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OF ^fe:': fiREAT BRITAIN ft KER GOLONIES, BY MEANS OF THE u i^'.'' HALIFAX & QUEBEC RAILWAY, COMBINED WITH OCEAN OMNIBUSES. if a.-' LONDON : ]i50. ; l>>%Hi^^v t..„ .,v#-^ *, * '1%' :,fc-^:i»' ^."JiK^?^-! « (31) // J/ 2 ViiiUBtm & SoVTiitY, Printcfs^ 135, Fencburch Street. IMPROVED' BRIDGE VBOIf STARVATION TO PLENTY. ANNEXATION OF GREAT BRITAIN TO HER COLONIES. Whilst in Ireland able-bodied labourers (or rather labourers who would be able-bodied if they were fed) are expensively caiied up in unproductive work- houses, the British provinces of North America, close at hand, contain millions of acres of fertile land without inhabitants ! ! ! Can anything be more senseless, if not criminal, than the neglect of this bountiful provision of Providence towards the cure of Irish distress ? In order to avail of it, it is necessary to establish a good steam communication between the West of Ire- land and the British Colonies, and, simultaneously with this, the Halifax and Quebec Railway must be commenced. A country will thus be tapped for the absorption of settlers, and profitable employment will be secured for successive arrivals of emigrants. i The present communication between the North American provinces and the Mother country is in every respect bad ; and does nearly nothing to- wards fostering that degree of intimate intercourse which is essential to the development of those coun- tries, by enabling people who might contemplate settling there, to visit and reconnoitre them with that facility both as to time and expense which would be calculated to make their resources more extensively explored and known. The intercourse must be always restricted so long as a passage costs £35. ! and so long as it is impos- sible to calculate with any certainty on crossing the water in less than a fortnight. This may suit a li- mited number of people with positive business, or who may have come to the conclusion to transfer themselves, once for all, permanently to the New World, with no hope of revisiting their kindred in their native land ; but the facilities of crossing and re-crossing ought to be such, both as regards time and expense, as would induce crowds, in comparison, to pass to and fro. If a steam transport, colonization yacht, or ocean omnibus, suitable for the seiiice, were constructed, the result would be astonishing, and the British pro- vinces of North America would thereby become, practically, an enlargement of the United Kingdom. The proposed steamer would carry 2,000 persons, and at a speed which should insure the passage between the West of Ireland and Halifax being accomplished within an average of six days. The cost of a cabin passage should be fixed as low as £ 1 0., in order to promote such intercourse as M'ould t X ^yf >— • — < niio$ 4 X T vivify the Colonies. — Intermediate passengers should be taken at £5. or £0. each, and a lower class of of passengers much cheaper. A vessel could make a voyage every four weeks, and would produce the following result : > £. ». d. The cost of thirteen voyages would he for Coals, Captain, Engineers and Stokers, Crew, and all their Provisions, Oil, Tallow, &c 45.000 Interest of money and Insurance, Tear and Wear of Ship and Engines and depreciation 34,000 Total cost of thirteen voyages £79,000 In return for which there could be conveyed — 100 Cahin Passengers, each Passage, at £10. each, net Passage-money, (the Feeding would he about 40s. extra) for twenty-six passages is £26,000. 200 Intermediate Passengers, each trip at £5. . 26,000. 52,000 > »■ < . ;< i-«/ Leaving excess of Expense beyond the Earnings from the above sources, and which Excess would remain to re- present the cost of conveying 1,500 Emigrants "^ ; b voyage outwards (thirteen voyages) !i27,000 In thirteen outward passages this would be 19,500 emigrants, who would thus, it appeals, be conveyed from the United Kingdom to British North America for under 28s each, exclusive of provisions, which may be considered 7s. extra ; and for this small ex- pense of 28s. each, 19,.'j00, or say nearly 20,000 emigrants would be landed at their destination in the Western Hemisphere in six days, instead of about ■.^^'j I forty days as at present by inferior sail vessels. The value of their labour in America at a low rate of wages, for the mere time saved on the voyage would thus be more than equivalent to the whole cost of their transport. ' If it were desired to carry a g reater number of emigrants than the services of one vessel would accomplish, a large increase of the number would certainly cost higher per head than the above rate, because the more remunerative cabin and interme- diate passengers might not increase in proportion ; but even if the whole expense were incurred for the emigrants, the cost would still be very moderate, and not materially exceed the cost of the bad passage now aflbrded to them by sail vessels, besides which, in the toregoing estimate, no credit is taken for mail service, or parcels*, specie, &c. This steam communication will be further ad- verted to presently ; but in the meantime let us glance at the landing-place of the emigrants on the other side of the water. It is absolutely essential that simultaneously with the production of the proposed steam transport, the Halifax and Quebec Railway should be commenced. The merits of this project will be found set forth in Major Robinson *s Report, presented to Parliament last year ; and in Lord Elgin's recommendation of it, from which it will be observed that the proposed Railway will open up a fertile country capable of supporting many millions of industrious inhal itants, besides having collateral advantages too multitudi- nous here to enumerate. A few extracts from Major Xji Robinson's report ^iL be fonnd appended to these observations. There is every reason to believe that, in the course of not many year.^, this work would, as a mere rail- way, become highly productive ; but its prospects, in this paltry view, are a secondary consideration, and they may be too distant to make its construction feasible as a simple private undertaking, from which, without reference to any indirect benefit to be ob- taitied, instantaneous income is the sole object. It must be undertaken by Government, and the nation would derive so many benefits fVom its con- struction, that there can be no question as to the policy of Government com mencing i£at once. If it were called a **road'* instead of a ** railroad," it would never have been hinted that it should be any- thing else than a Government work. The estimated cost of this Railway, which will pass 635 miles through British territory, is only £5,000,000 ; and it is satisfactorily shown by Major Robinson, and confirmed by the Railway Commis- sioners, that it can be opened for this sum. The probability of its being productive is dis- cussed in Major Robinson's report; but, from the nature of the case, this does not admit of calculation, because many of the resources for its traffic are to be looked foi* in a country which it is intended to be the means of calling into existence, and which, for want of the railway, is as yet a wilderness without inhabitants, and destined so to remain so long as this railway is withheld. Those countries, especially new countries, which now have no railway?, are in a quite different relative position from what they were a when railways did not exist in any country ; and if British America be now denied thaf^oiitfit by the Mother Country to put it on an equality with its neighbours, which is a])sohitely necessary for its pro- gress, we must be reconcile! to the prospect of, its remaining a wilderness for an indefinite period, and to see the emigrants from this kingdom transferring themselves and their allegiance to a foreign nation, to the aggrandizement of the United States. Doubts expressed by the Railway Commissioners as to the railway being immediately profitable as a commercial speculation, need be no discouragement to the nation undertaking it, even if this short- sighted view of the work were to be made the test of its merits. If the parties who built the Lighthouse on the Skerry Island off Holyhead, as a private speculation, in the last century, in consideration of the right to a toll of a penny per ton on ships' passing, had applied for advice to the Railway Commissioners, they would, no doubt, have met with scepticism as to the growth of trade to be then expected in the Irish Channel, similar to what is now entertained as to the future destiny of British North America ; and it would then have been " judged necessary to ascer- tain," and *• prudent to calculate,' what did not, and does not, from the nature of things, admit of ascertainment and calculation. The undertakers of the lighthouse, however, acted with more sagacity and decision than the Railway Commissioners, with their calculating machinery, would have counselled, and built it, and the result has repaid them; for, after the proprietors had enjoyed a good revenue *■*•:■ •»,* 1^1 : 1%;;"'. for many years, it was at last lately resolved by Parliament, that, with a view to a reduction of light dues, this and other such private lights should be purchased for the public, throu!^h the medium of the Trinity House ; and, when its value was assessed, the income from the small toll on vessels passing was found so large that a jury awarded £444,984. 1 Is. to the proprietors, as the purchase-money for the lighthouse ; the public thus retracing, in rather a costly way, the original error of having left it to ** private enterprize" (as is now the fashion with railways) to make lighthouses. - . It is not necessary to establish the probability of the Halifax and Quebec Railway increasing in value in so great a proportion as this and other lighthouses have done ; but the future value of the Railway, supposing it to be made a Government work, must be looked at in conjunction with the enhancement of the Crown lands of the provinces through which it will pass. These Crown landts amount to 14,427,000 acres. For the effect on their value to be anticipated from the Railway, the evidence of Messrs. Uniacke, Perley, Carter, Pemberton, and others, before a Committee of the House of Lords in 1847, can be consulted. On the granted lands adjoining the Railway a rate ought probably to be levied ; and when the immense mineral resources of the provinces are also remembered, a most sanguine expectation . of their future career is anything but visionary. Prince Edward Island also must not be over- looked. The railway, although it will not go through Prince Edward Island, will go close to the point from whence B 10 the ferry to it is only seven miles wide ; and if the railway were to effect no other end than thus bringing Prince Edward Island into juxta-position with the United Kingdom, its cost would not be an unavailing investment. Some interesting particulars of the capabilities of this Island will be found in the evidence of Mr.Cunard before the Committee of the House of Lords in 1847, where he corroborates Lord Durham's report about it, which says, that out of 1,400,000 acres there are only 10,000 supposed to be unfit for the plough and that " Had the natural advantages of Prince ** Edward Island been turned to proper account, it *• might at this time have been the granary of the " Piritish Colonies ; and instead of barely supporting " a poor and unenterprising population of 40,000, *' its mere agricultural resources would, according to ** Major Head, have maintained in abundance a po- ** pulation of at least ten times that number." — (677, 678.) Wiih regard to the productions, Mr. Cunard says ** that the wheat is very good, more so than in the ** adjoining provinces , and the oats are beautiful — *' we have no such oats here." — (6*29.) ****** h ?re is no I art of the world better *• calculated for fishing than Prince Edward Island." —(661.) ** The climate is healthy and- the soil good, and *' the production is very good. It is a beautiful spot. ** Nobody can visit it without admiring it." — (696.) But how are people to admire what they can't see? Facility of visiting it is therefore the desideratum. f. > n If, then, the future value of the Railway and of the public domain, to which it is to impart value, be looked at, as they ought to be, as a whole, the pro- spective value is immense, and the propriety of Government undertaking it evident. Neither is the investment of £5,000,000 at all a formidable national exertion ; and it would be much better to have the overflow of British capital directed into such channels as this, than lent to Russia to make a road from Petersburg to Moscow An in- vestment of £5,000,000 would cost, with the funds at 96, only £1S6,*250 per annum gross outlay, sup- posing (an absurdity) no return to be got from it ; and even this outlay would be incurred only gra- dually, during the years occupied in constructing the road. The public voice is happily loud against extravagance and waste of money, but no true eco- nomist could desire the means to be M'ithheld from this essential work — essential equally for the pros- perity of the Colonies anil for the necessities of the United Kingdom. For extensive particulars of the merits of this Railway, Major Robinson's Report can be consulted ; but without a suitable steam communication with the Mother Country, an indispensable link would be wanting, and Major Robinson has said little about this. The intercourse at present kept up does not at all meet the requirements of the case. The steamers having the course to themselves get un- merited credit for being fast, and they certainly are a contrast to the sail vessels which preceded them, from which the popular European notion of the 12 distance of America is formed. But the present steamers are, in fact, very slow ; and when, under favourable circumstances, they make a passage in less time than usual, it simply proves that Halifax is not far away. It would be quite erroneous, from even the shortest passage hitherto performed, to infer that it was done at a high speed. The modern improvements in Steam Navigation are not introduced in the Transatlantic vessels, either British or American, and it is merely their large scale which makes them passable. All large vessels excel small ones, cateris paribus ; but this is more particularly the case with steam vessels, from the principle that their ability to carry propelling power increases by an increase of tonnage in a much higher ratio than the resistance increases. Hence the self-satisfied parties who sway the Trans- atlantic steamers have been, from the tameness of the public, enabled to despise improvements, and will continue to do so while the public tolerate mediocrity ; their vessels attaining their present speed, such as it is, from their mere size, whilst those vessels that have as yet been scientificaliy constructed, have not the same advantage of a large scale. A steam vessel combining the advantages of scale and science does not yet exist. When such a one shall be produced, present ideas as to the expanse of the ocean will be revolutionized. The period seems now to have arrived when the construction of such a steamer ought not to be longer delayed. The accommodation of steam to British America is also, at present, inaccessible; except to that liini- i ) 13 ted number of cabin passengers who can afford to pay heavily, tc whom the expense is treble, and the distance pr« cally double what it ouglit to be. All this cu i be remedied, and it must be done. That eminent practical and scientific engineer, Mr. Penn, of Greenwich, having been consulted, gives the following as his opinion, viz. ** Having been consulted on the subject, I do not *' hesitate to say, that an Ocean Steam Emigrant " Ship can be constructed capable of conveying two *' thousand people, and maintaining an average speed " of at least sixteen nautical miles per hour, between " Ireland and Halifax* and under favo: able circum- ** stances the speed would be much greater. I would '* stake my professional reputation on accomplishing " fully this performance. A naval architect who also " anticipates the above result from the power applied ** as I propose, remarks in one of his communica- " tions in reference to ii, that— * the advantages attend- " * ing such a vessel as regards comfort over the finest * vessels now in existence, and the certainty with * which the voyage would be made wjth'n the " * stated time, almost to an hour, together with the almost total freedom from sea-sickness, would * render this conveyance as preferable to the pre- " * sent class of vessels as the railway train ^.s to a " ' waggon, with the additional advantage of a cheaper *• * fare.* The result would be splendid." ti ti ir play, Halifax^, is destined to become one of the greatest places in the world. The concentration of the intercourse at one point has everything to recommend it '1 he ferry between the AVest of Ireland and Halifax will fill til all the de- siderata of a packet station. It is a shorter run between the two hemispheres than any other points afford ; and hence a class of vessels of a speed higher than could by any possibility be attained on a longer voyage can be introduced. Then, the concentra- tion of the communication at one point evidently indicates the admission of larger vessels than if the intercourse were dispersed ; and this is of vast im- portance, from the numerous advantages of a large vessel over a small one ; and further, on this station, but only on this station, large vessels can, by ac- commodating emigrants, have their capacity made profitably available without subversion of their tspeed, which would not be the case if goods instead ^ of emigrants were to be the cargo, the carriage of goods being an application of space which cannot possibly be reconcileable with packet duties The improved steam communication to Halifiax, and the railway thence to the interior, form one subject, than which none can well be of more im- portance to the United Kingdom at this present time. Before concluding it may not be superfluous to allude to an untenable position taken by many peo- ple, who try to discourage the advocates for tlie colonization and settlement of British North America, by alleging that it is an inferior country. It is a mistake to say that New Brunswick is not an eligible country for settlers;* but even if it were so, it is no reason why Great Britain, since it is her'Sy should not make the most of it. But it is a most hopeful country for settlement. Other regions of the earth, in the United States and elsewhere, may have some advantages, but the apparent advantages have their drawbacks. The most sunny climes do not alwnys support the most flourishing communities ; as, for example. Great Britain contrasted with Italy can attest. And if the British provinces have severe winters, and some other drawbacks, to complain of, they are not entirely without compensation. Witness the deposits of coal and iron. The area of coal formation in the eastern provinces of British America is very great. The annexed diagrams Bhcw die relative area of bituminous coal in Great Britain and in the eastern provinces of British * See Appendix. ••*h *.. i ■''Mrti-ri' fifi r J America : the larger figure representing the British American and the smaller the British bituminous coal area; viz., 18,000 square miles for the former, and 8,139 square miles for the latter. The bulk of these coal fields will be traversed or approached by the Halifax and Quebec Railway. Altogether the inducements for Great Britain tak- ing the simple measures obviously calculated to annex these valuable colonies to herself are so papable and overwhelming, that the prevailing apathy about it is unaccountable, but it is hoped that this apathy is about to terminate. Further preliminary negotiations across the At- lantic ought not to be allowed to create delay ; for if parliament should at once proceed to the consider- ation ot the subject, and authorize the outlay, the power can of course be reserved to government of dictating equitable conditions to the colonies before commencing operations. '? ,. ly '/' w ! ! -3 '""•"^^^ffibi APPENDIX. v-, Extracts from the Report of Major Robinson, of the Royal Engineers, on the Halifax and Quebec Railway, presented to Parliament February, 1849. " In New Branswick there are, according to an official Report of the Surveyor-General, dated 15th December, 1847, 20,000,000 acres, of which about 6,000,000 are either granted or sold, and 3,000,000 may be considered as barren or under water ; leaving, therefore, at the dis* posal of the Government, 11,000.000 of acres of forest land fit for settlement. " Of the 6,000,000 granted or sold, only 600,000 acres are estimated aa being actually under cultivation. " By a statistical table published by 7T. Spackman, London, thert are — In England Wales . . , Scotland , Ireland . New Brunswick. . . Acres Cultivated. 25,632,000 3,iir,uoo 5,265,000 12,125,280 600,000 Acres Uncultivated. 3,454,000 630,000 5,950,000 4,900,000 16,400,000 Acres UnprofluMe. 3,256,400 1,105,000 8,523,930 2,416,664 3,000,000 Total Acica. 32,342,000 4,752,000 19,738,000 19,upport and enrich .them. <-i ■em 24 ii But if, by its means, the navigation of the Gulf of St. Lawrence is spared, what an amount of human suffering and loss of life will it not save. " The losses from shipwreck have been great, but not equal to that arising from protracted voyages and crowded emigrant ships. " In 1847, 89,738 persons emigrated to the British provinces, of whom 5,293 persons perished at sea, and 10,000 are said to have died after their arrival. ^ ^ "P V V " " The railway established, the passage may be shortened, and the time of emigration may be selected at choice. )p ^ ^ V ^ ^ " Embarking and disembarking at Halifax, all danger and incon- venience from the Gulf navigation would be avoided. Time and expense would be saved, and the season might be disregarded. " The mails to and from Canada could pass over British territory ex- clusively, and they would be received at Quebec before the steamer reached Boston, and at Montreal about the same time as it arrived at that port. " In a pohtical and military point of view, the proposed railway must be regarded as becoming a work of necessity. " It is most essential, therefore, that the mother country should be able to keep up her communications with the Canadas at all times and seasons. However powerful England may be at sea, no navy could save Canada from a land force. " Its conquest and annexation are freely spoken of in the United States, even ou the floors of Congress. " Weakness invites aggression, and aa the railway would be a lever of power by which Great Britain could bring her strength to bear in the contest, it is not improbable that its construction would be the means of preventing a war at some no distant period. " The expenses of one year's war would pay for a railway two or three times o'/er. '' The following extract from the Report of Lord Durham, Her Majesty's High Commissioner and Governor-General of British North America in 1839, is so apposite and just, and bears so strongly upon the subject under consideration, that it is conceived no better conclusion can be made to this Report than to insert it : — 25 " * These interests are, indeed, of great magnitude ; and on the course which your Majesty and your Parliament may adopt with respect to the North American colonies, will depend the future destinies, not only of the million and a half of your Majesty's subjects who at present inhabit those provinces, but of that vast population which those ample and fertile territories are fit and destined hereafter to support. No portion of the American continent possesses greater natural resources for the main- tenance of large and flourishing communities. An almost boundless range of the richest soil still remains unsettled, and may be rendered available for the purposes of agriculture. The wealth of inexhausti- ble forests of the best timber in America, and of extensive regions of the most valuable minerals, have as yet been scarcely touched. Along the whole line of sea-coast, around each island, and in every river, are to be found the greatest and richest fisheries in the world. The best fuel and the most abundant water-power are available for the coarser manufactures, for which an easy and certain market will be found. Trade with other continents is favoured by the possession of a large number of safe and spacious harbours; long, deep, and numerous rivers, and vast inland seas, supply the means of easy intercourse, and the structure of the country generally afibrds the utmost facility for every species of com- munication by land. Unbounded materials of agricultiutd, commercial, and manufacturing industry are there. It depends upon the present decision of the Imperial Legislature to determine for whose benefit they are to be rendered available. The country which has founded and maintained these colonies at a vast expense of blood and treasure, may justly expect its compensation in tm>ning their unappropriated resources to the account of its own redundant population ; they are rightful patri- mony of the English people — the ample appanage which God and nature have set aside in the new world for those whose lot has assigned them but insufficient portions in the old.' " And if for great political objects it ever become necessary or ad- visable to unite all ihe British provinces under one Legislative Govern- ment, then there will be formed on this side of the Atlantic one powerful British state, which, supported by the imperial power of the mother- country, may bid defiance to all the United States of America. " The means to the end, the first great step to its accomplishment, is the construction of the Halifax and Quebec Railwa^ » (Signed) "Wm Robinson, •* Captain 'Royal Engineers, Brevet-Major." ■-'^'jmipMniHuinni III I ,^f^ X x^ 26 And Lord Elgin th^ n course ofhisdesjateh to xtTr'"^'^^^^^^ ''^ '^^ ^ork, says :- ^ *" ^^'^ ^'^Y* in favour of the * ft is obvious that nn <> . "--stout fte p„ri„e« . z;" :::T' r""™'"«" » «*"<>«' ' .^^«^P i" «pe«edly expressed rr^^ •" "" "^^ "«<"■ yo„ V ««4Mt period, I am p«-a«d 1 *""''' "« «*«««1 at the »tk„on.me«WpoBey,,^*;/^»<'»^intowhich.^tch«r "th fl« oooedoosnes. of their „™ """""j"""'^ = to insph, them «»nexio.„.a. c^3 «■- «- *»^<. »d of the J„e of th" "O".- that I woold not hesuTta '^ '°™^''' "S»ioBt .^g^ iotemuned on." "" ''«"»° •»<1 Halifex Raflway betog ---t' m *^ V ? .^ ^ r. . .^-^^ I ,- ■ # ■i ^^S ^«?1*p* /'■ / T; it! ■■"■;, 1'^ ■* .. k* r ■ wjS^«|*]E| nwi* ■Hi II 1^" \;r -v-jL.