IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '/ / {./ y. O /.€ w w- W.r m. 1.0 I.I l== 1.25 IIIIM IM 1.4 11^ 1 2.2 ZO 1.6 : Bibliothdque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —*' (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (n nj? v^-"" "l:^'0"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim^e sont film6s en commengant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre filmds i des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche ^ droite, 9t de haut en bas, en prenant le norr.Lre d'images n^cessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 r t DISCOVERY OF 11 IK *' ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF AMERICA I!Y THOMAS DE St. BRIS. Entered riccording to Act of Consress, in the yuar i388, by Thomas livRNE.in the Office ot the 1.1b: arum- ot Congress, at Washington. Right of Translation reserved. Comiinoucations to fhe PuMishers should be adifrcsscd: "Origin of the Xaiiu- o/ America," Vox .\o. iSj2, AViy York City. -»—♦—♦- NEW YORK. 1888. 1 1 Ck V A INTFODUCTION. rr\H.E object of this abridged popular edition is to -J- present in a brief, clear, and simple style our discovery of the origin of the name of America, which came as unexpectedly as that of Columbus'; while we were collecting from the old works of the Spanish historians, the customs and histoi-ies of the Americans— called Indians by mistake— in order to show their connection with Egypt, of which a pre- liminary sketch was published in ]8S2. We have attached a map to be kept in view while reading; so that a i)erfect idea may be obtained of the places named by Columbus, and of the geog- raphy of the age when America was discovered. Asia is placed in the position given to it by the first standard map of the world on which the West- ^ern iiemisphere appeared ;i and the Atlantic coast- Vepresonting the early discoveries and settlements on 7 this Continent- is taken from the first atlas'^ where ^, the name of America is applied to its southern divis- -■N;^ Jon, to which we have added the information ob- ^^ tained from a local chart' showing the coast of Am- ^'^^^-^"ii^km^gdom^of^Cundin^iaraca, while ' Ptolemy Atlas 1508. = U^^v^^^^^^,,, ,,n. ^^^i, AtluV Venezuela. ' ■* INTRODUCriON. tho cities on the Pacific coast rcpiesont tho extent of tho kingdom of Amaraca at tho Doiiod of its con- quest by Spain. Instead of referring to the numer- ous Spanisli authors wliich we have consulted in order to show the importance of this Empire— which only boars indirectly on our subject- we have referred our readers to a most intei-esting work; where these scattered histories may be found col- lected. We speak of the well-known "Prescott's History of the Conquest of Peru "-a great nation; of which our notes only give a passing outline. We use the word Kiug in its general sense, nistead of tho native name of Inca, whic;h has a similar meaning; preferring to exclude foreign worus-which tend to mystify history-when an idea can be conveyed in our own. The Kings of Amaraca or America; like the Kings of Kngland, Japan, (the Mikado) Turkey, (the Sultan) and Persia, (the Shah) were the temi)0]'al and spiritual chiefs of their dominions. Nearly all the woiks we have examined are to be found at tlie Astor Library, which-with a valuable number of the Ameri(vm Geographical Society's maps and atlases— have been the principal ineans of throwing Hght on this subject of national interest. I i I The following are the principal authorities which have been consulted in this work : Adam, Ktudes sur six laiiHUOs Ann'iicninos. Anioriciin Ency('l()i)o/■ THE — rapidly loarning the laii<;iiapjo and customs of tlio couiitiy — was s(3iit as envoy to nnincrouK princes, aiid heard a groat deal about central Asia. He was appointed (lovernor of a Mongolian town (I'jsl), and subsefpicntly as ambassador to soutliern China; acquii-ed nmch knowledge about Jai)an (Zipangu), which Columbus was destined to sail in search of two centuiies later. Having obtained permission to join the escort of a ^Mongolian piincess, who was traveling to tiie Court of riMsia, (h(! three Polos left, and arriving at Teheran, stayed there until hearing of the Khan's death, when they continued their journey, and re- turned to Venice (1'21>5) — with iinich wenhh and many ])recious objects — ^wearing Tartar costumes, and with com]»lexions and manneis so totally ori- ental, tluit their stupified compatriots stood gazing at beings ap})arently from some unknown clime, while they completely astonished themselves on at- tempting to speak their own language, after an ab- sence of twenty-four years. No one could be found to recognize them, and to overcome this difficulty; they gave a magnificent entertainment; receiving their guests in gorgt.'ous oriental dresses. Ketiring to prepare for dinner, they i-eturned in robes of crimson damask, and after the first course, again disappearing, came back in suits of crim- son velvet, finally withdrawing, they re-entered di'essedas Venetians, making presents of their Mou- 4 NAM!'. OF AMERICA. piliaii costumes. Aflcr diniicr, Marco Po]o sliowcd tliriii liis coMrs(» Tiirtar travoliii^^ suit, and tlicu cut- ting' it open, look out an iiiinicnsci luunborof hoauti- ful jewels. Everyone seemed to be williuf; to believe Ibem ii(»\v. or at least tried to do so, l)ut tlieir stories were so fabulous, tbat tbe ukm-o tbey tbou^^lit it over, tbe more impossible tbey seemed to be. Some years afterwards, Venice was at war witb Genoa, and tbe illustrious Marco Polo -commanding bis own galley in tb.^ -leat naval engagement wliicb ended victoriously lur tbe (Jenoese republic— was among tbe ca])tives. In piis(»ii b(> told wonderful stories about bis voy- ages in tbe east, soon ac(piiring a i'ei)un of science and leai'iiing who came to the conclusion that India might be reached by going around the southern shores of the African contuient, an idea wliicli was contrary to tlie assertions of Ptolemy — the standard geograi)hy at that time— and of many learned men. Up to this period, European navigators believed in dreadful reefs, stormy headlands, reaching far into the ocean, and a fiery climate at the equator; which boiled every whale in the ocean depths attempting to cross the lino where waves of scalding water washed tiie burning sands of the coast. 'i .,^' f NAME Of- AMERICA. 13 rOHTUGAL AWAKENED BY POLO'S HISTORY; SEEKS INDIA. The King of Portuj^^al had -ow determined to test Toscanelli's ideas— also beiieved in by oilier astronomers of that ago— as soon as he was in a position to do so. Portugal had not long been a kingdom (lloU), and it ^vas only during the reign of Joan— tlie great— (1385-1433) that they succeeded in repulsing the Moors— who took the country from the Visigoths in the eighth century— and a formid- able invasion by the Spaniards. The Monarch — whose nation was now undis- tmbod— looking towards the passage which might lead to the woiKlerful country where Marco Polo's treasure lay; sent an expedition which discovered Madeira and the Azores, before returning to relate stories causing intense excitement. Every one wished to sail in search of Polo's golden land ; amongst them the King's son who immediately prepared for sea, and making further discoveries; became known as "Prince Henry, the navigator.'" About this period, the art of printing was inveiited (1440), but fifteen years rolled by before the first book appeared— so far as is known, the Mazarine bible— and gradually, stories of Portuguese enterprise began to reacli the seaports and learned centers of Europe; which brought many mariners and scholars to that country, where the jet-black gentlemen, hn- irr illll JifT..:, 14 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE ported as slaves from Africa (14-i-i), — then living wonders — turned the eyes of Europe towards the little kingdom for many years, and correspondents sent there by the principal people of sevei-al nations, wrote iiome any infoi-mation wJiich might lead them towards the land of gold. Mariners who had ilocked tlu;re, begged of the crown to put tliem in command of vessels in search of new countries, although the applications were not yet so numerous as Columbus described them; when he stated that after discovering the new land, the connnonest sailor in his vessel wished to go in search of territory and even the very tailors were willing. He was among those who went to Portugal (14:70), but the government naturally preferring to associate their own subjects with these enterprises; did not then employ foreigners. He was the son of Domenico Casenneve^ — some- times called Coulon or Colon in Spanish, and Colum- bus in Latin— a Genoese wool-comber, and after hav- ing been sent to the University of Pavia, returned home to assist his father. At the early ago of four- teen, he was- sent to sea with a distant relative, — an Admiral of the Genoese navy — and is supi)osed to have been in the naval expedition, which was fitted out by the Duke of Calabria to recover that King- dom for his father. Finding nothing to bo done at sea, he tried his ' Narrative and critical liistory of America. .v./.]//? OF AMERICA. 15 IS- '^!^ fortune on land; by making charts at Lisbon, where ho "popped the question," and was accepted by the widow of a Portuguese navigator; "aricli widow," historians tell us, thus far resembling Mohanniied,^ immediately before he founded the third chief re- ligion of the world, and we may be gallant enough to suppose, that it was the widow who advised Columbus to go west, but he eventually lost her, and being reduced to poverty, (14S4j went with his son to Si)ain. Portugal continued to send expeditions, dispatch- iiig Bartholomew Dias— who was blown around the west coast— to explore Africa, and the King deter- mined to follow up his discoveries and endeavor to reiw,-h India by sea— called this cape. Good Hope, or Boa Esperan(^a. Vasco de Gatna, a gentleman of His Majesty's household, offering to go with an exi)edition, sailed, (8 July, 1497) arrived in India, and by appointiug Viceroys, extended commerce; which made them masters of the eastern ocean fornearly a century. MARCO polo's travels EXCITE SPAIN. Sjjain was anxious to particij)ate in these expe- ditions, but she also, had yet too nnich to do at home. ' The name of the r.ligion fountled by the Arab Maho.nmed-wh.. wrot.. their «a,-red b„ok, tho Koran. CIO a. u.-an,l in.orreotly .■ ,11,.,1 Mahowmedanisn, is Islamisui, I. e. Bubniicsion to God. >^'-5aiii«« rii^Tr^'-jFZ 10 n/scoi-F.A'V or ri/E okigix or the WhcMi the Gorniaiis attacked the Spanish province of falhn^ Rome: these, invited the Visigoths to aid them, who suhdned Spain and ruled it, until Alaric, — one of their chiefs; (|uarrelin<; with the others about an election, — asked the Moors to assist him, which they did; like the Visij^olhs, by con([uerinf; the country, (711, A. D.;, but the Spaniards soon regained a large portioj. jf it, oidy to be lost agnin (1252 -S4), whiki Alfonso X was seeking the Im- perial Crown of Ciermany, and they did not recover it, until the war against the Moors (1481), — which ended by their return to Mauritana (Africa) in 14'J2, and complete expulsion from Castile. Some years previously a navigator— soon to be- come famous — had arrived in Spain. ^ Just at the evening twilight of a beautiful October day (1485), a man of fifty summers, — tall, well formed, and muscular, a face once rosy, but now careworn in ex- pression; an a(iuiline nose, rather high cheek bones, eyes of light gray ; his hair thin and silvery; — stood at the gate of the Franciscan monastery near Palos in Spain, asking for a little bread and water for his pale-faced motherless son whom he led by the hand. It was Christopher Columbus, then in extreme poverty, on his way to the Spanish Court. While the porter was getting refreshments for his boy, the prior of the monastery Wiis attracted by ' See Our Country, Vol. I. 'I '9 NAMI-: OF A.VEK/CA. 17 the (li<,qiifiLHl ai>pearaiice of the stranger, and coii- cludiiiij: after a brief conversation that he was an re me COLUMBUS AND HIS SdS AT THK SIONASTI.lt V. extraordinary man; invited him to remain. With increasing; wonder and admiration lie Hstened to the naviji;ator's theories, his plans and his hopes. That 18 DISCOVERY DF Jill-: ORhilX OF 11 IE such a man slioiild stand a begj^ar at his gate was a marvel to Father Marchcna. The I'liar was learned in geographical science. Able, therefore, to com|)reh(;nd the grandeur of the views of Columbus, he was deeply impressed with the wisdom of th(! appaiently insi)ired navigator, and sent for a scientific friend in Palos to come and converse witli his guest within the quiet cloisters of the monastery wh(M'e the project was received with the most profound respect. The friar offered liini a court introduction, and ])roposed to educate his son Diego. It was now' one of the most remaikablo and brilliant periods in the history of the Spanish mon- archy. The marriage of Ferdinand, King of Arragon, and Isabella, Queen of Leon and Castile, had united their kingdoms and formed a strong empire. These twomonarchs were but one in love, respect, interest, views and aims, and were happily united in their councils for the good of the realm, yet they ruled as distinct sovereigns, each having an independent council, and freciuently holding court and exercising sovereignty at widely separate points at the same time. They were wise in council and brave in action. Sometimes they were both in the field at the head of troops in their wai'fare with the Moors. The armor worn by the Queen on these occasions may been seen in the royal arsenal at Madrid. All acts of sovereignty ' Our Couutry, Vol. 1. I I m NAME or AMFRICA. 19 wore oxocutod jointly. Tho national coins boiu their united profile, and the royal seal displayed tlio arms of Castile and Arragon. Columbus remained quietly at the monastery until the sj)rin^^ of 14s(j, when the court had arrived at the ancient city of Cordova, where the troops had assmnbled for a vigorous spring campaign. To that old city, and to the court of the young sovereigns he repaired, bearing a letter from the friar to the superior of the monastery of Prado, who was the Queen's confessor, but war was then raging, and every peaceful occupation was disturbed by the clash of arujs. The Crown hov.ever, eventually in- foi-med the navigatoi-, that they would consider his proposition when peace was restored. Columbus had received an invitation to visit the King of France at Paris, and resolved to go, but the friar advised him to see Queen Isabella again, and ar- riving while the Spanish troops weie in pursuit of the last of the Moorish army, he was presented at court; but the King said that the war had depleted the treasury to such an extent; that they could not entertain the project. " I will undertake the enter- prise," said Queen Isabella, "for my crown of Castile, and, if essential. I shall pledge my jewels to obtain the necessary funds." Columbus kjielt, giv- ing thanks to God. The ambition of the navigator was lofty and noble. His piety was heart felt; his religious con- ^:: 20 D/scorhh'Y ()/■ ■////■: (V>'a;av or rur. victions wore (loop ;iiirofits of the enter|)rise for th(> lecovory of the Jioly sepulchre at Jerusalem from the hands of tiio .Mahommodaus, the hoautiful Queen was transported with joy, and rising- in ecstacy from the throne, while Ikm- hi'i^ht hlue eyes beaming rays of hope that fain would pierce the very h(>avens, vied with th<^ inani- mate lustie from those marble jewel-clasped hands which shone like a divine benediction over the awe- struck form of the navigator as he stood statue- like, with bowed head, before the almost transfigured Sovereign, while the King responded "Amen.'' Hardly had this warended, than Queen Isabella-- boirowing money on her crown jewels — began to prepare the expedition to find a western ]xissage to tndia, and by agreement with Columbus (17 Apl., 141>j!j, api)ointed him High Admiial, and Viceroy, of lands to be discovered. <-'OLUMHUS (JOES TO FIND JAPAN; THK ISLAND WHERE THE (iOl.l) AND PEAHLS GREW. Saibng out of Palos on the :!d of August, 1402, and after a i)erilous voyage — guided by the chart made by Toscanelli;' their courage was rewarded at ' IJei'tou. 'I /■///•; X.IM/-: (>/■ AMERICA. //■ // %w ^ fe/i ill' % \im 111:"' 2 A. M. (Ill tlic li'lli (»f OctolxT, wlicii the Admii'.il saw a li;j,lit iiioviiit;- i/i lln' darkness, ami calling a coiMpaiiioM, tlifv (lisciiHscd the s(>ri(His (iiK.'stion of its reality; hut the low saiuly slioic, observed in the bright iiiooidi,i;ht, liy one of the civw of the I'inta, soon l'eni(»Ved ,dl doul)t. Xext liioiiiini;- after laiidiii;;', every one i>\\\ ^4 niSCOlERY (>/' THE ORIUIN OF THE the city of Guinsay,' to deliver the letters of Your Majesties to the 'Grand Khan,' and to nsk him re- spectfully if T may go with him." The Admiral h;id sailed from Spain, to find the island of Japan,'- spoken of hy Marco Polo, whose desci'i]»ti()n of it, n|)pearson an old chart; which was made hy Maitin Behaim (14S4), a young German" student, who— lik(! many others — was attracted to Porttigol hy these discoveries, duiiugthe period that Cohunhus resided there and employed his time hy making charts. \\\ Behaim's map of the world, the mdvuowu isle of Japan, was placed where he thought it ])rohal)ly was; adding these words: — "The island is called Zipangut, lying in the eastern world, whose inhahitauts manufacture their own gods, and have no King. Enormous (luaniities of (jol(l(jrotr there; and alsojeiueU, and eastern pearls, the sailors having found 12,700 islands in the Indian ocean.'" The Spanish monarchs must have concluded, that, as Marco Polo had learned Turkish, the Grand Khan — out of common politeness, if nothing else^ had studied Spanish; for they did not hesitate to give Columhus a letter of introduction, which he took ashore to present to the Khan, who was only ' Spoken of in Marco Polo's voyages, ch. 58. " Navarrote, Cipango. => Lclcwil. •» " Di(si> Insiil t;(iiannt Zcpangiit, lici;,'ct im urii'iit dcr WVlt. Die Iiiwohncr- botUou abKotter, an ilir Konig ist uiiiiiinil, Iiidcr insiil wiiihst tibortrcsliclit viel yold, auoh wiiclist ila allrlcy cilel^icsti'iii, prarli'ii nriciital, In dii'scu Indiauischeu Meur soUcn die ^i^■lutllL•utU diu 12,7()U insuleu lufuuden liabeu." NAME OF A.\ri:RICA. 1 to 1)0 found in a directly opi)()sito quarter of the globe. Discovering the island of Cuba on the 2.Sth of October, he named it " Juana," after Prince John; the Spanish heir a])pai'ent. Some of the natives were smoking cigars which they called tobacco, while others made them; but Columbus considering it a savage custom, left its European introduction to Sir Walter T?aleigh. Hayti, they found on De- cember Oth, and going ashore to dine, five chiefs, subjects of King Gua-Camahari, came to visit him. He heard from the natives,that thei)eoplc were afraid of the Carihs, who went all over the islands and eat them, so that the Indian who accompanied the Spaniards, I'an forward cryiiig:—" Don't fear! The christians are not Caribs; but came from heaven, and give many beautiful things to those wlio visit them." On this invitation, two thousand people ap- proached, and imtting their hands on the heads of the terror-stricken Spaniards, -a sign of eternal friendship,- invited them to dinner; which was finally accepted when confidence had been restored. Th(>ir bread— made of roots resend)Iing radishes- had the flavor of chestnuts. Columbus sailed about these islands still looking in vain for the Khan. Uji Christmas eve, a large number of Indians weiv on board the vessel, whom he asked, where tlu' gold was, and taking with him the most intelligent of THE NAME OF AMERICA. thoin, who, — ^after naming many places, —mentioned Civao, wliicli the Admiral sailed for, expecting to reach Japan, hnt, it was oidy another part of Haiti, and they called it (Hisnanola) " Little Spain. "^ On landing, King Gua-Camahari, advanced to re- ceive the Viceroy, and laying hands on his head, in- vested him with his own crown, placed him in a royal sedan chair covered with a canopy; in which he was can-ied toward the city, on the shoulders of four men, as their Kings are. Columbus, taking off a handsome collar of beads, put it on the King's neck — gave him a cloak, sent for some colored slippers, and placed a silver ring on his finger, which seemed to have attracted their at- tention while two chiefs exchanged large plates of gold for trinkets. Soon afterwards the Admiral's ship was wrecked here, leaving only two small ves- sels. After building a fort — placing twenty-nine men in it, who were never seen again — they called to say good-bye to the King, and sailing among the islands, turned homewards on the 17th of January, 1493. Columbus was nearly wrecked on this voy- age, and f(^aring that no one would survive to an- nounce the new world to Europe, he retired to his cabin, writing hurriedly on parchment an account of the voyage— amidst the uproai- and shouting t)f the di>spairing crew — and wrapping it in oilskin, sur- rounded completely with wax, he put it into a barrel, well fastened, and water tight, which was thrown "if 1 1!! « i 11 , IK 1^^'. 1' I 1' II IB in ■ 28 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE '■'% a overboard.^ Columbus, however, landed first, and after stopping at Lisbon to have an interview with the King of Portugal, he arrived in Spain on the loth of March, after an absence of seven months, and liad a royal reception at Bai'celona from their Majesties, who requested him to be seated in their presence— an honor only accorded to grandees. He was given the title of Don, and a crest bear- ing the royal arms of Spain— the lion and castle- adding a group of islands to represent his discover- ies; while extensive preparations were hastened for another expedition. The Admiral presented Indians, gold, pearls, fish, and birds from the new islands, to their Majesties, who w^ere much interested in hear- ing of the hospitable treatment of the natives, and amused by the story of the Indian lady, who had seen her face foi' the first time in a mirror. That Grand Cardinal of Spain," invited Colum- bus to a feast, to meet the Spanish Grandees and prelates. To the navigator ho gave the seat of honor and otlior marks of distinction. These at- tentions,— to one so lately a poor Italian mariner — excited the jealousy of some guests. A courtier asked the Admiral whether he thought i'lat in case ho did not discover the Indies; there were not men in Spain who would have been equal to the enterprise ? Columbus took an egg that was before him, and invited the courtier to make it CancelUeri, p. 102. » Our CouutryVol. 1. '^ i :m NAME OF AMERICA. 29 ler in ;re lal IS it stand on its end. He could not. All the company tried in vain to do it. Then the Viceroy struck the egg upon the tahle so as to flatten the end hy a fracture and left it standing. "Any one could do that," cried the courtier. "After I have shown the way," replied the Admiral. "Gentlemen," he con- tinued, "after I have shown a new way to India, nothing is easier than to follow." Nearly every one wished to go on the new expe- dition ; so intense was the excitement, and the government got a hull (4 May, 1493), from pope Alexander VI, which granted fields for discovery. Then Portugal got one; which gave Spain the right to all the land one hundred leagues west of the Azores, but the Portuguese objected, and it was agreed shortly after to move the dividing line three hundred and seventy leagues further west, which unexpectedly gave her: Brazil, the Spice islands, and half of New Guinea. The Admiral sailed away on the 25th of Septem- ber, 1493, with seventeen ships, and fifteen hundred colonists, arriving on the 3d of November, and after discovering several islands, returned to Haiti, found- ing the city of Isabella. An expedition to the interior for the purpose of finding gold was successful; and twelve ships were sent home with Indians and some of the precious metal. These discoveries had created intense excitement hi 30 V/SCOiJiKy OF THE ORIGIN OF THE all over Eiiiope, and questions of fitting out expedi- tions were freely spoken of. KNGI.ISII SHIPS SAIL, SKEKING THE ISLE WHERE GOLD AND PEARLS GROW, At Bristol, England, lived Zuan Caboto, a Vene- tian, whom tliey called John Cabot, who having ob- tained a patent from Henry VII for discoveries, he sailed, and arriving on the coast of Labrador (24th of June, 1497), saw such a quantity of fish tliat he called it "Baccalos," meaning codfish. His son — then a hoy— was with him, and writing afterwards of this voyage, he says,— "I began to saile toward " the northwest, not thinking to find any other land "than that of Cathay,' and from thence turne to- " ward India, but after certaine dayes I found that " the land ranne towards the north, which was to " me a great displeasure.''- On his return, the King gave him (3d February, 1498), a grant to take six mer- chant vessels, paying the government price for them, and to enlist volunteers, "and theym convey and lede, to the londe, and isles of late founde, by the seid John." Cabot, was a townsman of Columbus, but natu- ralized by Venetia. ' Marco Polo called China, Cathay. " " Sebastian Cabot in the first voyage which ho made at the oharHOs of king Honric VH. intended [as hinisell'e eonlessethl to find no ntlier Laiuiii Imt Cnihay and Ironi llienee tnrno towards India: and the oiiinions of Aristotle* and Seneea, tliat India was not farrc froine tSpainc, conttrmed them therein" Purchas Kdn. 1(U7, p. 8'.14. * Arist. de Coelo ot Muudo. W. 1 ^ S NAA:E of AMERICA. 31 >g SPAIN PUOHIBITS FOREKiNKKS FROM PARTICIPATING IN HER DISCOVERIES. The Ci'ovvn of Spain bad been aware of tbese in- tended expeditions, and in order to anticipate tlieni, a proclamation was issued (lOtb April, 1405), per niitting passports to be granted on certain conditions, to naiiva horn subjects, to settle in Haiti: or to go on voyages of discovery and commerce in the new possessions.^ Columbus had been for nearly three years, the only one to whom aid was given to ex- plore the Western hemisphere, and the govern- ment,— seeing that other nations were preparing to participate in their discoveries— offered permission to their subjects to anticipate them. This was not unjust to the Viceroy, whose rights were preserved by an edict issued soon aftej-. Com})laints were being made of the Admiral's government of Haiti with such persistency; that the Crown was obliged to send a representative to investigate them (in October), and he returned next year, while the Viceroy accompanied him in another vessel. These difticulties were surmounted, and Columbus obtained a decree (4 June, 1497), prohibiting emigration or trading in his discoveries. ' Nuvarreto. 1^'! tXill 32 DISCOVER y OF Tirr. or/g/x oi- the COLUMBUS FINDS THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. Another expedition was fitted out, and sailing- on his third voyage in command of six vessels (30th May, 14JiS), Coknnbus discovered an isle, naming it Trinidad, before sailing into the (Jrenoco (31st July), which he thought was the river Gilion, with its source in the garden of Eden "the eaithly paradise of Adam and Eve." The view of this immense river inflamed the Admiral's very religious feeling, and aftei- referring to the four riveis of Paradise, he gives the following indication of knowledge, which would not be supposed from his style of writing; "St. Isador and St. Bede, and Strabo, and the Master of history, (Herodotus) and St. Ambrose and Scoto, and all the sacred theologians agree, that para- dise is in the east.'' Then, after referring to the Latin historian Pliny, he continues, " Aristotle said that the world was small, and the water little ; so that it was easy to pass from Spain to India, and Seneca said, that Aristotle got his information from Alexander the Great." He continues: — " I had not yet spoken with any of the natives, which I was ex- ceedingly anxious to do, and after sailing a long distance, where the land ^cas cult i rated, I sent boats ashore, as we wanted provisions. The land continued to improve, and the ])opulation was denser, as we went west; therefore, we proceeded along the coast until coming to a river. The people crowded to the HIM r ■' I X.IM/-: i)F .IMEAVC.l. 33 shore in countloss nmnbors. They had very polislied manners, and tall and graceful figures; wearin- smooth long hair, and with whit.u- skin than any I had yet seen in the Indies, besides being conrageous and mtelligent." Tin's land he considered, " was the Iiighest elevation in the world,and nearest to the sky " "They told me that they called this place Paria and that from there towards west, was a la.-ger popn- lation. We took four of then, on board, and sail- ing thn-ty-two miles; found the most charnn-ng land in the world, well populated, where we anchored to admire its verdant beauty and to see the people- who came in boats to beg of me on behalf of their king to land, and when they saw that we were not afraid of them, an immense number arrived, bring- ing presents for us. They wore Iiandkerchiefs or. the neck, and others around their arms, and some pearls. We were delighted to see these, and in- quired anxiously where they found them, which they told me were to be had further west. " They say that when we land, we shall see the two chiefs of the place, whom I think are father and son. They govern a very large coast, where brea.l and many kinds of wine come from, and, not hav- ing any vines, they must be made from fruit or maize, similar to that found in Spain. All the men occupy one side of the house, and the women the other. They have great difficulty in making our Indians understand their questions; as to us. :>: ts r 34 niSCOlllRY Oh THE ORiaiX Oh THE and our couiitry, iiiid so have wo; in our undoavor to find out about tlioni."' '* Al'tcr luncli at tlie house of tlio oldest inhabit- ant, we toolc liis son and others with us, and sailed away, as 1 was so anxious to icplenisli our sup^dios, which is done with ji,ieat ditliculty. We arrived at a place wliich 1 called, " the gard(>ns,'' as it looked so. Tbe |)eoiile wore gold plates around their necks, and had very large canoes, with cabins for the chief and his wives " "I did my best to find where they got the gold, which they say is to be found not far away on very high lands north of them, but thov advise us not to go; as the people might eat us. Tliey told us tliat they found the pearls further west, and as our time was precious; we passed it in asking questions, and then sailed in that direction.'' After being ill for sometime on the coast, the Admiral finally returned to his Viceroyalty at Haiti; sending five ships to Spain with slaves, and as large a quantity of pearls and gold dust as he could collect, with a chart, and, a complete description of the main- land,^ which the government handed to John Roder- iquez de Fonseca — afterwards Bishop of Toledo — who, shortly before the arrival of these vessels, had been appointed Commissioner to issue passports to the Western part of India,'- which it was supposed to be. ' Navarrete Coleccion III. = Hirrcru, p. 5 and 639. Note. '•i n NAME OF AMERICA. 35 Tho illustrious ualioiiiil sacred uaiuo, of tlio greater portion of tho soutliorn Continent, iitdnd- iinj thaf part Jirst discovered btj Co/innbus, was "• Anieric(if''^^ which appeared on early maps, as an appropriate honor to tho j^reat Navigator, who had niado the discovery. This was, however, only an additional acknowledgment of gratitude, which the world owed to him. They liad previously made him Admiral and Viceroy of tho West Indies, named tho " Oolumhian Archipelago " and tho "Co- lumbian Sea.''- He was authorized to use tho royal arms of Spain, on armorials granted to hiai, the islands first discovered being represented on it, one of which was called " Monferrato,"— after his birthplace,'' — on the earliest standard map showing the Western Hemisphere.' The Spanish colonists adopted tho native name of America, to designate their first settlement on the main-land of the new world but in those days, tho rules of orthography were undefined, and in addi- tion to the numerous erroi's of printing, names were spelled in any way which the writer considered most appropriate, and hence we have America, not only written Amaraca, ' Amerioco and Amerioca/' Mara- ca," Moraca^ and America,' but they added the ' PtolcMj- KditioiiH, Astor Library. ■ Codazzi, Map ii. ^ Caiicillicri, p. 2.'>. ■• I'toli'iuy, ir>08. ■■ lluinbol.U, Vol. I, p. ;i2-t. " UaloigU, p. 11 and 'J'.i. ■ Herrera. " Mercatcr. " Till' style in which national names were written, tlcpondrd on the nationality of tho writiT. An llnslishnian spealiB ol' ticrniauy whieli tho Spaniards call Alenia- nia, although Doutschland is the proper name. 30 niscovERV or hie okicin o/- ////•; native ^vol•(^, "iiana," wliicli Sir WaltiT Kaloigli ex- plains, iiioaiit ail L'(|uivalc'iit of coimtiy,' and in Codazzi's map, tlu; name apjil^inj^ to tiio seashore is, ''(-oast of Maracapana." 'I'lic Baron de Humboldt spent several years in this part of Ameiica (J7yi>-Jh()4), and wiote three vohnnes,' contain ni{< nearly seven thousand paj;,es of modern size. The object of his visit, was to study the nation, and we need hardly icfer to his rare erudition, to be found in this beautiful work, which treats of nearly every sub ject. From him wc learn, that the first settleiiicnl of the Spanianls on the mon Antonio do Herrora, " his- torian of his Majesty of India, and of Spain," which he calls "general history of the West Indies, or lands of the Si)aniards, in the islands and main-land, on the Ocean Sea." * HumbolcU Relations liiNtoriques, ' Humboldt Ui'l.itioiis liiHtoriiiucs, Vol, I, p. 3G1. ^ Kuustiiianu ami Kohl charts, Am. Oool. Soc. ami Jomird, etc., Astor Library. . " '41 1 -f^ '■ ■ M 38 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OE HIE After rof erring to tlic colonists in tho West Indies; several of whom, said Colundjiis; were nio.t undesirable acquisitions, he begins the descri]»tion given by Ojeda,' during his voyage to Amaraca- pana : ''There arrived at tlie Spanish court, Miguel Bal- lester, and Garcia de Bai-rantes, with a legal ])rocess againsi Francisco Roldan and his companions, who also sent counsel for their defense " " The prosecution charged; that lloldan and his followers were wicked men, vicious, violent, flirting terribly with the women, highwaymen, and hyjio- critos. The Counsel of Viceroy Columbus also averr-^d, that without any reason, they had caused many scandals and dangerous affairs in the Island (Haiti, the seat of Covernment). They also refused obedience to the admiralty, and resided as far as possible out of the Governor's jurisdiction; in order to be able to live at liberty, and to conunit the above-named crimes; wdierefore tins indictment wns sent, with information of the annoyance they had caused since theii- arrival, and what the admiralty had suffered by them, as well as the impediments put in tho way of the prosecution of so many great discoveries,(wdiich the admiralty had begun to show), and other matters of nuich service to tho King. Roldan's Counsel, on the contrary, complained ter- ribly of the Admiral, and the admiralty, calling » Ucrrora, Vol. I, p. 82. A^/.l/Zs OF AMERICA. 39 thoin ci-iiel tyrants, wlio tormented i)eop]e for al- most notliing, and punished them as it tliey were anxious to spill Spanish hlood, and that one could hardly ask for anythin<;- in tlio Empire r>f the Indies, without heing locked up; because they did not wish anyone, except themselves; to work the gold mines. They also made many other charges, to hide their disgrace and rebellion, and concluded by saying; that these circumstances had caused them to refuse to obey the Admiral; who wrote a very long letter to tho King, abbi-eviating many things that had hap- pened on the voyage, complaining of his misfortunes and adversities; and adding, that counsel foi- the prosecution and defense, would sail with five shii)s, bringing slaves " " Great was he satisfaction of thcii' Majesties with the news of the further discovery (the Ameri- can Continent), made by the Admiral, and with the samples of pearls, which had never before been found, and on seeing the form of the land (in the chart sent tliem by Colunibus) which gav(! every in- dication that it might be the main-land (of India). Great would have been the joy at Court, if the news of the revolt of l^)ldan had not accomi)anied it "' Alonzo do Ojeda. at that tin.o iu the City, (he had sailed with CV)lumbus on 1 lis second voyage). came to see the samples of gold and pearls, beinj friend of Juan Roderi(iuez de Fonseca— the future Bishop of Toledo,— to whom applications were to Ix^ i?;i! rJ!'" 40 DISCOVERY OF TJ/E O RIG IN OF THE made foi" passports to India, and he applied for one to go "anywhere," to discover islands or main-land, which was f^ranted to him; excluding the possessions of the King of Portugal, (wlio had already much teri'itory in the East Indies), and the discovery of the Admiral, up to the year 1405." " 80 many people wished to join the Expedition; that four ships were fitted out, and Ojeda — who had already lived for some time in the West Indies, — took Juan de la Cosa Vizcano, with him as pilot, and Amerigo V(^spucci, as Merchant, "because he was so learned in navigation and universal geogra- phy."^ " They sailed (20th May 140;)),— guided by a copy of the chart sent home by Columbus- — and steering westward and then south, arrived — after a passage of twenty-six days,— insight of land, which they con- cluded was a continent, observing an infinite number of naked people, who, after gazing at them, appar- ently in a state of stupefaction, fled to the mount- ains, while they called tlieni in vain to return." " The ships were anchored on the open shore, and feaiing a storm ; it was decided to go to the lower coast in searcii of a harbor." " After coasting f(3r two days, tliey found a good port, where a large number of people came to see them. Forty soldiers landed, calhng the Indians by signals, showing little bells, mirrors, and other toys, llen'ora, Vol. I, p. HO. » I'iedraliitu, p. aiC', V I'tC A'.I.U/-: OF AMERICA. 41 but without success. At length, some of the most courageous surrounded them, to whom they gave bells, before returning on board for the night, as the Indians retired to their houses. In the morning, the shore was covered with people, the women carry- ing children in their arms ; who were very quiet, and while the Spaniards were rowing ashore, the natives ; with much conlidence, swam out to meet them. These people were of middle height, well i)roportioned, broad faces, very red skin, and only wore hair on the head. Either sex were ex- tremely athletic, and expert swimmers and warriors. They taught the women the art of war; so that they migh^ defend themselves against those of another nation who were fond of eating people, and their only battles were against these. There were few gold mines in this ])lace, or anything else of value, but nothing could liave been better than the fertility of their lands." '* Ojeda sailed along the low coast, stopping on the way, and trading with the people." " Finally, he arrived at a ]^ort, where they saw a village on the shore — called .Maraca-ibo by the natives—" which had twenty-six large houses of bell shape, built on pillars or supports, with swinging bridges leading from one to another ; and as this looked like Venice in appearance, he gave it that name, which was subse(piently adopted by the re- public of Venezuela."' I ■1 ifc 4a DISCOVERY OF I'llE O RIG IX OF THE (( rin The Indians approached the vessels and re- turned very much frightened ; closing the bridges and shutting themselves up in houses, but eventu- ally they paddled around the ships in twelv^e canoes; gazing at them"— as the 8i)aniards said "in a state of stupefaction." They used every means to attract them on board, but an unfortunate accident oc- curred quite unexpectedly, which soon darkened their prosi)ects. " Making signals that they would return, and row- ing ashore towards a hill, the natives came back with sixteen young ladies; giving four to each one," — as there were four ships, — probably to each of the Captains. "The streets soon became crowded with people, but none ventured near. Some of the old women began to scream and pull out their hair, Avhcn the young ladies, — jumi)ing overboard, swam towards the shore, while the Indians, leaving the ships, entered their canoes, and paddling away, shot arrows at <^' ;ir visitors, who were betv.-een them in their boats." " The Spauiardc swamped some of the canoes^ and killed twenty natives; also wounding many." " They cai>tured two young ladies, and three men; but one of the latter, extricating himself dex- terously; jumi)ed overboard." " Sailing along three hundred and twenty miles of the low coast, toward Paria — where the natives had NA}rR OF AMERICA. 4a different manners, — they saw over four thousand naked people along the river who fled in terror to the mountains." Here they landed, and found fish drying at fires in their cabins, wiiich was to be boiled, cut up, made into small loaves, baked on wood fires, and used a& bread." *' There was an abundance of fruit, flowers, and beautiful birds in this charming place, but they were determined to find some gulf where fresh water was to be had, and left Paria, for the isle of Margarita, where Ojeda landed, and coasted from place to place." " This shore had already been discovered by the Admiral, who knew the ground and mountain ridges well, in fact all of this discovery was due to him, as it was from the beginning declared to the King, and yet Ojeda went all along this coast, trading for gold and pearls. From ]Vlargarita, he went to Cumana, and Maraca-i)ana, which is two hundred and seventy miles from the island, with towns all along the sea- coast. After leaving Cumana, they entered a large gulf, which was surrounded by a thickly populated country, but a river flowed into it, bringing an in- finite number of what tlie Spaniards call lizards, and the Indians caymanes; but which are really the crocodiles of the Nile; according to llie most reliable information, and this being unfavorable for the ships; they anchored in Maraca-pana (Amaraca),. IK m ^1 L>'M 44 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE Ijiip Piodralilta p. 310. Navaireto, Vol. III. = Herr.Ta. 3 N'avarroto ColLCcion, Vol. Ill, p. K,"> \- hO. ■> Navanvto, Vol. III., p. 01. ■* Navarnto, Vol. Ill, p. SCi. " Navairito, Vol. 1., p. 2I'.i. ■ Kobl Maracapana. " Sir Waltor lUlcinh. "The ilisi'overif ot the largo .'^- bowtif\il Kiiipiro, (jto." OjiHla aaiut the natives wero so hostile ; that food could not be col- lected in the neighborhood, and X'crgara leturned with only a small supply of provisions, while the loading Colonists— concluding that Ojeda ; who had been previously to these places, niisi-eprcsented their advantages or rathei' their disadvantages — began quarrelling, which resulted in his seizure by the two partners who had found the money — and shipment to Haiti. Cohunbus, who had been nearly two years in Spain, sailed on his fourth and last voyage (0 May, ir)02), with his bi'other and son, to find the land of gold, and reaching the West Indies ; steered for the hidden treasures towards Mexico, which stoppt^d his passage, as they only found a gulf. The natives told them of nations still further west abounding in gold and copper. An old Indian,— who made a map of the coast — went with him, and landing at Hon- duras, they heard of a rich and populous country over the mountains ; where the women wore i)earls and corals, — which they called Rich Coast or Costa liico, — and the people gave him the gold i)lates they wore, in exchange for trinkets. His (|uaint style of letter, written to their Majesties as to his adventures on this voyage, runs thus:—" When I was young, I had many hairbreadth escapes with my life. T arrived at Cariay, where I stayed to rei>air the ships and ' Suntu Cruz. 'ii^,^:^ t^'. 48 DlSCOl'liRY OF 'I HE RIG IX OF 77/F boats, and to allow our pooplo to rest, as tli(\y wore much fatigued. T, as I say, had arrived many tiuios at tho door of death. '' " Knowing of the gold nn'nes of the province of Chimba, which I seeked, I took two Indians with me to Caramharu, when; the naked i)eoi>le wore gold mirrors around their necks, but tlict/ wouhl not sell or exchau(je them ! *' " Tliey gave me the names of many places on the sea coast, where they said there were nunes. The last they named was Veragua which is far from here, about 250 miles, I left with the intention of trying to get there at all hazards, and arriving at noon, I learned that they had mines about two days' journey, but, on the evening of St, Simon and Judas, when I intended going, there arose in tho night so much wind and sea; that I had to run the ship for wherever I could. I had the Indian chief of the mines always with me. All these places where 1 have been; only prove to me what I have lieard of them. At Ciguare, they say they have no end of gold ; the people wearing corals on their heads, bracelets to the feet, and on their arms; and plenty of them. Their cliairs, boxes and tables are adorned with them. I would be satisfied to see the tenth part of what they tell me. They say that the coast is shallow at Ciguare, and at ten days' sail from there, is the river Gauges!^'' (East Indies.) Columbus endeavored to make the national XAML or AMERliJA. 40 names agree with the Asiatic places mentioned hy ^[arco Polo, which he was looking for, so that as may he observed on our map— the gold mountains of Ciamha' appear in Asia, and also in America,' and the nearest sea port to them is Moraca-i)ana, which was a transformation of the name of Amaraca-i)ana or America; in oi'der to give it some resend)lance to Mangi (see map). After two years of disa|»point- ment in his search for Japan, where the gold grew; Columl)US sailed for S[iaiii (12 Sep. l.")04), with a valuable cargo; although not laden with the long expected shii)ment of gold, which cooled the enti-r- prising s[»irit of intending colonists for some years. The modern description of Amaracapana, agrees identically with the history of it; from the early colonists. It is now the province of Barcelona;^ one of the states of Venezuela, divided into nine cantons, and bounded on the north, by the Carribean Sea, and by the river Orenoco on the south. Excepting a belt of hills bordering on the coast; wdiere there are excellent arable lands, and Dm best plautaticis in the state, the face of the country is composed of low plains, and extensive plateaus ; offering fine pasturage for cattle, horses, and mules. ^ r ' ap. Ptolemaeua, I'lOS. = Navarrete Vol. I. ' nyi. Meroater, 1541. * Kohl Die bcldeu atlesteu. -' Amur. Eucyclo. 50 n/scoy/.hv 01- ////■: (>a7(,7X or ////■: sii{ \VAi;ri;i{ KAi^KKni finds imk vai.lkv of AMKmrA- I'ANA. As Sir \Viilt«.'r l\al«M^li is iho only antlior who Ihas — as far as we know — correctly y^w.nx tlic iiativo name of Iho coast of America, th'st visited hy Colum- bus, Avu will recall the chief incidents (jf liis extra- ordinary career, iii> to the period of this voyage, as evidence of experience; which ouj;ht to have enabled liim to f;.'t the best information. At the ago of seventeen, Mr. I'aleij;h left ( )iiel College, Oxford (15(!*J), \o join some volunteers, sent to assist tlu! French huguenots. Sometime later, he ^ served in Jicdland, and on returning to London fjoiii'-'d his lialf-hrother, Sir IIumi)hrey Gilhcrt, in an expe- dition il57S), for which he had obtained a patent, to establish a plantation in the Western world, — but one of the ships waslost; and the others being disabled in an engagement with the Sjtaniards; they did not coni- l)lete the voyage. Soon after his return to London from Ireland — wliere be was in conunand of a regi- ment, sent to subdue tbo Desmond insurrection— a courteous deed — for which he had to thank the weather — led him toward a careei- of fame. He had observed Queen Elizabeth approaching ; and throwing his cloak over a damii part of the foot- path so that Her Majesty might proceed; his gal- lantry was n'warded by a conunand to appear at Court, and he was afterwaids conmiissioned NAME or AMERICA. atttMidiiiit oil tliu l"'ivii(li ambassador, IjoIoio hoiiij^ appointed escort to the Diiko of Anjoii. ■\ri'. Kalei^h obtained ]ioiiuission for another «'X[H'(lition west wards, in coMunnnd of wliidi. Sir ITinnpbrcy nilbert ":^ H.M.EK.Il MUKAhlNir 1U> MANII.E IIKIOIIE TIIK (;l 1:kS. lal- ^ar ed was lost; after taking possession of Xcwfonndland for the Crown. Sending soon again, tiicy discovered the coast which he called after the \'irgin Queen (Virginia), who knighted him. He then dispatched colonists (15^5), but they re- 52 nrSCOVERY of IIIE OA'/C/N of TlfF. turned with Sir Francis Drake, introducing the rirst potato and tobacco leaf to Euro[)e, and drinking smoke— as they called it — soon became fashionable. Kaloigh' adopted and encomaged its use in Eng- land, and very soon the habit became so widespread; that tlio demand exceeded the supply. It was the stai>lo product of Mrginia, and a bond of union iiiK WAiint i)i;( uii;i>. between England and some of her American colonies, as well as a source of much revenue. It is said that Queen Elizabeth became EaleiglTs apt pupil in the art of smoking tobacco. One day while licr llaje^ty and two or three others were indulging in the habit, Ealeigh offered a wager that he would ascertain the weigiit o* smoke that should issue from the 1 Our Colli. try, Vil. 1, y. Hit. ^1 NAME OF AMERICA. 53 I royal lips in a given timo. Tlie Queen accepted the challenge, ivaleigli weighed the tohacco to be put in the i»ii)e, and afterwards the ashes that re- mained in it; the difference being, said he, the ■weight of the smoke. The Queen, laughing, ac- knowledged that ho liad won the wager, and said he was i)robably the first alchemist who had succeeded in turning smoke into gold. Two years later, he sent another expedition — w^as created Lieutenant-General of Cornwall, Member of the Council of wai-, and placinl in command of the army stationed at the Lands-end, where a Spanish invasion was expected. After this, commanding a vessel of his own, he sailed with Sir Francis Drake's fleet to reinstate the King of Portugal, whose domin- ion was seized by Spain, claiming the right of suc- cession to that crown, — and Raleigh captured some of the Spanish navy on route to invade p]ngland. A year later, he commanded a fleet of thirteen vessels (1500); intending to seize the Spanish West Indies, and took the most valuable Castilian ])rizo ever brought to Britain, but next year alas I a maid of honor — whom lu^ married ((/"/r/- a dreadful flirta- tion — brought him banishment from Court, and two months of imprisonment; where he ])lanned the ex- pedition; of whicii he wiote a woik on his return; and from this wt> s ibjoin an extract. The editor of the edition of 1^41, tells us that, *' As H. M's commissioner to survey the boundaries k 54 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE of British Guinea, I explored in 1S41, that wondrous delta of tlie Orenoco. I traversed the regions which Keymis describes, as the site of thatgordeous capitol of El Dorado, (Cundin-Amarca) with the sealike lake enlivened by its multitudes of Canoes. What wonder therefore that I should read Raleigh's de- scriptions — expressed with such force and elegance — with the greatest delight." Sir Walter's book was written in loJMi, and is entitled " The discouerie of the laige, rich, and bewtiful Empire of Guiana, with a relation of the greate and golden citie of Manoa." "performed in the yeare ].")Ur>, by Sir Walter Kaleigh." " The greate and golden citie, which the Span- yardes call El Dorado, ' and the naturals IManoa; which Citie was conquered, reedified, and inlarged, by a younger sonne of Guainacapa, Emperor of Peru, at such time as Francisco Pizaro and others, concjuered the saide Empire from his two elder brethren: both of whom contending for the same, the one beeing favored l)y the oreiones' of Guzco. au'^ tb<' otbei' by the people of Cax-Amalca (America)."" " Wee arviued at Trinidado 22 March, casting ancour at Point Q\\\'vci-imn. Wee abode there four or five daies, and all that time, came wo not to the speach of the Indian or Si>;ininr(l."' After naming several places he continues : — "Some Spaniardes come abord of ns tobuy lyimen •nict,'(ii.i.ii. •-■ ■) he llnliility. a: /.I//; OF AMERICA. 55 of the coni))any, and sucli other tliingos as thoy wanted, and also to view onr shippes and company, all which I entertained kindly, and feasted after our manner : hy meanes whereof, I learned of one and another, as much of the estate of Guiana as I could, or as they knew, for these poore souldiers havin*;- beene many yeares without wine, a few dranghtes made them merry, in which moode they vaunted of Guiana and of the riches thereof, and all what they knew of the waies and passages, my selfe seeing seeming to purpose, nothing less then the enterance or discoverie thereof, hut I hi-ed in them an <)])inion, that I was hound onely for the relic fe of those; En- glish, wiiich I had planted i'l Viigiriia, whereof the hrute was come among them, T found occasions of staying in this place for two causes : the one was to be revenged of Berreo, who, the ycvare ht^fore, he- traied 'S of Gaptaine Whiddon's men : in whose ab- sence Berreo sent a canoa al>oard the pinnace, only with Indians and dogs, inviting the company to goo with them into the wods Uy kil a deare, who like wine men in the absence of tlieir cai)taine. followed the Indians, but weie no soonin- one harquebusli shot from the shore, but Berreo's souldiers lying in and)ush, had them all, notwithstanding that he ha jjnldrn city In tlio Kiutjiliiiii uf C'\iiuUii-Ainai\a wlnrc he liviil.— rurtlius eilu. lilH, ii. 10;iH. NAME OF AMERICA. 57 and by my Iiidinn interpreter, made them iiiider- staiid that I was a seriiant of a Queene, who was a great Casi(jiie of the North, and a Virgin, and had more Casicjui under her, than there were trees in +lieir iland : and tliat she was an enemy to tlio Spaniards — in respect to their tyranny and oppres- sion, and that she had delivered all such nations about her, as were by tlieni oppressed, and liaving freed all tlie coast of the northern world from their seruitude, had sent me to free them also, and withal; to defend the countrey of Guiana fiom their invasion and con(iuest. I shewed them lier maiestie's i)icture, which they so admired and honored, as it had beene easie to have brought them idolatrous thereof. The like and a more largo discourse, I made to the rest of the nations in my passing to Guiana, and to those of the borders. This done; wee returned to Curia- pan, and haviiiJ? Berreo my i)risoner, I gathered from him, as much of Guiana as he knewe." " This Berreo is a Gent, well descended, and had long serued th(^ S])anisli King in ^Millain (]\Iilan), Naples, the lowe countries (Tfollandi, and else where, v<>ry valiant and liberall, and a (ient. of greate as- surednes, and of a great heart : I used him accord- ing to his estate and worth in all things T could, ac- cording to the smalle means I had," 8i)eaking of the supposed treasures of Guiana, Haleigh says: — *' Whatsoueuer Prince shall possess it, shalbe Lordo of more gold and a more beautifull Kmi)ire, and of 58 DISCOVERY OF THE OK/CfX OF THE more cities and peoi)lo; than oytbor the King^ of Si)ayno, or the G irate Turk. But because there arriso many doubtes, and liow this Empire is become so populous, and adorned with so manie greate cities, tovvnes, temples, and tbreasnres, I thought good to make it knowen, that the Emperor now reigning, is descended from these magnificent Princes of Peru, of whose large territories, of whose pollieies^ conquests, edifices and riches, manie bave written large discourses : for when the Si)aniards contiuored the saide Empire of Peru, and had put to death Atabalii)a,' wjiich liad formerly caused his elder brother Guascar- to be slaine, one of his younger brothers fled out of Peru, and tooke with him many thousands of those sonldiers of the Enn.>ire, called Oreiones (noblemen), and with these, and many others which followed him, he viuKpiished al that tract and valley of AmiM-ica," situated between the rivers Orenoco and Amazon."' ' Vtiiluiiilpa. - Iluasciir. ^ rn Sir Uobt. SclioiubiirHk's miip: attachod to Haloisli's wnrk, tlii' Valley of Amerioca- liana, Is botwccii tin; rivers roferroil to, but tlic name America, w.as tjivcti to the maililaiul: from Amaraca or Amprica— tlie first Spaiiisli seitliMneiit — wbos(> jieople treateil tbeiii "as if tliey were angels" while the otlierB at- taeked them. JFany authors; unaware that America was the national name of tho Southern Continent, c uiM not umlerslaml thi' Spanish jiioneers, who t;ave this unmo to several placps on tln^ coast, and carto.;rai>hers hotly disputed the cjuestion; iis to whicli was correct, without fimUnn that tliey all were* The coast which Navarreto says, Columbus first visited; Is the valley of America of IlaloiKh. Pur- chas' Kditlon of i(J14, \\. h:!0, which ijuotes Lerius, Stalius and others, says that the Itra/ilians have a Miraca or Tamaraka, which is their househohl re I promised to meet him aj^aine, and as they marched, they left the townes of P^mpare- 2)ana, and Capure-p«>m, on tlie righto hande, and marched downe the saide valley of Amarioca-7)a»o, and we, returning the same dale to the river's side, sawe hy the way many rockes, like nnto golde oare, and on the left hand, a ronnde mountain which con- sisted of minorall stone." " After I had disi)lanted Don Antonio de Ben-eo, (Spanish GJovei-nor of Trinidad,) who was on the same file niiiii (if St Dii', where the proposition emsinatfd to call America after Vespucci, an isle is placcil besiili; TaiiiaiaK'ia. iianicil Isle of Jirazil. AVe observe on modern maps, tlie isle of Maraia near tlii' mouth of the Aiiiazou in lirazil. This is circum- stantial evidence, that fin; St. Iiir people; who ^ot their int'oiiiiation from Vespucci, lia ;Mai'tyiiPR' story In bo an invoiitidii, Imt tlio (jold ob. taineil lit Cax-amiiroa looked nuich more like a fablo, except to those who received it. NAME OF AMERICA. 01 sialic ill a mutaiiy, with the most part of such as fauoiu'oil him, as also of the rohellioiis part, in so much as his shii)s perished, and lew or none ro- tourned, neither was it certainly known what he- came of the saide Ordace, untiU Berreo (Governor of Triiii(hid) found the ankor of his shij) in the river of Orenoque, hut it was suitposed, and so it was written hy Lopez, that it was on the seas, and of other writers diversely conceived and reported, and hereof it came, that ^lartynes entred so far within the lande, and arrives! at that Citie of Inga, the Emperor, It chanced that while Ordace with his armies, rested at the port of ^Morequito, hy some negligence, the whol store of powder jji-ovided for the service was set on lire, and Martynes, having the chief charge, was condemned hy the generall Ordace to be executed forthwith, but Martynes being much fauoured by the soldiers, liad al the meane possible procoured for his life, but it could not be obtained in other sort than this; that he shuld be set into a canoe alone, without any victual, onelv with his amies, and so turned loosse into the great river, but it pleased God, that the Canoe was carried down the streame, and that a certaine of the Guiars met it the same evening, and having not at anytime sene any christian, or any man of that coulour, they caried Martynes into the lande to be wondered at, and so from towne to towne, nut ill he came to the great Citie of Maiioa, the seate and residence of I allaco and woll ontortainod, \\k\ lived sovon monoths in Manoa, l)iit not suifoi'od to wander into tho oounti-oy any wliero. Ho was also hronght thither all tho w^aie, hlindfold; Jed hy tho Indians, itil to th of canio to tno onirance Manoa it solfe, and was fourteen or lii'teon dales on the passaj^e, he avowed at his death, that he entered tho (Jitie, and that they then uncovered his face, and that lie travelled al that dale til nij^ht, thorow the C'itio. Tho [Spanyarde Martynes lived seven nioneths in Manoa; and heji;an to understand the language of the countrie. The Inga asked him whether he desired to rc.'turne to his own countrey, or would willingly ahido with him, hut Martynes, not desirous to stay, ohtained the favour of the Inga to dei»art, with whom he sent divers Guianiaus to conduct him to the river of Orenoco, al loden with as nnich goltle as they could carri(% which he gave to Martynes at his departure, hut when ho was arriued neere the liver's side, the horderers rohhed him and his Guiaiuans, of all the treasure, Uhe horderers heing at that time at warres with Inga, and not conquered), excepting some gold and i)earls they had in hottles, which these thought was food." Further on, he continues: — "We sent away one A A Ml-: OF am/-:k/ca. of our pilots to seek tlie King of Aroniain. The King brouglit us i)lonty to eat. J if iiad \vallm from the tyrannie of the Spaniardes. Then 1 began to sound the olde niau as touching (Juiana. He told me they called theniselve Orenoqueponi, (poui, means in Macusa' language, upon ), and that on the other side of the Emeria Mountains, there was a large plain, (which ! after discouered on my returne,) called the X'alley of ^•l///a/'/o(.'a-paua,'" "To Francis Sparrow, I gave instructions, if it were possible, to go on to the great Cit'j of Manoa, I was informed of one of the Cassiques (chiefs) of the Valley of .Jj^rov'ocopana, which had buried with iiim, a little before our arrival, a chaire of golde most curiously wrought." t lie pmliaUly moans MuyBcn; the uanie yivcn to tin; CUibchi royal race uf the Kingiluiii ut' (^uudiu-Aiiiaraoa. I t;-i mscoi'ENY or the oKh.ix or Tiir t TlIM (JOI.DKX CASTI-KS .M( »l N'lAINS, ON TIIH COASI' ( d' AMAItACA, Till: I'IKSr SI'ANISII SKTTI.KMKNT IN J IIK WKSTKUN II KM ISI'l I KIMO. Tlio S[);iiii;inls tliou^lit that ouch island wa-^ at last, tho famous i»laco whuru the gold grew, Imt one hy one those gilded divains wen; doomed to dis- a!)i)oiiitmeiit, which cooled tho ardour of the enter. l)risiiig spirits of Si)ain, and it was not until a valu- aiilt! cargo was hrought home hy dela C'osa — wiio had saih.'d again in 1507 — that thoideaof coloni/atioii was revived. Ojeda; who had boon unceremoniously exported hy his partners of tho former ex[)edilion, wished to try his fortune again, .and so did Diego do .Nicuosa, both of whom the Crown appointed joint Clovornors for four years; with the right to colonize the mainland from Cape ( iraciasa Dios, to Cape dohi Vela;" tho jurisdiction of each/ being divided by the gulf of Darien (Uruba). The territory of Ojeda, was to the east of the gulf, to be known as New Andalusia— after a Spanish itrovince— while Nicuesa had the western side, which, for the first time, ap- l)eared under the name of " Colden Castles,"- on the Coast of Amaraca or America, and the fertile island of Jamaica w'as to be the joint granary. 'J'he (iov- ernors were to be free of tax, with the right to en- gage four hundred settlers, and two hundred miners I See map. s Herreni. 3 Coilazzi map .^ Umiibolclt's Rilatious IIiMt(iri()ii as tlio -,ls began toweiKi,; i„ o,-cler to separate the tifH. part for the Iving of .Sp„i„. when a „„arrel arose between then,. The Chiefs ,.hlest son, stru.l^ the scales whi, his ha„,l, ami as the goW fell l,o '-% l>rs( oVl:liV (.!■ TllK I'A, IKI asked them, - What is thi.. Christians; is it U^v snol. a trifle that y..,i ,,uanel '. If you have surh a lovo oU.>l(l, that you di>tM,l, our peaceful nations to obtain It, and suffer, and banish yourselves r,oni your own lands, 1 will shou- you a rountrv, wher. you may be satisfied " as he pointed souf buaV.ls s-.v^ i 70 DISCOVERY OF THE OA'/G/X ()/■ THE ing, tliat if they would cross the mountains, they could see people, who had shii)s as large as thoirown, and drank out of golden vases, which were as abundant as their Spanish iron was."^ Soon after, Balboa, ascending the mountains be- tween tlie Pacitic and Atlantic Oceans, cried out, "that he claimed the miknown land for the King of Castile, and would contest his rights with chris- tian or heathen daring to dis[)ute it." After taking possession, of the country in his own way, he called one hundred and fifty followers, who had been commanded not to ascend the moun- tain summit until he had discovered the great ocean — and entering the water, claimed that also. Thei'o had been, however, so many disappoint- ments, that the })ioneers began to move more cau- tiously, and it was some years (1515,) before any special attempt was made on the Pacific; when Pi- zarro and another, were selected by the Colony at Pan-ama, to trade with the natives, and much later still ('24th November, 1524) was it, when he, with three others, got up an expedition; and leaving with a hundred men, arrived in the river Biru, only to find sw^amps, from which they sailed, short of provisions, meeting hurricanes, with a leaky ship, and being obliged to leturn, landed, sending the vessel home for food. Here, in the swamps, the dauntless Spaniards looked heaven- i Lag Casus, ap. Helps. 2 See F. ott's History of the Couciuest of Poru. NAME OF AMERICA. 71 wards for protection from the wild animals which attacked then) at night, or the poisonous fruit that hunger temi)ted them to eat during day, which VAS( NVNEZ llR IlALllDA lAKISii I'OSSESSIUN OF lllli lAl llll, Oi KAN. carried off twenty of the little hand within a few weeks, until fate; taking pity on them, pointed out a little restaurant, hy a light in the woods, which they D/SC(>J7-:k'V OF Till: ORIGIX (>/■' THE followed jn'oinptly, almost entering an Aniaracan villagcwith the native who nnlnckily carried it, whoso townsmen hastily fled, as the Spaniards heartily fed; for the first timedurine; sev'eral weeks. The citizens -wearmg largo goi Id or n; n- iments — returned to i qnire, why they did not remain at home, to till their own lands, instead of roving ahout to pillage those who had ne\-er injured them '. and spoke of a rich lation th ith itf at tei 1 mountams aL ten days march, whore a i)owerful sovereign onci' reigned, until his kingdom was cai)tured by the child of the sun. (Quito taken by the King of Amaraca.) The Spaniards liad now more than hope to live on, until their vessel returned; when they sailed southwards in search of golden dreams, landing at several places, where some of theui fell befort' an attack by the natives, yet, they secured sufficient gold to send home; with a report to tlu' Governor of Pan-ama, when Almagro — a friend of Pizarro's — succeeded in forming an expedition of three ves- sels, which resulted in a celebrated agreement; both giving all their property as security to Padre Luque; who advanced 8-^0,000 (10th March, 152(')), on behalf of a friend — all receiving an equal divisicMi of profits, which the Government assented to, and tinally, they signed the famous contract — two citizens acting for Almagro and Pizarro, — who couldn't write— three more witnessed it, and after all had received holy communion with the greatest devotion, they took NAME OF AMERICA. r3 uii oath on the bible to cany out theii* contracts; be- fore sailing with the three vessels, one hundred and sixty men, horses, guns, stores, and itroceeding south, they landed with a nunib(?r of soldiers on the baidvs of a well-[)opulat(^d river, cajitnring some natives, and a large (|uantity of gold ornaments; whicli were immediately sent, to Pan-ama to in- duce further colonists, as the native ])oi)ulation A NAllVE AMKKIl AN slllc. llillM A SKr.ll II IN lUMIlOI.!) 1 s AILAS. was so largo — to whom their arrival was known all along the coast. During the voyage, an apparition bewildered them, until it was found to bo a native Amarican ship, which was the first vessel ever seen; with the movable centerboard-keol, so eminently characteristic of the yaclits of their successors. Those vessels are still tlie native conveyance on the lakes and distant rivers and territoVies. The craft 74 D/SCOl'EA'Y ()/■ 77/ E ORICIN OF THE wliicli thoy met, was a coasting mercliant vessel, carrying ^old and silver on laments. Two Merchants told the Spaniards, that gold and silver, was as cc^nmon as wood, in the palaces ot their Kingdom, wliich was fnrther south;' hut sev- eral colonists had written unfavorahle rc]K)rts to Pan-ama, and the (Jovoiiior ordered the vessels home, hut Pizarro,— refusing to ohey — sent for aid, while he and those faithful to him, remained seven months on a small isle, hefore they returned to sail away to Tnmbez, whose Curaca (thief), sent them by hoat on their arrival there; hananas, cocoa- nuts, Indian coi'u, sweet potatoes, game, and fish. The Spaniards were astonished at the splendor of this place, whose people; calling them children of the Sun, were very hospitable, while an African servant, caused an unlimited amount of fun among the natives, in their fruitless and indefatigable at- tempts to rub the black off his face. After coasting along the Pacific, they returned here, where some of the Spaniards; falling in love with the ladies, the agreeable manners of the people, and the comfort and cleanliness of the place, begged to be allowed to remain — which was granted— while some of the Amaricans (Peruvians) joined the ships, to learn Spanish. All these expeditions — though full of expectation — had so far, only resulted in loss; and as the Gov- i See Preacott's History of tUu Conquest of Peru. A'AM/C OF AMERICA. 75 c'lnnient now iiroliihitod thoiii, Pizano ifturned to Spain, and next year (2(ilh July, 15iM>), the Eniperoi" Charles, V, hohig satisfied with his da/zling prom- J, ^,v- -^ IVlirK 1.1(^11: INMIilCTlMi A NAIIVE. isos; appointed him Governor and Captain-General of the Pacific coast, Padre Luque, hishop, and Almagro, governor of Tunibez. In order to get II ! 76 niSCOVERY OF Till: Oh'lii/X <>l- 'fill-: as many folouists as ]>(»ssil»Io to join him, Piz/aro I'olatod cvcrywlici'i', tlio woiidtfrful stories of tlio [golden land, (liiriiif; tills visit, and tlioy were ro- poatod thron^hont tho dominions of his Sovoroign; the Kiiii;' of S|»aiii and Kmperor of Germany, oik? of whoso friends, tho ^-reat (iciinan mercantile honso of \'t'ls(H\s, got anthority — dnrinj;- the year that Pizarro had returned, — to found citi(>s, and to mine, in the mountains called "golden castles" on the coast of Amaraca-pana. Their ])eople, landing in the ( )i'enoco, as Sii- Walter Kaleigh had done, settled at Amaracapana, from which place, the (ierman Federmann led an exp(;dition to l^>ogota, in search of its treasures in iri!)!, \vhil(> another inarched across the Andes, connnanded hy Qnisada, from (j)uito, on the Pacific, and a thir( under the Spanish (iov- ernor of Popayan, all of whom accidtMitally met there:' hut they did not tiud the gold, though Quisada sent expedition after exi)edition tor yi^ars, in search of it. J^'edermann retiu'ned to his dis- trict, of which Sir Walter Paleigh speaks: — "Be- yond us lay another towne, towards the south, in the Valley of Anicrioctt \)A\vd, which heareth the name of the said Valley, whoso i>laines stretch themselves some sixty miles in length, east and west, as fayre ground, and as hewtifull fieldes, as any manne hatli ever scene, with divers copses scat- tered heere and there, hy the rivers side, and all as 1 The capitol of Cuiiiliu-Amarci, Picdraliita. X.l^f/■: O I- AMERICA. n lull of (loei'e, as any forest or ])arke in England, aiul in every lake, and rivoi', the like abundanrc dl' tisli and fowle, of which Irra-parra-gota is Lord.'" Pi/arro, arriving- a^^ain. crossed over to I'an- Ania; and i-eturned (Jan. ir)31) to Tunihez, where they re- mained live months, before marching- to Cassa- Amaraea, the capitol of the Empire. (»]i the way, they stoi)ped at Caxas, where* messengers from the King had arrived, with an iiivilnt ion to visit him, and a present of two stone fountains in the forni of forts, some woollen stulfs embroidered with gold and silver, and a (|uantity of perfume powder used by the native nobility. Proceeding onwards, Pizarro heard from a govern- ment otticer, that the Sovei'eign- who had a large army with him — was at Vn\\.-Aniu)ai'u, on the other side of the mountains, wiiere he was enjoying the royal sulphur baths— which are still known as "J^aths of the King." Continning their mai'ch, another envoy met them, with more royal presents, and a week later, they were in the valley of Cassayl?i/rt>ra, where the woollen dresses, neatness, cleanliness, and superiority of the people and their residences, very nmch surprised them; as they gazed in wonder from the moinitain side, at nnles of streets and roads, forming the City of Cassa-Amai'ca.- The Spam'ards would have given a good deal, to be on the otlier side t llcre wc bave CuiniUKi, luciininjj; bciuitifnl, tho Valforuinsa-or litaiitilul ValU'.v of t ).ieila iiinl <'uUiviitril ilistrict nfirinl to by ('(iliuiiluis. .illakluyt Vol. 4. Soi I'rescott's History of tliu Coucjucst of I'lru. 78 DISCOVERY or THE ORIGIN OE 77/E of the mountain which they had just left, but they woro here, and it was too late to look hack. It was liowev(M', fortunate foi- them, that the Kin^ was carrying- on an impoi'tant war at that moment, and had only coiichided the conquest of his brother's kingdom, a few months ]trevionsly. Near the camj), was a ston(* fortress, and an im- mense S(|uare, surrounded by low buildings, con- taii k ith entrances to\ (» rooms it; ai)i)arently barracks. Another stone cut fort, surrounded by three wide circular walls of great strength, was built on a hill connnandingthc City, which they now (15 Nov. 1532), entered. The walls of the royal palace, — in front of which, was a large fountain of hot and cold water — were of glittering plaster of many colors. Nobles festively attired, in waiting on the King, tilled the Court.' rizarro's brother rode up to the Monarch, with an escort, and using spurs, caused his horse to prance and rear, which appeared to awe them; the natives never having seen one.'- " Hearing of his great victories,'" said he, " they had come, as the subjects of a mighty Sovereign, far beyond the waters, to otfer their swords and the doctrines of the true faith." The Child of the Sun, did not condescend to 1 Cicza lie lioou np. Iliiklnyt. Sco Tresoott's History of tUo CoiKiucst of Peru. iPui-cUas Kdu. lOU, \} lOjH. ;" t : ■ i. . .VIA//-: ('/'./.l/AAVC./. r» aiiswor, or to look ;it tlioiii, hut one of his iiohlos re- plit'd; " Vory ^ood." i'izarro, fuaiiiijjj that appcaraiUM'H woro not so '* very good," diMiiatidod a reply from tho Monarch; vvhoaiigustly siniliii}^', said: " Inform your Captain, that lam keeping a fast, which will finish (o morrow; when [ shall visit him with my Court, and order pre))arations for his reception; hut until then, hu may occupy the puhhc huildiugs in the S(|uare." The Spaniards, hefore liding away, were olfered some of tho sparkUng chicha, in immense goldeu vases, which was served hy tho hrunette heauties of the harem. On the following day, towards noon, thoy ohserved an immense jtrocession advancing, which looked so formidahle, that IMzarro (hs- patched an envoy to the King, with an invita- tion for supper, — adding, that he could not receive him then- to which the Monarch sent his accept- ance, stating that he would come, escorted only hy a few unarmed courtiers.' The Amaru palace was ordered to be prepared, and hefore sunset, hundreds of servants were busily dusting it, while singing a truh' diabolical chorus. When these had gone, others entered, in liveries of whit(}, orch(?ckered with red; the former carrying maces of silver or copper. The life-guards and gentlemen of the I'oyal house- hold, wore skyblue, with many decorations, and towards evening, they surrounded the King, who, — 1 LuB Ciisas. ap. UelpB. 80 n/scon-.h-y <>,■ the 0Rh;ix oi- the wonnnu' a < •oil w ot ciiK mills. c)l colitssal size — was si'iilcd (ill 1 .L^oldt'ii ilirmu' of iiinnonse vaUi(>, in a sedan; <;iii'i('d l)\ t';»iir men, llu' j>alan(|uin of wliicli was lined with be.iulifid 1 lopi'.-l i'eatliers. and plates of ixtlished silvei- and ,uold. Thousands of peo|tleacfoin|)anied ihe Kin,L;, whoasked, whei'o tlie Spaniards were; as they ditl not appear, the fact l)(>ini;\ that, the Castilians I'elt, as if they had walked into the lion's mouth, in icspoiisoto the Monarch's (juostiou, a I liar' with hihleand ( rucilix; saying tlial ho came to announce liie true faith, asked the King to acknowledge it, and to become a subject of Charles Y, but the Sovereign answering — with tlashing eyes — said: that being greater tluMi any eai'thly prince, lie wouUl not submit, or change his faith, Avliile ho asked the friar — wlio p-ointed in answer to the bible — what light lu! had to speak so. The Monarch, taking the Testament, looked at several pages, before throw- ing the hook on the ground, and while the Monk picked it up exceedingly scandalized, he sent a mes- sage to Pi/a rro, that he would bo sorry for his con- duct before leaving, ri/airo, only saw (.»ne course — it was life or death-^the s' pieme moment had ariived—and the Spaniaids — who wimv ready — hearing the stent(»riai. ('a>l iliaii voice of the old vvai- cry, " St. lag- ' and at them." jnmiied on their horses, charging right and lel'l, as the imfoitunate people, noliles, and soldiers, were ridden over by 1 Vuicliiis Ki). liUl, p. Ki.v.t. 2St. .lami's. ■Bi a: I.)//-: or AMI: RICA. 81 the Spanish cavnli-y. 'iMicy had never hoard the report of a gun, wliieh now !'unil)Ie(l tliront;!! tlio valley hke incessant thunder, whih; the l)hndinf; smoke and intre[)id cavalry, now seen lor t lie first time, slupilied Ihem, as they ga/ed panic-stricken on th(!ir countrymen, lalling in hundreds from some invisihie cause, for no arrow had touched tlunn. The nohles stood like living;- sliields befor(> tlio Kinji^, as tai'^ets in front of tlie guns, contesting the honor of lillingjlie conslanlly hrokcn ranks of those, Avho- falling over each other- niad<> a dying harricM' around tlieir Mon:u'cli, until his ca])ture and all was ovi'r. huniense booty in gold and silver was found. The (lovermncnt warehouses of the city of ( "assa-.l///(^(7^ were so full of cotton and woollen goods heautifully dyed in various colois, and of exceedingly Inie texture —that the inunense ((Uantity taken by the Spaniards, did not make any perceptible dill'erenc(\' The King; fearing that hisbrothci' whom he had imprisoned in the fortress of K\\y\-A)tmrvn since the annexation of his Kingdom, might now escape and sei/c^ the Crown — began to negotiate Avith I'izairo foi' his lil)erty. Sitting <»ne day in a room of the .[ii/((>ii palace, the Sovereign olTered to cover' llie llo(fr with gold, if thc-y \vo;d'! c.u " to release! him, but till' Sitaniard made no repl;.- lo this nnld sugges- tion. The captive Monarch ai-ose, and reaching to- 1 Piirchas Kiln. lOli. p. IdS'il. [I 82 niSCOVENY Ol- THE ORICLX OF THE wards tlio cuiliii;^' as lii^h as he could, oii'orcd to lill th(j room so far with gohl.' ^I'he Si«aiiiards were thunderstruck, hut IMzarro; drawing a tckI line along the wall, sent foi' a iKjtary, who rec(jrded the acceptance of the offer; on condi- tion, that an adjoining room, be filled twice with silver within two months. The Ki 1h •nt toC d olh ;uzco citi(^s; re(iuesting that tlie gold ornaments and serv- ices of the ro>al i»alaees, he sent to Cassa-Amarca, which soon began to ariive; some of the massive gold [)lales weighing seventy-five pounds. From Cuzco alone, came two hundred loads of gold ; con- sisting of goble*:s, salvers, vases, of every shape and size, sacred ornaments, and i)alatial decorations, tiles, cornices, plates, and animal statuary of solid gold. Almagro now arrived op|)ortune]y — and they all called for a division of booty, many wishing to I'etnrn homt; Avitli their }»ortions, while others de- sired to march in search of more, and after the native goldsmiths had worked day and night for a month, melting the entire ([Uantity into standard bars, so that it could be divided; the money value, was over Jifteen millions, a result unparalleled in tbe annals of history .- ' Aiii))lii r accdinit siiys, that I'I?.ai'ro was in I'liiinimuicatidn wilti I"illi Kuit;>; who Vi. il Willi I'Hcli iilhrr in cilVi-riii^; I'aiisdiu fnr lilii-iiy, ami that lliiaMir nllnMil to tn-h r thi' ijuaiitiiy o. ^olil luoi'isLd hy Atahuallpa, illlioy woiiM nleaj^c him. I'unhas i: sunoundt'd the coffin, protesting against tli«' iH'rforniance of v.heir King's funeral rites in such away; and wished to sacrilice tin 'nisei ves on his tomb, to go with him to the land of sj)ii'its. which ^fvoial r'" them eventually did: although infoimed that h(.> had died a christian, and to this day, the natives oc- casionally pei'form a ti'agedy of Atahualli»a's death. amid much lamentation. '!(! I 84 DISCOVERY OF THE O RIG IX Of- HIE The SiJaniai'ds also foaiul about six millions worth of gold and silver at Cuzco, and drav.'ing lots; Lequizano— who i;ot the image of the Sun, as his share; gainljlod it away before morning; from MASIA11I>S |,AM!1I,IX11. which came the motto: (Juega el sol antes que amanezca), •* lie plays away the sun before sunrise."* As the population on the Atlantic side of the Andes mountains; aiv also (^)uichua"- or Amaiacan, let us now recall some of the history of the great Chibcha Kingdom of (.'undinAmaraca, the neigh- bors of the nation just spoken of. I Sir Arthui \h\Y%. Vol. UI, v. P"i. 2 Aiiicr, Encycloiiinlia. ?J^W.T. • XAME OF AMERICA. 85 After the Peruvians and Mexicans, the Chibclias — ini|)ro])erly eallo*! ^Vluysca, meaning man — were the next in importance, of the five great nations of America. At tlie time of the Spanish conijuest, their population was estimated at two millions. They cultivated lands, mined, carved in bone and stone, had a primitive sort of money, and traded in painted mantles, gold ornaments, and emeralds. Their chronology was divided into a week of tliree days, ten of which made a month, twenty months a year, and twenty years an age. Their Kingdom of Cundin-Amaraca, and its capital of Bogota, now forms part of the United States of Columbia, in Central America; containing one hundred thousand s([uare miles of territory, which may be found in longitude 7-J:\ and latitude 4^ to (r, north. The Kings of Amaraca, on the Pacific coast, had a road, which followed the course of the Andes mountains, connecting their city with the ca[»itol of Cundi n - A niaraca. ^ These mountains suljdivide into branches; as they approach the Atlantic, and the chain running along the coast, goes as far as the river Orenoco — thus enclosing two fertile valleys,'- which are the lands of the American Contin»'nt, first discovered by Columbus, as shown on our \vx\\)\ where tlie extent of tliis famous Kingdom also appears. 1 UiimboKU Atlttn, p. 25'.'. '• C'oiliazzi Atlaa. 86 /)ISC017:KV of IIIE OKIGLV of T/fE We have an account of it, from Doctor Don Tiiiis Fornandoz riedrahita, Canon of the ]\letroi)olitan Chnrcli of Bogota, — "Calificador'"' of tlic lioly oflico of tho suiucine and j^'cneral inquisition, and Bisho})- elect of Santa ]\Iarta. This work- was dedicated in the year 1G8S, to His Majesty, the King- of Spain; and of the Indies. The Bishop informs us, tliat " Cundin - Amaraca — as tho heathens called it — was the most important Kingdom after Peru and Mexico. Tlio chiefs of its population, and the court of tho barharous King, were at the cai)itol, Bogota. To their idols of sohd gold, they offered emeralds, powdered with gold dust." "The city had twenty thousand houses in tho days of its fame, and the King, with his two hun- dred wives, resided in an immense palace, guarded by twelve gates, which were entered by solid stone staircases." The author explains " the rites and ceremonies of tho Muyscas " under jiaganism," and informs us, that when anyone died from the bite of a snake; that .SACrAS-MA-Clll-( A, ' I'insT KINli OF CrNliIN-AMAliAlA. ' Califlcailo was one of tho Imiiiisitiou ai'pointod to exaiiiiiK' l)ooks ami writ- lugs. -Historia gciii'ral dc las i oiniuistasilcl Nucvn Uoyim do Granada. 3 PiodraULta, ili. ;!. il 17. ■*c XAMF. OI- A Ml: RICA. o 1 the si!i;n of tli(^ rross was |}lacc(l on tlu' tonil)," wlnVIi is tlio American (Poruvinii) si^ii for tiio word " amaru," ' and witli (ho ad(htion of the woid "ca,"' or land, represents the sacred national name, America. ^^■^"^'• "Siiould a favorite wife of tln' King", or of one of the Ciiiefs (cassi(ines) die, a great ([uantity of pjold and emeralds were put in the tomb. Tlic priests lived ver}^ devoutly in I he temples, praying ctMi- linually and meditating. They slept and si)oke little, otrering sarrific(^ frequently, dui-iiig which they wore mitres of gold, and the ])eoj)]o made much preparation, whenever tlu'y went to Ihe temples with oflferings. The Spaniaids woie ama/ed at the immense (piaiitity of gold used in making masks, jewelry, medals, half moons, bi-acelets, rings and manv ligures of insects. In each of these designs the amount was fahulous." '' The Chihcha Kings of CyiUiVwi- jimaraca, had grand processions, at whidi their chiefs assisted."' ''T'en to twelve thousand people congi'egated at these assemblies, and divided into social circles, wearing costumes and masks, covered with golden medals, and an iibimdauce of jewehv. At tliis carnival, some of vhem rei)resented lions, tigers. bears, and v.arious forms, painting tluMUselvos, and wearing tin.' skin of the animal selected." Uosny, T,M I-: Tittifes, 11. 'Jl. S.'o exiilanatinii at j) l.'J '■!' tUn \voii<. 88 /)/sc()r/:A')' or 'j he oric.in oi the " These fT'tes continued many years after the con- quest, and as late as 15T»>, or ir.71, the Chief of Uba- (|ne, appeared heff)i(' (he Si)anish authorities of V\\\\y\\\\-.\un{r(nni, to ask pennission to hold a car- nival ill his district, declarint;- that as the Spanish people had hull and dog 'i^hts, masquerades and carnivals, that there was no reason why their jiastimes and pleasures should be prohibited, ^vhich they only inaugu rated , to d rive away d nil care, and give recreation to their working neople. The city of Bogota, w.as thirty miles by sixty, in size, and there were many theatres, places of amusement and baths." "The Chiefs were absolute masters of the lives and properties of their subjects, acknowledging allegiance only to the King; whose right to the Crown, was by primogeniture; the eldest sons of royal daughters being alone admissible. At the time of the Spanish discoveiy, the Kingdom of QiWwiXxw-Amaruca^ had been extending its terri- tory by conquest. Their sacred history relates; that after the deluge, by the overflow of the river Funzi,from which Bochica was saved, hedisapi)eared mysteriously from Iraca, to the east of Tu)t/■ 77/E was iioi far from flic north side of tln' latid-^. (ii'st found by tin; Spaniards." "Tliolli<;li Pii.'st powdered his \'M'r and hands wilh i;(>ld (hisl ev(»iy nioininj;' — which ho had ])i'oviously oiled ov j^Teasod, so as lo j-etain it, — before ofTei'ing sacrifice."' ' The chief Kint^'dom in the \V( tern he»nispli(3ro, when ,. ni.in-amaiia.a. CV)hnnbus landed, was Aniaraca or America, whose Inca Kin<;s, claimed descent from the Aymara i-ace, of Aymaraca, the earliest known of the existin^j; ])opnlation, from whom those Monarclis — who ro- send)le (hem— ii,'ot some of their arts and religious ceremonies. The national history of Amaraca, names '' Raint Amaraca or America, the CVipilol " as the first city of f heir Km|)ii'e.' I lIiuiiliiiMt, llcliilioii-: lilst()riini(t-<, Viil, It, i>. "114. - Si'i' uii:il)i'iilgoil edition. Till' spauiai'ils wr'ite it " (iiimar<':iiili."* ami iircinouiifi' tli«' (1— which docs not exist Willi natives t —lilii! II, wliicli ni\-fs us llua, or Saint, a woi-.l addid to tlioir sacred names, while tlieir liistory indiciites, that it ou!,'ht to lie llua-Anniraea or .Vnierica. It is near tlio cel(d)nited lake .Vniatitlan. These iiooiilo were the (^niehna race, and from this, lli<> Castilians lulled tlie City, tlie "Ilnly Cross of l,>ui('lnia,"t the lattir name only bein^ usi d to-day. The Aniani, oi- holy cross of those peoxile, was consiiicuous tlicre; as in all tie' cliief cities ol' America, — It is the (M'litral objtM't of ailor.ition, in the immense sacred ruins at I'.ileiica— Ironi wliicli tli(^ Con- tinent was proliahly (IrstealliMl "Land ol tlie Holy Cross " One author, has a I tempted to find tlioetymoloi^y of (iuniarcaali, liy iihonetii'cominirison. l'or^'ettint,',that In pic- torial literature, the meaning of a sifjti, wlien lost— can only he ohtainiMl, by its inorpholo;;ical classification. Tht^ Spaniards ondeavourc tl to turn the .Vmericau names into fmiiliar sounds, as in tlie oily of Hiniac, which is to-day known as T.niia. The Kintjs iif Atiii'rica cUiined descent from the Ainara race, who ari' still *I!oui'bourn, "I'npdl Vuh,'' p. :;o7 t Tc.n'es, p. 1. Santa Crii/. del i.iuiche. "!l .v.i.u/-: or AMEkiCA. 91 Gonoral Alvarado eiicouiittn-ed tlio mdst vi«;oroiis resistance liui'o, wliore the King* iiu^t him with 23i\000 men, and nut until he liad heen slain, allcr a hat tie of six days, was the metropolis eaptnicd. The ruins of the old City; once the larj^e and opulent capitol of Utlatlan, with the Court of the ancii-nt Kinj^s, was the most sumi)tuous that had heen dis- covered in that section of America,.' The floors of the palace were of hard cement, and the inner walls covered with plaster. The [)lace of sacrifice, is a s«juare stone structure, si.\ty-six feet on each side at its base, and in pyramid form. The City was in its greatest splendor, when conquered by Alvaiado. Its l)roximity to Mexico, i being only about sixty miles distant,) and to their chief ruins of Palenca. is in accordance with the history of both nations, which claim the same origin. TICK AMARACAN OU A:MEHI(AN NATIONAL HISTORY. These celebrated Amaracans or Americans — im- properly called l'i'ruvians,--had a sacred book" oxistiDK, and the most nucieiit raci' on tlio t^oiitiiii'nt. Tn tliu niapcf Ti in, by the Ilalihiyt Siiciofy ; sill wiii^,' " the I'laillt; of the Viicas," may bi' sieii .\ijwnriial)lid 1dm to riturn,and this inlUimcd their religious sentiment to sueh an extent, that tiny van- quished the enemy, and eaptured King Iluaaoar. (Ciezade Leon aplhikluyt Soeioty). 1 See map. ' Popol Vuh." -v^ "^ /vis IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 f IlM IlM ■" IIIIIM 2.2 .■ IIIM t 49 2.0 nil 1 ft I.I 1.25 1.4 — 1 V} <^ /} 'el ^.. ^4^ pi ''W ^'

Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y 14580 (716) 872-4503 w. p^^mF 93 DISCOM.RV OF THE ORIGIN 01- THE wliicli ex^Jaiiis clearly, the origin of their illustiious national name. This history relates; that two Mexi- can ])i'inces,' were execnted by command of two kings, on a charge of creating a revolt, in the kingdom of Xibalba.- As a monnment of their punishment, the head of one of them, was placed on a dead tree, which immediately returned to life and bore fruit. The kings forbade any one to touch it, but the daughter of a Xibalbian Prince,^ strangely enough for one of the fair sex, is prompted by curiosity, to go and take some of the forbidden fruit. On ap- proaching the tree, a voice from the Prince's head warns her, and, asking her desire, he commands that she extend her arms, when he places sacred saliva on her hand, which inunediately disappears. The Princess returns home; is accused by her father of assisting the traitors; she pleads innocence, but is condemned to death b}^ the Court. Then, aided by 1 IIunliUM Alipu anil Vukuli Huii Aliini. 2 DnriiiH the i-eigu of Hun Va.\w and Vukub Canit', 3 Uuuhuu Ahpii. I iMniic. Tulan, is Paul to liavo lipon the cliicf cduntry of tlio ancient Sloxii-ans, wliii'li some unthciriliea sui)1)ok(i, was near I'alcnca, the uiinio givou to tho i)rincii)al ruins of Ciiitral America, (liscoverod dnrinn the middle of tho last century, as it was the nearest village. Theso ruins of forty-four towns, coverinn about twenty-eight mileg, were so well hidden by a dense forest, that people living only a few miles away, had never heard of them. Tlu^ " Popol Vuli " states, that a revolt against the kinjjdoni of Xibalba, wiiicli was anterior to that of tlie Toltecas— ended in the foundation of the (,)uiclia race, wliieli was their generic name. They claim descent from the Toltecas of 'J'ulan, like tho Mexicans, in whose language, oUen, means the, sun, tcca, people, and ot, country The name of Tulan, suggests an error of fre- quent occurrence, the loss of an initial vowel, and was probably otoUeu, or Country of the Huu, wliose people were tho ot-ol-tecas, er people of the Sun Country, now written Xolteca, aud we find* this place, near the capital of Amarca or America; * See map. NAME OF AMERICA. 93 the executioners, slie escapes the |jenalty, and going to the mother of the Prince, is received as a daiightor-in-law, remaining there until the birth of twin brothers,^ who go to Xibalba and per- form many wonders, kilhng and restoring them- selves to life. The Kings command that they repeat this with them, whereon they kill their majesties, but do not restore them. Then, they tell the people, that they are the sons uf one of the heroes, executed by these kings, and that they have thus avenged their father. They then retire to Utlatlan, the seat of the connnon people, declare war, defeat Xibalba,' uu^ f-nu an empire, making Utlatlan the capital, buu changing its name to Amarca before doing so. Cassa-Amaraco;' was the royal sacred necropolis, and near it is Yw\i- Amarca, where the sulphur springs are still called, the "Kings' baths." Yun- Amaraca, was their Hercules, from y:m,' "behold," the present indicative of the verb, yanhal, to be. whoso iieoiilu avow, that its former naniu was I'thitlaii,— jirobaMy also a cor- riiiitiou of otollen, or Tiilau— from which botliJuationH claim ilesceiit, ami the name Am-eri-ca is a translation of it, written by tlie sign of tlio cross ana snake— which meant the great Suu; iironouuccd Amiiru— with c» or laml, and this alHO agrees, with the name given to America, — discovered in 983 a. i>. tjy the Icelander, Hanson— and mentioned in their history as Irland-ik mitla, " trlandthe-great." The sign of 11, the Sun as 15a, Kiie, Aryan, I'ira-coiha et<-. was universal, Ireland is Eire— the Sun— in the Irish Celtic history, but as the UermHns always add the word land, to the names of countries, they called it Eire, or Ir-lant'. 1 Hun Ahpu BDd Xbalonca. ■^ This war against Xibalba, by A'balrnca anil his tirother, may explain the ruins of J'alinca, :i The Kings performed miracles here. Uakluyt See. Vol. 48, p. «. Malte-Brun, 5th Edn,, Vol. 1, p. :J7U. * Torres. I m I r-i iW ^ t>4 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE "Behold America'" was an appropriate name for the American Hercules. There was Vin-Amarca,' in the gulf where jVIanco Cai)ac, the prince of Ameri- can legislators and first Inca King, received his divine vocation. Then there were tlie cities of Arm — Amiurxi,Q\\'i\v^\-A\nerca,\]xYCi-Amanxi,"(^^i-Amarvu — Q,-S\\-2hnavcu^ and Pa-tinamit- J »#«rc«, or " Amer- ica the capitol'' — the only one which appears in their ancient documents and sacred history, as the foun- dation of their Kingdom. i SPLENDOR OF THE KINGS OP AMERICA ; THEIR MOUN- TAIN CITIES, PALACES, AND CUSTOMS. The Kings or Incas — according to their own, and other native history — were conquerors of nations, already in an advanced state of civilization. Tliey selected the very best and richest parts of the con- tinent fur their strongholds, and paid ])articular attention to its gold mines, which were nearly all in the Andes, — the most compact mountain system in the world, running along the Pacihc coast, almost the entire length of South America, from Patagonia; the southern end of the Pacific ocean, to tiie Carri- bean sea in the Atlantic, a distance of at least 4,500 miles. At latitude 'I'T south, this mountain divides into two colossal ridges, which enclose a valle\', five hun- 1 :\liilti-Hrun, r)th Kiln., Vol. 2, p. 27Ci. -• Malte-liruD, Tyth EtlD., Vol. 3, \>. 278 ;: Ciiut-. anifxrcil. llakluyt Soc. IMaii of ruru. I NAME OF AMERICA. 95 dred miles long, thirty to sixty wide, thirteen hun- dred feet ahove the level of the sea, and so completely walled in by high mountains; that its streams— which have not any outlet apparently— meet in a famous lake of 4,000 square miles, (Titicaca); the largest ni South America— wliere the beautiful pal- aces of the vestal virgins (of Amaraca), in the island Coati, have been excavated for centuries— the work still going on— a SpanisJi explorer having found gold and silver, to the extent of S4,45()^oso in one of them. In another isle of this lake: where the first American High - priest— Manco Capae— received his divine call from heaven,— becomiiig a child of the Sun,— there are immense sacred ruins, and at Ti-Huanco, a tra- dition is still repeated; of large vaults, filled with treasure, beneath the great mound, and a subteria- neouB passage leading to Cuzco~one of the loyal cities— four hundred miles away, where— among the innumerable sculptures— the Amaru; or great serpents predominate: whose swift quivering move- ment, was taken as an emblem of the streaks of lightning, so often seen there, and said to come from the Sun— a belief indirectly true. The Amav li-diAWdXvA., or palace of snakes— with its cornices and interior walls covered with gold'— and tlie temple of the Sun, were immense stone buildings, enclosing large aqueducts and gardens, kept in order by priests— four thousand of whom, were attached ' Soe Pres=cott's Histmy nf Ww CoiKjucst of Ppru. I !■ 90 PfSCOVKNY OF T//E OK/C/X OF THE f to the latter temple, where the royal family alone could enter; the surrounding gi-ound heing consid- ered so holy, that one could only walk with hare feet within two hundj-ed paces of it. Of the three hun- dred temples at Cuzco, this one— unsurpassed in the greatness and richness of its decorations' by any building in the world — is only one instance, of the immense value of the treasures of Amaraca, before the Spanish invasion. Near this city, is Ollentay- tambo; with numerous ]ialaces and buildings, wrought in polished marble; where that of the Mrgins of the Sun — a marvel of Amaracan art — was well guarded by its position ;tnd bridges, not far from a rocky mountain, which may still be seen, for a mile long and seven hundred feet wide, r^pparently covered with white specks, which are tombs cut in the solid rock. The roads in this kingdom; says Baron de Haniboldt," "are the most useful and stupendous works, ever executed by man." Their foui* chief routes from Cuzco, rival the best lioman work, frequently going into the region of perpetual snow — completely closed in winter— through tunnels cut in solid rock— over giant precipices by steps — cross- ing rivers by solid mason r}'^ or suspension bridges swung with osier ropes, leading along the table lands of Pasco — the highest point of the Andes occu- pied by man — to their richest silver mines, at an elevation of fourteen thousand feet above the level • See Prescott's History of the Comiuest of Peru. 5 Vtu'H (lc8 CorililkTiis. NAME OF AMER!CA. 97 of the sea; and on.'y fifteen liundivrl below the per- petual snow line. TI.ere are eij^lit of these great hi^diways in Chili, six in Bolivia, and three in Peru. The valleys of the great branches of the Andes, are also specially adapted for these roads, which are connected with the sea coast, by various passes over the western mountains— one of them running from the Pacific seaport of Ti-uxillo, crosses over a sum- mit of 11,000 feet, befoi-e reaching Cassa-Amaraca, the capitol of the Kings, iK^ar which are the ruins of excavationsthrough these mountains, made to afford an outlet to a lake which had-during the rainy season— inundated the surrounding country includ- ing the valley of Curymayo, where gold was found m great quantities and smelted in furnaces. This road is continued to Popayan, and ending at Bogota; the capitol of the Kingdom of Cundin-Amaraca-is still a celebrated conmiercial thoroughfare. There are immense ruins at Cassa-Amaraca, with subter- ranean treasure vaults in the houses, and a portion of the King's palace cut out of solid rock. Padre Calancha— one of the pioneers— referring to the buried treasures of Cassa-Amaraca and other cities; says that, "If these were discovered; they would be sufficient to enrich the world." nnr, I ■ "J.y 08 /USCOl'/LNV OF THE ORIGIN OF THE CUSTOMS OF THE KINGDOM OF AMARACA OR AMP:RICA. t , If liif If \<\ TheMoii.'Uchtiavek'd through tlie Kingdom; along tho hcaiitifiil roads they had made, in a sedan, covered with oxcjuisite embroidery and gold, carried by a large number of men, who waited impatiently for the honor, at all the stations, which were very numerous, with government buildings reserved for the Sovereign and his suite, or royal palaces in their cities. The roads were prepared by the peoi)le — when the intended visit was announced, -who strewed the path with flowers, made floral ai'ches, and received the monarch with the utmost enthusiasm; as he stopped on the way to give his decision, on questions left by the judges for a royal fiat. Prayers and acclamations arose, as he raised the curtain, and appeared to the crowd, who ^\aited at every point to see him; and wherever he stopped be- came sacred. Small houses were also erected at distances of five miles, for the royal postmen, who carried mes- sages at the speed of one hundred and fifty miles a day, and also brought fish, game, and fruit for the court. I The Kings were continually making conquests; by i)eacefully insisting on the chiefs to recognize them; and by war, in case of refusal. Their army • Purchiis, lOli, p. lOOG. XAME OF .l.)/ER/CA. 99 of two Immlred thoiisaiKl niei),i fought with toma- hawks, bows, arrows, and lances of shai'i) bono or copi)er, and sHngs, wliilo the nohihty used gold or silver mounted weapons, wearing helmets of wood, or tiger skins, decorated with feathers. The eldest son— always the heir apparent to the throne— was educated by the College Professoi's,- in exei-cises specially religious and military. All the re- lations of the royal family, and these Professors,— one of its castes,— were examined at tae age of six- teen for admission, as every nobleman had to prove himself worthy of the honor, before being accepted. The examination— which lasted thirty days—was performed by the oldest and most illustrious of the nobility. The candidates— who wore white shirts, with a cross embroidered in front— were obliged to show their efficiency in war exercises, wrestling, boxing, running long distances, fasts of several days, imaginary battles, in which they were wounded, and sometimes killed, sleeping on the ground, and going barefooted to inspire sympathy for the unfort- unate. The heir to the throne was not exempt from this discipline, or favored in any way— and if selected, was presented with the others; (who had been suc- cessful), to the Sovereign, who, after congratulating them, dwelt on the responsibilities of their high ill > Haklu.vt, Vo). 48. ■^i.«^ai^»^S*. M ... ^,t''-' 100 DlSCO]-EKY OI' I J IE OK/ULV O/- TJIE ri position as cliiJilren of the Sun, and rcconirnendcJ tliom to follow liis example, as tlu^y knelt before him one by one, so that their ears might be pierced with a golden wire : (before putting in the immense rings— only worn by the royal family — ) which con- sequently became so long, that they almost patted them on the slioulder. While the candidate's ear was prepared by the King for this honor, a nol)le i)ut on the sandals of royalty; and a sash around the waist, when they were crowned with tlowers and evergreen, as an em- blem of virtue. The head of the prince was alone adorned with a yellow tassel of Vicuna wool, after which the nobles,— beginning with his nearest re- lations—knelt before him as the heir apparent, and finally, they all assembled in the great square of the Capitol, wliere national songs, dances, and fetes, in- cluding theatrical performances — some of which have been preserved — closed with the important ceremony of the Hua-Aracu. In their schools; the Professors read their na- tional history from pictorial signs to the scholars, while the King opened the spring season, by cutting the ground with a golden hatchet to inaugurate planting; nor did anyone dare to reap a blade of the autumn harvest, until he had gathered the first seeds, which were preserved and sown in small quantities all over the Kingdou], as a blessing for the future crop. '\:ii^mi^ NA.\rE OF AMERICA. 101 The rojcal family had many privileges. The choicest lands were reserved for them; and living at Court near the King; were members of his Council, dining with him or from his table. They alone performed sacred rites, commanded the armies, and governed the provinces, filling every position of trust. The second noble caste, were the chiefs of con- quered provinces,— called Curaca or Ceci(iue~who were obliged to educate their sons at the capitol: and to visit it occasionally themselves— as well as to speak the ^uichua or national diplomatic language. The entire Kingdom was divided into principalities of ten thousand inhabitants, under a royal governor, who was obliged to deliver judgmerl in law cases, within five days, from which there was no appeal. Inspectors visited the cities to investigate the conduct of Judges, and examine the monthly reports, made by the lower, to the Supreme Courts; who reported to the Governors. From every ten persons, one was chosen, who was obliged to see that they received justice in the administration of the law; and then they were divided into jurisdictions of 50, 100, .500, and 1,000, over whom officers were appointed.' The Kingdom was equally divided into three parts; for the King, the Sun, and the people. The first, supported ])ub lic worship, the second, the Gov- ' Xiniimes ap. Helps. li ■ m, m 103 niscovERY or the oricix or the crnniciit. and Iho third was dividtd in (M|ual shares amoiij; the peoplo, who fust tilled the lands of the Sun, thou of the old or sick, the widow, orphan and soldiers in service, then, each one his own ground — also assisting any noighhor who had a large family — and lastly, the lands of the King, very ostenta- tiously, by the community. A royal proclamation every morning, was answered by the eiilirr liouse- hold in their best attire, who sang ballads of the King's great deeds as the work went on, keej)ing time with the music, of which the chorus " hailli " or triumph, was the theme. The American King — like the Chinese Buddist pontiff — was the human habitation of the divine spirit. His relations went barefooted before him, always carrying something as an emblem of hom- age. 1 He was high priest of all great leligious festi /als, raised ariuies, whicli he commanded personally, made law^s, regulated taxation, appo?nted anl re- moved Judges at pleasure. His dress was of the finest Vicuna wool, beautifully dyed and ornamented with gold, pearls, and emeralds, while his unique turban of various colors, was surmounted by two feathers of a bird so seldom found; that it was death to destroy. His inspection of the lower classes was frequent, while he drank the health of those of the nobility, whom he wished to honor, at state dinners, > Hakluyt, Vol. 48. X.IME o/- .im/:k/ca. 103 whifh were prfpiirwl witli groat pomp and dig- nity.' TIic flocks of hIkm'p wor(> for tlio Sun and King, wlioso slicphcrds — choosing their own soasonahle cHmatcs in the mountains; whidi oflfored uvery possihlo variation— sent males only, to tho capitol, for the i-oyal tahle and for sacrifice, while theii' wool was stored and served to families who weaved. ' Mairiago was compulsory, hetween eiglitoen and twenty for tho fair sex, and not later than twenty- four for men. The King performed tho ceremony for the nohility; hy taking hoth hands of the hride and groom in his, while announcing, they wore married; which is as prompt as the Mohammedan divorce law, where the husband merely says " ta lek," — you are divoi'ced. Marriages of the nobility wore very fashionable. The bride \v:u, paude'l ! and decorated with nnich taste. She was covered from waist t(^ kjiee with an exquisite tunic of rich featheivs, while rare shells or pearls adorned her person, and a golden plate and chain emhellislied her neck. Songs and dancing announced the arrival at her father's house, of six noblemen, preceded by musicians and two bearers of magnificent feather fans, followed by ballet dancers and the bride's relatives. She appeared immediately, and ascending floral stops; was placed by her parents in a beautiful sedan chair — crowned with green • GarcilaBso de Vega ap. Helps. i Hakluyt, Vol. ix. I !•! ^1 104 D/SCOl'ENV or THE OA'/G/X OF THE boughs iind floi'al decorations — vvhicli rested on the shoulde's of noblemen, who carried lier to the bi-ide- groom's residence, where she was received by Lords in waiting and conducted to a seat by the side of the future husband, who rose from an elevated dais to AN AMEKIl'AN UKIIlE. escort her to the King, \\here they all proceeded witii much pom]) and ceremony, while bridesmaids fanned them in warm w^eatiier, with an assortment of beautiful tropical feathers, offering in season the unfermented juice of grapes, or a sort of orange sherbet in golden goblets, until arriving at the royal \^^ji*f NAME OF AMERICA. 105 palace, whore the King; takino- both hands in his, as they knelt before him, invoked an eternal blessing Towards sunset, the Chief and his young bi-ide walked into an open field followed by all the people, and kneeling towards the west, commended them- selves and their ])ostei-ity to divine ])rotection. After sunset, the people danced to the music of the reed and tambourine, until the stais appeared, when festive lamps suirounding the bridegroom's house, announced tlie marriage -feast. The Governors of districts, performed a similar service for the people; whose relations met in the square of the town to witness the ceremony, after which, sufficient land and a house was allotted by the government, who changed these divisions an- nually; according to the number of people com- posing each family, of whom the King received annual reports; giving the total number of births, deaths, and marriages, as well as agricultural stat- istics. The royal palaces were closed on the Monarch's ;i A'.LVE OF A.VERICA. 109 \\ ' tloni. At the King's death, Ataliiialpa prcK.'eeded to the capitol of Quito, whore he was royally received, and assumed the Crown, Tlie late King had asserted, that this decree was not contrary to the national law of primogeniture; as ho was only returning Atahualpa, to the nation of which he was the legitimate sovereign — Quito being a new conquest. KINO ATAHUAhl'A, ATTACKS HIS IIIIOTHEUS AUMY NEAR L'ASKA-AMABACA. Historians disagree as to Llie cause of the war between the brotheis; in which Atahualpa defeated Hunscai's army, annexed his Kingdom, and impris- oned himself in the fortified city of And-^lmaraca,^ where he was held, when the Spaniards arrived in Cassa-J.?«araca. • Prescott's History of Peru. m V ii . If 110 DISCOVERY OI- THE ORIUIX OF THE It was some time, however, before the country became known under the name of America, and Bishop Geraldini, writing from the new lands in 1515, said clearly, in a letter addressed to l'o|te Leon X. "That the islaml was^ laiger than Europe xmd Asia, which tlie ignorant call Asia, and others America or Paria."^ The Spaniards could not have annihilated the national traditions, even if they desired to do so, and for years, in order to satisfy the natives, they were obli(jed to appoint a descendant of the Kings, who— so far as they knew — wab still suitreme ruler •of the Empire. THE NATIVE SYSTEM OF WRITING THE MOST ILLUS- TlilOUS ANCIENT NATIONAL NAME OF AMERICA. Nearly all the early navigators to America, wrote their voyages; and made maps; many of which were published. The earliest of these, known to be in existence, may be peen in the Royal Spanish Naval Museum; or a copy of it, at the Astor library. New York.- It was made by Juan de la Cosa, a companion of Columbus, who also sent several to the Spanish government, and one to Pope Alexander; but it is not known what has become of them. The next map we find, was by Cortereal, who had made several voyages to America (1500-1) and gave much ' Humboldt. 2 Jomard collection. NAME OF AMERICA. Ill information about it to C'aiitino, \vlio was the Agent at Lisbon of tlie Duke of Farrara (Italy), for the purpose of writing any news of these discoveries, and in one of his letters (lU Nov. 1502), he enclosed a copy of the " chart, to navigate to the island \\i,w\y found in part of India,'' which is now in the Estense Library, at Farrara. • A brother of Columbus, (Bar- tholomew), gave a map to the Canon of the church of St. John of Lateran, at Konie, but none of these were recognized as standard woi-ks by the nautical world; who were still guided by those originally issued for many centuries, by the Ptolemy king^ of Egypt, which the Arab Mohammedans continued to publish, after they had concjuered that historic- land, but, soon after Christianity began to enlighten western Europe; one of these works, finding its way to Rome, became the pilot of the christian navigator. A new edition was generally issued, whenever any important discovery had been made. Pope Julius II, gave the exclusive right for six years, to issue an edition of Ptolemy (1506), -to Toscinus, the publisher-which appeared next year, containing six new maps besides those of the previous issues, (U7S-1490) but America was not noticed until their edition of 1508, which contained a supplement; giving a description of the new world by the monk Beneventanus. This delay was probably caused by the King of ' Harisse, Les Cortoreal. The isUn.l moaut Auio.-:™. ^1 I, fiii'p liiiil Hi ^^fl w 113 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE Portugal, who had made the first known European discovery of the East Indies, after Marco Polo, and was ap})arontly asserting, that tiie new Western islands of the Spaniards, were only part of his dominion; in consequence of which, they prohihited their navigators from going near his mines. ' The result of this clann, was a dividing line, drawn across the map hy the Pope, separating the limits in which each of these nations could make discoveries, in order to avoid dispute. The Kings of America, had a curious system of naming their cities and provinces. The sacred city was called "the capitol of America," and others^ " America in the mountains," or the valley, and similar designations,- hut it was written Amarca hy the Spaniards, in whose language the word " marca" means a frontier, and from this; they gave it an easy form. The Baion de Humboldt informs us; that the early Spaniards gave an immense number of various names to the same people, who only spoke two languages on the mainland first discovered, and they often added consonants to names, which had a vocal initial." When the Moors were masters of Spain, a large number of words were adopted from > Navarret3, Vol. Ill, p. 85, Ojeda. 2 Cundin-Ainarca : Cax-Ainarca ; PuU-Amarca ; Yan-Atnarca ; Vin-Amarca, Aud-Amarca ; Uria-Aniaroa ; Cheupi— Amarca ; Cat-Aniarca Call- Amarra- -Cant- Amarca. ;i It is on the map of Cortcreal as Tamaririue; written in red, to show that it wa» one of the first discovered, and the map of Frisius (1525) who .joined the maiulaud to Africa, contains it. He must have understood that the new discovery waft named "Tamarique " or " Amerique " in frencb. NAME or AMERICA. 113 their language, and the pronunciation hardening materially, become at that time very gutteral; which was learned from their conquerors, in whose Shemetic tongue, there are no vowels. In the first standard map of tlie world showing the Western hemisphere,' it was called an island, and there also appeared, another named "Tamaraqua," (meaning "Amaraca" or "America '')- which was not an island, but part of the mainland much resembling one, ' as may bo observed by our sketch. » Ptolemy. 1503. s Hun;bol(U, Relations " iRtoriiiues, Vol. IT, ji. 402. Hence wo find the name written by them "Taiii!iua of :\lcreater's calling the West Indies " Camercau islands," but the evidence we found disproved it. .\merlcan (Peruvian) was the diplomatic and fashionable language of the Western hemispliere at the time of the Spanish conijuest,); as we now find French * Kohl Atlas, p. 123. \ Vol. II, p. 402 \ Pretcott's history of Peru. 114 DISCOVERY Oh THE ORIGIN OF 77//-. SPAIN PKOmniTS OTHKHS KKOM TRADING IN THK DIS- COV^KHIES OF COLUMBUS ON THK MAINLAND: -THE COAST or Amaraca-pana. Whatever transgiossions the Admiral had corn- inittod; in consequence of being made Viceioy of the West Indies,— a trying position, requiring much experience; of wliich he never iiad any,— vvere promptly forgiven him hy the Crown, who were obliged in justice to hear the comi)laints of her subjects. He was granted a royal coat of arms, on which were engraved the islands he had discovered. These had become known as the Columbian archi- pelago.' We do not know if the "Camercan islands "■ referred to the American islands, appearing ' Codazzi. i Mcrcatcr's Map Camorcauo iuBulc. Bi)ok«n all over the world, becuuse it has been accepted aa the tongue wliich must be used by all nations, in their otlicial odinmtniieations. When (Jhristians became powerful ouoiigh to maki' their language international, they introduced their re- ligion alHo, and so did the Americans, who preachol Amaru, or the cross— to whicli we will refer i)rosently -and consequently we ttnd this faith all over America.* Ou Mercater's map, may be observed the name of the Ariiaccas, given to the country be- hind the golden castle mountains, on the coast of Amaraca-pana. The chief god of these pe>->!)lo isHua-Amaracou, and they wore migUbors of theCa-iribs, in whose houses there was always a Maraca or TamarakaJ which was the name of their household god, and wheii shahmhy the priests, the great Spirit spoke through tlieni.t They were placed ou the ground, adorned with feathers, and meat and wine was placed before iheiu, which the people thought they at. Purchas says that on the c last of Amaraca-pana "among their many idols and figures which they honour as gods, they have one like St. Audrewes crosse which they thought preserved them from night-spirits and they hanged it on their uosv-borno children." These Maracas or Tamarahas wore rattles t no doubt of the .\maru or rattlesnake, and so we fln./e, which was their most approximate phonetic to pater. The third sign- apparently the back of some learned Mexican head- represents the native fig, called notch, and the fourth sign we observe is the same as the second meaning te, or noch-te, which was as near to noster as they could get, so that in order to learn the Latin pro- mmcmtlon, they had to sketch a flag, a fig, and a stone.' _J^ovmiQ^hQmm}^^ ''our Father," • Kosuy. Los eorituies, p. l!i. m ml I i *''. 11 \\m\ m W. 123 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE they simply drew a cross, meaning God, but of course this would not have given theni the Latin sound which they wished to learn. But long before the ancients had such advanced ideas as these, they began by writings of sim- plicity, and probably — like all other juvenile (;ali- graphers — their first idea was to write their own names, or in other words, to make a sketch of themselves, and in the earliest forms of pictorial writing, we find the sign which meant mau,^ always drawn with outstretched arms, like the Chinese mode CHILI) IN CHINESE. MDTJIKU IN CFUXKSE. EciYl'TlAN KKIK KOll LIFE. h' ^ ; ' :m .''it of writingthe word child, or mother, or the Egyptian sign meaning living, and, (is man was tlie image of God,- the cross became the most sacred sign of all the chief nations of the ancient \vo)ld. ' ' Hosny. Lcs ecntures, p. 10. '.' Old TeHtainent, ch. 1. v. '26. :i Sonic autliors say tliat the cross nieaut the four niiarus of the nlolie, but this is an error, for it w s almost invarialily wiitten to represent a i 'an, and hence the lour lines were not of eacnM"^i ,he alter. This was translated "shall be .sa.riflced," which cost millions of lives until the error was recently discovered. Some years ago we noticed a sign painted on the walls .n various quarters of Paris. France, "the worship of the Virgin is prohibited.- and 80 It IS all the world over; that the illiterate often take the emblem tor the original. * Prof. Max MUller Chips, etc. 124 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE m some of the Spaniards had married Americans at Tumhez, to whom Pizarro returned, spending five months with these new subjects of the King of America, wliile layinji, the plans of his future capt- ure. They had found that the King was sacred to his people, and therefore if they could only secm-e him — holding out the prospect of release, or a threat to put his brother — the rightful heir — on the thron< in default of ransom, that the long sought for golden land might yet become an accomplished fact. These ideas were carried out and the results as we have seen, more than fully realized the most sanguine expectations. Mei'cator had the benefit of this information.' ; ■■»> THE MOST FAMOUS MONARCH OF THAT PERIOD BAPTIZES AMERICA. Charles I, King of Spain, who was also Charles V, Emperor of Germany, was the high priest who gave the Western hemisphere its name. King Ferdinand — the Prince consort of Queen Isabella — had died in 1 5 1 6, and his grandson — born at Ghent, in Belgium, ascended the throne at the age of sixteen, and subsequently mariied a daughter 1 He hail found that Ojeda's Coqui-Vacoa was Chibehi-vaooa,— as shown on uls map, — f be name of the royal race of Cnndiii-Amarca, and that Pizarro's brother had arrived from Cax — Amarca, both of whieh kin^'donis reeeived (Spanish names. The native name had ah-eady appeared in lar^o betters on previous maps, but he omits it, and also the isle of Tamaragua, writing the name of America over the entire continent. terj at 'e )f b- o e t 1 NAME OF AMERICA. of Emmanuel, King of Portugal, eventually becom- iiiK the Ri-eatest monarch of liis clay. His favorite saying, in describing these vast dom,n,ons was ; that "the sun never set in them " The monarch's crest was two globes; and two pillars of Hercules-the former name of GibraltaLap. peared on his coins, denoting the Western limit of Europe to which his sceptre extended-with the motto, "more beyond," ■-meaning Ins America,! Pizarro had despatched his brother in 1533, from l7tfTT ' '' ''" '"'"' ™'"'°"^ '" sold at the tee of this famous sovereign, which had caused the rush to search Cundin-Amaraca in 1534, where the .0 Governor., Qnesada from Quito, and Balcazar f.om Popayan, met Federmann from Amaraca-pana represen mg the great German firm of Velers' friends of the Emperor. ' The celebrated Sebastian Cabot who had sailed o America for England, went to reside in Spain lonO), on the invitation of the late King Ferdinand - tather.m-Iaw of Henry VIII of England-vvho had made him one of the Spanish Council of the In.lies and Senior pilot some years later. It is h, his ma,', tnat the name of Bogota, the capital of Cundin Aniaraca appears. The Spaniards had tl,eir principahtie.s of New ' Plus ultr.i. I .1.,, '■'m G Mk »i» 120 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE Castles, ill tho Western liemisphere, but they wanted a general name to include all these possessions. When tho great Geinian merchants had reported to their Emperor, that Bogota the capital of the kingdom of Cundin-^l/ym/'ocrt was the city to which their agent went from yl/uoraca-pana for treasure — when it was known that Amaraca-pana on the At- lantic was the nearest port to the mountains called "Golden Castles,'' and the name of the mainland first seen by Columbus and held for him by the Monarch's grandfather — when they found that Tama?'agua was the name of the mainland or Aniaraca, now called Maraca-iho — when Pizarro told him of the imprisonment of Huascar at And- Amarca—ot his death in the river And-^1 7?mrc«— of the holy city of Amaracu — of their ancestors the Aymaras of Aymaraca, — of the cross or Amaru, worn during the initiation of the royal family as children of the sun — of the famous royal palace of Amaru, prepared to receive Pizarro, by the King, who afterwards filled one of its rooms with gold, three millions of which lay at the monarch's feet, it was only a just tribute, a golden debt of gratitude, to erect an everlasting monument, a gigantic histor- ical statue, always on the lips of the universe, in honor of the late Vice-King and Lord High Admiral Don Christopher Columbus, by instructing his carto- grapher Gerard Mercater, to write over the entire southern continent, His "plus ultra," a world on His li r -,~ NAME OF AMERICA. jo^ crest, the name of America, where it ai.peared-so far as we know-for the first time in tl)is atlas issued in 1541, to which was adcletl the remark " many still call it New India,'" In 1555, the illustrious Monarch- -abdicating the Kmgdom in favor of his son Philip, and the Empire to Ins brother-entered a Spanish monastery where He died three years later. We find therefore, the Western hemisphere named America, in honor of Columbus, from the land he first discovered which was reserved for him, and the sacred national name of its great nation, whose temple of ylm«n,-cancha was unsurpassed in riches by any in the world, and whose roads, the great Humboldt '-'did not hesitate to designate, as "the most beautiful and stupendous works ever executed by man." Well could he have asserted,^ -that only at Quito, Peru, (the kingdom of Amaraca at the time of the Spanish conquest,) Mexico, (claiming the same origin as the Americans) and Cundin- Amaraca, were to be found traces of antique civi- lization." ' amultis hoiJie uoua India dicta "^ Amoricaovertne southern Cout,„entb;tt Kin, st^^^^^^^^^ "'^' "=^'"" '' = Humboldt, Vol. II. : Humboldt. Vol. III. p. 5«. i":Sj) m m m ''A Wk mk. M: 128 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE 4 ; .t'i EFFECT OF THE REPORTS OF AMERICAN OOLD MIXES ELSEWHERE. Tho intense excitement in Spain, created by the treasure found at Cax-Aniaraca, can be imagined by tho effect of the news elsewhere. In England, information from the Si)anish discoveries was eagerly looked for, and their books were translated as soon as they could be obtained. In the year IGHJ, a work appeared, giving the most minute pai*- ticulars of American laws and religions, geneology, customs, and the Si)anish ca])tures, New Editions were issued the yenr following and in 1017. This work was named after the author, " Purchas, his jnlgrimage, or Relations of tlie world and the re- ligions observed in all ages and places discouered from tlie creation unto this present. Printed for Henrie Featherstone, and are to be solde at his shoppe in Pauls cbarch-yard at the Signe of the Rose." Later on Sir Paul Rycaut published several volumes in English, from tiie works of Garcilasso de Vega, an American noble who wrote the history of his country in Spanish.. After strenuous efforts to obtain permission tt) trade in Spanish America, '' The Soutii Sea Company " was inaugurated by the Earl of Oxford,^ in 1711. It was called after tho Pacific; first known by that name,^ and they ' Memoirs of Extraonliuary xioimlar dclaaions, Vol. I. 2" Mar del Ziir " Sur, They had a royal cliartcr and a cnst reiirosenting a coruu- oopla, out of which money was falling iulo the ( JIar del Ziu) South Sea. NA.VE OF AMERICA. Vl^ were ^ivuttc; yeaily to tmde in the Pacific and to supply tlie colomes with negroes for thirty years, Peop o we e cliange Alloy-the brokers' quarter-became so iisiied at the tnne, informs us tliat :~ " Tho greatest Indies thither cnme Anil i)li,.(l in chftri(-ts daily, Or pawned their jow.ls for a sum To venture in the alh y." The collapse of tl.is speculatio,, nearly brought England to financial rnin. Tho Duke of Wl,a ton .-.nuato., that tho Ea.l of Stanhope was into J:::!"" t and while replying i„ the House of Lords he had a stroke of apoplexy and expired. The de mand for the stock of the South Sea Company led to numerous wild undertakings, and eighty-six com- pa„,es were organized, with 1.700 millions of dolla,-, as capital, according to present money value The wildest ideas prevailed, such as, " For supplying London with sea coal,"-" For carrying on an un dertaknig of great advantage; but nobody to know lltl •' T^-':; " ''"'■ '""""^ ^'■°- ^'^''"^ -" -b- with the Mississippi scheme. li lit! m li'i i>. '!l i ( lit jii^ Mi, -g^^;yj^fe;g>^ai»i-jg£. I' 1« "■^^ I ' 1 r 130 DISCO VE/^Y OF THE ORIGIN OF THE WHO SAID THAT AMKRK;A WAS CALLED Al'TKU AMKKKJO VKSl'UOt'I *. Amerigo Vospufci was a Floiontino — rosidiiig at Sovillo, Spain— as tin; agent of tlic celohrated com- mercial firm of Juanoti Herardi of Italy — dnring the luM'iod when Coluiid)Us discovered the Weslerii hemisi»here, and being anxious to see it, ho was per- mitted to go with Ojeda; who sailed on the i!Oth May, 14l»!), P>eing a foreigner, tiiere was prohahly some diflieulty : as they wei-e prohibited by the government from going to the new discoveries'" U405), and it is possibly for this reason, that Ojeda explains that he took him, " being learned in navi- gation and universal geography."" As we have seen, Amaraca-;9(o«a— the only i)lace where Oj(Hla was favorably received during the voyage that Amerigo Vespucci was with him "and treated like an angel " ' — became the first settlement of the Spaniards," and was the name of that coast. ^ All these navigators wrote accounts of their voyages, but they were more at home on the Atlantic Ocean, while Vespucci's ship was his inkstand, and histori- ans have related how much he wrote, possibly en- deavoring to gain by the sale of his books — which had become conspicuous by the similarity of his name with that of the continent — what he probably 1 Navarrete. s Humboldt. 2 Hcrrera, Vol. I., Voyage Ojt;la. 4 Codazzi, Ovieda y Uauos, etc. M?'| NAME OF AMERICA. 131 supposed had been l.yst I>y tlie law proliibitinj. for. eigiiers from pu-ticipatin^^ in voyages to America ^ The Egyptians toM the (Ireeks, that an innnonso island named -Atlantis" larger than Asia and Europe, had disappeared,' and when Cohiml.us found America, he recalled this,= A'espucci also seems to have referred to it,'' and Sir Thomas Moore," who says that the Western hemisphere was discovered by a friend of Vespucci's,-probably Columbus-had also Atlantis in view. Possibly the act reserving the new discoveries for Spaniards, had caused the Florentine to leave Spain l»ut he returned in 1505, and Columbus gave him a letter in February to his son; of whom he asked aid for h,m.'^ In April, he became a naturalized Spanish sui).iect, and received authority for Berardi to dis- patch ships to the West Indies. His letters are said to have been sent to the Duke of LorraiLe who apparently saw in the name of Amaraca- pana or -America," the evidence of the new continent's discovery by Amerigo Vespucci, and the Duke s secretary, Walter Ludd, wrote a pamphlet of four pages (1507), suggesting that the new world be named after him, as he h.,d discovered it It is hardly possible that people of education, would have attempted to propose a name for territory, in which 1 Solon ap. Plato. 2 Navarrete. .1 Ptoleiuv 1508 . r- r XT . i"iciu J , louM. 4 \_ topia, I- iiu 1 ijii .alv;!;Tirnoi;;S.^'"^"'-'^ ^^^•^^'-"^^ ^« --^^^^ -ocu. ,.. .« envlela carta, Wv m. mk ^^ %i 13^ DISCOVERY OF 7 HE ORIGIN 01 THE ■■». 1. I 0»! I'll i^'-r* they had not the shghtest interest; unless they had assumed that theii' proposition had a\'eady been practically carried out, which they were led to sup- pose from the similarity of name. In 1508, Vespucci became a Senior Spanish pilot, and three years later, the government prohibited the sale of maps to for- eigners. Las C'asas — who w^rote a history in 1527, — informs us that ho was said to have written the name of America on the map, which, — as we have seen — was perfectly correct. It was Spain therefore, who adopted the native name of her new coast of Amaraca-pana or "America,'' and Charles V, gave it to his new world; while outsiders — from whom all information had been prohibited — are the only people to whom historians can refer, in justification of their assertion that Vespucci named America. It is a curious coincidence, that the names of the two countries— America and China — guarding the Pacific ocean, have appeared in history for centuries, before the men lived, who are said to have named them. The celestial kingdom is said to have been called after the royal family of Tsin' (200 b. c.) which Roman historians have taught us to pro- nounce China, and— as if by way of adding insult to injury — they have created much confusion, by calling their greatest philosopher, Confucius, which 1 Wo may observe en pasHant, that " Siu " means God iu Japanese, and heart in Chinese, but of coia'se pboneticH will not explain its nicanini,; unless agr(>eiun with the morphological construction of the sign. All I'arly nations considered their lands holy, and the heart or center of the earth. f '»*■'- '*■ ..:,»jMi» .y.hVF. OF .IMERICA. doe. not look much like his name r-Kung-tze "-eanmg the master. A l.isto.-ian of the ^mZ ngesvvho.hd„ot make mistakes, was a most .m Ame..BO Vespucc, must have named A„,araoa or t^th^Tn •" ^°"^'^'1"°»'=« »' 'ho si„,ilarity of nan>e; a tl^at tl„s was pos.tive evidence of its discovery by '"' , they began to correct wl,at they supposed to « the errors of their conten,poraries. tl e flrs of -Inch see„,ed to be a serious l,hn,der: for it gave to Colnn, us; the honor of the discovery of the Western 1 om,sphere, and concluding that two voyages o ^ espucc, had been n,ade into one, they divided «,e„, M vmg to one the date of ,403, and to the othe 149., bemga year before Columbus.' Europe was anx,ous y looking for news of the fan,ou land vhere he gold grew, and Ludd's pan,phlet wa! Jlemand, and copied everywhere for publication. This .ttlesheet spoke of four voyages „,a,le by Vespucci'- wo from Spain, and two from Portugal, which w'as re-' ferred ton, England, at a later period, as "Those four voyages that be nowe in printe and abrode in every manneshandes."^ ,Sp.:n did not notice those re po.ts about ner new ,,ossessions, having refused to give foreigners any information. -\othing however proves more conclusively that tl>e>mstal«rfL„ddwa^ discovered and corrected- if illll I ' Humljoiat Kxain.n Critique. 2 Sir Thos. Moore Utopia Ed. IS,",!. I*? 11 m 1: ''IB 1: r ■ a 'Vl 134 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE than the map publishod in 1512 — by the same people: who issued the pamphlet referred to — in wliich it is specially stated, that the Western hemisphere was found by Columbus. This ought to have been satisfactory; but it was not so to the compatriots of Vespucci — who wrote book after book on the nautical deeds of our "Amerigo" as they called him, and over the gate of a college in Florence, which one of his ancestors had endowed in the thirteenth century, there is an in- scription, stating that Amerigo Vespucci; the dis- coverer of America, had once lived there.' If the early writers on this subject had only in- quired whether Vespucci had named America, they would have been saved the trouble of ]H'Oving that he did not discover it. Viscount Santarem, had over hundred thousand documents examined in the royal archives of Portugal, relating to voyages of discovery ; (1495-1503) none of which mention his name, while Mufioz found among the records of money p;ud for preparing western expeditions in Spain, that from April 1497, to May 1498 — the period when the supposed expedition before Columbus is alleged to have taken place— he was engaged in equipping the fleet for the Admiral's third voyage. (;)jeda, with whom he first sailed, has sworn as witness in a law suit, that he himself arrived on the continent after Columbus;- while a > Humboldt. - Humboldt Navarreto, vol. Ill, Coleccion. '»^im. ^^'AME OF AMERICA. ,„. loo states that "his first voyage M-as made" by Roya It was customary tor liistorians of that age to correct supposed errors, in a very sun.mary way; of which there are many instances. Some mediaeval cartographers, saw the Arabic name of Dn,a Mograbin on a map, and concluding that one word was enough for a small isle; they cut an unfortunate little island in two by a stroke of the pen; but navigators continued to sail over one of them, until it disappeared without explanation from the map-thc only place it bad ever existed- and the name Dina Mograbin or Western Isle was duly restored to the rightful owner. • While another geographer, seeing that Bermuda was called Smn- mers ,sle-after a navigator of that name, who thought that he had discovered it-and ruminating over the long tropical summers; wrote it "Isle of tl>e Summer," and still anotber-seeingtbe name of Eun . m 1 nndad-ooncbuled that an Irish family had hved there. And so it is. that similarity of name is constantly leading to mistake. It is not for „s to unravel the mediicval attempts to explam the cause-which never existed-o£ Ves puccis having named this Continent. Ho died in »..:^r:2;^;^;;:;:,;i;:s,;:-r:f;;^^::-'-»«^^«... "J Jiff Mr ■■■ 13G DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OE THE I \ ii .A\ 1512. The Spaniards contiiiued their conquests; and finding that America was the national name of the Southern Continent, tlie Government adopted it. No explanation was given — as far as we know — few people knew it; hut the Italians continued to point to their great compatriot, which induced a host of biographers to stick their pens into his reputation, and :^lso their ink, in an endeavour to prove a similarity of color. Others lik(? Humboldt, have de- fended him — pleading a historical mistake, while some have questioned his name^ of Amerigo— of which thei'o is positive evidence — because it was written as usual in that age in many different ways. Columbus Wcis the pioneer who introduced the AVcstern hemisphere to the mediaeval world in 1498, but England ap[)arently, put in a previous claim- by Cabot's discovery on the 21: June 1407. Then comes the pamphlet from Germany, giving Ves- pucci's departure on the 10th of May 1407, on be- half of the King of Spain — which sends Cabot's claip^ ' ligher than a kite, but now comes a copy of his ma]) found at Oxford — another in Germany, and another at Paris, with the date of his discovery as 5 A. M. 24th June 1404 — which completely dislocates Vespucci — while each nation claims him as a sub- ject. Eden says " Sebastian Cabotte tould me that ho was borne in Bristowe, and that at four yeare olde, he was carried with his father to Venice," but ' See Nation p. Hlfi, 18R». I Ptolemy 1508. • I :-M^j.6MV NAME OF AMERICA. 137 the diary of the Venetian Ambassador states, that he was bom in Venice, and bred in England King Ferdinand invited him to Spain, and he com- manded an expedition to the Kiver Rate, (1527) re maimng there several years befc.- returning, but i^ngland issued a warrant (9 Oct. 1557) "for the transporting of one Shabot, a pilot, to come out of Hispani, to serve and inhabit in England " where he arrived next year-receiving a large pension. Charles V, applied unsuccessfully for his return 1550) and three years later, sent an urgent demand,' but Cabot refused to go. He obtained the grant from Henry VH (5 Mch. 1496), to find a north west passage to China and Japan,-the dream of his life -probably also inspired by the stories of his famous compatriot, Marco Polo, and it was on this, that he made the voyages referred to. It is very probable, that Spain was willing to allow foreigners-who had no interest in her new dis- coveries-to retain the popular belief, that Vespucci had named America. England had claimed part of theA^estern hemisphere on Cabots' discovery,' who called the land Baccalos, which Mercater-the carto- gTapher of the King of Spain-puts just outside of America. These were the days of ambiguous language Pizarro told the King that he came to fight for him-he meant for the possession of him- ^!^^^J^i!tonan^s^-_thaUhe^^ ^^^^^^ ' Navarrete Colecciou. Vol. HI. p. 86. ^'mi^^^m^, ~ m ^ 'i 1 H^ii'^ 138 DISCOVERY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE opportunity to roturn the compliment — pressed him urgently to wear a pair of gold slippers, so that his soldiers might he able to recognize him. Kaleigh told the Guianians that the Queen sent him to fight for them, against the Spaniards. The mediaeval conscience was elastic. It is extraordinary, that it could have been be- lieved so long, that a Senior pilot, a foreigner, in the employment of a government who prohibited out- siders from sailing to the New World, or even ob- taining maps of it, would have been permitted to give his name to America, remaining in the employ- ment of Spain, and on friendly terms with Columbus, and when we know, that the only evidence that the Western hemisphere was named after him, is the withdrawn suggestion of a pamphlet of four pages, it is still more remarkable, specially when we con- sider, that ideas of that age, were so often printed without the slightest reason, like the work of Goro- pius Becanus, who attempted to prove, that the three first languages used in the Garden of Eden, by Eve, Satan, and God, were Persian, French, and Swedish. Whatever may have been the mistakes of that dark age, there was no mistake about the fact, that it was Charles V — one of the most famous monarchs of the world — who gave his Western hemisphere, one of the most illustrious names of antiquity, and in- stead of bearing a name unfairly alleged to have been given by error and deception, it is known by !i'i«^;. i:-i WW ! Pun'- in' *'**• •MxAJo*-: ■■v4iAm',- NAME OF AMERICA. 130 one of the most fa.nous, the most sacred in the oWest continent, not a dishonorable name, but rhat ot Its chjef nation, an empire, second to none in antique civiMzation, originating hke that of Africa the first place known to the Komans, which was afterwards given to the continent. So Amaraca, or America, was the first known name of this hemis- phere to her Spanish discoverers, and the only one among those of the four quarters of the globe of which the history and origin has been i»reserved,' so tar as it is known at present. One of tlie greatest successes of meiliaoval clays was Its geographical errors, but, tlie Amerigo ^es,,uccl faWe, was a highly respectable myth In comparison to others; sucli as William of Gloucester's history, referring to the monastery of St. Michael's Mount u, Conucall. which he recorded as six miles inland, and scientists, linding it at the water's edge used lis as proof, that the earth's a.xis was changing' H hen tlie monks of the abbey of Mont St. Michel m France, went over to England, with William the Conqueror, they brought their books describing the French monastery, one of which, the good William happened to read, and thinking that it referred to Saint Michael's Mount in Cornwall, inve„t«l what gave philosophers some serious thought, before making the discovery.' and then again, who would ]!li?]^'lto_con™Ke^^^ j^^_ ' See Miiller Chips, etc. m -, I 140 T//E NAME OF AMERICA. ters were addressed to Xew York, near Newijort, R. I., if our good forefathers liad not kept the envelopes to show us. And so it is, that truth always shines and fiction disappears in the light. ii > t 1 i3NriDE:2c. Cause of the discovery of America ^^'"^' Portugal seekH a pnsHft-e to ludiii... ^ Exciteiueut in Spain, and arrival of Colund'.us !? Columbus sails to find Japan, where «oI.l and peads gr^w;; 21 Columbus lands in the Western hemisphere ,, En.hsh ships seek the isle where K-.ld and pearls grew Z 8pam prohibits foreigners from landin. :n the We:;eni h^ni^ sphere Columbus finds a Continent. . . ^^ Aieda. with Amerigo Vespucei "as 'passei;.' land^" 'nt ' Aml^a^a: '^ pana Sir Walter lialeigh finds' the vali:,- "of Amenoa;pana: 50 Amaraca.pana, the first settlement on the Continent. Jl Con.nest of the Kingdom of Amaraea and twenty milUcins: Z" Amaracan or American nath.nal history Splendor of the Kings of Amaraea or America Z St. America or Hua-Am.raca, the foundation and "histori;;; " Capitol of aboriginal America ^ Charles: King of Spain and Empero; " of' Ge;m;ny: ' bapM.es "' America Treasure found in America crea^J^^iid'ex^i^ement'in Eimnie ' " ' r^ ho said that America was named after Amerigo Vespucci ?...'/. '. 130 ' ii'^E 1, •i ft • I' s I. ' I . li ," , IHSCOVKRY OF THE ORIGIN 01 DlSCOVIiRY OF Tllli ORIGIN OF TIIF NAME OF AMERICA f Copyright 1888.) Map showing the Reograiihical ideas of the fifteenth century, and the position of the cities and Kingdoms of Amaraca or America.