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 u^-^iCA-AA/^^t' )) 
 
 THE CENTENARY OF VACCINATION. 
 
 MAY 14, 1796. 
 
 BY 
 
 J. G. ADAMr, M.D., M.ll.C.S., 
 
 Professor of fatliology, McGill University ; Pathologist to tlie Royal Victoria 
 
 Hospital. 
 
 (Reprinted from the Montreal Medical Journal, August, 1896.) 
 
THE CENTENARY OF VACCINATION.' 
 May 14th, 1796. 
 
 BY 
 
 J. G. Adami, M.D., M.R.C.S. 
 Professor of Pathology, McGill University; Pathologist to the Royal Victoria 
 
 Hospital. 
 
 On May the 14th, 1796, Dr. Edward Jenner, of Berkeley, in the 
 County of Gloucester, first inoculated a human being with matter 
 taken from a vesicle of cow-pox. The inoculation so made developed 
 into a well-marked pustule, the pustule with which now-a-days we 
 are so well acquainted, and the inoculated individual was later 
 found to be absolutely refractory to the inoculation of matter taken 
 from a case of well-developed small-pox. 
 
 This successful experiment it was which inaugurated the practice 
 now spread throughout the world, of vaccination against small-pox 
 and led to the arrest of a foul disease so common during the last cen- 
 tury that almost every other individual in Europe showed signs of 
 its ravages, so rare now-a-days as to be extinct wherever vaccination 
 and re-vaccination is rigorously enforced. 
 
 To-day, therefore, we celebrate the centenary of vaccination, and it 
 is fitting that we, whose life-work is devoted to the combat with 
 disease, should consecrate, even if it be but a few minutes, to calling 
 into remembrance the great deeds which were of old, and should em- 
 ploy this occasion to look before and after, considering what has 
 already been accomplished and what the future holds in store. For 
 
 1 Lecture delivered before the post-graduate students, McGill University, May 
 14th, 1896. 
 
only now, one linn<lro<l years aftoi- Jenner's first vaccination, are we 
 beginninj,' to apply successfully the principles underlying .lenner'g 
 method of arresting? infectious diseases, principles which Jenner him- 
 self appreciated, but could not satisfactorily estahlish— and now with 
 a fuller knowledge of those principles, a future dawns up(m us, rich in 
 hope. 
 
 Mindful of the day, and as a pious duty, let n»e tii-st hrietly recite 
 the main facts that led up to tin; discovery of vaccination, recalling 
 matters that are historical and, I doubt not, well-known to you. 
 
 Our knowledge of small-pox goes back to remote times. The 
 earliest sure reference to it is of its appearing in the Abyssinian army 
 at the siege of Mecca, in what was known as tlu; Elephant Wai-, of 
 about the year 570. The earliest references to small-pox in England, 
 if we leave out a possibly correct reference by Gaddesden early in 
 the fourteenth century, occurs in letters of the years 1514 and I'AH. 
 The disease gradually rose to prominence about the end of Elizabeth's 
 reign. In the autumn of 1641 we hear of 118 people dying with 
 small-pox in London in one week, at a time when tlu; population was 
 between 300,000 and 400,000, or roughly about the same as that o\' 
 Montreal. The experiences in Englanil were similar to those on the 
 European continent generally. Towards the close of the seventeenth 
 century the disease became more and more general and more and 
 more feared. In Iceland, in 1707 to 1709, after an abstnice of nearly 
 40 years, it killed 1<S,000 in a total population of 50,000. In England, 
 in 1723, Dr. Jurin calculated that upwards of 7 ])er cent., Oi some- 
 what more than l-14th part of mankind, died of small-pox. 
 
 In 1775 it would seem that in Chester, only 1,060, or 1 out of 
 every 14, had not contracted small-pox. 
 
 I have seen it stated as an explanation of the lack of Vteauty 
 revealed by the pictures by Sir Peter Lely, Sir Godfrey Kneller and 
 others, of the Court beauties of the 17th and IcSth centuries, that so 
 common was the distigurenient by pock-marks that complexion was 
 taken as the test of beauty, that the woman whose face was not dis- 
 figured by small-pox became of necessity the beauty of her neigh- 
 bourhood, if only her features were not absolutely commonplace. 
 
 To arrest the ravages of small-pox it would seem that from a very 
 early period, in various parts of the world, it had been the custom to 
 inoculate young and healthy individuals with matter from those 
 suffering from mild attacks of the disease, founded upon the connnon 
 knowledge that one attack of small-pox protects against a second. It 
 would appe«pr to have been a most ancient custom in India, and at the 
 
l)Cj,anning of tlio eighteenth century tlie custom was spread through 
 the Malionu'dan world, Tripoli, Algeria, 'i'urkey in Asia, Arabia an<i 
 Circass ia The well-known Dr. Richard Mead explained the b(!auty 
 of the (Circassian women, or more truly the preservati(jn of the same, 
 as Iteing due to tlui fact that hy inoculation hy tin; mild disease in 
 their youth the etlects upon the skin were practically nil, and thus 
 they were protected from future ravages of the disease. 
 
 It was in Constantinople that that most advanced new v/oraan of 
 her period, the Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of the imhassador 
 to the Suhlime Porte, was so much impress('d with the valu(! of 
 the method that siie ohtivined an old (Ireek woman, a professional 
 inoculator, who with Mr, Maitland, the surgeon of the embassy, 
 inoculated her soti, and so succe.'^sful was the procedure that on her 
 return to England she subjecteil her infant daughter to the same 
 operation. 
 
 Lady Mary was well known ; the daughter of th" fifth Earl of 
 Kingston, she had at the age of eight been named a toast at the 
 Kitcat Club and elected a member by acclamation. She married her 
 husband against the consent of her father, and by special license — a 
 distinctly advanced procedure in those days, both as regards the 
 special license ami the paternal con.sent. She was the friend of Mary 
 Astell, the defender of woman's rights in her day. I mention these 
 facts because perchance I am deterring some of you from attending 
 the (U'bates at the Woman's Congress, and I wonkl not seem to forget 
 the claims of that Congress upon our consideration. The great little 
 poet, I'ope, was enamoured of her and then of a .sudden developeil into 
 a venomous foe. Why he did so has become one of the puzzles of 
 literature. Two rival theories have gained strong supuort, one that 
 she had V)orrowed a pair of sheets from him (he h ■. 'nduced the 
 Wortley Montagu fan\ily to become his neighbours at ( 'hittenham) 
 and Lady Mary leturned the sheets unwashed; second, that she had 
 by her witty and engaging manner led him to the p(jint of solemnly 
 avowinc his love to her, whereat she laughed at him loudly and 
 scornfully. Whichever lie correct, there is no doubt that he wrote 
 bitter, not to say brutal, things about her, and .she managed to circu- 
 late abroail .stories and lampoons of almost e(|Ual .strength. She was a 
 great woman in her day, and her advocacy of small-pox inoculation 
 did nuich to t>nsure the popularity of the process. 
 
 The successful results I'xcited widespread intei-cst, and the method 
 gradually became^ extensively employed. It is calculated that in 
 En<dand alone up to the yeai- 1758 there had been at least "200,000 
 inoculations or variolations, while in the latter half of the century the 
 
6 
 
 Buttons, Dimsdalo, and otliors wouM seem to have variolated thou- 
 sands of individuals. Dinisdale indeed was invited over to Russia to 
 inoculate the Empress, the great Cath(;rin<!, and he did this with such 
 success that he was made a baron of the Russian Empire, appointed 
 Councillor of State, physician to her Imperial Majesty, and, in adili- 
 tion to an annuity of £500, was presented with the not inconsiderable 
 douceur of £10,000— truly an imperial gift. But while this process 
 of variolation sprea<{, small-po.v at the sa?ne time became increasingly 
 frequent. The process, indeed, was essentially dangerous ; while it 
 is true that those who were variolated veiy rarely <lied, not unfrc- 
 (juently the .same could not be said concerning their friends and 
 neighbours, for those who were variolated suffered from the true 
 disease, and were as much liable to be carriers of infection as were 
 the victims of po.K by natural means — indeed more so, b(!cau.se the 
 mildne.ss of the induced disease led to a lack of care. Thus it was 
 that towards the end of the eighteenth century small- pox, in.stead of 
 being stamped out, was more prevalent than ever. It would not seem 
 to be an exaggeration to say that almost every second man was 
 pock-marked. 
 
 While this was the case, it had also been recognised among the 
 farminir classes, not in Great Britain alone, but elsewhere— sporadi- 
 cally — that milkmaids were specially exempt from the disease ; and it 
 was further noted that there was a relationship between this exemp- 
 tion and the fact that these milkmaids had at one time or another 
 been affected with cow-pox, a disease of a vesiculo-pustular nature, 
 appearing in an epizootic form, and showing itself more especially 
 upon the teats of -milch cattle. And it is evident that even before 
 Jenner's great experiment there had been occasional incjculations with 
 cow-pox, so as to protect against small-pox. The best authenticated 
 of these cases was that of Benjamin Jesty, a Dorsetshire farmer, who 
 in 1774 inoculated his wife and two sons with virus taken on the 
 spot from the cows of Farmer Elford, of Chittenhall, whitlier Mr. 
 Jesty carried his family for that purpose ; and in 1791 a schoolmaster 
 in Holstein, Peter Plett by name, did similarly. Holstein then as now 
 was a great dairy district, and there, as in the south and west of Eng- 
 land, the tradition existed that milkmaids who had been infected with 
 cow-pox were unaffected by small-pox. Thus, having seen a physician 
 practise variolation. Schoolmaster Plett came to the conclusion that he 
 would employ cow-pox lymph, and in the year above mentioned, there 
 being an epizootic of cow-pox in the neighbourhood, he inoculated 
 three children with the virus from a cow. His method was rather 
 crude, he used a pocket-knife and made cuts upon the back of the 
 
Iiaiid bcfwccn the tluiinl) and first Inn^vr Tlie oporatioii had fclio 
 desired etftict. Three years later when all the other children of the 
 school sickened with small-pox the three remained (|uite healthy ; but 
 lud'ortmiately the choice of re^'ion for inoculation had led to so severe 
 an intlannnation that IMett never ajrrain ventured to repeat the pro- 
 cess. These and yet otiier observers, it may he, had vaccinated prior 
 to Jenner, hut with this difference, that they made no attempt to 
 repeat the process, to establish the correctness of the process by later 
 inoculation with variolous matter, or to spread abroad the beneficial 
 r(>sults accruing' thei-efrom. Only after tht; publication of Jenner's 
 famous " Inquiry " was any attempt made to publish the results 
 obtained. Jenner, on the other hand, havinj^ once succeeded, was not 
 .satisfied until aftei' repeatiMl attempts ho felt assured that he had 
 determined that an attack of induced cow-pox prot(,'cted from the 
 small-pox. Then, two years after this first experiment, he pul)lished 
 the inijuiry into the cau.ses and effects of the variohe vaccinie, and 
 thereby i n augur ateil or led to the inauf^uration of the process of vac- 
 cination. That motion can be brouf^ht about by the boiling of water 
 may have been known for centuries, but it is not to Hero, of Alexan- 
 ilria, or even to the Marcpiis of Worcester that we an; to ascriV)e the 
 honour in connection with the discovery of the steam engine, it is to 
 James Watt, to him who applied a knowledge of the properties of 
 steam to the production of tlu; steam engine the honour is due. 
 Hundreds of patriotic (lermans may have dreamt of and sighed 
 for the unification of Oermany, but the honour and the glory of 
 having brought about that unification is now and must always be 
 Bismarck's. And so in connection with vaccination, while we are 
 ready freely to acknowledge that there were others who inocu- 
 lated befox-e Jenner, yet it is to his labours and his researches, and 
 to him alone, that the honour and glory must V)e ascribed, if now- 
 a-days small-pox has ahi! f, vanished from our midst, not to mention 
 the further honour of liaving inaugurated the method of protective 
 inoculation. 
 
 So now for a brief sketch of Jenner. He was born in the year 
 1749, a younger son of the Rev. Stephen Jenner, vicar of Berkeley. 
 He was apparently not very strong as a boy, and his education was 
 conducted partly at home, partly at Cirencester, wliich is not very 
 far distant ; and being intended for the medical profession was, after 
 the good old fashion, bound apprentice to a surgeon at Sudbury. 
 Completing his apprenticeship he went to London, and there became 
 a pupil to him whom we may truly call the father of British path- 
 ology, the great John Hunter. And he would seem to have been a 
 
8 
 
 favouritf pn|)il, for Huntor rt'Conun('ii(lc<l him to Sir JoHcpli Hanks to 
 aid him in arran^'inj,' tiic coUcctions which Ixi liad inadt^ thirin;,' Cap- 
 tain (book's first ct'lrhratisd voyap- of discovery. One hiof^raphcr, 
 indued, states that Hunter solicited Jenner to heconu! his j)artner ; 
 but the o\(\ life in (lloucestershire was mons to his Hkin;;, and he 
 returned to Berkeley, where lie scon hecanie the leadinj,' practitioner. 
 But at the Slime time, he di<l not lose his love for (»l)seivation, and his 
 puhlications, more especially a paper upon the haltits of the young 
 cuckoo, gaincMl him his V.R.S. It was here at home in (Jloucestershire 
 that he learnt the tiwlition concerning the eHects of cow-pox, and set 
 himself to work to collect togethei' what (-ases he conid find of cow- 
 pox having itn<lei'e<l those affected thcreliy refractory to smidl-pox. 
 He collected togethctr a considerahle nundier of very clear cases, some 
 of which he tested hy variolation, and he found that inoculation of 
 matter taken from small-pox patients constantly was without .fleet 
 in those antecedently affected with the genuints cow-pox And the 
 conclusion was forced upon him that it might he possihle to pi-opagate 
 the cow-pox hy inoculation, not only from the cow to the human sub- 
 ject, but also from man to man. And as the complaint when trans- 
 ferred from the cow to the milker possessed the (]uality of preventing 
 the small-pox, it seemed probable that this (piality might be retained 
 even by ])ropagation of the virus in succession from one human iK'ing 
 to another. At length, in the spring of the year 1790, the cow-pox 
 having broken out in a dairy near Berkeley, Sarah Nelmes, a milk- 
 maid, became infected in om; hand which had accidentally been 
 scratched by a thorn. Here was an exam])le of the geiniine disease, 
 and Jeimer selected a healthy boy named Edmund rhii)j)s, a lioy who 
 had not surtered from small-pox, aiitl on him on the historic May the 
 14th he made his first trial. On the seventh day the boy com{)lained 
 of uneasiness in the armpit and had a slight Iveadache. On the 
 following day he was perfectly well, and by now the incision of the 
 arm had assumed nearly the appi'ai-ance of a part inoculated with 
 variolous lym[)h. The intlaunnation subsided, the crust formed and 
 dropped off, leaving a permanent eschar, and six weeks later, on the 
 1st of July, Jenner inoculated the lioy with variolous matter, making 
 numerous punctures and slight incisions on both arms. No effect 
 was produced other than such a slight and transient inHamnuition as 
 usually ensues after the inoculation of persons who had already 
 suffered from small-pox. Several months later the inoculation was 
 repeated, but without effect. At this period Jeinier did not essay to 
 carry on the vaccination from nrm to arm, and the epizootic of cow- 
 pox having died out, he had to wait two years for an opportunity to 
 

 
 I 
 
 continue his ohsorviitions. On tJi»« lOtli of Miircli, 17!)H, he vaccinated 
 his soconil case, a hoy nanif.l Suniniers, with virus from the teat of nn 
 infectcil cow, and tlie vaccine lymph wan transferied from Sinnmers 
 to William Pead, vvhilf from William I'cad several children and adults 
 were likewise vaccinated, and from on- of this third of the series the 
 lymph was transferred to several others. S«!V»(ral of tliese persons 
 were next inoculated with variolous pus without effect, and Jimner 
 ascertained that the vaccine lymph in passing' throu^,di a series of tive 
 indivi<luals retaineil the property of renderinj,' the vaccinated insus- 
 ceptihle t<) the C(mta}jfion of small-pox. 
 
 The.se were the cases which were pnhli.shed ,ri the Impliry, which 
 appearinji in the latter part of I7!ts created innnediately a most pro- 
 found impression. It is unneces.sary for me here to state in detail 
 how C'line, Pearson, Woodville and others iiimu'diately took up the 
 process, or how, hmif liefore .leiiner's death, the process of vaccination 
 had spread al! over the world, and he had l)een the recipient of grants 
 of £30,000 from Parliament, and had heen „dven honorary dej,'rees at 
 Oxford and elsewhere. Already, hetore liis death, the dimiimtioi. in 
 the small-pox mortality in the leading countries of Europe was very 
 remarkable. Dr. Parr, the greate.st of English vital statisticians, has 
 made tlie following calculations as to tlu- London death rate in periods 
 previous to the introduction of the Registration Act, and Dr. McV'ail 
 has contiruied the series up to 1.S.S2. No words of mine can be more 
 elo(pient than thest; tigures. 
 
 With the process of time wi- have become better acijuainted with 
 what constitutes .satisfactory and successful vaccination. Jenncu-lield, 
 and his own observations upon tlio.s(( wlu. had accidentally taken cow- 
 pox strongly supported the opinion that a single attack' of cow-pox, 
 and conseipiently a single vaccination, conferral innnuii'^y for the 
 rest of life. iVfore his death this had already become seriously 
 doubted, but it was long before re- vaccination was generally adoptecl; 
 it was long, indeed, before the first serious attem[)t was made to 
 enforce vaccination of the whole p()j)ulation in Gi-eat Britain ; up to 
 ]H5'i vaccination was o])ti(.nal, and only in 1872 was it made obliga- 
 tory. Even now at the pivseut day re-vaccination is not enforced 
 for the whole population, save in Pru.ssia. But how effective this is 
 is shown by the following table, or better still by the diagram here 
 copied from the report of the (lerman Vaccination Connnissitjn of 
 1884 in the British MedlcalJournal (for diagram see page 8!)), show- 
 ing the good effects in a class of population which is efhciently 
 looked after, namely, the army. Foi- comparison the accompanying 
 diagram shows the small-pox cases and deaths per 100,000 in jm 
 
10 
 
 \ 
 
 -/ 
 
 army and among a people in which vaccination and re-vaccination 
 are not so rigorously enforced. 
 
 Terms of Years fou 
 
 WHICH Data are 
 
 Given. 
 
 1777-1806 and 1807-1850, 
 
 1776-1780 and 1810-1830 
 
 1774-1801 and 1810-iaTO 
 1751-1800 and 1801-ia50 
 
 RWilON. 
 
 Lower Austria . . 
 
 Upper Austria and Salzburg 
 
 Styria 
 
 Illyria 
 
 Trieste 
 
 Tyrol 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 Prussia (East) 
 
 Prussia (West) 
 
 Westphalia 
 
 Khine Provinces 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 Approximate Average 
 
 Annual Death Rate 
 
 FROM Small- POX per Mil 
 
 LION OF Living. 
 
 Before Intro- 
 duction of 
 Vaccination . 
 
 2,484 
 1,421 
 1,052 
 
 518 
 14,046 
 
 911 
 2,174 
 
 321 
 2,272 
 2,643 
 
 908 
 2,050 
 3,128 
 
 After Intro- 
 duction of 
 Vaccination. 
 
 340 
 501 
 44(5 
 244 
 182 
 170 
 215 
 
 56 
 3.56 
 114 
 
 })0 
 158 
 286 
 
 DEATH-RATE PER MILLION IN LONDON AT SUCCESSIVE PERIODS. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Average An- 
 nual Deaths 
 
 FROM ALL 
 
 Causes. 
 
 Average An- 
 nual Deaths 
 
 FROM 
 SS5 iLL-POX. 
 
 
 1660-79. 
 
 80,000 
 
 4,170 
 
 
 
 1728-57. 
 
 52,000 
 
 4,260 
 
 Optional Variolation. 
 
 
 1771-80. 
 
 50,000 
 
 5,020 
 
 t( 
 
 
 1801-10. 
 
 29,200 
 
 • 2,040 
 
 Optional Vaccination. 
 
 
 1831-35. 
 
 32,000 
 
 830 
 
 t( 
 
 
 1838-53. 
 
 24,900 
 
 513 
 
 t( 
 
 
 18.54-71. 
 
 24,200 
 
 388 
 
 Obligatory ; badly enforced. 
 
 
 1872-82. 
 
 22,100 
 
 262 
 
 Obligatory Vaccination ; more 
 
 efficient. 
 
 I have not, gentlemen, given you this evening many statistics, but 
 these diagrams, if they were the solitary records we possess concern- 
 ing the results accruing from proper vaccination, would be sufficient 
 to prove absolutely the enormoui benefit to the nation of vaccination 
 and re-vaccination. While upon statistics, I may here, thanks to the 
 great kindness of Dr. Wyatt Johnston in permitting me to use obser- 
 vations and statistics compiled by him and not j'ct published, sry a 
 few words showing the other side of the picture, namely, showing the 
 fatality from small-pox in an imperfectly vaccinated community, to- 
 wit, in this city of Montreal. I might perchance have selected more 
 
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12 
 
 convincing, or rather more satisfactory tables, for it is a matter of 
 notoriety that, tluiiiks to tlie condition under which we live in this 
 Province of Quebec, it is a matter of peculiar difficulty to arrive at 
 even approximately correct vital statistics. The fact that the records 
 of bii'ths and deaths arc compiled from returns sent in by religious 
 denominations, and that tlu^ duty of recording is in the hands of 
 priests and ministers, who, I Ijelieve, re(!eive no adequate remunera- 
 tion for the work, — this fact alone makes the compilation of vital 
 statistics a matter of peculiar difficidty. I might have chosen fuller 
 statistics from sucli repoi'ts as those of Dr. Bariy on tlie Sheffield 
 epidemic, but tlie facts here given come close home. I I'efer to wliat 
 happened in the epi<lemic of lhcS5, whicli was started by cases whicli 
 canity from Chicago in the begimiing of that year; whereas in 1881 
 there had been five deaths from small-pox, none in 1882, one in 1888 
 and none again in 1884., in 1885 there were no less than 8,164, the 
 average number of small-pox deaths p(3r 1,000, being 18.9, the per- 
 centage of small -pox deaths to deaths from all causes being 40.6. 
 Taking now the analysis by religion and race, we arrive at the follow- 
 ing very suggestive table : 
 
 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 Population 
 
 French 
 Cathoijcs. 
 
 Othkh 
 Catuoi.u's. 
 
 PHO'I'KS'I'ANTS. 
 
 TOTAI,. 
 
 
 03,0 U 
 
 0,001 
 04.7 
 
 •J9,()27 
 
 887 
 
 107,491 
 
 
 
 
 1885.. 
 
 Death.s from all causes. . 
 Deaths pi-r 1,00() 
 
 877 
 
 7,825 
 
 
 29.0 
 
 20.05 
 
 40.71 
 
 
 Dealh-s from sn\all-pox. . 
 Deaths per 1,000 
 
 2,887 
 
 181 
 
 06 
 
 3,l(i4 
 
 
 ■MO 
 
 (i 2 
 
 2.1 
 
 18.9 
 
 We may therefore state that even if now, a century after Jenner's 
 first vaccination, small-pox is not erailicated, the fault does not lie in 
 the incapacity of the process to prevent the disease, but in the 
 incapacity of legislators ^ad peoples to recognize its henefieent effects. 
 It may to enthusiasts appear to bo a .serious assault upon the liberties 
 of the subject to compel him and his (offspring to undtu-go inoculation 
 with vaccine lymph. But when his neglect to be vaccinated leads 
 surely to the continuance of the disease and to the possibility of 
 disease and death or disfigurement being propagatc^d sooner or later 
 in his neighbourhood, then assuredly the goveriunent as representing 
 the nation has a full right to legislate for the safety of the nation as 
 against the personal predilections of the individual. We, here in 
 
13 
 
 Canada, and <ii- t especially in this Province of Quebec, cannot but 
 be warned by t'u f;riin history that comes to us recently from the 
 county which gave birth to Jeniiei'. 
 
 We have learnt other thin<fs also during this last century which 
 Jenner at first did not recognise, and first and foremost that there is 
 a possibility, remi)t(! it is true, but nevertheless existent, that in 
 inoculating from man to man the diseases to which man is liable may 
 be conveyed and inoculated along with the lymph. We now know 
 that as a precaution against such an untoward event thore should be 
 constant return of the virus to the cow, and that calf lym[)h, and calf 
 lymph only, should lu' employed. And only within this last year or 
 two the researches of Copeman and Straus have shown that the admix- 
 ture of such lymph with glycerine leads to the gradual destruction of 
 the microbes in general harndess which constantly contaminate fresh 
 lymph, while at the same time the glycerinated lymph appears not to 
 have decreased but to have increased in activity, thus employing 
 glycerinated lymph that is two months old we can be absolutely sure 
 that we are using a pure and aseptic material. 
 
 Despite all ettbrts a centurj' of vaccination and of study of vaccine 
 lymph has not as yet disclosed to us the specific organism of vacciniai 
 or, as I have recently shown elsewhere, of the more virulent modifica- 
 tion of the disease, namely, variola. We cannot, therefore, state that 
 we have fully mastered, or even that we have begun to master the 
 bacteriology of vaccinia; we cannot cultivate its germ or supply to 
 the public pui'e attenuated cultures for purposes of inoculation. But 
 this we can say with certainty, first, that a single vaccination protects 
 against small-pox for at least four years and for a longer period in 
 the majority of individuals ; secondly, that re-vaccination reduces the 
 likelihood of infection with small-pox almost to nil ; thirdly, that the 
 vaccinatetl and <l fortiori the re-vaccinated individual, if attacked by 
 small-pox, sufters from a mild and modified form of the disease ; 
 fourthly, that the employment of matured glycerinated calf lymph 
 is a means whereliy the uncontaminated virus is introduced into the 
 system, so that erysipelatoid and other disturbances can be reduced 
 to a minimum, and when present are due to want of cleanliness on 
 the part of the individual and not to the lymph inoculated. 
 
 But, now, what is the essential nature of the process of vaccination 
 and of the innnunity conferred thereby <' 
 
 To answer this question adequately in the few minues remaining is 
 practically impossible ; to deal with the subject as it deserves would 
 require a series of lectures. It would imply showing how nearly a 
 contury after Jenner made his first vaccination the principles which 
 
14 
 
 he laid down were applied to other diseases. It would involve, too, 
 a description of much of the life-work of that French chemist, Pasteur, 
 who with his earliest experiments was to enlighten the world by 
 creating a new science, the science of bacteriolo| •■, and through whose 
 inHnence a new era was to begin in the treatment of disease ; for it 
 was Pasteur who first showed in this century that from a study of 
 bacteriology we could learn to combat infectious disease in the most 
 rational manner. His earliest experiments were made on a disease of 
 fowls called chicken cholera, whose germ he discovered and isolated 
 in pure culture. Rapidly following upon this discovery it was found 
 that such cultures when kept for a long time in the laboratory lost 
 their pathogenic power and that fowl inoculated therewith, not only 
 survived the injections, but were apparently thereby rendered immune 
 to the action of his most virulent cultures of the same kind of germ. 
 Here, then, was the beginning for experiments of all kinds in the 
 various infectious diseases. Just so soon as the germ of any disease 
 was discovered the same efforts were made as in chicken cholera to 
 produce immunity along the same lines. It was thus that Pasteur 
 saved millions upon millions of francs to his country by producing 
 immunity in cattle and sheep against that dread and fatal disease of 
 anthrax which had up to that time proved a veritable scourge to 
 farmers in the richest and most fertile territories of the land. The 
 story, however, is doubtless familiar to you all, as are probably also 
 the general features of similar experiments performed on other 
 diseases. It need merely be said here that subsequent to the dis- 
 covery by Pasteur that cultures of germs might be attenuated with 
 age, other means were soon found of producing the same results and 
 more rapidly. And thus by artificial heat, by compressed air, by 
 exposure to light, by chemical re-agents, etc., the necessary attenua- 
 tion of germs was easily produced and the subsequent immunity. It 
 was but a step from this to the discovery of the toxines, that is to 
 say, of the fact tliat bacteria in their growth develop chemical poisons 
 which by a process of careful filti-ation may be separated in solution 
 from the Imcteria whence they have been derived. When later it was 
 found that not only could immunity be induced by inoculation of 
 attenuated germs or of their toxines similarly treated, but that the 
 blood serum of animals so immunised could likewise act both as a 
 preventative and a curative agent, the climax of rational therapeutics 
 was reached. These facts which concern the subject of serumtherapy 
 are too much of tlie nature of current events to require details of 
 description here to-night. What is, however, of some interest con- 
 cerns the mode of action of these vital therapeutic agents, and I will 
 conclude with but the briefest reference to this most interesting topic. 
 
16 
 
 Formerly it was thought that an attack of most infectious diseases 
 created an immunity against subsequent invasion of the same germs, 
 by reason of the fact that all the pabulum necessary for these germs 
 had been consumed already ; or that perhaps the germs when once 
 they gained a foothold in the Ixxly, produced self-destructive chemi- 
 cal poisons, thus preventing a fui-ther development at a subsecjuent 
 exposure. 
 
 The experiments which have proved these theories in all respects 
 untenable, and which have shown that other factors come into play, 
 represent some of the most spirited and prolonged discussions which the 
 medical world has ever been called upon to witness. With charac- 
 teristic animosity tlie German and French schools upholding diverse 
 opinions, have found it difficult to agree, though their combined 
 theories have given to most observers all the essential explanations of 
 this acquired immunity. Through the researches of Mctchnikoff, of 
 Massart and Bordel, of Nuttall, PfeifFer and a host of others, we now 
 know that the invasion of the body by micro-organisms is followed 
 by a chemical attraction of certain cells of the host, inducing thus a 
 battle royal between the invaders and the invaded. That not only 
 can the cells destroy bacteria by intracellular digestion, but that 
 where the leucocytes themselves break down or are destroyed, they 
 may give off to the bodily humors in which they lie, certain secretions 
 or excretions which render these humors bactericidal, 
 
 Tt is impossible here in the.se few moments to make more than a 
 passing reference to this interesting topic ; though as a valuable sign 
 of the times and as an indication of the valuable work which has 
 been done within recent years it cannot be omitted ; and it is but a 
 fitting tribute to the great originator of this valuable means of curing 
 disease, namely Edward Jenner, that this day, the 14th day of May, 
 1896, 100 years from his celebrated inoculation, should be duly noted 
 in the medical world.