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 KEPOKT 
 
 OF 
 
 CHARLES W. FAIRBANKS, 
 
 EHgineer of the Mand Navigalioii Company, 
 
 ADOPTED AT THE 
 
 
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 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE 
 
 COMPANY. 
 
 Held on the 4th Aprils 1855. 
 
 HALIFAX : 
 
 rJilNI£I> Ur LiTGLlSU AND ULACKADAE, 
 
 1855. 
 
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 To the President, Directors and Shareholders of the 
 Inknd Navigation Company. 
 
 Gentlemen, — 
 
 On the Eighteenth of June, 1854, operoiions to 
 construct a Canal or Inland Navigation from the Har- 
 bour of Halifax to the Basin of Minas, were re- com- 
 menced, an interval of twenty-two years having elapsed 
 since the same works were in progress under the 
 direction of the Shubenacadie Canal Company. As 
 all the works now executed, or in process of being 
 formed, have been built by men under my immediate 
 "orders, I shall detail what has been done, beginning at 
 the Grand Lake, and describe the various works which 
 intervene between it and the Harbour of Halifax. At 
 the South end or head of the Grand Lake, the old 
 Canal Company had erected a Lock and Dam, which 
 were intended to enable Vessels to pass up into 
 Fletcher's Lake, the height or rise to be overcome 
 being about ten feet. The Lock was built of stone, 
 and the Dam is an extensive work. On examination 
 of this Lock it was found so imperfect as to require to 
 be re-built. The Dam was ako very defective. This 
 Lock is built on solid slate rock ; I have taken don'ii 
 all the old masonry, excavated and levelled the rock to 
 make a sure and good foundation for the new work, 
 ve-built the chamber walls about one-third their full 
 
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 height. This portion of tlio work is inidcr ilio level of 
 the water in the (j! rami Lake. The water was puniped 
 pfT, a Coffer Dam Ijeing plaeed on the Ljilie side of the 
 Loek, the chamber walls are seven feet thick and are 
 bnilt with great care, the cement used came from Iho 
 Hosendale Cement Works, New York. All the masonry 
 isLiitl witli ilydranlic Cement : no Lime will he used 
 except for the hack part of the walls, ahove the water 
 line in the Canal. The stone in the old Lock not being 
 of proper dimensiojis, I opened a pranite Quarry on 
 the West side of Fletcher's Lake in the Winter, and 
 obtained an ample supply of that valuable sione, not 
 only for this Lock, but for all the works which may 
 be required on the Canal ; some of the stones now cut 
 and ready to go into the walls of the Lock weigh two 
 tons each. Sand of the best cpiality is to be got on the 
 shores of the Grand Lake. The Iron Work for the 
 JjQck Gate^ is now ready for use. The Timber is ou 
 hand ; in fact, the Iron and Timber for all the Locks 
 on the Canal, from the Grand Lake to the Harbour, arc 
 (ilready prepared. 
 
 The Dam at the head of the Grand Lake has been 
 repaired ; it yvas found to have been built in a most 
 careless manner — numbers of old logs, trees, roots, 
 and much rubbish have been removed from the founda- 
 tion : a solid bai)k has been made faced on the up 
 stream side with stone. To complete the works, at 
 this point, the Lock Walls wall be carried up ten feet 
 above the proposed level of the Grand Lake at high 
 water line ; this w^ill make the whole height of the 
 chamber walls sixteen feet. The Locks on the Canal 
 are all to be Seventeen Feet Four Inches wide at the 
 bottom, and the wails have a batter of one half-incli 
 to the foot. No side tunnels are to be used. The 
 

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 Lo^Ye^ Cialor. arc oommun Lm:k Cuics, but ilie ii]jpei' 
 Gates arc to l)c what is called the IIollosv Breast Fail- 
 ing Gates— this being the latest improvement in Lock 
 Gates, The length of all the Locks is to be sixty-six 
 feet in the chamber, a waste Wear,capablc of ilischarg- 
 iixg all the water which may require to pass over it in 
 the g^-eatest freshet, will be placed in the Grand Lake 
 Dam. Plank for this waste Wear and for the Gates, 
 is engaged, and will soon be on the works. Sheds for 
 the workmen, Blacksmiths' Shops, Tools of all kinds 
 for tie S^one Cutters, Masons, Blacksmiths, and Ship 
 Carpt-.terp. are on hand at this point. This Lock is a 
 c n. V Cxiic'it depotibr all the w^ork Northward. An ex- 
 aminu^ion of tho works at the Grand Lake will con- 
 "viiice any one ::hat T v izh to construct the work in tho 
 ijio- 1 jfolid pial careful manner—equal, I think, to the 
 host works on thi^ continent. I should not have located 
 the works at the Grand Lake, as they n,re now being 
 built, had I been the Engineer in the first instance. 
 Economy compels me to use the old works as far as it 
 is prudent to do so. On the East side of the Grand 
 Lake Lock is placed a Shipyard from which we can, at 
 a short notice, launch a large Canal Boat, now nearly 
 completed. Timber, &c., for another boat is now in 
 the Yard. The Boat built is formed much like those 
 now in use on the Mersey and Irwell Canal. It is to 
 be sloop-rigged and the mast will be lower down, so as 
 to permit the Boat to pass under the Railway and other 
 Bridges, if not made with a draw in them. On the 
 shores of the Grand Lake, I have now Timber enough, 
 or nearly so, for the whole Canal— below as well as 
 above the Grand Lake. I found no difficulty in ob- 
 taining the wood wanted for the Gates and Locks, 
 although I could not get any one to contract to get it 
 
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 tor mo, except id a]}oiil lour limes il.s viiluc ; but, 
 ihiiiiks to Mr. Uup:h Loiiim, the active foveinnn of the 
 men engaged in cutting Timber, T bjive a, large quan- 
 tity on baud, and can obtain all I may want for tbls 
 or any otJier work, of tlie best quality. 
 
 The i\Iain Post Roiul to Truro has been raised in 
 several places, so as to elevate it above the top water 
 line of the Canal. These embankments have been 
 made at Holland's Brook, on the East side of Fletcher's 
 Lake, and at two places neal'Lake Thomas. The road 
 leading to Sackville from Scott's, on the Truro road, 
 I had embanked ; and, at this place, sustained on logs, 
 as the former road was built on the top of a soft bog. 
 
 We now come to Fletcher's Lock ; here we havo 
 erected a Bridge to form a Eead to the Lock, repaired 
 the old Dam, pat in a large sluice capable of draining 
 Lakes Thomas and William, so as to permit the con- 
 struction or repair of all the works between this point 
 and Porto Bello or Marshall's. The old Lock, being 
 built on Slate Rock, has been reduced in height, re- 
 poped and repaired, with the exception of the Foro 
 Bay, which will be completed early this Summer. The 
 Dam will be planked and a large waste Wear formed. 
 This Lock is expected to answer our present wants ; 
 but, should it be found defective, it can be re-built at 
 a small cost- — the Granite Quarry being near to it. It 
 will have new Gates put in. It will be observed that, 
 so soon as the Grand Lake and Fletcher's Lake Lockg 
 are finished, a navigation of Eighteen Miles will be 
 completed, extending from the foot of the Grand Lake 
 to Porto Bello. This part of the work will be put intq 
 use without delay, as some trade may, at once, bo 
 carried on, and the materials for the other portions pf 
 the work brought down. The channel of tjie riypp 
 
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 above Flotclicr's Lock has ])Con dccponccl nncl mado 
 straight. This was a very important part of the work. 
 We were enabled to finish the under water work, ex- 
 tending from Fletcher's Lock to the foot of the Inclined 
 Plane at Marshall's, owing to the very favourable 
 season. The want of men was very much felt. The 
 Narrows at Scott's have been deepened, and numbers 
 of large rocks blown up and removed from the channel. 
 We now come to Porto Bello ; here a very extensive 
 and difficult excavation has been made to carry the level 
 of Lake William up to the Inclined Plane. This cut 
 is five hundred yards long, twenty-five feet wide at 
 the bottom, with slopes two to one. The material re- 
 moved consisted of hard gravel, large rock, and mud. 
 {The Inclined Plane is graded and is ready for the rails. 
 A strong and solid Dam has been perfected which re- 
 tains the water of Lake Charles. The old Lock is used 
 as a waste Wear, when it is required to send the water 
 of Lake Chaiies Northward, so that repairs may be 
 made at the works at Port Wallace. The Post Road 
 has been embanked. The Porto Bello Inclined Plane 
 will be about six hundred feet in length, and over- 
 comes a height of thirty-five feet. The roadway is 
 very solid, and the Dam here and at Fletcher's was 
 proved by the very violent freshets, last Fall ; with 
 the exception of the breakage of a small sluice, no 'n- 
 jury was sustained on any part of the Canal. We have 
 a large quantity cf stone cut and uncut at Porto Bello, 
 xvhich may be sold or taken to re-build the Locks at 
 Port Wallace. The old Company spent .£15,000 at 
 this place. Lake Charles is the summit level of the 
 fJanal, and its water will supply the machinery to raise 
 the Boats from Lake William, and also the Locks at 
 the fiead of the Dartmouth Lake, it will be used too a^ 
 
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 fi roscrvoir for the Mills nl Davlmoutli. The D.im ni 
 I orto liello is .l-sirrncd to retain ilio water of Lnko 
 Charles about two ieet above the water lino of the 
 Canal ; this extra space will contain the freshet water 
 which may flow from Lake Loon and Cranberry J <ako 
 I entertain no doubt but that we shsiU have plentv of 
 water not only for Canal use, but also for water po^;ers. 
 bhould, hereafter, more water be demanded, Spider 
 J ake, containinrr about 200 acres, and elevated 184 
 Ieet ahove Lake Charles, may, by a short cut, be 
 turned into Lake Charles. A large reservoir may also 
 be constructed on the Company's land on Lake Loon run. 
 1 would observe that I have not only tried to build 
 you a Canal, but also form a number of water powers 
 at the Locks. All the water between Dartmouth Cove 
 and 1 orto Bello, not required to work the Plane at 
 Marshall s, will flow into Dartmouth Cove. I hope 
 to see this valuable stream turning, on its way to the 
 mrbour, the watpr wheels of many useful Factories. 
 The quantity of water discharged. fvom Dartmouth 
 Lake exceeds my former calculations ; night and day 
 the water flows— no care is taken to .jreservo it. ' 
 At Port Wallace, one of the two old Locks has been 
 taken down, and all the stone fit for use re-cut, the 
 channel in the deep cut has been cleared out, the 
 stones taken out of it have been built in a kind of re- 
 taining wall on the top of which a tow path is made. 
 It IS hoped that the other Lock will, with some repair 
 answer our purpose, as it was not built by contract! 
 and IS founded on the solid slate rock. I have a quan- 
 tity oi Timber ready to form the bottom of the other 
 or upper Lock, in case it is found too expensive to 
 base it altogether on the rock. The work remaining 
 to be done at this point will be to re-build the Lock or 
 
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 Locks, jind to finisli llic channel in the deep cut, with 
 a Guard Ualo, at the South cnOoI'Lako Charles. We 
 have now arrived at I^artmouth. 
 
 The w(>rk done has been llio cutting- and removal 
 oC a large mass of stone up to the Lock at the foot of 
 Dartmouth Lake. 'As the i)roposed position of the 
 new Lock, at the Dartmouth Lake, will re([Viire its 
 location on a clay foundjition, a lot of Timber has been 
 passed through the Cr.nal and is now ready lor use in 
 the foundation. The iact that Tunber has already 
 passed through 14 miles of tl. Oantd, is some proof 
 of its present utility. 
 
 The Canal liasin, above the large circular Dam, 
 was filled w^ith water, last Fa.. ; the Dcm retains the 
 water, and I do not doubt l)ut that, with some repair 
 to the sluices, it will answer the purpose for which it 
 w^as intended. From the Circular Dam an Inclined 
 Plane or Bail way, jvbout 1,500 feet in length, has to 
 be made to pass the Boats into the Harbour ut Dart- 
 mouth Go\G ; tho pniieipal cost here will be the ex- 
 pense to be incurred for the rails, wire, rope and 
 water-wheel to v>rork the Incline. The grading of tho 
 Plane is not a vory expensive matter, and can be made 
 very soUd and perfect. The Company own at Dart- 
 mouth a large and valuable property ; the Grist Mill is 
 rented to Messrs. White & Co. ; there are several 
 tenements under rent; tho Cove gives some small 
 revenue as a place for small vessels to winter in. On 
 the West side of the Cove are several Lots of Land^ 
 lately used for ship-building purposes ; these Lots will 
 increase in value as the facilities for obtaining ship 
 timber, via the Canal, extend. The most valuable 
 property in Dartmouth is the water power of ^he 
 stream descending from the Dartmouth Lakes, here- 
 
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 If 
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 lifter to be increased in value by ihea-ldition of all the 
 water which now drains into Cranberry Lake, Lake 
 Loon and Lake Charles, and, if required, Spider Lake. 
 These water powers can now be leased or rented, and 
 should yield a large revenue. "W^ater powers can also 
 be leased at Fletcher's Lock and at the Grand Lake 
 Lock, so soon as the work at these points is finished. 
 
 Nothing has as yet been done towards the improve- 
 ment of the Shubenacadie River, Ijeyond preparing a 
 large quantity of Timber for the AVooden Locks, pro- 
 posed to be placed to avoid the rapids on tlie river. 
 From the examination I have made, there appears less 
 ddficulty in making a good navigation in the river than 
 was at first supposed. The Company own two Lots 
 of Land in the County of Halifax, and a large Lot in 
 Hants County ; one lot contains 2,800 aores and is 
 distant from Dartmouth about 25 miles by the post 
 road, it fronts on the river IGO chains or two miles, 
 extending book two miles and thirty chains ; another 
 Lot is one mile Eastward of the rivor and contains 
 1,200 acres. The Lot in Hants County is two miles 
 and a half Westv/ard of the river ; it contains 3,123 
 acres of very valuable land. These lots, if divided 
 into small lots and sold, w^ould yield a large sum, but 
 the Company should not be in any hurry to dispose of 
 their lands, or water powers at some points, for every 
 day adds to their value. The Company also hold a 
 number of small lots on which tJie Canal works are 
 located. I would propose th.vt the Company finish, 
 without delay, the iiocks and other works at the Grand 
 Lake, Fletcher's and Porto Bello ; we would then have 
 21 miles of navigation in use which would give a reve- 
 nue from the large quantity of logs, masts, spars, cord 
 wood, &<\, which would come <lown to the South end. 
 
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 11 
 
 of Lako Charles ; the remaining distance of two and a 
 half miles to the Dartmouth Cove could be used in an 
 unfinished state, it being all down hill into the Dart- 
 mouth Lakes, where much of the productions of the 
 forest would be deposited for sale or use. 
 
 At the present high rate of labor and materials it 
 will cost, as near as I can estimate, .£150 for the waste 
 Wear and £350 for the Grand Lake Lockj £200 for 
 Fletcher's Lock, £2,500 for the Inclined Plane at 
 Porto Bello, £800 will put the Port Wallace L'>cks 
 and deep cut in working order, £3,500 should con- 
 struct the Inclined Plane at Dartmouth and finish the 
 Lock. This increased cost of the work Southward of 
 the Grand Lake is due to the high rate of labor and 
 materials, and from the manner in which the old Canal 
 works were constructed, compelling me to re-construct 
 over again a large quantity of work, which, I had sup- 
 posed, would answer for the new works. It has alsc 
 been considered proper greatly io improve the design 
 and wuikiiiautiliip of all the works ; in fact, we are 
 making a far superior work than at first contemplated, 
 induced to do so from the belief that the advantages to 
 be derived from it demand the most careful and solid 
 construction. We have a large quantity of tools, re- 
 quired in making a Canal, and a Forge and Carpenter 
 8hop in Dartmouth. The sale of the land, not wanted 
 for Canal purposes, and the proceeds from the sale of 
 stone and tools, when the work is finished, will re-pay 
 a large portion of the outlay. A large portion of the 
 work done by the "old Company is available and valu- 
 able in the present work. 
 
 I have to thank your President, Directors and 
 Secretary for their personal kindness, and the assis- 
 tance they have, at all times, giyeu me, 
 
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 The workmen, in every brancli of the work, have 
 been remarkable for their good conduct ; only one man 
 has. been injured. I do believe that every one con- 
 nected with the work has tried to do his duty ; all the 
 overseers of the working parties arc young and active 
 men, and have evinced a desire to advance the work. 
 My assistant, Mi. McDougall, has done all in his 
 power to aid me ; by him many useful surveys and 
 Ines af level have been made. For myself, I can say 
 that I have used every effort to bring to a successful 
 completion, the important provincial enterprise of 
 which I have the honour to be the Chief Engineer, 
 and, should I continue to be your Enginaer, I trust 
 that the day is not distant when the waters of Che- 
 bucto Harbour will be united, by an Inland Naviga- 
 tion, to those of Cobequid Bay, as creditable to your 
 Enterprise as it will be valuable to the whole Province, 
 
 1 am, &c , &n , ft^rvaut, 
 CIIAKLES W. FAIRBANKS, CE. 
 
 Halifax, April 4th, 1855. 
 
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