will vie with it, in point of numerous and compact villages, high cultivition, display of taste and opulence, and especially in the show of the numerous and magnificent country villas, belonging to the citizens. The eye wanders over the bay dotted with green islands, and whitened with sails, takes in the city array of public buildings and spires, and the sumptuous massive granite estab- lishments, and the white villages beyond surmounted with their spires j and is lost in the distant show of towns, cultivation and embellishment. Among the most interesting points of view beyond the city is Charles- town, itself showing as a city; its consecrated heights, associated with all, that is affecting in revolutionary remembrances, the rising granite column that crowns Bunker hill, the nol)le navy yard, the dark moral shading cast upon the picture by the penitentiary; and beyond, the unostentatious canal, with its slow moving boats opening to the mind more than meets the eye. As a contrast to the business, life and bustle in this direction, the spacious halls of the university show among their trees, still further in the distance, in that repose and stillness, that belong to literary leisure, and the quiet efforts of thought. The mill dam bridge and basins constitute a magnificent work, and contribute, with the genius of the people, to render Boston a manufactur- ing place. It is distinguished among others for the beauty and excel- lence of its manufactures in glass. Wool and cotton cards and paper hangings are important items in her manufactures; and as a publishing place, in the number and beauty of the books, printed here, this city stands deservedly preeminent. In another place we have touched upon the results of her charitable and humane institutions. For the beauty of her mansions, for her monuments of taste and literature, for her relitrious and humane institutions, for the munificence of her charities, and for the ample hospitality of her enliglilened citizens, the metropolis of New En- gland will be the city admired, and gratefully remembered by the stranger. It is distant 300 miles S. E. from Montreal, and 300 N. E. from Phila^ delphia. 42° 22' N. L. Population in 1820, 43, 29S. In 1830, 61,392. Charlestown is connected with Boston by Charlestown Bridge; and seen at a little distance, to the eye makes a part of Boston; as it does in fact to all other lliun munici[)al purposes. Among its public buildings is '^1 " >u t I'l i, V I B!l '^^f 32 ATf.ANriC STATES. I tfie United Stiitog Navy Yard, in its dry dock nrul ^'cnnral appurtenances n noblo national inoniuuoiit ; tlio State prison a atrnctnre of inassivt- granite, tlie marine hospital, a liospital for the insane, some handsome churches, iind the Bunker Mill monument, on which six courses of stone amounting' to 1'1,()00 tons, are laid. Into th(> harhor enters the Middlesex Canal, connectin".,' it with the interior of New I Tampshire hy the Merrimac. Bunker, Breed, and Cohbic Hills, identified with the most nHecting rc- collcctionsof tiie incipient revolnlionary strufi;,de, are in this town, his ii i)ortof entry in connection with Boston, and lias considerable shippinir and trade. Population in INtiO, (»,r)91. In IKJO, H,7H:{. Roxbury'', Dorciiester, Milton, ('aml)rid;,ft', )Vatertown, Medford, ('helseaand Tiynn are villages, some of them large enotiph to be classed as towns, in the younjier and less settled states, all in the immediate vicinity of Boston. Salem, \'i miles N. !•]. from H'lSlon, is built on a jnojection of land between two arms of the sea, called North and South Rivers. The site is a level and handsome plain. Providence has recently outstripped itin population. But in point of comnjoreial wealth and impitrtance it con- tinues to be the second town, as it is, next to Plymouth, the oldest Iowa in New Knyland. A liridj^e 1 ..WO feet lonj; connects it with the populous town of Beverly, and a shorter one with South Salem. It has 1(5 public l)uildinr 10 niiilH; niul wliitli, it is liopcd, will jL^ivc a new impulse to the cncr<;i('S of tliis nncicnt and opnlcnt tciwii. Marlilehcad, li niilos S. K. of this place on a rocky pfiiiit prnjcoting intothesoa,is, likcSalcni, a town sid)Mistin;r cxcinsivcly hy maritime pur- suits, liein;^ the most lari^rly cn;^'aastiiro3or (I pustiirn^o is tlic instrument l)ocn fiittcniiij; I'l'y li;i\o some mi occupation iployod in ilii.'' , (louhlo Ciipe n lisli; and in cciisloni lliem- iccfnl agricul- cn factory, 30 c Friends con- lation in 1820, St IcvninNcw 1. !♦, contains a c and the fish- es, and not far next to Pitts- atcs. Wo can linhabitcd and 118 it began to unfailing. In new factories, rics were built th other similar ch it has since ;d public build- i the stale. In . from Boston, jrches, and one of the houses i- of considcra- onc Canal has ) rapid advance act, illustrating work was man- of Ohio. SpringfiL'ld id a hirgt; .mikI handsoiru; villii,<.'(' on the east side of tlie Con- necticut, ^8 miles N. of llnrtlonl, and SN S. W. from ljust(»n, containinff antunborof pulilic bMildinys mid iii;\.itil;ictnric8,'J pui>lic libraries, and a jrroat niunbor of olf•<.^lnt honsos. TUc I 'nilcd Stiites nrscMinl a little east of the villngc, makes an imposiiiff show. A capital IJ. S. mimifactory gf imall nrins is situate! about a riiilf' fiom t\;s and is noted for Iwi lino lio((>ls; ntid for being a place of great resort for travellers, from liic romanlic bt;:iuly of the country in the vicinity. A cliarming slrfam passes ilnon^b tlu; centre of the town, on which are manufactories. llcini-I Hill school in tiiis town, under the care of Messrs. Ijancroft and Coffswell litis jraiiKMl ;jri!>at reputation. There is a noted lead mine, visited as a cnriosily near this town. Wallhatn is known as the seat of a great maniilUcliuing establishment like that at Lowell, C'ambri(I,^'e the scat of Harvard University, is a quiet and beautiful village. Tiynn, famous fur its charming resort for sea air and scenery in thepeninsida of Nahant,and its immense manufacture of shoes, contains t),130 inluibitants, chielly occupied in that pursuit. Taunton, a large and beautiful manufacturing village on Taunton River, near Rhode Island, conti> ins 5,7'.)8 inhabitants. Andover is an opulent agricultural town, 20 miles north of lioslon, and contains two large par- ishes. The south parish has ti nuiid)er of manufacturing establish- ments. The theological seminary in this place is richly endowed. Its buildings comprise lour dwelling houses for the ofiicers, and three spacious public edifices. The library contains over 5,000 volumes and there are four theological professors. The number of students ranges from 120 to 150. Pliillips' academy we have already noted, as one of the oldest and best endowed academies in the United States. Thirty beautiful villages more might be named, containing their white streets, their spires and literary institutions, and at least twenty towns more, in which there arc large manufacturing establishments. Among the hand some villages are a number not here specified on Connecticut River, a stream, which in its whole course, from its sources to its estuary, flows by more handsome towns, than any other in the United States. Among those in Massachusetts, we mention Northfield, Deerfield, Hatfield and Hadley, as samples of many more. Concord, 16 miles northwest from Boston is a large and neat village, and noted for being the place, where the British were first attatcked on the day of Lexington Battle. Among the considerable manufacturing towns not before mentioned, are Fitch- If 111" ':,..% "i':''*- ■A. ti ATLANTIC hTATF.H. burg and Milliury iti the county of Worccairr, UriilxowaiiT and Middle!)©. roiifih fumoua for their tiiiuuitncliircs of iron, l.coniinintcr, iMcndun, Troy, Leicester, and various othiT plnres too nnmcrouB to monfion. Islands. Wo hnvo montinned Nantucket. M.irlh.i'fi Vinrynrd ii a considerable island west of N.tnlnckef, wliicli n long with tlic Klizabi-th Island, constihiles nniin"'? county. Roath and Canals. Tiiriipikos too nnmeronn to mention inlorsori the country in cvrry direc.lion. Middioacx cjinal corincrting tlin INIerri- mac with Boston harbor, is iiS niih^s in length; and is notrd fur having been thu first wi rk oftlii! kind of iiiiy conH<'(|Ucnco ailPin|itP(l in the country. Tliti ranal round South lladli^y Falls, is 71\i rod lonf»; but the ^'renter part of the cut bciuf,' tlirouch a solid rock, in some plarca 40 feet in thickness, it is a w )rk of frreat uKitrnitudc. lilackstonc Canril connecting Worcester with rrovidcncc, is 40 miles Ion;.'. It '\h in con- templation to continue !iiis tlirough the interior to Fitchburg. A rail rond is in contemplation from lJf)Slon to Hudson's River. Various oflipr public works, both canals and rail roads, have Iiccmi discusi^od. andsonio have passed to the more definite shape of having the slock taken. Productions. Every thing that the novthnrn states furnish, and much, that it not indigenous to the climate, has been nn!urali/ed by horticultural care and skill. It is particularly noted for producing great quantities of (he finest fruit. It shMres the greater portion of the Biink and whale fisheries in the United States. This pursuit -unplnys many thousands of hands, furnishes one of the most important items in these parts of the United States, and trains vast numbers of the most experi- enced and intrepid mariners in the world. The ships of this great mari- time state spread their sails in every sea. Her manufacturing establish- ments are too numerous to specify. Her cotton factories employ a vast number of hands and a great amount of capital. A proof of the result of these great establishments maybe found in the fact, that twenty years since the cheap cottons of the United States were imported from India. This state now sends her manufactured cottons there, and finds the trade lucrative. Since the manufacturing system has prevailed, this state has rapidly increased in population; and the increaseof the bustle of business may be inferred from the fact, that the number of stage coaches, that pass to and from Boston, has tripled. As an example of its industry more than a million pairs of shoes have been manuflictured in Lynn in a single year. History. This state and Virginia are the nursing mothers of the At- lantic States. The English people, who emigrated in 1020 to the dreary and snowy wilderness of Plymouth strand were called puritans. The contest for our independence began at Lexington eleven miles N. W. of Boston. On a plain stone column, near the church on the public square, y^' ATLANTIC UTATf.f 37 if tlio siinple mil nirfctiii;r iriHcriptioii of the names uf the Tint victims of the 8tru{rpliv No stiito in thi^ union lias left a more imicliblo iinpit'M of linr cntcrprr.'w, e° 7' and :p M' E. L. from Wiisliinyton. Counties. Bristol, Bristol, Kent, E. drermvich; Newport, Newport; Providence, ZVor/(/r/?rr ,-W;i.sliinpflon, .S'. l\in>rston. Population in 1820, 83,050. In 18:{(), i)7,'ilO. In point of urea, this is by far the smallest state in the union. Physical Aspect. Along the sea shore of the main land much of the anil is sterile. Rhode Island, which pives name to the state, has a fine soil, is all under hir),ooo lildinj^s of ;, urc tho minations. liscnpalian espcclablc this city its loro rapidly las been its tone canal. Tliere arc with wings; i on a noblo 3 composed be baptists, ent denomi- ive example harlcr, must .,■ h. ATLA.NTIC STATUS. 80 '^^' growth of n few years. I'he whirling of the mills, the dashing of the water, and the activity of the village, altogether constitute a spectacle of great interest. Population about 4,000. Newport, which siiarcs the scat of government alternately with Provi- dence, is situated in the southoni oxtromity of Rhode Island, JJO miles S. of Providence. Its liarbor for Bpaciousncss, depth, safety and case of access, has few superior to it in the United States. Tho town is large and pleasant, and delightfully situated on a lovely island, with a fine cli- mate, a favorite, accustomed, and almost prescribed resort for strangers from the West Indies, and the south of the United States, for spending the summer months. Yet it lias an air of anti(iuity and decay. It is strongly defended by three forts on the seaboard, and is the seat of a military hospital of the United States. Fort Adams is one of the most important fortresses in the U. S. coast line of defence. The poor house of this city is remarkable for the cheapness, clHciency, and hu manity of the establishment. Rent is uncommonly cheap, and the fish market is the most cheap, luxurious and abundant peihaps in the world. It has 9 or 10 public buildings, 11 churches, and in 18!;i0 contained 7,319 inhabitants. In 1880, 8,010. Bristol is a neat commercial town, with a good harbor, and owning considerable shi[)ping, 36 miles S. W. of Boston, and 153 of Providence. It has a number of public buildings, 4 churches and about 3,000 inhabit- ants. Warren, South Kingston, East Greenwich, Smithfield,Pawtucketj and Warwich are the other considerable villages. The last named town contains 5,r)29 inhabitants. The state has 10 incorporated academies, and not far from 300 primary schools. This is the more honorable to it, as public schools are not sup- ported by law as in the other New England States. Baptists are the most numerous religious denomination, and next to them Friends. There are 100 fixed congregations in the state. The exports of this state in 1829 were $722,106. The tonnage was 43,406 tons. By the census of 1820, 6,091 persons were engaged in manufactures, chiefly of cotton. The value of manufactured goods was $4,329,000. It must now amount to $10,000,000. #■ Br * , . ■* • f Uii '^ " '^ Mi i ''H CONNECTICUT. Is bounded N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode Island, S. by Long Isl- and Sound, W. by New York. Between 4P and 41° 2' N. L. and 3^ 16' and 5^ 11' E. L. from Washington. Length 88 miles; average breadth i^^^ 40 .■av ATLANTIC STATKti. 53 miles. Contains 4,664 square miles. The counties are Fairfield, Fairfield, Danhury; Hartford, /farZ/'on/; Litchfield, ZiVr/j/feW; Middle- sex, Middlrtown: Now llfiven. New Harm; New London, New London^ Norwich; Tolhnd, Tolland; Windham, Windham. Population in 1820, 275,248. In 1830,2{>7,7n. Physical Aspect. There arc some lieaiitifu! narrow plains along the rivers. The general surfiue is strongly undulating. Simc portions of the surface are nigged. The CJrcen Mountain range passing through 1*? this state into the sea, it has a number of mountains, though none of but moderate elevation. 'J'he soil is generally rich. Almost the whole sur- face is under small stone enclosures, an index, we may remark in passing, of New England husbandry in general. The face of the country is chequered by a vast number of ro;ids. Productions. Every thing indicates a numerous and industrious itop- ulation, and a groat elfort to extract all that is practicable from the soil. , The point, in which the productions of this state differ from those of the other New England States, is in more abundant orchards, and in greater care and skill in the preparation of what is known abroad by the name of Goshen butter and cheese. The exports are chiefly to the West In- dies, and among the products common to the other New England States, the industrious people have gained a reputation abroad for the great amount of onions raised for exportation. The state owns 60,850 tons of shipping engaged in foreign trade; and the value of the exports in 1829 was $521,545. Rivers. This state receives its name from the Connecticut, which runs through the state from north to south. This river rises near Canada in New Hampshire, and after a course of 410 miles through a most charm- ing alluvial border in its whole length rendered cheerful by a succession of beautiful villages, it empties into Long Island Sound between Say- brook and Lime. It is navigable for considerable vessels to Middleton; for vessels of 8 feet draft to Hartford, 50 miles from its mouth; and for steam boats to Bath, New Hampshire, 250 miles higher. There are 6 Hi considerable falls in the river, of which the most remarkable are Bellows Falls at Walpole. These falls have been overcome by means of locks and dams. The elevation overcome by these artificial means is 200 feet. The other considerable streams are Ilousatonic, Thames, and Naugatuck. Religion. There arc 460 fixed religious societies, of which about half are Congregationalists, inclining in their church government more to the forms of Presbyterianism, than the same churches in the other ' New England states. ^ f / «' ATLANTIC STATUS. 41 Literature. Yale College ranks as the second literary institution in the United States. It is silualcd on a level acjuare, in the centre of the cliarminjf city of Newllaviin. The centre of this scpiare is occupied by public hiiihlings; and the college Imildings, H in number, range on one of the sides. The square is shaded with rows of (;lms; and, though in the midst of a busy and bustling t«)wn, wears the aspect of ii repose, that befits the meditative retreats of students. Tlio united resources of the libraries furnish about 10,000 volumes. The i>hilos()phical and chemical apparatus is excellent and complete. The f iculty consists of a president, 10 professors, and 5 tutors. Tlu; whole number of students in 182J), divided among the departments of law, nicilicine, theology ujul the aca (Icinic course, was 400. Of this number, the college students made 269. Of high schools, seminaries and academies, tluTc are IVl ; of which a school in New Haven, imder the care of Messrs. Dwight, on the plan of the Round Hill School at Northampton, lian much reputation. There is an asylum for the deaf and dumb at Hartford, which, under the superin- tcadance of Mr. (Jallaudet, and Mr. Le (Merc, a pupil of the famous AIjIkj Sicard, as assistant, has gained high estimation among the lovers of liumanity. The system of general education and free schools, is here carried to its utmost extent; and what gives it efficiency is a fund of nearly two millions of dollars, the interest of which, appropriated exclu- sively to the support of schools, enables parents to give their children agratuitious education. Manvfacturcs. The it;genuity and industry of the people of this state in this line, has a reputation coextensive with the union. From the number of articles which they send abroa ,1* -^'M 'Aim '' W. r- 42 ATLANTIC STATKS. ^ •^uk 1?. to bo generally free (u mile.- fiujii ib mouth, owns considcri:;', iv slipping, ce?)tLin,-s 5 public buildings, 4 churches, and about 4,000 inli!i}>;t:iiit3. MiddJetown, 15 uiiles tS. of Ilaviford, and en tiie uame side of tiic Connwcticut, is ^ chaniiingly situuied pl?.ce, wllb considerable trads auo .*, ATLANTIC STATES. 43 Sit} manufactures. It sliows iv largo amount of the sliipping of the state, as the shipping of Hartford is registered here. It ]i;is a number of public buildings, 4 cliiirclies in iho town, :r,id .'5 others in the vicinity. Popula- tion in 1830, (),SC2. — Norwicli is ;i cons;dcra])le pl:icc, at the head of the navigation on the Thames, with a number of public buildings, and 6 houses of public worship. It consists of three distinct villages, embo- somed in u romantic vale. I\)pul;iti(ni alioiit '1,000. All the f *remen- tioned neat and flourishing towns in this slate, by a strange and rather ludicrous perversion of linguago, ;no written cities. What might be fairly called i /o/r/j, dwindles in the lhou;^ht to a village, when the name <;//»/ is applied to it. The Unite:! iSfutos hiivc hvA five towns, that can with any propriety bo callo'l cities. Beside the cities. East Ilarli'ird, opposite that city, on the E. bank of the Connecticut, has respectable nianufactures. T'^o other considerable towns are Bridgeport, Stoningiovi, Liiclifield, Faiiiiokl, Danbury, \Vind- linm, Wcthcrsfield, Stonington, Winds r. East Wimlsor, Sufficld, Enfield, Hadham, Derby, Mihord, St'.imroid, and Tolkind. Roads, Canals, <^r. In this industrious a:id ppulous state, the roads are numerous and fine, and many of lho!n lurni)i!ies. The Hampshire and Hampden canal extends from Norlli;urpton, on the Connecticut, to the southern limit of ?vlcis3acliusetts, where it takes the name of Farm- ington canal, and passes through Connecticut to New Haven. The en- lire length is 50 miles. Manners. The pcoj)le are generally tall, muscular, and robust, and noted for their strong attachment to ihcir native state, their ancient puri- tanical customs, and a rclii^ious faith ami observance of the strictest sort. Though they emigrate extensively, they longer remain in their foreign abode a peculiar people, than the emigrants from any other of the New England states. The heir loom of the puritans has descended rather to Connecticut, than Massachusetts. To Xcw Connecticut, in Ohio, a tract in the N. E. extremity of that state, 120 miles by 52 in extent, they have transferred Connecticut strictness, industry, and the church-building and church-going spirit. No person, in becoming acquainted witli that coun- try, can fail to observe what a fair transcript it is of the original copy. Minerals, Fossils, S^c. Iron ore is smelted and wrought to a consid- erable extent. Copper mines have been discovered in different places. There is a lead mine near Middletown, Marl)le is wrought to a con- siderable extent. Porcelain clay and black lead are found, and cobalt is discovered in Chatham. The dark red Connecticut freestone is found in abundance in diflercnt places. It is quarried with great ease, and hardens in the air; and has an imposing, though rather gloomy aspect, when constituting a large building. * « ! ^ ¥. 'b. wSVK i'^ -M^ fe. ^.Si^i^S.--. v ♦i ♦" ATLANTIC; STATIW. NEW YORK, Is the most norlliorii of llio middle stales, and llie most papulous staf« in the union. It is bounded N. by lake Ontario, (he St. Lawrence and Lower Canada"; K. by Vermont, Massiichiisctts and Connecticut ; S. by the Atlantic, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, W. by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and the Niagara. Between 30° 45' and 45° N. L; and 2° 51' W. and 5° E. L. from Washington. Length 310 miles. Breadth 301. Containing 47,000 square miles. ^ ^. J" Counties' Chief Towns, Albany, Albany. Alleghany, Angelica. Broome, Binghampton. Cattaraugus, Ellicottsville. Cayuga, Auburn. Chautauque, Mayville. Chenango, Norwich. Clinton, Plattsburgh. Columbia, Hudson. Cortlandt, Cortlandtville. Delaware, Delhi. Dutchess, Poughkeepsic. Erie, Buffalo. Essex, Elizabethtown. Franklin, Malone. Genessee, Batavia. Greene, Cattskill. Hamilton, Wells. Herkimer, Herkimer. Jefferson, Watertown. Kings, Flatbush. Lewis, Martinsburgh. Livingston, Geneseo. Madison, Morrisville. Monroe, Rochester. Montgomery, Johnstown. New York, New-York. Niagara, Lockport. Population in 1820, 1,372,812. » Counties. Chief Towns. Onoida, Rome. Onandago, Onondaga. Ontario, Canandaigua. Orange, Ncwbiirgh and Goshen, Orleans, Gaines. Oswego, Oswego, Otsego, Cooperstown. Putnam, Carmel. Queen's. N. Ilempsted, Rensselaer, Troy. Richmond, Richmond.. Rockland, Clarkstown. St. Lawrence, Ogdensburgh, Saratoga, Ballston. Schenectady, Schenectady. Schoharie, Schoharie. Seneca, Ovid, Waterloo. Steuben, Bath. Suffolk, Suffolk C. II. Sullivan, Monticello, Tioga, Elmira, Owego. Tompkins, Ithaca. Ulster, Kingston. Warren, Caldwell. Washington, Salem, Sandy-Hill. Wayne, Lyons, Palmyra. Westchester, Bedford. Yates, Penn Yann. In 1830, 1,913,505. m '*'*^. // ATLANTIC STATES. 45 Physical A-fprct. 'J'liis stale tnkon rank in tlio coiif(..(ler.i(7 of the union, not only in population, but extent, wcallli, fyroxit public works, and i(.s inlcroaliiiir physical r<)nlI;.rMra(ion. It spreails fhrough the wliolo broadlh of Iho ropuhlic, find while one exlroinity feolp, alonf iho great length of T.onjr Tsl.ind, Hk; sea l)rr(;ze, and hoiists the bustle, opulence and splendor of Iho Anieiican Tyre, the other extremity sees towns rising among Indian wigwams, along the shores of the vast lakes, and on one of the n()l)Iest and at the same time wildest streams of the globe. New York is an epitome of all configurations of surface, all varieties of lake and river sccMiery, and all conditions of man, from the sumptuous dwellers of I'earl slnsct to the emigrant daubing his log cabin with clay. Granite, slate, and lime stone hills, charming vallies, extensive plains of gently rolling surfaci!, rngn (l(!scril)0(l, ;is ono iXiUi'. lai/^Tsl. iiiifliuost inltM'csliiig rivers in ili-j woilil, Ibrms a part »ji" tho norllicni liotiiuiary of the stale. The Muhawk, a princi'ial lirnirh ( I'llic iriidsoii, ri-H's iiorlii oflliica, nnd after acoiir.so ofiiior.- lli;in 101) iiiilcH in a rich alluvial valley, joins, iholludson near I/.insin!^'I)iir<,'. («(Mi<'.ssee, Osuof/o and IJlaek are iinpor- T tant rivers, that rise in the interior of tliestati', and fill into lake Ontario. .1 Seneca is the ontlel of the small lieantifnl lak(>s, which wo meet inad- vancin.'jf towards the f^reat noilliern cliain. Oswe/fateliie, (Jrass, Kaeket * • and St. Re^'is, (liseharir(! into the St. l/iwrcnee Cataraiiuna Creek is a river of lake (■hain[)!ain. The Siisqiielnnn;;!! vises in this state, and passes ^ into Pennsylvania. '.Fhe Alleuii;:iiy of the Ohio collects iis he id waters in the southwest anifle of this state, and passes thront;h its iiohle |)iiie fur- csts into Pennsylvania. The 'i'i();i,a and ('henan;,fo fill into the ^MSfpic- hannah. The Tonnewanta. is a stre;:ni niaik! suhsidiaiy t') the «rre'U northern canal. Beside these, there are r>t) .streams that would Ik* c<;n- *' spicuous in a slate of smaller dimensions, and where the eonfi^airatiun was [iii on alessyijrantic sea.le. We have mentioned Cliamplain, Ontario ;iiul Erie, the ^nrat lakes, fh;it bound this state on the north, fiake (ieonre is a most romantic and beautifid sheet of viator, IJ? miles lontr, and from ono to 7 hroa.d, pun?, transparent, full offish, and dotted with islands, iiaviii;.'; for the outer rim of its basin a line of lofty mountains boundinjr its whole extent. Lake Canandaigua is 15 miles lon miles long by one and a half broad. Owasco lake is 11 miles long and one broad. Skeneateles, aflbrding * scenery of exquisite beauty, is M miles long by one broad. Onondaga is 9 miles long by ono broad. There are groat ntnnbers of smaller ones. These charming sheets of water spread in a general direction from north to south. They abound in fine fish, and no summer scenery can surpass that of this lake country in beauty. The ancients would have peopled every one of them with Naiads and nymphs. Still more; they are nav- „"*' igable, and already connected by lateral cuts some of many rnih^s in length, with the great New York canal. Canals. This state has taken precedence of all others in the number * and extent of its canals, and tho immense distances brought by them into water communication. The Chanq>la.in and Hudson Canal connects Lake Champlain with Hudson River, and is sixty-four miles in length. The yi Hudson and Erie Canal connects li.ike Erie with Hudson River, and is c» 1 1 ATI.AMIC hTVTKS. 47 lliroo li'.imlreil and sixty-two miles in length. TIiuIIikIsoii iind Dclawarn C'riniil leaves tlie lludsuii at l\iii<,'Hlon, nnd is e.intiniied to the Dela- ware in Peiiiisy!v;inia, ami iilnn<.^ that river bcvi^nleeii miles up tho liSickawnxeii, (o the ciinl mines in Wayrio rounly, Pennsylvania, and is (M riii!es inl(Mi'!;lli. Aloriis Cai.al e; uinieiicosat the month of the Hud- son, ();)porfilc New York, passes ihronj/h the slal(j of Now Jersey to the Delaware opposite Ilaslou in I'eu'.: ylvaiii;i, where it eonneels with tho Lehi;^h, and opi'iis a pass:'<.fe I'r tl'e la iiinli coal to New York. The Oswego Canal heaves the Cirand ( 'an:il at Syracuse, and conneets that canal with liiike Ontario, !iy a. side cut IJM nii'es in length. The whole interior chain of tlu; snialUa- 1 ikes tli.:' iiave Ijeen mentioned, ishydillerent contrivances conn(M'led hy water coi.aiuniicalion with the (irand (Janal. Watcnn^i Places., MUwriil irt deep. The [wincipal eilicacy of the water consists in acliemi(^al union of elialybeate and saline |iro|)erties, held in solution, and rendered brisk and pnngent l)y uncunnuou (juantities of carbonic acid gas. Saratoga Springs jue 7 miles from Ballston. The most frequented springs here are called ('ongress Spring and I'Mat Rock Spring. A largo and compact village has grown up at Saratoga in conse(iuence of tho immense sunnner resort to these places from all |)artsof the United States, the West Indies and Canada. 'JMiere arc many noble hotels and board- ing houses at both places. The opulent, the young, beautiful and gay repair to them in the summer, because fashion has prescribed the indis- pcnsa'rile necessity of fre(piontly m:iking i-ummer excursions to these waters. Fifty coaches often ;irrive, during the season of the waters, in a (lay. Balls, parlies, ci;nccrls and excuv.-^ions are the modes of passing the time. During the sa'.iii; peri' d the fee'ole, nervous, exhausted sub- jects of violation <>i' the l.iws ut' oar nalui(>, the si;k, and the dying come Jicretmd are seen about the spri'ij.-;;-, e\liil>iting one of tho most allecting conlrasts"^ young, gay, and Uiilliinkin;^ fashiifnablcs willi the decaying remnants of luunanity, that can any where bo seen. Saratoga Springs arc .')2 miles r-J. (if Albaiiy, and Ballston 28 miles N. of the same place. New T.elumon Springs, -i;) miles E. of Albany, are visitefl for bathing, for (lieiv I'licl i,.ic desired. It embosoms several islands, amonn; wliich l!io conspicuous ones. Governor's, Bodlo^v*s, and Ellis' are Cortiticd, and bristled with numerous cnnnon. On the E. it is defended from storms by Lon^' Itdund, and on the VV. by Staton Island and Now Jersey BJiorc. The ship passajTC from the harbor to Newark Bay, on the Now Jersey side, is by llio Kilht, to the Atlantic by the Nar- rows, and by Loiif> Island Sounil. The shipping owned here, in 1816, amounted to nearly :U)0.0(iO tons. In lS'i5) it was 355,534 tons. The duties on goods imported lierc have ranged in common years from seven to eight millions of dollars. The appearance of the city of Now York is unique. There is a visible cast of mercantile opulence, nnd an nf-pcct rather more sombre than in the gay and uniform streets of Philadelphia. There is, however, nothing in the United Slates to compare with the imposing eflectof Broadway, a street nearly bisecting the city, and exl(mding to the central and higher parts of it from one extremity to the other; being 3 miles in length, 80 feet wide, and generally built up with massive and noble buildings. Next to this in beauty and importance are Wall street. Pearl street, Green- wich street. Water street, and the Bowery. . The public buildings exceed 50 in numl)er, and in magnificence those of any other American city. The mercantile public buildings are chiefly on Wall street, the centre of banking and brokerage business. Pearl street contains the most important mercantile establishments. Broadway is the chief street for retail business. Mean wooden habitations, for- merly common in the city have almost disappeared, giving place to spa- cious and massive brick buildings. The Battery is an extensive public ground in the southern part of the island. Castle Garden is a much frequented public resort. The Park is a beautiful common in front of the City Hall, containing (» acres, and is finely shaded with trees. We have space only to glance at some of the most conspicuous public build- ings and objects of interest. The most striking of these in the most showy part of the city is City Hall of white marble, 216 feet in length, by 105 in breadth. It is in an open square, detached, and in a position to give its imposing aspect full effect. It contains the police office and municipal court-rooms, and the Common Council chamber ornamented with portraits of distinguished revolutionary characters. The New York Exchange, fronting Wall street, between William and Pearl streets, is also of white marble. It is adorned with marble columns in front, of a single block, and contains the Exchange, Post Office, Commercial Read- ing Rooms, insurance offices, and offices of daily papers. The cupola commands a noble view of the city, and is surmounted with a telegraph, Vol. II. " 7 ml ^^P, ''''Mi • •- I 10 ATLANTIC bTATKS. by wliicli eliip nrrivulM an^ uiinounced tit tlic diMlaiMO of inoio llciri HO milos from tlio city. Th6 New York Institution ifl of Iniclj, iI(U) fj'(!t by -1 1, nnd in n\)\m\ printed to nssociations of litorntiirn niul tl'.o fine tirti^, hik-Ii i\h lite litortuy nnd PliiloBophical Socit'ly, tlm Tlislnijcal M«)ci«ty witli ilH librnry, iho American Academy of l''in«5 Arts, with its |»!iiiitin<,'s, the New V(jrk Lyceum of Natuml History with ilH colhjction!", luid tho Ainciicaii Museum with its curiosities. 'I'ho IIiiiveiHity in in ii tentral point. The building Ih of stono 200 Uvt in length, i.nd 'i sloricfl high. 'I'he Bt;ite prison in tho eastern p;irt of the city, is MiYX f«;et in h-ngth, ly iiOt) in depth, and isbnilt of ficv fitonc. The tihns house is still further e.i.st. It is an enclosure containing tho work house and penitentiary. Tho dimensions of the first are .'WO hy HO feet, tli, TIio lair nnd thu lasliioiiahlo proinrnadt! Urondway, to mco, and l)n Horn; and hero f.iHliioii may bo noted in its broadest viHiblu an- fltiniption, ilH nioHt iiideons distoiliDnH, and its nioHt p:iinrnliinpriM(inmont; and by watchin;^ the pusninj,' ciirritntot' lilooti lino days for promenading, (:tin reli^^'ious, moral, and humane institu- tions are numerous, and of the most active and viw.rmiiir, ch:iractor. It issues a great number of rliia, and 227 N. K. of VVashingtoii— 10-^ l.T N. I.. I'opulutii.u in 1N2(), 123,700. Ill IWJO, 213,170. Albany, the political metropolis, is situated on the west bank of tlio Hudson, 150 miles IVom New York, and has a position ecpially convenient for communication with ihiit city, and a vast interior country. Most of the ancient Dutch buildin/,'s, which formerly j,mve it such a grotesque aspect, have jlisappcared. It is now neatly and in some parts handsomely built. It contains 10 public buildinirs. The cnpitol, built upon the upiK'r portion of the city, has an elevated position. It is 115 feet in Icnyth, and 00 in breadth. The academy, directly north of it, is a spa- cious and showy building. Tlie lAirmer's and Mechanic's Bank and the Albany Bank, at the bottom of State street, arc of white marble. The Museum is a handsome building in South Market street. State street, in its whole length, is remarkably wide, and shows to great advantage. The number of churches is 10, of which (5 arc of stone, 7 of brick, and 3 of wood. Three of them arc very handsome, and others are spacious. Canal Wharf and ([uay arc of great length, and striking show of business and bustle. Few cities present a more beautiful prospect than Albany, when seen from the public scpiare, or the summit of the capitol. The city slopes from the public square to the river, like the sides of an amphi- theatre. Two or three of its noble mansions embowered in trees, give it the appearance of having forests in its limits. Sloops and steam boats arrive here from New York in great numbers, and there is seldom a day in which three or four passages do not offer, in steam boat.s departing to and hi a ■>Vl«i 52 ATLANTIC STATES. im- fW)m New York. Its canal communications with Lake Champlain, the northern lakes, and the Ohio valley give it unrivalled advantages of this sort. More stages daily arrive and depart from this city, than any other of the size in the Union. Its literary, humane, and religious institutions are of a very respectable class, and it issues 6 or 7 periodical publications. It is situated 164 miles W. of Boston, and 230 S. of Montreal. Its pop- ulation in 1820 was 12,630. In 1830, 24,216, having nearly doubled its population in ten years. A more emphatic illustration of the tendency of the canal system could not be given. Rochester, at the falls of Genessee, 7 miles from Lake Ontario, is the third town in point of population in this state, and has had the most sud- den growth of any town in America. In 1812 it was one wide and deep forest. In 1818 it contained 1,049. In 1820, 1,502. In 1825, 5,271. In 1827, 10,818. In 1830, 13,83(5. Parts of the town are very hand- somely built. There are 7 respectable public buildings and 12 churches. Thirteen large flour mills with 52 run of stones can annually make 342,000 barrels of flour. Fifteen million foot of lumber are sawed or rafted here. There are a number of factories and mechanical establish- ments, some on a large scale. The water power is almost inexhaustible. The acqueduct over the Genessee at this place is one of the most gigantic works on the canal lino. At the northern extremity of the town the Genessee lalls 90 feet. At Carthage, two miles distant, it falls 70 feet. Still another noble cascade of the Genessee close by Ibis town will be long remembered as the place where the famous Patch made his last leap. Merchandise to and from Lake Ontario forwarded from this town is raised or lowered down this great and steep descent of the Genessee by means of an inclined plane, the descending wciglit raising a lighter one. It is in contemplation to cut a canal from this toAvn to Olcan on the Alleghany, a distance of 110 miles, which would bring this place indirect water communication with Pittsburgh and the Ohio. Troy, on the E. bank of the Hudson, miles N. of Albany, and 156 N. of New York, is the next largest city in the slate to Rochester. Sloops and steam boats navigate the Hudson to this place. In the imme- diate vicinity are many fine mill seats, on which are erected extensive manufactories. It contains 7 public buildings, and 6 houses for public worship. The state of Massachusetts has surveyed a canal route to this place. A rail road over the same route has also been in contemplation. The Van Rensselaer school in this city has acquired a high reputation. The students deliver mutual lectures, and make extensive excursions, with a view to personal inspection of the objects of their studies in the natural sciences. Any person over 18, certifying that his acquisitions are of a certain extent, and that he is of good moral character, can obtain I'l "r ^. ATLANTIC STATES. 53 a gratuitious education. An academy for young ladies conducted by Mre. Willard, has also obtained advantageous notoriety. Mount Ida, a ro- mantic hill near this place, gives rise to the water falls of Poesten's Kill and Wynant's Kill, where the chief manufacturing establishments are erected. Population in 1820, 5,294. In 1830, 11,405. This shows a gain of considerably more than double the population of the preceding census. Schenectady is situated on ihe S. E. bank of ihe Mohawk, 15 miles N. W. of Albany. It contains a number of public buildings, and 5 or 6 churches . It is an ancient and respectable town, and is united to the opposite bank of the Mohawk by an elegant bridge, nearly 1,000 feet in length. Union College in this place, is one of the most respectable seminaries in the stDt«. The building consists of two college edifices and two boarding I:ouses. The college is opulent in endowmt-nls, and in 1828, 79 students graduated from this institution. Population supposed to be abdut 5,000. Utica is situated on the S. bank of the Mohawk, 93 miles N. W. from Albany, and nearly bisected by the great canal. It is a large and showy town, with the usual number of public buildings, and 8 churches. It is on the position of the once celebrated Fort Schuyler, and in the midst of a fertile and charming country. It is a noted point of union for arriving and departing stages. This town has gained its importance by being favorably situated, in regard to commerce and agricultural wealth. Pop- ulation in 1820, 2,972. In 1830, 8,323, having almost tripled its popu- lation since the last census. Buffalo is situated at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, on BuiTalo Creek. The harbor would be fine, but for a shoal at the mouth, which the United States' government are in progress of removing. This obsta cle overcome, it has 14 feet water, and is secure from stoims. From 60 to 70 vessels, including steam boats, trade with this place. It is the grand point of communication between the Atlantic and the lakes. By the great canal it communicates with New York ; by the Welland and Rideau Canals with Lake Ontario and Montreal ; and by Lake Erie and the Erie and Ohio Canal with the Ohio and Mississippi valley. Its business is direct with all the vast extent of the upper lakes, and no inland town in America has greater advantages, [t is situated on a beautiful terrace plain, affording charming views of the lake, and is in the vicinity of a pleasant and fertile country. Atlantic strangers, who have connected associations of savage nature, and a remote interior wilderness with their notions of this place, will be sufiiciently astonished on arriving here, to see sumptuous houses, massive blocks of brick buildings, one of the most beautiful hotels in the country, a number of handsome churches, and two 54 ATLANTIC STATES. or three of imposing appearance and magnitude. It was destroyed by llie Britisli in the lato war so completely, that but one liouse was left standing in 18M. One of ihc stores is DO by 70 feet, and 3 stories high. In a word, Buffalo is one of the handsomest towns in the state. It has the customary public buildings, and G or 7 churches. Population in 1820,2095; in 1830, 8,008, having more than quadrupled its popula- tion since the last census. Manlius, an interior town of Onondaga county, 137 miles west of Albany, is an agricultural but very flourishing place. Population in 1820, 5,372. In 1830, 7,375. Seneca is on the west side of Seneca Lake 192 miles west of Albany. Tiio flourishing village of Geneva is in this township. The shore of the lake abounds in beautifully variegated mar- ble. The lake is of uncommon depth and Iransparency, and the waters exceedingly cold. It is allirmed that the lake has a regular rise and fall every seven years. This flourishing town contains 0,101 inhabitants. Returning to the maritime shore of the state, Brooklyn on Long Island is separated from New York by lOast river. It is a large and flourishing place, being in fact no other than a suburb of the city. It contains some public buildings, and four houses of public worship; and near it is the United States navy yard. Population in 1830, 12,403. Hudson is a considerable mercantile place, with growing manufacturing establishments on the east bank of the Hudson, 28 miles below Albany. Population about 4000. Ncwburg on the west bank of the Hudson, 59 miles above New York and just above the highlands is a great thoroughfare of travel to the western country and a large and handsome town. Poughkeepsie, Kingston and Cattskill, are also considerable towns. Lansingburg4 miles above Troy, and opposite the inouth of the Mohawk, is a thriving place. Waterford is immediately opposite, on the west bank of the Hud- son. It has wide, regular and handsome streets. Gibbonville opposite Troy, is the seat of the United Slates arsenal The arms arc in fine order and the grounds of great neatness and beauty. Auburn not far from the northern extremity of Owasco Lake, and 170 west of Albany, is a romantic and beautiful town. It contains a number of public builditigs, and 4 or 5 houses of public worship. It is the seat of a respectable theological seminary, and is best known, as be- ing the position of tiie most extensive penitentiary in the United States. The two great buildings are enclosed in a hollow square 2,000 feet in circuit, surrounded with a stone wall of great strength 35 feet high. The work shops form a continued range ^of 940 feet. Tlio construction and plan of discipline are of a new and generally approved character. Every conceivable regard is had to the moral improvement, as well as the comfort and security of the convicts. It is calculated to contain Ijl^O •rt ^' ATLANTIC KTATKS. 55 convicts. Ill 1S29 in contained 0:J9. Poiniliitioii in 1,820,2025. In 1830, 7103. Illiaca contains 5,270 inhabilants; Canandaigua in the whole township 5,162 ; Schoharie 5,140. Salina, Syracuse and Lock- port arc largo and flourishing villages. Plasttshurgh, Ogdcnsburg, Sackett's ILirhor, Brownsville, Le Roy, Watcrtown imd Batavia, are flourishing places. This article might he extended to the mention of 50 other considerable villages, of which the foronientioned may stand as indexes, in point of neatness and importance. Scenery. The great thoroughfare of travellers for business or pleasure from New York to Niagara and the lakes, abounds at every stage with interesting scenery. Scarcely has the traveller been wafted out of New York bay, one of the most beautiful in the world, before he has in view the noble elevation of the higlilands. Every point along this sublime passage has its tradition attached to it, or its connection in memory witli revolutionary events. At one place the traveller is shown, where Andre was taken; at another, where he was executed. Still further up, perched on the declivity of a mountain, are the numerous buihlings belonging to the establishment of West Point. Higher slill arc the Cattskill moun- tains rising into the blue of the sky. The Pine Orchard is between 2 and- 'V) feet above the river, at some miles distance from it, and is pr. u with a house of entertainment. The round top is the highest elevation of the Cattskill, being 3,718 feet above the level of the sea. In passing from Albany to Schenectady wo are presented with one of those works of art, which is still a rare object in our country, the Albany and Schenectady rail road, upon which a locomotive steam engine is in operation. Passing through the village of Ballston and Saratoga, at some miles distant from Saratoga, and near Hudson's River, we find our- selves on one of the most interesting spots identified with the history of the American revolution, the place, where Burgoyiie surrendered his army. Crossing over to Lake Champlain we are arrested by the remains of the fortress of Ticonderoga, where Gen. Abercrombie was defeated in 1758; a spot as famous in the history of the former French war, as Sar- atoga is in that of tlie revolution. Plattsburgh and Lake Champlain are both famous in the history of the late war. In fact, the whole distance from Lake Champlain to Lake Erie, along the line of the canal, is con- secrated to remembrances in the history of the Indian, French, revolu- tionary and late wars. As we ascend toward the lakes, we pass the Cohoes, the Little Falls, Glen's Falls, and the very extensive salt works at Salina. At Lockport we stand astonished, as we contemplate one of the noblest works of art on the canal, and look up the prodigious height, to which boats are raised by the double line of locks; and are scarcely less impressed with the sight of the town itself, which but a few years / ■^r yK» ■^^w m ATLANTIC STATGfl. since was a solid wilderness, and now is a handsome town, containing four or five thousand inhabitants. The locks at this place, and the d'^ep cut through the solid limestone strike the observer as a more stupendous work, than either the canal aqueduct across the Mohawk or the Ge- ncssee. Trenton Falls are in the town of Trenton, Oneida county, 108 miles N. W. of Albany, and 12 miles north of Utica. The cascade is 2 miles from the village. The surrounding scenery is remarkable for its roman- tic beauty and grandeur. Petrifactions, and organic remains are abun- dantly imbedded in the limestone bluffs. West Canada creek has here cut itself a prodigious chasm through the rocks, in many places 150 •feet deep, and for a distance of 4 miles; the whole extent of which is a succession of striking cataracts. This interesting chasm is much visited, and presents a spectacle not unlike that of many of the rivers of Tennessee and Kentucky, in their passage through their deep beds of limestone. Whether the traveller contemplate the prodigious work of art presented in this long canal, or the astonishing growth of the new and beautiful towns along its banks, that have replaced the recent solid wilderness, whether he yield his eye and his mind to the sublime in the Falls of Nia- gara, or to the green, beautiful and romantic in the charming country of the lesser lakes, or the grand and solitary in the seas of fresh water, that spread from Ontario to the interminable deserts of the north, there is nothing of grand or beautiful in nature or art but what may be found between the splendid bay of New York, and the view of lake Erie from the square in Buffalo. _ Education. This state has a school fund of $2,012,113, exclusive of the local schoolfund and the literary fund, the avails of which are annu- ally appropriated towards the support of colleges and academies. In 1829, the whole amount of money disbursed for the support of common schools , arising from all these sources, was $214,840. The number of school districts is 8994. In the year 1829, 480,825 children were taught in the common schools. There is a college in the city of New York. Union college in Schenectady has already been described. Ham- ilton college is situated in Clinton not far from Utica. It is a respectably endowed institution with 2 large college edifices, and has an average number of 120 students. Geneva college is at Geneva, and there is a medical college at Fairfield. There is a theological seminary in the city of New York and in Auburn, Ilartwick and Hamilton. The number of academies in this state is 55 with 3835 pupils. The high school of the city of New York has 444 ; Albany' Lancaster school 500; Mrs. Wil- lard's Troy seminary 236. These views more clearly than any general -r I'» ATLANTIC STATES- 67 remarks, indicate the municipal patronage bestowed by this great stat« upon literature and common schools. -.'• .♦»- ' Wl West Point is a military school, Ihc position of which we have already notifcd. It is an cstablisliment under the control of the general govern- mr.it, for the education of young men destined for the army. The num- ber of pupils is limited to 250. The annual expense of the institution to the U. S. is $115,000. Tlie sum paid for the education of a cadet is $330 per annum. There are 30 professors, instnictors and assistants. The course of education, especially in the exact sciences, is thorough and complete. General Statistics {or ISSO. Population 1,934,496. Yards of woollen, cotton nnd linen cloths manuflvctured in 1830, 14.466,226. Number of grist mills 2,284. Saw mills 5,195. Oil mills 121. Fulling mills, 1,222. Carding machines, 1,584. Iron works 170. Trip hammers, 164. Distilleries, 1,229. Asheries, 2,105. Tliere are 237 newspapers pub- lishing annually as is estimated, 14,536,000 printed sheets. Mamtfacttires. There aro 88 cotton manufactories, 208 woollen, 200 iron. The cotton manufactories employ about 132,000 spindles. About 22,000 bak's of cotton goods manufactured exceeds $3,000,000* The value of woollen goods annually manfactured, exclusive of those made in families, is considerably upwards of $3,000,000. The value of the annual manufacture of iron is $4,000,000. There are about 50 paper mills, and the value of annual manufictures in this article $500,000. The annual value of the manufacture of hats is $3,000,000. That of boots and shoes amounts to 5,000,000. Leather is manufactured to the amount of $2,905, 750. The value of window glass made is $200,000. Manufactured in f imilics, as per state census returns, 2,918,233 yards fulled cloths, vnlued at $2,918,323. Flannels and other woollens, not fulled, 3,468,001 yards, value $003,000. lanen, cotton, and other cloths 8,079,992 yards, value $1 ,21 1 ,998. The sales of domestic manufactures in the city of New York, during the year 1830, are estimated to amount to $25,000,000. There are 29,495,720 acres of land in the £ tate. The number of acres of improved land is 7,160,967, valued at $179,024,176 Value of neat cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, 42,^64,137. The amount of salt inspected, on which duties have been paid to the state for 1830, is 1,130,000 bushelt The tolls of the canals for 1830, were $1, 556,799, being an increase of 243,662 over those of the preceding year. There are 52 banks in the state, with an aggregate capital of $26,275,800. There are 75 steam boats (including British boats on Lake Ontario) ex- clusive of steam ferry boats, dz^c. with an aggregate of 4,192 horse power. The number of clergy in the state is 1,382. That of attorneys and couli' Vol. If 8 # m ATLANTIC 8TATB8. scllors at law is 1,711. That of Pliysicians and surgeons 2^540. The number of militia is 189,r)'j0. *••• <-« NEW JERSEY, Is 138 miles Ion;? and 50 broad, containing S,000 square miles. Be- tween 38° 57' and 41" 21' N. Ti. and lo20' and 3° 9' E. L. from Wash- ington. Bounded N. hy New York ; E. hy New York and Atlantic, S.W. by Delaware hay, which divides itf:.im Delaware,' W. by Pennsylvania. Physical Aupcet. The inarilimc holt ah)ng the S. E. part of the state is low and rulhor slorilo. The central parts of it between New York and Pliiladelphia undulate with hill and dale, «»ivinj[; rise to clear and beauti- ful streams. At a considerable distance from the sea is a chain of moun- tains east of the Delaware. South mountain traverses the state from north to south, and parallel, and at a little distance farther north the Kit- tatinny. The country between and beyond these nK)untains is loamy with a fine verdant turf possessing a rich soil, well r japted to grazing, lioad, copper and silver are among the mineral productions; and in va- rious points it abounds with extensive beds of iron ore. Rivers. The Hudson, separating the state from New York, bounds rt on the north and the Delaware, separating it from Pennsylvania, on the south. It has no other rivers of any great length, though every part of the state abounds in quick mill streams. The names of the most consid- erable rivers arc Passaic, Ilackinsac, Raritan, Great Egg Harbor and Musconecunk. Dimsions. Counties. Bergen, Ilacldnsac; Burlington, Mount Holly Burlington; Cajie May, Cope May; C.JI., Cumberland, J^ndjg'f /ojwr; Essex Newark ; Elizahethtown ; Gloucester ;Woodhury ; Hunterdon, Tren- ton; Middlesex, Ncw'lirunswick , Amhoy; Monmouth, Freehold; Morris, Morristoum; Salem, Sahm, Somerset, Boundhrook; Sussex, Newton; Warren, Bchiderc. Population in 1820 277,575. In 1830 320,779 Climate. The mountainous part of New Jersey has a climate not unlike the central parts of New- York, and New-England. In the mari- time and southern portions it is milder, thnn would be indicated by its latitude, and as mild as the adjacent state of Pennsylvania. Products. The maritime [kh pie fuid great advantage in their extensive oyster beds, and in feeding cattle on the salt meadows, that skirt the sea shores. The central parts of the state abound in the common produc- tions of the middle and northern states. In the mountainous regiois the productions comimre with those of Vermont; and the inhabitanti are ■•T^ ATLANTIC STATES. ftO noted for their excellent butter and cheese. The cider and fruit of the fine orchards of New-Jersey have ^iiincd an universal reputation. Manufactures. Those of iron tiro prosecuted to a very groat extent. Among other common articles of Ameri' an manufacture, leather forms a very considerable item. Patterson is one of the largest and most flour- ishing manufacturing villages W. of Massachusets. It is si' 'ated just below the rotnantic falls of the Passaic, which supplies water power to any extent. The numerous establishments have recently created a very considerable town. It contains 17 cotton factories, a clock factory, an iron factory, manufacturing 1)00,(K)() lis. iron, and 8r)().()0() lbs. nails. The cotton factories annually mainifaclurc 2,()0(),()()0 lbs. The flax factory 600,000 lbs. of flax. There is one machine shop employing 150 hands. Connected with it is an iron and bniss louiidry working annually 600,000 lbs. of iron, and Kij.'iOO of brass. Shoes are made extensively at Newark. Cotton is manufactured at Trenton. The industrious people of this state arc rapidly following the example of New England in the extension of their manufactures. Religious Denominations. About .'{00 fixed societies, beside the nu- merous societies of the mcthodists. Of the fixed societies the presby- * terians are the most numerous; and after them the Dutch reformed church. But all the christian denominations are represented in this state. Literature. There are two colleges, one at Princeton, and the other at New Brunswick. Princeton college is one of the most respectable seminaries in the United States. The position is high, airy and com- manding, m the centre of a neat an(J flourishing village. The college edifice called Nassau Hall is 175 by 50 foot, and 4 stories high. There are two other considerable buildings belonging to the college all of stone, and a number of houses belonging to the officers of the government. At some distance from this group is the spacious building belonging to the theological school. This building is also of stone, and its dimensions 150 by 50 feet, and 4 stories high. The college library amounts to nearly 10,000 vols; and the theological library to 0000. The course of academical studies is thorougli and complete. The theological semi- nary is under the care of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian church of the United States, '^'ne number of students in the college averages about 110, and lb«^ llieological students about 100. The Rutger's college at New-Brunswick is under the care of the Dutch Reformed church. It has a spacious edifice, and respectable endow ments, and promises as well as the Theological seminary, to be a very useful institution. There aro over 20 incorporated academies, and ■ome seminaries on the manual labour system. Tlie slate has a fund of ■-.ii*>.- AO AIXANTIC STATES. ^1^5/104 for the lupport of free schools. But the aystern of general education wants the efficiency of lliose of New-England and New- York. Chief Towns. Trenton is situated on the East hank of tlie Delaware, opposite the Falls, on the great route between New-York and Philadel- phia, 60 miles S. W. of the former, ami 33 miles N. E. of the latter. Tiie Delaware is navigable for sloops and steam boats to this place. It is a neat town; and contains 8 public buildings, among which the most con- spicuous is the State house. In the town and vicinity are six houses of public worship. The bridge accross the Delaware has five arches, and makes a handsome appearance. The town has some respectable manu- factories of cotton. This place is memorable as the scene of one of the most splendid exploits of general Washington in crossing the Delaware, and capturing a large detachment of Hessians. It contained in 1820 3942 inhabitants. In 1830 it is supposed to contain over f>000. Newark is charmingly situated on the west bank of the Passaic 7 miles from its mouth, by the curves of the river. Very few towns of the size make a more showy appearance, being decidedly the handsomefst town in the state. It contains 5 or 6 public buildings, houses for public worship, and extensive manufactories of different kinds. In Orange, near this place, is made the famous Newark cider. It is 9 miles W. of New York. Population, in 1820, 6,507. In 1830, 10,705. Patterson, of the manufactures of which we have already spoken, is situated on the Passaic near the great fulls, in a position much admired for its romantic surrounding scenery. It is the chief manufacturing town in the state; and beside the extensive manufactories already men- tioned, contains 5 or 6 houses of public worship. The manufactories arc massive buildings of stone. The Hills of the Passiac are 72 feet in perpendicular descent,and constitute a splendid cascade, much visited by travellers. New Brunswick is situated on the W. bank of the Raritan at the head of sloop and steam boat navigation, 33 miles S. W. of New York, and 60 N. Kof Philadelphia. The buildings in this town, which has a city incorporation, are sparsely diffused over a considerable extent. It con- tains 7 public buildings, and 5 churches. We have already mentioned the college and theological seminary here. There are some handsome houses on the hill above the landing. The steam boats from New Yoik with passengers for Philadelphia, land here, who take passage in stages from this point to Trenton on the Delaware, where they embark on ■team boats for Philadelphia. ;i^ Princeton is a pleasant village, the college of which has already been mentioned. It is situated 10 miles N. E. from Trenton, on the great route ATLANTIC STATES. ei between New York and Pjiiladelphia. It contains 120 houses, and is consecrated in history by one of the alorioug exploits of Washington, in which he defeated a British rc^'imcnt marching to the relief of Trenton. LHzubethtown, 15 miles from New Ytjrk, is au agreeable village contain- ing over 200 houses, and is one of tho most ancient towns in the state. Bordentown, 7 miles below Trenton, and 28 above Philadelphia, is a neat village, a little north of which the mansion of Joseph Bonaparte, ex-King of Spain, is pointed out, as an illustration of the mutability of fortune. Burlington, on the S. shore of the Delaware, 20 miles above Philadelphia, is a considerable village, showiiij^ to advantage to the passengers on the steam boats, as they round to, to take in and put out passengers. Camb- den, Salem, Morristown, Amboy, and Newton, are the other considerable towns in the state. Roads and Canals. New Jersey from its position is a great thorough- fare. The chief roads cf public travel arc turnpikes. The chief canal is the Morris Canal, which leaves the Hudson opposite New York at Powle's Hook. The ascents of this canal, instead of being overcome by locks, are surmounted by inclined planes. At Bloomficld boats are drawn up an inclined plane of C24 feet, in which distance they overcome 52 feet of perpendicular height. To suspend a boat loaded with 40 or 50 tons in this way in the air is one of the triumphs of the modern gigantic application of power. This canal overcomes 890 feet in this way, and opens a direct route from the city of New York to the celebrated coal mines at Mauch Chunk in Pennsylvania. It is 80 miles in lengtli. The Delaware and Hudson Canal may be considered as partly belonging to this state. The scenery of the country through which it passes is of a singularly romantic character. It is G5 miles long, and brings the Lack- awana coal to New York. A rail way with locomotive cars brings the coal to the canal. The Trenton and Rarilan Canal is not yet completed. It will open a direct sloop and steam boat communication from Baltimore to New York. A rail road from Cambden to Amboy is in progress. It is supposed that with the other improvements contemplated, it will enable the traveller to pass from New York to Philadelphia in four hours! ii»- PENNSYLVANIA. Length, 300 miles; breadth, 160, containing 44,000 square miles. Between 39° 43' and 42° 16' N. L; and 3° 31' W. L. and 2° 18' E. L. from Washington. Bounded N. by New York; N. E. by the Delaware, which separates it from New Jersey; S. by Delaware, Maryland and Virginia; W. by Virginia and Ohio. 63 ATLANTIC STATES. ^ CounticS' Chief Towns. Adams, Gcttysbur^ii. Alleghnny, Pitfsljiirgh. Armstrong, Kittanning. Beaver, Beuvcr. Bedford, Bedft^rd. Berks, Rending. Bradford, Athens. r Bucks, Bristol. Butler, Butler. Cambria, Ebcnsburgli, Centre, Bellofonto. Chester, West Chester. Clearfield, Clearfield. Columbia, Catawissa. Crawford, Meadvillc. Cumberland, Carlisle. Dauphin, Ilarrisburgh. Delaware, Chester. Erie, Erie. Fayette, Uniontown. Franklin, Chambersburgh, Greene, Waynesburgh. Huntingdon, Huntingdon. Indiana, Armagh. Jefferson, Brookvillc. Counties. Chief Towns. Lebanon, JiCbnnon. Lehigh, Allentown. Lnzcrne, Wilkcsbarre. Lycoming, VVilliamaport. McKoan, Cerestown. Mercer, Mercer. MifTlin, Lcwistown. Montgomery, Norristown. Northampton, Kaston. Northumberland, Sunbury. Perry, Landisbnrgli. Philadelphia, Philadelphia. Pike, Millbrd. Potter, Cowdcrsport. Schuylkill, Orwigsburgh. Somerset, Somerset. Susqiiehaniiah, Montrose. Tioga, Wellsborough. Union, Miillinburgh. Venango, Franklin. Warren, Warren. Washington, Washington. Wayne, Bethany.! Westmoreland, Grcensburgh. York, York. • V \ Lancaster, Lancaster. -^ Population in 1820, 1,049,303. In 1830, 1,317,072. Physical Aspect. A considerable belt along the south-east section of the stale is level, gradually rising to an uneven, and fiom that to an undu- lating surface. Between the first line of the Alleghanies, called South Mountain, and the second chain, the Blue Ridge, is a broad, fertile lime stone valley. The last western chain of the Alicghanies passes through the state from N. E. to S. W. It is broad, and composed of many de- tached mountains. West of those mountains. Western Pennsylvania is hill, dale and i)lain, with a surface not unlike that of New England. The soil of the vallies is almost invariably fertile. The S. E. division of the state, along the Susquehannah, embraces a great body of excellent land. The basin between Alleghany River and Lake Eric is a fine country. Abroad belt of the finest country stretches east of the Alleghany Moun- tains, and spreads with the same extent into Maryland. This midland of Pennsylvania includes as rich and highly cultivated a tract of country m ATLANTIC STATES. OT is in Amorica, and is chiefly settled wlh Cicrmanii. The highest peaks of the AllojQ;hanies are elevated from 2 to 3,0(U) feet above the level of the sea, and from 1 to 2,000 feet al)ovo the level of their bases. This region in its mountains, vailies, and cascades, presents all varieties of the grand, rugged, sheltered, and rotnitntic in scenery. Iron in vast (iiiantitics, lead, copper, many of the useful fossils, particularly the greatest abundance and variety of coal, marble, free stone, and all the useful earths for build- ing and tiiC arts alxjund in this state, so variegated in surface, and of geological formations so dillcrent from each other. Soil and ProdwtlonH. No stale in the Union shows to the passing Iravellet a richer agriculture than this. It is emphatically a grain country, raising the greatest abundance of fhic wheat. It produces all the fruits and productions of the Northern and Middle stales, and is better adapted for the cultivation of the mulberry and the grape, than most of them. Pennsylvania is famous for the great size, and the strength and excellence of its breed of draught horses. The lirgest kinds show a prodigious bulk, when compared with the common dimensions of the northern horses. Among the other grains, this state is famous, in some parts' for the cultivation of buck wheat and spells. Most of the finer fruits of the temperate climates flourish. The cider is particularly excellent. Wheat is the staple article, though parts of the state abound in the fmest pro- ducts of the dairy. Religion. There arc about 700 fixed societies in this state. Of these the most numerous denomination is the Presbyterian. The German Cal- vinists and Lutherans constitute the next most numerous denomination The friends have between 00 and 70 congregations. The inhabitants are descended from all the European nations. The Germans, however, are the most numerous race, and next to them, perhaps, the Irish, and the Scotch Irish. In no state in the union is the dialect so compounded of all idioms, accents, tones and modes of framing sentences. Yet, perhaps, there is no state, in which the varieties of origin, opinions, faith, fashion, and modes of life have amalgamated into a more marked and distinct na- tionality, than in the people of this state. Rivers, We have already dwelt upon those west of the Alleghanies. The principal Atlantic rivers of the state are the Delaware, Schuylkill, Lehigh, Susquehannah, and Juniata. The Susquchannah is the largest Atlantic river of the United States. It rises in New York near the sources of the Mohawk, and meandering south west, it enters Pennsylva- nia, and by a sweeping bend returns upon its course, in the state of New York. Still searching a westward course it again enters Pennsylvania, and receives Tioga river, West Branch, and the Juniata. These accumulated waters having swollen it to a broad stream, it passes Harrisburg, enters Maryland, and finds its estuary in Chesapeake Bay at tim\^: 64 ATLANTIC STATES. %- Havre de Grace; aflcr a course, measuring its curves, of more than 500 miles. Ifs principal brariclicM tiro Tuiikhannnc, Lnckawunnoc, Fisliinft Creek, Anderson's Creek, Clo.irfi.ld Crock, Miisliannon, Sine- mnlioninfT, Kettle, riac, Lyi oniin*;,', I.owaJHock nnd Miiney Creeks. These streams have courses from IJO to 70 miles in length. Juniata in the largest tributary. This stream rincs in the Alleghanies from two large branches, which rise a little aliove Huntingdon. The united stream divides again, and by two mouths fall into the Susquehannah 14 miles above Ilariisljurgh. Below tiiis junction the principal tributaries nre Shemian's Conedo'-.jinnot, Yellow TJrcechc^s, Conewago and Codorus Creeks from the \\esf ; and Swatara, Conestoga and Pequcu Creeks on the east. No stream in tlio Unife.l States passes through more grand and romantic scenery, than the Juni'ita. Lehigh is an important branch of the Delaware. It has cut its way through several hills, and among othuis the Blue Ridge. After passing through the Moravian towns, and a leautiful country, it fulls into the Delaware at Eajion. The canals have enabled the great cities to avail themselves of the rich end exhaustlesa real beds near its banks. Schuylkill rises amonn; the mountains in Schuylkill county, windin through a rich country and the towns of Reading, nnd Pottstown, supply- ing Philadelphia with water in its course, it falls into the Delaware 7 miles below that city. It has a long course, nnd the locks and canals have rendered it navigable, so that the immense beds of anthracite coal on its head sources are rendered available to Philadelphia, and the country on the sea board. The names of many other streams might bo given, which furnish admirable water power, and which irrigate and adorn the rich interior of the state. Canals nnd Rail Roads. Pennsylvania has commenced a gigantic outline of internal improvements. In 1830 it had 4S0 miles of canal finished; 250 in progress towards completion, and 368 projected and surveyed. The whole length of the grand Pennsylvania canal would be if r( ..^)leted in a continuous line, about 450 miles Of this line 2G0 miles from Philadelphia to a point about 20 miles beyond Huntingdon are completed. The whole line from Johnstown on the west side of the Alleghany, over 100 miles, is completed. An interval of something more than 50 miles from the Juniatta over the Alleghany to Johnstown is yet incomplete. It is proposed to unite them by a rail way over the Tnountains. The Philadelphia and Wj'oming canal, connecting that far famed valley with that city, is 2GS miles in length. It is intended to unite the Pennsylvania canal at Pittsburgh with a canal through Meadville to Lake Erie. This eanal will be between 2 and 300 miles in length. Still another canal route has been surveyed to lead from Pittsburgh to If ATLANTIC STATES. tho lumniit level of tin; Oiiiu, and Eiio canal. Numerous side cuts con- nected with ihcHo r:in;i!H, which, n Ibw yonrs since, wouhl have been deemed iniprnclicnhle, now dwindle in coinpiri-on witii these gigantic works, nnd arc hn\ niniicious to find u pl:ic(! in this work. Forty miles of the Pliihulelphia nnd Cohimhia Rail road arc nearly completed. At the termination of tiie lludnon and Delaware canal, a rail way extends over Mcosic mountains, roacliinj,' from tho canal to Carbondalo im Lackawanna River. It ih lOi miles in l(;nj:;th, and over- comes nn elevation of H.^)S leet. The Manch (/'hinik rail way is of wood over laid with iron. It cdnnects the cual niiurs with Lehigh River, which is renderiMl boatahle hy canal boats. TIk; Hiunmit of the mountain, where tho coal is found, is 1)^2 feet above tho level of the river. Tho length of the rail way is i) miles. Tim cars descend the platform, where they unload in a minute nnd 'JO seconds. V.12 cars have descended in a day with 198 tons of coal. The loaded cars, in desccndinir, arc attaclied to empty cars at the foot, and draw them up. The coal of this exceed- ingly rich nnd abundant mine is anlhacite, hard, pure, black, with a beautiful conchdidal fracture, and perfectly clean in tho handling. Other rail roads are in contemplation and survey. Manufactures. This article is too extensive to allow details. In the important article of iron manuficturcs, Pennsylvania far excels any other state in the union. Wo have spoken of tho manufactures west of the Alleghanics. As long ago as in 1810, there wero in the stale 375 im- portant iron factories for all operations in iron, from smelting the ores to manufacturing nails. At the same time there were 1)4 cotton factories; 64 paper mills, and 8 glass works. Some of these manufactories have doubled since that time. It is supposed that tho total value of manufac- tures in this state may be about $70,000,000. The bank capital is $10,310,333. The tonnage of the shipping is 104,114 tons. In 1816 the exports were ^7,10(),'24G. The domestic trado has increased prodi- giously, since that time. The forein;n trade has diminished, as a natural consequence, amounting in exports in 1830 to ,^'4,089 9.35. Education. This great state has njade certain constitutional provis- ions, that the poor shall be taught gratis. Means have been provided in almost all the counties, to carry this provision into cfl'ect. The report of the comptrollers of the public schools, stales, that in 12 years preceding 1830, 34,703 children had received the advantage of this provision. But general instruction is not diffused so universally, as in New- York. The university of Pennsylvania, after many changes, of the original plan, is organized on the most respectable footing, and the medical school attached to it yields in reputation to none in the union. Dickinson college at Carlisle, is an important institution. Jefferson college at Vol. n. 9 0f ATLANTIC STATE8. .^ ^ CannonsLurg, htis a medical school attached to it in Pliiladelphiay Washington coilogo, atWaphin;>tnii,tho Wrstern University at Pitlsbureh, and Alleghany collcfro at ]\Ica;lvillo, have already hecn nacccd under the head of AVcstcrn Pcnnsyhnnin. Mr.ciiprn collefrc at Uniontown is an institution under the care of the J\[el!'.oJist church. Mount Airy coUcgo is fixed at Gcrmaiitown. Tlierc are Theological schools at Cctlyshurphj York and Allegliany. The Moravian schools at the beautiful villages of Nazareth, Bethlehem and Litiz sustain a high reputation, and are in the most flourisliing condition. The system of instruction is of a peculiar character, and has deserved cstiinalion for ct nforring on females an efii- cient and useful cducatim. Chief Toirr--. rhilac'elnliin, llie serond cify in the union, is situated on the west bank of the Delaware, 300 miles S. W. of Boston, 90 S. W. of New- York, 100 miles N. E. of BaUimore, and 137 miles N. E. of Washington. It is situated on an isthmus plain between the Schuylkill and Delaware, extending from tlie one to the other, and is about 6 miles above their junction. It is l2o miles Ly the curves of the river from the city to the estunry. Tiie Delaware is here a broad, imimpeded and noble stream, ailbrdi ng water for vessels of any size; and furnishes an admirable harbor. The cily is built in the form of an oblong square; and is noted for the regularity, with which its streets running nortli and south, are intersected by others at right angles, running east and west. The streets are from 11.3 to 50 feet wide, and numbered in one direction first, second, third, and so on; and in the other by specific names: so that no city exists in which it is so er..sy to find a given point by the direction. The number of squares, it is believevl, amounts to about 350. It is unquestionably among the most manufacturing cities, all things taken into view, in the United Stales. Among all the extensive bran- ches, for which it is famous, paper, printing, and publishing are important items. A great number of gazettes, periodicals and monthlies are issued; and one quarterly critical, and another quarterly medical journal. This city vies with Boston in the number and extent of its school and classical books. If Boston publishes, as regards material and execution, more sub- stantially, Philadelphia publishes cheaper, a circumstance often as impor- tant in the extension of its books. This city has reputation, also for the extent and excellence of its breweries. Its literary, philosopliical and humane institutions are worthy of all praise. The Philadelphia library owes its origin to the illustrious Frank- lin. It contains a museum, a philosophical apparatus, the Philadelphia library, and the Loganian library ; amounting in all to 25,000 volumes. The American Philosophical Society, the Philadelphia society for pro *■ ATLANTIC STATES. 67 moling agriculture, the tithcniDiim auu tlie academy of natural sciences, arc all important institutions, and Ir.ivc libraries and collections. The fiiend's library contains a vcspcctahle 0(iilcction,and the fiicnd's common schools institution is an important and ciil.rieut one. There are among the literary institutions i^reat numbers of Lancasterian, Sunday and in- fimt schools. Amonc' Iho hunniic institutions is, one for the deaf and dumb. One of the nohleytesliblishuKiits in thisorany other slate is tho Pennsylvania Hospital. It extends a front of 273 feet, and has a large tmiklinjT connecled with it, sulllcicnt lo contain 50 or COpalicnis. Ap- pended to it is a beautiful ce of enihrnkalion for p'lssonnrcvs from Philadelphia on board steam l;oats f )r Biillinjore. Population in 1S30 1,000. The names of the other considoralilo vill'i^fcs in the state, follow. Newport near Chris- tiana Creek dyals e?;tonsivcly in flour. Christiana on Christiana Creek, 5 miles S. W. of Newport, Ins a similar trade. Smyrna, Milford, Georgetown, and Lewislown near Cape Ilenlopen light house are towns of some imiiortancc, * ' Ilifitory. This slaio was first sot (led by a colony of Swedes and Fins, [t then passed under the autliority of the Dutch, from whom it was trans- ferred to tiie English. Aftcrwi'.rds it was made a part of the peaceful domain of William Penn. Next to Rhode Island, it has the smallest area of any state in tiie union. MARYLAND, . .■ IT. LiiNOTii 119 miles. Breadth 91. (Containing 10,800 square miles. Between 38° and 315° 43' N. Latitude, and between 2° 31' W. and 1° 58' E. longitude. Bounded N. by Pennsylvania. E. by Delaware and the x\tlantic, and S. by Virginia. Counties. Chief Towns. Alleghany, Cumberland; Ann Arundel, Annapolis; Baltimore, BitUimore.; Calvert, Prince Frederickton; Caro- line, Denton; Charles, Vort Tobacco; Cecil, ElJdon, Dorchester, Cambridge; Frederick, Frcdcrirh {city]) Harford, Belle Air; Kent, Chestertojcn , Montgomery, i^or/t'iu/Zc; Prince George, Upper Marlboro; Queen Ann, CcntrcxnUc; St. Alary, Lconardtown; Somerset, Princess Anne; Talbot, Easton; Washington, Ilagcrstown; Worcester, Snow Hill. Population in 1820 407,350— in 1830 446,913. Physical aspect. The maritime belt pf this state is penetrated far into the interior by Chesapeake Bay, as a vast river, dividing it into 2 distinct portions, called the eastern and western shore. These shores include ii level, low and alluvial country, perrnealed by tide, rivers and creeks, and like the same tracts of country farther south, subject to inter- mittents. The genuine white wlioat, which is supposed to be peculiar to this state, is raised on the eastern shoie. Above the tide waters the land becomes agreeably undulating. Beyond this commence the differ- ent ranges of the Alleghanies with their numerous peaks. The vallies Vol. II. 10 -.,'A. # -'i.-.: 74 ATLA^TIC RT.VTr.S. between Ihcm nre of a loamy niul rich soil, yielding fino wheat, and all lift . the productions of the middle slatos, lo,^clhr!r with6:ime of those of the soutiiern country. Tiie nalionul roiid pipscs through the wide and fertile vallies, in which Frcdcricktow n and ITnpcrslown are situated, being broad belts of the same admirable soil, which is seen in Lancaster county, "Pennsylvania. The n;inio3 (if the princi|>r.l ridges are South Mountain, the Blue Ridge, Rny'a Hill, Sideling Ilill, Savage Mountain, Evil's Hills and Alleghany Mountains. Retweon tlicso mountains and hills are clear and transparent waters. The air is clastic and the climate salubrious. ' > > f ProdvcHons. Tlio {rreat ?tnplc of this state is wheat. The second staple is tobacco. TIkt soil and climate are admirably adapted to the cultivation of all the fruits of tl:n temperate climates. The proportion of hickory trees in the forests is gie:itcr than in the northern states. The woods abound in that production, callcii inast, on which the swine fatten. Sweet potalccs aio raised in abundance, and some cotton for domestic "^ use. In the swamps the cypress is common, and the catalpa is indig- * enous. Rivers. The Potonr.c, which divides this slate from Virginia, will be described under the hc.id of that state. The Susquehannah, passing through it, has already been described. The principal rivers, that have their courses in this stale, are the Choptank, which rises in Delawure, 4, and falls into the ChesapciUe. Nanticokc rises also in Delaware from several branches, and likewise empties into the Chesapeake. Patapsco River might with more propriety be called an inlet. Several branches empty into Patapsco cretk, which falls into the bay about three miles ^^ below Baltimore. From Baltimore to Chesapeake Bay the Patapsco alTords good navigation for vessels of a considerable size. Sassafras River, Manokin, Pocomoke, Deer, Brush, Gunpowder and Black rivers are streams with short courses, that empty into Chesapeake Bay. Severa empties into the bay at Aimajjolis, of which it forms the harbor. Patuxent river falls into the bay 30 miles below Annapolis. A number of small streams fall in the Potomac into this state. Of these the principal are St. Mary's Wicomico, Port Tobacco, Mataworaan, Piscataway and Eastera Branch, The latter stream falls into the Potomac below Washington. The great Cumberland road passes over the Monococy, Antietam and Conococheague, Beside these, Licking, Conoloway, Sideling hill, Town,- Evil's and Will's creeks rise in Pennsylvania, and run into this state. • Climate. The maritiihe belt of this stale belongs rather to the south- ern than the northern states. It is the commencement of that belt ot alluvial plain, which spreads to the remotest extent of the southern coun- try. The summer climate of this region cannot be accounted healthy. * ATLANTIC hr.VTKii. ••tf§ the waters LeingHlufi nil lit, and the surface yioldinir fonh miusm. Th« higher portions of the stato htivo u salubrious and dfli«,'htful climate. Religion. The Roman Catholics are tliu most numerous denumina tion. The other sects are r.iirly roprcscntcf!. Literature. The University of Marylantl, St. Mary's, und Baltimore college are all in Baltimore. There are 20 incorporated academies ia the state, each ofwhicli receives {^'SOO a yo-.u'from the state treasury. A law appointing primary schools and gciiir:il instruction, was enacted in 18ii5; but has not been carried into oiibct so extensively, as could have been desired. The university of Maryland was orii-iiuilly a medical school. An academical department has been added. It has a spacious and elegant building and ample endowments; and the medical college ia highly respectable in its standing. St. Mary's college a catholic institu- tion, has a number of buildin.;j,s, considerable cnclowmenlH, and about 150 student.*, much younger than the mcmhors of colU'i^os in general. At- tached to the institution is a theological soniinary. Exports. In and about Baltimore, and in tlij i Icher and niore popu- lous districts west of it the products of the customary American manu fac lures are very rospectable in amount. But Maryland, being, a slave owning state, is chiefly devoted to agriculture. The principal exports are flour, tobacco, pig iron, some lumber, and grain. Tliey amounted in 1829 to .$4,S01,4G3. Tlie shippiiig was 170,1)17 tom^ Roads and Canal':. There arc a jiuniber of long turnpikes in the state; particularly one cjunecting with thj ntlionul or Cumberland road f and constituting the great thoroughfare to the v.'cstcrn country. •^*'' The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal cdmmenccs at the Potomac in the Federal city, and j)roneeds along the river near the limits of Maryland and Virginia; and is laid out to pass through tlie higlilands, and over the Alleghanies, not far from the rout-i of the great national road, to meet the Ohio at or near Pittsburgh. Among the three great national works, to connect the Atlantic waters with the Ohio, and two of which r.re nearly completed, this is by no means the least stupendous. In fertility of the country through which it wi.l pass, in the romantic grandeur of the scenery, and ia the importance of the results that may be expected, it will probably equal either. An unfortunate litigation between this corporation and that of tlie Baltimore and Ohio rail way has retarded the progress of this canal. About 50 miles of the route are completed. The whole surveys have been made, and various exca- vatious on the line beyond commenced. A lateral cut from Frederick- town to this canal has been authorized, and surveyed by the state. The whole length of the route, when completed, must considerably exceed 300 miles. ^mm 111,11! H -iiii '"m ill 76 ATFrANTIC STATKS. The Baltimore and Ohio Jl:iil Uorul in Ity Tir tlio innst stdpeiK.'ous national work of the kind cvrr iin(k>r1:ilJ0 inile.s firther will rc(iuire none. The first section of the road to Kllicott's Mills, on thortitapsco, 11} uiiUis from the city, has been ilnishcd h ;n>o time, rnd otiicr sections are in u state of progress near to completion. On this route every mode of j)as- sageby horse-car power, and liicornolivestoai.i-car power, anil wind |>owei by sails has been adopted. Altiiough tiio speed of a mile in a minute, which has been cflcctcd on the I.ivorp.jol i:nd JMauciu^ler rail way, has not been attempted on this, IkiII' that distam-e has often I een alfuincd. A single steam car will trantiport N ciuvsaud 150 pas^sengcrs tlic distance of 13 miles in about 80 minutes, a speed and power as patent as could ho desired. To judge of the cai)ahilities of hucIi u rail v,i\y, we state a fact in relation to the Liverpool and P.Iaiichcslev rail road. The distance be- tween the two towns is 32 milct;. An cjitire ship's cargo, consisting of 1,200 bales of cotton, was conveyed by two en;'iues froui Liverpool to Manchester in two hours ! The route of this stupendous undertaking is through a country abound- ing in every variety of splendid scenery, that mountains, vallics, cascades, livers, forests, and the wildness of natinc in her mountainous retreats can furnish. Neither Alexander, Hannibal, or Napoleon ever meditated a more gigantic undertaking. What a conception to imagine the thousands of teams that will travel on this road, each conveying half a ship load, continually gliding along the iron rail way, bound in oj)posite directions, propelled along their everlasting course up the hills and down the vallies, by a power apparently as untiring as the rivers that roll by, or the lapse of time, and with a flight almost to emulate the eagle soaring above! The expense of the route, where it has been completed and double tracked, exceeds the average of $40,000 a mile. The average expense of the whole route will be much less. The CarroUton viaduct on the route is a stupendous work, and supposed to be the noblest piece of mason work which our country can show. The Jackson Bridge, Deep Cut, Great Embankment, Gadsby's Run V^iaduct, Patterson Viaduct, and the cut through Buzzard's Rock are vast works already accomplished. What sublime views will the whole route over the Alleghanics and to the Ohio furnish! A ATLANTIC STATES. w Uipendoiis roimtry. tioit to l>o jvminiUion 10 inclin:i- till) Ohio ( I'otniuac, iry power. [mm none. (>, llJnnlos ns lire in u jde of pas-' kvind power 11 M inin\ite, il way, has a iilluincd. [he distance as could 1)0 1 state a fact distance bc- :onsisling of Liverpool to iitry abound- DS, cascades, retreats can meditated a le thousands a shipload, |e directions, the vallies, or the lapse Ting above! and double [age expense aduct on the lece of mason Deep Cut, luct, and the ished. What to the Ohio A rail road from York-llavcii to tlil:t<'e of ijreat rt'smt. BMJlinioro has been su rcconlly settled, llr.it its vicinity is mere wcoded, and Ims sc^enory of moro freshness tlmn siinonnds Anici ican cities in }>cnerab The approaches to it are of siirpassin77,S04 barrc-ls of wheal Hour, 4,43(5 barrels rye flour, TjfjH hogsheads, and 5,^158 barrels of corn meal. ropuliition, in 185iO, 02,738. In 1N3(), >S0,rjli\ Annapolis is tho political metropolis of tho slate, and is situated on the weslcru side of llu; estuary of tho Severn, 28 miles S. E. of IJaltimore, and 10 N. 10. of Washington. It has a spacious and eleiraiii couit Ikhisc, which is the only conspicuous building in it. It has 2 cliiiiclies, and alioul 3,000 inhabitants. Fredcricktown, on a branch of the Moiidcocy, is a largo and plnasuit interior town, 45 miles W. of Hallimore, and 43 N. W. of Washington. It contains 6 public buildings aiul 7 churches. Intermixed with the beautiful and spacious private and puldic biiildiiig.s are not a few log houses, memorials of the recent woods, from which ihcir limber was hewn. It is a peculi- arity in the modes of this place, that tiic markelin;}; is finished before sunrise. It is in tho centre of a very pleasant and fertile country; and when the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal shall be finished, will have a direct beatable water communication with the (Chesapeake. It issues 4 gazettes, and has bclween 4 and 6,000 inhabit:uils. IJagcrslown is a very neat town, regularly laid out on-Anliotam Creek. It contains 4 public build- ings, and 4 houses of public worship, 2 of which are handsome. The town is built chiefly of wood or stone. iMany of the inhabitants arc Ger- mans. It issues 2 gazettes, and has about 4,000 inhabitants. Cumberland in a conpidernble village on the \. hank of the Potomac, at the rommence- «!fi*VA ATLANTIC STATKH. n mentof the nntiunil road. It itt 70 iitilcii VV. uf Ilii0, 33,03D. In INJiO, :}«),r)SH. Washington, the metropolis of the United Slates is situated on the Ma- ryland side of the Potomac, by the curves of the river and the bay 21)5 miles from the Atlantic, about intennodialc between it and the Ohio, and not far from intermediate between the northern and southern divisi. ns of the union; in 38" f)?' N. L. and 77<^ 2' W. F.. from Greenwich. Its po- sition is between the Eastern Branch and the Potomac. Rock Creek divides it from Georgetown, with which it is connected by 4 bridges j and the Potomac separates it from Alexandria, with which it is connected by n bridge of more than a milo in length. A canal following the course of the Tyber, a small stream that runs through Washington, connects tho Potomac with the Eastern Branch. The space, on which the city is built, is high, airy, commanding and salubrious; and, as but a small part of it is yet covered with buildings has the aspect of a succession of opulent villages in the midst of the country. The original plan was a regular, but a singular, one. The streets were laid out to radiate in right lines from the capitoI, as a centre. This i)lan has been but imperfectly carried but. Some of the smaller streets are desig- nated by the iotters of the alphabet. It presents the appearance of 3 distinct villages, the navy yard village, C'lpilol hill village; and the Penn sylvania Avenue, which is the must showy and compact part of the city. The Capitol presents an im[)'>singm.ifisof 3ri2 feet front, and the V I mmi 80 ATLANTIC STATUS. wings 121 feet in depth. The eastern projection is 65 feet and the western 88. The building covers nearly an acre and three qnnrters. The centre of the dome is 95 feet high. It is handsomely terraced in front, and occtipies a hill, which renders it a conspicuous object for sev- eral miles in the distance. It is built of beautiful freestone, adorned with massive stone columns in dificrcnt styles of architecture. It is too large to have its proportions fully apprehended by the eye, when viewed near at hand. It is seen in the best light at the distance of half a mile, and its white columns illumined by the mild radiance of the setting sun. The rcpresentalive^/s chamber is a magnificent semicircular apartment, supported by bluish polished stone columns, lighted from above. The greatest length of tho representative's room is 05 feet. The senate cham- ber is a similar, but smaller apartment 74 feet in length. The height of the former is 60 feet, and that of the latter only 40. In the centre of the building is the Rotunda, 98 feet in diameter, and the same number of .feet in height. It is orniimented wilh national paintings, representing the surrender at Saratoga and Yorktown, the declaration of Indepen- dence, and Washington resigning his commission. Each of these paint- ings is 12 feet by 18. There are also relievos in marble representing Pocahontas rescuing Captain Smith from death, the landing of the pil- grims at Plymouth, one of Penn's treaties wilh the Indians, and a battle between Boone anc two Indians. This noble and magnificent apartment is of white marble, and lighted from the dome. Men on the pediment seem dwindled to atoms, and the slightest noise creates echoes, which re- verberate upon the ear with a grand and surprising effect. Its solitude, during the recess of congress, gives these deafening echoes a peculiar impressiveness. It would require no great effort of the imagination, to suppose them the shades of the interminable speeches uttered during the session lingering behind, in the absence of the orators, like clouds, in the phrase of scripture, returning after the rain. A most splendid view is enjoyed from the topof thecapitol, commanding avast s'.vecp of country, the noble Potomac, and handsome mansions embowered in the distant groves. The beautiful area, in which the Capitol is situated, is sur- rounded by an avenue of young trees, which will soon give the softening of verdure and shade to the view of this imposing structure. The whole expense of the Capitol and appurtenances was not far from $2,000,000. The President's house is an elegant mansion, 170 feet front, and 85 deep, and built of the same material wilh the Capitol. The entrance hall leads into the drawing room, where are the levees, upon which occa- sions two other .magnificent apartments are thrown open, all easily ac- cessible to strangers. The offices for ihe departments of state are 4 spa''ious brick edifices, in which are kept the papers, records, archives •«* ATLANTIC STATES. 81 and offices of the several departments. The general post office is a large brick edifice, nearly a mile northwest of the Capitol, in which are kept the offices of the post office establishment, the general land office, and the patent office, in which more than 2,000 patents are shown, among which ^re a great many useful and useless inventions. The Navy Yard is sit- uated on the Eastern Branch, and has all the appurtenances for building ships of the largest size. The city hall is 251 feet long by 50 in breadth. Congress' library is now kept in the Capitol, and contains from 8 to 10,000 volumes. The Columbian college has an extent of 117 feet by 47, is situated on elevated ground, and is a lofty building, calculated to accommodate 100 students. There are a number of other public build- ings, and 14 houses for public worship. Population 13,823. Georgetown is separated from Washington by Rock Creek ; and from its proximity seems to the eye to make a part of the city. It contains 8 public buildings and 5 churches. It is a handsomely built and flour- ishing town with considerable trade. It contains a respectable Catholic literary institution, called Georgetown college, which has two spacious edifices, containing a library of 7,000 volumes, and ha' g an average number of 150 students. Population 8,441. Alexandria is included in the District of Columbia, though 6 miles distant from Washington, and the Potomac interposing between them in passing to it from Washington, with a bridge over it more than a mile in length. The remaining distance is an almost uninhabited plain. It contains 12 or 15 public buildings, and 8 churches. The streets are regular and the squares rectangular. It is favorably situated for commerce, at the head of tide water on the Potomac. The amount of )ts trade is respectable, and it has between 15 and 16,000 tons of shipping. The progress of this neat and ancient town has been for a long time almost stationary. It is expected that the Ohio and Chesa- peake canal, with which it is connected, will communicate to it a new im pulse of prosperity. Population in 1820, 8,216. In 1830, 8,221. I i t 'i'\!'''f'i" t'-'.\ VIRGINIA. Length 320 miles; breadth 200; containing 64,000 square miles. Between 36° 40' and 40° 39' N. L.; and Q° 34' W., and 1° 20' E. L. Bounded N. by Pennsylvania and Maryland; E. by the Atlantic; S. by North Carolina and Tennessee; W. by Kentucky; N. W. byOhto. Vol. II . 11 # 82 ATLANTIC STATES. •if. Counties. Chief Toxms. Accomac, Accomac C. H.j Albemarle, Charlottesville ; Alleghany, Covington; Amelia, Amelia; Amherst, Amherst; Augusta, Staunton 5 Bath, Hot Springs; Bedford, Liberty; Berkley, Martinsliurghf » Botetount, Fincastle; Brooke, Wellsburgh; Brunswick, Lawrenceville ; Buckingham, Buckingham « Cabell, Cabell C.H.; Campbell, Lynchburgh; Caroline, Bowling Green ; Charles City, Charles City C. II.; Charlotte, Charlotte C. II. ; Chesterfield, Chesterfield C. IL; Culpepper, Culpepper C. IL ; Cumberland, Cumberland C. IL; Dinwiddie, Dinwiddle C. IL; Elizabeth City, Hampton; Essex, Tappahannoc; Fairfax, Fairfax C. H. ; Fauquier, Warrenton; Flucanna, Columbia; Franklin, Rocky Mount} Frederic, Winchester; Giles, Giles C.H.; Gloucester, Gloucester C. IL ; Goochland, Goochland C. H.; Grayson, Grayson C H.; Greenbriar, Greenbriar C. IL; Greenville, Ilicksford; Halifax, Halifax C. H.j Hamp-;hire, Romn. ;v ; Hanover, Hanover C. H.; Hardy, Moorefields; Harrison, Clarksburghj Henrco, Richmond; Counties. Chief Towns. Henry, Martinsville; James City, Williamsburgh; Jefferson, Charlestown ; Kcnhawa, Kenhawa C. IL; King «fc Queen, King«fcQueen C H.- King George, King George C. IL; King William, King William C. H,; Lancaster, Lancaster C. IL| Lee, Joncsville; Lewis, Weston; Logan, Logan C. IL; Loudon, Lecsburghj Louisa, Louisa C. IL* Lunonburgh, Lunenburgh C. H.;; Madison, Madison ; JMasDn, Point Pleasant; Matthews, Matthews C. U.f JNIecklenbiirgli, Boydtonj Middlesex, Urbana; Monongalia, Moigantovvn| Monroe, Union; Montgomery, Christiansburg})^ Morgan, Oakland; Nansemond, Suffblkj Nelson, Lovington ; New Kent; New Kent C. H.| Nicholas, Nicholas C. H.| Norfolk, Norfolk; Northampton, Eastville ; Northumberland, Northumberland; Nottaway, Nottaway C. H. j Ohio, Wheeling; Orange, Orange; Patric, Patric C. H.j Pendleton, Franklin; Pittsylvania, Pittsylvania C* H* Pocahontas, Huntersville| Powhatan, Scottsville; Preston, Kingwood; Prince F/ward, Prince Edwardf Prince George, City Pointf 11. ; ^ueen C H.| orge C. II.; illiam C. H,; 3. H.J rghaH.j H| n )wni nsburg!j;r C. H.f lumberland,' Hi nia C* H* ! Edward f oint: ATLANTIC STATES- ft 83 Princess Anne, Princess Anne C n;Staflbid, Staflbrd; Prince William, Brcnlsvillc; Randolph, Beverly ; Riclimond, Richmond C. II.; Rockbridge, Lexington; Rockingham, Ilarrisonburgh ; Russell, Lebancn; Scott, Estillville; Shenandoah, Woodstock; Southampton, Jerusalem; Spottsylvania, Fredericksburgh ; Population in 1S20, 1,005,360 Surry, Siury C H.; Sussex, Sussex C. H.; Tsizcwell, Tazewell C.H.; Tyler, Middlebourne; Warwich, Warwich C. H.; W-ishington, Abingdon ; Westmoreland, Westmoreland C H; Wood, Parkersburgh; Wythe. Wythe C.H.; York, York town. In 1S30, 1,211,266. Physical Aspect. A wide maritime belt from the shore of the sea to the head of tide waters, is of maritime formation, low, level, sandy, and not rich, except the alluvial borders of the rivers, which have a loamy and fertile soil, producing the rankest vegetation. This district, during the sultry months, is exposed to intermittents and bilious complaints. Thence to the Blue Ridge is level, inclining to undulating, and from that to a rough surface, The vallies between the mountains are generally fertile- It has been remarked, that the rich and the poor counties of the state lie in parallel belts. But in such a wide tract of country, stretching from the sea across the Atlantic belt, over the mountains, and thence to the Ohio, embracing more than half the breadth of the Union, and comprising every variety of sea plain, alluvial plain, mountain table summits, and cedar declivities, deep vallies, and large districts of the Ohio valley, and every quality of soil from the best to the worst, every diversity of config- uration might naturally be expected to be found. We have already spoken of Western Virginia. Atlantic Virginia will compare favorably, as to fertility of soil, with the states south of her. The mountain peaks of the AUeghanies, which run through the state as in Pennsylvania, are the Blue Ridge, the Peaks of Otter, North Mountain, Clinch, Cumber- land, Chesnut Ridge, and Gauley Mountains. Rivers. The principal Atlantic Rivers are Potomac, Shenandoah, Rappahannoc, Mattapony, Pamnuky, York, James, Rivanna, Appomat- loxe, Elizabeth, Nottaway, Meherrin, Staunton and Roanoke. The Potomac rises among the Alleghany Mountains. It runs a N. E. course approaching Pennsylvania, receives the Shenandoah, and makes its celebrated pass through South Mountain. At the city of Washington it is over a mile in width. It empties into Chesapeake Bay about 90 miles below the city. Its course, including its curves, is between 3 and 400 miles. In its whole length it constitutes the boundary between Maryland and Virginia. James River rises in the same range of moun- TT'i-l^- I v* d^, % ii ^#' ATIi ANTIC STATES. tains, 60 miles S. of the sources of llie Potomac. It breaks throuch three ridges of mountains .in its course, and falls into the Chesapeake near Norfolk. It meets the tide at Richmond, and its whole course is over 300 miles. Artificial improvements have rendered more than 200 miles of this distance boatable. Roanoke rises in the AUeghanies near the sources of James River, and pursuing a S. E. direction, enters North Carolina. Rappahannoc rises in the Blue Mountains from two branches, which unite below Fredcricksburgh. It falls into Chesapeake Bay TO miles below that place. York River is formed by the junction of Matta* pony and Pamunky, 27 miles above York, and falls into Chesapeake Bay 15 miles below that town. Large vessels ascer^d it to the junction of the two streams. Roanoke River is formed by the junction of the Dan and Staunton, and runs 100 miles in this state, before it passes into North Carolina. Shenandoah rises near Staunton, and winds near the base of the Blue Mountain, uniting wifii tlie Potor.iac immediately before its passage through the Blue Ridge. The Potomac South Branch rises in the AUeghanies, and after a N. E. cou)::f! of 100 miles, unites with the other branch below Old Towh. This state is traversed by so many con- Biderable streams, that pursue parallel courses through the level Atlantic belt, and the navigation of these stre^.-d has lieen so much improved by artificial means, that most of the transport of the state is by water, and commerce is in this way brought to the doors of the people. Productions. In this medial climate, and this formation of sea, river, and detritus of mountains, embracing all varieties of elevation, from the low sand plain, on a level with the sea, to the Alpine heights of the mouii' tains, a rich flora would naturally be expected. In passing trom Norfolk to the Ohio, a naturalist will detect most of the trees, shrubs, and plants, that can be found in North America. The unlearned traveller over the AUeghanies will be struck with the view of strange plants and flowers in the vernal months, which will impress him with the pleasure of surprise from the novelty of their form, scent and hues. This is, probably, the richest region in the Union in medicinal plants. Among those most abundant and best known, are ginseng and snake root. To the produc- tions common to the northern and middle states, tliis state adds the sweet potatoe, the finest tobacco, and in the soutliern parts cotton, as a crop. The productions of the north and the south, apples and wheat, cotton and tobacco meet here, as in Tennessee in the western country Tlio temper- ature, soil, and circumstances, are supposed to be favorable in the higliest degree to the cultivated grape and the silk mulberry. Minerals and Fossils. In these respects Virginia is considered the richest state in the Union. Quarries of the most beautiful marble and freestone, blue lime atone, pit coal and iron ore are found in inexhaustible *■ ATIiANTIC STATES. 86 abundance, and in places too numerous to be designated. Black lead, lead ore, rock crystal, amctliysts and emeralds are discovered. Porcelain clay and cbalk are common, and almost all the useful fossils. At Bath, in the central part of the state, are the Warm Springs, the ordinary tem- perature of which is 90° Fahr. The Hot Springs, G miles distant, are 112°, and varying in temperature, will sometimes boil an egg. The Sulphur Springs are situated among the mountains. They are resorted to by rheumatic patients with great benefit. The Sweet Springs in Bote- tourt county are strongly charged with carbonic acid gas, and are also a place of resort. The elastic air, the exciting scenery, and the exercise of climbing the mountains, probably exert more salutary influence upon the numerous patients that resort to these springs, than the healing efficacy of the waters. The public are sufFicicntly informed, that an extensive belt of hill and and mountainous country, in which gold is found in every form, commences in this state, nearly in the midland regions, and extends S. W. many hundred miles. Although this state is not the richest in these newly discovered beds of gold, yet, as the belt begins here, a few general remarks upon the gold region in general belong to this place. Commencing in Virginia, it extends S. W. through North Carolina^ nearly bisecting the state, and passing through the northern section of South Carolina, and thence through the upper part of Georgia in a N. W. direction, and through Alabama, ending in Tennessee. The mines in North Caroline^ and Georgia are most wrought. In North Carolina, in the counlies of Burke and Rutherford, are the chief sections where gold washinff is practiced. In Mecklenburgh, Rowan, Davidson, and Cabarras, in North Carolina, are the richest gold mines. In working these mines the ore is perfectly pulverised, and mixed with mercury, which extracts every particle of it, and forms an amalgan. The mercury is then driven off' in an alembic, leaving the gold perfectly pure. The gold washing is a simple and easy occupation ; but the mining requires great practical knowledge and experience, and not a little science. The sinking shafts and forming horizontal perforations, or fortifying galleries to reach the veins, are operations in which, without much geological knowledge, money and labor will be thrown away to no purpose. The richest veins have a dip of 42 degrees to the horizon, and vary in width from a few inches to several feet. They are not, as in other countries, confined to bills, but are often found in the vallies. The veins are often parallel to each other at unequal distances. Shafts have been s ink to the depth of 120 feet. The mines have not been worked to any extent for more than 5 years. The mills for grinding the ore, are propelled by water, or steam. They ere in great numbers, A single establi.ijiment employs 500 hands. The 80 ATI- ANTIC STATES. whole nutnLer of miners in estimated to Ln over 20,000. But a smnll proporti m of the {fold roadit's the I'liite:! Sditos mint. 'I'iic fjreatcrpart is sent to Kuropd, particularly to Pari?. A c()nsi(!eral)lo proportion of the labourinj^ minors are forci^fuers. 'J'iiirtcon languages are spoken at the chief uiines. Most of them can e;irn enough in three days of the week to enable them to spend the roniaininjj four in dissipation. It may be ima^jineil, that the morals of such miners, perfectly free and unrestrained, will be (h^ploiably h\d. The opening of the mines indubit* ably proves, tint thoy wore known in piist ages. Crucil)le3 and other mining instruments have been rc])ealeilly discovered, muler circumstan- ces to preclude tlie possibility of their having been left there by descend- ants of tlie European races. The largest masses of solid gold have been found in this mining district, that have ever been discovered in value from SOUK) thousand dollars to 2 or IJOO. Pieces of 2 ounces weight are not unfiequently found. They are of unusual fineness, and seem to have been thrown oil" from their ores by fusion. Canals. Extensive improvements have been made in the navigation of the Potomac, Shenandoah, and James Rivers, by dams and canals round their falls. The Hoard of public n-or/iS have reported the practi- cability of connecting James River with the Ohio by a canal. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal, in almost its whole length, is between this state and Maryland, or through this state. The Baltimore and Ohio rail- way, it is calculated will pass through the western part of this state. The Dismal Swamp canal opens a water intercommunication between this state and North Carolina. It admits vessels of 7 feet drauglit and 90 ions burden; and is twenty two and a quarter miles in length. It ren- ders an immense forest of valuable cypress timber accessible. The state has in short canals, and in ditlcrent sections, a total of 120 miles finished, There are a great number of short turnpike roads; but the country east of the Alleghanies is so level, that good roads, artificially made are not com- mon. The capital employed in internal improvements under the control of the Board of public works, is !Jij3,2();i,^ll. Climate. In a country so unequal in surface, ami extending from the sea to the Oliio, if is obvious, that no general character will apply to the climate of the whole slate. The district south of the Potomac is decidedly classed in the si»utheru climate of the United States. The low, maritime belt has a hot, sultry and rather unhealthy summer; but a mild and iigreeablo winter. The air near the mountains is more pure and elastic^ Among the mountains snows and frosts arc common in the winter; but the summer tenqjerature is delightful Curioffificft. This state abounds in caverns of vast extent and variety. Too numerous to be given in detail in this article. The tourist generally a smtxil !atcr part nrlion of lokcn at lys of lIiQ tion. It free and i iiuUibit* and other •cuinstan- dcscend- have been 1 in value weight are id seem to £T from the ply to the s decidedly V. maritime mild and and elastic winter; but md variety. St generally # ATLANTIC STATES. w commences with visiting a point, fertile in the hij:jlicst poasiblo moral interest, the estate of Mount Vernon, iiml the tomb of VV.iHhinijton. The estate is situated miles south of Alcximdrin, and in a position so se- cluded, as to be found with dilliculty, except when visited by a steam boat. The beautiful lawn, the noble trees and the venerable aspect of the mansion, embosomed amon^r woods and hills, seem precisely the spot, where the worthiest statcsniiin and /.'cncral, that the world hasseen^ should have found the repose of i\s northwest of Jlichmond, commanding a boundless prosj)ecl. The mansion is iifind up with that taste, and those classical ornaments, whifh the travelle;! and philosophic sta*«^smnn knew so well to collect and arrange. 'J'ho natunl bridge! (v^r Ced'ir Creek, 12 miles soiith west of liCxington, is a sublime curiosity. The chasm, through which tlic river passes under the bridge, is '.)() feet wide, and 250 deep, The bridge is 00 feet broad at the middle und covered with earth and trees. To look down from this inmicnse height upon the foaming waters below inspires in common minds a. revulsion of terror and in minds of more self possession the unmingled sensation of the sublime. At Harper's ferry is another sublime spectacle. Though a striking scene, the spectator hns formed loo high raised ex- pectations from reading the eloquent description of nature's war be- tween rivers and mountains at this place from the pen of Jefterson. The tourist, in search of the watering j)laces and beautiful scenery, takes his departure from Lynchburg. lie is successively brougiit in view of the impressive peaks of Otter, the natural bridge, the canal through the Blue Ridge, the while sulphur springs, the sweet springs, ihcsiilt sulphur springs, a place of resort for consumptive patients, the hot springs, and the warm springs. In appro. iching Staunton, ho |)asses the Blowing cave; and beyond Staunton Weyer's cave, one of the most imposing sub- terranean curiosities of nature; terminating with the United State's manufactory of arms at Harper's ferry, and the junction of the Shenan" doah and Potomac IVo route of the same extent in our country pre- sents a greater variety of picturesque and grand scenery, or passes through a pleasanler country. Religion. The Baptists are by far the most numerous denomination in this state. A Baptist report of 1817 makes the number of their con- gregations 314. Presbyterians and Kpiscopalians are the next most numerous denomiiiationB. There aie rnanv Methodist societies, 30 or ■ky'^:; I 'If |V':l«'li'ii A , -tO^ 86 ATLANTIC STATES. 40 meetings of the Friciuln, a number uf Jloman Cutliolir con!j;rcgations, some Jewish synngoguos, and more or lessrhurclica of all the (HfTorcnt denomination?. Education. The fiinons Uiiivorsily, of whifh Mr. JelVorson was the principal founder, is at C'h:irluttosvill<', it is amply endowed, and the buildings make a splendid show. William and Mary college nt Williams- burg is the oldost literary institution in the state. It iias graduated a large numlici^of respectable scholars and statesmen. Ilampilen Sydney in Prince Edward county, and Washinijton eollcge at Lexington are re- spectable literary institutions. Theni aro 'JO incorporated academies The state has a literary fund of ."ail,'j:j;{,.^)'J2. Other contingent funds are added lo the avails of this. }jfiir>,()0() of the avails of the fund are an- nually appropriated to the university of Virginia, and 15,000 to the edu- cation of the poor in the resi)octive counties, apportioiuui among them in the ratit) of the white i)o|)ulation. In iSvJH tlierc; were 'JG,OUO appli- cants for tlie benefit of this lund, and rJ,0l\2 recipients. Exports. The great exports of Virginia arc flour and tobacco. TJesido the common productions of the north, it exports s ^no cotton. The value of the produce in iSiiSwas $';?,773, llKJ, and the state owned G7,30iJ tons of shipping. In 182iS-'J0, JM,3r)0 hogsheads of tohaco were inspected. Chief Towns. RichmontI is the political metropolis of Virginia, and is situated on the north bank of James River, just below the falls, 150 miles from its mouth, and liJ3 south West from Washington. The situation is alike picturesque, salubrious and beautiful. The position is favorable for commerce, it being the natural depot of tobacco, wheat, and hemp, raised in the populous country watered by the river. An abundance of mineral coal is cheaply conveyed to it. It contains 13 public buildings, and 8 churches, together with a number of respectable manufactories. The Capitol, the penitentiary, and the beautiful church raised on the ruins of the theatre, in the conflagration of which 70 citizens perished, are beautiful and conspicuous erections. The new court house is also a spacious and elegant building. The Virginia armory is an extensive es- tablishment. The river has been rendered boataole 220 miles above the city. This town owns a respectable amount of shipping, and is one of the most flourishing places in the state. Population in 1820, 12,046. In 1830, 16,085. Norfolk is situated on the east bank of Elizabeth river. Eight miles from its estuary, 32 from the sea, and 102 south east from Richmond. It contains 13 public buildings, and 6 churches. The far- mer's bank, the orphan asylum and the Lancasterian school are among the most conspicuous buildings. The position of the town is not pleasant, being low, and in some places marshy; but it affords agreeabl*^ society, and the citizens are distinguished for their hospitality. It has a spaciou* ^ ATLANTIC STATES. urcgations, he different son was tl»e ifcd, and tho at WilUiims- nruduatod a [)dcn Sydney h:innoe, 110 miles from its mouth, is a great depot for grain, flour, and tobacco. It contains 8 public buildings, and 4 churches. There arc a mmibor of flour mills within a short distance from the town. It is accos-siblo by vessels of 110 tons, and is central to a fertile and well cultivated country, and circumstances taken together, is one of the most flourishing, healthy, and pleasant towns in the state* Population about 5,000. Williamsburg is situated between York and James river, GO miles east from Richmond, and was formerly the metrop- olis of the state. In this place is William and Mary college, formerly an eminent seat of learning. Population in 1820,1402. Yorklownon theS. side of York river will be forever remembered, as the place where Cornwal- lis surrendered to General Washington. Winchester is an interior town, in the great limestone valley, 30 miles south west of Harper's Ferry, and 70 miles north west from Washington; and is a neat and flourishing town containing 8 public buildings and churches. It has a large number of manufactories and workslio])s. Being central to many mineral springs, and a place noted for its salubrity and pleasantness, it is a summer re» sort for strangers. It contains about 4,000 inhabitants. Staunton is an interior town, 120 miles north of Richmond. It is a healthy and delight- ful place, containing a number of public buildings and three ^churches. The sulphur springs, a {ilace of great resort, are not far from this town.. Lynchburg is situated 20 miles l;elow tho great falls, where James' River breaks through the Blue Ridge, on the south bank of the river. It con- tains 10 or 12 public buildings, 4 churches and a number of very hand s-me houses. It has two bridges over the river, a large number of tobacco, warehouses and manufactories, and a grcr c number of commission houses, flour mills and cotton end woollen manufactories. There are 4 mineral springs in its vicinity. It is favorably situated for trade, not Vol. II. 12 1 mi IjlJ M^i t V ATLANTIC STATES. only with llifi western part of iho stale, \a\t witli tho wcslorn states f»cn- erally. Sm ill boats rorivcjy tlio abundant produce, wliich is broufjlit here, down tlio rivor to Riclimond. Tho most iinport;iiit item in the produce is from 10 to rj,()lU) hogsheads of tobacco. It is almnst embosomed in mountiiins, that have, however, fertile and jjopulous vallics between, and is one of the most flourisliin;? and commercial towns in tho slate; and prob- ably contains '7,()0() inlinl itanls. Iliirpor's ferry is situated at the junc- tion of the SIiiMiaudoah and tho Potomac, and in viow of that magnificent junction so well described by Jellerson. It is 05 miles north west from Washington, Tiio United States possess in this place a very extensive establishment for thr; manufacture of arms. 'Die buildings, taken togeth- er, compose a little village. There are 10 largo brick buildings connected with tho establishment, and froml2(>0 to HOO men constantly employed in the making and repairing of arms. Tiie other considerable towns in Virginia, east of the Alleghany mountains, arc ns follows, Dumfries, Colchester, Lccsburg, Martinsburg, York, New Castle, Hanover, Ports- mouth, Hampton, SnlVulk, Smithlickl, Manchester, Charlotteville, Milton Monticello, Lexington and Fincastle. p Character and j][anneni. Tho planters of Virginia east of the moun- tains arc generally large slave holders. The influence of slavery, both fiivorablc and unlavorable, is distinctly marked in their manners. The neat and thriving villages of tho northern states, with their numerous mechanics and the village spire, are no longer seen. Towns at wide stages from each other arc built up on the navigable waters; and the habitations between arc mansions or cabins. The state has, however, re- cently made munificent and noble exertions to extend general education. It has produced a great proportion of the leading minds in the legislative judicial and military departments of the general governr-ent. It has already given three presidents to the nation, and until very recently exer- cised an ascendant influence in its councils. The distinguishing national traits of the Virginians are frankness, generosity and decision, unshrinking perseverance in the right, and obstinacy in the wrong. Nature has given the state every advantage of position, soil, climate and navigable rivers; but a prevalent political dogma has influenced the councils of the state, that the inculcation of internal improvement and domestic indus- try is the great heresy of political economy. So ftir as the returns of tho census are known, it appears, that Virginia has increased at the rate of about 15 per cent, in the last ten years — and that ihe increase of free persons, is iu a much greater ratio, than that of slaves. fel" ?stprn stntcs gcn^ h is brought lieic, in in the in'iKluce ;st cmhosonicd in C3het\vccn,aiuli9 Q slate; tind proV- ualed at the juno- [• that magnificent s north west from e a very extensive nas, taken togeth- lildiiigs connected nntly employed in isidcrablo towns in follows, Dumfries, c, Hanover, Ports- ;ulolteville,Millon cast of the moun- lice of slavery, both lir manners. The th their numerous 1. Towns at wide ble waters; and the Lte has, however, re- aeneral education. Is in the legislative lovernnent. It has 1 very recently exer- tinguishing national ■cision, unshrinking Irong. Nature has [mate and navigable the councils of the md domestic indus- s the returns of the reascdattheratcof Ihe increase of free ATLANTIC STATESt NOIITII CAROLINA. 01 liUNOTii .'KV2 milos. nrcadlh I'il. 'l.<,'^00 square miles. Bulwecii a:\° 53' nnd H:'.° ;}:{' N. L. riivl l)ot\v<-(ii VP )i(y VV. L. 1° .'W E. L. Bounded N. l^y Vir^rjuinjE. by the Athinlic, S. S. Carolina, W. Teniicasoe. Counties. Chief Touva, Anson, VVadt. »orou»>li; Ashe, Jcftor.'^onton; Beaufort, ^VaH!lin^^toll ; Bertie, Windsor; Bladon, Kli/.:iIiel!ito\vii ; Brunswick, SMiitluillc Buncombe, Aslivillc; Burke, Mtmrantowu; Caharrns, Coric'nd; Camden, New T/j!,anon; Carteret, BciuTjl; Caswell, Caswell; C. II, Chatham, PiKsl.orough,' Chowan, Edent n; Columbus, Wliitcavillc, Graven, Newl;eru; Cumberland, Fayettevilloj Currituck, Curiluck ,• Davidson, Lexington; Dupin, Kenansvillc; Edgecombe, Tarboro; Franklin, Louisburg; Gates, Gates C XL; Granville, Oxford; Greene, Snow Hill; Guilford, Greensboro ; Halifax, Halifax; * Haywood, Haywood, C» H, ^ Hertford, Winfon; Hyde, German I on f Iredell, Slalesville; . ' Johnson, Smithfield; Population in 1820, 038,^). Voiintiei:. Chief Towns. Jones, Trenton; TiOnnir, FviuHtor. ; = • Lincoln, I.incnliilon; *, Macon, Franklin; J\I;Mtiii, Wil!i;iniston; * ]\leclv!cnbur:% Charlotle ; Montoomery, Lawrcncovillc; Mooiv, (^arlli;i!fr; ^ Na.^!i, Nayli\ille; Now llniovcr, Wilmington; North Ii:in.pl!;n,N. Ilampttm C. IL OranfTc, Hillsborough; Pasquotimk, Elizalclh City; I'erqninans, Hertford,' Person, lvoxl;orough; Pitt, (*recnvillc; Randolph, Asliborough; liichmond, Rorkingliam ; Robeson, Lumbcrton. Rockingham, Wcntworth ; Rowan, Salisbury; j, Rullierford, Rulherfordton; Samson, Clinton; Stokes, Salem; \' Surry, Rockford; Tyrrell, Columbia; Wake, Raleigh ; Warren, Warrcnton; Washington, Plymouth* Wayne, Waynesboro; Wilkes Wilkesboro; In 1830,738,470. #; Physical A.vpjct. The boil of nnrilime plain is still wider in this state than in Virginia, extending into the interior more than GO miles. It is a low plain, with many swamps and inlets from the sea. The greater portion of this district, except along the watercourses, is a vast forest of '■r '• ^n n^ m ■'-Mill' ir ',''■■ h ^ t. : , j^' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 Iii|2j8 125 itt K£ 122 Ml I^^B Photografiiic Sciences Corporation ■£" ^ O '^. - V ^.'V i\ 23 tVIST MAIN STREfT WISSTER,N.Y. 14580 (716) •72-4503 '^ 9S ATLANTIC STATES. evergreens. The rich lands near the swamps and rivers arc insalubrious. Having passed this monrtonons region, vre omcrfro (o Ihc p!er.snnt and undulating midland parts of (he state, at Ihciwscs of iho AIIcghTnies, from whose summits the eye traverses an immense extent of Lenulifiil country to the west; and vision is lost in the afjrcnabb su?cession of hill, dale, forest and valley, with an clastic and salubrious atmosphere. The great chains of the Alleghanies pass through this state, as through Virginia. The peaks are called Stone Mountain, Yellow Mountain, Iron Mountain, Bald Mountain, Sandusky Mountain, and White Mountain. The Blue Aidge divides the Atlantic streams from the Western waters. Between the 'chains are numerous detached spurs. Soil and Productions. The scil resembles that of Virginia. The maritime belt is sandy, and in many pl;iccs sterile, covered with vast forests of pine timber, and the swamps with cedar, bny and cypress. The alluvial belt of the rivers is generally fertile. Beside the products of the northern states, cotton, tobacco, rice, sweet potatoes and yams abound, and the soil and climate are favorable to the growth of tiie grape and the mulberry. From their pines the people extract tar, pitch, and turpentine. The exports consist of cotton, tobacco, lumber, tar, turpentine, pitch, pork and tallow. In 1S28 the exports were r>() 1,500 d(jllars. This does not present a fair estimate of exports, compared with that of the other states, as a great part of her exports arc sent oiT from Charleston. Her shipping amounts to 54,0C4 tons. '. ^.' . Minerals, Iron ore abounds, and the state possesses valuable iron works. Freestone, granite, marble, porcelain clay, pit coal, and most of the useful fossils are found in the state. The belt in which gold is found is broader and more productive than in any of the other states. In Mecklenburgh, Montgomery, Rowan, and particularly Cabarras, gold has been found more abundantly than in any other portion of the gold district. One of the largest lumps of pure gold ever found was dug up in Cabarras. It was worth between 7 and 80C0 dollars. Lumps from the value of 300 to 1,000 dollars are not uncommon. Gold is found in great purity in small grains and particles. There are innumerable diggings over all this dis- trict, and a host of greedy adventurers, relinquishing all other employ- ments, are digging the hill sides, in pursuit of gold. Sulphate of barytas is found in great abundance in two mines in the state. During 1829, the^United States Bank in Fayetteville received 90, 803 dollars in bars of gold, the^produce of the North Carolina mines. Rivers. The Chowan River enters this state from Virginia, where it is called Nottaway. By a broad estuary it empties into Albemarle Sound belowiEdenton. The Roanoke also enters this state from Virginia, and pursuing a very sinuous S E. course, it falls into Albemarle Sound by feveral channels. It is navigable by vessels of considerable size 30 miles, ' k M« Fr * kf,. a, '■4 . ATLANTIC STATES. and beatable to the falls 70 miles. It has an extremely fertile alluvion. Cape Fear River has ils ^vho!c course in the stale. It rises in the moun- tains in the N. part of the state, nnd after a S. E. course of 200 miles, falls into the Atlantic at Cape Fc:ir. Its estuary is a league in width, with 18 feet water, at high tide, over its bar. It is navigable by ves.sels of 11 feet draught to Wilmington, and boatable to Fayetteville. Neuse River has a course of 200 miles, and finds its estuary in Pamlico Sound, 18 miles below Newbern. Tar River has a S. E. course through the state of 150 miles, and empties into Pamlico Sound. It is navigable to Washington, 30 miles, and boatable to Tarborough, 90 miles from its mouth. Yridkin River rises in the Blue Ridge, in the N. W, part of the state, and after a course of more than 100 miles in it, passes into South Carolina. Catawba River rises in the Blue Ridge, and after a courseof 70 or 80 miles in this state, passes into South Carolina. Broad River also rises in the Blue Ridge, pnd after a S. E. course of 50 miles in this state, passes into South Carolina. Tlie head waters of Tennessee and Kenhawa rise in this state, but they have already been described. The dangerous and stormy Cape Hatteras is on the shore of this state. Climate. This grcat state, like Virginia, spreading from the sea over the mountains, has in summer a sultry climate, a warm climate, a tem- perate, and a cool climate, according to the elevation and distance of the district from the sea. In the low country the summers are decidedly hot and sultry, and the high aud relaxing heats, united with the exhalation from decaying vegetable matter, and the miasm of the swamps, are in- jurious to health. The highlands of North Carolina are as healthy as any part of the United States. Chief Towns. Raleigh is the political metropolis. It is a handsome interior town near the centre of the state, G miles W. of the Neuse; 140 N. W. of Newbern, and 164 S. W. of Richmond. It contains 13 public buildings, 5 houses of public worship, and about 3,000 inhabitants, of whom half are slaves. Union Square in the centre of the town, con- taining 10 acres, is a public ground, highly ornamental to the city. Four streets extend from if, dividing the town into four parts. In 1831 the splendid slate house of this town was destroyed by fire. The beautiful marble statue of Washington, by Canova, the great Italian artist, which cost the state 25,000 dollars, was placed in the state house, and was sup- posed at first irreparably -destroyed. It has since been discovered to be less injured than was imagined. The artist is dead, and it is a source of melancholy regret, that this chef d''ocutre can never be restored to its pristine beauty. There are two flourishing academies in this town. The most beautiful materials for building abound in its vicinity. New- bern is situated on the S. bank of the Neuse, 30 miles frojn Pamlico :! V, .:. •»*'■ *• -■*- v 94 ATLANTIC STATES. Sound. It contains 8 pubiic buildings and 3 churches, and has a consid- erable qommcrce. Its cxp'.rts consist of Imnlrpr, tar, pin Ii, grain, and pork. The water distnncc between this place and I'^liza! ctli City makes a part of the sto;;m !;o:it route between Norfolk and Charleston. It is the best built, lieallhicst,and nuHlflcurisliinj]; town in North Carolina upon tho sea coast. Population \i,'ii>'2. i^Jovc than half are coloured people. Fayetteville is one of the largest towns in tho sttite. I>s position near theW. bank of Cape Fear River at the head of boat navi;;ation, is fortu- nate, and it was, until recentlj', one of the most flourishing towns in the state. In Mny, IS'Jl, it was laid in ashes 1 y one of the most destructive fires ever known in our country. F;om the material of the buildings and the amount of pitch, tar, and spirits stored in tho town, tho fire raged with terrific and irresistiMc viuleiico, Six hundred buildings were de- stroyed, but strange to toll, not a lilo was lost. It was a compact town, doing much mercantile bui'inct^s, and with ;ibout 4,000 inhabitants. It is rebuilding, like the Phoenix, more beiutiful from its ruins. Wilmington is situated on the E. hank of Cape Fear River, 35 miles frnm the sea, and 1)0 N. E. of Fayetteville. It is the most commercial town in the state. It contains 5 or public buildings and 3 churches. Its annual exports have sometimes exceeded ,^1,000,000, and it owns 10,000 tons of shijtping. The extensive rice fields in its vicinity are supposed to render it unhealthy. Tiie .towns of this state have been peculiarly unfortunate in suiibring from lircs. This town has been visited by two destructive confli'grations, one in 1S19, by which 200 buildings to the value of $1,000,000 were destroyed; and another in 1828, in which 50 buildings, were burned, valued at ,^130,000. Population about 3,000. Edenton is situated on the E. bank of Chowan River. Amonc its public buildings the court house is conspicuous for its elegance. Its commercial position is favorable; but its air is considered insalubrious. It is supposed to own 6,000 tons of shipping, aud to contain about 2,000 inhabitants. Washington and Salisbury are agreeable inland towns. — The names of the other considerable towns follow : Murfreesborough, Plymouth, Halifax, Warrenton, Greenville, Tarborough, Smithfield, Averey'sborough, Lumbertown, Rockingham, Iluntsville, Salem, States- ville, Charlotte, Morgantown, and Ashville. This last town, having a pleasant position, and being in the vicinity of the Warm Springs, is rapidly growing. Religion. All the Christian denominations are represented in this state. The fixed congregations are net so numerous as in the other states, but the people are generally addicted to some form of worship. The Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists are believed to be the prevailing denominatipns. . , .^^ 4-.. '-* ATLANTIC STATES. 05 Education. The University of North Carolinn, at Chapel Hill, ifl respcctahly endowed. There are about 20 academies in the state. Tlie seminary for yoiin^ ladies at Salem is a Moravian institution of distin- guished reputation, to which many young ladies from the southern coun- try resort for their education. 'J'hc slate has provided an accumulating literary fund, wliich at present amounts to about ^70,000. It is intended that the-avaiis of it sinll be appropiiatcd among tlie several counties, in the ratio of the free population, for tlic support of common schools. Roads and Canals. In the level belt of the slate nature has done so much towards giving it good roads, lliat artificial exertions in this direc- tion have been neglccteJ. Considerable extent of canal has been made on Cape Fear River; and the navigation of some of the other rivers has been improved in the same way. The canal between Chesapeake Bay and Albemarle Sound through the Great Dismal Swamp, has already been mentioned. The whole extent of canal in this state amounts to 43 miles. General Remarl's. This state holds a large proportion of slaves, especially the planters in the lower part of it. In this district the term sickly season is of common use, and has a distinct import. The reed cane, the palmetto and long moss are striking features in the landscape, indicating sufficiently, that it belongs to the southern states. The pro digious forests of long leafed pine strike the eye of a nprtherner with a peculiar effect. The sound of the breeze in this forest, as he -joumies through it, furnishes him a sad, though not unpleasing music. The bright fires of the tar makers in these ancient forests, with their number- less tall columns, and the deep verdure of their tassels half a yard in length, as seen illumined by the bright glare of the burning fat pine, taken together, furnish a spectacle, which, to be apprehended, must be seen. ^J The people in the interior and western parts of the state have fewer slaves, labor with their own hands, and arc more assiasilated in their hab- its and manners to the northern people. The inhabitants of the state in gcncnl have a mnrked character for sobriety and morality, and a sturdi- ness of independence. In their temperament, they are inclined to relig- ious excitement; and are striving to remedy past neglect of common schools, by fostering private seminaries- and Siinda-y schools. In common with Virginia, this state has a great extent of swamp lands. The' Great Dismal' of Virginia it is well known to be 30 miles in extent. There are in this state 2,000,000 acres of such land. These are discovered to be easily reclaimable, and to possess a soil of great and exhaustless fertility* They vire supposed capable of suslaininga population of 100,000 peopley and to be particularly adapted to the cultivation of tobacco, rice, cotton, and hemp. The Scuppernong and Catawba grape indigenous to this state, are extensively cultivated abroad, and yield a wine, which ranks at 1 >^ ■'"'j!3_'m. 7::^jW 06 ATLANTIC STATBS. the head of our native wines. They are great bearers. The euhiTation of indigo has been attempted with entire success. The product is of the best quality. The people are beginning to turn their attention to the making wine from their native grnpes, and to raising the silk mulberry. A spirit of improvement is abroad from which the best results must follow. This state was the theatre of some of the most brilliant achievements, during the revolutionary war. The battle of Moore's Creek bridge, King's Mountain, and Guilford will remain in history, imperishable me> morials of the bravery and patriotism of its inhabitants. , ' SOUTH CAROLINA. « Leicgtr 18S miles. Breadth, 160 containg 30,000 square miles. Be* tween 32° 2' and 35° 10' N. L. and between 1° 45' and 6° 15' W. L. Bounded N, and N. E. by North Carolina; S. E. by the Atlantic and S. W. by Georgia, from which it is separated by the Savannah. Counties. Chirf Toicns, . Abbeville, Abbeville; Anderson, Pendleton ; BarnweH, Barnwell ; Beaufort, Coosawatchie ; Charleston, Charleston; - Chester, '^hesterville: Chesterfield, Bennetsville; Colleton, Waterboro; Darlington, Darlington ; Edgefield, Edgefield; Fairfield, Winnisboro; Georgetown, Georgetown ; Greenville, Greenville; Horry, Conwayboro; Counties. Chief Toums. Lancaster, Lancaster C, H. ; Laurens, Laurensville ; Lexington, Lexington C. H.; Marion, Marion C. H. ; Marlborough, Marlborough, C. H.; Newberry, Newberry C. H. Orangeburgh, Orangeburgh; Pickens, Pickens; Richland, Columbia; ^ Spartanburgh, Spartanburgh; Sumpter, Statesburgh; Union, Unionville. Williamsburgh, Kingstree; York, York C. H. • -^ Kershaw, Camden ; ^ Population in 1820, 502 741. In 1830 581,458. Physical Aspect. S. Carolina shows, still more palpably than the states farther north, the maritime belt of plain, broadening in proportion to the advance towards the south. In this state this broad plain of sea formation, of a uniform and monotonous level, extends more than 100 miles into the interior. It' it is chequered by swamps and indented by sea inlets. An alluvial belt along the rivers is rich. The remaining por* tions of the phin are covered with the long leafed pine. Beyond this if •"• ■*! ATLANTIC ttTATCft. m the sand hill belt, GO miles in width, the sterile hills of which have been compared to the arrested waves of the sea in a storm. It yields nat- urally nothing, but stinted jiiniixirs and pines. To this distance the broad extent of country is called the lower country. Beyond it we ap- proach the ridge or upper country, the Atlantic ascent of which is precip- itous. From the summit stretches a large belt of table country, fertile, cultivated, watered by rivers and irrigated by smaller streams extending from the Savannah to Broad river. Hills and dales alternate. The deep forests with their varieties of trees gratify the eye by their verdure, and varied foliage. The ascent hence to the mountains is gradual and imperceptible. A number of mountains of striking forms here swell with their peaks to a very considerable elevation. Table mountain is the most conspicuous. Its summit is supposed to be 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. The names of the otlier elevated peaks are Oconetj Paris, Glussey, Hogback, and King's. These mountains give rise to ma- ny clear and quick streams of water. Climate. The atmosphere of the low country is sultry, damp, and un- elastic. The complexion of the inhabitants is marked with a sallow tinge, and most of the summer and autumnal diseases assume a bilious type. Intermittcnts are common, and the autumnal fevers severe. In the low country, the season of frost does not comprise more than 3 months, and the ground is seldom whitened with snow more than one night; though the mountains arc oficn white for many days together. The weather in the intermediate seasons between autumn and spring is often fickle, and subject to frequent and great changes. The multiflora rose blooms all the year in Charleston; and yet the ex- tremes of summer heat arc not often felt in that city. The hilly and western parts of the state have a climate, mili.l, delightful, and salu- brious. Productions' The staples are cotton and rice. The value of cotton exported from this state has been as high as ,^12,1)00,000 in a year. Next to cotton, rico, is the most important production. Indigo is a large item in the exports of the state. Tobacco thrives well. Many of the northern fruits and grains would succeed, were they sufficiently attended to. The soil is remarkable for producing the best sweet potatoes and yams, and the largest and finest watermelons in the United States. The fruits are pears, pomegranates, figs, apricots, nectarines, apples, peaches, olives, grapes, almonds, and oranges. Tlie planters divides their soil into several classes, with distinctive names; as the tide swamp, which yields a sea island cotton, of nearly double ihc value of the upland kinds; inland swamp, river swamp, oak and liickory land, and pine barren. The oak and hicko'-y land is favorable to indigo and cotton. The pine Vot. II. ' 13 '^■^ "!%• ATLANTIC STATBC. ♦• barren, though the least fertile of all, is overhung by an atmosphere so much more saltibrious, that much of it is cultivated ; and a sufficient portion for the planter to erect his habitation upon, is deemed an impor- tant appendage to every swamp plantation. So various is the climate, that the plants of Canada may be found on its mountains, and on its southern decHvities the hardier tropical fruits. In botaniciil opulence it surpasses any other Atlantic state. It is an extended garden of medici- nal herbs, and flowering plants. Among its striking shrubs and beauti- ful trees, may be mentioned the magnolia azalia, rhododendron rosa, Car- olinensis calicanthus, Floridus angelica, robinia fragrans, and different kinds of the adromeda delight the eye with their flowers, and perfume the air with their fragrance. Minerals. We have already seen that the belt, in which gold is found extends through this state. Although the mines are abundant, and nu- merous, from some cause the diggings have been less numerous, than in North Carolina. Various ochres, used in painting, are found at York- Tille. Marble, limestone, iron, and lead ore, potter's clay, fuller's earth nitrous earth, talc, pellucid stones, and most of the useful fossils are common. Rivers. The Pedee rises in Virginia, and flows in a south east direc- tion through North Carolina into South Carolina, and empties into the Atlantic below Georgetown. Its length of course is 300 miles, 200 of which are boatable. Santee is formed by the junction of the Congaree, and Wateree below Columbia. These streams rise in the mountains of North Carolina. It pursues a south east course of 300 miles to the At- lantic, into which it empties 50 miles north east from Charleston- It is boatable 200 miles. The head waters of the noble river Savannah are in Tennessee. Entering this state, it becomes the dividing line be- tween it and Georgia. The direction of its course which is 300 miles, is south east, and it empties into the Atlantic 17 miles below Savannah, Up to this point laYge vessels ascend. It is navigable by steam boats to Augusta, 127 miles higher. Smaller boats ascend far beyond this place into the interior of the country. Catawba river rises in North Carolina. Passing into South Carolina, it assumes the name of Wateree, and unites with the Congaree 30 miles below Columbia. The stream below the junction is called the Santee. The most splendid cascade in the state is furnished by the Catawaba falls above Rocky Mount. The river which had been more than 180 yards wide above, here contracts to less than 60, and dashes down from cascade to cascade 100 feet. This striking spec- tacle is easily accessible, and much visited. Broad river is the main l»ranch of the Santeie. It rises iu the mountains of North Carolina, and is silled in its course with the Pacolet, Tiger and Ennoree, and unitw ATLANTIC 8TATE8. fi with tho Snlud.i below Cohinihiii. 8:iliul:i river is tlic western branch of the Santee. Cooper river rises 40 rniU-s north from Charleston, ond unites with Ashley river below that city, It is connected with the San- tee by a canal. The lifllc Pctlee, VVaccnmtiw, Lynches creek, Black river Edisto, Cunibahcc, Coosuw, Stoiiu und Kcjweo are all considerablo streams. Exports. We have already observed, that the staples aro cotton and rice. In 1830, 18t},0U7 bales of cotton woro ox|)orto;l from Charleston. The total amount of exports in 1821) was , fourth city in tho iininn. It is IWM) mile^sonth east iVoniCoinniliia, ;>*.!i) south west from lldtiinore, 7n() s)nlii W!>sl from '\r\v York, Mid .").'»;} south west from Wushiii^'ton. IJy the way nf N'orlolk ami across the hiiys, ithasrnpid nnd easystcnni boat eoinnnniiealinns with tin; sxilln'm eiliis. In 18*20 the popuhUion was !()tlior ronHiilcMiiMo \II!i;Toaf tilow: Darlington, Society Hill, Clicniw, ClicsUMlifld, Kiii;,'troo, Siimplor\ille, MfincboBtor, HtHtcHburjrli, Lancaslcr, ('liostorvillo, Yorkvillo, Cambridge, Lnurensville, (Jroenvillc, Piclvoiisville, ()ian;.'t'l)urgli, IJiniwcll, Coosa- wliatcliio, PnniHliurgli, Robrrlsvillc, Md^cliold, Wilmington, Vienna, Abbeville, Aiulorsonvillf. .'Mil Pfiullcton. Roads and i'anah. Tliid slate bis ii Hoard of Public Worka, under wliosc exertions piil lie, woiis of cnnsiik'niblo extent bavc been executed. Tbo Santoo ('anal, '>J'J uuUw in IciilmIi, Cdnnecls tbe Santco River with Clmrleston Iiarl.or. A nunilnT of short eanalH, niakiiifj in all a. ronsid- ernblc extent, have been cnt aroiuid the falls of tbe rivers, to render them beatable. Tbe wliobi extent of eanal completed, or in progress in tbis state amounts to ir)0 miles. But tbe most important public work it Uqa attempted, is tlio Soulli ('iioliiia Rail Road. Of this gr».vit work ono inmdred and Ibirty-lwo niili's and a half in length, tbe entire line, is under contrnet, and eonsidoralilo advanccniont has been m.'ule in tbfc whole ex- tent. 'J'welve niilcH are eomp'cle, and IIk^ rails laid and wedged upon 19 miles more. In lt«30an avera<.^cof (!t)t) labourers were enjj)b)ycd upon the wnrk. ' _ Jicligion. All the denoniinalioiis of Christians nro represented in Sontli Carolina, lis in the other states, hut the prevalent denominations are Presbyterians, Kpiseopnlians, IMethodisIs, and Baptists. (iciirral liniiarfi.t. .!Son\c of the most venerated ni'.mes that the revo- lutionary annals can furnish, arc names of men of the lirst fortune and highest education in this slate, who wrote, b^gislated, fought and bled, and put every thing at hazard, on the issue of national independence. The state has continued to furnish citizens of the mest brilliant talents and distinguished character to rej)rcsent her in the national councils. The integrity and glory of the American union were, until lately, as fondly cherished here as in any other state. This is not the place to comment upon the new political dogmas, adopted as political orthodoxy by the councils of the state. It is more pleasant to dwell upon the high- minded independence, the frank ami gciicrous hospitality, the prompt and charitable regard to distress, and the elegant affluence, which all strangers, sojourning in the state, have concurred to award to its distin- guished citizens. Amidst the querulous and menacing spirit of complamt, and the avowal of real or supposed depression and poverty, she is adopting some measures for the amelioration of her condition, which arc unquea- t is a mem- 109 ATLANTIC STATM. tionnbly wiio and expedient. Shu is clierisliing agriculture by tlic eflbrtf of enlightened ngriciillural asiioclatinnH. (iruiit cvxcr^ionM are mnking to extend tlie cultivation of ica inland cotinn, tliu sugar cano, the silk niuU berry, and iho vino. M.'inufactures iS cotlon nro cfltublishcd, and on- couraged. It is only roiiuisito tiiut this gront sttitc should cherish her internal resources, that her largo planters shuuld have the knowledge and dignity to practice retrcnclmicnt, and incu lento upon their children, that to be trained to industry, to have a pursuit, and in a free and republican country, even to labor with their own hands, would bring neither stain nor indignity, to restore that prosperity, which will be sought for in vain in idle menace and fierce legislation. i * I' GEORGIA. LvNorn, 300 miles. Breadth 200. Containing 58,000 square miles. Between 30° 10' and 35° N. L. and 3° 52' and 8° 17' W. L. Bounded N. by Tennessee and North Carolina; N. E. by South Carolina; S. E. by the Atlantic; S. by Florida; and W. by Alabama. Counties. Towns. Appling, Appling C. 11, Baker, Byron. Baldwin, Milledgeville. ' Bibb, Macon. Bryan, Bryan C; H. Bullock, Statesborough. Burke, Waynesboro. Butts, Jackson. Camden, Joffcrsonton. Campbell, Campbellton. Carroll, Carrollton. Chatham, Savannah. Cherokee Nation, New Echota. Clark, Watkinsville. Columbia, Appling. Coweta, Newnan. Crawford, Knoxvillo Creek Nation, Creek Agency. Decatur, Bainbridge. De Kalb, Decatur. Counties. Towns. Dooly, Borrian. Early, Blakcly. EfTingham, Willoughby. Elbert, Elbcrton. Emanuel, Swninsboro. Fayette, Fayetteville. Franklin, Carnersville. Glymn, Brunswick. Greene, Grcenesboro. Gwinnct, Lawrenceville. Habcrsiiam, Clarkcsvillo. Hall, Gainesville. Hancock, Sparta. Harris, Hamilton. Henry, McDonougb. Houston, Perry. Irwin, Irwin C. H. Jackson, Jefferson. Jasper, Monticello. Jefferson, Louisville, *?' ATLANTIC tTATM. lot Jonei, Clinton. LaiirenR, Dublin. Lee, Pcndloton Liberty, Ricoboro. Lincoln, Lincolnton. Lowndes, Frnnklinville. Modiion, Danielsvillo. Mclntoih, Dnrien. Marion, Marion C. II. Merriweihor, Greenville. Monroe, Forsyth. Montgomery, Mount Vernon. Morgan, Mndison. Miiflcogce, Columbus. Newton, Covington. Oglethorpe, Lexington. Pike, Zebulon. Pulaski, Hartford. Unbun, CInyton. Randolph, Randolph C. H "^ Richmond, Augustn. • " Suiven, Jacksonburgh. / Tulbot, Tolbotton. Taliaferro, Crawfurdsville. Tulnull, Perry's Mills. Telfuir, Jacksonville. Thoinas, Thomosville. Troup, Lagrange. Twiggs, Miirion. Upson, Thomaston. Walton, Monroe. a Ware, Warcsboro. v*,* Warren, Warrenton. Washington, Sandersville. Wayne, Wnynesville. , , - - Wilkes, Washington. Wilkinson, Irwinton. Of this number Putnam, Eatonton. Population in 1820, 340,087. In 1830, 510,504. between the third and tho half are slaves. • Physical Aspect. There is the same broad maritime belt of level country, skirting the sen, as in South Carolina, of nearly 100 miles in extent. The sea shore is dotted with a number of islands. The numer- ous rivers, inlets and arms of the sea ovorHow the swamps at almost every return of the tide. Hence the sea marsh swamps, and the swamps near the estuaries of rivers, in order to be reclaimed, require levees. Beyond the swamps commences the extensive belt of pine barrenSj closely resenv bling those of South Carolina. Beyond this belt the counUy begins to be pleasantly diversified by gentle undulations. The soil is what is tech- nically called mulatto soil. This region is bounded on the W. by the Blue Ridge, which here swells into elevations 1,500 feet in height, which thence subside, and are lost in the sea. Beyond the mountains is an ex' tensive and rich table country, with a black soil of great fertility, in which pines and evergreens arc more rare, and are replaced by black walnut and the forest trees that denote a rich soil. . «* ? Climate. Differs very little from that of South Carolina. The low country planters have their sickly season and their summer retreats in the high pine woods. The districts central to the rice swamps in the Caroli- nas and Georgia are universally insalubrious. There are districts in this state, that approach nearer to tropical temperature, than any portions of Sooth Carolina, and are better adapted to the cultivation of the sugar » f* # li 104 ATXiANTIC tTATBS. ft* V,' cane, the olive, and sweet orange. The hilly and western parts of the state are as healthy as any part of America. As an average of the tem- perature, winter may be said to commence in the middle ef December, and end in the middle of Februrrv. The climate of the low country compares very nearly with that of juouisiana. M Productions. The staple is cotton, both the black seeded and sea isl< and. Rice is the next staple. Great extents of rice swamps art sowed with this grain. Sugar cane is cultivated on experiment. Indigo is be- ginning to constitute a considerable item in the products. Silk and wine are made on experiment. The fruits are melons in the greatest perfec- tion, figs in abundance, oranges, pomegranates, olives, lemons, limes, citrons, pears, peaches and grapes. The forest trees and shrubs are as numerous and as various as in South Carolina, and it produces great numbers of indigenous medicinal plants. Exports. Consisting chiefly of cotton, rice, deer skins, lumber, &c. in 1828 amounted to $4,981,376. The tonnage was 13,959 tons. Canals and internal Improvements. A canal from the Savannah to the Ogeechee is completed. It is intended to extend it to the Altamaha, making in all 72 miles. One hundred negroes are employed by the state, under the direction of 2 superintendents, to work by the direction of over- seers on the roads and the rivers. Education. The university of Georgia has funds to the amount of 136 thousand dollars. Its position is at Athens. The buildings consist of two large college edifices, two chapels, a president's and a steward's house. The library and philosophical apparatus are respectable. An academy, with an average number of SO students, is connected with the college. There are 80 incorporated academies in the state, C>4 of which are in operation, containing 3,008 pnpils. The total number of the pupils in the academies and common schools is 4,258. The legislature has appropriated $250,000, and 1,000 acres of land in each county in such an investment, as that the avails shall be applied to tht support of common schools. Natives. The greater portions of two considerable tribes, the Chero- kees and Creeks, reside within the chartered limits of this slate. The Cherokees have shown a greater capacity for the improvements of civil- ized life, and more progress in cultivation and the arts, than any other In- dian tribein our country. They have good houses, live in villages, culti- vate farms and have 1,277 slaves. They have carpenters and blacksmiths and the females^s{>in and weave, and make butler and cheese. They number a total of 15,060 persons; and, instead of diminishing, they havfc increased, during the hst 6 years, 3,563. They have adopted a form of government and jurisprudence similar to ours. A half breed ATLANTIC STATES. 105 Cherokee has produced the surprising invention of a Cherokee alphabet, which, in point of utility, takes a high place among the alphabetic inven- tions of all ages and countries. Great numbers of missionary establish- ments are fixed among them, in the schools of which 500 children are learning to read and write the English language. This is not the place to vex the question, which has proved of such absorbing interest, of tlie humanity of their removal west of the Mississippi. Rivers. The Savannah, which is the boundary between this state and Georgia, has already been noticed. The Ogeechee River pursues a S. E. course through the state of 200 miles. lis estuary is Ossabaw Sound, 17 miles S. W. of Tybee Light House. Canuchee, its principal branch, after a course of 100 miles, unites with it 20 miles from the Atlantic. St. Mary's rises in the great swamp of Okanfanoka, and is the boundary between Georgia and Florida. Alatamaha is a broad and deep stream with many branches. The principal of these are the Oconee and Ocmulgee. The Apulcuhee is a principal branch of the Oconee. The Little Ocmulgee is a branch of the Ocmulgee. After the junction of the Oconee and Ocmulgee, the majestic Alatamaha flows one hundred miles further through the forests, and finds its estuary in Alatamaha Sound. There are 14 feet water over the bar, and the Oconee branch is navigable for boats of 30 tons to Milledgeville, the metropolis, 300 miles from the sea. Ohoopee is an important branch of the Alatamaha, which has a course of 100 miles. Satilla River empties into the Atlantic be- tween St. Symons and the Cumberland Islands. The rivers of Georgia that rise in the Mississippi valley have been already noticed. Islands. In front of the broad belt of salt marsh, that skirts the sea shore, is a chain of islands of great value for their capability of yielding sea island cotton, and for being retreats, during the sickly months, for the low country planters. The names of the principal islands follow : Tybee, Ossaw, Ossabaw, St. Catharine's, Cumberland, Jekvl, Sapelo, and St. Symon's. Chief Towns. Savannah, the commercial capital, is situated on the west bank of the Savannah, 17 miles from its estuary, 118 miles S. W. from Charleston, and 058 S. W. from Washington. Its position is a low sandy plain. It was formerly built of wood, and insalubrious from its marshy surface and contiguity to rice swamps. It has sufiered severely from fires, and the parts destroyed have been handsomely rebuilt. The rice swamps in the immediate vicinity are no longer inundated, and the health of the city is since much improved. It contains 12 public build- ings and 8 churches. The Presbyterian church is an elegant and spacious edifice of stone. The Exchange is a large building 5 stories high. The Academy is partly of brick and partly of stone, 180 feet front, 60 feet Vol. II. 14 106 ATLANTIC STATES. # i ■ii wido, and 3 •tories liigh. There are 10 public squares planted with trees, among which tlio beautiful China trees are conspicuous. It is a place of very great trade, and has exported over 120,000 bales of cotton, beside largo amounts of rice and tobacco, in a year. It is defended by t\vo forts and the entrance to the river indicated by a liglit house on Tybce Island. In 1820, 463 buildings wei-e destroyed by fire, valued at $4,0()0,0()0. Population, in 1820, 7,523, of whom nearly half were slaves. In 1830, 7,473. Augusta is a handsome town on the west bank of the Savannah, 127 miles above Savannah. It is laid out with great regularity. It is hniid- soniely built, and chiefly of brick. Being midway between the upjxir and lower country, it is a central emporium of business. It contains 8 pub- lic buildings and 5 churches. The public buildings are spacious, and many of the private houses elegant. No town 1ms more business accord- ing to its size. It is a great depot of cotton and tobacco, brought down from the upper country. It communicates with Savannah by steam boats. It has suffered, as well as Savannah, severely by fires — but is at present flourishing. It is 73 miles S. W. of Columbia, and 138 N. W. of Ciiar- leston. Population in 1820,4,000. In 1830, 0,«1)0. Millcdgeville is situated on the W. bnnk of the Oconee, 300 miles by the curves of the river, from the sea. Though in the upper country it ig near the bordereof the low country. Ifs situation is elevated and pleas- ant, and central to a fertile and populous country. The state house, ar senal, and penitentiary, arc all large and conspicuous buildings. It con- tains some other public buildings, 2 or 3 churches, and about 3,0t)0 in- habitants. It is 87 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 170 N. W. from Savannah. Athens, on the west bank of the Oconee, is the seat of the University •of Georgia. The names of the other principal villages follow: Waynes- borough, Louisville, Georgetown, Warrenton, Dublin, Sandersville, Sparta, £atonton, Greensburgh, Madison, Jefferson, Clarksborough, Watkinsvillc, Marion, Clinton, Monticello, Sunbury, Daricn, and St. Mary's. Minerals. Near Milledgevillc is a bed of yellow ochre. Mineral springs are found in difl'erent parts of the country. Copi)cr ores, and tlic greatest abundance of iron ore have been discovered. The gold region extends in a broad belt through this state. The discoveries have been numerous and productive in the Cherokee country ; and collisions of a serious character have ensued between miners claiming to dig under the authority of the Cherokees, the State, and the United States. Many have supposed that gold would be found more abundantly in the highlands of Crcorgia and Alabama, than iu the eastern section of the gold region. *t'<- ^ ATLANTIC STATES. ! 107 Religion. The aspect or ttic roligiotis chnrnctcr and denominations of this state differs little from that of Soiitli Carolina. The Baptists and Methodists are the prevalent denominations. General Remarks. This state, in common with South Carolina, has adopted a tone of qucrulousncss complaining of poverty and depression. The teaching of political economy, in regard to its bearing upon the slave states, indicates alike to tliem all new views respecting personal labor. The children of the wealthier planters should be taught, that industry is not dishonor; and should be trained to become sufficient to themselves. Retrenchment, economy, and the mising and manufacturing every thing, that domestic industry can supply, which is requisite for the wants of a plantation, arc duties imperiously prescribed by their circumstances. The itugar cane bids Hiir to succeed, as a new species of cultivation. In the remote pericKJs of the colonial history of Georgia, the manufacture of silk on a considerable scale, was practiced with entire success. A single acre in the cultivation of the native grape yielded, on experiment, $160 nett profit from the sale of the wine. An abundant crop of indigo, of an ex- cellent quality, can be grown in almost every part of the state. Its inte- rior and western parts are peculiarly favorable to manufactures. With mines both of iron and gold, tho extent and resources of which can only be measured by the imagination, and being one of the largest states, in regard to extent of surface and capabilities, ^Georgia has within herself all the elements for becoming one of the first states in the Union. Wis- dom, dignity, moderation and forbearance in her councils are alone re- quisite to produce tlie desired result. -% » ^.v ^ !>-».'^:Jt* K '•'i-' ./f- # « * Vv. ' •*«»»■ DAIVIISH POS^SESSIIONS IK NORTH AMERICA *^> *,.p: GREENLAND. Position. Greenland was long accounted a part of our continent, but is now supposed to bo an immense island. The most advanced post of the Danes towards the north pole is Uppernavitch in 72° 30' ; and the most southern in 64° 10'. Ships have not been known to have doubled its northern extremity. Davis' Straits to the west separate it from Amer- ica. Its southern extremity is Cape Farewell. Climate. Situated altogether in the polar circle, this country has long winter nights, and short summer days. The flitting glimmer of the Aurora Borealis softens the horror of these polar nights. Eight tenths of the year it is subject to the empire of frost. The contiguous ocean is covered either with fields of ice, prodigious icebergs, or mountains of ice, that are of immense size, rise many hundred feet in the air, brilliant with all the colors of the bow, and having their moveable bases fixed as deep in the ocean. In winter the breath emitted returns in a little cloud of hoar frost, the mercury becomes stationary, and congealed through all the se- vere weather. The inhabitants of these dreary regions can know nothing of our vernal airs, and soft south breezes. We cannot imagine, how people can endure this period of frost and intense cold, passed in dark- ness and storms. But the goodness of the Creator is shown, in rendering the people of all lands satisfied with their condition. The terror of the Greenlanders is, lest the inhabitants of more southern countries should immigrate among them, and deprive them of their fancied paradise. Soil and country. Icy Peak, an enormous mass of ice, rises near the mouth of a river, and diffuses such a brilliancy through the air, that it is seen at the distance of more than 30 miles. The country along the sea shore presents rugged masses of rock interspersed with huge blocks of ice, indicating the conflict of chaos and winter. The interior is covered with a chain of innumerable mountains, most of which are unexplored. DANISH POSSESSIONS. 109 Coal and various minerals and useful and beautiful fossils have been dii- covered here. Smoke of Ice. This arises from tlie crevices of marine ice. The rare occurrence of rain, the small quantity of snow, and the intense degree of cold produced by the northeast wind lead us to suppose, that the north- east parts of Greenland constitute a great Archipelago, encumbered with perpetual ice which for many centuries has been piled together by the winds and currents. Animals. Hares, reindeer, white bears, foxes and large dogs, that howl instead of barking, and are employed by the Greenlanders, in draw- ing their sledges, comprise the animals of this country Immense flocks of sea fowl frequent the rivers and shores. The rivers abound in salmon and the seas in turbots and herrings. It is a curious fact, that those ani- mals, whose blood is of the temperature of the sea, are found in greatest nnmbers under these icy fields and mountains. The inhabitants of North Greenland pursue the whale — and those of South Greenland the seal. The flesh of the animals is their chief food. The skins of the seals serve them for clothing, and as the material for their boats. Their tendons are used for thread, their bladders, as bottles, their fat sometimes as butter, and at other times, as tallow, and their blood is considered by the Green- lander the richest broth. Exports. In value from 50 to 100,000 rix dollars. Natives. They are of a low stature, have black hair, small eyes, a flat face, and a yellowish brown skin, evidently assimilating them to the Es- quimaux. Language. It is remarkable for its copiousness, and regular grammat ical forms. Its inflections are as numerous and as varied as the Greek. The women employ words and inflections, which none, but themselves, are permitted to use. The Greenlanders call themselves Innouk, or brother; their national name Kalalit, and their country Kalalit Nonnet. Implements and canoes. They make use of the bladder of the sea dog, distended with wind, and attached to the javelin, with which they strike the whale. The animal, when wounded, feels this bag of wind constantly dragging him upwards to the surface. Their boats resemble a box formed of little branches, and covered on every side with the skin of the sea dog. They are 12 feet long and a foot and a half wide. In the middle of the upper surface, there is a hole, surrounded by a wood- en hoop, with a skin attached to it, which admits its being drawn round the body, like a purse by a thong. Supplied with a single oar, which is very thin, three or four feet long, and broader at the two sides, the boat- man, paddling rapidly to the right and left, advances in a straight line across the waves, in the midst of the tumult of a tempest, little mor^ m w no DANISH POSSESfllONS. fearful of the surges than the whales. The billows dash over him* He shakes off the water, like a sea-fowl. He is capsized — but not being ex- actly disposed to live under the water, with a dextrous movement of his oar he rights himself, and becomes the companion and rival of the whales. Character. Is an undofinable mixture of good and bad. They are ardently attached to their country and its customs, and of course adverse to the Danish system of civilization, wliich they charge with having brought spirituous liquors among them. They look with abhorrence up- on public punishments, and think it enough to load the malefactor, with reproach. Religion. The Moravians have had great success, of late years, in converting this people. These benevolent men endured every thing, to train themselves to sustain the climate and modes of life of these people. By these labors a certain degree of civilization has been introduced among them. They have learned to make barrels and boats, and to comprehend the use of money. The divinities of the pagan Greenlanders were Torn- garaook, and a malevolent goddess without a name, who inhabited a pal- ace at the bottom of the sea, guarded by terrific sea dogs. They believed in a paradise, where the soul, in a state of happy indolence, was nourish- |k< ed with the heads of sea dogs. Their priests were called Angekok, and their enchanters Iliseets. The Danes have encountered incredible sacrifices and dangers in this region of wifiter and storms to christianize this people. PopulatioHf Towns. The Danish establishments are Uppernavicb, Umanak, Godhavn, Jacob^shavn, Holsteinborg, Sukerstoppen, Gothaab, Friderickshaab and Jullan^shaab. The largest of the Moravian establish- ments is called Lichtenau. In 1802 the population amounted to 5,122 souls. Vaccination has been introduced among them, and will secure them hereafter from the terrible ravages of the small pox. These people wander along a coast of 900 miles. But neither the Danes or Greenland- %% ers have yet passed the icy chain of mountains, which cut off their intercourse with the interior. -^ . M ICELAND, Must after all be considered, as included in the western continent. It was known seven centuries before Columbus. It is a land of prodigies). Subterranean fires burst through the frozen soil, and boiling springs shoot up their fountains amidst eternal snows. The people are free, and in tliis rude and strange country feel the strong impulses of poetry. The extent of the country is 4,500 square leagues. ,^- DANISH POSSESSIONS. »1 Roek$f Mountaifu. The whole country is little more, than a chain of immense rocks, covered with snow, while fire bums forever within their subterranean caverns. Various fossils and shining stones and lavas are found here. Volcanoes. Twelve are known in this island. The most celebrated is Mount Hecla, 4,800 feet above the level of the sea. The volcanoes of Scaptefell made themselves known, in 1783, by terrific phenomena. The river Skapt-Aa was filled with pumice stones and lava. A fertile district was instantly changed to a desert. Sulphureous exhalations and clouds of cinders spread over the whole island, and an epidemic was the conse- quence. Immediately before this eruption, a volcanic island arose out of the sea, and shortly after sunk again, and its place was no more known. Hot Springs. Some are tepid, and are called baths; others throw up boiling water with great noise, and are called Hverer or caldrons. The most remarkable is Geyser near Skalholt, in the centre of a plain, and surrounded by 40 smaller springs. The mouth of this spring is 19 feet in diameter, and its basin 39 feet. The column is thrown up from 88 to 92 feet high. It is surrounded by a dense smoke, and falls back upon itself in spray. The lately discovered spring Strok rivals Geyser. Its aperture is smaller, but it presents a better defined surface,' is thrown up with greater power, to a higher elevation, and disperses in the air, like artificial fountains. Two other springs near rise, and fall alternately. The whole of this strange valley is filled with springs, and surrounded with lava and pumice stone. In these springs the pagan ancestors of the inhabitants were baptized, and the present Icelanders cook their food; and employ them for various purposes. The cows, that drink of these waters, give an extraordinary quantity of milk. They have many mineral springs, to which they give the name of beer springs. Fossils. Among the most curious is a heavy inflammable substance, called in Icelandic Surturbrandj which bums with a flame. Another kind of ''mineral wood, heavier than coal, bums without flame, and con- tains chalcedony in its transverse fissures. A great variety of minerals is found here, together with marble, lime, plaster, porcelain, clay, bole, onyx, agate, jasper, sulphur and slate. Under your feet you see and the clay constantly bubbling up, and hear the din of waters boiling, hissing in the interior of the mountain, while a hot vapor hovers above the surface, from which columns, of muddy water frequently shoot into the air. Air, Climate. Through the air, which is filled with icy particleSj the sun and moon oflen show double. The Aurora Borealis reflects a thou- sand different colors. Every where the magic illusion of mirage^ creates phantom seas, and imaginary shores. The ordinary climate would be i ,*,^ -jt*. : 119 DANISH rOSfllSftBIONIf. •uflliciontly temperate, to lulinit tliu cultivation of wheal, weru it not timt the floating ice aomctimoa (txca between the northern uudsouthorn prom- ontories. A frightful degree of cold is the conse(|ucnce. Vegetation in entirely destroyed, and famine and deupair Hettio upon those niountninH, which are heated in vain by subtcrruncnn itrcs. Out of UK) yearH, l.') were of this character, and M years of famine. In 17H1 and nsf), when intense cold succeeded volcanic eruptions, t),(HM) |ierH«)Mu, one-liftli uf Uie whole po|)ulation, perished, with u grout portion of the ulieep, horsoH^ and horned cuttle. « Vegetation^ A spociesof wild wheat, called Mtlur, aiVordH gooil flour. The lichen IcelandicuSf und ueverul other species of lichen, a great num- ber of antiscorbutic roots, and even marine plaiils are used as food. — Iceland produces an immense quantity of wild herries of excellent llavor. Gardening is practised over all the country. ('uulillowerH do not succoe.l, and potatoes have made but small progress. In former time the vales of the south of the island were covered with extensive I'orests. But they have been improvidently destroyed. A few birch wooils, and many bushes remain. But the wood which the earth denies them is furnisheil by the ocean. The immense quantity of thick trunks of pines, firs, and other trees, which are thrown upon the nortluMii citast of icelantl, espe- cially upon North Cape, and Cape liangane8s,isone of the most astonish- ing phenomenan in nature. It comes lloulin^r down upon them in an abundance to bo greater than the demand of the people. Domestic Animals. The oxen and cows are without horns. The sheep have two and sometimes three, with Ion*; wool, und are very large. There are 400,000 sheep, and 40,(KH) horned cattle upon the island. Pasturage would be their true riches, if they would attend to it. The reindeer has been imported und thrives. The foxes yield most beautiful furs. The white bear sometimes floats u|)on their shores on the ice. Among many sea fowls is the duck, that yields the eider down. Fish. Their shores and rivers offer these riches in an abundance, from which they profit little. The salmon, trout, barbel, and other excellent fish swim in their waters unmolested, lilcis ubound, but the inhabitants are afraid to eat them, fancying them the young of the great sea ser])cnt, which, according to tlie mythology of Odin, encircles the whole earth. The Icelanders pretend to have seen him lifting his head above the sea upon their solitary shores. Herrings swarm upon tiie coast, — but it is only recently that the natives have learned the use of the net. Small whales, sea calves, sea dogs, and cod, are the common objects of their fishery. Divisions, Towns. Iceland is divided into four divisions, correspond- ing to the four cardinal points. Skulholt and Holuui were formerly townsi DANISH l*Ot»E8SION8« * 4 «• 118 that were gents of dioccHcs. They now conntituto but one. Rcikiavik ifl tho capital, and fornuM'ly coiitiiincil lOU hnuHcs. Bcsestadr is thoseat of on ocodcmy with ti library of 1,500 volumes, nu doubt tho must north- orn library in the world. Comnurcv. 'riic cxporlM arr fish, {rniii oil, moat, Itilluw, butter, hidoi, eiderdown, word, worslod throid, au' I courHU woollens. In IHOIJ they amounted to lt)l,*^:iii rix (lollarn, ami tito importatioiiH to 107 ,'405. Inhahiliinta. Are of niodorate staluio, not 8lroii/», seldom have a nu- merous olVspriug, and w;int iiiduHtry. But they are honest, benevolent, faithful, obligin;r, and bot^pitablo. The men lia!i and lend their flocka. The women cure the llsli, eooU, »cw, and spin. They have some manu- factures in woollen. Tlioy are so attnclied to tlieir country that they im- aj,'ino they can be happy no where else. TUoy aronatiirally disposed to piety. Their domestic amusements a i-ereadin;^' history and poetry. One of the men gives his bund to a woman, and tliey hiiif,' coupbils alternately, the rest occasionally joining in tho chorus, 'i'luy are fond of chess. Their dress is neat and decent. 'I'lu'y live more pltiitifnlly than ''ormerly. They have literary societies, which havepublislied memoirs, 'i ore are many public libraries among them. Every Icelander knows hov^ !o write and calculate. Wine, coH'ee, and spices are not unknown among iheni. Such is tho colony of the Scandinavians, placed between tho ice of tho poles, and the flames of the aljyds. . . <■ • SPITSBERGEN. To the north of Iceland three lar^^c islands and a group of smaller ones have received this numa. On the eastern peninsula of this group, the Dutch whalers formerly had an establishment, called Sweerinburg. The mountains, crowned with snow, flanked with glaciers, and probably composed of red granite, slioot up in portentous brilliance to a great height, and nro seen far olF over the sea. The deep silence incre?ises the mysterious horror of the approaching navigator. Yet even here nature has its annual resurrection, and a summer day of five months, followed by a night as long of winter. Towards the noon of this long day, the heat penetrates a little into the frozen earth, expanding a few flowerp. Here among the marine forests of the Fuci the whales roll their epprmqus bodies of fat, which the whalers pursue to the regions. of ^tem^l/i*?©- Here beneath the mountains of ice they take their gambols and their loves. Here the sea dogs dry their brown furs on the ice. Here the sea morse displays his enormous tusks of ivory Here, too, is his mortal enemy, Vol. II. ■ 15 ,.' f 114 s. • DANISH POMEMIONS. Uie MA unicorn. Here the whale is pursued, and sometimes destroyed bjr the sword fish. Among these shapeless and colossal monsters, is seen swimming in the waves, or floating on the ice, the ferocious and terrible polar bear, the enemy alike of all, pursuing every thing that has life, de- vouring every animal that he encounters; and then, growling with satbted delight, he seats himself on his trophy of carcasses and bones. Whale Fuhery. There have been in these seas 400 large whaling ves- sels at a time. In 40 years the Dutch caught ii'2,000 whulcs, the whale- bone and oil of which were worth £14,000,000 sterling. The whales •re diminishing. Sea morses are still abundant. The skin is of use for suspending carriages, and its teeth are more precious than those of the elejAant. The horn of the sea unicorn was once an object of supersti- tious veneration, as a medicine. A margrave of Bareuth accepted one in payment of a sum of 60,000 rix dollars. Here, too, is procured from a species of whale the substance improperly called spermaceti. Count- less millions of herrings, of more real value than all the rest, ''swarm in these seas. Floating Wood, Here, as upon the shores of the other northern eountries, are floated down immense quantities of drift wood. Not only pines and larches, and Siberian cedars accumulate, but even, strange as it may seem, Pernambuco and Campeachy woods, probably brought hither by the gulf stream. NEW SIBERIA—RUSSIAN AMERICA. M'^ 4 ExTXNDS from Cape Prince of Wales, at Behring^s Straits, 65°, to Portlock Harbor, 58°. This country interposes between the immense desolate regions of the British North- West Fur Company, and the terri- tory of the United States on the Columbia or Oregon. The Aleutian Islands, lying between the continent of Asia and America, properly be* long to this division, though in physical geography, rather to the former continent. We shall omit them here, and speak only of the Russian ter- ritories on the American continent. Phyncal Aspect. This country presents a most savage and gloomy appearance. The hills are clothed with pines and birches. Above them rise naked mountains, covered with eternal ices, from which often roll down with frightful noise, and carrying ruin in their path, enormous ava- lanches, that fill the vallies, and dam up the rivers. When these masses roll into the sea, the afifrightened navigator far off hears the echo of ths eencusiioni and, in the rising and sinking of the waves, feels the effect DANISH POHSESHIOlfl. lift daihinf; his vessel to anil fro. Between tlicse mountains and the lea the soil is black, and mi^lit seem to pronuMO fertility. The country is covered with great extents of spon)];y inoruHses, the soil of which seems firm, but into which the traveller sinks. The pine tree obtains its full dcvelope- mcnt here, but the other trees are stinted and dwarfish. On this coait (he sea is rapidly gaining ujion the land. Natives. They are more numerous than might be expected, and art not unlike the tribes of the opposite coast, with whom, however, they are at war. The savages, dependent upon the Russians, are computed at 50,000. , There are no large rivers in this region. On Bchring's Bay th« Russians havo a small fort. Their chief establishment. New Archangel, is two degrees farther south, in a milder climate. About this place grow large pines and American cedars, and a great variety of berries. Fish if abundant and delicious, und rye and barley succeed. The Kalougianiy the chief tribe on this coast, are numerous and warlike. These people possess fire arms, forge iron and copper, work a kind of tapestry, and weave baskets and hats with great neatness and taste. Commerce of the Russians. The furs obtained are chiefly those of the sea wolf and the sea otter. The latter animals have become rare. From the interior they obtain of the Indians fox skins, blue, black, and gray. Parties of Russian hunters have already crossed the Rocky Mountains. The Russian Company has the large capital of £260,000, The cbiof seat of this company is at Irkutsk in Siberia. ■Ii,.''l : 'lii}:.:: ■ , . It.:.- a^f- t V % .#Hr ^ »fc! !J« J' lira H ' w:'s. m lUl NOriTII A mi: li 10 A. ,*<• ■• .• ■ ', ''•• ••' ^-. ' W I' ••^«*^' •' h N V. W n K I 'I' AI N\ UNorii lliis nrunc is «'«im|»ri'li('n(ltMl llir immfriw ntiil dri'nry connlry, Mtcndinjf IVom IIh« ('iin;uliiin hiKrs to (ln'. iinrtli-wrHl nxin* iirul IIikIhoiiV Bny. This Itny jlividcs fhr rdimhy inl'» Mvois roll into tlio nnkiinwn lira s of 1 1 in north, n/,i»''s IJivrr, wlii-li ( iniitirH into the Airtir Sen. Tho ndvontnroiis l''r;iiiklin li;ts siirvryr«I <•('() miles ol" (his c<»tiHt. In thin rr^itm of |MM'|)otit!il winter, in ('*"/' .'!()', lie round l''.s(|niinanx, diinitiiilive and cowardly, nnd cvoiy wIumo tin* doni/.cns of |)oliir ri^or. Sliivo Knke ifl l\00 miles long, intors|H;rsod with isl;iinls, wliirharo rovrrcd with trcoa resembling (ho nuilborry. Tlio lakis and rivers in this region join to form one mighty strcnin, rxtonding 1,Niigtli, and resoinhlin/j the mngnitirent rivers of Siheri'i. (\)])|)er-lMiin' and Churcliill Rivors empty, the one into the Arctic Sen, and the other into I Indson's Jky. Two considerable rivers nnito to form Saschaschawin, which falls into Lake Winnipook. This lake receives, also, the Assiniboil and Ked Kivcr, and discharges itself into lludsoir.s Bay, by tin' <>re,it rivers Nelson and Severn. Lake Winnipeek is IS miles broad by itU) long. Itsbnnksarc shaded by the sugiir maple nnd white poplar. llltlTIMII I'OX^IWfllllN*. 117 f'lhnati'. Hin h in ilic wvi-rily •»!' winli-r Ihtp, tlml J'voii in M^ (ho InkcH ri-rr/«) S It I I ihirl. Uriitiily ('>4n ni\r «1fM»»liiiinn fi|ifMj| on ovrry nxAv. Tlio «ca in n|)oii only iVoni (lio <''iiiini<nilior. KvfMi (lien llio navi^Mitor ii not !> iH nl>Uh>liinl, llic iMvoiiN^ ftMidol' tlicHo trtmn(M of |Ih> Nli'iMniM. i'^nnkliii Iniiiul llmt llin ('op|ifi'-Minp Itivrr, (>von n( ilfl oiitriincr into tii(> l*ol:ir Sen, yicMcd nn idiiniiliiiico of lint; tisli, iiltlinugh (lioro won! none in \\\o nni ndjcinini,'. AiiinHih. 'lUvnr iii(> i!h> Idiird-*, i'cind«>;ir, tnnsk-ox, fiillow dciT, lion- vpr, W(dr. InxrHof dilK-rciit coIo;:*, r it.unoiint, wild rat, wliitj', Mack, nnd brnwn hraiH, wolviMTtio, oiler, nice ion, innskiit, mink, pino niurtin, or- minr, pornipinc, line, vaiiclir.^ td' sipiinxdH, niicr, &.(•. Yi'iirfitf'ioii. Tlino iM a imd,\nf(' iI;h. In Home |)ai'lH of (ho roindty tJK' trichiiilliitus iwv, con iiini, and other trcoH <.blain a conHidcr- nhlo ui/.c. On U<'d Uivcrdilli'i'cnt Kinds of cnituro hucccimI well. Trmh'. I.SHharc.I by two ( 'onipanicH, the llndHon's JJay, and Nor(h- Wcst Coinpnny. 'V\w. first <«xpoils, annunlly, (o tlui nnioinit of J[^HJ,(K)(), nnd itn|M)rlH .fJM(M)(l(). TIio olIuTconipariy lias been niorc enterprising, and has extended its ell' iris to Ibe I'acilic, and Ibe Arctic i^^v^. The limits of llie eonipanies bein^ nndelined, tli(ct, hkc Iho olhor counlrics in tlicse seas, to fogs. 'I'lie snil is nrifniitful, though oaks of v(;ry j^Tcut si/.e are found here. In the forests a partridge of siirpnssin;:,' heauty is seen. Cultiva- tion would succeed, and the isUind abounds in mineral coal near th? sur- face. Louinhurgh is on the south-east const of this ishind, and was once a place of great importance. Tlic taking this town from tlie French chiefly by New England troops, under Sir William P,.^ppcrcll, forms no unimpor- tant passage in the annals of our history. It is now unfortified, and much diminished in importance. ■TS^- PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND. b near the northern shore of Nova Scotia, and 100 miles in extent. Chtrlottetown is a considerable village. • ^ ANTICOSTI. NiNSTY by twenty miles, is covered with rqpks,and has no harbor. .*^w. ' ■ ' ^ NEW BRUNSWICK. Is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by the Gulf of St, Lawrence, S. E. and S. by Nova Scotia and the Bay of Fundy, and W. hy Maine. St. Johns is a large and deep river, abounding with fish, sea wolves, and sturgeon. Its banks are verdant, lined with lofty trees and fertilized with annual inundations. It affords an easy communication to the inhab- itants with Quebec. The exports, timber, fish, and furs, occupy 101 ships The coribou, moose, catamount, bear, and other Canadian ani- mals are seen here. Population. Towns. The natives are almost extinct. The white inhabitants amount to 150,000. Frederickton, on the river St. Johns, is the chief town. St. Johns, or St. Ann, also on St. Johns, contains 8,000 ■.*■ BRITISH POSSESSIONS. inhiibitiints. Tlio country was originally settled by German troops in the service of (ircat Britain, and hence it was called New Brunswick. Tho coast is indented with a great number of deep and important bays. ',' Is a hi«»h and mountainous country, lyinj^ between the river St. Tiaw- rence and Clialour Bay. Its ntitivo inhabitnnts difforcd much from tho otlirr Indians, and bnd f^oine traditions <;f diristi;\nity amon;^ them. — They must liavo rocoivfid Ihem from the aposlles of Crcenland, in 1121. LOWER CANADA. H Is divided by llic great river St. Lawrence, and is bounded N. by New Britain, K. by the (Julf of St. Lavrenc(?, S. V.. and S.by New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York, S. W. and W. by Upper Canada. Dimsions. Ai-e counties, townships, seigniories, and parishes. Rieirs. The St. Lawrence is the second river in North America. In point of width and depth, below Ontario it exceeds the Mississippi. It begins to collect its waters in the unknown deserts of the North- West, and moves on, accumuliitin<; water through all the great chain of Cana- dian lakes. AVhero it issues from Lake I'^rie it is called Niagara. It rushes down the subliino precipice of Niagara falls, and is lost in Lake Ontario. That hike disembogues through the romantic channels of the thousand islands, and is thence called St. Lawrence. From this point the scenery along the river is exceedingly romantic and picturesque. Numerous villages show, ns the points arc doubled. The houses seem placed on the waters, and the tin covered steeples glitter through the trees. The scenery varies at every advancing league. It is from two miles to a league in breadth, before it reaches Montreal. Below Quebec it is of such immense width, that its banks are haidly discernible from one shore to the other. ' . Ottawa is the next considerable river. It is a broad, deep, and beau- tiful stream, passing over many romantic cascades, before it mingles its waters with the St. Lawrence near Montreal. The Sorcl is the outlet of Lake Champlain. The St. Francis empties through the south hank of the St. Lawrence between Montreal and Quebec. The Chandiere also empties into the south side of the river, near Quebec. . «» rv&tet ^ 124 -tt^' DRITI8II POflflBSHIONfl. -'*» Montmorency Catcadr. This stream twicn forces ilnelf a piissaf^e between the rocks, not far from the St. Lawrencp. Iih rn|>i,000, maintenance of clergy^ presents to the Indians, and military (lofciice in all £5(H),()00. The cx- I ■-:•:' '4h *• 128 BRITISH POSfSfllllONS* ports are increasing. In 1810, 001 vessels were employed; burthen 143,81)3 tons, exports £1,500,000 imports £1,050,000. Military importance. Canada is the chief link in the chain of British possessions in North Americn, and the only formidable rival of tlie United States in these regions. - .i Savages chiefly belong to the province of Upper Canada. History. Too copious an article to be here discussed. Quebec was among the first settled places in North America. In 1759 it passed fiom the dominion of the French to that of the English. In our revolutionary war an attempt was made, unsuccessfully, to conquer it from the British. In the late war the fionticrs of Upper and Lower Canada were the chief ■cene of its operations. UPPER CANADA, A-- Is peninsulated by the Ottawa, lakes Ontario, F.ri n, and Huron ; and separated from the United States by the St. Lawrence on the east, south, and west. Bounded N. E. by Lower Canada and Ottawa River, and N. W. by New Britain. Divisions. Districts, counties, and townships. Population is advancing with great rapidity. It has hitherto been con fined to the St. Lawrence and the sho"s of the lakes, but is now diffused over all the interior. New towns a/e extending in the fertile forest, some of which, in rapidity of increase, vie with those of the U. States. Great extents of fertile land are yet unoccupied, and the parent country is furnishing every facility for transporting to these forests her surplus population; great numbers of whom, however, finally make their way to the United States; while we in turn furnish many emigrants particularly our free blacks of color, for this country. At present it is probable the number of inhabitants equals that in the lower province. Upper and Lower Canada taken together by a recent census, are found to contain a million inhabitants, 2 Catholic establishments, 200 curates and missionaries, and 1 Episcopal Bishop of the Church of England, with 250 inferior clergy. The Scotch Kirk in Canada contains 10 min- isters. Not more than one of five of the whole population can read. Immense numbers of people have recently emigrated to this country; and great districts of Upper Canada are peopling with the same rapidity as the Western Country of the United States. The forests in all direc- tions are levelling^ and large and compact villages grow up in two or three years from the building the first habitation. ^ '\.i 3^' BRITISH POfiflMSIONS 120 Rivers. Besides the numoroiis rivers tliat fall into the lakes, the jjroat rivers St. I/awrence and Ottnwa roll along the two frontiers of thif" country. By these nnd the lakes it has as many advantages of inlutui water interconimiinication, as any other counlry in the world, with the exfcption of the Uniled .States. Soil and Productions. 'I'lie soil in this groat peninsula is generally a vegetable mould, quickened by mixtures of pulverized lime. Many of the water courses have rich alluvial banks. The country is fertile in wheat, grain, fruits, and generally the productions of the north part of the Uniled States. Excellent peaches, pears, apples, and plums are raised, and great «•-* M ■'• # Dlvisiona. Two thirds of the Mexican republic are under iho l«mperatc, **• and the romaininjr third under the torrid zone. The fust division ct)in- "^ prchends the states of St. Loon, and St. Andero, Diiran,'To, Sonora. Co- * ahuihj, Texas and New Mexico. But ilio romaining tropical regionst from a variety of causes, enjoy for the greiter part, a cool, rather than a torrid temperature. Tiie interior of Now Mexico and New Biscay forms an immense elevated plateau, from G,r)00 to 8,200 feet above the level of the sea. Consequently, thcso rc<,'ion3 extend from the delightful tempe- rature of the city of Mexico to the rcfrions of eternal ice and snow. This plateau may be classed into four divisions The lower division is adapt- ed to the sugar cane, the banana, pine apple, and agave. The second is appropriate to cotton and plants, that require thn samo temperature. The third produces the wheat and apples of the Unifcd States. 'J'he last is only adapted to alpine cultiv.atioii. Mountains. Tiiey arecalled in this cotnilry Cordillera. They are so numerous, and of such on infinite diversity of forms, that this summary cannot notice all the ranges. No doubt, they might be traced to families, or classes of mountains, belonging to a succossion of ranges, with a certain degree of parallelism. The most noted chains are the Sierra of the Andes, the Sierra Madre, and the Sierra Membre. In Guatimala these chains bristle with such frequent volcanic summits that volcanic mountains in Mexico arc no curiosity. Popoca-Topetl, or the smoking mountain is nearly 18,000 feet high. Iztacci-IIuatl or the white woman, is 1(5,000 feet high, Citlal-Tcpctl, or starry mountain, is 17, G<.)7 feet high. Perote is 13,(>33-feet high. Columns of smoke, and frequent explosions ascend- ing from them, however noted and sublime phenomena in other countries, are here too common to be remarked, as occurrences, that excite wonder^ terror and remembrance. Some of these mountains are granitic, and some porphyritic in structure. The mountain, called by the natives Cit- lal-Tepetl, or starry mountain, is so called on account of the luminous exhalations that rise from its crater and play round its summit, which is covered with eternal snow. The sides of these colossal furnaces of the internal fires of nature, arc often crowned with magnificent forests of ce- dar and pine. In 1759 the plains of Jorulla, on the shores of the Pacilic, experienced one of the most tremendous catastrophes, that tho surface of ** our globe has ever witnessed. In a single night a volcano arose from the earth, 1494 feet high, with more than 2,000 apertures, which still con- tinue to throw up smoke . Messrs. Humboldt and Bonpland descended ,^ into the burning crater of the largest, 288 feet in depth. The adventure was most daring and dangerous. They found the air strongly charged with carbonic acid . . ^ , , ^. I I % i! [< If m .*•■ ■^- # 'V \%\ MKXICAN RBPVniilC. ■m ^ ilfi/jM. Every reatltjr knows, that those of (liu precious nicluls nr« Koiiurally fotiiiil iititon;^ iiiotititiiiiis; iiiul that tliiM is tlio country ut'Hil- vcr anil i^old. The ainniiil pnxiuco, inonlinnry yunrs, UHed Huldoin to fall bnldw ,«|'J2,000,0()0 of silver. 'I'lio ;l'oM is ftdind in liltlo Htraw-liko frag- montH nnd veins. The riclioHt mine, in its yield of native Hiivor, iH Hnrlo- pilos in New Discny. In nioHt oftlioni, tlu metal iH extracted from red, l>lack« niuriuted nnd nuiphurettcd ore:) oP nilver. In south America, tlio chipf mines are found on the HummitH of the Andes, in the rcjOf ions of per- petual frost and ice. In Mexico, on the contrary, tho richest, such as those of (iiuanaxualo, ZnoateciiH, TaHco, nnd Real de Monte nro found between r),r)t)(), and tl^'iOO feet hijLfli. Tlie climate is delightful, r.nd the vicinity aliounds with forests, and (;very facility to work the mines to advantage. A Ci'.tali^iie of tho nnm<() mines might easily bo given, extending fr«)m Santa Fe, at tho sources of tho Uio del Norte, to the Pacific. Rivera. Nature, ns if satisfied with her am|)lo heslowment of mineral and vegetable ricJies, has denied to this beautiful country the numerous nnd useful rivers of the United Stales. Scarcely n navigable stream is found in this vast coimtry; and but two, that would bo deemed worthy of name in the United States. These are the Kio Uravo del Norte, and Ujo Colorado. Innumerable torivnts pour down from the mountains. Tlio smaller streams are Hio Ihuusaculaco and Alvnrado south east of Vorn Crn?.; tho Rio cle Montezuma in tho valley of Mexico, Rio de Panuco in tho same vule, Rio de /acatala, and the Rio St. Ja^yro, tho largest of tho whole, formed by the union of the Leorma and Las Taxus. Lakcu. The great lake «>f Cha[)ala, in New Ciallicia, covers nearly 100 square leagues. Tho lakes of the valley of Mexico, and tho lake of Pazcuasco in tho intendcncy of Valladolid are among tho most pictur- esque spols in the world. Lakes Mexitlan and Parras in New Biscay, and Nicaragua are large collections of water. Circumstances give this last pectdiar interest. This lake is silunted on the Isthmus of Darien, almost equidistant between the IwoOccnng, Atlantic and Pacific; nnd is reptirtcd to havo tides. There have been a hundred dillerent projects to canal this lake from the two extremities, and tints unite these two oceans by a canal of 70 or 80 miles in extent; and thus save a passage round Capo Horn of more than 10,000 miles. But on a full survey of tho elevation of this lake above the two sons, the difTicnltics of digging a ship channel, nnd constructing the necessary locks up such lofly heights, nnd the pestilential autumnal air of the river St. John, by which this lake communicates with the Atlantic, the Span- ish government deemed tho project impracticable, and forbade any one to 4 % # '♦" ' * .f\ MEXICAN nUPUIII.IC. 135 roMumo il on pain of death. Hiiice tliu country lins boen revolutionized, tlio sidyoct has been rcHuncitalod. Tho iathintin of Tehiinntepcc prcsentw the two rivcrH IIunsncuulcofUHl Chimilnpa, which riiiply, iho one into tho one # MI2X1CAN lliJPUOI.IC. 180 havo porislicd in buttle; but thoso, wliu so fall, ahvoys constitiito but a small portion of tlio mortality, that is t.ncessarily connected with their death. The population is divided into four great classes, subdivided into eight castes. 1. Aboriginal Americans. iJ. iSpaniards born in Europe. 3. Ore olcs born in America. 4. Negroes, slaves and descendants of negroes* 5. Mixed classes, metis. 0. The oflspring of whites and Indians. 7. Mu- lattocs, the ott'spring of Whites and Negroes. 8. Zombos the mixture of Indians and Negroes. The Indians arc copper cf)Iorcd, like those of the United States. They possess great muscular strength, and an almost entire exemption from personal deformity; and generally live to a great age. They are super- stitiously devoted to llio ceremonial of the Catholic church. Every one has remarked their astonishing aptitude to carving and painting. They seem extremely destitute of fancy and imagination. Their songs and dances havo a tinge of melancholy. Their taste for flowers is carried to a passion; and the Indian .shop-keeper seats himself amidst an entrench* ment of verdure, and decks his shop with the most beautiful flowers. The unsubdued Indians on the borders of New Mexico differ little from those of the United States. The Spanish from Old Spain called gmichqnncs formerly enjoyed all the high offices and consideration. Since the revolution, many of them have perished. The remainder arc subject to penalties and confiscations. The country born descendants of the Spanish arc called Creoles. The descendants of the Spanish of iho Canary Islands, who are numerouS| arc called Islenos. The natives of mixed blood comprehend two millions and a half. All the shades of this intermixture are expressed by parti cular words, incorporated with Iho language. The child of a white and an Indian is called Metis. The complexion is almost a perfect white. He has a scanty beard, and small hands and feet, and a particular obli- quity of the eyes. The olTspring of the Whites and the Negroes are noted for the violence of their passions, and their volubility of speech. The descendants of Negroes and Indians arc called ChinOf or Chinese. The union of a white with a female Mulatto originates the caste of quar- teroons. When a female Quartcroon marries a white the offspring is cal led Quinteroon. The children of a white and a quarteroon arc consid- ered of pure blood. Those mixtures, by which the ch'ld becomes dark- er than the mother, arc called Saltra-Atras, or Back-Steps. These distinctions of caste enter into self-estimation, and standing in society. Innumerable quarrels r.nd litigations grow out of these distinc- tions, and the qualifications or disqualifications annexed to them. It frequently happens, that those, suspected of having mixed blood| clunn V'" ■■ W MO MEXICAN llBPUniilC. ¥''. in the courts declarations, that they nro whites. Rich and dark colored Mulattoes contrive to get themselves tcMtencd, as the phrase is. When the applicant is, palp.ibly, dark to the eye, th-i sentence of the court sim- ply states, that such or such a one uiny consider himself white. There are no hot tropical countries, where there are so few negro slaves. There tire not more than 10,C00 in the whole country; the greater part of whom arc confined to Vera Cruz, Acapulco, and the hot country in their vicinity. There are, also, considerable numbers of slaves made by taking prisoners from the independent Indians in the Mexican conflicts with them. The slaves aie generally well treated, and are pro. tected by the laws. There is, comparatively, little other than free labor, and the laws have made provision for the complete emancipation of all children born after a certain period. Languages. More than twenty original languages were spoken in Mexico. The Creoles and the greater portion of the mixed races speak and write Spanish. The native languages are famous for terminations in iliy tlttf ttl, atl, &,c. Many of the words consist of eleven syllables. The complication and richness of the grammatical forms seem to prove the high original intelligence of those, who inverted, or methodized them- Topography. New California borders the coast of the Pacific Ocean from Port San Francisco to the settlement of San Diego. The sky here, tliough often foggy and humid, is extremely mild. This pictur- esque country displays on every side magnificent forests, or verdant savannas, where the herds of deer and elks of enormous size graze un- disturbed. The soil is fertile. The vine, olive and wheat prosper. In 1802 the missions were 18, and the permanent cultivators 15,560. San Francisco, the most northern presidio, is situated ujwn a bay of the same name, into which the Rio San Felipe, which rises in lake Tim- panogas, enters. Wheat here, with very little care, yields thirty-five for one. Beautiful forests of oak, intermingled with winding prairies, give the country the appearance of an artificial park. Monterey is the seat of government. The aspect of the country is charming, and the inhab- itants enjoy a perpetual spring. Santa Barbara is situated on a pass, between the continent and two or three, small islands. The mission of San Bueneventura is a fertile district, but sometimes exposed to severe droughts. Vancouver saw in the gardens of the missionaries, apples, pears, figs, oranges, grapes, pomegranates, two species of bananas, cocoa nuts, sugar canes, indigo plants, and several leguminous vegetables. Old California, or the peninsula of California, is bounded S. and W. by the Pacific, the gulf of California, and the Vermilion sea on the coast. Its climate is hot and dry. The sky, of a deep azure, is seldom obscured by clouds, The soil is arid, and the cylindrical cactus is often the only MEXICAN nEPl'IlLir. 141 vegetable, that relieves Ihe barrenness of the waste. Where there is moisture and a vegctablo mould, grains and fruits multiply in a most astonishing manner, and the vines yield a generous wine, like (hat of the Canaries. The sheep are large, and yield a very fine wool. A great number of wild quadrupeds are nainorl, and a great and beautiful variety of birds. The pearls, (hat are lished on this coast, are irregular in figure, but have a boautiful water. There are gold and silver mines; but they are not much worked for want of materials. Native salt is abundantly collected on the plains. The inhabitants may amount to 0,000, and are dispersed over a country larger than England. Loretto is the chief town. The inhabitants of all classes may amount to 1,000. The Indians of these countries were an extremely degraded race. The Jesuits began the task of their conversion, in 1698. The wise fathers collected these wandering tribes, and formed (hem into a stationary and cultivating people, who built houses, and erected chapels amidst the rocks and brambles. Here (he fathers diffused order, peace and plenty among their numerous subjects. They were banished by an unjust and impolitic decree. The Franciscans have succeeded them in the mission. Their simple dwellings have a picturesque appearance. The converted natives are treated with gentleness and affection. New Mexico includes all the country between Culifornia and Louisi- ana. A narrow belt of country along the Rio del Norte is thinly peopled. The town of Santa Fe contains 5000, Albuquerque COCO, and Taos as many inhabitants. The population consists of poor colonists, whose scattered hamlets are frequently ravaged by the powerful and fierce tribes of Indians, that surround them. Their principal subsistence is by tend- ing their cattle and flocks. They live in walled towns, built as fortresses to defend them from sudden attacks of the Indians. The houses and walls are built of unburnt bricks in continued ranges in the form of a hollow square. The soil is fertile, but the rains are so unfrequent, that the cultivation succeeds only by artificial irrigation. The environs of the Passo del None produce delicious grapes and generous wines. Many of the inhabitants number their cattle, horses aud mules by thousands. The plains are naked of trees, while the mountains are covered with forests, among the trees of which pines are predominant. Antelopes, mountain sheep and buiBiloes are abundant in this region. There arc salt springs, and numerous mines of silver. The people of the United States carry on an extensive trade with this country, chiefly by tlie way of the Council Bluffs on the Missouri and Santa Fe in New Mexico, The mountains at the sources of the Arkansas are sublime elevations above the point of congelation. Many of them have table summits. That the soil is underlaid with strata of calcareous rock is attested by a •« %' .* - - 149 MKXICAN HBPUBLIO. moat sin^Milar phenomenon. In 175S, the bed of the Rio del Norte be cnmo dry for an extent of 150 lpn«jnos. It had stink, and passed through subterraneous chasms, and so continued to flow for some weeks, when, no doubt, the chasm been me chonked, and the river resumed its former course. The town of Matamoras containing H or 10,000 inhabitants, is near its mouth. Savages. Among Uio numerous tribes, that inhabit New Mexico, the A'ppaches and the Commanchcs arc tlio most numerous and important. They hunt, fight and almost live on horse-bnck. They arc exceedingly formidable enemies to the stationary population, and the shock of their charge on horse-back is represented, as being irresistible, at least by their opponents the timid colonists. Some of the tribes, that inhabit the Col- orado, that flows into tho gulf of CaUf(irnia,are rcprescutedtohave con- siderable towns. A more recent traveller, who descended tho river from its sources to its mouth, describes Ih^m, as barbarous and naked. Arispe, the chief town of Sonora, contains 7,000 inhabitants, and Cinalon, cap- ital of the province of the same name, 10,000. In this province are rich mines. Culiacan, capital of tho province of the same name, contains 11,000 inhabitants. Durango is the chief town of New Biscay, and contains 12,000 inhabitants, with some splendid edifices. The country abounds in silver mines. Batopilas and Cosigirachui and Chihuahua are considerable towns, containing from 8 to 10,000 inhabitants. Monclova and Santa Rosa are neat towns in the province of Coahuila. Monterey in New Leon is a considerable place. On tho upper courses of the Riu del Norte the country is dry, and seldom visited with rains. The greater part of the cultivation is carried on by irrigation. In Texas San Antonio is the most important town. Nacogdoches, once a village of some impor- tance, has suffered from the troubles of the country, and is in ruins. San Felipe de Austin is the chief town of Mr. Austin's interesting settlement on the Brasses. The lower slope of this country, towards the gulf, has deep forests along the water courses, and much resembles the south wes- tern part of Louisiana. This province is chiefly peopled with adventur- ers from the United States. Potosi is the chief town of the province of the same name, and contains 12,000 inhabitants. One of the richest mines in the world, that of Real do Calorce, is near this city. Zacatecas, chief town of a province of the same name, contains 33,000 inhabitants, and exceedingly rich mines are in its mountainous district. Guadalax- ara contains a university, is a bishop's sec, and has 30,000 inhabitants. Compostella is the chief town of a district abounding in cocoa nut trees. Tonala and Purification are towns in the south of New Gallicia. Their districts are famous for sugar and Cochineal. Cape Corrientes is a cele- brated promontory on the coast, where the winds seem to disperse, and ^ MEXICAN RGrUOLIC. 1^ change the direction of their con rscd. Tlie port of SanUlusis aurrounded by deep and beautiful forests, which furnish ship timber; but isolmostunin- hiibitcd from its lowiiess, and its extreme insalubrity. The intendcncics of Guanaxuato and Valladolid arc picturesque countries with volcanic mountains. The richest silver mines in Mexico arc near Guunaxunto. This town is rich, and flutirisliing, containing 70,0()0 inhabitants. The mine of the Count do Vnlcncianu, in 1804, had been dug 19(50 feet per pendicular, making it the deepest cut known in the woVld. Vallndolid has a delicious climate, is a pretty town, and contains 18,000 inhabitants. The intendcncy of Mexico is a rich and delicious country, abounding with mountains, some of them volcanic, and containing mines and pre- cious stones. The level country is replenished with the most delicious fruits, aniso seed, sugar and cochineal. A remarkable curiosity in this piovinco is the Ponte Dios, or bridge of God, a rock, under which the water has hollowed itself a canal. The waters have here cut deep and foam* ing courses, over which, nt a vast distance above them, the traveller cros- ses by bridges suspended by ropes of the agave. . On the very ridge of the groat Mexican plateau, a chain of porphyritic mountains encloses an elliptical valley, the general level of which is 6700 above the sea. Five lakes fill the middle of this valley. The ancient city of Mexico stood north of the united lakes of Xochimilco and Chalco, and to the east of lake Tezcuco. Much of the marshy ground, that sur- rounded the ancient city, has been drained, or filled up. A canal, dug at a prodigious expense, under the mountains, contributes still farther to drain it. The houses are built on piles; and the ground is still soft, and by no means firm. The streets, though wide, are badly paved. I'he houses in this strange and rich vale on the summits of mountains, are as magnificent and unique, as the position. They are spacious, and built of porphyry and amygdaloid. Many of the palaces and private mansions have an imposing show, and glitter with metalic riches. The cathedral is perhaps, the richest in the world. Altars, candle-sticks and images of the saints arc of colossal size, and solid silver, and ornamented with precious stones. Palaces, mansions of great families, beautiful fountains and extensive squares adorn the interior of this city. Near the suburbs, to the north, is the alameda, or chief promenade. Round this walk flows a rivulet forming a fine square, in the centre of which is a fountain, with a basin. Eight alleys of trees terminate here, in the form of an altar. The detestable Inquisition, finally abolished by the ex-emperor Iturbide, was near this square. ,!xAjl This city, in the centre of the country, is the seat of an immense com- merce between Vera Cruz on the gulf, and Acapulco on the Pacific. The shops glitter with the abundance of gold, silver and jewels. This superb i^ ili ■.M JEt 144 MEXICAN KBPUBI.IC. city is inbabtlod hy 101,000 people, nnd is the centre of more aciettifio ontnblialtmcnts. »hun any other town in Spanish America. The L')tanicnl garden, the school of niincp, iho Acadnny of the fine urts, nnd the poly- technique Hchool are nohlo eslablishmonls. Kxccllcnt draughtsmen, painters nnd scidplors have boon produce:! in them. The environs pre- sent a scone of pleasure williout a parallel cIsowIkto in America. Hun- dreds of canoes on the Canal Chnlcho, fidl of Indians, sitting under awn- ings, having their heads crowned with the gaudiest ilowers, witiieach a musician on the stern playing the guitar, and some of tho party singing, or dancing, present a scene of innocent mirth. The people of tho city are given to gambling and pleasure. The floating gardens on the lakes, where flowers and vegetables used to be cultivated, are diminishing. The most important arts are here yet in their infancy. Saws driven by water, or hand, are unknown and t))eir planks arv. liowed out with tho broad axe. The ascent to the table plain, on which tiiis city is built, is of immense height, and so steep as to re»|uire 11) mules to draw tho beam of a steam engine up the sleeper parts of the ascent. It is astonishing, that no such thing as a rail road to this city has yet been constructed. A noble road of the common kind has been not long since completed. Most of tho monuments of the ancient grandeur of this country have disappeared from about the present city. Some grand memorials of the empire of Montezuma still remain. To the north east of the city are the ancient temples of the sun and moon. They arc ji v ramidal in figure, and the former measures at its base 615 feet, and is 175 feet high. That of the moon is somewhat smaller. They arc incased by a thick wall of stone. Queretaro is north cost of Mexico, has 40,000 inhabitants, and is one of the handsomest cities of the new world. Zacatala and Acapulco are un- der a burning sky on the shores of the Pacific. Pueblais an intendcncy, very populous and well cultivated, and its chief town, called Puebla de los Angclos, or the angels, is the fourth town in Spanish America, in comparative importance, containing 68,000 inhabit- ants. Cholula contains 16,000 souls. Tezcncu contains splendid an- cient remains, and 5,000 itdiabitants. At Atlissco the traveller is shown an enormous cypress l'^ feet in circumference. Vera Cruz is a beautiful town, and the centre of the foreign trade of Mexico. Its position is exceedingly unpleasant, being surrounded by arid sands, or ill drained marshes. The climate is hot and unhealthy; and the only water, fit for drinking, is collected in cisterns. The harbor is insecure and of difliicult access. It is often d^aw^lated with yellow fever; and yet the position is so important to commence, that 16,000 people in habit this disagreeable position. It is the seat of an immense trade. The ■* ^^ 4,\ MEXICAN IlKPUHMC. 145 inhabitants nfion rcpiir, for cotdncss, hniltli, nnd tlio I)cniitic9 of nrtture, to lliodi'licioiifl town ofXilMpn, Hitinlod ainon,; tlio sliclvin^rr declivities of the inonutains. 'VWia tiwn derives ils iiaino from tlio inodicinfil root callod .T;!l;i|), frmwiti;,' nr.ir if. 'I'lio province of TiiliaHco is thickly woctlcd, iiltoundiii;; ^viiI^ tin; IMnxiciiii liijcv, ;ind when cultivated, is fer- tile. 'r