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 ^^HNrVf-)iV^V^HNVWi,-^Vi4^ 
 
 
 
 WALTER SHAHLY, Esg, C. E. 
 
 ON THE 
 
 WATER- WORKS 
 
 OP 
 
 THE CITY OF iftONTREAL 
 
 ACOJMPANIRD BY A 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OP 
 
 JAMES B. FRANCIS 
 
 HYDRAULIC ENCINriK OF LOWSLL 
 
 ON THE SAME SUBJECT. 
 
 i\ 
 
 MONTREAL : 
 
 rHiaTKU BY THE MONTREAL PRINTING AND PUBLISHINQ CO. 
 
 1^8. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 jat 
 
 ^HHHBHi^^H 
 
REPORT 
 
 OP 
 
 WALTER SHANLY, Esq, C. E. 
 
 ON TllK 
 
 WATER WORKS 
 
 OP 
 
 THE CITY OF MONTREAL 
 
 ACCOMl'AXim) BY A 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OP 
 
 JAMES B. FRANCIS 
 
 HVUKAULIC KMilNEK.R OK I.OWKI.L 
 
 ON THK SAME SUBJECT 
 
 MONTREAL : 
 
 PRINTED BY THE JIONTKEAL PRINTIXU AND PUBLLSIIIXU CO. 
 
 18G8. 
 
REPORT. 
 
 Joiix McGauvran, Esq., 
 
 Cliainnnn Water Committee, 
 City Council, Montreal. 
 Sir : 
 
 On loth March I received from the City Clerk copy of a 
 liesolnfon of the Water Committee of the City Council, em^;, 
 >ng yourself and Councillor Lyman to treat .ith me " Jth tL 
 v.ew to have such an examination an.l report upon the Water 
 V 0,-ks, present and prospective, as the case may seem to re,,uire " 
 Ihe same Resolution authorises me to "obtain the advice of 
 otlierj,rofessional gentlemen" should I "doom it necessary to 
 
 On 18tl, March, I received official intimation that Mr. J B 
 Francs, Engineer of the Lowell Manufacturing Companies had 
 also been called in for consultation on the .vath- ^uX ;.: 
 as requested to meet and confer with him-.hich 1, accordin^lv, 
 did, havmg previously, at an interview with yourself and Mr 
 Lyman, undertaken to examine into and ropoi. on the matter^ 
 
 ^On 21st March, Mr. Francis and myself, accompanied by tho 
 ^%or, yourself, as Chairman of the Water Committ e and 
 other _i.embers of the Corporation, inspected the Aqued 't 
 Pumpmg Machmery, and made a cursory examination of th 
 
 Mr. Fr 
 
 ■ancis' Report, already in the hands of the Committee 
 
 &02>5>V 
 
r "ill liave occasion to icfc,. ,„ f,„.,, 
 
 "» -l'"-™! I,- ,1,0 ,,oa, J: 'I"'" ""• »:"1 "ill ncv proceed, 
 
 llio present Water ll-„,.l 
 
 »s->-.-.e :, ti„,o ,,,„.„ „,e „;;;:;" ''t-T'' '""'» «••*<■" jo.,. 
 
 -I '10 water, alikn fn,. . i ^' "^ *^'« '' vcm-. 
 -•■^"■■"■l"o..nel.:o7:ti::i;;?'T--' o.e,n„., 
 
 »'^.?™lly .le,i.„e,l Lnfe : * 'I "'."';'"""■ '^'''« f"™--. 
 -'3 ice. ,li„,„o,o, „,^,, "^:^"' :,««"' ;-f two breast-wheel, 
 l'.«.-cccntl^-l,ee„a,,,,e.,, ""'""° "'"•"'' « f™t ,lia,„etc,., 
 
 ^'10 bottom of t),o i 1 
 
 *,.e of o incites i, ,,f ^f ',:'• '" "•^■•"' '» «'>-. a ,.„,it„ „, 
 
 ™'*co .vidth bein,. -.0 i, ?,:="""'■"'*">■ of 20 Set; e 
 
 area of 240 feet of , . '"■' ''"""'sioiis .-ivc a »„„,• , 
 
 feet f.,n "."' ""*"■• and a vobo„„ „,. ,:.f " '"<^''»"al 
 
 area of 240 feet of .iate/ ,„,/'" ,''""""'°"'' ^'''^ a „ee„„„„ 
 fe«' fall on the wi.ecl ' •'' ™'""'" »'■ *«oha,™-,v ' 
 
 [»■■ cffoCing what ■^': ';';» "-f^ «»« '--l^vcr-a i 
 '""I'icl, this «c„e,.a.i„ ";a • e ::; f™' '° '« "'^ ™'-l» 
 'ater supply fo^ „,„ f,,,,," '^t '"" '° «" ''" yovidin. „ 
 
 "•V;vitb anothe,. .,,c ;» ! , JT "^ "> «»"<»- Per ,,ea " ( 
 
 I'lio surface of the ri o, ' " M'"lati"n of 120 000 
 .•^-al. ™ .alcen to L i," "'■■' '"'"'''' 'y *« Wat„ W l, 
 
 «™l »f Montreal Ha, C '.'■; t' ''»f • ''^ f-t above rfj, , 
 ■'"■'■■ ™«, save in the dertb "f ''°"" "^ '«'• "'o river has 
 
 I' «ehed its lowest O-eco leT '^ ^ """"""'" '"■"' »f 38 
 
 '-'^«a,., When, „„ ti.:2o°tr ni:™:::'!:";' "; '^'"™^« »' 
 
 "c month, It stood at 36" 
 
 ii^-. 
 
 * " B*fRH^WK- 
 
On that (lay all tliree wlicols — the two hroast-wheols and the 
 turbine — were in motion, and the duty jieiformcd was as follows: 
 
 Tlie Ureast-wlieels 
 The Turbine - 
 
 4,052,824 -allons 
 4,001,8:58 '' 
 
 Total pumped in 24 hours 8,0")4j;(;2 " 
 
 This punipin,^ was done under liij^h pressure— 80 lbs. on the 
 s luarc hieh— and Mr. LeSa^'e informs me that, had the breast- 
 wheels alone been worked on the day in (piestion, they could 
 have sent up si.\ million ;2;allons to the Mountain Keservoir. 
 Their estimated capacity, it will l)e borne in mind, was five 
 million gallons p.er day, with the river at its (assumed) mliiliinnn 
 level of SG, and the A(iucduct witli its (assumed; least depth of 
 8 feet. 
 
 The gauging of the water at the entrance of the Aqueduct shows 
 the general (summer) level of the St. Lawrence, at that jioint, to 
 be above, rather than below, ;)8; or one foot and four-tenths 
 higher than the lowest observed (summer) water referred to as 
 having occurred on 20tli September, 18(17. At that level, J]8 
 feet above ^lontreal Harbour, the river may be said to be in its 
 normal summer condition ; and the Water "vVorks, with the exist- 
 ing arrangement of banks, sluices, and wears, at their nuLvimum 
 of utility, signifyhig the ability to supply not far short of ten 
 million Imperial gallons in a day of twenty-four hours; while 
 their minimum (summer) capacit" is limited wHhin eight 
 millions. 
 
 Tlic above figures have reference to that portion of the year, 
 say from middle of April to middle of December, when the flow 
 of water is unimpeded by frost. The turbine wheel and a second 
 Eising-main have recently been superadded to the original plan 
 of the works. The A(iueduct remains as at first constructed, 
 and by its capacity has to be measured that of the whole scheme. 
 It would seem, tlien, that for eight months out of the twelve, at 
 all events, the Water Works in their existing condition are fully 
 » up to their engagements"— capable of performing all that was 
 promised for, and more than was deemed likely to bo required of 
 
« 
 
 ■^i-.-.'oIi;.ell';; tt.?;*: *';;,;;;i'''''^' '™"»«'™at™ i„ „,„ 
 
 «"■" "i'l. 11,0 ii,,„i,i „,,fj ; :.'» 7'»;o feci, „,|,i,.|, i, 
 
 " '■" "^'"'l »'«. "f ,l,e v„l,„«' ,■';;•'■ '*'!'' i' i» not alone i„ 
 *'"-■ '■i-lwo.! capacity „f tl,o ' '■•■'■"^'""' '"'■■""«l. it tl, 
 
 "'•"«««'i >'i. "Ho., of ,,:,,:' ,^'» ''' 'ooh'.i fo,.-; f .;;r 
 
 »-....« a cl„,e pipe „,, „„ ,^ ;, 4;:'' °i*" a„„ «,,.„„„, ,^ 
 
 A'/"o,l„ct 1,,,,,, „„„„ at allo.c : '""' "f '"' "•■"".-"•ay, the 
 
 'o».;vicc,,e,.,H„„p,,,,,,;'^;;»''«™ 
 "■ »'"'.ty to ,c.,p„,„| (,; „,„ , """'o. gallons pe,. ,, 
 "...'o.- .nonll,, of 18,,,, "",'''"•'"* '..aJc np„„ it. l„ i,' " ' 
 
 ""'/ of i|,„ p„,„^, „.„^ ^^ folio"". !!:'"""• "'"I «'« average daily 
 
 I>eceml)er, 1866 
 Januarj, 1867 
 Febriiaiy, '' 
 ^larch, i' 
 
 • ^'721,401 gallons. 
 4,809,262 u 
 
 - '5,2:^0,228 '^ 
 
 4,827,070 u 
 
 -I nose avera"-es avr. ,^e i 
 
 ^'o-qCs die or tlavs nf oi j 
 
 upon the .etua, „,„„^„, „/,,„;"«"'- VVore tUy sU:ci 
 
 ""'O'V^notwoAed) i„ ,vl,icrZ ^teoVr *^^ •"'™ f"" 
 
 °" were m motion, the 
 
 .•smsmt^.mm!sfm 
 
''cy were planned 
 
 «f'>rmation' i„ o„r , 
 to _«pfak, of t)ie 
 ' ^vitli because of 
 Liiureiico at tlio 
 
 ■t-'ii winters, it is 
 "» fallen i.elow 
 ™ ^'au«rc of ;J8, 
 I't'i of IQ feet,' 
 ''''jiiijL; into ice' 
 "'''tee ; thus at 
 ""ill area with 
 ^^ot, wJn'ch it 
 's not ahnie in 
 '"■""^'J» it that 
 "'•—a further 
 i''out hy tlio 
 f^j of what, ill 
 free-flowiii.r 
 months. 
 ^^^J'-^v-ay, the 
 '■^i^'oncies of 
 fJay, proved 
 In tlic four 
 '■ ^vas main- 
 eraije daily 
 
 ns. 
 
 ej struck 
 vJien full 
 >tion, the 
 
 duty performed would show consideruldy hi;^her. Two wheals — 
 soiiietiines both lu'east-whocls ; sometimes one breast-wheel and 
 the ciirbine — were generally in aetion at the same time, the two 
 former iVeipicntly pumpin;^; ujiwards of five million gallons in the 
 '2-i hours, and, notedly, on l.Sth February, almost always the 
 month most trying iijion the works, they lifted .J,T0:i,7:)<) gallons 
 under Reservoir pressure. On ^(Jth Deeember (iHOtJ), when 
 the coating of ice must have nearly reaehed its natural thickness, 
 one breast-wheel and the turbine, working in unison, sent up 
 nearly nine million gallons for their day's work. The Jainiary 
 (lHt!7) performance of two wheels fretpiently exceeded six 
 million gallons per day, and the March work, nearly altogether 
 duo to the breast-wheels, was as often in advance of five million 
 gallons for the twenty-foiu- hours. 
 
 With the foregoing facts in view, it may seem uTuieccs. ary to 
 state that in that winter (l8t)G-7) the river did not fall to an 
 imusually low stage ; in fact, it maintained what I have termed 
 its normal, summer, level of 38 almost all winter, the gauging 
 siiowing it to have been more frecpiently al)ove than below that 
 line. Witness the followin"; averaws : — 
 
 In Decemlier, 180(3 
 " January, 1867 
 "■ February, 
 " March, 
 
 
 38.22 
 38.31 
 38.38 
 37.87 
 
 figures which, taken in conjunction with the duty performed by 
 the pumps, lead to the conclusion, that did the river, where 
 drawn upon by the A(piednct, never fall below 38, or could the 
 level of the latter be, by artificial means, maintaincl at that 
 datniii, water troubles, such as those which so vexed the city in 
 the winter of 18G.5-(J, and again in that from which we have just 
 now emerged, would not have to be feared — not, that is to say, 
 while the supply required is limited within from five to six 
 million gallons per day. 
 
 But recent experience teaches that the river at the point of 
 supply is occasionally subject to much wider fluctuations than 
 
■"Stance:-. " "''™ the Water U'„,.l 
 
 "onjMction „-c,.o fi, . '■• ^'« evil, „.:'■ ""' »«Por.l<We,! to 
 "'■no^tcttinl f'''"'"°»'»«riou,,|^,yt" 7;« f"™ the „„ 
 "'"i «,.e b,.„;;1, '» f':M".v fi-on,-^,,:' :, ; " «'™t indeed „? 
 
 ""'"'■■"yove,.;, ;.'"=, "«""■ «o ,.„p'^^;,7 ,'';■'*"», alone, 
 "'•'"flow the iee °", '•f""" '<> ri», and TT ''" <■""> «.e 
 
 f»™ as the ,,*'/'"'» »f the na„,„ ,, , '7'«'. bft, fa,. 
 .'»" <"• d-o „,J„' ™°- 31.i« surface-,™ '"'"'''"' '» '« 
 
 7.r'^. -..! aXi !' T''-"" »»"'« P tir'*^'''-"^^ ">> 
 
 '''":'•, as tj,e river * " '"""^ of ,v,r "P'atod at 
 
 '-■ »«" fnrtl.;; , ;7 »'>a«7 rose, a ,„ " "' *« ontrano 
 
 !™»-'Wfts, a sow : :' ,"""" »' ''"'■"'sV t r:™' "'° ^""'-•™ 
 
 '°™""i '■" ".0 cl,aZ •/""" "I'- a,, ii „,4 ™;%''" of heavy 
 ";-;""*,.„e.t,,.'"""' ''=-•"« b..t scan ^^J^-'^Mpoodi,; 
 ^ r- *o »-i„ter thai ,„ . . '^'' "'» "ow „f 
 
 ^'l"»''»ct, fron, '„ * '"" J"''' passed aw,, ., 
 
 Tr " «"o ."C ilS""™'"" -""-aS ';.::;"""■"" »f "■« 
 
 "■''"ols restin .,„„,:!', "^ """ Wrse than ,, '"'""''"■'' causes 
 "" '"safficient s„„ " !r''''"'S »* '.alf-stroi;'-;^ '?"' """^ <«- 
 
 ' ^^ ^^i"«^-e feet were' 
 
'^■0 pianned-.for 
 
 .iS_ 
 
 I- at 
 
 S5y 
 
 35. 
 
 ^ '^' aJ^ ivJiiJo 
 -'•vations tJiat 
 ^Porndded to 
 " *^e two in 
 ent indeed of 
 
 ■'^'"(', alone, 
 ^^as found 
 
 ^'' fi'ora the 
 "P. Mould 
 ' '^"t, fast 
 5ed to rise 
 'froze on 
 seated at 
 ^iitj'ance, 
 ' sunken 
 '^ heavy 
 speedily 
 floiv of 
 
 of the 
 
 causes 
 
 >i'east- 
 
 b, to- 
 
 ' send 
 
 crine 
 
 'iiigs 
 
 fioiit 
 
 uffi- 
 
 or; 
 
 Ci'e 
 
 •9 
 
 avcailablc for the Avater-flow — the least summer volume alluded to 
 heing represented by 2G4 square feet of area. The thickness of 
 the ice over this portion of the canal measured tritlihi tiro iiiclirx 
 of siv feet. 
 
 Siifficient has now been noted of the plan and capacity of the 
 Aipieduct to show that, under the most favoriii,L!; conditions of 
 river and season, ten millions Imperial gallons per day is about 
 the limit of its ability to supply water to the city ; while there 
 will be times, even in summer, when not eight million gallons can 
 ]»e dejicndcd on. For winter ])rospccts, the best that can be 
 hoped for is an occasional re-enacting of the conditions diat 
 obtained in 18n(}-7, when the river maintained a mgher level 
 tliau it usually does in die cold season, and ' .^ works Avcre alile 
 to respond tu the calls made upon them to die extent of five 
 million gallons, daily average, and might possibly have been 
 pressed up to six millions. That is the best that can be looked 
 for, however comparatively favorable the season, in the existing 
 condition of the works. What the irorst is, we have learned 
 from last winter's experience, which saw the Reservoir all but 
 dry, and the city almost literally without water, during the 
 greater part of February and March. 
 
 It is with a view to obviating these worst-winter troubles that 
 this water (|uestion must now be considered, and -wliatever the 
 measure of supply, to Avhatever proportions it is assumed that the 
 population of the city may possibly expand, and how much soever 
 per head of population n^ay be allowed for the daily average of 
 consumption, estimates and calcidations should be predicated on 
 providing that the maximum of allowance for the hottest days of 
 summer shoidd be alike available in the coldest spells of Avinter. 
 
 The draught upon the Water Works is annually increasing at 
 the rate of half-a-million gallons per day : that is to say — it is 
 ascertained at the close of each year that the cpiantity of Mater 
 pumped throughout die year has averaged 500,000 gallons more 
 each day than it had done in the previous twelve months. The 
 daily demand is now approaching seven million gallons : the 
 requirements of the Avinter nionUis apjiearing from the records 
 

 '"■Wwi the most ,., -"'"tfiwtliofir /*■'"■» "He o. 
 
 '""'■"'■••■I'Mly tin,, f ""' i«l"il.liio„ J, "*" ^''^ ^loo 
 ■"""■"■"^■""■"Wc tn,,w° '" '" '»"»'! i,;,!; ""*' '»'■ ^"0/, 
 
 "'^'••r every ,vi„f„. . '^' ''^'"' that thcv .. y. ^ "' ^'^e two 
 
 "■'"f-i-^^, but, f,„,,, r ; 'V'?"' "'■w»»ii/i 2S '" ""'- *o 
 
 ^"''t wa^ now, u-iH, . ""'"^"i>^' supply of ,../ . '^^ ^"^^ to 
 Papulation of 200 ann" ^''^' ^''^7 (76 ,.m1"''^ ^"""^'^'i ^^oeu 
 
 tint fifr ' ''"'' » «,e 
 
 '■'^ nfteen million o-.j,,,,,^. ■■~^' ^'Jmniitteo of H.. /." '" "* "^"^'^ 
 
 ^ ^^ "^«^-e or },,, ,^^^^ ^^ji;^' J<ead for , 
 
 ^''y ^^'0 called 
 
"■'"! those of the 
 
 "" ^>^ accoJera'tecI 
 "^ Pi-esent iForJcs 
 '^^ "«ef„Jnoss b/ 
 ^''•^t 'jecoinin^ 
 ' ^^'(-' time is at 
 ^'' Pi'ovidirig a 
 ■^^' '"'e aWo or 
 ^' ^'«s far o„t- 
 ' J'^'ars since ; 
 ^«"' -^0 much 
 'f water used 
 ' "'as at fi,..st 
 "»' in 1852, 
 ''"os^ifnot 
 ^ ^»'' such 
 "crease of 
 ■^"■"Hi'Iiout 
 'f«J use of 
 supply, 
 ' '^oinplQ. 
 
 ices and 
 tlio two 
 fft'i- and 
 ej are, 
 ione to 
 '<ii'd of 
 fi"i to 
 fiituro 
 ^fcl as 
 
 ''asis 
 ^ocin 
 01- a 
 lied 
 
 11 
 
 ufion to assume as likely to be needed, the jjrojccts submitted for 
 their consideration can be modified in point of dimensions and 
 capacity, and, consc(iucntly, as to cost, to meet the views that 
 may l)e finally adopted for their course of action in this important 
 (piestion of water supply. Upon the above hypothesis, in the 
 meantime, I will proceed to speak of the several plans proposed 
 for the 
 
 EXLARGEMKNT 0¥ TIIK WaTKH WoRKS, 
 
 And first, with respect to what I shall call 
 
 I'r.w No. 1, 
 which is that recommended by Mr. Thomas C. Keel'er, whose 
 ophiion, not alone from his high standing as an engineer, but also 
 from his intimate knowledge of the existing works, and his 
 thorough ac{piaintance with the suly'ect of water supply for cities 
 generally, is entitled to the highest consideration. 
 
 ilr. Kcefer proposes to extend the present Acpicduct some two 
 miles upwards from the entrance, by embanking o>it from the 
 river a broail and deep canal, after the manner in which many 
 portions of our St. Lawrence canals have been constructed. It 
 would, as observed, be practically an extension of the Acpieduct 
 as now existing, only very mucli wider — he proposes, I think, ()() 
 feet width of bottom. Tlie embankment shutting out the river 
 would be water-tight, so that the water in the canal Avould carry 
 its level from the point to which it is pro[)osed to extend down to 
 the present head-gates, through which the inner existing canal 
 would then be fed from the outer one, instead of, as now, directly 
 from the river. The Avatcr within could then be so regulated as 
 entirely to prevent the fluctuations that now, in winter especially, 
 so impair the usefulness and efficiency of the Aqueduct. 
 
 It is proposed to carry up this outer canal or " Feeder " to a 
 point nearly opposite the old Church of Lachine — a distance of 
 about two miles. The increased head of Avater gained would be 
 a trifle over o feet. That is to say : when the river stands at 38 
 at the entrance, its level at the old Church has been found to l)e 
 41-11".-. Careful observations made during the past winter have 
 also established the fact that the fluctuations at the latter point 
 
?' 
 
 < t 
 
 ^'•'^ 'ess marked thin u 
 
 '"'^'' ^^t the en y ''*'"^' ''f^'oH- V . 
 
 '»% ''0 'ieponrl,.,? "■" ■■" "'" (■;„„■, J :, '" "'■ '<■' On 
 
 -::::::;:■»;■•" -..:'--" 
 
 
 
 S8 
 
 420 
 
 i^ '^'' r«'«ecl JoveJ of 
 
 % '>0)SC-po„„,. 
 
 ''"""""■' """'fed pe,,,- 
 
 i'>,ooo,ooo 
 
 41 
 ■420 
 
 , '•^'•^'P a supply in . . -^^^000,000 
 
 '■'^''''■^'•onal Load of '"'^ ^••'^^^•" t/i-it H , 
 
 '<.*!5 ot ice. [['Juj 
 
''';'' •■ ^^'hen the 
 
 J' T^^'^^^ and 
 "^"'; complete,]^ 
 
 - "^'Gf outside' 
 
 *^'''" P'-evaiJcd 
 
 •'''••^ to beJieve 
 
 "'■ J cj-manent 
 
 ^'I'lediiet icft 
 ''^'"^ to accom- 
 ^vonJd he as 
 
 420 
 ,000 
 
 41 
 
 i20 
 
 ■')0 
 
 oration 
 
 th its 
 tlie 
 -and 
 lined 
 icity 
 
 feet 
 Tl,c 
 
 13 
 
 xctual capacity, however, would be less than with the summer level 
 at 38, because of the dhninution of discharge duo to the covered 
 character of the cluirmol. Under the most favourinjf conditions, 
 therefore, the winter capacity of the A(iueduct, with its raised 
 surface, would barely be ccpial to the raising of ten million gallons 
 per day. In short, as Mr. Francis in his report observes, the 
 effect of the extension would be to confer on the present works a 
 winter capacity about equal to what they now possess in summer. 
 
 But it is against the dilKculties of the leant favorable winters 
 that wo have to take measin-es, and we know that what occurred 
 this year may occur again — to-wit, a lowering of the river at the 
 church to 38-8"), Avhich would allow, were the extension scheme 
 completed, of the Aciueduct being kept up to about 38 J, j)utting 
 matters just about where they were in the winter of 18GG-7, when 
 the average height of water at the ontranco was over 38, and the 
 average duty of the pumps, daily, for the four winter months, a 
 little over 5,000,000 gallons ; and six millions the very outside 
 tliat might possibly have been forced, one day with another. 
 
 The construction of the Feeder, then, would not in itself effect 
 all that is needed. In order to guarantee fifteen million gallons 
 a day, the year round, either the existing Acjueduct would have 
 to be enlarged to dimensions commensurate Avith those of the 
 extended canal outside, or else a new one made. 
 
 To effect the enlargement of the present work, the water would 
 have to be drawn off and a supply for city uses sought at some 
 other point in the meantime, involving the use of steam power on 
 an extended and expensive scale. The enlargement project will, 
 therefore, I fear, have to be dismissed, and the making of a new 
 and distinct Aiiuoduct, alongside the existing one, considered : — 
 This embraces 
 
 Plan No. 2, 
 
 and speaking of it, i\Ir. Francis says, assuming the up-river 
 extension to have been carried out, that, even then, 
 
 " The time must soon come when the supply in the winter 
 " would be insufficient and the troubles of past winters be 
 " repeated. When that time arrives, additional provision must, 
 
"of ^^ 
 
 ,, ;; ««">-.se, be nyade To , 
 
 " extension." '"'^^''^^^ent that .-o.^h ''"^'^'^''''^^ exceed 
 . f." '^'^n.e.sation with Af ^ '"'"'^ "'"'^"^ «^« 
 
 / oanai to f„„ "» " ««„ a narrow „„e ZhT"" " """■" 
 
 »"". ^"i its Se y r ""' "''<'»■ "'o ^0 tt .'•'='"'r '» (-0 sunt ' 
 
 "" 'ho ontrane" * " ''™ """'"•»»» of f* I; ," °'""' '^ ''»"«. 
 '«' *™ .„e ;:: -PPosito, .. F„ J ' - ,;oo I ,v„„M 
 
[ *o ftiniisl, the 
 f "«' niust be 
 t«;J, Hi order to 
 ''■^'o>'se to (l,ive 
 iter." 
 
 '"cipated at an 
 ^'etter not bo 
 ^^'e proposed 
 ifloubtedJj bo 
 ^^ out, but I 
 sion, togetJier 
 "■''iWj e.vcood 
 ' iv'tliout the 
 
 y decidedJj 
 '"np'e, witJi 
 ''<^' 'lead of 
 'f'j for the 
 '^ adapted, 
 
 SlI2)pJjr of 
 
 imps," he 
 ^y fifteen 
 'e ivJieels 
 
 Francis' 
 'node of 
 is verv- 
 a more 
 '■cater. 
 I ivorJc 
 siinlv 
 ^istin ri- 
 •e the 
 loiirs, 
 ►'ouJd 
 ,000 
 y at 
 
 15 
 
 once cutting into the land at that point, but by means of an 
 embankment in the river, after the manner of the proposed 
 extension (Plan 1), commencing the land-cut a little above or 
 below the present entrance. 
 
 By taking the water from Frasor's, we would gain, at the 
 worst times, when every inch is of value, eight inches over the 
 lowest level (35) to which the river has been known to lall at the 
 lower point, and it (Frasei-'s Hill) can bo reached at less outlay 
 by means of a river embankment than a land-cutting, there 
 commencing, would cost. , 
 
 The new Afpioduct plan, at; here suggested, would also ensure a 
 purer supply of water than the extension scheme would bring 
 you. Without paying the owners of the river-front large sums in 
 compensation therefor, you could not cut them oif from access to 
 the water — that is to say, from your canal, — and in a variety of 
 ways the throwing of it open to them might render the water 
 liable to suffer disturbance and contract impurities. As an 
 extension of the first proposed extension, Mr. Keefer has suggested 
 carrying it up, at some future time, still two miles further, to 
 gain the level of Lake St. Louis ; thereby adding about three feet 
 to the three feet additional head gained at the old church. This 
 would make the outer canal, or " Feeder," some four miles long ; 
 its entrance being in the Lake alongside where that of the Lachine 
 Canal is. !Much deep water would prolmbly bo encountered on 
 those upper two miles, tending greatly to swell the cost of 
 construction, — while the result, in part, would be to leave you 
 with four additional miles of canal upon your hands, none of it 
 exclusively under your own control, unless you were to undertake 
 to buy the littoral rights of all the long-shore proprietors, and all 
 of it subjected at a multiplicity of points to the chances of defile- 
 ment. 
 
 Nor would the hydraulic results be wholly satisfactory, not at 
 all events without also giving increased capacity to the existing 
 Avoi-ks, bringing us back to the original proposition that an 
 enlarged or new Aipieduct is an inevitable element of any plan 
 that will have for its end to secure, within your own ownership 
 uud control, an unfailing supply of water to the city. 
 
as 
 
 P'"''"« the past .^'7''''' '' ^'^'^T- 
 
 ^-^'000, no aJJon-,„V ° ' '''^^ "^v^oive an '"'''•^ ^'^^'^ to 
 
 Possibjy f,„ f., , '^"^''^emrr niafj,^ •„ ^" outlay ^f ._ 
 V f>e fouiK to Pv,%^ o "laue, Cither f,„. „ '^'^^ut 
 
 J"o),Kli„ jj »»"-, also, may (,„ 
 
 •^"o »'• boH, of , ''"'°' ran, i„ „, . 7"*. ou anv ,,|.,, 
 
 "'«>■» rofc„ed to '''\f "-"y^. .-no „d„7, "'="""". '« had ' 
 
 " «o wWcJ, „f !"' fo-M tte Wa J r "»™P'oKon J '' 
 
 '""^ »' o"oo :ir a^'r , '» •*!>' oie'r:/"- "-- «-* 
 
 ;,?™«. "either JJ'"^' »'ectio„ i,ot,veo„ r'.™'-^' ^'""'H 
 *e rejected. ''" i""-«ed f„r„,„ ^ "'t ^ ' '""• °f 
 
 "'" »o«i plans he 
 
^'''' "« hesitation, 
 sor'sJXij].., 
 
 ^'e 
 
 ^oction M-ith the 
 ' of the cost of 
 "'■'■".ys niado at 
 
 ■'i^°««J CanaJ 
 
 ^ho extension 
 oint 500 feet 
 <^A(/ae(Iiict, 
 ^'"iJ have to 
 ^ of about 
 
 -k that 
 
 may 
 
 ion 
 
 Aqueduct 
 f'-om it an 
 ' 'najr be 
 
 ^e head 
 it of the 
 JHJIIioa 
 ^laplete 
 ijpiaii 
 lad. 
 
 forth- 
 onhts 
 louJd 
 It, of 
 ' he 
 
 17 
 
 In view of the possible ilcmand for increase of power in the 
 more distant future, I would just observe that the tliree feet 
 additional head obtainable at tlie church may, whenever the 
 exigency arises, be made available on the large A([ucduct, the 
 construction of which is now recommended, by carrying out Mr. 
 Keefer's plan of extension ; and to ensure /Vi- ever — in anticipa- 
 tion of such exigency — a supply of pure water for the city it 
 may be advisable, provided the ground is as favorable, or nearly 
 as favorable, to construct the new A(pieduct on the upper, or 
 western, rather than on the lower side of the old one— jleaving 
 the latter iu free and direct communication with the swift water 
 of the unpolluted river. 
 
 But other schemes, also, for solving the water question have 
 been mooted ; and, notably, a proposal made by the " St. Louis 
 Hydraulic Company," referred to me by a Resolution of the 
 Water Committee, under date of 26th March last. 
 
 This Company contemplate throwing a dam across the arm of 
 the river passing between the north shore and Isle-aux-IIerons — 
 about two miles below the entrance of the Aqueduct — with a 
 view to creating an immense hydraulic power. 
 
 They ofi'er to lease to the City Corporation Avater to the extent 
 of one thousand horse-power, charging therefor at the rate of 
 fifty dollars per horse-power per annum; making a yearly rent, 
 that the City would have to pay to the Company, of $oO,000. 
 
 The Corporation to be at the expense of erecting their Avheels 
 and pumps on the margin of the river, where the power would 
 be supplied them, and of the connecting mains thence to where 
 the present ones pass underneath the Lachine Canal — distant 
 about 3J miles. The water for supply, as distinguishod from 
 
i'"''''''-. .lJ,s„ to /„. J 
 
 '"■"^'^"' ^^•/"o<I..^t to r- '^ "'^ ^'-^'roaso of tJ.o P- 
 
 ••^''-^-fo„.,;..J!^''^'-" 'na^ l>o convltf """'" 
 
 "'^" '"'>"ej form 
 
 >••"■ .i"» .1,0 ,,„. *"-"',^sr„7 
 
 seoi„„ |,,„ , ''"'''"' '•• «"• i»n,i,,, ,( , „." ""■■ O'l>"v,do„t „f„„ 
 
 '"'■'. "■™. 1.0 ,,""'" ;■ "'" »''"|« &1. c o"™'""' » - ">-■'. 
 
 I'-wy's d-im 7 . '"'•"*'l »i't' of tl,e Si r '"'"'""■■ lino of 
 
 ■"■ "- >«.o:. :,^'w »oui<i, „„,,„,„., , ;■ f-i""* i»..ow 
 
 "«opl all U,„ ., ' " ''■"••"■Is, ai„l -K . ,*°""oi»iii foe 
 i'ooro 0, '""■■' "'■'"'■"lo,, ,„ a, ;'"■'' """I'' l'"vo to 
 
 III a sl„.rt ,. '"'''"'^otl :>/ l»,clt v,t.„. ' '"°' °f I'iKiu" 
 
 -coos, i ";r; t>-"ou,.i .„e ;^^„;;; »--;„„», ,,„„„,-; 
 
19 
 
 thorn (livostod of any ■i;uiirant(<o wliutsoovor as to wlicii tlic 
 \vatc'r-|H.wer would lio made availalile. 
 
 With rospiH't, ;:(• lie rally, to this (|U('stioii of \vatcr-po\v(.i-, J 
 AVo\iId stroii,M;ly iTfoiiiiiR-iul the Water CoiiiiuitU'.', whatever plan 
 they may finally adopt, to make the keepin;^ of the works, in all 
 their parts, entirely under City control part and parcel of their 
 tilan. 'I'he apportionment of water-powei- hetween many lessees 
 or proprietors is a fruitful source of contention and liti^'ation, 
 and the Corporation of Montreal, lookin;,' well ahead, should 
 lease neither to nor from any individual or Company any por- 
 tion whatsoever of theii's. 
 
 StEA.M I'oWKl! 
 
 also has its advocates, in total suhstitution of water-power, 
 amono; the many wlio have ;riven their views on the water (pies- 
 tion to the pul)lie. 
 
 From the annual Reports of yuur Siii)erintendent, I learn that 
 the actual pum[)in;^' expenses— that is to say, the simple workin- 
 of the pumps, apart ftvjm renewals and repairs— scarcely reaches, 
 one year with another, ^:\ for each million irallons of water 
 raised to the reservoir. 
 
 Effected hy steam agency, the same work would prol)ahly cos, 
 $20 ; supposing your engines to he of the most improved' con- 
 struction and coal always to be had for $."> per t(.n. 
 
 The cost of repairs and renewals of machinery, too, would he 
 in favor of water-wlieels, as compared with steam engines. 
 
 Assuming the average daily consumption of water to have 
 reached fifteen million gallons, a comparison of actual pumping 
 expenses, according to the above figures, and including superii" 
 tendence, labor, lubrication, &c., on the one side, and the same 
 items with fuel tiu];)eradded on the other, results as follows :— 
 Water-power expenses, per day - - $45 00 
 
 Do. do. do. for the year, $16,425 00 
 
 Steam expenses, per day 
 Do. do. for the year 
 
 Difference in favor of Water 
 
 A sum which represents, at seven per 
 cent., a capital of over 
 
 $:]00 00 
 $51011,500 00 
 
 $i»3,0T5~00 
 
 $1,300,000 00 
 
20 
 
 -^"*«..»«aton.orr^ i 7 ''' -« of the .team 
 
 »i"- it was ,„.„„,„ i„e 1;"' , ;" 7 " all «aso„,, 
 «"»r.licity „f oo„„,,,e,i„ ,, *: , """^- ■■^S»l»r .,cti„„, f,„. 
 
 «-l -lelicalo ,,L„'„f ,, Z; , , ' ""■""" " "'"-"I'l-v 
 
 <"■ »mo stray ,,t, , ; :t T'"\7 "'" •"■='*"•'" "''"'i-i"" 
 ite "ork well. ' ^ "f ""^'•' »"'! i' "ill „/,,„^, j„ 
 
 <li«I'o,sal since the ^e er 1 't " T'^ ^'"^'^^'' '""« '^' »^J 
 
 "^''^'^'•. In companson . ith the iTrlfr ^''' '' ■'"' ^^-' 
 - very shnple one, to .vhich f ifc ' , '™'^ P^'^I'^^'^^'^" '« 
 muo attouu^n by and by ' "' '' ^^°^"-'^^' ^ ««» ^'"vote 
 
 And now in respect of the 
 
 Time 
 ro(pured for a remodellin- of the S,mr.i n , 
 ^ill place the Water Works^in a ondi'^^ •";""' '" ^ ^^^'^ ^^'^t 
 I would say, briefly but olltie^t tT f '^^^^^^^ 
 0^- means that .a'y be ^^^l^i^:' ZZ'"^'/ '^''^y 
 nnproveme-.t ado-, .nd, will servo in ''''/^^^*^^«'- «ie plan of 
 for the ills, C0.S. ^-I h c,tL "^ ^" ^""^^^^^«^^ --edy 
 from which the c.i;.. ...^ t^° ^^ « ^^^ -ater suppl^ 
 
 ^'.^re. ,0 severely last winter, and to a 
 
:»1 
 
 roenrrcncc nf wliu-h in winters to come u. y iiiny well look 
 fui'wanl with dread. 
 
 Should the construction of a new A(|ue(hict on ti.e plan I 
 recommend he determined on, and proceeded with, with all 
 possible vij^or, still two winters, at all events — very likely three, 
 would interver\' heforc the enlarjj;ed water-power eoidd he 
 hrou^h; in'o use ; itud if the extension plan* (Mr. Keel'er's) he 
 selected — oven then the possible casualties of two winters 
 certainly wndd have to he jirovided against, ere the comple- 
 tion of that work would hrin;^ the relief that will not hear Avaiting 
 for. It is against such winters as last that measures must he 
 taken, counting for nothing ^he chances of a more favourahle 
 condition of the river, and to do that effectually but one way is 
 
 open to you Steam. 
 
 Two powerful engines will be recpiired, capable together of 
 throwing r),000,000 gallons daily into the Reservoir, Avhich, with 
 the assistance you can always coimt on, in the very worst times, 
 from the turbine, piunping directly on the city, would serve to 
 keep you out of trouble until the lasting remedy in the form of 
 increased and ample water-power has been attained. 
 
 I repeat that you have no choice in this matter. I have care- 
 fully considered the ([uestion of an auxilliary supply of water, 
 pending the completion of your own Works, from the Lachine 
 Canal, tapping it above Cote St. Paul Lock ;. but knowing the 
 pressing necessities of the mill-owners for every drop of water 
 that can be spared them, it would be in vain for the City Council 
 to apply to the Government for help from that quarter. That 
 alternative, therefore, however practical, and it is easily so in 
 an engineering sense, must be considered as " ruled out." 
 Steam you must have, and T woule advise you at once com- 
 missioning Mr. LeSage to visit some of those cities in the 
 United States Avhere the water supply is obtained solely through 
 that agency, with a view to obtaining every information as to 
 the most recent improvements, A^ich are marked and manifold, 
 in pumping engines. I would especially direct attention to those 
 in use at the Brooklyn (N. Y.) Water Works. 
 
 To provide for the pumping by steam of five million gallons 
 
22 
 
 seventy 'thZaml doJlIm ""'"" "' "'*^'^ "^ '"^'^""^ (^70,000), 
 
 I 'i''<\e the Jionor to bo, 
 Sir, 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 ^^^ SlfANLY. 
 
 O'^TAWA, 12tb .Uiv, 18(3 
 
 8(38. 
 
'0,000), 
 
 0;> 
 
 LY. 
 
 To THE Watkh Co.mmittef: 
 
 Of Tiiii: CoLxcii: of the City of Montkkal. 
 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 I have been rcMpicstcd by you to <!;ive yon my views as 
 to the proper course to be adopted to aflbrd an adeiiuute su])ply 
 of water to tlie city at all seasons of the year. 
 
 The prominent difficulty now existing is the insufficiency of the 
 supply of water at the Wheel-house to furnish power to drive the 
 pumps ; this is evidently caused by ice in the canal, which 
 occupies so large a proportion of the section as to greatly obstruct 
 the flow of the water. Various remedies have been proposed, 
 that suggested by j\Ir. Thomas C. Kecfer of extending the canal 
 about two miles further up the St. Lawrence River has been 
 particularly brought to my notice. By this plan it is expected 
 that the surface of the Avatcr at the head of the present canal 
 would be raised about three feet. This Avould be a very great 
 improvement, and I think would remedy to a great extent, if not 
 entirely, the present difficulty from the ice. It could not be 
 expected, however, to render the woi-ks any more efficient in the 
 winter than they now are in the summer. If this is deemed 
 sufficient, then, assuming that it is practicable to construct a 
 permanent work at this point, within a permissable cost, and that 
 the ice would not gather in it to an injurious extent, on neither 
 of which points have I the means of forming an opinion, I see no 
 reason A\hy the extension proposed by ]Mr. Kecfer would not 
 aflbrd adc(i[uate relief and be jn'oper to adopt. 
 
 I am informed, however, that the daily consumption of water 
 is annually increasing at the rate of half a million of gallons, and 
 that the existing works are not capable of supplying even in 
 summer much beyond the pi'csent consumption. 
 
 If I am correct in this information, it appears to me that even 
 if the proposed extension accomplishes all that is claimed for it, 
 although it would enable a much larger supply to be furnished hi 
 the summer than at present, the time must soon come when the 
 supply in the winter would be insufficient, and the troubles of 
 the past winter be repeated. When that time arrives, additional 
 
24 
 provision must of course ho nv„]n t i, , 
 
 >/«.-mA a .nfficlct ...pply of „,,.,, „, „,^ Wl, L ! 
 
 ■In- ,0 rc,,„„.o,, „„,„,,e,. „,•„<,,:„„„.„ ^.^^ .„ ^^^ '» 
 
 " Iv ,I,j, tl,c ,,„«l,o„ a,iscs „l,oH,o,- i. Im.l Letter „„lI,c,„„lor 
 W-en a ouee ami di.pe„se entWy ,vi,h the ,„.„,K,.erI e* „ ' 
 A grea er enlargement ,vo„kl „„d„„hte,Ily I ' c,,nire 1 TtZ: 
 l|.'oi».o,l exte„..i„n i,, not can-ie.l „„t . b„t /o„„„„ jT 1 J^ 
 tli t the eo.,t of tl,o extension, together will, the eo^l f 
 enlargement, would eonAIerahly exceed the co.,t of He ^ta ' 
 mont that would he re,,uired without the extension. " 
 
 A greater head of wafer -it tl„. wi „ 1 1 
 
 "";>-^-«.v w ohtained ,.; t,;r cthi 1 ;:i"::;; 
 
 onlargement than hy the enlargement alone, but this ean he f 
 
 ca e. Iho pump., ean he as well operated by twelve feel hea^l 
 a.hy fil teen ieet head, if the supply of wate^ is suffiet a^d 
 the wheels arranged to suit the head ' 
 
 m.ich of these plans it would be u,o.,t advisalJe to adopt ind 
 whether ,„ enlarge the present eanal or eonslruct a wTe 
 mnsl depend very mueh on the eost of the works and T L , ,' 
 »..S.ost that estimates be made of their cost, ^^a, '„ t M 
 
 .«the.™nidbe„ogreafd^::;y^:t:;;:;^^^^ 
 
 _ As you are aware, the time I have been able to devote to the 
 "'vest,gation of this important matter has been very m ed o 
 rnud. so tj> enable n.e to offer a decided opini J f J it^ 
 therefore beg you to consider wliat I liave said v.ihl ■ 
 liglit of suggestion than of opinion. '"'''' '" '''^ 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 (Signed) JAMES B. FRANCIS 
 Montreal, March 23, 1868.