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•■•**(l#f 
 
 ^ANADA' 
 
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 anitoba 
 
 OTTAWA 
 1893 
 
 
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NOTE. 
 
 Inquiriep are niade from time to time, by people contemplating 
 emigration, for information on many points, as for instance the amount 
 of capital required for a start, the chances of making a living, climate, 
 homestead regulations, etc. 
 
 It is endeavoured in the following pages to place the public in pos- 
 session of all particulars as to settlement in north-western Canada. 
 
 2^3 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Introductory Note 
 
 Emigration 
 
 Advantages of Canada 
 
 Social conditions, education, etc 
 
 Information as to Canadian North-west. 
 
 Bonuses to settlers 
 
 Cliiiuite 
 
 A settler's life 
 
 Who should come 
 
 When to come 
 
 What to bring 
 
 Ocean fares 
 
 The railway journey 
 
 On arrival 
 
 The first year's work 
 
 Farm buildings 
 
 Flowers, ffuit iiivl vegetables. 
 Poultry 
 
 Taxes 
 
 Capital ■ 
 
 Yield of grain .... 
 
 Profits in fanning 
 
 Customs regidations 
 
 List of Dominion Land Agencies in Canada 
 
 Homestead regulations 
 
 System of survey . . 
 
 Timber regidations 
 
 Price list of provisions, etc 
 
 Rates paid as wages 
 
 Summarized descriptions of Manitoba and the North-west Territories. 
 Map showing townships which have been surveyed. 
 
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EMIGRATION 
 
 When people find that they cannot make a comfortable living, or 
 when after careful consideration they arrive at the conclusion that 
 they have nothing much to look forward to, or when they cannot put 
 by money for old age, or when they are at a loss to know what to do 
 with their children who are growing up around them, they do well to 
 omigrata to a new country where the advantages they stand in need of 
 can be obtained. 
 
 In the older countries the ever-increasing population renders exist- 
 ence daily more difficult, and men instinctively turn their thoughts to 
 where they may settle upon land of their own, and escape from the 
 wearying competition and strife for a bare living in which they have so 
 long borne a part. They have heard, perhaps, in an indefinite way of 
 distant lands which offer inducements to emigrants, but whilst they 
 long to be there they hesitate, for the step they meditate is a serious 
 one, and they want to be convinced that they are acting wisely in 
 taking it. 
 
 Compare the two situations, and then decide which is the better. On 
 the one hand a man is living in an older country, and with many of 
 the advantages of civilization around him, the outcome of centuries of 
 slow and steady progress. But his prospects are poor. Machinery is 
 fast taking the place of labour ; competition is bringing down the 
 price of wages ; the grain fields of the far west are injuring farming in 
 Europe ; he can hope to do nothing more than make a bare living 
 there. He can indulge in no expectation of one day owning the house 
 he lives in, nor can he look forward to a peaceful old age on land of 
 his own, surrounded by his family, looking upon his own possessions, 
 knowing no landlord and recognizing no interference. 
 
 On the other hand, there awaits him on this sic' ", of the water, if he 
 will but take it, an extensive farm of 160 acres of the most fertile 
 land in the world, affording him a comfortable, prosperous and healthy 
 existence, with all the necessaries and not a few of the luxuries of 
 life. He may choose his own land ; he can select an open prairie, or 
 a park-like tract, or he may settle on the banks of some river or lake 
 which will afford him unlimited supplies of fish. Duck, geese, prairie 
 chicken and rabbits also abound, and he can shoot \v^hat he wants. 
 
 In but a brief year or two he will stand whence he can see his fields 
 of grain stretching away in the distance, bending before the breeze. 
 He wil' hear his cattle lowing in the pasture, and as he gazes upon 
 the scene he will feel that he has acted wisely in coming over. 
 
II 
 
 6 
 
 N0RTII-WK8TKRN CANADA. 
 
 Hig houst^ is hin own, built with his owr hands, aftor 'ws own idea. 
 His wife and family ar* liere, iiappy and contented, aud he calls no 
 man lord, lir in imlependciit. 
 
 To tlu! ferlilf liflds uf weitt'in Canada thousands have thus already 
 gone and prospr-iod, and thci-j is room for thouHands more. 
 
 THE ADVANTAGES OF CANADA 
 
 In deciding upon Canada as his future hoin<^ the emigrant avails 
 himself of advantaj,'es wliich no other country can oiler. Ho ia 
 generally possessed of but little t-apital which ho must husband most 
 carefully, and the following table \.ill show how much ho saves in 
 passage money as compared with otlun- countries, and tvery penny 
 thus retained represi^nts so m*ich more to bii spent on improving the 
 homo which is awaiting him. 
 
 LENGTH AND COST OF PASSAGE BY STEAMER FROM ENtiLAND. 
 
 
 To 
 
 Average 
 Time. 
 
 Thin 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 4 
 
 [14 
 
 15 15 
 17 17 
 15 15 
 Hi Ki 
 U 18 
 l(i 1(5 
 
 1 Class Kart'. 
 
 
 Canada 
 
 New South Wales . . 
 
 
 Days. 
 
 <J 10 
 
 45 ^2 
 
 42-40 
 
 40-4(i 
 
 -55 
 
 85 40 
 
 40-45 
 
 -45 
 
 -20 
 
 24-28 
 
 (1. £ s. 
 
 
 
 to 17 17 
 
 to 17 17 
 
 
 
 to 17 17 
 
 t.) 17 17 
 
 to 15 15 
 
 
 
 d. 
 
 Victoria . 
 
 
 
 (. inpi^iiHin-iifi . . 
 
 
 
 Weatern Australia 
 
 ^PflSTTlJltllli . • . . 
 
 
 
 N^HW 5^ealfinfl . 
 
 
 
 Cape 
 
 Natal 
 
 
 
 It will be seen that from £10 to £13 is saved on the passage money 
 of each adult, and where there is a family to bring over the juiiount 
 thus gained, tulded to the bonus paid by (Jovcrnment, as exi)lained 
 further on, is considerable, being often sulHcient to build the house 
 that will serve for the first few years. That is a fact worth bearing in 
 mind. 
 
 Canada is nearer En',fland than any other country that the emigrant 
 could settle in. Letters mailed in London frequently reach Manitoba 
 in twelve days, and sometimes in less. 
 
 The settler in Canada is under the British flag and British rule, and 
 enjoys absolute security of life and property. None of the dangers 
 from revolvers and bowie-knives so common in the United States are 
 known here. 
 
 Railway extension is a great feature in the North-west of Canada, 
 following closely on advancing settlement and often preceding it, so 
 that the settler may confidently count on being, at the most after a 
 
SOCIAL CONDITIONS, EDUCATION AND NATURALIZATION. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ye-ir or two, within easy roach of a Htatioii. Tt rarely hap» 'tm that he 
 is so far away that he cannot gw there .uid home again in » w ' This 
 facility for travel and ti-odo enables hiui to take even advaitage of 
 the rnaikets, besides keeping him in touch with the busy world. 
 
 SOCIAL CONDITIONS, EDCTCATION AND NATURAL- 
 
 IZATION. 
 
 The distinctions of class do not exist in Canada to the same extent 
 as in the mother country. There; is no law of primogeniture, and there 
 are no paupers; a feeling of h<>althy independence pervades all classes, 
 which no doubt arises from tlu^ fact that every faruier is the owner of 
 his acres, is his own master, and is free to do as he wills — a state of 
 thi-ngs conducive to a condition of freedom unknown in older countries. 
 Then, h^'ain, taxation is comparatively light, and many social difficulties, 
 still under discussion in Great liritain, were graj pled with in Caisida 
 years ago. Religious liberty prevails ; there is practi<!ally free and unsect- 
 arian education; ^ree and lilwral franchise exis^^s; local optio.i in regard 
 to the liquor trattic is in openition ; the duration of tlie parliament 
 does not exce*^ Hve years, and the members are paid for their services ; 
 marriage with a deceased wife's sister has been legalized ; and there 
 is no poor law system, although orphans and the helpless and aged of 
 both sexes are Hwt negh^cted, Ix'iiig cared for under the municipal sys- 
 tem. And, again, a good systeu) of local government is at work in 
 every province. The system of education in force — under the super- 
 vision and guidance of the Provincial Governments — enables the best 
 education to be obtained at a trifling cost, and therefore the poor, as 
 well as the rich, can make tliemsclves eligible for the highest positions 
 in the country. In princi{)le the system in operation is the same in the 
 different prf»vinces, although the details may differ somewhat. Iiieach 
 school district trustees are elected to manage the schools for the inhabi- 
 tants, who pay a small rate towards their support, the balance being 
 met by considerable gi-ants from the local governments. 
 
 British subjects settling in Canada do not require to be naturalized. 
 They are entitled to all the same rights and privileges as their fellow 
 British subjects who may have been born there ; indeed, the removal 
 or" a family to Canada makes no more difference in their position, as 
 British subjects, than ii' they had gone instead to any city, town, or 
 village in the United Kingdom. Of course it is a different thing if 
 they go to the United States or any other foreign country. In that 
 case they must renounce their birthright, and their allegiance to their 
 sovereign and their flag, before they can enjoy any of the political 
 advantages of citizenship ; and in many parts of the United States 
 land cannot be bought, or sold, or transferred, excepting by naturalized 
 persons. 
 
 INFORMATION AS TO THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 
 
 Any one resident in Great Britain contemplating settling in any 
 part of Canada should, if possible, call at the office of the "earest 
 
 %n 
 
 . . 
 
 

 8 
 
 NORTH-WESTERX CANADA. 
 
 Canadian Government agent, who will afford all needful information, 
 and if unable to do so personally should write for maps and pamphlets 
 which will be forwarded ou ui)plication. 
 
 In the United Kingdoui all arrangements for emigration to the 
 Dojuinion are i)laced undei- the direction of the High Commissioner 
 for Canada. The following is a list of the Canadian Government 
 agents : — 
 
 London, Sir Charles Tupper, Bart., G.C.M.G., C.B., High Commis- 
 sioner for Canada, 17 Victoria Street, London, 8.W. 
 
 London, ]Mr. J. G. Colmer, C.M.G., Secretary, High Commissioner's 
 Office. 
 
 Liverpool, Mr. John Dyke, 1-) Water Street. 
 
 Glasgow, Mr. Thomas (irahame, 40 St. Enoch Square. 
 
 Bristol, Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge. 
 
 BONUSES TO SETTLERS. 
 
 The Canadian Government at the present time pays to each European 
 settler a i)onus of $10 (say £2 Is. 8d.) for himself and $5 (say 
 £1 Os. lOd.) for each nie.nber of his family over twelve years of age. 
 This Ijonus is })ayable only upon the settler acquiring land, either b}' 
 homestead entiy or by {)urchase from one of the silbsidized railway 
 companies or other coi'porations who have acquired it from the Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 
 CLT:\rATE. 
 
 The climate of North-western Canada is one of the finest in the 
 w^rld. It needs but a glance at the rosy, sturdy children and the well- 
 developed men and women to convince the mosi sceptical of this, and 
 that the free open air life led by the settler cannot be excelled for 
 healthfulness. 
 
 Occupying as it does the central part of a great continent, removed 
 from the e-jUiilizing effect of the ocean. North-western Canada is 
 natui-ally subject to extremes (jf temperature, tlie summers being hot, 
 almost tropical, whilst the winters are decidedly cold. 
 
 The intensity of cold )nay be accurately ascertained by a thermometer, 
 but not so its etlects upon the human system. The humidity or dry- , 
 ness of the atmosphere in such circumstances decides its degree of 
 comfort or discomfort, and largely its healthiness or unhealthiness. In 
 Canada; however, although one nuist be pn^pared for extreme tempera- 
 tures, the air is dry, bracing and exhilarating, and consequently the 
 climate is pleasant and healthy to live in, and tlie cold is not so pene- 
 trating as in th(» damj) winters of Great Britain. Then, again, in 
 Canada one is i)repared for the cold, and in winter the houses are far 
 warmer than in Great Britain. 
 
 Spring Ix^gins from about the middle to the end of April, and then 
 all vegetation grows as if by magic. The snow nu'lts, the rivers flow, 
 
CLIMATE. 
 
 9 
 
 the ducks and geese fly over-head in countless myriads ; the trees bud 
 and blossom and birds sing and flutter from every bough, and in a 
 brief couple of weeks we have forgotten all about the past winter and 
 are enjoying the heat of sunnner. 
 
 The month of June brings refreshing showers, and the greatest heat 
 is reached about the middle of July, ripening the crops with great 
 rapidity. Towards the end of August it gets cooler, and in the be- 
 ginning of September light frosts at night bring out the autumnal tints 
 of the poplars, birches and maples. Then on till the middle of Novem- 
 ber the weather is absolutely perfect. A blue, cloudless sky, a soft. 
 breeze and a bright sunshine, admirable for out-door work, and just 
 cool enough at night to render a little fire in the stove acceptable. 
 This weatlier is known as the Indian p mmer, and is the delight of the 
 sportsman, who takes down his gun — u tills the larder with prairie 
 chicken and duck. Occasional wet days set in, saturating the stubbles 
 which are being ploughed. Gradually the nights grow colder, the 
 frosts more severe, and finally tlie ground freezes hard, and from the 
 beginning of December the winter may be said to have set in. A few 
 light flurries of snow give good sleighing, and people appear in their 
 furs and heavy clothing. From now until April tlie ground is covered 
 with snow, which, however, does not fall to any great depth. 
 
 About the middle of January the intense cold sets in and lasts until 
 the end of February, when the sun b 
 
 ?gins 
 
 to gain 
 
 power 
 
 enough to 
 
 make a most perceptil)le and appreciable diflerence in the temperature. 
 
 The weather now gets gradually warmer, people throw open their 
 doors, and the snow begins to thaw on the southerly slopes. A soft 
 l)reeze t-ikes the place of the shari) north-west wind, and the days 
 lengthen perceptibly. Winter is now over ; the fai'mer gets his im- 
 plements in order for seading and harrowing, and at the beginning of 
 April all are ready for the break-up of the ice and frost and the coming 
 of spring. 
 
 A great deal has been said about the cold of Canada by those who 
 wish to decry the country, but it should be mentioned as a significant 
 fact that people who, after living hoi-e, return to spend a winter in 
 Europe sufler intensely from the weather, and in a manner that they 
 never did here. Such is the difference between dry and damp cold. 
 
 The houses, from the smallest upward, are built to resist the cold, 
 and with a good ortliuary stove, the settler and his family may sit 
 warm and cosy in their house, however much the wind may howl out- 
 side. 
 
 From the exaggerated accounts which reach Europe of the wmters 
 here, people acquire most ei-roneous ideas, and look upon the cold as a 
 serious obstacle to settling in Canada. As a matter of fact it is so far 
 from being an objection that the winter is the great season for enjoy- 
 ment, when tobogganing, snow-shoeing, skating and sleighing aflbrd 
 endless amus inent to all. Children, too, from five years of age up- 
 wards, go to sch(K)l regularly, and are not kept at home much oftener 
 bv bad weather than in summer. 
 
10 
 
 NORTH-WESTRRX CANADA. 
 
 II t 
 
 |i 
 
 A SETTLER'S LIFE. 
 
 What sort of a life is it ? is a (luestion often asked. To begin with, 
 it is a life of hard work, but it is he.ilthy, free and independent, and 
 any one who has once enjoyed it never again can reconcile himself to 
 the restraints and conventionalities of town life. To the small farmer 
 or yeoman who has sti'uggled along, hedged around with restrictions 
 and burdened with heavy expenses, farming out here is a wonderful 
 surprise. First of all he owns one hundi'ed and sixty acres of \irgin 
 soil, and if he chooses may purchase another one hundred and sixty 
 acres or more, at the government price of three dollars an acre (twelve 
 shillings sterling). The cultivation of the land is simply performed 
 and the crops raised are abundant, and of first-rate quality. The 
 prices realized are good, and there is no rent to pay. The land needs 
 no manure, summer-fallowing pvoving sufficient to restore lard contin- 
 uously cropped to its original fertility. 
 
 The farm produces the settler's food supply and his purchases may 
 be confined to tea and sugar, and such like articles. 
 
 But in this, as in every other line of business, the diligent and hard 
 working man it is who succeeds and mtikes himself and his family com- 
 fortable, and the indolent or careless soon fall behind. 
 
 Labour being scarce in Canada, the settler must be prepared to do 
 nearly everything for himself. He usually builds his own house, digs 
 his own ■well and cellar, cuts logs for his stable, chops his firewood, 
 grooms the horses, milks the cow, ploughs, and in fact does what has to 
 be done and does it well. 
 
 There is not much relaxation it is true, but a man is badly off who 
 cannot tiud comfort and amusement in his own family and gratification 
 in the fruits of his labour which he sees daily before his eyes. 
 
 Many a woman shrinks from emigrating because she believes that she 
 is going out into a wildeni(>ss where she will endure perils and hard- 
 ships, risking her life amongst savages and wild beasts. How groundless 
 such fears are need hardly be stated. Of savage men or wild beasts 
 there are none, and although at tirst, whilst the settlement is young, 
 the settler and his family are naturally somewhat isolated, there are 
 always neighbours who are only too pleaseil to help the new comers, and 
 their wives gladly seize any opportunity of driving over to visit them 
 and show them such kindnesses as may be in their power. There is 
 nothing like a new country for developing the kindly instincts in peo- 
 ple's nature. 
 
 The settler's wife need not fear being lonely. She will be busy 
 enough all day with her household duties and will marvel rather that 
 tlu^ day is so short. From her door she will see her husband at work in 
 the fields, and her children playi.ig outside will keep her from lacking 
 companions. 
 
 In her spare moments she will attend to her little fiower garden 
 neatly fenced in, where mignonette, jtaiisies, stocks, and nasturtiums 
 show her how well her care is ajipreciated. If fond of gai-dening she 
 
A SETTLER S LIFE. 
 
 11 
 
 t'y i; 
 
 ■will watch the growth of the vegetables with interest, and the satis- 
 faction of later on placing them upon the dinner table will be all the 
 more for the share she had in their raising. 
 
 Her poultry will l)e a source of i^reat pleasure and profit, and with a 
 beginning of hitlf a dozen hens she will, with but little effort, rear a 
 vast number of chickens for the table or for sale. 
 
 8he will share the delight of her children in the new and many birds 
 and animals around. The wild fowl flying over-head, the jays, can- 
 aries and humming birds in their gorgeous plumage and the numerous 
 little sober clad finches and wrens are all a source of interest. The 
 many varieties of squirrels, fi'om the pretty little '•hip-munk darting 
 across the verandah to the big ground stjuirrel, which affords a by no 
 means to be despised dish, all are watched and discussed. 
 
 Her household cares, if many, are a source of pleasure. She bakes 
 her own bread, and takes a pride in the lightness and whiteness of her 
 loaves, made of flour grown before her eyes. 
 
 Her children attend a neighbouring (School, and grow up sturdy and 
 helpful, her pride and her support. 
 
 She thinks sometimes of the days gone by, and, perhaps, longs for 
 some of the luxuries and refinements of her j>ast life. But she dis- 
 misses the idea when she compares the prosperous condition of her 
 
 
 Grain Stacks. 
 
 affairs with the struggle for existence endured across the ocean ; and, 
 at any r.-^o, there is always the prospect of a trip home after, say, next 
 harvest, when she will persuade the old folks to return with her. 
 
12 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 Churches spring up, and service is attended as regularly on Sunday 
 as in a town. The pony is harnessed and the family drive into the 
 village, meeting as they approach it others coming from different 
 directions for the same purpose. Here on the far-stretching prairie 
 the sounds of praise ascend with none the less fervour to the Almighty 
 because the worshippers remember the changes effected under His 
 guidance. 
 
 In winter, when work is slack and the evenings long, people begin 
 to think about uniusements, and any one possessed of talent, musical 
 or otherwise, is soon brought to the front. A building is secured in 
 the village, and on a certain night a concert is given, to which all flock, 
 and wind up the evening with a dance. Good humour and order pre- 
 vail, and at midnight sleighs and jumpers are brought out and all return 
 home through the bracing night air, delighted at the success of the 
 social, and wishing for the next. 
 
 The Canadians are very fond of amusement and readily avail them- 
 selves of any chance for a picnic or dance, so that the winter is 
 always enlivened by some little piece of gaiety. 
 
 The village stores contain waies of every description, more adapted, 
 however, to practical every-day work than personal adornment. Never- 
 theless, many enterprising storekeepers keep a supply of finery which 
 they say is well patronized. 
 
 It takes but a very few years to transform the nevv settlement into 
 a thriving community. Schools are established everywhere, and under 
 the law any group of settlers can form themselves into a district, having 
 a school-hcuse so situated as to be not more than two miles from the 
 furthest. 
 
 Railways extend themselves rapidly, mails are delivered twice or 
 three times a week, or oftener, and cheap holiday trips are frequently 
 to be had by rail and steam-boat. 
 
 Emigration to-day is not tne emigration of twenty years ago. Then, 
 the settler was buried in the heart of a dense forest or lost on a track- 
 less plain. To-day it simply means moving to a new, better and pros- 
 perous home, still within reach of his relatives and the world act large. 
 
 WHO SHOULD COME. 
 
 The people whom we most urgen'^ly invite to come and make their 
 homes amongst us are farmers and farm servants from the old country, 
 with a little money to start them on homesteads or farms of their 
 own, and who are prepared to adapt their habits and style of work to 
 the conditions of a new country. Their former experience will be of 
 great value as far as it goes, but this is a new country, and those who 
 come to it must be prepared to take up modes of farming conformable 
 to the climate and soil. The wider their range of experience the more 
 likely they will be to succeed here, and by careful observation of the 
 practice of their neighbours, they Mill, in a short time, get familiar 
 with their work and the best way of .setting about it. 
 
i 
 
 WHO SHOULD COME, 
 
 13 
 
 If female domestic servants in Great Britain and other young women 
 of good character realized the demand there is for them in Canada they 
 would emigrate in much larger numbers than they do at present. In 
 every city, town and village there is a never-failing demand for domestic 
 servants at high rates of wages, and a great demand for lady helps, 
 dressmakers, laundry women, etc. In the country districts there is 
 also a good demand for female servants, who, in many cases, are treated 
 as "one of the family." Nor is this all. As in most new countries, 
 young women are far in the minority. Young men have come west to 
 seek their fortunes in the land of the setting sun, while the girls have 
 remained at home with their parents and friends. Nothing more need 
 be said to show that the chances of marriage — and to well-to-do, steady 
 and industrious men — are far greater here than in older countries. 
 
 The wages of female domestic servants range from .£1 to £'S and 
 £4: per month ; the conditions of service are not irksome, and comfort- 
 able homes are assured. They are recommended to go at once on 
 arrival to the nearest government agents, who often have in their 
 offices a list of vacant situations, and will refer applicants to the local 
 ladies' committees, so that they may have the benefit of their super- 
 vision and guidance, until they are satisfactorily placed. Servants 
 should, however, take their characters with them, and they must bear 
 in mind that good records are just as indispensable in Canada as else- 
 where. They may safely go out at any time of the year. 
 
 There is little or no demand for females other than the classes 
 mentioned above. Governesses, shop assistants, nurses, etc., should 
 not go out unless proceeding to join friends, able and willing to assist 
 them in getting employment. 
 
 Blacksmiths, well up in horse-shoeing and machine repairing, are 
 useful and generally prosperous settlers. Any blacksmith who sets 
 up his shop in a n^^w district is certain to command an excellent busi- 
 ness, but he must be a thoroughly good man at his trade. 
 
 Carpenters in villages and outlying towns can generally obtain 
 steady work. It often happens that one will take up a homestead be- 
 side a village in a new settlement and make a very fair income at his 
 trade in his leisure moments. It generally ends, however, in his con- 
 fining himself to the more satisfactory employment of working his 
 own farm. 
 
 Plasterers, brick-layers and masons are much needed at certain times 
 of the year in towns and villages, but it would not be well for such to 
 come out in the anticipation of at once finding work, unless they are 
 prepared as an alternative to take up land and cultivate it for a living. 
 Young men just starting in life naturally direct their thoughts to 
 Canada, and if they are steady and hard-working there is an excellent 
 opening for them here. To a great many, sedentary life in an office is 
 absolut"e misery, and the chance of getting into the open air, away 
 fron) the smoke and dust of the town is hailed with delight. ^ Great 
 Britain is teeming with thousands of strong athletic young fellows 
 
14 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 whose parents find it hard to settle them in life, and liomesteadinj; in 
 the North-west is the true solution of the oft-queried difficulty, " What 
 shall we do with our boys ? " But it must be borne in mind that this 
 entails plenty of hard work, severe physical exertion, long hours of ex- 
 t)0sure, patience in the face of many difficulties, plain food and no 
 luxuries for some time to come. Emigration is not *' all beer and 
 skittles," and successful colonization, like everything else of any value, 
 has to be won by the sweat of the brow. Many young fellows arrive, 
 and like school boys enjoy themselves to the utmost, shooting the 
 game which abounds so plentifully, fishing in creeks and lakes, and rid- 
 ing all over the country. This is all right at the proper time, but 
 carried to the excess it too often is, this free indulgence in sport has 
 been a snare to many possessed of a natural taste for it, and who, but 
 for the opportunities thus temptingly displayed before them, would pro- 
 bably have naturally taken to farm work ; many come out to friends 
 and are too lazy to get down to the hard labour that all must perform, 
 and consequently earn nothing and are a constant drain upon the purses 
 of their friends. These are known out here as " Remittance men," and 
 are deservedly spoken of with contempt. The man who cannot with 
 his hands earn his living had better stay at home with his mother. 
 Canada is essentially the land of progress and activity, and the in- 
 dolent or physically incapable man has no place here. 
 
 Mr. R. B. P. Anderson, of Listowel, County Kerry, Ireland, one of 
 the practical agricultural delegates to Canada, in his report, says : — 
 
 " I am asked who ought to go to Manitoba and the North-west, I 
 unhesitatingly say, any man who for any reason intends to emigrate to 
 any place and is not afraid of hard work and some discomfort for a few 
 years, and whose family can ge'o on for a time without the aid of female 
 servants. Such a man will, if he has pluck, succeed in time, though 
 he went without a penny ; but if he has j£100 or £200 in his pocket 
 he may expect to enjoy a prosperous and happy home in the immediate 
 future." 
 
 The question is often asked if it is essential for young men wishing 
 to take up farms in Canada, but desiring before doing so to acquire a 
 knowledge of agriculture, to pay premiums, either to persons in this 
 country or in the Dominion, for that purpose. It may therefore be 
 plainly stated that no premiums are necessary ; and it is advised that 
 none be paid. Strong and healthy young men, from 18 to 21 years of 
 age, who are prepared to accept for a time the hai-d work and sur- 
 roundings more or less inseparable from a farm labourer's life, have nc 
 difficulty in getting employment in the spring ; and the agents of the 
 Government in Canada will assist them as far as possible in doing so, 
 without charge, although, of course, without accepting any direct 
 responsibility. Being without experience they will not get nmch 
 wages at the commencement of their employment, but as they acquire 
 skill they will be able to command remuneration in proportion to the 
 value of their work. 
 
WHEN TO COME. 
 
 THE PROFESSIONS AND THE LIGHTER CALLINGS, 
 
 15 
 
 Information is frequently sought as to the prospects in Canada for 
 properly qualified members of the legal and medical and other prox'es- 
 sions, schoolmasters, and persons desiring to enter the military and 
 civil services of the Dominion. No encouragement is held out to such 
 persons to go to the Dominion, especially in cases where immediate 
 employment is desired. There are always openings and opportunities 
 for men of exceptional abilities with a little capital ; but, generally 
 speaking, the professional and so-called lighter callings in Canada are 
 in very much the same position as they are in the Ignited Kingdom, 
 the local supply being equal to, if not greater than, the demand. 
 
 WHEN TO COME. 
 
 The best time for persons to start is from April to June, as those 
 who intend taking up land have thus the entire season before them for 
 selecting a suitable homestead, erecting a house, and ploughing suffi- 
 cient acreage for the next year's crop. Others, who have not the 
 nec<'ssary means for making an immediate start, can, in the spring, 
 readily obtain employment, for it is by far the better plan for the im- 
 migrant to " hire out," as it is termed, for the first year with some 
 good, practical farmer, in order that he may gain a thorough know- 
 ledge of the work he will later on have tf do for himself. 
 
 Farm labourers are especially in demand at hay-time and harvest, and • 
 if they are steady and industrious readily find good situations for the 
 whole year round. 
 
 The winter months are not a favourable time for going out, as Wv-rk 
 is then slack. 
 
 WHAT TO BRING. 
 
 What the emigrant should buy depends a great deal on his purse. 
 Clothes of a material calculated to last should be bought. Two coats 
 and four pairs of trousevs of corduroy ; a pair of leather leggings ; a 
 tweed cap ; a wide-brinnned soft felt hat ; half a dozen flannel shirts ; 
 a woollen fisherman's jersey; woollen socks, hand-knitted, of best 
 yarn ; a couple, or more, of heaviest wool, knitted loosely, for pulling 
 over the others ; three pairs strong boots, lacing high up the ankle ; a 
 belt ; a pair of slippers ; a dozen coloured handkerchiefs ; a silk or 
 cashmere muflHer ; a large woollen comforter ; a rubber coat ; and an 
 over-coat, double-breasted, of heavy material, if provided with a 
 capacious hood for stormy weather, the better. And as much more 
 clothing as he can get together. 
 
 These are necessaries, and are intended for every day work. For 
 Sundays, or social gatherings, something better will doubtless be worn 
 which the emigrant will have provided himself with. For the very 
 cola vveather, heavy wr;olleii utulorwoar will be required, and four 
 suits should be brought with him ; two pairs of double blankets, and, 
 
16 
 
 NORTH- WESTKUN CANADA. 
 
 .1^ 
 
 if possible, a thick raiKvay ru- f..r c-cM wc^ather. Two or threo pocket 
 knives, with hi<(, stront: blades should not he for^'otten, aiul, it he has 
 carpenkTs' tools, in L^ood order, thev sh.uld he brought. B(.M.t 
 
 1 daridiiu needles, scisso;\s, tapes, buttons, pen- 
 
 any 
 
 laces, sewing am 
 
 paper. 
 
 Speaking generally, the emigrant should bring jus much as fuw- 
 sible of what he possesses without purchase, and should oidy buy what 
 is absolutely necessary. He must bear in mind that, in the west, ho 
 will be thrown entirely upon his own resources for amusement, anil, 
 in the k)ng winter evenings, especially, he will be thankful for some- 
 thing to help him pass the time pleasantly and profitably. So, if he 
 is fond of chess, draughts or backgammon, let him bring these games 
 with him. If he is musical and plays the guitar, banjo, violin, or 
 other portable instrument, by no means leave it behin(l. If he has a 
 hobby of any description, that he can interest himself in, it will be to 
 his l)enetit to bring it out. 
 
 Where there is a family the wife will do well to provide everything 
 necessary for setting up house in a place perhaps thirty miles from a 
 store. She should bring all the household linen, lM)th for table and 
 bed, as well as pillows, blankets and rugs. Her duties, which entail 
 much I'ough work, reciuire suitable clothes, and dresses of a strong 
 wa.shing material are pei'haps the best. Plenty of warm vvooUen un- 
 derwear should be brought, and stout boots and shoes, with at least 
 one pair of felt slippers. For the cold weather she should have a 
 heavy and well-lined coat, of the ulster pattern, msKle loose with a 
 warmly-lined hood, the comfort of which she will appreciate in due 
 time ; many women sutler from neuralgia in winter, which they could 
 easily prevent if they only protected their heads sufficiently. 
 
 Children are difficult to provide for, as they are constantly growing 
 out of their clothes. Still, strong, serviceable garments should be 
 brought out, with plenty of pinafores that can be washed. Boots are 
 probably cheaper in England, and if the expense can be borne several 
 pairs might be brought for each child. 
 
 If there is a sewing machine in the house it should be brought, -j^j 
 well as a few knick-knacks that will make the new home cheerful and 
 pretty and not take up too much room. Any china and glass which 
 are brought over must be packed very carefully. 
 
 In packing so many things the emigrant will do well to procure an 
 oaken cask, which can be bought cheaply enough. The head must bo 
 carefully removed by loosening the top hoop, and after it is tilled 
 replaced securely. It will probably be necessary to employ a car- 
 penter to do this properly. The great advantage of this cask is that 
 it is easily handled in transit, as it can be rolled about, and when it 
 has served its purpose can be utilized as a Hour bin or water barrel. 
 A couple of such casks will hold an immense quantity of stuff. It is 
 somewhat important, however, to have a list of the contents for the 
 information of the Customs officers. 
 
WHAT TO BRINO. 
 
 17 
 
 Articles of household furniture, crockery, stoves or heavy articles 
 of hardware should l,e left behind or sold, except in some instances 
 tor special reasons which the emi^'rant will consider. It must be 
 borne in imnd that such articles are very liable to breakage, especially 
 on long railway journeys to the West. 
 
 Passengers should pay particular attention to the labelling of their 
 luggage and labels may be obtained from the steam-ship companies. 
 Ihey should also bear in mind that the steam-ship companies only 
 carry tree tor steerage passengers a limited quantity of baggage. The 
 Canadian Pacific Railway carries 300 lbs. free f^r emigrants proceeding 
 to Manitobe and the North-west Territories. 
 
 Agricultural implements and tools need not be taken out, as the 
 most improved articles of this description adapted to the country can 
 be purchased in any village in Canada. 
 
 Skilled mechanics and artisans, when recommended to go out, may 
 take their tools, but they must remember what is stated above, and 
 also that in the Pununion all these things can be bought at reasonable 
 prices. ® 
 
 1 Sl^^S**^/^^ "^*^y be safely advised to take a good supply of under- 
 clothing, heavy and light, for winter and summer wear, house and table 
 linen, blankets, bed-ticks, and any other articles of special value which 
 do not take up much room. 
 
 iUi 
 
 LUGGAGK. 
 
 The attention of the emigrants cannot be too particularly directed 
 to everything about their luggage. In the first place, it is very desir 
 able that they should not encumber themselves with unnecessary 
 articles, as these, besides causing them a great deal of trouble, may, in 
 the end, cost a great deal more than they are worth. 
 
 On the steam-ship bills the passenger will find stated how many 
 cubic feet of luggage will be carried free on board. It may, however 
 happen that the number of cubic feet which the steam-ship will allow 
 is very much heavier than the 150 lbs. weight allowed to each pas- 
 senger on the western railways. 
 
 The railways in the older provinces of Canada are very liberal in 
 deahng with emigrant luggage, and will let pass anything "that is not 
 very much out of the way. On some of the railways, however the 
 uggage is weighed, and anything in excess of 150 lbs. per passenger is 
 liable to be charged for. A family or party going together may "have 
 their luggage all weighed together, and no charge will be made unless 
 there is an excess above an aggregate of Ibv lbs. for each. The Can- 
 adian Pacific Railway allow 300 lbs. for each adult going west of 
 Winnipeg. Many heavy lumbering things sometimes carried by im- 
 migrants are not worth paying the excess of freight for, and can be 
 better and more cheaply purchased on arrival at their destin.ation. 
 The luggage and boxes or trunks of every passenger should be plain! v 
 marked with his name and destination. 
 
18 
 
 NORTII-WKSTKUN TAVADA. 
 
 All heavy luL'L'aRe and boxes are .stowed away in the hold, hut the 
 emigrant shr.uld put in a separate and small paj-kage the things he 
 wiir.e.,uire t\.r use on the voyage; these he should keep by hnn a..d 
 take in his l)erth. Labels may be obtained from the steam-ahip com- 
 
 ^'^Enn.n-ants sometimes suffer great loss and ineonv.uueneo from losing 
 their luggage. They should, therefor.", be careful not to lose sight o 
 it urtili? is put on shipboard ; it is then perfectly safe Upon arnva 
 in Canada it will be passed by the customs officers an.l put into what 
 is called the " bagga-e car " of the railway train where it is checked 
 to its destination. Tliia means that th.ere is attached to each article 
 .1 little piece of metal with a number st.unped on it, while a corres- 
 ponding piece similarly numbered, is given to the passenger to keep 
 until his destination 'is reached. The railway is then responsible f.u- 
 the safety of his luggage^ and will not give it up until he shows his 
 *' check." This custom has great safety as well as convenience. 
 
 OCEAN FARES. 
 
 The intending emigrant will find out the days of sailing of the 
 steam-ships by the handl)ills or advertisements which are now so very 
 .generally published ; and he will also Hnd by the same means the rates 
 of passage-cabin, intermediate and steerage. The est of reaching 
 Canada varies from time to time, but there are no free passages 
 
 The Government do not now offer assisted passages to any c ass ot 
 emi'nants. All are required to pay the ordinary fares charged by the 
 steam-ship companies. Emigrants are also required in eveiy case to 
 pay their railway fares from the port of landing to their destinations, 
 and to provide their own food. Emigrants must, therefore, have 
 enough money for such expenses in addition to their ocean passage, 
 and £j provide board and lodging until they can procure employment 
 It may be stated that some of the railway companies offer reduced 
 rates to the ports of embarkation to emigrants proceeding to the 
 Dominion. These may be ascertained by inquiry at the railway book- 
 ing offices. . i- 1 
 
 Inquiry is often made whether there is any system in operation by 
 which money is advanced by the Government for the passage of labour- 
 ing persons, such as those referred to in this pamphlet, to be repaid 
 after arrival in Canada. It is therefore as well to say plainly that 
 there is not. To secure a berth in the steamers it is necessary to send 
 a deposit of £5 for a saloon passage, and £1 for an intermediate or 
 st<>erage passage, to the steam-ship company or to an agent, the re- 
 mainder to be paid before the passengers go on board. 
 
 The saloon passage includes all provisions and stateroom. The 
 intermediate passage includes provisions, beds, bedding and all neces- 
 sarv utensils. - Steerage passengers are provided with food and sleeping 
 accommodation, but have ' o find bedding and certain utensils (con- 
 sisting of pillow, mattress, pannikin to hold 1| pint, plate, knife, fork 
 
OCKAN FARES. 
 
 19 
 
 Rnd Hpoon) for uso on the voya^o. Tho'-c ran We pureliased at the 
 port of embarkation, or hired from tlic steam ship company at a cost 
 of a few shillings, heaving hed covering only- a rug or a coverlet— to 
 l)e provided by the passenger. Twenty cubic feet of luggage are 
 allowed free of charge to each .saloon, fifteen to each intermediate and 
 ten to each steerage passenger. A b(..x about 2^ feet long, 2 feet 
 broad and 2 feet deep would be equal to ten cubic feel. 
 
 The following are the railway fai-es, for emig!-ants booking thiough 
 from Europe to some of the principal centres of employment in the 
 DominiiMi, from Quei)ec :— Montreal, 7s. 2d. ; Sherbrooke, 8s. 3d. ; 
 Ottawa, 14s. Tjd.; Kingston, 17s. lid.; Toronto, £1 7s. 9d.; Hamilton, 
 £1 7.S. 9d.; L(mdon, £1 12s. Hd.; Winnipeg, £2 9s. 4d.; Regina, £3 
 16s. Id.; Calgary, £5 19s. Hd.; Vancouver, £7 4s. lOd.* Children 
 between 12 and ') years of age are charged half price ; those under ') 
 are conveyed free. Passengers are sti-ongly recommended to take 
 through tickets from Great Hritain to their destinations in Canada 
 fiom the steam-ship companies, who, by an arrangement with the rail- 
 way companies, issue i-ail tickets as well as ocean tickets. 
 
 The Canadian Pacific Kailway has a continuous line from Quebec, 
 on the Atlantic, to Vancouver, on the Pacific. Trains leaving Quebec 
 at 1.30 p.m., .say on Monday, arrive at Winnipeg in the forenoon on 
 Thursday, and at Vancouver at 2.1;") p. m. on the following Sunday. 
 The fares from Quebec to Winnipeg and westward include the colonist 
 sleeping-cars. 
 
 The steerage passengers, being so well provided with food on the 
 steam-ships of the principal lires, need not think of supplying them- 
 selves with any kind of jjrovisions. 
 
 DURING TllK PASSAGE. 
 
 As soon as the emigrant gets on board the steam-ship, he should 
 make himself acquainted with the rules he is expected to obey whilst at 
 sea. These are always displayed in several parts of the vessel. He 
 should do his best to carry them out, to be well-behaved, and to keep 
 himself clean. He will thus add not only to his own health and 
 comfort, but to that of those around him. If he should liave any 
 grievance or >-eal cause of complaint during the passage he should at 
 once make it known to the captain, who vv^ill naturally seek to have 
 justice done, as well for his own interest as for that of his ship and his 
 employers. 
 
 The master of the ship is responsible for any neglect or bad conduct 
 on the part of the stewards, or any of the officers, or the crew. All 
 steam-ships carrying emigrants have doctors on board ; and in case 
 of sickness any emigrant will receive medical care ai.d medicine, with 
 such comforts as may be considered necessary by the doctor. 
 
 •These rates are subject ta alteration from time to time, and from Halifax are 
 shphtly higher. 
 
20 
 
 The large s team ships 
 portion of thtJ steiM-a-^'o nass 
 accoinmodatioM, iix 
 
 NOirril-WKSTKIlN CANADA. 
 ,hip.s have stcwarcUvss.-t to 
 
 look after the femaU 
 
 (Mil 
 
 't»r«, who have Hep 
 
 It 
 
 ■ate and isolated 
 
 the better class of steamers. 
 
 THE RAILWAY JOURNEY. 
 
 No railway in America offers such good accommodation to second- 
 class or colonist passengers, as tloes the Canadian Pacitic. Colonists 
 
ON ARRIVAL. 
 
 21 
 
 from Europe are able to travel to now homos in Ontario, Manitoba, 
 the North-west or British Columbia, in nearly as great comfort ui 
 tirst-chwH passengers. 
 
 The cars (ievot<'(l to the use of colonist . are taken upon the same fast 
 trains with the Hrst-class cars. They are convertible into sleeping cars 
 at night, having upper and lower berths constructed on the same prin- 
 ciple as those of the tirst-elass sleeping cars, and ecjually comfortable 
 as to ventilation, Ac. They are taken through, without change, all 
 the way from the Atlantic to the Pacitic ocean. No other railway in 
 America can do this. No extra charge is made for the sleeping 
 acc()inni(i,.,ition. Second-class passengers, however, nmst provide their 
 own bedding. If thoy do not bring it with them, a complete outtit of 
 mattress, pillow, blanket and curtains will be supplied by the agent 
 of the company at the point of starting, at a cost of $2.50 (ten shill- 
 ings). The curtains may be hung af<>ui<d the berth, turning it into a 
 little private room. Tn addition to this, men travelling alone are cut 
 otF from families by a partition across the car near the middle, and 
 smoking is not permitted in that part of the car where the women and 
 children are. 
 
 At short intervals, the trail: stops at stations where meals are 
 served in refreshment njoins, and where hot tea and coffee and well- 
 cooked food may be bought at very reasonable prices. The cars are 
 not allowed to become over-crowded, and the safety and welfare of 
 colonist or second-class passengers are carefully attended to. The 
 baggage arrangements are the same as for first-class pass.nigers, and 
 every possible care is taken that the colonist does not go astray, lose 
 his property or suffer imposition. When a large number of colonists 
 are going to the far west together, special fast trains of colonist sleep- 
 ing cars are despatched. 
 
 ON ARRIVAL. 
 
 The newcomer need not fear that when he reaches, Winnipeg he 
 will fall into the hands of thieves, impostors or unfriendly people. If 
 he follows the directions of this pamphlet he will put himself in the 
 hands of real friends, who will look after him. At Winnipeg the 
 Government have erected a commodious building, which is kept in a 
 tiay and healthful condition, and serve.5 as a suitable temporary home 
 for immigi-ants during the few days' delay which may intervene before 
 they can go to their own homesteads. The train is met upon its 
 arrival by the agents of the Government, who take charge of immi- 
 grants, and give them all the assistance and advice they need in a 
 strange land. 
 
 The first thing the immigrant should do is to obtain full particulars 
 as to the best course he should pursue. This is most readily done by 
 consulting the officials in charge of the Immigration Buildings or by 
 caljing at the office of the Commissioner of Dominion Lands. Should, 
 y>.o\v^>ver, the immiprr.'int h.-vve b.onked throij^ff) to .anv l.arc'e town at 
 which there is a Dominion Land Agency he should at once go there 
 
 ii 
 
 ■vil 
 
22 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 anil learn wliei-e the best Lands are to be had, how he can reach them, 
 and when he had better start. He can also ask for descriptions of 
 soil and natural *eatures of any particular locality which from the 
 maps and pamphlets in his possesoion he may think suitable for his 
 purpose. 
 
 AH this information is open to the intending settler. If the land 
 of a certain section is sandy, or rocky, or marshy, or alkaline, or 
 otherwise unsuitable for farming, he is told so ; if it is good land for 
 grazing but poor for farming, he learns that ; if it is thoroughly 
 fertile and desirable, this will be pointed out. In short, the whole 
 truth, whether it is favourable or untavourable, can be learned from 
 the maps and surveyors' notes shown in this office. 
 
 Most men, nevertheless, naturally wish io examine for themselves 
 the section which seems to tliem from these reports most suitable, 
 and personal inspection is strongly '■ecomraended in every case. They 
 are told what is the quickest and . heapest way to reach the land 
 (special facilities being provided for this purpose), and, when neces- 
 sary, are furnished by the Dominion Government Land Agent, with a 
 guide, who either accompanies them all the way from Winnipeg or 
 meets them at the nearest railway station and goes with them to the 
 designated locality. If they are pleased (which is usually the case) all 
 the arrangements for taking it up or for its purchase are made at once 
 at the nearest agency, and they can inamediately take possession. 
 Only a very few days, therefore, need elapse between the arrival of an 
 immigrant in Winnipeg and his settlement upon the land of his 
 choice. 
 
 Meanwhile, his family and baggage can remain at the immigrant 
 hall in comfort and perfect safety. Providing themselves with food 
 in the city markets, they can cook their own meals upon the stoves 
 in the hall kitchen, and, with the betiding which has served them 
 during their journey, they can sleep in comfort in the dormitories, 
 which are divided into compartments, atibrding complete privacy for 
 each family. Should they prefer, however, to stop at a hotel, they 
 will find in Winnipeg public houses of all grades, where the total cost 
 for each person varies from i§1.00 (4s.) to 83-00 (12s.) a day, according 
 to accommodation desired. 
 
 FIRST YEAR'S WORK. 
 
 Assuming that the settler goes on to his homestead in the spring of 
 the year he will have two important works facing him. One is the 
 construction of his house, and the other is the breaking for his next 
 year's crop. If he is a mari-ied man he will do well to provide himself 
 with a tent within which his family may sleep until the house is fin- 
 ished. Havin'vdecided on the sort of building to be erected he should 
 go to work vigorously and get it into habitable shape without delay. 
 If it is to l)e of Ux's thev should be felled and drawn from the bush 
 and if of frame the lumber should be drawn to the spot at occe. So 
 much depends upon the comfort of a family that this should L e con- 
 
FIKST VUAUS WOUK. 
 
 23 
 
 sidered a matter of vital iniportanre, and once in a pleasant and com- 
 fortable dwelling the sense of being at home will so'»n grow upon all. 
 
 Breaking, as it is called, is the ploughing of the natural prairie. 
 This is done whilst the roots of the grasses are tender, and it is seldom 
 advisable to continue after the 20th of July by which time the herbage 
 is strong and woody. In breaking, the plough is set so that the sod 
 may be ploughed at the depth of about two inches. Shallow breaking 
 is to be preferred to deep as it rots quicker and more effectually. The 
 settler should try and get at least fifteen acres broken the first year 
 and must not forget the kitchen garden which should be done first 
 of all. 
 
 The next work is putting up hay for the winter and an abundant 
 supply should be secured. The wild hay which grows in the swamps 
 is rich and nourishing and the upland hay consisting of vetches, 
 wild pease and many herbs forms a sweet fodder which is eaten most 
 greedily by the cattle. Great care should be taken to stack the hay 
 well away from the house so as to avoid all danger from fire, but at the 
 same time close to where the stable is to be. A guard of a dozen or 
 more furrows should be ploughed around it. 
 
 Backsetting now occupies the attention of the settler and should be 
 very thoroughly done, as the future seed bed is now under prepara- 
 tion. The plough is set to a depth of four inches so as to reverse the 
 woi'k of the breaking, the sod being now well rotted, and at the same 
 time to turn over a couple of inches of soil with it. It is left in this 
 condition until the spring when it readily becomes a smooth even bed 
 under the harrows, the frost having completed the ploughman's work 
 by crumbling down any lumps that may have formed here and there. 
 
 About the end of September the nights begin to get cool, and the 
 settler is reminded that he must be prepared for cold weather. Earth 
 is banked up round the house to a height of a couple of feet, and if it 
 be a log-house, a day must be devoted to carefully examining all cracks 
 and crevices which must be filled in with well-tempered mortar. Joints 
 and joinings of windows and doors must be inspected and made wind- 
 proof, and a stock of firewood laid in. The cellar must be cribbed 
 inside to prevent the sides crumbling, and shelves erected for storing 
 food. All this will be done with intense pleiisure, as the settler feels 
 he is in his own house, making himself cosy for the winter. 
 
 One day, perhaps in November, the snow will fall, and after this 
 winter sets in. Having as yet no grain to haul to market, the settler 
 can devote himself to getting out logs for a granary to hold his next 
 year's crop, and posts and rails for fencing. He must recollect that 
 next year his cattle must be kept from his grain fields, and this can 
 best be done by inclosing a pasture of about fifteen or twenty "cres 
 wherein his oxen and cows will find sutficient food and water. 
 
 Firewood should be drawn in from bush. Dead wood can be 
 
 taken from unoccupied Crown lands, and .i good supply to last through 
 out the year should be secured. 
 
24 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 During the winter evenings and on stormy days the settler can 
 exercise his ingenuity in constructing for himself a "jumper" or sleigh 
 to be drawn by a pony. This is easily done by any one handy with 
 tools. He can also make a few little articles of furniture, or improve 
 the construction of the bed, table or bench he will already have made 
 on first arriving. He will find plenty to do to keep him busy both 
 indoors and out. 
 
 In the scrub and ravines rabbits abound, and by placing a few wire 
 nooses on their runs in the snow a regular supply may be S'^'^ured for 
 the ste\v-]>an. Our settler will, if fond of sport, take an occasional 
 day off and till the larder with prairie chicken and ruffed grouse. If 
 his location be in a bush country he may occasionally bag a deer, of 
 which he will feel naturally proud. 
 
 The settler's wife will find it conducive to her health to go out every 
 day during the winter for a short walk. The children will of course 
 be running around in the snow, and with mitts and moccasins will 
 enjoy life to the utmost. Snow-houses, hand-sleighs and toboggan 
 slides afibnl endless amusement, and they grow up rosy and hardy 
 typical young Canadians. 
 
 In March there are signs of the winter breaking up. Every day 
 the sun gains more power, and a southerly breeze makes the air soft 
 and pleasant. It gets warmer, until one fine day the sun comes out 
 hotter than ever and the snow rapidly thaws. In a couple of days it 
 is nearly all gone. Winter is now over. Ducks and geese arrive 
 from the south, larks and innumerable little birds appear . verywhere, 
 and spring is come. The settler is ready for work, and soon has his 
 grain sown and his potatoes planted and kitchen garden finished. 
 
 He has completed the first year of his residence. He looks around 
 on the woik vif his hands, the result of his industry, and when he com- 
 pares his homestead now with the wild state of nature in which he 
 found it a brief twelve months ago he feels proud of his efforts and is 
 ready to go ahead with redoubled vigour. 
 
BUILDINGS. 
 
 26 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 The settler naturally wants to know what sort of house he may 
 expect to live in. He can take his choice from among the following : — 
 
 No. 1. — A log shanty, the cheapest and easiest building erected, 
 made of light logs, saddled (that is notched) at the corners, two small 
 windows and a door. Usually there is a division, one room being 
 fitted with a bed and set of shelves, the other having a stove and 
 table and a couple of stools. As will be seen by the illustration, the 
 roof is composed ( f poles, all sloping one way. On them hay is laid, 
 and over that sod. The spaces between the logs forming the walls 
 are carefully clinked with pieces of wood, and are then plastered over 
 with clay, and if properly done the shanty is warm and comfortable. 
 The entire work can be done by the settler himself, though he will do 
 well to secure the assistance of a Canadian neighbour. The logs being 
 probably close at hand, the outlay in cash will be for the windows and 
 planks for the floor and door, with some nails. The entire cost need 
 not oe over $10, say £2. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 No. 2. — A log-house. 
 
 I 
 
26 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 jq^o. 2. A log-house. For a married man this is to be preferred to 
 
 the shanty, and" will of course cost more. A set of logs must be cut 
 in the bush and drawn up to the building site, after which thoy should 
 be hewn, that is, flattened with a broad-axe on two sides. This done 
 the walls have to be raised. If there are many settlers in the neigh- 
 bourhood they will have what is called "a raising bee," and eight or 
 ten men will come over and with axe and saw, dove-tail and tit the 
 corners of the logs, and in the course of the day finish the walls, 
 leaving them ready for the roof. With the assistance of some one 
 handy^with tools the settler can, in the course of a couple of weeks, 
 finish the house, making it warm and comfortable. Such a house, in 
 size say 12 feet by 16, can be divided into two bed-rooms upstairs and 
 a kitchen and sitting-room downstairs. The lowest cost of such a 
 building would be simply the cash outlay on boards and nails for floor- 
 ing, doors, partition and gables, with four windows, and might be done 
 for S50, say £10, all labour being repaid in kind. 
 
 It is far better, however, in erecting a log-house to let a Canadian 
 undertake the entire woi'k, and it will be found cheaper in the end to 
 put on a shingled roof, lay double floors, have properly-made doors and 
 windows, and so ensure the house being thoroughly and satisfactorily 
 built. Such a house would cost about $150 to $200 (say £-"0 to £40). 
 
 No. .3. Frame shanty. In parts where bush is scarce, or from 
 
 preference, homesteaders often build entirely of sawn lumber. A 
 single-roomed shanty may be built with shingle roof, board floor laid 
 on joists fur §50 (£10). 
 
 No. 4.— Cost .$120 (€24).-Thi8 houKO has one room, 18 x 12 ft., cellar under- 
 neath, w'tli trap door in floor. 
 
BUILDINGS. 
 
 27 
 
 No. 4. —A somewh.at better style of shanty si:nilarly built but with 
 two rooms, suitable for a small family, will cost about $120 (.£24), 
 measuring about 18 feet by 12 feet, with cpllar and trap door. 
 
 No. 5. — A four-roomed frame house, say 16 feet x 20, two bed-rooms 
 upstairs, and kitchen and sitting-room below, will cost about $300 
 (£Q0). This is an average house and will accommodate any ordinary 
 family. 
 
 No. 5.— Cost !?300 (£60).— Thi8 house, 20 x 16 ft., is divided into two rooms 
 do^v^^8tai^s, and can also be divided into two rooms upstairs ; cellar underneath, with 
 trap door in kitchen floor. 
 
28 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 No. 6. — The settler with means often desires to build a house larger 
 and better than those described, and leaving out oi the question the 
 expensive ones, the sketch numbered 6 will give an idea of a compact 
 and at the same time commodious building which would cost $350 
 (£70). -- 
 
 No. 6.— Cost $.350 (£70).— This house is 20 x 16 ft., with an addition about 12 
 ft. wide, niakinK in all 20 x 28 feet ; it is divided into three rooms downstairs, and 
 can, if the settler wishes, be divided into two rooms upstairs ; it haa a cellar uader- 
 nec-xth, with trap door in kitchen floor. 
 
 Experience has shown that large houses are a mistake, and in plan 
 ning one due regard should alwa s be had for facility in heating. 
 
 STABLES. 
 
 For the first year or two a four-stalled stable is sufficient. Experi- 
 ence has shown that the warmest building is one erected on a site dug 
 out of a sloping bank, three sides thereby being protected from the 
 wind. Logs are generally used for this purpose, and straw or hay 
 stacked on the roof. 
 
 Frame stables built on the open are better in some respects, but 
 they are more expensive. Still they are preferred by many, especially 
 
FLOWERS, FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. 
 
 29 
 
 where suitable logs are scarce. These are easily built, a light frame 
 work 2 by 4 inch studding, with two plies of lumber and tar paper 
 between. There is generally a loft utilized for hay. 
 
 BARNS. 
 
 In the settler's second year he will require a granary. During the 
 previous winter he will have obtained a set of logs and in his odd 
 moments got them ready, after whiclf with the assistance of a couple 
 of neighbours he will have raised the walls. After this a few poles 
 laid over the top logs serve to support the hay or straw that form the 
 roof. It is a common practice to arrange the grain stacks so that the 
 straw from the threshing machine falls on the roof of the granary 
 where it is properly laid by a couple of men as it comes from the 
 separator. 
 
 In describing briefly the first few years' requirements care has been 
 taken to mention those that can be most cheaply built and by the set- 
 tler himself. It is needless to say that a great deal of money is often 
 lavished in buildings where inexpensive ones would have done quite 
 as well. 
 
 In the erection of buildings, in the purchase of machinery, so tempt- 
 ingly offered him, and in all his farming operations the settler should 
 proceed cautiously and steadily. Festina lente, to hasten slowly, 
 should be his motto. One of the greatest pitfalls in this country is 
 the facilility for getting into debt, and against this the settler will do 
 well to be on his guard. 
 
 FLOWERS, FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. 
 
 Manitoba and the North-west Territories are exceptionally rich in 
 wild flowers and fruits, and in the summer the prairie, in places, re- 
 sembles a garden, anemones, ground-orchids, gorgeous tiger lilies, wild 
 roses, calceolarias, coryopses and many others growing luxuriantly, 
 whilst numbers of butterflies hover over them, with occasionally a 
 humming bird from the sunny south. 
 
 In the bluffs the wild hop grows in profusion, and the settlers' 
 wives never fail to gather a pillow-case full for yeast, for it is far 
 stronger than the cultivated variety bought in packages in the village 
 store. Before the hot weather sets in many make a brew of wild hop 
 beer, an effervescent and non-intoxicating liquor, much appreciated in 
 the far west. 
 
 In the early summer strawberries ripen in great profusion, and the 
 women and children gather them for preserving. Though small,, these 
 are of a delicious flavour. 
 
 Raspberries, black and red currants, produce excellent fruit, and 
 respond readily to cultivation. Many gardens show plants bending 
 with crops, resulting from a little care and attention. 
 
 if 
 
i 
 
 30 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 ■\\ 
 
 Wild plums, in certjiin stjasons, are plentiful, and the choke cherry, 
 so called from its at. triage ncy, grows everywhere, to the satisfaction of 
 children and birds. A red cherry also grows which makes delicious 
 
 jelly. 
 
 A small sort of gooseberry also is to be found. In the swamps, 
 cranberries hang in great scarlet bunches, and make excellent pies and 
 preserves. 
 
 Other fruit-bearing shrubs, known by local names, abound, as the 
 buflfalo berry, the prairie apple, the June berry, the Saskatoon, the 
 succatash, &c., with all of which the settler soon becomes familiar. 
 
 Hazel nuts are common enough, but no one ever takes the trouble 
 to pick them. In the fall squirrels and chipmunks store them up for 
 the winter. 
 
 Fruit culture has been scarcely attempted yet, but near Winnipeg, 
 several settlers have grown crab-apples and small fruits with success. 
 Farmers seem to care for little else than raising wheat, be:ng content 
 to depend on the wild fruits for winter preserves, but possibly this is 
 a matter that will right itself. 
 
 One of the greatest sights at the fairs, which are held all over the 
 country in the fall of the year, is the vegetable display, and excites 
 astonishment in all. Cabbages, tender and succulent ; cauliflowers, 
 white and firm, parsnips, carrots, lettuce, pumpkins, squashes, marrows, 
 and everything else that a garden should produce. The potatoes, of 
 which we have many varieties, grow to perfection, and beets and tur- 
 nips in our wonderful soil develop enormously. 
 
 With ordinary care a settler's garden furnishes far more than he 
 can consume, and much of it tinds its way to the cows and pigs. The 
 rich alluvial deposits, and the clay and sandy loams which form our 
 prairie produce enormous crops of anything sown. 
 
 POULTRY. 
 
 Among the most important additions to a homestead may be cour ted 
 the poultry, which are usually the particular care of the settler's 
 wife. With a properly constructed fowl-house iresh eggs may be ob- 
 tained almost throughout the winter, and in summer appear at eveiy 
 meal. It is usual to pack a number in the autumn for winter use, 
 and the village store keepers are always willing to purchase any that 
 may be brought in. With a dozen of hens a settler may have variety 
 for the table, and raise many broods of chickens for the following year. 
 
 Turkeys are pi'ofitable to keep, giving no trouble and furnishing an 
 acceptable roast at Christmas and other times. Ducks and geese do 
 very well, and most settlers keep a few. 
 
 TAXES. 
 
 T_ i.U„ XT i-U .- J. fF ; 
 
 iH tllC J.t UlLIl-WCSl; xcni- 
 
 The rate Oi tii.vation Viiries eonsiuer<it^!y. 
 tories where there is no municipal organization, the taxes are re- 
 Btncted to school rates, where the school system is in operation, but in 
 
CAPITAL. 
 
 31 
 
 Manitoba where jjocmI roads and bridges and other improveniHiits are 
 steadily increasing the value of property the rate is higher. In an 
 old .district that has been settled niany years, the taxes on a quarter 
 section are as high as twelve dollars anrl fifty cents, but in newer dis- 
 tricts the amount is as low as two dollars on a quarter section. In 
 tl»e locality wherein the newly arrived immigrant is likely to take up 
 his homestead he will probably escape taxation altogether for some 
 years, unless a school be started for the education of the children in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 CAPITAL. 
 
 In considering the (question of capital it is of course assumed that 
 the emigrant intends to take up a free homestead of 160 acres. It is 
 difficult to state exactly what amount will be necessary to start farming 
 with. So much depends upon the energy, experience, judgment and 
 enterprise of the settler, that what would be sufficient for one man 
 would be quite inadequate for another. The following list shows what 
 is absolutely necessary in order to pei'form the every-day work of the 
 farm, but it must be borne in mind that the prices of the different 
 articles enumerated vary at times : — 
 
 1 yoke oxen f 120 00 
 
 1 set of harnesH 10 00 
 
 1 wagon 70 00 
 
 1 breaking plough, with extra mould-board for back- 
 setting 25 00 
 
 1 set of harrows 1(5 00 
 
 1 fitove, with pots, pans and piiiea, crockery . .' 30 0»} 
 
 1 cow .' 30 00 
 
 1 axe, shovel, lodging chain, lantein, &c. ... 20 00 
 
 Odds and ends, including scythe and hand rake, say.. . . 71) 00 
 
 .S400 00 
 
 In addition to this there is the cost of a house, which may be from 
 $50 upwards according to the taste and means of the settler. 
 
 Provisions for the tirst year will cost about SI 50, in subsequent 
 years the settler will, of course, have his own flour, eggs, bacon and 
 many other commodities which he now has to buy. 
 
 Thus we see that for $700, or £145, a good start can be made, with 
 all the necessaries of life and a year's provisioMS ahead. 
 
 But there are to-day hundreds of well-to-do farmers in Manitoba, 
 and the North-west Territories who began with far less than is here 
 set down, and there are many men who arrived six or eight years ago 
 with nothing but the clothes they wore and who to-day are comfort- 
 ably off, with farms and buildings, cattle and machinery, to say 
 nothing of wives and bairns. 
 
32 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 illl 
 
 ! 
 
 PRICE MST OP FARMIX(J IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Plough, ordinary, nrairie breaker * 18 (Xt to ^ 20 00 
 
 do (K> bush do 2.S 00 30 00 
 
 do riding, I furrow M (M) 
 
 do do 2 furrows 70 00 
 
 HarrovH, ordinary 14 00 22 00 
 
 do diHc 35 (W 40 00 
 
 Seeding machines — hoe drill and seeth'r. ... 75 00 85 00 
 
 do with preMH wheeln *K) 00 100 00 
 
 Mowing machines 55 00 OO 00 
 
 Horne rake 25 00 .35 00 
 
 Wagonw, ordinary 70 00 72 50 
 
 SleighH 25 00 
 
 Self-binders 130 00 140 00 
 
 The foregoing ia subject to slight fluctuations, and is for cash. 
 When yearly payments are made the cost is about eiglit to ten per 
 cent more. The lower rates quoted are for ordinary, every -day machin- 
 ery, the higher prices are for extra size or weight. Inferiority of 
 quality or workmanship is not allowed. 
 
 The greatest mistake is made by parents sending out their sons with 
 two or three hundred pounds or even more at their command. Let 
 the young fellows come out to a friend or hire out for a year. They 
 will gain invaluable experience and if they are of the right stamp will 
 then be ready to start for themselves in the full knowledge of what to 
 do and how best to accomplish it. 
 
 German and Scandinavian settlers come out with barely anything, 
 and by working out when labour is scarce, accumulate sufficient to 
 eventually commence farming on their own account. 
 
 The German Mennonite settlers who came to Canada from Southern 
 Russia a few years ago — that is, the poorer families of them — started 
 with very little capital, and they are to-day very prosperous, and raise 
 large crops of grain, besides growing flax, of which they export the 
 seed. They are also well supplied with live stock. 
 
 The Mennonite outfit of one family, averaging five persons, consisted 
 of one yoke of oxen, one cow, one plough, one wagon and one cooking 
 stove — the whole obtained at a cost of $270, or £54. In the case of 
 the poorer, two families clubbed together to use one outfit. The cost 
 of provisions for the subsistence of one family for a year was $93 
 (£18 15s.), the provisions consisting almost wholly of flour, pork and 
 beans. No money was expended on the buildings in which th first 
 lived. These consisted for the first year of brush, laid sloping on poles 
 and covered with earth. This fact is stated to show from how small a 
 beginning a settler may successfully start and attain plenty ; but, see- 
 ing that the log or frame house of the country can be built at so mod- 
 erate a cost, probably few settlers from the United Kingdom would be 
 willing to do as the Mennonites did. Many a man will, however, make 
 a hard struggle for independence, and find both his labour and his 
 hardships sweetened by the consciousness of the daily steps he is taking 
 cowards that end. It may further be mentioned that for some years 
 to come, there will be railways and public works in progress, on which 
 
YIKLD OF OKAIN. 
 
 S3 
 
 tn'^ poorer settlors may work for a part of the time at gofKl wages, and 
 s<« jbtain means to tide over the first ditiiculties of a settler's life with 
 more comfort. 
 
 YIELD OF GRAIN. 
 
 Manitoba and the North-west Territories are justly celebrated for 
 their wheat which in excellence cnnnot l)e . xcelled. 
 
 Red Fyfe wheat, " No. 1 hard," is the principal variety sown and is 
 acknowledged the very best wheat the world produces. It is in great 
 demand in Great Britain, Eastern Canada and the States for milling 
 purposes, and commands a ready sale at a higher price than any other 
 known variety. 
 
 Ladoga wheat, a Russiaii variety, has been introduced with great 
 success, and although it has the advantage of ripening earlier than the 
 Fyfe, is not so great a favourite with the millers. 
 
 The average yield of wheat all over the country may be set at 
 twenty bushels per acre. In the year 1887 the average was over thirty 
 bushels, and in 1891 even higher, some farmers getting as nmch as 
 forty-two bushels per acre, though of course this is exceptional. 
 
 Oats yield on an average fifty-five bushels per acre, though in well 
 cultivated soil seventy bushels is not uncommon, and as high as ninety 
 and one hundred bushels per acre have been threshed. Sixty bushe'3 
 is reckoned a good crop. 
 
 Barley yields about forty to forty-five bushels per acre and is ly 
 raised by farmers for feeding to stock. Much might be made ouo of 
 this grain, as brewers are said to find difficulty' in obtaining supplies. 
 
 Pease and flax do well but are not grown to any large extent, 
 
 Potatoes g"ow marvellously. A well cultivated field will yield three 
 hundred bushels per acre, and as high as four hundred is often dug on 
 new land. For size, shape and flavour, the Early Rose potato of our 
 western prairie is unrivalled. 
 
 The average yield of turnips is about three hundred and sixty bushels 
 per acre. 
 
 The average yield of mangolds is about four hundred and forty bushels 
 per acre. 
 
 The avevage yield of carrots is about three hundred bushels per acre, 
 and the average yield of beets about two hundred and ninety bushels 
 per acre. 
 
 m 
 
 PROFITS IN FARMING. 
 
 In considering the question of profits to be derived from farming it 
 is to be borne in mind that we offer land to immigrants as homes and 
 not as a means for speculation, and that the average settler knows very 
 little of farming until after he has been here a few years and will con- 
 sequently not adopt at first the best methods. 
 
 3 
 
84 
 
 NOUTFI-WKSTKRN CANADA. 
 
 rures 
 
 n i 
 
 ■s 1 
 
 )w fanning with a valuHtion placed upon 
 each operati.>ii." The original breaking «.f the prairie and hack-setting 
 it into tillable land is placed at $5 per acre. In subsequent years the 
 annual cost per acre is as follows : — 
 
 riuiiKliinj? Mtubble ^} ^} 
 
 llurn.win,? ' Jf 
 
 HeKling »f' 
 
 Heedgmin • •• j.]'^ 
 
 CuttiiiK with «elf-l)in(l«r ■• Jj ^ 
 
 Twine 
 
 Shocking 
 
 Htackiiig 
 
 Thn'HiiinK, at five centB abiwhel 
 
 .SO 
 
 20 
 
 70 
 
 1 00 
 
 Marketing ^ ^ 
 
 »6 70 
 
 Credit, twenty InishelH wht'at at 75 cents 815 00 
 
 LeHS exi)enditure aH abovo •♦ < 
 
 Profit jHT acre 9o 30 
 
 This is oneway of culcvilating the protit, but it is scarcely a just one. 
 The fairer way is to judge the actual expenditure of the settler in hard 
 cash, in the course of the year, as couipared with the cash return, it 
 being assumed that he has a team and implements, and works them 
 himself, 
 
 COST PKR ACRIi. 
 
 Seed grain ^100 
 
 Twine ^ ^^ 
 
 Help in harvest ^ "^ 
 
 Threshing, five cents a bustiel 1 00 
 
 Marketing, two do 40 
 
 Credit, twenty Inishels at 75 cents a > ushel. . 
 Less exjienditure as above 
 
 9S 20 
 
 .$15 00 
 . 3 20 
 
 Profit per acre $1 1 81 
 
 Such an estimate might apply to an acreage of 30 to 100 acres. 
 Less than that the hired help need not be counted ; more than an 
 additional horse or team would vary the rate in one or two particulars. 
 
 As a iviau may be counted rich only in proportion to his expendi- 
 ture, so in oraer to appreciate the ])rotits of farming it is necessary to 
 consider the cost of living. 
 
 To support an average family of man and wife and four children in 
 food, clothes, etc., three hundred dollars per annum would be more 
 than sufficient. Of course the sett ler has his own flower, eggs, poultry, 
 milk, butter, bacon and vegetables, and all in abundance. The only 
 expenditure would be in groceries, such as tea, sugar, lamp oil, etc., 
 and the clothes bought being chosen for lasting qualities would not 
 co"t vprv much Th" "um thereffirp. of three hundred dollars may be 
 accepted as ample. 
 
-3 
 
 t5 
 
 X 
 
 33 
 
 ,■ 
 
• *■ 
 
 CUSTOMS HEfJULATIONS. 
 
 36 
 
 hundrpH I ^ ^r Pf J'T"'"' ^''^™ ^*'i^^^' deducting the three 
 
 hundred, leaves four hundred dollars to pay instalments on machinery 
 further unprovements to the farm, purchase of new stock, etc. ^' 
 
 Fvlrv «. """ *^ his wheat the farmer has other sources of revenue. 
 
 stIerJforhp!f''T' T *.T ''' '^?" ^^^^"«' «^ ^h^«h he will sell the 
 steers tor beef when about two or three years old 
 
 whih wln*!;^ dairy is w 11^^ ^^ J ^^^ skim-milk will feed many hogs, 
 which will be killed in the fall, furnishing pork for the winter and 
 bacon tor the summer ; and should there be a pig or two to spare there 
 IS always a market at the nearest village 
 
 forw in 7'" ^' '""'' *^f *^ur«^ ^^^'^ ^^y ^^^ b« ^" immediate 
 out Tt """^' "" '^""^^^'*^b^^ "^i^g ^«d a ^^"r profit can be made 
 
 '# 
 
 CUSTOMS REGULATIONS. 
 
 The Customs law provides that settlers' effects, viz. r—Wearin- 
 
 3s'of rf"^^ '"T-'"^'' P->f--°-l books, 'implements and 
 h.d in ; . f^' °^;^"P^*'?" «^ employment, which the settler has 
 had in actual use for at least six months before removal to Canada 
 musica instruments, domestic sewing machines, live stock, carts 
 and other vehicles, and agricultural implements in use by the 
 
 in id " t ''"'' ""^ ^''' ^^^^^''^ ^' ^«"^«--I *« Canada, not to 
 nolude machinery, or articles imported for use in any manufactur- 
 ing establishment, or for sale ; provided that any dutiable article 
 
 TT,t ^^,r"^'t •'?'*' "^^y ^^^ ^« «^ «^^«'--d unless brought 
 with the settler on his first arrival, and shall not be sold or otherwise 
 disposed of without payment of duty, until after two years' actual use 
 in Canada ; provided also, that under regulations made by the Minister 
 ot Customs, live stock, when imported into Manitoba or the North-west 
 
 IZtTu ^l ^"^"'^^^"S «^^*3f '•«' «ball be free of duty, until otherwise 
 ordered by the Governor in Council. 
 
 hin^blT' n '"i^^ ^^ Z^""''^^ *° ^^^ '^P * ^^''^ (^bich will be supplied 
 him by the Customs officer on application) giving description, value, 
 (fee. of the goods and articles he wishes to be allowed to brin^ in free 
 ot duty. He will also be required to take the following oath*^— 
 
 fhfr„'li \l 1 ■■■ J" *".•;• • \^*^ ^'^''^by solemnly make oath and say, 
 
 that all the goods and articles hereinbefore mentioned are, to the best 
 f my knowlec^re and belief, entitled to Free Entry as Settlers' Effects, 
 u-nder the tariff of duties of Customs now in force, and that ail of them 
 have been owned and in actual use by myself for at least six months 
 before removal to Canada; and that any and all musical instruments 
 domestic sewing machines, live stock, carts and other vehicles and 
 agriculturaUmplements named or included in this bill of entry have 
 ..pop nwnea and m actual use hy myself for at least one year before 
 such removal ; and that none of the goods or articles shown in this 
 entry have been imported as merchandise or for use in any manufac 
 
 i 
 
36 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 turing establishment, or for sale, and that I intend becoming a per- 
 manent settler within the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Sworn to, at this ) 
 
 day of 189 \ 
 
 LIST OF LAND AGENCIES. 
 
 Winnipeg district Winnipeg P.O Manitoba. 
 
 Saskatchewan district Minnedosa P.O do 
 
 Lake Dauphin district Lake Dauphin P.O... do 
 
 Souris district Brandon P.O do 
 
 Qu'Appelle district Regina P.O Assmiboia. 
 
 Coteau district Estevan P.O do 
 
 Touchwood district Yorkton P.O do 
 
 Calgary district Calgary P.O Alberta. 
 
 Lethbridge district Lethbridge P.O do 
 
 Red Deer distrirc Red Deer P.O do 
 
 WetaskeAvin dis irict Wetaskewin P.O . . . do 
 
 Edmonton district Edmonton P.O do 
 
 Prince Albert district Prince Albert P.O . . Saskatchewan. 
 
 Battleford district Battleford P.O do 
 
 Karaloops district Kamloops P.O Br. Columbia. 
 
 New Westminster district.. NewWestminster P.O do 
 
 HOMESTEAD REGI^LATIONS 
 
 All even-numbered sections, excepting 8 and 26 are open for 
 homestead entry by any person who is the sole head of a family, or 
 any male over eighteen years of age. 
 
 A widow, with or without children, is counted the head of a family. 
 
 Entry must be made personally at the land office for the district 
 within which the land selected is situated. Any one, however, unable 
 to attend personally may obtain permission for some one whom he 
 shall name to act as agent for him, on making written application to 
 the Minister of Interior, Ottawa, or the Commissioner of Dominion 
 Lands, Winnipeg. 
 
 A fee of $10.00 must be paid by the homesteader on making entry. 
 Where, however, the land has already been entered and abandoned, or 
 the entry otherwise cancelled, an additional fee of $10 is required. 
 
 Every person obtaining homestead entry is allowed six months with- 
 in which to perfect the entry by going into bona fide personal resi- 
 dence upon the land. Should, however, such person have made entry 
 on or after the 1st of September in any year, the six months will not 
 be considered to have expired before the 1st of June following. 
 
 Under present regulations, the settler may earn a patent for his 
 homestead under one of the following systems : — 
 
<l 
 
 HOMESTEAD REGULATIONS. 
 
 (1) Ordinary Entry. 
 
 37 
 
 Three years bona fide residence in a habitable house upon the land, 
 and the proper cultivation of a reasonable acreage, during which time 
 the settler must not have been absent for more than six months in any 
 one year. 
 
 (2) The Tim Miles Radius System. 
 
 Three years residence within a radius of two miles of the home- 
 stead, of which period he must reside for three months in a habitable 
 house upon his homestead before making application for patent. The 
 following cultivation must be done :— First year, ten a^i-es broken and 
 prepared for crop. Second year, ten acres cropped and fifteen acres 
 additional broker, and prepared for crop, making twenty-five acres in 
 all. Third year, twenty-five acres cropped and another fifteen broken 
 and prepared for crop, making a total of forty acres. The homesteader 
 must not be absent from the two miles radius for more than six 
 months in any one year. 
 
 (3) The Five Years System. 
 
 Residence may be anywhere for the first two years, but during this 
 period the following improvements must be made upon the homestead : 
 
 First year.— Within six months of date of homestead entry, or if the 
 entry was obtained after the 1st September in any year, before the 
 first day of June following, not less than five acres must be broken and 
 prepared for crop. 
 
 Second year. — The said five acres must be cropped and not less than 
 ten acres additional broken and prepared for crop, making fifteen 
 acres in all. Before the expiration of the second year a habitable 
 house must be erected upon the homestead. 
 
 Third year. — At the beginning of the third year or previously, 
 continuous residence upon the homestead must be commenced. 
 
 Three years residence and cultivation nmst then precede application 
 for patent, du'-ing which the settler may not be absent from his home- 
 stead longer than six months in any one year. 
 
 1i 
 
 CANCELLATION OF ENTRY. 
 
 Should a homesteader fail to comply with the terms of his entry, 
 his right to the homestead may be declared forfeited and the entry 
 cancelled. 
 
 LEAVE OF ABSENCE. 
 
 In special cases, as of illness, or of immigrant settlers returning to 
 their native land to bring out their families, the Minister may extend 
 
3S 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 the time a settler may be absent from his homestead, but such time is 
 
 not reckoned as residence. . i , ^ • * 
 
 Assignments of homestead rights are not permitted before issue ot 
 
 patent. 
 
 APPLICATION FOR PATENT. 
 
 A homesteader is entitled to apply for his patent when he has ful- 
 filled the conditions of his entry. 
 
 THE SYSTEM OF SURVEY. 
 
 Under the improved system of survey, now in force. Dominion lands 
 in Manitoba and the North-west Territories are laid off in four-sided 
 "townships," almost square in form, bounded on the east and west 
 sides by lines which are true jneridians of longitude (i.e., radiating 
 from the North Pole), and on the north and south sides by lines which 
 are chords of the circular parallels of latitude intersecting such 
 meridians. 
 
 TOWNSHIPS AND RANGES. 
 
 A township measures on its east and west sides, from centre to centre of 
 the road allowances which form its actual boundaries, exactly 483 chains, 
 and on its north tfud south sides 486 chains, more or less, subject to the 
 deficiency resulting from the convergence or divergence of the meri- 
 dians, as the case may be, caused by the curvature of the surface of 
 the globe. In other words, a township measures rather more than 
 six miles square. 
 
 Townships are numbered in regular order northwards from the 49th 
 parallel of north latitude, which forms the International Boundary line 
 betwen the territories of Canada and those of the United States (see 
 Diagram p. 39), and they lie in "ranges" which are numbered in 
 regular succession westward of certain standard north-and-south lines 
 first established, under the name of " principal meridians," which are 
 distinctly set down on all Government maps.* Thefe are also certain 
 ranges lying (and numbered) east of the First Principal Meridian, and 
 likewise some townships lying (and numbered) south of the 49th par- 
 allel ; but these latter are situate east of the Lake of the Woods. 
 
 * The First Principal Meridian runs northward from a point on the International 
 Boundary abfjut eleven miles west of tlie town of Emerson. The Second Principal 
 Meridian is established uijon the 102nd meridian of west longitude, passing about 
 thirty miles west of Fort Kllice. The Third, Fourth, and Fifth Principal Meridians 
 are identical with the KHith, llOtii, zuid 114th meridians of longitude lespectivoly. 
 
 11 
 
THE SYSTEM OF SUKVKY. 
 
 39 
 
40 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 SECTIONS. 
 
 Each township is subdivided into thirty-six " sections" of 640 acres, 
 or one square mile, more or less (the exact area being, like that of the 
 township itself, subject to convergence or divergence of meridians), to- 
 gether with certain road allowances, having a width of one chain, on 
 each section line running north and south, and on every altennate sec- 
 tion line running east and west. 
 
 The sections are laid out of the precise width of eighty chains (or 
 eighty-one chains, including tlie contiguous road allowance) on certain 
 lines running east and west, called " base lines " ; and tho meridians 
 bounding sections are drawn thence, northward and southwfird to the 
 depth of two townships, to certain "correction lines." (See Diagram 
 page 39.) 
 
 All sections south of a base line will accordingly have their northern 
 and southern boundary lines rather more than eighty chains, while the 
 northern and southern boundaries of sections in the townships laid off 
 north of the same base line will correspondingly measure somewhat less 
 than the normal dimension of eighty chains. 
 
 The following diagram shows the subdivision of a township into 
 sections which, as will be seen, are numbered in a certain order. 
 
 All even-numbered sections are open to homest,ead entry, excepting 
 8 and three-quarters of 26, which are the property of the Hudson's 
 Bay Company. In every fifth township, as townships V , X, XV, and 
 80 on, the Hudson's Bay Company owns the whole of Section 26. 
 
 Sections 11 and 29 are set apart by the Government for the purposes 
 of an endowment in aid of public education. These School Lands, as 
 
 line")' rttC L:OlIllllWlilY T^raxivM, «-lv n*^tVt r^J t-Ji. - »'._.|"-. .•*!.. ..... ... *-' 
 
 in trust. From time to time when it is thought there is a local de- 
 mand, certain of them are offered for sale at an upset price at public 
 
 i :l 
 
THE SYSTEM OF SURVEY. 
 
 41 
 
 auction, and the nioueys thus realized are invested by the Crown, for 
 the benefit of the endowment. 
 
 All other odd-numbered sections are held for the purpose of com- 
 pleting grants in aid of railway construction, and may usually be pur- 
 chased from the railway companies. 
 
 The course of every line surveyed in the North-west is marked upon 
 the grdhnd by the planting or erection of such posts, stones, mounds, 
 or other monuments as will serve the temporary purpose of guiding 
 Prospectors through the country, and which also constitute permanent 
 landmarks to establish the legal boundaries of lands held by different 
 proprietors. (See illustrations, pp. 45-46.) 
 
42 
 
 NORTH-WRSTERV CANADA. 
 
 THE OLD SYSTEM OK SUR' ^Y. 
 
 The system of survey in use previous to the season of 1881 is illus- 
 trated by Diagram No. I. It will be observed that a township sur- 
 
 ' 
 
 Dia(;ram No. I. 
 
 J L J_ J L.LJ 
 
 
 -• I--3I---. h--32 — 
 
 --33- 
 
 I 
 18 
 
 i 
 
 .1.. 
 
 
 I 
 17- 
 
 L.-.J.-_. 
 
 ► 1 — 
 
 -1— ^ 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 -7 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 > pi' 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 f-- 
 1 
 
 1 
 -6-- 
 
 1 
 L-. 
 
 _L._. 
 
 ■t— t 
 
 -' !--8---' 
 
 I 
 . -J I 
 
 
 JLiJLlJLLJL 
 
 I 
 
 .1. 
 
 . L.J..J L__.L.J L..L... 
 
 L_ 
 
 •— ,. I — 15._.. ,-_.|5.-J.^__,4.. 1 [--13- 
 ._.J I — L__J ; — L J [ I." I I 1 
 
 I L._.J l.__J J I ' J L I . 
 
 -— ;--5 
 
 1 
 
 I ! t l ! ti ! t ^ ' t 
 
 [_._;__. J i...i^J : j J I L._J 
 
 -» — ♦ 
 
 n 
 
 nm^m 
 
 u4 ToTvjxshifo 
 
 CLS surveyed^ iziuier Vte' old/ sj^temc 
 
 Th£ dcerh lines shotu ciit liries mar-hed oiv 
 
 Vvc' grroiznd/, ivWvpoaiZiorvofjwsl^. 
 MB.JlO€ul aUowcances are^ J ChJrv 60Z TCs ivide- 
 
THE SYSTEM OF 8UIIVEY. 
 
 43 
 
 veyecl on this plan has three roads running cast and west beyond the 
 nunil)er contained in a tf)wnship surveyed according to the modern 
 system. (See Diagram No. II.) The numljer of surveyed lines in 
 
 Diagram No. II. 
 
 n-.j i..._i.. 
 
 -.., ,.. -|9__.. 
 
 ... ,_.|fl._., 
 
 -31 
 
 -' h- 30 •• 
 
 JM JM Jl i J; 
 
 J I J. 1 I L I L L I ... , 
 
 I 
 . J. 
 
 .7.--.. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 S2---.. 
 
 .--29.-.. 
 
 > r 
 
 -20--' 
 
 I 
 17 
 
 ■8 
 
 -^f '►T 
 
 .-3'3---' \ 
 
 34---. [■-- 35---.. ;.--^6---. 
 
 —28 |.--27--.. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 . a _ . 
 
 -26 
 
 t 
 
 -• I---25---. 1-- 
 
 2I-— . I---22—. 
 
 
 IC --•• !-- IS--' 
 
 1 I 
 l-._J_-.._j 
 
 -9--.-.. 
 
 4-^. 
 
 10 — . 
 
 I 
 -3 
 
 n 
 
 \ i 
 
 1 
 
 -23--^ 
 
 ^i \ • 
 
 1 
 
 ■ ;---24-- 
 
 , 1 
 
 --4---. 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 -14 -- 
 
 1 
 
 . U-.I3-. 
 
 1 
 
 L^_L_J 
 
 
 N ,--12---. -- 
 
 1.--V— , 
 
 I ' 
 
 ? f-i 
 
 ]rr] 
 
 A Township, 
 OJi sur vetoed/ trjtder the p.resent system. 
 
 The cUirk tines fshow alt tines rnci^rked, ort 
 the grounds, wWv posiKorv of /losts. 
 
 Jf,B. JlocuZ^ allowances are One Chairv wide. 
 
 'f 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 44 
 
 NOHTII-WKHTKRN CANADA. 
 
 sunh a township is accordingly three more than the number run in a 
 township surveytitl on the new system, which fact haa a s|)ecial interest 
 for the Land Prospector, inasmuch as there is a difference in the num- 
 ber of mounds to guide him in identifying the position of the particu- 
 hvr (juarter-section he may be in search of. 
 
 A further difference in the two systems, having less practical interest 
 for the land hunter, is that, whereas in the new system the deficiency 
 or surplus arising from the convergence or divergence of meridians is 
 distributed among all the sections of a township, under the old system 
 such deficiency or surplus was left in the tier of quarter-sections ad- 
 joining the western Ijoundary of the township, the remaining quarter- 
 sections having their four sides of equal dimensions, viz., forty chains. 
 To accomplish this result the meridians dividing the sections and 
 quarter-sections were laid out parallel with that forming the eastern 
 boundary of the township— the (unsurveyed) meridian forming the 
 eastern limit of the road allowance dividing the township in question 
 from the next one west being assumed to be parallel to the surveyed 
 line forming the western limit, and thus a solitary exception. 
 
 Lastly, the road allowances under the old system were 1 chain 50 
 links wic^e, instead of 1 chain only, as fixed under the system accord- 
 ing to which lands are now surveyed in the North-west. 
 
 The townships coloured red on the map at the end of this pamphlet 
 have been surveyed, and such lands therein as have not already been 
 disposed of are now open to sale or entry. 
 
 Lists of vacant lands in any two or three townships which the in- 
 tending settler may desire to examine on arriving in the country, can 
 be obtained on personal or written application to the local land agent 
 or to the Commissioner of Dominion Lands at Winnipeg. 
 
THE 8Y8TKM Or SURVEY. 
 
 40 
 
 j QuarBurSedfiorvTost'. SecUon/Posf Slon/! Corner. 
 
 
 Fi^4 3<ja~lfv Mound and JHost: 
 
 >v 
 
 
 j J^i^d Sfx>nef, Mbitnd/. J^g. 7. Wxiness Mbu^ruly. 
 
 Survey Posts. 
 
46 
 
 NOHTII->VKSTKn\ CANADA. 
 
 u 
 
 is^ 1 
 
 TufZ- 
 
 
 Plcirvof 
 tScction/ Corner Jibimd/, 
 ( OTV Ordinary iines) 
 
 « S 4 
 
 iU-i 
 
 PUm WM of 
 SecHon' Corner M'oi.wvdt 
 (on/ Correction/ lines,) 
 
 
 "^ i I ^ ^ ' T l I T i i Ti i -T i 
 
 ab as : sii as ' 3^ > 'f 
 
 Fi^.3, sTwwing fwsUion/ of jwsts on/Correcf^</n Z.ine^. 
 
 \i i^ t.l U^ \J L^. ^J if^\ J Uf!* 
 
 Tigr.4 
 
 Txe-'^ 
 
 / 
 
 1 L.L ___,T 
 
 .<*• 
 
 -+Ti 
 
 !■»> 
 
 Fi0e 
 
 M 
 
 -4 
 
 Fi^7 
 
 Tw.d 
 
 u 
 
 > 
 
 M 
 
 lAXXX 
 
 JFi^f* 
 
 Fi0lO',^ riffU Fi^JZ 
 
 The^ dbove .afford.' iU/VLstroutiorts o/'iJte 
 TTxethod/ of TrtctrK^.ng th/c ywsfs. 
 
 
TIMHER RE0ULATI0X8. 
 
 TIMBER REGULATIONS. 
 
 47 
 
 Settlers and others are warnfd aju;ainst cutting? timber on Govern- 
 ment lands without first obtaining from an authorized agent of the 
 Crown a permit to do so. 
 
 Any occupant of a homestead (juarter-section having no timber of 
 his own may, upon application, obtain a permit to cut ich quantity 
 of building timl)er, fencing timber or fuel as he may require for use on 
 his homestead, not exceeding the following : — 
 
 1,800 lineal feet of building logs (no log to be over 12 inches at the 
 butt end). 
 
 400 roof poles. 
 
 2,000 poplar fence rails (not exceeding 5 inches at the butt end). 
 
 30 cords of dry wood. 
 
 Burnt or fallen timber of a diameter up to 7 inches inclusive, for 
 fuel or fencing. 
 
 No permits shall be issued to cut timber for speculative purposes. 
 
 Any holder of a homestead entry is not permitted, previously to the 
 issue of the patent, to sell any of tlio timlx^r on his homestead quarter- 
 section to saw-mill proprietors or to any other than settlers for their 
 own private use, without having previously obtained pernnssion so to 
 do from the Minister. 
 
 Cutting timber without a permit is punishable as an oifence at law. 
 
48 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 PRICE LIST OF PROVISIONS, ETC. 
 
 Bacon, 1 
 
 er lb 
 
 Bread 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Butter 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Beef 
 
 do 
 
 Mutton 
 
 do 
 
 Veal 
 
 do 
 
 Pork 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 white 
 brown 
 fresh . 
 salt . . 
 
 curi'd 
 Beer, per quart.. . 
 Candles, per lb.. . . 
 Cheese do ... 
 Coffee do ... 
 Cornnieal, 100 lbs, 
 
 Eggs, per doz 
 
 Flour, per 100 lbs 
 
 do buckwheat, per KM) lb; 
 
 Firewood, i)er curd 
 
 Hani. ])er lb 
 
 Herrings, per brl 
 
 Mustard, per lb 
 
 Milk, per quart 
 
 Oatmeal, iter 100 lbs 
 
 Pepi>er, per lb 
 
 Potatoes, jier bush 
 
 Rice, ])er lb. 
 
 Soap, yellow, i)er lb, 
 
 do toilet, iMir cake 
 Sugar, brown, per lb 
 
 do white do 
 
 Salt, i)er lb 
 
 Tea, black, per lb, 
 do green do 
 Tobacco, ])er lb ... . 
 Coats, under, twe^d 
 
 do over do 
 Trousers do 
 Vests do 
 Shirts, flannel 
 
 do cotton . 
 
 do under 
 Hats, felt . . 
 Socks, woi'sted, per jtair. 
 
 do cotton <io . 
 
 Blankets, jter pair 
 
 Rugs 
 
 Flannel, per yard. 
 Cotton, sheeting 
 
 do shirting. . 
 Canadian clotl 
 Shoes, men's . . 
 do women's 
 Boots, men's 
 
 'l-. women's 
 fndia rubber oversiioes, men's 
 do do women'.s 
 
 3 00 
 
 4 00 
 2 00 
 1 50 
 
 1 00 
 25 
 50 
 50 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 2 .50 
 
 1 .50 
 25 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 
 5 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 .S5 
 
 7 <l I 
 
 1 m 
 
 5 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 2 75 
 
 1 (H) 
 
 2 75 
 
 35 
 
 00 
 00 
 50 
 50 
 00 
 00 
 .50 
 10 00 
 5 00 
 ()0 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 1 00 
 5 00 
 3 50 
 H <I0 
 3 50 
 3 50 
 
 2 00 
 
To 
 
 3 00 
 
 () 00 
 
 4 00 
 
 18 
 
 13 00 
 
 00 
 
 15 
 
 4 00 
 
 50 
 
 90 
 
 08 
 
 12i 
 
 25 
 
 08 
 
 08^ 
 
 03 
 
 1 00 
 
 (10 
 
 75 
 
 10 OC 
 
 20 00 
 
 7 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 50 
 
 ^ 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 50 
 
 10 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 60 
 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 1 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 3 50 
 
 8 m 
 
 3 50 
 
 3 50 
 
 2 00 
 
 RATE OP WARES. 
 
 RATE OF WAGES. 
 
 49 
 
 Brickmakers, per day 
 Blacksmiths do 
 Boilermakers do 
 Bookbinders, per week . . 
 
 Bakers, per day 
 
 Brewers, per month ... 
 
 Bricklayers, per day 
 
 Carpenters do 
 ^'-binet-makers, per day. ' .. 
 
 Uoopeis, per day 
 
 Farm Hands— 
 
 By the year 
 
 For harvest, per motith 
 Boys do 
 
 Married couples, per m'th 
 a emale Domestics — 
 
 Cooks, per month 
 
 Charwomen, per day 
 Housemaids, per month 
 Housekeepers do 
 Kitchen girls do 
 Laundrymaids do 
 lieneral servants do 
 Waitresses do 
 
 Helps, lady do 
 
 do mothers do ! . 
 Harness-makers, jjcr day 
 Labourers, ordinary do 
 do railway do 
 Mechanics — 
 
 Vice hands, per day 
 
 Lathe do 
 
 Fitters 
 
 Moulders 
 
 Millwrights 
 
 Pattern-mak'rs do 
 
 Millers 
 
 Painters 
 
 Plasterers 
 
 Plumbers 
 
 Quarrymen 
 
 Ri vetters 
 
 Ro'lingmill hands, p'r day 
 
 Stonemasons, per day , 
 
 Stonecutters do 
 
 Shoemakers, per week 
 
 Tailors, per day 
 
 Tinsmiths do 
 
 Woollen Mill- 
 Weavers, per day. 
 Spinners do 
 Carders do 
 Knitters do 
 Dvers do 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 
 ■I;* 
 
50 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 mf'i 
 
 SUMMARIZED DESCRIPTIONS OF MANITOBA AND THE 
 SEVERAL NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES OF CANADA. 
 
 PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. 
 
 The Province of Manitoba is situated in the very centre of the con- 
 tinent, being midway between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on the 
 east and west, the Arctic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico on the north 
 
 and south. it. j 
 
 The settler in Manitoba will find schools, colleges, churches, and a 
 kindred society. The social conditions, where settlement has taken 
 place, leave nothing to be desired. Civilized society in the new 
 world starts in its infancy from the point of the acquired knowledge 
 of the old and from the point of a first straggling settlement the 
 building up of a community proceeds with great rapidity. In the 
 course of a single summer villages have sprung up from the previous 
 wilderness, at many points on the Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 
 Climate and SoU. 
 
 The climate of Manitoba is warm in summer and cold in winter. 
 The summer mean is 65° to 67°, which is very nearly the sam« as that 
 of the State of New York. But in winter the thermometer sometimes 
 falls to 30°, 40° and 50° below zero, although these extreme tempera^ 
 tures are very rare. The atmosphere, however, is very bright and 
 dry, and the sensation of cold is not so unpleasant as that of a cold 
 temperature in a humid atmosphere. Warm clothing, especially m 
 driving, and warm houses are, however, required— that is, houses built 
 
 to resist the cold. 
 
 The climate of the territory contiguous to Manitoba, is of the same 
 character, the isothermal line running from Winnipeg nearly due 
 N.W. 
 
 Manitoba and the North-west Territories of Canada are amongst 
 the absolutely healthiest countries on the globe, and are pleasant to 
 live in. There is no malaria, and therefore no diseases arising out of, 
 or particular to, either the province or the climate. i » j 
 
 The climatic drawbacks are occasional storms and " blizzards, and 
 there are sometimes summer frosts. But the liability to these is not 
 greater than in many parts of Canada, and certainly not so great as in 
 many parts of the United States immediately south of Manitoba. 
 
 Very little snow falls on the prairies, the average depth being about 
 eighteen inches, and the native horses can graze out of doors all winter. 
 In the unusual winter of 1879-80 the snowfall was deeper, but such 
 was the case all over the continent. The whole of the continent of 
 North America is liable to sudden variations and exceptions from 
 ordinarv seasons. 
 
 The snow goes away and the ploughing begins from the first to the 
 latter end of April, a fortnight earlier than in the Ottawa region. 
 The Red River opens at about the same time, and sometimes a fort- 
 
D THE 
 
 the con- 
 is on the 
 he north 
 
 !S, and a 
 SIS taken 
 she new 
 lowledge 
 (lent the 
 In the 
 previous 
 
 I winter. 
 te as that 
 ometimes 
 tempera 
 ight and 
 >f a cold 
 jcially in 
 uses built 
 
 the same 
 jarly due 
 
 amongst 
 leasant to 
 tig out of, 
 
 Lrds," and 
 lese is not 
 reat as in 
 toba. 
 
 ling about 
 all winter, 
 but such 
 ntinent of 
 ions from 
 
 irst to the 
 ira region, 
 es a fort- 
 
SUMMARIZED DESCRIPTION OP MANITOBA. 
 
 51 
 
 night earlier than the opening of the Ottawa River. The summer 
 ksTs Inr^'' of May June July, August and September. Autumn 
 «11T^ A^""'^^!' ""^^ *^^ regular frosts set in. The harvest 
 takes place m August and lasts till the beginning of September 
 
 The soil 18 rich, deep black, argillaceous mould or loam, resting on a 
 deep and very tenacious clay subsoil. It is nearly, if not quite, the 
 nchest soil in the world, and is especially adapted to the growth of 
 
 iTshed thitfalr^' '^"'''*' '"^ ^'''*^'''''^ ^""^ Germany have estab- 
 
 The soil is so rich that it does not require the addition of manure for 
 years after the farst breaking of the prairie, and in particular places where 
 the black loam is very deep, it is practically inexhaustible. This great 
 richness of the prairie soil has arisen from the gathering of dropSings 
 from birds and animals and ashes of prairie fires, which have accumu- 
 lated for ages, together with decayed vegetable and animal matter, 
 the whole resting on a retentive clay subsoil. It is to the profusion 
 of this stored-up wealth in the soil that the agriculturist from older 
 countries is invited. 
 
 Trees are found along the rivers and streams, and they will grow 
 anywhere very rapidly, if pi-otected from prairie fires. Wood for fuel 
 has not been very expensive; and arrangements have now been made 
 tor bringing coal into the market on very reasonable terms. The 
 feouris district in Manitoba produces abundance of good coal and there 
 are large beds further west, which are now being brought into use. 
 The whole of the vast territory from the United States l)oundary to 
 the Peace River, about 200 miles wide from the Rocky Mountains, is 
 a coal-field. "^ ' 
 
 Water is almost everywhere found by digging wells of moderate 
 depth on the prairie. The rivers and coulees are also available for 
 water supply. Rain generally falls freely during the spring, while 
 the summer and autumn are generally dry. The seasons, however, 
 vary from time to time, as they do in all countries. 
 
 Yields of the Grains. 
 
 The harvest of 1892 was a very favourable one, and the acreage in 
 wheat was much larger than in previous years. It is estimated that 
 the crop of wheat alone available for export that year was 20 000 000 
 bushels. ' ' 
 
 _ The farmers are more confident than ever of the great future that 
 IS before the province, from an agricultural point of view. They are 
 not likely to have a greater number of unfavourable seasons than 
 other parts of the world, and with the better styles of farming now 
 being practised, the average yields (which in only ordinary seasons 
 are tar ahov- thosp in the most favoured of the United States) are 
 more likely to go up than down. 
 
 '1 
 
52 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 Fruits, and what may be Grown. 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 'H Si 
 
 All the small fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries currants 
 gooseberries, cranberries, plums, etc., are plentitul in Manitoba ; wild 
 grapes are very common, and it is thought troni this fact that some of 
 the hardier varieties of cultivated grapes, grafted on the wild stock, 
 might ripen in sheltered places. But this has not been tried, and is 
 not sure Some varieties of apples have been tried ; but it has not 
 vet been sufficiently demonstrated that the apple, at least on southern 
 stocks, will succeed in IManitoba. There is, however the fact of its 
 bein" largely grown in higher latitudes in Russia, and the probabi ity 
 is that by tJie use of stocks adapted to the climate it will succeed m 
 Manitoba. The fact is, that all kinds of tree culture are yet in their 
 infancy in Manitoba. Experiments in this matter are being made at 
 the Experimental Farms, both at Brandon and Indian Head, ihe 
 hop grows wild, with great luxuriance. Flax is adapted to the soil 
 and climate. 
 
 Roots and Vegetables. 
 
 Both the soil and climate of ISIanitoba are in a very high degree 
 adapted for the growth of the ordinary roots and vegetables ot the 
 temperate zone. Potatoes yield very large crops with the simplest 
 culture. The profusion with which this root comes is a surprise to 
 visitors, and the quality is excellent. The same remark may be made 
 of turnips, beets, mangels and other roots. Cabbages and cauliflowers 
 srow to monster sizes. 
 
 Cattle and Stock- Raising. 
 
 Manitoba offers many advantages for cattle-raising. Cows from the 
 eastern provinces thrive and grow fat on the native grasses, and 
 farmers are beginning to pay more attention to stock-raising, in order 
 to mix their industries. The very great profusion with which potatoes 
 and barley may be grown has suggested the profitableness of swine- 
 feeding as a possible valuable industry of the country. The question 
 of warmth in winter is met by the large quantities of straw which 
 many farmers burn to get rid of ; and a very little care in timing the 
 period at which litters appear would probably solve the only other 
 question of difficulty in connection with this industry. 
 
 Communications and Markets. 
 
 Manitoba has communication by railway with the Atlantic and 
 Pacific Oceans and all parts of the continent— that is to say, a railway 
 train starts from Halifax or Quebec, after connection with the ocean 
 steam-ship, and runs continuously on to Winnipeg, and thence across 
 the r>lain« aiul thrnuch the mountains to the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 The section of the Canadian Pacific Railway to Port Arthur places 
 the cereals and other produce of Manotiba in connection with Lake 
 
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SUMMARIZED DESCUIPTION OF MANITOBA. 
 
 53 
 
 Superior, whence it can be cheaply floated down the great water system 
 of the St. Lawrence and lakes to the ocoan steam-ships at the ports of 
 Montreal and Quebec ; while the railway system affords connection as 
 well with the markets of the older provinces as with those of the 
 United States. 
 
 The following is a list of the railNvays in the provinces, and the 
 mileage of each . ider operation : — 
 
 Canutliiin Pacific Railway— Miles. 
 
 Main Line 313 
 
 Emerson Biancli ^4 ■ 
 
 Selkirk " 2'2- 
 
 Stonewall " 18' 
 
 Gretna " 13- 
 
 Pembina Mountain Branch 100 ' 
 
 Souris Branch, Kemnay to Province line near Ctainsboro'. . . 77' 
 
 Glenboro' Section 45 • 
 
 Napinka " 1" ' 
 
 Pipestone Extension 30 ' 
 
 Manitoba South-western Railway 218 
 
 Northern Pacific and Manitoba Railway 665- 
 
 Great North-west Central Railway 50' 
 
 Winnipeg and Hudson's Bay Railway (constructed) 40' 
 
 Manitoba and North-western Railway 250' 
 
 The river system of Manitoba and the North-west is a striking 
 feature of the country. A passenger can leave Winnipeg and proceed 
 vid the Saskatchewan to Edmonton, near the base of the Rocky 
 Mountains, a distance of 1,500 miles. The Assiniboine and Red 
 Rivers are also navigable for a considerable distance. 
 
 With the present arrangements for transportation, wheat can be 
 conveyed from Manitoba to the seab'^ard and all the markets on the 
 continent on very favourable terms, a ''act which enables the Manitoba 
 farmer to get a high price per bushel for his product. 
 
 The farming interests of Manitoba and the North-west are not, 
 however, confined to wheat. Large stock interests are being rapidly 
 developed. The experiment of shipping cattle to Great Britain direct 
 from the ranges has been made, and considerable numbers were sent 
 forward in 1891-92. The plains of Alberta are particularly well adapted 
 for horse-breeding, and that has been made a special industry. There 
 is always a good market for horses, and with proper attention to breed- 
 ing this industry must become one of great importance. Some very 
 line animals sent forward in 1891-92 sold readily and at good prices. 
 
 There is a system of stage co.aches from the various railways to out- 
 lying settlements, the advantages of which will be obvious. 
 
 Cities and Towns. 
 It must be borne in mind that Manitoba only came into existence 
 as a province in 1870. It has only possessed railway connections with 
 the outer world since 1878. The following are some of its principal 
 
 places : — 
 
 "Wj^y^ipoa (pn^. 2.5,fi42), Portage la Prairie (.S,3fi3), Brandon (3,778). 
 and Selkirk. There are a large number of other smaller towns and 
 villages. 
 
 ' 
 
f 
 
 5 4 N0RTH-WR8TEHK CANADA. 
 
 THE TERRITORIES. 
 
 ASSINIBOIA. 
 
 This district comprises an area of alx>ut 90,000 square miles. The 
 valley of the Qu'Appelle is in the district of Assiniboia, being on the 
 second plateau or steppe of the continent, reaching from Red R^ver to 
 the Rocky Mountains. This valley is a favoured part of the ^iorth- 
 west, and settlement in it is proceeding with surprising rapidity, ihe 
 Dominion Experimental Farm for the Territories is established at 
 Indian Head, District of Assiniboia. 
 
 In this district several colonization experiments are under trial, 
 which deserve more than passing notice. In 1883, 1884 and 1885, a 
 number of families were sent out from Scotland, and from the Ji.aat 
 End of Lotulon. Sums of al>out £100 to £120 were advanced to each 
 head of a family, which have been expended upon their homesteads. 
 Altogether about 100 families have been assisted by various organiza- 
 tions" and the progress of the settlements is being watched with much 
 interest. In 1888 and 1889 about 80 families of crofters from the 
 Hebrides were also settled, under a somewhat similar arrangement to 
 that already referred to, the money being provided out of a special 
 fund furnished partly by the Imperial Parliament and partly by public 
 subscriptions. Forty-nine of the families are located at Saltcoats, in 
 the North-west Territories, and 30 near Pelican Lake, in Southern 
 Manitoba, and they seem to be making very fair progress. 
 
 Many towns and villages have sprung up within the last tew years 
 with surprising rapidity, on the line of the Canadian Pacihc Railway, 
 in Assiniboia. Among these may be mentioned Broadview, Indian 
 Head, Qu'Appelle, Regina (the capital). Moose Jaw, Swift Current 
 and Medicine Hat, 
 
 Saskatchewan. 
 
 This district comprises about 107,000 square miles; but, owing to 
 the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway being taken south, through 
 the districts of Assiniboia and Alberta, it has of course not settled so 
 rapidly as these. It yet however, contains the flourishing settle- 
 ments of Prince Albert, Battleford and others. It is a district of 
 immense resources, the cwc branches of the great River Saskatchewan 
 passing through a large part of its territory. It has several projected 
 railway lines to Prince Albert and other settlements, one of which 
 between Regina and the town of Prince Albert is now in operation. 
 
 Prince Albert. 
 
 The settlement of Prince Albert, which is at present the best settled 
 portion of the Saskatchewan District, comprises that part of the penin- 
 sula formed by the north and south branches of the River Saskatche- 
 wan, which lies between the two deep belts of fir, fifty miles apart, and 
 
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 X 
 
 o 
 
 o 
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 o 
 o 
 
 a: 
 
RUMMARIZRO DK8CRIP110N OV THE TKRIHTORIBJt. 
 
 50 
 
 which trend acniap the peninsula from rivei' to river, and, in the 
 opinion of the settlers, form an inipassable barrier to the grasshopper, 
 which insect has never yet -done any injury throughout the area 
 inclosed by these two belts of evergreen timber and the two rivers. 
 The settlement, as thus defined, contains something like a million acres 
 of very fertile land. The soil is mainly argillaceous with superficial 
 deposits of vegetable mould, varying in depth from 12 inches 
 to -4 feet. The clay is whitish when dry, and is made into ex- 
 cellent bricks at Prince Albert. This settlement may be said to 
 occupy the true centre of the great fertile belt of the Saskatche- 
 wan, l>ut the intending immigrant need not confine his attention to 
 Prince Albert settlement alone. There are adjacent districts quite as 
 worthy of his notice, as far as land is concerned. The Paywanan and 
 Fort a la Come country is of a tine character. So also are the Stoney 
 Creek and Carrot River regions, where many families are already 
 comfortably settled upon lands of a rich character. This is also a 
 great hay region, and promises to be a ery fine aud flourishing dis- 
 trict when developed. But of all the localities tributary to Prince 
 Albert, perhaps the most inviting is that known as the Shell River 
 country, which lies north-west of the Saskatchewan, a region which is 
 being surveyed and opened up for settlenient this summer, and which 
 is within easy reach of the town by a good trail. It is drained by a 
 beautiful gravelly stream of clear water, bordered by the most luxuriant 
 hay meadows in the country. 
 
 Features and Climate. 
 
 The whole region is interspeised with clumps of spruce of good 
 growth, furnishing an abundant supply of building timber of the best 
 quality. Clear lakes, generally abounding in fish, are numerous; 
 game is abundant, and the quality of the soil excellent. Indeed it 
 would be difficult to exaggerate the interesting features of this beauti- 
 ful region, which is, to a considerable extent, unoccupied as yet by 
 settlers, and untouched by the speculator or the landed corporation ; 
 therefore, the immigrant will find in this region a fair field for the 
 exercise of his choice of a home. The winter climate of Prince Albert 
 is more agreeable than that of many parts of the prairies. It is not 
 windy in winter, and there is an entire absence of " blizzards." The 
 snow is svjl 'oni deep, and the falls are not frequent, th? winter weather 
 being general' y > rilliantly clear and exhilarating. The summer climate 
 is simply QeL^, .tful. Being in a higher latitude than VEsnitoba, the 
 daylight is longer, and one can easily read small type by natural light 
 at ten o'clock at ni^ht in the end of June. This lengthened sunshine 
 also contributes to the ripening of grain ; the quality of wheau varies 
 inversely as to the distance from the northern limit of its growth. 
 Frost sometimes attacks it, as in Manitoba, in seasons when the spring 
 has been late and seeding protracted. But frost need not deter the 
 immigrant from going there. This is indisputably a wheat-growing 
 
 't^i-*-^: 
 
56 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 country, and an occasional frost is what has visited every now settle- 
 ment in every province of the Dominion. The June frosts, for example, 
 which do so much damage in Ontario, are unknown at Prince Albert. 
 This is a very important fact, and should be borne in mind when frosts 
 in this country are spoken of. They occur in the latter part of August, 
 when a " break," more or less decided, generally takes place in the 
 weather. Local observations continued for a number of years, com- 
 pared with the experiences of other localities on this and the other side 
 of the line, lead to the conviction that in no degree is this district worse 
 off in respect of early frost than other settlements in the Territories, 
 Manitoba and the north-western States. Except in 1887, which was 
 an unusually late season, there has been little or no damage by frost 
 to the wheat crop here in recent years ; and the belief is confidently 
 held that with more general settlement of the country, progressive 
 agricultural methods, and close attention to varieties of seed, injury 
 and loss from this cause may be effectually guarded against. 
 
 Crops and Products. 
 
 Early sowing is of great importance. Spring wheat is grown, winter 
 varieties not suiting "the climate. Since 1885 Red Fyfe has been the 
 kind chiefly grown, with White Russian and other varieties in smaller 
 quantities ; and latterly Ladoga has been introduced by samples sent 
 out by the Dominion Government from the Cv-ntral Experimental Farm 
 at Ottawa. All these varieties have done well, and judging from 
 observations spread over a number of years, it may be safely concluded 
 that the wheat raised in this district will compare favoui-ably, both 
 in quantity and quality, with that grown in any other locality in the 
 North-west Territories. 
 
 Oats and barley are raised here as easily and with as good results as 
 anywhere else, as practical men will easily understand from what has 
 been said on wheat-growing. Hitherto six-rowed or four-rowed barley 
 has been grown, but the attention which in other parts of the Do- 
 minion is being directed towards the production of two-rowed barley 
 for export has not been unnoted here. Samples have already been 
 gi'own with good results. 
 
 Agricultural roots of all kinds are cultivated successfully. Potatoes, 
 turnips, carrots, mangolds and beets are sure crops. They all yield 
 well, are in quality second to none, and particularly free from disease 
 or damage from insects. Garden vegetables do well, and are more or 
 less grown by farmers. 
 
 As a stock-raising country no part of the great North-west can offer 
 superior advantages. The climate, food and water are all that can be 
 desired, and during the last live years great progress in this branch of 
 wealth has been made, not only in increase in numbers, but also in the 
 quality of the stock raised, a number of tliorough-bred animals of differ- 
 ent kinds having been imported. 
 
i; 
 
 SUMMARIZED DESCRIPTION OF THE TERRITORIES. 
 
 67 
 
 Rivers. 
 
 Among the great features of Prince Albert are its two noble rivers' 
 the North and South Saskatchewan, here only eighteen miles apart* 
 These magnificent streams, which rise in the Rocky Mountains and are 
 fed by melting snows in that great range, after a career of 500 miles 
 unite about thirty -five miles below the town of Prince Albert, between 
 precipitous and almost mountainous banks. Thence the river carries 
 its intermingled floods 500 miles further, into the great Lake Winni- 
 peg, as long though not as wide as Lake Superior, and connected by 
 Nelson River with Hudson's Bay. In winter the water of both 
 branches of the Saskatchewan is as clear as crystal, but as soon as 
 spring opens it becomes highly coloured with alluvium washed from 
 its banks. Both rivers rise with the increasing heat of summer, there 
 being three marked freshets — in spring, in June, and in August This 
 is owing, of course, to their sources lying in the mountains, and con- 
 sequently they ditfer greatly from rivers that have their origin in the 
 prairie, and depend upon seasonable rain for their summer supply. 
 The Saskatchewan also differs in other respects from what may be 
 called local and inland streams. It is " continental " in its mighty 
 resources and natural importance. There are but four rivers in North 
 America east of the Rocky Mountains which may be justly called con- 
 tinental, and the Saskatchewan is one of the four. Transportation 
 by its waters can be greatly facilitated by the removal of certain 
 obstructions ; and this improvemei? t will be called for in the near 
 future. The natural resources and ^ i eductions of the country through 
 which it flows, coal and cereals, which cannot endure a costly trans- 
 port, may yet be carried cheaply by its current, as on the Danube, in 
 flat boats which any farmer can build, while the manufactures of the 
 east, which can stand heavier charges, must be carried against it. An 
 expenditure of sixty thousand pounds would probably make a river 
 1,500 miles long navigable from its discharge almost to its fountains. 
 There are abundant evidences of large deposits of coal in several parts 
 of the district, and gold is found in the Saskatchewan River. 
 
 Town of Prinze Albert. 
 
 The town of Prince Albert is situated on the North Saskatchewan 
 about thirty-five miles from the Forks, and is nearly in the 
 centre of the Provisional District of Saskatchewan. It was 
 founded in 1886, and now possesses an energetic population. 
 There are four churches, English, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, 
 and Methodist, two brick school-houses, built at a cost of ^10,000, 
 North-west Mounted Pcjlice barracks, several hotels, and two news- 
 papers, and all the trades are well represented. There are also two large 
 flour mills and three saw mills, and sash and door factories. The 
 telephone is in use in all the principal oflices, while telegraphic com- 
 nmnication was established some years ago. The town is a natur.al 
 
■f 
 
 58 
 
 NOKTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 centre of trade and industry, and though 500 miles west of Winnipeg, 
 has, without any adventitious aid, grown rapidly, and long been a 
 distributing centre. 
 
 New Railway. 
 Now, however, that the Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan 
 Railway has been completed and the town has direct railway communica- 
 tion with the outside world, it may be expected to grow still more 
 rapidly, and soon become a place of commanding importance. 1 his rail- 
 way, which was opened in October, 1890, passing as it does through the 
 most fertile portions of the district, will be of immense benefit to the 
 present population and undoubtedly give a great stimulus to settlement 
 The line is now open from Regina to Prince Albert, a distance of 
 about 284 miles, and will have branches to the Elbow of the Is orth 
 Saskatchewan and to Battleford. Prince Albert also is said to be 
 nearer than Winnipeg to Churchill, which possesses a splendid harbour 
 on Hudson's Bav, and a short line of railway would carry the wheat 
 of the Fertile Belt from Prince Albert to Churchill, where it could be 
 unlofided direct into the ocean steamers ; and when it is considered 
 that Prince Albert is as near to Liverpool as Toronto, the importance 
 of this route will be understood. 
 
 Alberta. 
 
 This district compiises an area of about 106,000 square miles, 
 bounded on the south by the international boundary ; on the east by 
 the district of Assiniboia ; on the west by the Province of British 
 Columbia, at the base of the Rocl:y Mountains ; and on the north by 
 the 18th Correction Line, which is near the 55th Parallel of Latitude. 
 
 Nature has been lavish in its gifts to the District of Alberta. A 
 great portion of this district being immediately under the Rocky 
 Mountains, Lis scenery of magnificent beauty, and the numerous cold 
 rivers and streams which flow into it from the mountains have waters 
 as clear and "blue as the sky above them, and abound with magnificent 
 
 trout. . , 
 
 The great natural beauties of this district seem to point out tlie^e 
 foot-hilfs or spurs of the Rocky Mountains as the future resort of the 
 tourist and health-seeker, when the eastern plains will have their 
 population of millions. 
 
 The Dairy and Ranche Region of Amerim. 
 This district may also be said to be pre-eminently the dairy region 
 of America. Its cold, clear streams and rich and luxuriant grasses 
 make it a very paradise for cattle. This is at present the ranche country. 
 Numerous ranches have been started, both for horses and neat cattle, 
 which have already assumed positions of great importance. Experience 
 has proved that with good management the cattle thrive well in the 
 winter, the percentage of loss being rimch less than that estimated for 
 when these ranches were undertaken. We have in tliese facts the 
 
SUMMARIZED DESCRIPTION OV THE TERRITORIES. 
 
 59 
 
 commencement of great industries, and the ranches are already sending 
 their cattle to the eastern markets and to those of the United Kingdom. 
 The ranches also contain large numbers of sheep. 
 
 The census returns of 1891 showed that horses over three years old 
 numbered 20,704 ; colts and fillies, 11,266 ; milch cows, 10,78o ; other 
 horned cattle, 134,064; sheep, 16,057; and swine, 5 103. In the 
 three provisional districts of Alberta, Assiniboia and Saskatchewan 
 the increase of live stock in 1891 was 220,400 over 188o. 
 
 Mixed Farming. 
 Questions have been raised in the past as to the suitability of the 
 District of Alberta for ordinary farming operations, an opinion 
 prevailing that it should be given up to the ranches rius question 
 however, of its suitability for mixed farming, specially that in which 
 dairying has a large share, is no longer doubtful, proof having be^en 
 furnished by actual results. The writer has seen in both favourable 
 years crops of grain, including wheat, and of roots and vegetables, in 
 the vicinity of Calgary, which were large and perfectly ripened weav- 
 ing nothing in this respect to be desired. A cheese factory and two 
 creameries were erected at the foot of the Rocky Mountains in 1688. 
 
 The Plains. 
 It may further be remarked in this place, that the country along 
 the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, from Moose Jaw to Calgary, 
 had been commonly said to be a desert, incapable of growing crops. 
 It is true that at certain s asons the aspect of these plains is not very 
 invitina But it has also been demonstrated to be true that the 
 theory "advanced by Professor Macoun, the botanist of the exploratory 
 surveys of the Canadian Pacific Lailway, has proved to be quite 
 correct These plains in their natural state, as the summer advances, 
 have a baked, and in some places cracked, appearance ; but when the 
 surface of this crust is broken in the spring it absorbs the rainfall, and 
 has sufficient moisture for vegetation. 
 
 With respect to those portions cf the ^orth-west plains of Canada 
 in which alkali is found, Professor Macoun declares that they will 
 become the most valuable of the wheat lands as settlement progresses, 
 the alkali being converted into a valuable fertilizer by the admixture 
 of barn-yard manure. The question, however of the settlement of 
 Lse pJns is not one of the present, but in the near .^"^^2,1 to 
 other portions of the territory are peopled. Water is d «f cult to 
 obtain or. some parts of these plains ; and the colonist should always 
 see that he selects some spot where this necessary article can easily be 
 
 had. 
 
 Coal-fields and Mineral Resources. 
 
 It is not only in agricultural resources that the district of Alberta 
 is "^Z \her/ are \n it ^the greatest extentof coB.fidds^laiow.1 m 
 
 
 the world. The 
 
 Rocky Mountains and their foot-hil'; contain .a 
 
60 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 of minerals yet to be explored, comprising iron, gold, silver, galena 
 and copper. Large petroleum deposits are known to exist. Immense 
 supplies of timber may also be mentioned among the riches of Alberta, 
 and these are found in such positions as to be easily workable, in the 
 valleys along the numerous streams flowing through the foot-hills of 
 the Rocky Mountains into the great Saskatchewan. It is needless to 
 say that resources such as these, now that they are made accessible by 
 the Canadian Pacific Railway, will not remain long without develop- 
 ment. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 The climate of Alberta has features peculiarly its own. It is, in 
 the winter, liable to remarkable alterations. When the wind blows 
 from the Pacific Ocean — and this is the prevailing wind — the weather 
 becomes mild, and the snow rapidly disappears. When, however, it 
 blows from the north over the plains, the weather becomes very cold, 
 the thermometer sometimes going down to 30° below zero, this being 
 the lowest point reached in 1883, on 28th November. In the summer 
 there is liability to frosts, but they are generally local, and do not 
 discourage the settlers. 
 
 Hed Deer District. 
 
 Settlements which have been formed in the Red Deer District ha^e 
 established successful conditions of mixed farming. Convincing 
 testimony in support of this was furnished to a committee of the 
 House of Commons in the session of 1890, and a very large pro- 
 portion of the settlement of the past season took place in that tract of 
 country lying between the Red Deer River and Edmonton on the 
 North Saskatchewan. 
 
 Calyary and other Towns. 
 
 Calgary (3,876) is the chief town in Alberta, and it is advancing 
 with very rapid strides. Many substantial and really beautiful 
 buildings are being erected. It is beautifully situated at the confluence 
 of the Bow and Elbow Rivers. It is very thriving, and already does 
 a large business. It commands a beautiful view ^>* the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. Other towns are Lethbridge (connected by railway with the 
 Canadian Pacific line), where the coal mines are being worked ; Fort 
 Macleod, a ranching centre ; Banft* in the recently formed National 
 Park, near which anthracite coal is being mined, and where the 
 famous sulphur springs are found, and Edmonton, which is the centre 
 of the oldest settlement in the district. 
 
 The construction of a railway from Calgary to Edmonton, a distance 
 of about 190 miles, was commenced in the sum.mer of 1890. and com- 
 pleted in the following year. 
 
a: 
 
I 
 
 ■ 
 
 f 
 
SUMMARIZED DESCRIPTION OF THE TERRITORIES. 
 
 61 
 
 ATHABASCA. 
 
 This district comprises an area of 105,000 squmo miles, bounded on 
 the south by the district of Alberta ; on the east by the line between 
 the 10th and 11th ranges west of the north meridian of the Dominion 
 lands system of survey ; until, in proceeding northwards, that line 
 intersects the Athabasca River ; then by that river and the Athabasca 
 Lake and Slave River to the intersection of this with the northern 
 boundary of the district, which is to be the 32nd correction line of the 
 Dominion lands townships system, and is very near the 60th parallel 
 of north latitude ; and westward by the Province of British Columbia. 
 
 This district has also vast resources, but being yet, from its northern 
 position, out of the range of immediate settlement, a more detailed 
 description of it is not necessary. 
 
 List of Officers of the Canadian Grovernment in Great 
 Britain and Canada, to whom application can be 
 made for information regarding Lands in Canada, 
 open for settlement, under the control of the Min- 
 ister of the Interior of Canada. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIJV. 
 
 Sib C. Tupper, Bart., G.C.M.G., C.B., High Commissioner for Cana<la. 
 
 17 Victoria St., London, S.U ., Lng. 
 J. G. CoLMER, Secretary to High Commissioner " " 
 
 John Dyke, Canadian Gov. Agent, 15 Water St., Liverpool, Eng. 
 J. W. Down' " " Batli Bridge, Bristol, Eng. 
 
 Thos. Grahame " " 40 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow, Scot. 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 The Hon. T. Mayne Daly, Minister of the Interior, Ottawa, Ontario, Cu,nada. 
 
 A. M. Burgess, Deputy Minister of the Literior " || 
 
 John R. Hall. Secretary of the Department of the Interior '' , ., , 
 
 H. H. Smith, Commissioner of Dominion Lands, Wirnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 
 
 E. McC. Clay, Immigration Agent, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 
 
 P. Doyle " Quebec, Quebec " 
 
 H. Hoolahan '• Montreal ' 
 
 A. Akerlindh " Ottawa, Ontario 
 
 The Dominion Lands Agents at— , o, , , 
 
 Winnipeg, Manitoba. Battleford, Saskatchewan. 
 
 lirandon " Lethbridge, Alberta. 
 
 Minnedosa " Calgary 
 
 Lake Dauphin " Be^' i>eer 
 
 Estevan, Assiniboia, Wataskiwin 
 
 Regina " Edmonton " 
 
 Yorkto'n " Kamloops, British Columbia. 
 
 Swift Current " New Westminster " 
 
 Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. 
 
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