^# \r ^

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

IQ hil2£ I2S

1.1

11.25

itt lii 12.2

WMU

Photograidiic

Sciences

Corporation

rO^

-s^v

33 WBT MAIN STMIT

WIKSTIR.N.Y. U5M

(716)S72-4S03

^^'
^

4^4

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques

Tha
tot

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographlcally unique,
which may alter any of the Images In the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

I I Covers damaged/

Couverture endommagie

Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaurte et/ou peiiicul6e

Cover title missing/

Le titre de couverture manque

Coloured maps/

Cartes g6ographiques en couleur

Coloured inic (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/

Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material/
RellA avec d'autres documents

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/

La re Mure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de ia marge int^rieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouttes
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, iorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas 6t6 fiim^es.

Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppl^mentaires:

L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire
qu'll lui a At* possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sent peut-Atre uniques du
point de vue bibllographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la mAthode normale de f llmage
sont indiquAs ci-dessous.

I I Coloured pages/

Pages de couleur

Pages damaged/
Pages endommagies

Pages restored and/oi

Pages restaur^es et/ou peliiculdes

Pages discoloured, stained or foxec
Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqu6es

|~~| Pages damaged/

I I Pages restored and/or laminated/

r7~|/ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/

Tha
pos
oft
film

Orl]
beg
the
sior
oth(
first
sior
oril

□Pages detached/
Pages ddtachdes

rO^Showthrough/
I — I Transparence

I I Quality of print varies/

Quality inigale de I'impression

Includes supplementary material/
Comprend du materiel supplAmentaire

The
shal
TIN
whi

iVIai
diffi
enti
begi
righ
reqi
met

Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feulllet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 6x6 film^es it nouveau de fapon d
obtenir ia mellleure image possible.

This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document est fiimi au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous.

10X

14X

18X

22X

26X

30X

12X

16X

20X

24X

28X

32X

aire

i details
ues du
t modifier
ger une
I fiimage

idea

The copy filmed here haa been reproduced thanica
to the generoaity of:

La BibliothiqiM da la Villa da Montreal

The imagea appearing here are the beat quality
poaalble conaldering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in Iceeping with the
filming contract apecificationa.

Original copiea in printed paper covera are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the laat page with a printed or illuatrated imprea-
aion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copiea are filmed beginning on the
firat page with a printed or illuatrated imprea-
aion, and ending on the laat page with a printed
or illuatrated impreaaion.

The laat recorded frame on each microfiche
ahali contain the aymboi ^»- (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the aymboi V (meaning "END"),
whichever appiiea.

L'exemplaire fllmA f ut reprodult grice k la
gAnAroait* de:

La Bibliothiqua dt la Villa do Montrtel

Lea imagea aulvantea ont At* reproduitea avec le
plua grand aoin, compte tenu de la condition at
de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film*, et en
conformity avec lea condltlona du contrat de
fiimage.

Lea exemplairea originaux dont la couverture en
papier eat imprimte aont filmfo en commenpant
par le premier plat et en terminant aoit par la
dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impreaaion ou d'illuatratlon, aoit par le aecond
plat, aelon le caa. Toua lea autrea exemplairea
originaux aont filmAa en commenpant par la
premiere page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impreaaion ou d'illuatration et en terminant par
la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

Un dea aymbolea auivanta apparaltra aur la
dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, aelon le
caa: le aymbole -^ aignifie "A SUIVRE", le
aymbole V aignifie "FIN".

ire

Mapa, piatea, charta, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratioa. Thoae too large to be
entirely included in one expoaure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa
required. The following diagrama illuatrate the
method:

Lea cartea, planchea, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre
filmte * dea taux de reduction diff*renta.
Loraque le document eat trop grand pour Atre
reprodult en un aeul clichA, il eat film* * partir
de Tangle aupArieur gauche, de gauche A droite,
et de haut en baa. en prenant le nombre
d'imagea n*ceaaaire. Lea diagrammea auivanta
illuatrent la m*thode.

ly errata
ad to

ne pelure,

ipon d

32X

TH]

AOTI

#* ^4

JS.WPS'

THE

VIVITED STATEIS

■#

AND

THE OTHER DITISIOrVS

THE AMERICAN CONTINENT

By Timothy Flint,

AOTHOR OF " RECOLLECTIONS Of tHE LAST TEN YEARS IN TttB
MISSISSIPPI VALLEY." ,

SALVE MAGNA PARENS.'

■Hr

IN TWO VOLUMES

VOL. II.

Cincftinati:

E. H. FLINT AND L R. LINCOLN
1832.

-«^'. .

■^ •

. ADVERTISEMENT

VOLUME SECOND.

It will be sulTicicntly obvious, that the preceding physical geography
of the Valley of the Alississippi, modified to meet the recent changes
occasioned by its rapidly increasing population, originally made the chief
part of an entire work, intended simply for readers, who wished to
acquaint themselves with that vast country, constituting the greater por-
tion of the surface of the United States; and at no distant period to con-
tain the greater part of our entire population. It was objected to the
original work,*that it was too sectional. In attempting to obviate that
objection, a brief view is here presented of the United States, of each one
of the Atlantic States, and of the whole continent of America from the
latest and most approved authorilics. Our object has been to find a way,
if we could, between the unsatisfactory dryness of a mere abridgement,
and the prolixity of uninteresting detail; in a word to present all the
important and interesting information, touching our country and conti-
nent, that could be compressed into the limits of our pages.

Entered according to Act of Congress in llie year eighteen Imndrcd and thirty one b^
TiMOTuv Flint in tlic Clerk's ollicc of the District Court of Ohio. .

CINCIAXATI.
Press of L. R. Lincoln.

>f«

.' ,

d <*-

BRIEF GENERAL VIEW

rr '■

t • I

OP THE

-,>

UNITED STATES.

The United States are bounded N. l)y British America ; E. by the
Atlantic Ocean; S. by the Mexican Republic; W. by the Pacific Ocean.
The length of the line of the sea coast, from Passamaquoddy to the
Sabine, is about 2800 miles. The northern line from Nova Scotia to
tlie Pacific is more than 3000. The present number of states is 24 ;
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con-
necticut, New York, Now Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Kentucky,
Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee, Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, and Lou-
isiana.

There are three organized territories, that send delegates to Congress;
that is, Michigan, Arkansas, and Florida. These will shortly become
states, increasing the number to 27. Beside these, there is the North
Western Territory, between Michigan, and the Mississippi ; at present in-
cluded in the limits of Michigan ; but very remote from it, considerably
settled, and soon to become an organized territory; the preliminary
steps for that purpose having already been taken by congress. West of
the Mississippi, and Northwest of the state of Missouri is the Missouri
Territory, as yet unorganized, having few civilized inhabitants, except
hunters and trappers; extending from the Mississippi and Missouri,

', ■■ * -

»►

4 • DRISV OGNERAI. VIEW

west and northwest, t«) tlie Rocky Mountiiina, Houlli of White River, and
weat of the Territory of Arkansas, spreads another immense territory of
prairies, bounded south by the Mexican Republic, west by the Rocky
Mountains, north by the Territory of Missouri, aiul east liy the Territory
of Arkansas. The Territory of Oregon, as yet unorganized, but contain-
ing a considerablo number of actual American settlers, includes the
country belonging to the United States, between the torritoriul limits of
the Mexican Republic, in California, on the south, the Pacific Ocean on
the west, the country claitncd by Great Britain on the Northwest Coast
on the north, and the Rocky Mountains on the cast. Beside these, there
is the District of Columbia, containing the scat of the general govern*
ment, and under the jurisdiction and legislation of that government.

This vast country spreads from 49° to 24° 20' N. L; and from 10° E,,
L. to 48° 25' W. L. from Washington; comprising an area of more than
2,000,000 square miles. No government exercises territorial jurisdiction
over so much extent of compact surface, except that of Russia.

The United Stales are divided either by physical landmarks, or by dis-
tinct climates and productions, into northern, middle and southern, and
eastern and western states. The northern states include New England,
or all the states east of Hudson River. The middle states include all the
states between Hudson River on the east, and Potomac on the south and
west; including, west of the Alleghany Mountains, Ohio, Kentucky, In-
diana, IlHnois, and Missouri. The southern states include the country
south and west of these limits.

Mountains, The United States are physically divided by two great,
and two lesser chains, of mountains. The two great chains are the AUe-
ghanies and the Rocky Mountains. The lesser chains are the Green and
the Ozark Mountains. The Green Mountains stretch from Canada
through Vermont, and Connecticut to Long Island Sound. The Allegha
nies commence in two continuous and parallel ridges in New York ; be-
come three parallel ridges in Pennsylvania; and preserving this conform-
ation, stretch through Virginia and the southern states to the Gulf of
Mexico. The Ozark Mountains commence near the Warm Springs, in
the Territory of Arkansas, and stretch northwardly along the sources
of White River and St. Francis; and pass through the state of Missouri in
the mine country. The Rocky Mountains preserve a general distance of
about 1,200 miles in a right line west of the Alleghanies. They rise in
the Mexican Republic, and stretch northwardly on the western boundary
of the Mississippi Valley; and running parallel with the Mississippi on the
east, and the Pacific Ocean on the west they terminate in the arctic re-
gions of British America. Groups of isolated and detached mountains
spring up near these grand ranges, which to common observation, seem

or Tiu: r.MTri) stati;!!.

independent; biil wliicli nre easily traopj, ly ilic eye of tlio geologial, as
connected I)ranche3 of tlicso ruiiL'oe. 'J'ho Rooky iMountnins are by far
the longest, loftiest and broadest l.'e'.t tif llieac cIkiiiis, showing nnnicrotis
peaks of a much higlier elevalioii, thnii lias geiicrnlly hern assigned to
them, many of them Icing nhovo the region of pcrpeliial eongel;ition.
From one point in this range, and at no great diilaucc from each other,
are the head sotirces of the smithwostern braiiflips of the Missouri, Co-
lumbia, the great lake and river Biirnovont lira, the Yellow Stone, Platte,
Arkansas, Red River of the Mipsissii'.pi, Rio del Norte, and Colorado, or
Red River of California, recently explored from its licail f<prings to its
junction with the Pacific in tlio gidf .jfCaiiibrnia by James O. Pattic.

Lakes. See Michigan Territory and Canada.

Rivers. For those that belong to the Mississippi Valley, sec Western
States, The chief rivers of llic Atlantic States, as we pass from north
to south, are Kennebec, Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Siisiiiiehannah,
Potomac, Roanoke, Pedcc, Santee, S:iv;iiinah and Chattahouv-^hy. Of
these the Susquehannah is thelarge.-t.

Geology and physical aspect. The northern division of the Atlantic
belt of the United States is primitive in formation, and aboinids in rock
of granitic character. Towards the Alleghany Ridges is a belt on either
side of them of transition character. We have seen, that the western
valley is of secondary formation. Tlie Atlantic country is a long belt of
a gentle and eqtiable slope from the fo ii of the Alleghany Ridges to the
sea. It is subdivided into a long and narrow line of soil of sandy cliar-
acter, apparently won from the sea; or alluvial, and of a more fertile
character, the formation of rivers. 'J'his belt extends from the sea shore
to the upper limits of the tide waters. It is, for the most pet. an ex-
tended plain. The next division stretches from the sandy be: o the
foot of the Alleghany Ridges. It is of a loamy and more fertiic soil,
pleasantly variegated by hill and d;de, and comprises the more wealthy
and productive agricultural division of the Atlantic country.

Climate. To pursue the details of this article would alone require
a volume. The United States embrace every variety of temperature,
from the cold sea air of Passamaquoddy to the dry, clastic and severe tem-
perature of the White and Green Mountains; softening through all the
degrees of Fahrenheit's scale to the climate congenial to the olive, sugar
cane, and sweet orange. The variableness of the climate has generally been
overcharged. The range of the mercury in the thermometer is indeed great
and sudden; sometimes amounting to 25 and 30 degrees in a day. This
rapid mutability of temperature, probably, produces a beneficial correspon-
ding flexibility of constitution. The American people, from some cause,
are more excitable, and rapid in muscular movement, than the European

"'i ..rn

CM gl

J nniF.p <n:Ni:nAi. vikw

Block, fVom wliicli llH'y am derivcil. IVInny «if our uonliliitr invalids
croM the Atlnnlic, for llio Immu'IIi u|" rliniiilu; <T('n('riil!y, ii is li.liiiv
edto n disndvnntngu. Thcro cnn U> no tloiibt, t!i il nvory sjKiicH (A' \ml
ady, nnd |>hysical iniinnity, upon uliicli climattt upcratrs, may lind in tU^
wido and strong divcrsilios ofcliinato, rurnislu'd hy soino portTon of om
vaat couniry, nil llio alNjviatioii, wliirli can Iki rcasonalily lin|K'(l fVoni this
lourco. Tlir best, as well as tlio most fiivoralilr jiulges of Anu^ricnn cli
mate, are those, who have lun;,rcst rxpiMinicnU'd the uidi-sl r;iii<,r(> ,,1'
foreign climates. Om* ennnlry and cliniiilc, iM-coniiyiinlioii, (•hiinutoi
and product ions, eorn^spoiul more nearly (o tiint ofChinM, llian any oilioi;
and are probably, as favorable to pop'.iiation, coinforlabic? occiip;\iinn fn
the open air, nnd lon<.^evity, aa Ihoseof eounlrics-nnuli more vauntoil in
these rc8])ects.

Soil. The Atlantic country has every variety ol'sdil, from tlu! pnorcbf
to the best. The sandy belt, from the river estiiari(>s lo tlic hetul of liiK;
waters, is principally a thin and mea<rre, tlioui^di :i warm soil; and is c;;(d
pablc of great fertility from artificial eultivalioii. The be;!! between this
and the mountains is variegated, thoiigli generally fertile and loiuiiy.
We trace this belt through the western part of New York, the middle
region of Pennsylvania and Maryliind; amove pleasiinf, fertile, and pn;
ductivo country, than wliieh eould scarcely lie desired. Tliis bell is wurm-
cd, and enriched by di.ssnlved limestone intermixed with the soil, 'i'hc
estuary belt of New England, is narrow; and, almost innnediately IVoiii
the sea, it swells into hills indenliul with innumerable vallies, furnishiiii;
charming landscapes, and a productive, though generally hard and ruggetl
9oil.

Productions. An infinite variety of plants, shrubs and trees are indi
genous to this wide country. In New Kngland, and as far south, as Vire
ginia, the most common fruits are apples and pears, (contrary to tir
general impression at the south, cultivated grapck) and the silk midbtrrv
succeed perfectly well, as far north as Boston. The peccan andcatalp:!
will undoubtedly, naturalize there. Peaches do not succeed well n(Mtli
of New Hampshire. The common garden fruits arc abundantly raised in
this whole extent. Maize and rye are the chief grains cultivated nortli
and east of the Hudson; maize and wheat in the middle states; tobacco
and cotton in the southern states of the Mississippi Valley. Tiie sweet
potatoe,with care in the cultivation, is raised in abimdanceand of excel-
lent quality in New Jersey.

Articles of Export . In Maine, lumber, vessels, biitter, cheese, bed'
and pork. New Hampshire is chiefly a grazing state. Having but a
very narrow Imeof sea coast, her facilities for the lumber trade are coin-
paratively small. Vermont is funed for the tincst beef, and the richesl

OF THE I" Ti:i> RTiiTGB.

(,n/ir»^ in iIip Unitoil Stnlos. Since its coiinnctioii with New York by
till- Clinniplain t-iiiial, Vermont lias toinn in fur a shuru in tho lumber
biisiiu'sH. M:isHacbus('ttH i'liriUHlics tlii< i^'onerul products of New England,
to^'Ctlicr uitli a <irc>at amount of called uiid pickled tish, the product of
licr extensive finlieries. She has, also, u natural iiptitude fur various
forts of manufae.tun^s, lieini; llie v'l'eatcflt manlll'a^tnrin^ fltutc in the
union. The middle states add to the iiriKhii-tionsof New Kngland wheat
and (lour. FiMm the sonlljeni Atlantic States the chief exports arc to-
bacco and cotton: and iVoni tlie Sonlhern Stales of the Mississippi Valley
siif;ar and cotton. Sine (; tin; liomc; trade of the Uinteil States has l)C-
c'oinc one of tlu; most important elements of our prosperity, our foreign
trade has not advanced in a ra^io so <,M'cat, as in past jjeriuds. The cx-
jwrtin;,' states nude in llie following order; New York, Louisiana, Massa-
rhuHctts, l*emisyIvania,Si>iilh Carolina; and tlie wiioh; amount generally
ran;;ea from (U> to "<(> niilliuns of dollars. In 18"J9 it was 7iJ,558,071
ilullars.

C/ntf Town.t will he noted under the head of their states. They rank
?M the followiii",' order; New York, I'liiladelphia, llaltimore, Boston, New
Orleans, Charleston, ('incinnati.

Canals are hisectiufi the comitry in every direction. So strong has
iIk; impulse of the public mind rcM-enlly lu'como, in the direction of rnnk-
inij canals and rail roads, that timid IcLrislators have shrunk from these
cnler|)rises; as learfnl, lliat the spirit was running beyond the limits of
sound calculation. Hut tho comnumity is daily becoming enlightened
upon the subject, by the sure and unerring teaching of experience. If
sonic great calamity do not arrest the onward progress of our country, fifty
years will not (!la|)se, before wagons drawn by nnimal power will gener-
ally have given place to canal lioats, or rail-roa«l cars impelled by steam;
and the whole cnunlry will be cluupieved by canals and rail-roads, as it
now is by the bad and deepconnnoii roads of the country. Details in re-
gard to tho names, nundierand extent of tho canals, will be presented
hereafter in a tabidar view. There are not far from 1500 miles of canal
now in actual use, and .^)(I0 miles more are laid out, as in actual progress
towards comi)let ion. Of these the longest and most important, in com-
plete operation, is tho New York and Mrie canal, 360 miles in length.
The canal t'onnecting Pliiladelphia with Pittsburgh, in u continuous chain
of a niunberofdil ' tsnt canals, will comprise when completed, an extent
of between li and lUO miles, being by far the longest iu the United States,
fhe Ohio and Mrie Canal is a slupciulous work 300 miles in extent,
uniting the waters of Lake line with the Ohio. The Chesapeake
Old Ohio canal, uow in progress, is intended to unite the waters of the
•I'oloiuac at VVasliinglun citv with ihe Oliiu river, and Pemisvvania canal

'II

I ■
ll'il

^-*^:-

iiKlKi- 4;i:.M:it\i. vip.w

III l'ill«lMir^.|i 0| iliiriy cnijiila in opi r.iiii.n, ur |irof,'rrHM, llifHo «ro the
iixmi iin|K)iliiiil.

|{;iil Uomh iIhhi/'Ii Icsm r.\|M'i!iiiciiicil, iirr lirroiiiini; ronmion olijfcii
(ifrcHifrrnphiliMii. Om- Inr a hIh'iI i|i.m|;iim-(> mi (liiincy in Mii«»!h|iuh«»iib
onnvryH j^'iaiiilc Iroiii llm qii.-irry l«> lidi- wiilnn. i hu> i'vum llw nuniinii (»('
Maiicli Cliiiiik co.il lull, rniiiirrliii^r ii with n lii'aiK'li of |Im< I'ciiiiAylvnnia
ciiiial, irt ill .siic('i-h.<riil i>|M'i:itiniL. A rail load \u cniiHtriicliii^ at (.'linrl«>n.
toll, Suiilli ('.iitdmi. < >nr Is nimplriril <-oiiiii'rtiii^' Alltaiiy willi Srlic-
iH'ctaily ill \r\v Voi'L A rail load citiiiu'cls New OrlcaiiH, willi luki!
l*oii<-|inrtiaiii. (hie of ojutiiitic I'raliircs im hi pro^rrHM, niui Iwd nuiMiil
fi'Mldi' .scTtioiiM of il lilli^ll^d, (<i pasH iVoiii llir ('lif.sa|Kviku to tilt; < Hiio.
f.ooHiiolivc rail cniH liav(! Imicii ihiMii iipun lliis widi a .s|)e(>d and Hici|.
ity to jiistiry all die rraHoiialik* I'.xpi'tiutioiis, lliat Jiavc Inn;!! rniHcd liy
aci'oiiids dl' dieir siircrsH in Mii^daiid. < >tli«M'M arc ciiiiiiiiriiciii^ in \Mw\n
loo iiiiiiictiiiis Id iiiciilitin. A pr(i|('cl .-"till iiiMn; llrrciilcan, than any
yet cniiiiiKiicnl, ^as cxt'iti'd iiiiu'li altctilioii i|t New Yurii,. Il pnipomtn
lo make a rail way IVitiii llial rily over llic Allc;.diany inonnlaiiiH, llir(iii)>||
llir (dales iifi Miiii, Indiana and IDiiiiiiN, In llir Misninsippi, 1{au\ roailn,
llH)ii,<r|i ^'i()\viii<^r inio pnlilic liivor, Intin lli(*ir rapiility oriranspurt,andllH;
^u"i\\ clU'cl of lilt' powt-r applit'il upon llicni, IouciIkt uitli llio advanlii^c
tlinl they arc iiol lialilc liko canals, lo tc iiii|K'dcd hy I'roHl, art* Hiill m
rontparison willi canals, inaltcr.s ofipicstiuii, in i'c;^'ard to llicir cuiiipar%-
livtu'licapncss and utility.

These projects wiaild have .sctMiied \ir*i(»naiy and (hinicttcul, had not
many w»>rks, which were viewed, but a few years since, etpially ho, Ixicn
carried into execution, with reMidlsonlstiippinir the most sanguine calcu-
lations. Il lias hcen discovered, as a new (h-inonstrutioii in fM)liticnl
economy, that snch works, if wisely «'xecnled, enrich inatendorimpovcr
ishin^r a country. Nothinir hnt physical iii)|M)8sil)ililies, are hcyond the
sober holies ol'a yreat and <,'rowini,' people, whose national wealth is nccu-
miilntin^', and whose physical resources, are constantly developing by new
discoveries ol" the materials necessary to briiii( those resources into piny.
The number of miles of canal and rail road, which will l>e in use, when
the public works of tliis sort, now under contract, shall bo completed,
will exceed 4200 miles.

Population ntlvnnces with a steady stop with these improvements; or
ratlior they arc the scale by which its advance may be measured. Fresh,
cheap and abundant lands tot^other with the protection and encourage-
ment of free institutions are the natural elements of a rapid increase of
population. Instead of any other allenipt at illustrating our increase, wc
present the following view of it, as presented by the census of diflferont
years. In 1700, il was 3,020,M-J7. In 1800, r),;W)5,025. In 1810,

op TUB i;!vrriM> hr\rr.nt

♦

"J/JNlVni. Ill IN-,>0,U,aMN,|M|. Fii iKiO, I'ANr.«,lN7. OniiiHpopu

Inlioiijlif j/n'Mlcsl iiriioiitit mh a yivrti H|»rirn jh litiind in Now Kn^lund,
|,nrli<'iiliirly in MiH5iiiliiiHrllH iiml ( '<»inu'«ti<Mil; if wo «'\cf|»t a piirnllelo-
frrniiinr)M|iiiilly ilt'iiHt', «tr ^'rotifer |H>|)iiliilinii, exlriidiii^ woHtwnrdly from
the Drlnw'iro to llii* Hiisi|ii('liititiiili, 70 iiiil(><i in Ini^Mli, ami tti) inilnii in
hrcmllli. iMii.NHiirliiistliM his '/■J |m rsoiiM ii|M»in)arli sc|iiaro iniUxifitH nxit'
|in(!. Homo oI'iIh) ucHicrn sl.ilc.^ hwv. tin) iimn; lliaii our |H>rKon, on an
avnriif/n, in llicsanK' •■nIciiI.

Sc/inoh. 'I'lif nolli' ;in*l truly M|inl>liciin syslctn ftf Iri'o ■rliools ciistH
ill New Kii^;l'iii<l, :iii<l in Olnq| li is cxIrndiiKr its inllncncr) in nil the
tiorllinn and middle SlatcM. Nrw VniK Inn dcvisinl nnollirr plan (»f j,'on-
j'ral cihu'alion, <»l^'r«"!l I'llicicni y and HMHtnincd with a iiiiinilicnncu, in
wliicli ihiM ^Tt'iif Hialo slandri alniir. S<lio<»|.s .snp|iorlcd hy privato con-
Irdiiilioii, scniinnrics, a«'adcniit's, lii<.'li hcIiooIh for liotli hoxch, IvcciunH,
nii'ilifid, I'lW and iIk oli.^^ical srii nl.s uw Hpiiiii.'in!jj up widi rarli new
Hi'Hsion ofllic h'oi.Hliitnrcs. Assniniit<i llio ntiinlin- of cliililrcn (aiiglit in
IJicdilli'icnl sihools in New \ oil,. :is a hasii-i, we inny calriilali! t|i(> nuinlinr
of artiial piipiis in till- I jiili-d Slutts al one inillion. AiioIIkt iiiillioii
aro aH yrl iinlanulif. Thirr arc ^A) incDrporalcd rollrufcs in iho IJnit«!d
SlalOM; lind in New Mn;rlan<' and Now York 'i'iS> in(-or[((>rat«'d ncudu-
inics. Snppnsiiii!; lliis division of (lie union lo conlain lialf of tlioso in
llm Uiiilrd Slates, tju-rn will hv a loial (d" IftN. Tlic , standard of tho
rtMpiisilo rliaractcr and tpialilicalions of inslrnctcrH Ins Ix'cii ciovntcd
hy llir mral and laiidaldr rvcrtioiiH of assfH-ialions of h'aclu'rs. 'J'ho
flcliool hooks arn of a lii;/hrr and inort; instructive stamp. In no dopart-
mont «>f tlio iinprovrnicntH of tho aij;(! has inort! hccn done, than in tho
rniiso of /general education; and in none does inon; yet rcmiain to bo
iloiie. Our institutions can never hehasc'd on th(M'i^dit foundatimi, until
the whole coinnninity receive » suhstantial and virtuous education.

llcliifion is left to the voluntary rhoice of the people, no necl being
favored by the laws li(;yond another, it beiiii* an essential principle in the
national and state! tfovernnients, that U^j^islation may of ri^dit interfere in
the concerns of pu!)lic worship only so far, as to protect every individual
in the uninolcste<l exercise of that of his choice. Hence all the sects of
('hristianity are abundantly represented in our country. The niethodists
are, probably, the nuist nuiiM'roiis deiioniinalion. The ''presbytcrians,
ronffreijationnlists, baptists, episco[ialians, and Uoinan Catholics, proba-
bly, rank, in point of numbers, in the order, in which they are here men-
tioned. The Cumberland presbyterians and Christians are growing
denominations. There are nearly 10,(100 fixed congregations of the dif-
ferent denominations. The income of tiio difl'ercnt religious, charitable,
missionary, bible, tract, education and Sunday school societies is about
Vol. II. '2

fe.:

BRIEF GENERAL VIEW

500,000 dollars annually. There are 25 theological seminaries, in which
young gentlemen of the different denominations are trained for their
respective ministries, from which between 2 and 300 are annually
graduated.

Military Force. Beside an organized militia of about a million, the
General Government keeps up a small standing army, distributed in sta-
tions along the sea board, and the extensive frontier. The remotest posts
are at St. Peters on the Upper Mississippi, at the Council Bluffs on the
Missouri, at Kiamesia, or Kiiiichie, on Red River, and at Cantonment
Jessup not far from the Sabine. The rukval force consists of 7 ships of
the line, 10 frigates, 15 sloops of war, and 7 armed schooners, and is as
powerful and efficient a force, measured by the number of guns, as can
be shown by any country. In 1829 the whole tonnage of the United
States shipping was 1,741 j391. The same year there was freighted from
the United States 133,000 tons of foreign shipping. One-fourth of the
shipping is owned in Massachusetts ; and the next largest amounts in
New York. Maryland and Pennsylvania rank next in order, as ship-
owning states.

Hevcnue — Has been chiefly derived hitherto from customs, or duties
paid by merchants on goods imported, and from the sales of public lands.
It is in common years, not far from $25,000,000. This amount, in the
ordinary and peaceable progress of the government, exceeds the expendi-
tures, and the interest of the national debt, leaving a considerable unap-
propriated balance in the national treasury. The national debt, in the
present course of things, will be extinguished in a few years. It has
already become, in anticipation, a question of congressional discussion,
in what manner the surplus remainder shall be appropriated, after the
national debt shall have been liquidated.

Federal Constitution' This instrument contains the compact of our
national confederation. It guarantees religious and political freedom;
and is probably the most simple and well digested charter of political
liberty, that was ever penned. This instrument is too well known to
require us to give any thing more than some of its prominent features.
The legislative power is vested in Congress, composed of a Senate and
House of Representatives. The judicial power is in the Supreme and
Circuit Courts, presided over by judges appointed during good behavior.
The executive authority is in the President. Each state furnishes two
Senators; and Representatives in number and ratio as follows: they are
chosen by the people bienr'.ally, each state being entitled to a number
proportionate to its population, in a ratio in the states, which do not admit
slavery of 1 to every 40,000 souls; and in the states where there arc
slaves of 1 for every 40,000 of the free population, and one for every

OP THE UNITED STATES.

66,660 of the slaves. The relative proportions of the representation are
settled every tenth year, immediately after takinjj the census.

It is an unfortunate fact, that the purest efforts of abstract reason and
wisdom cannot be divested of the taint of the passions. This instru-
ment, devised by as enlightened men and as pure patriots as have lived)
is still a human production, and could not exercise a prophetic ken, to
settle questions growing out of relations which no foresight could have
foreseen. It has become as the apple of discord, a question, how far it
grants powers by construction? where its power terminates, and that of
the state constitutions commence? And what umpire shall determine
what are infractions of its authority? And how the penalties of those
infractions shall be inflicted ? No community has existed that could fairly
trace a greater amount of political prosperity and happiness to a charter
of government, than the United States to the operation of the federal
constitution. Every patriot will carry il by acclamations, to which all but
Catalines, and those who delight in political storms for the plunder of the
wrecks, will resjwnd — esto perpctua !

Aborigines. From the apparent incompatibility of the Indian char-
acter with the modes and requirements of civilized life, this ill-fated race
is every where wasting away, when brought in contact with people of
municipal and industrious habits. The whole number existing at present
within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, more probably
falls short of 300,000, than exceeds that number. Of this number half
reside east and half west of the Rocky Mountains. The most humane
exertions have constantly been in operation, on the part of the General
Government, to preserve the race from extinction, by severe provisions to
prevent their obtaining ardent spirits, and by unwearied efforts to train
them to the the arts and agriculture, and to impart to them the blessings
of education and Christianity.

Under the system adopted by the government, 140 agents and sub-
agents, interpreters and mechanics are employed ■ among the different
Indian tribes, to carry these purposes into effect; and the President is
authorized to cause the stores of the licensed traders to be searched, and
if ardent spirits are found among the articles for sale, the whole goods
are forfeited to the government.

The whole number of Indian schools established amorig them, partly
by charitable associations of the different religious denominations, and
partly by pecuniary aid from the government, is 44. The government
bestows upon the maintenance of these schools, about ,^10,000 annually.
The whole number of Indian children receiving instruction, amounts to
1»500. .^*, ■■^,

'iiif

i !.>

r I

hlbh

M^,.'Al

mSA

' - ' r.>. mi ■

-' it,

BRIEF GENERAL VIEW

Public Lands. The greatest portion of tlie unoccupied lant's of tlie
United States constitute the national domain, and is the proj)erty of the
United States. The property of these lands has been acquired by the
United States by cession of the individual Stales, by acknowledged ter-
ritorial jurisdiction, by purchase or cession from foreign states, and by
the extinction of the Indian title to them. The ofucers of the Land
Office are a Register, and Receiver of public monies.

The lands are surveyed before they are oflered for «ale, aijd are divided
into townships six miles square, which are subdivided into 36 sections,
each a mile square, and containing (HO acres. These arc again subdi-
vided iito half, quarter, and half-quarter sections, the smallest tracts sold
by the government. The credit system is abolished, and the terms of
sale are cash previous to the entry, or government deed. The lands are
first exposed to sale at auction, by proclamation of the President. The
highest bidder at this sale failing to pay, the tract is otVered again, and the
failing bidder is declared incapable of purchasing at the sales. The
minimum price of land is one dollar and twenty-five cents an acre. Lands
forfeited for non-payment must be offered first at public sale. Choice
tracts and favorite positions command good prices at the public sales.
But the greater portion of the lands remain unsold, after the public sales,
and are entered at private sale. Those lands for which $1 25 are not
offered, remain unsold, and the property of the United States. Salt
springs and lead mines are reserved from this sale ; but may be leased by
the President. One section of 640 acres is reserved in every township
for literary purposes. In cases of different applications, at private sale,
for the same tract, the highest bidder is to have the preference. By this
admirable system all the townships and subdivisions are in regular mathe-
matical forms, precluding the fruitful source of litigation, arising from the
uncertainty of butts and bounds, in forms with curve, meandering, or
zigzag* lines. Those forms so universal in the farms of the old set-
tlements, are not only difficult matters of adjustment between contiguous
owners, and exceedingly inconvenient for fencing, but are unsightly and
offensive to the eye. It is inconceivable that the beautiful square forms
of the present land system should not have been suggested to the first
settlers of the United States.

The land sales unite three essential objects, the right of selection by the
highest bidder at the public sales, extreme cheapness at the private sales,
and a title of a clearness and unquestionable surely commensurate with
the stability of the government. The convenience and excellence of this
system constitute an essential element in the rapid population of the new
states.

'W}

">s-

OF THE UNITED STATES.

Public Deht. In 1«30 the unfiindod debt amounted to $40,729,000;
nnd the whole national debt to ,$4H,r){U?,l(K»; an*lat tlie ratio of redemp-
tion, in seven preceding years, will all be paid in 1S34.

Appropriations. The whole amount of approprialions, in the year
1830, for the current expenses of the year, was ,<!;13,52(S,845. This, of
course, does not include the approprialions of former years for the pay-
ment of the public debt, and various instalments due from the govern-
ment, amounting to $12,315,245 — making the total estimated expendi-
tures of the year $25,844,090.

Manvfacturcs. Under this head we only mention in this place the two
recent establishments of the cotton and woollen manufactures. Thero
are 400 cotton factories in New England, and 280 in the remaining por-
tion of the United States; GSO in all. Of these 135 are in Massachu-
setts; 110 in Rhode Island; 80 in Connecticut; and 50 in New Hamp-
shire. It is calculated, that 32,000,000 lbs. of wool were manufactured
in the United States in 1829, giving full or partial employment to 100,000
persons.

General Remarks, The Canal and Rail Road system has already
presented the resources of our great country in an entirely new aspect.
The rich and the poor of the northern cities, instead of banishing the
inclemency of winter by fuel from the forests of Maine, rafted down the
rivers, and shipped over a stormy sea, are warmed by coal dug from moun
tains in the interior of Pennsylvania, which, a few years since, could not
have been transported to New York or Boston for four times its value.
It is now, in those places, a cheaper fuel than wood. The cities are
building up with stone and marble from remote points of the interior,
where, according to the former modes of transport, they would have re-
mained forever unmoved. The wood cutter of the shores of Lake Erie
finds in its forests cabinet woods for the city of London. The northern
shores of Ohio send their cherry, black walnut, and maple timber to the
interior of Massachusetts. The rugged mountains of the Alleghanics,
along the path of the Pennsylvania Canal, will send their vast piles of
nature-hewn cubic blocks of beautiful white sand stone to build up the
streets of Philadelphia.

Every month is disclosing discoveries of minerals, the precious metals,
the important and useful fossils, pit coal, beautiful marbles, quarries
of building stone, clays and earths for porcelain, and an exhaustless
abundance of ores of iron and lead, and salt springs, evincing that a
country, originally pronounced destitute in these res|)ects, compared with
the mother country, is singularly rich and fortunate, possessing, in great
abundance those materials, hidden in the earth, which are essential ele-
ments in developing national wealth and power.

fe: '''•■»■

mUim

1' fi'i

iinii:i<' uHNunM. viiow

I '

A witio li<tl(, lOhiiiimrin/!^ nii llif N<iii(lii<rii HliiprM of tlio inoiiiHuiiH

»I|H

ootiiiliy ill Vii^^iiiiii, mill niniiiu;^' iImmid* ilinni^li INorlli Cnroliiin, Mniiih
< 'iii'oliint, iind (ii'or^i.'i mill tli(< |iii>|iltiii*lH nC Ahiliiiiii;i, iuli:iliil)<il Ity ||m<
('ri<<«l(N iiihI < 'lin'okcrx, hiiH Iti't'ti iliMrovi'i'nl williiii ii linv yciiiH lolit< rirli in
ort'tt iir^Mtltl. Il IH IoiiikI, Ini), in liiiiipH of ii;iliv«^ ji^olil. Si)iii«< of tlir l.'U^rrHi
riiannoN of itnlivn /^'oltl tliiil Imvo vvvr lirfii iliHrovcnMl, Invr U'vu i\\\uu\
how. 'riiirtrtxUwiMivr lirll iH covi'I'imI with iIioiihiiikIh of iimimmn iiml uil-
vtMiluiDm. (irt'iil tiiikoiiiiH of ^<oU\ »iv tilr«'ii<ly rnniiHliril (n lliit iiniinnnl

iiiiiit, iiiiil lliiH ri<f(ii)ii iMiiy liiMc

illrr V

10 ill pimliirlivriioHM wild \\w iiiiiii>Mnr

lMi<\i(Mi :iii(l Prill. WIu'IIkm' tlioHi« iiiiiirH will li«t ii iiiiliniiiil rrnitiirn* and
ii(lviiiit:i^>t , is nil r\|MM'iint<iil llmt iniiiiiiiiH lo lio l«<Hl(t(l. In IMisHniiii,
llliiKiiH, iind tlu« iii'W Tcriilory oC lliintii ihimik I'irli loiiil iiiiiu'M iin tlio
world cull oIUm'. TIio iiurlluMii |iiii'Ih of llir hiltt'r Irri-ilory nlioiinil,
tiho, ill <'(>|i|toi'. 'I'lio }inm\ ]>i'(i|iorlii)ii of llio Aliirririin luvipln (no
tliriiKirN, ('tiiii|iiii'in)r with (lio lodil «>!' llioNr rii^rii^roil in nil nllirr |)ni'HiiitM,
n» t\\v to ono, 'i'li<^ iniiiitin- of inrrrlinnlN iil pirsnnl t<n^'ii,i.M<*l in <-nni
lurt'ci* is iilioni S(),00(). or llirs<<, in |nu|»i>iliiin lo llio whole |K)|tnl,'ili()ii,
Miclii^iiii 'rnriloiy inriiinhi'H tlir Iiii'^ohI |iro|ioi'liitii, iVoiii thr niiinlior'ir
|MM'Mon!4 oii^>a}{**il III tlii^ Inr li'iidr, lli<« ti'inlcon llio IiiKoh, aiul iim tni|>|)iii^
wooiltiinoii. Mas.snf!iiiH«<ltN lian lli<< ;^M'«Mit«<Hl |M'n| tort ion of any onr orilm
NiatOH, niul l.oiiiNiiuiii llio n«<\( lar;L;<>Nl n*lativ«« propoilion. Thr nnnilin'
of iiiaiintiK'tniri'M iiin<ninlM to nraily MHMKHI. Tlai niiinlH'r of iiiiniriN

Tho in«<an.i nf inroi'innlion jtosscMscil hy lli«* piMtplror tlir llnitoil St.itrK
may 1)0 inlonril iVoiii tlio liict, that iiiorr than l,r>0() |>(<rio«licalH, rhiclly
liowH|ia)Mti's, ai'«f cii'iMilalod in rvny town and vilhi^T, iVoni Maino to llio
Hnliiii(>, hriii^ a ;jfr«tat(>r nninlicr ol' poiioilicalH than t'irciilatrH in any ollirr
roiinliy. Of tho rhaiiu'lrr of thrsc poriodit-alK it iH nnntuTSMaiy la
N|Mtakf In a |>oii(>('tly \'\vv coiinliy, it is a inislortniio iiiHrparalilo IVi

nil

(VotuI

oin, tliiit i^<;nonini'o and (

h'ft'pt

ioii,aiul Iho passions will sp<<ak alun^'

with truth. IJnt wlion* truth is lol'l pcrlr«'tly iVi'o to ronihal error, the
l>alan('(> iiuist always inrlino to tlu< aid ol' thr dilliisioii «»!' nsrliil iiiroriuii-
(ion and truth. From this iiinn(iiis(< nninhrr of papers and p(>riodi<-jilH,
it I'ollows, that every htuly is, or assnines lol»e a politician and le<,Mslatov.
Tlio dispatch oi' the mails over more than t(U),0(H) miles of post roads is
nipitl; and the lnvst proof of the security «»!' mail conveyance is, that llio
c»niv«yaiu'e ef inonoy is .siil'e. The ollicial catal(»j;iH' ol" lh<' post olliccs
is a consideralile volnnu*, showin<<[ sitnu> thiaisiiiids of post ollices. The
IMMtpio of the I idled Stali's oiiijhl to lie a nation of orators. l''roni lli(»
session of con.\!;ie»s to that ol" «'ach slate lei^'islature, every coiistiliieiit
nssemldy, every one of the almost inmiiiKMalth^ meetiiins «d' the pj-oplo
riirniRho5 n call for public sprakin;,'. fdoro voice and hrentli arc expended

Jt»

iWr

or TiiK ii.Nrn:i» i4t,\tiiM.

III lliiM wiiy liy llio |HMi|ili) of ilic lliiioii, ill |iro|Htrlioii lu llit^ir iiiiuiIicik,
lliiiiiiii liny ollior roiinli'y. 'rt'dioiiMiit'NM, prolixilVi hihI iiii iiiiNpiiriiiK
itii|H>i'lliiily (if WokIm iii'o rvilri )^<<iirni|t>tl liy iIiin oidor of lliiii^N. Iliit
wliilnl ^ivi'M liiiili lu iMiilliliMlrx tif wiixly, iiiuiin iiiiil iiii|Mi(lfiil ilriiin-
^u^iH'H, it t'oniiNiil llic'Hiillii) tiliHi !ill iiiicniiiiiioil |)lo|io|'linii of I)k: coiil-
iiiiiiiiiy l<> lliinil iiidI ^iiM-rliil piiltlii- M|M>iiKii^;.

'I'lio tiMidi-iiiy til' llin ii^ii ill ^tuiniil, :iii<l of our coiiiilry in iiiiiticiiliir,
in In iirliicvr ;/ii'.'it wnikH jty <'oi|ioi'aln iiMMoniitiiiiiH. IMni jiiivtt limiiMxl
lliul llioii' iiiiliviilital |io\vi r \n iiMinimul liy iiiiikiii^' ii |(nil nf roi'|Mii'iil«)

|iu\vrr,

IN IIII i\\.\v of iiHNiM'iiitioiiM I'ltr lilcrnry iiikI t-liiiritiijilu |iiir|i<iMrH.

'I'Ik^ Vociil)iiliiry III' IrriiiH Iiiim lircii cxIiiiiihIi-iI Io liiid iimiiicn for IIki iiii-
iiicniiiN Hor.irlicH lliiil liiivn hihiiii;/ ii|i williiii llir lew piiHl yi'iirH. Aiiioii^
lliniii iivny |iliil:iiillii'u|)iiil will tinlirn willi plniMiiin ilioHc tliiil Iiiivd I)«m!||
riMiiK'tl I'iir lli<< Hiippl'CNhioiMir iiili'iiipri'iiiH'*', riirllir ikImiiicciihiiiI oI' nlii-
(iilioii, iiikI I<m' iIiii iiKtIitiiiilioii of {\n\ «'oii<lilii)ii <>r lliit pnor. A iimro
Htiilun|( illiiHtriitioii of llir l«'ii<ltii< y ofHiKli Hocii'licH, iiiitl wliicli iit wiiilli
n voliiiiin ol' iltM-liiiiiiilidii oil \\m Hiiltjrrl, raiiiiol lir ^ivi'ii, lliiiii iH riinilHii-
imI iiy tlio liii-ljliMl ill llin Minulrrily ol' ItuMtoti, wilJiiiiMO ywxn piiHt, llioni
liiivtf Imtii <'ol|iu'.t(!il, t'liirtly by ||i«!M«i iiNHoc.iiiliotiM, I'or cli'iiiliililo pur|Mim)H,

.«;I,N(MMM'».

Ill nnrMi'il to llir ^I'lioi'iil iip|H'iiriiii('o ol' llu^ lliiilnl SiiiUin, Now Kiig*
bud iH iloll(«il ill rvmy diiiii'tioii willi tinil aiid pnpiiloiiH villa^<;N. All
tlic /^i'«'iil itiaiiiilticliii'iii^ <<Mlal)lisliiiioiilH collttcl. villii^t-H rMiiiid tjinii; iiH
I'lIi^clM ol'roiirHo. I.owrll, Wallliaiii, mid PiiwIiicKol. may Hcrvr im rttrik^
iiiji; 4>xain|)lrM. I'iv«^i'y iiill Hiilo opniiH to viow tlicHo iiohlo rt'cc.tiuriR, ntid
jrliiddriiH (Ik^ cyo willi Ilio HpircH of cliiirclicH. Ninv Yorii, in itrt wholo
cxlt'iit, <<H|HM-.iiilly llio woHlrrii pari, oIIIthii Hartipio of lliiH ordi^r oriliiiip^N
parliriihrly lo IIiohc, who ran rcinciiilK'r, when tiir coiiiilry on llio lino of
till' I'aiial, and llio lioaiilit'iil (-oiiiihy of llir hiiimII lakr.s was all a cniitinii-
oiioand iinltruKrn CoirHl. KnclirMlrr risoM, a proud indi-x of tlin nntoit-
iMliin;^M'litiii^r«'S wroni^litin lliiHroiintry in alow yoars.

I'rniiHylvaiiiii and Ohio liiivo not fallen hrhind, in thiH mair.li ofiin-
provrinriit* Many neat, now, ami rlirorl'iil Inoliin^ villn^^TS aro won from
llio ItircHl ('Very two «M'lliroo years. The prodi^ridun extent of Iriivol, for
liiisiiieHM or pleiisure, eHtaliliMhiii,\' an inhM-t'oiirrHe of kindness hclwoon tlin
reiiiolt^ iiointN of thn union, have mote than kepi pace willi the improvo
iiieiit of roads, canals, sleiini hoals, hotels, <'!irria;(es, and every tiling
(•,oniiecl«Ml willi transport and Iriivel. This tutler of ihin^^'H is visihiy \vnn
percept ihio in the slave sl.'iles, lliiin I Ik; free slattts; and leasl of all in tho
Atlantic. ntateH s<nUh of the 1'oI*iiti;m;. In prociHtilin^' in ihiHdire'ction, it.
isilistincly sc^eii, Ihnt tho inlliH.'iico of slavfiry is advorw; lo greftt national
work?, to nont and nouiishiug villa^ca, niid coinpiiclncsMofan induntrious

i'.

'I *|

\A ' 't

, >t

Ultmr UENBRAI. view OF THE TNtTEI) HTATEH.

and intelli^nnt popiihtion. Villii^oa ntid rhiiroh Hpirrs l>rronio nira
objects. If(i>lat0(l mansinns nrisr nt ^rvM (liHfnnrrH from rarli otiirr, hup
foiiiHlcd by Iho sinpiilnr rnntniBl of iipjjro bnvrl,«i. Tluw ninnsiojin, it \g
tnio, nni pmicrully tluj nboch's oftlw! most senfitivp honor, iiitrllij^roricf,
nnd hospilnlity. Hut tho rontrnsi of tlu; bovclH nnd tlu; inansion cnii
never co:»Ho to be a iviinfiil spcclnrlr to lh(> ("Vo.

Tho Colonization sorinly is ciiIliiiL; iho public nltrntioii to tbo ^rncbinl
nnd illtinmto rcniovMl of this rvil, ;irI<n«»\vbMljrod by ovory ono to lio of
portiMitoiis iis|)oct. It ronld be wiMlird, that writers and declaiuiers n|)oi)
thCHubjei't of the evils ofslnv«'ry bad been in all caf^'S sensible and sober
men (»fteinp(>rate minds and a Kind spirit; and in fact, that tliey had
be<<n always honest men. An^TV and unspariii«.r de<'laination and appj^aJH
to the vindictive fei'lin/,'s of the tinlhinkin;,' in (he free stat<>H an^ not the
Irno renuMJies for an onler of things, wiii<di eonimone.od in the p<Tin of
our country's rriowf It, and has jrrown up with il, as a clinmic malady, to Imj
cured by slow and gentle reiTiedies; and oidy to !«? su<'<M>ssfully trcnlod
by liumnnennd lem|)orato minded men, who sjo thin«js as ihey arc. Tlic
prand remedy, as it seems tons, is to be exp(M-,tcd in the incrensinir lijirlii
and humanity of the nije. At »ouw distant period, the entire extinction
of slavery will arrive, as a certain result of the tendency of the age
towards purer reason nnd more enii<j[hfenod views of liberty.

The voice of the IVaco society is be<:jinninj,' to be heard in the land.
It ia making; ^reat nnd laudable, and w<; will hope ultimately Ruceesslnl
exertions to inculcate Pvacc on varth ami good will to mm.

On the whole, it is believed, that no coimt'v contains so great a pro-
portion of educated, well housed, fed and clolhed population, living in
HO much freedom and content, ns the people of .he United States.

ffe, ^'

#■'

i%TLAIVTI€ STyiTE$$.

MAINE.

TiiK HliitCH (!nat (if HiidaoipH river ami New York arc cnllod New Eng-
Innd, and <'<)ininiH(; Mninc, Now IliimpHliiro, Vermont, MaHsachusetts,
RIukIo Islnnd and ('onnccluMit. Wc ronirncncc with Maine, constitute
ing the north east extremity of the United States. It lies hctwoon 43° 5'
and 'IN'^ .T N. L. and (P and 10^' H' K. L. from Washington. Item-
braces an area of ;{2,(M)0 s<]naro miles. It is bounded N . and E. by lower
Canada an«l New Brunswick ; S by the Atlantic ; W. by New Hampsliire.

The soil is generally level and <layoy along the seashore, and moderately
fertile. In the interior, and on the banks of the rivers it is fine. The
face of the coiuitry gradually becomes elevated, ns wc ascend from the
coast. Towards the Canada frontier, it becomes rugged and mountain-
ous. Agamcnti<;us, an isolated mountain of considerable height, and
a noted land mark for inariiiors, rises in York.

Climate is severe, with five months of decided winter; but it is com*
parativ(!ly uniform, and very salubrious.

Productions are wheat, Indian corn, rye, barley, grass, pulsOj potatoes
of the best kind, fine pasturage, and the products of pasturage, immense
amounts of timber, masts and spars, staves, boards and plank, wood and
lumber. Most of the sea jwrts of Massachusetts cast of Capo Cod are
furnished with their chief fuel from this state, and its lumber is exported
to all foreign parts, that admit our lumber. The climate, though severe,
is so uniform, that the productions arc of a class, that could not be ex-
pected tVom its temperature. Apple trees, for example, flourish in the
interior; and there are hue orchards of this fruit, and more especially of
pear trees. Among the wild fruits arc gooseberries, currranls, wild plums,
<;herries uiul grapes and tho greatest abundance of cranberries. The ex-
tensive strand of sou coast is supplied by the waves with vast quantities
of rock weed, which is vUi excellent manure. The alluvion of Kennebec
Vol. II. 3

'111 f'l'S^f* ''

.«,ifj*

ATl.ANTir STATES.

in lM>Ch fi'ililo and dulij^hiriil. Nuhh; lurosla of llic (erel)inthiiift$<, ever-
greens, spruces, firs, iiiid pines aprcail over tlic state, wherever tin; lum-
berer's or the niltivalor's axe lias not been i)lic(l. The l)irch and lopch
forests arc exceedingly deep and heavy, and tho lonj^ line of coast, the
numerous bays, and navij.^able waters |L{ivo these forests a value, which
they have in no other portions of the forest country of the United States.
Harbors. This state has a greater extent of sea coast, and more good
harbors, than any other in the union; und in point of amount of tonnage
of shipping owned, ranks the fourth among the maritime states. The
counties arc ns follows. York, York; Cumberland, Portland; Lincoln,
Wiacassct; Hancock, Castinc; Washington, Mackias; Oxford, Paris;
KenneJKic Augusta; Somerset, Norridgcwock ; Waldo, Belfast; Penob-
scot, Jiangor. Population in IN20, 298, 335. In 1830, 3!)5),1(J8.
liaj/s — Arc Casco, Penobscot, Frenchman's and Passama(pu)ddy.
Rivers. St. Croix, Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, Saco, Pis-
cataqua, und muny smaller streams.

Lakes. Umbagog and Moose head are the largest. In the northern
parts of the state, which arc almost unexplored forest, there are a great
many lakes, which are as yet but partially known. Deep clear ponds,
from two to five or si.x miles in circumference, abound in the inte-
rior, and alTord the finest fresh water fish. Immense supplies of sea fish
arc furnished by the numerous bays and inlets on the sea shore. The
salmon and shad of tho larger streams arc, also, in their season a great
resource to the inliabitants.
Manufojcturcs. The avails exceed 3,000,000 dollars and arc increasing.
Towns. Portland, the capital, is a neat and handsomely built town on
a peninsula projecting into Casco Bay and is 115 miles N. E. from
Boston. Its noble safe and capacious harbor is seldom frozen. Ite
public buildings arc ten houses for public worship, a state house, court
house, alms house, market house, town house, two banks, an insurance
office and an academy. There arc a number of fine boarding schools,
and private and common schools, a town library, and one for apprentices.
A stone light house, 70 feet high, marks tlie entrance of the harbor. It
is defended by two forts, and beautified by u conspicuous observatory on
the pinnacle of Mount Joy. Its relative ixjsition to the surrounding
country is fine. A canal was projected, sonic years since, which by an
excavation of five or six miles, would give this town a command of water
communications of 40 or 50 miles with the interior. The principal ex-
ports are lumber, fish, beef and butter. It is the eighth town in the
United States in the amount of its shipping, owning nearly 40,000 tons.
It is a wealthy, handsome and growing place. In 1820 it contained
8,520 inhabitants, and in 1830, 12,601. Bath on the west bank

-.■.«*>"- *

m ■'^stt-'

ATLANTIC STATES.

of the Kcnnol)OC, 10 miles from llio sc;i, owns nmsidcnhlo shipping, und
is a place of importuiico. IJriiiiswicK, WiHcissct, Ilullowc;)!, AuRUsta,
York, Casco, Machias, Biiiipror and \V;it(!rvillc are conHideraliic towns.
Brunswick JH on I ho Andro«co;,';^Mn; WiHcasHol, on tlio Sliccpscol ; and
both Hallowcll nnd Augusta on the Kennebec. These towns are favora-
bly aitualed for foreign trade. 'J'he state abounds in sea jjorts. A
number of fine islands along the coast give the inhabitants the advantage
of an interior and protected navigation.

Population. At the close of the hito war, the advance of this state
was at a pause. Many of the inhabitants, in discouragement, cither emi-
grated, or were propaiing to emigrate. But, possessing the essential
elements of population, fertile, fresh and cheap lands, and beside, having
peculiar advantages for maritime trade, und easy and numerous commu-
nications with the interior by large and fine rivers and bays, possessing
an excellent soil for hay and pasturage, a salubrious climate, and an ad-
venturous and hardy population, it soon resumed its advancing progress.
The natural aptitude of the American people for communications with
the sea impelled settlers to this region. The gain, since the last tvnsus,
is out of proportion greater than any other New England state, i ing
101,138, The pursuits of a great portion of the people are maritnne,
and their liome on the blue water. The vessels of its mariners are in
overy sea. The sailora are noted for the reckless daring, with which they
commit themselves to small sloops of 30 or 40 tons, to encounter the
most remote and stormy seas. They have a habit of aflirming, tliat they
have learned their little crafts the science of finding their own way amidst
the billows. These arc the mariners, who in lumber vessels, manned
with two hands, and sometimes with a single one, dash away to the West
Indies, before they are profoundly acquainted with the occult science of
trigonometry, and logarithmic tables, and of whom it is humorously
said, that they throw shingles overboard at intervals, as they pass out,
by which to find their way back again.

Education. Bowdoin college in Brunswick is a flourishing institution,
rich in funds, with resi)ectable endowments and buildings, and a libmry
of 5000 volumes. Theological seminaries are established at Bangor,
and Wutcrville; and lycccms at Hallowell and Gardiner. There are
twenty two incorporated academies; and town schools and common
schools are diffused, with the New England spirit, over all the towns,
villages and settlements of the stale.

Religion. In this new state, as happens throughout our country in
similar circumstances, the several denominations have emulated each other
in efforts to impress an ascendant influence upon the young community.

'■•'■a, .4itl«'-3

*'i'|

l'^:*

' (I

if *l '' I U

tME|

IKl

fm,

ATLANTIC STATES.

There ore nearly 4W established rcligioiw nociuticfl, amou)! whirh the
congrogalionalists nrc at present most numerous.

Government. Maine was united with MassHcJiusetls, luidor llie name
o4 the District of Maine, until 1N'J(), when the union was amicably ilis-
solved, and Maine was received into the union.

General Aspect. A panorama of this extensive stale would show
three fourths of its surface covered with a dark and de«'p forest of bircli,
beech, and evergreens. A wi<lc belt along the sea shore, and the niivi/^'ahjo
inlets and rivers, and waters, u\Km which rafts can Ihiat, would he seen
denuded of their forests. The cleared squares cut out of the forest would
be soon diminishing, ns wo advance towards the north, until we reat^h a
wide and unbroken forest. Numberless transparent |ionds would he scon,
dotting almost every township. Far in the interior wo should see the
peculiar class of interior New England husbandmen, like the |)eoplc of
the west clearing their lands; and in the spring making maple su/'ar and
relying solely on agriculture for subsistence. We should see tho adven-
turous mariners spreading their sails on every sea. Innumerable wood
vessels from otlicr states would bo seen ai)proaching her shores, to pay
their titlie for tho privilege of carrying her fuel over the stormy sea, tluit
rolls a lido upon some portion of her shores of 40 feet in hei;^ht. Ilor
lime, tlic most beautiful in the country, would be seen transported to the
shores of Maryland and Virginia. Rich and productive lead mines, re-
cently discovered, would be seen increasing her commercial resources.
If overhung, for a considerable portion of the year, with a leaden and in-
clement sky, tho inhabitants the while, would be seen gaily sliding over
their snowy surface in sleighs, breasting tho keen air with u spirit, that
finds elasticity and vigor in triumphing over the rigor of nature.

mill

iSi

;r^

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Bounded by Maine E.; Lower Canada N., Massachusetts S. and S. E.
for a distance of 18 miles by the Atlantic. Area, 10,000 square miles.
Between 42° 12' and 45° 11' N. L.; and 4° 29' andO° 19' E. L. from
Washington. Its shape is an open fan witli the handle to the north.

Divisions. Rockingham^ Portwiovfh; Merrimack, ^'onwn? ,-StratV<)rd,
Dover, Gilmantown; Hillsborough, Amherst; Cheshire, Keene, Charlcs-
toum, WalpoU; Grafton, Hanover; Haverhill, Plymouth Coos, Lancas-
ter; Sullivan, Newport. Population in 185iO 241,101. In 1830,
269, 533.

J^'

ATl.ANTir STATES.

•1

Xttitcct. A iKirrnw, Handy plniii, iiidciitod willi Piiiidl h(ni inlets, nkirtH
lliclinc ofcMiiHt. Af ltd j^'ni.'il <lisliinct', iIk? <-.onntiy rises into liills nn<l
mnnnfnins. N<'w ll:nu|)sliirn insiy hr jiiHily drHi;,'iiiit( d ilio stiito of liilln.
TliK iii^lu'st |)<-:il\H of llu! Hnldiini: riiii^T nf tin; Wliiic MountiiinH aro
rnoro oluvntcd, tliiin iiny otiici' nionntiiiuH in tlic Dnilcd StatrH, (except
tliut<out'llio llocky Moiinlains. IMDiiadnock, Monso liill<i(d<, Kcvirsai'i^c,
Sunniii)uo, iind Ossipcc arn lii^^di, interior, (!(.<ta(dicd inoiiidaiiiR. Tliu
iiutnb'Ji' of uiuuntainH and liilLs <i;ivc:s llu! stale a liiirsli and r()n.'j;li aa-
(icct; and tlu; ininionar inaswactf ;4ranit(! risinjj upon all sides have pro-
cured for it llio appellation u['\\\v. granite .stofr. Hnl, many of tiio vallies
tire licautifully ^M'een, slielleriMl and fertile. 'J'Ik; rivers, in [lartieular,
have rich, allnviai bottoms. Those of the (Jonncctient n«ay he ^'iveii, as
a sample. 'JMic soil, thon^rh often cnciitnl.eriHl with stones, has a ^o( id
(Iryrco of fertility, and is particularly line lor |)astiiraf,'e. The conntry
originally was heavily timiiered, and in tlx; interior are still <;onsi(l(<rahlo
extents of forest country. There are extensive plains of a warm, li^^ht,
aandy and jwculiar soil, rescmhiiny, when <deared, the poorer of the high
western prairies, covered in their natural stale; with white pine and called
jmc 'plains. The climate is healthy. The lakes and rivers aro ordina-
rily frozen four months in the year. Winter commences in Novernher,
and tcrminntcs in April. It is chielly an agricultural state. Of hilo
years, however, tlicpeo|)le have heguii to appropriate their frequent and
permanent water power to manufacturing purjMJscs. Beside domestic
manufactures to a great extent, this stale has large manufactures of iron,
woollen and cotton. Tlierc are 40 establishments of cotton and W(M)llen,
10 of paper, and u number of iron in Franconia, and other places. Class
is also manufactured. Great rnanidacturing establishments have arisen
at Dover, E.xctcr, Peterborough, Franconia, and Durham. New Ipswich,
Keenc, Milford, and Wal[)ole arc also towns which possess manufacturing
establishments to a considerable extent.

The manufactures of this state, in ISIO, exceeded $5,000,000. They
must have more than doubled in value since.

Lakes. VVinni[)issiogee is a romantic and beautiful sheet of water in
the centre of the state, 23 miles in length. It is sprinkled with numerous
islands, and abounds in the fmesl kinds of fresh water fish. LJnd)agog
lake lies partly in this state, and partly in Maine. S(piani, Ossipce,
Sunnapee, and Newfound lakes, aro considerable colleclions of water.

Rivers. The Connecticut se[)arates the wesleiii shore of the state
from Vermont. Merrimac, Piscataipia, Androscoggin and Saco, all con-
siderable rivers, rise in this state. l*iscata(|ua has almost its whole course
in the stale. The smaller rivers are Upper and liower Amnionoosuc,

%m.''.

ff'''

uMnii^n t,

M> .ill?

Sc'^hj'«'#ii

*^i

^Ti.wrir nTATi:H.

MiijMr. AnIiU( )<•(, Miiri^iillawiiy, nnil NiiHliiin. 'I'lio Hiniilirr null NirrnnM
nrtM).\<M<i>i!iii;;ly iiiiinoroiiM mid li«iiuliriil.

Toirnn. I'orlHiiiuiitli, oil llii' himiIIi Itiiiik ol'llut INNrnliii|iiti, llirn* iiiili«
froiii ilN jiiiH'liiMi with iIichim. liiiHiiiu>itrilir Niili'Nt nii<liiinni ('.iiiiiiiiotlioiiH
linrltoin ill tliu Hiiiltil SIiiIcn. Ii is novcr IVu/.ni, is Ntroii^lytlci'tiiilctl liy
two forlH, 'iihI iiii<>lit i<:iHily btt rnidrml iiM|M'r^iiiil)lr. A li^'lit lioiiNtt mi
<iniiil IhIiiiiiI iixlinilcH tliiMMitranri! (o il, anil lliit hr^rcft Hlii|)ri nni coinu
to \Uv whiirvi'H. Il is liiNtiiiit ril» iiiilrii norlli-ivinl Iroiii lloHton. Il in \\n\
only NiNi |M)rl in llu' hIiiIc. Iih imihiIioii iH pUMitianl anil HaliilirioiiH, ami
tli(>|i;rral<'i' jKirt of IJiii town, liaviiif^ lii>i>n rrltiiilt iVoni a firii noinr yrari
linn*, in very liaiKJHoinriy linill. Il i-onlaiiiHN lionsrH fur piiMir worHliip,
nniong wliicJi llir l''i|iiRrn|ial cliuirli in iliHtiii;(niHlii<(l fm ilH ni/.r mu\ liivinly.
Tlio otlirr pnlilir Imiidin^N ari< a court Iiouhc, jail, alms Iioiimi', acadnny,
ntliiMiu'iiin, two inarkri lioiidri, ln\vn hall, rnntoin lioiiHr, an insuiMiiru
oilier, and tiv«f Itankn. A very lianilHoino Itrid^o aciosH llin l'iM('iitii(|im
I'onnrrls il with Killury in Main«<< On Navy iMland, in llio rivi-r, is lim
ITnilod Slair?! Ship Yard, wilh all thornpiiHili! appiirli'iiaiucH for hiiildinf^
Rlii|>H of war. 'rwi>7'l ^iiii nhipi* huvo already hi>«>n htiill hero. TIh;
town possrsscA ovur V!.\(MK) lonM ol' shipping. Many valiiahli; pri/CH were
lii'oufiht inio this harhor dining Ihn lato wur. Il has iilino inarkut, iiiiiri>
particniaiiy lor iish, and i( dillcrs tVoni any oIIkm- New Mn^land town in
the eirennintanre, Ihal many femah-s hrin^f arlieles to inarkol, de.5('eiidiii/i(
tliR l*iseala(|ua in skill'!*. In iNtiO ihu popnlnlion was 7,:)'i7. In 1n:((i,

Kxoler is n handsome village, 1& inilen Hoiilh-west of PortsmoMtli.
Small sua vessels aieend toil, it l;(<in^al the head of tide water on Kxeler
Kivpr. Il contains a nninlNM* of pnhlic hiiildin^s, and lliree chnrches,nn(|
is the sent of very coiistderahle mnnnfaelnreH. Phillip8^ Kxeler Academy
in this plnce is oiu; of ihi; most ancienl, opulent and useful instilntioiis
in the Dniled States, having many of Ihu advanta^'es and endowments of
n colle^'e.

Concord, sitnaled on both sides of the Merriinac, central to the state,
and tWi miles noiih norlh-wusi from Boston, is the political motro|MiliM,
and the seal of government. The compact part of Iho village containn
one ncal street two miles in lcn*{th, in which an; a magnilicent state-
house, and a state prison, hnth of stone. There are a numlier of oUier
public liuildin«:s. Two bridges connect the chief villafrc with the villa^'c
on the opposite bank of the river, it issin^s Ihreejira/.etles, and is a placn
of lar^e and growin^r business, and contains about :),(NH) inhabitants. It
has a luKitalilc communication wilh Boston by the river, and by Middlesex
Canal connecting with it.

ATl.XNTir UTATTH. W§

lliiiiovrr, lliiverltill, ('lirirU>nlnwii, iiiiii VViil|Hi|r nn- liir^'«< aii.l unit vil-
lii^fM un tlir ('•mndcliriit ; t\n nri' Kmu; iiimI AiiilirrMi in ilir interior.
DoviT if) (I liir^'o iii:iiiiiriirliiriiij|( villii^r on llio wcbI liiiiik of iIki l'iHr:iltu|ii«>
Till! rivrr < 'nrlirro Mown llimiiuli it, linviti^r^n it fiillM .■initnlini^iiiliniritlilrt
wiitiT |)rivilr|,'«'H. li intlic sriit orr«li'fi>4ivr cuWttU riclorirM, iiiiil ofHoiiir
iron workH. It Iiiih ^tovvii to rn|M(l roiif<i<i|fM<nri! murr. it Iiiih IxM-oiiin tlio
HUiil ••(' Hiirli extensive niiiiniriietMrirN It Iiiih ii nuynl ''r <*f pnlilic liuild
iiif^'H, 1111(1 is (I |ilaee of inen^iisiii^ iinpMrt'inre.

LiUrttry InslilutUms. Dartinoiitli ('olle^'o raiiks i\n iIm; third literary
iiiHtiliition in New I'liif^iand. It.t endownierits, lilirary iiril |t!iiloW)|iliieal
n|i|iar(ittiH are r(<s|i<'ct(ilile, nnil it lias n tneilical seliool of (l(;servi<(l rcpn-
tation attnclied to it. I'liilli|m^ Kxeter Acaileniy, ofwliirii we huv(3((|iuknn,
litis fiinilH totlie ninonnt of *^N4>,<HNK 'I'liero are a frreiil nninlKT of lenii
consMJerahly endowed neadeniies, and tlie prinnry and otiier hcIiu<iIh nro
on till! ^'en<<rai footin^^Mif the l\(;w Mn<^dan<l nysteni.

CharmUr of the I'opulallon. The inhaliitanln are a iH'allliy, tnll,
rohuBtjinihiHtrious, well iniortned and enlerprisin^ people, iVii^nl, reli^ioui,
Aiiil joaliMiH of their ri^dits. The pr(!vai!ing relij^iuiiH dunoniinatioHH aru
(/iin^rc^^ationidifltH and Haptists.

Cnmiiuri'v- ChceHe, hutler, iMicf and purk> lutnlK^r, linun, livsido mnn-
ufartureH, aro tho chief nrticloH of export. Much uf the ngricnitural
jirodtictH ^o hy lliu Middloflox (Janid to UoHton.

Natural VwUmtivH. The White MountaiiiH nllord s(!enery incxprcflni-
bly f^'rand,lioin}r of Alpine elevation, and deriving their name Prom luting
gonorully white with «now. Tho lovers of nattire come to those wild
retreats from great di.Hlniu^cH, to contemplate the varied nsperts of the<io
iiihlimo peaks, to hear the rour of the motiiilain wimlH, and the tunihle of
their ice-lormed torrents. The, Nofrfi, or (!apf is a striking ohjert of
ciniosity. 'J'he river Saco sweeps liy it, forming splendid eascadiis. An
allccting moral interest has heen associattvl with this wild spot. In 1H25
n .v/t(/r', ur earth avalanclu^, in a night of storms, huri<;(l a whole family
residing here, that had been alarmed hy tho crashing of its first disrup-
tion, and who, in attempting to fly from its path, were arrested, and htiried
under the superineninhent mass.

The panorama of New Hampshire would exhihjt many mountain pnaki,
innumerable granite-covered hills, nmch grand scenery, and not a little,
especially on the shores of the Connecticut, of surpassingfertility, amen-
ity and beauty. The living part of the picture would show as hardy a
race of agriculturists as the world can offor, breasting with the same spirit
of defiance the storms and sleets of winter, and the fervors of the <log-
day sun. The winter Sabbath would present the sleighs gli<liiig over the
snow, Usariny the families to the village church. During tlie long winter

m
I

H-

iV'

I ■m^.

k. :i\y '■ ■ •! ii^* Jil

■>,'■.

ATLANTK' STATES.

evenings, when the wind howls, nnd the snow storm pours along, we should
sec Ihcsc families around Ih'c Idazing hearth, the mother and daughters
occupied in the quiet domestic occupations, and the favorite reader of the
family, in a tone between recitation and harangue, reading aloud from the
hardly earned book or gazette.

VERMONT.

Bounded north by Lower Canada, east by New Hampshire, south by
Massachusetts, west by New York. Between 42° 42' and 45° N. latitude
and 3° 39' and 5° 31' E. longitude. It contains 10,200 square miles.
It resembles a fiin, with its handle towards tlie south.

Civil Divisionfi. Bennington, Bennington; Windham, Bratllchoro';
Rutland, Rutland; Windsor, Windf!07'; Addison, Middlcbury; Chitten-
den, Burlington; Franklin, St. Albans; Orange, Newbury; Caledonia,
Danville; Essex, Guildhall; Orleans, Derby; Washington, Monteplicr;
Grand Isle, Alhurgh. Populat ion, in 1 820, 235,764. In 1830, 280,079.

Physical Aspect. Charmingly picturesque, no country showing greater
variety of hill, dale, declivity, green, wooded mountain peaks, roaring
torrents, subsiding into cool, mountain, trout streams, than the Green
Mountains, which run in a broad mountain belt through the whole state
from north to south. The highest peaks of this chain are Killington
Peak, Camel's Rump, and Mansfield Mountain. Ascutney is a detached
mountain, showing to great advantage from Windsor. These peaks have
an elevation of from 3 to 4,000 feet. This chain, stretching north and
south in a line interminable to the eye, makes a majestic appearance seen
in the distance, as we approach the mountains either from the east or the
west side. The western declivities are the most precipitous, and arc
clothed with a dark forest of evergreens. From the perennial verdure of
the terebinthine forests, the range and the state have obtained tiimr name.

Forests-^AxG heavily timbered with pine, hemlock, larch, birch, beach,
maple, ash, elm, and white walnut, here known by the name of butternut.
Productions. Maize, barley, rye, oats, potatoes, pulse, grass and
fruits prosper here ; and wheat on the west side of the mountains, the
soil being fine, with small extents excepted, even on the mountain sides
and summits. Dark, rich and loamy, and admirably calculated to sustain
drought, it aifords the finest pasturage of any state in the Union. Tlie
world cannot oiler finer beef than is fed on the rich, white clover pastures
of Vermont, and tiic butter and cheese are universally known for their
excellence-

pitous, and are

ATLANTIC STATES.

Climate. The winter is sliorter than in New Hampshire, though it is
more exposed to sudden alternations and extremes of heat and cold.
The snow on the north sides of the mountains falls deep and lies long.
The winter commences with December, and ends with March.

Character of the Population. The Green mountaineers, the Scotch
of the United States, are remarkable for their strength and robustness of
body, and acuteness of mind. They are a determined, adventurous, wan-
dering people. Hi tie afflicted with the malady of bashfulness, and are
found in all the other states as immigrants. The uneducated are dis-
tinguished by a peculiar dialect, and mode of pronouncing particular
words. Their first remove is ordinarily to the north parts of New York,
whence they pass, after a short stay, to the states south and west.

Rivers. The Connecticut forms the eastern boundary of the state.
It has been recently ascended to the shores of this state by steam boats.
Onion River passes through Montpelier, the capital, into Lake Champlain,
at Burlington. Otter Creek is a considerable branch of Onion River.
Lamoile and Missique are considerable streams north of Onion River.
Many smaller rivers rise in the Green Mountains, and assuming in their
course a charmingly romantic character, discharge east into the Connec-
ticut, or west into Lake Champlain. The whole state abounds in streams
of a size to drive mills and raanufiictories.

Lakes. Lake Champlain, between the west shore of this state and
New York, is a beautiful sheet of water 128 miles long, and from 1 to 20
wide. It discharges, at its northern extremity, by the river Sorel into
the St. Lawrence. It contains upwards of 60 islands, of which Motto,
and North and South Hero are of considerable size. Beside the rivers
which flow into it from the Green Mountains, it receives the Chazy,
Saranac, Sable, Bouquet, and Wood rivers from New York, on the western
shore. Burlington, Plattsburg, St. Albans, and Whitehall are the most
considerable towns on its shores. The Champlain Canal connects it with
Hudson River, and the New York and Erie Canal. It is navigated by a
number of steam boats and lake vessels, lying extremely convenient to
facilitate the commerce of the state both with New York and Montreal.

Memphremagog is a considerable lake 25 miles long, and 3 broad,
lying partly in Vermont and partly in Canada, receiving a number of
streams from this state, and communicating by the St. Francis with the
St. Lawrence.

Towns. This state is entirely interior. Yet the system of internal
improvements, the Champlain Canal, and the lake vessels and steam boats
have in some sense brought it in contiguity with the sea. Montpelier,
on Onion River, in a position nearly central to the state, is the political
metropolis. It is 120 miles S. E. from Montreal, 160 N. W, from Boston,
Vol. H. 4

\ *5

Its
ill

111' ;i

'*r All

.,■ --r-- ji

\ :4

A'l*l,ANTir «IT/\TK*i.

mid lf»0 N. K. Cntm All»niiy. h«'oii(ninH.I»ff«i(lp llic Hfnir liniiNf, n niiui
Itor of pnlilic iMiiMiiij^H. mihI h'imihtIhIiN' uiimiiltnlmin;.; rHlMliliHliniciitM
TUr |H)|Milti(iiiii if) M I MM) I M,OI)IK

Mniniiijilftii, lirniiliriilly Kiiliiiilrd in llir< miuiIIi wppf mi;rh' of tln« nlnlr,
in n nrnt villiifM', (■(inlniniii;' mImhiI (Ik- MMinc nmiilM'r «»(' inlitiliilntilM wilh
llir |)rr('rilin,<ri <iii<) i*^ KMuli'ml innnortiliN' dm tlir Fii<(< ol' l|u< ,(/lt)rioiii<
virloi'V of < It'll. Sl.'iik ovrr ii <li<l;i('hiiiriil of Itiilisli iiihI Ih'NHiiiiiH IVoiii
llio nimy «••* (m'ii. Flm>i«)ytt«N 1111 . WimlMMr in ii l,ii,ir«< iiiul liiiiiilHoiiicly
lutilt villniin on ( 'oiiiK'i'linil liivrr, rniilniiiiiiu n iiiiiiiImm' of ri's|H<c|ii|)|i-
puhlic l)nililiii;^M, iiiul priviilr rdiliirs, iiml !il)niil iIii'miiiim' MiniilMM'nt' in
linhitdtdM with llir two pnTrdiiij; ((twiiM. IMi<l(llfl»in y, on Onion Uivci,
in » (liiivinjr town, (lir sctd td" vmiioiim inipni(:inl niiiniilMcliircM, f'HptMitdly
of iiKirldc. I Irrr in Middlrltury < 'ullcjrc, iIm< iih»h( n»iisi<lrinldr Hrininni y
of Ifinniii;; in llirMlnlc. Ilnrliii/rfon inn liniidHonK* (own mi (lie HlinnMil
l.nl\<< ( 'li.'iinphiin, iit tlip nioiilli oC Onimi Kivrr, ;in<l i.M ti |nirt nC niliy.
I( iM lOOinilrH S. of IMonlnvil, iind M»N |\. W.oC IloHlnn. Il oonl.iiiiHn
lUimlicr <<r pnldir hnildiii/irH, of wliirli (Im< most ntnspinHMiM in llicrollr^rr
rdilicr ol' (lie (Inivrrsily «d' V<miiiiiii(, n ItiiildiiijLr HKM'rrt liy 75, iind I
sloiirs liijili. Tlir iiillMol' ( )nion Kivcr ;M lliiH pliirc rniniHli pownr lor n
ninidMM'(d' ilonvisliiii'MiiiiniirMrloricH. Nolliintr <';in ('\<'(mmI |Ii(< roiiiiiiilir
Itciintv of (lio posilinn ol' iIh' collofrc, rlrviilcd 'Jlfi I'rcl nliovo (Im HinTiiro
of llu' liikc. Two l)(>:iiiliriil rlimclirs orn.'iiiirni lli(> pliicc. A nnniluM
«d' ImK*' vcHsrh !in» owiinl line, and Hiciiin IiomIh ;ii<' rictpicntly iiniviitn
nixl drpniiin^. This is onr of (lie wcidlliirsl nnd most lloiirisliin^ (owns
in (ho H\i\\v. 1*opnl;ilioii no! I'm' IVoiii M,0()0. .«

St. All>iuiH, in IIm' iHntli-wcsl iinsjlr of (ln> slnlc, is iils(» :i conRidcrfiliit'
villii^r on l.iiKp Chiinipiiiin, coiiliiiniiif^r ,-il)ont 'J.OOO inliidtiliiiilH. 'riicrc
am nuiny ollu'f \\vt\i viiliijrrs, disprrsi'd ovrr ihiMslulc; ;ind ;nr!i( nuiiilu>rH
of liandsonu» piivHlo d\vrllin,<rs in all dirrttiony indicnN* tiicopnUfjiciniiKl
Inslool* I lu' possessors.

/iV//u/oi/.v C/nmu'trr- Similar (o tlial ol" Maiii(> and New llanipHliiic
Tlio Con^ro^alionalisls are (Ih» prcvalrni deiioniinalioiis.

I,itrratin't\ 'I'lirro arc (wo eollrnrs, oii(< a( IMiddlchiiry, (ho odier !i(
HmiinK(on. There iwo also 'JO iiieorpoiated aeademies. I''i'ee sehools
nnd social lihravies are dispersed ovi r (he sla(e. TIk; |)eople possess llie

trai(s of indeii
nuiun(aineeis.

Midei

lee and iiupiisi(i\eiiess.

A cliiid arrived a1 (I

(ha( ,u<Mierally eharae(eii/.e
le ;\yr I'or (hose ae(ptii-i>ni<>n(H, who

conid no( vesul and write, wtinid he vej; aided, as w<' look upon (he iiiisloi-
tuno of an insane jteisonor an idioi.

F..ri>orts — \\v heel', hn((er, <'he(>seatid pork ol' (helirsi «piali(y, |)o( and
p«>avl ashes, luinher and inarhle. I'ail el" (he hiinher j;(h>s l»y eanal (o
Albany, and p;u( down (he lake (o AJoiHn^al. IMiieii of (he dado dial

'\ri.ANTir Hr,\ri!;H,

«7

uN0(1lo^t) tit nnttloniUKl lliirliiir>| in now ilnivvii liy (lie ( 'linrnplaiii Ciinnl
III l\r\v York. 'riiJH niiiiil Ii.im lirni u\' iiinilnil;ilili< iidvniitfi^o to tlio
hImIc.

Ainitiiy (lir imdinil riiiii)MiliiiH itl" (lii:^ Nliilr nin tiiiiny of llnw! ravos,
wliii'li >ii'r niriiiiioii in nil iiiiiiiiitniiinim ir;;iiiii.M oi' liiiio nloiir ioniiutioti.
'I'lii' hImIimiImhiiuIm ill iMMiiitiriil niiiciiiJi'H nl' slri'iiiiH iiisliiii^ ilnvvii llin
iJorlivilirM nf IIk) iiioiiiitiiiiiM. A it.'iiini'iitn i of Vrriiiiiiil v;i>iilil hIiow, in
HiliiiMicr, llin iiiohI |*irlurrft<|iir sIiiIc hi |1ii> I iiiii)ii, |ircsriiliii^ ciMiiitli'S!)
iiiiillliliiili, }l\vM, mill v.'illrv |iios|ii'rtM of iiiilrsrriliiilili! Iiriiiity. Miiif-
InitliM nl' till' iK'tivi' ^;iiil ii)liiii<!t iiiiiiinliiiiKM'iM uoiilil !•(< Hi'i'iM'rii;!i/^iMl in
(Ii(i liriilllil'iil mil! Niilisryiiif{ piirsiiilM ul' iMisliiiiiiliy. IMmiy iliili^litl'iil
ilwcllin/TH wiiiiM III' Hci'ii pi'irlu'il nil IIh- liilh^, iii Hlu-llriril in llio Vlillion.
Ill |iiiiiil III' llir i-iiliiriirH:4 id' ilM iliiiKiriiilir rlimfirlor, il vviillM OOliipiirn
u'illi Oliiii, Hlio\viii;r iih iiiiirli oi' tlii< siiisilivn miil promt rJiiiniM of ti piiru
ilriiinrniry, lis miy otiirr sliilit in llii' liiiiun.

I'lipiil'ilion no wliri'i' iiilvmirrH uitli jririiirr r.-ipiilily- Mnl tlio hIiiI<>,
iiiit lii.'iii;; liii'^r, mnl iniii ii of ilM Miniiirr oi riipinl ity iiiunnl;iinM, llin
.•iiiililii liinils li.ivr lonj; Himr lii'i'ii iljii'lly t;ilirn up. Ilriirn (lin nilijr-
jiriHin;^ (Ii>Hri<iiiiiiiitM of tin; nioiinliiini rrs feel ,-iii early |ii'opi;nHity for
r.iii^r, mill wiiiiiIit iiwiiy toi'nrnisli IiiIhh oI' iinnii;.;rution lo wisHlrrn Now
Vorl(,anil nl) llii> sImIi'H of llii; wthI.

■■! !

a I*':

jrw llnnip,Hliin>

MASSACJIHiSli'l'TS,

h IhmiikIimI N. '-y VimiiioiiI riiiil iNrw llmnpMliirr, I'l. Iiy llin Adanlir,
IUkkIi) IhIiiiiiI iitnl (Jontirr.lirnl, W. I»y Ninv York; Itolwoin 11" 'SA' and
H" r»2' N. I,, mill :?" XV mill '7" 10' I'l. I,. iVoni WnHJiin^rlon. If, is IIH)
liiilrH lon,<r, hy \H) liroiiil, niiil rnMl:iiii!^ 7,rt()lt Hipinn; inilrM.

Ciril Dii'i.tioiis. |{ariisl;ililr, llanmtalth ; llnkHliirr, /jnior; nriHiol,
Tottnfon; DnkrH, l]tl_mirlo\ni ; I'lssrx, Sahiii, l\ni'lniri/porf, lpnwU'h;
Krmikliii, fi'nrn/irhl; ilmiipiirn, Spri»iijii Id ; llmiipsliiri', /Vor///rtm/;/oM/
M\{\{\\vmi\^lUimhriilL;i\ Coucnrd; Nmilmki't, ISantiivhrl; Nnrl'Dlk, Dvd-
horn; riynjonlli, l'li/iii<nit/i : Snil'olk, Ko.sfon ; WoiccKler, VVorrrster. —
INipnIation in |K.'0, r»'j:?;JN7. In lN:M»,r,|(),()| 1

/l.v/»«i7. A siniinu! pliviHMnlly niiilnlalinir with liillH mid viiilii'.s, 'J'o-
waiilH itswi'MliMii iVoiil il in riossnl in ilM wlmli' wiillli, by liii) riiain ofllio
(iriMMi iMonnlains. Tlu" sonlli rasliMii parlsol" llio .slalr, fVoin ('iipr ( !od
.MJony lln' Honlhcrn iVnnl lo Cnniifciirnl, iiri' sandy. A Im-II. f'roni llinsca
shoir, rxli'iidiii^ 'JO iniirs into tin' inti-rior, in naturally forfiln only at
iiitcrvaJM; Imt lias licini irnilrrr I po l>y indnslry and acarcl'nl agriculture.

' r^yiw

. .}i«* ml

I' i

';^ 111

«'

*•

ATLANTIC PTATEf.

But in the interior of llic state, the soil, for (he most part, is stron^j, and
adapted cither to S""^^'"/^' or tillage. The airricnitiire is ^'onerally inoro
scientific than in any otiior stale. The avcr;i(![e pnxhice i.s .'}() husliel.s of
n)ai7.c, 30 of barley, 15 of rye, and 'Jt!0 of jtotatnes to an arre. ()x(;ii
arc chiefly used for llie plouf^h aiul drauoliL 'J'lio Ijrecds of domcHlic
animals have been much improved by a<,Mieuitural societies. Tliis stali; is
the most densely peopled, and the inusl opulent, in proportion to its niiin-
bers, and its inhabitants most amply supplied with the means of a eominori
and finished education of any state in the Union, ('oimnon .schools are
established by law over the whole state. Kvery town containing ].^)()
families is compelled by law to support a grammar school, and it is deemed
a moral oflence in a parent not to send his children to school. In no other
known conununity is the education of the whole people considered yo
entirely a matter within the purview of the law, as in this. (Jreat atten-
tion is paid to the character and capability of the instructors, aniontr
whom a high und noble spirit of emulation exists, deseendinjr in double
measures to the pupils. The number of academies, hi <»;h schools, semi-
naries, and lyceums established by incorporation, is too great to be pur
ticnlarized. In no other existing community is education more univer-
sally diffused.

Harvard university is the oldest and most amply endowed literary in-
stitution in the United States. It is situated in ('ambridge, three miles
from tho centre of IJoston, on an extensive and beautiful plain. TJic
enclosure of the square is with great taste surrounded with young trees.
Among the spacious buildings enclosed in the square, one is singular fur
its extent and noble simplicity of structure being built of massive gran-
ite. The buildings, library and philosophical apparatus are of tlie jnost
respectable class, the library containing about 30,000 volumes. A bo-
tanical garden is attached to the establishment. Twenty professors are
connected with the institution, A law, medical and theological school
are appended to its academical advantages. Taken together, this univer-
sity must be classed at the head of the literary institutions of the ncAv
world. The average of the students, in all the departments, is between
three and four hundred. It is a remarkable trait in the chai-acter of this
institution, that it was founded in ;20 years from the first settlement of
New England. William's College, and Amherst College in the interior ol"
the state are both important institutions, called for by the rapid im])rove-
ment of tho western parts of the state. Tho Andover Theological semi-
nary is richly endowed, and, in point of buildings and professorships,
takes rank of all others in the coimtry, Phillips'' academy is the most
distinguished among the academies.

ATLANTIC STATES.

iastronrr, and

onorally luoro

.'{() busliclH of

1 Jirrc. Ox(!n

lis of (loincslic

Tliis sl:ili> is
oil to its iiiiin-
sof u coininori
on Hcliools arc
oiitaiiiiiiir 151)
ul it is «lc('iiicd
. In no oilier
considorcd yo

(ilCilt ultcii-
ictors, anioiKr
(linp; in doulilo
schools, sonii-
pciit to l)e par
1 more univcr-

vod literary in-
re, three miles
il plain. The
h youn^ trees,
! is sintfnlar fur
massive gran-
ire of tlie most
lumes. A bo-
j professors are
^logical school
ler, this nnivor-
ns of the new
nts, is between
laracter of this
)t settlement of
I the interior of
rapid imjirove-
eological semi-
professorships,
imy is the most

"Religion. The prevalent ilenomination is that of conjofro^ationalists,
divided into trinitarians and unitarians. Methodists, baptists and episco-
palians are also nnmerous. Tlicro are about 700 fixed c<tngregations in
the state.

Mountains. TluiCireen Mountains range through Iho central parts of
thc! state from north to south. Thcsf' mountains, in their whole extent
aliound in noble chivations, dark green forests, pleasant and sheltered
valli(!S, and r.ii infinite vari(!ty of impressive scenery. The mountains
show in great Ix-auty from Northaini)ton. VVachuset in Prine(>fon, a <lo-
tached mountain, is a striking flviliirfi in the scenery of tlie adjacent
country. The principal range of the (ireen Mountains bears the nnme
of Iloosac The highest j)eaks are SaJdlo, Takonnac, Mount Tom,
Mount llolyokc, and Toby.

Jiivrr.S' Mtissachusetls has no large rivers, wholly within her bounds.
The Merrimac |»asses out of N<nv Jlampsliire into the northern division of
the stnte, emptying into the sea at Newbiiryport. The Connecticut, in
traversing it from north to south, nearly bisects the state. The Ifousato-
nic, Charles and Ipswich, Ncponset and Taunton, though they have
short courses, are pleasant streams. Iiidced no country of the same ex-
tent can show a greater number of dear, (piick, sandstone streams, than
this state.

Jtai/s. The deep bay between Capo Ann, and Cape Cod, which hns
given name to the state, has caused it to have been formerly known in the
otiier states by the name of the liai/ Sttifr. Cape Ann bounds it on the
north, and Cape Cod, a very long, sandy, narrow elbow running a great
distance into the sea, on the south. The adventurous mariners of this
long sand bar may with as much propriety, as the people of any other dis-
trict, be said to have their home upon the sea.

Chief Toums. Boston, the metropolis of the state and of New England,
is an ancient, opulent, and beautiful city, built at the head of Massachu-
setts' Bay, on a jieninsula connected with the main land by a narrow neck
joining it to Roxbury. Being chielly built on a hill swelling from the
surrounding water, it presents an imposing aspect to tlici beholder, from
whatever quarter it is approached. It has a capa(;ious, safe and commo-
dious harbor, in which TjOO v(>ssels may ride at anchor, while the entrance
is so narrow, as scarcely to admit two ships abreast. It is strongly
defended by Fort Independence and Warren; and is dotted with a great
number of islands; affording in summer beautiful verdure, pasturage and
retreats for parties of pleasure. In regard to the extent of its shipping
and the amount of its tonnage, it is the second city in the United States,
It contains 155 streets, and 80 wharves and quays. The nnmber of

, y l(vriCii II]

.t. >

•1

ATLANTIC STATES.

public buildin^g amounts to 40; and tho cliurches, many of tlieni
noble edifices of stone, to a])out tlio same number. No aspect of tlio
city is more striking, than tho numerous and tall spires of the churches.
Among the conspicuous buildin;,'s is the slate house, built on the most
elevated ground in tlie city, with a front of 173 feet, and a depth of 61.
The building is surmounted wilh a circular dome and lantern IGO feet
from the foundation. Our country oilers no city scenery to equal that
from this elevation. Foreigners have compared it to the view of the Bay
of Naples; and the most splendid city scenery in I'airope. Tiic new mar-
ket 536 feet in length, is the most noble building of the kind in the
United States. The Massachusetts General Hospital is a beautiful build-
ins. Both of these are ol'Clielmsford "ranite; as is tho Tremont House,
containing 180 apartments, and Icing the most sumptuous hotel in the
United States. Most of the new cliurches, and noble streets, and more
opulent mansions of this city are of tlie same material. The long, higli,
and massive ranges of buildings of this enduring and beautiful stone give
the handsomer parts of the city a most imposing appearance. Tremont
Theatre, the new Court House, and Trinity cluirch are among the noble
granite erections. A number of the private mansions are sumptuous; and
the internal finishing and furnishing in a style of great richness and
splendor.

We have not space to enlarge even upon that feature of the city, which
constitutes its richest and proudest ornament, its literary and charitable
institutions. Its schools, in which 7,500 children are instructed, perhaps,
deserve to take rank of all others. Tho Boston Atheufeum is a noble
monument of tho literary munificence of this place. Its select library
contains about 25,000 volumes. Beside this, there are other libraries, the
largest of which is the Boston library, containing about 10,000 volumes.
The lyceum of this city was among the first establishments of the kind in
the country. The periodicals amount to about 40 ; among which some
have an established and well earned reputation. The numerous, long,
and magnificent bridges, connecting the city with the mainland, one of
which is between tliree and four thousand feet in length, are appendages
that give tiiis town an appearance unlike any other in the union. Noth-
ing can be more beautiful in a dark night, than tliese numerous, long,
straight parallel lines of illumination furnished by the lamps over the
water. More capital is concentered in this opulent city, thai in any other
American town of its size. Its money transactions are v^uriied on by 18
banks. Chantrey's noble statue of Washington is placed in an apartment
prepared for this purpose, in the state house. The common, fronted on
one side by a double row of nobic trees, called the mall, contains 44

■a-

ATLANTIC STATES.

acres, and presents on ono side splendid water vi(;ws; and on the other
siimptuons and magnificent dwellings, among which Collonade Row makes
a conspicuous figure.

Beautiful villages surround this city in all directions; and are seen in
the distance from the summit of the stale house, like a continued city.
More than 20 spires, beside those of llie city, can be counted. Though
the size of the city proper does not compare witli New York or Philadel-
phia, the environs of no other American town will vie with it, in point of
numerous and compact villages, high cultivition, display of taste and
opulence, and especially in the show of the numerous and magnificent
country villas, belonging to the citizens. The eye wanders over the bay
dotted with green islands, and whitened with sails, takes in the city array
of public buildings and spires, and the sumptuous massive granite estab-
lishments, and the white villages beyond surmounted with their spires j
and is lost in the distant show of towns, cultivation and embellishment.

Among the most interesting points of view beyond the city is Charles-
town, itself showing as a city; its consecrated heights, associated with all,
that is affecting in revolutionary remembrances, the rising granite column
that crowns Bunker hill, the nol)le navy yard, the dark moral shading cast
upon the picture by the penitentiary; and beyond, the unostentatious
canal, with its slow moving boats opening to the mind more than meets
the eye. As a contrast to the business, life and bustle in this direction,
the spacious halls of the university show among their trees, still further in
the distance, in that repose and stillness, that belong to literary leisure,
and the quiet efforts of thought.

The mill dam bridge and basins constitute a magnificent work, and
contribute, with the genius of the people, to render Boston a manufactur-
ing place. It is distinguished among others for the beauty and excel-
lence of its manufactures in glass. Wool and cotton cards and paper
hangings are important items in her manufactures; and as a publishing
place, in the number and beauty of the books, printed here, this city
stands deservedly preeminent. In another place we have touched upon
the results of her charitable and humane institutions. For the beauty of
her mansions, for her monuments of taste and literature, for her relitrious
and humane institutions, for the munificence of her charities, and for the
ample hospitality of her enliglilened citizens, the metropolis of New En-
gland will be the city admired, and gratefully remembered by the stranger.
It is distant 300 miles S. E. from Montreal, and 300 N. E. from Phila^
delphia. 42° 22' N. L. Population in 1820, 43, 29S. In 1830, 61,392.

Charlestown is connected with Boston by Charlestown Bridge; and
seen at a little distance, to the eye makes a part of Boston; as it does in
fact to all other lliun munici[)al purposes. Among its public buildings is

'^1 "

t I'l

i, V I

B!l '^^f

ATf.ANriC STATES.

tfie United Stiitog Navy Yard, in its dry dock nrul ^'cnnral appurtenances
n noblo national inoniuuoiit ; tlio State prison a atrnctnre of inassivt-
granite, tlie marine hospital, a liospital for the insane, some handsome
churches, iind the Bunker Mill monument, on which six courses of stone
amounting' to 1'1,()00 tons, are laid. Into th(> harhor enters the Middlesex
Canal, connectin".,' it with the interior of New I Tampshire hy the Merrimac.
Bunker, Breed, and Cohbic Hills, identified with the most nHecting rc-
collcctionsof tiie incipient revolnlionary strufi;,de, are in this town, his
ii i)ortof entry in connection with Boston, and lias considerable shippinir
and trade. Population in INtiO, (»,r)91. In IKJO, H,7H:{. Roxbury'',
Dorciiester, Milton, ('aml)rid;,ft', )Vatertown, Medford, ('helseaand Tiynn
are villages, some of them large enotiph to be classed as towns, in the
younjier and less settled states, all in the immediate vicinity of Boston.
Salem, \'i miles N. !•]. from H'lSlon, is built on a jnojection of land
between two arms of the sea, called North and South Rivers. The site
is a level and handsome plain. Providence has recently outstripped itin
population. But in point of comnjoreial wealth and impitrtance it con-
tinues to be the second town, as it is, next to Plymouth, the oldest Iowa
in New Knyland. A liridj^e 1 ..WO feet lonj; connects it with the populous
town of Beverly, and a shorter one with South Salem. It has 1(5 public
l)uildin<j[s, among which is one of the most interesting museums in the
United States, amply stored with foreign curiosities; and an athena'uni
containing 5,()(H) volumes. Jt has 12 or 13 churches, some of them arc
spacious buildings, and most of them arc ornamented with spires. I'Voiii
Gallows Hill in this town, an allecting monument of the horrible delu-
sion of witchcraft, 1(J or 17 spires rise upon the eye. This prevalence of
spires imparts a beauty and a host of asBocia.tions to a northern town, that
we regret to say, grow rarer objects in the towns farther south. The town
is handsomely built, and seine of the residences indicate taste and opu-
lence. In 1821 this town owned 2I{,(M0 tons or shipping. It was for many
years the centre of the East India trade of New England. There arc
living here 1(50 persons, who as masters and supercargoes of ships, have
doubled the Capes of Good Hope and Horn. These persons are known by
the cant api)elhuion of Old tSalts. Most of the adult males of this town
have encountered the gales of all seas, and consider the deep as their har-
vest and home. A simple and noble hospitality characterize this inter-
esting town; and there are merchants here, who, in enterprise opulence
and the noble use of riches, might claim kindred with the princely
Antonio of Rialto. A beautiful common of ten acres, surrounded with
trees, constituting a public walk, ornaments the town. The entrance to
its harbor is indicated by a light house, and defended by two forts. It
contains 18 jjublic an'' 58 private schools; and in its humane, charitable

ATLANTIC STATES. 81

and literary institutions, sustains an lionomble com[)etition witli thccapi-
ital. A Mill Dam ('ovipanji, on tlie pl'm of that of B')aton and Rox-
biiry, has boon inntrporafpd in lliis town, wliirlMvill contain, itiscontcm-
|)l;itcd, power fi>r 10 niiilH; niul wliitli, it is liopcd, will jL^ivc a new impulse
to the cncr<;i('S of tliis nncicnt and opnlcnt tciwii.

Marlilehcad, li niilos S. K. of this place on a rocky pfiiiit prnjcoting
intothesoa,is, likcSalcni, a town sid)Mistin;r cxcinsivcly hy maritime pur-
suits, liein;^ the most lari^rly cn;^'a<rcd in the lisiiiiifr husinessof any other
town in the United Stati-s. In ISIS it cinplnyod in tjjc fisheries 103
vessels. It suffered as severely in the revolutionary wnr,a*f any otiicrlown
in the Union; and at the dose of the late war 500 of its mariners were
in foreign prisuns. it contains 5 phucs of puhlic, worship. The iniiabit-
ants are noted for their /;renerons and reckh.'ss readiness to jeopard
their lives at the call of war or the danirers of the sea. The population in
18'J0 was 5,030. In IN30, 5,1S'3, heini,' one of the very few towns that
shows a diminuti'iu of its nurnlu-rs since the i)receding census. Being
equally reniarkahle for its salubrity, and the prolific increase of its in-
habitants, this circumstance must be accounted for by its losses from
emigration.

Beverly, i\. 1''. of Salem, and connected with it by a long bridge, is a
populous, wealthy and mercantile town, containing 4 churches, and being,
like Marblehcad, largely engaged in the fisheries. The population is
between 4 and 5,000.

Newburyport is a handsomely built town on the south bank of the
Merrimac, 3 miles from the mouth, and 3ii N. E. from Boston. It contains
6 public buildings, and 7 houses for public worship. It has a respectable
amount of shipping and foreign commerce, and is largely engaged in the
fisheries. Ship building is carried on here to a considerable extent. Its
churches, adorned with tall and handsome spires, give it a striking appear-
ance as it is approached. Population in 1820, 6,852. In 1830,0,275,
showing a diminution of its numbers, since the preceding census.
Gloucester, 16 miles N. E. from Salem, is a sea port with considerable
shipping, 6 churches, and between 6 and 7,000 inhabitants. New
Bedford, situated on the estuary of Accushnet River emptying into
Buzzard's Bay, has a safe and convenient harbor, and a large amount
of shipping. Besides considerable foreign commerce this town is largely
concerned in the whale fishery, and the fisheries of cod on the grand
banks. It contains 5 or 6 houses of public worship, and is a wealthy
and thriving town. Population in 1830, 7,592. It is situated 52 miles
S. of Boston. Nantucket is, in many respects, the most striking and
singular town in America. It is situated on an island, 24 miles from the
main land, 15 miles long, and on an average 8 miles broad. The island
Vol., II. 5

"■iF^'Ji

■f'|;%:'|#i^;

ATLANTIC STATUS.

is occupied in common by the iiiliubitunta of tiii.s town, who pasture 3 or
400 cows, and feed 1,400 sliccp \\\nm it. Hut thoir i,n;in(l pa.stmnjfo is
in the South Sons, nt the oilier cxlrniiity of lliogloho; and tlicinslruniunt
with which they <hfi|)(itch the nnwit'ldy aniiuiils, that have l)cen fattening
for them in the pathless dt'pl lis, is Ihc harpoon. 'rhoii;,'h tli'y havi) some
respectable manufactories, llic wlialiii^ htisiness is the grand uccnpalioii
of the inhabitanls. 'J'luy have not far finui 50 ships employed in iiii:»
business. Most of tlioso vessels, in tlicir fo irfiil pursuit, double Capo
Horn. The crews are trained to I;ef nme ti sort of men lisli; and in
killing (he huge sea moiislens they encounter perils, and accustom them-
selves to enterprize.s, that arc hardly dreamed of by the peaceful agricul-
turist of (he interior.

The town contains 2 banks, 2 insuranee oflices, a woollen factory, HO
spermaceti works, and 5 houses for public worship. The Friends con-
stitute a considerable piopnrtion of the population. Population in 1820,
7,206. It is 120 miles S. K. from Boston.

Plymouth, the hive of the puritan pilgrims, and the oldest lovn in New
England is situated on the sea, 30 miles S. 1'. from Boston. V containsa
considerable amount of shipping emiiloyed in foreign trade and the fish-
eries. Beside the public buildings, it contains 4 churches, and not far
from 5,000 inhabitants.

Lowell, near the Merrimac, 12 miles N. of Boston, is next to Pitts-
burgh, the largest manufacturing town in the ^oiited States. We can
well remember coming over the site, when it .vas an uninhabited and
sterile plain. The first erection was in 1N13. In 1H18 it began to
flourish. The water power is convenient, immense and unfailing. In
1828 two and a half millions of dollars were invested in new factories.
The number of persons employed was 1,()00. The fiictories were built
in compact streets. About that time this, in common with other similar
establishments, experienced great depression, from which it has since
entirely recovered, [t contains a number of churches and public build-
ings, and has had the most rapid growth of any town in the stale. In
1830 it contained 0,478 inhabitants.

Worcester is a beautiful interior town, 40 miles S. W. from Boston.
It contains a number of spacious public buildings, 3 churches, and one
street more than a mile in length, handsomely built, some of the houses
having an appearance of splendor. It contains a number of considera-
ble manufacturing establishments; and since the Blackstonc Canal has
connected it with Providence and the sea, it has shown the rapid advance
which has resulted from similar causes elsewhere. As a fact, illustrating
the results of the canal system, it is stated, that cabinet work was man-
ufactured here from timber which grew on the lake shore of Ohio.

ATLANTIC STATKH.

lib

lu i>astiiro3or
(I pustiirn^o is
tlic instrument
l)ocn fiittcniiij;
I'l'y li;i\o some
mi occupation
iployod in ilii.''
, (louhlo Ciipe
n lisli; and in
cciisloni lliem-
iccfnl agricul-

cn factory, 30
c Friends con-
lation in 1820,

St IcvninNcw
1. !♦, contains a
c and the fish-
es, and not far

next to Pitts-
atcs. Wo can
linhabitcd and
118 it began to

unfailing. In
new factories,
rics were built
th other similar
ch it has since
;d public build-
i the stale. In

. from Boston,
jrches, and one
of the houses
i- of considcra-
onc Canal has
) rapid advance
act, illustrating
work was man-
of Ohio.

SpringfiL'ld id a hirgt; .mikI handsoiru; villii,<.'(' on the east side of tlie Con-
necticut, ^8 miles N. of llnrtlonl, and SN S. W. from ljust(»n, containinff
antunborof pulilic bMildinys mid iii;\.itil;ictnric8,'J pui>lic libraries, and a
jrroat niunbor of olf•<.^lnt honsos. TUc I 'nilcd Stiites nrscMinl a little east
of the villngc, makes an imposiiiff show. A capital IJ. S. mimifactory
gf imall nrins is situate! about a riiilf' fiom t\<v arsi-nal, employing a
numbrrof mills and work sliops, and I'liniil ••'»() hands, who manufac-
ture about 1N,()()() muskets a yenr.

Northampton is a (•liai'min;,dy situalel viila<ic on tho West bank of the
Connecticut, 95 miles west of Boston. It eontains a jiumbor of public
handsome buil(linf.>;s and is noted for Iwi lino lio((>ls; ntid for being a place
of great resort for travellers, from liic romanlic bt;:iuly of the country in
the vicinity. A cliarming slrfam passes ilnon^b tlu; centre of the town,
on which are manufactories. llcini-I Hill school in tiiis town, under the
care of Messrs. Ijancroft and Coffswell litis jraiiKMl ;jri!>at reputation.

There is a noted lead mine, visited as a cnriosily near this town.

Wallhatn is known as the seat of a great maniilUcliuing establishment
like that at Lowell, C'ambri(I,^'e the scat of Harvard University, is a
quiet and beautiful village. Tiynn, famous fur its charming resort for sea
air and scenery in thepeninsida of Nahant,and its immense manufacture
of shoes, contains t),130 inluibitants, chielly occupied in that pursuit.
Taunton, a large and beautiful manufacturing village on Taunton River,
near Rhode Island, conti> ins 5,7'.)8 inhabitants. Andover is an opulent
agricultural town, 20 miles north of lioslon, and contains two large par-
ishes. The south parish has ti nuiid)er of manufacturing establish-
ments. The theological seminary in this place is richly endowed.
Its buildings comprise lour dwelling houses for the ofiicers, and three
spacious public edifices. The library contains over 5,000 volumes and
there are four theological professors. The number of students ranges from
120 to 150. Pliillips' academy we have already noted, as one of the
oldest and best endowed academies in the United States. Thirty
beautiful villages more might be named, containing their white streets,
their spires and literary institutions, and at least twenty towns more, in
which there arc large manufacturing establishments. Among the hand
some villages are a number not here specified on Connecticut River, a
stream, which in its whole course, from its sources to its estuary, flows by
more handsome towns, than any other in the United States. Among
those in Massachusetts, we mention Northfield, Deerfield, Hatfield and
Hadley, as samples of many more. Concord, 16 miles northwest from
Boston is a large and neat village, and noted for being the place, where
the British were first attatcked on the day of Lexington Battle. Among
the considerable manufacturing towns not before mentioned, are Fitch-

If 111"

':,..%

"i':''*-

■A.

ti ATLANTIC hTATF.H.

burg and Milliury iti the county of Worccairr, UriilxowaiiT and Middle!)©.
roiifih fumoua for their tiiiuuitncliircs of iron, l.coniinintcr, iMcndun,
Troy, Leicester, and various othiT plnres too nnmcrouB to monfion.

Islands. Wo hnvo montinned Nantucket. M.irlh.i'fi Vinrynrd ii a
considerable island west of N.tnlnckef, wliicli n long with tlic Klizabi-th
Island, constihiles nniin"'? county.

Roath and Canals. Tiiriipikos too nnmeronn to mention inlorsori
the country in cvrry direc.lion. Middioacx cjinal corincrting tlin INIerri-
mac with Boston harbor, is iiS niih^s in length; and is notrd fur
having been thu first wi rk oftlii! kind of iiiiy conH<'(|Ucnco ailPin|itP(l in
the country. Tliti ranal round South lladli^y Falls, is 71\i rod lonf»;
but the ^'renter part of the cut bciuf,' tlirouch a solid rock, in some plarca
40 feet in thickness, it is a w )rk of frreat uKitrnitudc. lilackstonc Canril
connecting Worcester with rrovidcncc, is 40 miles Ion;.'. It '\h in con-
templation to continue !iiis tlirough the interior to Fitchburg. A rail
rond is in contemplation from lJf)Slon to Hudson's River. Various oflipr
public works, both canals and rail roads, have Iiccmi discusi^od. andsonio
have passed to the more definite shape of having the slock taken.

Productions. Every thing that the novthnrn states furnish, and
much, that it not indigenous to the climate, has been nn!urali/ed by
horticultural care and skill. It is particularly noted for producing great
quantities of (he finest fruit. It shMres the greater portion of the Biink
and whale fisheries in the United States. This pursuit -unplnys many
thousands of hands, furnishes one of the most important items in these
parts of the United States, and trains vast numbers of the most experi-
enced and intrepid mariners in the world. The ships of this great mari-
time state spread their sails in every sea. Her manufacturing establish-
ments are too numerous to specify. Her cotton factories employ a vast
number of hands and a great amount of capital. A proof of the result
of these great establishments maybe found in the fact, that twenty years
since the cheap cottons of the United States were imported from India.
This state now sends her manufactured cottons there, and finds the trade
lucrative. Since the manufacturing system has prevailed, this state has
rapidly increased in population; and the increaseof the bustle of business
may be inferred from the fact, that the number of stage coaches, that pass
to and from Boston, has tripled. As an example of its industry more than
a million pairs of shoes have been manuflictured in Lynn in a single year.
History. This state and Virginia are the nursing mothers of the At-
lantic States. The English people, who emigrated in 1020 to the dreary
and snowy wilderness of Plymouth strand were called puritans. The
contest for our independence began at Lexington eleven miles N. W. of
Boston. On a plain stone column, near the church on the public square,

y^'

ATLANTIC UTATf.f

if tlio siinple mil nirfctiii;r iriHcriptioii of the names uf the Tint victims
of the 8tru{rpliv No stiito in thi^ union lias left a more imicliblo iinpit'M
of linr cntcrprr.'w, e<lucnti<-n, institnli' ns nnti rhnrartcr on thfl wliolo
coiinfry, nnd on nil countries, whern t!ip American flnj; in nnfurlril,lhan
MassncluJBOtlfl.

? r

Riionr: i si, and.

J.K'^nTif, 40 niilo». Broadtli, iiO. T'ontninH 1350 jiqunro miles.
Bouiulod \. and I'. I»y MdssacluisctlH; S. I»y tlio Allnnlic; W. by Con-
ricrticuf. lie t ween 41° '22' and '12" 'A' \. f.. und f>° 7' and :p M' E. L.
from Wiisliinyton.

Counties. Bristol, Bristol, Kent, E. drermvich; Newport, Newport;
Providence, ZVor/(/r/?rr ,-W;i.sliinpflon, .S'. l\in>rston. Population in 1820,
83,050. In 18:{(), i)7,'ilO. In point of urea, this is by far the smallest
state in the union.

Physical Aspect. Along the sea shore of the main land much of the
anil is sterile. Rhode Island, which pives name to the state, has a fine
soil, is all under hi<jh cultivation, and in the warm months presents a
most delightful verdure. 'I'iie climate, especially of this beautiful island
is highly salubrious.

Rivers, Kays, and Islands. TIk; courses of the rivers are short.
They are Pawtuckct, Providence, Pawtuxet, Pavvcatue, and Wood River.
Narragansct Bay stretches from Point Scaconnet on the mainland to
Point Judith on the west; ln'ing S.') miles long, and embosoming many
islands. Rhode Island, the chief of them, is 15 miles long by an average
of three and a half wide. Cannonicut, Prudence, Patience, Hope,
Dyer's, Ilofr, and Block Islands lie farther west in the Bay. There are
few finer sheets of water in the world, furnishing richer and more inter-
esting vi-ws of sea scenery, and of towns and spires along the curving
shore, than the steam-boat passage from Providence up Long Island
Sound to New York.

Productions. The same as in Massachusetts; except, that being fur-
ther south, parts of the state, particularly the insular portions would
yield fruits and productions, that require a milder climate. The islands,
and the Narraganset country are celebrated for their fertility and their
fine sheep, cattle, butter and cheese. The remainder of the state has a
thin soil, in sonne parts rocky end sterile. Iron and copper ores are
foimd in the state; and it abounds in limestono. Anthracite coal has

%, 'pt^

ATIiANTK^ STATES.

been discovcrefl in the ishintl, that yivcs the state its name. The shores,
bay and harbors ahoinul in the llnost fish.

C/iirf yo?r«.s'. Providence is silntiled ahont a mile from tJio month of
the Pawtucket on bolli sides of it and connected by a bridfje over it.
lis position is a pleasant (»n(;, Ihon^ii on the sharp acclivities of iiijls. It
possesses a fine harbor for ships of almost any burden; and its commeroo
is extensive and rapidly iTicreasinjr, its shipping amonnfino to iir),()()()
tons. Ir contains 15 or 1(5 public buildings among which flic buildings of

1^- Brown University, and the arcade, u magnificent structure, are the

most conspicuous. It has 12 churches for the diflerent denominations.
Two of the congregational churches, and a baptist and episcopalian

s?i. churcb are remarkable for their beauty. The luimerous and respectable

manufactories of the city and Pawtucket are, what has given this city its
impulse towards |)rospcrity. Few towns have increased more rapidly
within the last ten years. Another element of this increa.se has been it3
connection with the interior of Massachusetts by the Blackstonc canal.
Brown University is a res[)ecta!)lo and flourishing institution. There arc
two college edifices, one I.'jO by 4(5 feet, and ■! stories high, with wings;
and the other 120 by 40 feet. The position of these buildings on a noblo
elevation is charming. The government of the university is composed
of 36 trustees, of whom the president and 21 others must be baptists.
The other members of the board are shared among the different denomi-
' ' nations, of whom 5 mtist be friends. This is a most impressive example

of the real liberality of the age! Such, according to this charter, must
be the components of this corporation, be the spirit of the age what it
may ! This notwithstanding, it is well provided with the customary ap-
purtenances of such seminaries, and has proved an efficient and useful
institution. The friend's boarding school in this city is a noble establish-
ment. Every aspect of this thriving and beautiful town indicates
cheerful activity. It is a noted town of steam boat embarkation up the
sound for New York for the numerous travellers from the maritime coun-
try north of it. It is 40 miles S. W. of Boston. Its population in 1820,
was 11,767. In 1830, 17,832, showing a more rapid growth than any
% other town in New England, with the exception of Lowell, and consitut-
ing it in population the second town in that division of the country.

The flourishing town of Pawtucket lies partly in this state, in what is
called North Providence; and partly in Massachusetts. It is noted fur
the number and extent of its manufactories, and the thriving village,
that has grown up about them. These factories are at the charming cas-
cade of Pawtucket River. Five or six public buildings, two banks, ten
or twelve cotton factories, and as many otljer factories have here been the

iis

'it

?..

ic sliorc's,

moiith of
ro over it.
Iiills. It
^ommorco

lo i>r),ooo

lildinj^s of
;, urc tho
minations.
liscnpalian
espcclablc
this city its
loro rapidly
las been its
tone canal.
Tliere arc
with wings;
i on a noblo
3 composed
be baptists,
ent denomi-
ive example
harlcr, must

.,■ h.

ATLA.NTIC STATUS.

'^^'

growth of n few years. I'he whirling of the mills, the dashing of the
water, and the activity of the village, altogether constitute a spectacle of
great interest. Population about 4,000.

Newport, which siiarcs the scat of government alternately with Provi-
dence, is situated in the southoni oxtromity of Rhode Island, JJO miles S.
of Providence. Its liarbor for Bpaciousncss, depth, safety and case of
access, has few superior to it in the United States. Tho town is large
and pleasant, and delightfully situated on a lovely island, with a fine cli-
mate, a favorite, accustomed, and almost prescribed resort for strangers
from the West Indies, and the south of the United States, for spending
the summer months. Yet it lias an air of anti(iuity and decay. It is
strongly defended by three forts on the seaboard, and is the seat of a
military hospital of the United States. Fort Adams is one of the most
important fortresses in the U. S. coast line of defence. The poor
house of this city is remarkable for the cheapness, clHciency, and hu
manity of the establishment. Rent is uncommonly cheap, and the fish
market is the most cheap, luxurious and abundant peihaps in the world.
It has 9 or 10 public buildings, 11 churches, and in 18!;i0 contained 7,319
inhabitants. In 1880, 8,010.

Bristol is a neat commercial town, with a good harbor, and owning
considerable shi[)ping, 36 miles S. W. of Boston, and 153 of Providence.
It has a number of public buildings, 4 churches and about 3,000 inhabit-
ants. Warren, South Kingston, East Greenwich, Smithfield,Pawtucketj
and Warwich are the other considerable villages. The last named town
contains 5,r)29 inhabitants.

The state has 10 incorporated academies, and not far from 300 primary
schools. This is the more honorable to it, as public schools are not sup-
ported by law as in the other New England States. Baptists are the
most numerous religious denomination, and next to them Friends. There
are 100 fixed congregations in the state.

The exports of this state in 1829 were $722,106. The tonnage was
43,406 tons. By the census of 1820, 6,091 persons were engaged in
manufactures, chiefly of cotton. The value of manufactured goods was
$4,329,000. It must now amount to $10,000,000.

#■

Br * , . ■* • f Uii

'^ " '^ Mi i

''H

CONNECTICUT.

Is bounded N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode Island, S. by Long Isl-
and Sound, W. by New York. Between 4P and 41° 2' N. L. and 3^
16' and 5^ 11' E. L. from Washington. Length 88 miles; average breadth

i^^^

.■av

ATLANTIC STATKti.

53 miles. Contains 4,664 square miles. The counties are Fairfield,
Fairfield, Danhury; Hartford, /farZ/'on/; Litchfield, ZiVr/j/feW; Middle-
sex, Middlrtown: Now llfiven. New Harm; New London, New London^
Norwich; Tolhnd, Tolland; Windham, Windham. Population in 1820,
275,248. In 1830,2{>7,7n.

Physical Aspect. There arc some lieaiitifu! narrow plains along the
rivers. The general surfiue is strongly undulating. Simc portions of
the surface are nigged. The CJrcen Mountain range passing through

1*? this state into the sea, it has a number of mountains, though none of but

moderate elevation. 'J'he soil is generally rich. Almost the whole sur-
face is under small stone enclosures, an index, we may remark in passing,
of New England husbandry in general. The face of the country is
chequered by a vast number of ro;ids.

Productions. Every thing indicates a numerous and industrious itop-
ulation, and a groat elfort to extract all that is practicable from the soil.

, The point, in which the productions of this state differ from those of the

other New England States, is in more abundant orchards, and in greater
care and skill in the preparation of what is known abroad by the name
of Goshen butter and cheese. The exports are chiefly to the West In-
dies, and among the products common to the other New England States,
the industrious people have gained a reputation abroad for the great
amount of onions raised for exportation. The state owns 60,850 tons of
shipping engaged in foreign trade; and the value of the exports in 1829
was $521,545.

Rivers. This state receives its name from the Connecticut, which
runs through the state from north to south. This river rises near Canada in
New Hampshire, and after a course of 410 miles through a most charm-
ing alluvial border in its whole length rendered cheerful by a succession
of beautiful villages, it empties into Long Island Sound between Say-
brook and Lime. It is navigable for considerable vessels to Middleton;
for vessels of 8 feet draft to Hartford, 50 miles from its mouth; and for
steam boats to Bath, New Hampshire, 250 miles higher. There are 6

Hi considerable falls in the river, of which the most remarkable are Bellows

Falls at Walpole. These falls have been overcome by means of locks
and dams. The elevation overcome by these artificial means is 200
feet. The other considerable streams are Ilousatonic, Thames, and
Naugatuck.

Religion. There arc 460 fixed religious societies, of which about
half are Congregationalists, inclining in their church government more
to the forms of Presbyterianism, than the same churches in the other
' New England states.

f /

«'

ATLANTIC STATUS.

Literature. Yale College ranks as the second literary institution in
the United States. It is silualcd on a level acjuare, in the centre of the
cliarminjf city of Newllaviin. The centre of this scpiare is occupied by
public hiiihlings; and the college Imildings, H in number, range on one
of the sides. The square is shaded with rows of (;lms; and, though in
the midst of a busy and bustling t«)wn, wears the aspect of ii repose, that
befits the meditative retreats of students. Tlio united resources of the
libraries furnish about 10,000 volumes. The i>hilos()phical and chemical
apparatus is excellent and complete. The f iculty consists of a president,
10 professors, and 5 tutors. Tlu; whole number of students in 182J),
divided among the departments of law, nicilicine, theology ujul the aca
(Icinic course, was 400. Of this number, the college students made 269.

Of high schools, seminaries and academies, tluTc are IVl ; of which a
school in New Haven, imder the care of Messrs. Dwight, on the plan of
the Round Hill School at Northampton, lian much reputation. There is
an asylum for the deaf and dumb at Hartford, which, under the superin-
tcadance of Mr. (Jallaudet, and Mr. Le (Merc, a pupil of the famous
AIjIkj Sicard, as assistant, has gained high estimation among the lovers of
liumanity. The system of general education and free schools, is here
carried to its utmost extent; and what gives it efficiency is a fund of
nearly two millions of dollars, the interest of which, appropriated exclu-
sively to the support of schools, enables parents to give their children
agratuitious education.

Manvfacturcs. The it;genuity and industry of the people of this
state in this line, has a reputation coextensive with the union. From the
number of articles which they send abroa<l, ktiown in the south and west
by the name of yanlccc notions, especially tin-ware, wooden clocks, and
a certain species of books, made especially to sell in particular regions
of the country, many a pleasant knavery has been ascribed to them, of
which the enter[)rising and respectable travelling merchants were wholly
Imrniless. Tiieir manufactures consist of cotton and woollen goods,
tiii»warp, glass, paper, shoes, clocks, buttons, tire arms, and many other
products of their ingenuity. In many of the scpiares of the villages are
heaps of the cuttings of tin, not unlike the parings of leather in the
town of Lynn.

Towns. New Haven and Hartford arc alternately the seats of the state
government. But New Haven is the largest city in the state. Its posi-
tion is on the liead of a bay of l-ong Island Sound. The area is an
extensive plain, bounded on the north by magnificent stone bluffs, 3
or 400 feet high. Two streams of water mark its eastern and western
extreiTiities. A square in the centre is laid out as a public ground. It
is shaded with trees, kept neat, and is of a dry and absorbing soil, so as
Vol. 11. <>

,1* -^'M

'Aim ''

W. r-

ATLANTIC STATKS.

•^uk

1?.

to bo generally free (u<m the incoiivoniencics of muddincss. On this
square are tlie public l,nildings, iho college edilice?, and four churchea,
Tal<en all togellior, there is no stiuare in the union to compare with the
beauty of this. Thieo of these churches are very handsome buildings,
particularly the Episcopal church. TJio streets are regular, the squares
rectangular, and the town, ihouglithehnuscs are notlony,and mimy of them
of wood, presents a singularly pleasant rind cheerful aspect. The burial
ground in the north-west part of the ciiy particularly elicits the interest
of stranf^ers. Tlie quiet and narrow city of remembrances in the miust
of the city of the living is l;iid out with exquisite taste, and has often
been compared to the famous cemetery of the Pere la Chaisi^, in Paris.
It would be to the credit of our country, if such regard to the monu-
mental abodes of the remains of our fathers was more common. The
long wharf is longer than the famous one so called in Boston. It is
the largest maritime port in the state, and owns considerable shipping.
The city contains 18 public buildings in all. Among the singular ones,
is an observatory, after the model of the tower of the winds at Athens.
The old state house, which was an indilVercnt building, has given place
^' to a new and handsoEe one. Many of the recent erections are handsome
structures of brick and stone. It is 34 miles S. W, of Hartford, and 76
N. E. from New York. Its population in 1820 was 8,327. In 1830,
10,180.

Hartford is situated on the west bank of the Connecticut, 50 miles
from its estuary. Small vessels ascend the river to this city. It is
central to a rich and populous country. It contains 9 public build-
ings, among which the state house makes the most conspicuous figure,
and 9 churches. One of the Congregational churches is a spacious
and elegant building. The asylum of the deaf and dumb, a mile west
r/i the town, on Tower Hi!!, is a building creating striking interest
The retreat for the insane, a little south of the town, is a spacious
stone building, 150 by 50 feet, witli extensive grounds for the unfortu-
nate patients. Wasliingion Episcopal College has two spacious stoiir
buildings. Montevideo, the seat of D.uiiel Wadsworth, Esq., perched on
a mountain miles distant, a;! Js to ti-.e beauty of the panorama of this
city. Hartford has a respectable amount of commerce, and numerous
manufactures. Considerable of printing an«l jiublishing is done here.
It is 100 miles S. VI. of Boston. Poouli'i n in 1820, 0,901. In 1830,
9,789. iNew L')iidn», o yort oi' cutiy oo. U".; 'i'liMini-s, 5> mile.- fiujii ib
mouth, owns considcri:;', iv slipping, ce?)tLin,-s 5 public buildings, 4
churches, and about 4,000 inli!i}>;t:iiit3.

MiddJetown, 15 uiiles tS. of Ilaviford, and en tiie uame side of tiic
Connwcticut, is ^ chaniiingly situuied pl?.ce, wllb considerable trads auo

.*,

ATLANTIC STATES.

Sit}

manufactures. It sliows iv largo amount of the sliipping of the state, as
the shipping of Hartford is registered here. It ]i;is a number of public
buildings, 4 cliiirclies in iho town, :r,id .'5 others in the vicinity. Popula-
tion in 1830, (),SC2. — Norwicli is ;i cons;dcra])le pl:icc, at the head of the
navigation on the Thames, with a number of public buildings, and 6
houses of public worship. It consists of three distinct villages, embo-
somed in u romantic vale. I\)pul;iti(ni alioiit '1,000. All the f *remen-
tioned neat and flourishing towns in this slate, by a strange and rather
ludicrous perversion of linguago, ;no written cities. What might be
fairly called i /o/r/j, dwindles in the lhou;^ht to a village, when the name
<;//»/ is applied to it. The Unite:! iSfutos hiivc hvA five towns, that can
with any propriety bo callo'l cities.

Beside the cities. East Ilarli'ird, opposite that city, on the E. bank of
the Connecticut, has respectable nianufactures. T'^o other considerable
towns are Bridgeport, Stoningiovi, Liiclifield, Faiiiiokl, Danbury, \Vind-
linm, Wcthcrsfield, Stonington, Winds r. East Wimlsor, Sufficld, Enfield,
Hadham, Derby, Mihord, St'.imroid, and Tolkind.

Roads, Canals, <^r. In this industrious a:id ppulous state, the roads
are numerous and fine, and many of lho!n lurni)i!ies. The Hampshire
and Hampden canal extends from Norlli;urpton, on the Connecticut, to
the southern limit of ?vlcis3acliusetts, where it takes the name of Farm-
ington canal, and passes through Connecticut to New Haven. The en-
lire length is 50 miles.

Manners. The pcoj)le are generally tall, muscular, and robust, and
noted for their strong attachment to ihcir native state, their ancient puri-
tanical customs, and a rclii^ious faith ami observance of the strictest sort.
Though they emigrate extensively, they longer remain in their foreign
abode a peculiar people, than the emigrants from any other of the New
England states. The heir loom of the puritans has descended rather to
Connecticut, than Massachusetts. To Xcw Connecticut, in Ohio, a tract
in the N. E. extremity of that state, 120 miles by 52 in extent, they have
transferred Connecticut strictness, industry, and the church-building and
church-going spirit. No person, in becoming acquainted witli that coun-
try, can fail to observe what a fair transcript it is of the original copy.

Minerals, Fossils, S^c. Iron ore is smelted and wrought to a consid-
erable extent. Copper mines have been discovered in different places.
There is a lead mine near Middletown, Marl)le is wrought to a con-
siderable extent. Porcelain clay and black lead are found, and cobalt
is discovered in Chatham. The dark red Connecticut freestone is found
in abundance in diflercnt places. It is quarried with great ease, and
hardens in the air; and has an imposing, though rather gloomy aspect,
when constituting a large building.

« ! ^

¥. 'b.

wSVK

i'^

-M^

fe.

^.Si^i^S.--. v

♦i

♦" ATLANTIC; STATIW.

NEW YORK,

Is the most norlliorii of llio middle stales, and llie most papulous staf«
in the union. It is bounded N. by lake Ontario, (he St. Lawrence and
Lower Canada"; K. by Vermont, Massiichiisctts and Connecticut ; S. by
the Atlantic, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, W. by Pennsylvania, Lake
Erie, and the Niagara. Between 30° 45' and 45° N. L; and 2° 51' W.
and 5° E. L. from Washington.

Length 310 miles. Breadth 301. Containing 47,000 square miles.

^. J"

Counties' Chief Towns,

Albany, Albany.
Alleghany, Angelica.
Broome, Binghampton.
Cattaraugus, Ellicottsville.
Cayuga, Auburn.
Chautauque, Mayville.
Chenango, Norwich.
Clinton, Plattsburgh.
Columbia, Hudson.
Cortlandt, Cortlandtville.
Delaware, Delhi.
Dutchess, Poughkeepsic.
Erie, Buffalo.
Essex, Elizabethtown.
Franklin, Malone.
Genessee, Batavia.
Greene, Cattskill.
Hamilton, Wells.
Herkimer, Herkimer.
Jefferson, Watertown.
Kings, Flatbush.
Lewis, Martinsburgh.
Livingston, Geneseo.
Madison, Morrisville.
Monroe, Rochester.
Montgomery, Johnstown.
New York, New-York.
Niagara, Lockport.

Population in 1820, 1,372,812.

Counties. Chief Towns.

Onoida, Rome.
Onandago, Onondaga.
Ontario, Canandaigua.
Orange, Ncwbiirgh and Goshen,
Orleans, Gaines.
Oswego, Oswego,
Otsego, Cooperstown.
Putnam, Carmel.
Queen's. N. Ilempsted,
Rensselaer, Troy.
Richmond, Richmond..
Rockland, Clarkstown.
St. Lawrence, Ogdensburgh,
Saratoga, Ballston.
Schenectady, Schenectady.
Schoharie, Schoharie.
Seneca, Ovid, Waterloo.
Steuben, Bath.
Suffolk, Suffolk C. II.
Sullivan, Monticello,
Tioga, Elmira, Owego.
Tompkins, Ithaca.
Ulster, Kingston.
Warren, Caldwell.
Washington, Salem, Sandy-Hill.
Wayne, Lyons, Palmyra.
Westchester, Bedford.
Yates, Penn Yann.
In 1830, 1,913,505. m

'*'*^.

ATLANTIC STATES.

Physical A-fprct. 'J'liis stale tnkon rank in tlio coiif(..(ler.i(7 of the
union, not only in population, but extent, wcallli, fyroxit public works,
and i(.s inlcroaliiiir physical r<)nlI;.rMra(ion. It spreails fhrough the
wliolo broadlh of Iho ropuhlic, find while one exlroinity feolp, alonf iho
great length of T.onjr Tsl.ind, Hk; sea l)rr(;ze, and hoiists the bustle,
opulence and splendor of Iho Anieiican Tyre, the other extremity sees
towns rising among Indian wigwams, along the shores of the vast
lakes, and on one of the n()l)Iest and at the same time wildest streams of
the globe. New York is an epitome of all configurations of surface, all
varieties of lake and river sccMiery, and all conditions of man, from the
sumptuous dwellers of I'earl slnsct to the emigrant daubing his log cabin
with clay. Granite, slate, and lime stone hills, charming vallies, extensive
plains of gently rolling surfaci!, rng<iod elevations and lofty mountains
alternate with streams, cascades, ponds, and beautiful lakes of all dimen-
sions, from the calm and transpanint amenily of iSkeneatclos, to the inland
seas of Erie and Ontario.

IslandK. Long Island is, as its name imports, a long but narrow
island, extending east from the city of New York 1.50 miles, forming a
curve parallel to the maiidand shore, and leaving a broad and beautiful
sheet of water, not unlike a wide river lietwecn, called Long Island
Sound. It contains 3 counties. The south border is a long belt of
sand, 'i'lie northern has a good soil. Its chief towns are Brooklyn,
Jamaica, Sagharbor and Flatbush. Staten island is 18 miles long, and
from 5 to 8 broad, and is separated from Long Island by the Narrows,
and from New Jersey by a strait, called Staten Island So(md. Manhatan
Island, on which the city of New York stands, has already been de-
scribed.

In the maritime belt of the state the soil is sandy ; in the middle
charmingly undulating; and in the western and southern divisions re-
markable level, rich, and inclining to alluvial formation. The state has
a great proportion of first rate land. The richest lands are on the
Mohawk, the Chenango, Gcncssee and Black rivers ; between Seneca
and Cayuga lakes, and generally the western parts of the state.

Mount lins. Cattskill, and Caltsbcrg njountains belong to the con-
formation of the Green Mountains; and may be considered the connect-
ing ridges between them and the Alleghanies.

Rivers and Lakes. The Delaware rises in this state among the
Cattskill Mountains, and pursues a southern course to Pennsylvania.
The Hudson is a noble river, whose whole course is in this state. It rises
in the heights between lake Champlain and St. Lawrence, and pursuing
a generally southern course between 3 and 400 miles, meets the tide
more than 150 miles from it mouth. It empties into New York Bay, and

S!,

'illliir

Jw|

iSH

■J^

■t:t

--zw-

4»

ATLANTIC STATns.

is navi^'uble liir ships iis iii^^Ii as Iliidson, l',]{) miles alK)V(; \i;w '\■l)l•k,•
and for sloops to Alhiiny aiul Troy 'i;") or 150 iiiilr;s r,irlli(!r. Ni;i,'r;ir;i
River, wliicfi lins already l)t';>n (l(!scril)0(l, ;is ono iXiUi'. lai/^Tsl. iiiifliuost
inltM'csliiig rivers in ili-j woilil, Ibrms a part »ji" tho norllicni liotiiuiary of
the stale.

The Muhawk, a princi'ial lirnirh ( I'llic iriidsoii, ri-H's iiorlii oflliica,

nnd after acoiir.so ofiiior.- lli;in 101) iiiilcH in a rich alluvial valley, joins,

iholludson near I/.insin!^'I)iir<,'. («(Mi<'.ssee, Osuof/o and IJlaek are iinpor-

T tant rivers, that rise in the interior of tliestati', and fill into lake Ontario.

.1 Seneca is the ontlel of the small lieantifnl lak(>s, which wo meet inad-

vancin.'jf towards the f^reat noilliern cliain. Oswe/fateliie, (Jrass, Kaeket

* • and St. Re^'is, (liseharir(! into the St. l/iwrcnee Cataraiiuna Creek is a

river of lake (■hain[)!ain. The Siisqiielnnn;;!! vises in this state, and passes

^ into Pennsylvania. '.Fhe Alleuii;:iiy of the Ohio collects iis he id waters

in the southwest anifle of this state, and passes thront;h its iiohle |)iiie fur-

csts into Pennsylvania. The 'i'i();i,a and ('henan;,fo fill into the ^MSfpic-

hannah. The Tonnewanta. is a stre;:ni niaik! suhsidiaiy t') the «rre'U

northern canal. Beside these, there are r>t) .streams that would Ik* c<;n-

*' spicuous in a slate of smaller dimensions, and where the eonfi^airatiun was

[iii on alessyijrantic sea.le.

We have mentioned Cliamplain, Ontario ;iiul Erie, the ^nrat lakes, fh;it
bound this state on the north, fiake (ieonre is a most romantic and
beautifid sheet of viator, IJ? miles lontr, and from ono to 7 hroa.d, pun?,
transparent, full offish, and dotted with islands, iiaviii;.'; for the outer
rim of its basin a line of lofty mountains boundinjr its whole extent. Lake
Canandaigua is 15 miles lon<j; by one broad. Seneca is 3.j miles long
bv an average of one and a half to IJ broad. Crooked lake is 20 miles by ii
mile and a quarter. Cayuga lake isol> miles long by one and a half broad.
Owasco lake is 11 miles long and one broad. Skeneateles, aflbrding
* scenery of exquisite beauty, is M miles long by one broad. Onondaga

is 9 miles long by ono broad. There are groat ntnnbers of smaller ones.
These charming sheets of water spread in a general direction from north
to south. They abound in fine fish, and no summer scenery can surpass
that of this lake country in beauty. The ancients would have peopled
every one of them with Naiads and nymphs. Still more; they are nav-
„"*' igable, and already connected by lateral cuts some of many rnih^s in
length, with the great New York canal.

Canals. This state has taken precedence of all others in the number

* and extent of its canals, and tho immense distances brought by them into

water communication. The Chanq>la.in and Hudson Canal connects Lake

Champlain with Hudson River, and is sixty-four miles in length. The

yi Hudson and Erie Canal connects li.ike Erie with Hudson River, and is

c»

1 1

ATI.AMIC hTVTKS.

lliroo li'.imlreil and sixty-two miles in length. TIiuIIikIsoii iind Dclawarn
C'riniil leaves tlie lludsuii at l\iii<,'Hlon, nnd is e.intiniied to the Dela-
ware in Peiiiisy!v;inia, ami iilnn<.^ that river bcvi^nleeii miles up tho
liSickawnxeii, (o the ciinl mines in Wayrio rounly, Pennsylvania, and is
(M riii!es inl(Mi'!;lli. Aloriis Cai.al e; uinieiicosat the month of the Hud-
son, ();)porfilc New York, passes ihronj/h the slal(j of Now Jersey to the
Delaware opposite Ilaslou in I'eu'.: ylvaiii;i, where it eonneels with tho
Lehi;^h, and opi'iis a pass:'<.fe I'r tl'e la iiinli coal to New York. The
Oswego Canal heaves the Cirand ( 'an:il at Syracuse, and conneets that
canal with liiike Ontario, !iy a. side cut IJM nii'es in length. The whole
interior chain of tlu; snialUa- 1 ikes tli.:' iiave Ijeen mentioned, ishydillerent
contrivances conn(M'led hy water coi.aiuniicalion with the (irand (Janal.

Watcnn^i Places., MUwriil ir<//.v.s'. Those of Karatnfraand Ballston
arc most visited of any in the Unilcul HUites. The IJallston Springs are
situated in a valley formed by a smi!! creek. 'J'lierc are a great number
of sprin<Ts. tlic strongest and mist Sj)arkling waters of which were obtained
in lN'i7, by boring 227 fe;>t deep. The [wincipal eilicacy of the water
consists in acliemi(^al union of elialybeate and saline |iro|)erties, held in
solution, and rendered brisk and pnngent l)y uncunnuou (juantities of
carbonic acid gas.

Saratoga Springs jue 7 miles from Ballston. The most frequented
springs here are called ('ongress Spring and I'Mat Rock Spring. A largo
and compact village has grown up at Saratoga in conse(iuence of tho
immense sunnner resort to these places from all |)artsof the United States,
the West Indies and Canada. 'JMiere arc many noble hotels and board-
ing houses at both places. The opulent, the young, beautiful and gay
repair to them in the summer, because fashion has prescribed the indis-
pcnsa'rile necessity of fre(piontly m:iking i-ummer excursions to these
waters. Fifty coaches often ;irrive, during the season of the waters, in a
(lay. Balls, parlies, ci;nccrls and excuv.-^ions are the modes of passing
the time. During the sa'.iii; peri' d the fee'ole, nervous, exhausted sub-
jects of violation <>i' the l.iws ut' oar nalui(>, the si;k, and the dying come
Jicretmd are seen about the spri'ij.-;;-, e\liil>iting one of tho most allecting
conlrasts"^ young, gay, and Uiilliinkin;^ fashiifnablcs willi the decaying
remnants of luunanity, that can any where bo seen. Saratoga Springs
arc .')2 miles r-J. (if Albaiiy, and Ballston 28 miles N. of the same place.
New T.elumon Springs, -i;) miles E. of Albany, are visitefl for bathing, for
(lieiv I'licl i,.i<i elcva'ivu eu: iii.ai, and the tn-nl iind romiiniic scenery of"
Ino Oreei; Alcunlaius, on the v.'i'-terii <i.'(li7iiy of which ihey are situated,
Here also crowds of fashiouaiihs ic.S')^a, diuinnf the sultry months; and
there are en^'ellent nrrangenaents Un ih.'ir ;.( roi.imodation arid comfort.
dtriodtux. Would our l!)e.ii^ ailuw, a vi liiine miglit be given under
dushead i''roni Ncv York to ."\i.'iiarn =}!(: wiiol-,; disiaucf; cdong North

^•^

' '"

'j^^\

^j. i

ATLANTIC STATES.

River, up tlio canal, ajid tliencc 1o flio lakes, is the land of niountai/ijf,
lakes, caverns, cascades, and scenes ol' moral interest, as consecrated to
memory, and identified with impressive events in liistory. Niagara Falls,
the noblest cascade in the world, we have already described. Cohoes is
a fine fall in the Mohawk of 70 feet perpendicular descent. The cascade
is situated near the stage route from All)any to Schenectady. The 1 kittle
Falls of the Mohawk, in view of wiiich the great canal runs, present most
beautiful scenery. Glen''s Falls of the If lulson, and the fulls on Genesee
and Salmon River furnish a very impressive cascade. These and many
other cascades in this country of great rivers and freipient lakes would he
grand spectacles, had not most of the spectators witnessed Niagara Falls,
a scene to efface tlie interest of all minor siKJctacIes. A lime stone cav-
ern of vast dimensions, with its falls, columns, and stalactites, exists on
the hanks of Black River, opposite Watertown.

Productions. The forest trees that love an alluvial soil, are common
in the western divisions of the state, and attain a great size. Beside the
grains cultivated in the states east of this, wheat is the staple of New
York. Genesee flour, unknown before the existence of the great canal,
in New England, is now the flour of general consumption there. It is a
fine country for grass, pasture, fruits, mai/e, and all the productions of
the northern states. Among the mineral products are iron and lead ores
in different places; gypsum, lime stone, marble, slate, porcelain clay, and
most of the fossils. The richest salt sj)rings existing in any country arc
found in various places, particularly at Salina. Petroleum is found in
different places, and springs of hydrogen gas.

JSa^or^if-^Of articles too numerous to particularize, amounted, in 1828
to $22,777,649.

Climate. In a country of such extent no general view can be given.
The northern division has a severe climate. The lake division has a
more uniform temperature, with deep snows. The maritime part has a
milder air than New England. The S. W. division of the state is also
comparatively mild.

Natives. Onondaga was the central region, round which, in the forest
periods, the famous Five Nations were congregated. A remnant of these
races still exists, possessing extensive reservations of land. The specta-
cle of the red people in their forest costume, is even yet not an uncommon
one in Albany, and still less so in Rochester.

Chief Towns. But a sketch only of this extensive article can be given.
New York, the most populous city in the Union, and the mercantile capi-
tal of the United States, is situated on Manhattan Island, 144 miles long
and from two miles to half a mile broad, at the confluence of Hudson
and East Rivers, on a bay of unrivalled beauty. The harbor is extensive,

Ellis'

\TL.\NTrC STATES.

deep, safe, not subject to be frozen, and lius every requisite for commercial
ftcility and udvantiirros that could l>c desired. It embosoms several
islands, amonn; wliich l!io conspicuous ones. Governor's, Bodlo^v*s, and
Ellis' are Cortiticd, and bristled with numerous cnnnon. On the E. it is
defended from storms by Lon^' Itdund, and on the VV. by Staton Island
and Now Jersey BJiorc. The ship passajTC from the harbor to Newark
Bay, on the Now Jersey side, is by llio Kilht, to the Atlantic by the Nar-
rows, and by Loiif> Island Sounil. The shipping owned here, in 1816,
amounted to nearly :U)0.0(iO tons. In lS'i5) it was 355,534 tons. The
duties on goods imported lierc have ranged in common years from seven to
eight millions of dollars.

The appearance of the city of Now York is unique. There is a visible
cast of mercantile opulence, nnd an nf-pcct rather more sombre than in
the gay and uniform streets of Philadelphia. There is, however, nothing
in the United Slates to compare with the imposing eflectof Broadway, a
street nearly bisecting the city, and exl(mding to the central and higher
parts of it from one extremity to the other; being 3 miles in length, 80
feet wide, and generally built up with massive and noble buildings.
Next to this in beauty and importance are Wall street. Pearl street, Green-
wich street. Water street, and the Bowery. .

The public buildings exceed 50 in numl)er, and in magnificence those
of any other American city. The mercantile public buildings are chiefly
on Wall street, the centre of banking and brokerage business. Pearl
street contains the most important mercantile establishments. Broadway
is the chief street for retail business. Mean wooden habitations, for-
merly common in the city have almost disappeared, giving place to spa-
cious and massive brick buildings. The Battery is an extensive public
ground in the southern part of the island. Castle Garden is a much
frequented public resort. The Park is a beautiful common in front of
the City Hall, containing (» acres, and is finely shaded with trees. We
have space only to glance at some of the most conspicuous public build-
ings and objects of interest. The most striking of these in the most
showy part of the city is City Hall of white marble, 216 feet in length,
by 105 in breadth. It is in an open square, detached, and in a position
to give its imposing aspect full effect. It contains the police office and
municipal court-rooms, and the Common Council chamber ornamented
with portraits of distinguished revolutionary characters. The New York
Exchange, fronting Wall street, between William and Pearl streets, is
also of white marble. It is adorned with marble columns in front, of a
single block, and contains the Exchange, Post Office, Commercial Read-
ing Rooms, insurance offices, and offices of daily papers. The cupola
commands a noble view of the city, and is surmounted with a telegraph,
Vol. II. " 7

^^P,

''''Mi

• •-

10 ATLANTIC bTATKS.

by wliicli eliip nrrivulM an^ uiinounced tit tlic diMlaiMO of inoio llciri HO
milos from tlio city.

Th6 New York Institution ifl of Iniclj, iI(U) fj'(!t by -1 1, nnd in n\)\m\
printed to nssociations of litorntiirn niul tl'.o fine tirti^, hik-Ii i\h lite litortuy
nnd PliiloBophical Socit'ly, tlm Tlislnijcal M«)ci«ty witli ilH librnry, iho
American Academy of l''in«5 Arts, with its |»!iiiitin<,'s, the New V(jrk
Lyceum of Natuml History with ilH colhjction!", luid tho Ainciicaii
Museum with its curiosities. 'I'ho IIiiiveiHity in in ii tentral point. The
building Ih of stono 200 Uvt in length, i.nd 'i sloricfl high. 'I'he Bt;ite
prison in tho eastern p;irt of the city, is MiYX f«;et in h-ngth, ly iiOt) in
depth, and isbnilt of ficv fitonc. The tihns house is still further e.i.st.
It is an enclosure containing tho work house and penitentiary. Tho
dimensions of the first are .'WO hy HO feet, tli<! m-xt iiOO hy 25, and the
third 250 by r)0. Chatham The;itre and the Huwery Theatre are con-
epicuous buildings. Ht. I'aurs church, containing the monument and
remains of (ien. Montgnnery, nnd Trinity ('lunch jirj spiicious episco-
palian churches, both in conspicuous points on Broadway. 8t. John\4
church in Hudson S(iuaiv, one (»f the finest in the city , has the tallest spiio
in New York. The Medical College is a largo and consjiicuous cdili ••.
Tlio establishment is amply endowed, and generally contains from " to
300 medical students. The following are all spacious public buildings;
Clinton Ilall, the Bible Society's Depositary, the America Tract Society's
buildings, Loth in Nassau street, the Arcade, and the Arcade Baths, the
New York Baths, tlie Pid)lic Marine Bath, the ManJiattan Water Works,
the exhibition room of the National Academy of the arts of Design,
Rutger^s Medical College and Public School, Masonic Hall, Orphan
Asylum, Fever Hospital, House of Refuge for juvenile delinquents,
Lunatic Asylum, the City Hotel, the Mansion House, the National
Hotel, the Franklin House, Tammany Hall, and many otiier spacious
hotels. The city has 10 market houses, 14 or 15 banks, I between 20 and
30 insurance offices, over 100 houses of public worship, of which those
of Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Dutch Retbrmcd and Mcilimlists are the
roost numerous. There are 8 spacious buildings ajjpn (priated to public
schools, valued with their furniture at «||150,000, Tlic High School of
this city is an interesting institution, und the largest establishment of the
kind in the United States. There are a number of public libraries. The
Sunday Schools and Infant Schools uro efficient and useful cstablisii-
ments.

As this is by far the largest importing town in the JJnited States, the
stores of course display the greatest show of splendid li/f*;ign and domes-
tic goods of every description. Fashion and s[)lendour and sumptuous-
neis, and all the inventions of luxury, and all tho enticements to specta-

ATLANTIC HTATKH.

•I

ilu^, nnd ull tliR UMnptntintm ii» ilUsipntioii iiutiirnlly ronccritratc, whore
tlicru in iiioHt cutniiu'rcc and wiviltli, mid tliu irioHt niiincruiiM coiicourRO
of |mmi|)Il>, TIio lair nnd thu lasliioiiahlo proinrnadt! Urondway, to mco,
and l)n Horn; and hero f.iHliioii may bo noted in its broadest viHiblu an-
fltiniption, ilH nioHt iiideons distoiliDnH, and its nioHt p:iinrnliinpriM(inmont;
and by watchin;^ the pusninj,' ciirritntot' lilooti lino days for promenading,
<piict,Hon8iblunnd rell(>(:tin<r yonn^' persons cannot fail to receive Icssoiiii
adverse to ailectution, qriinacc, and tiie e.vtienics of tlic prevulent mode
of the week.

Such Huccossivo masses of ininii^rranls arc constantly arriving from
fbrci^'nconiilrics, and Fiich inultiliulcs of adventurers of all descriptioni
conHort here, and ;;rent cities always c«)ti;.n-ef,'ale such numbers of jwor and
abandoned peo|)lo, that it cannot but be muhiistood, that there must be
much inunorality and dissipalinn. (yotiimetisurati; ttHorts arc mado to
neutralize and heal the evil. 'J*b<> reli^^'ious, moral, and humane institu-
tions are numerous, and of the most active and viw.rmiiir, ch:iractor. It
issues a great number of r<!si)ectable periodical |)ublicalioiis. New York
is situated 210 miles H. W. of JJnst()n,l)() N. M.of l»liihidel|>liia, and 227
N. K. of VVashingtoii— 10-^ l.T N. I.. I'opulutii.u in 1N2(), 123,700.
Ill IWJO, 213,170.

Albany, the political metropolis, is situated on the west bank of tlio
Hudson, 150 miles IVom New York, and has a position ecpially convenient
for communication with ihiit city, and a vast interior country. Most of
the ancient Dutch buildin/,'s, which formerly j,mve it such a grotesque
aspect, have jlisappcared. It is now neatly and in some parts handsomely
built. It contains 10 public buildinirs. The cnpitol, built upon the
upiK'r portion of the city, has an elevated position. It is 115 feet in
Icnyth, and 00 in breadth. The academy, directly north of it, is a spa-
cious and showy building. Tlie lAirmer's and Mechanic's Bank and the
Albany Bank, at the bottom of State street, arc of white marble. The
Museum is a handsome building in South Market street. State street, in
its whole length, is remarkably wide, and shows to great advantage.
The number of churches is 10, of which (5 arc of stone, 7 of brick, and
3 of wood. Three of them arc very handsome, and others are spacious.
Canal Wharf and ([uay arc of great length, and striking show of business
and bustle. Few cities present a more beautiful prospect than Albany,
when seen from the public scpiare, or the summit of the capitol. The
city slopes from the public square to the river, like the sides of an amphi-
theatre. Two or three of its noble mansions embowered in trees, give it
the appearance of having forests in its limits. Sloops and steam boats
arrive here from New York in great numbers, and there is seldom a day in
which three or four passages do not offer, in steam boat.s departing to and

■>Vl«i

ATLANTIC STATES.

im-

fW)m New York. Its canal communications with Lake Champlain, the
northern lakes, and the Ohio valley give it unrivalled advantages of this
sort. More stages daily arrive and depart from this city, than any other
of the size in the Union. Its literary, humane, and religious institutions
are of a very respectable class, and it issues 6 or 7 periodical publications.
It is situated 164 miles W. of Boston, and 230 S. of Montreal. Its pop-
ulation in 1820 was 12,630. In 1830, 24,216, having nearly doubled
its population in ten years. A more emphatic illustration of the tendency
of the canal system could not be given.

Rochester, at the falls of Genessee, 7 miles from Lake Ontario, is the
third town in point of population in this state, and has had the most sud-
den growth of any town in America. In 1812 it was one wide and deep
forest. In 1818 it contained 1,049. In 1820, 1,502. In 1825, 5,271.
In 1827, 10,818. In 1830, 13,83(5. Parts of the town are very hand-
somely built. There are 7 respectable public buildings and 12 churches.
Thirteen large flour mills with 52 run of stones can annually make
342,000 barrels of flour. Fifteen million foot of lumber are sawed or
rafted here. There are a number of factories and mechanical establish-
ments, some on a large scale. The water power is almost inexhaustible.
The acqueduct over the Genessee at this place is one of the most gigantic
works on the canal lino. At the northern extremity of the town the
Genessee lalls 90 feet. At Carthage, two miles distant, it falls 70 feet.
Still another noble cascade of the Genessee close by Ibis town will be
long remembered as the place where the famous Patch made his last leap.
Merchandise to and from Lake Ontario forwarded from this town is raised
or lowered down this great and steep descent of the Genessee by means of
an inclined plane, the descending wciglit raising a lighter one. It is in
contemplation to cut a canal from this toAvn to Olcan on the Alleghany,
a distance of 110 miles, which would bring this place indirect water
communication with Pittsburgh and the Ohio.

Troy, on the E. bank of the Hudson, miles N. of Albany, and 156
N. of New York, is the next largest city in the slate to Rochester.
Sloops and steam boats navigate the Hudson to this place. In the imme-
diate vicinity are many fine mill seats, on which are erected extensive
manufactories. It contains 7 public buildings, and 6 houses for public
worship. The state of Massachusetts has surveyed a canal route to this
place. A rail road over the same route has also been in contemplation.
The Van Rensselaer school in this city has acquired a high reputation.
The students deliver mutual lectures, and make extensive excursions,
with a view to personal inspection of the objects of their studies in the
natural sciences. Any person over 18, certifying that his acquisitions
are of a certain extent, and that he is of good moral character, can obtain

I'l

ATLANTIC STATES.

a gratuitious education. An academy for young ladies conducted by Mre.
Willard, has also obtained advantageous notoriety. Mount Ida, a ro-
mantic hill near this place, gives rise to the water falls of Poesten's Kill
and Wynant's Kill, where the chief manufacturing establishments are
erected. Population in 1820, 5,294. In 1830, 11,405. This shows a
gain of considerably more than double the population of the preceding
census.

Schenectady is situated on ihe S. E. bank of ihe Mohawk, 15 miles N.
W. of Albany. It contains a number of public buildings, and 5 or 6
churches . It is an ancient and respectable town, and is united to the
opposite bank of the Mohawk by an elegant bridge, nearly 1,000 feet in
length. Union College in this place, is one of the most respectable
seminaries in the stDt«. The building consists of two college edifices
and two boarding I:ouses. The college is opulent in endowmt-nls, and in
1828, 79 students graduated from this institution. Population supposed
to be abdut 5,000.

Utica is situated on the S. bank of the Mohawk, 93 miles N. W. from
Albany, and nearly bisected by the great canal. It is a large and showy
town, with the usual number of public buildings, and 8 churches. It is
on the position of the once celebrated Fort Schuyler, and in the midst of
a fertile and charming country. It is a noted point of union for arriving
and departing stages. This town has gained its importance by being
favorably situated, in regard to commerce and agricultural wealth. Pop-
ulation in 1820, 2,972. In 1830, 8,323, having almost tripled its popu-
lation since the last census.

Buffalo is situated at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, on BuiTalo
Creek. The harbor would be fine, but for a shoal at the mouth, which
the United States' government are in progress of removing. This obsta
cle overcome, it has 14 feet water, and is secure from stoims. From 60
to 70 vessels, including steam boats, trade with this place. It is the grand
point of communication between the Atlantic and the lakes. By the
great canal it communicates with New York ; by the Welland and Rideau
Canals with Lake Ontario and Montreal ; and by Lake Erie and the Erie
and Ohio Canal with the Ohio and Mississippi valley. Its business is
direct with all the vast extent of the upper lakes, and no inland town in
America has greater advantages, [t is situated on a beautiful terrace
plain, affording charming views of the lake, and is in the vicinity of a
pleasant and fertile country. Atlantic strangers, who have connected
associations of savage nature, and a remote interior wilderness with their
notions of this place, will be sufiiciently astonished on arriving here, to
see sumptuous houses, massive blocks of brick buildings, one of the most
beautiful hotels in the country, a number of handsome churches, and two

ATLANTIC STATES.

or three of imposing appearance and magnitude. It was destroyed by
llie Britisli in the lato war so completely, that but one liouse was left
standing in 18M. One of ihc stores is DO by 70 feet, and 3 stories high.
In a word, Buffalo is one of the handsomest towns in the state. It has
the customary public buildings, and G or 7 churches. Population in
1820,2095; in 1830, 8,008, having more than quadrupled its popula-
tion since the last census.

Manlius, an interior town of Onondaga county, 137 miles west of
Albany, is an agricultural but very flourishing place. Population in
1820, 5,372. In 1830, 7,375. Seneca is on the west side of Seneca Lake
192 miles west of Albany. Tiio flourishing village of Geneva is in this
township. The shore of the lake abounds in beautifully variegated mar-
ble. The lake is of uncommon depth and Iransparency, and the waters
exceedingly cold. It is allirmed that the lake has a regular rise and fall
every seven years. This flourishing town contains 0,101 inhabitants.

Returning to the maritime shore of the state, Brooklyn on Long Island
is separated from New York by lOast river. It is a large and flourishing
place, being in fact no other than a suburb of the city. It contains some
public buildings, and four houses of public worship; and near it is the
United States navy yard. Population in 1830, 12,403. Hudson is a
considerable mercantile place, with growing manufacturing establishments
on the east bank of the Hudson, 28 miles below Albany. Population
about 4000. Ncwburg on the west bank of the Hudson, 59 miles above
New York and just above the highlands is a great thoroughfare of travel
to the western country and a large and handsome town. Poughkeepsie,
Kingston and Cattskill, are also considerable towns. Lansingburg4
miles above Troy, and opposite the inouth of the Mohawk, is a thriving
place. Waterford is immediately opposite, on the west bank of the Hud-
son. It has wide, regular and handsome streets. Gibbonville opposite
Troy, is the seat of the United Slates arsenal The arms arc in fine
order and the grounds of great neatness and beauty.

Auburn not far from the northern extremity of Owasco Lake, and
170 west of Albany, is a romantic and beautiful town. It contains a
number of public builditigs, and 4 or 5 houses of public worship. It is
the seat of a respectable theological seminary, and is best known, as be-
ing the position of tiie most extensive penitentiary in the United States.
The two great buildings are enclosed in a hollow square 2,000 feet in
circuit, surrounded with a stone wall of great strength 35 feet high. The
work shops form a continued range ^of 940 feet. Tlio construction
and plan of discipline are of a new and generally approved character.
Every conceivable regard is had to the moral improvement, as well as the
comfort and security of the convicts. It is calculated to contain Ijl^O

•rt

ATLANTIC KTATKS.

convicts. Ill 1S29 in contained 0:J9. Poiniliitioii in 1,820,2025. In
1830, 7103. Illiaca contains 5,270 inhabilants; Canandaigua in the
whole township 5,162 ; Schoharie 5,140. Salina, Syracuse and Lock-
port arc largo and flourishing villages. Plasttshurgh, Ogdcnsburg,
Sackett's ILirhor, Brownsville, Le Roy, Watcrtown imd Batavia, are
flourishing places. This article might he extended to the mention of
50 other considerable villages, of which the foronientioned may stand
as indexes, in point of neatness and importance.

Scenery. The great thoroughfare of travellers for business or pleasure
from New York to Niagara and the lakes, abounds at every stage with
interesting scenery. Scarcely has the traveller been wafted out of New
York bay, one of the most beautiful in the world, before he has in view
the noble elevation of the higlilands. Every point along this sublime
passage has its tradition attached to it, or its connection in memory witli
revolutionary events. At one place the traveller is shown, where Andre
was taken; at another, where he was executed. Still further up, perched
on the declivity of a mountain, are the numerous buihlings belonging to
the establishment of West Point. Higher slill arc the Cattskill moun-
tains rising into the blue of the sky. The Pine Orchard is between
2 and- 'V) feet above the river, at some miles distance from it, and
is pr. u with a house of entertainment. The round top is the highest
elevation of the Cattskill, being 3,718 feet above the level of the sea.

In passing from Albany to Schenectady wo are presented with one of
those works of art, which is still a rare object in our country, the Albany
and Schenectady rail road, upon which a locomotive steam engine is in
operation. Passing through the village of Ballston and Saratoga, at
some miles distant from Saratoga, and near Hudson's River, we find our-
selves on one of the most interesting spots identified with the history of
the American revolution, the place, where Burgoyiie surrendered his
army. Crossing over to Lake Champlain we are arrested by the remains
of the fortress of Ticonderoga, where Gen. Abercrombie was defeated in
1758; a spot as famous in the history of the former French war, as Sar-
atoga is in that of tlie revolution. Plattsburgh and Lake Champlain are
both famous in the history of the late war. In fact, the whole distance
from Lake Champlain to Lake Erie, along the line of the canal, is con-
secrated to remembrances in the history of the Indian, French, revolu-
tionary and late wars. As we ascend toward the lakes, we pass the
Cohoes, the Little Falls, Glen's Falls, and the very extensive salt works
at Salina. At Lockport we stand astonished, as we contemplate one of
the noblest works of art on the canal, and look up the prodigious height,
to which boats are raised by the double line of locks; and are scarcely
less impressed with the sight of the town itself, which but a few years

■^r

yK»

■^^w

ATLANTIC STATGfl.

since was a solid wilderness, and now is a handsome town, containing
four or five thousand inhabitants. The locks at this place, and the d'^ep
cut through the solid limestone strike the observer as a more stupendous
work, than either the canal aqueduct across the Mohawk or the Ge-
ncssee.

Trenton Falls are in the town of Trenton, Oneida county, 108 miles N.
W. of Albany, and 12 miles north of Utica. The cascade is 2 miles
from the village. The surrounding scenery is remarkable for its roman-
tic beauty and grandeur. Petrifactions, and organic remains are abun-
dantly imbedded in the limestone bluffs. West Canada creek has here
cut itself a prodigious chasm through the rocks, in many places 150
•feet deep, and for a distance of 4 miles; the whole extent of which
is a succession of striking cataracts. This interesting chasm is much
visited, and presents a spectacle not unlike that of many of the rivers of
Tennessee and Kentucky, in their passage through their deep beds of
limestone.

Whether the traveller contemplate the prodigious work of art presented
in this long canal, or the astonishing growth of the new and beautiful
towns along its banks, that have replaced the recent solid wilderness,
whether he yield his eye and his mind to the sublime in the Falls of Nia-
gara, or to the green, beautiful and romantic in the charming country of
the lesser lakes, or the grand and solitary in the seas of fresh water, that
spread from Ontario to the interminable deserts of the north, there is
nothing of grand or beautiful in nature or art but what may be found
between the splendid bay of New York, and the view of lake Erie from
the square in Buffalo. _

Education. This state has a school fund of $2,012,113, exclusive of
the local schoolfund and the literary fund, the avails of which are annu-
ally appropriated towards the support of colleges and academies. In
1829, the whole amount of money disbursed for the support of common
schools , arising from all these sources, was $214,840. The number of
school districts is 8994. In the year 1829, 480,825 children were
taught in the common schools. There is a college in the city of New
York. Union college in Schenectady has already been described. Ham-
ilton college is situated in Clinton not far from Utica. It is a respectably
endowed institution with 2 large college edifices, and has an average
number of 120 students. Geneva college is at Geneva, and there is a
medical college at Fairfield. There is a theological seminary in the city
of New York and in Auburn, Ilartwick and Hamilton. The number of
academies in this state is 55 with 3835 pupils. The high school of the
city of New York has 444 ; Albany' Lancaster school 500; Mrs. Wil-
lard's Troy seminary 236. These views more clearly than any general

-r

I'»

ATLANTIC STATES-

remarks, indicate the municipal patronage bestowed by this great stat«
upon literature and common schools. -.'• .♦»- ' Wl

West Point is a military school, Ihc position of which we have already
notifcd. It is an cstablisliment under the control of the general govern-
mr.it, for the education of young men destined for the army. The num-
ber of pupils is limited to 250. The annual expense of the institution to
the U. S. is $115,000. Tlie sum paid for the education of a cadet is
$330 per annum. There are 30 professors, instnictors and assistants.
The course of education, especially in the exact sciences, is thorough
and complete.

General Statistics {or ISSO. Population 1,934,496. Yards of woollen,
cotton nnd linen cloths manuflvctured in 1830, 14.466,226. Number of
grist mills 2,284. Saw mills 5,195. Oil mills 121. Fulling mills,
1,222. Carding machines, 1,584. Iron works 170. Trip hammers, 164.
Distilleries, 1,229. Asheries, 2,105. Tliere are 237 newspapers pub-
lishing annually as is estimated, 14,536,000 printed sheets.

Mamtfacttires. There aro 88 cotton manufactories, 208 woollen,
200 iron. The cotton manufactories employ about 132,000 spindles.
About 22,000 bak's of cotton goods manufactured exceeds $3,000,000*
The value of woollen goods annually manfactured, exclusive of those
made in families, is considerably upwards of $3,000,000. The value of
the annual manufacture of iron is $4,000,000. There are about 50 paper
mills, and the value of annual manufictures in this article $500,000.
The annual value of the manufacture of hats is $3,000,000. That of
boots and shoes amounts to 5,000,000. Leather is manufactured to the
amount of $2,905, 750. The value of window glass made is $200,000.
Manufactured in f imilics, as per state census returns, 2,918,233 yards
fulled cloths, vnlued at $2,918,323. Flannels and other woollens, not
fulled, 3,468,001 yards, value $003,000. lanen, cotton, and other cloths
8,079,992 yards, value $1 ,21 1 ,998. The sales of domestic manufactures
in the city of New York, during the year 1830, are estimated to amount
to $25,000,000. There are 29,495,720 acres of land in the £ tate. The
number of acres of improved land is 7,160,967, valued at $179,024,176
Value of neat cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, 42,^64,137. The amount
of salt inspected, on which duties have been paid to the state for 1830, is
1,130,000 bushelt The tolls of the canals for 1830, were $1, 556,799,
being an increase of 243,662 over those of the preceding year. There
are 52 banks in the state, with an aggregate capital of $26,275,800.
There are 75 steam boats (including British boats on Lake Ontario) ex-
clusive of steam ferry boats, dz^c. with an aggregate of 4,192 horse power.
The number of clergy in the state is 1,382. That of attorneys and couli'
Vol. If 8

ATLANTIC 8TATB8.

scllors at law is 1,711. That of Pliysicians and surgeons 2^540. The
number of militia is 189,r)'j0.

*•••

<-«

NEW JERSEY,

Is 138 miles Ion;? and 50 broad, containing S,000 square miles. Be-
tween 38° 57' and 41" 21' N. Ti. and lo20' and 3° 9' E. L. from Wash-
ington. Bounded N. hy New York ; E. hy New York and Atlantic, S.W.
by Delaware hay, which divides itf:.im Delaware,' W. by Pennsylvania.

Physical Aupcet. The inarilimc holt ah)ng the S. E. part of the state
is low and rulhor slorilo. The central parts of it between New York and
Pliiladelphia undulate with hill and dale, «»ivinj[; rise to clear and beauti-
ful streams. At a considerable distance from the sea is a chain of moun-
tains east of the Delaware. South mountain traverses the state from
north to south, and parallel, and at a little distance farther north the Kit-
tatinny. The country between and beyond these nK)untains is loamy
with a fine verdant turf possessing a rich soil, well r japted to grazing,
lioad, copper and silver are among the mineral productions; and in va-
rious points it abounds with extensive beds of iron ore.

Rivers. The Hudson, separating the state from New York, bounds rt
on the north and the Delaware, separating it from Pennsylvania, on the
south. It has no other rivers of any great length, though every part of
the state abounds in quick mill streams. The names of the most consid-
erable rivers arc Passaic, Ilackinsac, Raritan, Great Egg Harbor and
Musconecunk.

Dimsions. Counties. Bergen, Ilacldnsac; Burlington, Mount Holly
Burlington; Cajie May, Cope May; C.JI., Cumberland, J^ndjg'f /ojwr;
Essex Newark ; Elizahethtown ; Gloucester ;Woodhury ; Hunterdon, Tren-
ton; Middlesex, Ncw'lirunswick , Amhoy; Monmouth, Freehold; Morris,
Morristoum; Salem, Sahm, Somerset, Boundhrook; Sussex, Newton;
Warren, Bchiderc. Population in 1820 277,575. In 1830 320,779

Climate. The mountainous part of New Jersey has a climate not
unlike the central parts of New- York, and New-England. In the mari-
time and southern portions it is milder, thnn would be indicated by its
latitude, and as mild as the adjacent state of Pennsylvania.

Products. The maritime [kh pie fuid great advantage in their extensive
oyster beds, and in feeding cattle on the salt meadows, that skirt the sea
shores. The central parts of the state abound in the common produc-
tions of the middle and northern states. In the mountainous regiois the
productions comimre with those of Vermont; and the inhabitanti are

■•T^

ATLANTIC STATES.

ftO

noted for their excellent butter and cheese. The cider and fruit of the
fine orchards of New-Jersey have ^iiincd an universal reputation.

Manufactures. Those of iron tiro prosecuted to a very groat extent.
Among other common articles of Ameri' an manufacture, leather forms
a very considerable item. Patterson is one of the largest and most flour-
ishing manufacturing villages W. of Massachusets. It is si' 'ated just
below the rotnantic falls of the Passaic, which supplies water power to
any extent. The numerous establishments have recently created a very
considerable town. It contains 17 cotton factories, a clock factory, an
iron factory, manufacturing 1)00,(K)() lis. iron, and 8r)().()0() lbs. nails.
The cotton factories annually mainifaclurc 2,()0(),()()0 lbs. The flax
factory 600,000 lbs. of flax. There is one machine shop employing 150
hands. Connected with it is an iron and bniss louiidry working annually
600,000 lbs. of iron, and Kij.'iOO of brass. Shoes are made extensively
at Newark. Cotton is manufactured at Trenton. The industrious
people of this state arc rapidly following the example of New England
in the extension of their manufactures.

Religious Denominations. About .'{00 fixed societies, beside the nu-
merous societies of the mcthodists. Of the fixed societies the presby- *
terians are the most numerous; and after them the Dutch reformed
church. But all the christian denominations are represented in this
state.

Literature. There are two colleges, one at Princeton, and the other
at New Brunswick. Princeton college is one of the most respectable
seminaries in the United States. The position is high, airy and com-
manding, m the centre of a neat an(J flourishing village. The college
edifice called Nassau Hall is 175 by 50 foot, and 4 stories high. There
are two other considerable buildings belonging to the college all of stone,
and a number of houses belonging to the officers of the government. At
some distance from this group is the spacious building belonging to the
theological school. This building is also of stone, and its dimensions
150 by 50 feet, and 4 stories high. The college library amounts to
nearly 10,000 vols; and the theological library to 0000. The course
of academical studies is thorougli and complete. The theological semi-
nary is under the care of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian
church of the United States, '^'ne number of students in the college
averages about 110, and lb«^ llieological students about 100.

The Rutger's college at New-Brunswick is under the care of the Dutch
Reformed church. It has a spacious edifice, and respectable endow
ments, and promises as well as the Theological seminary, to be a
very useful institution. There aro over 20 incorporated academies, and
■ome seminaries on the manual labour system. Tlie slate has a fund of

■-.ii*>.-

AIXANTIC STATES.

^1^5/104 for the lupport of free schools. But the aystern of general
education wants the efficiency of lliose of New-England and New-
York.

Chief Towns. Trenton is situated on the East hank of tlie Delaware,
opposite the Falls, on the great route between New-York and Philadel-
phia, 60 miles S. W. of the former, ami 33 miles N. E. of the latter. Tiie
Delaware is navigable for sloops and steam boats to this place. It is a
neat town; and contains 8 public buildings, among which the most con-
spicuous is the State house. In the town and vicinity are six houses of
public worship. The bridge accross the Delaware has five arches, and
makes a handsome appearance. The town has some respectable manu-
factories of cotton. This place is memorable as the scene of one of the
most splendid exploits of general Washington in crossing the Delaware,
and capturing a large detachment of Hessians. It contained in 1820
3942 inhabitants. In 1830 it is supposed to contain over f>000. Newark
is charmingly situated on the west bank of the Passaic 7 miles from its
mouth, by the curves of the river. Very few towns of the size make a
more showy appearance, being decidedly the handsomefst town in the
state. It contains 5 or 6 public buildings, houses for public worship,
and extensive manufactories of different kinds. In Orange, near this
place, is made the famous Newark cider. It is 9 miles W. of New York.
Population, in 1820, 6,507. In 1830, 10,705.

Patterson, of the manufactures of which we have already spoken, is
situated on the Passaic near the great fulls, in a position much admired
for its romantic surrounding scenery. It is the chief manufacturing
town in the state; and beside the extensive manufactories already men-
tioned, contains 5 or 6 houses of public worship. The manufactories arc
massive buildings of stone. The Hills of the Passiac are 72 feet in
perpendicular descent,and constitute a splendid cascade, much visited by
travellers.

New Brunswick is situated on the W. bank of the Raritan at the head
of sloop and steam boat navigation, 33 miles S. W. of New York, and
60 N. Kof Philadelphia. The buildings in this town, which has a city
incorporation, are sparsely diffused over a considerable extent. It con-
tains 7 public buildings, and 5 churches. We have already mentioned
the college and theological seminary here. There are some handsome
houses on the hill above the landing. The steam boats from New Yoik
with passengers for Philadelphia, land here, who take passage in stages
from this point to Trenton on the Delaware, where they embark on
■team boats for Philadelphia. ;i^

Princeton is a pleasant village, the college of which has already been
mentioned. It is situated 10 miles N. E. from Trenton, on the great route

ATLANTIC STATES.

between New York and Pjiiladelphia. It contains 120 houses, and is
consecrated in history by one of the alorioug exploits of Washington, in
which he defeated a British rc^'imcnt marching to the relief of Trenton.
LHzubethtown, 15 miles from New Ytjrk, is au agreeable village contain-
ing over 200 houses, and is one of tho most ancient towns in the state.
Bordentown, 7 miles below Trenton, and 28 above Philadelphia, is a neat
village, a little north of which the mansion of Joseph Bonaparte, ex-King
of Spain, is pointed out, as an illustration of the mutability of fortune.
Burlington, on the S. shore of the Delaware, 20 miles above Philadelphia,
is a considerable village, showiiij^ to advantage to the passengers on the
steam boats, as they round to, to take in and put out passengers. Camb-
den, Salem, Morristown, Amboy, and Newton, are the other considerable
towns in the state.

Roads and Canals. New Jersey from its position is a great thorough-
fare. The chief roads cf public travel arc turnpikes. The chief canal
is the Morris Canal, which leaves the Hudson opposite New York at
Powle's Hook. The ascents of this canal, instead of being overcome by
locks, are surmounted by inclined planes. At Bloomficld boats are drawn
up an inclined plane of C24 feet, in which distance they overcome 52
feet of perpendicular height. To suspend a boat loaded with 40 or 50
tons in this way in the air is one of the triumphs of the modern gigantic
application of power. This canal overcomes 890 feet in this way, and
opens a direct route from the city of New York to the celebrated coal
mines at Mauch Chunk in Pennsylvania. It is 80 miles in lengtli. The
Delaware and Hudson Canal may be considered as partly belonging to
this state. The scenery of the country through which it passes is of a
singularly romantic character. It is G5 miles long, and brings the Lack-
awana coal to New York. A rail way with locomotive cars brings the
coal to the canal. The Trenton and Rarilan Canal is not yet completed.
It will open a direct sloop and steam boat communication from Baltimore
to New York. A rail road from Cambden to Amboy is in progress. It
is supposed that with the other improvements contemplated, it will enable
the traveller to pass from New York to Philadelphia in four hours!

ii»-

PENNSYLVANIA.

Length, 300 miles; breadth, 160, containing 44,000 square miles.
Between 39° 43' and 42° 16' N. L; and 3° 31' W. L. and 2° 18' E. L.
from Washington. Bounded N. by New York; N. E. by the Delaware,
which separates it from New Jersey; S. by Delaware, Maryland and
Virginia; W. by Virginia and Ohio.

ATLANTIC STATES.

CounticS' Chief Towns.
Adams, Gcttysbur^ii.
Alleghnny, Pitfsljiirgh.
Armstrong, Kittanning.
Beaver, Beuvcr.
Bedford, Bedft^rd.
Berks, Rending.
Bradford, Athens. r

Bucks, Bristol.
Butler, Butler.
Cambria, Ebcnsburgli,
Centre, Bellofonto.
Chester, West Chester.
Clearfield, Clearfield.
Columbia, Catawissa.
Crawford, Meadvillc.
Cumberland, Carlisle.
Dauphin, Ilarrisburgh.
Delaware, Chester.
Erie, Erie.
Fayette, Uniontown.
Franklin, Chambersburgh,
Greene, Waynesburgh.
Huntingdon, Huntingdon.
Indiana, Armagh.
Jefferson, Brookvillc.

Counties. Chief Towns.
Lebanon, JiCbnnon.
Lehigh, Allentown.
Lnzcrne, Wilkcsbarre.
Lycoming, VVilliamaport.
McKoan, Cerestown.
Mercer, Mercer.
MifTlin, Lcwistown.
Montgomery, Norristown.
Northampton, Kaston.
Northumberland, Sunbury.
Perry, Landisbnrgli.
Philadelphia, Philadelphia.
Pike, Millbrd.
Potter, Cowdcrsport.
Schuylkill, Orwigsburgh.
Somerset, Somerset.
Susqiiehaniiah, Montrose.
Tioga, Wellsborough.
Union, Miillinburgh.
Venango, Franklin.
Warren, Warren.
Washington, Washington.
Wayne, Bethany.!
Westmoreland, Grcensburgh.
York, York. •

Lancaster, Lancaster. -^

Population in 1820, 1,049,303. In 1830, 1,317,072.
Physical Aspect. A considerable belt along the south-east section of
the stale is level, gradually rising to an uneven, and fiom that to an undu-
lating surface. Between the first line of the Alleghanies, called South
Mountain, and the second chain, the Blue Ridge, is a broad, fertile lime
stone valley. The last western chain of the Alicghanies passes through
the state from N. E. to S. W. It is broad, and composed of many de-
tached mountains. West of those mountains. Western Pennsylvania is
hill, dale and i)lain, with a surface not unlike that of New England. The
soil of the vallies is almost invariably fertile. The S. E. division of the
state, along the Susquehannah, embraces a great body of excellent land.
The basin between Alleghany River and Lake Eric is a fine country.
Abroad belt of the finest country stretches east of the Alleghany Moun-
tains, and spreads with the same extent into Maryland. This midland of
Pennsylvania includes as rich and highly cultivated a tract of country m

ATLANTIC STATES. OT

is in Amorica, and is chiefly settled wlh Cicrmanii. The highest peaks of
the AllojQ;hanies are elevated from 2 to 3,0(U) feet above the level of the
sea, and from 1 to 2,000 feet al)ovo the level of their bases. This region
in its mountains, vailies, and cascades, presents all varieties of the grand,
rugged, sheltered, and rotnitntic in scenery. Iron in vast (iiiantitics, lead,
copper, many of the useful fossils, particularly the greatest abundance
and variety of coal, marble, free stone, and all the useful earths for build-
ing and tiiC arts alxjund in this state, so variegated in surface, and of
geological formations so dillcrent from each other.

Soil and ProdwtlonH. No stale in the Union shows to the passing
Iravellet a richer agriculture than this. It is emphatically a grain country,
raising the greatest abundance of fhic wheat. It produces all the fruits
and productions of the Northern and Middle stales, and is better adapted
for the cultivation of the mulberry and the grape, than most of them.
Pennsylvania is famous for the great size, and the strength and excellence
of its breed of draught horses. The lirgest kinds show a prodigious
bulk, when compared with the common dimensions of the northern
horses. Among the other grains, this state is famous, in some parts' for
the cultivation of buck wheat and spells. Most of the finer fruits of the
temperate climates flourish. The cider is particularly excellent. Wheat
is the staple article, though parts of the state abound in the fmest pro-
ducts of the dairy.

Religion. There arc about 700 fixed societies in this state. Of these
the most numerous denomination is the Presbyterian. The German Cal-
vinists and Lutherans constitute the next most numerous denomination
The friends have between 00 and 70 congregations. The inhabitants are
descended from all the European nations. The Germans, however, are
the most numerous race, and next to them, perhaps, the Irish, and the
Scotch Irish. In no state in the union is the dialect so compounded of
all idioms, accents, tones and modes of framing sentences. Yet, perhaps,
there is no state, in which the varieties of origin, opinions, faith, fashion,
and modes of life have amalgamated into a more marked and distinct na-
tionality, than in the people of this state.

Rivers, We have already dwelt upon those west of the Alleghanies.
The principal Atlantic rivers of the state are the Delaware, Schuylkill,
Lehigh, Susquehannah, and Juniata. The Susquchannah is the largest
Atlantic river of the United States. It rises in New York near the
sources of the Mohawk, and meandering south west, it enters Pennsylva-
nia, and by a sweeping bend returns upon its course, in the state
of New York. Still searching a westward course it again enters
Pennsylvania, and receives Tioga river, West Branch, and the Juniata.
These accumulated waters having swollen it to a broad stream, it passes
Harrisburg, enters Maryland, and finds its estuary in Chesapeake Bay at

tim\^:

ATLANTIC STATES.

Havre de Grace; aflcr a course, measuring its curves, of more than
500 miles. Ifs principal brariclicM tiro Tuiikhannnc, Lnckawunnoc,
Fisliinft Creek, Anderson's Creek, Clo.irfi.ld Crock, Miisliannon, Sine-
mnlioninfT, Kettle, riac, Lyi oniin*;,', I.owaJHock nnd Miiney Creeks.
These streams have courses from IJO to 70 miles in length. Juniata in
the largest tributary. This stream rincs in the Alleghanies from two
large branches, which rise a little aliove Huntingdon. The united
stream divides again, and by two mouths fall into the Susquehannah 14
miles above Ilariisljurgh. Below tiiis junction the principal tributaries
nre Shemian's Conedo'-.jinnot, Yellow TJrcechc^s, Conewago and Codorus
Creeks from the \\esf ; and Swatara, Conestoga and Pequcu Creeks on
the east. No stream in tlio Unife.l States passes through more grand
and romantic scenery, than the Juni'ita.

Lehigh is an important branch of the Delaware. It has cut its way
through several hills, and among othuis the Blue Ridge. After passing
through the Moravian towns, and a leautiful country, it fulls into the
Delaware at Eajion. The canals have enabled the great cities to avail
themselves of the rich end exhaustlesa real beds near its banks.

Schuylkill rises amonn; the mountains in Schuylkill county, windin
through a rich country and the towns of Reading, nnd Pottstown, supply-
ing Philadelphia with water in its course, it falls into the Delaware 7
miles below that city. It has a long course, nnd the locks and canals
have rendered it navigable, so that the immense beds of anthracite coal
on its head sources are rendered available to Philadelphia, and the
country on the sea board. The names of many other streams might bo
given, which furnish admirable water power, and which irrigate and
adorn the rich interior of the state.

Canals nnd Rail Roads. Pennsylvania has commenced a gigantic
outline of internal improvements. In 1830 it had 4S0 miles of canal
finished; 250 in progress towards completion, and 368 projected and
surveyed. The whole length of the grand Pennsylvania canal would be
if r( ..^)leted in a continuous line, about 450 miles Of this line 2G0
miles from Philadelphia to a point about 20 miles beyond Huntingdon are
completed. The whole line from Johnstown on the west side of the
Alleghany, over 100 miles, is completed. An interval of something
more than 50 miles from the Juniatta over the Alleghany to Johnstown
is yet incomplete. It is proposed to unite them by a rail way over the
Tnountains. The Philadelphia and Wj'oming canal, connecting that far
famed valley with that city, is 2GS miles in length. It is intended to
unite the Pennsylvania canal at Pittsburgh with a canal through Meadville
to Lake Erie. This eanal will be between 2 and 300 miles in length.
Still another canal route has been surveyed to lead from Pittsburgh to

ATLANTIC STATES.

tho lumniit level of tin; Oiiiu, and Eiio canal. Numerous side cuts con-
nected with ihcHo r:in;i!H, which, n Ibw yonrs since, wouhl have been
deemed iniprnclicnhle, now dwindle in coinpiri-on witii these gigantic
works, nnd arc hn\ niniicious to find u pl:ic(! in this work.

Forty miles of the Pliihulelphia nnd Cohimhia Rail road arc nearly
completed. At the termination of tiie lludnon and Delaware canal, a
rail way extends over Mcosic mountains, roacliinj,' from tho canal to
Carbondalo im Lackawanna River. It ih lOi miles in l(;nj:;th, and over-
comes nn elevation of H.^)S leet. The Manch (/'hinik rail way is of wood
over laid with iron. It cdnnects the cual niiurs with Lehigh River,
which is renderiMl boatahle hy canal boats. TIk; Hiunmit of the mountain,
where tho coal is found, is 1)^2 feet above tho level of the river. Tho
length of the rail way is i) miles. Tim cars descend the platform, where
they unload in a minute nnd 'JO seconds. V.12 cars have descended in a
day with 198 tons of coal. The loaded cars, in desccndinir, arc attaclied
to empty cars at the foot, and draw them up. The coal of this exceed-
ingly rich nnd abundant mine is anlhacite, hard, pure, black, with a
beautiful conchdidal fracture, and perfectly clean in tho handling.
Other rail roads are in contemplation and survey.

Manufactures. This article is too extensive to allow details. In the
important article of iron manuficturcs, Pennsylvania far excels any
other state in the union. Wo have spoken of tho manufactures west of
the Alleghanics. As long ago as in 1810, there wero in the stale 375 im-
portant iron factories for all operations in iron, from smelting the ores to
manufacturing nails. At the same time there were 1)4 cotton factories;
64 paper mills, and 8 glass works. Some of these manufactories have
doubled since that time. It is supposed that tho total value of manufac-
tures in this state may be about $70,000,000. The bank capital is
$10,310,333. The tonnage of the shipping is 104,114 tons. In 1816
the exports were ^7,10(),'24G. The domestic trado has increased prodi-
giously, since that time. The forein;n trade has diminished, as a natural
consequence, amounting in exports in 1830 to ,^'4,089 9.35.

Education. This great state has njade certain constitutional provis-
ions, that the poor shall be taught gratis. Means have been provided in
almost all the counties, to carry this provision into cfl'ect. The report of
the comptrollers of the public schools, stales, that in 12 years preceding
1830, 34,703 children had received the advantage of this provision.
But general instruction is not diffused so universally, as in New- York.
The university of Pennsylvania, after many changes, of the original plan,
is organized on the most respectable footing, and the medical school
attached to it yields in reputation to none in the union. Dickinson
college at Carlisle, is an important institution. Jefferson college at
Vol. n. 9

ATLANTIC STATE8.

.^
^

CannonsLurg, htis a medical school attached to it in Pliiladelphiay
Washington coilogo, atWaphin;>tnii,tho Wrstern University at Pitlsbureh,
and Alleghany collcfro at ]\Ica;lvillo, have already hecn nacccd under the
head of AVcstcrn Pcnnsyhnnin. Mr.ciiprn collefrc at Uniontown is an
institution under the care of the J\[el!'.oJist church. Mount Airy coUcgo
is fixed at Gcrmaiitown. Tlierc are Theological schools at Cctlyshurphj
York and Allegliany. The Moravian schools at the beautiful villages of
Nazareth, Bethlehem and Litiz sustain a high reputation, and are in the
most flourisliing condition. The system of instruction is of a peculiar
character, and has deserved cstiinalion for ct nforring on females an efii-
cient and useful cducatim.

Chief Toirr--. rhilac'elnliin, llie serond cify in the union, is situated
on the west bank of the Delaware, 300 miles S. W. of Boston, 90 S. W.
of New- York, 100 miles N. E. of BaUimore, and 137 miles N. E. of
Washington. It is situated on an isthmus plain between the Schuylkill
and Delaware, extending from tlie one to the other, and is about 6 miles
above their junction. It is l2o miles Ly the curves of the river from
the city to the estunry. Tiie Delaware is here a broad, imimpeded and
noble stream, ailbrdi ng water for vessels of any size; and furnishes an
admirable harbor. The cily is built in the form of an oblong square;
and is noted for the regularity, with which its streets running nortli and
south, are intersected by others at right angles, running east and west.
The streets are from 11.3 to 50 feet wide, and numbered in one direction
first, second, third, and so on; and in the other by specific names: so
that no city exists in which it is so er..sy to find a given point by the
direction. The number of squares, it is believevl, amounts to about
350.

It is unquestionably among the most manufacturing cities, all things
taken into view, in the United Stales. Among all the extensive bran-
ches, for which it is famous, paper, printing, and publishing are important
items. A great number of gazettes, periodicals and monthlies are issued;
and one quarterly critical, and another quarterly medical journal. This
city vies with Boston in the number and extent of its school and classical
books. If Boston publishes, as regards material and execution, more sub-
stantially, Philadelphia publishes cheaper, a circumstance often as impor-
tant in the extension of its books. This city has reputation, also for
the extent and excellence of its breweries.

Its literary, philosopliical and humane institutions are worthy of all
praise. The Philadelphia library owes its origin to the illustrious Frank-
lin. It contains a museum, a philosophical apparatus, the Philadelphia
library, and the Loganian library ; amounting in all to 25,000 volumes.
The American Philosophical Society, the Philadelphia society for pro

*■

ATLANTIC STATES.

moling agriculture, the tithcniDiim auu tlie academy of natural sciences,
arc all important institutions, and Ir.ivc libraries and collections. The
fiiend's library contains a vcspcctahle 0(iilcction,and the fiicnd's common
schools institution is an important and ciil.rieut one. There are among
the literary institutions i^reat numbers of Lancasterian, Sunday and in-
fimt schools. Amonc' Iho hunniic institutions is, one for the deaf and
dumb. One of the nohleytesliblishuKiits in thisorany other slate is tho
Pennsylvania Hospital. It extends a front of 273 feet, and has a large
tmiklinjT connecled with it, sulllcicnt lo contain 50 or COpalicnis. Ap-
pended to it is a beautiful <farden. Tiiero are admirable arr-.ngementa
for every thin^ appertainin/T to the comfort, and restoration of the dis-
eased both in body and mind. West's «plendid picture of Christ
healing the sick is properly kept in this institution, and for a trifling gra-
tuity shown to strangers. There are over 10 public buildings, and about
70 houses of public worsliip. TJie name:-;, uses and dimensions of some
of the public buildings f ilhiw.

The first prcsbyterian church is a ncble building as arc the episcopal
churches in eighth and tenth streets. The market is a low range of
buildings, in the middle of market street, extending from the Delaware to
eighth street. The Bank of the United States, in Chesnul street is con-
sidered the most finished specimen of pure Grecian architecture in the
union. It is of while marble with Doric columns in front. The Bank of
Pennsylvania fronts two streets with Ionic columns, and is of white mar-
ble. The state house is a large brick building in Chesnut street. Ge-
rard's bank is a bcautifid marble building vvilh Corinthian columns. The
arcade is an imposing stone structure leading from Chesnut to Lafayette
street. It is fitted up with shops, and in the second story with piazzas,
and contains Peale's museum. Tiie theatre in Chesnut street has a
marble front. The Masonic hall, a little further on, is in the Gothic
style. The Academy of arts is in Chesnut street between tenth and
eleventh. Among tho statues are the three graces of Canova; and a
gallery of pictures principally the works of American artists. The
United Stales mint is visited, as an object of general curiosity. Most of
the visitants purchase gold and silver coins struck under their eye. The
amount coined annually varies from two and a half to three million dollars.
In 1829, tho number of pieces of coin struck amounted to 7,674,501.

The Schuylkill water works are a splendid establishment, and noted
especially fur the rid; and varied prospect enjoyed from them. The
building, in which the machinery is contained, is a handsome one, and the
machinery is capable of raising 7 million gallons of water in 24 hours.
The wheels are driven by a current from a dam above. The reservoirs
are on a hill, higher than any part of the city. The pipes extend 34 or

'? .1 • '

r-''

m-'

..) * •- -

ATLANTIC STATES.

35 miles. This grand work abundantly repays the inspection. Pratt'i
Garden, in full view of the water works, is a charming place, and well
worthy to be visited. The penitentiary has the aspect of a fortress. The
wall is of granite 40 feet l\igh, and encloses a square 650 feet each way.
The Navy Hospital, 2 miles south west of the centre of the city, has a
front of 386 feet, and is 3 stories high. It is built partly of granite and
partly of marble. The Navy Yard is of great extent, and fitted up with
first rate appurtenances for building frigates, and ships of the line. The
Pennsylvania, building here, it is said, will be the largest ship^in the worla,
and it is (o carry 150 guns.

The public squares of this beautiful city strike a stranger with pleasing
emotions, from their frequency, neatness, verdure; and the number of
people promenading them. No city in vhe union can show such long
ranges of imiform and magnificent houses, as this. Chesnut street may
serve as a sample. A volume would be requisite to convey details of all
the public buildings, churches, literary and humane institutions, and in-
teresting objects, worthy of the inspection of strangers. Uniformity,
neatness and utility stand embodied as the characteristics of this great and
thriving city. Two men, whose names will be coeval with time, differing in
a thousand respects, have been enabled to stamp a blended impress of their
own peculiar intellectual character upou the aspect and institutions of
Philadelphia. The one is Franklin, the simple and sagacious expounder
of the doctrine of utility; and the other, William Penn, the memorable
patriarch, the immortal asserter of toleration, a doctrine in his time
unknown; and now as universally admitted, and lauded in theory, as it is
universally infringed and disregarded in practice. Population in 1820,
108,116. In 1830, 101,412.

The entrance of the estuary of the Delaware is defended by an artificial
breakwater, an immense work not yet completed. The artificial com-
munications of Philadelphia with the interior by turnpikes and McAdarn-
ized roads, and navigable rivers and canals, are too numerous to be dwelt
upon, except in general terms. One communication of permanent im-
portance must net be overlooked. The numerous and beautiful steam
boats that formerly plied between Philadelphia and Baltimore used
to descend the Delaware to a certain point, when the passengers de-
barked and took stages from the Delaware across the state of Delaware to
Newcastle on Chesapeake Bay. A ship canal is now cut across this
peninsula, uniting the Delaware and the Chesapeake by an uninterrupted
line of inland canal communication. This canal is 14 miles long, and is
60 feet in width at the water line. It was originally dug 8 feet in depth,
but has been increased to 10. The locks are 100 feet in length, and the
whole construction is for sloops of the largest class and schooners. The
•team boats intended to ply on this route are of the largest and most

ATLANTIC STATES.

beautiful kind. Three towns, Delaware, Chesapeake, and Bohemia havo
already sprung up on tlic route. The harbor on the Delaware is formed
by two prodigious piers running into the water. The bridges over the
canal are some of them of tJic class called swivel bridges. Over the
centre of the Deep Cut is the Summit Bridge, reaching from hill to hill,
235 feet span, and 90 feet at its key stone abo.e the level of the water.
Schooners, and the largest class of sloops pa. s underneath with their
masts standing.

Harrisburgh, the political metropolis of the state, has a pleasant site
on the east bank of the Susquehannah, nearly 100 miles N. W. of Phila-
delphia. It contains 7 or 8 public buildings, and 4 houses of public
worship. The state house is a spacious and elegant building, and makes
an imposing show. A bridge has been erected across the Susquehannah
at this place. An island divides the bridge into two divisions. The whole
length of the bridge and cause-way over the island is a mile. It contains
about 5,000 inhabitants.

Lancaster is situated in a delightfully fertile country near Conestoga
Creek, which falls into the Susquehannah ; and is connected with the
great chain of the Pennsylvania Canal. It contains 9 or 10 public build-
ings, and as many churches. Some of the public buildings, many of the
private mansions, and two of the churches are handsome buildings.
Many of the buildings are in the substantial German style of building in
Pennsylvania, of stone. It is becoming a manufacturing town. Many
of the inhabitants are Germans, and the German language is mucli spoken.
Three or four German gazettes are published in this place, and as many
in English. The canal system, by connecting Lancaster by water com-
munication with Philadelphia, has given a new impulse to this town. It
is situated 62 miles W. of Philadelphia, with which it is connected by an
admirable road, and is 30 S. E. of Harrisburgh. Population in 1820,
6,663. In 1830, 7,683.

Reading is also central to a fine agricultural country, and is situated
on the east bank of the Schuylkill, and contains a number of public build-
ings, and .5 churches. Being connected with Philadelphia by the line of
the Pennsylvania Canal, its trade is rapidly advancing. There are many
fine mills in the vicinity. Its manufactures are increasing. Hats con
stitute a large item in its manufactures. Population about 6,000.

Carlisle is an interior town, 16 miles W. of Harrisburgh, 1 14 W. of
Philadelphia, and contains 5 public buildings and 8 churches. The streets
are handsome, and the buildings chiefly of stone and brick. Dickinson
College, already mentioned, is in this place. Population is about 5,000.
Easton is a very neat town on the west bank of the Delaware, at the
junction of the Lehigh, 60 miles N. of Philadelphia. It contains a num-

1 '

ATIiANTIC STATES.

Ler of public buikliiigs, a cliurcli and an academy. Here is a handsome
bridge across tlie Delaware.

Cliamhershnrgli is filiuited on Conocochcague Creek, with striking
views of the Alle^jlianics in llic distance. The stream on which it stands
furnishes water power for many manufactories, of wliich the town already
contains a considerable number. It hns 6 public buildings, 7 churches,
and 400 dwelling houses, of which a great proportion arc brick or stone.
Blue lime stone, free stone, and marble al.ound in the vicinity. It has
turnpike communications with Pliiladelpliia, Baltimore, and Pittsburgh.
Popidation, in 1S20, was 2,4C1. Tlic nitmber, in 1830, amounted to

York is situated on Codoru's Creek, 85 miles W. of Philadelphia, and
48 N. of Baltimore, and contains public buildings and 8 churches. It
is a hancisome town in the centre of a fertile and charming country.
Population in 1820, Jj,54u, In 1J"30, 5,S07. Bethlehem is a charming
Moravian town on the Lehigh, 54 miics N. W. of Philadelphia. The
town is built of stone, and inhabited entirely by Moravians. The two
seminaries for instruction in this place enjoy a high reputation. Popula-
tion 2,000. Lehigh and Litiz are the other principal Moravian estab-
lishments in this vicinity. The principal towns in West Pennsylvania
have been already noticed. Northampton, on the Lehigh, Norristown,
on the Schuylkill, and Huntingdon, o:i the Juniata, are considerable
towns. Bedford, on the south branch of the Juniata, is the seat of the
Bedford mineral springs, and surfounded by splendid scenery. A barren
catalogue of the names of 30 other considerable villages might be given.
A single fact from the late census of 1830, will illustrate the vigorous
advance of this great state in population and importance. The aggregate
increase of 28 towns and boroughs is at the rate of 60 per cent. In
1829, 297,206 barrels of wheat flour, 39,523 of rye flour, and 1,609
hogsheads and 6,433 barrels of corn meal were inspected in Philadelphia,

It spreads a wide surface in the Ohio valley, rapidly advancing in
wealth and population , New towns are springing up in every direction.
It abounds in all the elements of wealth and power. Public opinion has
given it a strong impiilse towards manufactures, and a gigantic system of
internal improvements. Its inhabitants, though composed of all nations,
are distinguished for their orderly habits, industry, and sober progress of
thrift, and a sturdy spirit of political independence. The passing stranger
as he traverses the state, is struck with the noble roads and public works,
with the beautiful German farms and their magnificent and imperishable
stone houses, and often still more magnificent stone barns, An agricul-
tural country, alike charming ajid rich, spreads under his eye. He not
only passes many handsome towns, but is surprised with the frequent re-

Mt" *

ATLANTIC STATES. '?*,.

currence of neat and populous villages, the names of which he had met
in no itinerary cr gazetteer. He sees a country of immense agricultural
resources.

DELAWARE.

.*'''

Length D2 miles. Breadth 23, containing 2050 square miles. Be-
tween 35° 27' and 30° 50' N. L. and 1° 13' and 1° 57' E. L. Bounded
N. by Pennsylvania, E. Delaware bay and Atlantic, S. and VV. by Mary-
land.

Physical Aspect. The greater portion of the surdice is one extended
plain. The upper part of the state is undulating. Christiana heights
and Brandywine hills are rough and elevated. On the table summits be-
tween Delaware and the Chesape:».kc bays is a chain of swamps, from
which the waters descend in one direction to Chesapeake bay, and from
the other to Delaware River, Taken together, it is a fine tract of coun-
try for cultivation, and admirably adapted to the growing of wheat, the
staple of the state. Delaware flour has reputation abroad for softness
and whiteness beyond all other American flour. It is distinctly perceiv-
ed in this state, that the temperature is softening to that of the southern
states. Cypress, the timber of southern countries, abounds in the swamps.
The catalpa, persimmon and some of the laurel tribe, are found among the
forest trees. Sweet potatoes are raised without difiiculty. We know of
no ores Ibund in this state, except those of iron, which are abundant.

Divisions. Counties. Kent, Dover; Newcastle, Nexccastle; Surry,
Georgetown; Population in 1820, 72,749. In 1830, 76,739.

The state owns 13,213 tons of shipping. Its exports, passing through
Philadelphia or Baltimore, are chiefly included in the amount of exports
from those towns.

Manvfacturcs and Commerce. Brandy wine Creek in the upper part of
the state furnishes water power for great and growing manufacturing es--
tablishments. The chief articles are flour, cottons, woollens, paper and
gunpowder. Npwcastle county is the seat of the principal of those estab-
lishments. In proof of the tendency of manufacturing industry, we give
the following facts from a table of the assessed value of lands in this
county, in 1828. The whole valuation of lots, houses ar.d lands in it is
$8,086,932. Christian hundred furnishes $2,710,000, beir g out of pro^
portion richer, than any other part of the country, in consequence of the
extensive manufactures in its beautiful neighborhood. The highest value
of land is forty four dollars per acre in Christiana hundred, the most man-

in !t

^^^^¥'

frT

ATLANTIC STATES.

ufacturing district and the lowest is $7 in Appoquinimink, the least man-
ufacturing part of the slate. All the other hundreds approach nearer
the highest value, or retire from it, in proportion to their nianufacturintr
industry. The capital invested in manufactures in Delaware in 1827
was $2,500,000.

Canals. The Delaware and Chcsapoake canal runs through this state
and has already been mentioned. This state has made great exertions
to render the Susquehannah navigable, and has effected it as far as
Columbia.

Literature. The state has a school fund of ,^170,000. There are
academies at Wilmington, New Castle, Newark, Smyrna, Dover, Milford,
Lewistown and Georgetown. Schools arc established in every district
of 4 miles square. No district is entitled to any share of the school
fund, that will not raise by taxation a sum equal to its share of the income
of the fund. This state furnishes one college student fron every 11,000
of its inhabitants.

Religion. The number of fixed congregations is stated to he 55, of
these the Presbyterians are said to be the most numerous.

Chief Towns. Dover is the political metropolis. It is situated on
Jones Creek, 7 miles from its entrance into Delaware bay. It contains
4 public buildings, of which the state house is the most conspicuous, and
2 churches. The numuerof itsinhabilaiits is about 1200. Wilmington
is the largest town in the state. And is a handsome and thriving place.
It is situated between Brandywine and Christiana creeks, 1 mile above
their comfluence, and 2 miles from the Delaware, with which it has a
xtavigable communication. It is 28 miles S. W. of Philadelphia, and 70
N. E. of Baltimore. The position is high, airy and pleasant. The
number of its public buildings is 9 or 10, and it has 11 churches. It is
supplied with water from the Brandywine by water works, like those of
Philadelphia. There is a U. S. Arsenal here, and the Friends have a
boarding school of celebrity. A college was incorporated, but has
never gone into operation. This town owns more than 10,000 tons of
shipping. Its staple article of export is flour. There is a bridge over
the Brandywine, and one over the Christiana, connecting it on each side
with the beautiful surrounding country, in which it situated. The cele-
brated Brandywine flour mills are in a village a little distant from the
town. These flour mills were formerly the most numerous and import-
ant in the U. S. Those in Rochester, New-York, now vie with them.'
Within 10 miles of Wilmington there are at least 100 important manu-
factories, rendering it the largest manufacturing district in the Atlantic
country W. of Philadelphia. Great quantities of gun powder are among
the articles manufactured The population in 1820 was 5,268. The

ATLANTIC STATES.

census of 1630 ^^ivcs il (5,0:20, New Castle is situated on the we«t
bank of tlic Delawiiic. 5 miles fnim Wilmington, and 33 S. W. from
Pliiladelpliia. It rontains '2 or 3 climrlics, and some public buildings,
ncfore the Delaware and Cbesnponko canal went into operation, this used
lo be a pl;>ce of enihrnkalion for p'lssonnrcvs from Philadelphia on board
steam l;oats f )r Biillinjore. Population in 1S30 1,000. The names of
the other considoralilo vill'i^fcs in the state, follow. Newport near Chris-
tiana Creek dyals e?;tonsivcly in flour. Christiana on Christiana Creek,
5 miles S. W. of Newport, Ins a similar trade. Smyrna, Milford,
Georgetown, and Lewislown near Cape Ilenlopen light house are towns
of some imiiortancc, * '

Ilifitory. This slaio was first sot (led by a colony of Swedes and Fins,
[t then passed under the autliority of the Dutch, from whom it was trans-
ferred to tiie English. Aftcrwi'.rds it was made a part of the peaceful
domain of William Penn. Next to Rhode Island, it has the smallest
area of any state in tiie union.

MARYLAND, .

.■ IT.

LiiNOTii 119 miles. Breadth 91. (Containing 10,800 square miles.
Between 38° and 315° 43' N. Latitude, and between 2° 31' W. and
1° 58' E. longitude. Bounded N. by Pennsylvania. E. by Delaware
and the x\tlantic, and S. by Virginia.

Counties. Chief Towns. Alleghany, Cumberland; Ann Arundel,
Annapolis; Baltimore, BitUimore.; Calvert, Prince Frederickton; Caro-
line, Denton; Charles, Vort Tobacco; Cecil, ElJdon, Dorchester,
Cambridge; Frederick, Frcdcrirh {city]) Harford, Belle Air; Kent,
Chestertojcn , Montgomery, i^or/t'iu/Zc; Prince George, Upper Marlboro;
Queen Ann, CcntrcxnUc; St. Alary, Lconardtown; Somerset, Princess
Anne; Talbot, Easton; Washington, Ilagcrstown; Worcester, Snow
Hill. Population in 1820 407,350— in 1830 446,913.

Physical aspect. The maritime belt pf this state is penetrated far
into the interior by Chesapeake Bay, as a vast river, dividing it into 2
distinct portions, called the eastern and western shore. These shores
include ii level, low and alluvial country, perrnealed by tide, rivers and
creeks, and like the same tracts of country farther south, subject to inter-
mittents. The genuine white wlioat, which is supposed to be peculiar
to this state, is raised on the eastern shoie. Above the tide waters the
land becomes agreeably undulating. Beyond this commence the differ-
ent ranges of the Alleghanies with their numerous peaks. The vallies
Vol. II. 10

-.,'A.

-'i.-.:

ATLA^TIC RT.VTr.S.

between Ihcm nre of a loamy niul rich soil, yielding fino wheat, and all

lift . the productions of the middle slatos, lo,^clhr!r with6:ime of those of the

soutiiern country. Tiie nalionul roiid pipscs through the wide and fertile

vallies, in which Frcdcricktow n and ITnpcrslown are situated, being broad

belts of the same admirable soil, which is seen in Lancaster county,

"Pennsylvania. The n;inio3 (if the princi|>r.l ridges are South Mountain,

the Blue Ridge, Rny'a Hill, Sideling Ilill, Savage Mountain, Evil's

Hills and Alleghany Mountains. Retweon tlicso mountains and hills

are clear and transparent waters. The air is clastic and the climate

salubrious. ' > >

f ProdvcHons. Tlio {rreat ?tnplc of this state is wheat. The second

staple is tobacco. TIkt soil and climate are admirably adapted to the

cultivation of all the fruits of tl:n temperate climates. The proportion of

hickory trees in the forests is gie:itcr than in the northern states. The

woods abound in that production, callcii inast, on which the swine fatten.

Sweet potalccs aio raised in abundance, and some cotton for domestic

"^ use. In the swamps the cypress is common, and the catalpa is indig-

* enous.

Rivers. The Potonr.c, which divides this slate from Virginia, will
be described under the hc.id of that state. The Susquehannah, passing
through it, has already been described. The principal rivers, that have
their courses in this stale, are the Choptank, which rises in Delawure,
4, and falls into the ChesapciUe. Nanticokc rises also in Delaware from
several branches, and likewise empties into the Chesapeake. Patapsco
River might with more propriety be called an inlet. Several branches
empty into Patapsco cretk, which falls into the bay about three miles
^^ below Baltimore. From Baltimore to Chesapeake Bay the Patapsco alTords
good navigation for vessels of a considerable size. Sassafras River,
Manokin, Pocomoke, Deer, Brush, Gunpowder and Black rivers are
streams with short courses, that empty into Chesapeake Bay. Severa
empties into the bay at Aimajjolis, of which it forms the harbor. Patuxent
river falls into the bay 30 miles below Annapolis. A number of small
streams fall in the Potomac into this state. Of these the principal are St.
Mary's Wicomico, Port Tobacco, Mataworaan, Piscataway and Eastera
Branch, The latter stream falls into the Potomac below Washington.
The great Cumberland road passes over the Monococy, Antietam and
Conococheague, Beside these, Licking, Conoloway, Sideling hill, Town,-
Evil's and Will's creeks rise in Pennsylvania, and run into this state.
• Climate. The maritiihe belt of this stale belongs rather to the south-
ern than the northern states. It is the commencement of that belt ot
alluvial plain, which spreads to the remotest extent of the southern coun-
try. The summer climate of this region cannot be accounted healthy.

* ATLANTIC hr.VTKii. ••tf§

the waters LeingHlufi nil lit, and the surface yioldinir fonh miusm. Th«
higher portions of the stato htivo u salubrious and dfli«,'htful climate.

Religion. The Roman Catholics are tliu most numerous denumina
tion. The other sects are r.iirly roprcscntcf!.

Literature. The University of Marylantl, St. Mary's, und Baltimore
college are all in Baltimore. There are 20 incorporated academies ia
the state, each ofwhicli receives {^'SOO a yo-.u'from the state treasury. A
law appointing primary schools and gciiir:il instruction, was enacted in
18ii5; but has not been carried into oiibct so extensively, as could have
been desired. The university of Maryland was orii-iiuilly a medical
school. An academical department has been added. It has a spacious
and elegant building and ample endowments; and the medical college ia
highly respectable in its standing. St. Mary's college a catholic institu-
tion, has a number of buildin.;j,s, considerable cnclowmenlH, and about 150
student.*, much younger than the mcmhors of colU'i^os in general. At-
tached to the institution is a theological soniinary.

Exports. In and about Baltimore, and in tlij i Icher and niore popu-
lous districts west of it the products of the customary American manu
fac lures are very rospectable in amount. But Maryland, being, a slave
owning state, is chiefly devoted to agriculture. The principal exports
are flour, tobacco, pig iron, some lumber, and grain. Tliey amounted
in 1829 to .$4,S01,4G3. Tlie shippiiig was 170,1)17 tom^

Roads and Canal':. There arc a jiuniber of long turnpikes in the
state; particularly one cjunecting with thj ntlionul or Cumberland road f
and constituting the great thoroughfare to the v.'cstcrn country. •^*''

The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal cdmmenccs at the Potomac in the
Federal city, and j)roneeds along the river near the limits of Maryland
and Virginia; and is laid out to pass through tlie higlilands, and over
the Alleghanies, not far from the rout-i of the great national road, to
meet the Ohio at or near Pittsburgh. Among the three great national
works, to connect the Atlantic waters with the Ohio, and two of which
r.re nearly completed, this is by no means the least stupendous. In
fertility of the country through which it wi.l pass, in the romantic
grandeur of the scenery, and ia the importance of the results that may
be expected, it will probably equal either. An unfortunate litigation
between this corporation and that of tlie Baltimore and Ohio rail way
has retarded the progress of this canal. About 50 miles of the route
are completed. The whole surveys have been made, and various exca-
vatious on the line beyond commenced. A lateral cut from Frederick-
town to this canal has been authorized, and surveyed by the state. The
whole length of the route, when completed, must considerably exceed
300 miles. ^mm

111,11!

-iiii

'"m

ill

ATFrANTIC STATKS.

The Baltimore and Ohio Jl:iil Uorul in Ity Tir tlio innst stdpeiK.'ous
national work of the kind cvrr iin(k>r1:il<en in thin or any olhor country.
The length of the route must bu noiu'ly ;30() niih'M. 'i'ho.ol<!Viitioii to ho
overcome, on thohi,','ht'st cfiilrnl point of the lino aliovo the termination
at Baltimore, is SiSf) fret. ]''r()ni Jlijiirmno to Cunilicrhind the inclin;i-
tion will be about 15 feet and 10 in- h( s ii niih'; and Ihctico to the Oliio
about 5 foot 2 inchoa u mile. Th(! route I'loni JJiiitimore to the Potumac,
of 60 miles, will have but a sin;:;in f^inninit rcquirintf stationary power.
Thence up the Potomac valley, a rnuto 1>J0 inile.s firther will rc(iuire none.
The first section of the road to Kllicott's Mills, on thortitapsco, 11} uiiUis
from the city, has been ilnishcd h ;n>o time, rnd otiicr sections are in u
state of progress near to completion. On this route every mode of j)as-
sageby horse-car power, and liicornolivestoai.i-car power, anil wind |>owei
by sails has been adopted. Altiiough tiio speed of a mile in a minute,
which has been cflcctcd on the I.ivorp.jol i:nd JMauciu^ler rail way, has
not been attempted on this, IkiII' that distam-e has often I een alfuincd.
A single steam car will trantiport N ciuvsaud 150 pas^sengcrs tlic distance
of 13 miles in about 80 minutes, a speed and power as patent as could ho
desired. To judge of the cai)ahilities of hucIi u rail v,i\y, we state a fact
in relation to the Liverpool and P.Iaiichcslev rail road. The distance be-
tween the two towns is 32 milct;. An cjitire ship's cargo, consisting of
1,200 bales of cotton, was conveyed by two en;'iues froui Liverpool to
Manchester in two hours !

The route of this stupendous undertaking is through a country abound-
ing in every variety of splendid scenery, that mountains, vallics, cascades,
livers, forests, and the wildness of natinc in her mountainous retreats can
furnish. Neither Alexander, Hannibal, or Napoleon ever meditated a
more gigantic undertaking. What a conception to imagine the thousands
of teams that will travel on this road, each conveying half a ship load,
continually gliding along the iron rail way, bound in oj)posite directions,
propelled along their everlasting course up the hills and down the vallies,
by a power apparently as untiring as the rivers that roll by, or the lapse
of time, and with a flight almost to emulate the eagle soaring above!
The expense of the route, where it has been completed and double
tracked, exceeds the average of $40,000 a mile. The average expense
of the whole route will be much less. The CarroUton viaduct on the
route is a stupendous work, and supposed to be the noblest piece of mason
work which our country can show. The Jackson Bridge, Deep Cut,
Great Embankment, Gadsby's Run V^iaduct, Patterson Viaduct, and the
cut through Buzzard's Rock are vast works already accomplished. What
sublime views will the whole route over the Alleghanics and to the Ohio
furnish!

ATLANTIC STATES.

Uipendoiis

roimtry.

tioit to l>o

jvminiUion

10 inclin:i-

till) Ohio
( I'otniuac,
iry power.
[mm none.
(>, llJnnlos
ns lire in u
jde of pas-'
kvind power

11 M inin\ite,
il way, has
a iilluincd.
[he distance
as could 1)0

1 state a fact
distance bc-
:onsisling of
Liverpool to

iitry abound-
DS, cascades,
retreats can
meditated a
le thousands
a shipload,
|e directions,
the vallies,
or the lapse
Ting above!
and double
[age expense
aduct on the
lece of mason
Deep Cut,
luct, and the
ished. What
to the Ohio

A rail road from York-llavcii to tli<j Siisrpiclinnnali has been undertaken
by the logisliiture of Miirylni;!. The; distimco i.s (50 miles, and the esti-
mated cost 7,r)0() dollars n rnilo. This will connect with the Siisfpichan-
nali and Philadelphia lv;iil I'ond. 'J'lio Frciidi Town and Kv.w Cnstio
Rail Road is laid out, and tiie stofk taken. Various other rail ways nro
in contemplation. When these ;:rcat works shall he completeil, Maryland
will probably come in for her full sham of the trade of (ho western country.
Both the great canal and rail way routes traverse a country of great fertil-
ity, abounding in exhaustless bo.Is of coal and iron ore. Marble and free
stone sullicicnt to build up all the cities in tlu; Union, abound on the
route. No elements of national wealth can well ho iniayinod, that these
works are not calculated to develop to an unlimited extent.

Chief Tomns. Baltimore, the commercial capital of Maryland, is the
third city in the Union in point of population and extent. It is situated
on the north shore of the Patapsco, 14 miles above its entrance into
Chesapeake Bay, ICO S. W. of New York, 100 S. W. of Philadelphia,
and 37 N. E. of Washington. No Atlantic city has had so rapid a growth.
It naturally commands the trade of a great and growing interior country,
comprising Maryland, parts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the western
country. Vessels of (iOOtons can comn to the wharves at Old Town and
Fell's Point. But vessels over 200 tons burden cannot come quite up to
the compact part of the city shore. Six or seven bridges, some of them
elegant and of stone, connect Old Town with the city. In other respects
the harbor is admirably adapted for trade, and is remarkable for the num-
ber of vessels that arrive and depart. The mouth of the harbor is a strait
effectually guarded hy Fort McIIenry. The marshes in and about the
city have been filled up, and various improvements for health and utility
adopted, among which may be mentioned supplying the city with water
from public fountains.

The area of the town is a square of 4 miles, divided into 12 wards.
It contains 25 public buildings, and 40 places of worship, in which the
common denominations are all represented.

The Roman Catholic Cathedral is a spacious and magnificent building,
the largest, it is believed, in the United States. A beautiful painting of
the taking of Christ from the Cross is shown in it. The Unitarian
church is a large and beautiful one, as is St. Paul's cliurch. The
Exchange is a vast building 36G feet by 140, with 4 wings. The
Athenasum is a spacious and beautiful structure. The Union Bank is
one of the most showy buildings of the kind. The Penitentiary is on a
great seale, and under excellent management. The hospital is distin-
guished for the extent and excellence of its anatomical apparatus, having
generally from 150 to 200 patients. Among the conspicuous objects are

wvm

ATLANTIC STATCtf.

its inoiiiiiiunti. TIk; Wusliiii<rtoa MuuunuMit iii a innrblo colurnu in
lltjwunl Park, 175 Hot lii<,'li. 'I'lic huso or pctlost.il in f)() focf. Kiuart',
ni)(l '^0 fi'ot liii;h, mid lln^ coliiinn It fcut in diaiiiotcr tittlin Hiimmil, aiul
20 nt tlio foot. 'J'iii; Hattio Moniirneiit is raisiul in nioniory ufthoiic who
fell in (IrlL'ncf of llic rily in tlio JJritisli attack of INI 1. At tho corner
of Front and PiltslrciMsis a nliot lower, tlin inoHtconspicnons object in u
distant view id' iIk' clfy. It is *J,'M fci't liiyh. IJirnntn's Ifotcl is onoof
the most s|)k'n'liil in the I'nitod States, heinj] li^ill feet front, by 100 in
«le|)lh. The I'ublir, |''ount;iin isn sprini,' foiinlairj of water in the western
part of the city shiulcd with tredn, and surroiindedby a pnblic s(|uarc.
In th'j snllry inonthsi it is a i>l:t<'e of ijreat rt'smt. BMJlinioro has been su
rcconlly settled, llr.it its vicinity is mere wcoded, and Ims sc^enory of moro
freshness tlmn siinonnds Anici ican cities in }>cnerab The approaches to
it are of siirpassin<j[ l.eaiily; and in rc/jfard to position, and tho configura-
tion of its area for eonvenienco, s!iow or havin<f ila streets cleaned by tho
rains no place in America exceeds it. A considerable part of tho city is
bnilt up with tho same regularity as Fhihulelphia. A great number of
the houses are elegant, and on tho whole tho city ol' monuments strikes
tho eye of a stranger as a beatitifiil |)lace. it issues 7 or H jrazottes, and
has 100 consiJerable niaindiictoi'iea of one kind or another. In 1830
were insi)ected r>77,S04 barrc-ls of wheal Hour, 4,43(5 barrels rye flour,
TjfjH hogsheads, and 5,^158 barrels of corn meal. ropuliition, in 185iO,
02,738. In 1N3(), >S0,rjli\ Annapolis is tho political metropolis of tho
slate, and is situated on the weslcru side of llu; estuary of tho Severn,
28 miles S. E. of IJaltimore, and 10 N. 10. of Washington. It has a
spacious and eleiraiii couit Ikhisc, which is the only conspicuous building
in it. It has 2 cliiiiclies, and alioul 3,000 inhabitants. Fredcricktown,
on a branch of the Moiidcocy, is a largo and plnasuit interior town, 45
miles W. of Hallimore, and 43 N. W. of Washington. It contains 6
public buildings aiul 7 churches. Intermixed with the beautiful and
spacious private and puldic biiildiiig.s are not a few log houses, memorials
of the recent woods, from which ihcir limber was hewn. It is a peculi-
arity in the modes of this place, that tiic markelin;}; is finished before
sunrise. It is in tho centre of a very pleasant and fertile country; and
when the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal shall be finished, will have a direct
beatable water communication with the (Chesapeake. It issues 4 gazettes,
and has bclween 4 and 6,000 inhabit:uils. IJagcrslown is a very neat
town, regularly laid out on-Anliotam Creek. It contains 4 public build-
ings, and 4 houses of public worship, 2 of which are handsome. The
town is built chiefly of wood or stone. iMany of the inhabitants arc Ger-
mans. It issues 2 gazettes, and has about 4,000 inhabitants. Cumberland
in a conpidernble village on the \. hank of the Potomac, at the rommence-

«!fi*VA

ATLANTIC STATKH.

mentof the nntiunil road. It itt 70 iitilcii VV. uf Ilii<TorB!own, and 130
f], of Wheolinjj. It coiitniiia 4 piihlic l)uili in^;i, nud -I rliiiitlu's. An
iininonsc abundni.cn of utono roul in fjinfl in I In; vicinity. ilaiirocl<, on
iho most iiortliorn \'vn<\ of llio P«)li)in;H.s nrnr tlii; IN'niisylvaniii lino, i»
nlflo^ns well ua the tiircc hflt mentioned towns, v\\ llio i\atlonal lioiul^
and id nn important villn^e. Tlio naiiK h of tlu^ other eonHideriihlo vilhigui
in this Btnto follow; Klktori, rrenclitnwn, Clrirle.Htown, ('licskTlown,
Kaslon, Middlolon, Salisbury, Prineess Amic, and Snowliill. Tlieso uro
on the eastern uhore: llure do (iracc, Belhi-Air, Harford, IJl;u!ensl)iirgh,
Port Tobacco and Lcoimrdtown nie on the wcijtcrn shore.

Manners of the People. Maryland was ori;,'inally ii jloman (y'atholic
settlement, made by lord Baltimore. Dee]) tnices <if the inniience of the
Roman Calliolie worship nre inwrought into tho nrinners of the pcoplo.
The elToct of slavery on a largo scale is fuM perceplible as we advance
south in this state. Tiie edncalcil citi/yns have a ^irencroua frankness of
manners, oxcoeilinrrly atlriictivo to stran^uMS, and worthy of all praise.

Distriet of Columbia. This is a tra<M ten miles sipunv on both sides of
the Potomac, under the peculiar jnristhclion cf the general /Government,
and w llio seat of that j,'ovcrnment. It contains two counties, Washing
ton, Washington and (rcorgctovn ; Alexandria, AUwandriu. Pojuda-
Uon in 18'->0, 33,03D. In INJiO, :}«),r)SH.

Washington, the metropolis of the United Slates is situated on the Ma-
ryland side of the Potomac, by the curves of the river and the bay 21)5
miles from the Atlantic, about intennodialc between it and the Ohio, and
not far from intermediate between the northern and southern divisi. ns of
the union; in 38" f)?' N. L. and 77<^ 2' W. F.. from Greenwich. Its po-
sition is between the Eastern Branch and the Potomac. Rock Creek
divides it from Georgetown, with which it is connected by 4 bridges j and
the Potomac separates it from Alexandria, with which it is connected by
n bridge of more than a milo in length. A canal following the course of
the Tyber, a small stream that runs through Washington, connects tho
Potomac with the Eastern Branch. The space, on which the city is
built, is high, airy, commanding and salubrious; and, as but a small part
of it is yet covered with buildings has the aspect of a succession of
opulent villages in the midst of the country. The original plan
was a regular, but a singular, one. The streets were laid out to
radiate in right lines from the capitoI, as a centre. This i)lan has
been but imperfectly carried but. Some of the smaller streets are desig-
nated by the iotters of the alphabet. It presents the appearance of 3
distinct villages, the navy yard village, C'lpilol hill village; and the Penn
sylvania Avenue, which is the must showy and compact part of the
city. The Capitol presents an im[)'>singm.ifisof 3ri2 feet front, and the

mmi

ATLANTIC STATUS.

wings 121 feet in depth. The eastern projection is 65 feet and the
western 88. The building covers nearly an acre and three qnnrters.
The centre of the dome is 95 feet high. It is handsomely terraced in
front, and occtipies a hill, which renders it a conspicuous object for sev-
eral miles in the distance. It is built of beautiful freestone, adorned
with massive stone columns in dificrcnt styles of architecture. It is too
large to have its proportions fully apprehended by the eye, when viewed
near at hand. It is seen in the best light at the distance of half a mile,
and its white columns illumined by the mild radiance of the setting sun.
The rcpresentalive^/s chamber is a magnificent semicircular apartment,
supported by bluish polished stone columns, lighted from above. The
greatest length of tho representative's room is 05 feet. The senate cham-
ber is a similar, but smaller apartment 74 feet in length. The height of
the former is 60 feet, and that of the latter only 40. In the centre of the
building is the Rotunda, 98 feet in diameter, and the same number of
.feet in height. It is orniimented wilh national paintings, representing
the surrender at Saratoga and Yorktown, the declaration of Indepen-
dence, and Washington resigning his commission. Each of these paint-
ings is 12 feet by 18. There are also relievos in marble representing
Pocahontas rescuing Captain Smith from death, the landing of the pil-
grims at Plymouth, one of Penn's treaties wilh the Indians, and a battle
between Boone anc two Indians. This noble and magnificent apartment
is of white marble, and lighted from the dome. Men on the pediment
seem dwindled to atoms, and the slightest noise creates echoes, which re-
verberate upon the ear with a grand and surprising effect. Its solitude,
during the recess of congress, gives these deafening echoes a peculiar
impressiveness. It would require no great effort of the imagination, to
suppose them the shades of the interminable speeches uttered during the
session lingering behind, in the absence of the orators, like clouds, in the
phrase of scripture, returning after the rain. A most splendid view is
enjoyed from the topof thecapitol, commanding avast s'.vecp of country,
the noble Potomac, and handsome mansions embowered in the distant
groves. The beautiful area, in which the Capitol is situated, is sur-
rounded by an avenue of young trees, which will soon give the softening
of verdure and shade to the view of this imposing structure. The whole
expense of the Capitol and appurtenances was not far from $2,000,000.
The President's house is an elegant mansion, 170 feet front, and 85
deep, and built of the same material wilh the Capitol. The entrance
hall leads into the drawing room, where are the levees, upon which occa-
sions two other .magnificent apartments are thrown open, all easily ac-
cessible to strangers. The offices for ihe departments of state are 4
spa''ious brick edifices, in which are kept the papers, records, archives

•«*

ATLANTIC STATES.

and offices of the several departments. The general post office is a large
brick edifice, nearly a mile northwest of the Capitol, in which are kept
the offices of the post office establishment, the general land office, and the
patent office, in which more than 2,000 patents are shown, among which
^re a great many useful and useless inventions. The Navy Yard is sit-
uated on the Eastern Branch, and has all the appurtenances for building
ships of the largest size. The city hall is 251 feet long by 50 in breadth.
Congress' library is now kept in the Capitol, and contains from 8 to
10,000 volumes. The Columbian college has an extent of 117 feet by
47, is situated on elevated ground, and is a lofty building, calculated to
accommodate 100 students. There are a number of other public build-
ings, and 14 houses for public worship. Population 13,823.

Georgetown is separated from Washington by Rock Creek ; and from
its proximity seems to the eye to make a part of the city. It contains 8
public buildings and 5 churches. It is a handsomely built and flour-
ishing town with considerable trade. It contains a respectable Catholic
literary institution, called Georgetown college, which has two spacious
edifices, containing a library of 7,000 volumes, and ha' g an average
number of 150 students. Population 8,441.

Alexandria is included in the District of Columbia, though 6 miles
distant from Washington, and the Potomac interposing between them
in passing to it from Washington, with a bridge over it more than a
mile in length. The remaining distance is an almost uninhabited
plain. It contains 12 or 15 public buildings, and 8 churches. The
streets are regular and the squares rectangular. It is favorably situated
for commerce, at the head of tide water on the Potomac. The amount
of )ts trade is respectable, and it has between 15 and 16,000 tons of
shipping. The progress of this neat and ancient town has been for a
long time almost stationary. It is expected that the Ohio and Chesa-
peake canal, with which it is connected, will communicate to it a new im
pulse of prosperity. Population in 1820, 8,216. In 1830, 8,221.

'i'\!'''f'i" t'-'.\

VIRGINIA.

Length 320 miles; breadth 200; containing 64,000 square miles.
Between 36° 40' and 40° 39' N. L.; and Q° 34' W., and 1° 20' E. L.
Bounded N. by Pennsylvania and Maryland; E. by the Atlantic; S. by
North Carolina and Tennessee; W. by Kentucky; N. W. byOhto.
Vol. II . 11

ATLANTIC STATES.

•if.

Counties. Chief Toxms.
Accomac, Accomac C. H.j
Albemarle, Charlottesville ;
Alleghany, Covington;
Amelia, Amelia;
Amherst, Amherst;
Augusta, Staunton 5
Bath, Hot Springs;
Bedford, Liberty;
Berkley, Martinsliurghf »
Botetount, Fincastle;
Brooke, Wellsburgh;
Brunswick, Lawrenceville ;
Buckingham, Buckingham «
Cabell, Cabell C.H.;
Campbell, Lynchburgh;
Caroline, Bowling Green ;
Charles City, Charles City C. II.;
Charlotte, Charlotte C. II. ;
Chesterfield, Chesterfield C. IL;
Culpepper, Culpepper C. IL ;
Cumberland, Cumberland C. IL;
Dinwiddie, Dinwiddle C. IL;
Elizabeth City, Hampton;
Essex, Tappahannoc;
Fairfax, Fairfax C. H. ;
Fauquier, Warrenton;
Flucanna, Columbia;
Franklin, Rocky Mount}
Frederic, Winchester;
Giles, Giles C.H.;
Gloucester, Gloucester C. IL ;
Goochland, Goochland C. H.;
Grayson, Grayson C H.;
Greenbriar, Greenbriar C. IL;
Greenville, Ilicksford;
Halifax, Halifax C. H.j
Hamp-;hire, Romn. ;v ;
Hanover, Hanover C. H.;
Hardy, Moorefields;
Harrison, Clarksburghj
Henrco, Richmond;

Counties. Chief Towns.
Henry, Martinsville;
James City, Williamsburgh;
Jefferson, Charlestown ;
Kcnhawa, Kenhawa C. IL;
King «fc Queen, King«fcQueen C H.-
King George, King George C. IL;
King William, King William C. H,;
Lancaster, Lancaster C. IL|
Lee, Joncsville;
Lewis, Weston;
Logan, Logan C. IL;
Loudon, Lecsburghj
Louisa, Louisa C. IL*
Lunonburgh, Lunenburgh C. H.;;
Madison, Madison ;
JMasDn, Point Pleasant;
Matthews, Matthews C. U.f
JNIecklenbiirgli, Boydtonj
Middlesex, Urbana;
Monongalia, Moigantovvn|
Monroe, Union;
Montgomery, Christiansburg})^
Morgan, Oakland;
Nansemond, Suffblkj
Nelson, Lovington ;
New Kent; New Kent C. H.|
Nicholas, Nicholas C. H.|
Norfolk, Norfolk;
Northampton, Eastville ;
Northumberland, Northumberland;
Nottaway, Nottaway C. H. j
Ohio, Wheeling;
Orange, Orange;
Patric, Patric C. H.j
Pendleton, Franklin;
Pittsylvania, Pittsylvania C* H*
Pocahontas, Huntersville|
Powhatan, Scottsville;
Preston, Kingwood;
Prince F/ward, Prince Edwardf
Prince George, City Pointf

11. ;

^ueen C H.|
orge C. II.;
illiam C. H,;
3. H.J

rghaH.j

)wni

nsburg!j;r

C. H.f

lumberland,'
Hi

nia C* H*

! Edward f
oint:

ATLANTIC STATES-

Princess Anne, Princess Anne C n;Staflbid, Staflbrd;

Prince William, Brcnlsvillc;
Randolph, Beverly ;
Riclimond, Richmond C. II.;
Rockbridge, Lexington;

Rockingham, Ilarrisonburgh ;
Russell, Lebancn;
Scott, Estillville;
Shenandoah, Woodstock;
Southampton, Jerusalem;
Spottsylvania, Fredericksburgh ;
Population in 1S20, 1,005,360

Surry, Siury C H.;
Sussex, Sussex C. H.;
Tsizcwell, Tazewell C.H.;
Tyler, Middlebourne;
Warwich, Warwich C. H.;
W-ishington, Abingdon ;
Westmoreland, Westmoreland C H;
Wood, Parkersburgh;
Wythe. Wythe C.H.;
York, York town.
In 1S30, 1,211,266.
Physical Aspect. A wide maritime belt from the shore of the sea to
the head of tide waters, is of maritime formation, low, level, sandy, and
not rich, except the alluvial borders of the rivers, which have a loamy and
fertile soil, producing the rankest vegetation. This district, during the
sultry months, is exposed to intermittents and bilious complaints. Thence
to the Blue Ridge is level, inclining to undulating, and from that to a
rough surface, The vallies between the mountains are generally fertile-
It has been remarked, that the rich and the poor counties of the state lie
in parallel belts. But in such a wide tract of country, stretching from
the sea across the Atlantic belt, over the mountains, and thence to the
Ohio, embracing more than half the breadth of the Union, and comprising
every variety of sea plain, alluvial plain, mountain table summits, and
cedar declivities, deep vallies, and large districts of the Ohio valley, and
every quality of soil from the best to the worst, every diversity of config-
uration might naturally be expected to be found. We have already
spoken of Western Virginia. Atlantic Virginia will compare favorably,
as to fertility of soil, with the states south of her. The mountain peaks
of the AUeghanies, which run through the state as in Pennsylvania, are
the Blue Ridge, the Peaks of Otter, North Mountain, Clinch, Cumber-
land, Chesnut Ridge, and Gauley Mountains.

Rivers. The principal Atlantic Rivers are Potomac, Shenandoah,
Rappahannoc, Mattapony, Pamnuky, York, James, Rivanna, Appomat-
loxe, Elizabeth, Nottaway, Meherrin, Staunton and Roanoke.

The Potomac rises among the Alleghany Mountains. It runs a N.
E. course approaching Pennsylvania, receives the Shenandoah, and makes
its celebrated pass through South Mountain. At the city of Washington
it is over a mile in width. It empties into Chesapeake Bay about 90
miles below the city. Its course, including its curves, is between 3 and
400 miles. In its whole length it constitutes the boundary between
Maryland and Virginia. James River rises in the same range of moun-

TT'i-l^-

I v*

d^,

^#'

ATIi ANTIC STATES.

tains, 60 miles S. of the sources of llie Potomac. It breaks throuch
three ridges of mountains .in its course, and falls into the Chesapeake
near Norfolk. It meets the tide at Richmond, and its whole course is
over 300 miles. Artificial improvements have rendered more than 200
miles of this distance boatable. Roanoke rises in the AUeghanies near
the sources of James River, and pursuing a S. E. direction, enters North
Carolina. Rappahannoc rises in the Blue Mountains from two branches,
which unite below Fredcricksburgh. It falls into Chesapeake Bay TO
miles below that place. York River is formed by the junction of Matta*
pony and Pamunky, 27 miles above York, and falls into Chesapeake
Bay 15 miles below that town. Large vessels ascer^d it to the junction
of the two streams. Roanoke River is formed by the junction of the
Dan and Staunton, and runs 100 miles in this state, before it passes into
North Carolina. Shenandoah rises near Staunton, and winds near the
base of the Blue Mountain, uniting wifii tlie Potor.iac immediately before
its passage through the Blue Ridge. The Potomac South Branch rises
in the AUeghanies, and after a N. E. cou)::f! of 100 miles, unites with the
other branch below Old Towh. This state is traversed by so many con-
Biderable streams, that pursue parallel courses through the level Atlantic
belt, and the navigation of these stre^.-d has lieen so much improved by
artificial means, that most of the transport of the state is by water, and
commerce is in this way brought to the doors of the people.

Productions. In this medial climate, and this formation of sea, river,
and detritus of mountains, embracing all varieties of elevation, from the
low sand plain, on a level with the sea, to the Alpine heights of the mouii'
tains, a rich flora would naturally be expected. In passing trom Norfolk
to the Ohio, a naturalist will detect most of the trees, shrubs, and plants,
that can be found in North America. The unlearned traveller over the
AUeghanies will be struck with the view of strange plants and flowers in
the vernal months, which will impress him with the pleasure of surprise
from the novelty of their form, scent and hues. This is, probably, the
richest region in the Union in medicinal plants. Among those most
abundant and best known, are ginseng and snake root. To the produc-
tions common to the northern and middle states, tliis state adds the sweet
potatoe, the finest tobacco, and in the soutliern parts cotton, as a crop.
The productions of the north and the south, apples and wheat, cotton and
tobacco meet here, as in Tennessee in the western country Tlio temper-
ature, soil, and circumstances, are supposed to be favorable in the higliest
degree to the cultivated grape and the silk mulberry.

Minerals and Fossils. In these respects Virginia is considered the
richest state in the Union. Quarries of the most beautiful marble and
freestone, blue lime atone, pit coal and iron ore are found in inexhaustible

*■

ATIiANTIC STATES.

abundance, and in places too numerous to be designated. Black lead,
lead ore, rock crystal, amctliysts and emeralds are discovered. Porcelain
clay and cbalk are common, and almost all the useful fossils. At Bath,
in the central part of the state, are the Warm Springs, the ordinary tem-
perature of which is 90° Fahr. The Hot Springs, G miles distant, are
112°, and varying in temperature, will sometimes boil an egg. The
Sulphur Springs are situated among the mountains. They are resorted
to by rheumatic patients with great benefit. The Sweet Springs in Bote-
tourt county are strongly charged with carbonic acid gas, and are also a
place of resort. The elastic air, the exciting scenery, and the exercise of
climbing the mountains, probably exert more salutary influence upon the
numerous patients that resort to these springs, than the healing efficacy of
the waters. The public are sufFicicntly informed, that an extensive belt
of hill and and mountainous country, in which gold is found in every
form, commences in this state, nearly in the midland regions, and extends
S. W. many hundred miles. Although this state is not the richest in
these newly discovered beds of gold, yet, as the belt begins here, a few
general remarks upon the gold region in general belong to this place.
Commencing in Virginia, it extends S. W. through North Carolina^
nearly bisecting the state, and passing through the northern section of
South Carolina, and thence through the upper part of Georgia in a N.
W. direction, and through Alabama, ending in Tennessee. The mines
in North Caroline^ and Georgia are most wrought. In North Carolina,
in the counlies of Burke and Rutherford, are the chief sections where
gold washinff is practiced. In Mecklenburgh, Rowan, Davidson, and
Cabarras, in North Carolina, are the richest gold mines. In working
these mines the ore is perfectly pulverised, and mixed with mercury,
which extracts every particle of it, and forms an amalgan. The mercury
is then driven off' in an alembic, leaving the gold perfectly pure.
The gold washing is a simple and easy occupation ; but the mining
requires great practical knowledge and experience, and not a little
science. The sinking shafts and forming horizontal perforations,
or fortifying galleries to reach the veins, are operations in which, without
much geological knowledge, money and labor will be thrown away to no
purpose. The richest veins have a dip of 42 degrees to the horizon, and
vary in width from a few inches to several feet. They are not, as in other
countries, confined to bills, but are often found in the vallies. The veins
are often parallel to each other at unequal distances. Shafts have been
s ink to the depth of 120 feet. The mines have not been worked to any
extent for more than 5 years.

The mills for grinding the ore, are propelled by water, or steam. They
ere in great numbers, A single establi.ijiment employs 500 hands. The

ATI- ANTIC STATES.

whole nutnLer of miners in estimated to Ln over 20,000. But a smnll
proporti m of the {fold roadit's the I'liite:! Sditos mint. 'I'iic fjreatcrpart
is sent to Kuropd, particularly to Pari?. A c()nsi(!eral)lo proportion of
the labourinj^ minors are forci^fuers. 'J'iiirtcon languages are spoken at
the chief uiines. Most of them can e;irn enough in three days of the
week to enable them to spend the roniaininjj four in dissipation. It
may be ima^jineil, that the morals of such miners, perfectly free and
unrestrained, will be (h^ploiably h\d. The opening of the mines indubit*
ably proves, tint thoy wore known in piist ages. Crucil)le3 and other
mining instruments have been rc])ealeilly discovered, muler circumstan-
ces to preclude tlie possibility of their having been left there by descend-
ants of tlie European races. The largest masses of solid gold have been
found in this mining district, that have ever been discovered in value
from SOUK) thousand dollars to 2 or IJOO. Pieces of 2 ounces weight are
not unfiequently found. They are of unusual fineness, and seem to
have been thrown oil" from their ores by fusion.

Canals. Extensive improvements have been made in the navigation
of the Potomac, Shenandoah, and James Rivers, by dams and canals
round their falls. The Hoard of public n-or/iS have reported the practi-
cability of connecting James River with the Ohio by a canal. The
Chesapeake and Ohio canal, in almost its whole length, is between this
state and Maryland, or through this state. The Baltimore and Ohio rail-
way, it is calculated will pass through the western part of this state. The
Dismal Swamp canal opens a water intercommunication between this
state and North Carolina. It admits vessels of 7 feet drauglit and 90
ions burden; and is twenty two and a quarter miles in length. It ren-
ders an immense forest of valuable cypress timber accessible. The state
has in short canals, and in ditlcrent sections, a total of 120 miles finished,
There are a great number of short turnpike roads; but the country east of
the Alleghanies is so level, that good roads, artificially made are not com-
mon. The capital employed in internal improvements under the control
of the Board of public works, is !Jij3,2();i,^ll.

Climate. In a country so unequal in surface, ami extending from the
sea to the Oliio, if is obvious, that no general character will apply to the
climate of the whole slate. The district south of the Potomac is decidedly
classed in the si»utheru climate of the United States. The low, maritime
belt has a hot, sultry and rather unhealthy summer; but a mild and
iigreeablo winter. The air near the mountains is more pure and elastic^
Among the mountains snows and frosts arc common in the winter; but
the summer tenqjerature is delightful

Curioffificft. This state abounds in caverns of vast extent and variety.
Too numerous to be given in detail in this article. The tourist generally

a smtxil
!atcr part
nrlion of
lokcn at
lys of lIiQ
tion. It

free and
i iiuUibit*
and other
•cuinstan-

dcscend-
have been
1 in value
weight are
id seem to

£T from the
ply to the
s decidedly
V. maritime
mild and
and elastic
winter; but

md variety.
St generally

ATLANTIC STATES.

commences with visiting a point, fertile in the hij:jlicst poasiblo moral
interest, the estate of Mount Vernon, iiml the tomb of VV.iHhinijton. The
estate is situated miles south of Alcximdrin, and in a position so se-
cluded, as to be found with dilliculty, except when visited by a steam
boat. The beautiful lawn, the noble trees and the venerable aspect of
the mansion, embosomed amon^r woods and hills, seem precisely the
spot, where the worthiest statcsniiin and /.'cncral, that the world hasseen^
should have found the repose of i\<jn and decline, and wiiero his ashea
ought to have rested. The tomb is under tlic sliade of u little grove of
cedars near the brow of the precipitous shore of the Potomac, humble,
simple and unadorned, and from that very circvmstancc an object of more
sublime interest. Monticello, the abode of the late Thomas Tcllcrson, is
a magnificent hill, ft) iiiil'>s northwest of Jlichmond, commanding a
boundless prosj)ecl. The mansion is iifind up with that taste, and those
classical ornaments, whifh the travelle;! and philosophic sta*«^smnn
knew so well to collect and arrange. 'J'ho natunl bridge! (v^r Ced'ir
Creek, 12 miles soiith west of liCxington, is a sublime curiosity. The
chasm, through which tlic river passes under the bridge, is '.)() feet wide,
and 250 deep, The bridge is 00 feet broad at the middle und covered
with earth and trees. To look down from this inmicnse height upon the
foaming waters below inspires in common minds a. revulsion of terror
and in minds of more self possession the unmingled sensation of
the sublime. At Harper's ferry is another sublime spectacle. Though
a striking scene, the spectator hns formed loo high raised ex-
pectations from reading the eloquent description of nature's war be-
tween rivers and mountains at this place from the pen of Jefterson. The
tourist, in search of the watering j)laces and beautiful scenery, takes his
departure from Lynchburg. lie is successively brougiit in view of the
impressive peaks of Otter, the natural bridge, the canal through the
Blue Ridge, the while sulphur springs, the sweet springs, ihcsiilt sulphur
springs, a place of resort for consumptive patients, the hot springs, and
the warm springs. In appro. iching Staunton, ho |)asses the Blowing
cave; and beyond Staunton Weyer's cave, one of the most imposing sub-
terranean curiosities of nature; terminating with the United State's
manufactory of arms at Harper's ferry, and the junction of the Shenan"
doah and Potomac IVo route of the same extent in our country pre-
sents a greater variety of picturesque and grand scenery, or passes
through a pleasanler country.

Religion. The Baptists are by far the most numerous denomination
in this state. A Baptist report of 1817 makes the number of their con-
gregations 314. Presbyterians and Kpiscopalians are the next most
numerous denomiiiationB. There aie rnanv Methodist societies, 30 or

■ky'^:;

I 'If |V':l«'li'ii

A ,

-tO^

ATLANTIC STATES.

40 meetings of the Friciuln, a number uf Jloman Cutliolir con!j;rcgations,
some Jewish synngoguos, and more or lessrhurclica of all the (HfTorcnt
denomination?.

Education. The fiinons Uiiivorsily, of whifh Mr. JelVorson was the
principal founder, is at C'h:irluttosvill<', it is amply endowed, and the
buildings make a splendid show. William and Mary college nt Williams-
burg is the oldost literary institution in the state. It iias graduated a
large numlici^of respectable scholars and statesmen. Ilampilen Sydney
in Prince Edward county, and Washinijton eollcge at Lexington are re-
spectable literary institutions. Theni aro 'JO incorporated academies
The state has a literary fund of ."ail,'j:j;{,.^)'J2. Other contingent funds
are added lo the avails of this. }jfiir>,()0() of the avails of the fund are an-
nually appropriated to the university of Virginia, and 15,000 to the edu-
cation of the poor in the resi)octive counties, apportioiuui among them
in the ratit) of the white i)o|)ulation. In iSvJH tlierc; were 'JG,OUO appli-
cants for tlie benefit of this lund, and rJ,0l\2 recipients.

Exports. The great exports of Virginia arc flour and tobacco. TJesido
the common productions of the north, it exports s ^no cotton. The value
of the produce in iSiiSwas $';?,773, llKJ, and the state owned G7,30iJ tons
of shipping. In 182iS-'J0, JM,3r)0 hogsheads of tohaco were inspected.

Chief Towns. RichmontI is the political metropolis of Virginia, and is
situated on the north bank of James River, just below the falls, 150 miles
from its mouth, and liJ3 south West from Washington. The situation is
alike picturesque, salubrious and beautiful. The position is favorable
for commerce, it being the natural depot of tobacco, wheat, and hemp,
raised in the populous country watered by the river. An abundance of
mineral coal is cheaply conveyed to it. It contains 13 public buildings,
and 8 churches, together with a number of respectable manufactories.
The Capitol, the penitentiary, and the beautiful church raised on the
ruins of the theatre, in the conflagration of which 70 citizens perished, are
beautiful and conspicuous erections. The new court house is also a
spacious and elegant building. The Virginia armory is an extensive es-
tablishment. The river has been rendered boataole 220 miles above the
city. This town owns a respectable amount of shipping, and is one of
the most flourishing places in the state. Population in 1820, 12,046. In
1830, 16,085. Norfolk is situated on the east bank of Elizabeth river.
Eight miles from its estuary, 32 from the sea, and 102 south east from
Richmond. It contains 13 public buildings, and 6 churches. The far-
mer's bank, the orphan asylum and the Lancasterian school are among the
most conspicuous buildings. The position of the town is not pleasant,
being low, and in some places marshy; but it affords agreeabl*^ society,
and the citizens are distinguished for their hospitality. It has a spaciou*

ATLANTIC STATES.

urcgations,
he different

son was tl»e
ifcd, and tho
at WilUiims-
nruduatod a
[)dcn Sydney
<Tt()ii arc re-
d firadcmiea
innont funds
i fund arcan-
M) to the cdu-
umonf? them
'20,t')yO njn.'li-

bacco. "Resiilo
n. The vahio
id 07,302 tons
vcrc inspected.
Virginia, and is
fiillH, 150 miles
hie situation is
m is favorable
ical, and hemp,
abundance of
iblic buildings,
manufactories.
\\ raised on the
IS perished, are
louse is also a
]n extensive es-
liles above the
and is one of
to, 12,046. In
Slizabeth river,
louth east from
|hes. The far-
are among the
s not pleasant,
■eeable society,
has a spacious

and commodious harbor, strongly defended by 3 forts. It has more mar-
itime commerce and shipping, thnn any other town in the state. Th«
handsome marine hospital is on Washington p')int,one mile distant. On
the opposite shore of this river is tlic town of Portsmouth, and a little far-
ther up the river, tho village of O'osport, containing an c.vtcnsive United
States Navy Yard, with all tho (customary appurtenances. Population in
1820, 8,478. In 1830, 0,S(K). Potcrsl)urgh is situated on the south
bank of the Appoinatlor, just below the falls, 12 miles above its junction
with James' river, and 2.") S. K. from lliclmiond. It contains 7 public
buildings, Ift tobacco warehouses, 8 flour mills, and five churches. It is
a neat and conuuercial to\vu, dialing largely in tobacco and flour. It is
amply supplied with gdod water; and since tho great fire of 1S15, in
wliieh 100 buildings were consumed, it has been handsomely rebuilt
with brick. Population in 1820,0,01)0. In 1830, 8,300. Fredericks-
buigh on the Rnpj):>h:innoe, 110 miles from its mouth, is a great depot
for grain, flour, and tobacco. It contains 8 public buildings, and 4
churches. There arc a mmibor of flour mills within a short distance from
the town. It is accos-siblo by vessels of 110 tons, and is central to a
fertile and well cultivated country, and circumstances taken together, is
one of the most flourishing, healthy, and pleasant towns in the state*
Population about 5,000. Williamsburg is situated between York and
James river, GO miles east from Richmond, and was formerly the metrop-
olis of the state. In this place is William and Mary college, formerly an
eminent seat of learning. Population in 1820,1402. Yorklownon theS.
side of York river will be forever remembered, as the place where Cornwal-
lis surrendered to General Washington. Winchester is an interior town, in
the great limestone valley, 30 miles south west of Harper's Ferry, and 70
miles north west from Washington; and is a neat and flourishing town
containing 8 public buildings and churches. It has a large number of
manufactories and workslio])s. Being central to many mineral springs,
and a place noted for its salubrity and pleasantness, it is a summer re»
sort for strangers. It contains about 4,000 inhabitants. Staunton is an
interior town, 120 miles north of Richmond. It is a healthy and delight-
ful place, containing a number of public buildings and three ^churches.
The sulphur springs, a {ilace of great resort, are not far from this town..
Lynchburg is situated 20 miles l;elow tho great falls, where James' River
breaks through the Blue Ridge, on the south bank of the river. It con-
tains 10 or 12 public buildings, 4 churches and a number of very hand
s-me houses. It has two bridges over the river, a large number of
tobacco, warehouses and manufactories, and a grcr c number of commission
houses, flour mills and cotton end woollen manufactories. There are 4
mineral springs in its vicinity. It is favorably situated for trade, not
Vol. II. 12

1 mi

IjlJ M^i

t V

ATLANTIC STATES.

only with llifi western part of iho stale, \a\t witli tho wcslorn states f»cn-
erally. Sm ill boats rorivcjy tlio abundant produce, wliich is broufjlit here,
down tlio rivor to Riclimond. Tho most iinport;iiit item in the produce
is from 10 to rj,()lU) hogsheads of tobacco. It is almnst embosomed in
mountiiins, that have, however, fertile and jjopulous vallics between, and is
one of the most flourisliin;? and commercial towns in tho slate; and prob-
ably contains '7,()0() inlinl itanls. Iliirpor's ferry is situated at the junc-
tion of the SIiiMiaudoah and tho Potomac, and in viow of that magnificent
junction so well described by Jellerson. It is 05 miles north west from
Washington, Tiio United States possess in this place a very extensive
establishment for thr; manufacture of arms. 'Die buildings, taken togeth-
er, compose a little village. There are 10 largo brick buildings connected
with tho establishment, and froml2(>0 to HOO men constantly employed in
the making and repairing of arms. Tiie other considerable towns in
Virginia, east of the Alleghany mountains, arc ns follows, Dumfries,
Colchester, Lccsburg, Martinsburg, York, New Castle, Hanover, Ports-
mouth, Hampton, SnlVulk, Smithlickl, Manchester, Charlotteville, Milton
Monticello, Lexington and Fincastle. p

Character and j][anneni. Tho planters of Virginia east of the moun-
tains arc generally large slave holders. The influence of slavery, both
fiivorablc and unlavorable, is distinctly marked in their manners. The
neat and thriving villages of tho northern states, with their numerous
mechanics and the village spire, are no longer seen. Towns at wide
stages from each other arc built up on the navigable waters; and the
habitations between arc mansions or cabins. The state has, however, re-
cently made munificent and noble exertions to extend general education.
It has produced a great proportion of the leading minds in the legislative
judicial and military departments of the general governr-ent. It has
already given three presidents to the nation, and until very recently exer-
cised an ascendant influence in its councils. The distinguishing national
traits of the Virginians are frankness, generosity and decision, unshrinking
perseverance in the right, and obstinacy in the wrong. Nature has
given the state every advantage of position, soil, climate and navigable
rivers; but a prevalent political dogma has influenced the councils of the
state, that the inculcation of internal improvement and domestic indus-
try is the great heresy of political economy. So ftir as the returns of tho
census are known, it appears, that Virginia has increased at the rate of
about 15 per cent, in the last ten years — and that ihe increase of free
persons, is iu a much greater ratio, than that of slaves.

fel"

?stprn stntcs gcn^
h is brought lieic,
in in the in'iKluce
;st cmhosonicd in
C3het\vccn,aiuli9
Q slate; tind proV-
ualed at the juno-
[• that magnificent
s north west from
e a very extensive
nas, taken togeth-
lildiiigs connected
nntly employed in
isidcrablo towns in
follows, Dumfries,
c, Hanover, Ports-
;ulolteville,Millon

cast of the moun-
lice of slavery, both
lir manners. The
th their numerous
1. Towns at wide
ble waters; and the
Lte has, however, re-
aeneral education.
Is in the legislative
lovernnent. It has
1 very recently exer-
tinguishing national
■cision, unshrinking
Irong. Nature has
[mate and navigable
the councils of the
md domestic indus-
s the returns of the
reascdattheratcof
Ihe increase of free

ATLANTIC STATESt

NOIITII CAROLINA.

liUNOTii .'KV2 milos. nrcadlh I'il. 'l.<,'^00 square miles. Bulwecii
a:\° 53' nnd H:'.° ;}:{' N. L. riivl l)ot\v<-(ii VP )i(y VV. L. 1° .'W E. L.
Bounded N. l^y Vir^rjuinjE. by the Athinlic, S. S. Carolina, W. Teniicasoe.

Counties. Chief Touva,
Anson, VVadt. »orou»>li;
Ashe, Jcftor.'^onton;
Beaufort, ^VaH!lin^^toll ;
Bertie, Windsor;
Bladon, Kli/.:iIiel!ito\vii ;
Brunswick, SMiitluillc
Buncombe, Aslivillc;
Burke, Mtmrantowu;
Caharrns, Coric'nd;
Camden, New T/j!,anon;
Carteret, BciuTjl;
Caswell, Caswell; C. II,
Chatham, PiKsl.orough,'
Chowan, Edent n;
Columbus, Wliitcavillc,
Graven, Newl;eru;
Cumberland, Fayettevilloj
Currituck, Curiluck ,•
Davidson, Lexington;
Dupin, Kenansvillc;
Edgecombe, Tarboro;
Franklin, Louisburg;
Gates, Gates C XL;
Granville, Oxford;
Greene, Snow Hill;
Guilford, Greensboro ;
Halifax, Halifax; *

Haywood, Haywood, C» H, ^
Hertford, Winfon;
Hyde, German I on f
Iredell, Slalesville; . '

Johnson, Smithfield;
Population in 1820, 038,^).

Voiintiei:. Chief Towns.

Jones, Trenton;

TiOnnir, FviuHtor. ; = •

Lincoln, I.incnliilon; *,

Macon, Franklin;

J\I;Mtiii, Wil!i;iniston; *

]\leclv!cnbur:% Charlotle ;

Montoomery, Lawrcncovillc;

Mooiv, (^arlli;i!fr; ^

Na.^!i, Nayli\ille;

Now llniovcr, Wilmington;

North Ii:in.pl!;n,N. Ilampttm C. IL

OranfTc, Hillsborough;

Pasquotimk, Elizalclh City;

I'erqninans, Hertford,'

Person, lvoxl;orough;

Pitt, (*recnvillc;

Randolph, Asliborough;

liichmond, Rorkingliam ;

Robeson, Lumbcrton.

Rockingham, Wcntworth ;

Rowan, Salisbury; j,

Rullierford, Rulherfordton;

Samson, Clinton;

Stokes, Salem; \'

Surry, Rockford;

Tyrrell, Columbia;

Wake, Raleigh ;

Warren, Warrcnton;

Washington, Plymouth*

Wayne, Waynesboro;

Wilkes Wilkesboro;

In 1830,738,470.

Physical A.vpjct. The boil of nnrilime plain is still wider in this
state than in Virginia, extending into the interior more than GO miles. It
is a low plain, with many swamps and inlets from the sea. The greater
portion of this district, except along the watercourses, is a vast forest of

'■r '•

n^ m

■'-Mill' ir

',''■■
h

t. : ,

j^'

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

11.25

Iii|2j8 125
itt K£ 122

Ml I^^B

Photografiiic

Sciences
Corporation

■£"

'^.

- V

^.'V

23 tVIST MAIN STREfT

WISSTER,N.Y. 14580

(716) •72-4503

ATLANTIC STATES.

evergreens. The rich lands near the swamps and rivers arc insalubrious.
Having passed this monrtonons region, vre omcrfro (o Ihc p!er.snnt and
undulating midland parts of (he state, at Ihciwscs of iho AIIcghTnies, from
whose summits the eye traverses an immense extent of Lenulifiil country
to the west; and vision is lost in the afjrcnabb su?cession of hill, dale,
forest and valley, with an clastic and salubrious atmosphere. The great
chains of the Alleghanies pass through this state, as through Virginia.
The peaks are called Stone Mountain, Yellow Mountain, Iron Mountain,
Bald Mountain, Sandusky Mountain, and White Mountain. The Blue
Aidge divides the Atlantic streams from the Western waters. Between
the 'chains are numerous detached spurs.

Soil and Productions. The scil resembles that of Virginia. The
maritime belt is sandy, and in many pl;iccs sterile, covered with vast
forests of pine timber, and the swamps with cedar, bny and cypress. The
alluvial belt of the rivers is generally fertile. Beside the products of the
northern states, cotton, tobacco, rice, sweet potatoes and yams abound,
and the soil and climate are favorable to the growth of tiie grape and the
mulberry. From their pines the people extract tar, pitch, and turpentine.
The exports consist of cotton, tobacco, lumber, tar, turpentine, pitch,
pork and tallow. In 1S28 the exports were r>() 1,500 d(jllars. This does
not present a fair estimate of exports, compared with that of the other
states, as a great part of her exports arc sent oiT from Charleston. Her
shipping amounts to 54,0C4 tons. '. ^.'

. Minerals, Iron ore abounds, and the state possesses valuable iron
works. Freestone, granite, marble, porcelain clay, pit coal, and most of
the useful fossils are found in the state. The belt in which gold is found
is broader and more productive than in any of the other states. In
Mecklenburgh, Montgomery, Rowan, and particularly Cabarras, gold has
been found more abundantly than in any other portion of the gold district.
One of the largest lumps of pure gold ever found was dug up in Cabarras.
It was worth between 7 and 80C0 dollars. Lumps from the value of 300
to 1,000 dollars are not uncommon. Gold is found in great purity in small
grains and particles. There are innumerable diggings over all this dis-
trict, and a host of greedy adventurers, relinquishing all other employ-
ments, are digging the hill sides, in pursuit of gold. Sulphate of barytas
is found in great abundance in two mines in the state. During 1829,
the^United States Bank in Fayetteville received 90, 803 dollars in bars of
gold, the^produce of the North Carolina mines.

Rivers. The Chowan River enters this state from Virginia, where it
is called Nottaway. By a broad estuary it empties into Albemarle Sound
belowiEdenton. The Roanoke also enters this state from Virginia, and
pursuing a very sinuous S E. course, it falls into Albemarle Sound by
feveral channels. It is navigable by vessels of considerable size 30 miles,

' k

M«

Fr *

kf,. a,

'■4 .

ATLANTIC STATES.

and beatable to the falls 70 miles. It has an extremely fertile alluvion.
Cape Fear River has ils ^vho!c course in the stale. It rises in the moun-
tains in the N. part of the state, nnd after a S. E. course of 200 miles,
falls into the Atlantic at Cape Fc:ir. Its estuary is a league in width,
with 18 feet water, at high tide, over its bar. It is navigable by ves.sels of
11 feet draught to Wilmington, and boatable to Fayetteville. Neuse
River has a course of 200 miles, and finds its estuary in Pamlico Sound,
18 miles below Newbern. Tar River has a S. E. course through the
state of 150 miles, and empties into Pamlico Sound. It is navigable to
Washington, 30 miles, and boatable to Tarborough, 90 miles from its
mouth. Yridkin River rises in the Blue Ridge, in the N. W, part of the
state, and after a course of more than 100 miles in it, passes into South
Carolina. Catawba River rises in the Blue Ridge, and after a courseof
70 or 80 miles in this state, passes into South Carolina. Broad River
also rises in the Blue Ridge, pnd after a S. E. course of 50 miles in this
state, passes into South Carolina. Tlie head waters of Tennessee and
Kenhawa rise in this state, but they have already been described. The
dangerous and stormy Cape Hatteras is on the shore of this state.

Climate. This grcat state, like Virginia, spreading from the sea over
the mountains, has in summer a sultry climate, a warm climate, a tem-
perate, and a cool climate, according to the elevation and distance of the
district from the sea. In the low country the summers are decidedly hot
and sultry, and the high aud relaxing heats, united with the exhalation
from decaying vegetable matter, and the miasm of the swamps, are in-
jurious to health. The highlands of North Carolina are as healthy as any
part of the United States.

Chief Towns. Raleigh is the political metropolis. It is a handsome
interior town near the centre of the state, G miles W. of the Neuse; 140
N. W. of Newbern, and 164 S. W. of Richmond. It contains 13 public
buildings, 5 houses of public worship, and about 3,000 inhabitants, of
whom half are slaves. Union Square in the centre of the town, con-
taining 10 acres, is a public ground, highly ornamental to the city. Four
streets extend from if, dividing the town into four parts. In 1831 the
splendid slate house of this town was destroyed by fire. The beautiful
marble statue of Washington, by Canova, the great Italian artist, which
cost the state 25,000 dollars, was placed in the state house, and was sup-
posed at first irreparably -destroyed. It has since been discovered to be
less injured than was imagined. The artist is dead, and it is a source of
melancholy regret, that this chef d''ocutre can never be restored to its
pristine beauty. There are two flourishing academies in this town.
The most beautiful materials for building abound in its vicinity. New-
bern is situated on the S. bank of the Neuse, 30 miles frojn Pamlico

.:. •»*'■

*•

-■*-

ATLANTIC STATES.

Sound. It contains 8 pubiic buildings and 3 churches, and has a consid-
erable qommcrce. Its cxp'.rts consist of Imnlrpr, tar, pin Ii, grain, and
pork. The water distnncc between this place and I'^liza! ctli City makes
a part of the sto;;m !;o:it route between Norfolk and Charleston. It is the
best built, lieallhicst,and nuHlflcurisliinj]; town in North Carolina upon
tho sea coast. Population \i,'ii>'2. i^Jovc than half are coloured people.

Fayetteville is one of the largest towns in tho sttite. I>s position near
theW. bank of Cape Fear River at the head of boat navi;;ation, is fortu-
nate, and it was, until recentlj', one of the most flourishing towns in the
state. In Mny, IS'Jl, it was laid in ashes 1 y one of the most destructive
fires ever known in our country. F;om the material of the buildings and
the amount of pitch, tar, and spirits stored in tho town, tho fire raged
with terrific and irresistiMc viuleiico, Six hundred buildings were de-
stroyed, but strange to toll, not a lilo was lost. It was a compact town,
doing much mercantile bui'inct^s, and with ;ibout 4,000 inhabitants. It
is rebuilding, like the Phoenix, more beiutiful from its ruins.

Wilmington is situated on the E. hank of Cape Fear River, 35 miles
frnm the sea, and 1)0 N. E. of Fayetteville. It is the most commercial
town in the state. It contains 5 or public buildings and 3 churches.
Its annual exports have sometimes exceeded ,^1,000,000, and it owns
10,000 tons of shijtping. The extensive rice fields in its vicinity are
supposed to render it unhealthy. Tiie .towns of this state have been
peculiarly unfortunate in suiibring from lircs. This town has been visited
by two destructive confli'grations, one in 1S19, by which 200 buildings
to the value of $1,000,000 were destroyed; and another in 1828, in
which 50 buildings, were burned, valued at ,^130,000. Population about
3,000. Edenton is situated on the E. bank of Chowan River. Amonc
its public buildings the court house is conspicuous for its elegance. Its
commercial position is favorable; but its air is considered insalubrious.
It is supposed to own 6,000 tons of shipping, aud to contain about 2,000
inhabitants. Washington and Salisbury are agreeable inland towns. —
The names of the other considerable towns follow : Murfreesborough,
Plymouth, Halifax, Warrenton, Greenville, Tarborough, Smithfield,
Averey'sborough, Lumbertown, Rockingham, Iluntsville, Salem, States-
ville, Charlotte, Morgantown, and Ashville. This last town, having a
pleasant position, and being in the vicinity of the Warm Springs, is
rapidly growing.

Religion. All the Christian denominations are represented in this
state. The fixed congregations are net so numerous as in the other states,
but the people are generally addicted to some form of worship. The
Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists are believed to be the prevailing
denominatipns. . , .^^

4-..

'-*

ATLANTIC STATES.

Education. The University of North Carolinn, at Chapel Hill, ifl
respcctahly endowed. There are about 20 academies in the state. Tlie
seminary for yoiin^ ladies at Salem is a Moravian institution of distin-
guished reputation, to which many young ladies from the southern coun-
try resort for their education. 'J'hc slate has provided an accumulating
literary fund, wliich at present amounts to about ^70,000. It is intended
that the-avaiis of it sinll be appropiiatcd among tlie several counties, in
the ratio of the free population, for tlic support of common schools.

Roads and Canals. In the level belt of the slate nature has done so
much towards giving it good roads, lliat artificial exertions in this direc-
tion have been neglccteJ. Considerable extent of canal has been made
on Cape Fear River; and the navigation of some of the other rivers has
been improved in the same way. The canal between Chesapeake Bay
and Albemarle Sound through the Great Dismal Swamp, has already been
mentioned. The whole extent of canal in this state amounts to 43 miles.

General Remarl's. This state holds a large proportion of slaves,
especially the planters in the lower part of it. In this district the term
sickly season is of common use, and has a distinct import. The reed
cane, the palmetto and long moss are striking features in the landscape,
indicating sufficiently, that it belongs to the southern states. The pro
digious forests of long leafed pine strike the eye of a nprtherner with a
peculiar effect. The sound of the breeze in this forest, as he -joumies
through it, furnishes him a sad, though not unpleasing music. The
bright fires of the tar makers in these ancient forests, with their number-
less tall columns, and the deep verdure of their tassels half a yard in
length, as seen illumined by the bright glare of the burning fat pine, taken
together, furnish a spectacle, which, to be apprehended, must be seen. ^J

The people in the interior and western parts of the state have fewer
slaves, labor with their own hands, and arc more assiasilated in their hab-
its and manners to the northern people. The inhabitants of the state in
gcncnl have a mnrked character for sobriety and morality, and a sturdi-
ness of independence. In their temperament, they are inclined to relig-
ious excitement; and are striving to remedy past neglect of common
schools, by fostering private seminaries- and Siinda-y schools. In common
with Virginia, this state has a great extent of swamp lands. The' Great
Dismal' of Virginia it is well known to be 30 miles in extent. There are
in this state 2,000,000 acres of such land. These are discovered to be
easily reclaimable, and to possess a soil of great and exhaustless fertility*
They vire supposed capable of suslaininga population of 100,000 peopley
and to be particularly adapted to the cultivation of tobacco, rice, cotton,
and hemp. The Scuppernong and Catawba grape indigenous to this
state, are extensively cultivated abroad, and yield a wine, which ranks at

■'"'j!3_'m. 7::^jW

ATLANTIC STATBS.

the head of our native wines. They are great bearers. The euhiTation
of indigo has been attempted with entire success. The product is of the
best quality. The people are beginning to turn their attention to the
making wine from their native grnpes, and to raising the silk mulberry.
A spirit of improvement is abroad from which the best results must follow.
This state was the theatre of some of the most brilliant achievements,
during the revolutionary war. The battle of Moore's Creek bridge,
King's Mountain, and Guilford will remain in history, imperishable me>
morials of the bravery and patriotism of its inhabitants. , '

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Leicgtr 18S miles. Breadth, 160 containg 30,000 square miles. Be*
tween 32° 2' and 35° 10' N. L. and between 1° 45' and 6° 15' W. L.

Bounded N, and N. E. by North Carolina; S. E. by the Atlantic and
S. W. by Georgia, from which it is separated by the Savannah.

Counties. Chirf Toicns, .
Abbeville, Abbeville;
Anderson, Pendleton ;
BarnweH, Barnwell ;
Beaufort, Coosawatchie ;
Charleston, Charleston; -
Chester, '^hesterville:
Chesterfield, Bennetsville;
Colleton, Waterboro;
Darlington, Darlington ;
Edgefield, Edgefield;
Fairfield, Winnisboro;
Georgetown, Georgetown ;
Greenville, Greenville;
Horry, Conwayboro;

Counties. Chief Toums.
Lancaster, Lancaster C, H. ;
Laurens, Laurensville ;
Lexington, Lexington C. H.;
Marion, Marion C. H. ;
Marlborough, Marlborough, C. H.;
Newberry, Newberry C. H.
Orangeburgh, Orangeburgh;
Pickens, Pickens;
Richland, Columbia; ^

Spartanburgh, Spartanburgh;
Sumpter, Statesburgh;
Union, Unionville.
Williamsburgh, Kingstree;
York, York C. H. • -^

Kershaw, Camden ; ^

Population in 1820, 502 741. In 1830 581,458.

Physical Aspect. S. Carolina shows, still more palpably than the
states farther north, the maritime belt of plain, broadening in proportion
to the advance towards the south. In this state this broad plain of sea
formation, of a uniform and monotonous level, extends more than 100
miles into the interior. It' it is chequered by swamps and indented by
sea inlets. An alluvial belt along the rivers is rich. The remaining por*
tions of the phin are covered with the long leafed pine. Beyond this if

•"• ■*!

ATLANTIC ttTATCft.

the sand hill belt, GO miles in width, the sterile hills of which have
been compared to the arrested waves of the sea in a storm. It yields nat-
urally nothing, but stinted jiiniixirs and pines. To this distance the
broad extent of country is called the lower country. Beyond it we ap-
proach the ridge or upper country, the Atlantic ascent of which is precip-
itous. From the summit stretches a large belt of table country, fertile,
cultivated, watered by rivers and irrigated by smaller streams extending
from the Savannah to Broad river. Hills and dales alternate. The
deep forests with their varieties of trees gratify the eye by their verdure,
and varied foliage. The ascent hence to the mountains is gradual and
imperceptible. A number of mountains of striking forms here swell
with their peaks to a very considerable elevation. Table mountain is
the most conspicuous. Its summit is supposed to be 4,000 feet above
the level of the sea. The names of the otlier elevated peaks are Oconetj
Paris, Glussey, Hogback, and King's. These mountains give rise to ma-
ny clear and quick streams of water.

Climate. The atmosphere of the low country is sultry, damp, and un-
elastic. The complexion of the inhabitants is marked with a sallow
tinge, and most of the summer and autumnal diseases assume a bilious
type. Intermittcnts are common, and the autumnal fevers severe. In
the low country, the season of frost does not comprise more than 3
months, and the ground is seldom whitened with snow more than one
night; though the mountains arc oficn white for many days together.
The weather in the intermediate seasons between autumn and spring
is often fickle, and subject to frequent and great changes. The
multiflora rose blooms all the year in Charleston; and yet the ex-
tremes of summer heat arc not often felt in that city. The hilly and
western parts of the state have a climate, mili.l, delightful, and salu-
brious.

Productions' The staples are cotton and rice. The value of cotton
exported from this state has been as high as ,^12,1)00,000 in a year.
Next to cotton, rico, is the most important production. Indigo is a large
item in the exports of the state. Tobacco thrives well. Many of the
northern fruits and grains would succeed, were they sufficiently attended
to. The soil is remarkable for producing the best sweet potatoes and
yams, and the largest and finest watermelons in the United States. The
fruits are pears, pomegranates, figs, apricots, nectarines, apples, peaches,
olives, grapes, almonds, and oranges. Tlie planters divides their soil
into several classes, with distinctive names; as the tide swamp, which
yields a sea island cotton, of nearly double ihc value of the upland kinds;
inland swamp, river swamp, oak and liickory land, and pine barren.
The oak and hicko'-y land is favorable to indigo and cotton. The pine
Vot. II. ' 13

'^■^

"!%•

ATLANTIC STATBC.

♦•

barren, though the least fertile of all, is overhung by an atmosphere so
much more saltibrious, that much of it is cultivated ; and a sufficient
portion for the planter to erect his habitation upon, is deemed an impor-
tant appendage to every swamp plantation. So various is the climate,
that the plants of Canada may be found on its mountains, and on its
southern decHvities the hardier tropical fruits. In botaniciil opulence it
surpasses any other Atlantic state. It is an extended garden of medici-
nal herbs, and flowering plants. Among its striking shrubs and beauti-
ful trees, may be mentioned the magnolia azalia, rhododendron rosa, Car-
olinensis calicanthus, Floridus angelica, robinia fragrans, and different
kinds of the adromeda delight the eye with their flowers, and perfume
the air with their fragrance.

Minerals. We have already seen that the belt, in which gold is found
extends through this state. Although the mines are abundant, and nu-
merous, from some cause the diggings have been less numerous, than in
North Carolina. Various ochres, used in painting, are found at York-
Tille. Marble, limestone, iron, and lead ore, potter's clay, fuller's earth
nitrous earth, talc, pellucid stones, and most of the useful fossils are
common.

Rivers. The Pedee rises in Virginia, and flows in a south east direc-
tion through North Carolina into South Carolina, and empties into the
Atlantic below Georgetown. Its length of course is 300 miles, 200 of
which are boatable. Santee is formed by the junction of the Congaree,
and Wateree below Columbia. These streams rise in the mountains of
North Carolina. It pursues a south east course of 300 miles to the At-
lantic, into which it empties 50 miles north east from Charleston- It
is boatable 200 miles. The head waters of the noble river Savannah
are in Tennessee. Entering this state, it becomes the dividing line be-
tween it and Georgia. The direction of its course which is 300 miles, is
south east, and it empties into the Atlantic 17 miles below Savannah,
Up to this point laYge vessels ascend. It is navigable by steam boats to
Augusta, 127 miles higher. Smaller boats ascend far beyond this place
into the interior of the country. Catawba river rises in North Carolina.
Passing into South Carolina, it assumes the name of Wateree, and unites
with the Congaree 30 miles below Columbia. The stream below the
junction is called the Santee. The most splendid cascade in the state is
furnished by the Catawaba falls above Rocky Mount. The river which
had been more than 180 yards wide above, here contracts to less than 60,
and dashes down from cascade to cascade 100 feet. This striking spec-
tacle is easily accessible, and much visited. Broad river is the main
l»ranch of the Santeie. It rises iu the mountains of North Carolina, and is
silled in its course with the Pacolet, Tiger and Ennoree, and unitw

ATLANTIC 8TATE8. fi

with tho Snlud.i below Cohinihiii. 8:iliul:i river is tlic western branch of
the Santee. Cooper river rises 40 rniU-s north from Charleston, ond
unites with Ashley river below that city, It is connected with the San-
tee by a canal. The lifllc Pctlee, VVaccnmtiw, Lynches creek, Black river
Edisto, Cunibahcc, Coosuw, Stoiiu und Kcjweo are all considerablo
streams.

Exports. We have already observed, that the staples aro cotton and
rice. In 1830, 18t},0U7 bales of cotton woro ox|)orto;l from Charleston.
The total amount of exports in 1821) was ,<!;S, 17 5,580. Tho tonnago
owned in South Carolina in 1828 was 33,<i88.

Literature. I'hc South Carolina college at Columbia, the political me*
tropolis, is a respectable institution, liberally endowed receiving from the
state an annual grant of $15,000. The college buildings proper are 2
buildings 3 stories high, 210 feet long and 25 wide. Five or 6 other re-
spectable buildings for the residence of the otllcers handsomely arranged
present a striking appearance. Tiie library and philosophical apparatui
are also respectable. The state has expended $200,000 upon this in-
stitution. Charleston college in Charleston is spoken of as a respectable
institution. There are also institutions called colleges at Beaufort, Win-
nisboro^ and Cambridge, and there are or 8 incorporated academiei
in the state. The state makes an annual apjiropriation of about $40,000
for the support of free schools. In 1828 there were 840 such estab-
lished, in which 9,036 scholars were instructed at the expense of about
$39,716. • r ^

Chief Towns. Charleston is situated on a point of land, made by the
junction of the rivers Cooper and Ashley, ^which by their union form a
commodious harbor, opening to tho ocean below Sullivan's Island, seven
miles below the city. The passage over the bar v. the mouth of
the harbor, though deep and safe, is ditTicult to find. (I is strongly
defended by 3 forts on different islands in the harbor. It contains 10 or
12 respectable public buildings and 18 or 20 churches. Most of them
are handsome, and some of them magnificent. There are but 3 or 4
larger city libraries in the United States, than that of Charleston. It con-
tains between 13 and 14,000 volumes. The orphan asylum is a noble
and munificent charily, which maintains and educates 130 orphan child-
ren. There is a fund also for educating at the South Carolina college
such boys, as manifest distinguished talents. Many of the charitable in«
stitutions of this hospitable city are munificently endowed, and aflford
ample and efficient relief to the various species of distress, for the allevia-
tion of whicli they are designed. It is regularly laid out; and handsomely
and in some parts splendidly built. The site was originally low and
marshy; but the low places have been filled up, and so raised that the

100

ATLANTIC UTATKi.

■troetinro perfectly (?rv. Tii.? houses arc Hpiuioiis and have |)inr.7.n8 to
court the bri'c zo. 'I'lir fujiiiiivs iwv Hlindcd with tlio \nU\ci <)( Cliiin
and other licniiiifiil trncs, iiiij tin; <jaiili'iis with «)r.iii,"c \U'v^, and thr in-
habitaniii hnvn h:ul the t;ist<; to .'iiin'oiiiid ihcir d\ve1liiiji;s with thi; inidtillnra
ro80, and other oriiiiiiictitni shiidiN niid I'im'^miiiiI lloweriii^ pl:iittH, whicii
impart to a northern straii<j;cr tlic idcn of a Iropiivd llowor jjnrden. Thoiiirli
this city lias been more ihmi oiHUMh'solnied hy thtj yellow fever, it is c 'ii-
■idcredhonlthicr foracrhiiiated inhaliil ints.thiti thesurronndiiiireoiinirv.
Thoplnnlors fiMin the h:w riniiidy iitid many opidnil Htian;jf«'rH IVoni llio
West Indies mine liere to spend Ihi; sickly nionlhs, and lo enjoy llio dc-
gant nnd enlightened soeiely, with which this eily abnnds. Thediy
owns n hirgc nnioiinl (if sliippimr, and in the vahie of its exports is ilii>
fourth city in tho iininn. It is IWM) mile^sonth east iVoniCoinniliia, ;>*.!i)
south west from lldtiinore, 7n() s)nlii W!>sl from '\r\v York, Mid .").'»;}
south west from Wushiii^'ton. IJy the way nf N'orlolk ami across the hiiys,
ithasrnpid nnd easystcnni boat eoinnnniiealinns with tin; sxilln'm eiliis.
In 18*20 the popuhUion was !<M,780of wliich more; lh:ii iialf wore slaves.
Inl.M0,3(V^v"<l).

Cohimbia is the politieal nietrop(dis of th;^ slate It is situated (i[)pn-
sito the junction of the Salnda and llrosd livns, the union of wiiicli fnniis
the Con/:jnrce. The jKisilion <4" llic town i^s v.n el<!vate(l p' tin, that slupc-
beautifully to the river. It is refrnlarly laid out; tlu^ s jnarosare reclani'ii-
lor, and the streets 100 feel wide. 'J'li" town conlains 10 or \2 pnl lir
buihlinn^; and '1 or 5 ciinrclies, two ofwi.icli t.'u^ I'rjshytciian, and Mjiis
copalian arc handsome. The fonner ins 2 lofiy spires, and liio latter a
bell nnd an or^an. Tiio slal(5 hou.^e is 170 fenl hy 00. The eollcw
buildings, which wo have already iiientioneil, show to <ivviii :ulvant,i<;(\
Altogolher it is a very neat place, and has freipient steam hoat (•oinmiiiii-
cations with Charleston. It is ItiO miles north east from Charleston.
Georgetown is situated on tlio west side of VVinyaw IJay, into which a
number of considcrahlo slrcains empty, c mnoeiini' it extensively with llio
back country. It is (iO miles north east of ('harleston. Althjuyli the
bar at the mouth of the bay prevents the entrance of vessels drawing
more than 7 foet water, it is a port of some imjxirtance. It contains 4 or
five public buildings, 4 churches, and ahaut !:2,000 iidiahitanls.
;yi^* Beaufort is situated on Port Royal island, near the outlet of the Coo-
saw. It is a pleasant and healthy place, containinfr 3 churches, and 11
or 1200 inhabitants. It has a literary institution, incorporated as a col-
lege which has an endowment of $70,000.

Cambden is situated on the cast bank of the Watereo, at a point in the
river to which it is navigable for vessels of 70 tons. It is central to a
fertile and populous district of the state. It is a neat and regularly built
town, containing 4 or 5 public buildings, and 1 churches. It is a mem-

ATLANTIC ITATr.l.

101

orabic sput in tlio liiutory of tliu r(!vo!iitiuti:iry atrii^<r|i% two conaidorablo
bnltlos linvin/j been foiiplit brro; nnn Iritwoon (inirrnl Ciiitcs and liord
CornwnlliH, niicl ilicotlirr bolwron (Icii. (irocno anil Lord R'lwdnn. Itia
35 miles N. K. from (,'()ltiml»i;i, ;m<l I'M iN. W. iV.nn ('l»iirlt\«t()n. PoMti-
Ifttinn about l,'.i(10. 'riiisnniiicM of (li»>()tlior ronHiilcMiiMo \II!i;Toaf tilow:
Darlington, Society Hill, Clicniw, ClicsUMlifld, Kiii;,'troo, Siimplor\ille,
MfincboBtor, HtHtcHburjrli, Lancaslcr, ('liostorvillo, Yorkvillo, Cambridge,
Lnurensville, (Jroenvillc, Piclvoiisville, ()ian;.'t'l)urgli, IJiniwcll, Coosa-
wliatcliio, PnniHliurgli, Robrrlsvillc, Md^cliold, Wilmington, Vienna,
Abbeville, Aiulorsonvillf. .'Mil Pfiullcton.

Roads and i'anah. Tliid slate bis ii Hoard of Public Worka, under
wliosc exertions piil lie, woiis of cnnsiik'niblo extent bavc been executed.
Tbo Santoo ('anal, '>J'J uuUw in IciilmIi, Cdnnecls tbe Santco River with
Clmrleston Iiarl.or. A nunilnT of short eanalH, niakiiifj in all a. ronsid-
ernblc extent, have been cnt aroiuid the falls of tbe rivers, to render them
beatable. Tbe wliobi extent of eanal completed, or in progress in tbis
state amounts to ir)0 miles. But tbe most important public work it Uqa
attempted, is tlio Soulli ('iioliiia Rail Road. Of this gr».vit work ono
inmdred and Ibirty-lwo niili's and a half in length, tbe entire line, is under
contrnet, and eonsidoralilo advanccniont has been m.'ule in tbfc whole ex-
tent. 'J'welve niilcH are eomp'cle, and IIk^ rails laid and wedged upon 19
miles more. In lt«30an avera<.^cof (!t)t) labourers were enjj)b)ycd upon
the wnrk. ' _

Jicligion. All the denoniinalioiis of Christians nro represented in
Sontli Carolina, lis in the other states, hut the prevalent denominations
are Presbyterians, Kpiseopnlians, IMethodisIs, and Baptists.

(iciirral liniiarfi.t. .!Son\c of the most venerated ni'.mes that the revo-
lutionary annals can furnish, arc names of men of the lirst fortune and
highest education in this slate, who wrote, b^gislated, fought and bled,
and put every thing at hazard, on the issue of national independence.
The state has continued to furnish citizens of the mest brilliant talents
and distinguished character to rej)rcsent her in the national councils.
The integrity and glory of the American union were, until lately, as
fondly cherished here as in any other state. This is not the place to
comment upon the new political dogmas, adopted as political orthodoxy
by the councils of the state. It is more pleasant to dwell upon the high-
minded independence, the frank ami gciicrous hospitality, the prompt
and charitable regard to distress, and the elegant affluence, which all
strangers, sojourning in the state, have concurred to award to its distin-
guished citizens. Amidst the querulous and menacing spirit of complamt,
and the avowal of real or supposed depression and poverty, she is adopting
some measures for the amelioration of her condition, which arc unquea-

t is a mem-

109

ATLANTIC STATM.

tionnbly wiio and expedient. Shu is clierisliing agriculture by tlic eflbrtf
of enlightened ngriciillural asiioclatinnH. (iruiit cvxcr^ionM are mnking to
extend tlie cultivation of ica inland cotinn, tliu sugar cano, the silk niuU
berry, and iho vino. M.'inufactures iS cotlon nro cfltublishcd, and on-
couraged. It is only roiiuisito tiiut this gront sttitc should cherish her
internal resources, that her largo planters shuuld have the knowledge and
dignity to practice retrcnclmicnt, and incu lento upon their children, that
to be trained to industry, to have a pursuit, and in a free and republican
country, even to labor with their own hands, would bring neither stain nor
indignity, to restore that prosperity, which will be sought for in vain in
idle menace and fierce legislation. i *

GEORGIA.

LvNorn, 300 miles. Breadth 200. Containing 58,000 square miles.
Between 30° 10' and 35° N. L. and 3° 52' and 8° 17' W. L. Bounded
N. by Tennessee and North Carolina; N. E. by South Carolina; S. E.
by the Atlantic; S. by Florida; and W. by Alabama.

Counties. Towns.

Appling, Appling C. 11,

Baker, Byron.

Baldwin, Milledgeville. '

Bibb, Macon.

Bryan, Bryan C; H.

Bullock, Statesborough.
Burke, Waynesboro.

Butts, Jackson.

Camden, Joffcrsonton.

Campbell, Campbellton.

Carroll, Carrollton.

Chatham, Savannah.

Cherokee Nation, New Echota.

Clark, Watkinsville.

Columbia, Appling.

Coweta, Newnan.

Crawford, Knoxvillo

Creek Nation, Creek Agency.

Decatur, Bainbridge.

De Kalb, Decatur.

Counties. Towns.

Dooly, Borrian.
Early, Blakcly.
EfTingham, Willoughby.
Elbert, Elbcrton.
Emanuel, Swninsboro.

Fayette, Fayetteville.
Franklin, Carnersville.
Glymn, Brunswick.
Greene, Grcenesboro.
Gwinnct, Lawrenceville.
Habcrsiiam, Clarkcsvillo.
Hall, Gainesville.
Hancock, Sparta.
Harris, Hamilton.
Henry, McDonougb.
Houston, Perry.
Irwin, Irwin C. H.
Jackson, Jefferson.
Jasper, Monticello.
Jefferson, Louisville,

*?'

ATLANTIC tTATM.

lot

Jonei, Clinton.
LaiirenR, Dublin.
Lee, Pcndloton
Liberty, Ricoboro.
Lincoln, Lincolnton.
Lowndes, Frnnklinville.
Modiion, Danielsvillo.
Mclntoih, Dnrien.
Marion, Marion C. II.
Merriweihor, Greenville.
Monroe, Forsyth.
Montgomery, Mount Vernon.
Morgan, Mndison.
Miiflcogce, Columbus.
Newton, Covington.
Oglethorpe, Lexington.
Pike, Zebulon.
Pulaski, Hartford.

Unbun, CInyton.

Randolph, Randolph C. H "^

Richmond, Augustn. • "

Suiven, Jacksonburgh. /

Tulbot, Tolbotton.

Taliaferro, Crawfurdsville.

Tulnull, Perry's Mills.

Telfuir, Jacksonville.

Thoinas, Thomosville.

Troup, Lagrange.

Twiggs, Miirion.

Upson, Thomaston.

Walton, Monroe. a

Ware, Warcsboro. v*,*

Warren, Warrenton.

Washington, Sandersville.

Wayne, Wnynesville. , , - -

Wilkes, Washington.

Wilkinson, Irwinton.

Of this number

Putnam, Eatonton.

Population in 1820, 340,087. In 1830, 510,504.
between the third and tho half are slaves. •

Physical Aspect. There is the same broad maritime belt of level
country, skirting the sen, as in South Carolina, of nearly 100 miles in
extent. The sea shore is dotted with a number of islands. The numer-
ous rivers, inlets and arms of the sea ovorHow the swamps at almost every
return of the tide. Hence the sea marsh swamps, and the swamps near
the estuaries of rivers, in order to be reclaimed, require levees. Beyond
the swamps commences the extensive belt of pine barrenSj closely resenv
bling those of South Carolina. Beyond this belt the counUy begins to
be pleasantly diversified by gentle undulations. The soil is what is tech-
nically called mulatto soil. This region is bounded on the W. by the
Blue Ridge, which here swells into elevations 1,500 feet in height, which
thence subside, and are lost in the sea. Beyond the mountains is an ex'
tensive and rich table country, with a black soil of great fertility, in which
pines and evergreens arc more rare, and are replaced by black walnut and
the forest trees that denote a rich soil. . «* ?

Climate. Differs very little from that of South Carolina. The low
country planters have their sickly season and their summer retreats in the
high pine woods. The districts central to the rice swamps in the Caroli-
nas and Georgia are universally insalubrious. There are districts in this
state, that approach nearer to tropical temperature, than any portions of
Sooth Carolina, and are better adapted to the cultivation of the sugar

» f*

104

ATXiANTIC tTATBS.

ft*

V,'

cane, the olive, and sweet orange. The hilly and western parts of the
state are as healthy as any part of America. As an average of the tem-
perature, winter may be said to commence in the middle ef December,
and end in the middle of Februrrv. The climate of the low country
compares very nearly with that of juouisiana. M

Productions. The staple is cotton, both the black seeded and sea isl<
and. Rice is the next staple. Great extents of rice swamps art sowed
with this grain. Sugar cane is cultivated on experiment. Indigo is be-
ginning to constitute a considerable item in the products. Silk and wine
are made on experiment. The fruits are melons in the greatest perfec-
tion, figs in abundance, oranges, pomegranates, olives, lemons, limes,
citrons, pears, peaches and grapes. The forest trees and shrubs are as
numerous and as various as in South Carolina, and it produces great
numbers of indigenous medicinal plants.

Exports. Consisting chiefly of cotton, rice, deer skins, lumber, &c. in
1828 amounted to $4,981,376. The tonnage was 13,959 tons.

Canals and internal Improvements. A canal from the Savannah to
the Ogeechee is completed. It is intended to extend it to the Altamaha,
making in all 72 miles. One hundred negroes are employed by the state,
under the direction of 2 superintendents, to work by the direction of over-
seers on the roads and the rivers.

Education. The university of Georgia has funds to the amount of 136
thousand dollars. Its position is at Athens. The buildings consist
of two large college edifices, two chapels, a president's and a steward's
house. The library and philosophical apparatus are respectable. An
academy, with an average number of SO students, is connected with the
college. There are 80 incorporated academies in the state, C>4 of which
are in operation, containing 3,008 pnpils. The total number of the
pupils in the academies and common schools is 4,258. The legislature
has appropriated $250,000, and 1,000 acres of land in each county in
such an investment, as that the avails shall be applied to tht support of
common schools.

Natives. The greater portions of two considerable tribes, the Chero-
kees and Creeks, reside within the chartered limits of this slate. The
Cherokees have shown a greater capacity for the improvements of civil-
ized life, and more progress in cultivation and the arts, than any other In-
dian tribein our country. They have good houses, live in villages, culti-
vate farms and have 1,277 slaves. They have carpenters and blacksmiths
and the females^s{>in and weave, and make butler and cheese. They
number a total of 15,060 persons; and, instead of diminishing, they
havfc increased, during the hst 6 years, 3,563. They have adopted a
form of government and jurisprudence similar to ours. A half breed

ATLANTIC STATES.

105

Cherokee has produced the surprising invention of a Cherokee alphabet,
which, in point of utility, takes a high place among the alphabetic inven-
tions of all ages and countries. Great numbers of missionary establish-
ments are fixed among them, in the schools of which 500 children are
learning to read and write the English language. This is not the place
to vex the question, which has proved of such absorbing interest, of tlie
humanity of their removal west of the Mississippi.

Rivers. The Savannah, which is the boundary between this state and
Georgia, has already been noticed. The Ogeechee River pursues a S. E.
course through the state of 200 miles. lis estuary is Ossabaw Sound,
17 miles S. W. of Tybee Light House. Canuchee, its principal branch,
after a course of 100 miles, unites with it 20 miles from the Atlantic.
St. Mary's rises in the great swamp of Okanfanoka, and is the boundary
between Georgia and Florida. Alatamaha is a broad and deep stream
with many branches. The principal of these are the Oconee and
Ocmulgee. The Apulcuhee is a principal branch of the Oconee. The
Little Ocmulgee is a branch of the Ocmulgee. After the junction
of the Oconee and Ocmulgee, the majestic Alatamaha flows one hundred
miles further through the forests, and finds its estuary in Alatamaha
Sound. There are 14 feet water over the bar, and the Oconee branch is
navigable for boats of 30 tons to Milledgeville, the metropolis, 300 miles
from the sea. Ohoopee is an important branch of the Alatamaha, which
has a course of 100 miles. Satilla River empties into the Atlantic be-
tween St. Symons and the Cumberland Islands. The rivers of Georgia
that rise in the Mississippi valley have been already noticed.

Islands. In front of the broad belt of salt marsh, that skirts the sea
shore, is a chain of islands of great value for their capability of yielding
sea island cotton, and for being retreats, during the sickly months, for the
low country planters. The names of the principal islands follow : Tybee,
Ossaw, Ossabaw, St. Catharine's, Cumberland, Jekvl, Sapelo, and St.
Symon's.

Chief Towns. Savannah, the commercial capital, is situated on the
west bank of the Savannah, 17 miles from its estuary, 118 miles S. W.
from Charleston, and 058 S. W. from Washington. Its position is a low
sandy plain. It was formerly built of wood, and insalubrious from its
marshy surface and contiguity to rice swamps. It has sufiered severely
from fires, and the parts destroyed have been handsomely rebuilt. The
rice swamps in the immediate vicinity are no longer inundated, and the
health of the city is since much improved. It contains 12 public build-
ings and 8 churches. The Presbyterian church is an elegant and spacious
edifice of stone. The Exchange is a large building 5 stories high. The
Academy is partly of brick and partly of stone, 180 feet front, 60 feet
Vol. II. 14

106

ATLANTIC STATES.

■ii

wido, and 3 •tories liigh. There are 10 public squares planted with trees,
among which tlio beautiful China trees are conspicuous. It is a place of
very great trade, and has exported over 120,000 bales of cotton, beside
largo amounts of rice and tobacco, in a year. It is defended by t\vo forts
and the entrance to the river indicated by a liglit house on Tybce Island.
In 1820, 463 buildings wei-e destroyed by fire, valued at $4,0()0,0()0.
Population, in 1820, 7,523, of whom nearly half were slaves. In 1830,
7,473.

Augusta is a handsome town on the west bank of the Savannah, 127
miles above Savannah. It is laid out with great regularity. It is hniid-
soniely built, and chiefly of brick. Being midway between the upjxir and
lower country, it is a central emporium of business. It contains 8 pub-
lic buildings and 5 churches. The public buildings are spacious, and
many of the private houses elegant. No town 1ms more business accord-
ing to its size. It is a great depot of cotton and tobacco, brought down
from the upper country. It communicates with Savannah by steam boats.
It has suffered, as well as Savannah, severely by fires — but is at present
flourishing. It is 73 miles S. W. of Columbia, and 138 N. W. of Ciiar-
leston. Population in 1820,4,000. In 1830, 0,«1)0.

Millcdgeville is situated on the W. bnnk of the Oconee, 300 miles by
the curves of the river, from the sea. Though in the upper country it ig
near the bordereof the low country. Ifs situation is elevated and pleas-
ant, and central to a fertile and populous country. The state house, ar
senal, and penitentiary, arc all large and conspicuous buildings. It con-
tains some other public buildings, 2 or 3 churches, and about 3,0t)0 in-
habitants. It is 87 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 170 N. W. from
Savannah.

Athens, on the west bank of the Oconee, is the seat of the University
•of Georgia. The names of the other principal villages follow: Waynes-
borough, Louisville, Georgetown, Warrenton, Dublin, Sandersville, Sparta,
£atonton, Greensburgh, Madison, Jefferson, Clarksborough, Watkinsvillc,
Marion, Clinton, Monticello, Sunbury, Daricn, and St. Mary's.

Minerals. Near Milledgevillc is a bed of yellow ochre. Mineral
springs are found in difl'erent parts of the country. Copi)cr ores, and tlic
greatest abundance of iron ore have been discovered. The gold region
extends in a broad belt through this state. The discoveries have been
numerous and productive in the Cherokee country ; and collisions of a
serious character have ensued between miners claiming to dig under the
authority of the Cherokees, the State, and the United States. Many have
supposed that gold would be found more abundantly in the highlands of
Crcorgia and Alabama, than iu the eastern section of the gold region.

*t'<-

^ ATLANTIC STATES. !

107

Religion. The aspect or ttic roligiotis chnrnctcr and denominations of
this state differs little from that of Soiitli Carolina. The Baptists and
Methodists are the prevalent denominations.

General Remarks. This state, in common with South Carolina, has
adopted a tone of qucrulousncss complaining of poverty and depression.
The teaching of political economy, in regard to its bearing upon the slave
states, indicates alike to tliem all new views respecting personal labor.
The children of the wealthier planters should be taught, that industry is
not dishonor; and should be trained to become sufficient to themselves.
Retrenchment, economy, and the mising and manufacturing every thing,
that domestic industry can supply, which is requisite for the wants of a
plantation, arc duties imperiously prescribed by their circumstances. The
itugar cane bids Hiir to succeed, as a new species of cultivation. In the
remote pericKJs of the colonial history of Georgia, the manufacture of silk
on a considerable scale, was practiced with entire success. A single acre
in the cultivation of the native grape yielded, on experiment, $160 nett
profit from the sale of the wine. An abundant crop of indigo, of an ex-
cellent quality, can be grown in almost every part of the state. Its inte-
rior and western parts are peculiarly favorable to manufactures. With
mines both of iron and gold, tho extent and resources of which can only
be measured by the imagination, and being one of the largest states, in
regard to extent of surface and capabilities, ^Georgia has within herself
all the elements for becoming one of the first states in the Union. Wis-
dom, dignity, moderation and forbearance in her councils are alone re-
quisite to produce tlie desired result.

^.v ^

!>-».'^:Jt* K

'•'i-'

./f-

« *

Vv. '

•*«»»■

DAIVIISH POS^SESSIIONS

NORTH AMERICA

*^>

*,.p:

GREENLAND.

Position. Greenland was long accounted a part of our continent, but
is now supposed to bo an immense island. The most advanced post of
the Danes towards the north pole is Uppernavitch in 72° 30' ; and the
most southern in 64° 10'. Ships have not been known to have doubled
its northern extremity. Davis' Straits to the west separate it from Amer-
ica. Its southern extremity is Cape Farewell.

Climate. Situated altogether in the polar circle, this country has
long winter nights, and short summer days. The flitting glimmer of the
Aurora Borealis softens the horror of these polar nights. Eight tenths of
the year it is subject to the empire of frost. The contiguous ocean is
covered either with fields of ice, prodigious icebergs, or mountains of ice,
that are of immense size, rise many hundred feet in the air, brilliant with
all the colors of the bow, and having their moveable bases fixed as deep in
the ocean. In winter the breath emitted returns in a little cloud of hoar
frost, the mercury becomes stationary, and congealed through all the se-
vere weather. The inhabitants of these dreary regions can know nothing
of our vernal airs, and soft south breezes. We cannot imagine, how
people can endure this period of frost and intense cold, passed in dark-
ness and storms. But the goodness of the Creator is shown, in rendering
the people of all lands satisfied with their condition. The terror of the
Greenlanders is, lest the inhabitants of more southern countries should
immigrate among them, and deprive them of their fancied paradise.

Soil and country. Icy Peak, an enormous mass of ice, rises near the
mouth of a river, and diffuses such a brilliancy through the air, that it is
seen at the distance of more than 30 miles. The country along the sea
shore presents rugged masses of rock interspersed with huge blocks of
ice, indicating the conflict of chaos and winter. The interior is covered
with a chain of innumerable mountains, most of which are unexplored.

DANISH POSSESSIONS.

109

Coal and various minerals and useful and beautiful fossils have been dii-
covered here.

Smoke of Ice. This arises from tlie crevices of marine ice. The rare
occurrence of rain, the small quantity of snow, and the intense degree of
cold produced by the northeast wind lead us to suppose, that the north-
east parts of Greenland constitute a great Archipelago, encumbered with
perpetual ice which for many centuries has been piled together by the
winds and currents.

Animals. Hares, reindeer, white bears, foxes and large dogs, that
howl instead of barking, and are employed by the Greenlanders, in draw-
ing their sledges, comprise the animals of this country Immense flocks
of sea fowl frequent the rivers and shores. The rivers abound in salmon
and the seas in turbots and herrings. It is a curious fact, that those ani-
mals, whose blood is of the temperature of the sea, are found in greatest
nnmbers under these icy fields and mountains. The inhabitants of North
Greenland pursue the whale — and those of South Greenland the seal.
The flesh of the animals is their chief food. The skins of the seals
serve them for clothing, and as the material for their boats. Their tendons
are used for thread, their bladders, as bottles, their fat sometimes as butter,
and at other times, as tallow, and their blood is considered by the Green-
lander the richest broth.

Exports. In value from 50 to 100,000 rix dollars.

Natives. They are of a low stature, have black hair, small eyes, a flat
face, and a yellowish brown skin, evidently assimilating them to the Es-
quimaux.

Language. It is remarkable for its copiousness, and regular grammat
ical forms. Its inflections are as numerous and as varied as the Greek.
The women employ words and inflections, which none, but themselves, are
permitted to use. The Greenlanders call themselves Innouk, or brother;
their national name Kalalit, and their country Kalalit Nonnet.

Implements and canoes. They make use of the bladder of the sea
dog, distended with wind, and attached to the javelin, with which they
strike the whale. The animal, when wounded, feels this bag of wind
constantly dragging him upwards to the surface. Their boats resemble a
box formed of little branches, and covered on every side with the skin of
the sea dog. They are 12 feet long and a foot and a half wide. In the
middle of the upper surface, there is a hole, surrounded by a wood-
en hoop, with a skin attached to it, which admits its being drawn round
the body, like a purse by a thong. Supplied with a single oar, which is
very thin, three or four feet long, and broader at the two sides, the boat-
man, paddling rapidly to the right and left, advances in a straight line
across the waves, in the midst of the tumult of a tempest, little mor^

DANISH POSSESfllONS.

fearful of the surges than the whales. The billows dash over him* He
shakes off the water, like a sea-fowl. He is capsized — but not being ex-
actly disposed to live under the water, with a dextrous movement of his
oar he rights himself, and becomes the companion and rival of the whales.
Character. Is an undofinable mixture of good and bad. They are
ardently attached to their country and its customs, and of course adverse
to the Danish system of civilization, wliich they charge with having
brought spirituous liquors among them. They look with abhorrence up-
on public punishments, and think it enough to load the malefactor, with
reproach.

Religion. The Moravians have had great success, of late years, in
converting this people. These benevolent men endured every thing, to
train themselves to sustain the climate and modes of life of these people.
By these labors a certain degree of civilization has been introduced among
them. They have learned to make barrels and boats, and to comprehend
the use of money. The divinities of the pagan Greenlanders were Torn-
garaook, and a malevolent goddess without a name, who inhabited a pal-
ace at the bottom of the sea, guarded by terrific sea dogs. They believed
in a paradise, where the soul, in a state of happy indolence, was nourish-
|k< ed with the heads of sea dogs. Their priests were called Angekok, and

their enchanters Iliseets. The Danes have encountered incredible
sacrifices and dangers in this region of wifiter and storms to christianize
this people.

PopulatioHf Towns. The Danish establishments are Uppernavicb,
Umanak, Godhavn, Jacob^shavn, Holsteinborg, Sukerstoppen, Gothaab,
Friderickshaab and Jullan^shaab. The largest of the Moravian establish-
ments is called Lichtenau. In 1802 the population amounted to 5,122
souls. Vaccination has been introduced among them, and will secure
them hereafter from the terrible ravages of the small pox. These people
wander along a coast of 900 miles. But neither the Danes or Greenland-
%% ers have yet passed the icy chain of mountains, which cut off their
intercourse with the interior.

-^ .

ICELAND,

Must after all be considered, as included in the western continent. It
was known seven centuries before Columbus. It is a land of prodigies).
Subterranean fires burst through the frozen soil, and boiling springs
shoot up their fountains amidst eternal snows. The people are free, and
in tliis rude and strange country feel the strong impulses of poetry. The
extent of the country is 4,500 square leagues.

,^-

DANISH POSSESSIONS.

»1

Roek$f Mountaifu. The whole country is little more, than a chain of
immense rocks, covered with snow, while fire bums forever within their
subterranean caverns. Various fossils and shining stones and lavas are
found here.

Volcanoes. Twelve are known in this island. The most celebrated is
Mount Hecla, 4,800 feet above the level of the sea. The volcanoes of
Scaptefell made themselves known, in 1783, by terrific phenomena. The
river Skapt-Aa was filled with pumice stones and lava. A fertile district
was instantly changed to a desert. Sulphureous exhalations and clouds of
cinders spread over the whole island, and an epidemic was the conse-
quence. Immediately before this eruption, a volcanic island arose out of
the sea, and shortly after sunk again, and its place was no more known.

Hot Springs. Some are tepid, and are called baths; others throw up
boiling water with great noise, and are called Hverer or caldrons. The
most remarkable is Geyser near Skalholt, in the centre of a plain,
and surrounded by 40 smaller springs. The mouth of this spring is 19
feet in diameter, and its basin 39 feet. The column is thrown up from
88 to 92 feet high. It is surrounded by a dense smoke, and falls back
upon itself in spray. The lately discovered spring Strok rivals Geyser.
Its aperture is smaller, but it presents a better defined surface,' is thrown
up with greater power, to a higher elevation, and disperses in the air,
like artificial fountains. Two other springs near rise, and fall alternately.
The whole of this strange valley is filled with springs, and surrounded
with lava and pumice stone. In these springs the pagan ancestors of the
inhabitants were baptized, and the present Icelanders cook their food;
and employ them for various purposes. The cows, that drink of these
waters, give an extraordinary quantity of milk. They have many mineral
springs, to which they give the name of beer springs.

Fossils. Among the most curious is a heavy inflammable substance,
called in Icelandic Surturbrandj which bums with a flame. Another
kind of ''mineral wood, heavier than coal, bums without flame, and con-
tains chalcedony in its transverse fissures. A great variety of minerals
is found here, together with marble, lime, plaster, porcelain, clay, bole,
onyx, agate, jasper, sulphur and slate. Under your feet you see and
the clay constantly bubbling up, and hear the din of waters boiling,
hissing in the interior of the mountain, while a hot vapor hovers above the
surface, from which columns, of muddy water frequently shoot into
the air.

Air, Climate. Through the air, which is filled with icy particleSj the
sun and moon oflen show double. The Aurora Borealis reflects a thou-
sand different colors. Every where the magic illusion of mirage^ creates
phantom seas, and imaginary shores. The ordinary climate would be

,*,^ -jt*. :

119

DANISH rOSfllSftBIONIf.

•uflliciontly temperate, to lulinit tliu cultivation of wheal, weru it not timt
the floating ice aomctimoa (txca between the northern uudsouthorn prom-
ontories. A frightful degree of cold is the conse(|ucnce. Vegetation in
entirely destroyed, and famine and deupair Hettio upon those niountninH,
which are heated in vain by subtcrruncnn itrcs. Out of UK) yearH, l.')
were of this character, and M years of famine. In 17H1 and nsf), when
intense cold succeeded volcanic eruptions, t),(HM) |ierH«)Mu, one-liftli uf
Uie whole po|)ulation, perished, with u grout portion of the ulieep, horsoH^
and horned cuttle. «

Vegetation^ A spociesof wild wheat, called Mtlur, aiVordH gooil flour.
The lichen IcelandicuSf und ueverul other species of lichen, a great num-
ber of antiscorbutic roots, and even marine plaiils are used as food. —
Iceland produces an immense quantity of wild herries of excellent llavor.
Gardening is practised over all the country. ('uulillowerH do not succoe.l,
and potatoes have made but small progress. In former time the vales of
the south of the island were covered with extensive I'orests. But they
have been improvidently destroyed. A few birch wooils, and many
bushes remain. But the wood which the earth denies them is furnisheil
by the ocean. The immense quantity of thick trunks of pines, firs, and
other trees, which are thrown upon the nortluMii citast of icelantl, espe-
cially upon North Cape, and Cape liangane8s,isone of the most astonish-
ing phenomenan in nature. It comes lloulin^r down upon them in an
abundance to bo greater than the demand of the people.

Domestic Animals. The oxen and cows are without horns. The
sheep have two and sometimes three, with Ion*; wool, und are very large.
There are 400,000 sheep, and 40,(KH) horned cattle upon the island.
Pasturage would be their true riches, if they would attend to it. The
reindeer has been imported und thrives. The foxes yield most beautiful
furs. The white bear sometimes floats u|)on their shores on the ice.
Among many sea fowls is the duck, that yields the eider down.

Fish. Their shores and rivers offer these riches in an abundance, from
which they profit little. The salmon, trout, barbel, and other excellent
fish swim in their waters unmolested, lilcis ubound, but the inhabitants
are afraid to eat them, fancying them the young of the great sea ser])cnt,
which, according to tlie mythology of Odin, encircles the whole earth.
The Icelanders pretend to have seen him lifting his head above the sea
upon their solitary shores. Herrings swarm upon tiie coast, — but it is
only recently that the natives have learned the use of the net. Small
whales, sea calves, sea dogs, and cod, are the common objects of their
fishery.

Divisions, Towns. Iceland is divided into four divisions, correspond-
ing to the four cardinal points. Skulholt and Holuui were formerly townsi

DANISH l*Ot»E8SION8«

* 4
«•

118

that were gents of dioccHcs. They now conntituto but one. Rcikiavik
ifl tho capital, and fornuM'ly coiitiiincil lOU hnuHcs. Bcsestadr is thoseat
of on ocodcmy with ti library of 1,500 volumes, nu doubt tho must north-
orn library in the world.

Comnurcv. 'riic cxporlM arr fish, {rniii oil, moat, Itilluw, butter, hidoi,
eiderdown, word, worslod throid, au' I courHU woollens. In IHOIJ they
amounted to lt)l,*^:iii rix (lollarn, ami tito importatioiiH to 107 ,'405.

Inhahiliinta. Are of niodorate staluio, not 8lroii/», seldom have a nu-
merous olVspriug, and w;int iiiduHtry. But they are honest, benevolent,
faithful, obligin;r, and bot^pitablo. The men lia!i and lend their flocka.
The women cure the llsli, eooU, »cw, and spin. They have some manu-
factures in woollen. Tlioy are so attnclied to tlieir country that they im-
aj,'ino they can be happy no where else. TUoy aronatiirally disposed to piety.
Their domestic amusements a i-ereadin;^' history and poetry. One of the men
gives his bund to a woman, and tliey hiiif,' coupbils alternately, the rest
occasionally joining in tho chorus, 'i'luy are fond of chess. Their dress
is neat and decent. 'I'lu'y live more pltiitifnlly than ''ormerly. They
have literary societies, which havepublislied memoirs, 'i ore are many
public libraries among them. Every Icelander knows hov^ !o write and
calculate. Wine, coH'ee, and spices are not unknown among iheni. Such
is tho colony of the Scandinavians, placed between tho ice of tho poles,
and the flames of the aljyds. . . <■ •

SPITSBERGEN.

To the north of Iceland three lar^^c islands and a group of smaller
ones have received this numa. On the eastern peninsula of this group,
the Dutch whalers formerly had an establishment, called Sweerinburg.
The mountains, crowned with snow, flanked with glaciers, and probably
composed of red granite, slioot up in portentous brilliance to a great
height, and nro seen far olF over the sea. The deep silence incre?ises the
mysterious horror of the approaching navigator. Yet even here nature
has its annual resurrection, and a summer day of five months, followed
by a night as long of winter. Towards the noon of this long day, the
heat penetrates a little into the frozen earth, expanding a few flowerp.
Here among the marine forests of the Fuci the whales roll their epprmqus
bodies of fat, which the whalers pursue to the regions. of ^tem^l/i*?©-
Here beneath the mountains of ice they take their gambols and their loves.
Here the sea dogs dry their brown furs on the ice. Here the sea morse
displays his enormous tusks of ivory Here, too, is his mortal enemy,
Vol. II. ■ 15

,.' f

114

s. •

DANISH POMEMIONS.

Uie MA unicorn. Here the whale is pursued, and sometimes destroyed bjr
the sword fish. Among these shapeless and colossal monsters, is seen
swimming in the waves, or floating on the ice, the ferocious and terrible
polar bear, the enemy alike of all, pursuing every thing that has life, de-
vouring every animal that he encounters; and then, growling with satbted
delight, he seats himself on his trophy of carcasses and bones.

Whale Fuhery. There have been in these seas 400 large whaling ves-
sels at a time. In 40 years the Dutch caught ii'2,000 whulcs, the whale-
bone and oil of which were worth £14,000,000 sterling. The whales
•re diminishing. Sea morses are still abundant. The skin is of use for
suspending carriages, and its teeth are more precious than those of the
elejAant. The horn of the sea unicorn was once an object of supersti-
tious veneration, as a medicine. A margrave of Bareuth accepted one
in payment of a sum of 60,000 rix dollars. Here, too, is procured from
a species of whale the substance improperly called spermaceti. Count-
less millions of herrings, of more real value than all the rest, ''swarm in
these seas.

Floating Wood, Here, as upon the shores of the other northern
eountries, are floated down immense quantities of drift wood. Not only
pines and larches, and Siberian cedars accumulate, but even, strange as it
may seem, Pernambuco and Campeachy woods, probably brought hither
by the gulf stream.

NEW SIBERIA—RUSSIAN AMERICA.

M'^

ExTXNDS from Cape Prince of Wales, at Behring^s Straits, 65°, to
Portlock Harbor, 58°. This country interposes between the immense
desolate regions of the British North- West Fur Company, and the terri-
tory of the United States on the Columbia or Oregon. The Aleutian
Islands, lying between the continent of Asia and America, properly be*
long to this division, though in physical geography, rather to the former
continent. We shall omit them here, and speak only of the Russian ter-
ritories on the American continent.

Phyncal Aspect. This country presents a most savage and gloomy
appearance. The hills are clothed with pines and birches. Above them
rise naked mountains, covered with eternal ices, from which often roll
down with frightful noise, and carrying ruin in their path, enormous ava-
lanches, that fill the vallies, and dam up the rivers. When these masses
roll into the sea, the afifrightened navigator far off hears the echo of ths
eencusiioni and, in the rising and sinking of the waves, feels the effect

DANISH POHSESHIOlfl.

lift

daihinf; his vessel to anil fro. Between tlicse mountains and the lea the
soil is black, and mi^lit seem to pronuMO fertility. The country is covered
with great extents of spon)];y inoruHses, the soil of which seems firm, but
into which the traveller sinks. The pine tree obtains its full dcvelope-
mcnt here, but the other trees are stinted and dwarfish. On this coait
(he sea is rapidly gaining ujion the land.

Natives. They are more numerous than might be expected, and art
not unlike the tribes of the opposite coast, with whom, however, they are
at war. The savages, dependent upon the Russians, are computed at
50,000. , There are no large rivers in this region. On Bchring's Bay th«
Russians havo a small fort. Their chief establishment. New Archangel,
is two degrees farther south, in a milder climate. About this place grow
large pines and American cedars, and a great variety of berries. Fish if
abundant and delicious, und rye and barley succeed. The Kalougianiy
the chief tribe on this coast, are numerous and warlike. These people
possess fire arms, forge iron and copper, work a kind of tapestry, and
weave baskets and hats with great neatness and taste.

Commerce of the Russians. The furs obtained are chiefly those of the
sea wolf and the sea otter. The latter animals have become rare. From
the interior they obtain of the Indians fox skins, blue, black, and gray.
Parties of Russian hunters have already crossed the Rocky Mountains.
The Russian Company has the large capital of £260,000, The cbiof
seat of this company is at Irkutsk in Siberia.

■Ii,.''l : 'lii}:.:: ■

, . It.:.-

a^f-

t V

.#Hr

»fc! !J« J'

lira

H '

w:'s.

lUl

NOriTII A mi: li 10 A.

,*<• ■• .• ■ ',

''•• ••' ^-. '

W I'

••^«*^' •'

N V. W n K I 'I' AI N\

UNorii lliis nrunc is «'«im|»ri'li('n(ltMl llir immfriw ntiil dri'nry connlry,
Mtcndinjf IVom IIh« ('iin;uliiin hiKrs to (ln'. iinrtli-wrHl nxin* iirul IIikIhoiiV
Bny. This Itny jlividcs fhr rdimhy inl'» Mvo<rrfiif divisions, rninlrrii and
woHlorn. Tlu' fMiHlmi compiisrH F,iil)n\<lni-, mid KnHt Maine, and llii<
wi'HiiM'n Now North u\u\ New Hniilh Wnlrs.

Physical Axprcf. lihur/t. TU'\h ilw.wy nninlry i« iiilorsprlcd with

rivri'H, InkoH, mid iiiiirslicH, to ii ji<r('!itrn<\triit limn :itiy otiirrrottntry with

wliirli wv iiro ai'(]u.-iintr(l. Sonir of tlir riv<>is roll into tlio nnkiinwn

lira s of 1 1 in north, <tthns into lliidsoirs H:iy. A«non^ iIh^ fonnor am

Alh»|»o»row Mild Oiinji/jnli, or I'r.ico Ki\t'v. Tlio Coriiu'r lo.«os ilscir in

I«nk«5 Alhapos«'i»w. HImvo Kivor ('inplirsitsrll' into SI;ivo l.ako. Out of

this Inko issin's McK(>n/,i»''s IJivrr, wlii-li ( iniitirH into the Airtir Sen.

Tho ndvontnroiis l''r;iiiklin li;ts siirvryr«I <•('() miles ol" (his c<»tiHt. In thin

rr^itm of |MM'|)otit!il winter, in ('*"/' .'!()', lie round l''.s(|niinanx, diinitiiilive

and cowardly, nnd cvoiy wIumo tin* doni/.cns of |)oliir ri^or. Sliivo Knke

ifl l\00 miles long, intors|H;rsod with isl;iinls, wliirharo rovrrcd with trcoa

resembling (ho nuilborry. Tlio lakis and rivers in this region join to

form one mighty strcnin, rxtonding 1,N<U) miles in l(>iigtli, and resoinhlin/j

the mngnitirent rivers of Siheri'i. (\)])|)er-lMiin' and Churcliill Rivors

empty, the one into the Arctic Sen, and the other into I Indson's Jky.

Two considerable rivers nnito to form Saschaschawin, which falls into

Lake Winnipook. This lake receives, also, the Assiniboil and Ked Kivcr,

and discharges itself into lludsoir.s Bay, by tin' <>re,it rivers Nelson and

Severn. Lake Winnipeek is IS miles broad by itU) long. Itsbnnksarc

shaded by the sugiir maple nnd white poplar.

llltlTIMII I'OX^IWfllllN*.

117

f'lhnati'. Hin h in ilic wvi-rily •»!' winli-r Ihtp, tlml J'voii in M^ (ho
InkcH ri-rr/«) S It I I ihirl. Uriitiily ('<iii)(iMilfi. 'I lir rorkn Hplit williii lioiMO
likn (lull of ||i(< InixN'*! ntliltci y, nnd \\\v HJiiitlcntl rrii^^inctilH fly (n nn
aMnniNJiiii^ iliNlniiir, M'lio d iiitMi^liiK; in (';i|iriciiiii!(, tiiiii llioclmnKi't
nnildrn. Tlio nnmni iM.rcnIiN mIu iIm h h/'lit HniMrliiucHciiiiiii lo tlm( u( a
full innoii. •

»S'o»7. lt;irrniiH>>4n ni\r «1fM»»liiiinn fi|ifMj| on ovrry nxAv. Tlio «ca in
n|)oii only iVoni (lio <''iiiini<<ri''<Miiriit of July to (lie mil of H(!|iti>nilior.
KvfMi (lien llio navi^Mitor ii not !><!<< iVorii tlio dtin^crH of encountering ico-
li#rj;H.

/'VffA. lluilMon^H Itiy nUtinls Imi frw lihli. Hu( ilio int)N( northern
liiki^n nloiniij in IIk^IichI kiiulM, Kurii tiMMlur^con. pikr, li-oiM, .'iiid Miilinon.
Tlio hIhuch lire iiiliiiliiiril liy iiilinilo nntuhtTH (X iit|iiiitic IowIm. About
liMkr Wiiitiipcck wild tin> iH nl>Uh>liinl, llic iMvoiiN^ ftMidol' tlicHo trtmn(M
of |Ih> Nli'iMniM. i'^nnkliii Iniiiul llmt llin ('op|ifi'-Minp Itivrr, (>von n( ilfl
oiitriincr into tii(> l*ol:ir Sen, yicMcd nn idiiniiliiiico of lint; tisli, iiltlinugh
(lioro won! none in \\\o nni ndjcinini,'.

AiiinHih. 'lUvnr iii(> i!h> Idiird-*, i'cind«>;ir, tnnsk-ox, fiillow dciT, lion-
vpr, W(dr. InxrHof dilK-rciit coIo;:*, r it.unoiint, wild rat, wliitj', Mack, nnd
brnwn hraiH, wolviMTtio, oiler, nice ion, innskiit, mink, pino niurtin, or-
minr, pornipinc, line, vaiiclir.^ td' sipiinxdH, niicr, &.(•.

Yi'iirfitf'ioii. Tlino iM a <y,T.'\\ ;il>imd,\nf(' <d" hcrry-lnmiinff nlirnlis,
^nom'ltn-rit'M, wliortldx rrios, and culinary Iu>iI;h. In Home |)ai'lH of (ho
roindty tJK' trichiiilliitus iwv, con iiini, and other trcoH <.blain a conHidcr-
nhlo ui/.c. On U<'d Uivcrdilli'i'cnt Kinds of cnituro hucccimI well.

Trmh'. I.SHharc.I by two ( 'onipanicH, the llndHon's JJay, and Nor(h-
Wcst Coinpnny. 'V\w. first <«xpoils, annunlly, (o tlui nnioinit of J[^HJ,(K)(),
nnd itn|M)rlH .fJM(M)(l(). TIio olIuTconipariy lias been niorc enterprising,
and has extended its ell' iris to Ibe I'acilic, and Ibe Arctic i^^v^. The limits
of llie eonipanies bein^ nndelined, tli(<y have come in collision.

Lord Selkirk . In tbrse remote regions Lord S('lkirk settled tt very
interesting' colony, wliicit also bad its collisions with tliu fur compunieB,
wliicli were nOeiwaids happily niljiisled. Tlie industrious and moral
Scotch of tills noideiuan's colony, succeeded in niiHinf» fine wheat and
potatoes. liord Selkirk has since? deceased, and this interesting colony is
(lisport«ed.

]Satl\\'s. Tin" Esiiniinniix spread over tin* country from Gulf Welcome
to lkhrinji['s Siniits. Tln-ir liuis li;ive been met. with as far north as 70".
liitllo, stpiat, l'e(;i)l<', the coniplexion of these polar men has little of the
copper color of the other American al)ori;,Mnes, and is rather of a dirty,
retkliah yellow. Their huts arc circular, covered with deer skins, and
entered by creeping on the belly. Yet these fcoblc nnd simple beings

BRITISH POSSESSIONS.

have been taught by necessity many inventions, which do honor to human
nature. They make a snow house in a few hours, exceedingly com-
fortable. Some of the tribes are wholly ignorant of boats and canoes.
Many circumstances indicate fhem to be a peculiar race of people. They
seem to be wholly destitute of religious ideas. Some of the tribes have
canoes made of the skin of the sea calf, with which they sail with amaz*
ing swiftness. Tiiey work a gray and porous stone into neat pitchers
and kettles. The Chippeways are the enemies of the Esquimaux, and
have in their turn to contend with the Knisteneaux. The Chippeways are
a much higher order of beings than the Esquimaux. They hold them-
selves to be descended from a dog. They figure the Creator by a bird,
whose eyes lighten , and whose voice thunders. All the northern In-
dians regard woman as a beast of burden, and their own peculiar coun-
tenance and configuration as the highest style of beauty. Murder is rare
among them. The perpetrator of this crime is abandoned by parents and
friends to wandering isolation. Whenever he is seen issuing from his
concealment, the abhorrent and general cry is 'there goes the murderer!'
Knistcneattx J.idians. Are the handsomest Indians of the north.
They inhabit from the Lake of the Mountains, on the north, to the Can-
adian lakes of the south, and from Hudson's Bay on the east, to Lake
Winnipeek on the west. They hold conjugal chastity of little account,
and offer their wives to strangers; but are otherwise, when not corrupted
by the use of ardent spirits, mild, honest, generous and hospitable. They
believe the fogs, which cover their marslies, to be the spirits of their de-
ceased companions.

LABRADOR,

Is a triangular peninsula, bounded east by Davis' Straits; south by
Canada and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Thus removed ncm the Arctic
circle, we might expect to find it partaking of the temperature of the
milder climates. But it is to the full as frozen, as the countries just
described. It is constantly enveloped in fog. A family of the nativei
was seen here in a cavern hollowed out of snow; the excavation seven feet
high, twelve in diameter, end shaped like an oven. A plate of ice form-
ed the door; a lamp lighted and warmed the interior; at a little distance
was a snow kitchen. The inmates reclined on skins. The surface of
the country is a mass of mountains and rocks, interspersed with innume-
rable lakes and rivers. These abound with the best kinds of fish. The
beari combine near thrcataracts to catch the salmon, that ar« impeded

. --r

Burrisii POSSESSION'S.

119

in their attempts to ascend. These voracious animals swallow them with
greediness. Some of the bears pursue them 200 paces under water,
while the indolent remainder sit and seem to enjoy the spectacle. The
country swarms with beavers and reindeer. The interior is more mild,
has rallies, trees, wild cellery and other plants. The eider duck fre-
quents the eastern coast. The beautiful spar of Labrador is well known.

Moravians. Have founded three Missionary settlements, Nain, Okkak
and Hoffenthal. The heathen Esquimaux sometimes put their widows
and orphans to death, to save them from the more dreadful deatli of fam-
ine. The Missionaries besides teaching them many other useful things,
built a magazine, in which each of the natives might deposit his useless
stores, prevailing on them to set apart a tenth for widows and orphans.
This is the true way to convert a savage people, by showing them the
palpable fruits of the Gospel.

Icy Archipelago, north of these countries, has been vainly attempted
to be explored by various adventurous navigators. Icebergs, fields of ice,
er stationary ice have always barred all interior access to these frightful
regions. The history of those numerous navigators, who have attempted
this terrible passage, is that of the utmost daring of the human mind, and
the utmost suffering, that human nature can sustain.

The country still farther north, and between Labrador and Greenland,
has been called North Devon by Capt. Parry. He has named the islands
of this new archipelago, Cornwallis, Griffith, Somerville, Brown, Low-
ther, Garrat, Baker, Davy, Young, Bathurst, Byam, Morton, Sabine and
Melville. Cornwallis, Bathurst and Melville are the largest. The lat-
ter is between 74° 25' and 75° 50' ; 240 by one hundred miles. It is a
dreary country of ice and mosses and stratified sandstone . Some vege-
tation, however is seen. Reindeers, hares, and musk oxen, come here,
during the short summer, and innumerable tribes and varieties of water-
fowl. The deserted huts of Esquimaux are also noted here. Feb. 20,
1820, the mercury stood below cypher in Fahr. The common phenom-
ena of polar meteorology are seen. The needle of the compass, approach-
ing the pole scarcely traverses.

liiiiiiP'iliil! ■'I

BRITISH AMERICA,

CoMPREHEivDs Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower Canada and
Upper Canada. It lies south of the countries just described, and north
the United States. These are of regions settled by the whites. The
immense and dreary coutry of New Britain, upon which we have touched,
is peopled almost entirely by Indians.

120

BRITISH POSSESSIONS.

.v,¥-

tf^t

NEWFOUNDLAND

This large island, 380 miles in length, shuts up the northern entrance
into the St. Lawrence. The perpeticil logs, fliat hover over it, are pro-
bably, evaporations from the warm ciincut of the ^nilf stream.

Productions, Climate. The island is generally barren. It furnislics
however, trees and shrubs suilicicnt fur curing the fish. The glades occa-
sionally afford pasturi'ge. Wolves, deer, foxes, and bears are among tho
animals. The rivers aboinid in salmon, and other fish, otters, beavers,
and other amphibious animals.

BanJcs. Fish. Tliis island is chieny important, on account of its con-
tiguity to the innnensc fislieries on ihu br.iik^'. These are Grand bank
100 miles south east of the island, and Crecn b;uik east of the islands 270
by 120 miles in extent. 'J'licse banks, are, probably, deposites by the sand
brought down from the trojjics by the <;nirslrcam, which also, bears down
under its bosom countless millions, of tlio animalr!,on which the fish feed.
Tho temperature of the water is iniid, too, and tho motion comparatively
•gentle. Tiie fishing season begins in April, and ends in October. At
this time there arc generally 100 ship?, and thousands of small crafts here.
The business is lucrative; dangerous, and an admirable nursery for our
hardy and adventurous seamen, and furnishes one of the considerable ele-
ments of our trade. Many English and French vessels are here in company.
Every part of the process from taking the hungry animals from the water,
to curing the fish and delivering it in all parts of the world, is specific,
and employs its appropriate process. The English and French dry their
fish on the island. We biing great portions of ours pickled to our own
ports, and dry them there, particularly at ]\Iarblehead, Gloucester and
Beverly. A great number of acres around those towns are covered with
the flakes orscallblds on which the fish are dried. A vessel with twelve
jnen usually takes from 20, to 50,000 fish. The whole employment not
only rears thousands of men to consider the sea their home, and storms
their element; but many other thousands are employed iu the business, to
which this gives birth; and our share of the proceeds in good years
amounts to some millions of dollars. Nothing can be more unique, than
the modes of life of these men, wliose abode is on the sea. They
are hale, healthy, honest, intrepid, and of reckless cheerfulness, of
character.

Dog. The animal of this kind, called Newfoundland dog, is remark-
able for its great size, fine, glossy hair, and capacity for swimming. It
has probably been the mixed breed of the dog and the wolf At any
rate, the species was not known, when the country was first settled.

BRITXSII POSSESSIONS

121

Population; Inhabitants. This island has recently doubled its inhab-
itants. St. Johns, Placentia and Bonavisla are considerable places, as-
suming in their embellishments an European aspect. St. Johns, th«
capital, contained, before the great fire, 12,000 inhabitants. The whol«
population may amount to 75, or 80,000, chiefly catholics. " '\ W' •

NOVA SCOTIA.

Is a narrow peninsula 300 miles long, from southwest to northeast.
Bounded N. W. by New Brunswick, W. by the bay of Fundy, and N.
by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in other points by the Atlantic Ocean.
It was settled by a colony of 300 English, in 1749. In its early periods
the colony suffered much from the French and Indians.

Climate. Thougli severe, the winter never closes the harbors with
ice. Like the adjoining countries, it is subject to glpomy and un-
wholesome fogs; but lias a short summer as warm, as that of the north of
Europe. The country, though generally rugged and mountainous, has
recently made no inconsiderable progress in agriculture. Vast marshes
have been drained. \Mieat, rye, hemp, flax, and especially the finest pota-
toes are raised. The gooseberry and raspberry grow in great perfection.

Trees. Oaks attain a considerable size; but the chief timber trees
are pine and fir. The birch and the larch also flourish. The chief ex-
ports are fish, timber, potatoes, and plaster of Paris. Game, wild fowl,
and the dm. °t fish abound.

Chief Towns. Halifax has one of the best kind of harbors. It is
strongly fortified, and contains from 15 to 20,000 inhabitants. It is the
residence of the Governor General of all the British American provinces,
the chief naval station, the seat of a court of admiralty, where a number
of ships of the line and armed vessels are always lying, either stationed
here or for repairs. A considerable number of troops are also in garrison,
who, with the naval oflicers, give it the air of a military place. It is sit-
uated to be in some measure the key to the Atlantic shore, and in our
conflicts with the English, has been a place of great annoyance to our
ships and seamen. Annapolis, on the Bay of Fundy, opposite Halifax*
has also a fine harbor. Shelburne, on the south side of Port Rose has 9
or 10,000 inhabitants.

Vol. IL 16

ii»

-;__3, . ., /*.

132

»•

,'«V'f

ilRlTlSII POSHCHSIONS.

CAPE BRETON.

Is separated from Nova Scotia by the Strait of Canso. It has a severe
and tempestiious chinate, sul)ji>ct, hkc Iho olhor counlrics in tlicse seas,
to fogs. 'I'lie snil is nrifniitful, though oaks of v(;ry j^Tcut si/.e are found
here. In the forests a partridge of siirpnssin;:,' heauty is seen. Cultiva-
tion would succeed, and the isUind abounds in mineral coal near th? sur-
face.

Louinhurgh is on the south-east const of this ishind, and was once a
place of great importance. Tlic taking this town from tlie French chiefly
by New England troops, under Sir William P,.^ppcrcll, forms no unimpor-
tant passage in the annals of our history. It is now unfortified, and
much diminished in importance.

■TS^-

PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND.

b near the northern shore of Nova Scotia, and 100 miles in extent.
Chtrlottetown is a considerable village.

• ^ ANTICOSTI.
NiNSTY by twenty miles, is covered with rqpks,and has no harbor.

.*^w.

' ■ ' ^ NEW BRUNSWICK.

Is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by the Gulf of St, Lawrence, S.
E. and S. by Nova Scotia and the Bay of Fundy, and W. hy Maine.

St. Johns is a large and deep river, abounding with fish, sea wolves,
and sturgeon. Its banks are verdant, lined with lofty trees and fertilized
with annual inundations. It affords an easy communication to the inhab-
itants with Quebec. The exports, timber, fish, and furs, occupy 101
ships The coribou, moose, catamount, bear, and other Canadian ani-
mals are seen here.

Population. Towns. The natives are almost extinct. The white
inhabitants amount to 150,000. Frederickton, on the river St. Johns,
is the chief town. St. Johns, or St. Ann, also on St. Johns, contains 8,000

■.*■

BRITISH POSSESSIONS.

inhiibitiints. Tlio country was originally settled by German troops in the
service of (ircat Britain, and hence it was called New Brunswick. Tho
coast is indented with a great number of deep and important bays.

','

Is a hi«»h and mountainous country, lyinj^ between the river St. Tiaw-
rence and Clialour Bay. Its ntitivo inhabitnnts difforcd much from tho
otlirr Indians, and bnd f^oine traditions <;f diristi;\nity amon;^ them. —
They must liavo rocoivfid Ihem from the aposlles of Crcenland, in 1121.

LOWER CANADA. H

Is divided by llic great river St. Lawrence, and is bounded N. by New
Britain, K. by the (Julf of St. Lavrenc(?, S. V.. and S.by New Brunswick,
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York, S. W. and W. by Upper
Canada.

Dimsions. Ai-e counties, townships, seigniories, and parishes.

Rieirs. The St. Lawrence is the second river in North America. In
point of width and depth, below Ontario it exceeds the Mississippi. It
begins to collect its waters in the unknown deserts of the North- West,
and moves on, accumuliitin<; water through all the great chain of Cana-
dian lakes. AVhero it issues from Lake I'^rie it is called Niagara. It
rushes down the subliino precipice of Niagara falls, and is lost in Lake
Ontario. That hike disembogues through the romantic channels of the
thousand islands, and is thence called St. Lawrence. From this point
the scenery along the river is exceedingly romantic and picturesque.
Numerous villages show, ns the points arc doubled. The houses seem
placed on the waters, and the tin covered steeples glitter through the trees.
The scenery varies at every advancing league. It is from two miles to a
league in breadth, before it reaches Montreal. Below Quebec it is of
such immense width, that its banks are haidly discernible from one shore
to the other. ' .

Ottawa is the next considerable river. It is a broad, deep, and beau-
tiful stream, passing over many romantic cascades, before it mingles its
waters with the St. Lawrence near Montreal. The Sorcl is the outlet of
Lake Champlain. The St. Francis empties through the south hank of
the St. Lawrence between Montreal and Quebec. The Chandiere also
empties into the south side of the river, near Quebec.

. «»

rv&tet

124

-tt^'

DRITI8II POflflBSHIONfl.

-'*»

Montmorency Catcadr. This stream twicn forces ilnelf a piissaf^e
between the rocks, not far from the St. Lawrencp. Iih rn|>i<lity in con-
stantly accamulating in power, ns it gradually contrnctn to tho hrondth nf
100 feet, when at length it falls, olmost porpcndiciilarly, in while clouds
of rolling foam, from its rock, down a descent 2i{\ feet. The sprny in bo
divided, as to assume tho appearance of snow, or hoar frost, l)ofore it
settles into tho abyss below.

Soil and Climate. Though a high, this is not a hilly country. The
extremes of heot and cold are excessive. Tho rnnpo of tho thermometer
of Fuhr. is from 102° above Zero, to 3(^o below. Frost commences early
in October. Snow storms begin with tho next month ; and tho snow con-
tinues to accumulate till spring. The dices of the persona walking in
the streets of Quebec frequently freeze from the driving s!cet and snow.
Europeans cannot long endure the open air at iIuh .scnsoii. HoiHteroiis
winds heap the snow into modcrafc si/.cd hills. By mid-winter tho weather
generally settles into a severe still cold, with a chvir blue sky. Tlio sur-
face of tho wide and rapid St. liawrrncc becomes a ni:i.s.sof lloating ico.
The lesser rivers nro completely iVozon over; and thus furnisliod with
glvissy bridges, the sleighs and sledges Hit over the icy surface in every
direction. The breaking upof the iceis acroni|)ani«'d with noise as load
as artillery, and tho sweeping nias.ses of ice carry away roots, trees and
soil with Uicm, ns they dash against the sluiro . A stranger to this cliinalo
is surprised to see tho earth covcre<l with snow one day, and in a few
subsequent days to note the verdure of high spring. Here the empire of
summer and winter is confounded.

Agriculture, The e-xtcnsive chain of farms along the St. Lawrence,
narrow in front, and from half a milo to a mile in width, has the appear-
ance of ono immense town. Cornfields, pastures, clusters of trees,
snow-white cottager, and ornamented churches show through tho rich
foliage on the banks. Tho view thence rises to lofty mountains, and is
lengthened out to interminable forests. Wheat, pulse, grain, hay and
even tobacco are cultivated to a considerable extent. 'JMio soil improvei
progressively, as we ascend the St. Lawrence to Upper Canada, which
may be termed a fertile country. But agriculture is little understood.
The inhabitants use little manure, and plough shallow. Of course their
grain is diminutive, and tlie soil soon exhausted. They do not give them-
selves much trouble about gardens, orchards or fr"l; Strawberries and
raspberries are produced in perfection and abundance. Melons grow and
ripen well; but apples, pears and peaches are not common below Mon-
treal. Many of the plants resemble those of the Arctic regions. Wild
ricf, zitania aquatica, grows in the still waters. Forests cover the coun-
try, but tho trees are dwarfish, compared with those of the United States.

•*

IIUITIIII POH8Ef«SION8.

125

The tcrcbiiitliinrs nn«l evergreens nn,l firs nro larpe, numorous and varied.
The 8ii^;ir iiitiph^ :ui<i the birch nre common. The naval timber is infurior*
The bonutifMl inonntnin nsh \h abiindunt. «

Animali. TIjc elk, fjillow dwr, bear, fox, nvirlin, ciilamount, forrel,
weasel, linre, prey and red scpiirrel are round hew. The norUiorn re^'ioni
fiirniuh plenty of bufTaloeH, in«u)so and wolves. Otters, lieavcr.s, and
muskrats arc taken f«)r their furs in the lake.s and marshes. Few rivers
can bo comparci) with the St. Lawrence, for the nurnl)cr, variety and ex-
cellence of its fish. The rattl(!snake, and some other noxious reptiles
are, also, seen on its banks. The wild pigeon, grouse ptarmigan, pheas-
ant, or drumtning partridgo, and <m;iil arc seen here. The hununing
bird of tliiscoimlry is the smallest of tlie s[)rcios, that is known.

Mrttih. Arc not found in alxmdance; thoiigli iron, copper and lead
might be smelted from ores discovered in this region.

Chief Towns. Quebec is on the north bank of the St. liawronce,
where the river 8t. ('harh's unites with it,. '{50 niih^s from the sea. The
town is naturally dividtul into the iijiper and lower town. Tlio upper
town is built on a higli, pr(^ci|iitous rock, IM.^i Inel above the h)wer, and
is, from its position, and natural f at i ligations, the strongest military for-
tress in America, and corisidcrod ainvist impregnable. The lower town
is situated at the base of this rock, fir below tiio upper, which seems an
eagle's perch, to the inhabitants below. The population in 1800 amount-
ed to 12,000. A traveller approaching the city is dazzled with the
glittering of the tinned .'Spires, and is apt to form too high an opinicm of
the extent anl beauty of the city. The lower town is dirty and unpleas-
ant. The French parish rliurch, the college, therhnpol of the seminary,
the barracks, the convents, the hotel dieu, the castle of St. Louis, the es-
planade battery, the citadel, the subtmraiiean passage, and Brock's batte-
ry are the principal buihlings and works of art in the city, that arrest the
attention of a stranger. The plains of Abraham show a battle ground of
intense interest, where, in one of the fiercest battles ever fought, Wolfe
fell after a victory, which secured th(^ possession of all the northern divi-
sion of North America to the Fnglish. The brave Montcalm also fell in
the battle, and was buried in the chasm made by the bursting of a bomb,
that killed him. In this city, in a struggle still more interesting to us, fell
the brave and lamented Montgomery. Various points of splendid scenery
and spots fertile in moral interest are visited in this interesting city and
vicinity by the numerous tourists and strangers from every part of the
United States, who now make this city a point in the excursion from
Niagara falls to Boston. It has numerous and the most easy communica-
tions with the country above and below by the beautiful steam boats,
that ply on the St. Lawrence. The distance between it and Montreal,

120

.A/^

-a

BRITISH P088DMXON8.

160 miles has been passed in a stenm boat in 20 hours and 40 minutes
In 1825 it containod 2'i,000 inhabilnnts.

Montreal is built upon i'.n island of the snino name in the St. Law-
rence, 32 miles lon^s and at its centre 2 miles in width, at a point in the
river just below the junction of the Ottawa. The river is here 2 miles
wide, and capable of being ascended by vessels of any burden, although 500
miles from tlie sea. It is 180 miles south west of Quebec, and 300 north
of New York. The town has a beautiful position, ond shows to great
advantage. The mountain, from which it has its name, rises on the left
of the city, and seems i)laced there, like a n-.nipart to defend it from the
blasts of winter. A thick forest covers the greater part of it; though a
few neatly built houses show their roofs from the midst of the mountain
groves. Tiie new cathedral is, probably, the largest church in America.
Its front is 255 feet, and its width l.'Jl. There are five public entran-
ces, and the interior will conveniently contain 10,000 persons. There
are seven altars, and the eastern window over the high altar is 04
by 32 feet. The <ircuit of this vast edifice is 1,125 feet. It is built of
hewn stone from the mountain. The college is the next most conspicu-
ous building extending in front with the wings 220 ke\. It contains on
an average 300 students. This is a catholic institution. There are 18
or 20 public buildings. The French style of building, the number of
lofty spires and towers and the glittering tin coveringof the roofs give the
city a majestic and imposing appearance at a distance. The popula-
tion, by a census in 1825, was 24,000, and is now supposed to amount
to 30,000, having advanced much more rapidly than Quebec.

The chief article of its commerce is furs. It is the emporium of the
north west Company; and of the trade between Canada and the United
States. This company employs 2,000 ][ factors, coureurs du hois, and
hunters; as enterprising people of the kind, as are to be found in the
world. The clerks are chiefly adventurous Scotchmen, forced by penury
to encounter the cold and dangers of the dreary and interminable deserts
of the North West.

Three Rivers. Is situated between Quebec and Montreal, with a pop-
ulation of 2,000. Sore! was built by American loyalists, in 1787, and
contains 200 souls. There are many other considerable villages.

Commerce. The exports of commerce are furs, lumber, potash, flour,
pork, and timber.

Population. In 1814, was 335,000 chiefly French and Roman Cath-
olics. The number is now, probably increased to 600,000. The
French colonists are said to have originally emigrated from Normandy.
They are a people known not only here, but in the north west and south
west country, from the pacific to the mouth of the Mississippi, by very

IIUITI9II rOSBCSSinN:^.

l'J7

peculiar traits. Thoy arc gay, satisfiod with a little, atlaclicd to their re-
ligion and native country. With moderate indiicorncnts, they will under-
take long journies, and encounter inconceivable dnn-^era and hardships.
In the mantifjement of poriojrnea and canoes, on the hikes nnd long
streams, they have no rivals. They are remarkably ingenious in finishing
their own domestic implements. The countenance of the Canadian is
long and thin — his complexion sun-burnt and swarthy, and inclining to-
wards that of the Indian; his eyes black and lively, with lank and meagre
cheeks, a sharp and prominent chin, and such easy and polite manners,
as though he had always lived in the ^reit world, rather than amidst un-
inhabited forests. Their intercourse with each other is to the last degree
affectionate; and a French Canadian village constitutes one family.
They are sober, marry yoting, and have numerous families. Their
cheerfulness, whether in prospority or adversity) is inexhaustible, and
more valuable to them, than all the boasted attainments of philosophy.

Amusements. Society. In winter, clothed in tanned skins, with a
woollen capote, the head piece of which serves instead of a hat, their dress
is that of the Russians. Their SDcial intercourse is that of the age of
Louis XIV th. As soon as the penance of their long lent is ended, their
feasting begins. The friends and relatives assemble. Turkies, pies,
joints of beef, pork and mutton, tureens of soup, thickened milk, fish,
fowl and all the fruits, that can be procured, decorate the board. Coffee
is introduced. — The violin is heard, and these g;iy and simple people
are the most inveterate dancers in the world. Their dress, especially that
of the ladies, is gaudy: and the morning shines in upon their unfinished
hilarity. These people are called ' habitans,' and they are generally in
comfortable competence, though extremely illiterate. The ' Quebec
Mercury,' lately, gravely proposed the establishment of a seminary for the
instruction of those members of their parliament, that could neither read
nor write.

Government. All tiie advantages of the English constitution and laws
have been progressively extended to them. Two houses of parliament,
a legislative council and a house of assembly are appointed for legislation,
which requires the sanction of the king. Upper and lower Canada unite
in forming the assembly. Voters must be possessed of a domicile,
five pounds income, and must have paid not less than ten pounds an-
nual rent. The assemblies are quadricnnial, and dissolved without
day, at the will of the governor. The executive is a governor, lieutenant
governor and 17 members of the council.

Revenue. Expenses. The civil list, £1.">,000, maintenance of clergy^
presents to the Indians, and military (lofciice in all £5(H),()00. The cx-

I ■-:•:' '4h

*•

128

BRITISH POSfSfllllONS*

ports are increasing. In 1810, 001 vessels were employed; burthen
143,81)3 tons, exports £1,500,000 imports £1,050,000.

Military importance. Canada is the chief link in the chain of British
possessions in North Americn, and the only formidable rival of tlie United
States in these regions. - .i

Savages chiefly belong to the province of Upper Canada.

History. Too copious an article to be here discussed. Quebec was
among the first settled places in North America. In 1759 it passed fiom
the dominion of the French to that of the English. In our revolutionary
war an attempt was made, unsuccessfully, to conquer it from the British.
In the late war the fionticrs of Upper and Lower Canada were the chief
■cene of its operations.

UPPER CANADA,

A--

Is peninsulated by the Ottawa, lakes Ontario, F.ri n, and Huron ; and
separated from the United States by the St. Lawrence on the east, south,
and west. Bounded N. E. by Lower Canada and Ottawa River, and
N. W. by New Britain.

Divisions. Districts, counties, and townships.
Population is advancing with great rapidity. It has hitherto been con
fined to the St. Lawrence and the sho"s of the lakes, but is now diffused
over all the interior. New towns a/e extending in the fertile forest,
some of which, in rapidity of increase, vie with those of the U. States.
Great extents of fertile land are yet unoccupied, and the parent country
is furnishing every facility for transporting to these forests her surplus
population; great numbers of whom, however, finally make their way to
the United States; while we in turn furnish many emigrants particularly
our free blacks of color, for this country. At present it is probable the
number of inhabitants equals that in the lower province.

Upper and Lower Canada taken together by a recent census, are found
to contain a million inhabitants, 2 Catholic establishments, 200 curates
and missionaries, and 1 Episcopal Bishop of the Church of England,
with 250 inferior clergy. The Scotch Kirk in Canada contains 10 min-
isters. Not more than one of five of the whole population can read.
Immense numbers of people have recently emigrated to this country;
and great districts of Upper Canada are peopling with the same rapidity
as the Western Country of the United States. The forests in all direc-
tions are levelling^ and large and compact villages grow up in two or three
years from the building the first habitation.

'\.i

3^'

BRITISH POfiflMSIONS

120

Rivers. Besides the numoroiis rivers tliat fall into the lakes, the jjroat
rivers St. I/awrence and Ottnwa roll along the two frontiers of thif"
country. By these nnd the lakes it has as many advantages of inlutui
water interconimiinication, as any other counlry in the world, with the
exfcption of the Uniled .States.

Soil and Productions. 'I'lie soil in this groat peninsula is generally a
vegetable mould, quickened by mixtures of pulverized lime. Many of
the water courses have rich alluvial banks. The country is fertile in
wheat, grain, fruits, and generally the productions of the north part of
the Uniled States. Excellent peaches, pears, apples, and plums are
raised, and great <iuantilics of maple su^Mrare made in some districts.

(Uimate. The southern parts arc temperate, compared with the other
Britibh provinces. 'I'he northern shore of Lake Erie compares more
nearly with Philadelphia than Quebec.

Animals. The same as described in the other British provinces, with
those of the northern parts of the United Slates. The fish are of the
greatest excellence and abundance, and the resort of sea fowls to the
lakes during the summer is immense.

Towns. York, on the north shore of Lake Ontario, is the n:\etropolis.
It has a fine harbor, is a neat and growing town, and has between 3 and
4,000 inhabitants. Kingston, situated at the outlet of the St. Lawrence
from Lake Ontario, is a hRndsome and thriving town with 2,501 inhabit-
ants. Niagara is a considerable village at the entrance of Niagara into
Lake Ontario, and contains 108 houses. Quecnstown is 7 miles above on
the Niagara, it contains a beautiful monument to General Brock, who
fell here in the late war. Chippcway, a league above Niagara falls, is
famous in the history of the late war. Fort Erie is at the outlet of Ni-
agara from Lake Erie. Maiden and Sandwich are on the strait, connect-
ing Lake St. Clair with Lake Erie. The catalogue might easily be in-
creased by giving the names of fifty new and considerable villages.

Lakes. Exclusive of the great lakes which have been already noticed,
there is a Canadian chain of smaller lakes, stretching north of them.
Simcoe, Shallow, Rice, and Nopissing are the chief. Like the great
lakes, they are the summer resort of immense numbers of water fowls,
that come to them to feed upon the wild rice, with which they abound.
Quinfi Bay, an arm of Lake Ontario, 70 miles long, affords fine naviga-
tion. The foreign trade of this vast counlry has hitherto passed almost
entirely by Montreal and Quebec. At least 4C0 vessels, including steam
boats, already navigate the northern lakes; and although the navigation
and commerce are divided between two countries, the necessities of busi-
ness, and the sense of the utility of mutual accommodation to the com-
VoL. II. .. 17

l^''

■ ! ' .iltl

■ : iv ''li

190

■ RITISn POStBMIOIfl.

mon intereft has brought about an understanding of a good degree of
amity and concurrence between the Cnnadinns and Americans.

Canals, The VVelland Canal commences nonr the mouth of Grand
River on Lake Eric, 40 miles N. W. of BufTaln. It connects Lake Erie
and Lake Ontario by canal nrivi<^(ition, overcoming all the descent of
Niagara Falls, and Niagara River between the two lakes. It admits ves-
sels of 125 tons, being wider nnd deeper than any other canal in the
country,except the Delaware nnd Chesapeake. The elevation overcome
by tho locks is 320 feet. The canal required prodigious excavations, in
some places through solid stone. The 'Ravine Locks^ ore said to be the
most striking canal spectacle to be seen in America. It is 38 miles in
length, and through it large schooners have already ascended from the
Now York shore of Ontario to tho Ohio shore of Erie. The Rideau
Canal is intended to effect a navigable communication between Lake
Ontario and the river Ottawa. The next object is to secure the transport
of military stores by an interior route less exposed to American
assault, than that along the lakes. A line of frontier fortresses is to be
built in aid of this object; the whole estimated to cost between five and
six millions of dollars. This, like the forementioned canal, is a prodig-
ious undertaking, carried over hills and rivers and through morasses.
These vast works have wrought the same results as in the United States.
Towns have grown up along the line of their course, even before they
were completed, as by enchantment. Among the many examples that
might be cited, Bytown, at tho junction of the canal with Ottawa, was a
solid wilderness in 1826. In 1827 it contained a market, a school house,
4 churches and 2000 inhabitants. Magnificent roads and bridges are con-
structed; and these triumphs over nature in her wildest regions of
Canadian forests, cascades, vast rivers, and precipices, have brought to
view rivers and lakes, the existence of which, previous to them, were
hardly known. The Rideau Canal is a work of greater expense than
the Welland Canal, and about the same length.

.r'

itlf-

'%*

..Iv

tUf'

■'W

IVIEXICAIV REPIIBLIC.

Pauino from Ihe British possessions in North America, over the wide
extent of our own republic, tho first country wo meet, south nnd west of
the United Stales, is the Mexican Republic, a country of deep interest to
us in every point of view. It is one of tho largest and most beautiful
countries on the glob?. The inlmbitiints had long been servile colonists
of a great but declining nation, wliose boast it used to be, that the sun
never went down upon her dominions. The vast regions of Mexico and
New Mexico comprehend all the countries inhabited by descendants of the
Spaniards, and by their conquered and converted Indian subjects, and the
independent aboriginal Indians, from the territories of the United States
E. and N. to the Pacific Occnn ; and across the Isthmus of Darien to the
Atlantic; and thence down the Gulf of Mexico to tho territory of the
United States again. The various states of this immense country have
passed through a succession of revolutionary contests with the parent
country. The Spanish authority 1ms been totally annihilated ; and although
their condition is fur from seeming to be a settled one, and they continue
to be afflicted with intestine commotions, having designated their govern-
ment a republic, they hnve a claim to be geographically described as such.

Physical Aspect. This great country comprises all the varieties of
soil, climate and temperature on our globe. Immense level tropical
plains, covered with a gigantic growth of evergreen vegetation from the
shrub to the loftiest trees in the world; table elevations on tropical moun-
tains, where perpetual spring prevails, and where productions of the
tropics grow side by side with those of the temperate climates ; mountain
summits covered with unmelting snows, or throwing up volcanic fires,
immense prairies clothed with ever verdant grass, and feeding innumera-
ble herds of buflfaloes and wild cattle and horses; vast tracts of sandy
desert, scorched with a cloudless sun and moistened with no rain; other
regions, where periodical rains deluge the country for weeks in succes-
sion, such are the contrasts of this strange country. African heats are

mm
Him ^

-» "I

,i»A.

132

MEXICAN REpunur.

^ - contiguous to Arctic snows; the wheats and fniits of iho United States
to the banana, cocoa and pine apple of tlie tropics. In one district no-
thing is raised except by nrlificial irrigation. In another the rank vege-
tation is thrown up by the richost soil, and a rcckiiifT humidity. Ancient
and deep forests untouched by the axc.grovcsof mahogany and logwood the
palm and guava rear their columns on the plains. In another, mountains
whose summits were never pressed by mortal foot, pour fiom their cone-
shaped funnels into the elevated and frosty atmos|)hcro the flame and lava
of never quenched iiiternal fncs. It is a scene of continual wonders
strong contrasts, and sublime contemplations, whether we view the gran
deur of the vegetable kingdom, or the diversity of the animal races, par-

V * ticularly the splendor and variety of tho birds, the beauty and sublin»ity
of tho scenery, or tho grandeur of the almost numberless mountam pcak.s.
The Federal Government is cotnposcd of a great number of stales,
which send representatives to the general congress at Mexico.

Northern Provinces,

Sq. Miles.

Pop, in 1803.

Chief Towns.

Old California,

55,880 '

9,000

Loreto.

New California,

16,278

15,600

Monterey.

Sonora,

146,635

121,400

Arispe.

Durango,

129,247'

159,700

.Durango.

New Mexico,

43,731

40,200

Santa Fe.

San Luis Potosi,

263,109

334,900

St. Luis Potosi

654,880

080,800

Southern Provinces.

Sq. Miles,

Pop.in 1803.

Chief Toitms.

Guadalaxara,

73,638

630,500

Guadalaxara.

Zacatecas, ^

18,039

153,300

Zacatecas,

Guanaxuato,

6,878

4 517,300

Guanaxuato.

Valladolid,

., 26,396

376,400

Valladolid,

Mexico,

45,401

1,511,800

Mexico.

Puebia,

20,651

813,300

Puebia.

Vera Cruz,

31,720

156,000

Vera Cruz,

Oaxaca,

34,664

534,800

Oaxaca.

Yucatan or Merida,

45,784 '

405,800

Merida.

5,159,200

680,800

302,561
^ Northern provinces, 654,880

Grand Total, 957,441 5,840,000

The present population is rated at 8,000,000.

p.*^

'¥-

MEXICAN REPTrOLIC.

198

>«•-*

M ■'• #

Dlvisiona. Two thirds of the Mexican republic are under iho l«mperatc, **•
and the romaininjr third under the torrid zone. The fust division ct)in- "^
prchends the states of St. Loon, and St. Andero, Diiran,'To, Sonora. Co- *
ahuihj, Texas and New Mexico. But ilio romaining tropical regionst
from a variety of causes, enjoy for the greiter part, a cool, rather than a
torrid temperature. Tiie interior of Now Mexico and New Biscay forms
an immense elevated plateau, from G,r)00 to 8,200 feet above the level of
the sea. Consequently, thcso rc<,'ion3 extend from the delightful tempe-
rature of the city of Mexico to the rcfrions of eternal ice and snow. This
plateau may be classed into four divisions The lower division is adapt-
ed to the sugar cane, the banana, pine apple, and agave. The second is
appropriate to cotton and plants, that require thn samo temperature.
The third produces the wheat and apples of the Unifcd States. 'J'he
last is only adapted to alpine cultiv.atioii.

Mountains. Tiiey arecalled in this cotnilry Cordillera. They are so
numerous, and of such on infinite diversity of forms, that this summary
cannot notice all the ranges. No doubt, they might be traced to families,
or classes of mountains, belonging to a succossion of ranges, with a
certain degree of parallelism. The most noted chains are the Sierra of
the Andes, the Sierra Madre, and the Sierra Membre. In Guatimala these
chains bristle with such frequent volcanic summits that volcanic mountains
in Mexico arc no curiosity. Popoca-Topetl, or the smoking mountain is
nearly 18,000 feet high. Iztacci-IIuatl or the white woman, is 1(5,000 feet
high, Citlal-Tcpctl, or starry mountain, is 17, G<.)7 feet high. Perote is
13,(>33-feet high. Columns of smoke, and frequent explosions ascend-
ing from them, however noted and sublime phenomena in other countries,
are here too common to be remarked, as occurrences, that excite wonder^
terror and remembrance. Some of these mountains are granitic, and
some porphyritic in structure. The mountain, called by the natives Cit-
lal-Tepetl, or starry mountain, is so called on account of the luminous
exhalations that rise from its crater and play round its summit, which is
covered with eternal snow. The sides of these colossal furnaces of the
internal fires of nature, arc often crowned with magnificent forests of ce-
dar and pine. In 1759 the plains of Jorulla, on the shores of the Pacilic,
experienced one of the most tremendous catastrophes, that tho surface of **
our globe has ever witnessed. In a single night a volcano arose from the
earth, 1494 feet high, with more than 2,000 apertures, which still con-
tinue to throw up smoke . Messrs. Humboldt and Bonpland descended ,^
into the burning crater of the largest, 288 feet in depth. The adventure
was most daring and dangerous. They found the air strongly charged
with carbonic acid . . ^ , ,

[< If

.*•■

■^-

\%\

MKXICAN RBPVniilC.

■m

^ ilfi/jM. Every reatltjr knows, that those of (liu precious nicluls nr«

Koiiurally fotiiiil iititon;^ iiiotititiiiiis; iiiul that tliiM is tlio country ut'Hil-
vcr anil i^old. The ainniiil pnxiuco, inonlinnry yunrs, UHed Huldoin to fall
bnldw ,«|'J2,000,0()0 of silver. 'I'lio ;l'oM is ftdind in liltlo Htraw-liko frag-
montH nnd veins. The riclioHt mine, in its yield of native Hiivor, iH Hnrlo-
pilos in New Discny. In nioHt oftlioni, tlu metal iH extracted from red,
l>lack« niuriuted nnd nuiphurettcd ore:) oP nilver. In south America, tlio
chipf mines are found on the HummitH of the Andes, in the rcjOf ions of per-
petual frost and ice. In Mexico, on the contrary, tho richest, such as
those of (iiuanaxualo, ZnoateciiH, TaHco, nnd Real de Monte nro found
between r),r)t)(), and tl^'iOO feet hijLfli. Tlie climate is delightful, r.nd the
vicinity aliounds with forests, and (;very facility to work the mines to
advantage. A Ci'.tali^iie of tho nnm<<H ofr>() mines might easily bo
given, extending fr«)m Santa Fe, at tho sources of tho Uio del Norte, to
the Pacific.

Rivera. Nature, ns if satisfied with her am|)lo heslowment of mineral
and vegetable ricJies, has denied to this beautiful country the numerous
nnd useful rivers of the United Stales. Scarcely n navigable stream is
found in this vast coimtry; and but two, that would bo deemed worthy of
name in the United States. These are the Kio Uravo del Norte, and Ujo
Colorado. Innumerable torivnts pour down from the mountains. Tlio
smaller streams are Hio Ihuusaculaco and Alvnrado south east of Vorn
Crn?.; tho Rio cle Montezuma in tho valley of Mexico, Rio de Panuco
in tho same vule, Rio de /acatala, and the Rio St. Ja^yro, tho largest of
tho whole, formed by the union of the Leorma and Las Taxus.

Lakcu. The great lake «>f Cha[)ala, in New Ciallicia, covers nearly
100 square leagues. Tho lakes of the valley of Mexico, and tho lake of
Pazcuasco in tho intendcncy of Valladolid are among tho most pictur-
esque spols in the world. Lakes Mexitlan and Parras in New Biscay,
and Nicaragua are large collections of water.

Circumstances give this last pectdiar interest. This lake is silunted
on the Isthmus of Darien, almost equidistant between the IwoOccnng,
Atlantic and Pacific; nnd is reptirtcd to havo tides. There have been a
hundred dillerent projects to canal this lake from the two extremities,
and tints unite these two oceans by a canal of 70 or 80 miles in extent;
and thus save a passage round Capo Horn of more than 10,000 miles.
But on a full survey of tho elevation of this lake above the two sons, the
difTicnltics of digging a ship channel, nnd constructing the necessary
locks up such lofly heights, nnd the pestilential autumnal air of the river
St. John, by which this lake communicates with the Atlantic, the Span-
ish government deemed tho project impracticable, and forbade any one to

4 %

'♦" ' *

.f\

MEXICAN nUPUIII.IC.

135

roMumo il on pain of death. Hiiice tliu country lins boen revolutionized,
tlio sidyoct has been rcHuncitalod. Tho iathintin of Tehiinntepcc prcsentw
the two rivcrH IIunsncuulcofUHl Chimilnpa, which riiiply, iho one into tho
one <iccan, !ind tho other into llio oHkt. A canal of N Icagjios, nt furthest
would unite thoHo two rivers, and bring the oceans into communicntion.
Tho Andes nl thia point have disappeared, and tlio elevation of the canal
nl)ovo tho two sens would be moderate.

Harbors. It will bo seen, that this repidilie has un inunenso extent of
floa cooBt on both oceans. IJut there are few good harbors. Most of the
rivers oro obstructed by l)arH nt their rnojith. Violent storms, for consid-
erable portions of the year, render the ccmst innreesaible. Tho Los Nor-
tcs blow from tho nutinnnal to tho vernal ecpiinox, nnd render tho coast
unsafe of approach. In another part of the year the papagayo nnd Tc-
huantepec winds render tho roadsteds diingerous. JJut these circum-
stances, jinfavorablo to the navigation, are r)rtunate to the republic in
anothor point of view lis nHording protetiion against hostile fleets.

Climate. The country is divided into the tirrras Calinitca, that is to
say hot countries, that produce sugar, indigo, cotton, banonas, and pino
apples in abun<laMro. Jn low and mar.sliy pnsitions in these countries
nnacclimated persons, in particular seasons, are subject to what is hero
called vomito prirto, black vomit, or yellow fever. Acaptdco, Papagayo
andPeregrinoare places of this description, on the Pacific; ond Tampico
on the (lulf of Mexico.

Tho next climate under the tropics is at an elevation from 4 to 5,000
feet. The teniperat.re seldom varies more than N or J) degrees. Intense
licat ond excessive cold are eipially unknown. 'The countries of this de-
scription are called Ticrra.t tntijtlada.s, temperate countries. The oak is a
native tree in this climate; and the yellow fever seldom prevails in Mex-
ico, in tho region where the oak is a native. This is the delicious climate
of Xalapn, Tasco,Chilpaningo, and of Mexico still more elevated. Tho
air is cool and salubrious, and the fruits and productions rich and pre-
cious. But every earthly good has its appendant evil. These regions
lie in tho ordinary height of the clouds, which float at the same altitude in
tho subjacent plains, nnd envelope these charming and elevated abodes
in frequent nnd dense fogs. The third belt is the Ticrras Frias, or cold
countries, higher than 7,200 above the level of the ocean. Kven in the
city of Mexico, in tho centre of the tropics, the mercury has been seen,
though rarely, to fall below the freezing point. The mountains that
raise their summits (ar above these elevations, to the height of 1IS^,000
feet, arc always white with snow,

Periodical rains. In the ecpiinoxial regions of Mexico, nnd as far as
'iS^ N. only two seasons are known, the rainp and the dry. The rainy

•*

136

MEXICAN ncpuniiic.

commences in J«nc or July, nnd ends in September or October. The
riins bcffin in llui low cotintrics, and frradnally extend to llio clcvalod
rrf;ions, (Icsconilin;,' in unrrniitting torrculs, ncconipnnicd, ficcinently
with tlimidcr and ii/^lifiiing. At the elevation of between nnd 7,000
feet snow and sleet often fall with the rain. Beyond 20° north, the
ground nt this elevation is freq«iontly whitened with snow. But such
«nows are earnestly wished. They are deemed salubrious, and exceed-
ingly beneficial to tlio wheat and pasture.

New Mexico. ^J'lie vast district of this country .Tormcrly known by the
nameof Now Mexico, has j)pculiar claims upon the interest nnd attention
fif our t;itizens, as b;)undin;j; for vast distances upon the territory of the
TI. Slates and sustaining a great nnd increasing trade with some of the
Western Slates, Under the ancient Spnnish regime, it was designated
by the term Provincial Internas. It has a very variable nnd unequal
climate. The siunmers are sultry, and in the elevated regions the winter
is unremitting and often severe. On the whole, the interior of all tins
vast country suOIms much from aridity, and the want of the shelter of
trees. Muriates ofsod.i and lime, and nitrate of potash and other Saline
substances encrust the soil so us to bid defiance to cultivation. This
chemical annoyance is extending its injurious eflects in a manner inexpli-
cable. Happily, this incrustation and aridity are confined to the most
elevated j^lains. A great part of the vast republic, situated neither too
high nor too low, may be classed with the most fertile countries in the
world. The lower declivity of the Cordilleras and the heat and humidity of
the coasts, favoring the putrefaction of a prodigious mass of organic sub-
stance, display a grandeur of vegetation inconceivable, except to those,
who have seen it, nnd prove a cause of fatal diseases to unaccliniated
stranger,s. As a general fact, great humidity, insalubrity, and fertility are
found together. Yet on the whole the greater portion of this beautiful
country may be considered, as among the healthiest regions in the world;
the dry atmosphere being sinuularly favorable to longevity. Even at
Vera Cniz, while the black vomit sweeps away unacclimated strangers,
the natives and persons used to the climate enjty the most perfect health,
and live to extreme c^ld ago.

Vegetable prodttcfions. We can only select the names of a few from
thousands. Tn this country, where all climates run into each other,
nil classes of trees and plants might be expected to be found. In the
low and maritime regions, admiration is excited by the number, the vari-
ety nnd the grandeur of the native forests, and in tlic mountainous regions
by the infinite diversity of the plants and flowering shrubs. Tiie mahog-
any, the logwood and nicaragua trees are among the cabinet and dye
woods. The pepper and cocoa trees are among the native fruits. The

■M,

^4.

MEXICAN UEPUBLIC.

oak is not found below (HUM) feet of elevation. Pines spread from the
elevation of 5700 to 12,300 foot.

FAlihlc Phintf!. Ainonfj ilirsn tlio banana dcscrvra llie first place.
Tliroo species arc common. 'J'wo arc iiuli'T(?non.s. The third was
brotight from y\fiica. A siiififlc cluster of these fruits often contains -
from 100 to ISO Ihs. of fruit. An area of iJiO square yards will produce
4,000 lbs., while the same extent will scarce produce 30 lbs. of wheat -
and 150 of potatoes. The ninuioc is cultivated in the same region; and
with maize forms the principal nourishment both of anima's and men,
ill tem])erature3 too cool for the banana. 'I'ho European grains are
grown abundantly in the tem])erato rcjrions. The sweet potaloe and the
yam arc more common in the wnrmer rejLjions. The country prodtices
iniligcnous varieties of the cherry tree, apple tree, walnut, mulberry and
strawberry. Most European fruits flourish in the greatest perfection.
The maguey, a species of the agave, furnishes the most profitable culti-
vation known in the world. It produces a vinous drink, of which the in-
habitants of Mexico drink enormous quantities. The fibres of the
maguey furnish hemp and p;i|ier, and its thorns are used for pins and
nails. The cultivation of the sugar cane is increasing. The best indigo
and cocoa are produced in Gualimala. The cultivation of this latter
tree is exceedingly profitable. Nor does the earth produce a more useful
tree except the bread fruit tree. The nuts of the cocoa arc of such prime
necessity in Mexico, that they pass for small money. Our term cAoco^a/^,
made from this nut, is derived from the Mexican chocolatl. The nopal,
or cactus cochinilifcr, upon which the insect, that produces cochineal
feeds, is raised on a large scale in Oaxaca. The jalap of medicine
grows in J'.ic region of Xalapa, from which it derives its name. Vanilla
imparting its delightful and spicy flavor to chocolate is cultivated. Here,
also ate produced the balsams of Copaivi and Tola. Honduras and Cara-
paachy arc covered with forests of mahngony and logwood. A species
of arum yields a black dye. Guiacum, sassafras and tamarind trees are
abundant in these fertile countries. In the low lands are found wild
ananas; and in the rich rocky soils diflbrent species of the aloe, and
euphorbia. This country has yielded to flower gardens the most rich and
splendid flowers. *

Zoology. It is very imperfectly known. Along with most of the an
imals common in the United States, is the coendou, the conepalt wease.,
the apaxa, or Mexican stag, and a new species of striped squirrel. A
species of wolf dogs is entirely without hair; and another species without
voice, which, in consequence of being eaten as animal food, is almost
entirely destroyed. The bison and musk ox are found in immense
Vol. II. ^ 18

„«,

M*'.

«:
'%

188

IIISXICAN RBPCBLIC.

. *

f'"^'

droves in the plains of New Mexico. The reindeer of that country art
so large and strong, as to be used in sunic ])laces as beasts of draught.
The prairie dog is a native of the connf rics nonr the Rio del Norte. The
antelope and mountain sheep arc found in California. The jiiguar, and
the cougar, which nre fierce animals, hearing a resemblance to the tiger
and lion of Asia and Africa, arc seen inOuutimala, and the hot regions
of Mexico. Hernandez says, that the Mexican miztli resembles the lion
without his mane.

Mexico is the country of largo and splendid birds, abounding in them,
as Africa does in beasts. Domestic, European animals have multiplied
in an incredible degree. Innumerable droves of wild horses scour over
the plains of New Mexico. Inronccivable nvnnbers of mules arc raised.
The trade between Mexico and Vera Cruz alone employs 70,000. There
are families that possess from 50,000 to 100,000 o.xen, cows, and horses,
and others with droves of sheep equally numerous.

Population. It is well known, that Mexico has been in a state of
revolution, and of civil and intestine commotion for many years. A
greater degree of freedom, the removal of monopolies and interdicts, tlio
higher excitements of newly created motives and hopes, the new scope
opened to enterprise by free institutions must, necessarily, be highly favo-
rable to increase of population; and must tend rapidly to repair Iho
wastes of civil wars, massacres, and assassinations. All things consid-
ered, and taking the basis of former increase, and the diminution of the
wars and troubles of the revolution, as elements, the population may bo
safely rated at 8,000,000. The great impediments in the way of the in-
crease of population, are the ravages of the small pox, which will soon bo
laid out of the calculation, as vaccination has been successfully introduced
into the country. The next impediment is a pestilence peculiar to the
climate, and only incident to the Indian race, called Matlazahuatl. When
it prevails, it is sweeping, like the plague, and carries dismay and death
into the healthy interior regions of the high plateau. Happily, it sliows
itself only at long intervals.

Famine sometimes prevails in this abundant and fertile country. Of
all people, the Indians are most indolent and improvident. They seldom
accumulate more than suffices for subsistence from week to week. Thou-
sands of the poorer classes are employed in the operations of mining.
Consequently the occurrence of a dry season, or a frost produces a fam
ine, followed too frequently by epidemic diseases. In 1804, a frost in
August destroyed the maize; and so severe a famine ensued, that more
than 300,000 people perished in consequence of the subsequent famine
and disease. In the revolutionary movements, 46,000 are calculated to

have porial
small porti
death.

The popi
castes. 1. i
oles born ir
6. Mixed cl
lattocs, the
Indians and
The Indii
possess gret
personal dcf
stitiously dc
has rcmarkei
seem cxtren
dances have
a passirm ; ai
ment of vert
The unsubdi
those of the
The Spani
the high ofTic
have porishct
The country
descendants
arc called Is
and a half,
cular words,
an Indian is
He has a sea
quity of tiie
no(ed for the
The descent
The union of
teroons. W
led Quintcro
ered of pure
er than the n,
These dist
society. Inn
Jions, and th
frequently h?

MI2X1CAN lliJPUOI.IC.

180

havo porislicd in buttle; but thoso, wliu so fall, ahvoys constitiito but a
small portion of tlio mortality, that is t.ncessarily connected with their
death.

The population is divided into four great classes, subdivided into eight
castes. 1. Aboriginal Americans. iJ. iSpaniards born in Europe. 3. Ore
olcs born in America. 4. Negroes, slaves and descendants of negroes*
5. Mixed classes, metis. 0. The oflspring of whites and Indians. 7. Mu-
lattocs, the ott'spring of Whites and Negroes. 8. Zombos the mixture of
Indians and Negroes.

The Indians arc copper cf)Iorcd, like those of the United States. They
possess great muscular strength, and an almost entire exemption from
personal deformity; and generally live to a great age. They are super-
stitiously devoted to llio ceremonial of the Catholic church. Every one
has remarked their astonishing aptitude to carving and painting. They
seem extremely destitute of fancy and imagination. Their songs and
dances havo a tinge of melancholy. Their taste for flowers is carried to
a passion; and the Indian .shop-keeper seats himself amidst an entrench*
ment of verdure, and decks his shop with the most beautiful flowers.
The unsubdued Indians on the borders of New Mexico differ little from
those of the United States.

The Spanish from Old Spain called gmichqnncs formerly enjoyed all
the high offices and consideration. Since the revolution, many of them
have perished. The remainder arc subject to penalties and confiscations.
The country born descendants of the Spanish arc called Creoles. The
descendants of the Spanish of iho Canary Islands, who are numerouS|
arc called Islenos. The natives of mixed blood comprehend two millions
and a half. All the shades of this intermixture are expressed by parti
cular words, incorporated with Iho language. The child of a white and
an Indian is called Metis. The complexion is almost a perfect white.
He has a scanty beard, and small hands and feet, and a particular obli-
quity of the eyes. The olTspring of the Whites and the Negroes are
noted for the violence of their passions, and their volubility of speech.
The descendants of Negroes and Indians arc called ChinOf or Chinese.
The union of a white with a female Mulatto originates the caste of quar-
teroons. When a female Quartcroon marries a white the offspring is cal
led Quinteroon. The children of a white and a quarteroon arc consid-
ered of pure blood. Those mixtures, by which the ch'ld becomes dark-
er than the mother, arc called Saltra-Atras, or Back-Steps.

These distinctions of caste enter into self-estimation, and standing in
society. Innumerable quarrels r.nd litigations grow out of these distinc-
tions, and the qualifications or disqualifications annexed to them. It
frequently happens, that those, suspected of having mixed blood| clunn

V'" ■■

MEXICAN llBPUniilC.

¥''.

in the courts declarations, that they nro whites. Rich and dark colored
Mulattoes contrive to get themselves tcMtencd, as the phrase is. When
the applicant is, palp.ibly, dark to the eye, th-i sentence of the court sim-
ply states, that such or such a one uiny consider himself white.

There are no hot tropical countries, where there are so few negro
slaves. There tire not more than 10,C00 in the whole country; the
greater part of whom arc confined to Vera Cruz, Acapulco, and the hot
country in their vicinity. There are, also, considerable numbers of slaves
made by taking prisoners from the independent Indians in the Mexican
conflicts with them. The slaves aie generally well treated, and are pro.
tected by the laws. There is, comparatively, little other than free labor,
and the laws have made provision for the complete emancipation of all
children born after a certain period.

Languages. More than twenty original languages were spoken in
Mexico. The Creoles and the greater portion of the mixed races speak
and write Spanish. The native languages are famous for terminations
in iliy tlttf ttl, atl, &,c. Many of the words consist of eleven syllables.
The complication and richness of the grammatical forms seem to prove
the high original intelligence of those, who inverted, or methodized them-
Topography. New California borders the coast of the Pacific Ocean
from Port San Francisco to the settlement of San Diego. The sky
here, tliough often foggy and humid, is extremely mild. This pictur-
esque country displays on every side magnificent forests, or verdant
savannas, where the herds of deer and elks of enormous size graze un-
disturbed. The soil is fertile. The vine, olive and wheat prosper. In
1802 the missions were 18, and the permanent cultivators 15,560.

San Francisco, the most northern presidio, is situated ujwn a bay of
the same name, into which the Rio San Felipe, which rises in lake Tim-
panogas, enters. Wheat here, with very little care, yields thirty-five for
one. Beautiful forests of oak, intermingled with winding prairies, give
the country the appearance of an artificial park. Monterey is the seat
of government. The aspect of the country is charming, and the inhab-
itants enjoy a perpetual spring. Santa Barbara is situated on a pass,
between the continent and two or three, small islands. The mission of
San Bueneventura is a fertile district, but sometimes exposed to severe
droughts. Vancouver saw in the gardens of the missionaries, apples,
pears, figs, oranges, grapes, pomegranates, two species of bananas, cocoa
nuts, sugar canes, indigo plants, and several leguminous vegetables.

Old California, or the peninsula of California, is bounded S. and W. by
the Pacific, the gulf of California, and the Vermilion sea on the coast.
Its climate is hot and dry. The sky, of a deep azure, is seldom obscured
by clouds, The soil is arid, and the cylindrical cactus is often the only

MEXICAN nEPl'IlLir.

141

vegetable, that relieves Ihe barrenness of the waste. Where there is
moisture and a vegctablo mould, grains and fruits multiply in a most
astonishing manner, and the vines yield a generous wine, like (hat of
the Canaries. The sheep are large, and yield a very fine wool. A great
number of wild quadrupeds are nainorl, and a great and beautiful variety
of birds. The pearls, (hat are lished on this coast, are irregular in figure,
but have a boautiful water. There are gold and silver mines; but they are
not much worked for want of materials. Native salt is abundantly collected
on the plains. The inhabitants may amount to 0,000, and are dispersed
over a country larger than England. Loretto is the chief town. The
inhabitants of all classes may amount to 1,000.

The Indians of these countries were an extremely degraded race. The
Jesuits began the task of their conversion, in 1698. The wise fathers
collected these wandering tribes, and formed (hem into a stationary and
cultivating people, who built houses, and erected chapels amidst the
rocks and brambles. Here (he fathers diffused order, peace and plenty
among their numerous subjects. They were banished by an unjust and
impolitic decree. The Franciscans have succeeded them in the mission.
Their simple dwellings have a picturesque appearance. The converted
natives are treated with gentleness and affection.

New Mexico includes all the country between Culifornia and Louisi-
ana. A narrow belt of country along the Rio del Norte is thinly peopled.
The town of Santa Fe contains 5000, Albuquerque COCO, and Taos as
many inhabitants. The population consists of poor colonists, whose
scattered hamlets are frequently ravaged by the powerful and fierce tribes
of Indians, that surround them. Their principal subsistence is by tend-
ing their cattle and flocks. They live in walled towns, built as fortresses
to defend them from sudden attacks of the Indians. The houses and
walls are built of unburnt bricks in continued ranges in the form of a
hollow square. The soil is fertile, but the rains are so unfrequent, that
the cultivation succeeds only by artificial irrigation. The environs of
the Passo del None produce delicious grapes and generous wines. Many
of the inhabitants number their cattle, horses aud mules by thousands.
The plains are naked of trees, while the mountains are covered with
forests, among the trees of which pines are predominant. Antelopes,
mountain sheep and buiBiloes are abundant in this region. There arc
salt springs, and numerous mines of silver. The people of the United
States carry on an extensive trade with this country, chiefly by tlie way
of the Council Bluffs on the Missouri and Santa Fe in New Mexico,
The mountains at the sources of the Arkansas are sublime elevations
above the point of congelation. Many of them have table summits.
That the soil is underlaid with strata of calcareous rock is attested by a

•«

.* - -

149

MKXICAN HBPUBLIO.

moat sin^Milar phenomenon. In 175S, the bed of the Rio del Norte be
cnmo dry for an extent of 150 lpn«jnos. It had stink, and passed through
subterraneous chasms, and so continued to flow for some weeks, when, no
doubt, the chasm been me chonked, and the river resumed its former
course. The town of Matamoras containing H or 10,000 inhabitants, is
near its mouth.

Savages. Among Uio numerous tribes, that inhabit New Mexico, the
A'ppaches and the Commanchcs arc tlio most numerous and important.
They hunt, fight and almost live on horse-bnck. They arc exceedingly
formidable enemies to the stationary population, and the shock of their
charge on horse-back is represented, as being irresistible, at least by their
opponents the timid colonists. Some of the tribes, that inhabit the Col-
orado, that flows into tho gulf of CaUf(irnia,are rcprescutedtohave con-
siderable towns. A more recent traveller, who descended tho river from
its sources to its mouth, describes Ih^m, as barbarous and naked. Arispe,
the chief town of Sonora, contains 7,000 inhabitants, and Cinalon, cap-
ital of the province of the same name, 10,000. In this province are rich
mines. Culiacan, capital of tho province of the same name, contains
11,000 inhabitants. Durango is the chief town of New Biscay, and
contains 12,000 inhabitants, with some splendid edifices. The country
abounds in silver mines. Batopilas and Cosigirachui and Chihuahua are
considerable towns, containing from 8 to 10,000 inhabitants. Monclova
and Santa Rosa are neat towns in the province of Coahuila. Monterey
in New Leon is a considerable place. On tho upper courses of the Riu
del Norte the country is dry, and seldom visited with rains. The greater
part of the cultivation is carried on by irrigation. In Texas San Antonio
is the most important town. Nacogdoches, once a village of some impor-
tance, has suffered from the troubles of the country, and is in ruins. San
Felipe de Austin is the chief town of Mr. Austin's interesting settlement
on the Brasses. The lower slope of this country, towards the gulf, has
deep forests along the water courses, and much resembles the south wes-
tern part of Louisiana. This province is chiefly peopled with adventur-
ers from the United States. Potosi is the chief town of the province of
the same name, and contains 12,000 inhabitants. One of the richest
mines in the world, that of Real do Calorce, is near this city. Zacatecas,
chief town of a province of the same name, contains 33,000 inhabitants,
and exceedingly rich mines are in its mountainous district. Guadalax-
ara contains a university, is a bishop's sec, and has 30,000 inhabitants.
Compostella is the chief town of a district abounding in cocoa nut trees.
Tonala and Purification are towns in the south of New Gallicia. Their
districts are famous for sugar and Cochineal. Cape Corrientes is a cele-
brated promontory on the coast, where the winds seem to disperse, and

^ MEXICAN RGrUOLIC. 1^

change the direction of their con rscd. Tlie port of SanUlusis aurrounded
by deep and beautiful forests, which furnish ship timber; but isolmostunin-
hiibitcd from its lowiiess, and its extreme insalubrity. The intendcncics
of Guanaxuato and Valladolid arc picturesque countries with volcanic
mountains. The richest silver mines in Mexico arc near Guunaxunto.
This town is rich, and flutirisliing, containing 70,0()0 inhabitants. The
mine of the Count do Vnlcncianu, in 1804, had been dug 19(50 feet per
pendicular, making it the deepest cut known in the woVld. Vallndolid
has a delicious climate, is a pretty town, and contains 18,000 inhabitants.

The intendcncy of Mexico is a rich and delicious country, abounding
with mountains, some of them volcanic, and containing mines and pre-
cious stones. The level country is replenished with the most delicious
fruits, aniso seed, sugar and cochineal. A remarkable curiosity in this
piovinco is the Ponte Dios, or bridge of God, a rock, under which the
water has hollowed itself a canal. The waters have here cut deep and foam*
ing courses, over which, nt a vast distance above them, the traveller cros-
ses by bridges suspended by ropes of the agave. .

On the very ridge of the groat Mexican plateau, a chain of porphyritic
mountains encloses an elliptical valley, the general level of which is 6700
above the sea. Five lakes fill the middle of this valley. The ancient
city of Mexico stood north of the united lakes of Xochimilco and Chalco,
and to the east of lake Tezcuco. Much of the marshy ground, that sur-
rounded the ancient city, has been drained, or filled up. A canal, dug
at a prodigious expense, under the mountains, contributes still farther to
drain it. The houses are built on piles; and the ground is still soft, and
by no means firm. The streets, though wide, are badly paved. I'he
houses in this strange and rich vale on the summits of mountains, are as
magnificent and unique, as the position. They are spacious, and built of
porphyry and amygdaloid. Many of the palaces and private mansions
have an imposing show, and glitter with metalic riches. The cathedral
is perhaps, the richest in the world. Altars, candle-sticks and images of
the saints arc of colossal size, and solid silver, and ornamented with
precious stones. Palaces, mansions of great families, beautiful fountains
and extensive squares adorn the interior of this city. Near the suburbs,
to the north, is the alameda, or chief promenade. Round this walk flows
a rivulet forming a fine square, in the centre of which is a fountain, with
a basin. Eight alleys of trees terminate here, in the form of an altar.
The detestable Inquisition, finally abolished by the ex-emperor Iturbide,
was near this square. ,!xAjl

This city, in the centre of the country, is the seat of an immense com-
merce between Vera Cruz on the gulf, and Acapulco on the Pacific. The
shops glitter with the abundance of gold, silver and jewels. This superb

ili

■.M

JEt

144

MEXICAN KBPUBI.IC.

city is inbabtlod hy 101,000 people, nnd is the centre of more aciettifio
ontnblialtmcnts. »hun any other town in Spanish America. The L')tanicnl
garden, the school of niincp, iho Acadnny of the fine urts, nnd the poly-
technique Hchool are nohlo eslablishmonls. Kxccllcnt draughtsmen,
painters nnd scidplors have boon produce:! in them. The environs pre-
sent a scone of pleasure williout a parallel cIsowIkto in America. Hun-
dreds of canoes on the Canal Chnlcho, fidl of Indians, sitting under awn-
ings, having their heads crowned with the gaudiest ilowers, witiieach a
musician on the stern playing the guitar, and some of tho party singing,
or dancing, present a scene of innocent mirth. The people of tho city
are given to gambling and pleasure. The floating gardens on the lakes,
where flowers and vegetables used to be cultivated, are diminishing. The
most important arts are here yet in their infancy. Saws driven by water, or
hand, are unknown and t))eir planks arv. liowed out with tho broad axe.
The ascent to the table plain, on which tiiis city is built, is of immense
height, and so steep as to re»|uire 11) mules to draw tho beam of a steam
engine up the sleeper parts of the ascent. It is astonishing, that no such
thing as a rail road to this city has yet been constructed. A noble road
of the common kind has been not long since completed.

Most of tho monuments of the ancient grandeur of this country have
disappeared from about the present city. Some grand memorials of the
empire of Montezuma still remain. To the north east of the city are the
ancient temples of the sun and moon. They arc ji v ramidal in figure, and
the former measures at its base 615 feet, and is 175 feet high. That of
the moon is somewhat smaller. They arc incased by a thick wall of
stone.

Queretaro is north cost of Mexico, has 40,000 inhabitants, and is one of
the handsomest cities of the new world. Zacatala and Acapulco are un-
der a burning sky on the shores of the Pacific.

Pueblais an intendcncy, very populous and well cultivated, and its chief
town, called Puebla de los Angclos, or the angels, is the fourth town in
Spanish America, in comparative importance, containing 68,000 inhabit-
ants. Cholula contains 16,000 souls. Tezcncu contains splendid an-
cient remains, and 5,000 itdiabitants. At Atlissco the traveller is shown
an enormous cypress l'^ feet in circumference.

Vera Cruz is a beautiful town, and the centre of the foreign trade of
Mexico. Its position is exceedingly unpleasant, being surrounded by
arid sands, or ill drained marshes. The climate is hot and unhealthy;
and the only water, fit for drinking, is collected in cisterns. The harbor
is insecure and of difliicult access. It is often d^aw^lated with yellow fever;
and yet the position is so important to commence, that 16,000 people in
habit this disagreeable position. It is the seat of an immense trade. The

■*

4,\

MEXICAN IlKPUHMC.

145

inhabitants nfion rcpiir, for cotdncss, hniltli, nnd tlio I)cniitic9 of nrtture,
to lliodi'licioiifl town ofXilMpn, Hitinlod ainon,; tlio sliclvin^rr declivities
of the inonutains. 'VWia tiwn derives ils iiaino from tlio inodicinfil root
callod .T;!l;i|), frmwiti;,' nr.ir if. 'I'lio province of TiiliaHco is thickly
woctlcd, iiltoundiii;; ^viiI^ tin; IMnxiciiii liijcv, ;ind when cultivated, is fer-
tile. 'r<liiiaiit('[)rc Ins ;i hulinrcn the I'acilic, with nnl)lo ancient ruins
nt JNlil/la in ils vicinity. Yuc itan Iks a lieallliy, th()U<,'h n hot and dry
climate, ahntrndiii,',' with dye woods, (aid in sunlterffris. The coasts aro
cov(!red with forests of niaiiijrovo, and impen(!lrablo hedges of Althea
and C'ainw(;oil. In tlio dry seasons, the people? obtain their drinking water
from an incision in the wild pinoH. Merida, the chief town, contains
10,000 inhabitanls. 'I'lie Mn'j,lish cut lof^wood nnd niahoj,'any here, nnd
have some small colonies en the coast, (jiualimula extendi along the
Pacific. The plains an; exeee;lin:!;ly fertile. Mai/.e brings .'100 for ono;
and the country ])r()duces the finest iiidi<,"). In the forests arc many ani-
mals imperfectly hnciwn, and m;;ny non descript balsamic shrubs. Silver
mines and volcanoca abound, find the country is more subject, than any
other known, to earthquakes. The oncient city of Guatitnalu was sunk
in 1777. Never was enrtlu|uake accompanied with more tcrritic and
destructive pjienomcna. Tlio sea rose from its bed. Ono volcan'o poured
out boiling' water, and another waves of blazing lava. Eight thousand
families were swallowed up in a moment. The spot is now indicated
only by a frightful desert. Tlio new town is built four leagues from
tlie old one. Fine cocoa, cotton and ligsare produced here. Cliiapa is
u cheerful town, inhabited by 1,000 families of Indians. The capital of
tlie singular province of Vera Paz is Koban. It rains here nine months in
the year. CJreat nMnd)ers of the trees and shrubs yield diflercnt balsamic
resins. Dragon's blood is produced among them. Reed canes 100 feet
in length are found, and of such a thickness, that from one knot to anoth-
er 2.^)lbs. of water were contained. The bees of this region make an
uncommonly liquid lioney. Among the wild animals is tho Tapir with
teeth longer than thor.c of the wild boar, with which, it is affirmed, the ani-
mal can cut down a tree. Ils skin is six fingers thick, and when dried,
resists every kind of weapon.

The province of Honduras is little known. To the west it contains the
little Spinish towns of Caymagua and Truxillo. In a lake, near the latter
there aro said to be floating islands with large trees on them. Caverns have
been hollowed out by the waters under several of the mountains. Tho
musquetoe coast is properly so named from the intolerable annoyance of
the insects of that name. Some years since, tijerc were exported by the
English from this country 800,000 feet raahog«jny, 200,000 lbs of Sarsapa-
rilla, and 10,000 lbs. of tortoise shell, beside tiger and deer skins.
Vol II. 19

146

'■'^'

ME?:iCAN REPUniilC.

»-<*-

Nicaragua is a large and important province. The lake of the same
name has several beautiful islands, on one of which is a volcano, which
continually burns. This grerit hike discliarges into the Atlantic by the
river St. Johns, on which th< re are a great many inconsiderable falls.
Towards the outlet of the rivor, the shore is marshy and pestilential, and
the Indians numerous, and perfidious. It is well known, that by this river,
and through this lake, it has been proposed to unite the Atlantic and
Pacific ocean by a canal. This province is not known to have any mines,
but is exceedingly fruitful in all the common productions of tropical cli-
mates. Leon, the capital, is situated on a lake, that discharges into Ni-
caragua. Its harbor is at a distance on the south sea. The palratrees
grow, here to a colossal size. Nicaragua, Granada and Xeres are the
other considerable towns. Little is known of them.

Costa Rica, or the rich coast, is so called in derision, as having no
mines. But it is in fact rich in nature's picturesque scenery, noble
woods, a fertile soil, and rich pastures. Cattle and swine swarm in them.
In the gulf of Salinas is found the muscle yielding the rich purple, proba-
bly, the ancient purple, the dye of which was supposed to be lost. The
capita], Carthago, is a flourishing town in the interior. Nicoya is a port
on the Pacific, where vessels are built, and refitted The caoutchoue
or India rubber is a well known production of this country.

Veragua is a province still less known, than the former. It has be-
longed at one time to the government of Guatimala, and at another to that
of Terra Firma. It is covered with mountains, forests, and pasture
grounds. It has silver mines, that are not wrought. The capital is San
Yago. The descendants of Columbus in the female line bear the title of
dukes of Veragua.

History. Our plan allows no place for detail under tliis head. Under
the empire of Montezuma and Guatimozin, the Mexican empire had
cities, towns, temples — a police — the art of working in gold, silver and
copper, a kind of printing — and no small measures of barbaric spLndor
along with many traces of an and civilization. The empire was con-
quered by Cortes with a few Spaniards. That of the Spaniards arose
upon the ruins of the Mexican dynasty. Stretching over an immense
extent, embracing a greater variety of soil, climate and position than any
other country — more of nature's wealth, and more of the factitious and
false wealth of the precious metals, than could be found elsewhere on the
globe, their establishments extended among the mountains, valleys and
plains of this immense country in silence, and hidden from the world.
Nothing hindered it from becoming one of the most populous and pow-
erful empires in the world, but the bigotry of the religion — the ignorance
and mutual jealousies of the population, and the odious monopolies and

♦'

SOUTH AMERICA.

147

interdictions of a fanatic narrow mindetl government. The revolutions
of the United States and of th3 old world frradually and imperceptibly
began to operate in Mexico. The assumption of the crown of Spain by
a brother of Napoleon, who was not recognized in the new world, facili-
tated revolutionary movements. The revolution here was effected with
less bloodshed, than in South America. After a variety of revolutionary
movements, Iturbide by military usurpation proclaimed himself empe-
ror of Mexico. His imperial sway was of sliort date. He was banished
the country, and a government was esiablislied on a model very similar
to that of the United States. Tiie ancient provinces and in tendencies
form states, that are represented in gencml congress at Mexico, in a
legislature modelled after ours. 'Vhn chief ofHccr of the government is
called president. Tiio last place, which Spain held in the country, was
the castle of St. John d' Ulloa, commanding the c -•ast of Vera Cruz.
There has been a recent and bloody revolution, the chief scene of which
was the capital. Older is reaiored; but tliere is a general persuasion
not only abroad, but in t!io country itscif, that the institutions of this
country are as yet unsettled. It is cause for regret, that one of the most
extensive and beautiful positions of the globe, calling itself free, should
not have the stability and quiet of real freedom. The great .evils to be
banished from this fair country are the twin monsters ignorance and
bigotry.

South America is the richest, healthiest, most picturesque, and ex-
cepting Africa, the most extensive peninsula on the globe. Of the two
Americas the northern division ought to be called Columbia, and the
country now under consideration simply America. This vast country
contains 100,000 square leagues. Its greatest length from Point Galli-
anas in Terra Firma, in 12° N. L. to Terra del Fuego in 56° S. L. is
nearly 5,000 miles. Its greatest breadth from Cape St. Roque in Brazil
to Cape Froward in Patagonia, is 4,800 miles.

General Aspect. In this wonderful country rivers roll through an ex-
tent of 4,000 miles, and are so broad, that the eye cannot reach from one
shore to the other. In one point are seen mountain-summits above the
clouds, white with snows, that never melt; while their bases rear the ba-
nana and pine apple. In a day a man can pass through all climates, from
tliat of the equator to that of Nova Zembla. In other places volcanoes,
too numerous to be classed, throw out smoke and flames. Still in other
places, are vast and deep forests abounding in all the grand flowering
and gigantic vegetation of tropical climates, which spread an immense
extent, that has never yet resounded with the wood cutter's hatchet.
Nature here shows herself alternately in unexampled magnificence, beauty
sublimity, power and terror. To the west spreads an immense chain of

^}fr

,-4*ti

"^1

148

SOUTH AMERICA.

mountains with a plateau 12,000 feet above the sea. East of tliisisa belt
of plains and marshes three times as broad, penetrated by immense rivers
with their innumerable branches. To llie east is another chain of moun-
tains less elevated, than the western. Descendants of the Spaniards occupy
the western chain r.nd belt, and the Portuguese the etistcrn. Thus South
America is arranged into two great political divisions.

Rivers. The Amazon has undisputed claims to bo the first on the
globe in length, breadth and deptl). Its sources are in the Andes. One
of its chief branches is the Ucayal. This stream is formed by the Mara-
non and Apurimac. The other branch is the Lauricocha, or High I\Iara-
non. From San Joaquin d'Omaguas, the united stream rolls its broad
wave over an immense plain, to which great numbers of riveis Iring
down their tribute from the mountains. Tiie Napo, Yupura, Parana,
Chuchivara Yutay and Puruz would be viewed, as great rivers in any other
country. Along with the great Rio Negro from Terra Firmn, they are
all swallowed up in tlie Amazon. This prodigious river is known by
authors and in poetry by the names Orellana or Maranon. But the bet-
ter name is that here given, which had its origin from a supposed notion
of women on its banks, wlio were clad in arms, and considered the males,
as the women are viewed in other countries. The Madeira is another
wide branch of this river. The Topayos and Xingu , also, empty them-
selves into it. But Araguay ought to be considered aii independent out-
let, united to the Amazon by a branch of communication. In its upper
courses, this river varies from two to three miles in width, and its depth
exceeds 100 fathoms. Below the Xingu, the eye cannot discern the op-
posite bank. The tide is felt between 7 and 8 hundred miles from the
sea. At the mouth the conflict between the waves of the sea and the
force of this mighty stream produces a violent and dangerous ripple.

The second river of the country, and flir surpassing in breadth and
depth any other in the world, except the Amazon, is the La Plata, or sil-
ver river. Its chief branch is the Parana. This river has a grand cata-
ract not^far from the town of Guayra. From the north the Parana re-
ceives the Paraguay. The Paraguay receives the Pilconnya, a great river
rising in the vicinity of Potosi. The La Plata receives, also, the Vermejo
and Salado from the Andes, and the Uraguay from t)ie Brazils. lis ma-
jestic course is to the full as broad, as the Amazon; and its estuary ex-
ceeds the British channel in breadth. The Oronoco, though not equal-
ling either of these, is a vast river. It rises in the lake Ypava in 5° 5'
N. L. It passes through the great lake Parima. From this lake it issues
by two mouths, and receives the Guyavari, and several other riveis and
falls into the sea, after a course of nearly 1,000 miles. When it meets the
sea, its green colored waves strongly contrast with the blue of the ocean.

''W

SOUTH AMEHIt'A.

149

The stream, formed by this river along the gulf of Paria, is a place of
most formidable navi,intion, an;l it is fo swift, tint vessels require a fresli
breeze to stem it. Tiic asjiect of tlie out'ct of this immense river con-
vinced Columbus, that such a body of ficsh wiilor could only issue from
a continent. Here it was, v.'liile feeling the refroshiufr land breeze,
charged with tlic aromatic fragrance of a boundless wilderness of flowers,
and contemplating the ctlieri-.l mildness of the shy, that the f.mous dis-
coverer imagined himself near the garden of Edon, and that the Oronoco
was one of the four great rivers, mentioned in the scrip'ures, as issuing
from Paradise. Among tlie numerous cataracts of this river, baron Huui-
boldt distinguishes two, the Maypurcs nnd Asturcs, as extremely grand
and picturesque. Between the Oronoco and the Atnazon, there is a sin-
gular communication, by means of the Casiqr.iare. Innumerable smaller
streams water this vast country.

South America, liho Africa, contains both rivers and lakes, that have
no known outlet. Such is the lake Titiaca, connected with the lake des
Angelos. In Tucuman, and south west of Buenos Ayres, there is an
immense level chain furrowed by torrents and little lakes, which lose
themselves in the sands and lagoons.

"'fountains. The Andes dciive their name from the Peruvian word

'f , implying copper. These mountains commence on the coast of the
jt^acific, ten or twelve leagues from the slioro. Near Potosi and lake Tit"
iaca, the chain is 160 miles broad. Near Quito under the equator are the
loftiest summits of this chain, which until some travellers have recently
pronounced the Himalaya in Thibet highest, were universally accounted
the loftiest on our globe. At Popayan this great belt terminates, and di-
vides into a number of distinct chains. The Sierra Nevada de Merida
has a height of 14,000 feet; the Silla de Caraccas 13,S96 feet. Chimbora-
zo in Quito has generally been reckoned at 524,000 feet in heipht, and is
higher than mount Etna would le if piled on the summit of St. Gotliard.
Cayambe, Antisana and Cotopaxi the next highest summits exceed
19,000 feet. The natives assert, that Capa Urcu, at present an extin-
guished volcano, was once higher than Chimborazo. After a continued
eruption of eight years, the high cone fell in, and the volcano was extin-
guished. Near Cuzco, Ilimani and Cucurana shoot up their summits
above the clouds.

The Andes of Chili arc not less lofty, than those cf Peru, and volca-
noes are still mure numeikjus. Tiie most IVcqi'.ented tkips of these m.oun-
tains is the Paramo do Guanucas. But baron Humboldt preferred that of
Quindiu between Ilagua and Carthago. He first crc.ssed a vast and deep
forest, generally requiring len or twelve days to traverse. Not a cabin
is met in all this extent. The pathway over the mountain is not more

•t,

■J-f»j'

^*t »*-■-

150

SOITTII A.^IEHICA.

than one or two feet in Ijieadth; and resembles a hollow gallery open to
the sky.

The Qiicl)radas arc imn-ionso routs, dividinir the mass of tlic Andes,
and breaking the continuily of tlio chaii!, wliicli Ihcy traverse. Muun-
lains of a great size mi</Iit bo swallowed up in these almost fathomless
ravines, which seom so miiny peninsulas on the bosom of an aerial ocean.
It is at the bottom of these Quebradas, that the eye of the terrified travel-
ler can best comprehend the gigantic mngnilicence of tliose mountains.
Through these natural gates, the great rivers find a passage to the sea.

The greater part of the i)opulalion of I'liLise countries is concentrated
on the plateaus of these prodigit.u-? mountains. Hero llic traveller looks
round on what seems to bo a wide plain, or a deep valloy. lie forgets,
that thevilhigcs of these mountaineers, these pastures covered with lamas
and bhecp, these orchiirds fenced with qr.ii'kset hedges, tlieso luxuriant
fields occupy a position suspended in the high regions of the atmosphere,
and can hardly bring himself to believe, th:it this habitable region is more
elevated above the neighboring Pacific, than the sunnnit of the Pyrenees
is above the Mediterranean. Aiitisana, a villaj^e at the base of the moun-
tain of that name, is the highest inhabited spot in our world, being
13,500 feet above the sea. The structure of these mountains is gener-
ally granite at the base, and the crests are covered with porphyries, and
when there are volcanoes, with obsidiitn and amygdaloid.

Temperature. In the torrid zone the lower limit of perpetual snow is
14,760 feet. In the temperate /one it is from (> to 10,000 icet. The
temperature is a regular and constant warmth, like a perpetual spring.
Accordingly a journey from the summit of the Andes to the sea, or vice
versa has a medicinal operation upon the frame suliicicnt to produce the
most important changes. But living constantly in either of these un-
changeable zones has a tendency to enervate both body and mind by its
monotonous tranquility. Sunmier, spiing, and winter are here seated on
three distinct thrones, which they never quit. The palm, the Canana
and pine apple, together with the most brilliant and fragrant flowers in-
habit the region at the base of tliese mountains. A single vaiiety of the
palm is found from 5,400 to i-',700 feet high. Above that commences the
belt of the arborescent fern, and the cinchona, the bark of which is such
a precious remedy in fevers. Between 3 and 4,000 feet is a most rich
and abundant turf, with various beautiful plants and flowers and mosses,
that are always green. A broad belt, from to 12,C00 feet, is the region
of Alpine plants. This is the country of grasses. In tlie distance it has
the appearance of a gilded carpet. Above this belt to tiiat of perpetual
snow only lichens cover the rocks. The banana, jatropha, maize, cocoa,
ftngax cane and indigo grow in the region of the palm. Cofiee and cotton

SO;]TJl AMRUICA.

151

extend across this region into that in wfiicli wheat grows. This is
found in full perfection at 4,500 feet. Barl'oy from tliat Jo 0,000. It is
liowcver, between and 0,000 feet high, thattlie various European grains
are chiefly cultivated. TJio cliief mines of the Andes arc higher than
those of Mexico, and are generally, ahovc the region of perpetual snow,
away from cultivation and wu;,d,and of course are not so much wrought,
as the former.

Animals. In the hot region we find llioslotli, the terrible hoa serpent
the crocodile, and the cavia hitl'js 1 Innnsalvcs in the marshes. The Tanayi
Crax and paroquet mingle tlio brilliance of their plumage with that of
the flowers and leaves. The howlings of the alonates arc heard, and
the sapajou, or marmoset monkeys are seen. The Yaguar, the Felix
concolor and the hlack tiger strive to satiate their sanguinary appetite.
Innumeralle niusquitos sting, and termites and ants annoy the inhabit-
ants; and the oestrus punctures the flesh, and deposits its eggs in the body.
Still higher are the tapir, sus 1;:jassu, and tlie feiix pardalis; and the pnlex
is more numerous and annoying, than lower dov.n. Still higher we find the
tiger cat, and the hear; and the fleas are here exceedingly trouhlesomc.
From 9 to 12,000 feel is seen a small species of lion, known by the name
Pouma, the lesser bear with a white fureheafl, and some of the weasel
tribe. In the region of the grasses, from 12 to 15,000 feet, feed innume-
rable herds of lamas, vicunas and pacos. In this region culture and
gardening cease, and man dwells in the midst of numerous flocks of
lamas, sheep, and oxen, which sometimes stray away into the regions of
perpetual snow and perish. Some lichens grow under the perpetual
snow. Above all, above even the solitary mountaineer in the midst of
his flocks is seen the prodigious condor. They have been observed sail-
ing through the air at the immense height of 21,100 feet.

Caraccas. New Grenada, Quito. These countries have been called
Terra I'irrna and Castile dor. At present they comprehend the provin-
ces or states of Varaguas, Panama an;l Darien. New Grenada Caraccas,
Maracaib.o, Merida Truxillo, Varinas, Spanish Guiana and Cumana and
the island of Margania belong to this g.^nc ; al division. This country has
been the scene of recent and desolating revolutionary wars.

According to the diflerence of the level and elevation of Caraccas, pre-
vails either perpetual spring or perjictual summer. The rainy and dry
season completely divide the year. 'I'lie rainy commences in Noveniber,
and lasts till April. Daring the dry season, the rains arc less frequent;
sometimes even none. The country is much exposed to earthquakes.
Mines of gold and copper are found; bul, owing to the recent troubles,
not much wo(|j|^ed. The pearl fishery ctn the coast is now in consecjuence
of the late troubles, nearlv abandoned. The forests would supply to a

M ^^mofEe^mi^rmm^M

»m

152

ROVTII AMERICA.

settled anrl active government inexhaustible supplies ofship and building
timber. Dyeing and cabinet woods abound. Ciiicliona und susaoarillu
are cclicctod. The l:i!;e of iManicaibo furniHJicg mineral pitch in abun-
dance, r.scd for calking' siiipH. The lako is '210 1 y *,)0 miles; and the in-
habitants prcTcr living' < n islands in the lake to a residence on its arid
and unhealthy shores. TJie water of the lake is fiesli, tlnuyli it commu-
nicates with the vcn, and is of easy and safe navigation. The lake Valencia
is a more attractive sheet of water. Its banks have an agreeable tempe-
rature from the luxuriant vegetation on their shores. Being 40 miles
long by one broati, it receives the wafer of twenty rivers, and has no visi.
bio outlet. IJetw.-en it and the sei is a belt of mountains six leagues in
width. The territories of Carracas arc every whore well watered, and
furnish abundant faeililies for irrigation. In some places the river
inundates the country, during the rainy season. The northern valliesaro
the mo'it productive, because there heat and moisture are most equally
combined. The s;:uthern parts produce pasture, which rears cattle,
mules and horses. Cocoa, indigo, cotton and sugar might be produce 1
in great abundance. Caraccas, the capital, before the last earthquake,
contained 42,000 inhabitants. The valley in whi /lit is situated, is un-
even, and is watered by four small rivers; nevertheless it has handsome
streets and well built houses. Being on an elevation of 3,000 feet, it
enjoys a perpetual spring. La Gur.yra, 15 miles distant, is the port. The
sea is here as boisterous, as the air is hot and unhealthy. Porto Cavallo
in the middle of marshes and an insalubrious air, has some trade. Valen-
cia, half a league from the lake of the same name, is a flourishing place,
in the midst of a fertile and salubrious plain. Core an ancient capital, is
built near the sea on a dry and arid level. Cumana has 28,000 inhabit-
ants, and is situated on an arid, flat and sandy shore, where the air is salu-
brious, though burning hot. Like the other town, it is always in dread of
earthquakes. New Barcelona is a dirty town in the midst of an unculti-
vated, but fertile country. Maracaibo, the sent of government, is built
on a sandy plain, on the left bank of the lake of the same name, G
leagues from the sea. The nir though excessively hot, is not unhealthy.
The country houses are at Gibralli'.r, on the opposite ^shore of the lake.
At the upper end of the lake is jMcrida in the midst of a well cultivated
district. Truxill'i, ojice a inagniriccnt town, was ravaged by the bucca-
niers. In the isle of IM.irgsirita is the town of Ascension, formerly cele-
brated for its pearl fishery; t'.nd still more for its abundance and variety
of fish.

Popnlatton. Before the Into levolulinn, it was rated at nea;'a million.
The people present nearly the same mixtures, as in Mexico. The Span-
ish immigrants prefer a country of mines to one of agriculture, however

'm.

BOUTH AMERICA.

153

rich. Hence this country has not become populous, in proportion to its
fertility. A small colony of French and Irish lead a patriarchal life
under the shade of their cocoa trees on the promontory of Paria. The
Zambos, or descendants of Indians and negroes, are the scourge of some
parts of this country by their Lumbers and hostility.

Spanish Guiana extends more than 1,1200 miles from the moutlis of
the Oronoco to Brazil. It is between 3 and 40C miles broad. The
population is sparse. The missionaries, before the revolution, had 20 or
30,000 Indians under them. It is a very fertile country, and watered by
300 branches of the Oronoco. Situated very favorably for commerce,
it will one day become a country of great importance.

Angostura is the chief town. In this imp:jrtant point, communicating
by so many navigable rivers both with the Oronoco and the Amazon, the
English have established some military posts, on islands at the mouth of
the river, where they cultivated an alliance of the savages, and stcured
for themselves the monopoly of llie cabinet and dye woods of the country.

On the upper country of the Oronoco, between 3° and 4° N. L. is seen
the astonishing phenomenon of the ' black waters.' The waters of the
Atabaco, Temi, Tuamini and Guiainia is of a coffee color. Under the
shade of the palm forests, it becomes deep black. In transparent ves-
sels, it shows of a golden yellow, in which the image of the southern con-
stellations is reflected with great brilliancy. In the black rivers there are
no alligators, nor fish, fewer musquetoes, and a cooler and healthier air.
They are supposed to derive their colors from a solution of carburet of
hydrogen from the multitude of vegetables that cover the soil, through
which they flow.

Llanos. In Guiana and New Granada are seen these astonishing de-
serts. Over an extent of more than a thousand square leagues, the
burning soil no where varies more than a few inches in level. The sand,
like a vast sea, exhibits curious pb.enomena of refraction and mirage. The
traveller is guided only by the stars, or a solitary palm trunk seen at an
immense distance. These plains change their appearance twice every
year. At one time they are as bare, as the Lybian deserts; and at an-
other they are covered with a verdant turf, like the steppes of Tartary.
They have begun to rear cattle on these immense plains, and notwith
standing the alternate danger of the dry season, and the inundation of
the rainy, the cattle rnMliply to an amazing extent. These plains are
surrounded by ravage and frightful solitudes. Forests of impenetrable
thickness cover the humid country between the Oronoco and the Amazon.
Immense masses of granite contract the beds of the rivers. Tiie forests
and mountaii.s incessantly resound with the deafening noise of cataracts,
the roaring of beasts of prey, and the hollow howling of the bearded
Vol. II. 20

•«.

154

ItOirTII AMr.RICA.

monkey, which profjtnosticalcs rain. Tlio allignfor slietchinfj himself on
a sand bank, and the boa, conrciiling in the mud hin rnormoiifl coils anx-
iously await their prey, or repose themselves iiffer rnrnn«;e.

New GrcnmJa, Under this head wo inrliule not only the country
properly so called, but the provinres of P;iti:im!i nn;l Daiien. Quito con-
tains the provinces of Quito, T\I;ic;is, Qiiixos, and Juan de Braeamoras.
Guyaquil is also suiiject to the same cnunlry, nnd rontains Santa Fc de
Bogota, and Antioquia, Santa ]M!irlha,niid ('artlia<feiiii, San Juan de los
Llanos, and Pop; 'an, Raposo. Barlmeoas and Choco, Boiiquete, Novila
and Koposo. New Grenada C(mtains the greatest divcisily of climate;
and is temperate, and even cold and frosty, hut very healthy on the ele-
vated lands. The air is burning;, suflbcaliiijL', Jind pestilential on the ssa
shore; and in some of the deep vallies of the interior. At Carthatrena and
Guynquil, the yellow fever is endemic. The town of Honda, though ele-
vated 900 feet above the sea, has an atm!;sphere excessively hot. This
is on the river Magdalena. The river Cauca is obstructed by rapidg.
From Honda to Santa Fe the rouds arc dangerous through deep forests of
oak, Melastome, and Cinchona. The unvarying nature of the climate
in each belt, the want of an agreeable succession of the seasons, perhaps,
also the frequent volcanic explosions have hindered the country from be-
coming populous. The cocoa of Guyaquil is in great estimation. Cy-
press, firs, juniper, the passion (lower tree, the bambusas and the wax
palm are common. Cotton, tobacco, and sugar are abundant. The in-
habitants make use of the expressed juice of the Uvilla instead of ink.
It is a blue liquid, more indestructible, than the best ink of Europe. Coa)
is found at an elevation of 7,()S0. Platina is met with at Choco and
Barbacoas. Choco is rich in gold dust. A piece of gold was found
there, that weiged 25 lbs. Tiie country, also, contains extensive and rich
veins of silver. At Muzo in the valley of Tunca are the principal eme-
rald mines of Peru. Small diamonds, are also found here. Sulphuret-
ted mercnry is discovered in some of the gold mines.

Chief Towns. Santa Fe de Bogota is the scat of government, and of a
university. It contains 30,000 inhabitants, many churches and magnifi-
cent houses, and five superb bridges. The air is constantly temperate.
The grains of Europe here produce abundant crops. Near this place in
the Rio de Bogota is the cataract of Tcqucndama. The river, before it
reaches the leap is 270 feet wide; but at the cascade itself it narrows to
between 30, or 40 feet. But still Ihovn is presented in the driest seasons
a surface of 750 square feet. At two leaps the river rushes down
530 feet. There is no where in the world another so large a body of
water that has a fall to compare with it. Rainbows glitter with the most
brilliant colors. An immense cloud of vapor rises, which may be dis-

SOUTH AMcniCA.

155

linguished at a distance of 15 tnilrg. This vapor, condensed in mois-
Inre, conduces to the cxccodini:? foriilily of tlio vale of Bopota. The
people of Sruita Fo gay, in doiiciihiiis; this fill, that the Tequenduma is
so high, that the water leaps at one fill from the cold region Tierra Fria
to the hot region Tiorra c.tlienti\ Tlicio is an astonishing natural bridge
at the vale of Icononzo. Tiiu arch is 17 foot long hy 41 broad, and the
bridge is 317 feet above the level of iho torrent, that has pierced its way
under the rocks, probably, by the agency of an carthqunlio. Porto Bello
on the Atlantic, and Paiiiunaon the i'acific were formerly more flourish-
ing towns, than at present. The precious metals, that now find their
way abroad from Buenos Ayrcs, upe;l to l.c shipped from these places.
Although they are situated on two oceans, thoy arc not more than 35
or 40 miles in a right line apart. Tli<5 luxuriance of the vegetation
is surprising. But the climate is excoelingly insalubrious. In the nar-
rowest part of the isthmus, it is oidy eight leagues from sea to sea. But
the rocky and rugged nature of the soil, probably intcrpf>ses insurmount-
able obstacle to a canal. Carthagena on the Atlantic is now one of the
chief towns. It has 25,000 inhabitants, a bishop's see, a university, and
a deep and safe harbor. The country is fertile in the highest degree; but
the air exceedingly insalubrious. To avoid the extremely hot air of
summer, unaccliniated persons take shilter m the village of Turbaco,
surrounded by limpid springs, cooled by the refreshing and deep shade of
colossal trees, and UOO feet above the s(^a. Various splendid trees, plants
and flowers adorn the vicinity; and not far from this place, are the cele-
brated air volcanoes. They issue from 18 or 20 volcanoes from 20 to 25
feet high. These cones arc tilled with water, and every 18 or 20 seconds
a vast quantity of air, and sometimes mud is ejected with great force.
The air is found to be azotic g.is of a pvire quality. Santa Martha has an
excellent harbor, and a healthy situation. The district, to which it be-
longs, is fertile, and has mines of gold and silver, and salt springs. Rio
de la Hacha was formerly enriched by being the chief seat of the pearl
fishery. Popayan is an important town containing 20,000 inhabitants,
chiefly mulattoes. Near it rise two volcanoes covered with snow. Pasto
is a town situated at the foot of a terrible volcano, and surrounded
by forests and marshes. It is a b.igh table plain in a region almost too
elevated and cold for vegetation. The inhabitants are surrounded by ever
steaming sulphur pits, andean raise little beside potatoes. When this
crop fails, they eat the trunk of a small tree called Achupallo. Tiie bear of
the Andes feeds upon tile same, and the inhabitants and the bears there
come in conflict for their fcod."*

The province of Choco would be richer in the fertility of its hills, and
the excellence of its cocoa, than its mines, if human industry vi^ere not

1;:^

: - HI 8

V il

BOUTII AMERICA.

interdicted by its cloudy and burning climate. Dark forests, thick clouds,
howling winds the roar of thunder, perpetual torrents dashing between
bristling rocks, tho hollow groans of tlio waves, torn by tempests, the
howling of wolves, tho roaring of tigers, the hissing of enormous snakes,
crawling under the humid grass of the marshes, nnd with their vast coils
encircling tho trunks of the tires, innumerable insects, engendered by
the heat nnd stagnant nir — Such is the picture, which M. Marmontel
draws of this country. Gorgona and the Pearl islands in the bay of
Choco are more inhabitable.

Quito, tho ancient capital of the second Peruvian monarchy is cele-
brated for its manufactures. It is situated nearly 10,000 feet above the
level of tho sen, nnd too high for the region of perpetual spring. Tho
atmosphere is chilly and lowering, and the climate rather severe. In 1707,
an earthquake overwhelmed this province and in a moment destroyed
40,000 people. Since that time earthquakes have been continually re-
peated. Yet the population, 00 or 70,000 in number, breathes gaiety,
luxury and pleasure on this earth heaving under their feet.

Guyaquil is a sea port, with a dock-yard and abundance of ship tim-
ber in its vicinity. It contains 18 or 20,000 inhabitants, and is a port of
interchange between the productions of Mexico, and those of Chili and
Peru.

The provinces of Quixos and Macas in 2° S. L. have their winter
from April to September. Tiie vast province of Maynas extends along
the Amazon. It contains a very few Spanish establishments — the prin-
cipal one is San Joaquin de Ornaguas.

Ibarra, between 50 and 60 miles from Quito, contains 12,000 inhabi-
tants with considerable manufactories. Otavola, S. W. of this place
contains from 18 to 20,000 inhabitants. The district of Quito is noted
for its large caves, the excellence of its cocoa, tho variety and beauty of
its cabinet woods, and the terribly eflicacious poison of the Manzanillo
tree, under which, if a person sleep, sickness and death would ensue m
consequence. The caoban is a beautiful species of mahogany. The
ebony is a very large tree and yields a wood of a deep black, while the
porsilde nearly resembles ivory. Tiie Guayacan is a green wood. Tiie
bark of the Caoutchouc is used for mattrasses, curtains or sails. There
is a wood, that petrifies in a few months, to a degree of hardness, that, it
is asserted, pieces of it are used for gun flints. There are bees here,
which make their nests under ground, from which great quantities of wax
are extracted. Fine thread is made in great quantities from the leaf of
the Aloe. There is, also, a tree from which a rich purple dye is extracted.
There is, probably, no place on the earth where the vegetable kingdom is
richer than in Quito.

SOUTH AMi:iUCAt

157

Volcanoes. Pinchina is, prohnbly, tho j,'reutost volcano on tlio glolic.
Tlip mouth of ihc; cnil(>r is cirtiihr, and nearly a lon^nin in circiunforenco.
'I'ho interior, wlion not on fire, is drcp black. Tlin tops of several
moiinlnins arc seen inside of it. Tlii-ir siiininita arc I»()0 f.illioms tlecp
in the centre. 'J'lie crater is proLably on ii level with the city of Quito.
Cotopaxi is the hi'.'liost of (iie volcanoes of tiie Andes, and the rnr.st de-
structive in il8 eruptions. In 175N (lames arose I;i,700 feet above its
summit. The roarin;,' was hoard at a town on tho Maf'dalcna, a distanco
of (501) miles. Tho sky continued as dark as ni<,dit, after noon day. An-
other eruption occnsioncd destructive torrents of melted snow. M. Hum-
boldt Jieard the roarins^'s of tliis volcano, !;')() miles in a rij^ht line, like
the repeated disciiar^'os of artillery.

The group of tho (jallipagos, of which 22 islands are known, is situa-
ted 5 or (iOO miles from this coast. They arc directly beneath the equa-
tor, and contain volcanic peaks. The Cactus and Aloe cover their sides,
and a deep and black mould furnislu^s tlio nutriment of large trees.
Flamingoes and turtle doves fdl the air, and enormous turtles cover the
shore. No trace of mortal foot, save that of the crews of ships occasion-
ally touching them, socms ever to hav(! left its print on the soil.

Pern. This country is penetrated by two chains of the Ancles nearly
parallel to each other. The ont; is callod the (vordillera of the coast. The
other is the central chain. Lower Peru is situated between tlie coast
Cordillera and the son, sloping from the one line to the other. Tho soil
Buficrs from excessive aridity. Neither rain or thunder arc known. The
only fertile lands are those capable of irrigation. Nothing can exceed
the fertility and beauty of such plains. The climate is remarkable for
its mildness. Tiic mercury seldom falls below (50°, and seldom rises
above 8(5°.

Upper Peru is between these two ridges. It is covered with rocks
and mountains, with some fertile vallies. This region contains the
richest veins of silver in the world. Tho longevity of tho inhabitants
of this region is proverbial.

Interior Peru slopes in an eastern direction towards the banks of tho
Ucayal, and iVlaranon. The inhabitants denominate it Montana Reale.
This country is as humid, as the other division is dry. The forests are
charmingly verdant, but subject to the draw back of immdations, marsh-
es, noxious reptiles, and innumerable insects. Peru is thinly peopled,
and not much adapted to become an agricultural country. There are
neither roads nor canals. All conveyance is by packing on mules . Hence
the fragrant gums, the medicinal planls,"thc precious woods, the musk nut,
and the Peruvian cinnamon, the oil, cocoa, cotton, and silk will not pay
the expense of transporting them to the coast. So much Cinchona has

ii' It

i:.H

MOirni AMKUIOA

lit'cii (xportt'*!, Imwuvcr, aa to liiivo j'ivt'ii tlio arlitlo \\iv iiaintj of lN>rnvi
nil link.

But it in rliirily I'r its ixocioiisniclnlH, tliit IVrii iscclolinitrd; nloiitul-
iii;; in tliiMii tosiicli ii (l<!^Mt'c, (IS Id l)V llu! ii;iiiialiv(! tcriii Inr wcmIiIi. A
pnijt'cliii^ p titiiiii (,!' ]\!<iiiiit lliiiiaiii ^'iwc way iirar l<;i I'a/. and a pircc!
of ^'oUI was (l(la»la' I iVoiu it, tint wt'i.'licd r»t» Ihs. INIohI ol* llio ;^m»I(I
obtainotl at prrHi'nt in liy wasliinj,' tlm Hinds. 'I'lu* ii<'lH'sl silver niin's
nro those ol' I'liseo, near liaiiiitliiiclia. 'I'licy t'nrniHli, annually, two mil-
lions of dollaiM. Tliey are elevated over l!»,tUH) feel above the lev<'l of
tho sua. 'I'l' next liehest mines uiclhoHuof Chota, Fticnlestiana, Cam-
olachn, and I'l.tnpi de Navar.

(luanc-a VeliiM, not fir S. VV. fioin Tiiiiia, yields (piieksilver. Tin, lead
and ('o|)p<;riiiiiies aliiatnd. None, lint llie wrelehed IniliaiiH, can support
working' in Ihest; <N>ld, damp mines, on siieli miseraMt! provisions, ;is llir
snowy r<'^ions furnish. 'I'he Imsiness of minin;,' is sinred lietween thivo
clasHcs, tho .siu'i'ulnton.s, the /inhHitiulorry, and the nsat/lri 'I'he e\-
portM of IVni consist of ;^"ild, silvtir, win(>, hrandy, pimento, ciiiciionii,
salt, vicunna woi»|, nud coarse wtiolleu /.joeds.

Toini.t. liima is situatcal on the hroa«l and ferlilo vale of tlui Hiinrir,
nnd roininaiuls a view of the whole vale with the Andes in tla; dislaneo-
The Rinmc Hows beneath its walls. Th • form of tlu; city is trianynlar,
and it extends two miles in leniMli. It is sinrnunlrd with walls fortilicd
with bastions. TIk; streets are clean, well paveil, imd cross (.vieh ollici
at ri^dit anf,des. 'J'lu^ arc; watered, and cleansed by a<pieducls from
the river, 'J'hereare 1155 streets. The houses of the rich have ^'aniens
attaciiod to them, watered by canals from the Kiiicic. It is the s'lt of
an university, and has many ehiirehes, convents and hos|)italH. It is tho
Hcal of m)vcrinnenl, and lh(> chief tribunals. The prison, (ho Ari-libisli-
op's Palace and Oatlualral form tim ^r<'ater part o\' the sid(! of the ;,'r(';il
Bcpiare. They now h;ive collee houses and a lh(>atre. Hut the pcoidc!
arc still fond of bull lif,'hts and ^amblin^', and aiiperslilion, bife'oliy and
vice prevail. The inhabitants are computed at rij,tK)().

Cuzco is nearly eipial in extent to liima. It contains ;W,()0() inhabi-
tants, three fourths of Iniliau extract. Several of the ancient iVruvian
monuments remain. 'J'he stones in one of tiiesc buildin<is are so inuneiisc,
and so well joined, as to excite astonishment, how the work could have
been done by a people not acquainted with masonry. 'I'iie better biiilil-
ings tiro of stone, amonj^ which churches and convents are most consj)!-
cuous. The Dominicau monastery occupies the site of the ancient
temple of the sun. The residence of the vir<j;ins of the sun has been
converted into u dwelling for the nuns of Cuzco. Priora and liambny-
6<iue are considcrubic towns. Each contains 8 or }),()00 inhabitants.

MT^

fsnirrii amrkica.

iril)

Ciiiu'lis, IVirlii, ninl Arir;i nrf, nls(», idarcs oC Hnu\(< impnrlruifo. At Ciix-
iiiiiiii'cu ill iipprr INini an) hIiowii the ntiiiN (if the |i:il;ici's, wlicrr (lio liint
of tlio liiciiH \v;isHli;iiiirlc(l liy <inli'r of IN/iirro. 'i'lic piiiiiilatiori I'xcrril.-*
rj,(MI(). Ihi.iiirn, l'asc(», l''iuiilcra, Atnnjaiij i and (Jiiariri Vrlici iiro
lowiiM of importiiiirc ill Upper IV in. Tlic hl!<T town i;i cU'vnlcjl morn
tliiiti lv',ll(ll) iVi'l nliovc tlu- .>^i-;i; iiidI iliiMi;r|i iiriir llu' crpiitor, rain, hiiow
and hIccI iVccpiiMitly fall in IIk? niiiu! iliy. Hiiili Maihaia '\h h\A\ lii;j;her,
liciii!' iH'twi'cii I 1 and ir),()l)() lid liii-li. Tlif iiiah'rialH llir hnildiiijr in
litis lown arc uiiliko lliiiscnf any (illicr. 'V\n> walrr of a warm sprin/^ in
(■(Milcd; and llu* cnhvii-ciiiis matter, lielil in Hulntion, IMIh diirin;^ the pnr
I'CHH. 'I'lie scdiiiieni, is put into vascH, \vlii<li slii.p(f il, and il ;;rii(lnally
hardens into stone. <iiiaiii;ii;ri lias 'Ji'),!)!)!) iiilialiilaiits, and a I'lvoralile
position, hnl is nnlieillliy. 'I'lie iiili ibitanls ol' ( .'oDiJotnoni am aU'ectcd,
(Inrin,^' thunder storms with lensations, lis if (tinner hy in.sec.ls, produced,
prohahly, hy (I lii<^di stale of cicclricily. Arcipiipi is Hitn.aN'd (J or 700
miles S. I'l. of Lima; il is a lar;;e and well lniill. city, waNTcd hy Iho
(liile, with 'J 1,000 inhahilanl.'. The liiko Titiaea is 'ilO miles in
circnmlerciicc, and siilii<'cl lo violent storms, thai, rnsh down from llio
Andes.

F/i Plata in S(nitlicrii IVrn, has its name iVnni a silver mine near il. [t
ronlains ir>,000 inhahitanls. I.i I'a/. his a mild and siilnhrions climat(<,
with snowy innitntains in IIm! iiunnMlialo vicinity, lis popnliition is nnin-
hen>(l at 'iO,000.

Polosi, fatnon?" for ils silver niin("s, orici; contained lliO,0()() smds. Tho
popnialion is now dwindle«l to ;JO,000. 'I'lu; discovciry of iIksc rich
mines is dcsi-rilxMl l»y tradition, as f >llitws. An liidiin named Din^ro
Fluasco piirsncd a vicnnna en the mountain hard hy. To prevent him.solf
from falling', hi; seized a shrnh. It jj^nw. way with a (piantity of turf ut-
lached, and discdnsed to the astonished Indian a lar^fo mass of silvc'r. Tic
eiitrnsled Ihc «(!cret lo a slave, who disclosed il. Oiopesa is iho chief
town of a <lislrict, call(!d from ils fertility tho pranary of P(!rn. Farijn
is the capital of a country ahoiindin;.' in /.naiii and v.ine. Atocama is a
small lown capital of a provincf! of liie same name. Sania Ornz do la
f^iorra is a considorahlo town and <'.apital of a \:\i<^r' province of the same
name.

Wo have no space; for details of Iho cmpirn of the Peruvians over-
thrown hy Pi/arro. Man<fo Capac, according' to thiMr tradition.^, was
the founder of their wor^^hip and civil [xilily. Tlu^y, certainly, had
reached very consichirahh^ doirrecs of civili/.alion, hefoie the arrival of tho
Spaniards. They had huilt a road from (iuiio lo Cii/.co nearly 1500
miles. A not hi M" of equal hMi<.;tli, iti Ihe lower parts of the country, ex-
tended from the centre to the remotest parts of the crn[)ire. Tho ascent

il II

I .1

160

■OUTII AMERICA.

**' ,

of hills was graduated by mounds. Granaries were built at equal dis-
tances, and charitable houses were ever open to the wenry traveller. Tem-
ples, fortresses and canals varicJ and improved the aspect of the country.
Some ancient monuments were adorned with gold to the value of several
million dollars. Under the empire of the Spanish, they have become
indolent, and addicfeJ to drunkenness; but ri^id observers of the rules
and ceremonies of the Romish church. Since the conquest of Peru, they
have much decreased in numbers. Intoxication has b^on exceedingly
fatal among them. And the small pox formerly carried off immense
numbers, before the introduction of vaccination. The most recent in-
formation, before the revolution, gave to Peru, in all its extent, including
Quito, Tucuman and Buenos Ayres, 3,500,000 souls. As instances of
the extreme; longevity in this country, there were eight individuals in
Caxamarca, the youngest of whom was 114, and the eldest 147 years.
A Spanish creole deceased, aged 144 years, and seven months. The
various savage tribes, that roam over Ihe more unsettled parts of these
vast countries, like the Indians of North America, have various langua-
ges and customs. They generally admit ihe immortality of the soul,
and believe in a metempsychosis, and receive with strong incredulity the
doctrine of eternal punishment in hell.

The Sustillo, or paper insect of the Pampantico and the banks of the
upper Uallaga is a great curiosity. It lives exclusively on the leaves of
the Pacol. The paper which they make, varies according to the quantify
and quality of their food. A yard and a half of this paper was carried
to Madrid. It is superior in thickness and durability to the best sort,
that is made in China. A Jesuit informs, that he had written several
letters on this kind of paper. Chili, Paraguay, Terra Magellanica, or
Patagonia.

Precipices and snow-covered rrountains form a boundary between
Chili and Peru. The climate is mild and saluljrious; the natives heallh-
ful and robust. The coast consists of a narrow beach, abruptly termi-
nated by lofty hillri. Their ridges iiave a fertile table plain, watered by
many streams and covered, occasionally with orchards, vineyards and
meadows. However hot the days, the niglits arc delightfully cool. Rain
seldom falls, except between July and August; and the number of days,
in which it falls, does not exceed twenty in a year. In the central parts
of Chili, thunder showers happen in the winter, and lightning is remarka-
bly vivid and terrific. Like Peru, it is suliject to earthquakes, which
counterbalance its fertility and fine climate. The volcanoes o: tiie An-
des, burning in the midst pf snows, heighten the sublimity of the natural
scenery. Gold and silver mines are discovered in the Andes. There
are whole hills of magnetic iron ore. Vegetation is of surprising grandeur-

^k/tf -j^

SOUTH AMERICA.

161

The mountain forests are full of lofty trees. All the fruits of Europe
and a great many aromatic shrubs grow in the vallies. In no country in
America has the culture of the grape ever succee^jied so well. There are
incredible numbers of odoriferous shrubs and plants; and the cedars of
the Andes are compared to those of Lebanon. Every thing of wood that
belonged to a chapel 60 feet long, was made from one colossal tree. The
oHve tree grows nine feet in circumference. The apples are remarkable
for their size, and of the great number of kinds of peaches, one sort
weighs 16 ounces. There are also many plants and shrubs, useful in
dying.

Animals. Molina describes 36 classes of quadrupeds, that are indige-
nous to this country.

Tojcns. The province of Copiapo is 100 leagues in extent. Copiapo,
12 leagues from the sea, has a population of 12,000. The streets of
Coquimbo are shaded with myrtle trees. Quillota is in a fertile valley on
the banks of the Aconcagua. Valp'araiso is the chief town. It is a flour-
ishing and rich place. Santiago has wide and well paved streets. There
are a number of respectable public buildings. Before the revolution, the
inhabitants amounted to 50,000. They are gay and hospitable; there, as
elsewhere in South America, music and dancing are the favorite amuse-
ments. Petrorca, celebrated for its gold mines, is situated above the re-
gion of perpetual snow. Talca is the chief town of a district abounding
in WKie, corn and cattle. In the province of Purchacay the fertility in
corn and wine is very great. A fat ox is sold for four crowns; and the
price of a sheep is less than a dollar. New Conception is in the valley
of Mocha. The population exceeds 12,000. The island of Chiloe is
the chief of a group of 47. The population of the whole island is 25,000.
The capital is San Juan de Castro. The whole group is subject to earth-
quakes. The two islands of Juan Fernandez are 800 miles from the
coast of Chili. The chief has mountains, woods and fertile vallies and
is a resting place for ships. Two persons, whose adventures gave rise
to the novel of Robinson Crusoe, resided on one of them. Alexander
Selkirk, being left there by his fellow sailors, subsisted five years by
hunting. The other, a Musquito Indian, was abandoned by buccanneers.

Cuyo is separated from the rest of the country by the Andes, and is
for that reason called Transmontano. It is only recently, that its mines
of silver and gold have been wrought. It is not a very fertile country.
Some parts are parched with heat, and others blasted with cold. A re-
markable species of cocoa palm is not u»common in the vallies. The
centre of its trunk is so soft, that the inhabitants use it for making cloth,
which^ if it be not very fine, is at least strong and flexible.
Vol. II. 21 .

« *^.-' A ♦

# ««

nOVTII AM attic A.

* »

The province of Tmninmn, a country litllo fioc|iiont(!tl, lius to tlie
north onst of Cnyo. Tho AikIcm ptiiiclrulo it iii,tho north, niid tho n-Ht in
one imnicnfio nl:iiii. Many of tlic rivcin, lliut w.iI<t the rnunlry, Himvid
into laj^onnrt, jukI uio lost. Tin; lonuliy ahuiiiKl.s in lussil null. Silt
petro is tihtimlnnlly rolku'tnl on the pliiins. TIk! cliniiilc! i.s fon.sidcKid
Balubrirtiis. ThiH'ori'sts nlioiiml willi wild iiniinnh !uid Hwanns oi'wiltl
beos. Tiio Aranitis wcuvcs on ihu trees a lieaiilil'id nilver rul(iii!(l hHU.
The Quohriicho In-n is ho Iiard, tliat thd axe sunielinies hrcaka in iMitlinjr
it. Tho products nro <'oni, wine and eallle. Ono valley raltruH (>(),0()0
muics for the liiir. The «'liier lown is ( 'ordova. Hiin Felipo and .Injni
nro inconsiiIond)l(? places. A few villa<i;es are seatlerfd over theso inj-
mnnso |)lainM. The people live a moral an<l areailian lil'e.

Tho wholi" country, walered by the I, a I'lala, lias ^M'lierally lie.en calhnl
PnniS[Uny. The valliesof Cliaco west of lli:il liver are iniprej^Mialeil with
salt nnd nitre. These plains are sumelinies <-ov<Te I willi niovin^f .sands,
or rcndrrcil un\vh(»!esoni<i hy niar!-Iies,'\vlii'i'e llie sniallcM* rivers arc lost.
Tho Uruguay (lows <liiwn lol'iy .'mil sleep nionnlains, helore it rcae|i(<s
the soa. It is move than ;j miles liroad ll'O miles from tlu^ sen. Tiio
country, to whii-h ItiUMios Ayresis central, is fertile, lini almost (hislilnlo
of woiMJ. Its sandy soil is mixed willi a rivli, hlaek iiinuld, 'I'o tlu; soiilli
tho pampas nro houiKlh'ss lo \\\v virion. Mot a .siniiii, md u niarino
plant is seen, in travellin;> loii!' distances. In ir>:i(), hoiscH and oxen
were imported into the coundy. They ""W <'over the plains in u wild
state. Sometimes H),tltK) are seen in a sin<,d(! herd. The horses arodarlt
sorrel, wsily broken, and no ways interior to tlm common hors(\ The
CXCn and cattle tire of a mimlier of varieties, and are as useful lo llio
inhabitants, as camels to Arabs, or teindeer to tho Laplanders. Tlicy
supply almost every lhin,u[i in 'he circli'of lli(;ir wants. .l)iaH;on\s hlood,
cinchona, nu\ vomica, and vanilla, are commun prodiiclions of tlie coun-
try. Tho pomeirranato, poach. Hi;, oran^'e, and a variety of palms (lonrisli.
The matte, or para<j;uay lea, is ma('(« frinii llie leaves of ji spociea of
ilex. If tho laborers an; not siipplietl with this li'a, they refiisi; lo
work tho mines. Para^niay lea is more usi^d in those coiinlries tii;in
Chinese in England. Two million dollars worth are sidd in Soiilli
America. An infusion of the leaves ;ind lwi<'s is drunk throuifli u i:la.sH
or silver tid)o. Dilferent kimls of apes are wru in the W(»o(l.s. The
Armadillo burrows in the forests. The <.Mia/.ou is a new species of wild
deer. The Jaii[uar, Felis Pardalis, and the I'lrva aie species <.i' the tiycr
cat seen here.

jTom'im. There nolarfjc towns in I'araguay. Ascension is on tho cnsl-
em bank of the Para^ruay, IH niiles from the hist mouth of the I'ilcomnyo.
The population may amount to (> or N(H)() inhatiilants, Curaguaty nixl

7'(

•••■ **

1,^ «t

HOUTII AMUHIC.V.

108

Necinbnco contiiiti, tin; oiitj 'i,'.'r»(>, ami llio otiior 1,N00 souls. The par*
ihIu'S r,()iisisl, fur llin iiinMl, |)iirt, «)l' <',(Minliy Ikiuhch ill llio vicinity of tt
olinrcli «»r cliiiiicl. In llio yi-nr l>(M, tin- iinimlalioii wns I«;hm tlian 100,000
t<(>iils. TIk; ^ovcriiiiiciit. is ilividcil inlo llin.-u (lintriclH. Tiio first is that
of CoriiJiilcs, Jiiiil lli<! missions liclwrcii liic I'arniiii iiiiil IJrnguay. Tjie
BC'coiid Uriif^nny helwrrii lliat river iiimI iIio Itio Ni'f^i'o uikI tlio ocean,
'i'lio v<';,'(jtal>l() pr.Hliiclioii.s of all llicsc rolunics «ro valuable. Bugar
siicc(!<mIh n'miiikaljly. Whip liinl'd. <lyr woods and 1 1 kj vo^ctublcs com-
mon in Ibo iti'ii/.ils, uro (oniid Imtc. TIk? popiilalion has biHMi calcuhilod
from .^)(M() (»l),000, incliidiii'j IIk; civilized hidians mid savugcH. The
(iiiaranis (ixirmlod liii ir selllemenis to ihi-.se icmolo n!;;,'ionH. Tlio Chur-
riKiH loii^' and luavely (|el':'iided Iho li, inks of llio fill I'lula ngaiiiHl tho
liUidpijaiiH. 'i'licy ar(! ii silent sleni peopl,-, who ilo not, piiictiso llio uni-
versal Indian amusement of damin/r.

'J'oirn.t. Moiile Vidcd Ins its name iVom a monni'iin lie m tlio town. It
IS Hiliial(;(l on the J/i, Plata, fixly miles from i\H mouth. Tho po|iululion
i\ perhaps, 'iO,(l(l(>. Maklonidu is u phicu of hoiuu iiii|)urtunco on the
miiiio sido of the river. •

Mif-iion.s. 'J'lie eatholie, iiiissi(jiis of Para;,Miiiy have bcrn tho theme
of (.'loipioiKM!, of history and soii/r. 'I"l»; .lesuil.s w(!re cortJiinly cnlij^ht-
onod and liomaiM>; and ik* parallel to their missionary Huc<'iis.s'iH recorded
in liistory. {>n these heiiililid, lint remote and imfKMpienti'd plains they
hall gatli(M'('il a hundred llioiisnid i'lom llr-so i;.rnoi"i.nt, wandering ond
fierce tribes, who livid iiiidei' their liway, p lyiii;,' the-m a liomago bordering
on adoration. 'J'h<'y were h;ipli/.ed, learned the tl(;(;alei,'iic, ami a form
of pray<!r. They spmi and wn\e the. cloih, lli'y wore. IJnt the Jesuits
were banished. Pari, of their coimtiy wascedtNl to the Portuguese. They
are now reduced to less than hall' their loiiiier number.

Towti.t. IJiK^iins Ayres was so named on a<'C(»imt of the salubrity of
its climate. It is on a plain, on tli(! south bank of the La Plata ^10
niik'S from its mouth. 'I'he town is forlilie I, ;uid thi! streets broad and
well paved. I'ut lln^ liirbur roail is exposed to llu! winds, and full of
rocks and shallows. Meats are very <heap, tliou;^di livin<,' is not. so. Two
fowls cost ns muc'li as an us. This tttvvn is the great outlet, from Iho
interior; and of the protliice uf( 'hili ami Peru. The population arnountff
to t)(),(KK) souls. Jt has been ('()mput(Ml, that the shepherds of these
plains tend twc^lve millions oi' oxen, lint in this delicious elimrite, and
on this luxuriant, soil, the p 'opie deyeneralf! to diMiii-savages, and are
i^niorant, indolent and mi.i'M:i!>ie. Tliey live in mud colla/^'cs, and gain-
ing is tluiir |)re(lomiiianl. pas.^ion. A pislurage of five square leagues
is not thought a large paslitie farm. They are always on hor.sc-hack, and
nre strong and hoalUiy, atlaining often to extreme old age. They ar«

^X-

%':.'€■

..9,

*^<

•OUTH AMERICA.

brave, and fearless of danger, and reckless of life. Often they form
themselves into guerrilla bands of banditti, and subsist by plunder,
carrying off the women from Buenos Ayres, who frequently show no dis-
position to return. The Guachos of Buenos Ayres and the Guasos of
CJiili make admirable soldiers; and when led by able officers, no Euro-
peans can withstand them. At Mcndoza llierc are extensive vineyards,
where excellent wine is made. The population is rated at 13,000. San
Juan at 8,000, San Luis at 2,500, and Cordova at 10,000. The country
south of Valdivia and Buenos Ayres is thinly peopled by indepfendent
tribes. The country between Biobio and Valdivia, in the fertility of its
soil, the abundance of its springs, and the temperature of its climate, is
even more delightful, than that of Chili. The river Biobio rises in the
Cordillera, and enters the sea six miles west of Conception. It is a wide
and deep stream. The Araucaniau Indians, who possess these countries,
have remained invincible and independent. The Spanish have even cel-
ebrated their heroism in Epic poems. The province of Tuya is situated
south of Buenos Ayres, between the two rivers Saladillo and Hucuque.
It is covered with marshes and small lakes. Ii is probable, that the para-
pas extend from Tucuman to 40° S. L. The Colorado and Negro rise
in the Chilian Andes, and flow through these vast and unknown regions.
The Indians are as expert horsemen, as the Tartars. The Comarca De-
serta is placed on the Spanish maps from 10° to 45° S. L.

Patagonia. It seems now to be generally admitted, that the Indians,
who inhabit the storm beaten shores of Patagonia, are of gigantic size.
Their mean height, it is said, varies from six to seven feet. They have
had little communication with other people, and have adhered to their
immemorial customs, and rude fare. The climate of Patagonia is more
rude and stormy, than in the same latitudes north of the equator. Three
vast oceans detach it from the rest of the world. Winds and opposite
currents here meet in conflict. It is traversed by a broad belt of moun-
tains. The atmosphere on the east of this belt is unclouded and serene,
and the soil generally sterile. West of them, the country is covered with
forests, and subject to incessant rains. Birches and other trees of north-
em climates are common. Herds of wild oxen are seen in the interior.
The Armadillo and a species of Jaguar have been observed on the coast.
Straits of Magellan. Tliey were discovered by a navigator, whose
name they bear, in 1519. The length of the strait is 450 miles, and the
breadth varies from two to fifteen leagues. The country near Port Fam-
ine on these straits, notwithstanding its ill omened name, abounds in
game, and produces different sorts of fruit. Lofty trees are not uncom-
mon. The Archipelago of Toledo is situated farther to the north, and
the largest island upon it is Madre de Dios. To the south of Patagonia,

'.^V

SOUTH AMERICAt

10&

ihere is a number of cold, barren and mountainous inlands. Volcanoes,
which cannot melt, brighten, and illumine the perpetual snow in these
dismnl regions. The country on the soulhern shores of the ctrait, was
called Terra del Fncgo, from the circumstance, that the Spanish when
tliey discovered llic country saw fires on its shores. Narrow channels^
strong currents and boisterous winds render it dangerous to enter this
desolate labyrinth. Phoci Sport in the bays, or repose their unwieldy
bodies in the sand. Flocks of penguins and other antarctic fowls consort
here. Most ships now double Cape Horn, as affording an easier and
safer passage to 4Ke Pacific.

Towards the Atlantic ocean, a rich verdure decks the vallies, and use-
ful animals are fiund in the woods and pastures. The Indians are so
excessively dirty, that travellers can with difllculty distingush the color
of their skin. The Falkland islands are three hundred miles eastward
of these straits. They are destitute of trees, but covered with along
grass, in which bask the sea lions, sea calves and sea wolves. The
Spaniards left cattle there, which increased rapidly. Georgia, situated
1,200 miles from Cnpe Horn, is a dreary and frozen country. New
South Shetland, and another chain of islands in G2° S. L. were discov-
ered in 1820. The ground is sterile, and the hills and rocks covered
with snow. The sea abounds with seals, and other animals common to
the Atlantic regions.

History. The regime of the Spaniards in this vast country was ex-
ceedingly rigid and oppressive. Trading with foreigners was punished
with death. No native born Americans were entrusted with any places
of trust or importance. Individuals were inoprisoned for instructing the
poor. A viceroy gave offence, by establishing a naval school. Whole
tribes of Indians perished by working in the mines. The troubles in
old Spain under the regime of Bonaparte first roused the inhabitants of
Spanish America to a sense of their condition and their strength. A se-
dition broke out in Venezuela in 1797. The authority of Bonaparte, or
his brother, was never recognized. The indc[)endence of that state
was declared in Tucuman in 1816. The Soutii American countries
had long and severe^struggles with the royalists. In 1818 the best troops
ofSpain were annihilated by San Martin on the plains of Maipo. The
freedom of South America has been dated from that victory. The rights
of the people were purchased by blood, toil, exposure and sacrifices of
properly, and of every kind. Slavery, after a limited period, is to cease.
The mita and tribute money are, also, abolishet'. Liberty of the press
was enacted. Public measures have been adopted for the advancement
of a general system. of common school education. The censorship of the
press has been abolished. The New Testament in Spanish has been dis-

yv.:-i

,' f

'm^

'"-.*>...•

160

SOUTH AMEIIICA.

tributed among tha people. There can be no more arbitrary and illegal
imprisonments, nor opening of letters, nor violation of the private sanctu-
ary of tlie dwelling house. Monopolies arc abolished, and trial by jury
will, probably soon be iidoptcci; and it is hoped, that religious freedom
will shortly make a part of their institutions.

Government. Tlie electors are chosen by the people on a fixed ratio
of the population, apd the members of Congress arc ti'.ken from the elec-
toral assemblies. The legislative forms, bodies, oflicers and chiefs are
modelled much after the p:ittern of the United States. Bolivar, who was
long the master spirit ofSpimish South America, wasiltylcd Zriftcrarfor,
and the powers entrusted to him were in a measure despotic. He has de-
ceased leaving history uncertain whether to class him among deliverers
or usurpers.

In regard to the question, whether they will be able to defend their in-
dependence, no country on the globe is so strongly fortified by nature
against invasion. The immense mountains are impregnable barriers,
where in a healthy air the inhabitants have only to guard their defiles,
and cause the armies of their invaders to waste away with sickness on the
scorching and humid j-lains. The river Plate has its peculiar difficulties
of ascent; and the eastern coast of Mexico is inaccessible to a hostile
fleet. The inhabitants enjoy the blessings of plenty, industry and wealth.
Private property is held sacred; and these blessings have the zest of being
entirely new. 'ihe inhal)itants me easily trained to become good sold-
iers, and in many of their battles with their invaders, and with each other,
have fought with great gallantry. The population of the Republic of Co-
lombia is rated at 2,500,000, and the annual revenue at something more
than 3,000,000 dollars.

Brazil. The boundaries of this immense country are still in question.
It stretches almost from the Amazon to the I^a Plata, and Guyana and the
Atlantic are the northern boundaries. The Atlantic bounds it on the east.
On the south it comes to a point. On the west it is bounded by Peru and
Buenos Ayres. It constitutes two fifths of all South America, and a ter-
ritory ten times larger than France.

Inhabitants. The population is reputed to amount to four millions,
and is chiefly confined to th"^ coast, and the mining districts.

Soil. The maritime districts consist, for the most part of clay covered
with a rich mould. Great part of the country is of extraordinary and in-
exhaustible fertility. On the northern coast is the great chain of Itiapaba
mountains. The Marcella forms an inferior rvingc. In the very centre
of South America are the immense plains and heights of Parexis, cover-
ed with sand and a light earth, and resembling at a distance the waves of
a stormy sea. Yet the streams Madera, Topayos, Xingu, Jaura, Sypo-

toba,

feed til

rivers i

of dian

quantit

by its ii

Parana

six rain

with lh(

cantins

durins? t

ranhao,

de San ]

Cb'mc

lions thi

near the

rature.

has all th

of excess

The W3SI

^;^,

SOUTH AMERICA.

toba, and Cuioba descend in dilTerent directions from this arid ridge, to
feed the Amazon, the Paraguay and their tributaries. Most of these
rivers roll aurifcioiig samls, niul at the sources of the Paraguay is a bed
of diamonds. Dillorcnt salines anil s;ilt iakcs in the interior supply great
quantities of salt. The Paraguay, in its long and mighty course formd
by its inundations the great lake Xarai/es. The noble cataract of the
Parana constitutes a most sublime spectacle. The spectator observes
six rainbows rising above each other, and the atmosphere is circumfused
with the vapor. The coast adjoining the mouth of the Amazon and To-
cantins is low ai||) marshy. Many of the streams are precipitous torrents
during the rainy season, and completely disappear in the dry. The Ma-
ranhao, Rio Grande and Pariaba are important rivers. The Rio Grande
de San Pedro is broad near the sea; but has not a long course.

Climate. In a country so extensive, and so diversified by eleva-
tions the climate must be various. TJjc regions along the streams, and
near the.elevatcd plains and mountains are delightful for their tempe-
rature. San Paulo is a town 12,000 feet above the level of the sea and
has all the charms of a tropical climate, without any of the inconveniences
of excessive heat. Large tracts of the table lands are of this character.
The W3st wind, passing into the interior, over swamps and marshes, is
considered unhealthy. But the fragrance of tiio aromatic plants in the
woods partly corrects this unheajthfuliiess. The rainy season commen-
ces in March, "and sometimes in February. The north wind blows with
little remission, during the dry months. The soil of the mountains is
then parched. The nights are cool, and hoar frosts are net uncommon.
During the suftriest season, the air along the coast is tempered by the
refreshing sea breezes. Dews are excessive. At Rio Janeiro in 17S1,
the heat averaged by Fahrenheit, 72°. There fell 42 inches of rain.
The cloudless days were 112. The cloudy days without rain were 133;
and the days of rain were 120. There were thunder storms, during
77 days, and dense mists during 43.

Minerals, precious stones, Sfc. The chief diamond district in Brazil
is that of Cerro dc Frio, a territory of the loftiest and most rugged moun-
tains in Brazil, and in extent 16 leagues from north to south by 8 from
east to west. The precious stones found there were considered bright
crystals, and used as card counters. They were sold to the Dutch be-
fore their value was known. In 20 years 1,0C0 ounces were imported
into Europe from Brazil. So great an amount in so. short a time, di-
minished their value, and caused them to be sent from Brazil to India,
instead of being imported from that country, as formerly. Cerro de Frio
has few attractions for settlers. Sterile mountains and desert plains in-
form the traveller that he is in the diamond district. Between 1801 and

«' .

168

SOUTH AMERICA.

1806 the diamonds imported from Brazil to Lisbon weighed 115,671
carats. A great amount was, no doubt, sent abroad clandestinely, and.
many were circulated privately through the country, and received instead
of money. They differ in weight from a grain to 17 carats. If a slave
find one weighing 174 carats, he is crowned with flowers, and manumit-
ted. Topazes of different colors, and chrysobcryld, susceptible of a most
beautiful polish, are found in this country. There arc gold mines in the
vicinity of St. Paulo, and Villa Rica, but they have not yet been much
worked. Most of the gold from this country is supplied by washing the
soil. A bowl full is washed in less than a quarter of a%hour, and yields
on an average 16 pence worth of gold. A fifth part goes to the crown.
Humboldt supposes that the annual value does not e.\ceed five millions
of piastres.

Plants. This country, as might be expected, is extremely rich in
tropical plants. The tribe of the palms is numerous and splendid. Sev-
eral of these kinds are more loAy and splendid than even those of India.
No words can reach the richness and splendor of many of the fruit and
flowering trees. Some flower many times in a year. The Lccythis ol
laria grows in the woods of S. Yoao Bnptista to the height of 100 feet.
Its summit is covered with rose coloured leaves, and white blossoms. Its
nuts are as large as a cannon ball ; and it is not safe to remain under the
trees when these nuts are falling. The Indians eat the seeds roasted as
a substitute for bread. A writer of the country aflirms that no country
possesses so excellent wood for ship building. A merchant ship may be
had in Brazil for half the sum it costs in Europe. The trade of Bahia
and several other sea ports consists chiefly in ship building. The royal
navy of Portugal consists chiefly of Brazilian timber. There is an end-
less variety and profusion in the species of trees and plants, compared
with those of more northern countries. But the trees are easily blown
up by the wind ; and being of an immense length, destroy many others
in their fall.

There are many dyeing woods and vegetables in Brazil. The famous
Brazil wood is of three species, mirim, rozado,and Brazillelto. Cassada
is the principal nourishment of the inhabitants. Ignames, rice, wheat
and maize are, also cultivated. Maize yields 200 for 1. Each plant of
the mandioca produces from 6 to 12 pounds of bread. The marobi
yields a great quantity of oil. Melons, gourds, and bananas abound.
Lemons, guavos,. and different kinds of oranges grow along the coast.
From the fruit of the mangaba they make an agreeable beverage. Pine
apples grow abundantly in some provinces. The culture of sugar, coffee,
cotton, and indigo has of late years made considerable progress. The
finest tobacco is cultivated in some parts of the country. The banks of

SOUTH AMERICA.

169

the rivers are covered with immonso forests of cocoa trees, and the ten-
drils of vanilla nrc scon (•liii<.Mii,'T, like ivy, round the hi<,'hest branches.
The country produces dilibicut f^orls of popper, the wild cinnamon, and
the Brazilian c:issi:i. Tlio country is, also, pmliflc in medicinal plants.
All tho qundrupetis coir.mon to IViu ;\rc found Ijcrc; and a number of
others that are pcciilinr totiiii? ro;rioii. V;iri(jihi species of apes are seen
in tho woods. 'J'lio vnmpyrc l):it ii\c'3 on the jiiLrular vein of animals,
and is supposed to lull tho pain of its bile ly llippinri; its wings, all the
time it sucks tho blood. Two s])ccics of slutiis inhabit the country, and
of all lands under llio sun, Brazil lias the lavycst and if.'iudicst butterflies.

Birds. Tho Brazilian birds arc distincuisliod for the variety and splen-
dor of their pluniape. The red, blue, and ureen parrots frequent the tops
of the trees. 'J'lio jTallinacoous and pi!;von tribes haunt the woods. Ori-
oles, manakins, nnd orioIcH roiSDund their sonr.'f? thron;ih the forest.
The toucan is prized for iffi leathery, which are lemon, bright red, and
black in dillbrcnt parts of tho bony. Tlio dilli;ront species of humming
birds are more numerous than in any other coinilry in America. There
are ten species of wild bees, most of which produce honey of an aromatic
flavor. Cochineal mipht be produced in abuniUince. A species of mu-
rex is found on the coast of St. Ciithorino's. of tho size of a nut, which
yields a color at iirst- yellow, but on exposure to the air a rich crimson,
supposed to be identical with the purple of the ancients.

Departments. Brazil is divii'cd inl(; nine ffovernmenfs, called capitan-
ias, as follow: Rio Janeiro, Para, Maranhao, Pernambuco, Bahia, San
Paulo, Mattogrosso, fioyaz, and. IMiiias Gcraes. The primate of Brazil
holds the highest ecclesiastical oiiice. There arc two supreme courts
of justice, one at Bahia; the other at llio Janeiro. There are also 24
comarcas, in which are established suijordinatc courts.

Chief Towns. Rio Janeiro has been called by some writers Saint
Sebastian. This town has an excellent harbor, defended by the castle of
Santa Cruz. The hills in the vicinity are adorned with houses, churches
or convents. Tiie entrance to the harbor is confmed by several islands,
adorned with houses. The bcautiiid bay is a great ornament to the town.
Its calm and transparent waters rcllect on all sides the images of steep
rocks, thick forests, churches and houses. Tho most remarkable
public buildings are the convents of St, Antonio and St. Theresa, the
ancient college of the Jesuits, nnd tho church of Nossa Senhora da
Gloria. The town is well supplied with water by an aqueduct. In 1817
it contained 110,000 inhabitants. It has been recently rated to contain
200,000. It is very favorably situated for trade with every quarter of the
globe. Its exports are numerous, rich, abundant, and under an enlighten-
ed administration it would be a great mart for the most distant countries.
Vol TI. 32

*i<y. J

'HI

' '1

ij :

'ill

' u

lis

'r:t|:!! p

W^M \i

170

fOUTII AMERICA.

Rio Grande, the most southern coptnlncy, is watered by many rirew,
with well wooded hanks; on;l snmc of them are rich in gold. Numerous
flocks of ostriches wander in the plains, and the forests abound in game.
If a better system of afrriculturo were established, Rio Grande might
soon become the granary of the kingdom. Rio Grande, the chief town,
is a city of importance.

Tiie island of St. Catharine is embellished by beautiful scenery of
rocks and woods. Refreshing breezes temper the solstitial heats. Tho
soil in tho interior is of extraordinary fertility. An e.xuberant profusion
of flowers indicates a genial climate. The jessamino and the rose are in
bloom through the year. The delightful vale of Picadu is thickly studded
with white cottages in the midst of orange groves, and coflee planta-
tions.

The plain of Corrit iva, perhaps the richest in tho world, has been con-
nected with the ocean, by a road made across a lofty ridge of mountains,
4,000 feet above the level of the sea. Rio Janeiro and San Paulo are
supplied with cattle, horses and mules from this fertile district.

The best rice in Brazil is raised in the district of Santos. A paved road
has been made from Santos, the port town, to San Paulo in the interior.
It is cut in many places through solid rocks, anc' in others along the edge
of precipices. Fine springs form romantic cascades in the midst of the
rocks. The traveller ascends under arbours of shade, and half way up
the ascent looks down upon the clouds. The summit of the mountain
is 6,000 feet above the level of the sea, which, though 20 miles distant,
seems to wash the base.

On this mountain, in a wide plain, is situated the city of San Paulo,
with a climate the most delightful in the world. Its streets are broad and
clean ; and its population, with its dependent parishes, 30,000. The in-
habitants are famous for ornamenting their gardens; and the ladies are
equally renowned for their beauty and sprightliness. The term Paulista
is one of comjiliment to a lady, as implying that she looks as if she might
be an inhabitant of that city. The people are noted for their spirit, en-
(erprize and patriotism.

The population of Minas Geraes has been rated at half a million.
The country, though almost unexplored, is rich in agricultural products
of almost every sort. The grape yields a delicious wine ; but the people
in the gold and diamond districts neglect their vines, and drink water.
Many of the trees are adapted for dyeing and tanning. The adracanth
is here of the best quality, and the sugar cane grows in its wild state.

Villa Rica, the chief town, has been improved of late years. It is
well supplied with water, and its principal street is half a league in length.
Vtooa its eleTtted situation, it happens that the thermometer seldom

^ -

fOUTTI AMGRfCA.

reaches above 62° in the hIuuIo, and its rnngc is between thii point and
48**. The population ainonnfs to i2(),()tK> souls. • ' xH^^.

The capitaniii of (ioycz, on accoiiiit of its inhnd situ ition, is seldom
visited. Its rivers arc well stocke;! with fish, and its w-iods abound with
game. But the inhabitants are scattorod over n vast extent of country.
Some of the mines are rich in gUd. The diamonds arc larger though not
of so pure a water as those of (/erro del Frio. Cotton is cultivated near
i\\e frontiers. Villa Boa, tha chief town, is built in a low situation oa
the banks of the Vermelho.

The government of Buhia stretches along the coast. The soil is prin-
cipally a rich vegetable mould, is watered by many streams, and well ad-
apted to the cultivation of the sugar cane. Its tobacco, coffee and rice
are famous. The beautiful Brazil wood, growing here, is equal to that
from Pernamburo. San Salvadnr de B diia, the chief city, is nearly forir
miles in length, from north to south. The lower part of the town inhab-
ited chiefly by mechanics and tradesmen, is considered unhealthy. The
wealthy inhabit the higher part, nearly 600 foot above the level of the sea.
The population has been estimated at 1S,000 Fouls, of which colored
people constitute, perhaps, two-thirds. The city is well built. The
chief occupation of the people consists in ship building. The town is
better supplied with provisions than Rio Janeiro. . Oranges, walcr melons,
pineapples, and different sorts of fruit are plentiful throughout the dis-
trict. The excessive heat of the climnfe is moderated by the sea breeze
and by the circumstance of the shortness of the days, and the equality
of the nights.

The government of Pernambuco is famed for its dye woods, vanilla,
cocoa, rice and sugar. Its cotton was a long time con.sidered the best in
the world. The lower part of the city is built on two islands, and is
called Recif, or Pernambuco. The other part, built on an eminence three
miles distant, has received the name Olinda. The population of the two
towns amounts to 65,000 souls.

Piauhy is 400 miles from noith to south, and 70 in medium breadth.
Gold, iron and lead have been discovered in this district. The province
has been more recently termed Maranham, and is important for the value
of its productions. Annate, capsicum, pimento, ginger, and the best
fruits of Europe grow in great abundance throughout the province.
The chief town, Maranham, contains 30,000 inhabitants.

Grand Para and Rio Negro form the largest government in Brazil, ex-
tending 800 miles from east to west, and 400 in breadth. Grand Para,
the chief town, is sometimes called Belem. The population amounts to
20,000 inhabitants, who are poor and destitute of employment. The
capitania of Mattogrosso abounds with forests of wild cocoa trees, snd

"4 '

■, V-

■!■ !

^■-{tOi. '^r !

'■' i I

^ 173

fiouTii ami:ric.\.

the difTorcnt kinds of woorl, wliicli }!un\ in flio lowor parts of Briizil,
Small piwcs of fjold nro colUulod from liiii licdsof tlio rivoi-H. Tliocity
of Ciiiahii in flin cliiof t'.wii, nnl h nifunt'd * ii a livrr of that naino,
240 inik>H from its jiinrtion with iUc. Pan/jfiiay. 'I'iio p^pulalioti luiKdints
ton(l,()(M),ntid ia well Hiipplii.'.l wilii fifh, fiiiils aiidalLsiilsof voyctMhles.

Natlvex. V.uioiis Irilx's anj sr;i|lo!((l ovor this iiiujiciiso country.
Tljcy mo fifrorif,', mid Nvll nindo ;:ikI of thu iiMiial coivior coinijlfxinn.
They nro rc|)i(.'S('iitcd hy llu! PorlU'rioHo, ia bcin:,' inoslly ''^uiiiihalH. Tho
Jesuits had rmdlitudi'H of thr.so watldcriii',' aava/^'i'S completely nuhjected
to their rule. Tlio (junriiii is n lancjiiaiiio very jrcnerally known liy tho
natives. But thcro are lil'ty-ouo dialectn, spoken by dillbrent tribes of
the interior that have no atrmity with the (jiuarini.

Government. Tliis coiiii!ry at pr«'seiif tAivn the proud name of an
empire. Tho two riouiiM of Pordi^al nnd lk;i/.il aro soparatod. A rovo-
lution has recently indticcfi the cmpiM-or to abdicate his crown; nnd tho
government is in an unsLtilcd state. Thcro are even hopes, tint it will
throw ofT its miserable jj^iyoant of an emperor, and boconio like the other
American .states, a republic. This country, iiidcpcndciitly of its military
resources, which arc respectable, nii/^Iit bo a fjreat stale, both on account
of its position, and the extent and fertility of its soil, [is population, like
that of Russia, or tho United Staten, n)i'.;lit be doubled in a few years.
But before this can be eH'ccted, this naturally tine country must have a
Czar Peter, or free institutions. It lias been hitherto bowed down
under a yoke of iron. *

Guiana is bounded on tlio snutli by the Amazon, on the west by the
Rio Negro, and on tho north nnd north-west by (he Orinoco and the At-
lantic ocean. The coast is low, and at several leagues from the shore,
subject to inundation. On these low niounds grow tho mangrove, in
which the water remains .stagnnnt. Tho marshes and fens are covered
with reeds, and alltrd resorts to iiniuincrablc wild fowls, and caymans, or
crocodiles. No cnlcnreous rocks iiavo iHtherto been observed in this
country. The liighest inland motuitains are not more than 1,800 feet
above the level of the sen. 'J'ho mouths of the rivers are broad and shal-
low. At a distance in the interior they abound in cascades. No fewer
than thirty-eight have been counted on the Esscquibo. They are obser-
ved, also, on the Demarara, Oyapok, Maroni, Berbice, Corentins, Sina-
mari and the Arouri.

Seasons. The dry season lasts from the end of July to November;
and the rainy season corresponds to the winter months in Europe. The
most violent rains sometimes fall in January and February. TJie weather
is dry and agreeable, during the month of March and the beginning of
May. April and the latter part of May are subject to continual rains.

MOUTH AMCfU(.'\.

17:1

Tilt) « liimto k unt li;.,!)!,. to t!ic cxfosslvo hunt of tlio K;isl Inilics, Africa
or tlu^ Wcwt. Indict. 'ri,(> wiiulM, p.-iMsin;,' ovor a vast cxU'iil of oceuri,
trtiiixT lilt! 8ii!triiif^.-t ami jIj.j ('p;»n'.>i^ivf Ii0!it«. I';iirt)])cans allirni, tliiit
Uiu riit)riiiii«( and i!vciiiii</ !)r»!.'/.i'H ait- culd in iii;;ny parts of tlio intoi'iur.

/>m'«.vr.y. fJiiiaiia, li.!;<. pL'rhaps, hcoii tli .ii^dit rn')ro sickly, tlmti it
loally ia. Tlu) cliiinlo in ccMiainly liiiiiiid, atiu llio iiir rendered insalu-
l)rit)u.') Ity thick wuodd and iincidtivatcd 1 in !h. It is snppoHcd, that tho
rultin',' down lh<! trees is nnl'avorahlt! to the health *>[' the first colonists.
Tertian and «iuartan a'/iio", tiiDii^h CDtnintn, arc not dangorons. Epi-
demics diseases aro ran;.

Inundation.'}. 'J'his country is sulijeL't to annual overflow of tho rivers.
(Juadruprds uro forced to take ret'iign on tho highest trees; lizards,
a;jouiis, and pocaris (luit their watery dons, anil remain on the branches.
Aquatic birds s;)riii<if upon the trees, to avoid tho cayman and serpents
that infest tho teiuporavy likes. The lirst forsake their ordinary food,
nnd live on tho fi'i'its and berries of tho shruI)S, throu<,'h which they
Hwirn. Tlic cval) is loiind upon the tvt.-e-', and the oyster multiplies in
the forest. Tho Indian, who stuvoya from bis canoe this confusion of
earth and sea, siisi)eiu!s his hammock on an elevated branch, and sleeps
withoui <oar in tho midst of tho dan<,'er. ()ran;^es, lemons, the guava,
the laurus pcrsca, the 8apola, the amiona, ami other fruits grow in the
cultivated lands, all tho year. Tho wikl fruits bear but onco in a year.
The most rcmarktibleof tlier.e arc the orenadilla, and tlic difl'orent species
of tho palms. Thc*man!.^,o and other Ivast Intlian plants thrive in Guiana;
but the fruits of Europe, with tho e.\ce[)lit)ii of the grape, fig and pome-
granate, are not adapted to the climate. Three species of the coffee tree
were luund here iiuli^oncus. Tiij Arabian was afterwards added. The
country prtKluces in abundance, cloves, cinnamon and ditibrent sorts of
pepper. The cocoa tree in some p.laces grows spontaneously. Indigo
and vanilla arc indigenous to the soil. JManiuc and cassadu are consider-
ed the moat important alimentary plants. Tiie potato, the igname, two
kinds of millet and the tayove arc also very nutritive.

Medicinal jjluiitx. 'I'lic tjiiassia wood is brought from this country.
Various other nicdieinal vegetables abouiid. The country is, also, equal-
ly prolific in poisonous vegetables. The duncane is said to occasion in-
stant death. The Indians dip their arrows in a solution of the bark of
the woorari tree. A negro woman, whose skin had been grazed by one
of these arrows, expired in a short lime, and her infant, though not
wounded, lost its lif'u iiom sucking her breast.

Forest trees. The bananas and mangles are soft and porous. Some
of the trees are susceptible of a tine i)olish, though it is difiicuit to cut
them, on accoimt of their excessive hardness. Various kinds of beauti

I f

^■,/'

'JfU

■!i 1?'!

SOUTH AMERICA.

ful cabinet woods are found in the forests, wliich abound in varied and
romantic ficenery. Great varieties of flowering creejiers and shrubs dif-
fuse fragrance throuf>li the air. Parasitical plants in many places render
the forests impassable. Tlio simira yields a rich crimson dye. The
largest canoes arc miido from the wild cotton tree.

Quadrupeds. Tlie same as those of Brazil and Paraguay. The red
tiger of Surinam is less than the jaguar, but resembles it in habits, and
is equally ferocious. The tiger cat is a beautiful animal, not much larger
than the domestic cat, and is lively, mischevious, and untameable. There
are two species of the an* bear. One of the species is almost 8 feet in
length, attacks the jnguar; and seldom leaves its hold without destroying
it. The dog cra*> frequrnts the sea shore, and uses its feet very dexter-
ously in drawing shell fish out of their cavities. There are many spe-
cies of monkeys in Guiana. The guata is considered to be a striking
resemblance to man, or rather to an Indian old woman. Three species
of deer are indigenous. The agouti and paca are considered the best
game in Guiana. The cabiai is an amphibious animal, armed with strong
tusks, and covered with bristles. The peccary, or mexican hog, has an
orifice on his back, containing a fetid liquor, not unlike musk. The
coati-monda is a great destroyer of poultry, and is said to be as cunning
as a fox. The vampyre bat is the most destructive in the country. The
boa, or as it is called in the language of the country aboma, is a large
amphibious snake forty feet in length, and four or five in circumference.
It is indifferent, as to its prey, and destroys, when hungry, any animal,
that comes within its reach. The negroes consider it excellent food, and
its fat is converted into oil.. The rattle snake and dipsas are the most
noxious reptiles in Guiana. The sting of the latter is not always fatal,
but produces fever, acccompanioJ with excessive thirst whence its name.
Guiana is infested with serpents, lizards and cayman. Of the fresh
water fish the pacoun and aymara are said to be the best. The warajjper
has been found on the trees. It feeds on them, during the inundations,
and remains entangled among the branches, when the waters have sub-
sided.

The Dutch settlements of Essequibo, Demarara and Berbice form,
what has been called British Guiana, which is inhabited by 9,000 whites,
andSO,000 negroes. The harbor of the city of Essequibo, though situated
at the confluence of two large rivers, lias not been hitherto considered of
much importance. Most of the settlers reside on the banks of the river,
near the plantations. Since the thick woods have been cut down, the
refreshing- sea breeze is not obstructed in its course, and the climate is
jniWer and more salubrious, than that of Surinam.

SOUTH AMERICA.

175

in varied and

nd shrubs dif-

places render

in dye. Tlie

lay. The red
in habits, and
lot much larger
leable. There
ilmost 8 feet in
liout destroying
jet very dexler-
e are many spe-
to be a striking
Three species
isidcred the best
rmed with strong
:ican hog, has an
ike musk. The
to be as cunning
be country. Tlie
aboma, is a large
n circumference,
igry, any animal,
icellent food, and
psas are the most
not always fatal,
whence its name.
Of the fresh
:. The warajfper
the inundations,
waters have sub'

nd Berbice form,
by 9,000 whites,
0, though situated
lerto considered of
inks of the river,
-en cut down, the
and the climate is

Demarara is the most flourisliing of the British settlements in Guiana.
The population of Strnboek, the capital, amounts to 10,000 siuls.
Many of the inhabitants arc very wcnllhy, nnd tlic people still retain
several Dutch customs. Forciirn commodities are very dcTr. A guinea
is frequently given for a pound of tea. New Amsterdam, the chief town,
in the colony of Berbice, is situated on the river of the same name The
marshy ground extcncls two or throe leagues into the interior, and the land
is supposed to be better adapted for cccea and coffee, than for sugar plan-
tations.

The fine colony of Surinam is slill in the liands of the Dutch; and is,
perhaps, the best monument of that industrious people. No part of the
West Indies is so extensively, or so well cultivated. Parimarabo, the
chief town, is built on the riglit side of the beautiful river Surinam. The
streets are lined with orange, shaddock, tamarind and lemon trees, which
appear in bloom, while their branches at the same time are weighed down
with fruit. The walks are covered with gravel and sea shells. The
houses are sumptuously furnished, The number of whites in Suripam
amounts to 10,000; the negroes to 80,000, and tb' xports t o£ 100,000
sterling. The Dutch and British settlements, in Guiana present a vast
plain, covered with plantations, or enamelled with rich verdure, bounded
on one side by a dark ridge of impenetrable forests, and bounded on the
other by the azure billows of the ocean. The garden between the sea and
the desert is intersected by a great many streams confined by dikes, and
separated from each other by excellent roads or navigable canals.

The revolted negroes have established many petty republics in the inte-
rior. Although they go naked they live in abundance. They make their
butter from the fiit of the palm tree-worm, and extract good oil from the
pistachio nut. They are expert huntsman and fishermen, and under-
stand the art of curing their provisions. They obtain salt from the ashes
of the palm, and when a sufficiency cannot be procured, season their food
with red peprer. The palm tree furnishes them with plenty of wine.
Their fields are covered with rice, manioc, ignames and plantains. The
Manicole supplies them with all the materials, from which their huts are
constituted. Their cups are made from the calubash tree, and a sort of net
work, woven by an insect, furnished them with their hats. The nebees,
80 common in the forests, arc converted into cordage. They kindle a fire
by rubbing two pieces of hard wood, wiiich they call bi-bi, together. Cm-
dies are made of their tallow, and their oil is burnt in lamps. The ni-
merous swarms of wild bees, with which their country abounds, yield
them plenty of wax aud honey. Such are these simple republics of
negroes, reduced in other respects to r state of nature.

{■ '':

r :\y

V 'I:

iiB'S

176

WEST INDIES.

France l>as never derived jiny ailvantago from its colony in Guiana-
Cayenne, from its position, and the tliicknpss of llie surroiindin'T woods^
nnd the depth of its mnrtilics, is almost inaccessible, Tiic whole num-
ber of whites in tlic col.iiiy runountcd ta 2.()i)0, and tijc remainder of the
inhabitants to 18 or JiO,C{)(^ The expor!?-', however have been tripled,
since 1789.

Indians. A prrat many tribes inliahit tiie deep forests of the interior.
They are afiectionato, hospital)Ie and s^iniple intlieinnanners to each otiicr,
but fierce and warlike; to stranrrers, and uncon(|'.icrab!o in their clibits to
retain their independence. In the interitir of this covmtry was the fabu-
lous El Dorado of adventurers, about the year 1") 10.

West Indies, or Colombian Archi[)elin'(). This is a numerous group of
islands, thai stretch in the form of an arch, or bow, between the two Amer-
ican continents. They have been called Antilles from the Latin anlc in-
sttlas. They are often called Carribee:^, and by the North Americans
the West Indies. Tiiey extend from the i,niif of Florida to that of Vene-
zuela, and are divided into the greater and less vVntilles, and sometimes
into the windward and leeward islands. Cid)u, .Tamaici, St. Drimiiioo,
and Porto Rico are the great Antilles. A remarkable current, called the
gulf stream, sets through this group of islands. It passes from the gulf of
Florida, like a, swift river, immensely broad, with most singular ripples,
in calm weather, along its jioiiits of contact with the still waters. Af-
ter passing from this chain of island^!, it div(>rgcs from the American con-
tinent, increasing in breadth as it diminishes in velocity. The waters of
the gulf are warmer, than those of the still ocean.

This sea is generally in a profound calni, whence the Sp ..iards call it
the Ladies sea, and the water is tbicn so transparent, that the mariner can
discern fish and coral at (iO fathoms lelow the surface. The ship seems
to float in air, and the sppctator is ofien seized with vertigo, while he be-
holds through the chrystalinc fluid submarine groves, and shining or
monstrous fishes darliufj among them: or beautiful shells giitterinir
among tufts of fncus and sea weed. Fresh w;iter springs issue from the
sea on both sides of the channel between Yurcatan and Cuba. They rnsli
with such violence from the deep, that it is dangerous lor small vessels to
approach thence. Boats have been dashed to pieces by the violence of
the surges tha' ensue. The seamen sometimes here draw their supplies
ot fresh water from the bottom of the ocean. Humboldt says, that some
of tiie fish in th' so springs linve never been found in the salt water.

There are mountains on all the larger islands of this Archipelago. The
highest are on the west of St. Domingo, the cast of (Julia and the north of
Jamaica. Volcanoes have been observed in Gaudaloupe, and some other

trSiST INDIES.

177

ialands. Their general geological feature is abrupt transition from moun-
tains lo plains, marked by steep and craggy rocks. Coral and madrepore
rocks are common on tlic difibrent cor.sls. Cuba and the Bahamas are
surrounded by labyrinths of low rocks, several of which arc covered with
palm trees.

These islands arc generally situated under tlie tropic of Cancer, and there
is very little difference in the climate; so that the observations touching
one of them will generally apply to the whole. The periodical rains,
which give birth to the spring of the country, commence in May, and
the brown of vegetation changes to a deep verdure. The periodical
rains fall about noon, and cause a luxuriant vesrctalion. The medium
standing of the thermometer is 78° Fahr. These showers arc followed
by the splendor of tropical suinracr. The sky is nearly cloudless, and
the heat would be almost insupportable, but for the sea breeze. Tiie moon
emits a light, by which a person can sec to read the smallest print by
night. The thermometer now often rises above 00°, and suffocating
calms announce the re-approach of the great periodical rains. Fiery
clouds are seen in the atmosphere, and the mountains seem nearer, than
at other times. The rains fall in torrents. It is said, that 87 inches fell
in one year. Iron rusts rapidly; humidity is great, and the inhabitants
live in a kind of vapor bath. The climate is then relaxing, unwholesome
and dangerous to a European. Putrid and yellow fever ensues, as some
say from miasm, and others whimsically afnnn from lunar influence. It
is now generally believed not to be contagious, and less dangerous on
elevated, than marshy districts. The temperate zone of the Antilles
commences at 1,400 feet above the level of the sea. The mountains at
an elevation of 4000 feet arc suljjcrt to mists and rains.

Animals. Most of the wild animals indigenous to this climate are of
a smaller size. The scorpion is found only in the large islands. Negroes
are sometimes exposed to the murderous bite of the cayman or crocodile.
Parrots of various species glitter in the woods, and innumerable aquatic
birds congregate on the shores. Humming birds, darting along the bright
flowers, vie in their plumage with the flowers, the emerald and ruby. All
the tropical plants, shrubs and treos are natives of this climate. A canoe
made from a single trunk of a cotton tree, has been known to contain a
hundred persons; and the leaf of one species of palm will shade five or
six men. The palmetto, or mounlain cabbage tree, grows 200 feet high,
and its verdant summit Ircmblos from the siightest breeze. A splendid
variety of the noblest trees graces the jilantations. Lemon, orange and
pomegranate trees perfume the air with the aroma of their flowers; while
their branches are loaded with fruit. The apple, peach and grape ripen
Vol. n. ' 23

'ill

i 1

I r

W i

It I

178

WEST INDIES.

in the mountains. The date, sapota, sapotilla, mammeo, rose apple, gua-
va, mango, different species of spondias and annonas, and most cf the
oriental tropical fruits ripen on the sultry plains.

We should not have space to enumerate tlje splendid varieties of flow-
ering shrubs, opuntias, thistles and liancs. The polypodium arboreum,
at a distance, might be mistaken for the palm tree, on accounl of its lofty
trunk, and the broad leaves on its summit. Lignumvitae wintera-canela,
cinchona caribea, wild vanilla, aloes, arnatto, and pimento are all either
indigenous, or cultivated here. The igname and potato, manioc and
angola peas are the food of the negroes. Sugar cane of the various spe-
cies is the well known, and most abundant production of these islands.
No conflagration is more rapid, or alarming than a fire in a dry cane field,
which frequently occurs. Two varieties of the cotton, the green seed,
and the small seed are the most common kinds cultivated. The coffee of
the country is a native of Arabia Felix. It seldom bears before the third
season; sometimes not till the sixth. It never '.asts more than 30 years,
and frequently decays, before that time. A single plant produces from
one to four pounds.

Inhabitants. The Charibs, represented so fierce, and indomitable
and the mild and timid races, first seer by Columbus, are nearly all ex-
tinct. The following may serve a^ \. table of the present population.

Square Miles. Whites. Blacks. Whole Pop.

Cuba,

54,000

234,000

198,000

432,000

Hayti,

28,000

650,000

Jamaica,

6,000

40,000

350,000

390,000

Porto Ricoj

4,140

94,000

6,000

100,000

Guadaloupe,

670

13,000

88,000

101,000

Martinico,

260

10,000

78,000

88,000

Barbadoes,

106

16,000

65,000

81,000

Antigua,

2,100

33,000

35,100

Ssmta Cruz,

100

3,000

30„000

33,000

St. Christopher,

4,000

26,000

30,000

Dominica,

291

1,600 ■

25,000

26,600

Trinidad,

1,600

2,000

23,000

25,000

Grenada,

109

1,100

20,000

21,100

St. Eustatia,

5,000

15,000

20,(M)0

Tobago,

140

900

15,000

15,900

St. Vincent,

131

1,500

13,500

15,000

St. Lucia,

220

2,400

11,700

. 14,100

.:,-?2r"

•v

oae apple, gua-
d most cf the

lieties of flow-
ium arboreum,
unl of its lofty
kvintera-canela,

are all either
), manioc and
he various spe-
■ these islands.

1 dry cane field,
he green seed,

The coffee of
before the third
1 than 30 years,
; produces from

id indomitable
e nearly all ex-
; population.

. Whole Pop.

432,000
650,000

390,000

100,000
101,000

88,000

81,000

35,100

33,000

30,000

20,000

25,000

■ 21,100

20,000

15,900

15,000

. 14,100

Margarita,
The Bahamas,
Nevis,
Montserrat,

Total,

WEST

INDIES.

'■'jf

17W

350

8,000

6,000

14,000

5,000

3,000

11,000

14,000

1,000

10,000

11,000

1,000

10,000

11,000

443,000 1,683,000 2,126,000

Cuba is the largest and most important of these islands. It commands
the windward passage, as well as the entrance into the gulfs of Mexico
and Florida, and is called with reason the key of the West Indies. It is
700 miles in length, and on a medium 70 in breadth. It is equal in size
to Great Britain. Its population is rated at 750,000, though we have
reason to think, it exceeds that number. A small belt of the island only
has yet been cultivated. A chain of mountains, not very lofty, extends
through the whole island. The soil is exceedingly fertile; the cKmate more
temperate, than most of the other islands; and Cuba is justly considered
the healthiest and most fruitful settlement in the Antilles. It is, probably,
the richest island, all things considered, in the yvorld. Gold was formerly
found in the island, and copper and iron abound. It is famed, also, for
mineral waters, and salt springs. Its chief wealth is derived from its ex-
tensive sugar plantations. CcfTee is its next most important product. Its
tobacco is the best in the world. It abounds in trees, among which are
many fitted for ship limber. Bees have multiplied to a great extent.
Cattle, as i.i New Spain, have become wild in the woods, and are killed
for their hides and tallow. The people are active and enterpnsing, and
the revenue, formerly reckoned at 2,000,000 of piastres, is now much
more than double that sum. The military force, chiefly militia, consists
of 20,000, most of whom are ill disciplined.

Ilavanna, the capital of the island, is on the north coast, and was
founded by Velasquez in tlio sixteenth century. Its population is rated
at 70,000, and from that to 100,000. The largest fleet may ride in its
fine harbor; but the entrance into it is narrow, and one ship only can
pass in at a time. Two forts, one of them the famous More castle, de-
fend it. The city contains many fine buildings, and especially some no-
ble and splendid churches, and is by far the largest mercantile port in
Spanish America, having always a great show of vessels from all quar-
ters of the world. Puerto del Principe, situated in the midst of rich
savannas, contained thirty years agu 20,000 inhabitants St. Yago was
formerly the chief town of tlie island. Matanzas is a place of consider,
able and growing importance. La Ve,Q[a and Trinidad may each contain
5,000 inhabitants. The exports of Havanna have been estimated at
$20,000,000 a year.

1^'

f'W

.i^

^"■'i

'' ^

IfiO

WEST INDIES.

Jamaica, although the third of l!ie Antilles, in point of size, has been ren-
dered by English industry ihe first in point of consequence. It is 150
miles lonj', ^y GO broad, nnd towards its extremities much narrower, res>em-
blingan i-llipse.

The Blue Mountnins extend from one extremity of the island to the
other. Tliey are riijir^ed, with naked rocks hcviped together by earth-
quakes. From the rocks spring up lofty trees and evergreens. Cascades,
fed by a thousand mountain rills, rush down the hills, emerging from the
deep and verdant forest, and add to tho beauty and freshness of the land-
scape. From the summits of the hills most splendid views are afforded
of the distant sugar plantations. The soil of the savannas is rich, and
affords excellent pasturage for cattle. The mountains near Spanish Town
are resorted to on account of their mineral waters. Lead is the only
metal which has hitherto been discovered in Jamaica. The lowlands in
this island are decidedly unhealthy, on account of beat and humidity.
The morning sea breeze rentiers the climate less oppressive, and the re-
freshing air of the mountains is salutary to invalids. The summit of tho
highest mountain is 7,800 feet above the level of the sea.

Sugar is the great staple of this island, and although much more
abundant in some seasons than in others, is more uniform than in tho
other islands. But the colonists of late have directed their attention
much to the cultivation of cotton. Pimento and ginger are among the
products. The finest mahogany abounds. The soap tree is common.
The bread fruit tree has been transplanted here, and all the tropical fruits
and productions come to maturity.

Jamaica contains three counties, Middlesex, Surry, and Cornwall.
The government is conipr=e;lcf the legislative assembly, and a governor
and council appointed by the King. Port Royal, once the capital of the
island, was destroyed by a tremendous earthquake. Kingston, the pres-
ent capital of Jamaica, contains 00,000 inhabitants. Many of the houses
in the upper part of the town are spacious, although, like others in these
islands and the neighboring continent, they consist only of one story.
St. Jago de la Vega, or Spanish Town, at no great distance from Kings-
ton, is still the seat of government. Its population exceeds 6,000 souls.
In 1815 the whole population amounted to 330,000 souls, of whom
15,000 were mulattocs, and 30,000 of European origin. Thus the
blacks were in a ratio to the whites of more than ten to one. The staple
exports in the same year consisted of 110,00i) hogsheads of sugar, 53,000
puncheons of rum, and 27,360,000 p )unds of sugar. Many of tho
planters are immensely rich.

St. Domingo, or Hajrti. Columbus gave to this island the name of
Hispaniola, or Little Spain. It e.xtends 330 miles from east to west, and

WEST INDIES.

181

140 from north to south. The centre of the isUiiid is marked by the lofty
monntiiins of Cibon, consisting of three chnins. Most of these summits
admit of cuhivation, and arc comp:ii;itivcly iieallhy. The low and m;ir-
shy grounds are exceodinply unhealiliy to Enroptrin conptilutions. Tlio
stormy season lisis frnai April lo Novcmhor. Tim s :)il is well adapted
to all kinds of cultivation proper to tho climalo. Cdld and silver, and
the other metals and f( ssils used to he found here. A very large lump of
native gold was f)und in the mountains; and the Maroon negroes still
carry on an inconsideraldn trade in gold dust. Before the late revolution
the Spanish part of the island contained 100,(100 inhabitants, 30,030 of
whom were slaves, and they worked '200,000 axon.

San Domingo was the first town founded l)y Europeans in America.
In the Cathedral of this city are deposited, in two leaden cofliiis, the ashes
of Christopher Cnhiml.us and his brother. Jlenre issued the expeditions
that conquered IMcxico and Peru, and performed the other Spanish ex-
ploits upon the two American continents. The other principal towns in
the Spanish part of tho island arc San Yagoand La Vega.

The French f.uncrly possessed in this island an extent of territory
equal to 1,700 square lenques. We may judp:e of the formor value of
this colony to France, when we are informe:! that on I'Jl square leagues
the value of the staples raised was supposed to be worth, in France,
£7,487,375. At that time there were in this part of the island 450,000
negroes. Capo Franr'ois hasl.een denominated Cape Heniy by the Negro
King Christophe. Every one has n^ad of the terrible revolution, in
which the negroes and mulattocs in turn desolated this island, in tin-ow-
ing off the yoke of their former masters. The vvli l.i island is now under-
stood to be united under on'Hiead. Tho colored people have established
schools and sound political rcgul itions, and have mantiged with great
wisdom and discretion of i)oli( y, and have given uuqucstional b proofs
that they are capd)le of self-government. The government carries on
trade with tho Americans, English, and Danos; an;l possesses a well dis-
ciplined army, and efllfient revenues, and is supposed to be rapidly grow-
ing in wealth and politioai power.

Porto Rico, situated eastward of Ilispaniob, is the next island in the
drain of the Antilles. It is 120 miles in length by 40 in breadth. Its
mountains arc not so high gs those of St. Domingo. Herds of wild dogs
roaming on the mountains, arc supposed to be remains of the same race
that the Spaniards employed in lauiting down the natives. The wido
savannas, in tho interior and near the northern coast, arc fertile. Many
cascades in the mountains add to the beauty of these healthier districts.
The low lands are unhealthy during the rainy season. But the land is
fruitful, and well watered with numerous rivulets. Gold was formerly

'llli'

«■:

m if:

1iKI£,^tJ

183

WEST INDIES.

found in considerable abundance. Excellent timber, ginger, sugar, cof-
fee, cotton, flax, hides, and iho ditU'rcnt kinds of inccnso so much used
in Catholic countries, aio ainong llio produclioiia of ihc island. Its
mules are very valuable, and it \irric3 on a very considerable trade in to-
bacco, salt, rice, maize, cassia, oranges, /Tourds, and melons. The capi-
tal, St. Juan de Porto Rico, is built on a small island on the northern
coast. It has a convenient harl or, and is a town of considerable import-
ance. Aguadilla is a place comparatively salubrious. San Germano is
inha:bited by the ancient and rich f imilies. A few years since the popu-
lation of the island, slaves and freemen, amounted to 31,000. It has
jemained firmly loyal to the King of Spain.

Bahamas are sepiiratcd from the continent by tlie Guif of Florida, be-
tween which and these isles sweeps the broad and rapid current of the
gulf stream. What has l)oen called liie old channel divides them from
Cuba. Their number exceeds TjOU. I\Iany of them are no more than
barren rocks. But 12 of the most populous i.nd fertile contain 13,000
inhabitants. The larger isl.uids are terlile, and the soil not unlike that of
the Carolinas. The slaves are used with great humanity. Cotton, in-
digo, tortoise shell, ambergris, mahogany, logwood, anddilferent kinds of
fruit are exported from these islands. In time of war tliese islands are
situated favorably for the entanglement of prize vcs3cl«, and these laby-
rinths of shoals and rocks at all limes bring up vast numbers of tvrecks.
Turk's Island is owned by the English, and is funous for its salt. The
Virgin Islands of this group were so named by Columbus, in honor of the
eleven thousand virgins of the Romish ritual.

Santa Cruz belongs to the Danes, whose industry, wisdom, and good
policy have rendered their possessions in these seas of great value. St,
Thomas is also an important commercial station. The two islands are
supposed to contain from 30 to40stpu5re lengucs, with a population of
1,000 souls to each square league. The nett revenue amounts to 100,000
fix dollars. Some of the plantations are supposed to be worth £00,000.
The storehouses are loaded with merchandise, brought frcm Europe and
America. Christianstadt is the capital of Santa Cruz. The small isl-
and of St. John is fertile, and comparatively healthy. There are said to
be 71,459 acres of good land in the Danish islands, of which 32,014 are
in sugar plantations, and 1,358 in cotton. The sugar is of the finest
quality, and the rum equal to that of Jarraica.

Anguilla, or Snakes island, so called from its long and crooked form,
belongs to the English. The inhabitants raise maize and cattle, and
make considersble salt. It is ten leag\ies long by three in average
breadth. ?^

WEST INDIES.

183

St. Martin's, belongs partly to the Frencli, and partly to the Dutch.
Its chief revenue arises from its salt. Many of the settlers are of English

origin.

St. Bartholomew belongs to Sweden. It lies between St. Christopher,
Anguilhi and St. Eiistiitia. Gustavia is tlic chief town. The oxporla
consist of cassia, tamarinds and sassafras.

St. Eustatia is about two leagues long by one in breadth, and belongs
to the Dutch. The population on this small spot, amounts to nearly
12,000, including slaves. Saba, adjoining St. Eustatia, is twelve miles in
circumference, and is dilTicult of access, except for small vessels. On tho
hills in this island is an agreeable valley, watered by frequent showers,
which render it in the hi'ihfst dcgrcce fertile. Tho climate is healthy,
and ihc Dutch aflum, lliat the European women retain their complexions
longer, than in any Olhov of the West India islands. The following islands
all belong to the Brilish.

Antigua is seven leagues long by as many in breadth. It'containa
50,N.MN acres, of wl'.ich 34,0(10 are pasturage, or sugar plantations. This
island has recently been fortifior], and has become of importance. The
inhabitants amount to 40,000, of whom .*}'/),000 are slaves . The chief
town is St. John, in whicii resides the English governor of the Leeward
islands. The exports, which consist of sugar, ginger and tobacco, are
very variable, ns regards quantity. In 1788, no rain fell for seven months,
and the inhabitants would all have perished of famine, had they not been
supplied from abroad. Barbuda is 12 leagues north of Antigua, and
contains 1,500 inhabitants. The air is so salubrious, that it is a resort
for invalids. Turtles are found on the shore, and deer and different sorts
of game in the woods.

St. Christopher's is 4'2 miles in circumference. It aifords the finest
sugar land of any in the West Indies. It contains 28,000 souls, and the
proportion of freemen to slaves is as 1 to 13. Nevis and Montserat are
two small, and very fertile adjacent islands.

Guadaloupe consists of two small islands, separated by a narrow chan-
nel. Grand Terre is G leagues long by 14 in breadth; and Basse Terre
is 15 leagues long by 14 broad. Three small islands, Desiderade on the
east, Marie Galante on the southeast, and Isles des Saintes on the south,
are subject to the governor of Gaudaloupe. All these islands contain
334,142 acres, and 159,000 souls. There are several volcanic moun-
tains in Basse-Terre, of which one only emits clouds of smoke. Basse
Terre is agreeably diversified by hills, woods, gardens, and enclosures,
which form a striking contrast with the marshy and sterile land on the
eastern island. There is a warm spring near Goave, whose temperature

'III I'lit'

1:1- i

181

WUitT INDUS.

is sufHcient to boil eggs. The bees in this island are black, and (heir
honpy of Ji purplo color.

Basse Terrc, iho chief town, is adorned witli many fine buildings, foun-
tains and public gardens. Point .i Pctrc, tlie metropolis of Grand Tcrre.
is unhealthy, from the conli^niity of niursiies; but it h:is one of the finest
harbors in the West indies. Dusirado is famed for its cotton. Cotl'ce
and sugar arc cultivated on the hills of Marie, (Jalante. Dominica so
called by Coknnhus, from being discovered on the Sabbath, is situated
between Gaudelonpe and Martinico. The soil is well adapted for the
growth of collce. The hill.s, from which several rivers descend, aro cover-
ed with tiic finest woods in the West Indies. On account of its import-
ance, this island has been raised to a distinct government. The staples
are maize, cottin, cocoa and tobacco.

Martinico, formerly the most important Frencli island in these seas,
now belongs to the Britisli. The extent of cultivable surface is about
212,142 acres. It has many steep mountains and rugged rocks. Pitou
de Corbet is the highest. The loftiest and most abundant palm trees are
near its summit. Tiiis island is better supplied with water, and less sub-
ject to hurricanes, than Giiudeloufie. The productions of both islands are
nearly (he same. Its population is estimated about 100,000. Port Royal,
the chief town, has a spacious harbur. St, Peter's town, in this island, is
the most commercial town in the lesser Antilles, and contains 30,000 in-
liabitants. St. Lucia has a fertile soil , but a warm and unhealthy climate.
It has a populaticn of ICO.OOO souls. Garenage is the best sea port in St.
Lucia. Thirty sail of the line migiit there be sheltered from hurricanes.
The town is small, and unhealthy. St. Vincents, south of St. Lucia, is
remarkable for its fertility, and produces a great quantity of sugar and in-
digo. The Ijread tree, brought from Otaheitc, has hero succeeded en-
tirely. In 1812, there was an eruption of one of the volcanic mountains
of this island. The eastern coast is peopled by the black Caribees, a
race descended from the aborigines, and fugitive negroes. The English
population amounts to 2li,0G0, chiefly slaves. Kingston is the residence
of the governor, whose jurisdiction extends over several of the adjacent
islands. The Grenadines are a group of contiguous islands, united to
each other by a ridge of calcareous rocks, that appear to have been form-
ed by marine insects. Cariacon and Isle Konde arc the principal. They
are small, but fertile an;I \.'e!l cultivated. Grenada is situated near the
Grenadines, and contains Jn,'572 souls. A lake on the summit of a
central mountain is the source of many rivers, that adorn and fertilize
the island. Hurricanes are little known. At this island terminates the
chain of the antilles. Barbadoes, Tobago and Trinidad form a distinct

WEST IN DIEM.

.ft .

185

*"<

Barbadoeg, is tho eisterninost ishind in the West Indies. It is 21
miles long, and 14 brond, and of jfroiit iLTtility. The population is cal-
culated nt !)(),l)()l). Tho pinern ;i' luHidos nt Bridyotown, tho chief
town in Barbadncs, Tliia harbor is nearer the eastcfn continent, than
any other in ilio Antill;?.

Tt)b:i<.fo is >S {(.'.'.bill's .N'orllicist froiii Tiinidad. The chain of mountnina
on these islands, iVuiii its {."•(•(lid'jical luiiiiatioii, is Kuppostd to Ijc a con-
tinuation of ti;. uuiintaius of CiiiuuiKi. 'J'lio po.iilion of Tobago gives it
great iniportanc', and it rnii;rht becoinj bi'^lily productive. The finest
fruilsof the tropics <j:n)W here. Fine iiys ;iii(l guavas, ununas, nutmegs,
gumcopal, and iive difilM out sorts of j)pp;u'r :uu anionrr its productions
A harbor on the oust, and another on llie west c(Kist are sheltered from ev-
ery wir.d. The pnpnlutiun anioiints tf» 1S,(10().

Trinidad lies l:ol\veeM 'i'obiiuo and Souili America. This island is 65
miles from east to west, and TjO iVoni north to south. It [)ro(luces sugar,
coflep, cocoa, woad, tobacco, iu'^i^yo, fjin^er, a variety of line fruits, maize
and cedar wood. There is a jeinarkal.lo bilnminous lake, situated on
the western coast. It is hOfecl alutve tlie sea, and three leagues in cir-
cumference. Small islands, covered with plants and shrubs, arise from
its boHom, and ofiou disappear. The bituniinoug mutter of this lake is
used for naval purpjses iusieul of pitcli. Trinidad is important from its
fertility, its extent and position, which commands the Oroncco, and the
Dragon's mouth, the narrow passaiic bctwecu it and the mainland, from
which it appears to have 1 ecu torn Ijy s^mo convulsion of nature. St.
Joseph do Onma,tiio nominal capital, is only a village, and consists of 2
or 300 neatly built houses. Ciiai/acamus, the greatest sea port, contains
28,000 inhabitant*. From the si/.a and fertility of Trinidad, it has been sup-
posed, that it might produce more sugar, tiian the whole of the leeward
islands. It possesses, also, with Tobago the advantage of being out of
the ordinary reach of burricanes. The foregoing islands are all under the
dominion of Great Britain.

The Dutch own llnee islands on the coast of South America. The
most considerable is Curacoa 12 leagues long and 3 broad. The land is
arid and sterile; and there is but one well in the island, the water from
which is sold at a high jn-ice. On this light and rocky soil the Dutch
have planted sugar cane and tobacco. The salt works yield a consid-
erable revenue. But the wealih of tiie island depends on its contra-
band trade. Williamstcad the capital, is one of the neatest towns in th«
West Indies. The public buildings are magnificent, and the private
houses commcdious. The clean ?treeLs remind the traveller, that he is
in a Dutch town. The port of Curacoa is spacious. The inhabitants of
the island amount to 12,890. The great proportion as in the other
Vol. II. 24

■ii^i^

Sia iiiafi.l

■*'-**H,

^z^.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

■u l&i 12.2

:» i£ ■2-0

lit

1.1

— u&

Photographic

Sciences

Corporalion

23 WIST MAIN STtECT

WIBSTER.N.Y. U -0

(716) 872-4503

iSI WEST nfDIKS.

# m

W<mA Itidia islands, are slaves. The colonists of Bonair and Aruba, two
email adjacent islands, employ themselves chiefly in raising cattle.

The trade, which has been carried on in this great Archipelago, above
described, has tended more to advance the industry, and extend the
commerce of those European countries, which have been connected with
these islands, than all the gold and silver of the two Americas. Before
the abolition of the slave trade, the British introduced 20,000 slaves,
annually, into their colonies. The value of sugar, annually imported
into England, is valued at £7,063,265. 1,200,000 puncheons of rum
are annually distilled in the British islands. In 1S04, that country
obtained from the Antilles 20,.529,878 lbs. of cotton.

This immense wealth is, however, the price of blood. Notwithstanding
the increase of humanity in the laws, and in the planters, the excessive
mortality of the miserable slaves shows the nature of their condition.
In their native Africa they rapidly multiply, although that climate is
fhore humid and unhealthy, than that of these islands. Interest, it will be
easily seen, will tend to impel the planters to do every thing for the
preservation of their slaves. But the misery of exile, servitude, and all
Ihe bodily torments, to which they are exposed, will continue to shorten
their existence; and the race in all these islands is constantly on the
decrease. There is no way to supply the deficiency, but the revolting
•ad unchristian enormity of fresh imjiortations.

The negroes, it has been affirmed, are stubborn and revengeful, not to
be subdued by mild treatment, hut to be driven by the lash. They are,
in fact, ignorant, docile, gentle, patient and submissive. Cruel men,
malefactors and outcasts from Europe, have been raised to be their over-
seers, and have treated them as beasts of burden. Spanish writers have
variously maintained, that the r>egroes and Indians have no souls; and
there is too much reason to believe, that such reasonings have led to the
treatment, they have received. There must be laws to protect the slaves
from outrage. They must be rendered capable of acquiring property.
Marriage must be rendered a valid and sacred tie, to prevent the vile
disease and misery of their present condition. Their children must be
educated, and gradually brought within reach of the guidance and hopes
^Christianity. Then they might have reason to regard life with cheer-
fuInesB and hope, and love; and industriously to cultivate the soil, they
hare bo long watered with their tears.

The following most impressive and graphic account of a bright
morning, and of a hurricane in the Antilles is copied entire from M«dte
Brun.

Ill order to make our readers better acquainted with this country, we
•hall attempt to deecriba a morning in the Antilles. For this purpose,

seem ui

M^L

. "f

^' .,

WStT INDIES.

liii

let us watch the moment, when the sun, appearing through a
atmosphere, illumines with her rays the summits of the mountains, and
gilds the leaves of the plantain and orange trees. The plants are spread
over with gossamer of fine and transparent silk, or gemmed with dew
drops, and the vivid hues of industrious insects, reflecting unnumbered
tints from the rays of the sun. The aspect of the richly cultivated valleys
is different, but not less pleasing; the whole of nature teems with the
most varied productions. It often Iiappens, after the sun has dissi
pated the mist above the cr\'stal expanse of the ocean, that the scene is
changed by an optical illusion. The spectator observes sometimes a
sand-bank rising out of tlie deep, or distant canoes in the red clouds,
floating in an aerial sea, while their shadows at the same time are accu-
rately delineated bebw them. This phenomenon, to which the French
have given the name of mirage, is not uncommon in equatorial climates.
Europeans may admire the views in this archipelago, during the cool
temperature of the morning; the lofiy mountains arc adorned with thick
foliage; the hills, from their summits to the very borders pf the sea, are
fringed with plants of never fading verdure; the mills and sugar-works
near them are obscured by their branches or buried in their shndo. The
appearance of the vallies is remarkable; to form even an imperfect idea
of it, we must group together the pahn tree, the cocoa nut and mountain
cabbage with the tamarind, the orange and the waning plumes of the
bamboo cane. On tlicse p'ains we m:iy observe the bushy oleinder, all
the varieties of the Jerus-'.lem thorn and African rose, the bright scarlet
of the cordium, bowers of je^-samine and grenadilla, vines, and the silver
and silky leaves of the porllaiulii. Fields of sugar cane, the houses of
the planters, the huts of the negroes, and the distant coast lined with
ships, add to the beauty of a West Indian land-scape. At sunrise, when
no breeze ripples the surface of the ocean, it is frequently so transparent,
that one can perceive, as if there were no intervening msdium, the
channel of the water, and observe the shell-fish scattered on the rocks,
and the medusoe reposing on the sand.

A hurricane is generally preceded by an awful stillness of the elements;
the air becomes close and heavy, the sun is red, and the stars at night
seem unusually large. Frequent changes take place in the thermometer^
which sometimes rises from 80° to 90°. Darkness extends over the
earth; the higher regions gleam with lightning.

The impending storm is first observed on the sea. Foaming mountain
waves rise suddenly from its clear and motionless surface. The wind
rages with unrestrained fury; its noise may be compared to the distant
thunder. The rain descends in torrents, shrubs, and lofty trees are borne
down, by the mountain streams, the rivers overflow their banks, and

II ht

■«

las

WSiT INDIES.

■abmerge the plains. Terror and consternation seem to pervade the
ivhole of animated nature, land birds arc driven into the ocean, and
those, whose aliment is the son, seek for refuge in the woods. The
frighted beasts of the field herd togcllicr, or roam in vain for a place of
shelter. It is not a contest of two oi)posiio winds, or a roaring ocean,
that shakes the earth; all the elements are thrown into confusion, the
equilibrium of the atmosphere seems, as if it were destroyed; and nature
appears to hasten to lier ancient chaos. Scenes of desolation have been
disclosed in these islands by the morning sun — uprooted trees, branches
shivered from their trunks, the roofs of tho houses have b'^en strewed
over the land. The planter is soinelimes unable to distinguisli the place
of his former possessions. Fertile vailies may be changed in a few
hours into dreary wastes, covered with the carcasses of domestic animals,
^4 the fowls of heaven.

.#." u

■«

•

: '

.-l, *
"%

■ 4

•

''■ '.1"^.,.

-'"'k

*♦

' rt'-j»

'i'.

Area oi

the United

Missouri 1

•• ■ ■■>'•

Missouri,

Arkansas '

■»v. . .'

Louisiana,

* ■ #■■

North-Wes

■*.

Illinois, tV

Indiana, ^|

Ohio,

Pennsylvar

■ "■

New York,

.ik

Maryland,

Virginia, 'i

Kentucky,

North Car

r • '

Tennessee

•

South Can

Georgia, t

.•

Alabama,

Mississipp

It- * .^ '

Valley of

m , *

Valley of

Ml't'.,.;. Nt.

Ohio,

mid^

'«

«>p^

%' A

feA^

-•! IT

•1^^

%" ^

^-■f.

APPENDIX.

v> "

Area of the country watered by the principal rivers and branches in
the United States.

Missouri Territory, i -

Missouri,

Arkansas Territory,

Louisiana, I -

North-West Territory, k

Illinois, j%% -

Indiana, ^^

Ohio,

Pennsylvania, \

New York, jH

Maryland, j^^

Virginia, 'i

Kentucky,

North Carolina, ^'^

Tennessee,

South Carolina, j^^

Georgia, tIt -
Alabama, |
Mississippi, I -

Square Miles.

69S,000

60,300

121,000

36,000

72,000

58,310

34,940

30,800

14,650

- 460

- no

25,600

39,000

900

41,300

- 200

- 380
. 7,250

22,670

%•

Total, *

Valley of the Missouri, ....

Valley of the Mississippi above the mouth of Ohio,
Valley of the Ohio and its waters,

Valley of the Mississippi and its waters, b«low the mouth of
Ohio, ......

1,263,870
674,000
225,000
205,000

290,000
1,394,000

#r--

100

APmNDIX.

Missouri, from its source to its junction with th« Yellow

Stone, . - . . . oso

Do. to its junction with tho Mississippi, • - 1370

Mississippi Proper, from ils source to its junction with

the Missouri, ----- .

Alleghany River, the higcst source of tho Ohio, to its

junction with tho Monongahela, - - 200

Do. to is junction with tho Mississppi, , - - 6S0

Mississippi, from tho junction with the Missouri to its

outlet.
Greatest length of the Mississippi from its outlet to highest

point of the Missouri,. ...

Do. to the highest point of Mississippi Proper,
Do. to the highest pdint of the Ohio,

TRinUTARY STREAMS. _

Of the Missouri — Yellow Stone,

La Platte, . . - -

V . Kansas, ....

•Sii- Osnge,

Of Ohio — Monongahela,
Cumberland,
Tennessee,
Of Mississippi, below Missouri~-

White River,
Arkansas,
Red River,

20|5O
?80

880
010

S060
1690
1700

S8S

790

480
190
400
490

470
13S0
1080

>„"-

•^'

w >■

ftf'^^iSf

•'■*■

ArPKirax.

191

J*"-

•■ I \j

TABLE NO. T.

METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.

■i^.

Sackefs
Harbor.
43 55N
lOOE.

Detroit .

4230N

548 W

Prairie dcs
Cliiens.
4'i 3li N.
14 38 N.

Council
Blufl'M.

41 31 N.

19 45 W.

1820.
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dee.

Mean
of the
year,

5?
34
74

S7
85
S7
76

L.
12

1)
22
22
50

5S
54
44

M
23
32
33

48
52
155

73
71

52
11

48° 6'

18 IN.

H.
44
42

01
62
81

88
34
51

1820

21
17
32

4l!
53
70

i)2
M
92
74

65
IJ2
47
30
24
6

60
75
71
51
40
27

II.

40
71

t)(I

3Sl

Oil

105

1)0

(54

—6

5{>

—14

L.
—22

—8

—4

—5

M
9

30
34
)8
69
74

75
75
63
47
34
18

470 4'

incomplete

490 2'

— Signifies bcloto zero

♦

« V

li= li

109

APPENDIX.

•J

<3
O

H
S

B =3 ^ g irj
3 -r 00 « o

g ift iQ ifta5tsgDQor^>^te t?5i;<;
" r* ;/. -J .••> '.->> -M :2 -i o OD «3 X

!.,< o o o -^ f" ^; w «-• 3 5>^ -. -"

S3 C X. W 3D
« • - 00 W w

*H «^ i/j O C2 «^ i.T :5 i;-; -^
^ ^ .* ^ ^- ^ j^ j^ j^ j^

^ « (N </J J'J -^ M v/j T»
-- — i'^ i~ \'i -^

, ^ « C^ (#J J'J

-J <?! ir» — < (7* ^

•-I

•-< J'- *-» ^ X o; fli -^ r-. --i

O (U

i-s^'^-

^ »^< ^ ,.,< ,^ ••5 00 »^ '/■■ *^ rn if% 1^

jS "^ 2 3,> ;5

J («.) -^ ,-< -*» if5 ?- tn 1-5 trj -r* CO

(■H >o '^ >>2 ''-' QO i^ T W.1 rr c^ * -^^
C3 to w -5 >^ -Ti -r. r^. S^ nS >-. ?-! o

A _.i^^

•.H^" .•> w <- "O •"' ■ " f '.:. !"> >— /

•^, "« « »^ lO ;^ '"• '— J'- "•■ x'i >n 1"^

Cinci]
nati.
1819
33 G
7 31

, — ;3 S w T> — ^ 7» I'i — w/^ 7'

»^ ^> 1— 1 — < '"^ "^ !"> O if? -• '^» O* — <

_, J — " -."1 «* ;2 '-' >— 1 v* w ^."O O '-"o

3 »^ !S O '^ ^'^ '^ '^ C5 '^ TT '- ?.•

cotlic.
1819.
39 20 N.
5 45 W.

1— , - ' -^ «^ 4^ f» O O O w- —

,^, »«»*-*< i*> ;^ j^ >^ nr <>. ,<^ 1'^ ^

_ / ivT -^ i-j •-' Ci c* ^^ •^^ '.■>» o» o

HN "* ^ 3f . .«,■ i:^ ^j TP .T> Ci ■::; 5^ w
■M O -"^ ''"'''" T^ — *^ f^ 00 T^ "" *'*'

ta.

1819.

39 39 N.

4 28 W.

.^ (?* -w w ■^ *"'

^^ ^mt ^^ •irt 1^ **^

■,>f ./,' w. i^V k/j rj

rf^ >^ •— ,.-^ -* «^

la jg i.-i -Aj '•"

">* w ./J -w '.-» •,••<

•■^ l»> -fl l«0 p») ^

i_, ■•- 7^ <■- ;«.■ v^

S ^ —i "") or TT'

"-v'l

lyj c^ 'wt^ t-i 5\f t^
'r a T) rr »^ 1-.

Zanes-

ville.

1819.
39 59N.
4 58 W.

m^ O — -w O irs -" u; JL' '-J irj u. r-j
^ *** '"^ rv*i i'» •"> *^ i^ <^ <"^ t'^ '^ r^

, o lyj » *-" 7^ w " O r- irs ;_; O

S ^ T ^ " -'-^ ^ w -J .T* :i — 1 —■

i~* to ^*) i»^ ry> fTl -Ti rri Cti O »^ '^ >i^

^..r.>

Ji "Sn®

:2 &D^2io

•S >- V* rv5 S
jT 3 CiO " ^

*!5 (T) -* -n •■": 1^ *^ J>. «>. "r5 lO ■'-X '^

J »H ^^ O) 1^ ■-^ ir< 'n T") »* ^*< O^ ^>
»H (r< CN ^ "—I :.N w cr< w. wJ w> O* '^^

»n -m i-n lO r/) or r:5 rs X ST »>. tn Ttt

O) 0)

The highest, lowest, and mean heat for each month, at different situa-
tions, will be shown by the following table:

Note. — N. stands for North latitude, E. for East longitude and W.
for West longitude, H. for highest, L. for lowest, and M for mean tem-
perature.

«^

4-'

-^^P'

?! ■'■•■

i* >

.^l^iSh

APPENDIX.

METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.

Fernan-

•'or

.Or-I

Baton

Camp

dinn. Fl.

Scott.

leins.

Rougo

Ripley

18-JO.

ISiO.

1820.

ao 45 N.

30 V,l N.

30OON.

30 30 N.

31 18 N.

4 :j7 vv.

7 2'i W.

13 low.

1514W.!|

1050W.

H 1.

M Hi

Jan.

7'J

74 \12

.55

Feb.

5(1

05 1

IM :n

7>s

March

:8!3S

April

SiJ

S(?

May

St)

hf?

7lj

i)0

Juno

5(1

1)1

7ii

81 1)2

July

Oil

711

i)(l

s-^

S)C,

711 'J3

7281

Aug.

7S!

02!0S

Dii

7?-: s5

i)2

S3! ;)4

0582

Sept.

•"17

SOI

SO 05

7181

5077

Oct.

511

iJil

81) iUI

15 J5

4866

Nov,

78 40

311 57

3260

Dec.

7.') :)0'iOi

81 :«l59
08° 7'

3'.1 00

76 10

79'2853

Mean of
he year

0°

■■
1'

ii
P

ico
let<

in-

inco
pletc

incom-
plete.

METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.

Average
at

'^<
20

45
01

Highest, and place of
observation.

79 Fernandina

78 Belle Fontaine
04 Council Blufls

Lowest, and place
of observation.

•

7
25

41
50

2
33

40
06

14
01.

Jan.

Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

t— 30 St. Peters

:0 St. Peters
10 St. Peters

loy

88
84

OOPrairie des Chiens

50 Ditto.

87
52
42

81
70
Oil
50

ti)
7G
50
40

70
71

50
40

*105 Council Bluffs

90 Ditto.

S8 Baton Rouge

*105 Sunday, 13th
of August.

30 St. Peters

20 Prairie du Chien

—7 St. Peters

69
68

Gen.

Mean.
\

5262
OL. 11

t —30 Sunday,
30th of January.
25

lao

•\-i

%rrHNDix.

^ ^ li

8 rt

^ J

2 lot ^

i 2«s;*::^S®®

r/j

||?Jf^.l?5i§2!$5S

-^ W 85 »0 I"" oB ift <0

(?*Sao

i5':;fS§!Sl?;2SS55S

jS 12? 9 9B !^

'ri<*QD^$5^?rt«0

^ ir» «

fJt:^^22S!5J2

l??2JS'^??2^^??

W|=>^

»f< (N Tj«

t^ 01 ^ Oi

CQ n (n CQ

1^ ..M ^ ^ rf (N <?< ^ »^

, i

5 S

sl6'

t p-!=3J5»|d|

= S»L' Z-"a *-" 5 a'*
aft,j<.5 SSj3 go

jntJ

0^ ;^ r/] Oli

&s<

Red flower
Black itiga
Box older
Poach
Rod load
Pawpaw
Largo cane
Black bird
Catolpa
Prickly poa
Iron wood
Horn boum
Chincapin
Blackberry
Laurior aln
Wild chorr)
Palmetto, a
Swoot orah
Dog wood
Swamp do£
CyproRS
Persimon
Beech
Red ash
Water ash
Water locui
Honey locu
Holly
Butternut
Butternut Y
Swamp hie
Thick shell
Nutmeg hi<
Black wain
Pignut hid
Shellbark h

'§

kM'BNIMX.

TABLE, NO. v».

TJIE£S COMMON TO LOVISIANA

*.'.

:«♦

•I

Red flowering maple

Black sugar maple

Dox elder

Peach

Red load

Pawpaw

Largo cano

Block birch

Catalpa

Prickly pear

Iron wood

Horn boum

Chincapin

Blackberry

Laurior almond

Wild cherry

Palmetto, or latania

Sweet orange

Dog wood

Swamp dog wood

Cypress

Persimon

Beech

Redosh

Water ash

Water locust

Honey locust

Holly

Butternut

Butternut hickory

Swamp hickory

Thick shell bark hickory

Nutmeg hickory

Black walnut

Pignut hickory

Shellbark hickory

Sfc,'

i'oplfir

White 1)1 y

Lnr^n laurel

Mulberry

SpniiJHli mulberry

Couunon culinary salt

TuiMihjo

Black gum

Buckoyc

Pitch pjiic

Loblolly pinu '

Cottou wood

Sycuinorc ^

Poke

White oak

Water onk

SpnniHli oak

Black jack oak

Swamp white ouk

Ovorcup oak

Post oak ^

Willow oak

Rod oak •

Black oak

Live oak

Black locust

Dwarf locust

Bistinean locust

Blackberry

Rod berried older

Downy Linden

Mucilaginous elm

Red elm

Swamp elm

Large leaved elm

Large whortleberry ■

tc^jh

' -si'

:i\ \

■ > >

te'

■Ik

I* il

I9G

APPBNDIX.

Red cedar

/j Treo whortlcborry

Toad flax,

BansarniB

Cr-inbcrry

Spico wood

Miisi:;uiiiio

Plantain, w

Red bay ji ' j

Parsley loavfd water grape vine

Buckeye, y

Sweet gum

River grapo vino.

:■

Andromodc

-(••»

Red bud

TABLE. NO. 3. 1

Moor wort.

FIng, sweet

FLORA OF LOUISVILLE. 1

Columbine,
Burduck, c(

tfk ''K«

Star^vort, d

Amaranth, pellitory leaved

Nightshade, (icadly

While

Garlic, common

Clustered

shallot

Alamasco, lily

Onion, common

Bastard indigo

Garlic, field, crow

Peach, common

Cane, groat .p .

Maple, sugar

Reed grass , ^j.

red

^^ Cockle, corn

Pennsylvania

^ Honeysuckle, wild, red, white

Box, elder

Snake root, Virginia

Althea

Dutchman's pipe * . , ■

Asparagus

.,j. Dog's bane, tustan leaved

Swallow wort, oval leaved

hemp

Millfoil, CO

Virginia silk

,,, Ambrosia, tall

Turnip, Inc

flesh colored

, ^^ simple leaved

Virginian

variegated

mugvvort

Ginger, wil

Pleurisy root

; • Arethusa, bulbous

Cabbage

Spring grass

drooping

Turnip

Squaw root

Agrimony, small flowered

Birch, blac

Bane berry

wood

Hazel, eldc

Angelica tree

hairy

Beet, comii

Aralia, berry-bearing

smooth

Catalpa, tr

naked stemmed

Chamomile, garden

Trumpet, (

Pawpaw tree *

wild ,^

Berberry, (

Ascyrum j

Beard grass

St Andrew's cross

nodding

Bertolina,

Wall cress, lyre leaved

Anemone, wild, Virginia

Burr marig

Canadian

meadow ,, j^ ,? .^.;.j

Do. do.

* common

.... Oats, common ,,,,, ,4^^.:,- ,h&

Do. do.

ArPBNDIX.

iirz

Toad flax, common

Fennel, «()inmon **

,*'

Cnntulian

Parsley, coiiiiiiun kitchen

. .-»*

Plantain, wftlcr

Celery, mminoii

Buckeye, yellow -.^

Foxtail ?»r;^.'^^, riinadow #

•^

cunimon

Pitnpcrnal, field

Andromoda |<

Oraf.li, npreadinif

Red bud

Angclici, purplo

Moor wort, broad IcuvoJ

coininon

Flog, sweet, calamus

DeviPn bit, white

Columbine, Canadian

Mujfwort, ^,'rey

Burdock, common

Arstida, erect

■ .^

Stanvort, divar icat

Chinrnpin, troo

^ '

Bolitla^o liko

Ilornbcam, American

Iiyssop-Iravcd

Re<l pepper, long

lieatb-ioavcd

Hazel nut

toad-flnx leaved

Traveller's joy, Virginia

flux-lcavcd

striate

one-colored

Dog wood, Virginian

• isr

rcd-flowcrcd

Canadian •

. ♦".

hcart-loavcd

upright

smooth

Red rod, American Cornell

•

large-leaved

Comptonia, fern leaved

small, whito

Celandine, great

P. wort-like

Claytonia, Virginian

imperial

lanceolata

\ '•

Millfoil, common

• Solomon's soal

Turnip, Indian

Do. sweet scented

Virginian

Red root, New Jersey tea

Ginger, wild

Marsh ciiKjiiofoil

■*J^>

Cabbage

Button wood

Turnip

Wax work

'■ »

Birch, black v

Love vine, clasping

•

Hazel, elder ^'

Sedge, plantain leaved

Beet, common

bristly

Catalpa, tree

erect

tJ ,

Trumpet, creeper

Senna, Maryland

Berberry, Canadian

dwarf

jpA- .

three flowered

Bell flower, pointed leaf

Bertolina, rough

perfoliate

i. ■ m.

Burr marigold

Sweet weed = •?!

..^'^■A-f

Do. do. nodding

Cunila, mint leaved -^•

»!!H m'ii

Do. do. large flowered ^^,<

Cockspur VT, •

■^^i''\

'■ >)

.,'^.^

198

APPENDIX.

'«,*

Do. do. bipinnaU ■*
Boehmeria
Thyme, Virginian
Quaking grass

American

scarlet
Strawberry blite, slender
Hackberry
Red bud, Judas^ tree
Nightshade, common
Chesnut, common American
Hemp, common
Hound^s tongue
Commelina, Virginian
Collinsonia, two-colored ^

'common
CoUinsia
Sweet Potatoe
Bindweed, field, common
creeping
head-bearing
Thorn grass
Centaurella
Centuary, angular leaf
Hemlock

« water

Jerusalem oak
Wild orach *

Chickweek, common

field
Cacalia

glaucous
Cucularia

Lady's smock, Pennsylvania
Do. narrow leaved fy
Do. Virginian
Shrub «

sweet scented
Coral honeysuckle
Melon, musk
Cucumber, common
Cowslip, meadow

^ scarlet '

Hawthorn

Johnsonia, American
Horse radish
Pumpkin
Squash, knotty
Melon, water
Chervil
Gallingale, yellow

sm flower

strigous
Tooth wort, irregular
Indian potatoe, villous
Jamestown weed
Carrot, wild
Leather wood
Teazle

Dragon's head, Virginia
Papper Grass, Virginia
Larkspur, blue
Ground Laurel
Arrow Wood, Indian
Spindle Tree, evergreen
Fleabane, Canadian

Philadelphia
' Hcmpweed

nettle-leaf

purple

spotted
Indian Sage

climbing
Cotton Grass
Elephant's Foot
Dog's Tail Grass
Spurge, spotted

hypericum-leaf

thyme-leaved
Ipecacuanha, wild
Elymas

fringed
Mustard, hedge
Beech, rusty leaved

APPENDIX.

100

Thistle, parti-colored
Virginian
common
Sunflower, tick seeded
narrow leaf
Ploughman^s wort
Do. starlike
Marigold, common corn
Cowslip, American
Skunk cabbage
Persimon, common
Fox glove, wild
purple
Hyssop, hedge

varying
Pea vine, wild
Ground ivy
Gonolobus, parti-colored

prickly
Bennet, Virginian
Locust, prickly
Gentian, white
Crowds foot, spotted

Carolina
Goat^s rue, Virginian
Cudweed, slimy

plantain leaf
Hudsonia

Hydrangia, arborescent
Snow ball, mock
Sunflower, rough leaf
soft leaved
Heliotrope, Indian
Pennyroyal

Hawkweed, veiny leaf
rough
panicled
Alum root
Hazle witch
Swine's succory

Virginia
Houstonia. blue

•A

Ash, white •"

blue

.*<^i

swamp

Strawberry, garden #

«=-.

wild

Fennel, giant

Colombo

Goose grass, s.

-3

cross branched

dyers,

three flowered

Golden thread

U!3P*

Hedysarum, m.

• > >

clammy

naked flowering

white flowering

Water leaf

Pennywort

.-•..t

Parsnip, cow ,;,.

Touch-me-not

spotted

Holly, American

Ditch weed

Flag, common

<■'

snake's head

» '

Itea, Virginian

. ;*

Walnut, black

)

Butternut ^

Shell bark

Shag bark

« 7

Pig nut

Peccan

Cedar, red

•

low, dwarf

Bullrush, soft, r.

Laurel, narrow leaved

broad

■^\r

Killingia, low

Flax, common

Virginian

• -.:*^ui^

Darnel

Vr.4'

Willow herb

■.■,'i-

•f'

■*!

200

APPBNOIX.

),f^

varying ^

Bastard star flower, upt. ^
Hydrastis, Canadian • ^

St. Jobn^s wort, prolific
common
Virginian
cluster leaved
' Barley, common

Hop, common . •

i Hibiscus, meadow

' Okra, garden ^ ko

Duck^s meat, small
L* Cardinal flower
Lobelia, blue
Tobacco, wild
Lobelia, pale
^ ' Claytonian

Pepper grass, Virginian
Lupine, perennial
Lily, Canadian
Philadelpbian
great flowering
Privet, common
Honeysuckle, Virginian
Cromwell
Lavender, common
Lion's leaf - ♦

Sassafras ^

Spice wood
^', # Leechia, great * '

Sickle grass
Poplar
Fire weed
♦ ' Dandelion
» Mother wort i, ,

Lentanthus, grass leaf
Cackold's horns
Mint, Canadian

horse
Monkey flower, winged
Do. ringent
Miegia, reed , *^?'o i

■#

wborled ^4,* t ^ .a^

Lindernia :..r.u*

Larch tree ^» .. iv

Gum, sweet ' * .-^

Archangel, hispid •

Loosestrife

four leaved
Hoarhound, Virginian

narrow* leaf **^
Ludwigia, large, c. '

decurrent
Muhlenbcrgia
Melanthium, Virginian
Magnolia, great flowering
Do. sweet swamp
Cucumber tree
Hoarhound, common
Scorpion grass, marsh

Virginian
Trefoil, marsh

Sanicle, bastard American two leaf
Cow wheat, American
Gum tree, large, sour

bbck
Catnip

Fennel flower
Tobacco, common
Water lily, yellow flower

odorous, Virginia
Splatterdock, common
Nelumbium
Wood sorrel, upright

violet •

Orchis, shewy "

Do. fringed, white and yellow
Do. spiral . .

Beech drops . 'i

Orontium, water < '

Tree primrose r • ^ i^

Night willow herb * '"

scallop leaved
Majoram, wild

:'«P<.

APPENDIX.

201

Majorem, garden
Rape broom

woolly ■*
Cucumber, Indian
Mitchclla, creeping
Mulberry, red
Balm, common
Catmint, wild
Medlar, red
Pear tree, wild
Chickweed, Indian
Mallow, smooth flowering
Basil, common i

garden
Obolaria, Carolinian
Piiyrma, slender spiked
Alkekengi, Pennsylvania
Feverfew, entne leaved
Passion flower, yellow
Pellitory
Lung wort
Cotton tree
Aspen Tree.
Poplar Lombardy
Do. Athenian
Pond-weed
Do. perfoliate
Do. grass leaved
Do. floating, broad-leaf
Louse-wort

lanceolate
Phlox, or B. Lychnis, spotted
Do. hairy
Do. Smooth
Do. one flowered
Valerian, Greek, creeping
Knot grass

upright

bearded
Buckwheat, climbing
Buckwheat, common
Water Pepper
Vol. IL

Water arrow leaved
Buckwheat, climbing, American
Shrub trefoil
Pear tree
Apple tree
Quince tree
Crab apple tree
Mountain mint

hairy *

Parsnip, common
Lettuce, wild

glaucous leaf
Plantain, Virginian

lanceoalta k -:
flattened
Penlhorum, American
Orange, mock, fragrant
s Do. scentless, common
Winter Green, spotted
Pippsisseva }"

round-leaved
Penstemon, pubescent

smooth
Hemlock
Cherry, wild
Sycamore
Ginseng

Panic Grass, capillary
whorled
glaucous
* crow's foot

broad-lf.
Scotch
Red Grass, canary
Bean, kidney, common

lima
Pea, common, garden
Timothy, herd-grass
Meadow Grass
Do. many-stemmed
. Do. broad-leaved
Brake* .

■a^

202 ii

APPENDIX.

Philostemon, innoxiou

>•

dwarf ..^,,

May-apple

three-leaved

Poke-berry, common

Rose, Carolina

Alder, black

small-flowering

Purslane, common

bright

Mill-wort, red-coloured

swamp -

., yellow

Raspterry, wild, black

. Snake Root, seneka

red

Self-heal, Pennsylvania

garden '"*''''

Paspalum, smooth

Dewberry

Pickerel-weed, heart-lf.

Blackberry, tall

Burnet, common

Locust, flowering

Potamisia, stinking

Rosemary, garden

Pt'PPyj garden

Rhexia, Virginian

Oakburr

Bladder Nut

white

Broom, Spanish

chesnut

Woundwort

rock chesnut

Indian Physick

upland willow

Nine-bark

quercitron

Silky Spirea

Spanish

Saxifrage, Virginian

red

Stitch-wort, long-leaved

' Rudbeckia, jagged

oval leaved

rough

slender

purple

Green-briar, herbaceous

leaf-clasping

deciduous

Gooseberry

arrow-lf

Currant, black

Sage, lyre-leaved

red

garden, common

Palmi Christi

Elderberry, red

Radish, common

black

Crow's Foot.

Scull-cap, small flowered

^- Buttercups ,

Virginian

y* ' Spearwort

oval-leaved

^ creeping, R.

Sisryrinchum, berumdia

water, k.

Thistle, hog, common

Sorrel, sheep

• blue

* Dock, sharp, p.

whitish

Rhododendron, great

Lizard's Tail, nodding

Sumac, red

Stone-cross

stag's horn

Mustard, black

* poison vine

Mallow, indian

^:^

-"^

APPENDIX. /

thorny

Bog -rush, round-headed

Rye, spring ^

Pink-root, Carolina

Feather Grass

Bruisewort, officinal

Nightshade

villous

Black

Spinage common

Love Apple, tomatoe

Thyme, common

Bitter-sweet

Fennel, scorching

Potatoes, common

Wheat, summer

Egg Plant

Germander, Virginian

Lilac, common

Canadian

Groundsel, common

Shepherd's Purse

golden

Flea-wort

Willow, black, rough

Cedar, white ' -ff-

ozier

Yew Tree, Canadian

Honeywort, three-leaved

Nightshade, three-leaf

Snap Dragon

Tripsacum

Stylosanthes, hispid

Meadow Rue, rough

Golden Rod of Canada

Do dioicious

tall

Linden Tree

2-colored

Toad-flax,

woodland

Spiderwort

scented

Tansey, common

broad-leaf

Tephrosia, Virginian

late-flowering

Trichostema. annual

elm-leaved

Clover, white

oak-leaved

red

Do. crooked-stemmed

hare's foot

Gentian, bastard

Cat's tail, broad leaved

Water Pimpernel

Tovara, large-leaved

Arrow-head

Nettle, common

Burr Reed

Richweed

Chrysanthemum, has.

Bellwort

Radish, water

Elm Tree, American white

Figwort, Maryland «*^;

red, rough

Puccoon

Milfoil, water, common

Spergula, corn, field

Hellebore, yellow-flower

Cicely herb

Indian Poke

Parsnip, water

narrow-leaf

Club-rush

Viburnum, maple-leaf

small, capill

Haw, black

spotted

Arrow-wood

spiked

leaved

•

H "

208

V *

Eli

S04

APPENDIX.

Speedwell, ofHcinal
» * Virginia

Scull-cap
Forget-me-not

slimy
Creeper, common
Grape, fox

common, wild
chicken
Whortleberry ^

Huckleberry, black
Cranberry, American
Violet, arrow-leaved
pubescent
delicate
Canadian '

mullifid

lanceolate

primrose-leaved

Mullein, white

Misletoc

Verhisina, Virginian

Vetch, American

Vervain, panicled

nettle-leaved

erect

Carolina

Cockle Burr

Ash, prickly

Yellow Root

Indian Corn

V
%'

CRYPTOGAMIA.

.,-

FILICES.

FERIVS.

Maiden Hair

Club-moss

Spleenwort, root-leaf
Do. ivory-stalked
Do. hart^s tongue
Horse tail

Osmunda, shewy

interrupted
Virginian

Onoclea, sensitive fern

Shave-grass

MUSCI.

•■

MOSSES.

Thread Moss

Marsh Moss

Water Moss

Earth Moss

Feather Moss

Bog Moss

FUNGI.

MUSHROOMS.

1. Integer

2. Campestris
3 Miptica

), Cinnabarinus

2. Xanthropora

3. Hematapora
Cup Mushroom.

APPENDIX.

206

>•>'

FLORA OF NACHITOCIIES.

__-«♦■ ,
'V \\ .

Flowering Ash. Box Elder: inli:ibilinfj the banks cf Red River.
Buck Eye. A shriih: Flowers si^ailet; inlnbitiiifr sundy hills. The

Creoles use the bark of the root as a substitute for soap in washing.
Star Wort, found on the Jiigh lands, two miles west of Nachilochca.
Wild Indigo; inhabits borders of swamps and lakes.
Anemone; inhabiting sandy hills near Red River.
May Weed; common on road sides.
Spikenard.

Sarsaparilla; hab. growing in abundance half a mile east of Grand Ecor.
Virginia Snake Root; growing eight miles north-cast of Nacliitoches.
Indian Turnip; growing four miles west of of Nachitochcs, on the river

banks.
Milk Weed.
Pleurisy root; growing in abundance. This species was discovered in

the year 1819, by Professor Ives, on the plains, two miles east of New

Haven, Connecticut, I have since found it in llie vicinity of Nachi-
tochcs. '

Honey Suckle. . ' ^

Trumpet Flower . . *

Prickly Pear,
Bell Flower.

Honeysuckle: Woodbine,
Sensitive Pea.
Chinquapin.

Catalpa Tree ^

Button Bush. '

Judas Tree.

Palmetto, •

Worm Seed.
Sweet Potatoe.
Morning Glory,

Dogwood ; grows from five to twelve feet high.
Hawthorn.

Cypress Tree, in extensive swamps and lakes.
Ladies' Slipper; in low ground.
Thorn Apple. Jamestown Weed, common.
Larkspur.
Persimon.

*ii,:

!>■*

806

APPENDIX.

Rattle Snake Plantain.

Coral Plant, hab. on the sandy hills between the Red ond Sabine rivers.

FiOv "<' scarlet.
Tliorou gli Wort. ,, * '■*J

While Ash. ^

Carolina Jessamine, hab. foun:l growing near a bayou one mile west of

Nachitoclics. Scarce; fljwers deep yellow, very fragrant.
Avens.
Honey Locust; a largo tree growing near the Sabine River; pods contain

a sweet pulp, which is in large doses a gentle laxative.
Kentucky CofTeo Tree : pods large, brown. Called by the Fiench, chicot.
Okra^ cultivated in gardens. >'

St. John's Wort,

Holly An ever green; berries red.
Cypress Vine.

Fleur de luce, in low marshy situations.
Peccan Tree, growing in abundance.
Spice Wood.

Sassafras. Gum is useful for inflamed eyes.
Sweet Gum Tree. , •

Red Cardinal Flower.

Sweet Bay. • • ' . .' •

Big Laurel.

Oswego Tea, on the high lands south-west of the town of Nachitoches.
Wax Myrtle.
Sour Gum Tree.
Passion Flower. .

Poke Weed.
Mandrake, May Apple.
Butter Cup. Hab. roads and ditches.
Palma Christi.

Locust Tree. A highly ornamental tree.
Poison Sumach.

American Centaury. . * .

Arrow Head.

W^illow, on the banks of rivers.
Burnet; hab. on hills; found growing on the bluff near the town of

Nachitoches.
Sensitive Briar: flowers red, in globular spikes, very fragrant.
Blue Eyed Grass.
Nightshade.
Golden Rod. ■ -' .

.*if?i

i^i

% .'

APFBIfDIX.

Carolina Pink Root.

- " •"'

Indian Physic.
Spider Wort.

•1*. , >

Red Elm, Slippery Elm.

VI.:., ■%

Mullen. ■♦ ,

^: Jfr > /A

Violet.

•

Mislcto, a parasitic plant on

trees.

On the banks of Red River.

• <

TABLE NO. IV.

The following is not intended
the animals most commonly met
sippi Valley. *

Bison.

Grizzly Bear.

Panther; two or three varieties.

Black Bear.

Black Wolf.

Prairie Wolf.

Beaver.

Skunk.

Opossum.

Maryland Marmot.

Prairie Dog.

Musk Rat.

Rabbit. ,

Elk.

Virginia Deer.

Cougar.

Bay Lynx.

Wild Cat.

Indian Dog.

Red Fox.

Hare.

for a complete catalogue — ^but a list of
in tiie forests and prairies of Ike Missis-

Pouched Rator.
Gopher.

Ground Sq'-irrel.
Wliite nosed ' luirrel.
Gray Squirrel.
Leaping Mouse.
Grey Fox.

Prong Horned Antelopa
Mountain Sheep.
Raccoon.
Badger.
Mink.
Otter.

Rustic Mouse.
Meadow Mouse.
Mus Musculus.
Domestic Rat.
New York Bat.
Carolina Bat.
Ground Mole.

:^^

TABLE, NO. V.

A complete catalogue of the ornithology of the Western Country
would transcend our limits. The following are the birds most commonly
met between, the lakes and the Sabine.

■i"

r :!

■..#■

208

APPENDIX.

Turkey Buz/ard ^

Bald Eu^'lo

Fish Hiiwk •

Amcricnn Bii/zanl

l\Inri<ii Hawk

Red £ I red Owl

Barred Owl

Hawk Owl

Great Owl

Great American Shrike

Prairie Hen

Swallow Tailed Faleoln

American Sparrow Hawk

Ring Tailed Eagle

Red Shouldered Hawk

Mississippi Kite

Sharp Shinned Hawk

Slate colored Hawk

Long Eared Owl

Virginia Eared Owl

Pewee Fly Catcher '

Cedar Bird

Ferruginous Thrush

Cat Bird

Brown Thrush

Mocking Bird

Golden Crowned Thrush

Red Breasted Thrush

Water Thrush

Red Bird, or Virginia Cardinal

Blue Winged Yellow Warbler

Blue Bird

Black Poll Warbler .

Blue Yellow Backed Warbler

Wmter Wren

Caerulean Warbler

Great Carolina Wren

Marsh Wren

Barn Swallow

Bank Swallow

Chimney Swallow

Purple Martin

Wliip-Poor-Will

Spunish Wliiij-Poor-Will

Night Hawk

Sky Lark

Red Lark

Black capi)cd Titmouse

Black thruutod Bunting

Hairy Woodpecker -. ^

Red bellied Woodpecker

TiOuisianiaii Tunnagcr

Scarlet Tannager

Tyrant Fly Catcher ^ ''

liOiiisiana Fly Catcher

Canada l''ly Catcher

Yellow Ift-oiislcd Chat

While lOyed Fly Catcher.

American Red Start

Red eyed Fly Catcher

Green Black Capped Fly Cctcher

Towhee Bunting

Chipping Sparrow

Cow Bird

Yellow bird

Yellow hemp Bird

Song Sparrow

Purple Finch

Lesser red Poll

Snow Bird

Cardinal Grossbeak

Pine Grossbeak

American Grossbeak

Purjile Crackle

Red winged Starling

Baltimore Bird

Orchard Oriole

Yellow headed Oriole

Meadow Lark

Robin Red Breast

White breasted Nut-thatch

Red breasted Nut-thatch

Raven

Crow • • ^ :T^.

ArPENDIX.

109

• J •

Magpie

Pileated Woodpecker

Biuojuy

Downy Woodpecker

/ 1

Ruby throated Humming bird

Great marbled Godwit

fielFed Kingfisher

Horned Grackle.

Carolina paroquet * ^ '' .

Common Coot '-'

.':%

Wild Turkey

Laughing Gull **

Pinnated GrouBO

Mar::jhtern

Ruffed Grouso

Lessortern

■^i*

Virginia Partridge •

Rough billed Pelican

Passage Pigeon

Brown Pelican

Carolina Pigeon

Cormorant

Killdeer

Swan

Golden plover

Canadian Goose

Hooping Crane

Barnacle Goose

Sandhill Crane

White fronted Goose

Great Heron

Blue winged Teal

-1;.

Green Heron

Buflle headed Duck

«. '

•■

Night Heron

Wild Duck

Long billed Curlew

Summer Duck

•

■

Little Wood Cock

Scaup Duck

Willet

Wood Duck

Stone Curlew

Pintailed Duck

Tell tale Godwit

Golden eye

Solitary Sandpiper

American Widgeon

Semi palmated Sandpiper

Red breasted Merganser

Yellow shank's Snipe

Hooded Merganser.

'^'i,.

;!i

TABLE, NO. VI.

its

The method ist church is the most numerous denomination in the west
em country. The number of communicants in 1820 was about 135,000.
The Methodist congregations contain upon an average 5 or 6 hearers to
every communicant. This calculation will give this denomination be
tween 7 and 800,000 at that time. The number of itinerant ministers
485. The number of local ministers wgs probably greater. In 1830,
the niimber of communicants was about 173,083, and G18 that
of travelling preachers. The superannuated preachers amounted to 40
The Presbyterians had six hundred and fourteen preachers in 1830,
024 churches, and 60,470 communicants The Baptists in 1830 had
1,063 preachers, 1701 churches and 90,000 communicants. The Epis
Vol. H. 27

310

APl'RNDIX.

copal in tlw aatno year 51 ministers, 00 cliurclics and '2,000 ooinmunicants.
The Cumberland Prcshylcrinns 40 ministern, 70cluirchoB, 7,000commu-
nirnnls. This denomination is rapidly incrcapinjp. The Catholics 1.30
ministers, 130 cluirchcs and between 4 and 500,000 worshippers. The

T Christisms who are Unitarian in their sonliments hnvo 400 flourishing
congregations in Ohio and Kentucky. Tlic Unitarians have a few church-
, es. The Tunkers arc generally emigrants from Germany and are distin-
guished by wealing long beards and by holding tlio doctrine of universal
salvation. They have about 40 churches. The Shakers Jiavo a number
of flourishing societies. There arc 100 Gorman Lulhornn churches, groat
numbers of Free will Baptists fijllowcrs of Mr. Campbell, not a few Mor-
monites, a growing number of congregations calling themselves Emanci-
pators, chiefly of the Baptist denominnlion. They hold a perpetual cru-
■ade against slavery. There arc perhaps 20 Jewish sj'nngcgues. The
'Quarterly Journal of Education' thus nssigns the supposed number of
those attached in any way to any Christian society. Methodists 800.000.

f Baptists 700,000. Presbyterians 550,000. Catliolics 450,000. Episno-

palians 50,000. Cumberland Presbylcrians, 80,0C0. Other denomina-
tions among which the Scotch Rcf )rmcd have not been enumerated
100,000, making the total number of worshippers in the western country
2,730,000 and of those who do not worship 1 ,t«)0,000. This estimate is
too small. The number of people in the western country who have their
religion yet to chouse exceeds 2,01)0,000.

The following is probably a correct statement of the denominations in
the United states.

D$nomintttions, Miniaters,

Congrtgntions

Commuiiieants. Population,

Orthodox Congregational ists,

1,000

1,270

140,0C0

1,2BO,000

Unitarians

150

100

176,000

Presbyterians

1,700

2,158

173,329

1,800,000

Dutch Reformed

159

194

17,888

125,000

Episcopalians

500

700

600,000

German Reformed

400

17,400

200,000

Lutherans

205

1,200

44,000

400,000

Associate Presbyterians

144

15,000

100,000

Calvinistic Baptists,

2,914

4,384

304,827

2,743,453

Methodist Episcopal

1,777

470,000

2,600,000

Cumberland Presbyterians

8,000

100,000

Swedenborgians

5,000

United Brethren

2,000

7,000

Quakers or Friends

400

200,000

Associate and other Methodists 350

85,000

175,000

\FPBNDIX

•

Chritt-iani

aoo

SCO

25,000

375,000

Gmnncipntors

000

4,500

Snvcnihday Diptisfs

2,0G0

20,000

Six Principle ♦•

l.SOO

20,000

Mennoriitos

200

30,000

120,000

Tunkora

3,000

30,000

Free will Bapfisls

300

400

10,000

150,000

Free Communion <Jo

3,500

30,000

Bhnkers

Ift

6,000

Univeraalists

15U

300

150,000

Roman Catholics

500,000

Jewi and others not mentioned

150

60,000

Total 0,041 13,H'.)1 1,314,344

There are probably in the United Slates 10,000 gettled ministers and
14,000 fixed congregations. '

TABLE NO. VII.

Exports from New Orleans in INiJl «»»1'J,000,000. Amonrr the items
ore 157,3J8 barrels of fljiir, from 50 to 80,000 hogsheads of sugar and
30'.',852 bales of cotton. The amount of purk cannot be asiv^rtained, but
probably exceeds ii,000,000. The exports from Mobile for the same
year amounted to .•5'1,(>;)3,<)58. From Cincinnati over $1,000,000. The
lead annually exported fiom New Orleins amounts to about 12,000,000
lbs. Tho steam bo:it tonnage of the western country exceeds 50,000
tons. The number of steam boats that have run upon the western waters
from 1811 to 1830 is 338. Present number 230.

^r*

TABLE NO. VIII.

It is no longer necessary to give the names of the steam boats on the
western waters to establish in the public mind abroad the extent to which
the increase of steam boats has been carried. The present amount of
tonnage in the Western Country is 50,000 tons. About 380 boats have
been built or run upon these waters. Of these 132 were built at Cincin-
nati and about the same number at Pittsburgh. Fifteen or 16 were buill

i ^

I"* .'

■«/'

212

APPENDIX.

at New Orleans. The rest were built at various places on the Ohio and
some of them in the Atlantic ports. It is believed that 35 have been
built during the past season, some of them of the largest and most beauti-
ful class. A very great improvement now generally adopted in the west-
ern steam boats is to have them built with upper decks as they are called,
that is the whole extent of the cabin arrangement occupies the complete
length of the boat in the upper story giving the cabin an airy and extensive
promenade wholly free from the annoyance of the steam and the noise of
the enginery. When the boat and the captain are both good, the passage
up and down the rivers is generally made in great comfort. Now and then
a ruffian creates annoyance in which case if the captain possess energy
andself respect, which is the case with the greater portion of these officers
the prompt remedy is adopted of setting him on shore. Prices of passage
on an average are as follows. From Baltimore to Wheeling $14. From
Wheeling to Cincinnati by the stage $14. By the river $10. From
Pittsburgh to Wheeling $3. From Cincinnati to Louisville $4. Return
$6. From Louisville to New Orleans $30. Return the same. From
Cincinnati to St. Louis $16. From St. Louis to New Orleans $30. From
New York ^o Albany 2$. From Albany to Buffalo, by the canal $18.
From Buffalo, to Cleaveland $8. From Cleaveland or Sandusky to
Cincinnati by the stage $13.

TABLE NO. IX.

MILITARY POSTS AND ARSENALS.

Fort Brady,
Fort Mackinac,
Fort Howard,
Fort Dearborn,
Fort Gratiot,
Fort Niagara,
Madison Barracks,
Hancock Barracks,
Fort Sullivan,
Fort Preble,
Fori Constitution,
Fort Independence,

Michigan Territory.

It
u
u

New York.
New York,
Maine.

u
n
u
u

New Hampshire.
Massachusetts.

>if^

-yf

APPENDIX.

213

Fort Wolcott,
Fort Trumbull,
West Point,
Fort Columbus,
Fort Delaware,
Fort Mc Henry,
Fort Severn,
Fort Washington,
Fortress Monroe,
Fort Johnston,
Fort Moultrie,
Oglethorpe Barracks,
Fort Marion,
Fort Snolling,
Fort Crawford,
Fort Armstrong,

Rhode Island.

Connecticut.

New York.

Now York.

Delaware.

Maryland.
<(

((

Virginia.
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
Georgia.
Florida.

On the Upper Mississppi.

Fort Winnebngo,

Michigan Territory.

Cantonment Leavenworth,

Right bank of the Missouri
Little Platte.

near the

Jefferson Barracks,

Missouri.

Cantonment Gibson,

On the Arkansaw.

•

Cantonment Jesup,

Louisiana.

Baton Rouge,

Cantonment Atkinson,

Fort Wood.

Fort Pike,

Fort St. Philip,

Cantonment Brooke,

Florida.

Fort Mitchell,

Alabama.

Key West,

Florida. "

Arsenal Watertown,

Massachusetts.

Arsenal, Watervleit,

New York.

Arsenal Rome,

i( ((

Arsenal Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania.

Arsenal Frankford,

{(

Arsenal Baltimore,

Maryland.

Arsenal Washington,

District of Columbia.

Arsenal near Richmond,

Virginia.

Arsenal Augusta,

Georgia.

Arsenal Baton Rouge,

.'■ii

Louisiana.

'''' ,

!k «ii

814

APPENDIX.

A GENERAL aggregate, exhibiting the number of each description of

States of America, as returned

FREE

MALES.

States and Teruitories.

u to

U 01

■a .

IS a
c t>
cs «

c <c

S w

o =

o s

Maine

New Hanipsbire -

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connpclicut

Vermont

N. District of New York

S. District of New York

3 1,03 J
19,438

40,615

6,731

19,021

21,689

118,609
39,520

lo8,135

25,073
60,744
56,376

28,74ti
17,591

3;).0Ji

5,788

17,891

19.410

103,663

33,686

25,536

16,800
34,605
5,403
17,773
17.596
88,844
29,945

22,410
14,873
32,868
5,354
16,519
15,805
74,176
27,763

35,028
21,147
58,431
8,425
26,181
24,200
124,787
51,728

Total of New York

New Jersey

E. District of Pennsylvania

W. District of Pennsylvania

137,349

21.209
50,321
45,65!]

118,7o9

19,736
45,115
37,476

101,939

17,132
41,321
33,030

176,515

26,894
68,379
52,483

Total of Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

E. District of Virginia

W. District of Virginia

117,120

4,747
23,732
33,156
32,625

95,980

4,091
19,439
20,402
25,391

82,591

3,932

17,888
22,532
20,763

74,351

3,179
15,772
19,813
17,118

120,862

5,,509
29,390
33,282
27,543

Total of Virginia

North Carolina -

South Carolina -

Georgia

N. District of Alabama

S. District of Aabama

65,781

40,662
25,131
33,011

9,455
13,300

51,796

35,973

20,267

23,586

6,737

8,760

43,295

31,171

16,492

18,679

5,231

6,905

12,136

4,581
3,330
1,891

5,230

11,788
24,431

36,219

34,515
62,260

36,931

25,582

13,962

15,098

4,305

5.194

60,825

39,174
22,166

26,688

7,039

10,308

Total of Alabama

Mississippi

E. District of Louisiana

W. District of Louisiana

7,922
5,017

2,859

15,497

5,5C)6
4,1S7
2,199

(),386

14,733
30,.591

9,499

3,683

2,850
1,478

17,347

7,215
7,435
3,027

Total of Louisiana

E. District of Tennessee
W. District of Tennessc

7,876

19,606
40,0 If)

4,328

9,598
19,927

10,462

14,074
30,643

Total of Tennessee

Kentucky
Ohio

59,6)2

54,228
96,364

45,321

41,294
74,813

29,525

29,288
51,160

44,717

45,384
81,016

Amount carried forward

S89,717l724,04i)|625,227l539,258|887,62B|

Iff

APPENDIX.

215

persons mthin the several Districts and Territories of the United
hy the respective Marshals thereof.

WHITE PKRSOiNS.

MALR?.

Ola

OH«
a

"= = i-
c - X

o|l

Z o >. SI

O = -> — , = -^

Z a C a

-^ "CI
_ -3 CJ ^

O 5 o -a

— a

21,587
14,728
35,417
5,383
16,418
15,761
79,912
33,190

1J,543
10,S13
23,643
3,511
11,604
10,416
49,700
19,518

«.f,224

7,'iO-2

15,029

2,153

7,><i54

7,07)2

29,273

11,210

.5,V42
5,0:)7

10,281
1,450
5,493
5,192

17,171
6,700

23,-^ /I

4,462

8,744
7,161

15,90j

609
3,462
4,8.53
4,114

2,63'..
2,7tS8
5,516
851
3,158
2,204
7.043

2,9'.)(;

819

i-'.i:.

1,761
260
871
630

1,750

79a

172

175

7(5

251

98
119

113,102

17,238
42,731
32,110

74,841

3,219

18,206
20,902
15,629

6J,-421

11,036

27,583
19,953

40,536

2,036
11,072
13,430

9,933

40 513

7,059
15,555
12,505

10,039

o noo

3,701
3,221

2,546

531

897

1,022

1
16
21

•^8,050

1,282

6,566
8.778
6,513

6,v22

201
1,373
1,930
1,750

1,919

44
350
569
535

217

£
52

88
96

10
13

3u,531

23,080

13,952

16,169

4,457

5,938

23,363

15,076
8,330
9,741
2,513
3,513

15,291

10,646
5,64L
5,682
1,496
2,125

8,967

5,947
3,031
3,097

780
961

1,741

632
635
2i;i

3,680

2,469

1,211

1,120

249

342

1,1U4

650
297
29C

8-2

184

136
63

62
11

1
23|

14|
13

11,395

4,630
5,736
2,109

6,02()

2,43C
3,172
1,146

3,6:^2

1,585

1,415

56'.

591

ISO

227

147

47
61
16

18
3

•Z\

42
(57

8
1

7,845

7,752
17,676

4,318

4,731
11,038

2,0 J 4

3,738

8,206

fc9l>

1,994
3,57;

i),{r,

6,275
10,77-J

31c

874
1,243

292
3i)S

25,427

26,384
49,539

15,71)!

17,100
31,051

11,944

10.998

18,126

^,11/

5,6253
3,62S

655

723
923

h»9

119
117

27
21

2D6

550,492

346,725

217,551

128,708

55,729115,508

1,924

218

APPENDIX.

AGGRE.

FRKt

MALES.

States and Territories.

•*

U CD

fe a

-J

" a

s -

C u

O 3

j39,'458

17,976

7,775

5,465

1,277

1,553

170

245

356

-* ^ .*

•5§

Amount brought forward

Indiana

Illinois - - -

Missouri

Arkansas

Michigan

E. District of Florida

W. District of Florida

Middle District of Florida

S. District of Florida

88^,111

'39,775

18,862

13,50i'

3,011

3,03B

441

55(

t23

7;i4,04i

28,863

12,747

9,624

2,02'<:

2'31t

32t]

355

04(

625*227

22,923

10,033

7,464

l,62fe

1,^;21

261

278

467

1,015

1,474

671,U8i^

887,626

27,67;

14,708

11,151

2,83-2

4,033

47.^

034

95i

Total of Florida
District of Columbia

l,b3:i

2,345
972,1;4

1,3^3

1,681

78;.
1,521

2,171

2,705

Total of the U. States

?82,63/

.>7o,614

952,9b2

FEMALES

Maine ...

New Hampshire -

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

Vermont -

N. District of New- York -

S. District of New-York -

32,45b
18,506
39,516
6,626
18,246
21,326
113,755
37,926

:;i7,667
16,800
34,504
5,641
16,937
18,633
100,075
32,949

15.584
33,366
5,209
16,574
16,877
85,712
2i»,616

•22,336
14,846
34,463
5,577
15,985
15.770
75,251
30,024

35,5yb

24,485
60,42/
9,207
26,51S
25,16;
116.804
51,638

Total of New-York -

New Jersey

E. District of Pennsylvania

W. District of Pennsylvania

151,681

23,951
57,95.^
54,127

112,085

4,646
22.355
31,405
30,99S

62,404

42,785
23,727
30,971

133,024

20,481

48,481
44,386

115,328

18,248
43,563
36,422

105,275

16,792
43,793
32,856

168,442

25,8311
66,990
48,433

Total of Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

E. District of Virginia

W. District of Virginia

li2,S6iJ

4,012
18,692
25,391
2^590

49,981

34,247
19,044
22,648

79,985

3.652
17,327
22,333
19,591

41,921

28,795
15,631
17,847

76,649

3,38C
18,021

22,474
18,036

115,423

5,474
27,245
35,28.^
28,771

Total of Virginia

North Carolina -
South Carolina -
Georgia -

40,510

27,616
15,133
16,517

62,(;5L

41,221
21,868
24,005

Amount carried forward |867,443|792,066l688,660i652,310|10i,8\JtJ{

APPENDIX.

217

*• !!'

GATE—

Continvrrl.

WHITE PERSONS.

3i>Li:s. j

•a

•c .

■3 ,

■a r

Si-

"1"

t: a

ety an
r one
dred.

1^^

2 &
— -a

lit

O 3

o "^

O a

o§

450,491

J46,72£

217,551

128,70^

55,721

15,508

1,924,

25J

17,943

10,34f

6,04;

3.181

1,48S

212

8,932

4,631

2,85(;

1,164

3SC

7,40:

3,64(

1,92

937

341

1,811

87;

431:

2;,i

2,551

1,22^

06(

26<

42^

19(

4S1

2ie

15',

]

547

31J

i6r

3'.

l,53t*)

7oO

43i

194

5'.

1,91:

1,1 6e

5r;a

246

59;f,5.iti

{6y,3<(

i30,5ul

lii4,91(

5>,13.

15,945

1.993

• 274

FKMALES. I

2.',3d2

14,133

9,350

5,92J

2,68 ()

9J9

isy

16,703

11,998

8,429

5,837

3,038

1,101

170

3S,184

26,69t

18,453

12,919

7,177

2,512

335

5,752

4,02U

2,S28

1,942

1,054

376

18,034

13,003

9,34S

6,703

3,735

1,229

153

16,257

11,035

7,157

4,723

2,085*

656

72,857

45,245

26,545

15,429

6,282

1,711

201

31,813

19,175

11,'J()3

7,10!)

3,215

957

104

104,670

64,420

3ji,208

2^,538

9,49/

2,668

305

16,633

11,004

7,308

4,717

2,167

584

t 2

41,007

2(i,236

16,'UH

9,737

4,292

1,155

132

! 13

28,56*"

17,9SB

11,0S5

6,2 SI
16,018

2,700

877

104

\ 7
» 20

6j,j76

44,22'.i

2?,749

6,992

2,032

23l

3,T83

2,047

1,400

027

233

1 1

16,618

10,842

6,985

3,033

1,543

432

) 17

21,706

14,047

9,293

5,195

2,297

62C

1 138

\ 13

14,976

9,706

6,137

3,580

1,552

471

> 13

3d,j8i

23,7o3

lu,4c;0

8, / /a

3,84iJ

l.Uiil

I8fc

i 26

24,704

16,455

10,657

5,944

2,47C

767

152

! 26

13,431

8,467

5,454

2,92S

1,175

! 353

7£

) 19

13,386

8,438

5,066
175,0^2

2,i81

98f

> 26£

f 6f

> 22

[ 170

145,15;5

^68,452

1U5,877

49. « 6;

\ 15,027

' 2,091

rM li

818

APPENDIX.

; • %

AGGRE

FUEE

IKMALKS.

States and Teiwwtoiiies.

5 3

c -

1 Of icn nnd
under fifteen.

1 i

O 5

Of twenty and
under tLirty.

Amount brought ibrward

SO 7, 4413

792,0GJ

j88,(3liO

ti52,31t

101, 80C

N. District of Alabama -

8,04r

0,417

4,030

4,40g

6,32:

S. District of Alabama

12,1'il

8.3S0

0,107

5,54?
y,04ti

8,13*/

Total of Alabama -

21,1-Jl

14,52/

11,00/

i4,4tja

Mississippi

7,32<!

5.254

4104,

3.r.7S

5,23S

E. District of Louisiana -

5,0U'

4.03(5

3,410

3,141:

4,f)9?

W. District of Louisiana -

2,(;r.i

2,15!

1,731

1,55?

2,2 4F
6,94t

Total of Louisiana -

7,07a

0,18ti

ij,114

4,701

F. District of Tennesses -

ISI^I

14,022

11,051

10,09f

14,80]

W. District of Tennessee

H7:i2'

20.27."

22.504

20,587

2S,05^

Total of Tennessee -

55,i4l>

4.J,2u/

3J,o45

30, J//

42,S5t

Kentucky

50,701

30,515

32.341

20,030

41,57r

Ohio

80,7f;n

71.855

50,501

52,77£

75,44C

Indiana .• *

37,151

27,42il

20,848

18,013

23,17f

Illinois

17,411

1 ••, -"W-.

0,220

8,211

12.27f

Missouri

12,5.'n

0,042

0,780

5,777

8,85^

Arkansas

2,782

1,804

1,40:

1.226

2,oor

Michigan

2,727

2,051

1,776

1,43:

2 51f

E. District of Florida

43^

2or

23-;

22r

38f.

W. District of Florida -

502

355

262

270

395

Middle District of Florida

858

60f

441

407

Gjf

S. District of Florida

If;

Total of Florida -

1,807

1,261

Oai

0-^3

1,44,

District of Columbia

2,182

l,^>4fi

l,^3f]

l,84r?

2,S6*
915,902

Total ofiheU. States

1)20,104

7ol,«il

):i.*,0J3

59/,/ 13

%■

APPENDIX.

219

GA TE— Continued.

WHIT!-: I'EKSO.N

I'iniA

j:s.

•c

■3

-Z

—

"— r

E A

C •

■3 .

•• Zl*

C >,

—

£ ■/!

a O

a -^

n ::

« •:;'

:3 « .

*- -J

R -.

i.'.«

Z.' '-J

i' =

-'• ° §

c a

3 f

^ »-

t "

C^ w

o ^

— i ^

"■ 2^

= -S

<2 3

■^-^

tt) 1-

t a

•r ?.

= ^3

C 3

. e

<» 3

<- -^

** w

" 3 —

416,151;

C 3

C =

vJJ.!),4ax;

liUjU;;:.

IUj,>"577

4'J,lu:.'

lo,V^i

2,UUl

17i

3,65'<

2,13f

1,18;:

578

183

r
<

4,S7^

2,V.ll

1,511

774

218

8,53:.

4,721

2,72J

1,3j2

^31

112

2.-

3,094

1,7251

1,001

457

150

2,931

1,598

8,-;:-:

504

172

1,27(

4,20t

09('

' 401

169

2,-it4

1,25;

220

•/e

7,94]

5,1 5r

3,313

1,775

756

221

li.59«

10,121

5,92."
9,238

2,741

1,055

315

23,j4i

15,277

4,519

l,»li

03SJ

Ul,

23,763

15,3(J1

9,525

5,349

2,202

576

43,769

27,461

15,79C

8,214

2,90r.

721

15,045

8,794

4,540

2,175

815

202

6,758

3,701

2,021

799

268

5,122

2,715

1,476

773

229

1,08C

526

29<

108

1,393

723

395

138

215

143

231

139

391

198

IOC

848

484

247

101

1,751

987

603

250

555,555

355,425

222,928

130,868

5^,034

17,572

2,184

234

. fi

,.^

S20

APPENDIX.

GENERAL AGGRE-

SLAVES.

MAMS.

BTATBI and TIRRITORIE8.

_ CO

g «

•0 i-

• is .

C - I.

.2 "=

a. <a

t-i «•

1. .^ >

S c «

~ a

a
a

■^ it
u a ,

Maine

New Hampshire -

Massachusetts
' Rhode Ishmd

Connecticut

Vermont

N. District of N. Y.
•8. District of N. Y.

- 1

261
9
4

Total of New- York.

"New-Jersey

^E* District of Penn .

W.'District of Penn.

10
44

856
17.75i;
60,09L

8,835

U8,l»ii4

39,146
44,671
34,216

7,322
12,216

i\),b'6t

10,784

12,991

4,941

17,9b::i

3,116
20,484

396
17

379
4

2
1

Total of Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

E. District of Virginia

W. District of Virginia

574

17,878

74,118

9,843

83,901

46,038
51,866
38,314
8,250
l'^,615

2 1,80 J

11,011
9,352

4,268

257

8,844

3S,41l

4,79l

43,214

20,27C

29,718

19,57;

4,24(

6,83t

8-1

6,185

27,758

2,996

2,770

11,125

l,03'.i

50
116

Total of Virginia

North Carolina -

South Carolina -

Georgia

N. District of Alabama

S. District of Alabama

3U,7j4

13,925
21,693

12,888
1,971
3,178

i2,lo7

5,790

7,57b

3,817

605

887

12ii

106

23
26
11

Total of Alabama

Mississippi

E. District of JiOuisiana

W. District of Louisia.

11,076

6,957

12,18£

3,577

5, 14b

3,466
6,455
2,025

1,492

829
1,653

428

Total of Louisiana

E. District of Tenn.
W. District of Tenn

13,6;iU

3,392
24,617

28,00;;
31,513

10,76:^

1,283
9,981

8,4a0

713
5,332

2,081

248
1,494

l,/42
2,286

4
55

Total of Teneessee.

Kentucky
Ohio -

23,600

27,488

11,264
13,386

6,045
7,513

51
45

Amnt. carried forward

344,737

JU5,u:il

18j,745

116,369

40,576

171

'^' >*

,■*■

Ari'E.NIilX.

221

GA TE— Continued.

SLAVICS.

....

I'l.MALE-i.

u a.

'i. "-•

" S ^•

i' = "

£i sf

.' O w

•°'3

u o

B - =

C 3 >,

.h -a ^

r;.n3 -a

** S i

S ,o

<j -

j= = <a

C c a

c o «

c 2

* £"-

fc "H.i:

- 3

"= 3 =

o - fc

fa 3

<_^

- 55

<- "O

,„ _ -a

;:; ^

O 5

<=s

O =
n

O -a

•;

•-'

€

r<0

4C5

457

290

IGh

no6

611

^41

16,904

ia,'M2

S.?;2:^

5,527

2.601

73,563

58.r;:;4

24.'! 7f

11,221

132

9,544

8.';r,.3

2,73^

1,057

fc3,iU6

m;jb:

*U;'Jj OCO

12,278

148

44,007

37,510

2;\iGr.

12,8^1 f

5,622

114

51,563

45,-;]:]

C:;,71(^

22,0= -r

8,117

38,071

33,78C

20.-;r.[

I2,n3i

3,746

7,962

7.150

4/:or

1,9 If

515

13,39S
21,360

12.50J

6.S7C

2,*i*:c

800

rj,66':)

iij./iQ

4,905

1,315

10,857

10,842

7.005

3,171

691

9,550

12,1 iO

12,211

4,583

1,246

4,163

4,564

r!.2.s>

1,63C

305

13,713

16,704

13,49iJ

6.213

1,551

3,258

3,160

1,473

911

321

23,331

21,134

10,746

5,712

1,578

20,589

24,294

12,221

6,623

1,899

30,990

27,224

14,177

8,116

2,560

238,6 J 8

499,531

181,251

109,3H6

40,777

659

Vol. II.

<!1

J:-

21W

APPENDIX.

GEyERAL AGGRE.

STATE! AND TiRRlTORItl.

SLAVES.

MAI.KS

B %>
^ to
** c<

^«

a 2

344,737

103

4,858

850
o

027

500
1,301

2,501

794
353,845

o
305,021

120

4,292

812

588

002

1,275

i-2

g =•

i: 3 w

C .-!

180,745

2,052

300

401

490

802

H K

IS
? ^

ill

«s

O a

l(i,875

looj

48
1
93
62
77
2

171

2
41

amnt. brought forward.

Indiana -
Illinois -
Missouri -
Arkansas
Michigan

E. District of Florida
W. District of Floridii
M. District of Florida
S. District of Floriila
Total of Florida

District of Columbia
Total of the U. States

110,309

49
917
187
1
289
231
423
5

2,482

944
3l3,r.70

1,M30

542
I8"57»5ll

948
375

224
114

118,990

41,450

718

MALK

FHKfi: COLOJUOD

Maine

New Hampshire -
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Vermont

N. District of N. Y.
S. District of N. Y.
, Total of New-York.

New Jersey
E. District of Penn-
W. District of Pcnn,
Total of Pennsylvania

Delaware
Maryland

E. District of Virginia

W. District of Virf^inia

' Total of Virginia

North Carolina -
South Carolina -
Georgia -
Amount carried forwd.

1()5
01

801

330
1,022

125
1,570
4.141

174

880
•01

1,127
114

1,007
4,490

t),097

3,217
4,22i)
1,011

5,270

2,200
0,101
5.250

884

110

720

311

779

1,208

3,090

109

035

241

024

810

2,094

3,505

1,192

2 330

405

50
40
321
150
313
48
374
993

1
1
5
3
2
2
11
11

■

5,717

3,035
4,047
1,140

4,898

1,419

3,392

()25

1,307

571
897
212

24
6

5,187

2,021
8,311
7,111
1,115

4,017

1,300

4,010

3,038

499

3,537

1,400
022
221

23,542

2,801

1,182

4,158

2,289

408

2,097

1,059
424
185

1,109

499
2,285
1,401

258

8,220

3,427
1,315

308

0,134

2,901
957
35^1

1,719

695

333

117

9,023

22
19
11

211

30,707

3t),2ol)

18,912

M-

APPENDIX.

"213

GATE— Continued.

SLAVKS.

•kmam:s.

-g —

8
^ .

aa.-'jOis

187

801
1

cnr.

51)7
1,205

ii,500
81(5

347,5l>()

1 -

C S 3

c o

loTv'iTi

Itil

4,5h;;

»)

571

(;()5
ij'jor.

:^,4'i<j
50sy«T;i

■3 .2
3 >

o
l^lj-JSl

'lU(i

471

U8'i

Gr;8

1,50 J

Oil.'

1S<),(KS-J

l(,l»,:{:iO

DSS

i!.:{

185

310

t o>''

411

- 3s

«' S

> o

'C I. ■

'*" 3

3
-3 J2

10,777

5(1

07
30
73

1 „•
•Si

§2
* £.
S =

O -3

/~ el

t)5l

170)

17!>

111,753

11,1:>\!1 0(58

PEKSOXS.

1 r.AJALKS.

151
72

823

300
1,054

121
1,532
3,992

5,524

2,818
4,001
1,059

5,003

2,510
7,919
0,8(55 (
1,111

7,980

3,300

1,382

348

39,337

172
83

950

597
1,233

120
1,851
4,973

0,824

121
52

810

418

810

1,205

4.325

5,530

2,900 1,120

5,09<)'

1,000

0,159

2,3(){)
7.31 i
0,181

800

7,01 i

3,129

1,171

329

30,403

•A ■■.•:•>

{VI !

4,19-;

l.!!7

5,J>85

3,S5;f

5fM

4,3L);J

1,000

718
235

27,()90

(551

319

003

811

3,000

"3^;

1,110

•!3;3
2,7;7;

1,1 OS

'i ,.)).)

■■-?• ■ ' ^

4 10

1,178
511

182

20,397

385

203

420

411

1,318
1,729

550

915

182

l,0i)7

499

2,782

1,788

219
2,028

711

39^

127

11,143

283

rOTAL.

399,420
259,533
010,014
97,210
297,711
280,079
1,300,407
547,041

1,913,508

320,779
755,577
592,095

1,347,072

70,739
440.913
832,979
378,293

1,211,272

733,470

581,458
510,567

9,107.751

<#^'

224

ArrnNDix.

nENERAL AaORE

V
h

|''iu:k COLO ma)

MAIUS.

trum AND TcRniTonicf.

Amt. brought forward

N. District of Alabama

g. District of Aaliarna

Total of Alabama

Mississippi
E. District of liOiiisinna
W. Dist. of Louisiana
Total of Louisiana

K, District of Tcnn.
W. District of 'iVnn.
Total of Tennessee

Kentucky
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois -
Missouri
Arkansas
Micliiffan

K. District of Florida
W. District of Floridu
Middle Dist. of Florida
S. District of Fhjrida
Total of Florida

District of Columbia
Total of the U. States

:iO,7ti7;[iO,'-iJO

ina
ijii7

f.7

2,0!>0

» if

11)4

1,0 oi

•Mi)

300
47'i

~~ija2

717

1,547
.090
2S2
{!0
28
20
54
G5

{;

13G

pn5

250

:5:ui

570

i.4(in

243

7:5

19
42
40
55
1

or.

117

~~lt32

1,(H»7

207

17214

1.10

"27

i{57

391

M-J3

303

130

t'i

»«■

2 (13

Is «

_C -J ._

C o

2^1

109

050

4y.737'43,126

4G4

27T02}»

120
43

cn2

115

'ir27

12-.
1!'3

'3 HI

478

044

229

123

J27

405

22,202

5*»r-

10
-55

305

'3'85

90
120

'2ro

380

335

127

229

11,476

•Jll

9
2

17
8
2
1
2
1

266

^■

<«•

APPENDIX,

225

fJATE-

-Cnnflnii

nf.

VVIIITI'J

)^s.

FKMALKH. |

1^"

• f .

B ►• k.

S k. ?

:U),i(i:{

■ ■ k.

a 3 ui

111

27,(500

20,307

•- '2
11,143

11^
ill

283

TOTAL.

0,107,751

125,781

IN!)
213

15N
2()l»

o:{

121)

183,425

300,20(5

7t>

13(5,8(M;

2,'Jl(i

2,101

1,721

1,2(55

(557

155,318

427
2,(5 1:{

Mris

20>
l,o:{2

131
1,300

(50,257

2,7 a. '

75(5

215,575

31(i

2(){)

1(50

112

10(i,374

:n:{

207

1(53
275

105

488,448

012

37;>

102

08^1,822

iWW)

407

357

380

35N

(588,844

1,550

1,551

78N

(513

211

037,(570

:)S7

55;{

281

235

100

341,582

:!()<)

2:11

121

110

157,575

140,084

1;]

30,383

JiG

31,2(50

51)

5;{

3(5

8,053

(55

0,478

15,777

517

KJ(5

(50

(52

34,725

8()3

1,0:13

(582

5(54

3(58

39,858

47,a47

IN, 125

32,504

24,2(5(5

13,3(50

301

12,85(i,154

Vol. II.

^i^

226

APPENDIX.

AGGRE-

WIIITE PERSONS, included

States and TERRiToniEij.

Maine ...

New Hampshire - -

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

Vermont ...

N. District of N. Y.

S. District of N. Y.

Total of New- York.

New-Jersey

E' District of Pennsylvania

W. District of Pennsylvania

Total of Pennsylvania

Delaware - . .

Maryland

£. District of Virginia

W. District of Virginia

Total of Virginia

North Carolina ....
South Carolina ...
Georgia ....

N. District of Alabama
S. District of Alabama
Total of Alabama

Mississippi . . . .

E. District of Louisiana
W. District of Louisiana

Total of Louisiana

E. District of Tennessee
W. District of Tennessee

Total of Tennessee.

Kentucky
Ohio -

Amount carried forward

Who aie

(leaf (111(1

iluinl), under

14 years

of ngc.

VVIionrotlf. |Whonrcdt',
and duiiii) of nnd dumb,of
llic aire of 14 25 nnd up-
aiid under 2o\ wards.

t)l

1»5

272
64
94

210

47
67
60

127

69
61
52
11
32^

~43

7
4

63
92

151

202

113

315

148
106

"254

10
32
62
64

126

65
51

48
12
13

7
(}

19
44

109
164

1,781

48
144

22
100

54
188

243

153

248

11
53
96
73

169

60
60
47

8
8

7
11
10

82
121

1,692

f*,

.¥'

APFENDIX.

227

GATE—Continval

■•'(

in the forocoiiiir.

SLAVES AND COLORED PERSONS,

included in the foregoing.

AlioiiK —

Who lire (leaf

Wlio are deaf

Who are deaf

Who are blind.

Who are

ForeiRticrs

unit (liiml),

111(1 dumb, of

and duml), of

blind.

not.

iiiidtr four.

tlio a;;c of

the age of

naturalized

leeii years oi'

fuurlcuii, and
under 2a.

twenty rive
^ upwards.

. ^:4

157

' 2.N3(

J 2

117

4U(

3 4

241

8,r.i

i,ii(

J 2

192

1,50

7 2

3,42(

48.S

20,12

7 4

222

22,78

11 1

(}

000

52,20

7 8

17(5

230

*•«

207

0,11

7 3

443

15, JO

5 12

150

4,83

3 28

117

•i

214

8 40

401

100

8 12
(5 52

374

445

215

157

8 9

129

143

119

3 7

3 11

2 1

1,58

1,70

(') 3

5 10

177

1 13

156

3 12

251

5,52

4 4

3,806

103,31

225 241

200

1,304

-^1

'^1.

ft.

228

APPENDIX.

GENERAL AGGRE-

WHITE PEOPLE included

» ■

Who nro

Who are

HTATK9 AND TSIlRlTOniEfl.

(leaf and

deaf and

dcnf and

(liimb, under

diimh, of 14

dumb, of 25

14 years of

nnd under

and upwards

t^ ""'■" *

age.

25.

Amount brought forward

1,531

1,781

1,692

Indiana

Illinois

Missouri

Arkansas

Michigan

E. District of Florida

W. District of Florida

Middle District of Florida

S. District of Florida - -

Total of Florida -

District of Columbia

Total ofthelJ. States

1,040

1,874

1,730

RECAPITULATION exhibiting the general aggregate of each

FREE WHITE I

►ERSONS

Males under 5 years of a^e

972,194

of f) and under 10

782,037

of 10 and under ir>

071,088

of 15 and under 20

575,014

of 20 and under .'JO

•« —

952,902

of 30 and under 40

592,596

of 40 and under 50

369,370

of 50 and imder (JO

230,500

of 00 and under 70

134,910

of 70 and under 80

•

58,136

of 80 and under 90

15,945

of 1)0 and under 100

1,993

of 100 and upwards

274

5,358,769

fe.

)■' t

APPENDIX.

320

aATE^Continued.

SLAVES AND COLORED PERSONS,

in tho foregoing.

included in tiic foregoing. |

Who arc

A 1 ions —

Wlio are daaf

Who nr«j deaf

Who ara dcnf

blind.

r''orri(5ncrH not

and dumb un-

and dumb, of

Who arc

naturalized.

der fourteen

the ago of 14

the age of 25

blind.

years of ago.

and under 25.

and Upwards.

3,«60

103,310

225

241

200

1,364

280

447

155

1,453

100

11
96

221

037

8
1,402

3,983

1(M;,544

232

247

205

description of persons in the United States.

FREE WHITE PERSONS.

Females under 5 years of ago
of 5 and under 10
of 10 and under 15
of 15 and under 20
of 20 and under 30
of 30 and under 40
of 40 and under 50
of 50 and under 00
of GO and under 70
of 70 and under 80
of 80 and under 90
of 90 and under 100
of 100 and upwards

920,104

751,649

639,003

597,713

915,662

555,565

355,425

222,928

130,866

58,034

17,572

2,484

234

5,167,299

Vol. II.

Total number of free whites 10,526,058

230

APPENDIX.

RECAPITULATION continued.

SLAVES.

Males under 10 years of age
of 10 and under 24
of 24 and under 36
of 36 and under 55
of 55 and under 100
of 100 and upwards

Fbmales under 10 years of age
of 10 and under 24

i of 24 and under 36

of 30 and under 55
of 55 and under 100
of 100 and upwards

•^■'

353,845
313,676
185,654
118,996
41,456
718

fit

1,014,345

347,566
308,793
186,082
111,753
41,422
668

966,284

Total number of slaves 2,010,629

FREE COLORED PERSONS.

Males under 10 years

of 10 and under 24

« of 24 and under 36

> of 30 and under 55

t of 55 and under 100

of 100 and upwards

Females under 10 years of age
of 10 and under 24
of 24 and under 36
of 36 and under 55
of 55 and under 100
of 100 and upwards

48,737
43,126
27,629
22,262
11,475
266

153,495

47,347
48,125
32,504
24,266
13,369
361

165,972

Total number of free colored
Total aggregate

379,467

12,856,154

White persons included in the foregoing —

Who are deaf and dumb, under fourteen years of age - 1,640

Do. do. of fourteen and under twenty-five 1,874

Do. do. oftwenty-five and upwards 1,730

*^ VSTio are blind .... . 3^983

Aliens. Foreigners not naturalized - - - 106,544

Slaves and colored persons included in the foregoing —

Who arc deaf and dumb, under fourteen years of age - 232

Do. do. of fourteen and under 25 - 247

Do. do. of twenty-five and upwards - 205

Who are blind ..... 1,402

*Mr

APPENDIX.

231

I. MAINE.

Tabic of the Counties and Covnty Towns.

(JoiintieB,

rop. i!Uo.

i'op. 11U((.

County Towns.

Pop.

Cumberland

60,113

Portland

12,691

Hancock

17,850

24,347

Ciistine

1,155

Kennebec

40,150

52,491

Augusta

(Wiscasset

3,980
2,443

Lincoln

46,843

57,181

<Topsham
(Warren

1,664
2,030

Oxford

27,104

35,217

Paris

2,337

Penobscot -

13,870

31,530

Bangor

2,868

Somerset

21,787

35,788

Norridgcvvock

1,710

Waldo

22,253

29,790

Belfast

3,077

Washington

12,744

21,295

Machias
^Yoik

1,021
3,485

York

40,283

51,710
;{9'J,4<'>2

j Alfred

1,453

Total

21)N,;^;i5

I!.

Nl'lW HAMPSHIRE.

Rockingham

40,520

44,i;:,2

^Porlsmouth
JExeter
r Dover

8,082
2,759
5,449

Strafford

41,415

58,916

Gilmanton
■ Gilford
^Rochester

3,816
1,872
2,155

Merimac

32,743

34,619

Concord

3,727

Hillsborough

35,781

37,702

Amherst

1,657

Cheshire

20,753

27,016

Kcene

2,374

Sullivan

18,628

19,687

Newport
(Haverhill

1,913
2,153

Grafton

32,989

38,691

j Plymouth
Lancaster

1,175
1,187

Coos

5,151
244,161

8,390

Total

209,r)33

VERMONT.

Addison

20,409

24,940

Middlebury
(Bennington

3,468
3,419

Bennington

1.6,125

17,470

^Manchester
Danville

1,525
2,631

Caledonia

16,669

20,907

Burlington

3,526

Chittenden

16,055

21,775

Gildhall

481

Essex

3,284

3,981

St. Albans

2,375

jPranklin

17,192

24.525

North Hero

638

prand Isle

3,527

3,0t)0

Chelsea

1,958

Qrange

24,681

27,285

Irasburgh

860

Orleans

(),97(>

13.980

Rutland

2,753

Rutland
Washington

29,983

31,295

MoNTPELIER

1,193

14,113

21,394

Nevvfmc,

1,441

Windham

28,659

28,758

vWindsor
^Woodstock

3,134
3,044

Windsor

38,233

40,023
280,679

Total

225,764

%*^ l^i

-11^''

232

APPENDIT.

IV. MASSACHUSETTS.

Tabic of the Counties and County Towns.

Counties.

Suffolk
Essex

Middlesex

Plymouth
Norfolk

Bristol

Barnstable

Nantucket

Dukes

Worcester

Hampshire

Hamden

Franklin

Berkshire

Total

MnlcH.

J''U1III||CH,

31,093

ColrM.

"17^83

Tot- pop.

28,580

t)2,102

39,431

42,929

527

82,887

38,107

39,348

513

77,908

20,905

21,078

410

42,993

20,430

21,290

109

41,901

23,300

25,178

930

49,474

13,097

14,303

105

28,525

3,339

3,584

279

7,202

1,702

1,708

3,518

41,545

42,449

371

84,305

14,999

14,995

225

30,210

15,288

10,003

349

31,040

14,447

14,705

132

29,344

18,310

18,510

1,005

37,825

294,449

308,559

7,000

010,014

County towns

Boston

(Salem

<Newburyport

(Ipswich

j Cambridge

I Concord
Plymouth
Dcdham

J New Bedford

^Taunton

Barnstable

Nantucket

Edgartown

Worcester

Northampton

Springfield

Greenfield

Lenox

Pop.

01,392
13,886
6,388
2,951
6,071
2,017
4,751
3,057
7,592
6,045
3,975
7,202
1,509
4,172
3,613
6,784
1,540
1,355

V. RHODE ISLAND.

Counties.

Providence

Newport

Washington

Kent

Bristol

Total

i'op. 1820.

35,780
15,771
15j087
10,228
5,(537

83,059

Pop. 1830.

47,014
10,534
15,414
12,784
5,400

97,212

County Towns.

PUOVIDENCE

Newport
South Kingston
East Greenwich
Bristol

Pop. 1830.

16,832
8,010
3,663
1,591
3,054

VI. CONNECTICUT.

Fairfield

Hartford
Litchfield

Middlesex

New Haven

New London

Tolland
Windham

Total

42,739

47,204
41,207

22,405

39,010

35,943

14,330
25,3:U

1^7lV^48

4(5,950

51,141
42,855

21,845

43,848

12,295

18,700
27,(^77

"297,7Tl

puirfidel
JDanbury

Hartford

li itch field
(Middlctown
^Haddam

New Haven
(New London
/Norwich

Tolland

Brooklyn

4,226
4,311
7,076
4,456
6,892
3,025
10,180
4,356
3,144
1,698
1,413

Al>PENOIX. «

VII. NEW YORK.

Table of the Counties and County Towns.
Soufh District.

'J33

Counties.

Pop, 1820.

I'op. llt.JO.

County Towns.

1 Pop

Columbia

38,330

39,")52

Hudson

5,395

Dutchess

46,(J1.">

50,92(5

Poughkeepsio

7,222

Greene

22,\yM

29,525

Catskill

4,868

King's

11,187

20,537

Flatbush

1,143

New York.

123,70(>

203,007

INew York.

203,007

Orange

41,213

45,372

JGoshen
Newburgh

3,361
6,424

Putnam

11,208

12,701

Carmel

2,379

Queen's

21,519

22,270

N. Hempstead

Richmond

0,135

7,084

Richmond

Rockhmd

8,837

9,388

Clarkstown,

2;298

Suffolk

24,272

20,980

Suffolk C. H.

Sullivan

8,900

12,372

Monticello,

Ulster

30,931

30,551

Kingston

4,170

Westchester

32,038

3(5,450

Bedford

2,750

Total S. Dlst.

428,550

537,041

North. District. \

Albany

38,110

53,509

Albany

24,238

Alleghany

9,320

20,218

Angelica

998

Broome

11,100

17,582

Binghampton

1,203

Cataraugus

4,090

10,720

Ellicdttsville

626

Cayuga

38,897

47,947

Auburn

4,486

Chatauque

12,508

34,057

MayviHe

Chenango

31,215

37,404

Norwich

3,774

Clinton

12,070

19,344

Plattsburgh

4,913

Cortland

10,507

23,693

Cortlandville

3,573

Delaware

20,587

32,933

Delhi

2,114

Erie

15,008

35,710

Buffalo,

8,653

Essex

12,811

19,387

Elizabethtown

1,729

Franklin

4,439

11,312

Malone,

2,207

Genessee

39,835

51,992

Batavia

4,271

Hamilton

1,251

1,324

Wells

340

Herkimer

31,017

55,809

Herkimer

2,486

Jefferson

32,952

48,515

Watertown

4,708

Lewis

9,227

14,958

Martinsburgh

2,382

Livingston

19,190

27,719

Geneseo

2,675

Madison

32,208

30,037

Cazenovia
Morrisville

Monroe

26,529

49,862

Rochester

9,269

Montgomery

27,509

43,596

Johnstown ,

7,700

Niagara

7,322

18,485

Lockport
(Utica

2,022
8,323

Oneida

50,997

71,326

<Rome

( Whitesborough

4,360

Vol. 11.

234

APPENDIX.

** NEW YORK Continued.

Countiei.

Onondaga

Ontario

Orleans

Oswego

Otsego

Rensellaer

Saratoga

St. Lawrence

Schenectady

Schoharie

Seneca

Steuben

Tioga

Tomkins
Warren

Washington

Wayne

Tates

r .

Total N. Dist.
Total N. Dist.

Pop. 1820

41,401

35,312

7,025

12,374

44,850
40,153
30,052
10,037
13,081
23,154

17,773

21,989

14,710

20,178
9,453

38,831

20,319

11,025

944,202

Pop. 1R30.

48,974
40,107

18,485

27,104

51,372
49,472
3(>,016
30,351
12,334
27,910

21,031

33,975

27,704

30,545
11,795

42,015

33,555

19,019

1,300,407

1,913,508

County Towiid.

Syracuse

Canandaigua

Albion

(Oswego

I Richland
Cooperstown
Troy
Ballston
Potsdam
Schenectady
Schoharie

(Ovid

\ Waterloo
Bath

( Elmira

\ Owcgo
Ithica
Caldwell

S Salem
Sandy Hill
j Lyons
\ Palmyra
Penn Vann

Pop.

5,102

2,703
2,733
1,115
11,405
2,113
3,050
4,258
5,140
2,750
1,837
3,387
2,902
3,080
5,270
797
2,972

3,603
3,434

of whom 46 are slaves.

VIIL NEW JERSEY.

Table of Counties.

Counties.

Bergen . - - - 18,178

BurUngton - . - . 28,822

Cape May. . - - . 4,205

Cumberland .... 12,008

Essex - - - 30,793

Gloucester . . . , 23,039

Hunterdon .... 28,604

Middlesex .... 21,470

Monmouth - - - - 25,038

Morris _- - - - 21,368

Salem .... 14,022

Somerset .... 10,500

Sussex - - - - 32,752
Warren - - . •

Ofwhom 2,446 are slaves. Total 277,575
Popnlation of the Principal Towns in 1830

Newark 10,952 Paterson 7,731 Elizabethtown
New Brunswick 7,831 Trenton 3,925

Pop. 1820.

Pop. i8.m
22,414
31,066
4,945
14,091
41,928
98,431
31,006
23,157
29,233
23,580
14,155
17,689
20,349
18,634

320,779

3,451

..^,.f''-

APPENDIX.

235

IX. PENNSYLVANIA.

Table of the Counties and County towns.

Western District

Alleghany

^Pittsburgh citi/.

Armstrong

Beaver

Bedford

Bradford

Butler

Cambria

Centre

Clearfield

Columbia

Crawford

Erie

Fayette

Greene

Huntingdon

Indiana

Jefferson

Luzerne

Lycoming

McKean

Mercer

27,673

7,248
10,324
15,340
20,248
11,554
10,193

2,287
13,796

2,342
17,621

9,397

8,553
27,285
15,554
20,144

8,882

561

20,027

13,517

728

11,681

37,964
12,542
17,625
24,200
24,.536
19,669
11,683

7,079
18,765

4,8U3
20,049
16,005
17,906
29,237
18,028
27,159
14,251

2,225
27,304
17,637

1,439
19,731

j Pittsburgh

Kittaning

Beaver

Bedford *

Towanda

Butler

Ebensburg

Bellefonte

Clearfield

Danville

Meadville

Erie

Uniontown

Waynesburg

Huntingdon

Indiana

Brookville

Wilkesbarrc

Williamsport

Smithport

Mercer

Eastern District.

Cuunties.

Top 1!120

I'op. DUO.

21,37J>

Comily Towns.

Pop.

Adams

19,370

Gettysburg

1,473

Berks

46,275

53,357

Reading

5,859

Bucks

37,812

45,7401

( Doyleston
( Bristol

1,262

Chester

44,451

50,908

West Chester

1,258

Cumberland

23,(506

29,218

Carlisle

2,523

Delaware

14,810

17,361

Chester

848

Dauphin

21,653

25,303

IIarrisburo

4,311

Franklin

31,892

35,103

Chambersburg

2,794

Lehigh

18,892

22,266

AUentown

Lancaster

68,336

76,558

Lancaster

Lebanon

16,988

20,546

Lebanon

7,704

Montgomery

35,793

39,404

Norristown

1,826

Northampton

31,765

39,267

Easton

1,089

Perry

11,342

14,257

New Bloomfield

3,529

Philadelphia
*Philadelphia city

73,295
63,802

108,503

80,458

j Philadelphia

80,458

Pike

2,894

4,843

Milford

Schuylkill

11,339

20,783

Orwigsburg

773

Wayne

4,127

7,663

Bethany

327

York

38,759

42,658

York

4,216

12,542

1,620
914
870

580
220
699

1,070
1,329
1,341

433

2,233

656

.«v.

: i

* Philadclphta and Pittsburgh exclusive of the suburbs.
Total of iho former city and suburbs, for 1830, 167,811.
Total of the latter city and suburbs for 1830, 17,000.

-iite*

..•*^

, r '*:.*r

286

ArPBIfDIX.

Pcntuyhania continurd.

I'up. i:i2o.

CoilMlll'l.

MiiTiin
Northumberland

Potter

1M({

Somerset

r,i,\m

Suaquehannah

Tioga

Union

Venango

Warren

4,()i.>l

I8,t;ij)

i,07(;

4o,(»;w

Washington
Westmoreland

:{(),r»i()

I'op- »i;)o,

;ii,ws>

is, I (-.8

17,111
H 5,777

{),(I(W
20,7i\)

'1,7()(J
4i>,N(}0

;{H,1(H)

C'uiitity 'rowim.

licwislown

Simlmry

('owdcrspnrt

Soiunrsot

INloiilroHo

VVt'llsltorough

New l{(;rlin

Warren

Washington

Franklin

GrocnHhnrj?

Pop.

1,057
415

1,810
401)
810

X. DKLAWAHK.

• ■

Table of the Counties

(,'oiinllcR

Top. 1ft2(».

Pop, IBtiO.

Kent

Si(»,71)3

19,911

New Castle

■ ■ -

27,809

29,710

Sussex

are slaves. Total

yi,057

27,118

of whom 3,305,

7^,r.74

70,039

XI. MARYLAND.

>» *

Western Shore.

Alleghony

8,054

10,002

Anne Arundell

21,105

28,295

Baltimore

...

33,(J03

40,251

Baltimore city

• . .

02,738

80,025

Calvert

...

8,073

8,899

Charles

....

10,500

17,000

Frederick

...

40,451)

45,793

Hartford

15,924

10,315

Montgomery

10,400

19,816

Prince George's

- • "

20,210

20,473

tit Mary's

12,974

13,455

Washington

. ' ,• •

23,075

25,265

Eastern Shore.

Caroline

- • -

10,018

9,070

Cecil

♦- - .

10,048

15,432

Dorchester

17,759

18,685

Kent

_ - -

11,453

10,562

Queen Anne's

" ^ •

14,952

14,396

Somerset

m m m

19,579

20,155

Talbot

...

14,387

12,947

Worcester

Total

17,421

18,271

407,350

44(5,913

'•-4„

APPENDIX.

237

Maryland continued.

Population of the principal Towns.

Btiltimoro - H0,<

;2r> 1

;igerstowr

3,371

■

Frederick - 4,'

127 AnnapnliH

2,tl23

Xn. VIIUilNIA. 1

■

Table of Ihv. Counties.

Eastern District.

^f 11

CoiinticH.

Whites.

"^T),4r>M

HIavfft.

~T,«i54

l''rce liliickH.

2,544

I'otal l>op.l830.

■u

Accoinac

19,656

Albeniurlo

10,455

ll,(i89

484

22,618

Amelia

3,21)3

7,518

220

11,031

Amherst

5,871)

5,927

203

32,072

Bedford

11,113

8,790

341

20,253

Brunswick

5,31)7

9,700

012

15,770

! i'J

Buckingham

7,172

10,928

245

18,351

'1 *

Campbell

7,41)7

7,735

473

15,704

Lynchburg town

2,400

1,751

385

4,626

Caroline

0,400

10,704

520

17,774

i §' ' J

Charles City

1,782

2,957

761

15,504

Clmrlotto

5,583

9,432

236

15,252

iRi

Chesterfield

7,701)

10,337

591

18,637

Culpepper

12,044

11,419

503

24,026

Cumberland

4,054

7,309

320

11,689

Wtl

Dinwiddio

7,701)

10,337

591

18,637

Pctersburgh town

3,440

2,850

2,032

8,822

11,

Elizabeth City

2,704

2,218

131

5,068

Essex

3,(517

(i,417

467

10,531

■ f

Fairfax

4,892

3,972

311

9,206

;''<

Fauquier

13,110

12,012

621

26,379

tfi

Fluvanna

4,223

3,765

203

8,221

Franklin

0,728

4,988

196

14,911

Gloucester

4,314

5,091

603

10,608

i 1

Goochland

3,857

5,700

795

10,358

Greenville

2,104

4,081

832

7,117

Halifax

12,915

14,527

590

28,032

Hanover

0,520

9,278

440

16,253

f rij^!

Henrico

5,717

5,934

1,089

12,738

Richmond city

7,757

0,345

1,906

16,060

^1'''

Henry

4,058

2,868

174

7,100

jKw^.

Isle of Wight

5,023

4,272

1,222

10,517

wKSk.

James City

1,284

1,983

571

3,838

aJilii

King and Queen

4,714

6,514

416

11,644

wSx^

King George

2,475

3,035

287

6,397

ISei

King William

3,155

6,310

347

9,812

Lancaster

1,970

2,031

195

4,800

Hi'

Loudon

15,517

5,300

1,062

21,938

Vol. n.

il:.,.,*.

238

APPENDIX.

Viminia continued.

Cuiinllna.

VVIllll'N'

o,nw

Hliivei,

~0,3N2

Vtw hinihi.

' "3Tri

Tol, l*«|i, 11130-

i(5,ir7r

Louisa

Lunenburg

4,I71>

7,233

215

n,o:,7

Madison

4,:iNs»

l,N73

0,23(5

Mntthows

:j,iHi5

3, IN I

1N<»

7,(5(53

Mecklenburg

7,ii:)

11,050

S7I

20,3(5(5

Middlesex

1,N7(»

2,137

llN

4,122

Nansomond

5,m:{

1,013

1,(508

ll,7Kl

Nelson

5,1 NO

5,04(5

122

11,251

New Kent

i>,5N({

3,550

312

(5,157

Norfolk

H,1N()

5,812

0(5(5

14,008

Norfolk, borough

5,i:u

3,757

028

0,810

Northampton

:i,57:i

3,734

1,334

8,(544

Northumberland

4,(KIJ)

3,357

507

7,0,53

Nottoway

ii,JMl)

(5,085

223

10,141

Orange

0,15(5

7,083

108

14,(537

Patrick

5,IJ)4

1,782

117

7,303

Pittsylvania ;•

11,(5t)()

10,002

340

2(5,022

Powhatan

i.V5r>i

5,472

381

8,517

Prince Kdward

5,().'J1)

8,503

475

14,107

Prince Oeor^o

»,(H5t5

4, 5! IS

700

8,308

Prince Williiim

5,1"J7

3,S|2

3(51

0,330

Princess Anne

5,0-J.*l

3,73(5

343

0,102

Richmond

y,975

2,(530

451

(5,05(5

Southampton

(5,57.'J

. 7,75r.

1,745

1(5,073

Spottsylvnnia

4,(5N5

(5,02.»

310

11,020

Fredericksburg, town

1,71)N

1,125

384

3,307

Stafford

4,71 a

4,1(54

485

0,3(52

Surry

'^,N(55

3,377

8(5(5

7,108

Sussex

4,1 IS

7,(530

80(5

12,720

Warwick

01})

802

1,570

Westmoreland -

3,718

3,845

848

8,411

York

2,]2\)

2,508
11(5,250

(527
1(^,780

5,354
832,070

Total

375,«4()

Western J)

intrict.

Alleghany

2,15>7

57 J

2,81(5

Augusta, North

7,208

1,(57"

257

0,112

Augusta, South

8,048

2,5NS

147

10,783

Bath

2,803

1,110

(55

4,008

Berkley

823

1,010

270

10,528

Bottetourt »

11,808

4,170

380

1(5,354

Brooke

0,774

227

7,040

Cabell

5,2(57

501

»,884

Frederick, East

8,104

5,242

053

1^1,009

Frederick, West

0,200

2,088

508

11,946

Giles

4,779

r,o

5,298

Grayson

7,101

4(r2

7,675

APPENDIX.

23U

Virffinin cnnlinnrd.

L'uuntiuii,

WIlltCH.

7,701

Hlavi'N- Frou Itlm kR ^

rut.i'o|).i)uo.

~~ o,(M!r

(iri!(!iil(rirr ^

1,150

l{ariiH()ii, I'liiHt -

0, 1 !.'{

(WO

5(»

10,110

Ilarrison, West

1,101

115

4,558

llllllipNilil'U

0,7 '.Ml

i,:<:io

I5:j

11,270

Ilnrdy

r.,ioM

1,107

22:1

0,708

JcillrrHon •

h,-i:jn

:j,ooo

402

12,027

Koiiliawa

7,05N

1,718

0,201

Leo

r),N:{o

012

0,401

Lewis

0,00(i

io:t

(J,241

TiO^'uii

:j,r)ii

l(i:i

((

:j,(5no

Monongalia, Enst

ti,:ir)2

233

103

(J,088

Mononguliu, West

7,22:1

120

7,308

MiiHon

r.,770

713

0,534

Monroe

7,(Kja

0N2

7,708

Mont;,'oincry

10,212

2,o:{7

• Ill

12,304

Mor^'im

2,r»i7

15:1

2,002

Nicliolas

:»,220

110

:{,310

Ohio

1 5,0:1a

:{02

105

15,500

Pendleton

5,750

408

2:1

0,271

Pocahontas

2,207

227

2,541

Prcaton

1,017

125

5,000

Raiulolph

4,12(1

250

115

5,000

Kockhridge

10,105

:{,008

:{81

14,244

Rockingham

17,814

2,:{3i

548

20,003

Russell

0,002

(»70

0,717

Scott

5,:mo

3;{8

5,702

Slicnandonh, East

7,171

902

l(i4

8,327

Shenandoah, West

00,08

1,431

204

11,423

Tazewell

4,012

820

4,104

Tyler

:i,ooi

fl08

5,750

Washington

12,785

2,5(58

201

15,014

Wood

5,487

873

0,400

Wythe

0,052

2,004

117
0,123

12,103

Total of Western District

318,505

53,4()5

378,203

Total of Virginia

004,445

400,724

47,103

1,211,272

Population of

the Principal Towns in 1830.

Richmond 10,000 Peter

sburgh 8,322 Fredericksbu

rg 3,307

Norfolk 0,810 Whee

ling 5,221 Staunton

1,720

>fl

240

AFFENDIX.

XIII. NORTH CAROLINA.

Table of the Counties.

Counties,

Anson

Ashe

Beaufort

Bertie

Bladen

Brunswick

Buncombe

Burke

Cabarras

Camden

Carteret

Caswell

Chatham

Chowan

Columbus

Cravdn

Cumberland

Currituck

Davidson

Duplin

Edgecombe

Franklin

Gates

Granville

Greene

Guilford

Halifax

Haywood

Hertford

Hyde

IredeU

Johnston

Jones

Lenoir

Lincoln

Macon

Martin

Mecklenburg

Montgomery

Moore

Nash

New Hanover

Northampton

Onslow

Orange

Pop. 1820.

12,584

14,081

4,335

6,991

9,850

10,949

10,805

12,276

7,276

7,301

5,480

6,623

10,542

16,259

13,412

17,727

7,248

8,796

6,347

6,721

5,609

6,607

13,253

15,188

12,661

15,499

6,464

6,688

3,912

4,141

13,394

14,325

14,446

14,824

8,098

7,664

13,421

9,744

11,373

13,276

14,933

9,741

10,665

6,837

7,866

18,222

19,343

4,533

6,313

14,611

18,736

17,237

17,738

4,073

4,593

7,712

8,641

4,967

6,177

13,071

15,262

9,607

10,938

5,216

6,628

6,799

7,635

18,147

22,626
5,390
8,644

6,320

16,895

20,076

8,693

10,918

7,128

7,753

8,186

8,492

10,866

10,769

13,242

13,103

7,016

7,814

23,492

23,875

Pop. 1830.

»i;^

«*/

»,^-

Vii

APPENDIX.

241

North Carolina

continued. -

Counties. 1

Pop. 1820.

Pop. 183U.

Pasquotank

8,008

8,616

Perquimans

6,857

7,417

Person

9,029

10,027

Pitt

10,001

12,174

Randolph

11,331

12,400

Richmond

- ,

7,537

9,326

Robeson

•• ■• r

8,204

9,355

Rockingham

11,474

12,920

Rowan

■ - -

26,009

20,796

Rutherford

15,351

17,557

Sampson

8,908

11,768

Stokes

14,033

16,196

Surry

. -

12,320

14,501

Tyrrell

- .

4,319

4,732

Wake

20,102

20,41?

Warren

11,004

10,916

Washington

3,986

4,562

Wayne

. ■ -

9,040

10,902

Wilkes

9,967

11,942

Newbern
Fayetteville

- . . ■ Total I 638,829 \ 738,470

Population of the Principal Towns in 1830.' . ^ '^

. 3,776 Raleigh 1,700 Tarborough 971

2,808 Salisbury , 1,613 Warrenton 962

PlymouUi 660

XIV.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Population of the Districts and other Divisions,

as given

in the

■■

Census of 1830.

Abbeville District

28,134

Chester

District,

19,182

Anderson > da*

17,170

Chesterfield

do.

8,472

Barnwell do.

19,236

Colleton

do.

27,256

Charleston City.

30,289

Edgefield

do.

30,511

Charleston Neck

10,054

Fairfield .

do.

21,546

St. Andrew's Parish

3,727

Georgetown

do.

19,943

St. John's Colletoo.

10,045

Greenville

do.

16,476

St. James, Goose Creek

8,032

Horry

do.

5,323

St. Stephen's

2,416

Kershaw

do.

13,545

Christ Church ' - ~.

3,412

Lancaster

do.

10,361

St. James, Santee

3,743

Laurens

do.

20,863

St. Thomas and St. Dennis

i 3,055

Lexington

do.

9,076

St. Peter's Parish

3,834

Marion

do.

11,208

St. Helena

8,799

Marlborough

do.

8,578

St. Luke's .

9,659

Newberry

do.

17,441

Prince William's

9,040

Orangeburgh

do.

18,455

Vol. n.

all

^•

M^'

S43

APrKNTHX.

■ -t,^

South Carolina continvrd

•

Pickons

Dinti'kt

M,47r)

Union

do.

17,l»0h

Riclilnnd

do.

ii,mr»

WnHliinj?lon

do.

l.'l,72N

Columhia

Town,

:),:n()

WilliuiiiHburgli

do.

0,0 ir»

Spartanburgli,

Duitrirt,

21, HH

York

do.

17,785

Sumpter,

do.

iJN,'37H

• M

Vopiihttion

of Chorh'nUm and Columl

tin.

Chnrloslon, IH.'M),

:»(),wi» Cohiinbiii in:u), :i,;no

XV. (JKOJKJIA.

Tabh't

tf tJhr (JomUh's, \KH).

i!oiintiMi

WhUxK.

rolori'il. 1

' IH4

Totnl l'o|,.
1,400

Appling

i,yiM

Bakor -

!»77

270

1,253

Baldwin

" m

2,724

4,5(55

7,209

Bibb

4,i;ut

3,005

7,143

Bryan

723

2,410

3,139

Bullock -

l,!)33

053

2,600

Burke

•

5,l)(;(5

0,7«7

11,033

Butts

3,22r.

1,007

4,0 J 2

Camden

1,4 mi

3,120

4,570

CampboU

y,ni)4

02!)

3,323

Carroll

2,723

OUO

3,419

Chatliam

4,325

9,005

14,230

Clarko

5,431?

4,730

10,170

Columbia

••

4,471

0,135

12,000

Cowota

3,(i34

1,372

5,000

Crawford

•

3,591

1 ,723

6,314

Decatur

•

•> *t

2,541

1,307

3,040

Dekalb -

n,37(i

1,071

10,047

Dooly

1,7117

340

2,135

Early

1,505

640

2,051

EffiingliaiTi -

1 .

1,746

1 ,223

2,009

Elbert ■

0,50 1

5,053

12,364

Emanuel

w w

2,1 G»

513

2,001

Fayette -

■f ,', '

4,2ti0

1,233

6,601

Franklin

7,712

2,423

10,136

Glynn

5U7

3,970

4,407

Qroeno

5,020

7,525

12,651

Owinnett

• , ,

10,!)3«

2,202

13,220

IlaberBlmm -

J),733

915

10,040

Halt

•

10,573

1,102

11,765

Hancock

',• ' .

4,(i07

7,215

11,022

Harris ■

.' , ■" , -

2,031

2,274

6,106

Henry

7,!)!)1

2,570

10,567

HouNton

« «

5,101

2,200

7,309

Irwin

it m

1 ,0(56

114

1,100

Jackson

0,1 154

2,0 U

9,000

'&"

i i'

,,r4^ ArrKNDix.

•

» *4i

U4a

•i

nrorffia rnntinutd. |

<'()ii>iiipfi. 1

WItllCH.

C^Olorotl.

Tutnl I'op,

H .laHpur

«;,7<i7

' (;,:u;4

13,131

1 .loneraoii *< \

H.GO.T

3,7(h;

7,309

H JonoM

<;,4(in

«;,H73

13,342

1 TtiiurnnH

:»,iiii!

2,3!M)

5,678

1 liOO

\;m\i

307

1,074

I Iiiborty -

(,r»i{i!

5.040

7,234

t ;

■ .liiiicnln

2,}I24

3,.^i;j

0,137

1 fjowiulcs - ' tiy, •

2,m:j

340

2,463

H '• Mailiion . .

:{,;w;r,

1 ,20 1

4,626

H Mclntdnli

1 ,()nr,

3,903

4,998

H Marion ....

1,:<'27

100

1,43G

H Moriwuthor

:»,()i«

1,400

4,424

H Monroo

it,n:{(;

7,300

10.202

I Monl^ninory

\YM

335

1,209

H '} f

I Morijan

6,I4(]

0,»77

12,023

•i'i'

■ JMUHCO^OO

2,'ir,\

1,247

3.508

'- i

■ Nowtuii

n,\'M

3,023

11,164

■ OgloUiorpo

r,,r,rA

li,004

13,668

■ Piko

4,:u!y

1,004

C,U66

1''

1 Pulaski . . , .

3,1)7

i,7n2

4,t{f^9

I Putnani ....

5,512

7,744

13,066

9 . Ilabiiu

2,114

2,176

^ Kundolph

1,5011

• GB3

2,101

V Itichiuoml

5,if;:{

0,4f{|

11,044

1 ff

Scriven - . -

'i,3};7

2,300

4,770

lit'i

Talbot ....

.'5,»:{!)

2,101

6,940

■ 11'

Taliaforro . . - -

2,](Vi

2,770

4,934

Ttttnall ....

1,5I!»

520

2,039

Telfair ....

1 ,5(10

507

2,136

'^ (

ThoinaH ...

'2,127

1,100

3,296

Troup ....

:j,fi07

2,102

6,79i)

Twi(?gH - - - -

4,4!)5

3,534

0,029

, p;

Upson - - -

4,444

2,560

7,013

' 1 P.

■

Walton - - . - .

7,7(;;j

3,10(1

10,931

■" fM <-

Ware

1,1 ;j2

1,194

t r;

Warren - - - - ,

«;,044

4,B02

10,846

(|'

Washington - - - -

5,005

3,0 ir

9,820

.Wayno . - - -

(;7(i

2fU

902

sKi

1
)

WiikOB ....

5,205

«,072 14,237

/Wilkinson . - -

4,003

1,965 G,558

•' f ^

'» ' Voimlalion of Ihv prinnpal lowm.

m ''3 '

t Havannah 7,:$():J Macon 'i.r.OO IVIiliodgcvillo 1,500

# ■ii^

^ Augusta (i,GUO ('oiiinihia 'i.OOO Atlionn 1,100

mm :

"MM''

'- ■ . . 1 " . ■ ' ■ . . •■ , ' . ■ ' .'i-.^'h,'^ ~ ;• '***

13^

-s**
V

244

i^^ -.

APPENDIX. '*

XVI. ALABAMA.

#■

,. •

Table of the Counties. •■ '

■ . -' **

Counties

Populatton 18JU. | Countieu. Population 1830. |

Autauga - *

11,872

Lowndes

9,421

Baldwin

2,824

Madison

28,011

Bibb

0,305

Marengo

7,742

Blount ' ^

4,233 1 Marion

4,058

Butler

5,634

Mobile

3,071

Clarke

7,584

Mobile City

3,194

Conecuh

- ' 7,444

Monroe

8,780

Covington

1,522

Montgomery

12,694

Dale

2,021

Morgan

9,053

Dallas

' 14,017

Perry

11,509

Fayette

3,470

Pickens

6,620

Franklin

11,078

Pike

7,103

Greene

15,026

St. Clair

5,975

Henry -

^ 3,955

Shelby -

5,521

Jackson, »'

- 12,702

Tuscaloosa - '

13,646

Jefferson

, 6,855

Walker

2,202

Lauderdale

11,782

Washington

2,472

Lawrence - ^

-, 14,984

Wilcox

3,468

Limestone

14,848

Tuscaloosa town 1820

1,600

XVII. MISSISSIPPI. 1

\ '■-''-' ■.

Table of the Counties. • • .

, l^'^ . 'J

Adams ^ )

12,129

Lowndes

3;342

Natchez, city

2,790

Madison

4,973

Amite

7,943

Marion

3,701

Claiborne - 9,818

Monroe - .

3,855

Copiah

7,024

Perry . < ' /

2,285

'Covington ^

2,549

Pike

5,402

. Franklin -

4,622

Rankin

2,084

'Greene ^ . ' .-

1,849

Simpson .

2,666

Hancock * -

1,961

Warren - ■ . . "

7,861

Hinds

8,619

Washington

1,976

Jackson

1,789

Wayne - ' .

2,778

Jefferson ' -^

9,755

Wilkinson

11,693

Jones

1,471

Yazoo

6,550

lAwrence •" ^

5,321

-. , • ■ , '■ •

xvui. Louisiana:

Tabic of Parishes.

J. 1 .«-7- '.. '.',,'

Eastern Districtr -. ' , .

; • ••

Ascension

5,400

Feliciana, East ' , ^

8,247

Assumption

5,670

Feliciana, West,

8,629

Baton Rouge, East,

6,717

Iberville

7,050

Baton Rouge, West,

3,092

Jeft'erson

6,846

Concordia

4,662

Lafourche Interior

5,500

APPENDIX.

245

Louisiana continued.

Population. I

Parishea.

Population Couiiiles.

Orleans - 'S,V.)2

St. Helena

4,027

N. Othdins, city Sf suburbs, 40,310

St. James

7,672

Plaquemines 4,189

St. John Baptist

5,700

Point Coupee - 5,930

St. Tammany

2,864

St. Bernard - 8,fJ5(>

Terrc Bonne

2,121

St. Charles - 5,107

Washington

2,286

ofwhom 80,421 are slaves. Total Eastern District 155,3 18|

Western District.

Avoyelles - 3,488

llapidcs

7,559

Catahoula - 2,570

St. Landry

12,552

Claiborne - 1,701

St Martin's

7,204

Lafayette - 5,000

St Mary's

6,442

Nachitoches - 7,920

Washita

5,140

ofwhom 29,210 are slaves. Total Western District 00,257

XIX. TENiNESSEE.

Tabic of the Counties.

Weft Tennessee.

Couniies. \ Pop. 1820.

Pop, isso'

Bedford

10,012

30,444

Carroll

9,378

Davidson - - .

20,154 •

22,523

Nashville, town

5,566

Dickson - - .

5,190

7,261

Dyer

1,904

Fayette

8,654

Fentress - - -

2,760

Franklin - . -

16,571

15,644

Gibson

5,801

Giles

12,558

18,920

Hardiman

11,628

Hardin

1,462

4,867

Haywood

5,356

Henderson

8,741

Henry . - -

12,230

Hickman

6,080

8,132

Humphreys

4,067

6,189

Jackson

7,593

9,902

Lawrence

3,271

5,412

Lincoln

14,761

22,086

Madison

11,750

Maury

22,141

28,153

McNairy

5,697

Montgomery

12,219

14,365

Obion

2,099

Overton

7,188

8,246

Perry

2,384

7,038

Vol. ii.

"T^

246

APPENDIX.

Tennessee continued.

Counties.

Pop, 1820.

Pop. 1830.

Robertson ...

Rutherford

Shelby

Smith

Sumner ...

Stewart

Tipton

Warren

Wayne * ■

Weakley

White ...

Williamson

Wilson i

7,270

19,552

354

17,580

19,211

8,397

10,348
2,459

8,701
20,640
18,730

13,802

26,133

5,652

21,492

20,606

6,988

5,317

15,351

6,013

4,796

9,967

26,608

25,477

Total of West Tennessee. |

:^ * East Tennessee.

Anderson •

Bledsoe

Blount

Campbell

Carter

Claiborne

Cocke

Granger

Greene

Hamilton

Hawkins

Jefferson

Knox

McMinn

Marion

Monroe

Morgan

Rhea

Roane a

Sevier

Sullivan

Washington

287,501

4,668
4,005

11,258
4,244
4,835
5,508
4,892
7,651

11,221
821

10,949
8,953

13,034
1,623
3,888
2,529
1,676
4,215
7,895
4,772
7,015
9,557

1 488,448

5,312

6,448
11,027

5,110

6,418
, 8,470

6,048
10,066
14,410

2,274
13,683
11,799
14,498
14,497

5,516
13,709

2,582

8,182
11,340

5,117
10,073
10,995

Total of East Tennessee 135,312
of whom 17,890 are slaves.

196,374

*■<*?■

AFPENDIX.

XX. KENTUCKY.
Table of the counties and townSf 1830.

247

Counting.

■'%.

Adair
Allen
Anderson
Barren

Bath

Boone

Bourbon

Bracken

Breckenridgo

Butler
Bullitt

Caldwell

Callaway

Campbell

Casey

Christian

Clarke

Clay

Cumberland

Daviess

Edmondson

Estill

Fayette

Fleming
Floyd

Franklin

Gallatin

Garrard

Grant

Graves

Grayson

Greene

Greenup
Fancock
Hardin

PO|l

Towns.

8,'.i;J()

0,480

4,512

14,821

8,799

9,012

18,434

0,392

7,345

3,055
5,000

8,332

5,159

9,893

4,342
12,094
13,052
3,549
8,030
5,218
2,042
4,018

25,174

13,493
4,200

9,251

0,080
11,870
2,987
2,503
3,870

13,718

5,853

1,494

13,148

Columbia

Scottsville

Lawrenceburg

Glasgow
lOwingsville
jsharpsburg

Burlington
(Paris

<Millersburg
(Middletown

Augusta
(Hardinsburg
|Clovcrport
(Stephenport-

Morganton

Shepherdsville

Mount Washington

Princeton

Eddyville

Wadesborough "
{ Newport
I Covington

Liberty

Hopkinsville

Winchester

Manchester

Burkcsville

Owensborough

Brownsville

Irvine
{ Lexington
I Athens

Flemingsburg

Prestonburg
^Frankfort
/South Frankfort

Port William

Lancaster

Williamstown

Mayfield

Litchfield

^Greensburg

^Campbellsville

Greenupsburg

Hawsville

Elizabethtown

Pop.

422
180
320
617
241
158
276
1,219
470
195
691
316
194
64

278
226
366
167
163
717
743
118

1,263
620
159
340
229
125
9

6,104

134

642

1,680
307
324
570
197
44
166
665
126
204

601

248

APPENDIX.

Kentucky continued.

Counlles,

Pop.

Towns.

Pop.

Harlan

2,9^8

Harlan C. H.

Harrison

13,180

(Cynlhiana
^Leesburg
( ClayviUo

977
138

Hart

5,292

^ IVIunfordsville
( Woodsonville

193

Henderson

0,049

Ilendersonville

483

Henry

11,395

New Castle

539

Hickman

5,193

J Clinton
1 Columbus

81
186

Hopkins

G,7G3

Madisonville

112

-";,

r Louisville

10,352

Jefferson

24,002

1 Shippingsport
j Portland

607
398

LWilliamsville

Jessamine

9,901

INicholasville
j North Liberty

409
62

Knox

4,321

Barboursville

139

Laurel

2,182

(HazlePatch
( London

Lawrence

3,897

Louisa

(Clarksburg

Lewis

5,206

<Vanceburg

(Concord

Lincoln

11,012

j Stanford
^Crab Orchard

3Q3
234

Livingston

6,607

( Salem
jSmithfield

254

388

Logan

13,002

Russellville

1,358

McCracken

1,298

UVilmington
/Padauch

12
105

Madison

18,035

Richmond

947

Mason

16,203

(Washington
/Maysville

868
2,040

Meade

4,111

Brandenburg

331

f Harrodsburg

1,051

Mercer

17,706

1 Danville
Perryville

849
283

^ Salvisa

Monroe

5,125

Tompkinsville

220

Montgomery

10,221

( Mount Sterling
MefTersonville

561
33

Morgan

2,85V >est Liberty 1

APPENDIX.

240

Kentucky continued.

Countlei.

Muhlenburg

Nelson

Nicholas
Ohio

Oldham

Owen

Pendleton

Perry

Pike

Pulaski

Rockcastle

Russell

Scott

Shelby

Simpson
Spencer

Todd

Trigg

Union
Warren

Washington

Wayne
Whitely

Woodford

Total

I'op. Towns. 1

Pop.

217

5,341

Greenville

(Bardstown

1,025

14,910

^Bloomfield

301

(Fairfield

SjSS-i

Carlisle

430

4,913

Hartford

242

Westport

314

9,503

Bedford

104

Brownsville

. La Grange

5,792

( Owenton
|New Liberty

143
101

3,800

Falmouth

207

3,331

Perry C. H.

2,077

Pikeville

9,522

Somerset

231

2,875

Mount Vernon

142

3,883

^ Jamestown

/Creelsburg

14,077

Georgetown

1,344

( Shelby ville '

1,201

19,039

<Simpsonvil]e

(Christianburg

0,099

Franklin

280

0,815

Taylorsville

248

8,801

j Elkton
j Trenton

382

178

5,889

(Cadiz
/Canton

168
146

4,435

Morganfield

292

10,947

Bowling Green

815

' Springfield
Lebanon

618

384

^ Mackville

Fredericksburg

L Newmarket

8731

Monti cello

207

3,807

(Whitely C.H.

) Williamsburg

12,294

( Versailles ,

904

( Mortonsville j
of whom 105,350 are slav

145

088,844

es.

f-'T*

250

APPENDIX.

XXI. OHIO.

Table of the Counties and County Towns 1830.

Count ifig.

I'op. l!t;JO.| Ciiiinty Towiih.

I'op.

Adams

12,)17H

West Union

429

Allen

5 .578

Wapaghkonctta

Ashtablila

14,584

Jefferson

270

Athens

!),703

Athens

729

Belmont

28,412

St. Clairsvillo

789

Brown

17,8(57

Georgetown

325

Butler

27,044

Hamilton

1,097

Champaign

12,130

Urbana

1,102

Clark

13,074

Springfield

1,080

Clermont

20,4(U}

Batavia

420

Clinton

11,292

Wilmington

607

Columbiana

35,.')08

New Lisbon

1,138

Coschocton

11,102

Coshocton

333

Crawford

4,778

Bucyrus

298

Cuyahoga

10,300

Cleavcland

1,076

Dark

0,203

Grconvillo

160

Delaware

11,523

Delaware .

531

Fairfield

24,788

Lancaster

1,530

Fayette

8,180

Washington

300

Franklin

14,70C)

CoLUMntrs

2,437

Gallia

9,733

Gallipoiis

755

Geauga

15,813

Chardon, toivnship

881

Green

15,084

Xenia

919

Guernsey

18,030

Cambridge

518

Hardin

Hardy

Hamilton

52,321

Cincinnati

24,831

Hancock

813

Fmdlay

Harrison

29,020

Cadiz

820

Henry

200

Damascus

Highland

16,347

Hillsborough

564

Hocking

4,008

Logan

Holmes

9,133

Millersburg

319

Huron

13,345

Norwalk

310

Jackson

5,974

Jackson

329

Jefferson

32,489

Steubenville

2,937

Knox

17,124

Mount Vernon

1,021

Lawrence

5,300

Burlington

149

Licking

20,804

Newark

999

Lorain

5,090

Elyria

668

Logan

0,442

Belle Fontaine

266

Madison

6,190

London

249

Marion

6,558

Marion

287

Medina

7,500

Medina, toumship

622

Meigs

6,159

Chester

164

Mercer

1,110

St. Mary's

Miami

12,806

Troy

504

■|iS'

APPENDIX.

251

Ohio continued.

CoiintiM,

Mod rue

Montgomery

Morgan

Muskingum

Paulding

Perry

Pickaway

P;ko

Portage

Preble

Putnam

Richland

Ross

Sandusky

Scioto

Seneca

Shelby

Stark

Trumbull

Tuscarawas

Union

Van Wert

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Williams

Wood

I'op. ItUO.

ll,V.)ti

2U,3.i5

100

14,()1H

15,035

0,024

18,827

10,255

230

24,007

24,052

2,851

8,730

5,148

3,071

20,784

2(5,154

14,208

3,102

21,403

11,731

23,344

377

1,005

County 'J'ownH.

Total

Woodstield
Dayton

McConnelsvillo
Zancsville

Somerset

Circlevillo

Pikcton

Ravenna, township

ICaton

Sugar Grove

Mansfield

Chillicotho

Lower Sandusky

Portsmouth

Tiflin

Sydney

Canton

Warren

New Philadelphia

Maysville

Willshire

Lebanon

Marietta

Wooster

Defiance

Perrysburg

037,070

XXII. INDIANA

Tabic of the Counties 1830.

Pop.

"157

2,JXJ5

207

3,004

570
1,130
271
8(MS
511

840

2,840

351

1,004

248

240

1,257

510

410

142

1,157
1,207

077
52

182

Counties.

Population.

1,000

Counties.

Population.

Allen

Elkhart

035

Bartholomew

5,480

Fayette

0,112

Boone

622

Floyd

6,363

Carroll

1,014

Fountain

7,044

Cass

1,154

Franklin

10,100

Clark

10,710

Gibson

5,417

Clay

1,010

Greene

4,253

Clinton

1,423

Hamilton

1,750

Crawford

3,184

Hancock

1,560

Daviess

4,512

Harrison

10,288

Dearborn

14,473

Hendricks

3,007

Decatur

5,854

Henry

6,408

Delaware

2,372

Jackson

4,804

Dubois

1,774

JeflTerson

11,465

■-.*:■

263

APPENDIX.

Indiana continued.

Coiintlc*.

Johnson

Knox

Lnwrcnco

Madison

Marion

Martin

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Orange

Owen

Parke

Perry

Pike

Posey

Putnam

Randolph

Ripley

I'opiilntion.
^,950
4,i;J9

7,1N1

2,010
(5,578

7,:}S()

5,579
7,!K)9
4,000
7,534
3,37S
52,4(}4
C,H83
81,95
3,912
3,957

Population of the principal towns in 1831.

New Albany, about 2,500 Richmond, about 1,500

Madison « 2,000 Indianapolis " 1,200

Vincennes " 1,800 Salem 1,000

XXIII. ILLINOIS.

CniintleH.

Populntlon

Rush

St. Joseph

Scott

Sholl.y

Spencer

Sullivan

Switzerland

Tippecanoe

Union

Vanderburgh

Vermillion

Vigo

Wabash

VVurron

Warrick

Washington

Wayne

9,918
287
3,097
6,294
3,187
4,096
7,111
7,107
7,957
2,610
5,706
5,737

2,854

2,073

13,072

18,587

Total 341,582

•

Table of the Counties 1830.

Adams

2,180

Jefferson

Alexander

1,390

Jo-Daviess

Bond

3,124

Johnson

Calhoun

1,0,90

Lawrence

Clarke

3,940

Macau pin

Clay

755

McLean

Clinton

2,330

Macon

Crawford

3,113

Madison

Edgar

4,071

Marion

Edwards

1,649

Mercer

Fayette

2,704

Monroe

Franklin

4,081

Montgomery

Fulton)

Morgan

Henry >

2,156

Macdonough
Schuyler

Knox )

Gallatin

7,407

Peoria i

Green

7,664

Putnam

Hamilton

2,620

Perry

Hancock

484

Pike

Jackson

1,827

Pope

2,555
2,111
1,596
3,661
1,989

1,122
6,229
2,021
26
2,119
2,950
12,709

1,309

1,215
2,393
3,223

APPENDIX.

858

lllinoia continued.

M' • %<

Counlle*

Topulatlun 18J0. i Couiitiei.

PcpnlatiM

Randolph
St. Clair
' Sangamon
Shelby
Tazewell
Union
Vermillion

4, I'M

7,(M)\J

12,1UJ0

4,710

5,830

Wabash
Warren
Washington
WiiyiiO

While 1^

Total
of whom 746 are slaves.

3,709
807
1,674
3,568
6,081

157,676

Boono

Callaway

Cape Girardeau

Chariton

Clay

Cole

Cooper

Crawford

Franklin

Gasconade

Howard

Jackson

Jefferson

Lafayette

Lincoln

Madison

Marion

Monroe

[n 1820

XXIV. MISSOURI.
Table of the Counties.

8,880
0,102
7,430
1,770
5,342
3,00(J
0,010
1,700
3,848
1,548
10,844
2,822
2,580
2,921
4,000
2,371
4,839

Montgomery

New Madrid

Perry

Pike

Ralls

Randolph

Ray

St. Charles

St. Francois

St. Genevieve

St. Licuis

Saline

Scott

Washington

Wayne

8,000
3,351
3,377
6,133
4,346i
3,963
2^7
4,333
3,386
3,188
14,007
3«89a
3,136
6,797
3,354

Total 140,074
I Of whom 24,990 are slaves.
Population of St. Louis.
4,508 In 1830 5,853

XXV. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

CountlM. Population Chief Towns.

Alexandria 9,008 Alexandria

Washington 30,250 Washington

Total 39,858

Population.

1810. 1820. 1830.
Washington 8,208 13,247 18,837
Alexandria 7,227 8,218 8,363
Georgetown 4,948 7,360 8441

XXVI. FLORIDA TERRITORY.

West
Florida.

Middle
Florida

f Escambia
Jackson
Walton
^ Washington
Gadsen
Hamilton
Jefferson
Leon
.Madison

Table of the Counties.
3,3SG

( 6,092

4,894

553

3,312

6,493

Alachu
Duvall

East ,, ..

L St. Johns
S. Florida. Monroe

Total

3,304
1,970

733
1,511
2,535

617

feifk

34.7?5

T^i. n.

.525 ' Of whom 15,510 are slaves.

I'd va

354

APPENDIX.

XXVII. MICHIGAN TERRITORY.
Table of the Counties. 1830.

dbunties.

Populntion.jCounties.

Population.

Berrien

323

Oakland

4,910

Cass

V 928

St. Clair

1,115

Jackson

St. Joseph

1,313

Lenawee •

1,191

Van Buren

Macomb

2,414

Washtenaw

4,042

Michilimackinac

877

Wayne

4,565

Monroe

3,187 ' Detroit, city

2,222

Counties west of Lake Michigan.

Bro\7n

904

Iowa

1,589

Chippewa
Crawford

62.5

692

Total

31,260

Of whom 27 are

slaves

V >,# ^

CVITT.

ARKANSAS TERRITORY.

Table of the Counties.

Arkansas

1,423

Lawrence

2,806

Chicot

1,165

Miller

358

Clark

1,369

Monroe

461

Conway

982

Phillips

1,152

Crawford

! ■

2,440

Pope

1,483

Crittenden

1,272

Pulaski

2,395

Hempstead

2,507

St. Francis

L505

Hot, or Warm Springs

458

Sevier

636

Independence
Izard

2,032

Union

640

1,266

Washington

2,181

JnrlfQnn

333

Jefferson

772

Total

30,383

Lafayette

748

Of whom 4,578 are

slaves.

'■■^JF.

MISCELLAiVEOVIS (STATISTICAL TABLE.

Executive of the General Government. President and Vice-President
of the United States. Salary of the former, $25,000 per annum ; of the
latter $5,000. The president must be 35 years of age, 14 years a
resident in the U. S. and a natural born citizen, or a citizen at the time
of the adoption of the constitution. The vice-president is elected at
the same time and manner, and for the same term, as the president. He
is ex'ojicio president of the senate ; and in case of the death of the pres-
ident, takes his place, until the next term. At the last election there
were 261 electors. There have been 7 diflferent presidents, and a?
many vice presidents.

The legislature of the general government consists of a Senate and
House of Representatives. The present number of senators is 48.
The pay both for senators and representatives, is 8 dollars a dayj and 9
dollars for every 20 miles travel, going and returning. The present
number of representatives is 213. The present census, on the existing
ratio, will increase the number to more than 250.

The Judiciary of the U. S. consists in one supremo court, and such
subordinate courts as congress shall from time to time appoint. The
judges of the supreme and inferior court, hold their offices during good
behaviour. The present supreme court consists of one chief justice,
and six associate justices. Salary of the chief justice, $5,000 and of
the others ^4,500 each. Attorney General, salary ^3,500. The district
court consists of 30 judges, distributed in the several states, each having
an attorney, marshal and clerk, as constituent officers of the court. The
government having very extended relations, and acting over a vast surface,
has a numerous corps of officers of departments; marshals, clerks, and
the like. The officers of the army, now in commission, are 560 ; of
the navy about 1000, and of the marine corps 50; 22 ships of war are
in commission, and 16 in ordinary. Five ships of the line and six
frigates are now building. The militia of the United States amounts to
1^00,000. Extent of the U. S. 2,257, 374 square miles. Of canals
there are about 3,000 miles in operation, in progress, or survey. Of
rail- road, the extent made or making, is 1,403 miles. Number of post
offices in 1831, 8,610. Extent of post roads in 1830, 115,176 miles.
We have 60 literary institutions, chartered as colleges, the names of
which are given under their proper heads, in the body of this work.
The number of academies and high schools amount to between six and
seven hundred. The pupils in all the schools in the U. S. amount to

■ ' f
1/1

858

APPENDIX.

about 1^00^000. Of periodicals Ihero are circulated about 1,550. Of
religious societies there arc about 14,000 iixed congregations, and
10,000 settled ministers. Advancing in the game ratio of population,
as between the census of 1820, and 1830 the U. S. will contain 35 mil-
lions of people, of which the valley of the Mississippi will contain more
jthan half. The tides along the coast of the U. S. diminish, as we advance
fcoaa Maine shore towards Florida. On the Bay of Fundy they rise 40
ieet. In the centre of the interior curve of Cape Cod, they rise 18
jfeet, and on the opt).osite convex land of the cape, about 9 feet. They
whence diminish along the open shore from 9 to 8 and 7 feet, until we
pass Cape Florida into the gulf of Mexico, where the tide on the open
fshore is not more, on an average, than 4 f^et. The annual mean temper-
ature of Maine is about 43° Faht. of the centre of Pennsylvania 55°;
Cincinnati 54°; St. Louis on the Mississippi 55°; New- York harbor 52°
Newport, Rhode Island 51°; Baltimore 53°; Richmond Virginia 56°;
Washington D. C. 56°; Charleston harbor G0°; St. Augustine 72°;
Pensacola 68°; New Orleans 79°; Fort Howard, southern extremity
of Green Bay 44°: Prairie du Chien 4r>°; Council Bluffs on the Mis-
;30uri 50°. Lake Erie is 565 feet above the level of the Atlantic; Pitts-
burgh 800; Cincinnati 350; Louisville 343; mouth of the Ohio 321.
highest spring source of the AUeghanies 2,509. Foot of the the Rocky
Mountains, at the sources of the Yellow Stone 1 ,870. Middle course of
the Illinois 401 ; Ouisconsin River 1,161; Prairie du Chien 580; Lake
Superior 641.

The prevalent winds in the northern states of the Atlantic slope are
W. and N. W. In the valley of the Mississippi S. W. Thunder storms in
the U, S. generally form in the W. and N. W. and pass off to the E.
This general rule has many exceptions. They often descend the Ohio,
passing over Cincinnati and Louisville from the E. to the W. They very
commonly ascend the valley of Red River from S. E. to N. W. It is a
eingular fact, that along the whole Atlantic sea shore, those disagreeable
and fierce storms, called N. E. storms, commence in the S. W. and travel
with a rotatory motion, horizontal to the horizon, in other words as whirl-
winds, from the S. W. to N. E. at the rate of about 30 miles an hour.
Violent blows, called hurricanes, sweeping forests and buildings from
their course, seldom many miles in length, and often less than a half a
mile in width, are common, especially in summer, in all parts of the U.
S. They are most frequent in the Mississippi valley. Their distinctive
ravages are seen in a thousand places. The prostrate forest in their path
is technically called a hurricane tract. These gales also move in a rota-
tory progress, sometimes ascending wiioUy above the forests, and then
descending again with the same unsparing fury.

The U. S. have all the temperatures, that can be requisite for any class
of invalids, between the sea breezes of Maine, the mountain breezes of
New Hampshire, the climate of the Council Bluffs, Charleston, St. Au-
gustine, New Orleans, or the portion of Cape Florida South of 28°, and
beyond the reach of either snow or frost.

The U. S. possess every species of useful building stone and marble
in unlimited abundance — all the valuable fussils — particularly the great-
est profusion of fossil coal. It has the most ample amount of all the
important metals, except platina, tin and mercury. These metals have
no where been discovered in such abundance, as to have become of any

APPENDIX.

0. Of
is, and
ilation,
35 mil-
n more
idvance
rise 40
rise 18

They
intil we
lie open
temper-
lia 55°;
•bor 52°
nia 56°;
ine 72°;
ictremity
he Mis-
c; Pitts-
hio 321.
e Rocky
;ourse of
0; Lake

slope are
storms in
to the E.
he Ohio,
^hey very
. It is a
igreeable
nd travel
as whirl-
an hour.
ngs from
I a half a
of the U.
istinctive
heir path
in a rota-
and then

any class
breezes of

1, St. Au-
28°, and

id marble
the great-
of all the
etals have
me of any

utility. Cleveland and Silliman, I know not on what authority, have
assigned the greatest abundance of the ores ol Mercury to the northern
shores of the lakes. We do not recollect to have seen* the fact mentioned
by Schoolcraft, Long or other mineralogists, worthy of credit. We hold
this important fact, if it be one, in entire doubt. Future observation
will, no doubt, bring to light these metals inthewidestextcntof our terri-
tory.

The number of signers of American Independence was 50, of whom
Pennsylvania furnish')d .\ the greatest number from any one state. Vir-
ginia furnished 7, ano V^assachu setts 5. The continental army, in 1783,
consisted of a commander in chief, 15 major generals, and 21 brigadier
generals. The number of continental troops furnished by the different
states, during the revolutionary war, was 231,931. The mihtia called
out amounted to 56,103. Of the continental troops, Massachusetts furnish-
ed 67,907, that is to say, more than double the number of any other state
in the Union. There were 15 different presidents of congress, during
the revolutionary war.

The free inhabitants of the free states amount to 6,013,015; leaving
to the slave states 5,942,792

Synopsis of the political statistics of the states in their order. Maine
settled 1620,1652 under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. Purchased
by that colony, 1677. Remained under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts,
by the name of the District of Maine, until 1820, when it became an
independent state. Constitution went into operation- in 1820. The
legislative body is entitled the Legislature of Maine. It is vested in a sen-
ate and house of representatives, elected annually by the people on the
second Monday of September. The number of Representatives cannot
be less than 100, nor more that 200. A town with 1500 inhabitants
sends one representative. No town can send more than 7. Number of
Senators cannot be less than 70, nor more than 31. The legislature
meets at Augusta. Governor elected annually by the people. A council of
7 is elected annually by the joint ballot of the Senate and Representatives.
The right of suffrage is granted to all persons over 21, but paupers,
persons under guardianship, and persons not taxed. A residence of 3
months preceding the election gives the right of suffrage. The judicial
power is vested in a Supreme Judicial court, and courts, that may be
established by the legislature from time to time. The salary of the Gov-
ernor $1,500 per annum. The members of the Senate and house of
Representatives $2 per day. Banks 19. Whole capital $'2,175,000,
exclusive of the U. S. Bank. Sends 7 Representatives to Congress, and
will be entitled to 2 or 3 additional members, by the ratio of the present
census. Post offices 397. This is the 12th state in the union, in point
of members.

New Hampshire. First settled 1023. Belonged alternately to the
Royal government to Massachusetts and New- York. Constitution estab-
lished 1784. The legislative power, called the General court of New
Hampshire, is in a Senate and House of Representatives. 150 voters send
a representative and 300 additional voters a second. The members and
the officers of the executive power are chosen annually by the people.
The General court meets at Concord. Right of suffrage belongs to all

1.^

• »i • .1
! I

h'i

'■.11

1/ ■' i

258

APPENDIX.

I .

male inhabitants cf 21 years, but paupnrs and persons not taxed at their
own request. A »Su|M>rior Court antl Court of Common Pleas compose
the judiciary. Tlie judges bold tlioir places, during good behavior, till
the age of 70.

Salary of governor .«il(l,200 per nnnum. Banks 21. Capital ^2,102,
756, exclusive of tiio U. 8. Bunk. Solids Representatives to Congress.
255 post ofliccs. Tiiis is the 17lh state in the union, in point of
members.

Vermont. First scttlcMnents in 1721; 1710. Claimed by New Hamp-
shire and New- York. Constitution formed 1777, entered the union 1791.
The general asK(;nib!y of the slalo of Vermont is the legislative power,
composed of a single body, a House of Representatives, elected annually.
One member is sent from every town. JMontpelier is the place of meeting
The officers of the execMitive j)owor arc chosen annually. Every man of
21 years, having resided one year preceding the election in the state,
who is quiet and poace:ible, has tltn riglit of sullVage. A supreme and
county courts constitute llie judiciary; all llie ollicers being elected
annually by tlio general assembly. A council of censors, composed of
, 13, is chosen every 7 years, to see; if the laws are duly executed. Sala-
ry governor $'11)00 per anuin. Banks 10. Capital $1,050,001), exclu-
sive of the U. S. Bank. Sends 5 Representatives to Congress. 253
Post offices. This is the 18tli slate in the union, in point of members.

Massachmetfs. First settlcmonts 11520, 1028. The two settle-
ments remained under separate governments, until 1G85 — when they
were united under llic royal govenimont. The constitution was formed
1780. The legislative i)ow(!r is styled Tiie General court of Massachu-
setts, and composed of a Senale and House of Representatives, elected
annually, one for l.W voters, and another for an additional 225. Senate
is composed of 40 iiieniliers. The governor is elected afmually. The
General Court meets at Boston. Residence of one year in the common"
wealth, and six calendar uionlhs in the district, and paying a state or
county tax within the two years preceding the election, constitutes a
person 21 years of age a voter. Tiie judiciary is a Supreme court and
court of Common Pleas. Salary governor ,<|'8,0G() 67 per annum.
Banks f)(). Cajjifal $2(),l^i0.0()0, exclusive of the United States Bank.
Sends 13 Repnisentalives to Congress. Post Offices 425. This is the
ninth stale in tlio Union in point of numbers.

Rhode Island. First selllempnts, 163(5, 1638. Clmrtered 1644.
Rechartercd Il56i5, by Charles 11., which charter is the basis of its pres-
ent government. Unlike all the oilier states, it has no written constitution.
The legislaliv<! ])ower is a Cii/neral Assembly, c(>mposed of Senate and
House of Repvesontnlives, which consists of 12 members, elected from
the towns semi-annually; and the Senate of 10. The latter are chosen
annually. The Covcrnor is elected annually. The General Assembly
meets four times in a year at dillLMcnt towns. Judges are appointed an-
nually by the General Assembly. Judges of the Courts of Common
Pleas have no salaries, but are jiaid by entries. Salary Governor ^400.
Banks 47. Capital $(5,0i)8,307, exclusive of the United States Bank.
Sends two Representatives to Congress. Post Offices 41. This is the
twenty-third state in the Union in point of numbers.

APPENDIX.

259

Connecticut. First settlements 1035, 1038. Clmrtercd 1665. The
charter was suspended, and restored, aiul formed the basis of the govern-
ment till 1818, when a constitution was formed. A Senate and House of
Representatives form the General Asscmldy. The members of the latter
are chosen by the dillerent towns, and are 208 in number. The Sena-
tors must not full below 18, nor exceed 24. All the oflicers of govern-
ment are elected annually. Tiic (ieneral Assembly meets once a year,
nlternatoly at Hartford and New Haven. A residence of six month?,
the holding a freehold estate valued yearly at i^7, or having performed
military duty for one year, paying taxes for one year, and a good moral
character, qualify a voter. A supreme court of errors, a superior court,
and such inferior courts as may be created from time to time, compose
the judiciary. The Judges are appointed by the Ceneral Assembly, and
hold their offices during good behavioiir, fill the age of 70. No one is
compelled to join in, or support religious worship; but when united to
any society, may be obliged to pay his portion of its expenses. Salary
Governor $1,100. Banks 13. Capital, exclusive of the United States
Bank, $4,033,000. Sends Representatives to (.'ongress. 222 Post
Offices. This is the sixteenth state in the Union, in point of numbers.

New York. First settlement 1014. Colonial government 1629.
Passed from the Dutch to the English, iOO 1. 1673 returned to the Dutch
for a few months, and then to the llnglish. Constitution formed, 1777.
A Senate of 32 members, and an Assembly of 128 elected annually from
the legislature. Senators elected by districts, and Representatives by
counties, in proportion to the population. The executive offices are
chosen every two years. The legislature meets at Albany. The right
of suffrage belongs to every white male citizen of the age of 21, who has
resided one year in the state, and six montlis in his own county. A man
of color cannot vote unless he possess an unincumbered freehold estate,
valued at $250. The Judges are appointed by the Governor, with the
consent of the Senate. The Chancellor and Justices of the Supreme and
Circuit Courts hold their offices during good behaviour, or until the age
of 60. The Judges of the County Courts are appointed for five years.
Salary Governor $4,000. Banks 44. Capital ^24,969,600, exclusive
of the United States Bank. Some other Banks are either in contempla-
tion, or operation. Sends 34 Representatives to Congress. Post Offices
1,462. This is the first state in the Union in point of numbers.

New Jersey contained a few families, 1005. In 1676 divided into
two provinces, one under royal government, and the other dependent on
New York. East Jersey was transferred to William Penn and eleven
associates, 1632. In 1702 both provinces united under the government
of New York, till 1738, when a separate government was instituted.
William Temple Franklin, a son of Dr. Franklin, was the last royal gov-
ernor. Constitution formed 1776. The Governor, Legislative Council
and General Assembly compose the Legislature. The Legislative Coun-
cil and General Assembly are elected an lually. The former is composed
of 14, and the latter of 50. The Legislature meets at Trenton annually.
The Governor is chosen by the Council and Assembly at their first meet-
ing after the election. The (iovernor is President of the Council, which
elects a Vice President from itself. The Governor and Council form a court

iil

M.lr

260

APPENDIX.

of Appeals, as the last resort hi all law causes, and possess the power of
pardoning criminals, after condemnation. All persons of full age, worth
j£25 proclamation money, having resided one year in the county where
they vote, have the right of suffrage. By succeeding acts, it is deter-
mined, that paying a tax is equivalent to the former requisition, and that
females and negroes are prohibited from voting. The Judges of the
ISuperiorand Inferior Courts are appointed by the Legislature, the former
for 7 years, and the latter for 5. Both may be re-appointed. Salary
Governor, $2,000. Banks 18. Ca])ital $5,075,000. Sends 6 Repre-
sentatives to Congress. Post Offices 242. This is the fourteenth state
i^ the Union, in point of numbers.

Pennsylvania. First settlement, 1682. Governed by deputies of the
proprietors, till 1776, when the Constitution was formed. A Senate and
House of Representatives form the General Assembly. The Represen-
tatives are elected annually, being proj)ortionate in number to that of the
taxable inhabitants. The Senate consists of 33 members, and the House
of Representatives 100. The Senators arc chosen for four years, one
and one-fourth being elected at the same time with the Representatives.
The Governor is elected for 3 years, and may hold his office out of 12.
The Assembly meets at Harrisburgh. The Judiciary is a Supreme
Court, Courts of Oyer and Terminer, and goal-delivery Courts of Com-
mon Pleas, an Orphan's Court, a Court of Quarter Sessions, &c.
The Judges are appointed by the Goverhor, and hold their offices during
good behaviour. The right of suffrage belongs to every freeman of the
age of 21, who has resided two years in the state, and paid a tax six
months before the election. Governor's salary $4,000. Banks 31.
Capital $10,310,333 84. Sends 26 Representatives to Congress. 961
Post Offices. 1 his is the second state in the Union, in point of numbers.

Delaware. First settlement 1627. From the Swedes and Fins, it
passed into the hands of tie Dutch, and then into those of the English,
with New York. 1682 was granted to Wm. Penn, and included in the gov-
ernment of Pennsylvania. 1701 Delaware withdrew from Pennsylva-
nia, and a constitution was formed 1776. The General Assembly con-
sists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The members of the
latter are elected annually, 7 from each county, amounting in all to 21.
The Governor is chosen every 3 years, and he is ineligible for the three
years which succeed. Three of the Senators are elected annually. The
General Assembly meets at Dover. A residence of 2 years previous to
the election, and paying a state or county tax constitutes all white free-
men aged 21 voters. The judiciary is composed of a Court of Chancery
a Supreme Court, court of Common Pleas, <&c. The officers hold their
places during good behaviour. Salary Governor $1,333,33. Sends one
Representative to Congress. Banks 4. Capital $1,050,000. 36 Post
offices. This is the 24th state in the union, in point of numbers.

Maryland. First settlement 1G34. 1776 constitution formed. The
legislature is styled the General Asseuibly of Maryland, and is composed
of a senate of 15 members and a House of Delegates of 80. Each county
furnishes 4 of the latter. They are elected annually, and the Senate
every fifth year, 9 from the Western, and 6 from the Eastern shore. The

mmm

APPENDIX.

261

Governor is elected annually, ami is eligible 3 years out of 7. The Gen-
eral Assembly meets at Annapolis. A council of 5 form the executive
with the Governor. Every white freeman above the age of 2], having
resided 12 months in the state, or (5 in tlio county, is qualified to vote..
The chancellor and judges nrenominntrd by the Governor and appointed
by the council, and hold their offices durinfr good behaviour. Salary of
Governor $2,600. Banks 14. Capital $'J, {.'>0,0()0. Sends 9 Repre-
sentatives to Congress. Post ofTices 221. This is thp eleventh state in'
the union in point of numbers.

»
Virginia. First settlement 1607. Constitution 1770. It was
amended in 1829, and as it now stands. The General Assembly is com*
posed of a Senate and House of Delegatus. The number of members in
the latter is 134 chosen annually. The Senate has 32 members elected
every four years, one and a fourth vacating their seats every year. Voters
for all places of trust honor or profit are given viva voce. The execu-
tive is in the hands of the Governor who is chosen for 3 years, and in-
eligible for the next term. There is a council of state of 3. The judges
of the Supreme Court of Appeals and the Superior courts are appointed
by the General Assembly, and hold their oflices during good behaviour,
or till they are removed by a concurrent vote of the Assembly. Owning
a freehold of the value of 2.5 dollars, or an interest in one to that amount^
or possessions equivalent to this, or having been a housekeeper and head
of a family for 12 months, and paid taxes, constitutes a free white man
of 21 a voter. Salary of Governor $3,333 33 cents. TJherc are three
banks with branches amounting in all to 10, and 1 in Wheeling. Wholo
Capital $5,607,000, exclusive of the U.S. Bank. Sends 22 Repre-
sentatives to Congress. Post offices 778. This is the third state in th»
union in point of numbers.

Nortih Carolina. First settlement about the middle of the 17th cen-
tury. 1727 became a distinct province. Constitution formed 1776. A
Senate and House of Commons constitute the General Assemb]^, both
chosen annually by the people. Each county furnishes 1 senator and 2
members of the House of Commons and one of the latter from each of 6
large towns. The Governor is the chief executive officer, is elected an-
nually by the 2 houses, and eligible for one term of 3 years out of six.
The judges of the Supreme and Superior courts are appointed by the
assembly, and hold their offices during good behavior. All freemen aged
21, who have resided in the state 12 months immediately preceding the
election, are entitled to vote for members of the House of Commons; but
to vote for a senator, the possession of a freehold of fifty acres of land is
required. Assembly meets annually at Raleigh. Salary of Governor
$2,000. Banks 3 with their branches. Capital exclusive of the U. S.
bank ^3,200,000. Sends 13 Representatives to Congress. Post offices
470. This is the fifth state in the union in point of numbers.

South Carolina. First Settlement about 1663. Constitution formed
1775. The legislative power is in a Senate and House of Representa-
tives. 45 members compose the senate. They are elected by districts
for 4 years. Half are chosen biennially. The Representatives are 124
Vol. n. 37

i'i

i- {

■■><?

#■

^*.,

862

APrUNDIX.

in number, and apportioned according to tlio white inhabitant!:) and taxa-
tion. Elected for 2 years. A governor holds the c.:ccutivo power for the
term of 2 years, and is then inclij,Mblo for 4. 'V\^G assembly meets
annually at Columbia. The chancellor and judges are appointed by the
Senate and House of Representatives nnd hold their ofTices, during good
behavior. Every free white male of the age of 21, who has resided in the
state two years, previous to the election, and possessing a freehold of 50
acres, or town lot, or resided in the district, in which he offers his vote,
six months before the election, and having paid tax of 3 shillings sterling
in support, of the governor, is qualified to vote. Salary of Governor
3,900 dollars. Banks 4, and the stale bank with 3 branches. Capital
exclusive of the U. S. bank $4,(531,833. Sends 9 Representatives to
Congress. 278 Post offices. This is the tenth state in thcunion^in
point of numbers.

Georgia. First settlement 1733. Of the states belonging to the
union at the time of the declaration of independence, this was the last
settled. Constitution formed 1777. The legislative power is the
General Assembly composed of a Senate and House of Representatives.
The members of both are chosen annually. A county furnishes one senator
and Reps, in proportion to population, including three and one fifth of the
people of color. A Governor elected by the people for two years, holds
the executive power. TJie Assembly meets at Alilledgeville. AH citi-
zens of 21 years, who have paid required taxes, and resided 6 months in
^. the county, are allowed to vote. The judicial power is a superior eourt,

and such inferior ones, as may be established by the legislature. The
superior judges, are elected by the legislature for 3 years, and the infe-
rior quadrennially by the people. The clerks biennially. Salary of
Governor $3,000. Banks 10, beside branches; capital $5,882,349, exclu-
sive of the United States Bank. Post offices 251. Sends 57 Repre-
sentatives to congress. This is the sixth state in the union, in point of
numbers.

Ohio. First settlement 1788. 1789 territorial government; 1802
independent state; constitution. The legislative power is vested in the
General Assembly composed of a Senate and House of Representatives.
The latter are chosen annually, apportioned among the voters according to
the number of the voters. The number cannot exceed 72, nor fall short
of 36. Senate elected biennially in proportion to the number of voters.
The number cannot be less than a third, nor more than half that of the
Representatives. The Governor holds the executive power, and is elect-
ed by the people for two years. The Assembly meets at Columbus.
Residence of one year, immediately preceding the election, and paying or
being charged with a state and county tax, constitutes every white citizen
of 81 a voter. The judiciary is a supreme court, courts of common pleas,
&c.' The judges are elected by both houses for seven years. Salary of
Governor $1,200. Banks 12 exclusive of the United States Bank. Capital
not ascertained. Sends 14 Representatives to congress. Post offices
702. This is the fourth state in the union in point of numbers.

Michigan.
dtr the U. S.

First settlement 1670. 1805 territorial government un-
1812 taken by the British under General Brock. 1813

.r'^

APPENDIX.

263

recovered by the United States. The legislative council is compoied of
13 members, elected for 2 years. Judges 4. Salary of Governor $2,000
Banks 2. Capital not specified. Sends one delegate to congress. Post
offices 79.

Kcnhichj. First settlement 177.'). Apart of Virginia, until 1790.
1790 Constitution formed. Admitted into the Union 1792. A senate
and House of Representatives compose the legislative power. It is called
the General Assembly. 100 is the highest number of Representatives
allowed and 58 the lowest. Elcctjd annually, and apportioned every 4
years among the electors. Senators elected for 4 years, one fourth part
chosen annually. They cannot exceed 38, or fall short of 24. A gov-
ernor holds the executive power, chosen for 4 years, and ineligible for the
succeeding 7. Elected by the people vive voce. The assembly meets at
Frankfort. Every male free white citizen of 21, having resided in the
state two years or in the district one year next preceding the election
is qualified to vote. The judiciary is a court of appeals and inferior courts.
These officers hold their places during good behavior. Salary Governor
^2,000. Banks 2 exclusive of the Uniled States Bank. Capital not spe-
cified. Post Oflices 322. Sends 12 Representatives to congress. This
is the 6th state in the Union, in point of numbers.

Indiana. First settlement near the commencement of the present
century. Territorial government, 1800. Constitution formed and ad-
mitted into the union 1810. The legislative authority is a Senate and
House *of Representatives, which compose a General assembly. The
Senators are chosen for 3 years, and the Representatives annually. The
latter cannot exceed 100, nor fall short of 30. The former must not be
less, than one third, nor more than one half the number of Representa-
tives. The members of both houses are apportioned among the voters.
The Governor is chosen for 3 years, and may be once reelected. The
Assembly meets at Indianopolis. The right of suffi-age belongs to
all free male citizens of 21, who have resided one year in the state im-
mediately previous to the election. The judiciary consists of a supreme
court, circuit courts, and inferior courts. The supreme judges are ap-
pointed by the Governor with the consent of the Senate; those of the
circuit court by the legislature, and the associate judges by the people.
Salary of Governor 1,000. Sends 3 Representatives to congress. Post
offices 218. This is the 13th state in the Union in point of numbers.

Illinois. First settlement in the latter part of the 17th century. Passed
from France to Great Britain, 1763. Settlements began by the citizens of
the United States about 1800. Territorial government 1809. 1818
constitution formed, and admitted into the Union. The legislative
authority is vested in a General assembly. Composed of a Senate and
House of Representatives until the inhabitants shall amount to 100,000,
the number of Representatives is confined within 36 and 27, and the
Senators must be not less than one third, nor more than one half the
number of Representatives. The governor is the executive power, and
chosen for 4 years, ineligible for the succeding term. The Representa-
tives are chosen annually, and the Senators every four years. The As-
sembly meets every second year at Vandalia. The requisitions for a
voter are the same as in most of the other states, except that only six

! li

I 1

Sfl4

APPENDIX.

,naontli8 previous rcsidonco is iiu(;u8s;iry. A Huprciiie court and inferior
.courts constitute (lie judiciary. The jtul^'oH are nppoiiitod by thoGcneral
Assembly, nnd hold liiciroilircsduiiiii^'^^md bcliiivior. Sahiry of Governor
$1,000. Post oflicci 217. Illinois soiulsonc IJcproFcntativo to congress
This is the 2Utli state in tho Union, in point of niunhcrs.

Minsouri. First scttloninnts 170-1. 1801 srpnrn ted from the rest of
Louisiana, nnd 1820 constitution formed, nnd 1821, admitted into the
Union. A Senate and House of Representatives form a (jieneral Assem-
bly. One Representative at least from fachtoiuity, but the whole number
may not exceed 100. The Senators arc ohu-tcd for four years, the seats
of half bein/i? vacated every two years. Liniikul between 14 and 33.
Chosen by districts, and apportioned amon<i[ tho vot(Ts. Tho Governor
is the executive officer, elected for four years, and ineli(i;ible for tho four
succeeding. The Asscujbly meets every second y«'iir at the city of Jeffer-
son. A voter must be twenty one, have resided in the state one year be-
fore the election, and 3 months in the county. The judiciary is a Supreme
i50.urt, chancery circuit courts, &.c. The jiidfjes are appointed by tho
Governor with the Senate, and hold their odiceg durin;[» jjood behavior,
until tho agoofHS. Salary, Governor $1,500. No bank, but that of
the United States. Post offices, 00. Sen<ls one Representative to Con-
gress. Missouri is the 21st, slate in the Union in point of numbers*

Tennessee. First settlement between 1705 and 70. Included in
North Carolina, till 1700. 1700 Constitution formed and admitted into
the Union. A General Assembly composed of a Senate and House of
Representatives composes len;islative power. Tho members of both
houses are elected biennially The number of Representatives is
sixty. They arc apportioned among the voters. The Senate can-
not be less than one third, nor more than half tlie number of Repre*
sentatives. A Governor is tho executive officer, elected at the same time,
and for tho same term with the members of the Assembly. Eligible 6
years in 8. The Assembly meets at Nashville biennially. Every free-
man of 21, owning a freehold in the county, also any freeman, who has
been an inhabitant of any county in the state 6 months next preceding
the election is entitled to vote. The judiciary is composed of such supe-
rior and inferior judges, as the legislature may establish, appointed by
both houses. They hold their offices during good behavior. Salary of
Governor 2,000 dollars. The United Stales has a bank at Nashville.
Sends 9 Representatives to congress. Post offices 350. This is the
7th state in the Union, in point of numbers.

Arkansas Territory. Separated from Missouri, and made independent,
1819. The legislative council is composed of 5 members. The House
of Representatives composed of 23 members, arc elected biennially.
Judges 4. Salary Governor $2,000. Sends 1 delegate to Congress.
jPost Offices 52.

The following specific and important information, touching the settled
regions of this interesting and little known Territory, was received too
late for insertion under its appropriate head. Tiie writer, Dr. McKay,
has been, from the early periods of the settlement of that country, one of
its intelligent and respectable citizens, personally acquainted with the
country he describes. No apology is deemed necessary for introducing
■ucb direct, tangible and important information here in the form of a note.

APrCNIUX.

•When lliis leriilory wns constiliitci) in 1810, n separate government, it
conslitnlcd only T) coiiiitics, viz: AiIuiiihh, L;i\vrence. PuhiMki, (Marke,
and IIoin|)H|{.';i(l. Tlie old coniitii'H liavo hvou "clipiM'd," nnd new (»noB
formed by every pe^^i(•n of Uw |««;risl.iluie since, nnlil llie nnmiierhas in-
crensed \o*i',\. Aik;inH:iH, I'JiiJiipH, ('lillenden, Si. FranciH, Monroe jind
Cliicot form llie enHlcrn jiidicial district ; I'ldaslvi, Conway, INtpe, Crnw-
ford,lhe we.slern; Hot Spiiiijr, ("'lark, llmipstcad, MilU'r, htiCayetto, Se-
vier, nnd Tnioii, tli(! Himtlicni; independence, Iiuwren<;c, Jaekaon, Izard
and Wnshington, (lie mtrtliern.

Willi regard to the water eourses, 1 bansly know the iiiunes of the moat
important, such iis Arkansas, White, St. Franeirt, Washita, and Red River,
with their branches. TIk; prinei|)ul branches of the ArUunsas, iiro tho
Pawnee, C-anadian, or Main, Arkan«iis, Vi-rdij^ris, (Irand, or Six Bull,
and tlio Illinois. The lattctr rises near Six IJnII, and runs a southern
course thron^di the eonntry, now occupied by the ('lierokeo Indians. It
is a clear, swift nnd IxMUtifid stream, about l.^>() y;irds in width, nnd
empties into the Arkansas on lii<; north shore, ai);)Ut4() inih^s below tho
junction of Verdi<,'ris and (ir.iiid Kiver, which arc; only half a mile distant
from each other at their points of entrances The Verdi<,'ria is the upper
branch. Roth this and (irand River come in from the north, risin;^ in the
Osago country. The next stream of any si/.e is the I'oto, coming
from the south, and emptying into the Arkansas at f'ort Smith. The
above mentioned bninelu!s all belong t«) the j-onntry assigned to the Indi-
ans. Crawford county joins the ("h(»claw and Cherok(.'o line on tho W.

Wnshinmon county Wvh N. of (^'rawfurd, and is boundthi on tho N. by
tho Missouri line. The f oiiiity seat is Fayelteville. Lee's Creek rises
in this county. It is n fine, rapid stream, ailordin^ ^'ood mill seals, nnd
discharges its waters into tla; Arkansas on the N. about 8 miles below
Fort Smith, 'i'his county is the best watered in the territory. It abounds
in tho finest springs, burstinjf from the limestone, and often running off
in bold streams suihcient to turn a mill. It is vt^ry hilly, and in manj
places there are precipices from 1 to 'MO feet in height. Some of the
main branches of White Riviu* traverse it.

Pope county is next in (h'seending tlu; Arkansas. It has no strenma
of any importance, except Illinois Creek, on the N.,and Pcttijohn,onthe
S. Neither of these arc navigable for any distance, Conway succeeds
Pope, and has no stream of note, except Cadron Creek, which empties
into Arkansas from thcN., and is navigable for a short distance from its
mouth. The county seat is Ilurrisburgh. Pulaski joins Conway, and
is also destitute of large streams. Little Rock is the countyseat, and
the seat of the territorial government. It is situated on the S. bank of
the Arkansas, about 2.50 miles by water, and about 140 by land fron\ the
Mississippi. The position is high nnd commanding, ascending gradually
from the river for one mile and a half. There are no public buildings ex-
cept a wooden jail and court Iiouse; l)Ut among the private buildings
there are several hiuidsomc erections of brick and wood. The town is
spread over a considerable extent of ground, and contains 5 dry goods
stores, besides groceries and other shops. It is a place of considerable
trade, and promises to become a town of consequence. The smaller
steam boats are able to reach (his point at all seasons. Jeiferson county
lies below, and E. of Pulaski. No streams of note are found in it, ex-
cept Plum Bayou, a branch of the Arkansas, putting out on the N. side,

1 '

300

APPRNDIX.

and running; such a course, as to form nn islnnti holwrou itself nnd the
Arkansns ot HO miles in lenytli, and from 1 to N or 10 in width. The
county seal has no name hut I'inc Bhill". This is the (iiMt hi;L'li land ween
in nscendin^T the Arkansas. Arkansas connty tniiches .Tellrisitn. [ts
principal streams arc IJiyoii Metcau, whicli rises in I'niaski county, nnd
runs a H. M. courno of nhout 100 milcv, < tnptyin;; into the Arkansas on
ihe N. nhout N miles al)ove the I'usf, liy hind, and VJO hy water, and the
river Aux firucH, or Crnio River, whidi also rises in I'ulaski, and taking
nn castwardly course, dischar/icM itsc^if into White Jliver ahout l.'i niilea
from the mouth of the hitter. These two streams run alony of)|)osito
sides of the liifj Prairie, which ap[)eaM lo ho the dividin;,' ridi,'o hetween
the waters of «he Arkansas and Wiiite Kivcr. This county reaches to
the ^Mississippi.

Crittenden county touches the Missouri line and extends to island
No. Cn, 1 think. Lawrence joins it on the \V. I'hillips on the S. and
the Mississippi on the Kast. Some of the head hranches of thoSt.
Francis pass thrttuiih the western part (.f it. The scat of justice is situ-
ated at the upper end of a hend of the Mississippi, ahout 17 miles nhove
Memphis. This county contains lar</el»fidies of first rate land; hut like
all those, which horder on the Mississippi, it is <;ut up hy lakes marshes
and the overflow of that river. Phillips is s(»ulh of tlie latter, I'last of
Monroe and St. Francis, and north of Arkansas, fts streams are St.
Francis River, and Uij? Creek. The St. Francis is ahout 200 yards
wide at its mouth, and adbrds a considorahlc loii^'th of navitration. Big
Creek rises in the high lands hack of this river, and runs nn castwardly
course, cmptyinf,' into the Mississippi ahout 'JO irules helow the St. Fran-
cis. It would admit of navigation for a short distance. This cotmty
has large bodies of excellent land. J hdena, the seat of justice, is situated
on the West bank of the Mississippi, ahout .^) miles below the mouth of
the St. Francis. Here is the only point of highland, that comes into tlie
Mississippi on its west side, in its wliole course from the mouth of the
Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico. Chicot county is suutli of Arkansas, east of
Union and Pulaski, and norUiof the Louisiana lino. It contains some good
land, but is injured by lakes, marshes and overflow. Villemont is the
county town, situated on the west bank of the Mississippi, formerly call-
ed Point Chicot. Monroe is west of Phillips, north of Arkansas, south of
St. Francis and east of Independence. Its streams are White River and
Cachec. The former forms its southern limit, and divides it from Ar-
kansas county, (^achee rises in marshy grounds, and runs south and
empties mto White river, about 50 miles above its mouth. I know of
no name for its seat of justice. Such is the mania for speculation in
town making, that the seat of justice, particidarly in the new counties,
changes every session of the legislature, 'i'he country is less broken in
this county, than in those on the Mississippi, and contains large quanti-
ties of fine land for tillage. St. Francis county is west of Phillips, south
ofMonroe,east of Jackson, and north of Lawrence and Crittenden. St.
Francis, and L3nguile,an inGonsiderable stream entering the latter on the
S. side are its chief streams. iSoil and face of the country much the same as
Monroe. Independence is north of Pulaski and Conway, west of Monroe,
south of Lawrence, and east of Pope and Izard. It comprises a variety
of soil, from the richest bottom lands to the most barren hills. The face
i;>f the country at a distance from water courses is very much broken with

f ".. *l,K 'rr-

•' ^i. ' ! , n^s

Al'PUNDlX.

867

IiiIIh, cnvcrnl with rockH — linicHtono iiIioiiihIh. But llio low \ii\u\a uloiig
llio Hi renins .'in; not cMccilcd in tliocouiitry ii* I'iclincHMot'Hoil. It ia
tincly watoiftl hy tiiiincniiis streams, iniioii^ wliicli are White' River and itn
trihulnries, viz. Li'iMe \lv<\, Hiniuherry and IMark rivers. Hatrsvillo situ-
ated on White l?i\<'r, and .m tli(f main road hia<liiiij throii^^'h tlie lerrit(»ry
from St. liOiiis to 'l'(>\a;', 's the s 'at orjiistiee. .laekson is east of Indc-
penchnee, south of I'lda^ki, west of St. I''nineis and imrtli of Lawrence.
It contains hut few iidiahitanls, and n'seml)les Ituhpendi^net; in tho fuco
of tlie eonntry. hawreneu is N. of lii(Ie|>endenc(? and .laekson, cnHt of
I/nrd, w«!st of (Jritlenden and south of tliu Missouri line. Face of tho
country, soil,«IV:c. same as Independence. Its stre'ims arc tho Black
Jlivcr and its trihutaiies, Sprin;,' and Current lliver. Black Ilivor is
navi/s'ahie to .hieksmi, the seat of justice, and empties into White Rivor
nhout 17 miles heU)w Batesville. Steam boats have ascended White
RivLT to BatesviUe; and it is presumed, that Hinall steamers muy ascend
Black River to .laekson. Ahove t!i(;se points, thestrtiains hecoino too rocky
and rapid to admit of safe nuvi<iation. .Tai^kson is also on tiic road leading
from St Louis to 'IVxaa. I/ard is north of Pope, cast of Washington
west of TiUwrciice, and south <d'the Missouri line. Some branches of
While lliver pasii lluoujih it. The; staple |)rodu(!tions of these counties
at present are cotton and corn. A considerablo quantity of beef and
pork is also exported from tliem. Little attention has been paid to the
raising of small grain, allhouj^h wheat ai.d other grain grows well. Want
of proper mills prevent their cultivation to any extent. With regard to
tho njineral and fossils of the i»arl of the country, of which I iiavo been
speaking, I know little. An ai)Uiidanee of stone coal is found, and it
is known, that there is iron ore in some places.

Hot Spring county is bounded N. by Pulaski and Conway, E. by Union,
S. by Clark, and W. by Pope. Tho surface of this county is uneven,
mountainous and rocky, and has but a small portion of land fit for culti-
vation. Notwithstanding its poor soil, it has some advantages ovor most
of the other counties in the Territory. Tho springs, from which it' takes
its name, are becoming much noticed, and of late years have been visited
by persons from all the Western States for health, during the summer
months. They have, in my opinion, no medical ellicucy, separate from
that of an crpial temperature of increased heat. A salutary effect has
been produced in most cases of chronic rheumatism. I have known in-
dividuals who have sulfered contractions of their limbs from this afflict-
ing and paiid'ul disease, completely relieved by bathing in these waters
for some length of time. The water a[)pears to contain as little foreign
mixture, as the purest springs of the north; and is as limpid. In the
neighborhood of the springs is an excellent quarry of whetstone, said by
judges to bo e(iual to the Turkey stone. This county contains large
quantities of iron ore, some of wi)ich is highly magnetic. The springs
issue from the foot of two opposite hills of nearly equal elevation, of
between 4 and .500 feet. The valley runs from north to south. A small
stream passes through it. Upon reaching the springs, it is so much enlarg-
ed, as to alVord suilicient water to turn a mill. On the cast side of the
valley alioutUO springs boil up, the water of which will harden an egg in
15 minutes. But one comes from the western side. Tlie creek empties
into the Washita, about 7 miles south of the springs.

Clark county is joined S. by Hempstead, W. by Crawford, N. by Hot
Spring, and E. by Union. It is (juitc hilly, and alfords a considerable

263

▲PFI2NDIX.

proportion of good land, and is well watered, as tho Washita and two of
its branches run through it. The names of the branches are the Little
Missouri and the Fourche Cado, which empties into it on the S. side, a
few miles above the entrance of tho Little Missouri. They both come
in on the same side, and bear a N. E. course. The road, of which I have
spoken, leading from St. Louis to Texas, passes directly through this
county. Very little attention has been paid to the subject of minerals in
this region. Some salt is made. The seat of justice has been moved
almost every session of tlie lerr-shiture. In lact it has been so constantly
on the move, that we can hardly find a re3lin<r place, or name, for it.

Hempstead is S. of Clark, E. of JMiller and Sevier, N. of the Mexican
line, and W. of Lafayette. A great proportion, of this county is good
land. The face of the country is beautifully diversified with gentle swells
and vallies. On the liighest ridges are found great quantities of muscle
shells of a very large size. But it is not abundant in streams. There are
some springs of good water, but they arc not plenty. -'J'he only navigable
stream is Red River; and to reach this county by means of it, the Great
Raft must be passed. Tho bois d'arc, yellow, or Indian bow wood, grows
abundantly, and to a considerable size lierc. The Little Missouri runs
through the northern part of it. The seat of justice is Washington.

Sevier is S. and W. of Hempstead, N. of the Mexican line, and E. of
Miller. No water courses of note, except Red River. Face of the
country much like Hempstead. Considerable quantities of salt have
been made in it.

Miller is W. of Crawford, E. of the Choctaw eastern boundary line,
and N. of the Mexican line. Red River is the only navigable stream.
The northern parts are hilly; but near tho banks of Red River, there is
some very good land. Rio Micha, a considerable stream, runs through
the western part of it. The mouth of this stream is the point where the
eastern boundary line intersects Red River.

Sevier is S. of the Louisiana line and Red River, W. of Hempstead,
and E. and N, of Union and Clark. It is tolerably level, and a great
portion of it first rate soil, but not well watered. The only navigable
stream is Red River. There is a large savanna, or prairie, called Prairie
Long, in it, running E. and W. for a considerable distance, parallel with
Red River.

Union joins the Louisiana line on the S. E., Chicot on the E. Clark
and Hempstead S.; and Jefferson N. The character of the soil of this
county is various. It presents hills, swamps, and a portion cf first rate
land. The Washita runs through it, and in it receives Saline Creek, a
beautiful, clear and rapid stream fron the N. W. Seat of justice Corea
Fabre.

I have aimed, in the foregoing sketch, to come as near the truth, as
possible. Descriptions have been given of detached portions of this ter-
ritory, greatly overrating its advantages. Persons have visited it upon
the strength of these representations, and being disappointed, their esti-
mate has fallen as much too lovv', ns it had been raised before too high.
I have neither added nor diminished, concealed any disadvantages, nor
blazoned any advantages. I am aware, that the prejudice, originating as
I have -"Pntioned, has had a tendency, for some years, to keep the terri-
tory in the hack ground.

The exports of the territory of Arkansn? are cotton, corn, beef hide,?,
peltries, live cattle, cypress timber, plank, &c,

'm-i-~i-

d two of
[he Little
S. side, a
oth come
ich I have
Dugh this
inerals in
en moved
onstantly
le, for it.
J Mexican
ty is good
itle swells
of muscle
There are

navigable
the Great
3od, grows
souri runs
ngton.

and E. of
ice of the

salt have

ndary line,
le stream,
er, there is
ns through
; where the

empstead,

nd a great

navigable

ed Prairie

irallel with

e E. Clark
soil of this
if first rate
16 Creek, a
itice Corea

truth, as
of this ter-
ted it upon
their esti-
e too high
itages,
ginating as
p the terri-

beef hides,

nor

APPENDIX.

369

Alahama. First settlement, long before it contained many civilized
inhabitaiits. Since 1810 the increase of population has been rapid.
Territorial government 1817. Constitution 1811). Admitted into the
Union 1820. Tiie legislative power is similar to that of Tennessee.
The Ilepvesenlatives are elect pel annually, and in proportion to the pop-
ulation. They (laiuiol exceed 100 nor fall short of 60. The Senators
are chosen ior three yeais, one -tliird every year. The Senators cannot
be less than one-fourth, nor more than one-third of the number of Rep-
resentatives. The executive pov/er rests with the Governor, elected for
two years, and eligible four years out of six. The Assembly meets at
Tuscaloosa. Every white male citizen of 21, having resided one year in
the state, and tlie last three months in the county or town, is qualified to
vote. The judiciary isasupremo court, circuit courts, &-c. The judges,
after 1803, ;i re to be elected by both Houses every six years. Salary
(iovernor $j2,0(H). Banks 2. Capital ,S1 J86,927 09, exclusive of the
United States Bank. Sends 3 Representatives to Congress. Post Of-
liccs 160. This is the 15th state in the Union, in point of numbers.

Mississippi. First settlement 1710. Ceded to the English. Terri-
torial govennnenl, 179S. An imlf^pendent state 1817. Constitution
same year. A Senate and House of Re[)iosentatives form the General
Assembly. The Representatives are elected annually, in the ratio of one
to every 3,000 wliite inhabitants. When the inhabitants exceed 80,000
the Representatives cannot bo less tli ; ;J(), nor more than 100. The
Senators elected for three years, one-thud chosen annually. Their num-
ber is limited between one-fourth and one-third of that of the Represen-
tatives. The Governor is the executive officer, elected for two years.
The General Assenibly meets at .lackson annually. The qualifications
of a voter arc being 21 years of age, residence of 6 months in the coun-
ty, being enrolled in the militia, and paying taxes. The judiciary is a
supreme and inferior courts, iSoc. The judges are elected by the General
Assembly, and hold their offices during good behavior, till the age of 65,
Salary Governor ^2,500. Bank of the state at Natchez has 3 branches,
and a capital of i^\ ,000,000. Sends 1 Representative to Congress.
Post Olliccs 108. This is the twenty-second state in the Union, in point
of numbers.

The following notices of the state of Mississippi, from Mr. Dunbar,
were received subse(iuently to the publication of the Geography of that
fciate, in the 1st volume cf this work. In following an incompetent guide
sc .ne mistakes crept into that work, in regard to the names and number
of the counties. This information, in reference to the interior of a state,
about which less is known, perhaps, than the interior of any state in the
Union, is deemed too important to be omitted, though some parts of it
may have been anticipated. 'The state of Mississippi is divided into
26 counties. The principal town is Natchez, Adams county, containing
2,790 inhabitants, of which 1,447 are slaves and free colored persons.
That part of the town, called "under the hill" is one of the most noted
places, in the view of boatmen, on the whole course of .'he Mississippi;
and was formerly the scene of more profiigacy and outrage, than, perhaps,
any otlicr place in the United States. But, owing to the establishment
f»f a vigilant and severe system of police, and to the decrease of trade by
Hut boats, it has become comparatively a sober place. Almost all tho
Vol. II. 88

"WS^

270

APPENDIX.

produce business of the upper cotiiiliy in carried on (here by otir most
respectable merchants in tlial line. It contains 4 churclies, the Presby-
terian, which is a very handsome edifice, the Episcopal also showing taste
in the architecture, and a Methodist and Baptist clnirch, one of which is
of brick. A Masonic Ilall is situated on the principal street, and pre-
sents a specimen of good architectural taste.

There are 3 Banks in Natchez; the Brancli Bank of the United States,
the Planter's Bank, a new institution, created at our last session, and the
Bank of the State of Mississippi, dating its commencement in the year
1811. It has branches at Woodville, Port nil)son, and Vicksburgh.
Fort Rosalie, commanding a view of the Mississippi, near this place, is
strongly identified with the early history of our state, and the cruel wars
which ended in the extermination of that gallant tribe of Indians, whose
name was given to our town. The health of Natchez is uniformly good,
except when the epidemic yellow fever visits us. lis first appearance
was in 1817, since which we have been repeatedly scourged by it; though
we have escaped it the two last years. The disease has always been of
a particularly malignant character Jiere.

Tlie next town in point of population, is Port Gibson, in Claiborne
county, which contains 1,500 inhabitants. It is a {dace of considerable
business, and is situated on Bayou Pierre, about 10 miles from its de-
bouche into the Mississippi. It is navigable to tliis point only in high
water; and much of the business is carried on through a small town
situated on u. point of the Mississipi)i, called t)ic Grand Gulf. It is some-
times very unhealthy, owing, probably, to the vicinity of extensive swamps.
Vicksburgh is in Warren county, and is a flourishing town of recent ori-
gin, sustamed by an extensive and rich back country, and by being the
only convenient site for a town for many miles above and below. Still
further up is Manchester, in Yazoo county, on the river Yazoo, a small
town, but rapidly increasing. The conligu<Jus county is very fertile,
producing large crops of cotton, which are shipped fro»^ Manchester on
steam boats, which reach that place in high water with jut difficulty.

Memphis is considered at present as included within the territorial
limits of Tennessee, though we lay claim to it; and a resolution of our
legislature has empowered theexeoutive to appoint a conmiissioner on our
part, to determine at what point the 35° of latitude, our northern bound-
ary, crosses the Mississippi. The result will soon be known.

As to our seat of government, Jackson, in Hinds county, the less said
about it, the better. It is on Pearl River, which is not navigable to that
point, except in the extreme of hii>h water. The surrounding country is
the picture of sterility. The public buildings are mere temporary struc-
tures, and it contains few inhabitanis, beside the officers of governnient.
The necessity of removing the scat of government lo a more eligible po-
sition is so apparent, that no new appropriation willbe made for buildings,
which would soon be abandoned. Clinton, in the same county, is a
pleasant little village, a place of resort ta iho suniir m* for i- salubrity,
and for drinking the waters of itssu![)h;:, sprl.t^. '..>.,'•■ . n Wilkin-
son county, is a handsome village, rontainiiifi about SOO iiiliabiumis, and
being the seat of justice for the county, if a projocti'd rail roiid, tu<'oi>

nect it with St. Francisvillo in Louisianfi,
become a place of commercial importance.
according to the returns of the marshal, a

siioiild be ctmtploioilj li will

l^he p'^puiatiou of oi<r stiut,

136,80G. Free while males

■'t#^'

APPENDIX.

271

38,407

Females 32,1 -il. I'otal 70,618. Male slaves 33,072. Fe-
male 3"J,r)87. Total Shi ves 05,Gr>J), Free colored males 292. Females
237. Total of free colored i)ersoiis 521). In the appointment of Rep-
resentatives to Conyress, our population will therefore be rated at 110,330;
and \vc are therefore entitled to another vote on the lloor of Congress.

town

Louisiana. First Hettlemont lO'.K). Purchased by the United States
1803. 1801 sot aparf, as the Territory of Orleans. Admitted into the
Union 1812. ^Joiisiilutiiin same year. A Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives I'orrn the loffislative |)o\v('r, styled tlie (Jenoral Assembly.
The Roi)reseiitativ<!s canno) exceed .^)(), iii»r fall short of 2.">, and are ap-
portioned according to the muiibfr ol" electors, as a?ccrtaiiied by enumer-
ation every 1 years. Thi; slate is divided into 1(» senatorial districts,
each of \vl»ich furnishes one Senator. They are elected for 4 years, half
chosen every 1\vi> vears. A (Joveruor is the executive, eleeted for 4 years.
The people vole for (lovernor at I Ik; same time with the Representatives
and Senators. The two (lou^^ns then elect one of the Ivvfi c;mdidates
elected by the jieople. The Assomljly meets annually at Donaldsonville.
Every white citizen of 21, who has resided one year in the county next
preccdinjT the election, and paid a si ile tax within ti months preceding,
is entitled to vote. A supreme court and inferior courts constitute the
judiciary. The judges are appointed by the Governor with the Senate,
and hold their offices durinjj fjood behaviour. Salary Governor ,•^7,500.
Banks 4. One of them has .'i branches. Whole capital jf^8,500,000, ex-
clusive of the United States IJank. S.;nds 3 Representatives to Congress.
Post Offices 03. Louisiana is the nineteenth state in the Union, in point
of numbers.

Florida. Conquered by llie Spaniards 1739. Ceded to Great Britain
1703, and divided into R. and W. Florida. 1781 recovered by Spain.
1821 ceded by Spain to the United States. 1822 two divisions united
imder one government, called the Territory of Florida. Legislative
council composed of 10 members, meets at Tallahassee. Judges 4.
Salary Governor $2,500. Capital of the Bank of Florida $600,000.
Post Offices 38. Sends 1 Delegate to Congress.

District of Columhia. Ceded to the United States 1700, and is under
the immediate government of Congress. The City of Washington
within the district became the seat of the United States Government,
1800. The Congress of the United States meets here every year on the
first Monday in December, and the Supreme Court of the United States
annually on the second Monday in January. Banks in the District 13,
exclusive of llie United States Bank. Post Offices 3.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

Brigf General View of the United States, 3 ; Mountains, 4 ; Lakes,
Rivers, Geology, and Physical Aspect, Climate, 5; Soil, Productions,
Articles of Export, 6; Rankof Chief Towns,?; Canals and Rail Roads,
7; Schools, Religion, 9; Military Torce, Revenue, Federal Constitution,
10; Aborigines, 11; Public Lands, 12; Public iJebt, Appropriations,
Manufactures, General Remarks, 13.

Atlantic States. Maine, General Aspect, Climate, Productions,
17; Harbors, Bays, Population, Rivers, Lakes, Manufaclu>cs, Towns,
18; Education, Religion. 19; Government, Panoramic View, 20.

New Hampshire, Divisions, Population, 20 ; Aspect, Lakc«i, Rivers,
21; Towns, 22; Literary Institutions, Character of the Population,
Rivers, Lakes, Towns, 25; Religious Character, Literature, Exports,
26.

Massachusetts, Divisions, Population, Aspect, 27; Education, 28;
Religion, Mountains, Rivers, Bays, Chief Towns, 20; Islands, Roads
an*' Ganals, Productions, History, 36.

Rhode Island, Counties, Population, Physical Aspect, Rivers, Bays and
Islands, Productions, 37; Chief Towns, 38; Exports, 39.

Connecticut, 39; Divisions, Population, Physical Aspect, Productions,
Rivers, Religion, 40; Literature, Manufactures, Towns, 41 ; Roads and
Canals, &c., Manners, Minerals and Fossils, 4S.

■■— ^- ii»^:-

CONTENTS.

27.3

New York, Divisions, Population, 44; Physical Aspect, Islands,
Mountains, Rivers and Lakes, 45; Canals, 40; Watering Places, Mineral
Waters, 47; Productions, Exports, Climate, Natives, Chief Towns, 48;
Scenery, 55; Education, 56 ; General Statistics, Manufactures, 57.

New Jersey, Physical Aspect, Rivors, Divisions, Population, Climate,
Products, 58; Manufactures, Religious Denominations, Literature, 59;
Chief Towns, 00; Roads and Canals, 01,

Pennsylvania, 01 ; Divisions, Population, Physical Aspect, 02; Soil,
and Productions, Religion, Rivers, 03; Canals and Rail Roads, 04;
Manufactures, Education, 05 ; Chief Towns, 00.

Delaware, Physical Aspect, Divisions, Population, Shipping, Manufac-
tures and Commerce, 71 ; Canals, Literature, Religion, Chief Towns,
72; History, 7(3.

Maryland, Divisions, Population, Physical Aspect, 73; Productions,
Rivers, Climate, 74; Religion, Literature, Exports, Roads and Canals,
75; Chief Towns, 77; Manners of the People, 79.

District of Columbia, Divisions, Population, Towns, 79.

Virginia, 81; Divisions, 82; Population, Physical Aspect, Rivers, 82;
Productions, Minerals and Fossils, 81; Canals, Climate, Curiosities, 80;
Religion, 87; Education, Exports, Chief Towns, 88; Character and
Manners, 90.

North Carolina, Divisions, Population, Physical Aspect, 91 ; Soil and
Productions, Minerals, Rivers, 92; Climate, ('hiof Towns, 93 ; Educa-
tion, Roads and Canals, Cicncral Remarks, 95.

South Carolina, Divisions, Population, Physical Aspect, 90; Climate,
Productiors, 97 ; Minerals, River,--, 98 ; Exports, Literature, Chief Towns,
99; Roads and Canals, Religion, General Remarks, 101.

Georgia, Divisions, 102; Population, Physical Aspect, Climate, 102;
Productions, Exports, Canals and Inlernnl frnprovements, Education,

274

<'ONTENTS.

Natives, 101; Rivers, Islands, Cliinf Towns, 105; Minerals, 100; Re-
ligion, General Remarks, 107.

Danish Possessions in North America, Position, (/liniuto, Soil and Coun-
try, 108; Smoke of Fee, Animals, I'lxports, Natives, Lan<,nmj;e, Imple-
ments and Canoes, 101); Character, Religion, l*opulation, Towns, 110.

Iceland, 110; Rocks, Mountains, Volcanoes, Hot S[)rings, Fossils,
Air, Cliniatc, 111; Vegetation, Domestic v\riimals, Fish, Divisions,
Towns, 112; Comnjercc, InliabitPiits, lUf.

Spitsbergen, 113; Whale fishery. Floating Wood, 114.

New Siberia, Russian America, Physical Aspect, 114; Natives, Com-
merce of the Russians, 11.^).

British Possessions in North America, Physical Aspect, Rivers, 110;
Climate, Soil, Fish, Animals, Vogetation, Trade, Lord Selkirk, Natives,
117; Knisteneaux [ndians, IIH.

Labrador, 118; Moravians, Icy Archipelago, 111).

British America, 111); New Fotmdland, Productions, Climate, Banks,
Fish, Dog, 130; Population, Inhabitants, 121.

Nova Scotia, Climate, Trees, Chief Towns, 121 ; Cape Breton, Prince
Edward's Island, and Anticosti, 122; New Brunswick, St. John's River,
Population, Towns, 122; (Jaspee, 123.

Lower Canada, Divisions, Rivers, 123; Montmorency Cascade, Soil
and Climare, Agriculture, 124; Animals, Metals, Chief Towns, 125;
Commerce, Population, 12(); Amusements, Society, Government,
Revenue, Expenses, 127; Military Importance, Savages, History,
128.

Upper Canada, Divisions, Population, 12S; Rivers, Soil and Produc-
tions, Climate, Animals, Towns, Lakes, 121): Canals. 130.

ile-

CONTENTS.

275

Mexican Republic, Physical Aspect, I'M ; Provinces, Square Miles,
Population, Chief Towns, 1.'12; Divisions, Mountains, l.'Jli; Mines, Riv-
ers, liakes, int; Ifarhors, Climate, Piiriodical Rains, 13.5; New Mexico,
Vegetable Productions, ll{(»; Edible Plants, 137; Zoology, 137; Popu-
lation, 138; Langiingcis, To])ography, MO; Bavagcs, 14ii; Provinces,
Chief Towns, and Mines, 1 12; History, 110.

• (I

South America, General Aspect, H7; Rivers, I'lH; Moimlains, 149;
T(!nii>erature, 150; Animals, Caraccas, 151; Population, 152; Spanish
Guiana, Chief Towns, Black Waters, I/lanos, 153; New (irenada,
Chief Towns, 151; Volcanoes, The Gallipagos, Peru, 157; Mines,
Towns, 15H; Population and Character of the lnlial)itants, 15i);
Paper Insect, 1(50; Chili, Paraguay, Terra Magellanica or Patagonia,
100; Aspect of Chili, and Productions, 1(»(); Animals, 101 ; Towns, 101 ;
Cuyo, 101; Tucuman, 1(>2; Paraguay, 1(')2; Towns, ir»2; Monte Video,
Missions, Buenos Ayres, 103; Adjacent Provinces, 101; Patagonia,
Straits of Magellan, 104; History, lf>5; Government, 100; Brazil, In-
habitants, Soil, 100; Climate, Minerals, Precious Stones, 6lc. 107;
Plants, 108; Birds, Departments, (!hief Towns, 100; Rio Grande, St.
Catherine, Plain of Corritiva, District of Santos, San Paulo, Minas
Geraes, 170; Goycz, Baliia, Pernambuco, Piauhy, Grand Para and Rio
Negro, 171; Natives, Government, Guiana, Seasons, 172; Diseases,
Inundations, Medicinal Plants, Forest Trees, 173; Quadrupeds, 174;
Essequibo, Demarara and Berbice, 174; Surinam, Revolted Negroes,
175; Cayenne, Indians, 170.

West Indies or Columbian Archipelago, 17(5; Animals, 177; Inhabit-
ants, Population, 178; Cuba, 17f); Jamaica, 180; St. Domingo, 180;
Porto Rico, 181 ; Bahamas, 182; Santa Cruz, Anguilla, 182; St. Mar-
tin''s, St. Bartholomew, St. Eustatia, Antigua, St. Christo|)ber''s,Guada-
loupe, 183; Martinico, Barbadocs, Tobago, Trinidad, 185; Curacoa,
185; Bonair and Aruba, 180, 'J'nuh; of the West Indies; Morning m the
Antilles, 188.

Ajtkndix, 180; Area of the country wi^-jrcl hy the principal rivers
and branches in the llniled Stales, 180; Meteorological Tal)lc, 101;
Trees common to liouisi^ina, l'.K>; l''lora of [iOuisv>!ic, 100; Cryptoga-
niia,201; Flora of r\'acliituches, 205; l.isl of tiie Aiiiniais of the Mis-
sissippi Valley,207; Catalogue of I'irds most connnouly seen betweiMi
the Lakes and the Sabine, 208; ljcligii)us Deiiontiiiations in the Wcstiun
Countiy, 200; Religious Denoniinatioiis in the United Statef',210; Kx-

270

CONTENTS.

ports from Cincinnati and New Orleans, 211; Steam Bouts, on the West-
ern Waters; Prices of passage from different points, 212; Military Posts
and Arsenals, 212; Census of the United States for 1830; Number of
free white males, 214; Free white females, 21("»; Male slaves, 220, Fe-
male slaves, 221; Free colo. d males, 222; Free colored females, 223;
White persons included in the foregoing who are deaf and dumb or blind,
or aliens, or foreigners not naturalized, 220; Slaves and colored persona
included in the foregoing, who arc deaf or dutnb, or blind, 227 ; Recap-
itulation exhibiting the general aggregate of each description of persons
in the United States.

4_ -'t

Population of the Counties and County Towns of the different States,
according to the census of 1830, 231 ; Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
231; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 232; New- York, 233 ;
New Jersey, 231; Pennsylvania, 233; Delaware, Maryland, 230; Vir-
ginia, 237; North Carolina, 240; South Carolina, 241; Georgia, 242;
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 244; Tennessee, 245 ; Kentucky 247;
Ohio, 250; Indiana, 251,- Illinois, 252; Missouri, 253; District of Co-
lumbia, Florida Territory, 253 ; Michigan Territory, Arkansas Territory'
254.

Miscellaneous Statistical Table, 255. Synopsis of the Political Sta-
tistics of the states in their order, Maine, New Hampshire, 257 ; Vermont,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 258; Connecticut, New- York, New-Jersey,
259 Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, 260; Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina, 261 ; Georgia, Ohio, Michigan 262; Kentucky, Indiana,
Illinois, 263; Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas Territory, Note containing
specific and important information relative to the latter, 264 ; Alabama,
Mississippi, Note containing important information with regard to the
latter, 269; Louisiana, Florida, District of Columbia, 271.

'^.

#■

"<.

'''d'

•^ft

' '■*.

■t ■*

• niiBPIfnltj